,illu/ration3 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior    
,m>* #c1 #ahdi                          
,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,!      
,,int]ior                        ,fr$   
,a4 ,seaton1 ,secret>y                  
,,national ,,p>k ,,s]vice               
,conrad ,l4 ,wir?1 ,director            
,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1   
,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice         
,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #be c5ts   
,,! ,,d9osaur                           
,,qu>ry                                 
,,d9osaur ,,national ,,monum5t          
,colorado  ,utah            ,by ,john   
,m4 ,good1 ,!odore ,e4 ,:ite & ,gilb]t  
,f4 ,/uck]        ,illu/ration3         
,apatosaur 9 ,swamp                     
,,national ,,p>k ,,s]vice               
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #aieh          ,!    
,national ,p>k ,sy/em1 ( :i* ,d9osaur   
,national ,monum5t is a  unit1 is       
d$icat$ to cons]v+ ! sc5ic1 sci5tific1 &
 hi/oric  h]itage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! 
b5efit & enjoym5t ( its  p4             
,illu/ration3 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice    

,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior                  
,cont5ts                                
,page    ,,! ,,qu>ry                    
#b    ,,! ,,d9osaurs                    
#c        ,fir/ ,discov]ies             
#c        ,position ( ,d9osaurs ,among  
,reptiles                               
#d        ,geologic ,hi/ory             
#d        ,:at ,!y ,look$ ,l            
#f        ,temp]ature ,tol]ance         
#aj        ,gizz>d ,/ones               
#aa    ,,! ,,climate1 ,,life1 ,,&       
,,l&scape ,,( ,,jurassic ,,"t           
#ab        ,h[ ,d ,we ,"k8              
#ad    ,,animals ,,f ,,! ,,qu>ry        
#ae        ,:y ,s ,_m8                  
#ai        ,h[ ,7 ,!y ,pres]v$8         
#ba        ,h[ ,7 ,!y ,expos$8          
#bd    ,,:y ,,did ,,d9osaurs ,,become   
,,ext9ct8                               
#be    ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,!
 ,,qu>ry                                
#bf        ,discov]y & ,e>ly ,ye>s      
#bf        ,/>t+ ! ,qu>ry               
#bh        ,ext5t & ,developm5t ( ! ,f9d

                               #bh      
,"w ,me?ods                             
#cb        ,fur!r ,developm5t           
#cd        ,protect+ ! ,qu>ry           
#ce        ,pres5t ,developm5t          
#cg    ,,! ,,sc5e ,,today               
#ch    ,,key ,,to ,,pronunciation       
#df    ,,sugge/$ ,,read+s               
#dg        ,illu/ration3 ,,jurassic     
,,l&scape ,,%[+ ,,animals ,,& ,,plants  
,,t      ,,liv$ ,,"h ,,dur+ ,,morrison  
,,"t4 7,,f ,a ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,,erne/      
,,unt]man47        ,illu/ration3 ,spade 
& ,pick      ,z y approa* ,d9osaur      
,national ,monum5t f ,j5s51 ,utah1 y see
  ! mass ( ,split ,m\nta9 & ! deep1 %ort
 canyons t sc> its  s\? slope ne> !     
,gre5 ,riv]'s gorge4 ,z y cross !       
,national  ,monum5t b\nd>y ! gr& view is
 lo/ & y beg9 to notice  details4 ,!    
masses ( gray %ale t seem to be         
c>elessly pil$  aga9/ ! tilt$ s&/one    
lay]s are b>e ( vegetation4 ,! gr\nd    
betwe5 ! hills & ! ,gre5 ,riv] is cov]$ 
) sagebru% &  greasewood1 :ile along !  

riv] itself are a few l>ge cottonwood   
trees & _m bu%es4 ,a %>p turn br+s a    
*ange ( sc5e z y\r c>  ent]s a portal 9 
! wall y h be5 foll[+4 ,! pron\nc$ tilt 
( ! rocks becomes m obvi\s4    ,a f9al  
/eep climb & ! visitor c5t] is at h&4   
,?is build+  encloses a significant "p (
 ! ,d9osaur ,qu>ry1 p]haps ! greate/    
deposit ( fossil d9osaur bones kn[n     
today4 ,f ?is qu>ry h come  _m ( !      
d9osaur skeletons t are se5 today 9 our 
great museums4  ,aft] p>k+1 a %ort walk 
to ! ov]look on ! s\!a/ reveals a       
spl5did view ( ,split ,m\nta94 ,betwe5 t
 broad ar* ( erod$  s&/one & ! qu>ry lie
 /eeply tilt$ s$im5t>y rocks ( v>i\s    
compositions & hues4 ,buff & gray       
s&/ones t wea!r into s(t  %apes are     
sep>at$ by r$di%-br[n %ale4 ,directly to
 ! ea/ is a  section ( v>icolor$ %ale ^:
 pa/el p9ks1 r$s1 gre5s1 grays1  & :ites
 ju/ify ! "n ( 8ra9b[ b$s0 t 0 giv5 !m  
by  geologi/s4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ?is       
section are h>d s&/one &  lime/one lay]s
 t resi/ ! erosive action ( w9d & wat]4 

,!y  /& high] ?an ! s(t] %ales & =m     
hogbacks t rim ,split  ,m\nta94    ,"o (
 ^! lay]s c be trac$ across ! rav9e     
imm$iately ea/ (  ! p>k+ area into !    
s&/one l$ge t =ms ! nor? wall (  !      
visitor c5t]4 ,?is is ! fam\s ,d9osaur  
,l$ge4                                  
,! ,qu>ry      ,! ,d9osaur ,l$ge is     
fam\s because "h ! _w's greate/ /ore (  
fossil bones ( ^! long ext9ct reptiles  
has be5 uncov]$4 ,two  gr\ps1 or ord]s1 
( d9osaurs h be5 discov]$1 ) a numb] (  
diff]5t types or k9ds some:at relat$ to 
ea* o!r )9 ^!  ord]s4 ,f ! fossil bones1
 sci5ti/s c tell t ^! creatures  v>i$   
greatly 9 size & habits ( liv+4         
,illu/ration3 ,,tilt$ ,,rock ,,/rata    
,,ne> ,,! ,,d9osaur ,,qu>ry4    ,"s 7 ! 
size ( *ick5s1 o!rs z big z horses1 &   
o!rs (  su* gigantic size t no l& animal
 alive today c comp>e )  !m4 ,"s 7      
fle%-eat]s z indicat$ by ! size & %ape (
 _!  tee? & _! long %>p claws4 ,o!rs 7  
plant-eat]s & aga9 x  is ! /ructure ( _!
 tee? & feet t tell u ?is4 ,!           

fle%-eat]s 7 two-foot$ & walk$ on _! h9d
 legs1 balanc+  !mselves ) heavy long   
tails4 ,_! %ort front legs 7 us$ z      
claw$-arms = te>+ at ! fle% ( o!r       
d9osaurs4 ,_m  plant-eat]s1 on !        
contr>y1 7 l>ge1 heavy1 f\r-foot$ bea/s1
  (t5 ) long necks & tails4 ,_m ( !     
d9osaurs 7 l&  dwell]s1 & _m o!rs liv$ 9
 ! great m>%es & swamps ( !  long       
,mesozoic 7middle life7 ,era ( ! e>?'s  
hi/ory4    ,?\gh ! subclass ( reptiles  
we call d9osaurs liv$ all ?r\gh !       
,mesozoic ,era1 ^? ^: fossil bones h be5
 uncov]$ 9 ?is  ,d9osaur ,qu>ry are     
emb$d$ 9 a /ratum ( rock call$ !        
,morrison  =mation4 ,?is rock /ratum    
dates f ! ,jurassic ,p]iod 9 !  middle (
 ! ,mesozoic ,era4                      
,! ,d9osaurs                            
,,fir/ ,,discov]ies    ,today1 mo/ ( u  
w\ld recognize a fossil bone = :at x is1
 b 9  ! #agij's ?+s 7 diff]5t4 ,isolat$ 
legbones1 v]tebrae1 &  tee? ( huge      
reptiles _h be5 dug out ( c]ta9 s$im5t>y
 rocks (  ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica b _!  

sci5tific importance 0 little  und]/ood4
    ,^! specim5s 7 f\nd by p 9 all walks
 ( life & x 0  natural t _! curiosity 0 
greatly ar\s$4 ,! f9d]s took !  specim5s
 to someone ne>by :om !y consid]$ m     
compet5t to tell  !m some?+ ab\t ^!     
/range bones & tee?4 ,9 ne>ly all cases 
^! 8exp]ts0 7 doctors ( m$ic9e4 ,!y     
/udi$ ! fossil  specim5s & report$ on !m
 at regul> meet+s ( ! le>n$  societies (
 :i* !y 7 memb]s4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to put ! 
fossils 9 ! collections ( ^! societies  
:]e !y c\ld be  /udi$ by o!r memb]s4 ,9 
,nor? ,am]ica mo/ reports ( ^! e>ly     
discov]ies are f\nd 9 ! ,proce$+s ( !   
,am]ican ,philosophical  ,society 9     
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,by #ahdb        
accumulat$ k ( ^! l>ge reptiles 0       
suffici5t to  %[ t !y 7 di/9ct f any    
gr\p !n kn[n4 ,?is 0 fir/  recogniz$ by 
,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x
 0 he :o  nam$ ! gr\p ,d9osauria4 ,! "n 
is made up ( two ,greek words3  de9os   
7t]rible7 plus sauras 7liz>d74    ,z k (
 ^! unusual reptiles increas$ ?r\gh !   

discov]y  ( additional types & m        
complete & bett] pres]v$ specim5s1 x    
became evid5t t d9osaurs 7 nei!r a s+le 
gr\p ( reptiles  nor 7 all ( !m l>ge4   
,actually ! d9osaurs %[ z mu*  div]sity 
9 size1 body =m1 & habits z any gr\p (  
reptiles4 ,!  smalle/ d9osaur walk$ on  
its #b h9d legs l a *ick5 & 0 ab\t  !   
same size4 ,! l>ge/ walk$ on all #d     
legs1 0 ab\t #hj feet long1  & weigh$   
#cj to #dj tons4 ,z examples ( v>iety 9 
body =m !re are  ! two-foot$1 fle%-eat+ 
,antrodemus1 ! armor$ ,/egosaurus1  !   
turtle-l ,ankylosaurus1 ! horn$         
,tric]atops1 ! huge  ,apatosaurus1 !    
two-foot$ veget>ian ,camptosaurus1 & !  
great  v>iety ( head =ms 9 ! aquatic    
hadrosaurs4 ,al?\gh !re 7 two  di/9ct   
gr\ps1 we /ill reta9 ! t]m 8d9osaur0 z a
 conv5i5t  "n = all ( !m b qualify x by 
say+1 fle%-eat+ d9osaur1  plant-eat+    
d9osaur1 armor$ d9osaur1 etc41 to       
indicate !  p>ticul> type we are talk+  
ab\t4 ,p]haps y are wond]+ h[ all  ^!   
anci5t creatures are relat$ to reptiles 

9 g5]al4 ,:]e d  !y fit 9 !             
classification sy/em devis$ to br+ ord] 
to ?is  mass ( k8                       
,,position ,,( ,,d9osaurs ,,among       
,,reptiles    ,x seems !re are sev]al   
ord]s ( reptiles simil> to & closely    
relat$ to ! d9osaurs4 ,rema9s ( ^!      
reptiles are f\nd 9 !  s$im5t>y rocks   
:i* conta9 ! e>lie/ kn[n d9osaurs4 ,a   
numb]  ( !m resembl$ ! d9osaurs b d n q 
meet ! requirem5ts  z f> z details ( !  
skeleton are conc]n$4 ,9 ! s*eme (      
classification ^! ord]s ( reptiles are  
gr\p$ toge!r into !  subclass           
,ar*osauria4 ,?is subclass includes !   
d9osaurs1  crocodiles1 & ! fly+         
reptiles4 ,! liz>ds1 snakes1 turtles1 & 
! tuat]a ( ,new ,zeal& belong to o!r    
subclasses ( reptiles :i*  h be5 di/9ct 
f t ( ! d9osaurs z f> back 9 geologic   
"t z we c trace !m4 ,! k9%ip betwe5 !   
d9osaurs & !  small liz>ds liv+ 9 !     
monum5t today lies only 9 t bo? are     
reptiles4 ,! only liv+ relatives ( !    
d9osaurs are ! alligator  & ! crocodile4

    ,! d9osaurs 7 s num]\s1 & s dom9at$ 
! :ole ( !  ,mesozoic ,era1 t ?is p]iod 
( e>? hi/ory is frequ5tly ref]r$  to z !
 ,age ( ,reptiles4                      
,,geologic ,,hi/ory    ,! ,mesozoic ,era
 began "s #bjj million ye>s ago & end$  
"s #fj  million ye>s ago4 ,al?\gh _m o!r
 animals liv$ dur+ t era1  ! d9osaurs 7 
! dom9ant =ms ( animal life on l&4 ,!   
#adj  million ye>s ( ! ,mesozoic are    
divid$ into geologic p]iods nam$        
,triassic 7! olde/71 ,jurassic1 &       
,cretace\s 7! mo/ rec5t74  ,cont95tal   
deposits repres5t+ ea* ( ^! p]iods h be5
 f\nd  9 all p>ts ( ! _w & on all       
cont95ts4 ,d9osaur bones h  be5 f\nd 9  
^! deposits--ev5 9 su* f>-away places z 
,au/ralia  & ! s\!rn tip ( ,s\? ,am]ica4
 ,only ,jurassic d9osaurs h be5  f\nd at
 ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t4           
,illu/ration3 ,coelophysis--,,small     
,,triassic ,,d9osaurs1 ,,=]unn]s        
,,( ,,! ,,huge ,,d9osaurs ,,( ,,jurassic
 ,,p]iod4 7,,drawn ,,by ,,m>g>et ,m4    
,,colb]t4 ,,c\rtesy1 ,,am]ican ,,museum 

