,,sci5tific ,,romances4 ,,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,h9ton1 ,b4,a4 ,:at is ! ,f\r? ,dim5sion8 ,! ,p]sian ,k+4 ,a ,plane ,_w4 ,a ,picture ( ,our ,univ]se4 ,ca/+ ,out ! ,self4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,s]ies4 ,london4 ,,swan ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co41 ,,lim41 ,pat]no/] ,squ>e4 #ahhf4 ,:at is ! ,f\r? ,dim5sion8 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,at ! pres5t "t our actions are l>gely influ5c$ by our !ories4 ,we h ab&on$ ! simple & in/9ctive mode ( life ( ! e>li] civilisations = "o regulat$ by ! assumptions ( our k & supplem5t$ by all ! devices ( intellig5ce4 ,9 su* a /ate x is possible to conceive t a dang] may arise1 n only f a want ( k & practical skill1 b ev5 f ! v pres5ce & possession ( !m 9 any "o dep>tm5t1 if !re is a lack ( in=mation 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ) our pres5t k ( physical laws & me*anical skill1 we 7 to build h\ses )\t reg>d to ! conditions laid d[n by physiology1 we %\ld probably--to suit an app>5t conv5i5ce--make !m p]fectly draught-tight1 & ! be/-con/ruct$ mansions w\ld be full ( suffocat+ *amb]s4 ,! k ( ! con/ruction ( ! body & ! conditions ( its heal? prev5t x f suff]+ injury by ! developm5t ( our p[]s ov] nature4 ,9 no dissimil> way ! m5tal balance is sav$ f ! dang]s att5d+ an att5tion conc5trat$ on ! laws ( me*anical sci5ce by a j consid]ation ( ! con/itution ( ! kn[+ faculty1 & ! conditions ( k4 ,:atev] pursuit we are engag$ 91 we are act+ consci\sly or unconsci\sly ^u "s !ory1 "s view ( ?+s4 ,& :5 ! limits ( daily r\t9e are cont9ually n>r[$ by ! ev]-increas+ complication ( our civilisation1 x becomes d\bly important t n "o only b e k9d ( ?\ght %\ld be %>$ 94 ,!re are two ways ( pass+ beyond ! doma9 ( practical c]ta9ty1 & ( look+ into ! va/ range ( possibility4 ,"o is by ask+1 8,:at is k8 ,:at con/itutes exp]i5ce80 ,if we adopt ?is c\rse we are plung$ into a sea ( speculation4 ,7 x n t ! highe/ faculties ( ! m9d f9d !re9 s ample a range1 we %\ld return to ! solid gr\nd ( facts1 ) simply a feel+ ( relief at escap+ f s great a confusion & contradictor9ess4 ,! o!r pa? :i* leads u beyond ! horizon ( actual exp]i5ce is t ( que/ion+ :atev] seems arbitr>y & irrationally limit$ 9 ! doma9 ( k4 ,su* a que/ion+ has (t5 be5 successfully appli$ 9 ! se>* = new facts4 ,= a long "t f\r gases 7 consid]$ incapable ( be+ r$uc$ to ! liquid /ate4 ,x is b lately t a physici/ has succe$$ 9 %[+ t !re is no su* arbitr>y di/9ction among gases4 ,rec5tly aga9 ! "q has be5 rais$1 8,is !re n a f\r? /ate ( matt]80 ,solid1 liquid1 & gase\s /ates are kn[n4 ,mr4 ,crookes attempts to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a /ate diff]+ f all ( ^!4 ,x is ! object ( ^! pages to %[ t1 by suppos+ away c]ta9 limitations ( ! fundam5tal conditions ( exi/5ce z we "k x1 a /ate ( be+ c be conceiv$ ) p[]s f> transc5d+ our own4 ,:5 ?is is made cle> x w n be out ( place to inve/igate :at relations w\ld subsi/ betwe5 our mode ( exi/5ce & t :i* w be se5 to be a possible "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at is ! limitation t we mu/ suppose away8 ,an obs]v] /&+ 9 ! corn] ( a room has ?ree directions naturally m>k$ out = him2 "o is upw>ds along ! l9e ( meet+ ( ! two walls2 ano!r is =w>ds :]e ! floor meets "o ( ! walls2 a ?ird is sideways :]e ! floor meets ! o!r wall4 ,he c proce$ to any "p ( ! floor ( ! room by mov+ fir/ ! "r di/ance along "o wall1 & !n by turn+ at "r angles & walk+ p>allel to ! o!r wall4 ,he walks 9 ?is case fir/ ( all 9 ! direction ( "o ( ! /raight l9es t meet 9 ! corn] ( ! floor1 aft]w>ds 9 ! direction ( ! o!r4 ,by go+ m or less 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 he c rea* any po9t on ! floor1 & any movem5t1 h[ev] circuit\s1 c be resolv$ into simple movem5ts 9 ^! two directions4 ,b by mov+ 9 ^! two directions he is unable to raise himself 9 ! room4 ,if he wi%$ to t\* a po9t 9 ! ceil+1 he w\ld h to move 9 ! direction ( ! l9e 9 :i* ! two walls meet4 ,!re are ?ree directions !n1 ea* at "r angles to bo? ! o!r1 & entirely indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,by mov+ 9 ^! ?ree directions or comb9ations ( !m1 x is possible to arrive at any po9t 9 a room4 ,& if we suppose ! /raight l9es :i* meet 9 ! corn] ( ! room to be prolong$ indef9itely1 x w\ld be possible by mov+ 9 ! direction ( ^? ?ree l9es1 to arrive at any po9t 9 space4 ,?us 9 space !re are ?ree indep5d5t directions1 & only ?ree2 e o!r direction is comp\nd$ ( ^! ?ree4 ,! "q t comes be=e u !n is ?is4 8,:y %\ld !re be ?ree & only ?ree directions80 ,space1 z we "k x1 is subject to a limitation4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an adequate conception ( :at ?is limitation is1 x is necess>y to fir/ imag9e be+s exi/+ 9 a space m limit$ ?an t 9 :i* we move4 ,?us we may conceive a be+ :o has be5 ?r\gh\t all ! range ( 8 exp]i5ce conf9$ to a s+le /raight l9e4 ,su* a be+ w\ld "k :at x 0 to move to & fro1 b no m4 ,! :ole ( space w\ld be to him b ! ext5sion 9 bo? directions ( ! /raight l9e to an inf9ite di/ance4 ,x is evid5t t two su* creatures c\ld nev] pass "o ano!r4 ,we c conceive _! com+ out ( ! /raight l9e & ent]+ x aga91 b !y hav+ mov$ always 9 "o /raight l9e1 w\ld h no conception ( any o!r direction ( motion by :i* su* a result c\ld be effect$4 ,! only %ape :i* c\ld exi/ 9 a "o-dim5sional exi/5ce ( ?is k9d w\ld be a f9ite /raight l9e4 ,!re w\ld be no diff]5ce 9 ! %apes ( figures2 all t c\ld exi/ w\ld simply be long] or %ort] /raight l9es4 ,aga91 to g a /ep high] 9 ! doma9 ( a conceivable exi/5ce4 ,suppose a be+ conf9$ to a plane sup]ficies1 & ?r\gh\t all ! range ( its exp]i5ce nev] to h mov$ up or d[n1 b simply to h kept to ?is "o plane4 ,suppose1 t is1 "s figure1 su* z a circle or rectangle1 to be end[$ ) ! p[] ( p]ception2 su* a be+ if x moves 9 ! plane sup]ficies 9 :i* x is drawn1 w move 9 a multitude ( directions2 b1 h[ev] v>i$ !y may seem to be1 ^! directions w all be comp\nd$ ( two1 at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,by no movem5t s long z ! plane sup]ficies rema9s p]fectly horizontal1 w ?is be+ move 9 ! direction we call up & d[n4 ,& x is important to notice t ! plane w\ld be diff]5t1 to a creature conf9$ to x1 f :at x is to u4 ,we ?9k ( a plane habitually z hav+ an upp] & a l[] side1 because x is only by ! contact ( solids t we realize a plane4 ,b a creature :i* _h be5 conf9$ to a plane dur+ its :ole exi/5ce w\ld h no idea ( !re be+ two sides to ! plane he liv$ 94 ,9 a plane !re is simply l5g? & bread?4 ,if a creature 9 x be suppos$ to "k ( an up or d[n he mu/ already h gone out ( ! plane4 ,is x possible1 !n1 t a creature s circum/anc$ w\ld arrive at ! notion ( !re be+ an up & d[n1 a direction diff]5t f ^? to :i* he _h be5 accu/om$1 & hav+ no?+ 9 common ) !m8 ,obvi\sly no?+ 9 ! creature's circum/ances w\ld tell him ( x4 ,x c\ld only be by a process ( reason+ on 8 "p t he c\ld arrive at su* a conception4 ,if he 7 to imag9e a be+ conf9$ to a s+le /raight l9e1 he might realise t he himself c\ld move 9 two directions1 :ile ! creature 9 a /raight l9e c\ld only move 9 "o4 ,hav+ made ?is reflection he might ask1 8,b :y is ! numb] ( directions limit$ to two8 ,:y %\ld !re n be ?ree80 ,a creature 7if su* exi/$71 :i* moves 9 a plane w\ld be mu* m =tunately circum/anc$ ?an "o :i* c only move 9 a /raight l9e4 ,=1 9 a plane1 !re is a possibility ( an inf9ite v>iety ( %apes1 & ! be+ we h suppos$ c\ld come into contact ) an indef9ite numb] ( o!r be+s4 ,he w\ld n be limit$1 z 9 ! case ( ! creature 9 a /raight l9e1 to "o only on ea* side ( him4 ,x is obvi\s t x w\ld be possible to play curi\s tricks ) a be+ conf9$ to a plane4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we suppose su* a be+ to be inside a squ>e1 ! only way out t he c\ld conceive w\ld be ?r\gh "o ( ! sides ( ! squ>e4 ,if ! sides 7 imp5etrable1 he w\ld be a fa/ prison]1 & w\ld h no way out4 ,:at 8 case w\ld be we may und]/&1 if we reflect :at a simil> case w\ld be 9 our own exi/5ce4 ,! creature is %ut 9 9 all ! directions he kn[s (4 ,if a man is %ut 9 9 all ! directions he kn[s (1 he mu/ be surr\nd$ by f\r walls1 a ro( & a floor4 ,a two-dim5sional be+ inside a squ>e w\ld be exactly 9 ! same pr$icam5t t a man w\ld be1 if he 7 9 a room ) no op5+ on any side4 ,n[ x w\ld be possible to u to take up su* a be+ f ! inside ( ! squ>e1 & to set him d[n outside x4 ,a be+ to :om ?is _h happ5$ w\ld f9d himself outside ! place he _h be5 conf9$ 91 & he w\ld n h pass$ ?r\gh any ( ! b\nd>ies by :i* he 0 %ut 94 ,! a/oni%m5t ( su* a be+ c only be imag9$ by comp>+ x to t :i* a man w\ld feel1 if he 7 sudd5ly to f9d himself outside a room 9 :i* he _h be51 )\t hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! w9d[1 doors1 *imney or any op5+ 9 ! walls1 ceil+ or floor4 ,ano!r curi\s ?+ t c\ld be effect$ ) a two-dim5sional be+1 is ! foll[+4 ,conceive two be+s at a great di/ance f "o ano!r on a plane surface4 ,if ! plane surface is b5t s t !y are br\ght close to "o ano!r1 !y w\ld h no conception ( _! proximity1 because to ea* ! only possible movem5ts w\ld seem to be movem5ts 9 ! surface4 ,! two be+s might be conceiv$ z s plac$1 by a prop] b5d+ ( ! plane1 t !y %\ld be absolutely 9 juxtaposition1 & yet to all ! reason+ faculties ( ei!r ( !m a great di/ance c\ld be prov$ to int]v5e4 ,! b5d+ might be c>ri$ s f> z to make "o be+ sudd5ly appe> 9 ! plane by ! side ( ! o!r4 ,if ^! be+s 7 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( a ?ird dim5sion1 ?is result w\ld be z m>vell\s to !m1 z x w\ld be = a human be+ :o 0 at a great di/ance--x might be at ! o!r side ( ! _w--to sudd5ly appe> & really be by our side1 & dur+ ! :ole "t he n to h left ! place 9 :i* he 04 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! =ego+ examples make x cle> t be+s c be conceiv$ z liv+ 9 a m limit$ space ?an ours4 ,is !re a simil> limitation 9 ! space we "k8 ,at ! v ?re%old ( ari?metic an indication ( su* a limitation meets u4 ,if !re is a /raight l9e be=e u two in*es long1 its l5g? is express$ by ! numb] #b4 ,suppose a squ>e to be describ$ on ! l9e1 ! numb] ( squ>e in*es 9 ?is figure is express$ by ! numb] #d1 i4e41 #b #b4 ,?is #b #b is g5]ally writt5 #b1 & nam$ 8#b squ>e40 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! ari?metical process ( multiplication is 9 no s5se id5tical ) t process by :i* a squ>e is g5]at$ f ! motion ( a /raight l9e1 or a cube f ! motion ( a squ>e4 ,b x has be5 obs]v$ t ! units result+ 9 ea* case1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 k9d1 are ! same 9 numb]4 ,if we t\* two ?+s twice ov]1 ! act ( t\*+ has be5 p]=m$ f\r times4 ,ari?metically1 #b #b #d4 ,if a squ>e is g5]at$ by ! motion ( a l9e two in*es 9 l5g?1 ?is squ>e conta9s f\r squ>e in*es4 ,s x has come to pass t ! second & ?ird p[]s ( numb]s are call$ 8squ>e0 & 8cube40 ,we h n[ a /raight l9e two in*es long4 ,on ?is a squ>e has be5 con/ruct$ conta9+ f\r squ>e in*es4 ,if on ! same l9e a cube be con/ruct$1 ! numb] ( cubic in*es 9 ! figure s made is #h1 i4e41 #b #b #b or #b4 ,"h1 correspond+ to ! numb]s #b1 #b1 #b1 we h a s]ies ( figures4 ,ea* figure conta9s m units ?an ! la/1 & 9 ea* ! unit is ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,9 ! fir/ figure a /raight l9e is ! unit1 viz41 "o l9e> in*2 x is said to be ( "o dim5sion4 ,9 ! second a squ>e is ! unit1 viz41 "o squ>e in*4 ,! squ>e is a figure ( two dim5sions4 ,9 ! ?ird case a cube is ! unit1 & ! cube is ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,! /raight l9e is said to be ( "o dim5sion because x c be measur$ only 9 "o way4 ,its l5g? c be tak51 b x has no bread? or ?ickness4 ,! squ>e is said to be ( two dim5sions because x has bo? l5g? & bread?4 ,! cube is said to h ?ree dim5sions1 because x c be measur$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,! "q naturally occurs1 look+ at ^! numb]s #b1 #b1 #b1 by :at figure %all we repres5t #b1 or #b #b #b #b4 ,we "k t 9 ! figure !re mu/ be sixte5 units1 or twice z _m units z 9 ! cube4 ,b ! unit also itself mu/ be diff]5t4 ,& x mu/ n diff] f a cube simply 9 %ape4 ,x mu/ diff] f a cube z a cube diff]s f a squ>e4 ,no numb] ( squ>es w make up a cube1 because ea* squ>e has no ?ickness4 ,9 ! same way1 no numb] ( cubes mu/ be able to make up ?is new unit4 ,& "h1 in/ead ( try+ to f9d some?+ already kn[n1 to :i* ! idea ( a figure correspond+ to ! f\r? p[] c be affix$1 let u simply reason out :at ! prop]ties ( su* a figure mu/ be4 ,9 ?is attempt we h to rely1 n on a process ( t\*+ or vision1 su* z in=ms u ( ! prop]ties ( bodies 9 ! space we "k1 b on a process ( ?\ght4 ,ea* fact conc]n+ ?is unkn[n figure has to be reason$ out2 & x is only aft] a numb] ( /eps h be5 gone ?r\gh1 t any consi/5t famili>ity ) its prop]ties is obta9$4 ,( all applications ( ! reason1 ?is exploration is p]haps ! "o :i* requires1 = ! simplicity ( ! data involv$1 ! greate/ ex]cise ( ! ab/ract imag9ation1 & on ?is acc\nt is well wor? pati5t att5tion4 ,! fir/ /eps are v simple4 ,we mu/ imag9e a f9ite /raight l9e to g5]ate a squ>e by mov+ on ! plane ( ! pap]1 & ?is squ>e 9 its turn to g5]ate a cube by mov+ v]tically upw>ds4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a /raight l9e2 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a squ>e =m$ by ! motion ( t /raight l9e2 ,fig4 #c repres5ts p]spectively a cube =m$ by ! motion ( t squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,d upw>ds4 ,x w\ld be well1 in/ead ( us+ figure #c1 to place a cube on ! pap]4 ,its base w\ld be ,a ,b ,c ,d1 its upp] surface ,e ,f ,g ,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,g5]at+ a l9e1 squ>e1 & cube4 ,! /raight l9e ,a ,b gives rise to ! squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,d by a movem5t at "r angles to itself4 ,if motion be conf9$ to ! /raight l9e ,a ,b1 a backw>d & =w>d motion is ! only "o possible4 ,no sideway motion is admissible4 ,& if we suppose a be+ to exi/ :i* c\ld only move 9 ! /raight l9e ,a ,b1 x w\ld h no idea ( any o!r movem5t ?an to & fro4 ,! squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,d is =m$ f ! /raight l9e by a movem5t 9 a direction entirely diff]5t f ! direction :i* exi/s 9 ,a ,b4 ,?is motion is n expressible by means ( any possible motion 9 ,a ,b4 ,a be+ :i* exi/$ 9 ,a ,b1 & ^: exp]i5ce 0 limit$ to :at c\ld occur 9 ,a ,b1 w\ld n be able to und]/& ! in/ructions we %\ld give to make ,a ,b trace out ! figure ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,9 ! figure ,a ,b ,c ,d !re is a possibility ( mov+ 9 a v>iety ( directions1 s long z all ^! directions are conf9$ to "o plane4 ,all directions 9 ?is plane c be consid]$ z comp\nd$ ( two1 f ,a to ,b1 & f ,a to ,c4 ,out ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( su* directions !re is none :i* t5ds 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ,fig4 #b2 !re is none :i* t5ds upw>ds f ! plane ( ! pap]4 ,conceive a be+ to exi/ 9 ! plane1 & to move only 9 x4 ,9 all ! movem5ts :i* he w5t ?r\gh !re w\ld be none by :i* he c\ld conceive ! alt]ation ( ,fig4 #b into :at ,fig4 #c repres5ts 9 p]spective4 ,= #b to become #c x mu/ be suppos$ to move p]p5dicul>ly to its own plane4 ,! figure x traces out is ! cube ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h4 ,all ! directions1 manifold z !y are1 9 :i* a creature exi/+ 9 ,fig4 #c c\ld move1 are comp\nd$ ( ?ree directions4 ,f ,a to ,b1 f ,a to ,c1 f ,a to ,e1 & !re are no o!r directions kn[n to x4 ,b if we suppose some?+ simil> to be done to ,fig4 #c1 some?+ ( ! same k9d z 0 done to ,fig4 #a to turn x into ,fig4 #b1 or to ,fig4 #b to turn x into ,fig4 #c1 we mu/ suppose ! :ole figure z x exi/s to be mov$ 9 "s direction entirely diff]5t f any direction )9 x1 & n made up ( any comb9ation ( ! directions 9 x4 ,:at is ?is8 ,x is ! f\r? direction4 ,we are z unable to imag9e x z a creature liv+ 9 ! plane ,fig4 #b w\ld be to imag9e a direction su* t mov+ 9 x ! squ>e #b w\ld become ! cube #c4 ,! ?ird dim5sion to su* a creature w\ld be z un9telligible z ! f\r? is to u4 ,& at ?is po9t we h to give up ! aid t is to be got f any pres5table object1 & we h simply to inve/igate :at ! prop]ties ( ! simple/ figure 9 f\r dim5sions are1 by pursu+ fur!r ! analogy :i* we "k to exi/ betwe5 ! process ( =mation ( #b f #a1 & ( #c f #b1 & f9ally ( #d f #c4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 let u call ! figure we are inve/igat+--! simple/ figure 9 f\r dim5sions--a f\r-squ>e4 ,fir/ ( all we mu/ notice1 t if a cube be =m$ f a squ>e by ! movem5t ( ! squ>e 9 a new direction1 ea* po9t ( ! int]ior ( ! squ>e traces out "p ( ! cube4 ,x is n only ! b\nd+ l9es t by _! motion =m ! cube1 b ea* portion ( ! int]ior ( ! squ>e g5]ates a portion ( ! cube4 ,s if a cube 7 to move 9 ! f\r? dim5sion s z to g5]ate a f\r-squ>e1 e po9t 9 ! int]ior ( ! cube w\ld />t de novo1 & trace out a portion ( ! new figure un9t]f]$ ) by ! o!r po9ts4 ,or1 to look at ! matt] 9 ano!r light1 a be+ 9 ?ree dim5sions1 look+ d[n on a squ>e1 sees ea* "p ( x ext5d$ be=e him1 & c t\* ea* "p )\t hav+ to pass ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 = he c g f above1 :ile ! surr\nd+ p>ts surr\nd ! "p he t\*es only 9 "o plane4 ,s a be+ 9 f\r dim5sions c\ld look at & t\* e po9t ( a solid figure4 ,no "o "p w\ld hide ano!r1 = he w\ld look at ea* "p f a direction :i* is p]fectly diff]5t f any 9 :i* x is possible to pass f "o "p ( ! body to ano!r4 ,to pass f "o "p ( ! body to ano!r x is necess>y to move 9 ?ree directions1 b a creature 9 f\r dim5sions w\ld look at ! solid f a direction :i* is none ( ^! ?ree4 ,let u obta9 a few facts ab\t ! f\r? figure1 proce$+ accord+ to ! analogy t exi/s betwe5 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,9 ! ,fig4 #a !re are two po9ts4 ,9 #b !re are f\r po9ts--! f\r corn]s ( ! squ>e4 ,9 #c !re are eight po9ts4 ,9 ! next figure1 proce$+ accord+ to ! same law1 !re w\ld be sixte5 po9ts4 ,9 ! ,fig4 #a !re is "o l9e4 ,9 ! squ>e !re are f\r l9es4 ,9 ! cube !re are twelve l9es4 ,h[ _m l9es w\ld !re be 9 ! f\r-squ>e8 ,t is to say t !re are ?ree numb]s--#a1 #d1 & #ab4 ,:at is ! f\r?1 go+ on accord+ly to ! same law8 ,to answ] ?is "q let u trace out 9 m detail h[ ! figures *ange into "o ano!r4 ,! l9e1 to become ! squ>e1 moves2 x occupies fir/ ( all its orig9al position1 & la/ ( all its f9al position4 ,x />ts z ,a ,b1 & ends z ,c ,d2 ?us ! l9e appe>s twice1 or x is d\bl$4 ,! two o!r l9es 9 ! squ>e1 ,a ,c1 ,b ,d1 are =m$ by ! motions ( ! po9ts at ! extremities ( ! mov+ l9e4 ,?us1 9 pass+ f ! /raight l9e to ! squ>e ! l9es d\ble !mselves1 & ea* po9t traces out a l9e4 ,if ! same proc$ure holds good 9 ! case ( ! *ange ( ! squ>e into ! cube1 we ought 9 ! cube to h d\ble ! numb] ( l9es z 9 ! squ>e--t is eight--& e po9t 9 ! squ>e ought to become a l9e4 ,z !re are f\r po9ts 9 ! squ>e1 we %\ld h f\r l9es 9 ! cube f !m1 t is1 add+ to ! previ\s eight1 !re %\ld be twelve l9es 9 ! cube4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! case4 ,h5ce we may ) confid5ce1 to d$uce ! numb] ( l9es 9 a f\r-squ>e1 apply ?is rule4 ,d\ble ! numb] ( l9es 9 ! previ\s figure1 & add z _m l9es z !re are po9ts 9 ! previ\s figure4 ,n[ 9 ! cube !re are twelve l9es & eight po9ts4 ,h5ce we get #b #ab #h1 or ?irty-two l9es 9 ! f\r-squ>e4 ,9 ! same way any o!r "q ab\t ! f\r-squ>e c be answ]$4 ,we mu/ ?r[ aside our realis+ p[] & answ] 9 accordance ) ! analogy to be work$ out f ! ?ree figures we "k4 ,?us1 if we want to "k h[ _m plane surfaces ! f\r-squ>e has1 we mu/ comm5ce ) ! l9e1 :i* has none2 ! squ>e has "o2 ! cube has six4 ,"h we get ! ?ree numb]s1 #j1 #a1 & #f4 ,:at is ! f\r?8 ,consid] h[ ! planes ( ! cube arise4 ,! squ>e at ! beg9n+ ( its motion det]m9es "o ( ! faces ( ! cube1 at ! end x is ! opposite face1 dur+ ! motion ea* ( ! l9es ( ! squ>e traces out "o plane face ( ! cube4 ,?us we d\ble ! numb] ( planes 9 ! previ\s figure1 & e l9e 9 ! previ\s figure traces out a plane 9 ! subsequ5t "o4 ,apply ?is rule to ! =mation ( a squ>e f a l9e4 ,9 ! l9e !re is no plane surface1 & s9ce twice no?+ is no?+1 we get1 s f>1 no surface 9 ! squ>e2 b 9 ! /raight l9e !re is "o l9e1 namely itself1 & ?is by its motion traces out ! plane surface ( ! squ>e4 ,s 9 ! squ>e1 z %\ld be1 ! rule gives "o surface4 ,apply+ ?is rule to ! case ( ! cube1 we get1 d\bl+ ! surfaces1 #ab2 & add+ a plane = ea* ( ! /raight l9es1 ( :i* !re are #ab1 we h ano!r #ab1 or #bd plane surfaces 9 all4 ,?us1 j z by h&l+ or look+ at x1 x is possible to describe a figure 9 space1 s by go+ ?r\gh a process ( calculation x is )9 our p[] to describe all ! prop]ties ( a figure 9 f\r dim5sions4 ,!re is ano!r *>act]i/ic s rem>kable z to ne$ a special /atem5t4 ,9 ! case ( a f9ite /raight l9e1 ! b\nd>ies are po9ts4 ,if we deal ) "o dim5sion only1 ! figure #a1 t ( a segm5t ( a /raight l9e1 is cut out ( & sep>at$ f ! re/ ( an imag9>y inf9itely long /raight l9e by ! two po9ts at its extremities4 ,9 ?is simple case ! two po9ts correspond to ! b\nd+ surface ( ! cube4 ,9 ! case ( a two-dim5sional figure an inf9ite plane repres5ts ! :ole ( space4 ,! squ>e is sep>at$ (f by f\r /raight l9es1 & x is impossible = an entry to be made into ! int]ior ( ! squ>e1 except by pass+ ?r\gh ! /raight l9es4 ,n[1 9 ^! cases1 x is evid5t t ! b\nd>ies ( ! figure are ( "o dim5sion less ?an ! figure itself4 ,po9ts b\nd l9es1 l9es b\nd plane figures1 planes b\nd solid figures4 ,solids !n mu/ b\nd f\r dim5sional figures4 ,! f\r-squ>e w be b\nd$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,fir/ ( all !re is ! cube :i*1 by its motion 9 ! f\r? direction1 g5]ates ! figure4 ,?is1 9 its initial position1 =ms ! base ( ! f\r-squ>e4 ,9 its f9al position x =ms ! opposite end4 ,dur+ ! motion ea* ( ! faces ( ! cube give rise to ano!r cube4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! cube moves is su* t ( all ! six sides none is 9 ! lea/ incl9$ 9 t direction4 ,x is at "r angles to all ( !m4 ,! base ( ! cube1 ! top ( ! cube1 & ! f\r sides ( ! cube1 ea* & all ( !m =m cubes4 ,?us ! f\r-squ>e is b\nd$ by eight cubes4 ,summ+ up1 ! f\r-squ>e w\ld h #af po9ts1 #cb l9es1 #bd surfaces1 & x w\ld be b\nd$ by #h cubes4 ,if a f\r-squ>e 7 to re/ 9 space x w\ld seem to u l a cube4 ,to ju/ify ?is conclusion we h b to ?9k ( h[ a cube w\ld appe> to a two-dim5sional be+4 ,to come )9 ! scope ( 8 faculties at all1 x mu/ come into contact ) ! plane 9 :i* he moves4 ,if x is br\ght into z close a contact ) ?is plane z possible1 x re/s on x by "o ( its faces4 ,?is face is a squ>e1 & ! mo/ a two-dim5sional be+ c\ld get acqua9t$ ) ( a cube w\ld be a squ>e4 ,hav+ ?us se5 h[ x is possible to describe ! prop]ties ( ! simple/ %ape 9 f\r dim5sions1 x is evid5t t ! m5tal con/ruction ( m elaborate figures is simply a matt] ( "t & pati5ce4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! =m & developm5t ( ! *ick 9 ! egg1 x is impossible to detect ! features t are s\ght to be obs]v$1 except by ! use ( ! microscope4 ,! specim5s are accord+ly h>d5$ by a peculi> treatm5t & cut into ?9 sections4 ,! inve/igator go+ ov] ea* ( ^! sections1 notic+ all _! peculi>ities1 con/ructs 9 8 m9d ! %ape z x orig9ally exi/$ f ! record af=d$ by an indef9ite numb] ( slices4 ,s1 to =m an idea ( a f\r-dim5sional figure1 a s]ies ( solid %apes b\nd$ on e side diff]+ gradually f "o ano!r1 proce$+1 x may be1 to ! mo/ div]se =ms1 has to be m5tally grasp$ & fus$ into a unit>y conception4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a small sph]e 7 to appe>1 ?is to be replac$ by a l>g] "o1 & s on1 & !n1 :5 ! l>ge/ _h appe>$1 small] & small] ones to make _! appe>ance1 :at w\ld be witness$ w\ld be a s]ies ( sections ( a f\r-dim5sional sph]e4 ,ea* section 9 space be+ a sph]e4 ,aga91 j z solid figures c be repres5t$ on pap] by p]spective1 f\r-dim5sional figures c be repres5t$ p]spectively by solids4 ,if !re are two squ>es1 "o ly+ ov] ! o!r1 & ! und]nea? "o be pu%$ away1 its sides rema9+ p>allel ) ! "o t 0 ov] x1 !n if ea* po9t ( ! "o be jo9$ to ! correspond+ po9t ( ! o!r1 we h a fair repres5tation on pap] ( a cube4 ,fig4 #c may be consid]$ to be su* a repres5tation if ! squ>e ,c ,d ,g ,h be consid]$ to be ! "o t has be5 pu%$ away f ly+ orig9ally "u ! squ>e ,a ,b ,e ,f4 ,ea* ( ! planes :i* b\nd ! cube is repres5t$ on ! pap]4 ,! only ?+ t is want+ is ! ?ree-dim5sional cont5t ( ! cube4 ,s if two cubes be plac$ ) _! sides p>allel1 b "o some:at diagonally ) reg>d to ! o!r1 & all _! correspond+ po9ts be suppos$ jo9$1 !re w be f\nd a set ( solid figures1 ea* repres5t+ 7?\gh ( c\rse di/ort$ly7 ! b\nd+ cubes ( ! f\r-dim5sional figure1 & e plane & l9e 9 ! f\r-dim5sional figure w be f\nd to be repres5t$ 9 a k9d ( solid p]spective4 ,:at is want+ is ( c\rse ! f\r-dim5sional cont5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,hav+ n[ pass$ 9 review "s ( ! prop]ties ( f\r-dim5sional figures1 x rema9s to ask :at relations be+s 9 f\r dim5sions1 if !y did exi/1 w\ld h ) u4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 a be+ 9 f\r dim5sions w\ld h to u exactly ! appe>ance ( a be+ 9 space4 ,a be+ 9 a plane w\ld only "k solid objects z two-dim5sional figures--! %apes namely 9 :i* !y int]sect$ 8 plane4 ,s if !re 7 f\r-dim5sional objects1 we %\ld only "k !m z solids--! solids1 namely1 9 :i* !y int]sect our space4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld n ! f\r-dim5sional be+s be ourselves1 & our successive /ates ! pass+ ( !m ?r\gh ! ?ree-dim5sional space to :i* our consci\sness is conf9$8 ,let u consid] ! "q 9 m detail4 ,& = ! sake ( simplicity transf] ! problem to ! case ( ?ree & two dim5sions in/ead ( f\r & ?ree4 ,suppose a ?read to be pass$ ?r\gh a ?9 %eet ( wax plac$ horizontally4 ,x c be pass$ ?r\gh 9 two ways4 ,ei!r x c be pull$ ?r\gh1 or x c be held at bo? ends1 & mov$ d[nw>ds z a :ole4 ,suppose a ?read to be grasp$ at bo? ends1 & ! h&s to be mov$ d[nw>ds p]p5dicul>ly to ! %eet ( wax4 ,if ! ?read happ5s to be p]p5dicul> to ! %eet x simply passes ?r\gh x1 b if ! ?read be held1 /ret*$ slant+wise to ! %eet1 & ! h&s are mov$ p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>ds1 ! ?read w1 if x be /rong en\gh1 make a slit 9 ! %eet4 ,if n[ ! %eet ( wax 7 to h ! faculty ( clos+ up beh9d ! ?read1 :at w\ld appe> 9 ! %eet w\ld be a mov+ hole4 ,suppose t in/ead ( a %eet & a ?read1 !re 7 a /raight l9e & a plane4 ,if ! /raight l9e 7 plac$ slant+wise 9 ref]5ce to ! plane & mov$ d[nw>ds1 x w\ld always cut ! plane 9 a po9t1 b t po9t ( section w\ld move on4 ,if ! plane 7 ( su* a nature z to close up beh9d ! l9e1 if x 7 ( ! nature ( a fluid1 :at w\ld be obs]v$ w\ld be a mov+ po9t4 ,if n[ !re 7 a :ole sy/em ( l9es slop+ 9 diff]5t directions1 b all connect$ toge!r1 & held absolutely /ill by "o framework1 & if ?is framework ) its sy/em ( l9es 7 z a :ole to pass sl[ly ?r\gh ! fluid plane at "r angles to x1 !re w\ld !n be ! appe>ance ( a multitude ( mov+ po9ts 9 ! plane1 equal 9 numb] to ! numb] ( /raight l9es 9 ! sy/em4 ,! l9es 9 ! framework w all be mov+ at ! same rate--namely1 at ! rate ( ! framework 9 :i* !y are fix$4 ,b ! po9ts 9 ! plane w h diff]5t velocities4 ,!y w move sl[] or fa/]1 accord+ z ! l9es :i* give rise to !m are m or less incl9$ to ! plane4 ,a /raight l9e p]p5dicul> to ! plane w1 on pass+ ?r\gh1 give rise to a /ation>y po9t4 ,a /raight l9e t slopes v mu* incl9$ to ! plane w give rise to a po9t mov+ ) great swiftness4 ,! motions & pa?s ( ! po9ts w\ld be det]m9$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! l9es 9 ! sy/em4 ,x is obvi\s t if two /raight l9es 7 plac$ ly+ across "o ano!r l ! lett] ,x1 & if ?is figure 7 to be /ood upright & pass$ ?r\gh ! plane1 :at w\ld appe> w\ld be at fir/ two po9ts4 ,^! two po9ts w\ld approa* "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! "p :]e ! two /rokes ( ! ,x meet came into ! plane1 ! two po9ts w\ld become "o4 ,z ! upp] "p ( ! figure pass$ ?r\gh1 ! two po9ts w\ld rec$e f "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,rectangle ,a ,b ,c ,d1 cross$ by two int]l9k$ l9es ,x & ,y two l9es4 ,if ! l9e be suppos$ to be affix$ to all p>ts ( ! framework1 & to loop ov] "o ano!r1 & support "o ano!r1#a x is obvi\s t !y c\ld assume all sorts ( figures1 & t ! po9ts on ! plane w\ld move 9 v complicat$ pa?s4 ,! annex$ figure repres5ts a section ( su* a framework4 ,two l9es ,x ,x & ,y ,y are %[n1 b !re mu/ be suppos$ to be a great numb] ( o!rs slop+ backw>ds & =w>ds z well z sideways4 ,let u n[ assume t in/ead ( l9es1 v ?9 ?reads 7 atta*$ to ! framework3 !y on pass+ ?r\gh ! fluid plane w\ld give rise to v small spots4 ,let u call ! spots atoms1 & reg>d !m z con/itut+ a mat]ial sy/em 9 ! plane4 ,!re are f\r conditions :i* mu/ be satisfi$ by ^! spots if !y are to be admitt$ z =m+ a mat]ial sy/em su* z ours4 ,= ! ultimate prop]ties ( matt] 7if we elim9ate attractive & repulsive =ces1 :i* may be caus$ by ! motions ( ! smalle/ p>ticles71 are--#a1 ,p]man5ce2 #b1 ,imp5etrability2 #c1 ,in]tia2 #d1 ,cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ condition1 or t ( p]man5ce1 no "o ( ^! spots mu/ sudd5ly cease to exi/4 ,t is1 ! ?read :i* by %>+ 9 ! g5]al motion ( ! sy/em gives rise to ! mov+ po9t1 mu/ n break (f be=e ! re/ ( !m4 ,if all ! l9es sudd5ly end$ ?is w\ld correspond to a ceas+ ( matt]4 #b4 ,imp5etrability4--,"o spot mu/ n pass ?r\gh ano!r4 ,?is condition is obvi\sly satisfi$4 ,if ! ?reads d n co9cide at any po9t1 ! mov+ spots !y give rise to _c4 #c4 ,in]tia4--,a spot mu/ n cease to move or cease to rema9 at re/ )\t com+ into collision ) ano!r po9t4 ,?is condition gives ! obvi\s condition ) reg>d to ! ?reads1 t !y1 betwe5 ! po9ts :]e !y come into contact ) "o ano!r1 mu/ be /raight4 ,a ?read :i* 0 curv$ w\ld1 pass+ ?r\gh ! plane1 give rise to a po9t :i* alt]$ 9 velocity spontane\sly4 ,?is ! p>ticles ( matt] nev] d4 #d4 ,cons]vation ( en]gy4--,! en]gy ( a mat]ial sy/em is nev] lo/2 x is only transf]r$ f "o =m to ano!r1 h[ev] x may seem to cease4 ,if we suppose ea* ( ! mov+ spots on ! plane to be ! unit ( mass1 ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy dem&s t :5 any two meet1 ! sum ( ! squ>es ( _! sev]al velocities be=e meet+ %all be ! same z ! sum ( ! squ>es ( _! velocities aft] meet+4 ,n[ we h se5 t any /atem5t ab\t ! velocities ( ! spots 9 ! plane is really a /atem5t ab\t ! incl9ations ( ! ?reads to ! plane4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy gives a condition :i* mu/ be satisfi$ by ! incl9ations ( ! ?reads ( ! plane4 ,translat+ ?is /atem5t1 we get 9 ma!matical language ! ass]tion t ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! tang5ts ( ! angles ! ?reads make ) ! normal to ! plane rema9s con/ant4 ,h5ce1 all complexities & *anges ( a mat]ial sy/em made up ( simil> atoms 9 a plane c\ld result f ! uni=m motion z a :ole ( a sy/em ( ?reads4 ,we c imag9e ^! ?reads z weav+ toge!r to =m connect$ %apes1 ea* complete 9 itself1 & ^! %apes z !y pass ?r\gh ! fluid plane give rise to a s]ies ( mov+ po9ts4 ,yet1 inasmu* z ! ?reads are suppos$ to =m consi/5t %apes1 ! motion ( ! po9ts w\ld n be :olly r&om1 b numb]s ( !m w\ld pres5t ! semblance ( mov+ figures4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a numb] ( ?reads to be s gr\p$ z to =m a cyl9d] = "s di/ance1 b aft] a :ile to be pull$ ap>t by o!r ?reads ) :i* !y int]l9k4 ,:ile ! cyl9d] 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! plane1 we %\ld h 9 ! plane a numb] ( po9ts 9 a circle4 ,:5 ! "p :]e ! ?reads deviat$ came to ! plane1 ! circle w\ld break up by ! po9ts mov+ away4 ,^! mov+ figures 9 ! plane are b ! traces ( ! %apes ( ?reads z ^? %apes pass on4 ,^! mov+ figures may be conceiv$ to h a life & a consci\sness ( _! own4 ,or1 if x be irrational to suppose !m to h a consci\sness :5 ! %apes ( :i* !y are mom5t>y traces h none1 we may well suppose t ! %apes ( ?reads h consci\sness1 & t ! mov+ figures %>e ?is consci\sness1 only t 9 _! case x is limit$ to ^? p>ts ( ! %apes t simultane\sly pass ?r\gh ! plane4 ,9 ! plane1 !n1 we may conceive bodies ) all ! prop]ties ( a mat]ial sy/em1 mov+ & *ang+1 possess+ consci\sness4 ,aft] a :ile x may well be t "o ( !m becomes s disassociat$ t x appe>s no long] z a unit1 & its consci\sness z su* may be lo/4 ,b ! ?reads ( exi/5ce ( su* a figure are n brok51 nor is ! %ape :i* gave x orig9 alt]$ 9 any way4 ,x has simply pass$ on to a di/ance f ! plane4 ,?us no?+ :i* exi/$ 9 ! consci\s life on ! plane w\ld cease4 ,!re w\ld 9 su* an exi/5ce be no cause & effect1 b simply ! gradual realisation 9 a sup]ficies ( an already exi/5t :ole4 ,!re w\ld be no progress1 unless we 7 to suppose ! ?reads z !y pass to int]weave !mselves 9 m complex %apes4 ,c a repres5tation1 su* z ! prec$+1 be appli$ to ! case ( ! exi/5ce 9 space ) :i* we h to d8 ,is x possible to suppose t ! movem5ts & *anges ( mat]ial objects are ! int]sections ) a ?ree-dim5sional space ( a f\r-dim5sional exi/5ce8 ,c our consci\sness be suppos$ to deal ) a spatial pr(ile ( "s high] actuality8 ,x is ne$less to say t all ! consid]ations t h be5 br\ght =w>d 9 reg>d to ! possibility ( ! production ( a sy/em satisfy+ ! conditions ( mat]iality by ! pass+ ( ?reads ?r\gh a fluid plane1 holds good ) reg>d to a f\r-dim5sional exi/5ce pass+ ?r\gh a ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,ea* "p ( ! ampl] exi/5ce :i* pass$ ?r\gh our space w\ld seem p]fectly limit$ to u4 ,we %\ld h no indication ( ! p]man5ce ( its exi/5ce4 ,7 su* a ?\ght adopt$1 we %\ld h to imag9e "s /up5d\s :ole1 :]e9 all t has ev] come into be+ or w come co-exi/s1 :i* pass+ sl[ly on1 leaves 9 ?is flick]+ consci\sness ( ours1 limit$ to a n>r[ space & a s+le mom5t1 a tumultu\s record ( *anges & vicissitudes t are b to u4 ,*ange & movem5t seem z if !y 7 all t exi/$4 ,b ! appe>ance ( !m w\ld be due m]ely to ! mom5t>y pass+ ?r\gh our consci\sness ( ev] exi/+ realities4 ,9 ?9k+ ( ^! matt]s x is h>d to dive/ ourselves ( ! habit ( visual or tangible illu/ration4 ,if we ?9k ( a man z exi/+ 9 f\r dim5sions1 x is h>d to prev5t ourselves f conceiv+ him z prolong$ 9 an already kn[n dim5sion4 ,! image we =m resembles some:at ^? solemn ,egyptian /atues :i* 9 front repres5t well en\gh "s dignifi$ sitt+ figure1 b :i* are imm]s$ to _! e>s 9 a smoo? mass ( /one :i* fits _! cont\r exactly4 ,no mat]ial image w s]ve4 ,organis$ be+s seem to u s complete t any addition to !m w\ld deface _! beauty4 ,yet 7 we creatures conf9$ to a plane1 ! outl9e ( a ,cor9?ian column w\ld probably seem to be ( a beauty unimprovable 9 its k9d4 ,we %\ld be unable to conceive any addition to x1 simply = ! reason t any addition we c\ld conceive w\ld be ( ! nature ( affix+ an unsightly ext5sion to "s "p ( ! cont\r4 ,yet1 mov+ z we d 9 space ( ?ree dim5sions1 we see t ! beauty ( ! /ately column f> surpasses t ( any s+le outl9e4 ,s all t we c d is to d5y our faculty ( judg+ ( ! ideal complet5ess ( %apes 9 f\r dim5sions4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,let u n[ leave ?is supposition ( framework & ?reads4 ,let u inve/igate ! conception ( a f\r-dim5sional exi/5ce 9 a simpl] & m natural mann]--9 ! same way t a two-dim5sional be+ %\ld ?9k ab\t u1 n z inf9ite 9 ! ?ird dim5sion1 b limit$ 9 ?ree dim5sions z he is 9 two4 ,a be+ exi/+ 9 f\r dim5sions mu/ !n be ?\ght to be z completely b\nd$ 9 all f\r directions z we are 9 ?ree4 ,all t we c say 9 reg>d to ! possibility ( su* be+s is1 t we h no exp]i5ce ( motion 9 f\r directions4 ,! p[]s ( su* be+s & _! exp]i5ce w\ld be ampl]1 b !re w\ld be no fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! laws ( =ce & motion4 ,su* a be+ w\ld be able to make b a "p ( himself visible to u1 = a cube w\ld be appreh5d$ by a two-dim5sional be+ z ! squ>e 9 :i* x /ood4 ,?us a f\r-dim5sional be+ w\ld sudd5ly appe> z a complete & f9ite body1 & z sudd5ly disappe>1 leav+ no trace ( himself1 9 space1 9 ! same way t any?+ ly+ on a flat surface1 w\ld1 on be+ lift$1 sudd5ly vani% out ( ! cognisance ( be+s1 ^: consci\sness 0 conf9$ to ! plane4 ,! object w\ld n vani% by mov+ 9 any direction1 b disappe> in/antly z a :ole4 ,!re w\ld be no b>ri]1 no conf9em5t ( our devis+ t w\ld n be p]fectly op5 to him4 ,he w\ld come & g at pleasure2 he w\ld be able to p]=m feats ( ! mo/ surpris+ k9d4 ,x w\ld be possible by an inf9ite plane ext5d+ 9 all directions to divide our space into two portions absolutely sep>at$ f "o ano!r2 b a f\r-dim5sional be+ w\ld slip r\nd ?is plane ) ! greate/ ease4 ,to see ?is cle>ly1 let u fir/ take ! analog\s case 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,suppose a piece ( pap] to repres5t a plane4 ,if x is inf9itely ext5d$ 9 e direction1 x w repres5t an inf9ite plane4 ,x c be divid$ into two p>ts by an inf9ite /raight l9e4 ,a be+ conf9$ to ?is plane c\ld n get f "o "p ( x to ! o!r )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! l9e4 ,b suppose ano!r piece ( pap] laid on ! fir/ & ext5d$ inf9itely1 x w repres5t ano!r inf9ite plane4 ,if ! be+ moves f ! fir/ plane by a motion 9 ! ?ird dim5sion1 x w move into ?is new plane4 ,& 9 x x f9ds no l9e4 ,let x move to su* a position t :5 x goes back to ! fir/ plane x w be on ! o!r side ( ! l9e4 ,!n let x g back to ! fir/ plane4 ,x has appe>$ n[ on ! o!r side ( ! l9e :i* divides ! inf9ite plane into two p>ts4 ,take n[ ! case ( f\r dim5sions4 ,in/ead ( br++ be=e ! m9d a %eet ( pap] conceive a solid ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,if ?is solid 7 to become inf9ite x w\ld fill up ! :ole ( ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,b x w\ld n fill up ! :ole ( f\r-dim5sional space4 ,x w\ld be to f\r-dim5sional space :at an inf9ite plane is to ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,!re c\ld be 9 f\r-dim5sional space an inf9ite numb] ( su* solids1 j z 9 ?ree-dim5sional space !re c\ld be an inf9ite numb] ( inf9ite planes4 ,?us1 ly+ alongside our space1 !re c be conceiv$ a space also inf9ite 9 all ?ree directions4 ,to pass f "o to ! o!r a movem5t has to be made 9 ! f\r? dim5sion1 j z to pass f "o inf9ite plane to ano!r a motion has to be made 9 ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,conceive1 !n1 correspond+ to ! fir/ %eet ( pap] m5tion$ above1 a solid1 & z ! %eet ( pap] 0 suppos$ to be inf9itely ext5d$ 9 two dim5sions1 suppose ! solid to be inf9itely ext5d$ 9 its ?ree dim5sions1 s t x fills ! :ole ( space z we "k x4 ,n[ divide ?is inf9ite solid 9 two p>ts by an inf9ite plane1 z ! inf9ite plane ( pap] 0 divid$ 9 two p>ts by an inf9ite l9e4 ,a be+ _c pass f "o "p ( ?is inf9ite solid to ano!r1 on ! o!r side ( ?is inf9ite plane1 )\t go+ ?r\gh ! inf9ite plane1 s long z he keeps )9 ! inf9ite solid4 ,b suppose beside ?is inf9ite solid a second inf9ite solid1 ly+ next to x 9 ! f\r? dim5sion1 z ! second inf9ite plane ( pap] 0 next to ! fir/ inf9ite plane 9 ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,let n[ ! be+ t wants to get on ! o!r side ( ! divid+ plane move (f 9 ! f\r? dim5sion1 & ent] ! second inf9ite solid4 ,9 ?is second solid !re is no divid+ plane4 ,let him n[ move1 s t com+ back to ! fir/ inf9ite solid he %all be on ! o!r side ( ! inf9ite plane t divides x into two portions4 ,if ?is is done1 he w n[ be on ! o!r side ( ! inf9ite plane1 )\t hav+ gone ?r\gh x4 ,9 a simil> way a be+1 able to move 9 f\r dim5sions1 c\ld get out ( a clos$ box )\t go+ ?r\gh ! sides1 = he c\ld move (f 9 ! f\r? dim5sion1 & !n move ab\t1 s t :5 he came back he w\ld be outside ! box4 ,is !re any?+ 9 ! _w z we "k x1 :i* w\ld indicate ! possibility ( !re be+ an exi/5ce 9 f\r dim5sions8 ,no def9ite answ] c be return$ to ?is "q4 ,b x may be ( "s int]e/ to po9t out t !re are c]ta9 facts :i* might be read by ! light ( ! f\r? dim5sional !ory4 ,to make ?is cle>1 let u suppose t space is really f\r dim5sional1 & t ! ?ree-dim5sional space we "k is1 9 ?is ampl] space1 l a surface is 9 our space4 ,we %\ld !n be 9 ?is ampl] space l be+s conf9$ to ! surface ( a plane w\ld be 9 ours4 ,let u suppose t j z 9 our space !re are c5tres ( attraction ^: influ5ce radiates out 9 e direction1 s 9 ?is ampl] space !re are c5tres ( attraction ^: influ5ce radiates out 9 e direction4 ,is !re any?+ to be obs]v$ 9 nature :i* w\ld correspond to ! effect ( a c5tre ( attraction ly+ out ( our space1 & act+ on all ! matt] 9 x8 ,! effect ( su* a c5tre ( attraction w\ld n be to produce motion 9 any kn[n direction1 because x does n lie (f 9 any kn[n direction4 ,let u pass to ! correspond+ case 9 ?ree & two dim5sions1 in/ead ( f\r & ?ree4 ,let u imag9e a plane ly+ horizontally1 & 9 x "s creatures ^: exp]i5ce 0 conf9$ to x4 ,if n[ "s wat] or o!r liquid 7 p\r$ on to ! plane1 ! creatures1 becom+ aw>e ( its pres5ce1 w\ld f9d t x _h a t5d5cy to spread out all ov] ! plane4 ,9 fact x w\ld n be to !m z a liquid is to u--x w\ld r correspond to a gas4 ,= a gas1 z we "k x1 t5ds to exp& 9 e direction1 & gradually increase s z to fill ! :ole ( space4 ,x ex]cises a pressure on ! walls ( any vessel 9 :i* we conf9e x4 ,! liquid on ! plane exp&s 9 all ! dim5sions :i* ! two-dim5sional creatures on ! plane "k1 & at ! same "t becomes small] 9 ! ?ird dim5sion1 its absolute quantity rema9+ un*ang$4 ,9 l mann] we might suppose t gases 7:i* by expansion become l>g] 9 ! dim5sions t we "k7 become small] 9 ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,! cause 9 ?is case w\ld h to be s\ght = 9 an attractive =ce1 act+ ) reg>d to our space z ! =ce ( gravity acts ) reg>d to a horizontal plane4 ,c we suppose t !re is a c5tre ( attraction some:]e (f 9 ! f\r? dim5sion1 & t ! gases1 :i* we "k are simply m mobile liquids1 exp&+ out 9 e direction "u its influ5ce4 ,?is view receives a c]ta9 am\nt ( support f ! fact prov$ exp]im5tally t !re is no absolute l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 a liquid & a gas4 ,! "o c be made to pass into ! o!r ) no mom5t int]v5+ 9 :i* x c be said t n[ a *ange ( /ate has tak5 place4 ,we might !n suppose t ! matt] we "k ext5d+ 9 ?ree dim5sions has also a small ?ickness 9 ! f\r? dim5sion2 t solids are rigid 9 ! f\r? z 9 ! o!r ?ree dim5sions2 t liquids are too coh]5t to admit ( _! spread+ out 9 space1 & becom+ ?9n] 9 ! f\r? dim5sion1 "u ! influ5ce ( an attractive c5tre ly+ outside ( our space2 b t gases1 ow+ to ! great] mobility ( _! p>ticles1 are subject to its action1 & spread out 9 space "u its influ5ce1 9 ! same mann] t liquids1 "u ! influ5ce ( gravity1 spread out on a plane4 ,!n ! d5sity ( a gas w\ld be a measure ( ! relative ?ickness ( x 9 ! f\r? dim5sion3 & ! dim9ution ( ! d5sity w\ld correspond to a dim9ution ( ! ?ickness 9 ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,c\ld ?is supposition be te/$ 9 any way8 ,suppose a be+ conf9$ to a plane2 if ! plane is mov$ f> (f f ! c5tre ( attraction ly+ outside x1 he w\ld f9d t liquids _h less t5d5cy to spread out ?an be=e4 ,or suppose he moves to a di/ant "p ( ! plane s t ! l9e f 8 position to ! c5tre ( attraction lies obliquely to ! plane2 he w\ld f9d t 9 ?is position a liquid w\ld %[ a t5d5cy to spread out m 9 "o direction ?an ano!r4 ,n[ our space consid]$ z ly+ 9 f\r-dim5sional space1 z a plane does 9 ?ree-dim5sional space1 may be %ift$4 ,& ! expansive =ce ( gases might be f\nd to be diff]5t at diff]5t ages4 ,or1 %ift+ z we d our position 9 space dur+ ! c\rse ( ! e>?'s pa? r\nd ! sun1 !re might arise a suffici5t diff]5ce 9 our position 9 space1 ) reg>d to ! attractive c5tre1 to make ! expansive =ce ( gases diff]5t at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 or to cause !m to manife/ a great] expansive =ce 9 "o direction ?an 9 ano!r4 ,b al?\gh ?is supposition might be work$ out at "s l5g?1 x is h>d to suppose t x c\ld af=d any def9ite te/ ( ! physical exi/5ce ( a f\r? dim5sion4 ,no te/ has be5 discov]$ :i* is decisive4 ,&1 inde$1 be=e se>*+ = te/s1 a !oretical po9t ( ! utmo/ importance has to be settl$4 ,9 discuss+ ! geometrical prop]ties ( /raight l9es & planes1 we suppose !m to be respectively ( "o & two dim5sions1 & by s do+ d5y !m any real exi/5ce4 ,a plane & a l9e are m]e ab/ractions4 ,e portion ( matt] is ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,if we consid] be+s on a plane n z m]e idealities1 we mu/ suppose !m to be ( "s ?ickness4 ,if _! exp]i5ce is to be limit$ to a plane ?is ?ickness mu/ be v small comp>$ to _! o!r dim5sions4 ,transf]r+ our reason+ to ! case ( f\r dim5sions1 we come to a curi\s result4 ,if a f\r? dim5sion exi/s !re are two possible alt]natives4 ,"o is1 t !re be+ f\r dim5sions1 we h a ?ree-dim5sional exi/5ce only4 ,! o!r is t we really h a f\r-dim5sional exi/5ce1 b are n consci\s ( x4 ,if we are 9 ?ree dim5sions only1 :ile !re are really f\r dim5sions1 !n we mu/ be relatively to ^? be+s :o exi/ 9 f\r dim5sions1 z l9es & planes are 9 relation to u4 ,t is1 we mu/ be m]e ab/ractions4 ,9 ?is case we mu/ exi/ only 9 ! m9d ( ! be+ t conceives u1 & our exp]i5ce mu/ be m]ely ! ?\ghts ( 8 m9d--a result :i* has app>5tly be5 arriv$ at1 on indep5d5t gr\nds1 by an ideali/ philosoph]4 ,! o!r alt]native is t we h a f\r-dim5sional exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is case our proportions 9 x mu/ be inf9itely m9ute1 or we %\ld be consci\s ( !m4 ,if su* be ! case1 x w\ld probably be 9 ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]1 t we %\ld discov] ! f\r? dim5sion1 = 9 ! ultimate p>ticles ! sizes 9 ! ?ree dim5sions are v m9ute1 & ! magnitudes 9 all f\r dim5sions w\ld be comp>able4 ,! prec$+ two alt]native suppositions are bas$ on ! hypo!sis ( ! reality ( f\r-dim5sional exi/5ce1 & mu/ be conceiv$ to hold good only on t hypo!sis4 ,x is some:at curi\s to notice t we c ?us conceive ( an exi/5ce relative to :i* t :i* we enjoy mu/ exi/ z a m]e ab/raction4 ,ap>t f ! int]e/ ( speculations ( ?is k9d !y h consid]able value2 = !y enable u to express 9 intelligible t]ms ?+s ( :i* we c =m no image4 ,!y supply u1 z x 71 ) scaffold+1 :i* ! m9d c make use ( 9 build+ up its conceptions4 ,& ! additional ga9 to our p[] ( repres5tation is v great4 ,_m philosophical ideas & doctr9es are almo/ un9telligible because !re is no physical illu/ration :i* w s]ve to express !m4 ,9 ! imag9>y physical exi/5ce :i* we h trac$ out1 mu* t philosoph]s h writt5 f9ds adequate repres5tation4 ,mu* ( ,sp9oza's ,e?ics1 = example1 c\ld be symboliz$ f ! prec$+ pages4 ,?us we may discuss & draw p]fectly legitimate conclusions ) reg>d to unimag9able ?+s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 evid5t t ^! speculations pres5t no po9t ( direct contact ) fact4 ,b ?is is no reason :y !y %\ld be ab&on$4 ,! c\rse ( k is l ! fl[ ( "s mighty riv]1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ri* l[l&s1 ga!rs into itself ! contributions f e valley4 ,su* a riv] may well be jo9$ by a m\nta9 /ream1 :i*1 pass+ ) difficulty along ! b>r5 highl&s1 fl+s itself into ! great] riv] d[n "s precipit\s desc5t1 exhibit+ at ! mom5t ( its union ! spectacle ( ! utmo/ beauty ( :i* ! riv] sy/em is capable4 ,& su* a /ream is no inapt symbol ( a l9e ( ma!matical ?\ght1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh difficult & ab/ract regions1 sacrifices = ! sake ( its cry/all9e cle>ness ! ri*ness t comes to ! m concrete /udies4 ,su* a c\rse may end fruitlessly1 = x may nev] jo9 ! ma9 c\rse ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,b1 if x ga9s its way to ! great /ream ( k1 x af=ds at ! mom5t ( its union ! spectacle ( ! greate/ intellectual beauty1 & adds some:at ( =ce & my/]i\s capability to ! onw>d curr5t4 ,! ,p]sian ,k+4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,9 ,p]sia !re 0 once a k+4 ,on "o occasion :5 he 0 out hunt+ he came to ! n>r[ entrance ( a valley4 ,x 0 %ut 9 on ei!r side by va/ hills1 seem+ly ! spurs f ! di/ant m\nta9s4 ,^! great spurs spread out includ+ a wide tract ( l&4 ,t[>ds ! entrance :]e he /ood !y approa*$ "o ano!r1 & end$ 9 abrupt cliffs4 ,across ! m\? ( ! valley /ret*$ a deep rav9e4 ,! k+1 foll[$ by c\rti]s1 gallop$ along1 se>*+ a spot :]e ! deep fissure might be %all[]1 s t desc5d+ into x he might rea* ! valley by asc5d+ on ! opposite side4 ,b at e po9t ! rav9e /ret*$ d[nw>ds d>k & deep1 f cliff to cliff1 %utt+ (f all access to ! valley4 ,at "o po9t only 0 !re a means ( cross+4 ,!re 7 two masses ( rocks1 jutt+ out "o f ei!r side l ! abutm5ts ( a natural bridge1 & !y seem$ to meet 9 mid air4 ,! mass trembl$ & %ook z ! k+ spurr$ 8 horse ov] x1 & ! dislodg$ /ones rev]b]at$ f side to side ( ! *asm till ! noise ( _! fall+ 0 lo/4 ,be=e ! fir/ ( 8 c\rti]s c\ld foll[ him "o ( ! great pi]s or abutm5ts gave way--! :ole mass fell cra%+ d[n4 ,! k+ 0 alone 9 ! valley4 8,s ho10 he cri$1 8! k+dom ( ,p]sia is %runk to ?is n>r[ spot60 & )\t tr\bl+ himself = ! mom5t h[ he %\ld return1 he sp$ onw>d4 ,b :5 he _h ridd5 f> into ! valley on 8 /e$ t c\ld outnumb] t5 leagues 9 an h\r1 & _h return$ to ! entrance ( x1 he saw no trace ( a liv+ s\l on ! opposite br9k ( ! cleft4 ,no sign 0 left1 save a few re$s b5t d[n by ! passage ( ! m\nt$ tra91 t any human be+ _h /ood on ! opposite side = ages4 ,! ev5+ came on apace4 ,yet no "o return$4 ,aga9 he rode f> into ! valley4 ,= ! mo/ "p x 0 cov]$ ) long grass1 b "h & !re a ?ick & tangl$ mass ( vegetation atte/$ to a great luxuriance ( soil1 :ile ! surface 0 int]sect$ "h & !re ) rivulets ( cle> wat]1 :i* f9ally lo/ _! way 9 ! d>k gorge ov] :i* he _h j s ra%ly adv5tur$4 ,b on no side did ! /eep cliffs (f] any promise ( escape4 ,:5 ! night came on he /ret*$ himself b5ea? "o ( ! few trees n f> f ! rav9e1 :ile 8 fai?ful horse /ood tranquilly at 8 head4 ,he did n awake till ! moon _h ris54 ,b !n sudd5ly he />t$ to 8 feet1 & walk+ to ! edge ( ! cleft1 pe]$ ov] to ! l& f :5ce he _h come4 ,= he ?\ght he he>d s\nds ( "s k9d t 7 n ! natural ones ( ! ru/l+ w9d or ! fall+ wat]4 ,look+ out he saw cle>ly opposite to him an old man 9 ragg$ clo?+1 lean+ aga9/ a rock1 hold+ a long pipe 9 8 h&s1 on :i* he n[ & aga9 play$ a few wild notes4 8,oho1 peasant60 cri$ ! k+4 8,run & tell ! head man ( y\r village t ! k+ bids him come directly1 & w h him br+ ) him ! longe/ ropes & ! /ronge/ ?r[]s "u him40 ,b ! old man did n seem to give he$4 ,!n ! k+ cri$1 8,he>k51 old man1 run quickly & tell y\r ma/] t ! k+ is conf9$ "h1 & w rew>d him beyond 8 dreams if he deliv] him quickly40 ,!n ! old man rose1 & com+ ne>] to ! edge ( ! rav9e /ood opposite1 /ill play+ at int]vals "s notes on 8 long pipe4 ,& ! k+ cri$1 8,can/ ?\ he>8 ,do/ ?\ d>e to refuse to c>ry my comm&s8 ,= ,i am ! k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,:o art ?\80 ,!n ! old man made answ]1 putt+ 8 pipe aside3 8,i am he :o appe>s only :5 a man has pass$ = ev] beyond ! k5 ( all t h kn[n him4 ,i am ,demi\rgos1 ! mak] ( m540 ,!n ! k+ cri$1 8,mock me n1 b obey my comm&s40 ,! old man made answ]1 8,i d n mock !e2 & oh1 my ,"l1 ?\ ha/ mov$ ! puppets ,i h made1 & driv5 !m s to dance on ! surface ( ! e>? t ,i w\ld will+ly obey !e4 ,b x is n p]mitt$ me to pass betwe5 !e & ! _w ( m5 ?\ ha/ kn[n40 ,!n ! k+ 0 sil5t4 ,at l5g? he said1 8,if ?\ art really :at ?\ saye/1 %[ me :at ?\ can/ d2 build me a palace40 ,! old man lift$ 8 pipe 9 bo? 8 trembl+ h&s1 & began to bl[4 ,x 0 a /range in/rum5t1 = x n only produc$ ! %rill] s\nds ( ! lute1 & ! pi]c+ notes ( ! trumpet1 b res\nd$ ) ! holl[ boom+ ( great organ pipes1 & among/ all came ev] & aga9 a %>p & sonor\s clang z ( "s metal in/rum5t res\nd+ :5 x 0 /ruck4 ,& !n ! k+ 0 z "o :o enjoys ! delights ( ?\ght4 ,= 9 ?\ght1 delicate %ades1 impalpable nuances are ev] pass+4 ,x is z ! bl5d$ /ra9s ( an invisible or*e/ra1 b m subtle f>1 t come & g 9 unexpect$ metres1 & ov]:elm y ) _! beauty :5 all seem$ sil5t4 ,& lo1 z ! /ra9s s\nd1 outside--palpable1 l>ge z ! firmam5t1 or real z ! smalle/ ?+ y c take up & "k x is !re--outside /&s "s exi/5ce reveal$--to be kn[n & return$ to = ev]4 ,s ! k+1 li/5+ to ?is music1 felt t some?+ 0 ris+ beh9d him4 ,& turn+1 beheld c\rse aft] c\rse ( a great build+4 ,almo/ z soon z he _h look$ x _h ris5 complet$1 f9i%$ to ! la/ embossure on ! w9d[s1 ! trac]y on ! highe/ p9nacles4 ,all _h happ5$ :ile ! old man 0 bl[+ on 8 pipe1 & :5 he ceas$ all 0 p]fect4 ,& yet ! appe>ance 0 v /range1 = a f9i%$ & seem+ly habitable build+ rose out ( wa/e unreclaim$ soil1 /rewn ) rocks & b>r54 ,no dwell+s 7 ne> ! palace to wait on x1 no roads l$ to x or away f x4 8,!re %\ld be h\ses ar\nd x1 & roadways10 said ! k+2 8make !m1 & fields s[n ) corn1 & all t is necess>y = a /ate40 ,bl[+ on 8 pipe 9 regul> recurr5t cad5ces1 ! old man call$ up h\ses close toge!r1 ?an scatt]$ s+ly along roads :i* /ret*$ away into ! di/ance1 to be se5 e "h & !re p]fectly cle>ly :]e !y asc5d$ a ris+ gr\nd4 ,& ne> at h& c\ld be di/+ui%$ fields ( gra9 & pa/ure l&4 ,yet z ! k+ turn$ to walk t[>ds ! new sc5e1 ! old man laugh$4 8,all ?is is a dream10 he cri$2 8s mu* ,i c d1 b n at once40 ,& brea?+ peals ( music f 8 pipe1 he said1 8,?is c be1 b is n yet40 8,:at10 ask$ ! k+1 8is all a delusion80 & z he ask$ ev]y?+ sank d[n4 ,!re 0 no palace1 no h\ses or fields1 only ! /eep precipice-lock$ valley1 :i!r ! k+ _h ridd52 & 8 horse c[]+ beh9d him4 ,!n ! k+ cri$1 8,?\ art "s moon/ruck h]mit1 lead+ out a life ( folly alone4 ,get !e to ! village ?\ kn[e/1 & br+ me help40 ,b ! old man answ]$ him say+1 8,great k+1 ,i am b\nd to obey !e1 & all ! creative might ( my be+ ,i lay at ?y feet2 & lo1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is valley ,i make = !e be+s su* z ,i c produce4 ,& all t ?\ ha/ se5 is z no?+ to :at ,i c d = !e4 ,! dep?s ( ! />ry heav5s h no limit1 nor :at ,i d = !e4 ,ha/ ?\ ev] 9 ?y life look$ into ! deep /ill ocean1 & lo/ ?y sight 9 ! unse5 dep?s8 ,ev5 s ?\ wilt f9d no end 9 :at ,i w give !e4 ,ha/ ?\ ev] 9 ?y life s\ght ! dep?s ( ?y love's blue eyes1 & f\nd !re9 a _w :i* /ret*$ on endlessly8 ,ev5 s ,i br+ all to ?y feet4 ,n[ t all ! gladness ( ! _w has dep>t$ f !e1 behold1 ,i am a m will+ s]vant ?an ev] ?\ ha/ _h40 ,& aga9 he play$1 & a hut rose up ) a pat* ( cle>$ soil ar\nd x1 & a spr+ ne> by4 ,!n ! k+ said1 8,"h w ,i dwell1 & if ,i am to be cut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w1 ,i w lead a peaceful life 9 ?is valley40 ,! sun 0 ris+1 ! s\nds _h ceas$1 & ! old man _h disappe>$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,he made 8 way sl[ly to ! pat* ( cultivat$ gr\nd1 he knock$ at ! door ( ! hut1 & !n he call$ out4 ,no answ] 0 made to ! s\nd ( 8 voice1 he ent]$1 & saw a rude1 pla9 int]ior4 ,!re 7 two =ms half ly+1 half propp$ up by ! walls1 & "s dome/ic implem5ts lay ab\t4 ,b :5 he spoke to ! be+s !y did n answ]1 & :5 he t\*$ _! arms !y fell p[]less on ! gr\nd & rema9$ !re4 ,a t]rible fe> came on ! k+ le/ he %\ld become su* z ^!4 ,he left !m & aga9 s\ght a possible outlet1 b fruitlessly4 ,& t ev5+ he s\ght ! old man aga9 & inquir$ :at sort ( be+s ^! 74 8,= ?\gh 9 =m & body l *ildr5 outw>dly10 said ! k+1 8!y d no?+ & seem unable to move2 are !y 9 an en*ant$ slumb]80 ,!n ! old man came ne> to ! edge ( ! rav9e &1 speak+ solemnly & l[1 said3 8,o k+1 ?\ do/ n yet "k ! nature ( ! place :]e9 ?\ art4 ,= ^! *ildr5 are l ! *ildr5 ?\ ha/ kn[n always bo? 9 =m & body4 ,i h work$ on !m z f> z is )9 my p[]4 ,b "h 9 ?is valley a law reigns :i* b9ds !m 9 sleepfulness & p[]lessness4 ,= "h 9 ev]y?+ t is done !re is z mu* pa9 z pleasure4 ,if x is pleasant to tread a d[nw>d slope !re is z mu* pa9 9 asc5d+ ! upw>d slope4 ,& 9 e action !re is a pleasant "p & a pa9ful "p1 & 9 ! ta/+ ( e h]b ! be+s feel a bitt] ta/e & a sweet ta/e1 s indi/+ui%ably unit$ t ! pleasure & ! pa9 ( eat+ x are equally balanc$4 ,& z hung] increases ! s5se ( ! bitt]ness 9 ! ta/e increases1 s x is nev] m pleasant to eat ?an n to eat4 ,ev]y?+ t c be done "h af=ds no m pleasure ?an x does pa91 f ! greate/ action d[n to ! lea/ movem5t4 ,& ! be+s z ,i c make !m1 !y foll[ pleasure & avoid pa94 ,& if ! pleasure & ! pa9 are equal !y d n move "o way or ! o!r40 8,?is is impossible10 said ! k+4 8,nay10 said ! old man1 8t x is z ,i h said ,i w prove to !e40 ,& he expla9$ to ! k+ h[ x w\ld be possible to /imulate ! *ildr5 to activity1 = he %[$ him h[ he c\ld dive/ any?+ t 0 done ( "p ( its pa9 & r5d] x m pleasurable ?an pa9ful4 8,9 ?is way ?\ can/ lead ! be+s ,i h giv5 !e to d any?+10 said ! old man1 8b ! condition is t ?\ mu/ take ! pa9ful "p t ?\ sp>e/ !m ?yself40 ,& he bade ! k+ cut himself ( ! re$s t grew by ! side ( ! rav9e1 & told him t putt+ !m betwe5 himself & any be+ w\ld enable him to take a "p ( ! pa9 & leave 9 _! feel+ ! :ole ( ! pleasure & ! pa9 dim9i%$ by t "p :i* he bore himself4 ,!n ! k+ cut ( ! re$s t grew by ! side ( ! rav9e4 ,he w5t to ! hut :]e ^! be+s lay1 &1 tak+ ! re$s 9 8 h&1 he plac$ "o betwe5 ! *ild's frame & himself4 ,& ! *ild rose up & walk$1 :ile he himself felt a pa9 9 8 limbs4 ,& he f\nd t by tak+ a pa9 9 ea* "p ( him ! *ild w\ld ex]cise t "p2 if he wi%$ ! *ild to look at any?+ he1 by be>+ a pa9 9 8 eyes1 made look+ at x pleasurable to ! *ild1 & accord+ly ! *ild did look at ! object he wi%$ him to reg>d4 ,& aga91 by be>+ a bitt] ta/e 9 8 m\? he made ! *ild feel eat+ z pleasant1 & ! *ild ga!r$ fruits & ate !m4 ,!n ! k+ by us+ two re$s made bo? ! *ildr5 move1 & !y w5t toge!r :]esoev] he wi%$ !m4 ,b !y _h n ! slighte/ idea ( ! k+'s action on !m4 ,!y recogniz$ ea* o!r1 & play$ ) ea* o!r4 ,!y saw ! k+ & _h a c]ta9 reg>d = him1 b ( 8 action on !m !y knew no?+4 ,= !y felt 8 be>+ ! pa9 z ?is ?+ or t be+ pleasurable4 ,!y felt 8 action z a motive 9 !mselves4 ,& all day long ! k+ w5t ) !m1 lead+ !m ?r\gh ! valley1 be>+ ! pa9 ( ea* /ep1 s t ! *ildr5 felt no?+ b pleasure4 ,b at nightfall he l$ !m back to ! rude dwell+ :]e he _h f\nd !m4 ,he l$ !m by tak+ ! pa9 f _! /eps 9 t direction1 & n tak+ any ( ! pa9 f /eps 9 any o!r direction4 ,& :5 !y _h ent]$ ! dwell+-place he remov$ 8 re$s f !m4 ,imm$iately !y sank d[n into ! /ate ( apa?y 9 :i* he _h f\nd !m4 ,!y did n move4 ,& ! k+ at nightfall s\ght aga9 ! side ( ! rav9e4 ,gaz+ across x he saw ! s&y wa/e ( ! l& f :i* he _h come1 he saw ! great /ones :i* 7 scatt]$ ab\t1 look+ pale & grey 9 ! moonlight4 ,& pres5tly 9 ! %ad[ ( a rock ne> ! opposite br9k he disc]n$ ! =m ( ! old man4 ,& he cri$ out to him1 & bade him come ne>4 ,& :5 ! old man /ood opposite to him1 he bes\ght him to tell him h[ he c\ld make ! be+s g ?r\gh _! movem5ts ( life )\t 8 be>+ s mu* pa94 ,& ! old man took 8 /aff 9 8 h&1 & he held x out t[>ds ! k+1 ov] ! dep?4 8,behold1 ,o k+1 ?y secret10 he cri$4 ,& ) 8 o!r h& he smote ! /aff :i* 0 po9t+ d[n into ! dep?s4 ,! /aff swung to & fro _m times1 & at la/ x came to re/ aga94 ,!n ! k+ bes\ght him to expla9 :at ?is might signify4 8,?\ ha/ be510 repli$ ! old man1 8z "o :o1 wi%+ to make a /aff sw+ to & fro1 has made e movem5t sep>ately1 rais+ x up by 8 h& ea* "t t x falls d[n4 ,b1 behold1 :5 ,i set x 9 movem5t x goes ?r\gh _m sw+s ( itself1 bo? d[nw>d & upw>d1 until ! movem5t ,i imp>t$ to x is lo/4 ,ev5 s ?\ mu/ make ^! be+s g ?r\gh bo? pleasure & pa91 ?yself be>+ b ! diff]5ce1 n tak+ all ! pa940 8,mu/ ,i !n10 ask$ ! k+1 8by be>+ pa9 give ^! be+s a c]ta9 /ore ( pleasure1 & !n let !m g ?r\gh _! v>i\s actions until !y h exhau/$ ?is /ore ( pleasure80 ,!n ! old man made answ]4 8,c ,i h any secrets f !e8 ,he>k51 ,o k+1 & ,i w tell !e :at lies beh9d ! %[s ( ! _w4 ,:at ,i h %[n !e is an outw>d sign & symbol ( :at ?\ %\ld/ d1 b x lies f> outside ^? recesses :i!r ,i %all lead !e4 ,?\ c\ld/ inde$ give ^! be+s a /ore ( pleasure1 & !y w\ld g ?r\gh _! actions until x 0 all sp5t2 b !n ?\ w\ld/ be z "o ( !mselves4 ,?\ w\ld/ h to p]=m ! pa9ful "p ( "s action & let !m p]=m ! pleasant "p1 & ?us ?\ w\ld/ be imm]s$ 9 ! same *a9 ( actions :]e9 !y 74 ,= reg>d my /aff z x beg9s to sw+4 ,x is n ,i t make ! movem5t t is imp>t$ to x2 t movem5t lay /or$ up 9 my arm1 & :5 ,i /ruck ! /aff ) my arm x 0 z if ,i _h let ano!r /aff fall :i* 9 its fall+ gave up its movem5t to ! "o ,i held 9 my h&40 8,:]e1 !n1 does ! movem5t g to :5 ! /aff ceases to sw+10 ask$ ! k+4 8,x goes to ! f9] p>ticles ( ! air1 & passes on & on4 ,!re is an endless *a94 ,x is z if !re 7 numb]less /affs1 l>g] & small]1 & :5 "o falls x ei!r raises itself or passes on its ris+ to ano!r or to o!rs4 ,!re is an endless *a9 ( movem5t to & fro1 & z "o ceases ano!r comes4 ,b1 ,o k+1 ,i wi% to take !e beh9d ?is long *a9 & to place !e :]e ?\ maye/ n say1 ,i w d ?is or t2 b :]e ?\ can/ say1 ,?is :ole *a9 ( movem5t %all be or %all n4 ,= z ?\ reg>de/ ?is /aff sw++ ?\ see/ t x moves z mu* up z x does d[n1 z mu* to "r z to left4 ,& if ! movem5ts :i* x goes ?r\gh came toge!r x w\ld be at re/4 ,its motion is b /illness sep>at$ into equal & opposite motions4 ,& 9 :at ?\ calle/ re/ !re are va/ movem5ts4 ,x %all be ?9e1 ,o k+1 to /rike no?+ness asund] & make ?+s be4 ,nay1 ,o k+1 ,i h n giv5 !e ^! be+s 9 ! valley = !e to move by outw>d de$s1 b ,i h giv5 !m to !e su* t ?\ can/ /rike _! apa?y asund] & let !m live4 ,& "k1 ,o k+1 t ev5 z ^? be+s are :om ?\ ha/ f\nd1 s are all ?+s 9 ! valley d[n to ! smalle/4 ,! smalle/ p>ticle !re is 9 ! valley lies1 unless x 7 = me1 )\t motion4 ,ea* p>ticle has ! p[] ( feel+ pa9 & ( feel+ pleasure1 b by ! law ( ! valley ^! are equal4 ,h5ce ( itself no p>ticle moves4 ,b ,i make x move1 & all ?+s 9 ! valley soon] or lat] move back to :5ce !y came4 ,! /reams :i* ga!r f> (f 9 ! valley ,i lead along to :]e !y fall into ! dep?s betwe5 u4 ,!re !y %iv] !mselves into ! smalle/ fragm5ts1 & ea* fragm5t ,i cause to return :5ce x fir/ came4 ,&1 ,o k+1 9 all ?is movem5t1 s9ce x ends :]e x began1 !re is no m pleasure ?an pa94 ,x is b ! apa?y ( re/ brok5 asund]4 ,b ! p>ticles w n g ?r\gh ?is r\nd ( !mselves4 ,i be> ! pa9 to make !m g ?r\gh1 ea* "o ! r\nd ,i appo9t x40 8,h[ !n10 exclaim$ ! k+1 ?9k+ ( ! pa9 he _h felt 9 direct+ ! movem5ts ( ! *ildr51 8can/ ?\ be> all ?is pa980 8,x is n mu*10 answ]$ ! old man2 8& 7 x m ,i w\ld will+ly be> x = !e4 ,= ?9k ( a p>ticle :i* has made ! :ole r\nd ( :i* ,i spoke to y--x w make ?is j\rney if on ! :ole !re is ! slighte/ ga9 ( pleasure ov] pa92 & ?us1 al?\gh = ea* p>ticle 9 its movem5t at e mom5t ,i be> ! diff]5ce ( pa91 ! pa9 = ea* p>ticle is s m9ute t ! :ole c\rse ( natural movem5ts 9 ! valley weighs ^u me b little4 ,& behold all lies ready = !e1 ,o k+4 ,i h done all t ,i c d4 ,i c p]fect ea* natural process1 ea* quality ( ! gr\nd1 ea* plant & h]b ,i make1 up to ! be+s :om ?\ ha/ f\nd4 ,!y are my la/ "w1 & into y\r h&s ,i give !m40 ,& :5 he _h said ?is1 ! old man let drop 8 /aff1 & plac+ bo? h&s to 8 brea/ he seem$ to draw some?+ !refrom1 & ) bo? h&s to fl+ x to ! k+4 ,= "s mom5ts' space ! k+ c\ld di/+ui% no?+1 b soon he became aw>e ( a lum9\sness ov] ! mid rav9e4 ,some?+ palely bright 0 float+ t[>ds him4 ,z ! brightness came ne>] he saw t x 0 a c5tre :]e9 innum]able bright rays met1 & f :i* innum]able bright rays w5t =? 9 e direction4 8,take t10 ! old man cri$4 8,! rays g =? unto ev]y?+ 9 ! valley4 ,!y pass ?r\gh ev]y?+ unto ev]y?+4 ,?r\gh !m ?\ can/ t\* :atsoev] ?\ wilt40 ,! k+ took ! rays & plac$ !m on 8 brea/2 !nce !y w5t =?1 & ?r\gh !m he t\*$ & knew e "p ( ! valley4 ,& ?9k+ ( ! hut :]e ! *ildr5 lay1 ! k+ p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! rays t w5t ?i!r t ! walls 7 tott]+1 & l to fall on ! *ildr54 ,& ?r\gh 8 rays he knew t ! *ildr5 p]ceiv$ ?is 9 a dull k9d ( way2 b s9ce 9 _! life !re 0 no m pleasure ?an pa91 !y did n feel x m pleasant to rise up & move ?an to be /ill & be buri$4 ,b ! k+ ?r\gh ! rays1 z be=e ?r\gh ! re$s1 took ! pa9 ( mov+1 & ! *ildr5 rose & came out ( ! hut2 & soon !y 7 ) ! k+1 runn+ & b\nd+ z nev] *ildr5 leapt & ran1 ) ec/asy ( movem5t & unlimit$ exub]ance ( _s4 ,b z !y leapt & ran ! k+ felt an increas+ pa9 9 all 8 limbs4 ,/ill he lik$ to see !m 9 _! full & joy\s activity1 & he wi%$ !m to ca/ (f t dull apa?y 9 :i* !y lay4 ,s all ?r\gh ! night he roam$ ab\t ) !m ?9k+ ( all ! wilde/ ?+s = !m to d1 & lead+ !m ?r\gh dance & play1 e movem5t & activity he c\ld ?9k (4 ,at l5g? ! ris+ sun began to w>m ! air1 & ! k+1 exhau/$ ) pa91 left (f be>+ x = !m4 ,aft] a few languid movem5ts ! *ildr5 sank d[n on a com=table bank into a /ate ( absolute torpor4 ,! k+ look$ at !m2 x seem$ inconceivable t !y c\ld be ! same *ildr5 :o _h be5 runn+ ab\t s m]rily a few mom5ts ago4 ,?us f> he _h receiv$ no advantage f ! rays ! old man _h giv5 him1 except t he c\ld t\* ! *ildr5 m easily4 ,he turn$ we>ily & look$ ar\nd4 ,8 horse /ood !re4 ,b in/ead ( :9ny+ & runn+ up to greet him1 ! fai?ful animal /ood /ill1 look+ across ! rav9e4 8,p]*ance )\t my burd51 & ) ! /r5g? ^! rays may imp>t10 ?\ght ! k+1 8he might manage ! leap40 ,! horse 0 /&+ opposite ! rema9s ( ! natural bridge ov] :i* ! two _h s ra%ly cross$ ! day be=e4 ,! k+ t\*$ ! horse ) 8 rays4 ,z ) a sudd5 ?ru/ ( ! spur1 ! noble animal ru%$ =w>d & leapt madly f ! fragm5ts ( ! ar*4 ,8 =e feet ga9$ ! opposite br9k1 & ) a t]rible /ruggle he rais$ himself on ! firm gr\nd4 ,!n he /ood /ill4 ,) a cra% ! rema9+ fragm5ts ( ! bridge fell into ! gulf1 leav+ ! va/ gap unn>r[$ at any "p4 ,! horse /ood look+ ov] ! rav9e4 ,b ?\gh ! k+ call$ him by "n1 ! fai?ful creature :o us$ to come to him at ! slighte/ :isp] paid no he$4 ,9 a few mom5ts he gallop$ (f along ! track ! c\rti]s _h pursu$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! k+ be+ left ?us ) ! *ildr51 appli$ himself to ?\ght4 ,he direct$ 8 rays to "o ( ! *ildr5 & caus$ x to /& up1 &1 foll[+ ! c\nsel ( ! old man1 he ?\ght ( an action4 ,! action he ?\ght ( 0 t ( walk+1 & he sep>at$ x into two acts2 ! "o act mov+ ! "r foot1 ! o!r act mov+ ! left foot4 ,& he sep>at$ ! apa?y 9 :i* ! *ild 0 into pleasure & pa92 pleasure connect$ ) ! act ( mov+ ! "r foot1 pa9 connect$ ) ! act ( mov+ ! left foot4 ,imm$iately ! *ild mov$ =w>d its "r foot1 b ! left foot rema9$ motionless4 ,! *ild _h tak5 ! pleasure1 b ! pa9 0 left2 or1 s9ce ! k+ _h connect$ ! pleasure & pa9 ) two acts1 x may be said1 _h done ! pleasant act & left ! pa9ful act undone4 ,aft] wait+ "s "t to see if ! *ild w\ld move1 ! k+ took ! pa9 ( mov+ ! left foot2 in/antly ! *ild mov$ x1 & z soon z x _h come to ! gr\nd aga9 x mov$ ! "r foot1 :i* 0 ! pleasant act4 ,b !n x /opp$4 ,& by no am\nt ( tak+ pa9s 9 ! matt] ( ! left foot c\ld ! k+ get ! *ild into ! r\t9e ( walk+4 ,z soon z he ceas$ to take ! pa9 ( mov+ ! left foot1 ! *ild rema9$ ) ! "r foot =w>d4 ,at la/ he remov$ 8 att5tion f ! movem5t ( ! *ild1 & x sunk back aga9 torpor4 ,! re/ ( ! day ! k+ sp5t 9 reflection1 & 9 mak+ exp]im5ts ) ! *ildr54 ,b he did n succe$ any bett]4 ,:atev] action he ?\ght ( !y w5t ?r\gh ! pleasant act1 b made no sign ( go+ ?r\gh ! pa9ful act4 ,:5 d>kness came ! k+ p]ceiv$ ! fa9t lum9\sness ( 8 rays3 unless he _h kn[n ( !m he w\ld h>dly h p]ceiv$ x4 ,& n[ he tri$ a new exp]im5t4 ,he took "o ( ! rays1 &1 deta*+ x f ! re/1 he put x ^u ! body ( "o ( ! *ildr51 go+ out f its body & return+ aga9 to its body1 s t x w5t =? f ! *ild & return$ to ! *ild aga94 ,he !n caus$ ! *ild to /& up1 & aga9 tri$ x ) ! action ( walk+4 ,8 idea 0 ?is3 ! *ild requir$ a p[] ( be>+ its own pa9 9 ord] to g ?r\gh a pa9ful act1 & z ! rays enabl$ him to be> _! pa91 ! ray proce$+ f ! *ild & com+ back to x might enable x to be> its own pa94 ,& n[ he sep>at$ ! apa?y into pleasure & pa9 z be=e4 ,! *ild mov$ ! "r foot1 & !n :5 x _h mov$ x1 he saw t x actually began to move ! left foot4 ,b x did n move x a complete /ep1 & aft] ! next movem5t ( ! "r foot ! left foot did n /ir4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! k+ tri$ ! *ildr51 b 8 attempts came to no?+4 ,"o halt+ /ep ( ! left foot he c\ld get !m to g ?r\gh1 b no m4 ,he sp5t _m h\rs4 ,sudd5ly ! cause ( 8 failure fla%$ ^u him4 8,( c\rse10 he said to himself1 8!y don't move1 = ,i h =gott5 to take "p ( ! pa94 ,if !y w5t on mov+ _! left feet !y w\ld h no balance ( pleasure40 ,& he tri$ "o ( !m aga94 ,! *ild mov$ ! "r foot1 !n began to move ! left foot4 ,! k+ n[ by means ( 8 rays took "p ( ! pa9 ( ! movem5t ( ! left foot1 & ! *ild complet$ ! /ep ) x4 ,!n ( c\rse x mov$ ! "r foot1 = t 0 pleasant1 & aga9 ! k+ took "p ( ! pa9 ( mov+ ! left foot1 & ! *ild complet$ its second /ep4 ,x walk$4 ,! difficulty 0 surm\nt$4 ,soon bo? ! *ildr5 7 mov+ hi!r & ?i!r l %ift+ %ad[s 9 ! night1 & ! k+ felt j a %ade ( pa94 ,! *ildr5 w\ld come up to him & talk ) him1 if he took ! diff]5ce ( pa9 :i* made x pleasant = !m to d s4 ,b !y _h no idea ( 8 action on !m1 = by 8 tak+ ! diff]5ce ( pa9 !y f\nd an action pleasant1 & felt a motive 9 !mselves to d x1 :i* !y did n 9 ! lea/ connect ) ! be+ outside !mselves to :om !y spoke4 ,!y look$ on him z "s "o m p[]ful ?an !mselves1 & fri5dly to !m4 ,z soon z he 0 assur$ ( ! practical success ( 8 plans1 ! k+ let ! *ildr5 relapse into _! apa?y :ile he ?\ght4 ,he conceiv$ ! design ( =m+ ) ^! *ildr5 a /ate su* z he _h kn[n on e>?--a /ate ) all ! bus9ess & affairs ( a k+dom1 su* z he _h direct$ be=e4 ,! vision ( ! palace :i* ! old man _h %[n him rose up4 ,he saw 9 imag9ation ! f]tile fields1 ) ! roads /ret*+ betwe5 !m2 he saw all ! v>i$ life ( a great /ate4 ,accord+ly f ?is "t he 0 cont9ually direct+ _! exi/5ce1 develop+ _! p[]s1 & le>n+ h[ to guide !m4 ,& j z on fir/ le>n+ to read :ole words are le>nt :i* are aft]w>ds split up into lett]s by ! comb9ations ( :i* o!r words are =m$2 s at fir/ he ?\ght ( actions ( a complicat$ nature1 su* z walk+1 & associat$ ! mom5ts ( pleasure & pa9 ) ! acts ( :i* su* actions 7 compos$4 ,b aft]w>ds he came to reg>d ! simpl] actions by ! comb9ation ( _m ( :i* ! be+s 7 made to walk1 & ) ! sep>ate acts ( ^! simple actions he associat$ pleasure & pa94 ,& at fir/ ! be+s 7 consci\s ( ^! simple acts & no?+ else1 b 9 ord] t !y might c>ry out m complicat$ actions1 he develop$ ! dim appreh5sion :i* !y _h1 & l$ x on to ! consci\sness ( m complicat$ actions4 ,! simple/ actions became in/9ctive to ^! be+s1 & !y w5t ?r\gh !m )\t kn[+ :y4 ,b if at any "t ! k+ ceas$ to take ! diff]5ce ( pa91 ^! actions1 seem+ly automatic z !y 71 ceas$4 ,at c]ta9 int]vals ! k+ f\nd 8 plans inconv5i5c$4 ,e n[ & !n ! be+s w5t (f into a /ate ( apa?y4 ,en\gh pa9 0 borne = !m to make x j wor? _! :ile to g ?r\gh ! actions ( ea* r\t9e4 ,b any additional complication or h9drance un=ese5 by ! k+ 0 too mu* = !m1 & !y sank "u x4 ,to rem$y ?is he took 9 e action a slight portion ( pa9 m ?an he _h done at fir/4 ,?us he exp5d$ a c]ta9 portion ( pa9-be>+ p[] to give /ability to ! r\t9es4 ,& ! m>g9 ( pleasure ov] pa9 ?us add$ 0 felt by ! be+s z a sort ( diffus$ pleasure 9 exi/5ce1 :i* made !m cl+ to life4 ,n[ 9 guid+ ^! be+s t[>ds ! end he wi%$ to obta91 ! k+ _h to deal ) liv+ mov+ be+s1 & be+s ^: /ate 0 cont9ually *ang+4 ,& ?is l$ him to adopt z ! type ( ! activity ( ^! be+s n a s+le action1 b a succession ( actions ( ! same k9d1 com+ ! "o aft] ! o!r4 ,?us a be+ hav+ be5 giv5 a c]ta9 activity1 x cont9u$ go+ on 9 a uni=m mann] until ! k+ wi%$ to alt] x4 ,aga9 x 0 important to keep ! be+s toge!r1 to prev5t _! be+ lo/ 9 ! remote p>ts ( ! valley1 & consequ5tly ! k+ took1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! pa9 ( motion t[>ds ! c5tre1 & took none ( ! pa9 9 any movem5t away f ! c5tre ( ! valley4 ,?us ! inhabitants _h a t5d5cy to come t[>ds ! c5tre1 = !re 0 a balance ( pleasure 9 do+ s1 & ?us !y 7 cont9ually pres5t+ !mselves to 8 notice1 & n gett+ lo/4 ,( c\rse1 if !re 0 any reason :y he want$ !m away f ! c5tre1 ! k+ ceas$ 8 be>+ ( ! pa9 ( motion t[>ds ! c5tre1 & !n !y 7 "u ! o!r t5d5cy solely1 :i* he imp>t$ to !m1 9 virtue ( 8 be>+ pa9 9 ano!r respect4 ,& 9 ev]y?+ t he did ! k+ _h reg>d to ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! be+s 7 plac$1 & ! objects :i* he want$ to obta94 ,he did n sp>e any ( 8 pa9-be>+ p[] to give !m pleasure purely z a feel+1 b always unit$ ! pleasure he obta9$ = !m by 8 suff]+ ) "s ext]nal "w4 ,& z "t w5t on & ! numb] ( ! inhabitants increas$1 he introduc$ great] ord] & regul>ity into ! numb]less activities :i* he conceiv$ = !m4 ,! activities =m$ regul> r\t9es1 condition$ by ! surr\nd+s ( ! be+ & ! r\t9es ( ^? ar\nd x4 ,a r\t9e did n sudd5ly cease )\t comp5sation2 b if ! k+ wi%$ x to /op he let ano!r activity spr+ up at once 9 place ( x1 s t !re 0 no d]angem5t4 ,! be+s gradually became m intellig5t1 s t !y c\ld be entru/$ ) m difficult r\t9es1 & c>ri$ !m out successfully1 ! k+1 ( c\rse1 always tak+ ! diff]5ce ( pa9 necess>y to make x wor? _! :ile4 ,& !y ev5 became able to c>ry out s+le activities on a l>ge scale1 involv+ ! co-op]ation ( _m s+le r\t9es4 ,= !y _h a s5se ( analogy1 & obs]v+ "s activity :i* ! k+ _h l$ !m ?r\gh on a small scale1 & 9 :i* !y _h f\nd a balance ( pleasure1 !y 7 ready to try a simil> "o on a l>g] scale4 ,!re 0 "o feature spr++ f ! advanc$ intellig5ce ( ! inhabitants :i* x is wor? :ile to m5tion4 ,_m ( ! possible activities :i* ! be+s c\ld g ?r\gh1 in/ead ( consi/+ ( a pleasurable "p fir/ & a less pa9ful "p aft]w>ds1 consi/$ ( a pa9ful "p fir/ & a pleasurable "p aft]w>ds4 ,?is might happ5 by ! p>ticul> arrangem5t ( ! acts ( :i* ! comp\nd$ activity consi/$1 ! acts hav+ already mom5ts ( pa9 or pleasure affix$ to !m1 & happ5+ to occur 9 su* dispositions t ! fir/ "p ( ! activity 0 pa9ful1 ! next "p pleasurable4 ,n[ :5 ! intellig5ce ( ! inhabitants 0 develop$1 ! k+1 by lead+ !m to ?9k ( su* an activity1 c\ld induce !m to g ?r\gh ) x4 ,= ! idea ( ! pleasure :i* w\ld accompany ! second "p ( ! activity light5$ ! pa9 ( ! fir/4 ,& ?is1 comb9$ ) ! portion ( ! pa9 :i* ! k+ bore1 almo/ c\nt]balanc$ ! pa9 connect$ ) ! fir/ "p ( ! activity4 ,?us ! be+s 7 enabl$ to g ?r\gh ! pa9ful "p ( ! activity4 ,b :5 !y came to ! second "p ( ! activity ! creatures 7 mu* disappo9t$4 ,= by ! law ( ! valley pleasure & pa9 7 equal 7except = ! small "p :i* ! k+ bore74 ,n[ ! pleasures ( expectation _h be5 s great t :5 ! "t came = ! act usually associat$ 9 _! m9ds ) pleasure1 ! pleasure due _h mo/ ( x be5 us$ up4 ,f ?is circum/ance a say+ arose among/ ! inhabitants :i* 0 some:at exagg]at$1 b :i* _h a k]nel ( tru? 9 :at has j be5 describ$4 ,! say+ 0 t 8,! pleasure = :i* a lab\r has be5 und]tak5 flies away z soon z ! lab\r has be5 f9i%$1 & no?+ is left b to beg9 a new lab\r40 ,&1 aga91 ano!r say+3 8,! enjoym5t ( a ?+ lies 9 its anticipation1 n 9 its possession40 ,all ?is :i* has be5 s briefly describ$ _h 9 reality tak5 a long "t4 ,& n[ fields 7 cultivat$1 bett] h\ses 7 built4 ,! inhabitants ( ! valley _h increas$ greatly 9 numb]1 & 7 divid$ up into sev]al tribes1 inhabit+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! valley4 ,b ! mo/ fav\r$ position 0 ! c5tre1 & = ! possession ( ! c5tre !re 7 cont5tions & /ruggles4 ,!re ! k+'s activity 9 be>+ 0 greate/1 & ! life 0 mo/ develop$4 ,all ar\nd ! outskirts ( ! valley dwelt ! rud] & less advanc$ p1 :o 7 call$ b>b>ians & savages by ^? ne>] ! c5tre4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,n[ :5 ! k+ saw ! inhabitants becom+ m l ! human be+s he _h kn[n1 he felt t he 0 solit>y1 & he desir$ to h "s int]c\rse ) !m4 ,b :5 he appe>$ among/ !m !y recogniz$ him at once z "s "o m p[]ful ?an !mselves1 & 7 afraid ( him4 ,9 _! al>m !y tri$ to lay h&s on him4 ,:5 he1 to prev5t _! attacks1 )drew 8 cont9u$ be>+ ! diff]5ce ( pa9 9 _! actions1 ^? :o 7 attack+ him sank into apa?y & became z ! *ildr5 :om he _h fir/ f\nd4 ,& a horrible report sprang up among/ ! inhabitants ( a t]rible be+ :o came among/ !m1 & :o /ruck all :o look$ on him ) torpor & dea?4 ,s ! k+ ceas$ to walk among/ !m4 ,/ill x 0 long s9ce he _h he>d ! s\nd ( a voice speak+ to him1 & he wi%$ = a companion4 ,he s\ght aga9 ! old man1 & /&+ at ! edge ( ! *asm he call$ ^u him4 ,& ! old man appe>$4 8,art ?\ we>y1 ,o k+1 ( ?y task80 8,nay10 repli$ ! k+2 8b ,i wi% to make myself kn[n to ! inhabitants t ,i may speak ) !m & !y ) me40 ,& ! old man c\nsell$ him to give "s ( 8 rays to "o among/ ! be+s1 = !n ?is be+ hav+ ^! rays & ! p[] ( be>+ pa9 = ano!r o!r ?an himself1 w\ld be l ! k+1 & be+ l him w\ld und]/& him4 ,n[ ! k+ s\ght ov] ! :ole ( ! valley1 & ( all ! inhabitants he f\nd "o mo/ p]fect 9 =m & 9 m9d4 ,he 0 ! son ( a k+1 & de/9$ to reign 9 8 turn ov] a num]\s p4 ,& ! k+ gave him "s ( 8 rays1 /raight rays go+ =? f ! pr9ce to o!rs4 ,& imm$iately ! pr9ce awoke z x 7 f a dream4 ,& he compreh5d$ exi/5ce1 & saw t 9 reality ! pa9 & ! pleasure 7 equal4 ,& :5 he _h se5 ?is1 & knew ! p[] ( ! rays1 & h[ by be>+ pa9 he c\ld make o!rs pass ?r\gh pleasure & pa91 & call ^? sleep+ into activity2 :5 ! pr9ce knew ?is1 he cri$ out3 8,"o ?+ succe$s ano!r 9 ! valley2 pa9 foll[s pleasure1 & pleasure foll[s pa94 ,b ! cause ( all be+ is 9 be>+ pa94 ,:]e=e10 he cri$1 8let u seek an end to ?is %[4 ,let u pray to be deliv]$1 t at la/1 pa9 ceas+1 we may pass into no?+ness40 ,?us ! pr9ce1 appreh5d+ ! cause ( exi/5ce1 felt t x 0 pa91 & dimly compreh5d+ h[ ! k+ 0 be>+ pa91 & himself feel+ ! /r5u\sness ( ! ef=t ( us+ ! rays = :i* ! frame ( ! inhabitants 0 un/rung1 long$ t exi/5ce itself might cease4 ,yet all 8 life 8 de$s 7 noble1 & he pass$ f tribe to tribe1 be>+ ! burd5s & call+ =? ! sleep+ to activity4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,x is n[ ! place 9 :i* to give a cle> acc\nt ( ! k+'s activity1 & expla9 h[ he ma9ta9$ ! v>i$ life ( ! valley4 ,& ! be/ plan is to take a typical in/ance1 & to adopt ! ,arabic me?od ( description4 ,by ! ,arabic me?od ( description is meant ! same me?od :i* ! ,arabs us$ = ! description ( num]ical quantities4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,arabic notation1 if we are ask$ ! numb] ( days 9 ! ye>1 we answ] fir/ #cjj1 :i* is a false answ]1 b gives ! ne>e/ approximation 9 hundr$s2 !n we say sixty1 :i* is a correction2 la/ ( all we say five1 :i* makes ! answ] a correct "o1 namely1 #cfe4 ,9 ?is simple case ! description is giv5 s quickly t we are h>dly consci\s ( ! nature ( ! sy/em employ$4 ,b ! same me?od :5 appli$ to m difficult subjects pres5ts ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics4 ,fir/ly1 a c]ta9 /atem5t is made ab\t ! subject to be describ$1 & is impress$ ^u ! read] z if x 7 true4 ,!n1 :5 t has be5 grasp$1 ano!r /atem5t is made1 g5]ally some:at contradictory1 & ! fir/ notion =m$ has to be correct$4 ,b ^! two /atem5ts tak5 toge!r are giv5 z tru?4 ,!n :5 ?is idea has be5 =m$ 9 ! m9d ( ! read]1 ano!r /atem5t is made :i* mu/ likewise be receiv$ z a correction1 & s on1 until by successive /atem5ts & contradictions1 or corrections1 ! idea produc$ corresponds to ! facts1 z ! describ] kn[s !m4 ,?us ! activity ( ! k+ w be "h describ$ by a s]ies ( /atem5ts1 & ! tru? w be obta9$ by ! :ole ( ! /atem5ts & ! corrections :i* !y successively br+ 94 ,:5 ! k+ wi%$ to />t a be+ on ! tra9 ( activity he divid$ its apa?y into pleasure & pa94 ,! pleasure he connect$ ) "o act :i* we w call ,a4 ,! pa9 he associat$ ) ano!r act :i* we w call ,b4 ,^! two 8acts10 ,a & ,b1 :i* toge!r =m :at we call an 8action10 7 ( su* a nature t ! do+ ( ,a fir/ & !n ( ,b 0 a process us$ 9 ! organization ( ! life 9 ! valley4 ,?us ! act ,a may be repres5t$ by mov+ ! "r foot1 ,b by mov+ ! left foot1 !n ,,ab w be ! action ( tak+ a /ep4 ,?is h[ev] is b a sup]ficial illu/ration1 = ! acts :i* we repres5t by ,a & ,b 7 fundam5tal acts1 ( :i* great numb]s 7 comb9$ toge!r 9 any s+le outw>d act :i* c\ld be obs]v$ or describ$4 ,suppose = ! pres5t t !re is only "o creature 9 ! valley4 ,! k+ sep>ates 8 apa?y ) reg>d to ! action ,,ab4 ,let u say he sep>ates 8 apa?y into #ajjj pleasure & #ajjj pa94 ,( ! pleasure he lets ! be+ exp]i5ce ! :ole1 ( ! pa9 he be>s an am\nt :i* we w repres5t by #b4 ,?us ! be+ has #ajjj pleasure & #iih ( pa91 & ! action is complet$4 ,8 s5sation is measur$ by ! numb] #ajjj 9 ! fir/ act1 & by #iih 9 ! second act4 ,b ! k+ did n *oose to make ! fundam5tal actions ( ?is limit$ & f9i%+ k9d4 ,z ! type ( ! fundam5tal activity1 he *ose an action1 & made ! be+ g ?r\gh x aga9 & aga94 ,?us ! be+ w\ld g ?r\gh ! act ,a1 !n ! act ,b4 ,:5 ! action ,,ab 0 complete x w\ld g ?r\gh an act ( ! k9d ,a aga91 !n ?r\gh an act ( ! k9d ,b4 ,?us ! creature w\ld be engag$ 9 a r\t9e ( ?is k9d1 ,,ab1 ,,ab1 ,,ab1 & s on4 ,& if ! creature _h be5 alone1 & ?is _h be5 ! sole activity 9 :i* x 0 conc]n$1 ! k+ w\ld h gone on be>+ #b ( pa9 9 ea* ( ^! actions4 ,! k+ w\ld h kept ! r\t9e go+ on /eadily1 ! creature be>+ #ajjj ( pleasure 9 ea* ,a1 & #iih ( pa9 9 ea* ,b4 ,at ?is po9t x may be ask$ t an example %\ld be giv5 ( "o ( ^! elem5t>y r\t9es :i* ! k+ set go+4 ,& ?is seems a reasonable reque/1 & yet x is some:at too p]emptory4 ,= 9 ! _w we may "k ( :at nature ! movem5ts ( ! atoms are )\t be+ able to say exactly :at ! motion ( any "o is4 ,9 su* a case a type is ! only possible pres5tation4 ,aga91 take ! example ( a cry/al4 ,we "k t a cry/al has a def9ite law ( %ape1 & h[ev] mu* we divide x we f9d t its p>ts pres5t ! same con=mation4 ,we _c isolate ! ultimate cry/all9e elem5ts1 b we inf] t !y mu/ be su* z to produce ! cry/al by _! comb9ation4 ,n[ life on ! valley 0 su* 9 its ma9 features z w\ld be produc$ by a comb9ation ( r\t9es ( ! k9d expla9$4 ,!re 7 *anges & abrupt transitions1 b ! g5]al & prevail+ plan ( life 0 t ( a r\t9e ( alt]nat+ acts ( a pleasurable & a pa9ful k9d4 ,x 0 j su* z w\ld be built up out ( elem5t>y r\t9es1 on :i* ! k+ c\ld c\nt1 & :i*1 unless he modifi$ _! comb9ations1 t5d$ to produce rhy?mic processes ( a l>g] k9d4 ,& ev5 ! *anges & abruptnesses _h a recurr5t nature ab\t !m1 = if any r\t9e 9 ! valley alt]$ sudd5ly1 x 0 f\nd t !re 7 cases ( o!r r\t9es alt]+ 9 l mann]1 :5 ! conditions "u :i* !y came 7 simil>4 ,?us ! fundam5tal type ( ! action :i* ! k+ in/itut$ 0 t ( a r\t9e ,,ab1 ,,ab1 z describ$ above4 ,b !re 7 two circum/ances :i* caus$ a v>iation1 s t ?is simple r\t9e 0 modifi$4 ,fir/ly1 !re 0 n "o be+ only b _m4 ,secondly1 ! k+ wi%$ to h "s ( 8 pa9-be>+ p[] set free f "t to "t4 ,he did n wi% to h to be cont9ually sp5d+ x all 9 ma9ta9+ ! r\t9es he _h />t$ at fir/1 & ^? imm$iately connect$ ) !m4 ,:5 he fir/ began to organize ! life ( ! be+s he did n consci\sly keep back any ( 8 pa9-be>+ p[]1 b ?rew x all 9 ! activities :i* he />t$4 ,/ill f "t to "t he wi%$ to />t new activities q unconnect$ ) ! old1 & = ?is reason he )drew "s ( 8 pa9-be>+ p[]1 z w be %[n aft]w>ds4 ,!re 7 _m be+s4 ,! k+ *ose t ! type ( activity 9 ea* %\ld be a r\t9e4 ,9 t way he c\ld calculate on ! activity1 & hold x 9 8 m9d z a settl$ process on ^: op]ation he c\ld c\nt4 ,b z ! r\t9es ( ! be+s proce$$ !y came into contact ) "o ano!r1 & made1 ev5 by _! simple co-exi/5ce1 some?