,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory47    ,! olde/    
kn[n d9osaurs are f\nd 9 rocks ( !      
,triassic ,p]iod4  ,! small] ( ^! 7     
*ick5-size & ! l>ge/ 7 ab\t z big  z    
kang>oos4 ,all ( ^! ,triassic d9osaurs 7
 two-foot$4 ,!y c  be divid$ into       
fle%-eat]s & plant-eat]s1 al?\gh none   
are  believ$ to h be5 p>ticul>ly        
specializ$ 9 _! food habits4 ,9  g5]al !
 fle%-eat]s 7 small1 agile1 & _h %>p    
tee? =  seiz+ & ov]p[]+ active prey4 ,! 
plant-eat]s 7 l>g] )  r long front legs 
& small blunt tee? suit$ only to cropp+ 
vegetation4 ,^! plant-eat]s are believ$ 
to be ! ,triassic ance/ors  ( ! giant   
m>%-dwell+ d9osaurs ( ! ,jurassic &     
,cretace\s  ,p]iods4    ,a great] v>iety
 ( d9osaurs liv$ dur+ ! ,jurassic ,p]iod
 ?an 9  ! ,triassic4 ,bo? two- &        
f\r-foot$ types 7 pres5t4 ,!  fle%-eat]s
 rema9$ two-foot$ b increas$ 9 size4    
,antrodemus1  p]haps ! be/ kn[n1 0 mu*  
bigg] ?an a kang>oo4 ,! l>g]            
plant-eat]s weigh$ f #cj to #dj tons &  
all 7 f\r-foot$4 ,!  l>ge/ l& animals1  

!y liv$ on dry l& & 9 ! swamps t  =m$ an
 important "p ( ! ,jurassic l&scape4 ,! 
fir/ ( !  armor$ plant-eat+ d9osaurs1   
,/egosaurus1 inhabit$ ! dry pla9s4  ,!re
 7 also "s small]1 kang>oo-size         
plant-eat]s t 7  two-foot$4    ,a wide  
v>iety ( d9osaur fossils has be5 f\nd 9 
! rocks ( !  ,cretace\s ,p]iod1 ! la/ ( 
! ,mesozoic ,era4 ,! huge swamp dwell]s 
/ill ?riv$4 ,! fle%-eat]s _h evolv$ mu* 
l>g] types &  includ$ #dj-;foot         
,tyrannosaurus1 ! l>ge/ t ev] liv$4 ,all
 !  fle%-eat]s walk$ on _! h9d legs z   
did _! pr$ecessors ( !  ,jurassic &     
,triassic ,p]iods4    ,new & int]e/+    
d9osaurs 7 pres5t among ! fle%-eat]s4   
,horn$ =ms1 some:at simil> to ! rh9oc]os
 b mu* l>g]1 7  common4 ,also common 7 !
 turtle-l ankylosaurs4 ,p]haps ! odde/  
& mo/ int]e/+ d9osaurs ( ! ,cretace\s 7 
! two-foot$  hadrosaurs4 ,^! excell5t   
swimm]s _h weird head %apes )           
complicat$ skull passages & op5+s4 ,!y 7
 a v successful  gr\p & at lea/ #ae     
diff]5t k9ds are kn[n f ! ,cretace\s    

rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica4                  
,,:at ,,!y ,,look$ ,,l    ,ideas ab\t ! 
ext]nal appe>ances ( d9osaurs h be5     
develop$  aft] _m ye>s ( "w & /udy4 ,!y 
are a comb9ation ( ! ideas  ( sev]al p  
:o _h /udi$ diff]5t specim5s ( a s+le   
species4 ,let u review briefly !        
mat]ials & "w necess>y to  arrive at a  
reasonably accurate picture ( ! body =m 
& ext]nal  appe>ance ( ^! /range        
reptiles4    ,! fir/ requirem5t = arriv+
 at a good idea ( ! build &  physical   
attitude ( an animal is a ne>ly entire  
skeleton4 ,we _c  h too mu* ( ! animal's
 skeleton miss+ or we may make a s]i\s  
error4 ,b if ! left h9d leg is miss+ &  
we h ! "r1 we are  n s]i\sly h&icapp$4  
,h[ev]1 if bo? h9d legs are miss+ we    
mu/ re/ore !m accord+ to a simil> animal
 ^: h9d legs are  kn[n4    ,aft] ! ne>ly
 entire skeleton has be5 f\nd x mu/ be  
collect$  ) great c>e4 ,?is is a r      
involv$ process &1 = "s ( !  l>ge       
d9osaurs1 #b or #c mon?s "w may be      
requir$4 ,! specim5 is  fir/ uncov]$ & !

 fossil bone is treat$ ) a pres]vative  
su*  z gum arabic1 %ellac1 or "o ( !    
pla/ics4 ,an accurate diagram (  !      
specim5 z x lies 9 ! rock is made on    
cross-rul$ pap]4 ,a  tr5* #b or #c feet 
wide is !n dug ar\nd ! specim54 ,! dep? 
(  ! tr5* is det]m9$ by ! wid? ( !      
specim5 & ! nature (  ! rock4           
,illu/ration3 ,,putt+ ,,pla/] ,,ca/ ,,on
 ,a ,,fossil ,,be=e ,,remov+ ,,x        
,,f ,,! ,,qu>ry4    ,if ! specim5 is too
 l>ge to take out 9 "o piece1 z mo/     
d9osaurs  are1 x is divid$ into sections
 :i* are numb]$ s]ially z !y are  tak5  
out4 ,ea* section is b&ag$ 9 /rips (    
burlap dipp$ 9  pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,aft] !  
pla/] has set1 ! section is turn$ ov]  &
 ! bottom is seal$ ) burlap & pla/]4 ,! 
section is label$  ) ! appropriate numb]
 & ! section & numb] are %[n on !       
diagram4    ,:5 all ( ! sections h be5  
b&ag$ & numb]$ !y are pack$  9 /rong    
wood5 boxes & %ipp$ to ! laboratory4    
,! "w 9 ! laboratory is m involv$ ?an t 
9 ! field1 &  extreme c>e mu/ be ex]cis$

 to be sure t ! bones w be  undamag$4 ,9
 mo/ cases ! bones h be5 brok5 by       
natural causes z  !y lay 9 ! rock be=e  
discov]y4 ,all ! pieces ( ea* bone mu/  
be ?or\ghly clean$ & securely cem5t$    
toge!r4 ,?is is a v  "t-consum+ task & =
 a l>ge d9osaur l ,apatosaurus x        
requires #c m5 #d or #e ye>s to complete
 ! task4    ,aft] all ( ! bones are     
clean$ & cem5t$ toge!r ! v]tebral       
column is laid out 9 its prop] sequ5ce  
on a s& table4 ,special c>e  is ex]cis$ 
to be sure t ! v]tebrae fit correctly ) 
ea*  o!r4 ,9 ?is way ! correct curvature
 ( ! v]tebral column is  det]m9$4 ,!    
prop] relation%ips ( ! hip bones & ribs 
to !  v]tebrae1 ! %\ld] blade to ! ribs1
 & elem5ts ( ! limb  bones to ea* o!r   
are det]m9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,all ( ?is  
"w  is necess>y to correctly fa%ion !   
/eel framework :i* w support  ! skeleton
 :5 x is plac$ on exhibition4 ,! results
 ( ?is  c>eful "w mu/ be ! framework (  
an animal :i* c\ld1 if liv+1  easily g  
?r\gh ! normal activities ( life su* z  

secur+ food  & escap+ enemies4    ,n[ t 
! framework ( an animal has be5 set up s
 t x c\ld  move ab\t if x _h muscles1   
sk91 & life1 h[ d we "k h[ l>ge  !      
muscles 7 & :]e !y 7 plac$8 ,x is       
necess>y to h a  ?or\gh k ( ! muscles ( 
a rec5t animal simil> to ! "o  we are   
re/or+ s t we w "k :at we are look+ = 9 
!  fossil4 ,! areas at :i* muscles are  
atta*$ to bones are call$  muscle sc>s &
 are id5tifi$ by _! r\gh surfaces4 ,(t5 
!  necess>y in=mation c be obta9$ f     
publications :i* usually  repres5t ! "w 
done by graduate /ud5ts = advanc$       
degrees4 ,at  o!r times we mu/ make our 
own inve/igation4 ,?us if we "k :at     
muscle we are look+ = & ! size & %ape ( 
its muscle sc>1 we  c det]m9e :e!r !    
muscle is a sp9dle-%ap$ mass or a broad 
%eet4    ,aft] we h det]m9$ ! size &    
position ( ! muscles :i*  op]ate !      
limbs1 head1 & neck1 we h a reasonably  
accurate idea (  ! ext]nal =m ( !       
animal1 b we /ill "k no?+ ( ! nature  ( 
! sk9 :i* cov]$ ! body4 ,s9ce d9osaurs 7

 reptiles1 we  are oblig$ to assume t !y
 7 cov]$ ) a scaly sk9 9 ord]  to       
pres]ve ! body moi/ure4 ,none ( ! mod]n 
reptiles possess sweat  gl&s 9 ! sk94   
,if !y did n possess a wat]pro( cov]+ ( 
scales !y w\ld die 9 a few h\rs z a     
result ( ! loss ( body  moi/ure by      
evaporation ?r\gh ! sk94 ,x is possible 
t "s (  ! m>% dwell]s l ,apatosaurus _h 
nak$ sk9 :i* 01 z 9  ! elephant1 ne>ly  
an in* ?ick4 ,! elephant does n possess 
sweat  gl&s b ! out] half ( its sk9 is  
compos$ entirely ( dead cells  :i* =m a 
cov]+ z wat]pro( z ! scales ( today's   
reptiles4    ,!re h be5 only a few lucky
 f9ds ( mummifi$ d9osaurs :i* %[  !     
impressions ( ! scales4 ,we "k t all    
liz>ds d n possess  ! same type (       
scales1 & !re=e1 by analogy1 we _c      
assume  t ! d9osaurs did4 ,ev5tually1 we
 w probably f9d t !  d9osaurs exhibit$ z
 great a v>iety ( scale-types z d       
today's  liz>ds4 ,z yet we h f\nd no?+ 9
 ! fossil record :i*  indicates ! color 
( ! d9osaurs4 ,aga91 we c only assume t 

!y exhibit$ z great a v>iety ( colors z 
d our liz>ds4 ,s also1  we assume _!    
body functions 7 some:at simil> to !    
reptiles &  o!r relat$ animals we "k    
today4        ,illu/ration3 ,,d9osaur   
,,fossil ,,) ,,sk9 ,,& ,,ligam5ts       
,,pres]v$4      7,,n ,,f ,,d9osaur      
,,qu>ry4 ,,c\rtesy1 ,,am]ican ,,museum  
,,( ,,natural      ,,hi/ory47           
,illu/ration3 ,,r>e ,,fossil ,,(        
,,d9osaur ,,sk94 7,,c\rtesy1 ,,am]ican  
,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory47       
,,temp]ature ,,tol]ance    ,we "k ! body
 temp]atures ( reptiles v>y ) t ( ! air 
or  wat] 9 :i* !y live1 z !y h no means 
( int]nal temp]ature  control4 ,!y are v
 sluggi% :5 _! body temp]atures are l[ &
  become m active z ^! temp]atures rise1
 b only to a c]ta9  po9t4 ,if ! body    
temp]atures ( reptiles become too high1 
!y die 9  a few m9utes4    ,a gr\p (    
physiologi/s f ,columbia ,univ]sity sp5t
 ne>ly #b mon?s  9 s\!rn ,florida       
exp]im5t+ on reptiles4 ,!y det]m9$ !    
rate  ( rise ( body temp]atures ( l>ge  

liz>ds & alligators ( all  sizes dur+   
exposure to ! midday sun4 ,z 0 expect$1 
! small]  ! reptile ! m rapid ! rise 9  
body temp]ature4 ,d9osaurs 7  reptiles s
 we c make two assumptions3 ,t _!       
physiology 0 v  simil> to t ( liv+      
reptiles2 & t ! rate ( rise ( _!  body  
temp]atures f exposure to ! sun w\ld    
foll[ ! pr9ciples  f\nd = liv+ reptiles4
    ,by apply+ ^! pr9ciples to !        
d9osaurs1 ?is gr\p ( sci5ti/s  calculat$
 t if ! great bulk ( an ,apatosaurus 7  
expos$ to  ! direct rays ( ! sun at an  
air temp]ature ( #aaj ,f4 = #cf to #dj  
h\rs1 its body temp]ature w\ld rise only
 #a ,f4 ,!re=e1 if ^!  calculations are 
correct1 x is probable t ! v size ( !   
huge  d9osaurs op]at$ to ma9ta9 a fairly
 con/ant body temp]ature4  ,consequ5tly1
 daily & seasonal temp]ature *anges     
probably did n  affect ! activities ( ! 
l>ge d9osaurs4 ,h[ev]1 ! activities (  !
 small ones may h be5 affect$ by ! daily
 range 9 temp]ature4                    
,,gizz>d ,,/ones    ,= _m ye>s r\nd$    