+ diff]5t f :at a r\t9e by itself 04 ,!y int]wove 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!n1 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! comb9ations ( ^! r\t9es1 or to modify !m1 x 0 necess>y to set go+ o!r r\t9es4 ,9 ord] to be able to orig9ate ^! connect$ r\t9es ! k+ adopt$ ! foll[+ plan4 ,9 ! fir/ action ,,ab he sep>at$ ! creatures' apa?y into #ajjj pleasure & #ajjj pa91 be>+ #b ( ! pa9 himself4 ,! creature ?us w5t ?r\gh #ajjj ( pleasure & #iih ( pa94 ,9 ! next action ,,ab he did n sep>ate ! be+s' apa?y up into s mu* pleasure & pa94 ,he sep>at$ x up into #ihj pleasure & #ihj pa91 t is1 ea* mom5t ( feel+ 0 #bj less 9 s5sation ?an ! mom5ts ( feel+ 7 9 ! fir/ action4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t if ! be>+ #b ( pa9 w make x wor? :ile = a be+ to g ?r\gh #ajjj pleasure & #iih pa91 !n ! be>+ on ! k+'s "p ( #a ( pa9 w\ld make x wor? :ile = ! be+ to g ?r\gh #ejj pleasure & #dii ( pa94 ,& a simil> relation w\ld hold = diff]5t am\nts ( pleasure & pa94 ,?us cle>ly = ! be+ to g ?r\gh #ihj ( pleasure & ! correspond+ am\nt ( pa91 x w\ld n be necess>y = ! k+ to be> s mu* z :5 ! be+ w5t ?r\gh #ajjj ( pleasure & ! correspond+ am\nt ( pa94 ,consequ5tly :5 ! k+ divid$ ! be+s' apa?y into #ihj pleasure & #ihj pa91 x w\ld n be necess>y = him to be> #b ( pa9 to make x wor? ! be+s' :ile to g ?r\gh ! action4 ,! k+ w\ld n be> s mu* z #b ( pa91 & ?us he w\ld h "s ( 8 pa9-be>+ p[] set free4 ,he w\ld h exactly z mu* z w\ld enable him to make x wor? a be+'s :ile to g ?r\gh an action ) ! mom5ts ( #bj ( pleasure & #bj ( pa94 ,& ?is--) a correction :i* w come lat]--is :at ! k+ did4 ,he employ$ ! pa9-be>+ p[] ?us set free 9 />t+ o!r r\t9es4 ,?us 9 ! r\t9e ,,ab1 ,,ab1 ,,ab !re w\ld be fir/ ( all ! action ,,ab4 ,!n along ) ! second action ,,ab1 ! k+ 7) ! pa9-be>+ p[] set free7 />t$ an action ,,cd--! beg9n+ ( a r\t9e ,,cd1 ,,cd1 ,,cd4 ,?us z ! fir/ r\t9e w5t on & came into connection ) o!r r\t9es1 new & supplem5t>y r\t9es sprang up :i* regulat$ & took advantage ( ! comb9ations ( ! old r\t9es4 ,! am\nt ( ! mom5ts ( pleasure 9 ! r\t9e ,,cd1 0 7) a slight correction expla9$ bel[7 measur$ 9 s5sation1 equal to #bj4 ,?us ! mom5t ( pleasure 9 ! fir/ ,a be+ #ajjj1 ! mom5t ( pleasure 9 ! second ,a 0 #ihj1 ! mom5t ( pleasure 9 ! fir/ ,c 0 #bj 7subject to ! correction spok5 (74 ,?us ! total am\nt ( s5sation 9 ! second ,a & ! associat$ act ,c1 tak5 toge!r 7b = a small correction7 0 equal to ! s5sation 9 ! fir/ ,a4 ,h5ce ! ?ree po9ts :i* 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! activity ( ! be+s 9 ! valley are obvi\s en\gh4 #a4 ,!re is z fundam5tal type a r\t9e ,,ab1 ,,ab1 ,,ab1 ! s5sation involv$ 9 :i* goes on dim9i%+4 #b4 ,!re are r\t9es ,,cd1 ,,cd1 c41 connect$ ) ,,ab1 ,,ab1 9 :i* ! s5sation :i* disappe>s 9 ! r\t9e ,,ab1 ,,ab seems to reappe>4 #c4 ,9 ! action ,,ab itself !re is a disappe>ance ( s5sation4 ,! s5sation connect$ ) ,a is #ajjj1 t connect$ ) ,b is #iih4 ,?us #b ( s5sation seems to h disappe>$4 ,?is #b ( s5sation is ( c\rse ! pa9 :i* ! k+ bore1 & :i* 0 ! means :]eby ! creature 0 induc$ to g ?r\gh ! action at all4 ,b look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( s5sation1 x seems l a dim9ution ( am\nt4 ,?is dim9ution ( am\nt1 ow+ to ! correction spok5 ( above1 0 to be f\nd regul>ly all ?r\gh ! r\t9e4 ,& n[1 ) ! exception ( ! f9al correction1 ! !ory ( ! k+'s activity is complete4 ,!re are c]ta9 ma!matical difficulties :i* r5d] an exhau/ive acc\nt some:at obscure 9 expression4 ,:5 we take a g5]al survey ( a !ory we want to see r\ghly h[ x all hangs toge!r2 b if we mean to adopt x1 ! exactitude ( ! num]ical relations becomes a matt] ( vital importance4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ! numb]s tak5 above 7 tak5 simply = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,9 reality ! pa9 born by ! k+ 0 less 9 proportion4 ,! exhau/ive acc\nt :i* foll[s deals ) small num]ical quantities4 ,x _h bett] be omitt$ = ! pres5t1 & turn$ to lat] on = ref]5ce4 ,,exhau/ive ,,acc\nt4 ,we keep = ! "t be+ to ! numb]s us$ above4 ,:5 ! k+ _h en\gh pa9-be>+ p[] set free 9 ! second action ( ! r\t9e ,,ab1 ,,ab to />t ano!r r\t9e ,,cd1 ( #bj pleasure #bj pa91 he did n use x all4 ,he only us$ en\gh ( x to set a r\t9e go+ ! mom5ts ( pleasure & pa9 9 :i* 7 #af 9 s5sation4 ,! r\t9e ,,cd 0 made up ( acts ) #af ( pleasure & #af ( pa94 ,! s5sation 9 ! fir/ ,a 0 #ajjj1 9 ! fir/ ,b x 0 #iih1 giv+ a disappe>ance ( #b4 ,9 ! second ,a x 0 #ihj1 & 9 ,c1 :i* />ts concurr5tly ) ! second ,a1 x 0 n #bj z might h be5 expect$1 b #af1 giv+ a loss ( #d4 ,! second ,a is less ?an ! fir/ ,a by #bj4 ,se>*+ = t #bj we f9d #af 9 ,c4 ,b !re has be5 a disappe>ance ( #d4 ,look+ n[ at ! successive acts 9 ! s]ies we h 9 ,a #ajjj s5sation1 9 ,b #iih s5sation1 9 ,a & ,c toge!r #iif s5sation4 ,! cause ( ! loss betwe5 ,a & ,b has already be5 expla9$4 ,t betwe5 ,b & ! second ,a ) ,c rema9s to be acc\nt$ =4 ,x has be5 already said t ! k+ )drew "s ( 8 pa9-be>+ p[] f ! r\t9e ,,ab & all r\t9es connect$ ) x1 ?us he 0 enabl$ to />t activities altoge!r unconnect$ ) ^? :i* he _h orig9at$1 & 0 ) reg>d to ! products ( 8 own activity z he _h be5 at fir/1 ) reg>d to ! be+s 9 ! valley be=e he />t$ !m on ! pa? ( life4 ,& x 0 9 consequ5ce ( 8 )drawal ( 8 pa9-be>+ p[] t ! am\nt ( s5sation 9 ,c 0 n #bj b 0 less4 ,?is loss ( #d ( s5sation to ! be+ correspond$ to a sett+ free ( a c]ta9 portion ( pa9-be>+ p[] on ! "p ( ! k+4 ,& ?us z ! process w5t on1 a portion ( 8 p[] 0 cont9ually be+ return$ to him4 ,9 ! table bel[ ! fir/ l9e ( figures conta9s ! am\nt ( s5sation 9 ! actions ,,ab1 ,,ab4 ,! second l9e ( figures conta9s ! am\nt ( s5sation 9 ! actions ,,cd1 ,,cd4 ,! ?ird l9e ( figures relates to ano!r connect$ r\t9e ,,ef1 ,,ef1 :i* orig9ates 9 a mann] simil> to ,,cd4 ,! f\r? l9e ( figures repres5ts ! am\nt ( pa9 borne by ! k+1 ! fif? l9e repres5ts 8 pa9-be>+ p[] set free4 7#a7 #ajjj #iih #ihj #igh-dj_/ajjj #ifj #ieh-hj_/ajjj ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b 7#b7 #af #ae-iih_/ajjj #ae-fcj_/ajjj #ae-fehfdj_/ajjjjjj ,c ,d ,c ,d 7#c7 #af #ae-iih_/ajjj ,e ,f 7#d7 #b #a-iib_/ajjj #a-iia_/ajjj #cfj_/ajjjjjj 7#e7 #j #h_/ajjj #h_/ajjj #fdj_/ajjjjjj ,if ! total am\nt ( s5sation :i* is exp]i5c$ by ! be+ 9 ! orig9al r\t9e & ! connect$ r\t9es 9 ! consecutive /ages be summ$ up1 x w be f\nd to be #ajjj1 #iih1 #iif1 #iid-hh_/ajjj1 #iia-fhj_/ajjj1 & s on4 ,f9ally1 ! proportion ( pa9 borne by ! k+ 0 s small comp>$ ) ! s5sation exp]i5c$ by ! be+1 t ,a & ,b 7 app>5tly equal 9 s5sation4 ,?us ! s5sation 9 ! second ,a & 9 ,c toge!r becomes app>5tly equal to t 9 ,b4 ,& in/ead ( ! s5sation dim9i%+ quickly z %[n above1 x 0 only aft] a great _m acts ( ! prim>y & connect$ r\t9es _h be5 gone ?r\gh t any dim9ution ( s5sation 9 ! =m :i* ! be+ c\ld exp]i5ce x 0 to be detect$4 ,?us1 z be=e /at$1 !re 03 #a4 ,a r\t9e ( cont9ually dim9i%+ s5sation4 #b4 ,connect$ r\t9es ! s5sation 9 :i* 0 app>5tly equal to t lo/ 9 ,a4 #c4 ,!re 0 a cont9u\s disappe>ance ( s5sation f ! exp]i5ce ( ! be+s accompany+ e /ep ( ! r\t9e4 ,! s5sation :i* !y c\ld exp]i5ce 0 less 9 e subsequ5t /ep & connect$ /eps ?an 9 any "o 9 :i* x 0 measur$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ev5ts :i* took place 9 ! valley 9 _! due ord] & importance mu/ be s\ght else:]e4 ,b let u return & look at ! condition ( ! valley & its inhabitants4 ,let u see :at has become ( !m aft] a great lapse ( "t4 ,x is a fair1 a beautiful l&4 ,! great] "p ( x is cultivat$4 ,!re is no w>--ev5 to ! extreme/ conf9es ( ! valley !re is peace4 ,pass+ f ! remote conf9es :]e /ill dwell a b>b>\s race1 we come1 z we approa* ! metropolis1 among/ a m & m polite & ref9$ p4 ,9 ! metropolis itself ! build+s are num]\s & ( great size4 ,! palace :i* ! k+ saw rise "u ! old man's music is !re1 b ano!r rul] dwells 9 x4 ,ne> ! palace are two va/ build+s /&+ on ea* side ( a wide op5 c\rt4 ,!re is no o!r build+ ne> save "o betwe5 !m1 a comp>atively small edifice ( brick4 ,^! build+s are ! assembly halls ( ! two mo/ important c\ncils 9 ! valley4 ,9 ! "o on ! left-h& side ( ! palace met ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! inhabitants :o f a special incl9ation or fitness 7 entru/$ ) ! regulations ab\t ! pleasure & pa9 ( ! inhabitants4 ,!y fram$ ! rules accord+ to :i* ea* inhabitant mu/ con=m 9 8 pursuit ( pleasure1 & !y made ! regulations :]eby ! :ole body ( inhabitants 7 suppos$ to ga9 an increase 9 pleasure & to avoid pa94 ,9 ! build+ on ! "r h& ( ! palace met ^? ( ! inhabitants :o _h /udi$ ! nature ( feel+ mo/ deeply1 & :o f temp]am5t or = o!r reasons _h 9 _! c\rse ( /udy n paid s mu* att5tion to :e!r feel+s 7 pa9ful or pleasurable1 b :o _h /udi$ _! am\nt & regul>ity ( _! recurr5ce4 ,!y 7 ! ?9k]s f :om all ! practical inhabitants d]iv$ _! rules ( bus9ess4 ,!y devis$ ! means & mann] ( putt+ into execution :at 0 decid$ on 9 ! o!r assembly4 ,!y did n (t5 propose any positive enactm5t !mselves1 b 7 always able to %[ h[ ! proposals ( ! o!r c\ncil c\ld be c>ri$ into effect4 ,_! p[] 0 d]iv$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! k+ _h connect$ ! feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 ) c]ta9 acts1 & _h giv5 ea* be+ a r\t9e4 ,n[ z he himself made use ( ?is r\t9e & comb9$ ! r\t9es ( diff]5t individuals to br+ ab\t ! results he desir$1 s also did ! rul]s ( ! valley4 ,! r\t9es ( ! individuals 7 /udi$ & classifi$1 & if any "w 0 requir$ to be done1 ^? individuals ^: r\t9es 7 appropriate 7 select$ & br\ght to ! requir$ spot4 ,n[ to effect ?is a c>eful /udy ( ! diff]5t r\t9es 0 necess>y1 & also a k ( :at /age !y 7 at4 ,= x w\ld be no use br++ an individual ^: r\t9e 0 almo/ at an end to a "w :i* 0 j beg9n+4 ,h5ce ! mo/ delicate in/rum5ts & processes _h be5 devis$ = measur+ ! am\nt ( feel+ exp]i5c$ by any individual1 :e!r ( pleasure or ( pa91 & a c>eful classification _h be5 made ( all r\t9es4 ,b x is be/ to /udy ! con/itution ( ! /ate 9 a regul> ord]1 & ! que/ions ( pleasure & pa9 consid]$ z su* 7 e/eem$ ! mo/ important4 ,! inhabitants knew t !y s\ght pleasure & avoid$ pa91 & ! great object 0 to make _! life m pleasurable4 ,two means 7 adopt$1 ! bani%+ ( ! causes ( pa91 & ! obta9+ causes ( pleasure4 ,by causes ( pa9 & pleasure !y meant ^? objects ) :i* ! k+ _h associat$ ! feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 9 ! equal & opposite mom5ts into :i* he _h divid$ _! apa?y4 ,b 9 ?is respect !y 7 9 error to a c]ta9 ext5t1 = x 0 n s mu* 9 respect to ?+s z 9 respect to actions t ! k+ sep>at$ _! apa?y into pleasure & pa94 ,= in/ance1 !re 0 a peculi> species ( %ell :i* 0 f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! valley1 cov]$ ) /range & involv$ l9es & m>ks4 ,n[ ! k+ _h /ruck ! apa?y ( ! inhabitants into two mom5ts ) reg>d to ?is %ell1 "o ( pa9 connect$ ) trac+ out ! twi/+s & int]weav+s ( ! hues on ! %ell1 "o ( pleasure 9 contemplat+ ! %ell :5 ! twi/+s & int]weav+s _h be5 deciph]$4 ,n[ x 0 ! cu/om ( ! inhabitants to call ! %ell 9 its undeciph]$ condition a pa9ful object1 9 its deciph]$ condition a pleasant object4 ,& :oev] c\ld1 w\ld get z _m deciph]$ %ells z possible & exp]i5ce ! wave ( pleasure 9 look+ at !m4 ,n[ 9 ! e>li] ages ^? :o deciph]$ ! %ells1 or did "w ( a simil> k9d1 _h be5 =c$ to d x2 !y 7 a k9d ( slaves dep5d5t on ! w ( _! ma/]s1 :o took away all ! pleasures ( _! life4 ,b 9 ^! e>li] ages a great dang] arose1 = :5 all ! pleasure 0 tak5 away by _! ma/]s1 great masses ( ^! slaves sank into apa?y1 & x seem$ z if ! valley 0 s9k+ into deadness4 ,n[ ?is 0 a great t]ror ) ! inhabitants ^: life 0 pleasurable1 & at l5g? !y det]m9$ t !re %\ld n be any m ( ^! slaves4 ,b ea* ( ! inhabitants :5 he work$ = ano!r _h to h x made wor? 8 :ile4 ,9 ?is way a great dim9ution took place 9 ! pleasure-giv+ p[] ( ! s-call$ pleasurable ?+s4 ,= if a man _h _h x made wor? 8 :ile to deciph] "o ( ^! %ells1 he _h _h a great deal or ne>ly all ( ! pa9 he sp5t 9 do+ x c\nt]balanc$ by ! pleasure giv5 him to induce him to d x4 ,h5ce :5 ! %ell 0 h&$ ov] !re 0 n mu* to enjoy 9 x2 = by ! law ( ! valley ! pleasure & ! pa9 7 equal1 & ! deciph]]1 n hav+ gone ?r\gh s mu* pa9 on ! :ole1 !re 0 b little pleasure to be got4 ,9 fact1 at ?is "t ! fa%ion ( fill+ ! h\ses ( ! m p[]ful ( ! inhabitants ) ! s-call$ pleasurable ?+s _h some:at gone out1 & x _h pass$ into a prov]b1 8,x is bett] to deciph] y\r own %ells40 ,n[ x may be consid]$ /range h[ x 0 t "s ( ! inhabitants c\ld get o!r ( ! inhabitants to deciph] ! %ells = !m at all1 or1 at any rate1 to deciph] !m s t !re 0 any balance ( pleasure left ) ! %ells at all4 ,b ?is p[] on ! "p ( "s ( ! inhabitants dep5d$ on ! g5]al action ( ! k+4 ,= by be>+ ! diff]5ce ( pa9 9 innum]able respects 9 ! life ( ea* he made life a pleasure 7on ! :ole7 to ea*1 & !y /rove ea* to pres]ve _! own life :i* 0 a s\rce ( pleasure4 ,& "s ( ! m p[]ful inhabitants _h ! p[] ( d5y+ to ! re/1 unless !y lab\r$ = !m1 ! means ( cont9u+ to exi/4 ,consequ5tly x 0 possible = ?+s to be obta9$ by ! m p[]ful :i* _h a balance ( pleasure 9 !m4 ,b ! au?orities :o _h /udi$ ! life ( ! valley 9 relation to pleasure & pa91 saw t !re 0 a dang] 9 ?is relation ( ! m p[]ful to ! less p[]ful4 ,= z ! numb]s ( ! inhabitants increas$ ! p[] grew m & m conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( a few1 & !re 0 a t5d5cy = ! inhabitants 9 g5]al to be compell$ m & m to g ?r\gh ! pa9ful "p ( actions1 leav+ ! pleasurable p>ts = ! m p[]ful4 ,& e n[ & !n1 be=e ! c\ncil ( wise m5 regulat$ ! matt]1 great masses ( ! inhabitants pass$ (f 9 a /ate ( apa?y4 ,s !y _h _m laws to re/rict ! action ( ! m p[]ful ( ! inhabitants2 &1 inde$1 ! m p[]ful ( ! inhabitants 7 ready to frame ^! laws !mselves1 & 7 will+ to obey !m1 = !y did n l to see portions ( ! inhabitants go+ (f into a /ate ( apa?y4 ,b n only 9 ?is respect1 b also 9 e o!r1 ! wise m5 regulat$ ! affairs ( ! valley s z to make life m pleasurable4 ,!y _h sev]e laws aga9/ any "o :o depriv$ ano!r ( pleasure )\t 8 cons5t1 by viol5ce or deceit4 ,!y did all !y c\ld to w>d (f a /ate ( apa?y4 ,b 9 "o respect beyond all o!rs !y 7 full ( c>e & precaution4 ,& ?is 0 9 gu>d+ aga9/ su* s\rces ( tr\ble1 anxiety1 & pa9 :i* c\ld be remov$ f ! community z a :ole4 ,any?+ t5d+ to l[] ! /&>d ( com=t z a :ole 0 c>efully remov$4 ,irregul>ities 7 r$uc$ z mu* z possible2 &1 9 "o respect1 a great /ep _h be5 tak54 ,x _h n be5 c>ri$ 9 ! c\ncil ( wise m5 )\t great opposition1 b x _h at l5g? be5 pass$ into law4 ,any *ild born 9 ! valley :i* _h any incurable disease1 or any gross de=mity1 or :i* by its delicacy seem$ likely to cause m pa9 ?an pleasure 9 ! valley1 0 at once put out ( exi/5ce4 ,! ga9 to ! inhabitants ( ! valley ( ?is 0 9 _! eyes imm5se2 = _! sight 0 (f5d$ by no de=mities1 & ! pa9ful (fices ( att5d+ to ! sick _h und]gone a consid]able dim9ution s9ce ?is edict _h be5 pass$ into law4 ,! important duty ( decid+ on ! claims ( e infant t 0 born to a pa9less ext9ction 0 conf9$ to a b& ( inspectors1 :o /ay$ = a %ort "t only 9 any "o "p ( ! valley1 le/ !y %\ld become biass$ by p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! individuals = ^: *ildr5 _! (fices 7 call$ into requisition4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,pass+ on to ! o!r great build+1 :]e ! o!r wise m5 meet1 x is "r to describe :at may be call$ ! intellectual developm5t--z ! =ego+ 0 ! moral developm5t ( ! valley4 ,! c\rse :i* ! op9ions ( ! ?9k]s 9 ! valley _h gone ?r\gh 0 ! foll[+4 ,at fir/ !y _h no cle> ideas1 b all mann] ( m]e op9ions & fancies4 ,at la/ !y appreh5d$ c]ta9 g5]al t5d5cies--su* z t t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! valley1 & !y expla9$ _m incl9ations :i* _h be=e be5 puzzl+ to !m by ?is4 ,& /imulat$ by ?is great discov]y !y exam9$ m & m closely4 ,& !y f\nd _m special t5d5cies l t t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! valley1 :i* ! k+ _h call$ into exi/5ce1 & :i* he let g on z a g5]al rule1 unless he wi%$ ! contr>y4 ,& !y also succe$$ 9 ne>ly isolat+ ! simple/ r\t9es1 & s practically c\ld obs]ve ! type ( ! k+'s plan4 ,!y saw t "o act ,a 0 succe$$ by ano!r act ,b4 ,& n tak+ into acc\nt t "o 0 pleasant ! o!r pa9ful1 !y measur$ ! am\nt ( s5sation pres5t 9 ! two acts4 ,& !n !y took ! next pair ( acts1 namely1 ,a & ,b ov] aga91 & measur$ ! am\nt ( s5sation pres5t 9 !m2 & !y f\nd t ! am\nt ( s5sation gradually dim9i%$4 ,& at fir/ !y ?\ght t s5sation gradually came to a /op2 b aft]w>ds !y notic$ t o!r actions 7 />t$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! r\t9e ,a ,b z t dim9i%$ 9 po9t ( feel+4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ^! o!r actions 7 />t$ by ! k+ ) ! pa9-be>+ p[] set free f ! r\t9e ,a ,b1 z above describ$4 ,b n kn[+ any?+ ab\t ?is action on ! "p ( ! k+1 or ab\t ! k+ at all1 ! conclusion arriv$ at 0 ?is3 ,t s5sation transmits itself4 ,if x does n cont9ue 9 ! r\t9e ,a ,b1 t "p :i* does n cont9ue passes on to ! o!r r\t9es1 ,c ,d1 ,e ,f1 c4 ,!n !y measur$ v c>efully2 & !y f\nd1 z ne>ly z !y c\ld measure1 ! r\t9es :i* sprang up z ! r\t9e ,a ,b di$ away 7 equal 9 s5sation to ! loss 9 ! r\t9e ,a ,b1 ,a ,b4 ,& f ?is !y conclud$ t ! am\nt ( s5sation or feel+ 0 con/ant4 ,!y call$ x liv+ =ce1 & said t x mu/ transmit itself &1 :]ev] x appe>$1 be equal 9 its total am\nt to :at x 0 at fir/4 ,b aft] a "t1 ) m delicate measurem5ts & m pati5t ?\ght1 !y f\nd t "s ( ! s5sation 0 /ill unacc\nt$ =4 ,= consid] any r\t9e consi/+ ( ! acts ,a1 ,b2 ,a1 ,b2 ,a1 ,b4 ,9 ord] to make any pair ( acts ,a1 ,b wor? :ile1 ! k+ bore a c]ta9 am\nt ( pa94 ,ref]r+ to ! numb]s :i* we took be=e1 if !re 7 #ajjj ( pleasure 9 ,a !re w\ld only be #iih ( pa9 9 ,b4 ,?us ! s5sation 0 n equal 9 ! two acts ,a & ,b4 ,"s ( ! s5sations _h gone1 & ! portion ( s5sation we are n[ consid]+--! portion by :i* ,b 0 less ?an ,a--_h n gone 9 />t+ o!r r\t9es4 ,?is loss c\ld n be acc\nt$ = z !y acc\nt$ = ! diff]5ce 9 s5sation betwe5 ! fir/ action ,a ,b & ! second action1 consi/+ ( ! acts ,a & ,b 9 ! r\t9e4 ,!re 0 a loss ( s5sation :i* 0 c\nt]balanc$ by ! ga9 9 s5sation 9 o!r r\t9es4 ,b besides ?is !re 0 a fur!r loss4 ,"s s5sation w5t (f1 n to be recov]$ 9 any r\t9e !y knew4 ,n[ x 0 ! be>+ on ! "p ( ! k+ :i* produc$ ! appe>ance ( ! pass+ away ( s5sation altoge!r1 s t ! act ,b 0 less 9 am\nt ( s5sation ?an ! act ,a4 ,b ! inhabitants--at lea/ ! wise ones--7 firmly conv9c$ t s5sation c\ld n be annihilat$ or less5$4 ,s !y came to ! conclusion t s5sation 0 pass+ (f into a =m f :i* x nev] reappe>$1 s t x c\ld affect !m4 ,!y conceiv$ x /ill to exi/1 b to be irrecov]ably gone f ! life ( ! inhabitants ( ! valley4 ,tak+ ! numb]s we h tak51 & ! simple in/ances we h suppos$1 ?is c\rse ( reason+ appe>s /raight=w>d en\gh4 ,b 9 reality s complicat$ 0 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! valley1 & ! proportion ( pa9 :i* ! k+ bore 9 ea* s+le action s m9ute1 t to h arriv$ at ?is result impli$ p[]s ( inve/igation ( no mean ord]4 ,x is int]e/+ to m5tion ! names :i* ^! inve/igators gave 9 ! valley4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( ! pleasant act ,a1 !y said t ! be+ acquir$ great] animation4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh ! pa9ful act ,b1 !y said t he pass$ into a position ( advantage4 ,!y us$ ! t]m advantage because1 hav+ complet$ ! pa9ful act ,b1 he 0 ready to beg9 ! pleasant "p ( ! action ,a ov] aga94 ,& 9 ?is "p he manife/$ m animation4 ,& n[ al?\gh acts ( great] animation & great] advantage succe$$ "o ano!r1 & al?\gh ! new total ( ! s5sation 9 ! act ( a be+ 0 v ne>ly equall$ by t 9 a subsequ5t act1 /ill !re 0 n--!y _h to confess !re 0 n--a complete equality4 ,"s ( ! s5sation _h c]ta9ly gone f ! sph]e 9 :i* ! inhabitants c\ld feel x4 ,we see t ?is s5sation :i* 0 gone 0 9 reality ! pa9-be>+ ( ! k+1 :i* set all _! life go+4 ,b !y knew no?+ ( ?is1 & =m$ a v diff]5t conclusion4 ,!y said3 8,if "s ( ! s5sation is cont9ually go+ & disappe>+ f ! life ( ! inhabitants ( ! valley--if ?is is ! case1 al?\gh ! s5sation may n be de/roy$1 x is c]ta9ly lo/ to u40 ,& !n !y ?\ght3 8,surely ! am\nt ( s5sation mu/ be always ! same2 if "s ( x cont9ually goes (f into a =m 9 :i* we _c feel x1 t portion :i* is left beh9d1 & :i* we feel1 mu/ be cont9ually gr[+ less40 ,h5ce !y conclud$ t ! s5sation 9 ! valley 0 gradually runn+ d[n4 ,less & less 0 be+ felt4 ,aft] a "t1 :i* !y calculat$ ) "s %[ ( precision1 all feel+ w h left ! inhabitants & gone (f 9 "s irrecov]able =m4 ,all ! be+s ( ! valley w s9k into apa?y4 ,?us com+ 9 ! c\rse ( _! inve/igations ^u ! action ( ! k+1 :i* 0 ! cont9ual cause ( all life1 !y appreh5d$ x z ! gradual annihilation ( life4 ,! small build+ betwe5 ! two c\ncil halls rema9s to be notic$4 ,n[ :5 ! k+ _h connect$ pleasure & pa9 ) diff]5t acts to be p]=m$ by ! inhabitants ( ! valley1 he _h ( necessity to let ! pleasant "o be ! "o t came fir/ 9 ! ord] ( its possible p]=mance4 ,& !n by ! device ( ! curv$ rays he _h br\ght x ab\t t ! inhabitants w5t ?r\gh ! pa9ful act consequ5t on ! pleasurable "o1 ! two toge!r =m+ ! complete action :i* ! k+ _h design$4 ,b ?is *a9 0 n v secure4 ,! inhabitants _h a t5d5cy to g ?r\gh ! pleasurable act & leave ! pa9ful act undone4 ,n[ 9 ?+s :i* necess>ily conc]n$ _! life1 ! k+ w\ld1 by repeat$ly be>+ ! pa9 ( ! pa9ful act1 cont9ually set ! be+s go+ aga92 = :5 !y _h p]=m$ ! pleasant act !y 7 l&$ 9 a /ate ( torpor1 until ! pa9 ( ! pa9ful act _h be5 borne by !m or = !m4 ,n[ if ?is act ( :i* !y took ! pleasant & left ! pa9ful "p undone 0 9 ! ma9 curr5t ( _! lives1 ! k+ w\ld ov] & ov] aga91 by be>+ ! pa91 br+ ^? :o _h %irk$ ! pa9ful "p into a position ( advantage aga91 s t !y c\ld beg9 ! r\t9e afre% ) ano!r pleasant act4 ,& (t5 :5 ?us />t$ aga9 !y w\ld take to ! r\t9e1 & be> ! pa9 9 ! pa9ful act !mselves4 ,b _m1 aft] assi/+ !m aga9 & aga91 ! k+ 0 oblig$ to let s9k into apa?y1 su* namely z always left ! pa9ful "p ( ! action undone4 ,n[ ! little build+ 0 ! c\ncil hall or inve/igation *amb] ( ! se>*]s out ( new pleasures4 ,& by new pleasures !y meant some?+ ( ! foll[+ k9d4 ,) ! pleasant & pa9ful acts :i* made up ! ma9 r\t9es ( _! life1 x 0 n safe to take ! pleasant & leave ! pa9ful acts1 = t gradually l$ to _! s9k+ into apa?y4 ,b !re 7 _m r\t9es :i* ! k+ _h in/itut$ besides ! ma9 ones4 ,& if ! pleasant "p ( ! action con/itut+ ^! second>y r\t9es 7 tak51 !n !re foll[$ no t5d5cy to le?>gy 9 ! ma9 curr5t ( _! lives1 b !y simply _h a pleasure ! m4 ,( c\rse ! pa9 ( ! pa9ful act _h to be borne1 b !y n go+ ?r\gh ) x left x = ! k+ to be>4 ,long ago1 ?r\gh "o ( ! inhabitants ( ! valley ) :om he _h communicat$1 ! k+ _h s5t a message1 ask+ ! inhabitants n to take ! pleasant "p ( an action )\t ! connect$ pa9ful "p4 ,b n[ all memory ( ?is message 0 lo/1 & ! little build+ _h be5 built1 z a c\ncil hall or inve/igation *amb] = ! se>*+ out ( pleasurable acts4 ,9 x all possible novelties ( action 7 discuss$4 ,& ! pleasant p>ts ( !m be+ describ$1 exactly h[ f> !y 7 pleasurable1 & 9 :at degree !y 7 pleasurable1 ! in=mation 0 made public ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,besides ^! two pr9cipal build+s 9 ! metropolis1 !re 7 o!r public build+s devot$ to v>i\s purposes4 ,& "s ( ! mo/ important 7 colleges devot$ to ! education ( ! "y inhabitants4 ,n[ !re 0 9 ! college ( appli$ s5sations a /ud5t :o1 ?\gh outw>dly z pr(ici5t z ! av]age ( 8 companions1 0 9 reality ! mo/ backw>d ( all4 ,he le>n$ by a k9d ( rote all ! doctr9es !y und]/ood1 & he c\ld expla9 app>5tly h[ "o feel+ caus$ ano!r4 ,b 9 himself he _h no p>ticle ( und]/&+4 ,he seem$ defici5t 9 ! s5se ( cause & effect :i* ! o!rs _h4 ,( ?is ! foll[+ in/ance w suffice to %[ ! nature4 ,! k+ _h1 9 ord] to prev5t ! inhabitants f /ray+ too f> f ! metropolis1 kept a con/ant wat*fulness ov] _! movem5ts1 & _h uni=mly tak5 some:at ( ! pa9 f any ef=t :i* !y made to move t[>ds ! metropolis1 & _h n tak5 any ( ! pa9 9 ef=ts ^: t5d5cy 0 to remove !m to a di/ance f ! metropolis4 ,if !re 0 any purpose to be s]v$ 9 go+ away f ! metropolis1 he took en\gh pa9 f ^! movem5ts to make x wor? ! be+s' :ile to g away f ! metropolis4 ,b :5 o!r ?+s 7 equal1 x 0 a pleasurable ?+ to g t[>ds ! metropolis4 ,! k+ made ?is g5]al incl9ation1 because if x _h n be5 s1 be+s ly+ out ( ! way ( 8 imm$iate att5tion might h drift$ away & gone to ! conf9es ( ! valley1 away f :]e ! busy life he 0 call+ out 0 manife/$1 & s h be5 lo/ to o!rs & !mselves4 ,z x 0 by imp>t+ ?is g5]al pleasurabl5ess ( mov+ t[>ds ! metropolis he held all ! inhabitants toge!r1 & knew ! direction 9 :i* ea* w\ld t5d1 unless = any special reason he _h made x m pleasurable = ! p]son to move away f ! metropolis4 ,n[1 z has be5 m5tion$ above1 ?is g5]al t5d5cy _h be5 obs]v$ by ! inhabitants2 & !y knew q well t e individual t5d$ t[>ds ! metropolis1 & 0 only prev5t$ f com+ into x by /rong local int]e/s1 or by all available positions 9 x or ne> x be+ already occupi$4 ,if any situation 0 vacant 9 ! metropolis1 x 0 easily fill$ up by ^? f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 = !y all felt ?is t5d5cy to press 94 ,n[1 ! le>n$ m5 9 ! valley _h long recogniz$ ?is z "o ( ! mo/ important laws ( ! valley4 ,& ! /ud5ts 9 ! college ( appli$ s5sations felt ?is law to be true law1 & any?+ :i* foll[$ f x !y felt to be self-evid5t4 ,b ! /ud5t ( :om we speak _h n ?is happy1 settl$ feel+ ) reg>d to ?is law4 ,he c\ld n feel z if x 7 necess>ily true4 ,"o day ! head ( ! college 0 talk+ to ! =emo/ /ud5ts--^? :o _h ne>ly f9i%$ _! c\rse & :o w\ld take _! places 9 ! valley %ortly--& he said incid5tally 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rem>ks1 t ^? :o 7 mov+ away f ! metropolis 7 z mu* attract$ to x z ^? :o 7 mov+ t[>ds x4 8,:y d !y move away1 !n80 ask$ ! backw>d /ud5t1 :o _h by great dilig5ce1 aft] a long "t1 plodd$ 8 way by =ce ( rememb]+ by he>t into ! top class4 ,he =got 8 usual caution & 8 acquir$ habit ( only ask+ que/ions he _h he>d ask$ be=e 9 ord] to refre% 8 memory ) ! answ]s he _h he>d giv5 be=e4 ,! pr(essor fr[n$ at ! /upid "q4 8,! suppos$ be+10 he answ]$1 8:ile he is attract$ to ! metropolis 9 accordance ) ! g5]al law1 may yet h "s /rong] inducem5t at ! "t to move away f ! metropolis4 ,t he does move away %[s ( c\rse t 8 tempor>y inducem5t to move away is /rong] ?an 8 p]man5t attraction t[>ds ! metropolis40 ,! /ud5t said t he 0 oblig$ = ! explanation4 8,b----0 8,well80 said ! pr(essor4 8,! only reason y h = suppos+ t ! be+ is attract$ t[>ds ! metropolis is t he does move t[>ds ! metropolis4 ,i don't see :y y %\ld say x 0 pleasant = him to move t[>ds ! metropolis :5 he does n d s40 8,b we "k10 said ! pr(essor4 8,no10 said ! /ud5t1 8y only suppose2 because y f9d x s on a great _m occasions1 y suppose x is s always4 ,y are l a savage :o attacks ! h\se ( a civiliz$ man4 ,& he tries ! w9d[1 ! civiliz$ man meets him !re2 s he tries ! door1 ! civiliz$ man meets him !re2 s he goes back to ! w9d[1 & is met !re aga94 ,& he concludes !re are two m5 9 ! h\se2 & aft] a "t he concludes !re are z _m m5 9 ! h\se z !re are ways by :i* he tries to get 940 ,! /ud5t _h =gott5 himself 9 speak+ l ?is2 & ! comp>ison to a savage1 ?\gh made 9 ha/e & 9 good "p z an illu/ration1 (f5d$ ! pr(essor1 s he said3 8,y d n believe t ! law ( attraction t[>ds ! metropolis is univ]sal1 & affects all ! inhabitants80 8,i _c10 said ! /ud5t4 8,!n y %all g to a place :]e y w feel x10 said ! pr(essor4 8,y w g to-morr[ to ! extreme conf9es ( ! valley1 & /op !re until y are ( a diff]5t m9d40 ,he said ?is 9 a sup]ior & g5tle mann]4 ,b x 0 a t]rible bl[ to ! prospects ( any /ud5t to be ?us exil$4 ,& yet ! pr(essor 0 )9 8 /rict legal "r1 & ! /ud5t knew x4 ,he _h avoid$ ?is dang] all ?r\gh 8 college c\rse1 & n[ x came ) cru%+ effect on him4 ,= j z long ago 9 ! valley !y _h _h doctr9es ab\t ! k+1 & _h puni%$ any "o :o did n feel !m z true1 & :o 0 f\nd out1 s n[ :5 all ! ideas ab\t ! k+ _h be5 disprov$1 !y _h sev]e regulations ab\t ! belief 9 ! laws4 ,! le>n$ class 0 a sect ( prie/s1 & :oev] ?reat5$ to br+ confusion & tr\ble by d5y+ any ( ! kn[n laws1 & to lead ! ignorant p to disreg>d !m & d5y !m1 0 subject to sev]e puni%m5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ?is /ud5t1 ! error did n s mu* matt]1 because he _h committ$ 8 (f5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( well-in/ruct$ p1 :o w\ld only smile at 8 folly4 ,b he _h 9 8 presumption insult$ ! head ( ! college1 & 8 puni%m5t 0 univ]sally consid]$ to be mild & j4 ,& yet he 0 n altoge!r 9 ! wrong4 ,= x 0 n z ?\gh ! k+ 7:5 he want$ a be+ to move away f ! metropolis7 took z usual a portion ( 8 ef=t 9 go+ !re2 & at ! same "t c\nt]balanc$ ?is by tak+ a /ill l>g] portion ( ! pa9 involv$ 9 8 mov+ away f ! metropolis4 ,by no means4 ,:5 ! k+ will$ a man to move away f ! metropolis1 he let him />t afre%1 z x 71 accord+ to ! conditions :i* e be+ 0 subject to 9 ! valley--t x 0 j z pleasant z pa9ful to move 9 any way1 & he took a portion ( ! pa9 involv$ 9 mov+ away f ! city4 ,n[ ! /ud5t1 :5 he 0 s5t away1 tri$ e>ne/ly to see :]e9 he _h be5 wrong4 ,! place :]e he 0 exil$ 0 on ! conf9es ( ! valley1 :]e a peaceable race ( savages liv$1 engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,9 ! quiet1 monoton\s life ( ! place he ?\ght ov] 8 :ole c\rse ( life1 b c\ld n obta9 any diff]5t feel+4 ,& :ile ?us buri$ 9 ?\ght1 he fell into ! way ( go+ ab\t ) ! savages & do+ z !y did4 ,mu* to 8 surprise1 :5 8 preoccupation ( m9d pass$ away1 he f\nd himself s+ul>ly at home ) !m4 ,_! ta/es seem$ to agree ) 84 ,& he came to ! conclusion t he 0 9 reality a savage :o by "s mi/ake _h be5 admitt$ to ! college4 ,hav+ =m$ ?is conclusion1 he ?rew himself into ! life ar\nd him he>tily4 ,9 c\rse ( "t he won ! confid5ce ( ! rude1 uncultivat$ p1 & !y talk$ to him unres]v$ly4 ,_m curi\s traditions 7 h&$ d[n among/ !m4 ,!re 7 "s :i* proce$$ f ! "t :5 ! k+ _h walk$ & talk$ ) ! *ildr5 he call$ into activity4 ,!re 7 o!rs proce$+ f times :5 !re _h appe>$ among/ !m "o to :om ! k+ _h giv5 "s ( 8 rays1 s t t p]son _h ! p[] ( mak+ ! pa9 less 9 actions = o!rs1 & ( giv+ !m motives to act1 & ( r\s+ !m ?us to an active /ate4 ,& all ^! traditions !y told to ! exil$ /ud5t4 ,n[ _! own belief 0 ?is4 ,!y ?\ght t !re 0 a p[] ov] !m1 & 9 ?is !y recogniz$ ! k+2 b h[ x 0 t ?is p[] prompt$ !m !y did n "k4 ,yet !y connect$ him 9 "s way ) pleasure & pa94 ,!y ?\ght x pa9$ him :5 !y _h pleasure1 b n 9 ! way 9 :i* 0 really ! case4 ,!y ?\ght simply t x 0 pa9 to him to see !m tak+ pleasure4 ,!y ?\ght1 moreov]1 t he w\ld1 if !y displeas$ him mu*1 take away all _! pleasure & leave !m no?+ b pa94 ,n[ ! /ud5t saw cle>ly "s errors1 "s contradictions 9 _! belief4 ,= in/ance1 he knew t be+s only foll[$ pleasure1 & directly pleasure 0 equall$ by pa91 sank into apa?y1 & !n gradually vani%$ away4 ,h5ce he knew !re ne$ be no appreh5sion ( ! p[]'s act+ z !y ?\ght4 ,b ! ?+ !y said1 t _! tak+ pleasure pa9$ ?is p[]1 /ruck him4 ,he did n approve ! results 9 _! life1 = x 0 9 consequ5ce v gloomily fram$1 ?\gh ) a good deal ( unconsci\s *e]9ess4 ,b he knew z a sci5tific fact t !re 0 a con/ant dim9ution ( feel+2 & s9ce he also knew t be+s 9 ! valley did no?+ except x 0 m pleasant1 he conclud$ t al?\gh pleasure & pa9 might bo? be disappe>+1 /ill pa9 mu/ be disappe>+ to a great] ext5t4 ,n[ s9ce ! feel+ did n become no?+1 b pass$ away out ( ! p]ception ( ! inhabitants1 x foll[$ t x mu/ pass to "s be+4 ,x did n disappe> z feel+1 b pass$ away f ! s5sation ( ! inhabitants4 ,is !re a be+1 !n1 he ask$ himself--! p[] ( :om ^! simple folks tell--:o be>s ! diff]5ce ( pa91 & s makes exi/5ce pleasant to u8 ,& is t ! mean+ ( :at !y say t our pleasure pa9s him8 ,is x j ! tru? read backw>ds--! tru?1 namely1 t by 8 tak+ pa9 we h pleasures1 :i* !y h _h h&$ d[n to !m z ?is--t our tak+ pleasure pa9s him4 ,:5 he _h ?\ght ?us f> he rememb]$ "o ( 8 books 9 :i* ! anci5t beliefs ( ! valley 7 discuss$4 ,x happ5$ to be "o ( ! books :i* he _h br\ght into 8 exile ) him4 ,he took x d[n1 & 9 ! ev5+ set himself to se>* ?r\gh x4 ,& 9 a footnote t[>ds ! end ( ! book he read3 8,! exi/5ce ( a p[] %ap+ ! valley = ! good ( ! be+s 9 x is cle>ly disprov$4 ,fir/1 by ! am\nt ( suff]+ !re is 9 ! valley4 ,secondly1 by ! fewness ( ! types ( life1 & ! con/ant modification ( "o plan to secure diff]5t results--:i* w\ld be mu* bett] a*iev$ by ! use ( radically diff]5t types & means4 ,?irdly1 by ! abs5ce ( any indication ( su* a p[]1 except 9 ! traditions ( uncultivat$ tribes40 ,:5 ! /ud5t _h read ?is he rose up & pac$ 8 *amb]4 ,= he saw cle>ly t if x 0 9 be>+ "p ( ! pa9 t ! p[] ( ! be+ lay1 ! fir/ ( ^! argum5ts fell to ! gr\nd4 ,! pres5ce ( ! pa9 9 ! valley w\ld prove t ?is p[] took only "s ( ! pa9 & n all4 ,z to ! second argum5t1 all x w\ld come to 0 t ! be+ :o1 be>+ pa91 gave exi/5ce to ! inhabitants1 us$ economy 9 8 actions--he *ose to effect 8 objects ) ! lea/ possible exp5diture ( means4 ,reflect+ ?us he w5t out4 ,n[ x may be consid]$ surpris+ t ! k+ did n communicate 9 "s way ) ! /ud5t1 = by means ( 8 rays he 0 9 possession ( all t _h gone on 9 8 m9d4 ,b ! k+ _h f\nd ov] & ov] aga9 t if he manife/$ himself to any "o ( ! inhabitants ( ! valley1 ! effect1 ?\gh good at ! imm$iate "t1 0 mo/ disa/r\s = ! foll[+ "t4 ,= ! ends he 0 work+ t[>ds1 & lead+ ! inhabitants t[>ds1 7 mu* great] ?an any "o ( !m c\ld grasp or conceive4 ,& ! inhabitants1 z soon z !y _h communication ) him1 at once ?\ght !y knew 8 f9al w4 ,& !y 7 a set mo/ peculi>ly /iff 9 _! notions1 & ) ! k9d ( sanction :i* communication ) him gave !m1 ev5 ! mo/ absurd ideas if once conceiv$ took a v long "t to eradicate4 ,s :5 ! /ud5t w5t out into ! op5 air he saw no?+ except ! />s1 & he>d no?+ except ! w9d4 ,! way 0 s well kn[n to him1 h[ev]1 t he walk$ on quickly )\t /umbl+ 9 ! d>kness4 ,he _h n gone f> :5 he saw a k9d ( lum9\sness4 ,is x ! moon beg9n+ to rise8 he ?\ght4 ,b he f\nd he _h pass$ ! light & 0 leav+ x beh9d4 ,he c\ld n h pass$ ! moon ?us4 ,he w5t t[>ds ! light1 & :5 he _h rea*$ x1 x seem$ l a sl5d] /aff ( light4 ,he t\*$ x ) 8 h&1 & al?\gh he did n feel any?+1 yet he c\ld take hold ( x1 & he walk$ on ) ! sl5d] beam 9 8 h&4 ,he _h n gone v f> :5 9 8 walk he t\*$ on some?+ ly+ 9 ! pa?4 ,b5d+ d[n & t\*+ x ) 8 h& he f\nd t x 0 ! =m ( a fell[ creature4 8,he is ov]come ) fatigue2 c ,i help him along80 he ?\ght4 ,he rose up to look r\nd1 & let ! beam ( light :i* he held 9 8 h& t\* ! pro/rate =m4 8,i wi% he c\ld get up by himself10 he ?\ght4 ,no soon] _h he felt ?is wi% ?an he _h a s5sation ( pa9 9 8 limbs1 & ! figure rose up4 8,i c\ld n move10 x said1 8until y came1 ) all my reasons to get along2 ! pa9 0 z mu* z ! pleasure40 8,:o are y80 8,i am a w&]]1 & am try+ to rea* ! place :]e ,i 0 born2 !y w help me !re40 ,n[ 9 ! valley !re 0 a c]ta9 set ( p call$ w&]]s1 :o _h prov$ !mselves unfit = any real "w4 ,^!1 if in(f5sive1 7 all[$ to roam ab\t subsi/+ on *>ity4 ,! /ud5t walk$ alongside ?is w&]]2 & e /ep ! w&]] made he felt a s5sation ( pa9 9 8 limbs4 ,b ! two walk$ quickly on till !y came to ! dwell+ he _h left s %ortly be=e4 ,! /ud5t l$ him 9 & let him re/ 9 8 *amb]4 ,& !n he himself left ! dwell+ aga91 tak+ ) him a few necess>ies4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,:5 he _h se5 ! w&]] safely h\s$ he det]m9$ to g & visit a fri5d :o _h liv$ 9 a t[n n v f> f ! metropolis4 ,?is fri5d _h be5 8 mo/ intimate companion :5 he fir/ became a /ud5t1 b be+ old] _h f9i%$ 8 /udies soon]1 & _h left ! metropolis be=e ! /ud5t's mis=tune4 ,9 leav+ 8 place ( exile ! /ud5t r5d]$ himself liable to puni%m5t1 & he gave up ! means ( subsi/5ce :i* _h be5 provid$ = him !re4 ,he 0 oblig$ to g z a w&]]1 & tru/ to ! lib]ality ( ! p on ! way4 ,he 0 hospitably receiv$ z a rule4 ,! region 0 remote f ! metropolis1 ! inhabitants 7 glad to talk ) a /rang]--& ! w&]]s 71 9 g5]al1 held to h a /ock ( ex*angeable talk & news4 ,b he did n speak ) any "o ( :at lay pres5t to 8 m9d1 till "o occasion4 ,z he 0 walk+ along e>ly 9 ! day1 he 0 hail$ by an inhabitant :o look$ l a well-to-d f>m]4 ,some?+ 9 ! /ud5t's appe>ance attract$ him1 =1 le>n+ t he 0 on 8 way to a di/ant t[n1 he ask$ him to /ay & take ! fir/ meal ( ! day ) him4 ,?is inhabitant _h be5 a cl]k employ$ 9 ! c\ncil ( pleasure & pa94 ,b ! s$5t>y life _h be5 too try+ = him2 he _h come to live 9 ! c\ntry on a small possession ( 8 till he _h ov]come ! /ra94 8,did y n f9d x v dull 9 ! "p y come f80 8,no2 ,i f\nd t ! p _h mu* ( int]e/ to tell me40 8,!y h s+ul> traditions4 ,i rememb] :5 a delib]ation 0 held 9 our c\ncil z to :e!r !y 7 p]nici\s or h>mless2 x 0 decid$ t !y 7 h>mless & little likely to spread40 8,i h talk$ a good deal ) !m s9ce ,i h liv$ among/ !m1 & h come to ! conclusion t 9 :at !y believe a great deal is true40 8,inde$6 y _c surely believe t our pleasure is di/a/eful to any be+ outside u40 8,no2 b ,i g back to ! old notion ( :i* y h he>d1 t !re is a be+ :o calls u into be+1 & :o is ov] u2 & ,i believe t ?is be+ takes pa91 & s makes life pleasurable to u4 ,y "k t "s s5sation is pass+ away1 & y "k t !re mu/ be m pa9 t passes away ?an pleasure40 8,h[ c ,i "k t80 8,we "k t !re is n su* a v great excess ( pleasure ov] pa94 ,n[ if 9 all ! c\rse ( "t t has be51 ! s5sation t has be5 pass+ away 0 pleasure1 !re w\ld by ?is "t h be5 left an excess ( pa91 & be=e n[ we %\ld all h sunk into apa?y4 ,s x is ei!r pleasure & pa9 mix$ :i* passes away1 or pa9 alone4 ,i conceive t x is pa9 alone4 ,^! /range doctr9es are true1 only curi\sly express$4 ,! be+ ov] u is cont9ually be>+ pa9 & s mak+ exi/5ce pleasant to u1 ?us caus+ u to move & live4 ,s ! pa9 ( our life is t rema9+ pa9 :i* he does n take40 8,?is seems to me a v dismal doctr9e4 ,i c imag9e "s poetry 9 ! idea ( a be+ ( inf9ite p[]1 /rong & glori\s1 b none 9 ! idea ( a suff]+ be+40 8,:5 y 7 a *ild y ?