/ones ) a v high poli% h be5 f\nd 9  !  
s$im5t>y rocks :i* conta9 bones ( ext9ct
 reptiles4 ,!  poli% on ^! /ones is v   
mu* high] ?an c\ld h be5 appli$  by !   
action ( wat] or w9d4 ,"s look z ?\gh !y
 _h be5  poli%$ by a jewel]4 ,s9ce we _c
 attribute ?is v high poli%  to w9d or  
wat] action1 we mu/ seek ano!r ag5t4    
,illu/ration3 ,protiguanodon4 ,,note    
,,gizz>d ,,/ones ,,inside ,,rib         
,,basket4 7,,c\rtesy1 ,,am]ican ,,museum
 ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory47    ,j z *ick5s
 swall[ f9e gravel = _! gizz>ds to aid  
dige/ion1 s x is ?\ght t "s l>ge        
d9osaurs swall[$ /ones  = ! same        
purpose4 ,!re is "s evid5ce to support  
?is idea4  ,sev]al specim5s ( a gr\p (  
swimm+ reptiles1 call$ plesiosaurs1  :i*
 sw>m$ ! ,jurassic & ,cretace\s seas1 h 
be5 f\nd )  highly poli%$ /ones inside !
 rib basket4 ,also a mass ( highly      
poli%$ /ones 0 f\nd simil>ly associat$ )
 "o d9osaur1  ,protiguanodon1 9 ! ,l[]  
,cretace\s rocks ( ,mongolia4    ,on !  
o!r h&1 no highly poli%$ /ones h be5    

f\nd associat$  ) ! specim5s 9 !        
,d9osaur ,qu>ry or any:]e 9 ! qu>ry4 ,a 
se>* ( ! _m publications on d9osaurs has
 n turn$ up any  m5tion ( highly poli%$ 
/ones be+ associat$ ) any ( ! _m        
specim5s f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?us !   
evid5ce :i* we h does  n p]mit u to say 
t ! d9osaurs f\nd 9 ! qu>ry did or did  
n possess gizz>d /ones4                 
,! ,climate1 ,life1 & ,l&scape (        
,jurassic ,"t      ,! geologi/s :o      
attempt to recon/ruct ! geography &     
climate (  ! ,jurassic ,p]iod fir/ ga!r 
all possible facts & try to fit !m      
toge!r to =m a logical patt]n4 ,!       
results are !n exam9$ =  weak po9ts & an
 attempt is made to f9d field evid5ce   
?r[+ light  on ^! weak po9ts4 ,! f9al   
result repres5ts ! sum ( our  k at ! "t 
b is subject to *ange z new facts are   
obta9$4 ,?us ! foll[+ outl9e repres5ts  
pres5t ?9k+ t  may be *ang$ some:at by  
future /udies4    ,! l& = miles ar\nd ! 
,d9osaur ,qu>ry 0 a l[-ly+ des]t 9  e>ly
 ,jurassic "t4 ,! m\nta9s y see n[ _h n 

yet be5 =m$1  & ! :ole des]t area lay   
close to sea level4 ,great re/less s&   
dunes drift$ across ?is level l& to =m a
 blanket #gjj feet ?ick4  ,z ! e>?'s    
cru/ sank1 ^! dunes 7 cov]$ by a long   
arm ( an  arctic sea t ext5d$ s\?w>d    
along ! pres5t tr5d ( ! ,rocky  ,m\nta9s
 across ,canada1 ,montana1 ,wyom+1 &    
,utah4 ,millions ( ye>s  lat]1 9 late   
,jurassic "t1 :5 ! ,morrison =mation 0  
deposit$1  ! area rose aga9 & ! /age 0  
set = ! d9osaurs4    ,imag9e if y c1 !  
va/ pla9s ext5d+ f ,mexico to ,canada & 
f c5tral ,utah to ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 
,to ! we/ 7 high  m\nta9s 9 ! ,great    
,bas9 region ( ,nevada & we/]n ,utah4 ,f
  ^! highl&s fl[$ great sluggi% /reams t
 c>ri$ l>ge am\nts  ( s& & silt4 ,s9ce !
 pla9s 7 almo/ flat1 swamps & small     
lakes 7 probably num]\s4 ,! /reams may h
 *ang$ _! c\rses  f "t to "t z !y 7 n   
conf9$ to deep valleys4 ,:5 !  :ole     
region em]g$ f ! sea ! climate became m 
humid4  ,volcanoes 7 active f> to ! we/2
 ! w9ds c>ri$ cl\ds (  eject$ du/ ea/w>d

 & deposit$ !m on ! pla9s4              
,semi-tropical  conditions probably     
exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 p>ts (
  ,canada4 ,^! deposits are call$ !     
,morrison =mation4    ,! w>m humid      
climate provid$ ideal conditions = plant
 gr[?4 ,great  =e/s ( lu% vegetation    
cov]$ ! l&4 ,_m ( ^! plants h  s9ce     
disappe>$1 b "s ( _! relat$ species may 
be f\nd today  9 ! tropics4 ,mo/ ( !    
plants ( our ,temp]ate ,zone _h n yet   
evolv$4 ,h[ev]1 !re 7 tall /&s ( a type 
( p9e1 & o!r  ev]gre5s4 ,!re 7 also     
g+kos & curi\s tree f]ns4    ,v>i\s h]b 
f]ns =m$ a gr\nd cov] z ?ick & lu% z    
grass on a  well-wat]$ prairie4         
,palmlike f]ns resembl+ today's cycads 7
  common1 :ile along ! riv] grew        
horsetail ru%es l ^? liv+  today4 ,fl[]+
 plants ( ! ,rec5t ,epo* ( geologic "t  
79 :i*  we are n[ liv+7 _h n yet made _!
 appe>ance4 ,?us ! h>dwood1  broadleaf  
=e/s ( oak1 elm1 bee*1 maple1 & simil>  
trees 7  abs5t4 ,s too 7 ! fl[]+ %rubs  
famili> to ! ,temp]ate ,zone4  ,ev5 !   

grasses 7 miss+4    ,h[ev]1 if y c\ld   
picnic 9 ?is /range plant _w y w\ld soon
  be slapp+ mosquitos & curs+ ! ants4 ,=
 ev5 9 su* anci5t  times ^! insects 7   
pres5t2 & s 7 a great v>iety ( o!r      
insects z is kn[n f ! m ?an #a1jjj      
species t h be5  discov]$ 9 ,jurassic   
rocks4 ,among !m 7 repres5tatives ( mo/ 
mod]n ord]s su* z gras%opp]s1 beetles1  
mo?s1 ants1 & flies4  ,jurassic insects 
probably look$ mu* l ^? ( today4        
,among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! /range reptiles
 7 ! pt]osaurs  t dom9at$ ! skies4 ,!y  
resembl$ ! mod]n bats 9 "s ways  b _!   
lea!ry w+s 7 support$ on ea* side by "o 
f+]  in/ead ( f\r1 & _! sk9s 7 scaly or 
b>e in/ead ( hairy4  ,"s =ms _h long    
tails t 7 flatt5$ at ! tip & help$ !m   
balance 9 flight1 b o!rs 7 tailless4 ,"s
 pt]osaurs 7 no  l>g] ?an sp>r[s :ile   
o!rs _h w+ spans ( #c to #d feet4       
,crocodiles sunn$ !mselves on ! banks ( 
sluggi% /reams & lakes4  ,!y probably   
look$ a good deal l ^? t live 9 mod]n   
swamps  & _! habits 7 simil>4 ,_m a     

small d9osaur fell victim to  _! /eal?y 
attack & disappe>$ b5ea? ! wat]s ( "s   
anci5t  /ream4    ,birds h be5 f\nd 9   
,upp] ,jurassic rocks ( ,g]many & may h 
liv$ "h too4 ,_! fossil rema9s w\ld     
probably h be5 class$ z  reptiles _h n  
fea!r impr9ts be5 a "p ( !m4 ,ab\t !    
size (  cr[s1 ^! reptile-l birds _h     
small conical tee?1 ?ree-claw$  f+]s on 
ea* w+1 & a long tail in/ead ( ! fan (  
fea!rs  se5 on mod]n birds4    ,small   
mammals 7 also liv+ at ! "t ! ,morrison 
=mation 0  be+ deposit$ & _! rema9s h   
be5 f\nd 9 ! d9osaur qu>ry  at ,como    
,bluff1 ,wyo4 ,! l>ge/ ones 7 ab\t !    
size ( a h\se cat  b ! majority 7 mu*   
small]1 probably ab\t ! size ( today's  
mice4    ,we d n "k mu* ab\t ! habits ( 
^! e>ly mammals b !y  7 probably r %y & 
retir+4 ,?is w\ld be expect$ 9 !  _w (  
giants :]e !y liv$4 ,"s ( !m liv$ 9     
trees & !re  0 "o gr\p ^: skull         
*>act]i/ics resemble ^? ( ! rod5ts4  ,x 
is likely t ^! primitive mammals liv$ a 
life simil> to t  ( ! rod5ts millions ( 

ye>s lat]4    ,?is1 !n1 0 ! sett+1 !    
/age ^u :i* ! d9osaurs play$  _! lead+  
roles4 ,al?\gh we h re/rict$ our        
discussion to  ,morrison "t 9 nor!a/]n  
,utah1 ! same or simil> animals liv$    
all ov] ! _w4 ,worldwide humid & mild   
climates produc$ a  simil>ity ( plant & 
animal life dur+ mo/ ( ! ,mesozoic ,era 
^: l has n be5 se5 9 ! la/ #fj million  
ye>s4 ,x 0 a  /range _w & rul$ by /range
 animals1 b x mu/ h be5 an  int]e/+ "o4 
,,h[ ,,d ,,we ,,"k8    ,?is is a good "t
 to /op & try to expla9 t ?is /ory1 (   
plants & animals ( ! pa/1 has a firm    
f\ndation 9 today's  facts--x is n a    
fantasy4    ,! me?ods by :i* geologi/s &
 paleontologi/s h e/abli%$ !  age1      
climate1 & life ( ,morrison "t _c be    
describ$ = y "h  9 detail4 ,to attempt  
su* a description w\ld require too mu*  
space  & w\ld probably seem dull to mo/ 
read]s4 ,p]haps ! be/ approa*  is to    
describe "s features & expla9 h[ !y     
contribute to our  k4    ,! rocks t 7   
deposit$ "h 9 ,morrison "t tell u mu* ( 

!  /ory4 ,! s&/ones 7 once /ream s&b>s  
or p]haps bea*es  ar\nd lakes4 ,! %ale1 
silt/one1 & clay 7 muddy /ream or lake  
bottoms4 ,! discont9u\s l$ges (         
conglom]ate probably repres5t  gravel   
b>s =m$ dur+ flood /ages or at places   
:]e ! /ream  curr5ts 7 v swift4    ,j   
rocks y may say--b look closely4 ,a     
piece ( s&/one conta9s  gra9s ( s& t    
diff] f ea* o!r 9 size1 %ape1 &         
composition4 ,frequ5tly ^! *>act]i/ics  
po9t to ! s\rce ( !  s&/one & tell      
some?+ ab\t ! conditions at ! "t x 0    
deposit$4 ,*unks ( black mat]ial are    
exam9$ closely & prove to be            
*>coal--c>boniz$ rema9s ( plants4       
,microscopic exam9ation ( clay fragm5ts 
reveals %>ds ( volcanic  glass & a% t   
speak ( active volcanoes4 ,sometimes ^! 
clays be>  ! c>boniz$ impr9ts ( delicate
 plants t long ago sank to !  bottom (  
"s lake or /ream :]e !y 7 buri$ &       
fossiliz$4    ,! fossils !mselves are   
mo/ important 9 recon/ruct+ conditions  
( ! pa/4 ,we f9d ! %ells ( fre%-wat]    

clams 9 ! s&/ones  ) d9osaur bones4     
,crocodile bones are also common4 ,we   
are reasonably  sure1 !n1 t ^! deposits 
( s& & mud 7 =m$ 9 riv]s  & lakes :5 !  
climate 0 mild4    ,we reason by        
analogy4 ,= example1 fossil plants &    
animals h  c\nt]p>ts or desc5dants 9 !  
_w ( today4 ,we assume1 9 !  abs5ce (   
contr>y evid5ce1 t ! fossil animals liv$
 l _!  pres5t-day c\nt]p>ts4 ,al?\gh no 
birds1 mammals1 or pt]osaurs h  be5 f\nd
 9 ?is qu>ry1 !y 7 probably liv+ "h ) ! 
d9osaurs4 ,x is possible1 9 fact        
probable1 t "s mod]n animals  & plants  
live 9 diff]5t environm5ts ?an did _!   
,morrison  ance/ors & relatives b we h  
no way ( kn[+ :i* ones !y  74 ,we c only
 take ! data available1 arrange !m z    
logically z  possible1 & cont9ue ! se>* 
= m4 ,"s may sc(f at su*  me?ods (      
reason+ yet !y d provide good results4  
,:at o!r  me?ods c be us$ :5 ! _w "u    
inve/igation lies millions (  ye>s 9 !  
pa/8                                    
,animals f ! ,qu>ry      ,9 ! rocks ( ! 

,morrison =mation at ! qu>ry1 bo? ord]s 
(  d9osaurs are f\nd--,sauris*ia &      
,orni?is*ia4 ,paleontologi/s  h divid$ !
 d9osaurs into ^! two gr\ps on ! basis (
  important skeletal diff]5ces4 ,^!     
diff]5ces rema9 con/ant =  ! ord]s & v>y
 )9 ea* ord] only 9 small details4    ,!
 important /ructural diff]5ce 9 d9osaurs
 is f\nd 9 ! pelvis4  ,9 all l&         
v]tebrates1 ! pelvis is made up ( ?ree  
pairs ( bones  call$ ! ilium1 pubis1 &  
is*ium4 ,! pair$ ilium is jo9$ to ea*   
side ( ! backbone & projects d[nw>d to  
meet ! pubis & is*ium  at ! socket = !  
head ( ! ?igh bone4 ,! pubis =ms ! front
  ?ird & ! is*ium ! re> ?ird ( ?is      
socket4 ,9 ! ord]  ,sauris*ia ! bones ( 
! pelvis are arrang$ z 9 mo/ reptiles  &
 mammals4 ,9 ! ord] ,orni?is*ia ! pubis 
ext5ds backw>d  along ! is*ium z x does 
9 ! birds4    ,two types ( sauris*ian   
d9osaurs are f\nd 9 ! qu>ry4            
,antrodemus1 a fle%-eat+ type1 0 ab\t ! 
size ( a horse1 b  0 two-foot$4 ,x _h   
/rong %>p claws on its feet4 ,its tee? 7

  ab\t #b in*es long1 flatt5$ f side to 
side & ) f9e  s]rations on front & back 
edges4 ,actually x is n kn[n :e!r       
,antrodemus ov]p[]$ & kill$ ! l>ge      
swamp-liv+ d9osaurs1 or  m]ely f$ on _! 
c>casses aft] !y _h di$ f o!r causes4   
,h[ev]1 !re has be5 f\nd 9 ! qu>ries at 
,como1 ,wyo41 a p>tial  skeleton (      
,apatosaurus ) grooves on ! bones :i*   
sugge/ too?  m>ks4 ,! spac+ ( ^! grooves
 fit ! spac+ ( ! tee? ( a  specim5 (    
,antrodemus f\nd 9 ! same qu>ry4        
,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,orni?is*ian         
,,pelvis4 ,b4 ,,sauris*ian ,,pelvis4    
,,key3 ,,il--,,illium2 ,,is--,,is*ium2  
,p--,,pubis4    ,! plant-eat+ d9osaurs (
 ! ord] ,sauris*ia :i* are f\nd 9  !    
qu>ry 7 all f\r-foot$4 ,!y _h bodies    
ab\t ! size ( an  elephant or l>g]4 ,!  
pr9cipal diff]5ces betwe5 ! fle%- &     
plant-eat+ d9osaurs 7 ! l5g? ( ! neck & 
tail1 ! details  ( _! skull /ructure1 & 
o!r p>ts ( _! skeleton4    ,apatosaurus 
is p]haps ! mo/ famili> d9osaur to mo/ (
 u4 ,its  h9d legs 7 mu* long] ?an its  

front ones & gave ! animal a            
high-hipp$1 /oop$ appe>ance4            
,apatosaurus 0 ab\t #gj feet long  &    
probably weigh$ close to #dj tons4      
,diplodocus 0 long] 7"o (  !m #ge feet7 
b 0 sl5d] & lightly built4 ,its neck 0  
long]  & x _h a :ipla% tail t look$ mu* 
l ! tail ( ! mod]n  :iptail$ liz>d4     
,diplodocus also _h long p5cil-l tee?   
diff]5t f ^? ( any o!r kn[n d9osaur4    
,b>osaurus has an  extremely long neck )
 long individual neck bones4 ,two memb]s
 ( !  g5us ,cam>asaurus are simil> to   
ea* o!r except = size2 "o 0  small1 b ! 
o!r 0 z l>ge z ,apatosaurus4            
,cam>asaurus _h  long] front legs ?an   
,apatosaurus & 0 g5]ally bett]          
proportion$4        ,illu/ration3       
,antrodemus1 ,,! ,,f]oci\s ,,c>nivore   
,,( ,,morrison      ,,"t4 7,,f ,a       
,,draw+ ,,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,knight4      
,,c\rtesy1 ,,am]ican      ,,museum ,,(  
,,natural ,,hi/ory47                    
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,sauris*ian  
,,plant-,,eat] ,apatosaurus             

l\isae--,,ab\t #gj ,,feet ,,long4 7,,f  
,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,a4 ,,av9(f1 ,,c>negie  
,,museum47    ,fossils ( ! sauris*ian   
plant-eat]s are f\nd mu* m frequ5tly    
?an ^? ( fle%-eat]s & are usually 9     
s$im5t>y rocks :i*  conta9 b$s ( clam   
%ells4 ,= ?is reason x seems probable t 
!y  wad$ lagoons & /reams1 fe$+ on      
aquatic & bank-side vegetation4  ,!     
sugge/ion has be5 made t ! l>g] d9osaurs
 c\ld n ev5  walk on dry l& because _!  
weight w\ld h cru%$ ! bones (  _! feet2 
!y ne$$ ! buoyancy ( wat] to help       
support !m4  ,h[ev]1 footpr9ts ( a huge 
d9osaur1 mu* l>g] ?an any f !  qu>ry1 h 
be5 f\nd ne> ,gl5rose1 ,tex4 ,! l>ge    
footpr9ts 7  made on a s&y bea* ( a sea 
9 ,l[] ,cretace\s "t4 ,?us we "k  t !y  
c\ld walk on dry l& if !y want$ to4     
,all ( ! d9osaurs ( ! ord] ,orni?is*ia 7
 plant-eat]s1 &  7 ( bo? two- &         
f\r-foot$ types4 ,! two-foot$ types f\nd
 9  ! qu>ry are ,camptosaurus1          
,dryosaurus1 & ,laosaurus4 ,^!  =ms _h  
well develop$ front legs1 ?\gh mu* %ort]

 ?an _! h9d  legs1 :i* sugge/s t !y may 
h dropp$ d[n on 8all f\rs0  :ile fe$+ or
 re/+4 ,! tee? 7 small1 *isel-%ap$1 &   
fitt$ only = cropp+ vegetation4 ,! l>g] 
specim5s (  ,camptosaurus rea*$ a l5g? (
 #ag feet b ,laosaurus 0 only #b  feet  
long4    ,/egosaurus is ! only quadrup$ 
7f\r-foot$7 ( ?is ord] f\nd 9  ! qu>ry4 
,x _h long h9d legs & v %ort front legs4
 ,x rea*$  a l5g? ( #ah to #bj feet & 0 
#aj to #aa feet high ov] ! hips4 ,!  mo/
 *>act]i/ic feature ( ?is =m 0 ! d\ble  
r[ ( bony  plates d[n ! back & ! gr\p ( 
spikes at ! end ( ! tail4 ,!  tee? 7    
simil> to ^? ( ,camptosaurus1 b mu* m   
num]\s4    ,only two o!r gr\ps (        
reptiles h be5 f\nd 9 ! qu>ry at        
,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t & _! rema9s 
are r>e4 ,^! are !  crocodiles &        
turtles4 ,two crocodiles are kn[n2 !    
l>g] "o1  ,goniopholis1 0 ab\t ! size ( 
exi/+ alligators & did n  diff] 9       
ext]nal appe>ance f pres5t-day          
crocodiles4 ,! small]  "o 0 less ?an a  
foot long & resembl$ a #b weeks' old    

alligator z  mu* z any?+4 ,h[ev]1 we "k 
f ! texture ( ! surface (  ! bone t x 0 
n a "y animal4 ,! turtle1 ,glyptops1 0  
ab\t ! same size & g5]al appe>ance z !  
pond turtles ( today4                   
,,:y ,,s ,,_m8    ,! p>tial skeletons ( 
m ?an #bj individual d9osaurs & !       
scatt]$ bones ( ab\t #cjj m h be5       
discov]$ 9 ! ,d9osaur  ,qu>ry4 ,_m ( !  
be/ specim5s may be se5 today at museums
 (  natural hi/ory 9 ! l>g] cities ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4  ,! qu>ry is   
easily ! l>ge/ & be/ pres]v$ deposit (  
,jurassic  d9osaurs kn[n today4    ,h[ &
 :y did s _m d9osaur skeletons          
accumulate "h8 ,h[ 7  !y pres]v$8 ,^!   
are among ! common que/ions ask$ ( p>k  
rang]s & naturali/s at ,d9osaur4 ,!     
answ] is a comb9ation (  circum/ances & 
luck4    ,_m p get ! impression f ! mass
 ( bones 9 ! qu>ry wall  t "s cata/rophe
 su* z a volcanic explosion or a sudd5  
flood  kill$ a :ole h]d ( d9osaurs 9 ?is
 area4 ,true en\gh ?is c\ld  h happ5$1 b
 x probably did n4 ,! ma9 reasons = ?9k+

  o!rwise are ! scatt]$ bones & !       
?ickness ( ! deposit4 ,9  o!r deposits  
:]e ! animals 7 ?\ght to h di$ toge!r1 !
  skeletons 7 usually complete & (t5 all
 ! bones 7 9 _!  prop] positions1 or    
articulat$4 ,9 a mass kill+ ! bones w\ld
 h  be5 deposit$ on ! /ream or lake     
bottom toge!r at ! same level1  b 9 ?is 
deposit ! bones occur ?r\gh\t a zone (  
s&/one ab\t  #ab feet ?ick4 ,! mixture (
 swamp dwell]s & dry-l& types also      
seems to indicate t ! deposit is a      
mixture d]iv$ f diff]5t  s\rces4 ,r\nd$ 
fragm5ts ( fossil bone h be5 discov]$ 9 
!  qu>ry--fragm5ts t atta9$ _!          
pebblelike %ape by roll+ along  ! /ream 
bottom4    ,if ! mass ( bones 0 n !     
result ( cata/rophe :at did happ58  ,!  
qu>ry area is a d9osaur gravey>d1 n a   
place :]e !y di$4 ,a  majority ( !      
rema9s probably float$ d[n an ea/w>d    
fl[+ riv]  until !y 7 /r&$ on a %all[   
s&b>4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z !  /egosaurs1 may 
h come f f>-away dryl& areas to ! we/4  
,p]haps !y dr[n$ try+ to =d a tribut>y  

/ream or 7 wa%$  away dur+ floods4 ,"s (
 ! swamp dwell]s may h mir$ d[n on  ! v 
s&b> t became _! grave :ile o!rs may h  
float$  = miles be=e be+ /r&$4    ,ev5  
today simil> ev5ts take place4 ,:5      
floods come 9 ! spr+1  %eep1 cattle1 &  
de] are (t5 trapp$ by ris+ wat]s &      
frequ5tly dr[n4 ,_! bloat$ c>casses     
float d[n/ream until !  flood rec$es &  
leaves !m /r&$ on a b> or %ore :]e !y   
lie1  frequ5tly half buri$ 9 ! s&1 until
 !y decompose4 ,e>ly  travel]s on !     
,miss\ri ,riv] report$ t %ores & b>s 7  
frequ5tly l9$ ) ! decompos+ bodies (    
bison t _h p]i%$  dur+ spr+ floods4     
,9 ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t1 !       
positions 9 :i* p>tial skeletons  ( !   
d9osaurs lie sugge/ t !y decompos$ on a 
s&b>4 ,!  bones on ! und]side ( a       
skeleton are (t5 arrang$ z !y 7  :5 !   
animal 0 alive1 :ile ^? on ! upp] or    
expos$ side may  be scatt]$4 ,su*       
scatt]+ w\ld be expect$ z ! ligam5ts &  
muscles hold+ ! bones toge!r decompos$2 
/ream curr5ts &  scav5g]s c\ld !n       

disp]se !m4 ,/ream curr5ts are sugge/$  
by  ! position ( ! long1 flexible tails 
& necks ( ! l>ge plant  fe$]s4 ,^!1 l   
/ream+ wat] plants 9 a riv]1 trail      
d[n/ream  to ! ea/4        ,illu/ration3
 ,camptosaurus--,,an ,,arni?is*ian      
,,plant-,,eat]4 7,,drawn      ,,by ,j4  
,g4 ,,g]man4 ,,c\rtesy1 ,,am]ican       
,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory47       
,,h[ ,,7 ,,!y ,,pres]v$8    ,!          
conc5tration & burial ( d9osaur bones is
 only ! beg9n+ (  ! fossil /ory4 ,!     
comb9ation ( circum/ances :i* op]at$ "h 
0 a common "o & yet fossil qu>ries are  
r>e4 ,:y8 ,! bones h  to be pres]v$ &   
?is seldom happ5s4 ,! bones t are buri$ 
9  "o flood are frequ5tly une>!d &      
scatt]$ by ! next4 ,^? t  are expos$ to 
! wea!r usually dis9tegrate completely 9
 a few  ye>s4 ,! bones 9 ! ,d9osaur     
,qu>ry did n4    ,sometime aft] !y 7    
buri$1 ! organic m9]als ( ! bones 7  m  
or less completely replac$ by m9]als (  
inorganic orig9 su* z  silica4 ,no "o   
kn[s exactly :y or h[ ?is happ5$1 b x   

did4 ,mo/  geologi/s ?9k ?is replacem5t 
process occurs :5 subsurface or  gr\nd  
wat] conta9+ soluble & colloidal m9]als 
dissolves a  molecule ( ! bone &        
imm$iately replaces x ) a new m9]al4    
,r\ghly su* a process is l remov+ r$    
bricks f a h\se &  sub/itut+ yell[4 ,:5 
! sub/itution is complete1 ! h\se /ill  
has ! same dim5sions b x is compos$ (   
diff]5t mat]ials4 ,!  replacem5t 0 a    
fai?ful "o1 too1 because microscopic    
/ructure (  ! orig9al bone 0 fai?fully  
reproduc$ by ! replac+ m9]als4          
,illu/ration3 ,,road ,,map              
,,d9osaur      ,,national ,,monum5t     
,,utah - ,,colorado                     
,high-resolution ,map    ,foll[+        
,morrison "t1 ?\s&s ( feet ( y\ng]      
s$im5ts 7  deposit$ on ! s&b> t conta9$ 
! d9osaur bones4 ,! :ole  sequ5ce (     
s$im5ts 0 compact$ into rock & "s bones 
7  cru%$ & di/ort$4                     
,,h[ ,,7 ,,!y ,,expos$8    ,aft] !      
s$im5ts became rock & ! bones _h        
probably be5 replac$  by /one           