\ght y\r fa!r c\ld d ev]y?+2 b z y grew up & f\nd t he too _h 8 difficulties1 0 y\r reg>d = him less5$1 or y\r ?ankfulness = t :i* he did = y80 8,no4 ,& y mean t if we d n reg>d ?is be+ 9 ! same way1 grant+ 8 exi/5ce1 /ill we %\ld feel gratitude t[>ds him40 8,c]ta9ly we %\ld feel gratitude to him2 &1 consid]+ ! attitude we h tak5 t[>ds him1 ?is feel+ ( gratitude comes ov] u ) a k9d ( revulsion4 ,b besides gratitude ,i d n see :y we mu/ lose any o!r feel+ su* z y seem to miss4 ,d y n rememb] h[1 9 ! c\rse ( ! /udies we h all be5 ?r\gh1 we 7 told t !re 7 two p>ts 9 k--"o correspond+ to reality1 "o introduc$ by ! action ( our own m9ds--s t c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* we at fir/ ?9k to be due to ! nature ( ?+s 9 !mselves we f9d out on reflection are only our appreh5sion ( our own m5tal action80 8,yes2 we d n p]ceive ! reality absolutely1 we appreh5d x subject to ! m9d's mode ( p]ceiv+40 8,& ( c\rse ! mode ( ! m9d's action makes x p]ceive c]ta9 qualities z p>ts ( ! real exi/5ce1 :i* d n belong to real exi/5ce at all4 ,^! qualities spr+ f our m9d's own action4 ,9 old times ^! qualities 7 consid]$ to be qualities ( ! reality in/ead ( introduc$ !re4 ,& mu* ( ! impressiv5ess ( ! idea =m$ ( ! be+ ( :om we speak 0 due to a m]e magnification & ext5sion ( ^! qualities--qualities :i* d n correspond to any?+ 9 reality4 ,s ! impressiv5ess ( ! idea ( ?is be+ 0 due to ! magnification ( qualities :i* orig9ate solely 9 our m9ds40 8,?is acc\nts = ! idea hav+ fad$ away4 ,b tell me def9itely 9 an in/ance4 ,expla9 by tak+ "s p>ticul> quality :at y mean40 8,i _c d t1 ! ?\ght b floats 9 my m9d2 /ill x is always good to embody4 ,some?+ ( ?is sort4 ,:5 we obs]ve any object we always attribute to x a c]ta9 p[]4 ,ev]y?+ has its own p[]s ( resi/5ce1 ( mov+1 ( affect+ u 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,?us :atev] we appreh5d1 we appreh5d z p[]ful4 ,n[ s9ce ?is quality ( p[]ful comes 9 ) reg>d to ev]y?+1 x is probably introduc$ by ! m9d1 & is r a "p ( ! m5tal action 9 giv+ an idea ( reality ?an a quality ( reality4 ,if s1 :5 we suppose a be+ to h ! quality ( #8all p[]ful1' we are n suppos+ any?+ at all ab\t ! be+1 b are only ext5d+ a quality q b>r5 ( any correspond5ce ) ! absolute nature ( ?+s4 ,we h left (f talk+ ab\t ! be+1 & are ext5d+ a conception :i* spr+s solely f ! only way 9 :i* we c p]ceive40 8,surely y w\ld say t ?is be+ 0 p[]ful40 8,( c\rse1 if we ?9k ( him at all1 we mu/ conceive ( him z p[]ful2 ! nature ( our m5tal action dem&s ?is4 ,b to dwell on ! notion ( 8 p[]fulness is q b>r51 ! only subject ( ?\ght :i* has cont5t is to inquire :at k9d ( p[] he has4 ,!re has be5 a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ^? :o h ?\ght ab\t ?is be+ to repres5t 8 greatness 9 e respect4 ,b !y h n always be5 judici\s 9 s do+1 because be+ unable to sep>ate 8 real qualities f ^? :i* !y attribute to him 9 virtue ( _! own mode ( p]ception1 !y h come to lay /ress on descriptions :i* on ! "o h& correspond to no?+ 9 reality1 & on ! o!r h& fail to move ^? :om !y are int5d$ to impress4 ,a cloak has be5 wov54 ,! nature ( ?is be+ is hidd54 ,8 nature has be5 connect$ ) introspective que/ions ab\t ! orig9--(1 ( all ?+s1 ! way 9 :i* we p]ceive4 ,all ?is mu/ be da%$ aside4 ,?is be+ is ! cause ( all our life1 & yet he ne$s y\r help z y und]/& help40 8,i %\ld l to accompany y to y\r fri5d & he> :at he has to say40 8,come1 c]ta9ly40 ,s !y w5t toge!r to ! t[n4 ,on ! way ! cl]k felt a brightness ( exi/5ce su* z he _h n enjoy$ = a long "t4 ,!y talk$ toge!r1 & confid$ 9 "o ano!r4 ,at l5g? !y came ne> ! t[n :]e ! /ud5t's fri5d liv$4 ,!y sep>at$1 ! cl]k go+ into ! t[n1 ! /ud5t to ! h\se ( 8 fri5d4 ,on 8 way !re ! pa? l$ ?r\gh a small wood ( v ?ick gr[?4 ,pass+ along1 he f\nd t he _h left ! pa?4 ,paus+ to reflect 9 :i* direction he ought to g1 he ?\ght he he>d a s\nd4 ,x 0 repeat$4 ,p5etrat+ deep into ! obscure/ "p ( ! wood1 he se>*$ till at l5g? he f\nd--c>efully conceal$--a *ild1 a m]e infant4 ,! *ild 0 ne>ly p]i%$ ) exposure4 ,he took x up & w>m$ x4 ,:5 ! *ild 0 a little bett] ! cause ( its hav+ be5 hidd5 away 0 app>5t4 ,its brea?+ 0 di/ress$ & lab\r$4 ,x suff]$ "u "s affection ( ! lungs1 :i* made x gasp at e brea?4 ,/ill 9 o!r respects ! *ild 0 well develop$ & seem$ /rongly made4 ,x seem$ to h be5 left too long )\t c>e to recov]4 ,! pa9 ( exhau/ion f ! neglect1 & add$ to ?is ! pa9 ( its brea?+1 0 too mu* = x1 x 0 s9k+4 8,if ,i c\ld be> ! pa9 ( its brea?+10 ?\ght ! /ud5t1 8x might n s9k till ,i c\ld get "s n\ri%m5t = x40 ,he look$ up1 = x seem$ to him z if "s "o /ruck him 9 ! *e/4 ,!re 0 no "o !re4 ,! pa9 cont9u$4 ,he did n drop ! *ild b cont9u$ on 8 way to ! h\se ( 8 fri5d4 ,:5 he got !re he notic$ a /illness unusual 9 ! h\ses ( ! inhabitants4 ,he ent]$1 & 0 met by 8 fri5d's si/]4 ,he saw at once t some?+ mu/ h happ5$4 ,%e took him into a dimly light$ room1 :]e he saw 8 fri5d ly+ motionless & 8 face q :ite4 8,he has be5 suff]+ great pa9 = long10 %e said2 8x 0 hop$ t if he c\ld be> up ! pa9 w\ld h run its c\rse & he w\ld n s9k4 ,b all we c\ld d 0 no use40 ,! room 0 full ( all ?+s acc\nt$ pleasurable1 & %e look$ r\nd z %e spoke4 8,x 0 no good40 ,tak+ ! *ild f 8 arms %e left him ) ! =m ( h] bro!r4 ,sitt+ d[n by 8 side ! /ud5t felt ! /range oppression on 8 *e/ cont9ue4 ,he w5t out & f\nd t ! *ild _h completely reviv$4 ,x _h /ill ! appe>ance ( be+ agoniz$ 9 its brea?+1 b its eyes 7 bright1 & x laugh$4 8,x w be all "r soon10 said 8 fri5d's si/]4 8,tell me :at 0 ! matt] ) y\r bro!r40 ,:5 he _h he>d ab\t 8 malady he return$ to ! room4 ,aft] he _h sat !re = "s "t he felt m & m ! sorr[ = ! loss ( 8 fri5d1 & ! ne$ ( 8 c\nsel4 ,?is aimless1 in]t =m1 ?is lifeless mass1 0 t :i* he _h come to seek--0 ! be+ ) :om he _h long$ to conf]4 ,he b5t ov] him4 8,c\ld ,i b snat* him back into life2 c\ld ,i b h "o h\r's int]c\rse ) him4 ,if ,i _h be5 ) him ,i might h borne "s ( ! pa9 ( 8 compla9t be=e he 0 ov]p[]$ ) x40 ,he t\*$ ! lifeless h&s1 !y 7 cold & damp4 ,he gaz$ into ! expressionless face4 ,he seem$ to feel ! pa9 ( ! inn] /ruggle 8 fri5d _h wag$ aga9/ ! disease4 ,! quiet ( t /ill *amb] 0 gone = him2 9 8 own p]son he felt ! pangs ( ! /ruggle = life4 ,a mi/ came ov] 8 eyes1 & he sank d[n hold+ 8 fri5d's h&s4 ,sudd5ly he he>d a voice4 ,he rose & look$ ab\t him4 ,! s\nd came fa9tly f ! lips ( 8 fri5d4 8,i h be5 v ill10 7 ! words he caught4 8,i am s glad y h come2 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( y 9 my wor/ mom5ts4 ,y h come j z ,i am gett+ bett]40 ,inde$ ! features 7 rega9+ expression1 ! h&s 7 w>m4 ,x 0 8 liv+ fri5d aga94 ,aft] a few h\rs he 0 suffici5tly recov]$ to he> ab\t all t _h happ5$4 ,!y talk$ toge!r long & e>ne/ly4 ,8 fri5d 0 conv9c$4 8,let u g to y\r companion10 he said4 ,!y w5t into ! t[n toge!r4 ,!y f\nd t ! cl]k _h gone to ! magi/rates' hall :]e a trial 0 be+ held4 ,!y did n see ! cl]k at fir/1 s !y li/5$ to ! proce$+s4 ,a woman 0 br\ght 9 :o _h be5 kept 9 prison = "s days1 accus$ ( conceal+ h] *ild4 ,! case 0 cle>ly prov$4 ,! woman receiv$ h] s5t5ce ) an appe>ance ( apa?y4 8,%e w n come out ( prison alive10 said ! /ud5t's fri5d1 not+ h] expression4 ,b he call$ out to h] f :]e !y /ood 9 ! body ( ! c\rt1 8,d n fe>1 y\r *ild is safe40 ,! woman's face bright5$1 & %e w5t ) h] jail]s buoyantly4 ,! magi/rate _h rem>k$ :o x 0 t _h spok51 & 0 ab\t to give ord]s = ! di/urb] ( ord] to be br\ght up = puni%m5t4 ,b ! cl]k1 :o 0 sitt+ ne> to ! magi/rate ) :om he 0 acqua9t$1 said3 8,?is is ! "o ,i h told y ab\t2 pray d n puni% him40 ,! magi/rate accord+ly cont5t$ himself ) w>n+ ! audi5ce 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,b he said to ! cl]k1 8,some?+ ab\t him is v repulsive to me1 d n tell me any?+ m ab\t him40 ,! ?ree return$ toge!r1 & toge!r !y delib]at$ z to h[ ! new idea ab\t ! k+ c\ld be made kn[n4 ,x seem$ be/ to g to ! metropolis & talk ) ! wise/ & mo/ le>n$ !re4 ,! /ud5t ask$ ab\t ! *ild4 ,8 fri5d's si/] came & told him t its brea?+ 0 n any bett]1 b t ! *ild itself 0 /rong & playful4 8,x belongs to ! woman :o 0 tri$ to day10 said ! /ud5t1 8& mu/ be kept safely till %e is out ( prison40 ,8 fri5d aft] "s delib]ation gave x 9 *>ge to a fai?ful s]vant to take to ! metropolis4 ,a suff]+ *ild !re w\ld be mu* m likely to be ov]look$1 8& y10 he said1 8w be able to look aft] x40 ,z ! /ud5t & ! cl]k 7 ab\t to set out on _! way to ! metropolis 8 fri5d took him ap>t4 8,my si/] tells me t ,i _h sunk into apa?y :5 y came40 8,yes40 8,& t y call$ me back80 8,yes40 8,h[ c ,i ?ank y6 _h x n be5 = y ,i %\ld nev] h enjoy$ life aga94 ,i am grateful to y40 8,d n say grateful to me1 b r to t p[] :i* does = y all y\r life t :i* ,i d = y mom5t>ily n[4 ,& ev5 n[ x is n to me t y %\ld be grateful1 b to him1 = x is only because he has enabl$ me to d s t ,i h tak5 ( y\r pa940 ,) ?is he took f>ewell ( 8 fri5d1 & ) ! cl]k proce$$ on _! way4 ,!y _h n got v f> :5 a tra9 ( s]vants came up beh9d !m4 ,!y /ood by on "o side1 b f ! mid/ ( 8 att5dants a y\? /epp$ =w>d4 8,i h le>n$ :at y h done1 & ,i h ov]tak5 y ) great ha/e40 8,:at is y\r wi%80 8,i want to come ) y4 ,i "k t y h re/or$ y\r fri5d f apa?y to life4 ,no p[] is s great z t4 ,i h ri*es 9 abundance4 ,all t ,i h is at y\r s]vice2 tea* me y\r p[]40 ,n[ 9 ! valley ri*es meant abundance ( pleasant ?+s4 ,at ! "t ! /ud5t 0 be>+ ! con/ant pa9 :i* he took ( ! *ild's brea?+1 & ! pa9 also ( 8 fri5d's illness4 ,he felt t be=e beg9n+ to take pleasure--:i* 0 ! mean+ ( hav+ pleasant ?+s--x w\ld be necess>y to give up ! p[] :i* he 0 ex]cis+1 s he said to ! y\? some:at h>%ly3 8,y _c comp>e ri*es & t :i* ,i d1 nor c y ex*ange ! "o = ! o!r4 ,fir/ give up all y\r ri*es1 !n y c beg9 to le>n :at ,i d40 ,! y\? turn$ back1 b once aga9 spoke1 say+3 8,i w give up a great "p ( my ri*es if y w tea* me40 8,if y want to keep any1 h[ev] small a portion1 y _c d :at ,i d40 ,!n ! y\? ) all 8 att5dants pass$ away4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,:5 !y came to ! metropolis ! cl]k br\ght _m ( 8 acqua9tances to see ! /ud5t4 ,f 8 position 9 ! c\ncil *amb]1 he 0 able to address & induce _m ( ! able/ ( ! c\ncillors to come & inquire4 ,b z soon z !y came into ! pres5ce ( ! /ud5t a sort ( con/ra9t sprang up betwe5 !m4 ,!y did n take 8 words z hav+ any real mean+4 ,!y 7 occupi$ all ! "t on speculat+ :at motive x 0 t made him say ^! ?+s1 & z to :at k9d ( diff]5ce x 0 :i* !y felt exi/+ betwe5 him & !m4 ,9 fact1 z "t pass$ on1 no "o ( any position or p[] w\ld be br\ght into any sort ( approximation to him4 ,on ! o!r h& he us$ to speak cont9ually ) ! poor] p4 ,^? t 7 sick especially delight$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,!re seem$ to be 9 him a p[] ( /imulat+ ^? t 7 s9k+ into apa?y back aga9 into life4 ,^? :o 7 wor/ (f 9 ! city seem$ to feel :5 he spoke to !m a promise ( an alleviation ( _! suff]+s4 ,"o day ! cl]k ask$ him 8,h[ is ! *ild80 8,x is well40 8,b x /ill seems to brea! ) z mu* difficulty40 8,yes1 b see h[ happily x runs ab\t40 8,h[ d y manage to pres]ve x8 ,any *ild :i* ,i h se5 w\ld be p9+ mis]ably ) su* an affliction4 ,:at is ! p[] :i* ! be+ y tell ( has giv5 y80 8,x is no p[] 9 ! s5se y mean40 8,surely x mu/ be4 ,h ,i n foll[$ y fai?fully & done all ,i c\ld to get ! wise/ 9 ! city to li/5 to y8 ,surely ! "t has n[ come :5 y w tell me :at ?is p[] is1 &1 if y c1 let me %>e x40 8,y d n "k :at y ask40 8,tell me1 ,i pray40 8,x is simply ?is1 :5 ,i became aw>e ?r\gh ?\ght ( ! be+ t is ov] u ,i _h no message or comm& f him4 ,b ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld :5 ,i /ood by any suff]+ be+ take "s ( ! suff]+ & be> x myself4 ,s z he ( :om ,i tell does ) u ea* mom5t ( our lives ,i d occasionally & 9 a little mann]40 8,b :at pleasure d y get t makes all ?is wor? y\r :ile80 8,!re is no pleasure4 ,i am glad to see ! be+ fre$ f suff]+1 & liv+ in/ead ( s9k+40 8,d y mean to say t !re is no?+ to hope =80 8,i hope ! "t w come :5 ,i %all h a full] k ( ! be+ ,i "k40 ,! cl]k 0 sil5t4 ,he w5t out4 ,:ile he 0 /ill ?9k+ ov] :at he _h he>d 9 answ] to 8 inquiries1 a mess5g] came to him f ! *ief ( ! c\ncillors ( pleasure & pa91 ask+ him to an int]view4 ,:5 ! cl]k _h be5 u%]$ into ! pres5ce ( ! *ief c\ncillor1 & 0 alone ) him1 ! latt] said3 8,i %\ld l a little quiet conv]sation ) y ab\t y\r companion40 8,i %all be glad40 8,:5 y gave up y\r (fice & retir$ y _h no expectation ( be+ conc]n$ 9 affairs ( /ate aga9 s soon40 8,i did n expect1 c]ta9ly1 & ,i d n "k :at y\r mean+ may be ab\t my be+ conc]n$ 9 affairs ( /ate40 8,:at ,i mean is v simple4 ,! cont9u$ delib]ations1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 ( ! wise m5 :o assemble 9 ! c\ncil *amb] h be5 ! cause ( ! cont9u$ progress ( ! inhabitants4 ,no?+ is done by !m hurri$ly or viol5tly1 b gradually improvem5t aft] improvem5t is work$ out4 ,b besides ?is1 !re h always be5 at e age c]ta9 di/urbances 9 ! /ate2 c]ta9 doctr9es are br\ght =w>d1 & sometimes ^! t5d to good1 & %\ld be enc\rag$2 sometimes !y are ( unkn[n import1 & mu/ be /udi$2 sometimes !y are aga9/ ! happ9ess ( ! /ate1 & !n ! grave responsibility re/s ^u u ( *eck+ !m4 ,n[ f y\r position y h m opportunity ( kn[+ ?an any "o else 9 :at direction y\r companion's doctr9es t5d4 ,i h s5t = y to ask y to %>e ) me ?is grave responsibility40 8,i d n ?9k ,i c help y4 ,i am sure he does n wi% to d any h>m4 ,:at h>m c !re be 9 8 doctr9es80 8,x is n s mu* ab\t 8 doctr9es :i* ,i want to speak to y z ab\t ano!r subject4 ,_m ( ^? :o h talk$ ) him h agre$ ) "o ano!r 9 ascrib+ a s+ul> oppressiv5ess to 8 pres5ce4 ,! expression 0 ev5 us$ by a v wor?y fri5d ( m9e1 #8,he made me feel l a puppet4' ,n[ :at "r _h he to inflict su* a s5sation on a v wor?y individual8 ,i want to ask y y\rself if y h ev] felt ?is80 ,! cl]k hesitat$4 8,at lea/1 tell me1 h y ev] f\nd x easy to influ5ce him80 8,no2 ,i d n feel z if ,i c\ld influ5ce him 9 ! lea/4 ,he seems to lack ! ord9>y spr+s ( motive40 8,n[1 %\ld y say t x w\ld be a ga9 to ! community if _m %\ld become l him8 ,w\ld n !y be difficult to gov]n80 8,c]ta9ly !y w\ld be difficult to gov]n40 8,w\ld x be a ga9 9 pleasure to ! re/ ( ! inhabitants or to !mselves80 8,x w\ld n be a ga9 to !mselves10 said ! cl]k1 recall+ ! pa9 :i* 8 companion bore1 8b x might be good = ! re/ ( ! inhabitants40 8,yes10 said ! *ief c\ncillor1 8t is :]e 8 /r5g? lies2 he is a v skilful physician or an impo/or1 & he has ! p on 8 side f ! cures he has effect$4 ,c y tell me any?+ ab\t 8 life80 8,i h he>d f him t he 0 a /ud5t1 & 0 exil$2 & t 9 8 place ( exile he f\nd out ! new doctr9es1 & he left ! place he 0 s5t5c$ to4 ,on 8 way ,i jo9$ him40 8,s mu* we "k1 & x is )9 our p[]1 accord+ to ! regulations1 to compel him to g back1 & to puni% him = hav+ left ! region he 0 bani%$ to40 8,if y h t p[]1 :y d y n s5d him back if y ?9k x w\ld be be/ = ! /ate = him to disappe>80 8,ah1 my good fri5d1 y h he>d a great deal ( our public delib]ations f y\r place 9 ! c\ncil2 b n[ t we are consult+ toge!r1 ,i mu/ tell y t !re are deep] secrets 9 ! art ( gov]nm5t1 :i* y w readily appreh5d4 ,suppose we arre/$ ?is individual & s5t him away1 ! p w\ld n see ! ju/ice ( x4 ,!y want him n[1 & !y w\ld say t ! =ms ( law 7 be+ us$ to get rid ( him4 ,( c\rse if 8 p>tizans became viol5t some?+ ( ?is k9d w\ld h to be done4 ,b x is only a decree t seems j 9 ! eyes ( ! p t we c prud5tly c>ry out 9 su* a case )\t attract+ ev5 m att5tion to him ?an !re is at pres5t40 ,! cl]k said no?+4 ,! *ief c\ncillor w5t on3 8,i am sorry t our conf]5ce has come to s little4 ,i 0 hop+ t ,i might h f\nd 9 y a successor to ! vacant seat 9 ! *amb]4 ,i "k y h ! ability to fill x well4 ,b be=e ! advancem5ts are made "s pro( ( ! wisdom ( ! successor is requir$4 ,hi!rto y h n _h ! *ance1 b ,i ?\ght t 9 ?is difficult case1 :]e y h s mu* bett] opportunities ( obs]vation ?an any "o else has1 y might h %[n y\r m5tal p[] & confirm$ my op9ion ( y4 ,/ill1 no d\bt1 on "s future occasion y w h ano!r opportunity :5 ?is affair1 difficult z x is1 is =gott540 ,! *ief c\ncillor made a sign t ! int]view 0 at an end1 b ! cl]k rema9$4 8,all t we want10 ! *ief c\ncillor resum$1 8is to =m an op9ion f inside k ( :e!r ?is innovator is likely to cause m pa9 or m pleasure if he ga9s a he>+4 ,c y advise u8 any p>ticle ( k ( 8 inn] life1 ap>t f 8 public pr(essions1 is valuable40 8,!re is a s+ul> fact :i* ,i %\ld l to tell y (1 z x has be5 some:at ( a burd5 to me40 ,! *ief c\ncillor made a sign ( ass5t1 & ! cl]k told him ab\t ! *ild1 & h[ x _h be5 pres]v$4 8,& ) ?is *ild10 he said1 8he & ,i sit :5 ! day's "w is done40 8,x is inde$ a /range /ory10 said ! *ief c\ncillor2 8y are q "r 9 tell+ me4 ,i 0 sure y 7 "o on ^: discretion confid5ce might be plac$4 ,y h giv5 me ! highe/ pro( ,i c\ld h expect$4 ,! be>+s ( ?is matt] mu/ be ?\ght ov]40 ,t ev5+1 z ! cl]k ent]$ ! room :]e !y liv$1 ! /ud5t 0 lean+ ov] ! *ild ) a we>i$ expression4 ,he w5t up to him & laid 8 h& on 8 %\ld]4 ,! *ild look$ up at !m & laugh$4 ,x 0 q happy despite ! app>5t /ruggles ( its brea?+4 ,! /ud5t look$ at 8 companion's face4 ,8 we>9ess vani%$ at once1 & a /rong w>m light came into 8 eyes4 8,y seem oppress$1 my fri5d4 ,i "k y regret ! way 9 :i* all ! wise & important p y h br\ght "h look on me1 & y mu/ feel "s sorr[ = ! p>tial loss ( e/eem !y h %[$ y 9 consequ5ce4 ,c ,i help y to be> x80 ,at t mom5t ! door op5$1 & a mess5g] came 9 & gave ! cl]k a seal$ packet4 ,he op5$ x & saw t x 0 8 appo9tm5t to ! vacant seat 9 ! c\ncil *amb]4 ,b 8 face did n bright54 ,he answ]$ 8 companion moodily1 & ?us ! day end$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,on ! next day ! /ud5t rose e>ly & w5t =? alone4 ,he did n1 z 0 8 wont1 g among/ ! p1 b he pass$ ?r\gh ! /reets t[>ds ! op5 c\ntry4 ,on 8 way he 0 /opp$ by an old woman1 b5t ) age & _m infirmities4 ,%e _h no place among/ ! p1 & _h s _m pa9s & su* a b>r5ness ( exi/5ce t any "o :o _h ?\ght ( h] w\ld h wond]$ t %e rema9$ alive4 ,%e /opp$ him & said1 8,ma/]1 ,i h he>d t y c take my pa94 ,help me40 ,b he answ]$1 look+ at h]1 8,no1 ,i _c1 b ,i h a message = y40 ,& %e said1 8,a message = me8 ,i d n "k any "o :o w\ld s5d me a message40 ,b he answ]$1 8,nev]!less1 ,i h a message to y f my "l1 & he bids me ?ank y40 ,%e answ]$1 8,x _c be4 ,y mu/ h made a mi/ake40 ,b he said1 8,i h made no mi/ake2 he ?anks y40 ,he c\ld n expla9 to h] h[ by h] be>+ pa91 accord+ to ! law ( ! valley1 %e took x f t :i* ! k+ bore4 ,in/ead ( say+ t1 he gave h] ! message1 & someh[ ! old woman believ$ x4 ,! re/ ( ! day he sp5t 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,:5 he return$ x 0 gett+ t[>ds dusk4 ,!re 0 an unusual movem5t 9 ! /reets4 ,on pass+ into ! public m>ket-place he saw a cr[d collect$2 & :5 he _h p5etrat$ to _! mid/1 he saw ly+ on ! gr\nd ! *ild he _h kept s long4 ,x _h be5 ly+ unc>$ = & expos$ = _m h\rs2 & ! want ( food1 ! fright1 & its gasp+ brea?+ made x ! mo/ pitiable object4 ,he at once /epp$ t[>ds x & took x up 9 8 arms4 8,is t y\r *ild80 said "o ( ! cr[d4 8,x is n my own10 he answ]$1 8b ,i take c>e ( x40 8,!n x is y t are br++ pa9 ^u u all10 %\t$ sev]al voices f ! back ( ! cr[d4 ,& "s "o %\t$ out3 8,i "k y4 ,y pret5d to take pa9 away & y really br+ mu* m 9 secret40 ,& mov$ ) a feel+ ( indignation aga9/ ! "o :o _h caus$ su* a pa9ful object to exi/ z ! *ild 01 ! cr[d clos$ on him1 & b>r$ 8 way to 8 own place4 ,b !y did n lay h&s on him4 ,z he /ood ) ! *ild x gradually began to rega9 its composure4 ,b ) a sudd5 movem5t ! cr[d swept t[>ds ! c\ncil *amb]4 ,& :5 !y _h come !re !y dem&$ t ?is cruel & wick$ act ( keep+ pa9 9 exi/5ce %\ld be puni%$4 ,!re happ5$ to be sev]al ( ! *ief magi/rates on ! spot1 & 9 ob$i5ce to ! voices ( ! cr[d !y proce$$ to sit 9 judgm5t at once4 ,x 0 n kn[n h[ ! *ild _h come into ! /reets2 b x 0 admitt$ by ! prison] to be 8 do+ t x _h be5 kept alive4 ,! doctors unanim\sly said t x ought to h be5 put out ( exi/5ce directly x 0 born4 ,!re 0 practically no def5ce4 ,! *>ge ( subv]t+ ! laws 0 e/abli%$4 ,! p clam\r$ = ! extreme p5alty4 ,! judges pass$ s5t5ce on ! /ud5t4 ,be=e morn+ he 0 put to dea?4 ,he met 8 fate )\t sorr[1 ev5 ) gladness4 ,! pa9 9 8 life _h = long be5 z mu* z he c\ld be>4 ,he did n1 l ! pr9ce ( long ago1 look ^u no?+ness z ! desir$ end ( exi/5ce4 ,he felt ! pres5ce ( ! "o :om he _h disc]n$ ?r\gh ?\ght1 & ?is seem$ m real to him ?an life or dea?4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 :e!r 9 reaction f ! excitem5t ( ! previ\s ev5+1 or f "s o!r cause1 an unusual quiet p]vad$ ! /reets ( ! city4 ,!re 0 n mu* discussion z to ! ev5t :i* _h happ5$4 ,! prevail+ feel+ 0 "o ( wond] t !re %\ld h be5 s mu* commotion ab\t an unimportant affair4 ,= ! mo/ "p be=e ! next ev5+ ! :ole circum/ances 7 on ! way to be =gott54 ,& yet e "h & !re 7 p]sons 9 ^: lives ! loss ( _! fri5d 0 deeply felt4 ,! joy & spr+ ( life seem$ gone4 ,! poor *ild lay pale & motionless1 save :5 e n[ & !n x gasp$ convulsively = brea?4 ,none felt ! despond5cy m ?an ! cl]k4 ,! int]e/ & value ( life seem$ to h gone4 ,he did n c>e = 8 new hon\rs4 ,t day "s mo/ unexpect$ news w5t ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,! *ief ( ! c\ncil ( s5sation _h sunk into apa?y4 ,he 0 9 ! prime ( 8 life4 ,x 0 mo/ unexpect$4 ,e "o 0 a/oni%$ at ! news1 b 7 /ill m a/oni%$ at h[ little !y felt conc]n$4 ,foll[+ on ^! tid+s came o!rs4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants ( ! metropolis ^: lives 7 mo/ /r5u\s sudd5ly succumb$4 ,! cl]k _h made up 8 m9d to g into ! c\ntry4 ,b tid+s came f !re also t ! poor] lab\r]s1 & ^? :o 7 expos$ to ! fatigue ( long j\rneys or exposure 7 9 _m cases s9k+4 ,! wave ( torpor seem$ pass+ ov] ! :ole valley & n to be conf9$ to ! metropolis4 ,! ri* & unoccupi$ classes only 7 comp>atively unaffect$4 ,!y betook !mselves to ! /ore ( enjoyable ?+s at _! s]vice1 & s replac$ ! natural spr+ ( life :i* seem$ t5d+ to fail 9 e "o4 ,on ! conf9es ( ! valley1 :]e ! rav9e /ruck its va/ dep? betwe5 ?is l& & t1 va/ & endless z ! sea /ret*$ ! pla9 :5ce ! k+ _h come4 ,x 0 /ruck silv]y grey by ! light ( ! moon1 d>k %ad[s m>k$ ! ne>] /r&s1 & gradually ! rocks :i* ca/ !m %[$ _! %>p outl9es1 h>dly di/+ui%able f ! gr\nd out ( :i* !y rose4 ,ov] ! great gulf float$ ! s\nds ( a pipe1 ! /ra9s 7 l[1 w9n+ ! s\l ) ! sweetness ( an une>?ly melody1 ?robb+ z ) a call to a di/ant l& away & beyond4 ,& :5 ! eye f\nd ! s\rce ( ! s\nds1 !re /ood1 once m1 solit>y 9 ! unt5ant$ va/1 ! k+'s devot$ fri5d1 ! same old man :o be=e _h hail$ him4 ,gradually ! music sank l[] & l[]1 till at l5g? sil5ce spread 9 folds unruffl$4 ,!n on ! edge ( ! valley a =m appe>$4 ,x came & seem$ to gaze across ! gulf1 /&+ motionless & int5t4 ,at l5g? a voice came4 8,art ?\ !re80 8,yea1 ,o k+1 :at w\ld/ ?\8 ,art we>y80 ,no answ] came4 ,!n ! old man spoke4 8,behold ! roads :]e !y /ret* gleam+ :ite 9 ! moonlight2 behold ! fields1 ! villages2 see 9 ! di/ance ! great walls ( ! palace4 ,h n ^! ris5 up = !e1 ,o k+80 ,!n ! k+ made answ]3 8,i am we>y40 ,sudd5ly ! old man rais$ 8 pipe ) bo? 8 h&s to 8 lips4 ,wave aft] wave ( triumphant s\nd peal$ =?4 ,great h>monies su* z m>*+ nations might he> & rejoice1 noble notes ( unb\nd$ gladness4 ,!n1 cross+ by an unkn[n way1 he came & /ood by ! k+'s side4 ,aft] a :ile ! two mov$ on toge!r1 & by a secret pa? pass$ away f ! valley--:i!r ,i "k n4 ,z soon z ! k+ _h dep>t$ f ! valley ! be+s 9 x began to s9k into ! same /ate ( apa?y z ^? 7 :om he _h fir/ f\nd !re4 ,^? :o sank fir/ 7 ! ones 9 ^: lives ! /ress ( lab\r or ?\ght 0 ! mo/ int5se1 = !y fir/ felt ! loss ( t be>+ ( pa9 by "o beyond !mselves :i* gave !m a diff]5ce ( pleasure4 ,& sl[ly z ! accumulat$ enjoym5t 0 exhau/$1 a *ill dea? 9 life crept ov] ! l&4 ',tis useless to ask aft] ! fate ( any "o ( ^? t 7 !re1 = ea* 0 involv$ 9 ! same calamity t ov]:elm$ all4 ,e h& =got its cunn+4 ,! busy hum ( life 9 ! /reets 0 hu%$4 ,9 ! c\ntry ! sl[ly mov+ =ms gradually sank to re/4 ,at e spot 0 su* unbrok5 quiet z might h be5 _h all ! inhabitants gone to "s great fe/ival4 ,b !re 0 no return ( life4 ,no wat*ful eye1 no ready h& 0 !re to /ay ! slight b con/ant inroads ( ru9 & decay4 ,! roads became *ok$ ) grass1 ! e>? encroa*$ on ! build+s1 till 9 ! sl[ consum+ c\rse ( "t all 0 buri$--h\ses1 fields1 & cities vani%$1 till at l5g? no trace 0 left ( aught t _h be5 !re4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,!re are c]ta9 respects 9 :i* our _w resembles ! valley4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ pleasure1 pa91 & feel+1 let u exam9e ! _w we live 9 ) reg>d to motion 9 "o direction & ano!r1 & 9 respect ( en]gy4 ,if we obs]ve ! movem5ts :i* g on 9 ! _w1 we f9d t 9 great measure !y consi/ ( movem5ts :i* if put toge!r w\ld neutralize ea* o!r4 ,a p5dulum sw+s to & fro4 ,if ! two movem5ts took place at ! same "t ! p5dulum w\ld be /ill4 ,tak+ a m ample motion--t ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun4 ,! e>? moves 9 ! c\rse ( its orbit z mu* t[>ds ! sun z away f x1 & z mu* t[>ds ! ea/ z t[>ds ! we/4 ,if all ! motion 7 to be gone ?r\gh at "o & ! same "t ! e>? w\ld n move ) reg>d to ! sun4 ,aga91 if we notice :at goes on on ! surface ( ! e>?1 we see t !re is a motion ( ris+ up & ( s9k+ d[n4 ,!re is an approximation ( ! *emical elem5ts into "s comp\nds1 & a sep>ation ( !m aga94 ,( all ! myriad processes :i* g on1 ! sw+ ( a p5dulum is ! type4 ,b ! d[nw>d sw+ may be v diff]5t to ! upw>d sw+4 ,x may be t ! d[nw>d sw+ is repres5t$ by ! viol5t action ( ! *emical aff9ities 9 a *>ge ( gunp[d] :5 explod$1 & ! upw>d sw+ may be repres5t$ by ! swift motion imp>t$ to a cannon ball1 & ! swift motion ( ! cannon ball 9 its turn comes to re/1 & z x comes to re/ sl[ly or quickly o!r *anges take place4 ,& :at we notice 9 our _w is simil> to :at ! inhabitants ( ! valley notic$ ab\t pleasure & pa9--t !y d n neutralize "o ano!r z a matt] ( fact4 ,! contr>y motions on ! e>? :i*1 if !y 7 put toge!r1 w\ld neutralize "o ano!r1 d n z a matt] ( fact neutralize "o ano!r4 ,we call motion 9 "o direction positive--9 ! opposite direction negative4 ,b 9 ! _w z a matt] ( fact positive & negative motion d n toge!r come to no?+4 ,z 9 ! valley ! /ates ( pleasure & ( pa9 did n coalesce into a /ate ( apa?y1 b always succe$$ "o ano!r1 9 simple or complicat$ fa%ion1 s on ! e>? x is impossible f two opposite mov+ bodies to get /illness4 ,if ! two come into contact 9 opposite directions ! movem5t does n /op1 b makes its appe>ance 9 an alt]ation ( ! %ape ( ! bodies1 9 a di/urbance ( _! p>ticles1 or 9 "s su* fa%ion4 ,aga9 9 ! valley1 by measur+ ! pleasure & pa9 simply z feel+1 & n tak+ into acc\nt :e!r x 0 pleasure or pa91 ! inhabitants f\nd t ! feel+ 0 always ! same 9 am\nt4 ,s we on ! e>?1 measur+ ! am\nt ( movem5t1 & leav+ out ( acc\nt :e!r x is positive or negative1 come to ! conclusion t ! quantity ( movem5t1 reckon$ 9 ! way 9 :i* we call x en]gy1 is always ! same4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy has become a fundam5tal "o 9 sci5ce4 ,b besides ! discov]y t ! am\nt ( s5sation z su* 0 always con/ant1 ! inhabitants ( ! valley discov]$ t a portion ( ! s5sation 0 pass+ away f a =m 9 :i* !y c\ld feel x4 ,& !re is an analog\s discov]y 9 sci5ce4 ,we "k t a portion ( ! en]gy ( our sy/em is pass+ away4 ,x is n be+ annihilat$1 b is disappe>+4 ,) ! en]gy :i* c be collect$ f ! fall+ ( a /one1 ! same /one _c be rais$ to its =m] level aga94 ,"s ( ! en]gy has disappe>$ f ! =m 9 :i* x c be kn[n z ! en]gy ( mov+ masses4 ,! en]gy has 9 "s measure irrecov]ably pass$ (f 9 ! =m ( heat4 ,h5ce1 j z ! inhabitants ( ! valley came to ! conclusion t 9 po9t ( s5sation !y 7 8runn+ d[n10 & t aft] a "t all s5sation w\ld h pass$ away f ! =m 9 :i* !y c\ld feel x1 s we h come to ! conclusion t ! en]gy ( ! sy/em 9 :i* we live is runn+ d[n1 t ! en]gy is pass+ out ( ! =m 9 :i* x c be manife/$ z mov+ masses1 t f9ally all movem5t ( masses w come to a /&/ill1 & !re be no?+ left save motionless matt]1 ) w>m? equally diffus$ ?r\gh x4 ,n[ 9 com+ to ! conclusion ab\t ! valley1 t ! am\nt ( s5sation 0 gradually pass+ away1 ! inhabitants1 z we h se51 _h come ^u ! v secret & cause ( all ! life 9 ! valley4 ,b com+ ^u x f ! outside !y _h n recogniz$ ! significance ( :at !y _h f\nd4 ,! cause & prime mov] ( all _! exi/5ce indicat$ itself to !m1 com+ ?us ^u x1 z a process :]eby all t w5t on 0 doom$ to a di/ant b c]ta9 ext9ction4 ,n[1 is ?is process ( ! pass+ ( me*anical en]gy into ! =m ( heat to be int]pret$ by u 9 a way analog\s to t 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! valley c\ld h int]pret$ ! process !y f\nd8 ,9 ?is cessation ( s5sation 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y c\ld exp]i5ce x lay ! c5tral fact ( ! life ( ! valley4 ,has ?is pass+ away ( en]gy f ! =m 9 :i* we c exp]i5ce x an analog\s significance to u8 ,9 ord] to exam9e into ! possibility ?us sugge/$ !re are f\r conv]g5t l9es ( ?\ght :i* x w be well to foll[ up sep>ately4 ,ea* ( ^! l9es ( ?\ght be>s 9 an indep5d5t mann] on ! c5tral "q--! significance ( ! pass+ away ( en]gy4 ,^! l9es ( ?\ght may be connect$ ) ! foll[+ words1 :i* indicate _! significance3 7#a7 ,p]mission2 7#b7 ,causation2 7#c7 ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy2 7#d7 ,level4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,:5 we obs]ve any movem5t tak+ place we ask :at is ! cause ( x8 :at is ! =ce :i* produces x8 ,b surely1 if we conf9e our inquiry to ?is po9t1 we h made an omission4 ,t we are n consci\s ( hav+ made an omission may p]haps come f our liv+ 9 ! air :i* yields s easily to any mov+ body4 ,if we liv$ 9 a rigid m$ium we %\ld1 :5 we became aw>e ( any mov+ body1 ask two que/ions4 ,fir/1 :at urges x along8 secondly1 :at prep>$ ! *annel = its motion8 ,b s]i\sly1 )\t lay+ any /ress on ! above illu/ration1 we see t to e movem5t two conditions are necess>y3 a pu%+ & a yield+1 a =ce & a p]mission4 ,if ! p>ticles ( ! air c\ld n yield1 a p5dulum c\ld n sw+ ?r\gh x4 ,if aga9 ! air c\ld n pass on ! motion x has receiv$1 x c\ld n yield to ! motion ( ! p5dulum4 ,n[ s9ce e motion requires a p]mission1 we are l$ to ask ! "q1 ,:at is ! ultimate p]mission8 ,:at aga9 is t :i* by yield+ all[s motion at all to take place8 ,if we trace any movem5t sci5tifically we f9d an indication ( :at ! ultimate p]mission is4 ,a body sw+s ?r\gh ! air4 ,curr5ts 9 ! air are set up4 ,^! curr5ts imp+e on ! objects ) :i* ! air is 9 contact1 & 9 !m produce heat--produc+ heat also by friction ) o!r portions ( ! same air4 ,e motion ?us passes (f f9ally1 at h[ev] long an int]val1 9 ! =m ( heat4 ,motion may reappe> z motion ?r\gh myriads ( phases1 b at ea* *ange ( =m "s ( x passes (f into ! =m ( heat1 & f9ally all passes (f into ! =m ( heat4 ,?us1 unless matt] admitt$ ( be+ w>m$1 !re w\ld be no ultimate p]mission4 ,a motion once />t$ w\ld nev] come to re/4 ,or1 r1 no motion c\ld take place at all4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! above rem>ks is to avoid ! conception ( !re be+ absolute laws ( motion1 true ( bodies :5 surr\nd$ by no m$ium1 modifi$ :5 a m$ium is pres5t4 ,surely su* a conception is an in/rum5t ( ! m9d = explor+ nature1 n an absolute fact 9 nature4 ,! ab/ract laws ( motion are m5tal aids 9 creat+ k2 l scaffold+ = ! build]1 ev5 f _! v usefulness !y h probably b little to d ) ! p]man5t edifice4 ,?is pass+ into ! =m ( heat supplies a place analog\s to t ( ! 8void0 9 ! speculations ( ! ,epicurean philosoph]s4 ,!y argu$ t motion 0 n possible )\t a void4 ,giv5 a void1 some:]e into :i* matt] c\ld move1 !n any am\nt ( motion c\ld be acc\nt$ =4 ,b )\t a void into :i* a portion ( matt] c\ld move1 h[ 0 x possible = motion to beg98 ,?us repeat+ _! inquiry ) our alt]$ conceptions1 we ask ?is "q ab\t motion1 or en]gy 7:i* is a p>ticul> way ( reckon+ motion74 ,unless motion c 9 "s way pass (f1 h[ c !re be all ^! trans=mations ( en]gy8 ,n[ ! ultimate trans=mation ( all en]gy ( motion is into ! =m ( heat4 ,9 ?is *ange into ! =m ( heat is to be s\ght ! ultimate p]mission :i* makes all trans=mations ( en]gy1 all motions1 possible4 ,x is ?is be+ act$ on ( ! f9] p>ticles ( matt] :i* p]mits ! movem5ts ( ! l>g] masses4 ,?is pass+ ( en]gy into ! =m ( heat mu/ n be reg>d$ z a side circum/ance1 z less ess5tial to ! laws ( nature ?an t law :i* we call ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,x is at ! same "t ! end ( e motion1 & t :i* makes e motion possible4 ,! pass+ ( en]gy into ! =m ( heat takes place 9 t :i* we call friction1 & 9 all ^? modes 9 :i* any movem5t is br\ght to a /&/ill4 ,b s f> f ^! be+ simply 8h9drances0 to motion1 x is ?r\gh !m t we le>n t :i* makes motion possible4 ,x is ) u z ) ! inhabitants ( ! valley1 ! gradual cessation ( feel+ f _! life & ! modes 9 :i* x ceas$ 7 ! way 9 :i* !y reg>d$ ! action ( ! k+ :o 0 ! cause ( all4 ,we h ?\ght ( motion z a ?+ 9 itself impair$ by ! multitud9\s ob/acles x meets 9 ! _w4 ,let u look on ! circum/ances m imp>tially4 ,let u look on !m z some?+ co-equal ) motion4 ,let u f9d 9 t mode :]eby all motion comes to an end ! orig9at+ cause also :]eby all motion comes to be4 ,! pass+ ( ! motion ( masses into ! =m ( heat is ! ultimate p]mission4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,if we reflect cauti\sly on ! hi/ory ( our op9ions1 we f9d t we (t5 fall into error 9 respect to our fre$om 9 attribut+ causes4 ,if we are un=tunate we are apt to look on our neighb\rs1 or ! _w1 or1 if we are ( a self-depreciatory turn ( m9d1 ourselves z ! cause4 ,aga9 9 pa/ times p really felt sure ab\t c]ta9 ?+s be+ causes :i* we n[ "k _h a v slight connection ) ! result4 ,incantations h be5 suppos$ to h an effect on physical ph5om5a1 su* z eclipses4 ,numb]s & _! prop]ties h really be5 conceiv$ z ! causes ( ! modes ( exi/5ce4 ,ideas h be5 suppos$ to h causative p[] ov] ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,we %\ld be v c>eful 9 attribut+ ! notion ( causation4 ,if we see a /one ly+ on ! gr\nd1 & proce$ to pick x up by ! /r5g? ( ! arm1 we say t ! ex]tion ( ! arm is ! cause ( ! /one be+ lift$4 ,b 9 ?is respect ev5 we are too ha/y4 ,! arm may ex]t itself & yet ! /one n be lift$ up--if x is too heavy4 ,all t we c say ab\t x is t if ! /one is lift$1 a c]ta9 set ( muscul> actions has gone on 9 ! arm1 & a c]ta9 movem5t ( ! /one has tak5 place4 ,if we look closely at ! matt]1 ! movem5ts 9 ! arm are relat$ to ! movem5ts 9 ! /one 9 a /rictly measurable way4 ,!re has be5 s mu* ex]tion correspond+ to ! weight ( ! /one4 ,b suppose ! arm _h done any?+ else1 !re w\ld h be5 ! same relation traceable betwe5 ! movem5ts 9 ! arm & ! actions :i* foll[$ its movem5ts4 ,! en]gy sp5t by ! arm w\ld be equal to ! en]gy imp>t$ to ! object mov$1 :e!r x be a /one s5t fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 or "o lift$ to a high] position 7be>+ 9 m9d always ! small quantity ( en]gy pass+ (f 9 ! =m ( heat74 ,x does n seem advisable t ! notion ( cause %\ld be br\ght 9 to d5ote ! relation ( ! movem5t ( ! arm & ! movem5t ( ! /one4 ,^! are two sets ( actions betwe5 :i* ! regul> relations :i* hold good betwe5 ! consecutive /ates ( mov+ sy/ems hold good4 ,! notion ( 8cause0 %\ld r be appli$ to t act ( ! w :]eby ! movem5ts ( ! arm are connect$ ) ! movem5t ( t p>ticul> /one r ?an ! movem5t ( any o!r object4 ,we are ! cause ( ! actions we w4 ,! notion ( cause is d]iv$ f our 8w0 action1 & ! notion ( cause ought to be kept to ?is connection4 ,all t goes on outside u c only be appreh5d$ z consecutive /ates foll[+ on "o ano!r4 ,betwe5 c]ta9 sets ( consecutive ev5ts we notice t ! same relation holds good :i* we h obs]v$ 9 o!r consecutive /ates4 ,if "s wat] is heat$ 9 ,engl& x passes (f into /eam2 if wat] is heat$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! _w x also passes (f into /eam4 ,!re is an exact analogy 9 ! behavi\r ( wat] "u ! action ( heat :]ev] we obs]ve x4 ,b all t we h obta9$ z k is ! fact t we may practically be confid5t ( an analog\s behavi\r on ! "p ( wat] :]ev] circum/ances are simil>4 ,we may use ! expression t heat is ! cause ( wat] boil+ = conv5i5ce4 ,b ! expression %\ld n be us$ z conta9+ any deep mean+4 ,to say "o ext]nal ev5t is ! cause ( ano!r is to put an absolutely unkn[n & spiritual relation 9 place ( imp>tial obs]vation4 ,to cause a motion is ! "n = ! action ( our s\l on matt]--a ?+ %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,to be ! antec$5t 9 a *a9 ( movem5ts is ! fact :i* we c obs]ve ab\t any movem5t 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,we _c /rictly say :at movem5ts ( gases1 wat]1 c41 cause ?is volcano4 ,we c only say :at movem5ts ( gases1 wat]1 c41 prec$e ?is volcanic eruption analog\s to movem5ts :i* h prec$$ o!r volcanoes4 ,!re are inv>iable sequ5ces 9 ! ext]nal _w to :i* we d n affix ! notion ( cause & effect--day & night1 summ] & w9t]4 ,:y we %\ld d s 9 any case is n cle>1 except t by famili>ity & my/]y ! sequ5ces h become to u some?+ l our own w action4 ,inde$1 is x n ! case t :5 we c trace int]m$iate l9ks we say s & s comes f s & s 9 su* a mann]4 ,b :5 no int]m$iate l9ks c be trac$ we say "o ev5t causes ano!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we omit ! feel+ ( causation f ! ext]nal *a9 ( ev5ts1 x does n foll[ t !re is no causation to be appreh5d$ 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,let u n introduce ! notion ( causation at haphaz>d4 ,b if we f9d 9 ! ext]nal _w signs ( an action l our own w action1 let u !n say1 ,"h is causation4 ,! inhabitants ( ! valley w\ld n h be5 "r 9 say+ t "o act ( a r\t9e caus$ ano!r3 ,b !y 7 "r 9 say+ t ! am\nt ( s5sation 0 con/ant1 & t "s ( x pass$ (f 9 a =m 9 :i* !y c\ld n feel x4 ,& s let u n say t "o action causes ano!r4 ,let u n say1 = example1 t ! d[nw>d sw+ ( a p5dulum is ! cause ( its upw>d sw+4 ,b let u simply say t ! "o foll[s ! o!r2 t ! am\nt ( en]gy pres5t is ! same except = ! small portion t passes (f into ! =m ( heat4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,suppose c]ta9 sets ( numb]s 7 be+ pres5t$ to u "o aft] ! o!r1 & among/ ^! ?ree consecutive sets 7 ! foll[+4 ,fir/ set3 #c1 #e1 #f4 ,second set3 #h1 -#b1 -#a1 #a4 ,?ird set3 #g1 #d1 #b1 -#a4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ u t !re is a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 ^! sets4 ,take ! squ>e ( ea* ( ! numb]s 9 ! fir/ set & add !m toge!r1 ! result is #gj4 ,?us #c #e #f #i #be #cf #gj4 ,! sums ( ! squ>es ( ! numb]s 9 ! second set come to ! same4 #h 7-#b7 7-#a7 #a #fd #d #a #a #gj4 ,also 9 ! ?ird1 #g #d #b 7-#a7 #di #af #d #a #gj1 & s on4 ,hav+ notic$ ?is we %\ld reg>d x z a purely =mal law1 hav+ no?