7fossiliz$71 ?is "p ( ! _w1 :i* lay ne> 
or bel[  sea level = millions ( ye>s1   
began to rise4 ,great =ces act$ ^u  !   
e>?'s cru/4 ,^! =ces creat$ faults1 or  
fractures1 9 !  rock cru/ along :i*     
movem5t occurr$4 ,& :at _h once be5 sea 
bottom 0 mov$ upw>d & became l(ty       
m\nta9s4 ,?is titanic *ange  has be5    
call$ ! ,l>amide ,revolution2 x clos$ ! 
,mesozoic ,era )  ! =mation ( ! ,rocky  
,m\nta9s4        ,illu/ration3          
,/egosaurus4 ,,an ,,armor$ ,,d9osaur ,,(
 ,,! ,,jurassic      ,,p]iod4 7,,f ,a   
,,draw+ ,,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,knight4      
,,c\rtesy1 ,,am]ican      ,,museum ,,(  
,,natural ,,hi/ory47    ,al?\gh !       
effects ( ! ,l>amide ,revolution 7 n z  
pr(\nd at  ,d9osaur z !y 7 ea/ ( x1 !y 7
 q important4 ,! rocks  7 lift$ to =m ! 
s\?we/ flank ( ,split ,m\nta9--a small  
ar*1  or anticl9e1 on ! s\? side ( !    
,u9ta ,m\nta9s4 ,?is m\nta9  build+     
expla9s ! pron\nc$ s\?w>d tilt ( !      
,d9osaur ,l$ge  & o!r rock lay]s visible
 9 ! qu>ry area4 ,z ! l& rose1  /reams  

fl[$ m rapidly1 cutt+ deep] into ! rocks
 & c>ry+  away ! debris4 ,gradually     
?\s&s ( feet ( ?is debris--%ale1        
s&/one1 & clay--7 /ripp$ away ?r\gh     
erosion4    ,f9ally all ! mat]ial on top
 ( ! ,morrison s&b> wea!r$ away4  ,"s   
#adj million ye>s aft] burial ! fossil  
bones 7 expos$ by !  ag5t t _h buri$ !m 
s long ago--runn+ wat]6 ,all t rema9$  0
 = !m to be f\nd1 & t 0 ! luckie/ *ance 
( all4 ,j  suppose !y _h be5 uncov]$ a  
million ye>s ago--only a second 9       
geologic "t4 ,no "o w\ld h be5 pres5t to
 discov] !m1 &  ?r\gh ! ye>s !y c\ld    
well h crumbl$ into du/ & be5 bl[n      
away4                             ,:y   
,did ,d9osaurs ,become ,ext9ct8      ,at
 ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t only       
,morrison rocks ( ! upp] ,jurassic      
,p]iod conta9 ! fossil bones ( d9osaurs4
 ,aft] ,morrison "t1 !  ,cretace\s seas 
invad$ ?is area4 ,m ?an #e1jjj feet (   
s&/one1  %ale1 & mud/one 7 =m$ f s$im5ts
 deposit$ 9 ^! seas4    ,else:]e 9 ,nor?
 ,am]ica & ! re/ ( ! _w1 ! div]sity &   

numb]s ( d9osaurs actually increas$4    
,entirely new gr\ps evolv$ &  a*iev$    
success 9 ! battle = survival4 ,! climax
 ( reptile  developm5t seems to h come  
ne> ! end ( ,cretace\s "t 9 !  ,mesozoic
 ,era4 ,z ! d9osaurs rul$ ! cont95ts1 s 
did o!r  /range reptiles dom9ate ! seas4
 ,_h y be5 able to see ?is  anci5t _w1 y
 w\ld surely h be5 conv9c$ t ! d9osaurs 
& o!r reptiles w\ld rule =ev]4    ,b x 0
 n to be4 ,! d9osaur hordes 7 wip$ out &
 !  reptiles r$uc$ to ! position (      
relative insignificance !y occupy       
today4 ,su* a pr(\nd & sudd5 *ange 9 !  
evolution>y tr5d (  life mu/ h _h a     
cause1 & sci5ti/s h s\ght x4 ,sev]al    
!ories h be5 propos$ to expla9 ext9ction
 ( d9osaurs1 & !y  are mo/ int]e/+4     
,at ! end ( ,cretace\s "t1 "s ( our     
great m\nta9 ranges 7  =m$4 ,x 0 a "t ( 
e>?quakes & ( volcanoes t bel*$ =?      
cl\ds ( a% & riv]s ( molt5 rock4 ,"s p  
w\ld say ^!  cata/rophic ev5ts kill$ all
 ! d9osaurs4 ,! sci5ti/ %akes 8  head4  
,if ^! ev5ts kill$ d9osaurs1 :y n ! o!r 

animals t  liv$ ) ! d9osaurs4 ,& :at (  
^? p>ts ( ! _w t _h  no volcanoes1 :at  
kill$ d9osaurs !re8    ,*anges 9        
environm5ts1 ! dra9age ( lakes & swamps 
z "y  m\nta9s rose1 *anges 9 vegetation 
z new plants replac$ old1 &  sudd5 %ifts
 ( climate occurr$4 ,^! conditions c\ld 
expla9 local  ext9ction1 b !re 7 places 
:]e ^! *anges did n occur &  yet all    
d9osaurs 9 all places di$4    ,a "o-"t  
favorite !ory sugge/$ t increas+ numb]s 
( small  mammals ate d9osaur eggs1 b !re
 7 _m mammals eat+ d9osaur  eggs dur+   
all ( ,cretace\s "t & ! d9osaur hordes  
increas$4  ,_m m mammals dur+ succe$+   
ages h n kill$ (f !  turtles1 snakes1   
liz>ds1 & crocodiles t lay eggs & exi/ 9
  great numb]s today4    ,"s disease or 
comb9ation ( plagues may h swept !      
d9osaurs into  ext9ction4 ,if s1 no     
evid5ce has be5 f\nd to date t confirms 
or  d5ies4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ paleontologi/s d 
n accept ?is !ory4    ,^! are "s ( !    
!ories t h be5 advanc$ to expla9 !      
sudd5 ext9ction ( d9osaurs ?r\gh\t ! _w4

 ,ea* !ory w  expla9 ! dea? ( "s        
d9osaurs 9 "s places b attempts to apply
  any ( !m1 or comb9ations ( !m1 to     
worldwide ext9ction h  fail$4    ,?is   
d9osaur /ory is l a my/]y ?rill] ) ! la/
 pages torn  out4 ,a mo/ important "p is
 miss+4 ,t is true & !  paleontologi/   
kn[s x4 ,he also kn[s ! riddle w        
probably nev] be  solv$4 ,he might po9t 
out1 h[ev]1 t no "o has successfully    
expla9$ ! ext9ction ( ! pass5g] pigeon  
:i* occurr$ q  rec5tly1 nor d we "k :y  
"s o!r species ( wildlife are on !  br9k
 ( ext9ction today4 ,! paleontologi/ is 
n ! only "o :o  mu/ say1 8,i don't "k40 
,hi/ory & ,developm5t ( ! ,qu>ry        
,,discov]y ,,& ,,e>ly ,,ye>s    ,no "o  
kn[s h[ long ! old bones _h be5 wea!r+  
out ( ! hills  ( :at is n[ ,d9osaur     
,national ,monum5t be=e ! fir/ man saw  
!m4  ,curi\s ,indians1 w&]+ betwe5 !    
upturn$ ridges ( ,mesozoic  rocks1 pick$
 up fragm5ts & c>ri$ !m (f to _! camps  
:]e  !y are n[ f\nd among ! arr[ po9ts1 
ax heads1 & corn-gr9d+  /ones4 ,9 #aggf1

 ! ,spani>d1 ,fa!r ,escalante1 pass$ )9 
sight (  today's d9osaur qu>ry1 n dream+
 ( ! antiquity hidd5 !re4  ,maj4 ,john  
,wesley ,p[ell1 on 8 second voyage d[n !
 ,gre5 ,riv] 9  #ahga1 record$ ! pres5ce
 ( 8reptilian rema9s0 9 ! area1 b  wrote
 no?+ m ab\t !m4 ,%eeph]d]s1 cattlem51 &
 hunt]s  obs]v$ !m & 7 impress$ 9       
proportion to _! und]/&+4  ,b1 ?r\gh all
 ! ye>s1 ! nature ( ! bones rema9$ a    
my/]y4        ,illu/ration3 ,,e>l       
,,d\glass1 ,,discov]] ,,( ,,! ,,d9osaur 
,,qu>ry4    ,!n1 9 #ahic1 ?is my/]y 0   
solv$4 ,o4 ,a4 ,pet]son1 a sci5ti/ f  ! 
,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1    
:ile conduct+ field "w 9  ! ,u9ta ,bas9 
to ! s\? ( ! pres5t monum5t b\nd>ies1   
discov]$ bones out-cropp+ f a recogniz$ 
fossil-be>+ /ratum4  ,! /ratum 0 !      
#adj1jjj1jjj ye>-old ,morrison =mation4 
,! bones8  ,pet]son report$ !m z !      
rema9s ( d9osaurs4    ,t report 0 to h  
an important influ5ce1 #ae ye>s lat]1 9 
direct+ a fell[ paleontologi/ f !       
,c>negie ,museum 9 ,pittsburgh  to      

inve/igate ! area4 ,e>l ,d\glass 0 !    
paleontologi/'s "n4 ,9  #aijh1 he & ,w4 
,j4 ,holl&1 ,director ( ! ,c>negie      
,museum1 f\nd  !mselves 9 ! region (    
,pet]son's discov]y1 se>*+ = d9osaur    
rema9s4 ,!y ext5d$ _! se>* to ! nor? &  
!nce along !  ,morrison hogback t flanks
 ,split ,m\nta94 ,bone 0 f\nd--n mu*1  b
 en\gh to br+ ,d\glass back ! foll[+    
summ] & 9 company  ) ,george ,goodri*1 a
 local resid5t1 to pursue ! hunt4    ,! 
hunt came to a triumphant climax on     
,augu/ #ag1 #aiji1 :5--to quote  f      
,d\glass's di>y--8,at la/ 9 ! top ( !   
l$ge :]e ! s(t]  ov]ly+ b$s =m a divide 
444 ,i saw eight ( ! tail bones ( a     
,brontosaurus ,apatosaurus 9 exact      
position40                              
,,/>t+ ,,! ,,qu>ry    ,?is 0 ! beg9n+--!
 beg9n+ ( ! celebrat$ d9osaur qu>ry  :i*
 0 to yield su* a multitude & v>iety (  
anci5t =ms to  sci5ce1 & ev5tually lead 
to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,d9osaur ,national    
,monum5t4    ,d\glass proce$$ to dig    
into ! solid rock along ^? orig9al eight

  tail bones & f\nd o!r p>ts ( !        
skeleton4 ,9 "t1 ! almo/  complete frame
 ( ! ,apatosaurus 0 expos$4 ,! skull 0  
miss+  & p>ts ( ! limb bones1 b ?is 0 to
 be expect$1 z fossil  v]tebrates are   
r>ely pres]v$ 9 _! entirety4 ,:at 0 n   
expect$ 7 ! rema9s ( a small] d9osaur   
com+l$ ) ^? (  its huge contempor>y4    
,,ext5t ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,f9d  
,d\glass 0 elat$4 ,?is 0 m ?an a 8"o    
/rike06 ,h[ mu* m1  only fur!r digg+    
w\ld tell4 ,s5s+ a l>ge-scale op]ation1 
he  in=m$ ! ,c>negie ,museum ( 8        
prospects & readi$ ?+s )  ! int5sity ( a
 man at ! gate ( de/9y4 ,f ! neighbor+  
ran*es he recruit$ m51 horses1 &        
equipm5t4 ,he s5t = 8 wife  & *ild4 ,he 
con/ruct$ a road to ! discov]y site1    
built a  five-room cab9 out ( logs &    
lumb]1 conv]t$ a %eeph]d]'s camp  wagon 
into an (fice1 select$ gr\nd = future   
plant+1 b\ght a c[4  ,a =ge 0 set up4   
,tools 7 pur*as$4    ,back at ! museum1 
,&rew ,c>negie1 himself1 ev9c$ int]e/4  
,he _h  always want$ some?+ 8z big z a  

b>n0 = 8 in/itution4 ,a  special annual 
field fund ( #e1jjj 0 add$ to ! regul>  
budget to  c>ry on ! "w4    ,)9 a ye>1  
,d\glass & 8 m5 _h run a cut ov] a      
hundr$ feet  long 9 ! h>d s&/one1 digg+ 
d[n along ! almo/ p]p5dicul>  slant ( ! 
rock4 ,at ! base ( ?is1 rails 7 laid &  
small m9e  c>ts introduc$ to haul away !
 cutt+s f ! rapidly develop+  qu>ry4    
,new specim5s appe>$3 ,a small          
plant-eat+ d9osaur kn[n z  ,dryosaurus2 
an armor$ =m call$ ,/egosaurus2 & ano!r 
l>ge  creature l ! ,apatosaurus4 ,be/ ( 
all1 ! ,apatosaurus ,no4 #a  0 well on  
its way out ( ! rock & w\ld soon be     
ready to %ip to  ! ,c>negie ,museum 9   
,pittsburgh4        ,illu/ration3 8444  
,i ,,saw ,,eight ,,( ,,! ,,tail ,,bones 
,,( ,a      ,brontosaurus ,,9 ,,exact   
,,position40 7,,f ,,d\glass' ,,di>y1    
#aiji4      ,,%[n ,,9 ,,photo ,,is      
,,d\glass' ,,assi/ant1 ,,eld]           
,,goodri*47        ,illu/ration3 ,,!    
,,fir/ ,,cut ,,9 ,,! ,,qu>ry1 ,,z ,,x   
,,look$ ,,9 #aiaj4      7,,c\rtesy1 ,a4 