+ to d ) :y ! numb]s 7 pres5t$ to u4 ,b we %\ld consid] x likely t x w\ld *>act]ize all ! numb]s t 7 pres5t$ to u4 ,& if ?is expectation 7 f\nd to be realiz$1 we %\ld aft] a "t feel a c]ta9 assurance t ! next set ( numb]s pres5t$ w\ld satisfy ! same law4 ,if ?is assurance 0 indef9itely satisfi$ we %\ld get to reg>d ! satisfy+ ?is law z an inv>iable condition ( ! numb]s pres5t$4 ,b we %\ld nev] reg>d ?is purely =mal law--t is1 a law ab\t ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( ! numb]s--we %\ld nev] reg>d ?is =mal law z ! cause ( ! next set ( numb]s appe>+ aft] ! fir/ _h gone4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we talk ab\t ! cons]vation ( en]gy we are apt to ?9k ( x z m ?an a m]ely =mal law1 m ?an a /atem5t ab\t numb]s :i* has be5 f\nd to hold true4 ,yet x is no m4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy ass]ts t 9 any sy/em 9 motion ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! velocities ( ! p>ticles at any "o mom5t is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! velocities ( ! p>ticles at ! next mom5t4 ,! cons]vation ( en]gy is b a mode ( reckon+ motion1 by :i* x is f\nd to be con/ant 9 all *anges ( a sy/em4 ,! sy/em mu/ embrace all ! p>ticles conc]n$ 9 ! motion4 ,x may be made z l>ge z we l4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy z "h /at$ is conf9$ to ! case ( mov+ bodies4 ,sometimes ! en]gy is said to disappe> f ! =m ( motion & become pot5tial en]gy4 ,t case w be treat$ "u ! f\r? consid]ation ( level1 b x introduces no alt]ation 9 :at has be5 said4 ,z to ! practical tru? ( ! law ( cons]vation ( en]gy !re c be no d\bt2 nor z to ! value ( ! results obta9$ f trac+ its validity 9 obscure actions4 ,b !re is no?+ f9al ab\t x4 ,x is a num]ical /atem5t ( extreme value1 & x introduces a mode ( reckon+ by :i* motion c be look$ ^u z inde/ructible z matt] is4 ,!re is a possible objection to ! law ( cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,x is no less a law 9 nature t 9 e "o ( a s]ies ( *anges "s ( ! en]gy passes (f into ! =m ( heat4 ,n[ heat is reckon$ z a mode ( en]gy4 ,& !re is 9 sci5ce a me?od ( calculat+ h[ mu* en]gy any giv5 quantity ( heat is ! equival5t (4 ,& ?is equival5ce is calculat$ on ! supposition t no en]gy is lo/4 ,:5 heat is produc$ & motion passes away1 ! proportion betwe5 ! motion t disappe>s & ! heat t appe>s is repres5t$ by a numb] calculat$ on ! assumption t no en]gy is lo/4 ,?us :5ev] any quantity ( en]gy takes ! =m ( heat1 ! quantity ( heat :i* is produc$ is exactly giv5 by ! calculation4 ,b ! rev]se process is n possible4 ,x is n possible to turn back all ! en]gy 9 ! =m ( heat into ! =m ( motion4 ,consequ5tly x _c be prov$ t ! en]gy 9 ! =m ( heat w\ld1 if all turn$ into motion1 produce z mu* motion z t f :i* x 0 produc$4 ,!re may be an absolute loss ( en]gy--only a v small "o4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy may be ! expression t ?is loss is a m9imum4 ,?is objection is n ess5tial to ! l9e ( argum5t pursu$ above ) reg>d to ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,x =ms no necess>y "p ( ! l9e ( ?\ght we are pursu+4 ,x m]ely t5ds to %[ t ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is no axiom :i* we _c suppose n true4 ,! real conclusion to :i* ?is "p ( our l9e ( ?\ght t5ds is t ! cons]vation ( en]gy is a purely =mal law4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! mo/ app>5tly simple movem5ts are ^? :i* we see tak+ place on ! surface ( ! e>?1 connect$ ) ! ag5cy :i* we call gravitation4 ,we see ! riv]s fl[+ f a high] to a l[] level1 rocks :5 loos5$ f a m\nta9 side roll+ d[n1 ra9 fall+1 & _m m9or *anges ( ?is sort4 ,b !re are _m actions besides ^!4 ,= in/ance1 suppose be=e u a spr+ coil$ up4 ,:5 x unw9ds x 8ex]ts =ce10 x transmits movem5t4 ,9 its fir/ /ate x is l a /one at ! top ( a m\nta94 ,9 its second /ate x is l a /one :i* has fall5 to ! bottom ( ! m\nta94 ,x _h a p[] ( movem5t & ( communicat+ movem5t1 n[ x has lo/ t p[]4 ,aga91 ! p[d] 9 a gun :5 x explodes exp&s & imp>ts movem5t to ! %ot4 ,:5 ! gun has be5 fir$ (f ! p[d] ent]s a diff]5t /ate4 ,be=e1 ! *emical aff9ities ( its con/itu5ts 7 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 n[ t x is fir$ (f1 !y h =m$ fre% comb9ations4 ,! p[] ( transmitt+ movem5t has be5 lo/ by t :i* 0 ! p[d]4 ,x is l a portion ( wat] at ! top ( a fall ( wat]4 ,if x rema9s at ! top x has at any "t ! p[] ( produc+ a %ock1 & ( effect+1 say1 ! movem5t ( a wat]-:eel "u x4 ,b if x falls x has ex]t$ & lo/ t p[]4 ,! diff]5ce ( level associat$ ) gravity is famili> to u4 ,b we h no "r1 o!r ?an our own famili>ity ) x1 to look on gravity z less 9 ne$ ( explanation ?an any o!r ph5om5on ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,newton did n suppose t !re 0 any =ce inh]5t 9 matt] :i* attract$ o!r matt] inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,he %[$ t a great _m a/ronomical facts 7 capable ( be+ expla9$ & calculat$ on ?is hypo!sis4 ,he left ! explanation ( h[ x is t matt] gravitates unsolv$1 & x rema9s unsolv$ to ! pres5t day4 ,b gravitation af=ds u a useful t]m--8,level40 ,let u agree to call ! foll[+ on a high level--a /one at ! top ( a precipice1 a w\nd-up spr+1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 mix$ 9 ! proportion to =m wat]4 ,let u call ! foll[+ at a l[ level--! /one at ! foot ( ! precipice1 a spr+ /raight5$ s f> z x t5ds to /raight51 oxyg5 & hydrog5 unit$ 9 ! =m ( wat]4 ,9 pass+ f _! fir/ /ate to _! la/ all ^! h manife/$ a p[] ( movem5t & ( communicat+ movem5t4 ,!y h n[ relatively to _! =m] /ate lo/ t p[]4 ,diff]5ce ( level 9 ?is g5]al s5se is ! mo/ univ]sal di/9ction ( matt]4 ,no motion takes place unless matt] passes f a high] to a l[] level4 ,! univ]sal cause ( motion is t :i* produces ?is diff]5ce ( 8level0 9 ! g5]al s5se4 ,if !re 7 no diff]5ce ( level ! /ate ( ?+s 9 nature w\ld be z if "o spr+ 9 ord] to unw9d _h to w9d up an exactly equal spr+ ( ! same am\nt2 z if a /one fall+ f a height _h to raise an exactly equal /one to ! same height f :i* x fell4 ,"u su* conditions ( ?+s no motion w\ld beg94 ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s all nature w\ld be l ! inhabitants ( ! valley :5 ! k+ bore no pa91 = no c\rse w\ld be pref]able to any o!r c\rse4 ,:at is ! cause ( ! 8,diff]5ce ( ,level80 ,:5ev] matt] passes f a high] to a l[] level "s ( ! en]gy :i* is giv5 out passes away 9 ! =m ( heat4 ,?is pass+ away ( "s ( ! en]gy into ! =m ( heat is an inv>iable accompanim5t ( ! transition f a high] to a l[] level4 ,is x ! cause ( ! diff]5ce ( level8 ,9 ! valley ! k+ by be>+ "s pa9 made action wor? :ile4 ,is !re any indication 9 nature ( ! production ( a l[] level :i* makes ! c\rse ( ?+s run on8 ,x is c]ta9 t en]gy 9 e action passes (f into ! =m ( heat1 & unless x is ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! f9] p>ticles ( matt] to absorb ! en]gy1 x is difficult to see h[ any action c take place4 ,z ) ! o!r l9es ( ?\ght1 ?is l9e also t]m9ates ) a possibility4 ,no?+ has be5 prov$1 b a place has be5 provid$4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is pap] a possible mode ( action 0 exhibit$ 9 ! imag9>y relations ( a _w subject to c]ta9 laws ( pleasure & pa94 ,9 ! second "p x has be5 %[n t some?+ is want+ 9 our conception ( ! natural processes4 ,!re is room = a c5tral idea4 ,no sci5tific doctr9es prop]ly und]/ood w\ld cla% ) "o prop]ly locat$4 ,c ! mode ( action exhibit$ 9 t]ms ( s5sation 9 ! fictiti\s _w be appli$ to ! case ( ! _w ( =ce & matt]8 ,be=e pass+ on1 h[ev]1 x is wor? :ile to exam9e a little m closely into :at is meant by ! expression s (t5 us$3 8,pass+ (f into ! =m ( heat40 ,! modes 9 :i* en]gy passes (f into ! =m ( heat are 9 g5]al ^? modes by :i* movem5t is br\ght to a /&/ill su* z friction4 ,& we are apt to ?9k motion ! prim>y fact1 ! cessation ( motion a second>y & disagreeable fact4 ,b bo? are equally exi/5t ph5om5a1 & ! conv5i5ce to ourselves is n to mislead u z to _! relative importance4 ,b :at is ?is pass+ (f ( en]gy into ! =m ( heat8 ,! phrase is unsatisfactory1 = we are told by sci5ce almo/ 9 ! same brea? t heat is ! motion1 ! me*anical motion1 ( ! p>ticles ( matt]4 ,s ! /atem5t resolves itself into ?is4 ,only :5 "s ( ! motion passes (f into ! =m ( motion ( ! small] p>ticles ( matt] does motion take place 9 l>g] masses4 ,z a coroll>y x foll[s t at "s date1 h[ev] di/ant1 all ! motion ( masses w h pass$ away into ! =m ( motion ( small] masses4 ,x may be urg$ t :5 ! l>g] masses move1 ! small] p>ticles also move4 ,?is is true2 b motion 9 ?is s5se is us$ to d5ote *ange ( position among/ ! small] p>ticles ) reg>d to "o ano!r4 ,! p>ticles 9 a fly+ cannon-ball are relatively /ill ) reg>d to "o ano!r z f> z ! motion ( ! cannon-ball z a :ole is conc]n$4 ,we ?us arrive at ! foll[+ pr9ciple3 ,! condition ( ! motion ( masses tak+ place is t "s ( ! motion passes (f into ! motion ( ! small] p>ticles4 ,b if ! motion ( ! small] p>ticles is j ! same z t ( ! l>g] portions1 we are obvi\sly n at ! end4 ,! v same pr9ciple j appli$ mu/ be appli$ aga94 ,^! motions ( ! small p>ticles ( matt] _c take place unless "s ( _! movem5t is transmitt$ & pass$ on1 & trans=m$ into ! motion ( /ill f9] p>ticles ( matt]4 ,b "h obvi\sly we are br\ght to ! beg9n+ ( an inf9ite s]ies4 ,an inf9ite s]ies pass+ f f9] matt] to /ill f9] matt]1 & s on endlessly4 ,! assumption by :i* we are l$ to ?is endless s]ies ( transmissions mu/ be cle>ly appreh5d$4 ,we take ! law--t ! motion ( masses only takes place :5 "s ( ! motion passes (f into ! motion ( ! f9] p>ticles ( matt]1 & we assume t x holds always4 ,9 a lev] !re is a fix$ po9t1 ! fulcrum1 :i* supports x1 & ! p[] raises ! weight2 b ! weight may be fix$1 & !n ! fulcrum c be lift$ by ! p[]4 ,s we obta9$ ?is law f ! consid]ation ( mat]ial relations2 & n[ we suppose ?is law to be ! fix$ po9t1 & %ift our notions ( mat]ial relations4 ,?us we are l&$ on an endless s]ies4 ,be=e proce$+1 h[ev]1 to inquire :at ! significance ( ?is endless s]ies may be1 let u assume an end to x4 ,let u assume t we come at la/ to a f9al transmission4 ,let u assume t ! en]gy is transmitt$ to ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]4 ,or1 if we h gone beyond matt]1 let u suppose an ultimate m$ium :i* by its modifications builds up matt]1 & :i* is ! la/ & ultimate sub/ance4 ,let u suppose ?is ultimate m$ium absolutely to receive "s ( ! en]gy4 ,let x absolutely receive & absorb "s ( ! en]gy1 & !reby give rise to ! diff]5ce ( level1 to give ! ultimate p]mission :i* sets all ?+s go+4 ,:at are ! prop]ties ( ?is m$ium8 ,we obta9 an indication ( :at !y are :5 we exam9e ! prop]ties ( ! f9] k9ds ( matt]4 ,comp>$ ) ! motions ( masses1 motions :i* affect ! small] p>ticles ( bodies are inf9itely quick4 ,light & electricity are actions affect+ ! small] p>ticles ( bodies1 & by !m di/ances are spe$ily trav]s$1 :i* relatively to mov+ masses are v great4 ,n[ 9 po9t ( spe$ ( transmission ! prop]ties ( ?is ultimate m$ium mu/ be inf9itely beyond ^? ( lum9if]\s e!r4 ,to ?is ultimate m$ium all movem5ts at any di/ance f ea* o!r mu/ be almo/ equally pres5t at e "p4 ,at :atev] di/ance f "o ano!r two affections ( ?is ultimate m$ium be suppos$ to take place1 ! effect ( ! "o w travel to ! place ( action ( ! o!r in/antane\sly4 ,su* a m$ium is a k9d ( visible symbol ( ! univ]se1 be+ "o sy/em 9 :i* all motions %\ld be co-det]m9$4 ,to make ?is cle>1 suppose a trans=mation ( en]gy 0 produc$ 9 "o "p ( space ( an absorption ( en]gy on ! "p ( ?is ultimate m$ium1 ?is trans=mation ( en]gy w\ld be produc$ by a m$ium 9 in/antane\s contact ) e o!r "p ( space1 & ! trans=mation ( en]gy ?us orig9at$ w\ld h>monize )1 & h ref]5ce to1 ! trans=mations ( en]gy 9 e o!r "p ( space4 ,!re are two inf9ities--! inf9ite ( space ext5d+ out ea* way1 ! inf9ite ( ! small] & small] divisions ( matt]4 ,! ultimate m$ium we h suppos$ p>takes ( bo? inf9ities4 ,x is inf9ite 9 ext5t1 & inf9itely f9e 9 its p>ticles4 ,n[ ?is m$ium by absorb+ en]gy sets movem5ts go+4 ,& t movem5ts d n neutralize "o ano!r--i4e41 t movem5ts 9 opposite directions d n mutually de/roy "o ano!r--has ?is result1 t a giv5 am\nt ( ?is absorption produces ! greate/ possible am\nt ( motion4 ,if motion came to a re/ 9 any o!r way1 m ( ?is absorption by ! ultimate m$ium w\ld be ne$$4 ,h5ce1 by a giv5 am\nt ( absorption 9 ! ultimate m$ium ! greate/ possible am\nt ( motion is produc$4 ,t is1 ! absorption ( motion into ! ultimate m$ium is a m9imum1 & ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is ! expression ( ?is be+ a m9imum4 ,b "h aga9 a fur!r rem>k is call$ =4 ,we />t by assum+ en]gy to be an absolute exi/5ce4 ,b :y n assume ?is action on ! "p ( ! ultimate m$ium to be ! real action1 & consid] ! ph5om5a ( motion & en]gy z ! mode ( its action4 ,:at ?is action ( ! ultimate m$ium may be ne$s exam9ation4 ,all t we c say at pres5t is t relatively to t :i* we call en]gy1 ! action ( ?is m$ium is t ( be+ act$ on4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,9 ! prec$+1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is conception ( an ultimate m$ium 0 m]ely a supposition to enable u to see & r\ghly map out ! relations ( ! ?+s we are inve/igat+4 ,:]e we 7 really l&$ 0 9 an inf9ite s]ies--we 7 br\ght logically to ! conception ( an inf9ite s]ies ( m$ia1 "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,:at does an inf9ite s]ies indicate8 ,let u turn to a region ( ?\ght :]e inf9ite s]ies are famili> objects1 & we c le>n ab\t !m4 ,9 algebra inf9ite s]ies are common4 ,?us take s]ies #a - x_/#b x_/#d & s on = ev]4 ,?is is ! attempt 9 algebra to repres5t a trigonometrical idea4 ,9 trigonometry x is express$ z cos4 x4 ,b 9 algebra x ne$s ?is inf9ite s]ies4 ,9 algebra inf9ite s]ies occur :5 ! object :i* x is want$ to repres5t 9 algebraical t]ms _c be grasp$ by algebra4 ,:5 !re is no s+le t]m or set ( !m 9 algebra :i* w s]ve1 ! object is repres5t$ by means ( an inf9ite s]ies4 ,?us we may say t 9 any calculus1 :5 ! object to be treat$ ( _c be express$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! calculus1 x is repres5t$ by means ( an inf9ite s]ies4 ,n[1 deal+ ) mat]ial consid]ations1 go+ on 9 ! calculus ( matt]1 we h come to an inf9ite s]ies4 ,?is indicates t we h gone z f> z ! mat]ial calculus w c>ry u4 ,we h n[ to br+ 9 an idea f a diff]5t qu>t] if we w simplify our expression4 ,x may well be t )9 our exp]i5ce !re is no?+ :i* w s]ve4 ,b let u suppose t t :i* 9 mat]ial t]ms we repres5t z an inf9ite s]ies is a w--a w 9 contact ) all exi/5ce1 z %[n by ! prop]ties x _h :5 we conceiv$ x z an ultimate m$ium4 ,=1 reg>d+ x z an ultimate sub/ance1 we f\nd t x w\ld be affect$ by pulsations inf9itely quick] ?an light & electricity2 consid]$ z a sub/ance1 x 0 su* t di/ance to x t5d$ to be annihilat$4 ,h5ce z a w we mu/ say ( x t to x all t is is pres5t--a w :i* by a fiat t to our notions is be+ act$ on r ?an act+1 accept+ pa9 r ?an tak+ pleasure1 sets ! c\rse ( ! _w 9 motion1 :i* holds all 9 "o sy/em1 :i* creates all activities4 ,= al?\gh we appreh5d ?is w relatively to ! appe>ances :i* we suppose we "k1 me*anical en]gy & feel+1 /ill we see t bo? are caus$ by x1 & t ! sum ( bo? is no?+1 save = t :i* ?is w is 9 !m4 ,is !re any o!r way ( appreh5d+ ?is w ?an ?r\gh ! ext]nal _w8 ,we h two appreh5sions ( nature--"o ( ext]nal ?+s1 ! o!r ( our own wills4 ,does ?is w n exi/ 9 ^? :o are true p]sonalities1 & n m]e pleasure-l$ creatures8--h !y n "s ( ?is p[]1 ! p[] ( accept+1 suff]+1 ( det]m9+ absolutely :at %all be8--a creative p[] :i*1 giv5 to ea* :o possesses x1 makes him a true p]sonality1 di/9ct1 & n to be m]g$ 9 any o!r--a p[] :i* det]m9es ! *a9 ( me*anical actions1 ( mat]ial sequ5ces--:i* creates x 9 ! v same way 9 :i* x seems to be com+ to an end--by t :i*1 repres5t$ 9 mat]ial t]ms1 is ! absorption ( en]gy into an ultimate m$ium2 :i*1 repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( s5sation1 is suff]+2 b :i* 9 itself is absolute be+1 ?\gh only to be kn[n by u z a negation ( negations4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,9 conclusion let u rem>k t we h suppos$ two diff]5t worlds--"o ( s5sation 9 ! fir/ "p1 "o ( motion 9 ! second "p4 ,& ^! h be5 treat$ z di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,& especially 9 ! fir/ "p1 by ?is avoidance ( que/ions ( movem5t1 an appe>ance ( artificiality 0 produc$1 & occasionally inconsi/5cies1 = sometimes s5sations 7 treat$ z indep5d5t ( actions1 sometimes z connect$ ) !m4 ,b x rema9s to be decid$ if ^! inconsi/5cies are 9 !mselves p]man5t1 or :e!r1 :5 we remove ! artificial sep>ation1 & let ! _w ( s5sation & ! _w ( motion coalesce1 ! inconsi/5cies w n disappe>1 !reby %[+ t _! orig9 0 m]ely 9 ! treatm5t1 n 9 ! fact2 t !y came f ! p>ticul> plan adopt$ ( writ+ ab\t ! subject & are n inh]5t 9 ! argum5ts !mselves4 ,! k+ 9 ! fir/ "p 0 suppos$ to h all ! mat]ial problems ( exi/5ce solv$4 ,!re 0 a complete me*anism ( nature4 ,he took up ! problem ( ! s5ti5t life4 ,b ?is problem c only artificially be sep>at$ f t ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,! gap betwe5 our s5sations & matt] c nev] be bridg$1 because !y are really id5tical4 ,let u !n all[ ?is sep>ation to fall aside4 ,let u suppose ! k+ to h all ! re9s ( p[] 9 8 own h&s4 ,let u moreov] suppose t he imp>ts 8 rays to ! inhabitants s t !y h ea* a portion ( 8 p[]4 ,& let u suppose t ! inhabitants h arriv$ at a /ate ( k ab\t _! ext]nal _w correspond+ to t :i* we h ab\t ! _w :i* we "k4 ,let u li/5 to a conv]sation betwe5 two ( !m4 ,a4 ,! en]gy ( ! :ole /ate ( ?+s is runn+ d[n4 ,b4 ,h[ d y prove t8 ,a4 ,:5ev] any motion ( masses takes place a c]ta9 portion ( ! en]gy passes irrecov]ably into ! =m ( heat1 & x is n possible to make s l>ge a movem5t ) ^? same masses z be=e1 d all t is possible to obta9 ! en]gy back aga9 f ! heat into :i* x has pass$4 ,b4 ,well1 :at ab\t ! heat8 ,en]gy 9 ! =m ( ! motions ( ! masses passes (f into ! en]gy ( heat4 ,b :at is heat8 ,a4 ,x is ! motion ( ! f9] p>ticles ( matt]4 ,b4 ,well1 ,i w\ld put =w>d ?is proposal4 ,we h by obs]vation got hold ( a c]ta9 pr9ciple t :]e any movem5t takes place "s ( ! en]gy goes 9 work+ on ! f9] p>ticles ( matt]4 ,let u n[ take ?is pr9ciple z a univ]sal "o ( motion1 & apply x to ! motions ( ! f9] p>ticles ( matt] !mselves1 :i* are simply movem5ts ( ! same k9d z ! movem5ts ( ! l>g] ones4 ,?is pr9ciple w\ld %[ t ^! movem5ts are only possible inasmu* z !y h& ov] a portion ( _! en]gy to "w on /ill f9] matt]4 ,a4 ,!n y w\ld h to g on to /ill f9] matt]4 ,b4 ,yes1 & s on & on2 b to fix our ?\ghts1 suppose !re is an ultimate f9e matt] :i* is ! la/ work$ on4 ,n[ ,i say t we may ei!r suppose t ?is is be+ gradually work$ on & all ! en]gy is dissipat+1 or else we may put x 9 ?is way4 ,:5 we reg>d s mu* en]gy we are apt to ?9k t x is ! cause ( ! next manife/ation 9 :i* x %[s itself4 ,b ?is is really an assumption4 ,en]gy is a purely =mal conception1 & all t we d is to trace 9 ! actions t g on a c]ta9 =mal correspond5ce1 :i* we express by say+ t ! en]gy is con/ant4 ,a4 ,b ,i feel my own en]gy4 ,b4 ,all[ me to put y\r feel+ to "o side4 ,if we take !n ! cons]vation ( en]gy to be m]ely a =mal pr9ciple1 may we n look = ! cause ( ! movem5ts 9 ! inv>iable accompanim5t ( !m1 namely1 9 ! fact t a c]ta9 portion ( ! en]gy is exp5d$ irrevocably on ! f9] portions ( matt]4 ,if n[ we take ?is ultimate m$ium :i* suff]s ! exp5diture ( en]gy on x1 may we n look on x z ! cause1 & ! sett] 9 action ( all ! movem5ts t !re are4 ,by its submitt+ to be act$ on 9 ! way 9 :i* x does submit1 x det]m9es all ! actions t g on4 ,= :at is all else ?an a great vibration1 a sw++ to & fro4 ,:5 we c\nt x z en]gy1 we by reckon+ x 9 a p>ticul> mann] make x seem to be inde/ructible1 b t ! en]gy %\ld be inde/ructible w\ld be a consequ5ce f ! supposition :i* we c\ld v well make1 t to produce a giv5 s]ies ( effects ! submitt+ to be work$ on ( ?is ultimate m$ium mu/ be a m9imum4 ,if x 7 a m9imum no movem5ts c\ld neutralize "o ano!r :5 once set go+1 = if !y did !re w\ld be a wa/e ( ! submission ( ?is ultimate m$ium4 ,a4 ,b :at d y suppose ?is ultimate m$ium w\ld be8 ,b4 ,t ,i _c tell1 b we seem to h indications4 ,= ! m f9e ! matt] :i* we inve/igate1 ! m its actions seem to annihilate di/ance3 light & electricity produce _! effects ) f> great] rapidity ?an d ! movem5ts ( masses4 ,we might suppose t to ?is ultimate matt] all p>ts 7 pres5t 9 _! effects1 s t any?+ emanat+ f ! ultimate matt] w\ld h ! appe>ance ( a sy/em compreh5d+ ev]y?+4 ,a4 ,b y h n got any evid5ce ( an ultimate matt]4 ,b4 ,no1 all t we c ?9k ( is an endless s]ies ( f9] & f9] matt]4 ,b is t n an indication r1 n t ! direction ( our ?\ghts is false1 b t !re are o!r *>act]i/ics ( ?is ultimate1 s t :5 look$ at "u ! =m ( matt] x c only be express$ z an inf9ite s]ies4 ,let u omit ! consid]ations br\ght =w>d 9 ! prec$+ conv]sation & exam9e m closely ! philosophy ( ! inhabitants ( ! valley 9 s f> z x corresponds ) ours4 ,!y laid great /ress on a notion ( vis viva1 or :at we %\ld t]m en]gy1 b said x 0 gradually pass+ away f ! =m ( movem5ts ( l>ge bodies to t ( movem5ts ( small bodies4 ,s t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! :ole valley w\ld consi/ ( no?+ b an ev5ly ext5d$ mass ( matt] mov+ only 9 its small p>ticles--& ?is motion ( ! small p>ticles !y call$ heat4 ,n[ !y _h v cle>ly arriv$ at ! conviction t ) e me*anical motion !re 0 a c]ta9 transf]5ce ( vis viva to ! small] p>ticles ( matt]1 s t x did n appe> aga9 z me*anical motion4 ,b !y did n accept ?is z a pr9ciple to "w by4 ,!y did n consid] t ! motions ( ! small] p>ticles ( matt] 7 j ! same z ^? ( ! l>g] masses4 ,!y did n see t if a condition held univ]sally = ! movem5ts ( ! visible _w1 x mu/ also hold = ! small] motions :i* !y exp]i5c$ z heat4 ,s ! conclusion :i* !y %\ld logically h come to t !re 0 a transf]5ce ( vis viva on & on 0 n held4 ,b ! /ep 0 a v little "o = !m to take f reg>d+ an inv>iable condition z always !re to reg>d+ x z a cause4 ,= ! causes !y assign$ 7 all purely =mal relations1 & only got to assume an appe>ance ( effective causes by famili>ity ) !m1 & a ?r[+ ov] !m ( t feel+ ( effectiv5ess :i* !y d]iv$ f ! contact :i* !y _h ) ! k+4 ,!y might h reason$4 ,?is univ]sal condition ( any?+ happ5+ mu/ be ! cause4 ,en]gy goes f a high] to a l[] level4 ,t :i* causes ! diff]5ce ( level is ! cause1 & ! cause ( ! diff]5ce ( level mu/ be t :i* inv>iably accompanies su* a transf]5ce ( en]gy f a high] to a l[] level4 ,n[ ?is inv>iable condition is ! pass+ ( a portion ( ! en]gy into ! =m ( motions ( ! f9] p>ts ( matt]4 ,h5ce !re is an app>5tly endless s]ies4 ,b to realize ! matt]1 suppose an ultimate m$ium1 suppose !re is a k9d ( matt] ( inf9ite f95ess di/ribut$ ev]y:]e :i* let itself be work$ on1 & s det]m9es diff]5ces & wak5s ! sleep+ _w4 ,:at are ! qualities ( ?is f9e matt]8 ,we see !m 9 ! prop]ties ( ! f9] k9d ( matt] :i* we "k1 su* z light1 electricity4 ,! prop]ty ( ! f9] k9d ( matt] is 9 g5]al t x t5ds to br+ di/ant places toge!r1 s t a *ange 9 "o "p is rapidly communicat$ to e o!r "p4 ,if !y foll[$ ?is indication !y w\ld h suppos$ t ! ultimate f9e matt] 0 ( su* a nature z to make all p>ts ( ! valley z "o1 s t !re 0 no di/ance1 & any det]m9ation ( a diff]5ce ( level on ! "p ( ?is ultimate matt] w\ld h ref]5ce to all ! conditions ev]y:]e4 ,x w\ld be 9 imm$iate contact ) e "p1 s t any?+ spr++ !refrom w\ld pres5t ! appe>ance ( a sy/em hav+ reg>d to ! :ole4 ,n[ if !y _h imag9$ su* an ultimate m$ium do+ t :i* to !m w\ld seem be>+ r ?an ex]t+ =ce1 suff]+ r ?an act+1 !y w\ld n h be5 f> f a true conception ( ! k+ :o direct$ !m all4 ,= he himself by reason ( 8 v omnipres5ce c\ld n be se5 by !m4 ,!re 0 no?+ = !m to di/+ui% him by4 ,b !y c\ld h discov]$ some:at ( ! means by :i* he act$ on !m1 :i* c only be describ$ f ! appe>ances !y pres5t to ! creatures :om ! k+ calls into life4 ,b ( tru? !y w\ld h _h ano!r & p]haps a tru] appreh5sion ( ! k+ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,= :5 he act$ on !m s t !y took "o c\rse r ?an ano!r1 x 0 8 action 9 !mselves t !y felt4 ,if !y 7 m]e pleasure-l$ creatures !n !y 7 %ap$ outw>dly1 b if 9 _! inn] s\ls he act$ & ?r\gh !m suff]$1 !n !y 7 true p]sonalities consci\s ( be+ true selves1 ! on5ess ( all ( !m ly+ 9 ! k+1 b ea* spontane\s 9 himself & absolute w1 n to be m]g$ 9 any o!r4 ,?us !y _h two modes ( access to ! k+1 "o ?r\gh _! own selves :]e he _h made !m exi/1 "o ?r\gh ! out] _w4 ,& 9 ! out] _w x 0 b a direction 9 :i* !y c\ld look4 ,!y c\ld nev] behold ! p]sonality ( ! k+1 b only an inf9ite s]ies ( diff]5t k9ds ( matt]1 "o support+ ! o!r z x 7 & und]ly+ x1 b do+ m also ?an ?is1 = 9 proportion z !y consid]$ ! k9ds ( matt] t lay deep] !y f\nd t di/ant became ne>1 abs5t1 pres5t1 t "t gave no long] su* di/9ctions1 b f ! ph5om5al side !y seem$ by a gradual dim9ution ( ! limitations ( exp]i5ce to arrive at an ext]nal pres5tation ( t absolute :i* exi/s 9 ! fulness ( ?+s1 :i* !y knew m imm$iately 9 !mselves :5 !y truly 74 ,,! ,,end4 ,,introduction4 ,9 ! next two or ?ree ( ^! pap]s c]ta9 que/ions connect$ ) ! subject ( a space high] ?an our own w be treat$4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 fir/ to rec$e & to =m def9ite conceptions ab\t a _w ( plane space1 ab\t a _w 9 :i* ! be+s c only move 9 two indep5d5t directions4 ,!n1 proce$+ !nce to our own _w1 we may ga9 ! means ( pass+ on to a high] _w4 ,& ,i %\ld h wi%$ to be able to ref] ! read] altoge!r to t +5i\s "w1 8,flatl&40 ,b on turn+ ov] its pages aga91 ,i f9d t ! au?or has us$ 8 r>e tal5t = a purpose =eign to ! int5t ( our "w4 ,= evid5tly ! physical conditions ( life on ! plane h n be5 8 ma9 object4 ,he has us$ !m z a sett+ :]e9 to place 8 satire & 8 lessons4 ,b we wi%1 9 ! fir/ place1 to "k ! physical facts4 ,) ?is aim x is necess>y to =m a cle> idea ( :at matt] w\ld be 9 a _w ( two dim5sions1 & ! foll[+ illu/ration is a conv5i5t "o4 ,place on ! smoo? surface ( a table a half-cr[n piece1 & suppose x to slide on ! table p]fectly freely4 ,imag9e x to ex]cise an attractive =ce along ! surface ( ! table 9 all directions r\nd itself4 ,by x & ne> x place a sixp5ce1 & let ! sixp5ce also slide freely on ! table4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 n be s free to move equally 9 all directions z ! half-cr[n 01 = x w be attract$ by ! half-cr[n4 ,x w slip ov] ! surface ( ! table "u ! influ5ce ( ?is suppos$ =ce1 & w come into contact ) ! half-cr[n4 ,n[ if we suppose t bo? ! half-cr[n & ! sixp5ce are v ?91 t !y are bo? ( !m only ! ?ickness ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]1 !n we %all h a repres5tation ( :at mat]ial bodies w be 9 a plane _w4 ,we mu/ suppose t ! p>ticles _c lift !mselves or be lift$ up f ! plane s z to lie ^u ea* o!r4 ,"u no circum/ances c !y quit ! surface ( ! plane4 ,moreov]1 at no po9t mu/ ! p>ticles adh]e to ! plane1 nor mu/ !re be any friction imp$+ _! movem5ts ov] x4 ,! only purpose :i* ! support s]ves is to keep !m on ! same level surface & to convey influ5ces f "o p>ticle to ano!r4 ,! gravity :i* we "k1 & :i* acts at "r angles to ! table on :i* ! co9s re/1 w n h any effect on ! p>ticles 9 _! motions on ! plane1 b w simply keep !m to ! plane4 ,any =ce ( attraction :i* conc]ns _! motions proce$s f "o p>ticle to ano!r4 ,?us1 conceive ! half-cr[n to be a v l>ge disk ( matt]1 & ! sixp5ce to be a s5ti5t be+4 ,?is be+ w\ld feel a =ce ( attraction t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! half-cr[n1 & ?is =ce ( attraction w\ld keep him to ! rim ( ! half-cr[n4 ,if he weigh$ any?+ x w\ld be by balanc+ x ) 8 weight aga9/ ! =ce :i* t5d$ to pull x to ! c5tre ( ! half-cr[n4 ,he w\ld n feel ! gravity :i* keeps him aga9/ ! surface ( ! table2 he w\ld n "k t !re 0 a h>d1 smoo? surface on :i* he re/$4 ,he w\ld always h be5 9 contact ) x1 & s he c\ld n tell :at x w\ld be l to be free f x4 ,he w\ld h no contra/ :]eby to appreh5d its effect on him4 ,moreov]1 he w\ld only "k ( movem5ts 9 directions along ! plane4 ,he w\ld n conceive t su* a ?+ 0 possible z movem5t 9 ano!r direction ?an to & fro1 hi!r & ?i!r on ! plane4 ,x is difficult to suppose t a be+ w\ld be support$ on "o side by a plane1 & n be 9 contact ) any?+ on ! o!r side1 ev5 atmosph]e4 ,yet if we suppose a be+ ( real matt] free to move on ! plane1 ?is is :at mu/ be conceiv$4 ,if ! sixp5ce is conceiv$ z su* a be+1 x mu/ receive its impressions ?r\gh its rim4 ,! rim repres5ts its sk94 ,& if x be suppos$ to be surr\nd$ by air = its respiration1 ?is air mu/ n be able1 any m ?an ! p>ticles ( solid matt]1 to rise away f ! plane4 ,! plane be+ mu/ be conceiv$ to h a diff]5t air to t :i* we "k4 ,! p>ticles ( its air1 h[ev] free to move among/ !mselves1 mu/ n h ! p[] ( mov+ away f ! surface ( ! plane1 z if s !y w\ld be able to pass to ! int]ior ( ! body )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! sk94 ,any passage lead+ to ! int]ior ( ! body w\ld h to t]m9ate 9 an op5+ 9 ! rim1 o!rwise x w\ld be completely %ut up f ! ext]ior4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t if ! table is /ruck s t x quiv]s1 ?is movem5t w be communicat$ to ! co9s ly+ on x4 ,ei!r ! co9s z a :ole w move1 or _! p>ticles w be di/urb$4 ,aga91 if we suppose !re to be "s p>ticles loosely coh]+ toge!r1 ly+ on a smoo? %eet ( iron1 x is evid5t t ! quiv]+ & jo/l+ ( ! iron1 if x is /ruck1 w\ld h an effect on ! p>ticles1 & may cause ! break+ up ( ! ?9 masses 9 :i* ! p>ticles coh]e4 ,?us1 if ! mat]ial ( :i* ! %eet is compos$ be v d5se & rigid1 comp>$ to ! sub/ances ly+ on x1 !y may und]go _m alt]ations1 be+ brok5 up & com+ toge!r aga9 :ile ! support+ matt] :i* be>s !m all up simply moves & vibrates4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,i4 ,x is evid5t t j z ! p>ticles are affect$ by ! vibration & %ak+ ( ! %eet ( metal on :i* we suppose !m1 s !y might 9 turn possibly affect ! %eet ( metal & cause vibrations & %ak+s 9 x4 ,^! %ak+s & vibrations w\ld g =? f a p>ticle :i* excit$ !m 9 e direction along ! %eet4 ,!y w\ld n pass out into ! air1 except second>ily & 9 a v m9ute degree4 ,! %ake w\ld be transmitt$ 9 ! %eet4 ,& ! effect on neighb\r+ p>ticles w\ld be great1 on m di/ant p>ticles x w\ld be less1 & on ^? at a great di/ance b>ely p]ceptible4 ,! foll[+ is a good plan = obta9+ 9 a def9ite way ! feel+ ( :at exi/5ce 9 a plane w\ld be l2 x enables u to realize ! conditions 9 su* a way z to lay ! basis = subsequ5t ?\ght4 ,let ! read] take a %eet ( note-pap] & hold x be=e himself edgewise1 s t he sees x ) "o eye z a s+le l9e4 ,& let him hold x s t ?is l9e runs d[nw>ds f 8 eyebr[s to 8 m\?1 z %[n 9 ,diagram ,i4 ,n[ on ?is %eet ( pap]1 on "o side ( x1 let a /raight l9e be drawn runn+ across x1 away f ! obs]v]4 ,suppose all bel[ ?is l9e to be a ?9 lay] ( p>ticles :i*1 keep+ compactly toge!r1 =m a solid %eet ( p>ticles1 e "o ( :i* t\*es ! pap]4 ,?is w\ld be ! solid e>? to a be+ 9 ! plane _w4 ,let ! surface ( ! pap] above ?is be cov]$ by a lay] ( p>ticles :i* move freely among/ ea* o!r1 b :i* d n rise f ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,^! p>ticles =m ! air ( su* a _w4 ,on ! surface ( ! e>? draw a l9e /&+ upright4 ,let ?is l9e repres5t a man4 ,ano!r l9e w repres5t a wall :i* ! man c\ld n pass except by gett+ ov] x4 ,x w be f\nd t ! objects on ! pap] are felt to be subject to ! action ( gravity4 ,! "q w occur1 ,:y w n ?is ?9 lay] ( p>ticles slip (f ! pap]8 ,n[1 ! s5se ( gravity mu/ n be got rid (1 b x mu/ be connect$ ) ! matt] 9 ! %eet ( pap]4 ,suppose1 !n1 t ! %eet 7 to gr[ bigg] & bigg] till x fill$ out rea*+ ?r\gh ! :ole _w & cutt+ ! globe 9 two4 ,!n let all ! e>? be remov$ except a ?9 lay] on "o side ( ?is enl>g$ %eet ( pap]4 ,?is ?9 lay] w be ! only portion ( matt] left4 ,& su* a ?9 lay] w repres5t a plane _w4 ,! =ce ( gravity mu/ be conceiv$ z rema9+1 b z com+ f a l>ge & ?9 disk4 ,n[ to keep ?is ?9 lay] on ! pap] x w\ld be necess>y to h "s =ce act+ sideways1 s z to keep ! p>ticles to ! pap]4 ,& ! pap] itself may be conceiv$ to ex]cise su* a =ce3 x is _m p>ticles ?ick1 :ile ! ?9 lay] ( matt] is only "o p>ticle ?ick1 & ?us x w keep ! lay] ( matt]1 :i* cov]s "o side ( x1 9 its place by virtue ( its own attraction4 ,we suppose t ! pap] ex]ts an attractive =ce :i* keeps ! ?9 lay] ( matt] to x4 ,?is attractive =ce is n felt by ! s5ti5t be+s on ! pap]1 nor does x influ5ce ! movem5ts ( ! p>ticles ( matt] among/ !mselves4 ,we also suppose ano!r attractive =ce proce$+ f p>ticle to p>ticle ( ! matt] on ! plane4 ,?is w\ld be felt by ! be+s & produce movem5ts ( matt]4 ,?us ! conception ( a plane _w necess>ily involves t ( some?+ on :i* x is4 ,a ,plane ,_w4 ,:]e ! sun's rays graz+ ! e>? 9 ,janu>y pass (f & m]ge into d>kness lies a /range _w4 ',tis a va/ bubble bl[n 9 a sub/ance some?+ l glass1 b h>d] f> & untransp>5t4 ,& j z a bubble bl[n by u consi/s ( a di/5d$ film1 s ?is bubble1 va/ beyond comp>ison1 consi/s ( a film di/5d$ & coh]5t4 ,on its surface 9 ! c\rse ( ages has fall5 a ?9 lay] ( space du/1 & s smoo? is ?is surface t ! du/ slips ov] x to & fro & =ms d5sities & clu/]s z its own attractions & movem5ts det]m9e4 ,! du/ is kept on ! poli%$ surface by ! attraction ( ! va/ film2 b1 except = t1 x moves on x freely 9 e direction4 ,& "h & !re are cond5sations :]e9 h fall5 toge!r numb]s ( ^! float+ masses1 & :]e ! du/ cond5s+ = ages has =m$ va/ disks4 ,& ^! disks are gl[+ hot--yet no light comes f !m into our univ]se4 ,= ?is _w lies beyond ! !r--f> beyond4 ,& h[ev] hot or gl[+ ! masses are1 if !re is no m$ium to transmit ! vibrations ( heat ! influ5ce _c travel4 ,?us ! only directions 9 :i* ! heat c travel are on ! film4 ,f ea* ( ^! gl[+ disks ! lum9\s influ5ce /reams =? c>ri$ by ! vibrations ( ! film :i* supports ev]y?+4 ,= ! heat & int5se agitation ( ^! gl[+ disks %akes & di/urbs ! bubble1 & j z a ?9 soap bubble quiv]s & %akes1 s ?is film quiv]s & %akes4 ,& s ela/ic is x1 & s rigid1 t x c>ries ! light & heat to all surr\nd+ regions4 ,yet s va/ is ! bubble1 s trem5d\s 9 its dim5sions1 t ! agitation f ^! gl[+ disks travels almo/ 9 /raight l9es1 till1 spread+ out on e side1 x m]ges into d>kness--l ! ripples 9 ! c5tre ( a va/ calm lake gradually become indi/+ui%able4 ,& r\nd ^! c5tral orbs ( fire--= orbs ( fire !y are1 ?\gh !y only transmit _! fire along ! film ( ! bubble--r\nd ^! orbs pass 9 due ord] & succession o!r disks1 :i*1 cold or w>m1 h n t en]gy ( light & heat :i* ! c5tral orbs possess4 ,^! disks1 ?\gh l>ge1 are s immeasurably small comp>$ ) ! va/ surface ( ! all-support+ bubble1 t _! movem5ts seem to lie on a plane flat surface2 ! curv+ ( ! film on :i* !y re/ is s slight comp>$ to _! magnitude1 t !y sail r\nd & r\nd _! c5tral fires z on a p]fect level surface4 ,& "o ( ^! orbs is fitt$ by nature to be ! habitation & home ( liv+ be+s4 ,= x is nei!r s hot z x 0 = long ages aft] x _h cond5s$ f ! film ( du/ :]efrom all orbs are made1 nor has x s cool$ d[n z to r5d] life unsupportable4 ,&1 moreov]1 x is full ( va/ crevices & *annels1 = 9 _m places ! int]ior 9 cool+ aft] ! rim _h set f its molt5 condition has left long cav]ns & passages1 n only 9 "o lay]1 b 9 _m4 ,& on ! rim & 9 ^! passages & cav]ns live ! inhabitants ( :om ,i speak4 ,!y d n rise f ! surface ( ! film1 b z all matt] lies on ! smoo? surface b "o p>ticle deep1 s _! bodies =m$ out ( matt] lie1 z we %\ld say1 on ?is smoo? surface4 ,yet ( ?is !y "k no?+4 ,!y say t !y /& & walk4 ,= ?is orb has an attractive =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,ii4--8,two be+s walk+ r\nd40 ,by t v same impulse ( com+ toge!r :]eby x ga!r$ its p>ticles out ( ! du/ on ! bubble1 by t v same =ce x draws t[>ds its c5tre all t is ne> x or on x4 ,?us 8up0 is to ^! inhabitants a movem5t f ! c5tre ( ! disk on ! rim ( :i* !y live & away f x4 8,d[n0 is a movem5t f ! rim t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,! ?9 lay] :i* =ms ! mass ( ! disk is _! solid matt]4 ,!y are n able ev5 9 ?\ght to rise away f ! surface ( ! bubble1 & look f space ^u _! mode ( exi/5ce4 ,!y ev] pass to & fro ^u a l9e1 ^u a rim2 & no two c walk except aft] "o ano!r4 ,if y look at ! rude picture y w see t ! two be+s repres5t$ by two triangles _c pass "o ano!r if !y are unable to lift !mselves up f ly+ on ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,! surface ( ! pap] repres5ts ! surface ( ! bubble1 & slid+ freely on x1 b unable to lift up f x1 are t5u\s %apes t are ! inhabitants1 & t ?9 lay] ( p>ticles t is to !m solid matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,iii4--,a section ( ! film ( ! bubble %[+ a disk ,,bd ly+ on x1 & a creature ,,ab on ! rim ( ! disk4 ,,ce is a section ( ! film1 ,,bd is a section ( ! disk1 ,,ab is a section ( ! creature4 ,! ?ickness is enorm\sly magnifi$ & also ! height ,,ab ( ! creature comp>$ ) ! diamet] ,,bd ( ! disk4 ,! attraction :i* ,,ab feels keeps him to ,,bd2 bo? ,,ab & ,,bd1 ! be+ & ! disk1 slide freely on ! film ,,ce )\t kn[+ ( its exi/5ce4 ,n[ 7 x n = ! fact t ! orb is reft into ^! *asms & passages1 ! only movem5t t ^! be+s w\ld h w\ld be ( pass+ r\nd & r\nd on ! rim ( _! _w4 ,_m words t we h1 to !m c\ld be> no mean+4 ,?us 8"r & left0 is to !m unkn[n4 ,= consid] _! faces b5t 9 "o direction along ! rim4 ,9 foll[+ ?is direction1 !y g =w>d1 9 retract+ f x !y g backw>d4 ,if !y g away f ! c5tre !y g up1 t[>ds ! c5tre is d[n4 ,& by no means c !y turn1 rais+ !mselves f ! surface :]eon !y are4 ,!y d n ev5 "k t !y h two sides2 _! movem5ts1 ?\ghts1 & imag9ations are all conf9$ to t surface on :i* !y are4 ,?is !y call _! space1 _! univ]se2 nor does aught t lies beyond x1 t[>ds ! int]ior ( ! bubble or away f x1 direct$ outw>ds1 come into _! ?\ghts1 ev5 z an imag9>y possibility ( exi/5ce4 ,life is extremely limit$ on su* a _w4 ,to take a s+le in/ance1 9 ord] = two be+s to pass ea* o!r1 a complicat$ arrangem5t is necess>y1 %[n 9 ,diagram ,,iv4 ,at int]vals along ! rim recesses & *amb]s are con/ruct$4 ,ne> ! op5+s ( ^! *amb]s lay movable plates or rods4 ,:5 two be+s wi% to pass1 "o ( !m desc5ds into ! recess2 ! o!r "o pu%es ! rod s z to =m a bridge ov] ! op5+1 walks across x1 & !n removes ! plate s t ! "o :o has desc5d$ c get up & g on 8 way4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,iv4--,two be+s pass+4 ,if by any *ance1 :ile a be+ is 9 ! recess1 ! plate or rod :i* acts z a bridge gets fix$1 he is 9 a dang]\s pr$icam5t4 ,= suppose a be+ conf9$ z %[n4 ,if he1 suff]+ f want ( air1 cuts ?r\gh ! ro( at ,,ab1 ! :ole "p to ! "r ( ,,ab comes tumbl+ d[n4 ,= its only support is sev]$ :5 ,,ab is cut ?r\gh4 ,x is impossible to make a hole :i* is n ! :ole wid? ( matt] z x lies on ! surface4 ,& ) reg>d to ?is all con/ructions h to be made4 ,!re _c be two op5+s 9 a wall ( a h\se1 unless :5 ! "o is op5 ! o!r is s fa%ion$ z clos+ to act z a rigid support to ! wall1 :i* n[ dep5ds = its uphold+ entirely on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,v4--,a h\se4 ,?us1 9 ! diagram1 ! h\se is held up entirely by ! side opposite to ! doorway ,,ef1 :i* is n[ op54 ,! ro( is support$ by ! side ,,cd4 ,if an op5+ ,,ab be made 9 ! wall ,,cd be=e ! doorway ,,ef is clos$1 ! ro( w fall 94 ,s1 9 ord] to pass ?r\gh ! h\se1 ,,ef mu/ be firmly %ut up be=e ,,ab is op5$4 ,! h\ses are always built 9 ! int]ior passages s z to leave ! rim ( ! disk free = locomotion4 ,& !re are _m ?+s to be said ( ! inhabitants on ?is disk ) respect to _! social & political life4 ,x is h>dly necess>y = me to put d[n mu* ab\t x "h1 = any "o by us+ ! me?od ( ! hi/orian ,buckle1 & d$uc+ ! "* ( a p f _! geographical influ5ces & physical surr\nd+s1 c\ld decl>e :at ! ma9 features ( _! life & hi/ory mu/ be4 ,b "o or two rem>ks may be made "h4 ,fir/ ( all !y are *>act]iz$ by :at ,i may v5ture to call a crude k9d ( pol>ity4 ,9 dwell]s 9 our _w ?is pol>ity1 :i* %[s itself among/ o!r ways 9 ! di/9ction ( sexes1 is temp]$ & modifi$4 ,9 e man !re is some?