,s4 ,,cogge%all47        ,illu/ration3  
,,sample ,,view ,,( ,,d9osaur ,,rema9s  
,,z ,,!y ,,7      ,,uncov]$ ,,9 ,,!     
,,qu>ry4 ,,?igh ,,bone ,,ne> ,,man4     
7,,c\rtesy1 ,a4 ,s4      ,,cogge%all47  
,illu/ration3 ,,qu>ry ,,op]ations4      
,,sauris*ian ,,pla/]$ ,,pelvis ,,upp]   
,,c5t]4 7,,c\rtesy1 ,a4 ,s4             
,,cogge%all47    ,9 #aiac1 aft] #c ye>s 
( laboratory "w 9 ! ,c>negie ,museum !  
big  ,apatosaurus 0 on its feet 9 !     
,hall ( ,v]tebrate ,paleontology--#a  ( 
! #d m\nt$ specim5s ( ?is g5us 9 !      
c\ntry & ! mo/  p]fect ( all4 ,prep>$ & 
erect$ by ,ar?ur ,s4 ,cogge%all & 8     
associates1 x measures #ga feet long &  
/&s #ae feet tall at !  ar* ( ! back4   
,z ! excavat+ progress$ x 0 n long be=e 
! digg+s became  :at is kn[n to !       
pr(ession z a 8g5]al qu>ry40 ,d9osaurs (
 8all  k9ds & sizes0 7 %[+ up4 ,o!r     
qu>ries ( ?is type _h be5  develop$ 9   
previ\s ye>s 9 ! ,morrison =mation at   
,como ,bluff1  ,wyo41 & ,canon ,city1   
,colo41 b !y conta9$ no?+ l ! v>iety  ( 

=ms f\nd "h4 ,moreov]1 ^! at ! monum5t 7
 bett]  pres]v$ & ! skeletons m intact4 
,! rema9s mo/ frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 !    
digg+s 7 ^? (  sauropods--! huge        
plant-fe$+ d9osaurs ) long tap]+        
extremities t lumb]$ ab\t on f\r pill>-l
 legs4 ,cam>asaurus  & ! l>g]           
,apatosaurus 7 typical memb]s ( ?is     
gr\p1 &  _! num]\s bones %[ !m z be+    
common animals ( _! "t4    ,m common 7 !
 ,diplodoci1 ( ! exagg]at$ neck & ev5   
long] :ipla% tail4 ,?is g5us di/+ui%$   
itself by produc+ n  only ! l>ge/ am\nt 
( skeletal mat]ial f ! qu>ry1 b also  ! 
l>ge/ numb] ( skulls--^? r>e/ ( fossils4
 ,"o skull 0  f\nd 9 exact position ) ! 
neck bones1 :i* settl$ all d\bts z  to !
 details ( ?is animal's head piece4 ,!  
longe/ ,diplodocus to  come f ! monum5t 
ext5d$ #ge feet4    ,contra/ ?is ) !    
dim9utive ,laosaurus1 a #b-;foot bip$   
:i*  ranks z ! smalle/ d9osaur yet tak5 
f ! deposit4 ,?is t9y  creature _h holl[
 limb bones & 0 "o ( ! agile1           
quick-runn+  types4 ,only "o 0 f\nd4 ,:5

 discov]$1 ,d\glass ?\ght x a 8baby0    
d9osaur1 b /udy prov$ x to be a         
full-gr[n specim54 ,! condition  ( !    
skeleton reflect$ consid]able agitation 
be=e & aft]  burial4 ,x lay on its back1
 ! limbs di/5d$4 ,! tail 0 gone &  !    
skull cru%$4    ,9 _m respects1 ! mo/   
int]e/+ d9osaur f\nd 0 ! sauropod1      
,b>osaurus4 ,x 0 an extremely long-neck$
 =m1 "s ( !  individual c]vical v]tebrae
 measur+ #c feet 9 l5g?4 ,two specim5s  
7 excavat$4    ,! fle%-eat]s1 z might be
 expect$ f _! sc>city 9 o!r  localities1
 made b a small %[+4 ,two specim5s (    
,antrodemus 7  une>!d4 ,?irty feet long1
 ?is animal 0 ! rank+ pr$ator ( its     
day1 al?\gh h>dly comp>able to ! t[]+   
,tyrannosaurus t  ent]$ ^u ! e>?ly sc5e 
at a lat] age4    ,/egosaurus rema9s--s 
abundant t ,d\glass grew tir$ ( !m--add$
  a biz>re note4 ,an armor$ =m1 x 0     
equipp$ ) a frill ( bony  plates t      
ext5d$ ! l5g? ( ! back & t]m9at$ 9 a    
pair (  %>p sp9es4 ,its *ief claim to   
fame re/s 9 its suppos$ two sets (      

8bra9s10 "o a motor-control c5t] situat$
 9 ! hip region1 & !  o!r 9 ! usual     
place4    ,ev]y:]e !y dug1 ! excavators 
f\nd fre% mat]ial--a va/ jumble  ( bones
 s conc5trat$ & int]m+l$ z to make x    
difficult to  di/+ui% "o specim5 f      
ano!r4 ,d\glass 0 amaz$4 ,obvi\sly1  x 0
 n ) animals ( a s+le area t he 0 deal+1
 b ( an  entire region4 ,he 0 deal+ ) a 
d9osaur fauna4 ,he 0 also  p]plex$4 ,h[ 
did s _m diff]5t types happ5 to occur 9 
"o small  locality8    ,sl[ly1 z        
,d\glass's acqua9tance ) ! deposit grew1
 ! answ]  came4 ,x 01 he reason$1 ! "w (
 a riv]4 ,! s&/ones 7  anci5t s$im5ts4  
,9 _! /ructure & composition lay ! /ory 
(  swift swirl+ curr5ts4 ,! co>se       
granul> texture told ( fa/ wat]2  !     
crossb$d+1 ( %ift+ *annels2 ! gr\p+ ( ! 
bones into  clu/]s1 ( eddies4    ,x all 
add$ up to an old delta deposit at ! m\?
 ( a riv]1 a  region ( b>s :]e !        
c>casses ( d9osaurs br\ght d[n /ream    
accumulat$4 ,settl+1 ! great hulks      
became buri$ z !y sank into  ! receptive

 s&4 ,a numb] ( c>casses multipli$ 444 &
 sl[ly1 z  fle% & ligam5t decay$1 !     
bones became m+l$1 ev5tually to  petrify
 & rema9 pres]v$ ?r\gh ! ages4          
,,"w ,,me?ods    ,at ! qu>ry1 excavat+  
cont9u$ summ] & w9t]4 ,! me?ods  employ$
 7 ^? t paleontologi/s _h us$ = decades4
 ,!re 0  no compress$ air1 no labor-sav+
 devices4 ,! "w 0 done by h&4  ,! crew1 
:i* seldom exce$$ f\r m5 at any "o "t1  
became  vet]ans 9 ! art ( fossil        
extraction4 ,! bone 0 brittle2 !  encas+
 s&/one1 h>d4 ,x requir$ toil1 pati5t   
direction1 & a  k ( anatomy4            
,judici\sly plac$ *>ges ( giant p[d]    
%att]$ ! ov]burd54  ,h& drills1         
w$ge-&-fea!r1 & cr[b> work$ ! rock away1
 until  ! bone lay] 0 enc\nt]$4 ,! sl[  
attrition by hamm] & *isel  accompli%$ !
 f9al delicate sep>ation ( ! rema9s f ! 
enclos+ matrix4 ,team-&-scrap] & small  
h&c>ts remov$ !  rubble t swiftly       
accumulat$ 9 ! cut4 ,z ! bones 7 *isel$ 
f ! qu>ry face 9 l>ge blocks ( rock1 !y 
7 encas$ 9  /rips ( burlap dipp$ 9 fl\r 

pa/e4 7,lat]1 pla/] ( ,p>is  supplant$ !
 fl\r pa/e47 ,!n !y 7 l[]$ by rope onto 
a  mule-drawn skid & 8snak$0 d[n ! trail
 into ! gul* to await  box+4            
,illu/ration3 ,,remov+ ,a ,,l>ge ,,?igh 
,,bone ,,f ,,! ,,qu>ry ,,wall           
,,dur+ ,,! ,,c>negie ,,museum           
,,op]ations4 7,,c\rtesy1 ,a4 ,s4        
,,cogge%all47        ,illu/ration3      
,,pla/]$ ,,specim5 ,,remov$ ,,f ,,!     
,,qu>ry ,,dur+ ,,!      ,,c>negie       
,,museum ,,op]ations4 7,,c\rtesy1 ,a4   
,s4 ,,cogge%all47    ,transport+ !      
fossils f qu>ry to railhead 0 a major   
und]tak+4 ,x requir$ wagon              
tra9s--#d-;horse teams haul+ high-:eel$ 
freight wagons ov] #fj miles ( rutt$    
roads to ,dragon1 ,utah4 ,!re !  preci\s
 goods 7 load$ onto boxc>s ( ! n[ ab&on$
 n>r[  gauge ,u9tah ,railway1 lat] to be
 tran%ipp$ to ! /&>d gauge  ,d5v]  ,rio 
,gr&e l9e at ,mack1 ,colo4              
,,fur!r ,,developm5t    ,specim5s       
cont9u$ to %[ 9 record abundance1 mo/ ( 
!m  duplicat+ ! e>li] f9ds ( ,diplodocus

 & ,/egosaurus4 ,b  !re 7 new =ms1 too4 
,"o ( !m 0 a ,camptosaurus1 ! fir/  to  
be f\nd at ! qu>ry4 ,x 0 a modifi$ bip$ 
( plant-eat+  habits1 a little m ?an #aj
 feet long1 ) its skull & "p ( !  tail  
miss+4    ,by #aiba ! deposit _h be5    
work$ to a l5g? ( #djj feet ea/ &  we/1 
& to a dep? ( ab\t #fj feet4 ,rock 0 be+
 /ripp$ f !  qu>ry face at ! rate (     
approximately #bj1jjj cubic feet        
annually1 &  ! *isels ( ,d\glass & 8 m5 
_h p5etrat$ to ! ri*e/  bone-be>+ zone4 
,9 ! foll[+ ye> !y uncov]$ "o ( ! mo/   
p]fect skeletons  ( a d9osaur ev]       
exhum$4 ,x 0 a small sauropod nam$1     
,cam>asaurus  l5tus4 ,:5 f\nd1 its      
#ag-;foot v]tebral column 0 practically 
intact1 except = a few tail segm5ts4 ,! 
skull 0 9 place1 & !  limbs 9 _!        
approximate positions4    ,x 0 an       
important f9d sci5tifically4 ,! position
 ( ! limbs gave  cle> evid5ce ( ! mann] 
9 :i* ^! animals c>ri$ !mselves4  ,!    
articulation betwe5 ! ?igh bone & !     
pelvis %[$  conclusively t sauropods    

walk$ ) _! legs m-or-less v]tical  to ! 
body & n ) ! b[$-out crawl+ po/ure      
habitual to  liz>ds1 z _m sci5ti/s _h   
suppos$4 ,! skull 0 ! f9e/ kn[n  = ?is  
g5us4 ,x 0 complete ev5 to ! scl]otic   
r+--a complex (  bony plates :i*        
surr\nd$ ! liv+ eye & protect$ x4    ,z 
exhibit mat]ial x 0 )\t rival4 ,x 0     
m\nt$ z f\nd1 ly+  on its side1 ! bones 
fix$ 9 dea? 9 ! matrix 9 :i* !y _h  be5 
pres]v$--a fitt+ climax to ! #ac        
consecutive ye>s t _h  se5 an unkn[n    
s&/one ridge 9 ,utah become ,d9osaur    
,national  ,monum5t4    ,9 ^? #ac ye>s !
 ,c>negie ,museum _h tak5 f ! qu>ry p>ts
 (  #cjj d9osaur specim5s1 #b doz5 ( :i*
 7 m\ntable skeletons4 ,t5  diff]5t     
species 7 repres5t$4 ,x 0 ! be/         
collection ( ,middle  ,mesozoic mon/]s 9
 ! _w4    ,9 ! ye>s t imm$iately foll[$1
 ! /ill-ri* 8dig0 0 work$  by two o!r   
organizations--! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution
 & !  ,univ]sity ( ,utah4               
,illu/ration3 ,cam>asaurus              
,,skeleton--,,! ,,mo/ ,,p]fect ,,remov$ 

,,f      ,,! ,,qu>ry4 7,,c\rtesy1       
,,c>negie ,,museum47    ,b f9ally !     
museums _h reap$ _! h>ve/4 ,! fruits ( !
  h>ve/ _h gone to enri* _m ( _! f9e/   
displays4 ,h[ev]1 /ill  buri$ 9 ! unt\*$
 "p ( ! wall 7 ! rema9s ( /ill m        
d9osaurs4 ,all t 0 ne$$ 0 to reveal !m4 
,! #fg tilt ( !  rock made x a p]fect   
exhibit face4 ,/rip (f ! ov]ly+ lay]s1  
expose ! skeletons1 & relief !m 9 place4
 ,?is _h be5 ,d\glass's  idea z f> back 
z #aiae1 :5 he record$ x 9 8 di>y4      
,,protect+ ,,! ,,qu>ry    ,b ,d\glass 0 
n ! only "o to realize ! necessity (    
pres]v+  ?is unique fossil record ( !   
d9osaurs = p ( today & !  future to see 
on ! spot4 ,(ficials ( ! ,c>negie       
,museum realiz$ !  extraord9>y nature ( 
! deposits & _! contribution to our  k (
 ! pa/2 & !y 7 n long 9 tak+ /eps to    
protect  ! d9osaur qu>ry4 ,to pres]ve x 
= sci5ce1 !y s\ght to lay  claim to x z 
a m9]al prop]ty4 ,b _! claim 0 disall[$ 
by !  ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1   
because fossil bones c\ld n be  class$ z

 a m9]al )9 ! mean+ ( ! m9+ laws4    ,! 
museum press$ its case1 ?is "t )        
results--b n :at !y  expect$4 ,! outcome
 0 n ! e/abli%m5t ( a m]e m9]al claim1  
b ( a national monum5t4 ,"u ! provisions
 ( ! ,antiquities ,act1  to safegu>d &  
pres]ve objects & areas ( significant   
sci5tific or  hi/oric int]e/1 ! d9osaur 
qu>ry & #hj acres ( surr\nd+ l&  7      
decl>$ a national monum5t on ,octob] #d1
 #aiae4 ,less ?an a ye>  lat] x 0       
includ$ 9 ! newly creat$ ,national ,p>k 
,sy/em4    ,sev]al ?+s contribut$       
notably to ?is action to protect !      
qu>ry4  ,!y 73 ! exceptional pres]vation
 ( ! bones2 ! numb]1  v>iety &          
complet5ess ( ! skeletons2 ! relative   
abundance (  skulls1 consi/+ ( #h or m 9
 a complete /ate1 & ab\t an equal  numb]
 ( incomplete ones2 & ! f9d+ ( ! fir/   
complete tails4    ,9 #aibc1 kn[+ t !   
qu>ry 0 protect$1 & t ! sci5tific       
collection ( ! fossil bones = museum    
exhibit 0 at an end1 ,e>l  ,d\glass     
turn$ aga9 to ! idea ( mak+ a p]fect$   