+ ( a woman1 & 9 e woman !re are "s ( ! be/ qualities ( a man4 ,b 9 ! _w ( :i* we speak !re is no physical possibility = su* int]fusion4 ,9 a l9e> exi/5ce !re w\ld be no consci\sness ( pol>ity4 ,x makes its appe>ance fir/ 9 ! plane1 & 9 a h>d & unmitigat$ =m4 ,x is impossible to d o!rwise ?an c>icature ^! be+s :5 we write ( !m ?us 9 brief4 ,s let u accept ! matt] frankly1 &1 )\t scruple1 look at !m 9 ! broade/ possible mann]4 ,if ! read] w cut out ! triangles 9 ! corn]s ( ! two next pages he w obta9 f\r plane be+s1 two ( :i* are m51 two ( :i* are wom54 ,! l9es d[n :i* ! cutt+ is to be made are m>k$ ) a black l9e4 ,n[ hav+ cut out two m51 :om we w call ,homo & ,vir1 draw a l9e on a piece ( pap] to repres5t ! rim ( ! _w on :i* !y /&1 &1 rememb]+ t !y _c slide ov] ea* o!r1 move !m ab\t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! figures _c leave ! plane on :i* !y are put4 ,!y mu/ n be turn$ ov]4 ,! only way 9 :i* !y c pass ea* o!r is by "o climb+ ov] ! o!r's head4 ,!y c g =w>ds or backw>ds4 ,mu* c be notic$ f an inspection ( ^! figures4 ,( c\rse x is only symbolical 9 ! rude/ way1 b 9 _! :ole life ! facts :i* c be notic$ 9 ^! simple figures are built up & organiz$ into complicat$ arrangem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,vi4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,vii4 ,x is evid5t t ! %>p po9t ( "o man is always runn+ into ano!r man's s5sitive or s(t edge4 ,ea* man is 9 cont9ual appreh5sion ( e o!r man3 n only does ea* fe> ea*1 b _! s5sitive edges--^? on :i* !y are receptive ( all except ! r\ghe/ impressions--are turn$ away f ea* o!r4 ,on ! s5sitive edge is ! face & all ! means ( expression ( feel+4 ,! o!r edge is cov]$ ) a horny ?ick5+ ( ! sk91 :i* at ! %>p po9t becomes v d5se & z h>d z iron4 ,x w be evid5t1 on mov+ ! figures ab\t t no two m5 c\ld naturally come face to face ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is l& no su* ?+ z fri5d%ip or famili> int]c\rse betwe5 man & man is possible4 ,! v "n ( x is ridicul\s to !m4 ,= ! only way 9 :i* "o man c turn 8 s5sitive edge to ano!r man is if "o ( !m w cons5t to /& on 8 head4 ,fa!rs hold _! male *ildr5 9 ?is way :5 little1 b ! fir/ symptom ( manhood is connect$ ) a res5tm5t aga9/ ?is treatm5t4 ,if n[ two wom51 ,muli] & ,fem9a1 be look$ at1 ! same relation w be se5 to hold good betwe5 !m4 ,by _! nature !y are pr$ispos$1 by accid5t1 to injure "o ano!r1 & _! impressionable sides are1 by ! v conditions ( _! be+1 turn$ away f ea* o!r4 ,if n[1 h[ev]1 ,homo & ,muli] be plac$ toge!r1 a v diff]5t relation%ip manife/s itself4 ,!y _c injure "o ano!r1 & ea* is fram$ = ! mo/ delightful conv]se ) ! o!r4 ,no?+ c be m secure f ! outside _w ?an a pair ( approximately ! same height2 ea* protects ! s5sitive edge ( ea*1 & _! arm\r$ edges & means ( (f5ce are turn$ aga9/ all com]s1 ei!r 9 "o direction or ! o!r4 ,b1 if ! pair1 ?r\gh a mutual misund]/&+1 happ5 to be disadju/$1 &1 _! feet on ! rim1 turn _! %>pnesses aga9/ "o ano!r1 !y are absolutely expos$ to ! h>ms & arr[s ( ! _w4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 ?is case !y _c w\nd "o ano!r--a happy immunity4 ,9 ! annals ( ?is race :i* ,i h by me ,i f9d a curi\s hi/ory1 :i*1 un9telligible = ages to !m1 admits by u ( a simple explanation4 ,x is said t two be+s1 ! mo/ ideally p]fect ,vir & ,muli]1 7 once liv+ 9 a /ate ( mo/ p]fect happ9ess1 :51 ow+ to c]ta9 ab/ruse /udies ( ! ,muli]1 %e 0 sudd5ly1 9 all outw>d respects1 turn$ irrem$iably into a man4 ,vir recogniz$ h] z ! same true ,muli]4 ,b %e occupi$ ! same position ) reg>d to him :i* any o!r man w\ld4 ,x 0 only by /&+ on 8 head t he c\ld1 ) 8 s5sitive edge1 approa* h] s5sitive edge4 ,%e refus$ to expla9 h[ x 01 or imp>t h] secret to any "o1 b %e _h1 %e said1 und]gone a great p]il4 ,%e manife/$ a /range k ( ! int]nal anatomy ( ! race1 & mo/ ( _! m$ical k dates f h]4 ,b no p]suasion w\ld induce h] to reveal h] secret2 all ! privacy ( exi/5ce w\ld be gone1 %e said1 if %e reveal$ x4 ,%e 0 suppos$ to h acquir$ "s magical k4 ,?is possession1 h[ev]1 did n make ei!r ( !m happy1 & "o day1 ) fe>1 %e said t %e w\ld ei!r die or be re/or$ to ! outw>d semblance ( h] sex4 ,%e disappe>$--absolutely2 al?\gh %e 0 surr\nd$ by h] fri5ds1 %e absolutely vani%$4 ,& _h x n be5 t "s days aft]w>ds1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! solid rock = ! purposes ( "s excavations1 !y accid5tally came on a *asm1 !y w\ld nev] h f\nd h] alive aga94 ,= %e 0 f\nd 9 a cavity 9 ! liv+ rock1 w>m & beautiful--h] old self aga94 ,h] secret di$ ) h]4 ,f our po9t ( view x is easy to see :at _h happ5$4 ,if ! figure ,muli] be tak5 up & turn$ ov] x w be easy to see t1 ?\gh /ill a woman1 h] configuration has become t ( a man4 ,to all int5ts & purposes %e is a man4 ,%e is r5d]$ incapable ( t attitude :i* is ! natural "o betwe5 ! m5 & wom5 9 ?is l&1 & ! happy relation%ip betwe5 h] & ,vir is necess>ily & entirely brok5 (f4 ,move ab\t z y w1 keep+ h] figure turn$ ?us on ! plane1 y w n be able to make h] a fitt+ helpmate = h] un=tunate ,vir4 ,%e mu/ h discov]$ ! secret ( rais+ h]self (f ! surface1 & by "s accid5t be5 turn$ ov]4 ,p]haps %e _h us$ ?is new position to /udy anatomy--= to an obs]v] ?us situat$ ! int]ior ( e body w\ld lie p]fectly op5--& 9 prosecut+ h] /udies _h ov]balanc$ h]self4 ,i h only m5tion$ ?is anecdote1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( a curi\s obs]vation :i* 0 made at ! "t4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 %e 0 9 ?is trans=m$ condition %e 0 absolutely )\t atmosph]e4 ,to expla93 ord9>ily1 ap>t f any?+ %e said or did1 !re 0 a k9d ( influ5ce proce$+ f h] :i* made h] pres5ce agreeable to ,vir4 ,:5 %e 0 turn$ ov] %e lo/ ?is4 ,n[ ! explanation ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,to ^! p light is ! agitation ( ! surface ( ! bubble2 transp>5t objects are ^? :i* d n h9d] ?is agitation 9 its c\rse4 ,b mo/ bodies & ! physical frame ( ! inhabitants among/ !m 7 n transp>5t1 b /opp$ & reflect$ ^! agitations ( ! film1 ?us s5d+ (f f _! out] edge ^? vibrations :i* excit$ sight 9 _! fell[s4 ,b besides ^! vibrations ( light !re 7 f9] ones /ill :i* 7 n damp$ or deflect$ by ! out] edge ( ! body1 b came ?r\gh ! great] "p ( _! frame z if x 0 transp>5t4 ,9 ! int]ior1 h[ev]1 ( _! organizations !re 7 c]ta9 regions :i* did arre/ ^! subtl] vibrations1 & :i* _h 7z ! eye ( light7 ! p[] ( appreciat+ !m4 ,9 connection ) ^! regions !re 7 c]ta9 /ructures1 extremely m9ute1 :i* _h ! conv]se p[] ( agitat+ ! film1 & s s5d+ =? ?r\gh ! p]iph]y ( ! body ^! same m9ute vibrations4 ,^! organs 7 n ( any use1 b !y =m$ a sort ( means ( sympa!tic communication betwe5 ! inhabitants1 act+ 9 no v def9$ way1 b c]ta9ly produc+ a s5sation ( a vague k9d4 ,n[ :5 ,muli] 0 turn$ 9 ! way describ$1 ! relation ( h] frame to ! film ( ! bubble 0 dis>rang$1 & x 0 no wond] t ?is 8atmosph]e0 disappe>$4 ,9 _m respects ! inhabitants ( ?is _w are f> m advanc$ ?an we are1 hav+ a simpl] problem--h[ to deal ) matt] 9 "o plane--!y h advanc$ m ne>ly to a complete k ( its prop]ties4 ,yet great z _! k is1 _! p]=mance is small4 ,if y b reflect on "o s+le fact1 y w see h[ limit$ all _! ef=ts mu/ be4 ,!y _c fix ! c5tre ( a :eel1 s t x rotates r\nd an axis4 ,= consid] a :eel--a small disk ly+ on _! plane4 ,! c5tre on e "p ( x t\*es ! surface ( ! bubble on :i* all ?+s slide freely4 ,to fix ?is po9t !y w\ld h to drive d[n into ! film--a ?+ :i* !y _c d1 & :i* !y are f> f ev5 imag9+4 ,if !y make an op5+ 9 ! disk !y c arrive at ! c5tre ( x4 ,b !n ! rod ( matt] :i* !y put 9 w prev5t ! disk f revolv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,viii4--,! ne>e/ approa* to a :eel4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to a :eel ) a fix$ c5tre :i* !y c atta9 is %[n 9 ,diagram ,,viii41 a portion ( a circul> disk :i* oscillates ab\t ! smoo? end ( a rod built into ! sub/ance ( ! cut-away disk4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,ix4--,a c>t4 ,_! c>ts are %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,!y are simply rods plac$ on roll]s3 z ! rod is pull$ along1 ! roll]s turn1 & ! rod slides along--j z a boat does on ! roll]s :]eby sailors help !mselves 9 haul+ x up ! bea*4 ,z soon z ^! roll]s roll f "u ! rod1 z x goes on 9 its =w>d motion1 !y h to be secur$1 & !n lift$ ov] ! c>t & put d[n 9 front4 ,?us !re are to ea* c>t a set ( little disks or roll]s1 &1 z ! c>t goes on1 ^! roll]s h to be lift$ ov] ! c>t f ! back to ! front4 ,!re is no means by :i* ?is c be made a cont9u\s action4 ,ea* roll] has to be wait$ =1 lift$ sep>ately1 & c>ri$ ov] sep>ately4 ,& to put x d[n 9 front1 ! rope by :i* ! c>t is dragg$ along has to be unfa/5$ & fa/5$ up aga94 ,look+ at ! ,diagram ,,ix4 x w be se5 t !re is a holl[ 9 ! body ( ! c>t4 ,on ! "p ,a ,b ! driv] sits4 ,9 ! holl[ f ,b to ,c is put ! load4 ,! load _c !n slip out ov] ! ends ( ! c>t4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! c>t to prev5t x f fall+ out sideways4 ,b ! cont5ts1 z ! :ole body ( ! c>t1 are kept to ! smoo? surface ( ! bubble1 & are ?us support$ by x on ! side remote f ! read]'s eye1 & also are kept f ris+ away f ?is surface by ! =ce ( attraction ex]t$ by ! film4 ,?us ! surface ( ! bubble & its attractive =ce supply ! o!r two sides ( ! c>t4 ,b ( ^! two sides1 ! be+s are ignorant1 & x seems to !m p]fectly natural t loads ( any k9d1 ev5 ( fluids1 %\ld be kept securely 9 a c>t ) two ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,x4--,h[ a rope is fix$ to a c>t4 ,! me?od by :i* ! rope is fa/5$ to ! c>t is ?is3 ,c is ! body ( ! c>t2 ,r is ! rope end+ 9 a wood5 /ep ,b2 ,a is an oblong piece ( wood4 ,:5 ! rope has to be tak5 out1 ,a is lift$ out by its h&le1 ,b is slipp$ back & tak5 out ( ! recess 9 ,c1 & !n ! rope is free f ! c>t4 ,& 9 a simil> way x is secur$ aga94 ,"o v ord9>y way ( driv+ ma*9]y ) u is by %aft+4 ,a long rod is driv5 r\nd & c>ries :eels at diff]5t places along its l5g?4 ,n[ ) ^! inhabitants x 0 impossible to d ?is1 because ! twi/+ motion r\nd a rod c\ld n be imp>t$ )\t go+ out ( ! ?9 lay] 9 :i* !y 74 ,_! me?ods ( transmitt+ motion 7 by long rods1 by a succession ( %ort rods1 by p5dulums atta*$ to "o ano!r1 or f9ally by :eels :i* drove "o ano!r1 b :i* 7 held by smoo? sockets fitt+ r\nd ! rim f> en\gh to /eady !m1 b n s f> z to h9d] !m f t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,z to _! sci5ce1 ! be/ plan is to give a %ort acc\nt ( its rise4 ,!y discov]$ t !y 7 on a disk rotat+ r\nd an inn] c5tre1 & also proce$+ 9 a pa? r\nd ! s\rce ( light & heat4 ,!y f\nd t !y 7 held 9 _! pa? by a =ce ( attraction4 ,b ?is attractive =ce 0 n ) !m z x is ) u4 ,) u1 s9ce ! effect :i* any p>ticle has on ! surr\nd+ p>ticles spreads out 9 our space if ! di/ance is d\bl$ f a c5tre ( attraction1 ! =ce x ex]cises becomes "o-qu>t] ( :at x 0 :5 at ! less di/ance4 ,) !m1 h[ev]1 :5 ! di/ance d\bl$1 ! =ce ( attraction became only "o-half ( :at x 0 at ! less di/ance4 ,= ! light1 or attraction1 or =ce ( any k9d emanat+ f a p>ticle1 only spreads along ! film1 & does n pass out into ! space above or b5ea?4 ,if !y _h be5 on a ?ick globe in/ead ( a bubble1 ! laws ( attraction w\ld h be5 ! same z ) u4 ,b ! bubble on :i* !y 7 0 ?9 comp>$ ) ! pa?s along :i* ! radiant =ces spread =?4 ,& ?us e =ce be+ kept to "o plane dim9i%$ z ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( its action4#b ,n[ x 0 a great problem ) !m h[ ! light came f ! c5tral orb4 ,_! atmosph]e1 !y knew1 ext5d$ b a small di/ance above ! surface ( _! disk4 ,& x 0 q incapable1 moreov]1 ( convey+ vibrations su* z ^? ( light & heat4 ,by /udy+ ! nature ( light !y became conv9c$ t to transmit x !re mu/ be a m$ium ( extreme rigidity betwe5 !m & ! great s\rce ( light4 ,x is easy en\gh to see t :at !y ?\ght 0 a m$ium betwe5 !m & _! sun 0 9 reality ! rigid surface on :i* !y re/$4 ,?is ela/ic film vibrat$ 9 a direction transv]se to ! lay] !y call$ matt]1 & c>ri$ ! p>ticles ( matt] ) x4 ,b !y1 hav+ no idea b t ! surface on :i* !y 7 0 ! :ole ( space1 ?\ght t space mu/ be fill$ ) a rigid m$ium4 ,!y f\nd t ! vibrations ( ! m$ium 7 at "r angles to ! direction 9 :i* a ray 0 propagat$4 ,b !y did n conceive ( a motion at "r angles to _! plane2 !y ?\ght x mu/ be 9 _! plane4 ,x 0 a puzzle to !m h[ _! disk glid$ ) s little friction ?r\gh ?is m$ium4 ,!y conclud$ x 0 inf9itely r>e4 ,!y 7 /ill m puzzl$ :5 !y _h reason to believe x 0 an opaque sub/ance2 & yet t x c\ld be any?+ else ?an a m$ium :i* fill$ _! space 0 inconceivable to !m4 ,!y c\ld nev] get rid ( x f a vacuum1 h[ev] p]fect4 ,inde$ we see t 9 produc+ a vacuum !y m]ely clean$ ! surface on :i* !y 74 ,9 "o respect x might h be5 advantage\s if !y _h kn[n1 =1 _! law ( attraction be+ :at x 01 _! movem5t r\nd _! sun 0 n de/9$ to g on = ev]2 b !y 7 gradually fall+ ne>] & ne>]4 ,n[1 if only !y _h made ! attempt1 !y might by "s means h got a hold on ! surface on :i* !y 71 &1 by means ( a keel :i* t5d$ to furr[ x1 h guid$ _! _w & !mselves 9 _! pa? r\nd _! sun4 ,inde$1 x is possible to imag9e !m navigat+ !mselves :i!r !y w\ld ?r\gh _! univ]se--t is1 on ! surface ( _! bubble4 ,x 0 also un=tunate 9 ano!r respect t !y did n realize ! fact ( ! support+ surface1 = ! feel+ :i* !y came to h ( be+ susp5d$ 9 space1 absolutely isolat$1 0 a v unsettl+ "o1 & t5d$ to cause 9 !m a c]ta9 lack ( ! feel+ ( solid>ity ) ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,we h se5 t _! laws ( me*anics 7 v diff]5t f ours4 ,b !y _h aft] all an exp]i5ce ( our me*anical pr9ciples1 ?\gh 9 a curi\s way4 ,9 all motions ( any magnitude mov+ bodies 7 conf9$ to ! surface ( ! plane4 ,b :]e ! small p>ticles 7 conc]n$ !re 0 m lib]ty ( motion4 ,! small p>ticles 7 free 9 _! movem5t2 al?\gh !y c\ld n g m ?an a v small di/ance away f ! film on :i* !y re/$1 /ill !y 7 capable ( motion p]p5dicul> to x4 ,?us a long l9e ( p>ticles connect$ toge!r c\ld rotate z a :ole1 keep+ /raight l a twi/+ wire1 & by means ( _m /r+s ( p>ticles ?us connect$1 movem5ts c\ld be transmitt$ 9 a way :i* 0 totally unlike ! me*anical movem5ts to be se5 9 ! case ( l>ge masses4 ,?is motion ( rotation r\nd an axis ly+ 9 ! plane 0 to !m :at electricity is to u4 ,x 0 q a my/]i\s =ce4 ,b x 0 extremely useful 9 its applications4 ,hav+ no idea ( a rotation :i* 9 tak+ place w5t out ( _! surface1 !y c\ld n conceive a reason = ! results ( su* movem5ts4 ,x c easily be se5 h[ _m k9ds ( =ces !y c\ld h4 ,!re 0 ! sp9n+ motion ( ! small p>ticles on ! surface4 ,?is !y 7 aw>e (--x produc$ _m appe>ances1 b x 0 n fitt$ = transmission across great di/ances1 z ea* p>ticle 0 apt to be h9d]$ 9 its rotation by its neighb\r4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 :5 conditions 7 fav\rable1 _m ( ^! rotations 7 h>moni\s1 & waves 7 produc$ 9 _! matt] resembl+ ! waves 9 our ocean4 ,!re 7 only two o!r k9ds ( motion4 ,"o 0 an up & d[n vibration ( ! film c>ry+ matt] ) x2 ! o!r 0 ! twi/+ ( /r+s ( p>ticles :i* 7 rigidly connect$ toge!r4 ,! up & d[n motion ( ! film 0 to !m light4 ,^? k9ds ( matt] :i* did n h9d] ?is motion 7 said to be transp>5t2 ^? k9ds :i*1 ly+ on ! film1 h9d]$ ! motion or ?rew x back 7 said to be opaque4 ,! twi/+ motion r\nd an axis 0 to !m :at electricity is to u4 ,& :5 ?is twi/+ motion 9 "o direction or ano!r 0 convey$ to ! p>ticles ( small masses :i* 7 free to move1 _m curi\s effects 7 produc$ analog\s to ! movem5ts ( electrifi$ bodies4 ,!re are obvi\sly no o!r rotations or vibrations possible2 h5ce 9 t _w !re is no?+ correspond+ to magnetism4 ,_! light 0 simple1 & c\ld n be split into two k9ds z our light c be--into two k9ds ( pol>iz$ light4 ,0 !re no sign1 !n1 by :i* ! inhabitants ( ?is _w c\ld ga9 a k ( _! own limitation8 ,!re 04 ,!re 0 bo? a sign & ! int]pretation ( x ly+ be=e !m4 ,!y knew t !y c\ld h two triangles precisely simil>1 & yet su* z c\ld n be turn$ ! "o into ! o!r by any movem5t 9 ! plane4 ,h[ two ?+s c\ld be s alike1 & yet diff] 9 "s my/]i\s way1 0 to !m a puzzle4 ,z an in/ance ( su* triangles may be tak5 ^? us$ 9 ,diagram ,,vi4 to repres5t ! man & ! woman4 ,!y may be exactly equal1 yet ! be+s 9 a plane _w _c turn !m s t "o w\ld co9cide ) ! o!r4 ,yet _h !y b consid]$ ! case ( a be+ l[] 9 ! scale ( space exi/5ce ?an !mselves1 !y w\ld h se5 ! answ] to _! riddle4 ,= consid] a be+ conf9$ altoge!r to a l9e ,c ,b ,a ,m ,a ,b ,c4 ,let ,m be ! be+1 & let him obs]ve ! ?ree po9ts ,a ,b ,c1 & let him =m an idea ( !m & _! positions ) reg>d to ea* o!r1 :i* he measures by ! di/ance he has to travel to rea* "o aft] pass+ ! o!r4 ,let him also become aw>e ( ! ?ree po9ts ,a ,b ,c1 =m+ a precisely simil> set on ! o!r side ( him4 ,x may be object$ t ! be+ 9 ! l9e c\ld n conceive any po9t ly+ beyond ,a1 b t 8 exp]i5ce w\ld be limit$ to ! po9ts ,a & ,a4 ,if ,a & ,a are mat]ial p>ticles ?is w\ld be ! case1 b we may suppose !m to be places 9 ! l9e m>k$ out by cold & heat1 or "s su* means4 ,!n a be+ c\ld conceive a s]ies ( positions 9 8 space su* z ,a1 ,b & ,c1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,if n[ he rememb]s ea* set1 & ?9ks ab\t !m1 he f9ds t !y are alike 9 e respect4 ,b he _c make !m co9cide ) ea* o!r4 ,= if he pu%es ! set ,a ,b ,c along ! l9e1 :5 ,a ,b & ,a ,b are toge!r ,c is j :]e x ought n to be4 ,x is n on ,c4 ,& if he gets ,c on ,c1 !n ,a ,b has gone f> away4 ,he w\ld nei!r be able to make !m co9cide nor to conceive _! co9cid5ce4 ,!re w\ld be no movem5t )9 ! realm ( 8 exp]i5ce :i* w\ld make !m co9cide4 ,yet ! dwell] 9 a plane _w c\ld easily make ^! sets ( po9ts co9cide1 = he w\ld b5d ! :ole l9e r\nd 9 8 plane s t ,a com+ on ,a1 ,b %\ld come on ,b1 & ,c on ,c4 ,!re w\ld be no difficulty to him 9 do+ ?is4 ,& he does x 9 virtue ( !re be+ to him a movem5t possible :i* is n possible to ! be+ 9 ! l9e4 ,he has a lib]ty ( motion unkn[n to ! l9e> be+4 ,& n[ :y %\ld he n reason ?us1 8,some?+ :i* to ! l9e> be+ is inconceivable1 to me is conceivable4 ,!n may n ?+s inconceivable to me be yet possible8 ,may x n be possible t two triangles :i* are l "o ano!r1 b yet :i* _c be ?\ght by me z co9cid+--may n ^! triangles be able to be made co9cid5t08 ,9 ?is simple fact ( 8 p]petual obs]vation 0 really ! pro( ( ! :ole matt] if he _h b look$ at x1 ! sign manual ( 8 limitation1 ! promise ( 8 lib]ation f x 9 ?\ght1 ! key to ! explanation ( ! my/]i\s m9ute actions by :i* he 0 surr\nd$1 & p]*ance a help to ! compreh5sion ( a high] life4 ,,app5dix4 ,9 our _w a p>ticle ( matt] :i* s5ds =? influ5ce on ! surr\nd+ matt] does n s5d its radiant en]gy (f along a plane1 b f ! p>ticle all ! influ5ce spreads out into space4 ,& ! mo/ conv5i5t in/ance 9 our _w to consid] is t ( a lum9\s po9t f :i* rays spread out 9 e direction4 ,let ,m 9 ,diagram ,,xi4 be su* a po9t--a p>ticle ( matt] s5d+ =? lum9\s rays 9 our ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xi4--,p>ticles 9 space & 9 a plane ex]t+ =ce4 ,in/ead ( /udy+ h[ ^! rays spread out 9 e way all ar\nd ,m1 let u only consid] ^? :i*1 pass+ out f ,m1 fall on ! squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ca/s a %ad[1 & ?is %ad[ ext5ds1 & is f\nd to be bigg] ! fur!r (f f ,m x is measur$4 ,suppose1 at ! di/ance f ,m1 ,m ,e1 we put a squ>e 9 ! pa? ( ! %ad[ s z j to receive ! %ad[ on x exactly4 ,let ,e ,f ,g ,h be ?is squ>e4 ,z is %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 ?is squ>e w be f\r times z l>ge z ! squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,s :5 ! di/ance is d\bl$1 ! %ad[ becomes f\r times z big4 ,n[ ^? rays ( light :i* fall on ,a ,b ,c ,d w\ld1 if !y 7 n int]rupt$ by x1 spread out s z to exactly cov] ,e ,f ,g ,h4 ,?us ! same am\nt ( light :i* falls on ! small squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,d w\ld1 if x 7 tak5 away1 fall on ! l>ge squ>e ,e ,f ,g ,h4 ,n[ s9ce ! l>ge squ>e is f\r times ! size ( ! small squ>e1 & ! same am\nt ( rays fall on x--= x only receives ^? :i* w\ld fall on ! small squ>e--!re mu/ be at any "p ( x an illum9ation "o-qu>t] z /rong z !re w\ld be at any po9t on ! small squ>e4 ,?us ! small squ>e1 if plac$ 9 its position1 w\ld seem f\r times z bright z ! l>ge squ>e4 ,?us1 :5 ! di/ance f ! orig9 ( light is d\bl$1 ! am\nt ( light receiv$ by a surface ( giv5 area becomes "o-f\r? ( :at x 0 at ! less di/ance4 ,?is is :at is meant by v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,:5 ! di/ance is d\bl$ ! int5sity ( ! light is n simply less1 b is halv$ & halv$1 & becomes "o-qu>t] ( its previ\s int5sity4 ,b 9 ! case ( a p>ticle re/+ on a ?9 %eet ( metal1 & %ak+ ! metal--z1 = in/ance1 a metal plate c be made to %ake by a viol9 b[--!n ?is law w\ld n hold4 ,take ! second figure4 ,let ,p be ! p>ticle1 & let ! influ5ce proce$+ f x fall on ! rod ,a ,b ly+ on ! plane1 & let u suppose ! rod to /op ! vibrations f go+ beyond x1 to receive !m & to turn !m back j z a body does ! light4 ,!n ! 8%ad[0 ( ,a ,b w\ld spread out away f ,p2 & if ano!r rod ,e ,f 7 put 9 at ! di/ance ,p ,e1 :i* is d\ble ( ,p ,a1 !n1 to exactly fit ! %ad[1 x w\ld h to be d\ble ! l5g? ( ,a ,b2 & ! vibrations :i* fell on ,a ,b w\ld exactly fall on ,e ,f4 ,n[ s9ce ,e ,f is twice z long z ,a ,b1 ! vibrations :i* fall on any "p ( x w be "o-half z int5se z ! vibrations :i* fall on a portion ( matt] ( ! same size ly+ :]e ,a ,b lies4 ,?us 9 a plane ! influ5ce or =ce s5t out by any p>ticle w\ld dim9i% z ! di/ance4 ,x w\ld n 8v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance10 b w\ld 8v>y inv]sely z ! di/ance40 ,a ,picture ( ,our ,univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,x seems to me t ! subject ( high] space is becom+ felt z s]i\s1 & fraught ) mu* t is ( ! deepe/ int]e/1 n only z a sci5tific problem1 b 9 o!r ways also4 ,x seems also t :5 we comm5ce to feel ! s]i\sness ( any subject we p>tly lose our faculty ( deal+ ) x4 ,! intellect seems to be ov]weight$ someh[1 & clogg$4 ,p]haps ! suppositions we make seem to u ( too great importance1 & we are n will+ en\gh to let !m g1 fe>+ to lose ! ?+ itself if we lose our hold ( ! means by :i* we h fir/ appreh5d$ x4 ,b :atev] may be ! cause1 x does seem und\bt$ly ! fact t ! m9d works m cle>ly & m freely on subjects :i* are ( slight importance4 ,& ,i propose1 t )\t ignor+ ! real importance ( ! subject ab\t :i* we are treat+1 we %\ld ca/ aside any t5sion f our m9ds1 & look at x 9 a light & easy mann]4 ,) ?is object 9 view let u contemplate a c]ta9 /ory :i* be>s on our problem4 ,x is said t once 9 a c]ta9 region ( ,irel& !re took place a curi\s conte/4 ,= 9 ,kilk5ny !re 7 two cats s alike 9 size1 vig\r1 det]m9ation1 & pr[ess1 t1 fight+1 !y s claw$1 scrat*$1 bit1 & f9ally dev\r$ ea* o!r1 t no?+ 0 left ( ei!r ( !m save ! tail4 ,n[1 on reflect+ on ?is /ory1 x becomes obvi\s t x orig9at$ :5 look+-glasses 7 fir/ import$ into ,irel& f ,italy4 ,= :5 an ,iri%man sees = ! fir/ "t any?+ new1 he always describes x 9 an unexpect$ & yet g5ial & int]e/+ mann]4 ,moreov]1 we all "k :at cont5ti\s fell[s !y are1 & h[ all _! ?\ghts run on fight+4 ,& ,i ?9k if we put ?is problem to ourselves1 h[ by br++ 9 fight+ to describe a look+-glass1 we %all see t ! /ory ( ! ,kilk5ny cats is ! only possible solution4 ,= consid] evid5tly h[ x arose4 ,deposit+ 8 fav\rite %illaly 9 a corn]1 ! massively-built ,iri%man1 to :om ! possession 0 a novelty1 saw reflect$ 9 8 look+-glass ! image ( 8 fav\rite cat4 ,) a scrut9iz+ eye he comp>$ ! two4 ,po9t = po9t !y 7 l4 8,begorra if ,i "k :i* ( ! two w\ld w960 he ejaculates4 ,! combat becomes real to him1 & ! /ory ( ! ,kilk5ny cats is made4 ,n[1 to our m sob] m9d1 x is obvi\s t two cats--two real mat]ial ?+s--c\ld n mutually annihilate ea* o!r to su* an ext5t4 ,b x is p]fectly possible to make a model ( ! ,kilk5ny cats--to see !m fight1 & to m>k ! issue4 ,& ,i propose to symbolize or repres5t ! ,kilk5ny cat by a twi/4 ,take a p5cil1 & r\nd x twi/ a /rip ( pap]--a flat spill w d4 ,n[1 hav+ fa/5$ ! ends on to ! p5cil by two p9s1 s t x w n untwi/1 hold ! pap] ?us twi/$ on ! p5cil at "r angles to ! surface ( a look+-glass3 & 9 ! look+-glass y w see its image4 ,9 ,diagram ,i41 ,m repres5ts ! mirror1 & on ! left h& is %[n ! twi/1 on ! "r h& ! image twi/4 ,n[ take ano!r p5cil & ano!r piece ( pap]1 & make a model ( :at y see 9 ! glass4 ,y w be able to twi/ ?is second piece ( pap] 9 a spiral r\nd ?is second p5cil s t x is an exact copy ( :at y see 9 ! glass4 ,n[ put ! two p5cils toge!r end to end1 z !y w\ld be if ! fir/ p5cil 7 to approa* ! glass until x t\*$ x1 meet+ its image3 y h ! real copy ( ! image in/ead ( ! image itself4 ,n[ p9 toge!r ! two ends ( ! pieces ( pap]1 :i* are ne> toge!r1 & y h y\r two ,kilk5ny cats ready = ! fray4 ,to make !m fight 7rememb] t ! twi/s--n ! pap] itself1 b ! pap] twi/$--repres5t ! cat71 hold firmly & pull ! o!r ends 7! tail ends1 s to speak71 s z to let ea* twi/ ex]cise its nature on ! o!r4 ,y w see t ! two twi/s mutually annihilate ea* o!r4 ,)\t y\r unwrapp+ ! pap] ! twi/s bo? g1 & no?+ is left ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,i4 ,n[ ! image ( ! twi/ z a real ?+ 0 made by u4 ,x did n exi/ 9 nature o!r ?an z a m]e appe>ance4 ,b ,i want y to imag9e ?is process ( produc+ a real image z someh[ exi/+4 ,i want y to lay aside = ! pres5t ! "q ( h[ x c\ld be done1 & to conceive twi/s & image twi/s4 ,?is is ! me*anical conception ,i wi% y to adopt--!re are su* ?+s z twi/s4 ,suppose by "s means to e twi/ !re is produc$ its image twi/4 ,^! two1 ! twi/ & its image1 may exi/ sep>ately2 b suppose t :5ev] a twi/ is produc$ its image twi/ is also produc$1 & t ^! two :5 put toge!r annihilate ea* o!r4 ,) ?is conception let u explore ! doma9 ( ^? actions :i* are call$ electrical4 ,:5 a glass rod is rubb$ ) silk x becomes excit$1 its /ate is diff]5t4 ,x manife/s _m prop]ties1 su* z t ( attract+ light bodies1 giv+ (f a gl[ ( light1 c4 ,! silk also ) :i* x 0 rubb$ manife/s simil> prop]ties4 ,x also attracts light bodies1 appe>s to gl[ 9 ! d>k1 c4 ,& yet !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ate ( excitem5t ( ! glass & ( ! silk4 ,! electricity :i* is 9 !m is ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,& if ! electricity ( ! silk & ( ! glass be br\ght toge!r1 all electrical effect disappe>s2 !y become glass & silk 9 an ord9>y condition4 ,x may seem /range t1 if ?is is s1 !y %\ld become electrifi$ :5 rubb$ toge!r4 ,yet ?is is ! case1 & mu/ be tak5 z a fact4 ,x seems to dep5d p>tly on ! circum/ance t glass & silk are n :at is call$ conductors4 ,9 a conductor1 if "o "p receives electricity1 ?is electricity at once runs ov] ! :ole ( ! conductor1 :e!r x be an in* long or _m feet4 ,& if any "p ( ! conductor be t\*$ by ano!r conductor :i* is 9 contact ) ! e>?1 e trace ( electricity leaves ! conductor1 fl[+1 z x 71 freely out ( x4 ,n[ bo? glass & silk d n let ! electricity run f !m s easily4 ,to dis*>ge a glass rod x has practically to be t\*$ 9 e "p4 ,?us1 :5 by ! rubb+ ) silk electricity is produc$ on x1 x is conceivable t ?is electricity %\ld be kept to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & n comb9$ imm$iately ) ! electricity on ! silk4 ,besides1 ! same cause--! friction :i* produc$ ! electricity on ! glass1 & ! o!r k9d ( electricity on ! silk--w\ld probably prev5t _! comb9ation z long z x 0 appli$4 ,n[ let u suppose t ! electrical *>ge :i* ! glass has consi/s 9 ?is4 ,let u suppose t ! p>ticles ( ! glass on ! surface ( x are twi/$1 /ra9$ out ( _! natural position1 & twi/$4 ,let u also suppose t ! p>ticles ( ! silk are twi/$ too1 b let !m h ! image twi/4 ,n[ ^! two twi/s1 ! glass twi/ & ! silk twi/1 its image1 :5 br\ght toge!r1 w run d[n4 ,9 unw9d+ ea* o!r !y w give (f a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy1 :i* w manife/ itself z a sp>k1 make a crackl+ s\nd1 & s on4 ,b :5 !y unw9d ea* o!r !re is no m t5sion ( ! p>ticles4 ,?is does n expla9 9 ! lea/ :y ! glass p>ticles %\ld receive a twi/ 9 "o direction1 ! silk p>ticles a twi/ ( ! image k9d4 ,b in/ead ( inquir+ into ?is1 x is be/ to see if ?is supposition is 9 accordance ) o!r kn[n facts ( electrical action2 because1 if x is n1 we may dismiss x m easily ?an we c\ld if we _h to te/ x ) reg>d to ! v inaccessible "q ( :y "s bodies1 :5 rubb$1 get electrifi$ 9 "o way1 o!rs 9 ano!r4 ,:5 ! glass & silk are ne> toge!r ! twi/ on ! glass & t on ! silk are relat$ to ea* o!r z twi/ & image twi/1 & !re is no action on surr\nd+ bodies f ei!r ( !m1 z !y1 s to speak1 satisfy ea* o!r4 ,b :5 ! glass rod & ! silk are mov$ ap>t1 & br\ght ne> o!r objects1 !n ea* ( !m calls up on ^? objects ne> :i* x is br\ght a twi/ ( ! k9d :i* is ! image ( its own twi/4 ,if ! glass rod is br\ght ne> a mass ( metal1 :i* we w call a conductor1 ! foll[+ effect is obs]v$3--,! "p ( ! conductor ne> ! glass rod becomes *>g$ ) electricity ( ! silk k9d2 ! "p ( ! conductor away f ! rod becomes *>g$ ) electricity ( ! glass k9d4 ,n[ let u br+ into play ! supposition :i* we made be=e4 ,let u suppose t !re is "s process 9 nature :i*1 :5 !re is a twi/1 makes a real image ( t twi/ come into be+4 ,if we assume ?is process1 we see t1 opposite to ! silk1 on :atev] objects are ne> x1 w be a twi/ ( ! glass k9d1 & opposite ! rod w be a twi/ ( ! silk k9d4 ,t is to say1 t on ! conductor !re w be a twi/ ( ! silk k9d :5 ! glass rod is br\ght ne> x4 ,b !re is no?+ to make ! p>ticles ( ! conductor twi/ z a :ole4 ,! glass rod is n suppos$ to t\* ! conductor--x is simply br\ght ne> x1 & no actual communication takes place betwe5 !m4 ,no =ce is actually appli$ to x1 nor electricity communicat$ to x4 ,h5ce1 on ! :ole1 ! p>ticles ( ! conductor w n be twi/$4 ,t is to say1 s9ce !re is a twi/ ( ! glass k9d on "o end1 !re w be at ! o!r end a twi/ ( ! image k9d--t is1 ( ! silk k9d4 ,& ^! two twi/s are l ! two twi/s on ! p5cil--if all[$ to run toge!r !y w run ea* o!r out4 ,s if ! conductor 7 remov$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ! glass rod x w\ld be f\nd to be no diff]5t f :at x 0 at fir/4 ,x w\ld n be 8*>g$40 ,n[ ?is is :at actually happ5s4 ,?us we h1 fir/ly1 a glass rod ) its twi/2 secondly1 a mass ( metal ) two twi/s on x--"o ne> ! glass rod1 & ( ! image k9d2 ! o!r at ! o!r end ( ! mass ( metal1 & relat$ to ! orig9al twi/ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,x is ! image ( its image4 ,n[ x w be f\nd by us+ a mirror t ! image ( ! image ( a twi/ is ! twi/ itself4 ,h5ce on ! o!r end ( ! conductor !re is a twi/ ( ! same k9d z t on ! glass rod4 ,& x is obvi\s t ! rod1 ) its twi/1 is connect$ ) ! twi/ on ! conductor ne>e/ to x1 & ! twi/ on ! o!r end ( ! conductor w1 by ! same arbitr>y process :i* we h assum$ z real1 call up a twi/1 ! image ( itself1 on any object ne> x4 ,if x is t\*$ by ! object ) ?is contr>y twi/ ! two w run toge!r1 & ! conductor w1 if x is left free1 h only "o twi/--! silk k9d1 :i* has come up opposite ! rod4 ,if n[ ! rod be mov$ away1 ! conductor w be twi/$ z a :ole2 t is1 all ! p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$ w be slightly twi/$ ) a twi/ ( ! silk k9d4 ,9 ?is /ate x is said to be *>g$4 ,?us ! assumption :i* we h made1 t !re is "s process 9 nature 9 virtue ( :i*1 opposite to any twi/1 its image twi/ is produc$ z a real ?+--?is assumption is 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( induction4 ,in/ead ( work+ ) a glass rod x is m conv5i5t to use a metal rod4 ,suppose we take a pok] & atta* a h&le ( seal+ wax to its middle4 ,see ,a ,b bel[4 ,?is w be easily imag9$1 & its two ends1 ! h&le & ! black end1 w be easily reta9$ 9 ! m9d4 ,if n[ electricity be communicat$ f ! glass rod to ! pok] by t\*+ ! two toge!r1 :at happ5s is ?is3 ,! p>ticles ( ! glass be+ twi/$ communicate _! twi/ to ! p>ticles ( ! pok]4 ,! twi/ on ! pok] is ( ! same k9d z ! twi/ on ! glass rod1 & ! am\nt ( twi/+ :i* ! glass p>ticles _h is divid$ betwe5 ! glass rod & ! pok]4 ,! use ( ! seal+-wax h&le is to keep ! twi/ f communicat+ itself to ! body ( ! p]son hold+ x1 &1 ?r\gh him1 to ! e>?4 ,x is f\nd t c]ta9 bodies1 8non-conductors10 w n communicate ! twi/ & convey x along2 :]eas metallic bodies1 & conductors g5]ally1 w communicate ?is twi/ at once to great di/ances4 ,we w suppose t a metallic body consi/s ( p>ticles s arrang$ toge!r t x easily acts z a set ( m9ute ?reads or *a9s ( p>ticles :i* w twi/1 ea* ?read or *a9 twi/+ z a :ole4 ,?us ! conception :i* %\ld be =m$ ( a metallic body conduct+ electricity along x is ?is3--,conceive a bundle ( v f9e b v rigid wires1 ea* wire twi/+ sep>ately b ) ! same k9d ( twi/ z all ! o!rs1 & ea*1 z x twi/s1 rotat+ among/ its fell[ ?reads4 ,if we h a metal rod we c twi/ x betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb4 ,?is is n ! k9d ( twi/ we suppose1 b t ea* sep>ate /r+ ( p>ticles is ?us twi/$1 s t ea* set twi/+ rema9s 9 ! same "p ( ! metal rod--b is turn+ r\nd 9 its fix$ position4 ,?is is a body convey+ an electric curr5t4 ,if ! curr5t w n pass1 ! set ( m9ute wires mu/ be conceiv$ z held at ! f> end1 & giv5 a twi/1 />t+ f ! po9t :]e ! electricity is communicat$4 ,n[ if a conductor is ?us *>g$ & left1 x is f\nd t x reta9s its *>ge2 to be dis*>g$ x mu/ be t\*$ ) ano!r conductor4 ,h5ce ?is twi/ ( m9ute ?reads diff]s f a twi/ ( a wire 9 t ! ?reads _c untwi/ ( !mselves unless o!r ?reads come into contact ) !m to :i* !y c imp>t ! twi/4 ,t ?is %\ld be ! case may dep5d on ! fact t ! twi/+ /r+s are /r+s ( molecules1 & ! ends ( !m w\ld ?us be connect$ ) o!r molecules ) some?+ ( ! same t5acity z t ) :i* ! /r+s !mselves coh]e toge!r1 & are unable to unlock !mselves f ^! insulat+ or untwi/+ molecules4 ,let u consid] ! /ate due to ^! twi/+ /r+s ( p>ticles4 ,place two p5nies ly+ on ! table be=e y1 & suppose !m to be ! sections 9 :i* two /r+s ( a conductor are cut across1 s t y are look+ at two p>ticles1 repres5t$ by ! p5nies 9 ! int]ior ( a conductor2 ! /r+s1 ( :i* ! p5nies are sections1 come up t[>ds y\r eye4 ,n[ twi/ ! two p5nies ea* 9 ! same direction--say t ( ! h&s ( a wat*4 ,f ! out] edges y c take ! motion (f2 ! edges are mov+ 9 ! same direction4 ,b :]e ! two p5nies meet y w see t ! edge ( ea* is go+ 9 a contr>y direction to ! o!r4 ,& if "o p5ny t5ds to move an object 9 "o way ! o!r t5ds to move x 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,h5ce ^! motions t5d to neutralize ea* o!r 9 ! int]ior ( a conduct+ wire4 ,hav+ n[ =m$ a conception ( ! /ate ( ! p>ticles 9 an electrifi$ pok]1 suppose ano!r pok] likewise held by an insulat+ h&le is br\ght ne> ! fir/4 ,let ! pok]s be s arrang$ t ! h&les bo? po9t "o way1 ! black ends ano!r way1 & let ! second pok] be 9 ! same l9e z ! fir/1 ) its h&le t[>ds ! black end ( ! fir/4 ,n[ ! fir/ pok] is *>g$1 x conta9s electricity1 its p>ticles are twi/$4 ,:at effect w x h on ! second pok]8 ,x is f\nd t ! second pok] und]goes a c]ta9 *ange1 b :5 x is remov$ to a di/ance f ! fir/ pok] all trace ( ?is *ange disappe>s4 ,on ! end ne>e/ ! fir/ pok]--on ! h&le--is f\nd silk electricity2 on ! end fur!/ f ! fir/ pok]--on ! black end--is f\nd glass electricity4 ,a ,b ,c ,d --- --- - ,let ,a ,b be "o pok]1 ! repres5t+ ! *>ge ( glass electricity4 ,let ,c ,d repres5t ! o!r pok]1 ! - repres5t+ ! induc$ silk electricity1 ! ! glass electricity 9 x4 ,let ,a be ! h&le ( ! fir/1 ,b its black end4 ,let ,c be ! h&le ( ! second1 & ,d its black end4 ,to expla9 ?is let u br+ 9 our imag9>y pr9ciple4 ,let u suppose t :5 a *>g$ body is br\ght ne> an un*>g$ body1 b is sep>at$ f x by "s m$ium ?r\gh :i* electricity _c pass--let u suppose t by "s ag5cy ! twi/ 9 ! *>g$ body calls up an image twi/ 9 ! body opposite x4 ,?us1 due to ! twi/ 9 ! fir/ pok] !re w be an image twi/ 9 ! h&le "p ( ! second pok]4 ,b ! /r+s ( p>ticles 9 ! second pok] are n twi/$ z a :ole2 !y are twi/$ 9 su* a way t if !y are remov$ f ! fir/ pok]1 ! twi/1 :atev] x be1 disappe>s4 ,n[ ?is w\ld obvi\sly be effect$ if we suppose ! same ?+ to g on 9 ! second pok] z took place betwe5 ! fir/ pok] & ! second4 ,let ! twi/ 9 ! h&le end ,c ( ! second pok] be accompani$ by ! production ( an image twi/ 9 ! black end ,d4 ,& let u take ?is z a fair acc\nt ( our obs]vations4 ,if a body1 :i* z a :ole does n und]go a twi/1 has "o "p ( x twi/$1 !n !re w be ! image twi/ 9 ! o!r "p ( x4 ,i say t ! pok] z a :ole is n twi/$1 & all t ?is means is t if x be remov$ f ! electrical influ5ce x is f\nd to be n *>g$2 & ! idea :i* we may =m is ?is3 ! /r+s ( p>ticles are twi/$ l ! two /rips ( pap] r\nd ! p5cil2 !y are twi/$ s t !y w exactly unw9d if left alone4 ,n[ ( c\rse all ^! suppositions are m]ely provisional1 & mu/ be dismiss$ unless se5 to be me*anically possible2 b = ! pres5t we are try+ to see if our assumption w fit 9 ) facts4 ,& our assumption is t !re is 9 nature a p[] :i* among/ ! molecules produces t z a real ?+ :i* 9 our l>g] mode ( exi/5ce only occurs z a simulacrum & appe>ance4 ,our look+-glass images are n real1 b we suppose t real images are produc$ among/ ! molecules4#c ,we h se5 t if we make a c]ta9 supposition z to ! call+ up ( an image twi/ by a twi/ ( molecul> matt]1 !n ! ma9 facts ( electricity are capable ( an explanation1 :i*1 involv+ m]ely ! motion ( ord9>y matt]1 is f> pref]able to ! idea ( !re be+ a my/]i\s fluid1 & m 9 h>mony ) our pres5t ideas ( electricity4 ,& yet x is impossible to reta9 ?is supposition unless a cle> me*anical explanation c be giv5 ( h[ a real image ( itself c be call$ up by ! twi/ :i* we suppose electricity to be4 ,we c by intellig5t ag5cy produce a twi/ :i* is ! real image ( a giv5 twi/4 ,b x w\ld be absurd to suppose among/ ! molecules an ag5cy :i*1 act+ ) prescrib$ aim1 gave 9 t doma9 ^? real simulacra1 ^? evid5t images1 ^? phantoms ) :i* we 9 our l>g] _w ( masses are = ev] mock$4 ,& yet x w\ld be curi\s if su* an hypo!sis 7 to claim a recogniz$ position 9 our m5tal app>atus ) :i* we ?9k ab\t nature4 ,= 9 t molecul> _w1 if we imag9e x to ourselves1 !re w\ld be a curi\s /ate4 ,if we consid] a twi/ & its image1 !y are b ! simple/ & mo/ rudim5t>y type ( an organism4 ,:at holds good ( a twi/ & its image twi/ w\ld hold good ( a m complicat$ arrangem5t also4 ,if a bit ( /ructure app>5tly v unlike a twi/1 & ) manifold p>ts & diff]5ces 9 x--if su* a /ructure 7 to meet its image /ructure1 ea* ( !m w\ld in/antly unw9d ! o!r1 & :at 0 be=e a complex & comp\nd :ole1 opposite to an image ( itself1 w\ld at once be resolv$ into a /r+ ( =mless p>ticles4 ,a fla%1 a blaze1 & all w\ld be ov]4 ,to realize :at ?is w\ld mean we mu/ conceive t 9 our _w !re 7 to be = ea* man some:]e a c\nt]-man1 a pres5tm5t ( himself1 a real c\nt]feit1 outw>dly fa%ion$ l himself1 b ) 8 "r h& opposite 8 orig9al's "r h&4 ,exactly l ! image ( ! man 9 a mirror4 ,& !n :5 ! man & 8 c\nt]feit met1 a sudd5 :irl1 a blaze1 a little /eam1 & ! two human be+s1 hav+ mutually unw\nd ea* o!r1 leave no?+ b a residuum ( =mless p>ticles4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,:at physical explanation is possible ( ?is production ( a real image8 ,fir/ ( all we may note t ! production ( a real image ( any di/urbance is "o ( ! commone/ ph5om5a4 ,if a piece ( indi>ubb] ly+ on ! table be press$ d[nw>ds ) ! f+] x w move up :5 ! f+] is remov$4 ,! yield+ & ! resum+ its orig9al =m are movem5t & image movem5t4 ,if ! di/urbance is simply a displacem5t 9 "o l9e1 !n1 if ! m$ium 9 :i* ?is displacem5t is produc$ is n p]man5tly displac$1 b on ! :ole ma9ta9s its equilibrium1 !re inv>iably accompanies any displacem5t its image displacem5t4 ,moreov]1 to take ! simple example ( a wave propagat$ ?r\gh wat]--! p>ticles ( ! wat] on ! :ole move ab\t a mean position2 !y are n displac$ p]man5tly 9 any "o direction2 &1 tak+ ! di/ance f ! cre/ to ! holl[ ( a wave1 !n f ! holl[ to ! next cre/1 is ! real image ( ! fir/ "p4 ,?us 9 ! complete movem5t 9 ! wave measur$ f cre/ to cre/1 !re is displacem5t & its real image4 ,?us !re seems "s consi/5cy ab\t ?is supposition ( an image1 ab\t ! production ( a real image 9 nature4 ,b !re are two obs]vations :i* we c make4 ,fir/ly1 if x is true 9 ^! complicat$ cases x ought to be true 9 simpl] cases also4 ,t is1 if ?is supposition is 9 h>mony ) electrical actions1 x ought to fit 9 ) o!r actions ( a simpl] k9d4 ,secondly1 a supposition ( ?is k9d has no p]man5t value2 x is r a feel]1 by :i* we trace out our way 9 ! d>kness1 ?an any actual vision itself4 ,9 default ( an actual realization ( :at ! electrical relations are we c treat !m by means ( a supposition4 ,b we mu/ be ready at any mom5t to give up ! supposition if x does n h>monize ) ! facts4 ,& 9 ! fir/ case does ! idea ( a real image hold good ab\t ! simple/ possible actions8 ,if we pu% our fi/ t[>ds a glass ! image is t ( a fi/ mov+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,n[1 suppose a pressure ex]t$ on a wall1 z1 = in/ance1 a h>d /one hitt+ x4 ,! wall und]goes a displacem5t1 b n z a :ole--only t "p ( x :]e ! /one hits4 ,& ?is displacem5t is foll[$ by ! image displacem5t1 = ! wall 9 ! "p :]e x has be5 hit & press$ back moves =w>d1 & by its reaction ?r[s ! /one (f4 ,e case ( action & reaction is a case ( a motion & its image motion4 ,if a bullet /rikes ! wall & goes ) su* velocity t x lodges 9 x1 !n ! motion ( ! ball & ! image motion ( ! wall de/roy "o ano!r1 & ! result is a %att]+ ( ! wall 9 ! pa? ( ! bullet4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( a simple displacem5t ( ?is k9d !re is a rule by :i* we c =m ! image displacem5t4 ,take a po9t on ! wall1 & ab\t ?is po9t z a c5tre turn ! displacem5t half way r\nd1 s t x does n come to be itself aga91 b is opposite to itself4 ,by ?is turn+1 ! displacem5t becomes ! image ( itself2 a movem5t into ! wall becomes a movem5t out f ! wall2 & ^! foll[ "o ano!r if ! wall is n injur$4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! displacem5t is mov$ r\nd ?is po9t1 us+ a direction :i* is n 9 ! displacem5t itself4 ,! displacem5t goes /raight into ! wall4 ,! turn+ motion1 :i* we suppose1 ne$s ano!r direction ?an ?is4 ,n[ suppose1 in/ead ( a simple displacem5t l ?is1 we take a displacem5t involv+ two directions1 z 9 ! case ( a wave di/urbance--x w be f\nd t ! conditions are j ! same4 ,if a wave movem5t falls on a m$ium :i* x does n de/roy or move z a :ole1 ! displacem5t calls up its image displacem5t4 ,& ! image displacem5t c be f\nd1 z be=e1 by twi/+ ! displacem5t r\nd s z to become opposite to itself--by twi/+ x half-way r\nd4 ,b 9 ?is case1 too1 a direction mu/ be us$ :i* is n us$ 9 ! displacem5t itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,ii4 ,let u look at ! wave di/urbance m closely4 ,! horizontal c5tral l9e 9 ,diagram ,,ii4 w repres5t ! positions :i* a numb] ( p>ticles occupy :5 at re/4 ,t is1 let u suppose !re to be a numb] ( p>ticles ly+ 9 a s]ies =m+ ?is l9e4 ,we c ?9k ( ! portions ( an ela/ic cord4 ,an indi>ubb] tube may be tak5 z an illu/ration1 & made to vibrate by a motion ( ! h&4 ,if n[ "o ( ! p>ticles be deflect$ f its natural position--suppose x is mov$ to ! position ,m--!n we %\ld h "o p>ticle at ,m out ( its place1 & all ! o!rs 9 _! places4 ,b ?is does n happ54 ,if ! p>ticle is pull$ to ,m1 ! p>ticles ne> x foll[ aft] x1 & are also di/urb$ f _! places1 ?\gh n s mu* z ! p>ticle at ,m4 ,we %\ld h a set ( p>ticles =m+ a %ape l ,l ,m ,n1 only mu* long]2 9 fact1 ! p>ticles all along ! cord w\ld be rais$4 ,if ! cord is /ruck sudd5ly we d h a set arrang+ !mselves l ,l ,m ,n1 b only = a limit$ di/ance along ! cord4 ,& "h we notice a curi\s ?+4 ,if a set ( p>ticles is =c$ to g l ,l ,m ,n1 remov$ f _! position ( repose1 !n at once a set ( p>ticles goes l ,n ,o ,n4 ,a displacem5t is accompani$ by ano!r displacem5t :i* is ! opposite ( x4 ,& ?is displacem5t & opposite displacem5t travels along ! ela/ic cord4 ,b ! po9t ( view :i* is ! mo/ natural "o to reg>d x f is a little diff]5t f ?is4 ,let u consid] a s+le po9t1 ,p4 ,:5 ?is is di/urb$ x moves above its orig9al position to ,m1 & bel[ to ! o!r end ( ! dott$ l9e4 ,its complete movem5t is f "o ( ^! extremes to ! o!r4 ,& if we take ! complete di/urbance z exhibit$ 9 all its phases by diff]5t po9ts1 we ought to look at ! portion ( ! diagram ,m ,n ,o4 ,= "h at ,n we h a po9t n displac$ at all2 at ,m1 "o displac$ to its full ext5t upw>ds2 at ,o1 "o displac$ to its full ext5t d[nw>ds4 ,& int]m$iate p>ticles h int]m$iate displacem5ts4 ,n[ :5 a complex displacem5t ( ?is k9d is put into a cord1 its image at once spr+s up4 ,! displacem5t repres5t$ by ,m ,n ,o at once calls up ! displacem5t repres5t$ by ,o ,n ,m1 & ?is condition ( displacem5t & image displacem5t cont9ues repeat+ itself till ! cord comes to re/4 ,if ! diagram be closely look$ at1 x w be se5 t x exhibits ! image relation%ip twice ov]4 ,= ! movem5t ( ! p>ticle ,p f ,p to ,m has its image 9 ! motion ( ano!r p>ticle f its place ( repose to ! position ,o4 ,! di/urbance itself1 ,m ,n ,o1 consi/s ( displacem5ts & image displacem5ts2 & ?is di/urbance1 ) its image ,o ,n ,m1 makes ! wave f cre/ to cre/4 ,! 8twi/0 :i* we consid] 9 ^! pages is l ! wave motion1 b ) a ?ird compon5t add$1 s t 9 ! complete motion !re is a displacem5t com+ out f ! plane ( ! pap]1 z well z ! displacem5ts 9 ! plane ( ! pap] itself4 ,& j z ! wave displacem5t produces a real image ( itself 9 a m$ium :i* x does n di/ort z a :ole1 s !re is no?+ arbitr>y 9 our assum+ t an electric twi/ calls up ! real image ( itself 9 an insulat+ m$ium--t is1 a m$ium :i* x _c twi/ z a :ole4 ,if ,l ,m ,n ,o is a wave motion1 !n ,l ,m ,n ,o is its image1 z produc$ by mov+ x r\nd out ( ! plane ( ! pap]--,diagram ,,ii4 ,if ! wave di/urbance is mov$ r\nd 9 ! plane ( ! pap]1 ! orig9al wave ,l ,m ,n ,o becomes ,l ,m ,n ,o--,diagram ,,iii4--a %ape :i* be>s no resemblance to ! transmitt$ wave4 ,consid] ,o ,n ,m ,l to be a b5t piece ( wire ly+ on ! pap]2 if x is mov$ r\nd ,o1 keep+ on ! pap]1 x becomes ,o ,n ,m ,l4 ,to become l ,o ,n ,m ,l 9 ,diagram ,,ii4 x mu/ move up f ! pap] & d[n aga9 on ! "r4 ,?us adopt+ ?is artificial aid to ?\ght--t a displacem5t calls up an image displacem5t--we get ! rule t ?is displacem5t1 ! image1 c be got f ! orig9al displacem5t by mov+ ! orig9al displacem5t half-way r\nd1 us+ z ! plane 9 :i* ! turn+ is made t plane :i* is giv5 u by tak+ ^! two directions--! direction 9 :i* ! wave is mov+1 & a direction at "r angles to ! directions 9 :i* ! displacem5ts :i* =m ! wave take place4 ,?us1 ) ! wave motion %[n1 if we take ! direction t[>ds ! top ( ! page to be ! up direction1 & t f left to "r to be ! sideways direction1 !n out ( ! pap] t[>ds u is ! 8ne>0 direction4 ,s1 too1 9 ?is case we h to turn ! wave di/urbance out ( ! plane ( ! pap]1 & ea* po9t ( x1 to produce ! image1 mu/ turn 9 a circle 7go+ half-way r\nd x7 ly+ 9 a plane :i* has ! two directions ne> & sideways4 ,! motions ( ! p>ticles !mselves are 9 ! plane ( ! pap]4 ,s to get ! image by turn+ we use a direction--! 8ne>0 direction1 :i* is n involv$ 9 ! wave motion itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,iii4 ,h5ce we may /ate1 z a t5tative pr9ciple1 t :5 a di/urbance takes place 9 a m$ium :i* w n be di/urb$ z a :ole1 !n su* di/urbance is accompani$ by a real image ( itself2 & ?is real image ( itself is ! configuration :i* w\ld be obta9$ by twi/+ ! orig9al di/urbance r\nd 9 a direction n conta9$ 9 ! orig9al di/urbance4 ,?us ! di/urbance ,o ,n ,m ,l is obta9$ by twi/+ ! di/urbance ,l ,m ,n ,o r\nd4 ,! direction 9 :i* x is twi/$ is ! direction com+ out f ! plane ( ! pap]4 ,n[ if ?is plane di/urbance is 9 nature accompani$ by its real image1 :y %\ld n a twi/ su* z takes place 9 ! electric curr5t also be accompani$ by its image twi/ :5 x imp+es on a m$ium :i* x _c twi/ z a :ole--t is1 :5 x comes to an insulator 9 its pa?8 ,! reason1 obvi\sly1 is t we _c conceive su* an image produc$ me*anically4 ,& ! reason ( ?is c be exhibit$ ?us4 ,:5 we _h a plane di/urbance l ,l ,m ,n ,o we only us$ up two dim5sions ( space1 & we h a ?ird com+ up f ! plane2 & ?is direction enables u to imag9e a turn+ :i* w alt] ,a ,b into its image4 ,b :5 we h a twi/ proce$+ along an axis1 z 9 ! case ( electricity1 we h no direction left ov] 9 space :]eby we may conceive ! twi/ turn$ r\nd4 ,n[ :5 ! displacem5t itself involves all ^! directions h[ w our rule hold8 ,h[ %all we get ! image displacem5t8 ,we c f9d :at x is by us+ a look+-glass2 b ! same rule :i* s]v$ 9 previ\s cases ought to "w "h also4 ,we want a direction :i* is nei!r up & d[n1 "r & left1 t[>ds & away4 ,n[ let u adopt a ma!matical device1 & suppose !re is su* a direction1 & let u call x ! ,x direction1 ! unkn[n direction4 ,!n if we turn ! twi/ r\nd1 us+ ?is ,x direction1 we %all get ! image if our rule is correct4 ,& z a matt] ( fact1 by twi/+ a figure r\nd 9 ?is way1 us+ a direction diff]5t f any ( ! ?ree m5tion$ above1 we d get its image4 ,h5ce ! rule we h =m$ works consi/5tly4 ,x w be f\nd t if !re 0 ano!r direction s t ! spiral di/urbance c\ld be turn$ indep5d5tly ( ! directions us$ up 9 x1 t j z a plane di/urbance c be turn$ into its image di/urbance1 s ! spiral di/urbance ( electricity c\ld be turn$ into its image spiral by a simple turn+4 ,9 ?is argum5t we h n look$ at ! matt] directly1 b f ! outside4 ,to see x imm$iately requires u to ga9 a famili>ity ) ! prop]ties ( space ) f\r indep5d5t directions1 & t w\ld take too long = ! pres5t pap]4 ,! same conclusion c be arriv$ at ma!matically2 b 9 ^! pap]s z f> z possible we avoid symbolism4 ,we want to ga9 hold ( sci5tific facts 9 a w>m & liv+ way1 to unwrap !m f conv5tionalities & =mul4 ,?us if we suppose t 9 ! m9ute motions :i* g on ab\t u !re is a possibility ( mov+ 9 a f\r-dim5sional way1 !n x is p]fectly legitimate to assume t 9 a m$ium :i* _c be twi/$1 b :i* is ela/ic1 a twi/ calls up a real image twi/4 ,& ?us ! assumptions :i* we h made z ! basis ( an electrical !ory are ju/ifi$ on ! assumption ( a f\r-dim5sional space1 are unt5able except on t supposition4 ,! matt] is ( c\rse p]fectly op54 ,! only way is ?is1 by adopt+ ! assumption ( a high] space to pr$ict :at ! actions ( ! molecules w be1 !n if a numb] ( pr$ictions are v]ifi$ ! evid5ce w become /rong4 ,& ,i feel sure t !re are "s v curi\s ?+s to be made out "h4 ,= my own "p ! evid5ce ( ! reality ( f\r-dim5sional space--9 ! s5se 9 :i* we say t our space is real--does n re/ on ! consid]ation ( ! molecul> movem5ts ab\t :i* x is n easy to get cle> ideas1 b on ! /udy ( ! facts ( space4 ,i h>dly ?9k t any "o :o sp5t a few ye>s 9 becom+ famili> ) ! facts ( space1 n by ! means ( symbolism or reason+ b by pure obs]vation1 c\ld d\bt t !re are really f\r dim5sions4 ,9 notic+ ! simpl] actions & _! image actions we f9d t ! real image does n coexi/ ) its orig9al1 b r foll[s & succe$s x4 ,if we pu% aga9/ a bo>d ! bo>d yields1 & spr+s back :5 we leave (f pu%+4 ,if ! orig9al displacem5t is p]man5t z a po9t press$ aga9/ an ela/ic surface & mak+ ! surface yield1 !n ! image ( ?is displacem5t is pot5tial2 x is n actually !re1 b comes into play z soon z ! orig9al displacem5t is remov$4 ,n[ 9 ! electrical actions we h assum$ bo? ! orig9al twi/ & ! image twi/ z concurr5tly exi/+4 ,9 c]ta9 cases !re is no d\bt t !y are coexi/5t z :5 a glass rod is rubb$ by silk4 ,b if ! case ( ! action ( a *>g$ pok] on an un*>g$ "o be exam9$ x w be f\nd t !re is no?+ to prove t ! image twi/ comes into exi/5ce until ! orig9al "o is remov$4 ,:5 ! *>g$ pok] is br\ght ne> ! o!r1 ! remote end ( ! second is affect$ ) ! same k9d ( electricity z is on ! *>g$ pok]4 ,! appe>ance is j ! same z if a ?9 wall 7 expos$ to a pressure on "o side1 & ! o!r side 7 to bulge out4 ,! displacem5t is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! conductor4 ,x is only :5 ! orig9al *>g$ body is remov$ t ! image *>ge is f\nd to be 9 exi/5ce on ! second conductor4 ,!re are "s peculi>ities1 h[ev]1 :i* make electrical displacem5ts diff]5t 9 _! appe>ances f ord9>y displacem5ts4 ,no body c be made to move 9 any direction )\t imp>t+ an equal motion 9 an opposite direction to ano!r body--e4g41 ! motion ( a cannon ball is equall$ by ! recoil ( ! cannon4 ,& s no twi/ c be giv5 to ! p>ticles ( a body )\t an image twi/ be+ giv5 to o!r p>ticles4 ,n[ ! image displacem5t or rectil9e> motion1 9 ! case ( a rectil9e> motion1 9 /raight=w>d movem5t seems to rema9 9 ! place :]e x 0 produc$4 ,! recoil ( ! gun c>riage produces a /ra9 on its be>+s & friction1 :i* produce heat1 :i* gradually dissipates4 ,b ! image displacem5t1 9 ! case ( electricity1 seems to h a m>vell\s facility = runn+ ?r\gh ! e>? & meet+ ! orig9al displacem5t4 ,an indef9itely long l9e ( action seems 9 electricity to take ! place ( a simple po9t4 ,our ord9>y me*anical =ces are locat$ 9 c5tres1 or po9ts ( action4 ,9 electricity ! l9e seems to take ! place ( ! po9t4 ,:]e ! ord9>y eng9e] deals ) po9ts ! electrical eng9e] deals ) l9es4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,!r4 ,!re are "s expressions :i*1 be+ some:at vaguely us$1 are apt to cause confusion 9 ! m9d ( ^? :o read or he> ab\t high] space4 ,& p]haps ! mo/ mis*iev\s is ! expression1 a curvature ( space4 ,n[ ( space z x is g5]ally us$1 9 its accept$ significance1 !re c be no curvature4 ,= space means a sy/em ( positions ext5d+ uni=mly 9 ! numb] ( dim5sions we *oose to fix ^u4 ,if we take ! /raight l9e z our space1 we may call x #a space2 !n ! set ( positions foll[ "o on aft] ! o!r )\t b5d+4 ,if ! l9e is b5t x becomes a l9e1 n a /raight l9e4 ,x %\ld n be call$ #a space1 b a ?+ 9 #b space4 ,t is1 x is a b5t l9e 9 a plane4 ,a be+ :o 0 on ! l9e might n p]ceive ! fact ( ?is b5d+1 & x might n affect ! measurem5ts he made4 ,b if ! l9e ran into itself aga91 & he f\nd t he 0 mov+ on :at we %\ld call a circle1 ?is w\ld 9 no way affect 8 idea ( space4 ,he w\ld recognize t :at he call$ space1 namely1 8 l9e1 0 n space1 b a curv$ ?+ 9 #b space4 ,simil>ly1 tak+ a plane--?is is by def9ition n curv$ 9 any way1 kn[n or unkn[n1 & x c only be conceiv$ to be b5t by ampl] space be+ conceiv$1 & its be+ imag9$ z hav+ =ce appli$ to x s z to become a b5t ?+ 9 ?is ampl] space4 ,9 ?is case ! t]m 8plane0 is n ! correct "n4 ,& s ab\t our ?ree-dim5sional space2 we _c be robb$ ( t idea1 al?\gh x might conceivably be prov$ t our e>? & our :ole univ]se 7 on a curv$ ?+ 9 #d space4 ,we w !n keep ! t]m 8space0 = ! ord9>y conception2 & call x #a1 #b1 #c1 #d space1 accord+ to ! numb] ( suppos$ indep5d5t directions4 ,a curv$ l9e or surface or solid we w call a #a1 #b1 or #c ?+1 accord+ to ! numb] ( dim5sions 9 x4 ,a /raight l9e is a #a ?+ possible 9 #a space4 ,a circle is a #a ?+ possible 9 #b space4 ,at any po9t ( x a be+ 9 x is limit$ to motion 9 "o direction1 :ile ! circle itself involves two dim5sions4 ,! surface ( a sph]e is a #b ?+ possible 9 #c space4 ,! r9d ( an orange1 or ! orange itself1 is a #c ?+ possible 9 #c space4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! surface ( ! sph]e1 al?\gh only a #b ?+1 involves ! conception ( #c space1 & _c be und]/ood )\t ! use ( ! idea ( #c space4 ,x is a #b ?+ because at any po9t ( ! surface a be+ c only move 9 two indep5d5t directions4 ,a crook$ l9e drawn on ! surface ( a sph]e is a #a ?+ 9 a #b ?+ 9 #c space4 ,ano!r v common misconception is occasion$ by ! use ( a figure ( ?is k9d ,illu/ration3 symbol to repres5t a 8knot0 9 #b space4 ,x obvi\sly corresponds 9 #b space to an iron rod weld$ toge!r at ! cross+ place ( ! loop1 s t x is indi/+ui%able :i* is ! "o free end1 :i* ! o!r4 ,at ! cross+ po9t ! two l9es repres5t$ by ! two ink m>ks mu/ be absolutely "o & ! same4 ,if "o l9e be suppos$ to g ov] ! o!r1 by h[ev] small a di/ance1 x w\ld leave ! plane4 ,x w\ld sudd5ly become invisible to ! creature 9 ! plane1 & x w\ld appe> aga9 at ! o!r side ( ! l9e x cross$ z if x came f n[h]e4 ,x w\ld be z extraord9>y a sight z if we saw a pole go+ up to a brick wall1 !n beyond ! brick wall ! re/ ( ! pole appe>+--n go+ ?r\gh ! brick wall1 nor com+ r\nd x--b someh[ appe>+2 "p ( ! same pole mov+ :5 x mov$1 obvi\sly connect$ ) x1 & yet ) no jo9+ "p :i* we c\ld possibly discov]4 ,aga91 x sometimes appe>s to be ?\ght t ! f\r? dim5sion is 9 "s way diff]5t f ! ?ree :i* we "k4 ,b !re is no?+ my/]i\s at all ab\t x4 ,x is j an ord9>y dim5sion tilt$ up 9 "s way1 :i* ) our bodily organs we _c po9t to4 ,b if x is b5t d[n x w be j l any ord9>y dim5sion3 a l9e :i* w5t up into ! f\r? dim5sion "o in* w1 :5 b5t d[n1 lie an in* 9 any kn[n direction we l to po9t out4 ,only if ?is l9e 9 ! f\r? dim5sion be suppos$ to be connect$ rigidly ) any rigid body1 "o ( ! directions 9 t rigid body mu/ po9t away 9 ! f\r? dim5sion :5 ! l9e t 0 9 ! f\r? comes into a #c space direction4 ,if ! read] w ref] back to ! pap] on ! plane _w he w f9d a description ( ! means by :i* a be+ !re might "k t he 0 9 a limit$ _w1 & t 8 conception ( space 0 n ( :at 0 really ! :ole ( space1 b ( ! limit$ portion ( x to :i* he 0 conf9$ by 8 mann] ( be+4 ,! te/ by :i* su* a be+ c\ld discov] 8 limitation 0 ?is4 ,he f\nd two ?+s1 ea* consi/+ ( a multitude ( p>ts--two triangles2 & ! relation%ip ( ! p>ts ( ! "o 0 ! same z ! relation%ip ( ! p>ts ( ! o!r4 ,= e po9t 9 ! "o !re 0 a correspond+ po9t 9 ! o!r4 ,= e pair ( po9ts 9 ! "o !re 0 a correspond+ pair ( po9ts 9 ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 consid]$ z sy/ems made up ( mutually relat$ p>ts1 ea* 0 ! same z ! o!r4 ,yet he c\ld n make ^! two triangles co9cide4 ,n[ ?is impossibility ( br++ toge!r two ?+s :i* he felt 7 really alike 0 ! sign to him ( 8 limitation2 & by reflect+ on ! simil> appe>ance :i* w\ld pres5t itself to a be+ limit$ to a /raight l9e--by ?9k+ ( two sy/ems ( po9ts :i* 7 really id5tical1 & :i* he c\ld make co9cide1 b :i* a l9e be+ c\ld n make co9cide1 he w\ld be l$ to conclude t he 9 8 turn 0 subject to a limitation4 ,n[ is !re any object :i* we "k :i*1 consid]$ z a :ole consi/+ ( p>ts1 is exactly l ano!r :ole1 ! two hav+ all _! p>ts simil>ly arrang$1 s z to =m 9 !mselves two id5tical sy/ems1 & yet ! "o incapable ( be+ made to co9cide ) ! o!r1 ev5 9 ?\ght8 ,let u look at our two h&s4 ,!y are 7except = accid5tal v>iations7 exactly alike4 ,& yet !y _c be made to co9cide4 ,& "h1 if we reflect on x1 is ! sign to u t we are limit$ 9 our notions ( space--t we are really 9 a f\r-dim5sional _w4 ,wat*+ a %ip z x rec$es f ! %ore we see t x becomes hull d[n be=e x vani%es1 & "k t ! e>? is r\nd4 ,& no less c]ta9ly d our two h&s1 9 _! curi\s lik5ess & yet diff]5ce1 af=d to u a p]petual pro( ( our limitation1 & indicate a l>g] _w4 ,?is sign really tells u m ?an ! m]e fact ( our limitation3 x tells u :]e to look = ! possibility ( f\r-dim5sional movem5ts4 ,x tells u t movem5ts ( any degree ( magnitude relative to u are n possible 9 ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,x tells u to look = f\r-dim5sional movem5ts 9 ! m9ute p>ticles ( matt]1 n 9 ! movem5ts ( masses ( ab\t our own size4 ,! task be=e u is difficult4 ,we h to make up f ! outside :at ! appe>ances ( a high] space exi/5ce are to u 9 our space1 & !n we h to look at ! facts ( nature & see if !y correspond to ^! appe>ances4 ,let u take a few isolat$ po9ts & look at !m pati5tly4 ,to a be+ /&+ on ! rim ( a plane _w a /raight l9e absolutely %uts out ! prospect be=e him4 ,if ! /raight l9e is inf9ite x cuts 8 _w 9 two2 he c nev] hope to get beyond x4 ,x is to him :at an inf9ite plane w\ld be to u1 /ret*+ impassably 9 front ( u1 cutt+ u (f f all t lies on ! o!r side4 ,b we "k t a po9t c move r\nd ?is l9e4 ,x c revolve r\nd x by go+ out ( ! plane1 & com+ d[n aga9 into ! plane on ! o!r side ( ! l9e4 ,?is movem5t w\ld be inconceivable to a plane be+2 = he c only conceive x possible to get to ! o!r side ( ! l9e by go+ to ! end ( x & com+ back along ! o!r side ( ! l9e4 ,n[ take a piece ( pap] & put a dot "r 9 ! middle & suppose t x has no means ( pass+ ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,we c only conceive ! dot gett+ to ! o!r side ( ! pap] by pass+ r\nd ! edge & com+ back aga9 to ! position und]nea? :]e x 04 ,b by a f\r-dim5sional movem5t x c slip r\nd ! pap] )\t go+ to ! edge4 ,a set ( words may help4 ,9 a plane a body rotates r\nd a po9t--rotation takes place r\nd a po9t4 ,9 space rotation is always r\nd a l9e--! axis4 ,9 f\r-dim5sional space rotation takes place r\nd a plane4 ,to take a f>!r consid]ation ( ?is po9t--a plane be+ c see "o side or ! opposite ( a /raight l9e4 ,he c only see x 9 "o direction or 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,b we c look at a /raight l9e f a direction at "r angles to t 9 :i* a plane be+ looks at x4 ,we c look at a /raight l9e f po9ts :i* g all r\nd x4 ,simil>ly1 a be+ 9 f\r-dim5sional space c look at a plane f a direction at "r angles to t 9 :i* we look at x4 ,if we try to ?9k ( ?is we %all imag9e ourselves look+ at ! ?9 edge4 ,b ?is is n :at a f\r-dim5sional be+ w\ld mean4 ,he w\ld see ! plane exactly z we see x1 b x w\ld be f a direction at "r angles to t 9 :i* we look4 ,9 work+ ) f\r-dim5sional models x is a curi\s s5sation until we become us$ to x--t ( look+ at a plane at "o "t1 & !n look+ at x aga92 &1 al?\gh x seems j ! same--z squ>e 9 front ( u z be=e--realiz+ t we are look+ at x f a direction at "r angles to t ( our =m] view4 ,& 9 f\r dim5sions a po9t :i* is q close to a plane c revolve r\nd x )\t pass+ ?r\gh x1 ?us pres5t+ to u ! appe>ance ( vibrat+ across ! plane1 b n pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,! appe>ance is z wond]ful to u z x w\ld be = a plane be+ to see a po9t :i* 0 9 front ( a l9e quickly pass+ beh9d x )\t hav+ gone r\nd ! end4 ,su* a po9t w\ld appe> to ! plane be+ to vibrate across 8 l9e )\t pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,n[ if we /& 9 front ( a mirror we see ! image ( ourselves4 ,if we 7 to g r\nd ! mirror & take beh9d x ! position :i* our image seem$ to occupy1 we %\ld n be able to make ourselves co9cide ) x4 ,9 ! mirror opposite to our left h& is ! image ( our left h&2 b if we pass$ r\nd1 our "r h& w\ld be 9 ! place 9 :i* we imag9$ we saw ! image ( our left h&4 ,& ?us we _c make ourselves co9cide ) our image4 ,b by a rotation 9 f\r-dim5sional space we c\ld put ourselves s z exactly to co9cide ) our image4 ,?is c be se5 by ref]r+ to ! case ( ! /raight l9e1 ,diagram ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,v4 ,let ,a ,b ,c be a triangle1 & ,g a l9e4 ,if ,a ,b ,c moves r\nd ! end ( ! l9e1 x c take up ! position ,a ,b ,c2 b x _c anyh[ be made to take ! position %[n 9 ,diagram ,v41 ,a ,b ,c4 ,b if we move ! triangle ,a ,b ,c out ( ! plane r\nd ! l9e ,g z axis1 x w1 9 ! c\rse ( its twi/+ r\nd ?is axis1 come into ! position ,a ,b ,c4 ,x w come into ?is position :5 x has twi/$ half-way r\nd4 ,! po9t ,a1 = in/ance1 twi/s r\nd 9 a circle ly+ 9 a plane :i* conta9s ! direction ,a to ,a1 & ! direction at "r angles to ! pap]4 ,twi/+ half-way r\nd 9 ?is circle1 x becomes ,a1 & s on = ! o!r po9ts4 ,n[ a be+ :o did n "k :at a direction 0 :i* lay out ( ! plane w\ld n be able to conceive ?is twi/+ & turn+ movem5t4 ,x w\ld be z impossible = him to conceive ! triangle ,a ,b ,c turn$ into ! triangle ,a ,b ,c1 z x w\ld be = u to suppose ourselves turn$ into ! look+-glass image ( ourselves by a simple twi/+4 ,yet j z a ?+ inconceivable to ! plane creature c be done1 s we c\ld be twi/$ r\nd & turn$ into our image4 ,b ?is only holds !oretically2 our relation to ! !r is su* t we _c be s turn$1 or any bodies ( a magnitude appreciable to our s5ses4 ,if we consid] ! case ( a be+ limit$ to a plane1 we see t he w\ld h two directions m>k$ out = him at e po9t ( ! rim ( matt] on :i* he mu/ be conceiv$ z /&+4 ,?is is up & d[n1 & =w>ds & backw>ds--! up be+ away f ! attract+ mass on :i* he is4 ,n[1 if he 7 to realize t he 0 9 ?ree-dim5sional space1 b conf9$ to a plane surface 9 x1 8 fir/ conclusion w\ld be t !re 0 a new direction />t+ f e po9t ( matt]1 & t ?is new direction 0 n "o ( ^? :i* he knew4 ,?is new direction he c\ld n repres5t 9 t]ms ( ! directions ) :i* he 0 famili>1 & he w\ld h to inv5t new t]ms = x4 ,& s we1 :5 we conceive t f e p>ticle ( matt] !re is a new direction n connect$ ) any ( ^? :i* we "k1 b indep5d5t ( all ! pa?s we c draw 9 space1 & at "r angles to !m all--we also mu/ inv5t a new "n = ?is new direction4 ,& let u suppose a =ce act+ 9 a def9ite way 9 ?is new direction4 ,let !re be a =ce l gravitation4 ,if !re is su* a direction1 !re w probably be a =ce act+ 9 x2 = 9 e kn[n direction we f9d =ces ( "s k9d or ano!r act+4 ,let u call away f ?is =ce by ! ,greek ^w ana1 & t[>ds ! c5tre ( ?is =ce kata4 ,!n f e po9t 9 addition to ! directions up & d[n1 "r & left1 away f & t[>ds u1 is ! new direction ana & kata4 ,n[ we mu/ suppose some?+ to prev5t matt] pass+ (f 9 ! direction kata4 ,we mu/ suppose some?+ t\*+ x at e po9t1 &1 l x1 indef9itely ext5d$ 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,b we ne$ n suppose x--?is unkn[n--to be inf9itely ext5d$ 9 ! new direction ana & kata4 ,if matt] is to move freely1 x mu/ be on ! surface ( ?is sub/ratum4 ,& :5 ! ^w surface is us$ x does n mean surface 9 ! s5se t a table top is a surface2 x is n a plane surface1 b a solid space surface4 ,if f e po9t ( a mat]ial body a new direction goes (f1 ! matt] :i* fills up ! space produc$ by ! solid mov+ 9 ?is new direction w h ! solid x />t$ f z its surface1 & w be to x z a solid cube is to ! squ>e :i* b\nds x on ! top4 ,n[ ?is body :i* ext5ds ?us1 be>+ all solid portions ( matt] 9 contact ) its surface by e po9t ( !m1 may be ?ick 9 ! kata direction or ?94 ,if x is ?ick1 !n ! influ5ce ( any po9t /ream+ out 9 radiant l9es w pass z 9 all space directions1 s out also 9 ?is new direction4 ,& !n if its influ5ce spreads out 9 ?is new direction1 its effect on any p>ticle ne> x w dim9i% z ! cube ( ! di/ance2 =1 besides fill+ all space1 x w h also to fill space ext5d$ 9 ?is new direction4 ,b we "k t ! influ5ce proce$+ f a p>ticle does n dim9i% z ! cube ( ! di/ance1 b z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,h5ce ! body :i*1 t\*+ all solid bodies by e po9t 9 !m1 & supports !m ext5d+ itself 9 ! kata direction--?is body is n ?ick 9 ?is direction1 b ?94 ,x is s ?9 t ov] di/ances :i* we c measure ! influ5ce proce$+ f a body is n lo/ by spread+ 9 ?is new k9d ( dep?4 ,?us ! support+ body resembles1 z f> z we "k x1 a portion ( a va/ bubble4 ,b mov+ on ! surface ( ?is bubble we c pass up & d[n1 ne> & f>1 "r & left1 )\t leav+ ! surface ( ! bubble4 ,! direction 9 :i* x is ?9 is 9 a direction :i* we d n "k1 9 :i* we _c move4 ,b al?\gh we _c make any movem5ts :i* we c obs]ve ) our eyes 9 ?is direction1 /ill ! ?9 film--?9 ?\gh inf9itely ext5d$ 9 any way :i* we c measure--?is ?9 film vibrates & quiv]s 9 ?is new direction1 & ! effects ( its trembl+ & quiv]+ are visible 9 ! results ( molecul> motion4 ,x only affects matt] by its movem5t 9 directions at "r angles to any pa?s :i* we c po9t to or obs]ve1 & ^! movem5ts are m9ute2 b /ill !y are incessant1 all-p]vad+1 & ! cause ( movem5ts ( matt]4 ,x is smoo?--s smoo? t x h9d]s n at all ! glid+ ( our e>? 9 its onw>d pa?4 ,h5ce x does n transmit a direct pull or pu% 9 any direction f "o p>ticle to ano!r2 b by ! twi/+s & vibrations ( ! mat]ial p>ticles x is affect$1 & conveys f "o to ano!r ^! movem5ts4 ,yet to be> up all matt]1 & ?us hold x on its va/ solid surface1 x mu/ be extremely rigid & un%att]able2 & h5ce x _c be p]man5tly alt]$ or twi/$ by any =ce proce$+ f matt]2 b receiv+ f matt] any pu% or twi/1 x is impress$ ) x = "s di/ance2 !n1 reass]t+ itself1 x produces an image displacem5t or twi/1 & ?is image x transf]s to ! p>ticles ( matt] :i* x t\*es4 ,sometimes1 z :5 light comes f ! sun1 ?is displacem5t & image is repeat$ & repeat$ innum]able times be=e at la/ we1 receiv+ x1 become aw>e ( ! orig9 ( ! di/urbance4 ,b ! prop]ties & p[]s ( ?is solid %eet--?is film quiv]+ & trembl+1 yet inf9ite & solid--are too _m to beg9 to enum]ate4 ,! !r is m solid ?an ! va/e/ m\nta9 *a9s1 yet ?9n] ?an a leaf2 unde/roy$ by ! fi]ce/ heat ( any furnace1 = ! heat ( ! furnace is b its %ak+ & quiv]+2 be>+ all ! heav5ly bodies on x1 & convey+ _! influ5ce to all regions ( :at we call space4 ,& by "s my/]i\s action x calls up magnetism f electricity2 by its diff]5t movem5ts x gives ! diff]5t k9ds ( light _! be+4 ,( itself untrammell$ & unclogg$ by matt]1 x vibrates & %akes ) ! spe$ & rapidity ( ! vibrations ( light4 ,b :5 matt] lies on x--:5 air1 ev5 9 its r>e/ condition1 lies on x--its prop] movem5t is damp$ & "s ( its quick %ak+s t are light1 sl[ d[n to ! obscure vibrations ( heat4 ,?us ( itself x w n take up ! vibration ( a hot body1 b selects only ^? orbs :i* are gl[+ ) radiant light :]efrom to take its ?rill+ messages4 ,b :5 matt] lies on x1 x takes ob$i5tly ! less vivaci\s movem5ts ( t]re/rial fires4 ,a be+ able to lay hold ( ! !r by any means w\ld1 unless he 7 in/antly lo/ f among/ u by 8 /ay+ /ill :ile ! e>? da%es on--he w\ld be able to pass 9 any space direction 9 our _w4 ,he w\ld n ne$ to climb by /airs1 nor to pass along re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,& su* a be+1 ev5 z ?9 z ourselves1 & z limit$1 if n ev5 9 physical p[]s1 b m]ely 9 ?\ght he became aw>e ( 8 true relation to ! !r1 he w\ld see all ?+s diff]5tly4 ,f all %apes w\ld fall t limitation ( ?\ght :i* makes u see !m diff]5tly to :at !y are2 & 9 l>g5ess & lib]ty ( possible movem5t 8 m9d w\ld travel :]e ours b creeps1 & so> & ext5d :]e ours j\rneys & div]ges4 ,x is impossible 9 contemplat+ ! rudim5ts ( f\r-dim5sional exi/5ce to prev5t a s5se ( l>g5ess & lib]ty p5etrat+ ev5 ?r\gh ! pr(\ndness ( our ignorance4 ,:e!r we %all f9d be+s o!r ?an ourselves1 :5 we h explor$ ?is l>g] space1 _c be said4 ,b !re is a pa? :i* holds out a m di/9ct promise4 ,:5 ! conditions ( life on a plane are realiz$ x becomes evid5t t mu* ( t :i* is to u m]ely natural--obvi\s f ! v conditions ( our life--c\ld only be atta9$ by be+s on ! plane z ! result ( artificial contrivances & modifications ( _! natural t5d5cies4 ,9 _! progress & developm5t !y w\ld1 z x 71 repres5t on ! plane ! features ( ! normal & undevelop$ life ( ?ree-dim5sional be+s1 & !y w\ld atta91 z a result ( moral lab\r & en]gy1 a position :i* *ildr5 9 our high] life are born to )\t tr\ble or ?\ght4 ,& s we 9 our advanc+ civilization may to ! eyes ( "s high] be+s repres5t 9 our arrangem5ts & in/itutions an approa* to ! simple/ matt]s ( fact 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,we are sep>at$ f su* a view by our bodily conditions1 b we are n to be prev5t$ f tak+ x ) our m9ds4 ,by build+ up ! conception ( high] space1 by fram+ ! me*anics ( su* a high] _w1 we may arrive at a fairly accurate k ( ! conditions ( life 9 x4 ,& !n1 ) t elem5t 9 our ?\ght1 ) ! reason$-out *>act]i/ics pres5t to our m9ds ( :at life on a high] physical basis w\ld be1 we may be able to judge amid/ conflict+ t5d5cies ) m c]ta9ty & calmness4 ,9 "o ( ! foll[+ pap]s ( ?is s]ies an acc\nt w be giv5 ( "s ( ! facts :i* we c disc]n ab\t ! ma*9]y & appliances ( f\r-dim5sional be+s4 ,b ! "w ( real disc]nm5t belongs to ^? :o w f *ildhood be br\ght up to ! conception ( high] space4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,a supposition c be made ) reg>d to ! !r :i* r5d]s cle>] an idea (t5 f\nd 9 lit]ature4 ,?is idea is t ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,if ! w is free1 !n x mu/ affect ! _w s z to det]m9e *a9s ( actions ab\t :i* ! me*anical laws hold true4 ,we "k t ^! me*anical laws are inv>iably true4 ,h5ce1 if ! w is an indep5d5t cause1 x mu/ act s t its de$s produce to u ! appe>ance ( a set ( ev5ts det]m9$ by our kn[n laws ( cause & effect4 ,! idea ( ! fre$om ( ! w is intimately connect$ ) ! ass]tion t app>5t importance1 comm& ( p[]1 greatness & e/imation1 are outside consid]ations1 n affect+ ! real importance & value ( any human ag5t4 ,^! ideas c easily be repres5t$ us+ ! idea ( ! !r z "h giv54 ,= suppose ! !r1 in/ead ( be+ p]fectly smoo?1 to be corrugat$1 & to h all mann] ( def9ite m>ks & furr[s4 ,!n ! e>?1 com+ 9 its c\rse r\nd ! sun on ?is corrugat$ surface1 w\ld behave exactly l ! phonograph behaves4 ,9 ! case ( ! phonograph ! ind5t$ metal %eet is mov$ pa/ ! metal po9t atta*$ to ! membrane4 ,9 ! case ( ! e>? x is ! ind5t$ !r :i* rema9s /ill :ile ! mat]ial e>? slips along x4 ,correspond+ to ea* ( ! m>ks 9 ! !r !re w\ld be a movem5t ( matt]1 & ! consi/5cy & laws ( ! movem5ts ( matt] w\ld dep5d on ! pr$et]m9$ disposition ( ! furr[s & ind5tations ( ! solid surface along :i* x slips4 ,! sun1 too1 mov+ along ! !r1 w\ld receive its extreme en]gy ( vibration f ! p>ticul> region along :i* x mov$1 & ! furr[s ( ! int]v5+ di/ance give ! ph5om5a actually obs]v$ ( our relation%ip to ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,?us matt] may be entirely passive1 & ! hi/ory ( nations1 /ories ( k+s1 d[n to ! smalle/ details 9 ! life ( individuals1 be phonograph$ out accord+ to pr$et]m9$ m>ks 9 ! !r4 ,9 t case a man w\ld1 z to 8 mat]ial body1 correspond to c]ta9 portions ( matt]2 z to 8 actions & ?\ghts he w\ld be a complicat$ set ( furr[s 9 ! !r4 ,n[ :at ! man is 9 himself may be left undet]m9$2 b he w\ld be m intimately connect$ ) ! !r ?an ) ! matt] ( 8 body4 ,& we may suppose t ! !r itself is capable ( movem5t & alt]ation2 t x m\lds itself into new furr[s & m>ks4 ,?us ! old woman smok+ a pipe by ! wayside ye>s ago1 & :om ,i someh[ s (t5 rememb]1 is n mu* diff]5t f me--we are bo? corrugations ( ! same !r4 ,n[ our consci\sness is limit$ to our bodily surr\nd+s4 ,yet x may be suppos$ t 9 an action ( our wills we1 :atev] we are 7& = ! pres5t let u suppose t we are a "p ( ! !r71 we may be alt]+ ^! corrugations ( ! !r4 ,a s+le act ( our wills1 :5 we really d act1 may be a univ]sal affair ) q inf9ite relations4 ,?us x may be ! imm$iate pres5tation to u ( an alt]ation proce$+ f u ( all t set ( corrugations :i* repres5ts our future life2 x may be ! :ole disposition & lie ( ev5ts1 :i* are prep>$ = ! e>? to phonograph out1 be+ diff]5tly dispos$4 ,& x evid5tly is q indep5d5t ( ! p>ticul> furr[s 9 :i* su* alt]ation fir/ occurs4 ,t long /rip ( !r :i* is a v humble individual may1 by an act ( self-configuration1 affect ! neighb\r+ long /rips & produce great *anges4 ,at any rate ! intr9sic value ( ! w is q indep5d5t ( ! k9d ( furr[s along :i* any mat]ial human body is proce$+4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,x is a good plan 9 fix+ our att5tion to give def9ite names to ! directions ( space4 ,let ,u /& = up4 ,!n ! up direction we w call ! ,u direction1 or simply ,u4 ,!n sideways1 f left to "r1 we w call ,v1 s t mov+ 9 ! ,v direction1 or mov+ ,v1 means mov+ to ! "r h&4 ,!n ! away direction we w call ,w1 s t a motion :i* goes away f u we call a ,w motion1 & its direction we call ,w4 ,!n any o!r direction :i* we suppose indep5d5t ( ^! we w call ! ,x direction4 ,n[ ! simple pu% or displacem5t takes place 9 direction ,v1 or left to "r4 ,x is turn$ into its image by turn+ 9 ! plane ,u ,v--i4e41 ! plane ( ! pap]4 ,! wave motion takes up ! directions ,u ,v1 & x c be turn$ into its image by a turn+ 9 ! plane ,w ,v--i4e41 by turn+ out ( ! pap]1 z if ! pap] 7 fold$ ov] ab\t ! dott$ l9e4 ,!n f9ally ! twi/+ motion takes up ! directions ,u ,v ,w1 & c be turn$ into its image by be+ turn$ 9 ! plane ,v ,x4 ,t is1 if ea* po9t is turn$ half-way r\nd 9 ?is plane x becomes ! correspond+ po9t 9 ! image twi/4 ,?us on ! supposition ( ! prec$+ pages1 if a positively electrifi$ p>ticle c\ld be turn$ 9 #d space1 x w\ld become a negatively electrifi$ p>ticle4 ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,x rema9s n[ to exam9e if ! supposition t ! p>ticles ( a wire are twi/+ 9 /r+s fits 9 ) obs]v$ facts ( electricity4 ,& fir/ly1 if ! p>ticles are twi/+ 9 ?is mann]1 x is only reasonable to suppose t !y w\ld take up a little m room ?an !y did :5 n subject to ?is movem5t--t is1 ! wire w\ld become a little ?ick]4 ,b its volume rema9+ ! same1 if x becomes ?ick] x mu/ comp5sate = ?is ?ick5+ by becom+ %ort]4 ,& x is f\nd t a wire ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t is s5t t5ds to become %ort] :5 ! curr5t comes into x4 ,aga91 suppose a wire ?r\gh :i* a curr5t has be5 s5t sudd5ly isolat$4 ,x has a twi/ 9 x1 & w keep ?is twi/4 ,b if x is connect$ up ) any o!r wire =m+ a complete circuit ?r\gh :i* x c untwi/ itself1 x w probably d s1 & 9 untwi/+ w\ld v likely ov]%oot ! m>k & become twi/$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?us x w\ld make a s]ies ( twi/s1 ea* less ?an ! la/ be=e becom+ quiesc5t4 ,& x is obs]v$ t a wire if s isolat$ does produce a rapidly alt]nat+ s]ies ( v m9ute curr5ts be=e x comes to re/2 j z if x 7 untwi/+ itself & ov]%ot ! m>k ea* way _m times be=e ! electrical /ate has altoge!r disappe>$4 ,! "q n[ comes be=e u1 ,h[ is x t a wire gets twi/$8 ,?r\gh :at ag5cy is a curr5t ( electricity urg$ ?r\gh a wire1 or a twi/ put into x8 ,?is is (t5 done by means ( an electrical batt]y4 ,we w take a simple in/ance4 ,suppose a di% ( sulphuric acid1 & a bit ( c>bon & a piece ( z9c put into x4 ,!n ! c>bon & ! z9c are connect$ outside ! liquid by a wire4 ,along ?is wire electricity w pass4 ,n[ ! twi/ put into ! wire mu/ come f some:]e4 ,& x is f\nd t ! sulphuric acid1 :i* is a v lively comp\nd1 & conta9s a great deal ( en]gy1 becomes quiet$ d[n1 & is q diff]5t aft] ! batt]y has f9i%$ work+4 ,on exam9ation aft]w>ds x is f\nd to consi/ ( sulphate ( z9c4 ,sulphuric acid c be look$ ^u z consi/+ ( two bodies--hydrog5 & a sulphur & oxyg5 comp\nd4 ,?is sulphur & oxyg5 comp\nd is call$ ,,s4 ,n[ ! ,,s comes to ! z9c1 & ) z9c =ms q a dead comp\nd1 ) little en]gy 9 x1 call$ z9c sulphate1 or ,zn ,,s4 ,! hydrog51 on ! o!r h&1 comes (f at ! c>bon 9 an en]getic /ate4 ,h5ce evid5tly ! ,,s has giv5 up its en]gy1 ! hydrog5 has n4 ,s ! twi/ 9 ! wire probably comes f ! ,,s & ?us ! twi/ is />t$ at ! z9c end1 & runs r\nd ! wire f z9c to c>bon4 ,at ! same "t we may suppose t an image twi/1 />t+ also f ! z9c1 runs ?r\gh ! fluid ( ! batt]y & !n along ! wire1 till meet+ ! twi/ ! two mutually unw9d ea* o!r4 ,?us ! batt]y w be z if "o _h a loop ( ?read1 & at "o po9t twi/$ x betwe5 "o's f+] & ?umb4 ,twi/ & image twi/1 />t+ f ?is po9t1 unw9d ea* o!r on ! opposite "p ( ! loop4 ,& if ! loop is n jo9$1 b ! ?reads are held1 ea* w become twi/$ ) increas+ t5sion till !y c twi/ no long]4 ,! objects :i* hold ! ends ( ! ?read1 & prev5t !m twi/+1 repres5t insulators4 ,x is f\nd t :5 a /rong curr5t ( electricity passes ?r\gh "s wat] :i* has _h a little sulphuric acid add$ to x1 two effects take place4 ,9 ! fir/ place "s ( ! curr5t passes ?r\gh z ?r\gh a wire4 ,9 ! next place a "p ( ! curr5t is us$ up 9 produc+ an effect on ! wat]4 ,x splits ! wat] up into two p>ts1 ea* ( !m conta9+ v mu* m en]gy ?an ! wat]4 ,"o "p is call$ hydrog51 & comes (f at ! wire :i* comes f ! z9c1 :i* we w call ! z9c wire4 ,! o!r "p ( ! wat] comes (f at ! wire com+ f ! c>bon1 or at ! c>bon wire1 & is call$ oxyg54 ,let u n[ suppose t ! twi/ ( ! z9c wire calls up 9 ! molecule ( wat] next to x an image twi/4 ,if x c\ld pass on its twi/ at once1 ! wat] w\ld =m an ord9>y conductor2 b ! wat] is n a conductor4 ,h5ce we suppose ! same relation to hold good betwe5 ! end ( ! z9c wire & ! wat] molecules z betwe5 ! z9c wire & any o!r body to :i* ! twi/ _c be communicat$4 ,n[ 9 ! "p ( ! molecule ne>e/ ! z9c wire an image twi/ is call$ up4 ,& h5ce ! molecule1 be+ unable to twi/ z a :ole1 9 ! end ( x away f ! z9c wire a twi/ is produc$4 ,?us ! wat] molecule is /ra9$ into image twi/ & twi/4 ,n[ let u suppose t by a p[]ful curr5t x is wr5*$ 9 two4 ,x is sep>at$ into a "p hav+ an image twi/ 8hydrog510 :i* comes (f at ! z9c wire1 & into a "p ) ! twi/ 8oxyg540 ,b ?is "p ) ! twi/ calls up an image twi/ 9 ! molecule next to x1 wr5*es x 9 two4 ,?us ! oxyg5 ( ! fir/ molecule sep>ates up ! next molecule into hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,! oxyg5 has a twi/1 ! hydrog5 an image twi/4 ,^! twi/s run ea* o!r out1 & leave an oxyg5 "p free4 ,?is oxyg5 "p does ! same to ! next molecule1 & s ?is action is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! :ole body ( ! wat] till ! c>bon wire is rea*$--:51 ! oxyg5 "p f9d+ no o!r molecule to wr5* asund]1 is left isolat$1 & comes (f 9 ! =m ( gas4 ,?us we see t oxyg5 & hydrog5 w\ld be bodies hav+ 9 !m twi/ & image twi/--t is1 t !y w\ld h an active rotation ea* ( !m2 b ! rotation w\ld be diff]5t 9 ! two cases1 & su* t if put toge!r !y w\ld run ea* o!r out3 ! light & heat produc$ by ! union ( ! two be+ probably ! exhibition ( ! effects ( ?is runn+ out4 ,if we adopt ! supposition1 :i* seems mo/ 9 accordance ) facts1 t !re are 9 wat] two diff]5t elem5ts occurr+ 9 di/9ct p>ticles1 ! "o call$ oxyg51 ! o!r hydrog52 & if1 moreov]1 we suppose t ^! p>ticles are p]petually *ang+ places1 & t ea* oxyg5 p>ticle is sometimes l9k$ ) ?is hydrog5 p>ticle1 sometimes ) t1 !n x is obvi\s t ! oxyg5 & ! hydrog5 9 ! wat] are 9 su* a /ate t1 if collect$ toge!r sep>ately1 !y w\ld =m liquid oxyg5 & liquid hydrog52 & ! effect ( ! electric twi/ is to give !m ^? active image rotations1 or /ra9s1 :i* make !m take ! gase\s =m1 & assume t peculi> relation to ea* o!r :i* exhibits itself s /rik+ly 9 combu/ion4 ,) reg>d to magnetism1 ! same ph5om5on ( a p>ticul> /ate or di/urbance ( matt] & its image /ate or di/urbance is v /rik+ly obvi\s4 ,= take ! case ( a magnet4 ,by ! influ5ce ( an electric curr5t pass+ r\nd x1 x c be turn$ into a magnet ) opposite poles4 ,t is to say1 ! small p>ticles ( ! iron h be5 s %ift$ t1 :atev] _! disposition 0 9 ! fir/ case1 !y h n[ ! rev]se disposition4 ,if we suppose ! small p>ticles to be magnets l ! :ole magnet1 & all to h _! nor? poles po9t+ 9 "o direction1 !n aft] ! action ( ! curr5t !y h _! nor? poles po9t+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,b !y h n turn$ 9 space1 =1 if !y 7 to turn1 ea* mu/ turn ab\t "s axis4 ,b if !re 0 "s axis !n1 ) reg>d to ?is axis1 ! magnetic influ5ce w\ld h a def9ite relation2 ! turn+ ( ! p>ticles w\ld take place 9 a c]ta9 plane1 & !re w\ld be a c]ta9 plane 9 ! magnet :i* w\ld h special prop]ties4 ,b a magnet is p]fectly symmetrical 9 all its prop]ties r\nd its axis4 ,! magnet :i* has _h its poles rev]s$ is1 z an arrangem5t1 ! image ( itself 9 its fir/ condition4 ,9 ! solid mass ( iron :i* =ms ! magnet1 by ! action ( electricity1 a p>ticul> arrangem5t & its real image are alt]nately produc$4 ,!re are "s v important electrical ph5om5a :i* h be5 left out ( consid]ation altoge!r--namely1 ! repulsions & attractions ex]cis$ by electrifi$ bodies4 ,adopt+ ! conceptions "h laid d[n ) reg>d to electricity--t ! two k9ds are 9 ! relation ( twi/ & image twi/--we f9d t c]ta9 conclusions =ce !mselves ^u u4 ,a positively electrifi$ body attracts a negatively electrifi$ body4 ,a positively electrifi$ body repels a positively electrifi$ body4 ,or1 z x is put 9 a %ort] =m1 "o k9d ( electricity attracts ! opposite k9d1 & repels ! same k9d4 ,n[1 if our !ory is true1 a twi/ ought to attract its image twi/1 & repel a twi/ l itself4 ,& z f> z c be obs]v$ x is always a fact t a movem5t ( any k9d tak+ place 9 a m$ium does attract its image movem5t1 & repel a movem5t l itself4 ,"s v in/ructive exp]im5ts h be5 made ) bodies susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & caus$ to pulsate or twi/4 ,x w\ld be f\nd1 on ref]r+ to ! details ( ^! exp]im5ts1 t if two sph]es are pulsat+ or ?robb+1 s t ! movem5ts ( ! "o are at any in/ant :at ! movem5ts ( ! o!r w\ld seem l1 if look$ at 9 a mirror1 !n ^! two sph]es w attract ea* o!r4 ,if ! "o is a real copy ( ! o!r1 !n !y repel ea* o!r4 ,& ?is law holds good n only = ?robb+ movem5ts1 b also = twi/+ movem5ts4 ,if n[ we suppos$ t :at held good = movem5ts held good = t5sions ( ! same nature z ! movem5ts1 ^! results w\ld be 9 exact accordance ) our suppositions4 ,if a twi/+ movem5t attracts its image twi/+ movem5t1 w a twi/ attract its image twi/ by means ( its effect on ! m$ium 9 :i* x is1 & on :i* x ex]ts t5sion8 ,?is po9t mu/ be left undecid$4 ,ca/+ ,out ! ,self4 ,! words :i* ,i h *os5 z ! title ( ?is pap] are ! expression = a process :i* has be5 ass]t$ to be "o t occurs alike 9 our m5tal & 9 our moral life4 ,x has s happ5$ t 9 c]ta9 ( my own inquiries ,i h appli$ ?is process2 & ! details may be ( int]e/4 ,b ,i mu/ w>n ! read] n to expect any wide views on life1 or f>-rea*+ ?