exhibit ( !  fossils "r :]e !y lie4 ,8  
lett] to ,dr4 ,walcott1 secret>y (  !   
,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 reads1 9 "p1   
8,i hope t !  ,gov]nm5t1 = ! b5efit (   
sci5ce & ! p1 w uncov] a  l>ge area1    
leave ! bones & skeletons 9 relief &    
h\se !m 94  ,x w\ld make "o ( ! mo/     
a/\nd+ & in/ructive sights  imag9able40 
,illu/ration3 ,,ar*itect',s ,,draw+ ,,( 
,,visitor ,,c5t] ,,at ,,qu>ry           
,,site4    ,?is is precisely :at !      
,gov]nm5t _h 9 m9d &1 ?r\gh !  ag5cy ( !
 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 int5d$ to      
accompli%4 ,plans =  an 9-place exhibit 
7 drawn up4 ,b _m ye>s 7 to elapse be=e 
! plans pass$ f bluepr9t into reality4  
,9 ! meantime1 ! qu>ry ent]$ ! second   
phase ( its exi/5ce1 a  dormant p]iod f 
a sci5tific viewpo9t1 b "o 9 :i* ! =ces 
( ! future ga!r$ gr\nd4    ,dur+ !      
#aicj's ! monum5t s]v$ z a transi5t     
camp4 ,a4 ,c4 ,boyle  0 in/all$ z       
resid5t geologi/ & cu/odian = ! ,p>k    
,s]vice4  ,"u 8 guidance a program = !  
g5]al developm5t ( ! area 0  c>ri$ on1  

f9anc$ l>gely by ,,wpa funds4 ,?is      
entail$1 among o!r  ?+s1 ! deep5+ &     
wid5+ ( ! qu>ry cut1 & !  con/ruction ( 
build+s lat] to accommodate ! monum5t   
/aff &  exhibits4    ,! ,am]ican ,museum
 ( ,natural ,hi/ory became int]e/$ 9 !  
developm5t at ?is "t &1 ?r\gh its       
curator ( fossil reptiles1  ,b>num      
,br[n1 s\ght to initiate a jo9t ef=t ) !
 ,p>k ,s]vice  = exhibit+ ! qu>ry       
rema9s4                                 
,,pres5t ,,developm5t    ,x 0 n until   
,septemb] #aiec t ! ye>s ( ,p>k ,s]vice 
plann+  bore fruit1 & ! "w ( develop+ an
 9-place exhibit = !  monum5t 0 begun4  
,_m factors op]at$ to spr+ ! project    
into  be+1 n ! lea/ ( :i* 0 ! active    
int]e/ & :olehe>t$  support ( ,horace   
,m4 ,albright1 a =m] ,director ( !      
,s]vice4    ,!odore ,e4 ,:ite1 =m]ly ) !
 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & )  ,h>v>d    
,univ]sity1 0 plac$ 9 imm$iate *>ge1 "u 
!  sup]vision ( ,jess ,h4 ,lomb>d1 !    
sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,national  ,monum5t4 ,8  
task1 & t ( 8 associates1 0 to expose ! 

rema9+ specim5s 9 ! qu>ry wall & "w !m  
out 9 bas-relief4    ,a %elt] _h be5    
built ov] ! work+ space & p[] tools 7   
introduc$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,us+ compress$   
air1 ! rock 0 scal$  (f ) jackhamm]s &  
8pav+-break]s10 until mo/ ( ! ov]burd5  
_h be5 remov$4 ,subsequ5t prob+ into !  
bone lay] 0 done )  small] *ipp+ hamm]s1
 mallet1 & *isel4 ,?is op]ation cont9u$ 
?r\gh #aied & #aiee z1 sl[ly & c>efully1
 ! ext5t ( !  skeletal mat]ial 0        
det]m9$4 ,x compris$ p>ts ( sev]al l>ge 
d9osaurs1 suffici5t 9 quantity to ju/ify
 ! next /ep--!  con/ruction ( a build+  
to enclose ! qu>ry face4    ,erection ( 
?is unusual /ructure1 ! fir/ ( its      
design to be  attempt$1 comm5c$ 9 #aieg 
& x 0 op5$ to ! public 9 !  foll[+ ye>4 
,n[1 z "o ( ! _m developm5t projects 9  
its  ,,mission #ff program1 ! ,national 
,p>k ,s]vice has resum$ ! delicate  "w (
 uncov]+ ?is corn] ( ! anci5t _w &      
pres]v+ x  9-place = all "t4            
,! ,sc5e ,today      ,if y /& at !      
ov]look1 y w see ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 ,split  

,m\nta91 & a roll+ pla9 to ! s\? t      
/ret*es to a hazy l9e  ( m\nta9s4 ,to   
_m1 x is an unfamili> l& t lies /rangely
  subdu$ b5ea? a blaz+ sun & an int5sely
 blue sky4    ,t blue sky is ! key to ! 
k9ds ( plants & animals t live 9  ?is "p
 ( ! monum5t4 ,!y live mo/ ( _! lives "u
 blue sky1  &1 ev5 :5 cl\ds d =m ov] !  
m\nta9s & drift across !  l[l&s1 !      
results are disappo9t+4 ,a high w9d1 du/
 & s&1 a  few drops ( ra91 & ! /orm is  
ov]4    ,! climatic conditions "u :i*   
local plants & animals live are         
conditions ( extremes4 ,on summ] days ! 
temp]atures may rise above  #ajj1 al?\gh
 ! nights are usually cool4 ,dur+ !     
w9t]1  temp]atures may skid to #cj bel[ 
z]o or m4 ,x is n uncommon =  ! !rmomet]
 to rema9 bel[ z]o = weeks on end4 ,b ! 
mo/  influ5tial climatic factor is      
wat]--& !re is little ( x4 ,!  total    
ye>ly precipitation is a little less ?an
 #h in*es6 ,x is  int]e/+ !n to f9d su* 
a wide v>iety ( plants & animals t  n   
only survive b fl\ri% "u su* rigor\s    

conditions4    ,! me?ods us$ by plants 9
 adapt+ to arid conditions are  int]e/+ 
& v>i$4 ,! wide-spread+1 %all[ root     
sy/em &  ?ick /em ( ! cactus enhance    
collection & /orage ( wat]4 ,^!  /range 
plants are q plump ) /or$ wat] 9 ! spr+ 
:5 !  sn[s melt1 b !y gradually lose ?is
 plumpness dur+ ! dry  summ]1 & by      
autumn _m seem lifeless4    ,o!r plants 
cons]ve _! wat] by m9imiz+ ! loss ?r\gh 
_!  leaves4 ,?is may be done 9 a numb] (
 ways4 ,! leaves ( ! sp9y  greasewood   
are cov]$ ) a waxy sub/ance t inhibits  
wat] loss  :ile ! leaves ( ! sagebru%   
are cov]$ ) hairs or fuzz t  s]ve ! same
 function4 ,! leaves ( ! junip] are     
scale-l &  really don't look l leaves at
 all4 ,! mo/ direct me?od (  prev5t+    
wat] loss ?r\gh leaves is to drop !     
leaves !mselves1  & ?is me?od is us$ to 
a great] or less] degree by _m des]t    
plants4 ,! s]viceb]ry is a good example 
( ?is me?od4 ,9 late  summ] x looks     
dead1 & yet ! foll[+ spr+ f9ds x rob$ 9 
gre5 & cov]$ ) fl[]s4    ,9 contra/ to !

 frugal habits ( ! plants j describ$1 ! 
cottonwoods seem lavi% inde$4 ,usually  
big trees1 !y spread a canopy  ( gre5 9 
^: %ade re/ birds & animals alike4 ,h y 
ev]  re/$ "u a cottonwood8 ,if s1 y w   
rememb] x z be+ cool  ev5 on ! hotte/   
days4 ,"p ( ! coolness 0 due to !       
hundr$s  ( gallons ( wat] :i* are       
transpir$ ?r\gh ! leaves ea* day4       
,because cottonwoods require s mu* wat]1
 !y usually gr[ along  /reams or ne>    
spr+s4 ,frequ5tly !y are se5 along dry  
rav9es  :]e _! ?ir/y roots tap !        
subsurface dra9age t lies hidd5  bel[4  
,l ! o!r plants h[ev]1 :5 ! supply (    
wat] becomes  inadequate !y %$ _! leaves
 & wait = ! next spr+4 ,fa/  gr[+1      
usually ( l>ge size1 & wa/eful ( wat]   
:]e wat] is  de>1 ! cottonwood seldom   
lives two hundr$ ye>s :ile ! twi/$      
junip] on ! dry1 rocky l$ge frequ5tly   
lives z mu* z five  hundr$4             
,illu/ration3 ,,split ,,m\nta9 ,,gorge4 
,inconspicu\s ?r\gh mo/ ( ! ye> are !   
fl[]+ plants4 ,"s (  ^! are             

annuals--plants t gr[ f se$s1 mature1   
bloom1 produce  se$s1 & die 9 ! span ( a
 few %ort weeks4 ,:5 ! sn[s melt &  !   
sun w>ms ! e>?1 ! se$s t surviv$ ! w9t] 
g]m9ate4  ,! usually b>r5 hillsides     
produce spots ( gre5 t soon spread to   
=m pat*es z m & m plants mature4 ,lup9e 
& loc[e$ are  purple & heliotrope       
spla%es color along ! roads1 :ile !     
fragrant1 :ite1 ev5+-primrose dots ! s&y
 hillside4 ,sc>let gilia  & ,indian     
pa9tbru% add a t\* ( r$ to ! sc5e1 &    
orange is  provid$ by ! mall[4          
,april1 ,may1 & e>ly ,june provide ! be/
 fl[] %[ z spr+ ra9s  supplem5t !       
moi/ure f melt$ sn[4 ,_! races won1 _!  
se$s  produc$1 ! annuals )] & fade away 
z ! temp]atures rise4 ,by  ! fir/ (     
,july little rema9s ( ! spl5did %[4     
,two plants d bright5 ! des]t sc5e 9    
,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,mo/  common is !   
rabbitbru%1 a plant t gr[s almo/        
ev]y:]e4 ,x is  r inconspicu\s except 9 
late summ] :5 its brilliant yell[       
blossoms turn ! :ole %rub gold54 ,! o!r 

is ! bee plant (  :i* !re are two       
species3 "o has yell[ blossoms1 & ! o!r 
has  purple4 ,^! tall plants gr[ along  
wa%es1 /ream c\rses1 roads1 &           
irrigation dit*es4 ,_! delicate blossoms
 are always surr\nd$ by  insects drawn  
by ! nect> ! fl[]s produce 9 great      
quantities4    ,^!1 !n1 are a few ( !   
typical plants4 ,ea* has adju/$ its     
ne$s to ^? limit+ factors--w9t] cold1   
summ] heat1 & aridity4 ,a  great numb] (
 plants gr[ on ! monum5t t h n be5      
m5tion$  "h1 b !y are l ! typical plants
 & h simil> ways (  meet+ ! problems (  
survival4    ,_m p :o pr(ess an int]e/ 9
 nature admit !y _c get v  excit$ ab\t  
plants4 ,su* dis9t]e/ may result 9      
m9imiz+ !  importance ( plants 9 ! g5]al
 s*eme ( nature4 ,t w\ld be a  major    
error4 ,! plants ( ! _w are ! f\ndation 
^u :i* o!r  =ms ( life are dep5d5t4 ,!y 
alone are able to utilize ! m9]als  9 ! 
soil & conv]t c>bon dioxide & wat] to   
c>bohydrates4  ,because ( ^! abilities1 
! p>ade ( life has be5 able to advance  

only :5 ! plants advance4 ,9 ! pres5t z 
9 ! pa/1 ! k9ds  & abundance ( plants   
set def9ite limits z to ! species &     
numb]s ( animals an area may support4   
,?us1 if man *anges ! plants  ( an area 
he w surely *ange ! animals too1 :e!r he
 realizes x  or n4    ,if y drive to !  
qu>ry 9 ! heat ( ! day y w see only a   
few ( ! birds t live "h4 ,!y don't l to 
hunt _! food  dur+ ^? hot h\rs4         
,frequ5tly a turkey vulture sails       
maje/ically  above ! pla9s along ! ,gre5
 ,riv]4 ,sometimes s high he appe>s to  
be a speck1 8 telescopic eye se>*es !   
gr\nd = ! c>rion ^u  :i* he fe$s4 ,ano!r
 bird t does n m9d ! heat is ,say's     
phoebe4 ,he is usually f\nd p]*$ on a   
f5ce po/1 a wire1 or a dead  bran* wait+
 = "s insect to buzz by4 ,a graceful1   
%ort flight1 a  pop ( 8 beak1 & !n back 
to 8 p]* to repeat ! cycle aga94  ,z he 
sits motionless1 8 gray brea/ & d>k]    
gray head & back  make him h>d to see4  
,! "t to wat* birds is 9 ! ev5+2 z ! sun
 s9ks & ! air  cools1 !y come =?4 ,small