\ghts1 or any ( ! w>m? ( human affairs4 ,:at ,i ?9k ab\t is ,space2 & x is ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( ca/+ out ! self 9 atta9+ a k ( ,space ab\t :i* ,i h some?+ to say4 ,&1 fir/ly1 z a bit ( absolute human exp]i5ce is nev] )\t value1 b t :i* we make up is (t5 s1 ,i may z well ca/ ! fe> ( ridicule aside & enable ! read] to take 91 9 a few l9es1 ! exact comm5cem5t ( my inquiry4 ,! beg9n+ ( x 0 ?is4 ,i gradually came to f9d t ,i _h no k wor? call+ by t "n1 & t ,i _h nev] ?or\ghly und]/ood any?+ :i* ,i _h he>d4 ,i w n g into ! matt] fur!r2 simply ?is 0 :at ,i f\nd1 & at a "t :5 ,i _h f9i%$ ! ye>s set ap>t = acquir+ k1 & 0 f> remov$ f contact ) le>n$ m54 ,i c\ld n take up my education aga91 b al?\gh ,i regrett$ my lo/ opportunities ,i det]m9$ to "k some?+4 ,) ?is view ,i tri$ to acquire k 9 v>i\s ways1 b 9 all ( !m k 0 too impalpable = me to get hold ( x4 ,& ,i w\ld e>ne/ly urge all /ud5ts to make ha/e 9 acquir+ real k :ile !y are 9 ! way ) ^? t c imp>t x2 & n ru% on too quickly1 ?9k+ t !y c get k aft]w>ds4 ,= out 9 ! _w k is h>d to f9d4 ,at l5g? ,i came to f9d t ! only ?+ ,i c\ld "k 0 ( ?is k9d4 ,if1 = in/ance1 !re 7 sev]al p 9 a room1 ,i c\ld n "k !m !mselves1 = !y 7 too inf9itely complicat$ = my m9d to grasp2 b ,i c\ld "k if !y 7 at "r or left h& ( "o ano!r1 close toge!r1 or f> ap>t4 ,& ! same (1 to take ano!r in/ance1 botanical specim5s 9 a book4 ,i c\ld n grasp ! specim5s--ea* 0 too inf9itely complicat$1 & ea* "p too inf9itely complex--b ,i c\ld tell :i* specim5 0 next :i*4 ,accord+ly1 be+ desir\s to le>n some?+ ?or\ghly1 & s9ce1 9 ! arrangem5t ( any diff]5t objects1 !re 0 su* a lot ( ignorance introduc$ by ! objects be+ diff]5t--ea* br++ 9 its own ignorance & feel+ ( bewild]m5t--,i det]m9$ to le>n an arrangem5t ( a numb] ( objects z mu* alike z possible4 ,accord+ly ,i took a numb] ( cubes1 :i* 7 z simple objects z ,i c\ld get1 arrang$ !m 9 a l>ge block1 & proce$$ to le>n h[ !y 7 plac$ ) reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,9 ord] to le>n !m ,i gave ea* ( !m a "n4 ,! "n meant ! p>ticul> cube 9 ! p>ticul> position4 ,?us1 tak+ any ?ree names1 ,i c\ld say1 ab\t ! ?ree cubes d5ot$1 h[ !y 7 plac$ ) reg>d to "o ano!r3 "o1 say1 w\ld be /raight above ! fir/ ) f\r int]v5+1 ! ?ird w\ld t\* ! second on ! "r h&1 or "s simil> arrangem5t4 ,n[ 9 ?is way ,i got :at ,i conceiv$ to be k4 ,x 0 ( no use or beauty app>5tly1 b ,i _h no reason to use x or to %[ x4 ,x is ab\t ?is bit ( k t ,i want to speak n[--a block ( cubes1 & ! cubes are kn[n ea* "o :]e x is4 ,sometimes ,i h be5 tempt$ to call ?is absolute k1 b h be5 rem9d$ t ,i did n "k ! cube itself4 ,aga9/ ?is ,i h argu$4 ,b 9 argum5t we say _m ?+s :i* we d n und]/&1 & my conclusion is1 on ! :ole1 t ! objection is well f\nd$4 ,/ill1 if n k absolute1 ! k ( ?is block approa*es m ne>ly to k absolute ?an any o!r ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 because ea* cube is ! same z its neighb\r1 & in/ead ( an arrangem5t ( all sorts ( div]se ignorances we h only "o k9d ( ignorance--t ( ! cube4 ,ea* ( ! cubes 0 an in* ea* way1 & ,i le>nt a cubic y>d ( !m4 ,t is to say1 :5 ! "n ( any cube 0 said1 ,i c\ld tell at once ^? :i* x lay next to2 & if a set ( names 7 said1 ,i c\ld tell at once :at %ape compos$ ( cubes 0 d5ot$4 ,!re 7 #baf prim>y names1 & ^!1 tak5 9 pairs1 7 en\gh to "n ! cubic y>d4 ,= ! practical purpose ( ?is pap]1 h[ev]1 x w suffice if ! read] w imag9e a block ( tw5ty-sev5 cubes1 =m+ a l>g] cube1 ea* cube be+ d5ot$ by a "n 7see ,diagram ,i4 bel[74 ,!n x is evid5t t two names mean a c]ta9 arrangem5t consi/+ ( two cubes 9 def9ite places ) reg>d to "o ano!r--?ree names d5ote ?ree cubes1 & s on4 ,& ,i w\ld ask ! read] n to m9d tak+ a little tr\ble at ?is po9t1 & to look at ! diagram = a little :ile4 ,if !re is any?+ ab\t :i* we c =m p]fectly cle> ideas1 x is a little heap ( cubes4 ,& if ! read] w simply look at !m = a little space ( "t1 he w realize cle>ly e ^w ( :at ,i h to say2 = ,i am go+ to talk ab\t no?+ else ?an ?is little block ( cubes4 ,?us1 look+ at ! cube ) ! figure #a ^u x1 ?is num]al w s]ve = ! "n ( ! cube1 & simil>ly ! numb] writt5 on e cube w s]ve = its "n4 ,s if ,i say cubes #a & #b1 ,i mean ! two :i* lie next to ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ! diagram2 & ! numb]s #a1 #d1 #g1 d5ote ?ree cubes /&+ above ea* o!r4 ,if ,i say cubes #a & #aj1 ,i mean ! fir/ cube & "o beh9d x hidd5 by x 9 ! diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,i1 a block consi/+ ( #bg cubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,ii4 ,n[ ?is is ! bit ( k on :i* ,i propose to demon/rate ! process ( ca/+ out ! self4 ,x is n a high =m ( k1 b x is a bit ( k ) z little ignorance 9 x z we c h2 & j z x is p]mitt$ a worm or reptile to live & brea!1 s on ?is rudim5t>y =m ( k we may be able to demon/rate ! functions ( ! m9d4 ,& fir/ ( all1 :5 ,i _h le>nt ! cubes1 ,i f\nd t ,i inv>iably associat$ "s ) ! idea ( be+ above o!rs4 ,:5 two names 7 said1 ,i _h ! idea ( a direction ( up & d[n4 ,b ) reg>d to ! cubes !mselves1 !re 0 no absolute direction ( up or d[n4 ,i only conceive ( an up & d[n 9 virtue ( be+ on ! e>?'s surface1 & because ( ! frequ5t exp]i5ce ( weight4 ,n[ ?is condition affect+ myself ,i f\nd 0 pres5t 9 my k ( ! cubes4 ,:5 c]ta9 ( ! names 7 said1 ,i conceiv$ ( a figure hav+ an upp] "p & a l[] "p4 ,n[1 consid]$ z a set ( cubes relat$ to "o ano!r & n to me1 ! block _h no?+ to d ) up & d[n4 ,z long ago z ,ptolemy1 m5 h kn[n t !re is no su* ?+ z an absolute up & an absolute d[n4 ,& yet ,i f\nd t 9 my k ( ! set ( cubes !re 0 firmly emb$d$ ?is absolute up & ?is absolute d[n4 ,"h1 !n1 0 an elem5t aris+ f ! p>ticul> conditions "u :i* ,i 0 plac$1 & ! next /ep aft] recogniz+ x 0 to ca/ x out4 ,?is 0 easily done4 ,! block _h to be turn$ upside d[n & le>nt ov] aga9 ) ! cubes all 9 _! new positions4 ,x 01 ,i f\nd1 q necess>y to le>n !m all ov] aga91 =1 if n1 ,i f\nd t ,i simply w5t ov] !m m5tally ! way fir/ le>nt1 & !n ab\t any p>ticul> "o made ! alt]ation requir$1 by a rule4 ,unless !y 7 le>nt all ov] aga9 ! new k ( !m 0 a m]e ext]nal & simulat$ affair1 & ! up & d[n w\ld be ca/ out 9 "n1 n 9 reality4 ,x w\ld be a curi\s k9d ( kn[+1 inde$1 if "o _h to reflect :at "o knew & !n1 to get ! facts1 say ! opposite4 ,x may seem z if1 :5 ! cubes 7 kn[n 9 an upright position1 !y w\ld be easily imag9$ 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,b practice %[s t ?is is v f> f be+ ! case4 ,x requires consid]able m5tal ef=t to det]m9e ! alt]ations 9 position1 & to get an imm$iate k requires a consid]able "t4 ,x may seem z if x 7 a dubi\s way ( gett+ rid ( gravity1 or up & d[n1 j to rev]se ! action ( x4 ,b ?is way is ! only way1 = we1 ,i h f\nd1 _c conceive x away2 we h to conceive x act+ e way1 !n1 affect+ ea* view imp>tially1 x affects none m ?an ano!r1 & is practically elim9at$4 ,! cube _h n only to be turn$ upside d[n1 b also laid on ea* ( its sides & !n le>nt4 ,!re 7 a consid]able numb] ( positions1 tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]1 :i* _h to be br\ght close to ! m9d1 s t ! lie ( ea* cube1 relative to its neighb\rs & ! :ole block1 0 a matt] ( imm$iate appreh5sion 9 ea* ( ! positions4 ,if a s+le cube be tak5 & mov$ ab\t1 x w be f\nd t !re are tw5ty-f\r positions 9 :i* x c be put by turn+ x1 keep+ "o po9t fix$1 & lett+ ea* turn+ be a twi/ ( a "r angle4 ,! :ole block _h to be turn$ into ea* ( ^! positions & le>nt 9 ea*4 ,?us ! block ( cubes seem$ to be ?or\ghly kn[n4 ,at any rate1 up & d[n 0 ca/ out4 ,& we c n[ atta* a def9ite mean+ to ! expression 8ca/+ out ! self40 ,"o's own p>ticul> relation to any object1 or gr\p ( objects1 pres5ts itself to u z qualities affect+ ^? objects--influ5c+ our feel+ ) reg>d to !m1 & mak+ u p]ceive some?+ 9 !m :i* is n really !re4 ,?us up & d[n is n really 9 ! set ( cubes4 ,n[ ^! qualities or app>5t facts ( ! objects c be got rid ( "o at a "t4 ,to ca/ out ! self is to get rid ( !m altoge!r4 ,z soon z ,i _h got rid ( ,up & ,d[n out ( ! set ( cubes ,i 0 /ruck by a curi\s fact4 ,if 9 build+ up ! block ( cubes "o goes to ! left in/ead ( to ! "r1 keep+ all o!r directions ! same1 a new cube is built up hav+ a curi\s relation to ! old cube4 ,x is l ! look+-glass image ( ! old cube4 ,e cube 9 ! new block corresponds to e cube 9 ! old block1 b 9 ! new figure x is z mu* to ! left z be=e x 0 to ! "r4 ,& any set ( names 9 ! block s put up gives a %ape :i* is l ! %ape d5ot$ by ! same set ( names 9 ! old block1 b :i* _c be made to co9cide ) x1 h[ev] turn$ ab\t4 ,x is ! look+-glass image ( ! old %ape4 ,! "o block 0 j l ! o!r block1 except t "r 0 *ang$ into left4 ,n[1 0 x necess>y to ca/ out "r & left z _h be5 done ) up & d[n8 or 0 "r & left1 z giv+ di/9ctions 9 ! block & 9 %apes =m$ ( cubes1 to rema98 ,x seem$ z if "r & left belong$ m to me ?an to ! set ( cubes4 ,& yet ! "r-h&$ set ( cubes c\ld n be made by mov+ ab\t to co9cide ) ! left-h&$ set ( cubes4 ,& ?is p[] ( co9cid5ce 0 ! te/ :i* _h conv9c$ me ( ! self nature ( 8,up & ,d[n40 ,let ,diagram ,i4 repres5t a small block ( cubes4 ,x is itself 9 ! =m ( a cube1 & x conta9s #bg cubes4 ,= purposes ( ref]5ce we w give a numb] to ea* cube1 & ! numb] w d5ote ! cube :]e x is4 ,9 ! front slice are cubes numb]$ f #a up to #i1 9 ! second slice are cubes numb]$ f #aj to #ah1 & s on4 ,?us beh9d #a is ! cube #aj4 ,?is cube & ! cube #aa are hidd51 b ! cube #ab is %[n 9 ! p]spective4 ,n[ 9 ?is block ( cubes !re is a "p :i* is kn[n & a "p :i* is unkn[n4 ,! "p :i* is kn[n is h[ !y come or ! arrangem5t ( !m4 ,! "p t is unkn[n is ! cube itself1 repetitions ( :i* 9 diff]5t positions =ms ! block4 ,! cube itself is unkn[n1 because1 be+ a piece ( matt]1 x possesses endless qualities1 ea* ( :i* gr[s m incompreh5sible ! m we /udy x4 ,x is also unkn[n 9 hav+ 9 x a multitude ( positions :i* are n kn[n4 ,! cube itself is1 among/ o!r ?+s1 a va/ly complicat$ arrangem5t ( p>ticles4 ,h5ce1 putt+ all toge!r1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 call+ ! cube ! unkn[n "p2 ! arrangem5t1 ! kn[n "p4 ,! s+le cube ?us is unkn[n 9 two ways4 ,x is unkn[n 9 respect to ! qualities ( h>dness1 d5sity1 *emical composition1 c4 ,x is also unkn[n z a %ape4 ,if x really consi/$ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 cle> & compreh5sible 9 itself1 !n we %\ld "k x if we grasp$ 9 our m9ds ! relation%ip ( all ^! p>ts4 ,b !re are no def9ite p>ts ( :i* a cube c be said to be made up4 ,we c suppose x divid$ into a numb] ( exactly simil> p>ts1 & suppose t all are l "o ( ^! p>ts4 ,b ?is "p itself rema9s1 & ! problem rema9s j ! same ab\t ?is "p z ab\t ! :ole cube4 ,n[ !re is a d\ble p]plexity3 "o ab\t ! nature ( ! matt]1 ! o!r ab\t ! cube z to ! arrangem5t ( its p>ts4 ,we w give up any "q ab\t ! matt] ( :i* ! cube is compos$2 to "k any?+ ab\t t is out ( ! "q4 ,b1 suppos+ x to be ( "s k9d ( matt]1 x pres5ts an inexhau/ible numb] ( positions4 ,x c be divid$ aga9 & aga94 ,let u look at ! block aga91 & = ! mom5t dismiss f our m9ds ! "q j rais$ z to ! s+le cubes ( :i* x is built up4 ,let u look on ea* ( ^! cubes z a unit4 ,!n two ( ! units1 tak5 toge!r1 =m a %ape2 ?ree or five ( !m w\ld =m a m complicat$ %ape1 & s on4 ,we c also suppose ! cubes away1 & ?9k m]ely ( ! places :i* !y occupi$4 ,9 ?is mann]1 by fir/ ?9k+ ( ! #bg cubes1 & !n simply by keep+ ! places ( !m 9 our m9ds1 we get #bg positions1 & 9 ^! positions we c suppose plac$ any small objects we *oose4 ,ea* ( ^! positions may be call$ a unit position1 & we c =m diff]5t arrangem5ts ( small objects by putt+ !m 9 diff]5t ones ( ^! positions4 ,n[ 9 all ?is we d n divide ! cube up4 ,we simply ?9k ( x z a :ole--we ?9k ( x z a unit4 ,or if we take ! room ( ! cube in/ead ( ! cube1 & ?9k ( ! place x occupies1 :i* ,i call a position1 we d n divide t position up4 ,we take x1 if ,i may use ! expression1 z a unit position4 ,& )\t ask+ any "q z to ! nature ( ^! positions1 :e!r !y are complicat$ ideas or n1 we h a k9d ( k ( ! :ole block1 9 t x consi/s ( ?is collection ( #bg cubes1 or ( ?is set ( #bg positions4 ,?us 9 a r\gh & ready mann] !re is some?+ :i* we c take4 ,if we d n inquire ab\t "o ( ! cubes itself1 we are all "r2 t be+ grant$ we c "k ! block4 ,b if we look into :at ea* ( ^! unit cubes1 or :at ea* ( ^! unit positions is1 we f9d q an inf9ity op5+ be=e u4 ,!re is no?+ def9itely ( :i* we c say t ! :ole unit cube is built up1 & ea* ( ! positions has a p]fectly endless numb] ( positions 9 x1 if we come to exam9e x closely4 ,all t we c say is t our ignorance ab\t ea* ( ! unit positions is ( ! same k9d z our ignorance ab\t e o!r1 &1 tak+ "o z grant$1 we may z well take ! #bg z grant$2 & s out ( a lot ( simil> ignorances we get a k9d ( k ( ! :ole4 ,& ?is k is n a m]e indef9ite ?+1 b x c be work$ at1 improv$1 & made p]fect aft] its k9d4 ,= suppose we limit ourselves to ! #bg positions numb]$ 9 ,diagram ,i4 ,two ( ^! positions =m "o %ape1 ?ree ( !m w =m ano!r %ape1 & s on4 ,& 9 go+ ov] ea* ( ^! arrangem5ts we gradually get to "k ! :ole set ( !m :i* =m ! block4 ,hav+ giv5 up = ! "t any "q z to ! possible subdivisions ( ! cube1 & look+ on ea* cube z a unit position1 we h #bg positions4 ,^! positions c be tak5 9 diff]5t selections1 & ea* selection is a %ape4 ,to "k ! block or set ( positions means to =m a cle> idea ( e %ape1 consi/+ ( selections ( positions1 :i* c be =m$ out ( ! #bg4 ,b ea* ( ! cubes1 #bg ( :i* =m ! :ole block1 c be divid$ up4 ,ea* ( ^! cubes conta9s a great _m positions4 ,!re mu/1 = in/ance1 be positions 9 ea* cube = e "o ( its molecules4 ,?us x is evid5t t ! cube supplies an inexhau/ible numb] ( positions to be le>nt4 ,i call ! cube unkn[n 9 ! s5se t !re are a great numb] ( positions 9 x :i* are n cle>ly realiz$ by ! m9d4 ,by a v simple device x is possible to p5etrate a little into ! unkn[n "p4 ,! :ole set ( cubes =ms a cube4 ,let u consid] ! small cube to be a model ( ! :ole cube4 ,let u consid] x z consi/+ ( #bg p>ts1 ea* relat$ to ! o!r z ! #bg fir/ cubes 7 relat$ among/ !mselves4 ,?us ! unkn[n "p1 ! mat]ial cube1 :i* is us$ to build up ! :ole1 becomes r$uc$ 9 size4 ,diagram ,,ii4 repres5ts su* a cube4 ,?is is ! !ory4 ,! practical "w consi/$ 9 le>n+ ! names d5ot+ ^! small] cubes 9 connection ) _! positions1 s t1 ! names be+ said1 ! small cubes meant 7 pres5t to ! m9d1 & a set ( names be+ said1 ! %ape1 consi/+ ( a set ( cubes 9 def9ite relations to ea* o!r1 came vividly be=e "o4 ,a complete k ( ! block ( cubes w\ld be a complete appreciation ( all ! possible %apes :i* selections ( ! cubes w\ld =m1 & ?is ,i /rove to atta94 ,"h at l5g? ,i f\nd real k1 & aft] a "t ,i 0 able to r$uce ! size ( ! unkn[n /ill fur!r1 & to obta9 a solid mass ( k fairly well work$ all ?r\gh4 ,& n[ x all seem$ satisfactory en\gh4 ,!re 0 real k 9 k ( ! arrangem5t2 & ! mat]ial cube1 :i* mu/ be assum$1 c\ld be made small] & small]1 x c\ld be turn$ into k1 ?us af=d+ a prospect ( obta9+ endless k4 ,?us ,i f\nd ! real home ( my m9d1 ! only k ,i _h ev] _h1 & ,i hop$ always to cont9ue to add to x1 & always to r$uce ! unkn[n 9 size4 ,pres5tly1 too1 ! =ms ( ! outw>d _w began to fall 9 ) ?is k2 & z ! mass ( kn[n cubes became l>g] 9 numb]1 a gr\p ( !m w\ld fairly well repres5t a wall1 a door1 a h\se1 a simple natural object su* z a /one or a fruit4 ,yet amid/ all ?is delight ,i became consci\s1 dimly en\gh1 ( a self-elem5t 9 ! k ( blocks4 ,if1 putt+ up ! block ( cubes1 we g to ! left in/ead ( ! "r1 b 9 all o!r respects build up 9 ! same way1 we obta9 a block :i* has a curi\s relation to ! fir/ block4 ,! ord9>y block is %[n ov] aga9 9 ,diagram ,,iii4 ,diagram ,,iv4 is ! new block4 ,! new block is l a look+-glass image ( ! old block4 ,x is j ! same1 b t left & "r is rev]s$4 ,also1 if we take selections ( blocks we get figures :i* are j rev]s$4 ,?us #a1 #d1 #g1 #h1 9 ,block ,,iii41 means a figure turn$ to ! "r2 9 ,block ,,iv4 a figure turn$ to ! left4 ,aga91 consid] ! two figures =m$ by select+ ! cubes #a1 #d1 #g1 #h1 #ag1 f ,diagrams ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 respectively4 ,we get two figures :i* are j l "o ano!r z arrangem5ts1 b :i* we _c turn into "o ano!r by twi/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,iii4 is a block4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,v4 ,consid]$ z arrangem5ts 9 !mselves1 ^! figures & ^! blocks seem to be id5tical1 = ! relation%ips ( cube to cube :i* are pres5t 9 ! "o are all pres5t 9 ! o!r4 ,b consid]$ z %apes !y are n id5tical4 ,= !y w n co9cide4 ,! :ole matt] becomes mu* m cle> if we consid] ! relation%ip betwe5 ! individual cube us$ & ! block :i* x =ms4 ,!re are two />t+-po9ts1 ei!r ( :i* we c adopt4 ,we c />t ) ! real mat]ial cube1 or we c />t ) ! act ( arrang+4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! real mat]ial cube ,i d n want to call att5tion to ! k9d ( matt] ( :i* x is compos$1 or to ! nature ( matt]1 b to ! fact t x is to be a real cube su* z c be made1 & :i*1 if "o edge or corn] be m>k$1 w reta9 t m>k j :]e x is--a cube :i* is n a product ( ! imag9ation1 b an object1 ) ! prop]ties ( objects 9 g5]al4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,iv4 is its image block4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,vi4 ,let u />t ) ! real mat]ial cube4 ,let u take ! cube %[n 9 ,diagram ,v41 :i* is ! model on a small scale ( ! ,block ,,iii4 ,! numb]s 9 x %[ ! small cubes ( :i* we suppose x to be built up aft] ! patt]n ( ,block ,,iii4 ,! numb]s also s]ve to %[ ! di/9ction ( positions--t is1 we c ref] to ! "r-h& corn] or edge1 c41 by say+ ! numb]s ( ! small cube :i* lies !re4 ,n[1 us+ ! cube ( ,diagram ,v4 to build up ! block 9 ,diagram ,,iii4 we get a p]fectly ord]ly result1 z %[n 9 ,diagram ,,vii41 & we c g to bigg] & bigg] blocks1 or d[n to small] & small] ones )\t any hit*4 ,b if we use ! cube ( ,diagram ,v4 to build up ! block ( ,diagram ,,iv41 !re is a disadju/m5t :i* c be disc]n$ 9 ,diagram ,,viii4 ,?us1 :5 ,v4 is us$ to build up ,,iii41 ! small cubes 9 ,v41 #a1 #d1 #g1 lie 9 same edge z ! cubes #a1 #d1 #g1 9 ! big ,cube ,,iii4 ,b :5 ,v4 is us$ to build up ,,iv41 ! small cubes #c1 #f1 #i1 lie on ! edge :i* is occupi$ by ! cubes #a1 #d1 #g1 9 big ,cube ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,vii4--,block ,,iii4 built up ) ,cube ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,viii4--,block ,,iv4 built up ) ,cube ,v4--a disadju/m5t4 ,?us1 if ! same mat]ial cube is us$1 !re is a disadju/m5t1 & ! figure ,,iv4 _c be consid]$ ! same z ! figure ,,iii4 ev5 z an arrangem5t1 = ! same p>ts ( ! cubes d n lie 9 an analog\s mann]4 ,a c]ta9 corn] ( ,cube ,v4 is m>k$ ) ! figure #g2 ?is corn] w\ld be on ! outside 9 ,block ,,iii41 b 9 build+ up ,block ,,iv4 x w\ld lie on ! inside4 ,x is some:at difficult to express ?is fact1 b if ! real cubes are look$ at x becomes p]fectly obvi\s4 ,imag9e ! :ole ,block ,,iii4 to be built up ( a numb] ( cubes1 e "o ( :i* is alike4 ,if ! sides ( ^! cubes be di/+ui%$ by any m>k+s--if1 = in/ance1 ! left-h& side is blue & ! o!r sides are ea* ( "s special col\r1 !n on build+ up ! :ole block ! left-h& side ( ! :ole block w be blue4 ,if1 n[1 ! same cubes be tak51 & ! attempt be made to build up ! look+-glass image ( ! block ) !m1 x w be f\nd t !re w be a disadju/m5t4 ,if ! blue sides are made to g to ! "r1 z !y mu/1 to =m an image block1 !n "s o!r sides w be 9 diff]5t places to :at !y %\ld be 9 ord] to produce an image ( ! orig9al block4 ,al?\gh consid]$ z an arrangem5t ( cubes ! new block w be an image ( ! orig9al block1 /ill1 look+ at ! individual cubes ( :i* x is compos$1 x w be se5 t ! new block is n an exact image ( ! old block4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take ! o!r />t+-po9t1 &1 n assum+ any fix$ fundam5tal cube1 look only at ! act ( arrangem5t1 ! two ,blocks1 ,,iii4 & ,,iv41 are f\nd to be id5tical 9 e int]nal relation%ip4 ,=1 tak+ ! act ( arrangem5t z ! basis1 if1 :5 we h built up ! ,block ,,iv41 we look ^u ea* ( ! cubes z an arrangem5t ( ! same k9d z ! :ole1 !n ! cube #a 9 ,diag4 ,,iv4 is repres5t$ 9 ,diag4 ,,vi4 ,& x is evid5t t if ,diag4 ,,iv4 is built up out ( cubes l ,diag4 ,,vi41 ! small cubes1 #a1 #d1 #g1 lie 9 ! same edge z ! cubes #a1 #d1 #g1 9 ,diag4 ,,iv4 ,?us x w be f\nd = e relation%ip 9 ,diag4 ,,iii4 !re is an exactly simil> relation%ip 9 ,diag4 ,,iv4 ,9 ?is case if1 = ! sake ( mat]ial illu/ration1 we use m>k$ cubes1 x seems t we mu/ n suppose ea* p>ticul> cube to h a fix$ m>k+ ( its own1 b t we mu/ suppose ! m>k+s to spr+ up on ! sides ( ! cubes 9 accordance ) ! places into :i* !y are put4 ,!re is ano!r mann] ( reg>d+ ! matt] :i* may help to br+ out ! po9t at issue4 ,if we suppose t we are putt+ up ! cubes 9 "o room :ile ano!r p]son is putt+ up cubes 9 an adjo9+ room2 if we c tell him :at we are do+1 us+ ! words "r & left1 he w be able to put up a block exactly l ours4 ,b if we d n all[ ourselves to use ! words "r & left1 b speak to ! o!r p]son z if he 7 simply an intellig5ce )\t hav+ ! same k9d ( bodily organization z ourselves1 we %\ld f9d t1 suppos+ he c\ld put up ! block ( cubes1 x w\ld be a m]e matt] ( *ance :e!r he _h put up ! block z we _h put x1 or :e!r he _h put x up 9 an image way4 ,& ! same ) reg>d to any %ape4 ,we c\ld tell him t ! cubes %\ld be put toge!r1 & we c\ld tell him ! relation%ip :i* !y %\ld h ) reg>d to "o ano!r2 b ! figure he put up w\ld j z likely be an image ( our %ape z n4 ,& we c\ld g on = ev] build+ m & m complicat$ %apes & tell+ him to d ! same1 & no hit* or difficulty w\ld come4 ,b at ! end all 8 %apes might be ours j rev]s$1 z if se5 9 a mirror4 ,& if1 hav+ put up ! block1 we col\r$ ! sides ( ! cube we us$ z ! fundam5tal cube1 & told him h[ we _h col\r$ x3 if he col\r$ 8 & br\ght x to u1 & we comp>$ !m1 8 w\ld j z likely be ! image ( our cube1 & n able to be turn$ into x4 ,s t al?\gh1 z arrangem5ts1 ! /ructures we _h put up 7 alike1 /ill nei!r ( u c\ld use ! o!r's fundam5tal cube2 & if we ex*ang$ ! fundam5tal cubes !re w\ld be an inconsi/5cy 9 ea* ( our arrangem5ts4 ,n[1 are ^! blocks ( cubes really ! same8 ,are ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 really ! same 9 !mselves1 z all relation%ips 9 ! "o are to be f\nd 9 ! o!r8 ,if s1 ! feel+ on my "p t !y are diff]5t1 & ! inconceivability ( _! co9cid+1 mu/ be due to "s self-elem5t :i* is mix$ up ) my appreh5sion ( ! cube4 ,! ,block ,,iv4 is l ! ,block ,,iii4 9 its kn[n "p--9 its arrangem5t4 ,x is unlike ,block ,,iii4 9 its unkn[n "p--! cube :i* mu/ ultimately be suppos$ z ! fundam5tal cube1 by us+ :i* ov] & ov] aga9 ! :ole is built up4 ,n[1 ! prop]ties ( ! unkn[n "p--! little cube ( matt] :i* ( "s size or ano!r1 we mu/ assume1 are s my/]i\s t "o does n feel any argum5t v safe :i* re/s on x4 ,moreov]1 !re is a v obvi\s consid]ation :i* r$uces ! importance ( ! "p play$ by ! mat]ial cube v consid]ably4 ,x is possible to consid] ! ,cube ,v41 :i* is us$ to build up ,,iii41 z ! total ( #bg cubes4 ,b ea* ( ^! cubes--! small cubes 9 ,diag4 ,v4--c be consid]$ to be made up ( #bg /ill small] cubes4 ,by go+ on 9 ?is way we c get our fundam5tal cube v small inde$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,cubes ,,iii4 & ,,iv41 9 respect to ?is fundam5tal cube1 w /ill rema94 ,b omitt+ ?is diff]5ce !y w be1 consid]$ z arrangem5ts1 id5tical4 ,to /ate ! matt] ov] aga94 ,we />t ) a real cube1 "o in* ea* way1 & build up ! block 9 ,diagram ,,iii4 ) x4 ,if we try to build up ! block 9 ,diagram ,,iv4 ) ?is same in* cube1 we f9d t !re is a disadju/m5t4 ,b we are n oblig$ to h our fundam5tal cube "o in* 9 size4 ,we c take x z small z we l1 & build up ! block1 us+ a great] numb] ( su* cubes4 ,we c take x ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ! tw5ty-sev5? ( an in* cube2 or1 9 fact1 z small z ev] we l4 ,& if we take a v small cube z ! fundam5tal "o ) :i* we build up ! ,block ,,iii41 !n1 us+ ?is same fundam5tal cube to build up ,block ,,iv41 we %\ld f9d a disadju/m5t1 al?\gh ?is disadju/m5t w\ld only come 9 :5 we come d[n to ! v m9ute cube1 & /udi$ its relation%ip to ! :ole ,block ,,iv4 ,?us1 app>5tly1 ! ,block ,,iv4 c\ld nev] be built up consi/5tly1 us+ z its fundam5tal cube ! fundam5tal cube out ( ,block ,,iii4 ,b 9 say+ ?is we h really made an assumption4 ,x is obvi\s t ,cubes ,v4 & ,,vi41 j l ,cubes ,,iii4 & ,,iv41 consid]$ z %apes made up ( matt]1 are v diff]5t1 & c\ld n be %ift$ "o on to ! o!r4 ,b all our laws & feel+s ab\t movem5ts & possibilities are f\nd$ on ! obs]vation ( objects hav+ a c]ta9 degree ( magnitude4 ,b ! fundam5tal cube1 :i* we mu/ assume1 may be suppos$ to be ( a degree ( magnitude less ?an any kn[n degree4 ,9 cubes ( a c]ta9 size ,v4 & ,,vi4 are diff]5t1 & _c be made to co9cide4 ,b we are absolutely unable to say any?+ ab\t cubes beyond a c]ta9 degree ( smallness4 ,) cubes ( a c]ta9 degree ( m9ut5ess1 ,v4 & ,,vi4 might be able to be made co9cide4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we feel z if we c\ld divide a piece ( matt] on & on = ev]4 ,b *emi/s tell u t1 aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( divisions1 ! next division w\ld split x up into two diff]5t k9ds ( matt]4 ,s9ce all our reason+ is f\nd$ on ! behavi\r ( objects ( kn[n size1 we c tell no?+ at all by inf]5ce ab\t ! behavi\r ( v small objects4 ,x is obvi\s t1 f our cu/om>y exp]i5ce1 we c ass]t absolutely no?+ at all ab\t ! extremely m9ute or ! extremely l>ge4 ,all reason+ :i* is f\nd$ on ! lik5ess betwe5 ! extremely small & ! ord9>y objects ( our obs]vation is absolutely valueless z tell+ u any tru?4 ,( c\rse1 by say+ ?is we h n got rid ( ! argum5t = ! diff]5ce ( ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ,b we h put ! ?+ f ! obs]vation ( :i* t argum5t is drawn out ( ! region ( kn[n ?+s4 ,we h put x into ! hazy l& ( ! extremely m9ute4 ,its argum5t is good1 b x dep5ds on its be+ ( a c]ta9 size4 ,we suppose x less ?an t size1 & we c consid] ! subject )\t reg>d to its argum5t4 ,! "q !n be=e me 01 ,is 8,"r & ,left0 to be ca/ out8 ,& connect$ ) ?is 0 ! consid]ation ( :e!r x 0 possible = extremely m9ute cubes to be 8pull$ ?r\gh10 t is1 to be treat$ someh[ :i* w\ld turn "o l ,v4 into "o l ,,vi4 ,n[1 if 8"r & left0 0 a self-elem5t1 x c\ld be ca/ out2 if x 0 a p]man5t di/9ction 9 ! cubes !mselves1 x c\ld n be ca/ out4 ,! ?+ to d 0 evid5tly to try4 ,! me?od 0 to le>n ! cubes ov] aga91 9 a set ( new positions4 ,= e "o ( ! ways 9 :i* !y 7 le>nt be=e1 !re 0 an inv]t$ or pull$ ?r\gh way to be le>nt4 ,:ile ,i 0 engag$ 9 ?is attempt ano!r inquiry sudd5ly co9cid$ ) ?is1 & expla9$ x all4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! f\r? dim5sion ( space & ! inconceivability ( x to u4 ,n[1 if !re are be+s :o live 9 a f\r-dim5sional _w1 !y mu/ feel z habituat$ to x z we d to ours1 & ! conceptions :i* seem s impossible to u mu/ be e-day matt]s to !m4 ,x w\ld be impossible = u to try to ent] at once into ! s]i\s ?\ghts ( ^! d5iz5s ( high] space4 ,b among/ !m !re w\ld probably be "s ) ^: occupations we might become famili>1 & ) ^: ideas we might ga9 "s acqua9tance4 ,among/ ^! be+s !re mu/ be *ildr51 & j z *ildr5 on ! e>? ga9 _! famili>ity ) space by means ( bricks & blocks & toys1 s ^! high] *ildr5 mu/ h _! own simple objects :]e) !y gr[ into famili>ity ) _! complex _w4 ,n[ x is easy to make a set ( simple objects su* z ^! high] *ildr5 w\ld use4 ,& x seem$ a practical ?+ to d ) reg>d to ! conceivability or inconceivability ( ! f\r? dim5sion to give ! matt] a fair trial1 by go+ ?r\gh ^? processes & ^? exp]i5ces :i* mu/ be gone ?r\gh by ! be+s 9 high] space to ga9 _! acqua9tance ) x4 ,:5 ,i say t x is easy to make a set ( objects1 su* z ! high] *ildr5 use1 ,i d n mean to say t !y c be made completely 9 e "p at once4 ,b we c make ! ends & sides ( !m1 & we c look at ! ends & sides ( !m z !y appe> to u 9 space1 & we c make up exactly :at sides come into space :5 ! simple objects are twi/$ & mov$4 ,j z a be+ liv+ on a plane c\ld tell ab\t all ! faces & edges ( a cube or o!r simple solid figure by look+ at :at he c\ld see :5 ! cube 0 laid on 8 plane1 & :5 x 0 twi/$ & laid d[n aga92 s we c tell all ab\t ! sides1 faces1 & edges ( a high] solid4 ,& ! project seems less un9vit+ if we reflect on h[ complicat$ a matt] ! =mation ( our own conceptions ( a solid are4 ,:at a lot ( faces & edges a cube has6 ,&1 moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t we nev] t\* or see a solid2 we only see ! surface & t\* ! surface4 ,if we cut away ! surface t we fir/ saw or t\*$1 we come on ano!r surface1 & s on4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! surfaces ( a solid are giv5 to u by nature 9 _! "r connection & relation4 ,ea* ( ! edges ( ! cube1 = in/ance1 c be notic$ & rem>k$ )\t any difficulty1 & !y are all on ! same bit ( space1 to be look$ at "o at ! same "t z ano!r4 ,b ! sides1 faces1 & edges ( a high] solid _c be 9 our space all at once4 ,!y mu/ come sep>ately1 be look$ at "o by "o4 ,?us a be+ 9 a plane c\ld n see ! l[] side & ! front ( a cube at once4 ,he w\ld fir/ h to look at ! l[] side z ! cube re/$ on 8 plane1 !n if ! cube 7 turn$ ov] he w\ld see ! front1 & ! l[] side w\ld be gone4 ,if he got ! set ( "r appe>ances :i* a cube w\ld pres5t to him :51 turn+ ab\t 9 a sy/ematic way1 x came at int]vals into 8 plane1 & if1 moreov]1 he fix$ 8 m9d on ^! appe>ances1 he might at la/1 if x 0 9 him1 rise to ! conception ( a cube z we "k x4 ,n[1 ! p>ts by :i* a high] solid comes into our space are solids1 & :at we h to =m is a set ( solids com+ & go+ 9 a sy/ematic way1 z ! high] figure is mov$ ab\t 9 a sy/ematic way4 ,?is af=d$ a welcome ex]cise1 = conceiv+ ! solid %apes1 & h[ !y w5t & came1 increas$ my famili>ity ) ! set ( cubes4 ,moreov]1 9 try+ to get ! piece ( ignorance--! necess>y real cube--z small z possible1 ,i _h got ! block :i* ,i knew to a some:at f9e /ate ( division1 & c\ld1 by pick+ out a p>ticul> set ( cubes f ! :ole numb]1 obta9 a m5tal model ( any %ape ,i want$4 ,! :ole block ( cubes =m$ a k9d ( solid pap] 9 :i* "o c\ld m5tally put d[n any solid %ape "o want$4 ,& j z x is a great conv5i5ce to h a piece ( pap] = draw+ figures "o wants to ?9k ab\t1 s x 0 a great conv5i5ce to h ?is solid pap]4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 ab\nds 9 abysses = /upidity to fall into1 & ,i _h to clamb] out ( ea* ( !m2 s x took me sev]al ye>s be=e ,i got q on ! "r tack4 ,!n x 0 easy en\gh3 any "o 9 a few weeks c\ld le>n to conceive f\r-dim5sional figures4 ,n only is x easy1 b !re are abundant traces t we d x cont9ually )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,i am sure if ! lovel9ess ( ! "w :ile "o is do+ x1 & ! simplicity & self-evid5t nature ( ! results :5 obta9$1 7 g5]ally kn[n1 x w\ld be a fav\rite amusem5t4 ,n[ "o ( ! fir/ ?+s t pres5t$ itself to my att5tion :5 ,i began to move ! f\r-dim5sional figures ab\t 0 a fact :i* bore curi\s ref]5ce to my difficulty ab\t ! fundam5tal cube4 ,if ! read] rememb]s1 x seem$ to me z if ! cube out ( :i* ! :ole block ( kn[n cubes 0 built ought to be able to be inv]t$4 ,t is to say1 x seem$ to me t !re 0 a self-elem5t pres5t 9 my k ( ! cubes4 ,b 9 ord] to ca/ out t self-elem5t ! fundam5tal cube :i* lay at ! basis ( ! :ole block w\ld h to be able to be inv]t$1 or pull$ ?r\gh4 ,n[ ,i f\nd t :5 ,i took a f\r-dim5sional figure :i* came into space by a cube--t is1 a figure :i* re/$ on space by a cube1 or "o ( ^: sides 0 a cube--:5 ,i took a figure ( t sort up 9 ! f\r? dim5sion & twi/$ x r\nd & br\ght x d[n aga91 ?is cube w\ld sometimes be inv]t$ or pull$ ?r\gh--al?\gh ,i _h done no?+ to x1 b _h simply twi/$ ! :ole figure r\nd )\t di/urb+ ! arrangem5t ( its p>ts4 ,?us evid5tly to a high] *ild x w\ld be no m difficult to inv]t or pull ?r\gh a cube or a figure ?an x w\ld be to me to twi/ "o r\nd4 ,h5ce x 0 obvi\s t "r & left 0 really a self-elem5t 9 my block ( cubes4 ,i be+ 9 our space 0 "u a c]ta9 limitation1 & t limitation made me feel z if a "r-h&$ arrangem5t 0 diff]5t f a left-h&$ arrangem5t4 ,a be+ :o 0 n limit$ z ,i 0 w\ld see t !y 7 "o & ! same4 ,h5ce1 9 kn[+ ! set ( blocks x 0 necess>y to ca/ out 8"r & left10 & ! names _h to be le>nt ov] aga9 9 new positions4 ,?us x is evid5t t !re are ?ree expressions :i* may be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to a k ( a block ( cubes z almo/ id5tical3 8,ca/+ out ! self0--8,see+ z a high] *ild0--& ?irdly1 8,acquir+ an intuitive k ( f\r-dim5sional space40 ,?us1 tak+ ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s facts--! arrangem5t ( a few cubes--we f\nd t !re 0 a kn[n "p & an unkn[n "p2 ! kn[n "p correspond+ to our act ( putt+1 ! unkn[n "p ! cube :i*1 ( "s size or ano!r1 mu/ be tak5 z giv5 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,!n !re 0 obvi\sly a self-elem5t pres5t 9 ! ,up & ,d[n felt z 9 ! cubes4 ,?is be+ remov$1 ,"r & ,left _h also to g4 ,s1 to get ! k ( ?is simple set ( objects cle> ( self-elem5ts1 two univ]se trans=m+ ?\ghts h to be us$2 & :5 ^! ?\ghts are ?us incorporat$ ! cubes become diff]5t4 ,x w be obvi\s to ! read] t 9 ^! pages ,i h m]ely t\*$ ! surface ( ! subject4 ,b ! deep] matt]s :i* are conta9$ 9 ! k ( a block ( cubes are difficult to express1 & are s mix$ up ) ! practical "w1 z f> z ,i conceive !m at pres5t1 t x is be/ to consid] 9 "s detail ! applications to ! _w ab\t u ( ^? tru?s ( :i* we h already got a cle> appreh5sion f ! block ( cubes4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( go+ on1 let u conclude ! pres5t pap] by go+ back1 & tak+ a simple in/ance ( ! g5]al tru? t progress 9 ! k ( a block ( cubes is ca/+ out ! self4 ,let ! read] turn to ,diagram ,i4 & make out ! %ape :i* ! foll[+ numb]s d5ote--namely1 #a1 #d1 #e4 ,if ! foll[+ numb]s be said1 #ah1 #bg1 #bf1 x w be f\nd t !y d5ote ! same %ape1 b 9 a diff]5t position4 ,n[ if ! block ( cubes be well kn[n1 ^! two sets ( names1 #a1 #d1 #e1 & #ah1 #bg1 #bf1 ought to convey in/antly to ! m9d ! same idea4 ,h[ev] quickly !y are realiz$1 x ought to be evid5t t !y are ! same %ape4 ,& a good deal ( ! practical "w 9 le>n+ a block ( cubes consi/s 9 ga9+ ?is faculty ( imm$iate appreh5sion4 ,b :5 x is ga9$ x is se5 to consi/ mu* m ( gett+ rid ( an imp]fection ?an 9 be+ any real advance4 ,= if ! two %apes are id5tical we ne$ n ask ourselves h[ x is we see !m z ! same1 b we h to ask ourselves :at is ! reason :y we d n recognize _! id5tity2 & ! answ] evid5tly is t1 if we d n recognize _! id5tity1 x is due to ! p>ticul> relation%ip ( ea* %ape to ourselves4 ,"o is d[n on our left h&1 ano!r is up on our "r1 & !y are turn$ relatively to u diff]5t ways4 ,n[ ^! diff]5ces1 :i* are m]ely relative to u1 we impress ^u ! %apes1 & really feel ! %apes to be diff]5t4 ,! practice consi/s 9 gett+ rid ( ! influ5ce ( ^! self-elem5ts1 s t two %apes1 h[ev] complicat$1 be+ alike1 :5 _! names are said1 we feel !m to be alike )\t calculation or reflection4 ,?us ! p[] ( see+ lik5ess & analogy 9 ?is doma9 is m]ely ano!r "n = ! p[] ( ca/+ out ! self-elem5ts f our m5tal pres5tation ( any objects ) :i* we come into contact4 ,footnotes #a;,a ,b ,c ,d framework1 ,x & ,y two l9es int]l9k$4 #b,see ,app5dix4 #c;,= details1 see ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos2 left int5tionally non/&>d usage un*ang$4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 sup]script text is prec$$ by c>et4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 subscript text is prec$$ by und]score4