 gray-br[n rock wr5s hop among !  b\ld]s
 ne> ! visitor c5t]4 ,rob9s scurry ?r\gh
 ! leaves 9  ! /ream c\rse bel[ !       
,d9osaur ,qu>ry4 ,"h too1 we/]n         
flycat*]s & ,audubon's w>bl]s se>* among
 ! cottonwoods =  insects4 ,a fla% ( r$ 
& :ite is se5 z a r$-%aft$ flick] d>ts  
f its ne/ 9 ! holl[ trunk ( a tree4 ,!  
sky is fill$ )  :eel+1 twitt]+ r\gh-w+$ 
swall[s & :ite-?roat$ swifts  t desc5d f
 _! ne/s on ! cliffs to fe$ ^u ! gnats &
  o!r fly+ insects4    ,^! are ! birds t
 sp5d ! spr+ & summ] "h4 ,!y raise  _!  
families &1 "y & old alike1 dep>t 9     
autumn :5 fro/  kills ! insects ^u :i*  
!y fe$4 ,z !y flee ! cold ( w9t]1  !y   
are jo9$ by _m o!r birds t make _! summ]
 homes at  high] elevations or m nor!rn 
latitudes4 ,ducks1 geese1 & swans  jo9 !
 hordes mov+ s\?w>d4 ,s d ! v>i\s %ore  
birds1  bluebirds1 & humm+birds4    ,b !
 sagebru% flats & bru%y rav9es are n    
left vacant by ?is  :olesale migration1 
= z ! summ] resid5ts move out ! w9t]    
resid5ts move 94 ,! ,oregon & gray-head$

 juncos sp5d ! entire  w9t] "h4 ,great  
flocks ( m\nta9 bluebirds desc5d f !    
m\nta9s & pion jays make ! hills res\nd 
) _! screams4  ,canada geese & gold5-eye
 ducks live on ! ,gre5 ,riv] & rema9    
until x freezes4 ,! h>% croak ( ! rav5  
is seldom he>d 9 summ]  b (t5 9 w9t]4   
,few birds live "h 9 w9t] & summ]--!    
gold5 & bald eagles1 !  r$-tail$ hawk1 &
 ! little sp>r[ hawk4 ,p]haps ! mo/     
h&some  ye>-r\nd resid5t is ! magpie )  
its long1 iridesc5t tail1 black  & :ite 
body1 & :ite pat*es on its w+s4 ,"o o!r 
resid5t makes  8 pres5ce kn[n by 8 e]ie 
cry on fro/y1 moonlit nights--!  we/]n  
horn$ owl4 ,he hunts e night1 summ] &   
w9t]1 b is  seldom se54 ,occasionally he
 is di/urb$ ^u 8 daylight roo/ & z  he  
skillfully dodges ?r\gh ! junip]s1 he   
makes a joke ( ! /ory  t owls don't see 
well 9 daylight4    ,! mammals t live 9 
! vic9ity ( ! ,d9osaur ,qu>ry are almo/ 
nev] se54 ,!re are sev]al reasons =     
?is--almo/ all ( !m are  nocturnal1 are 
v %y1 & mo/ ( !m are small4    ,9 spite 

( _! retir+ habits1 !y reveal _! pres5ce
 9 a  numb] ( ways4 ,pat*es ( b>e e>? "u
 sagebru% & ne>by s&y  slopes are       
crisscross$ ) t9y pa?s beat5 into ! du/ 
by de]  mice4 ,along ! riv] bank1 gnaw$ 
tree /umps1 a few fre% *ips1 &  p]haps a
 webb$ footpr9t tell u beav] h be5      
active dur+ !  night4 ,! pair$ h9d      
footpr9ts ( ! kang>oo rat are common on 
!  hillside4 ,fre%ly fall5 sn[ records !
 prec$+ night's activities  9 p]fect    
detail4        ,illu/ration3            
,,gold5-,,mantl$ ,,gr\nd ,,squirrel     
,7 x n = ! gold5-mantl$ gr\nd squirrels1
 our evid5ce (  mammals w\ld be mo/ly   
indirect4 ,b ^! little fell[s are v mu* 
9 evid5ce all day long z !y play ar\nd !
 visitor c5t] & 9  ! picnic areas4 ,!y  
are h&some too1 ) _! al]t black eyes1   
c9namon neck & %\ld]s1 & d>k side pat*es
 ) :ite /ripes4  ,mo/ p call ^! gr\nd   
squirrels *ipmunks because bo? are      
/rip$4 ,actually ! two are easy to tell 
ap>t2 ! *ipmunk's /ripes  run to ! tip (
 its nose1 b ^? ( ! gold5-mantl$ gr\nd  

squirrel ext5d =w>d only to ! %\ld]     
region4 ,any small1 /rip$  mammal se5   
ne> ! qu>ry is probably a gr\nd         
squirrel1 z *ipmunks  are r>e "h4    ,! 
wat] problem is an ev]-pres5t "o = !    
mammals z well z !  plants4 ,at fir/ ?is
 may seem /range ) ! ,gre5 ,riv] s close
 &  sev]al spr+s 9 ! hills1 b mo/ ( !   
small] animals h v  re/rict$ ranges4 ,a 
de] m\se1 = example1 seldom travels m   
?an  #ajj feet f 8 home burr[ 9 8 entire
 lifetime4 ,! kang>oo rat  & ! des]t    
woodrat also h limit$ ranges al?\gh !irs
 are  some:at l>g] ?an ^? ( de] mice4 ,!
 majority ( su* animals  mu/ meet _!    
wat] ne$s )\t spr+s & seeps4 ,h[ d !y d 
x8        ,illu/ration3 ,,coyote4       
7,,c\rtesy1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,fi% ,,& ,,wildlife
 ,,s]vice47        ,illu/ration3        
,,badg]4 7,,c\rtesy1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,fi% ,,&  
,,wildlife ,,s]vice47    ,! food !y eat 
conta9s "s wat]4 ,! gre5 vegetation (   
spr+time conta9s l>ge am\nts4 ,ev5      
air-dri$ foods su* z se$s  conta9 "s4 ,&
 ^! animals don't ne$ mu*4 ,?r\gh !     

?\s&s  ( ye>s ^! little creatures h liv$
 9 arid l&s1 evolution>y  processes h   
alt]$ _! bodies & life patt]ns to fit ! 
conditions "u :i* !y mu/ live4 ,surely  
"o ( ! mo/ useful &  int]e/+ ( _!       
abilities is t ( utiliz+ metabolic wat]4
  ,su* wat] is obta9$ ?r\gh oxidation ( 
hydrog5 conta9$ 9 food  & is a          
by-product ( metabolism4 ,putt+ x ano!r 
way1 dur+ !  dige/ive process ^! animals
 are able to manufacture wat] f !       
*emical con/itu5ts ( _! food & ! oxyg5 9
 _! blood4 ,!  am\nt ( wat] ?us obta9$  
is betwe5 #gj & #ajj p]c5t ( ! dry      
weight ( ! food eat54 ,?us "s des]t     
animals are able to live a  normal life 
span )\t ev] tak+ a dr9k1 & probably _m 
( !m  d4    ,c>nivores su* z ! badg] & !
 coyote get "s ( _! wat]  f ! animals !y
 eat & may g = days )\t visit+ a spr+4  
,b ev5tually !y return to ! riv] or a   
spr+ = a dr9k4 ,?is is  no special ef=t 
z c>nivores g5]ally range = miles 9 se>*
 (  prey4    ,w9t] is a "t ( difficulty 
= mo/ animals4 ,"s ( !m l !  gr\nd      

squirrels hib]nate & sleep ! w9t] away1 
b ! majority  mu/ ru/le _! 8daily       
bread40 ,w9t] /orms drive ! mule de] d[n
  f ! high c\ntry4 ,mice tunnel ?r\gh ! 
sn[ 9 se>* ( food4  ,! :ite-tail$       
jackrabbit & ! sn[%oe h>e *ange _! coats
  f br[n to :ite4 ,9 p>ticul>ly h>d     
w9t]s ! animals die 9  great numb]s1    
fir/ ! weak & old1 !n ! "y1 & sometimes 
ev5 animals 9 prime condition fail to   
survive4    ,! reptiles t make _! homes 
9 ! ,qu>ry ,area ( ,d9osaur  ,national  
,monum5t are few 9 numb]4 ,! rattlesnake
 is r>e & seldom  se54 ,! only common   
snake is ! bull or goph] snake4 ,?is    
snake c  appe> v ?reat5+ z x swells its 
body & hisses l\dly1 b x  is n poison\s4
 ,goph] snakes climb well & are (t5 se5 
9 trees  :]e !y hunt = eggs & "y birds4 
,two liz>ds are commonly se5 "h dur+ !  
summ]4 ,! side-blot*$  liz>d is ab\t #a 
to #b in*es long ) a some:at long] tail4
 ,^!  small br[n liz>ds are frequ5tly   
se5 among ! rocks ne> ! p>k+  & picnic  
areas4 ,! "n1 side-blot*$ liz>d1 is tak5

 f !  black or blui%-black area beh9d ! 
=eleg ( ! males4 ,^!  liz>ds are also   
call$ br[n utas4    ,! we/]n :iptail is 
also a v common liz>d4 ,z its "n        
sugge/s1  x has a v long sl5d] tail :i* 
x la%es f side to side z x  runs4 ,?is  
liz>d is easily di/+ui%$ f ! side-blot*$
 liz>d  by its l>g] size1 long] m sl5d] 
tail1 & ! pres5ce ( b>s  & spots ( black
 ^u its back4 ,9 late summ]1 junior-siz$
 "y  :iptails appe>1 b _! #c-;in* total 
l5g? is unimpressive comp>$  to #h-;in* 
adults4 ,! "y are q h&some ) pleas+ body
 colors  & bright-blue tails4    ,(t5   
liz>ds are se5 ^: tails are miss+4 ,:5 !
 tail is pull$  or injur$ x c be %$ by  
its own]4 ,! %$ tail may wriggle =      
sev]al m9utes & attract ! pr$ator's     
att5tion :ile ! liz>d  escapes4 ,!      
tailless liz>d soon gr[s ano!r "o t is  
usually  recognizable by its subdu$ or  
o!rwise diff]5t color patt]n4           
,sometimes ! brok5 tail does n fall (f s
 x & ! new tail =m  a =k4    ,9 summ>y  
!n1 we see t ?is app>5tly lifeless des]t

 does  support a wide v>iety ( liv+ ?+s 
& a great numb] (  individuals4 ,"s (   
!m1 ! plants & small animals1 live "h   
all  ye> r\nd :ile o!rs1 su* z mo/      
birds1 live "h only "p ( !  "t4 ,b      
:atev] ! l5g? ( /ay1 all liv+ ?+s mu/   
adapt  !mselves to exi/+ conditions at !
 "t ( _! /ay4 ,if !y  _c adapt to /atic 
or *ang+ conditions !y mu/ move or      
become  ext9ct4    ,"s #fj million ye>s 
h pass$ s9ce ! d9osaurs rul$ ! _w4  ,9 t
 "t m\nta9s h ris51 wa/$ away1 & ris5   
aga94  ,glaci]s h come & gone4 ,_m      
species ( plants & animals evolv$  &    
pass$ on to ext9ction4 ,e life =m meets 
! te/--adapt or  die4 ,t te/ is z real  
to ! du/y liz>d bask+ on ! qu>ry face  z
 x 0 to ! d9osaurs ^: bones y came to   
see4                                    
,key to ,pronunciation        ,d9osauria
            7dy-noh-,,sawr-eea7         
,antrodemus                             
7an-troh-,,dee-mus7    ,apatosaurus     
7apato-,,sawr-u7    ,ankylosaurus       
7an-,,keeloh-sawr-u7    ,camptosaurus   

7camp-toh-,,sawr-u7    ,/egosaurus      
7/eg-oh-,,sawr-u7    ,tric]atops        
7try-,,s]-a-tops7    ,ar*osauria        
7,ark-oh-,,sawr-eea7    ,mesozoic       
7,,mez-oh-zoh-ic7    ,triassic          
7try-,,ass-ic7    ,jurassic             
7jur-,,ass-ic7    ,cretace\s            
7kre-,,tay-%us7    ,tyrannosaurus       
7ty-ran-oh-,,s>h-u7    ,sauris*ia       
7sawr-,,iss-key-a7    ,orni?is*ia       
7orni-,,?iss-key-a7    ,diplodocus      
7di-,,plod-icus7    ,cam>asaurus        
7cam>a-,,sawr-u7    ,protiguanodon      
7pro-teeg-,,guan-oh-don7                
,sugge/$ ,read+s        ,&rews1 ,roy    
,*apman4 ,all ,ab\t ,d9osaurs1 #adf pp4 
,r&om ,h\se1 ,new            ,york4 ,a v
 int]e/+ book ab\t d9osaurs & ! m5 :o   
/udy !m4 ,*ildr51 #i-ab ye>s old4       
,colb]t1 ,edw>d ,h4 ,evolution ( !      
,v]tebrates1 #dgi pp4 ,john ,wiley      
& ,sons1 ,inc41 ,new ,york4 #aiee4 ,a v 
readable acc\nt (            v]tebrate  
evolution = ! /ud5t or s]i\s amateur4   
---- ----4 ,d9osaurs1 #d? ed41 #cb pp4  

,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural             
,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 #aieg4 ,a good     
brief treatm5t ( all                    
d9osaurs4 ,excell5t illu/rations4       
,dunb>1 ,c>l ,o4 ,hi/orical ,geology1   
#efg pp4 ,wiley1 ,new ,york4 #aidi4     
,an excell5t treatm5t ( e>?'s hi/ory &  
life f !            beg9n+ to ! pres5t4 
,life ,editorial ,/aff4 ,! ,_w ,we ,live
 ,91 #cjd pp4 ,simon             ,s*u/]1
 ,new ,york4 #aiee4 ,elaborately        
illu/rat$ book ab\t            ! _w's   
natural hi/ory4                         
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,reta9$     
publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3
 ?is e,book    is public-doma9 9 !      
c\ntry ( publication4    --,9 ! text    
v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$
 by    und]scores4