,,ma*9]y',s ,,ref]5ce ,,s]ies ,,ea* ,,numb] ,,is ,,"o ,,unit ,,9 ,a ,,complete ,,libr>y ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,design ,,& ,,%op ,,practice ,,revis$ ,,& ,,republi%$ ,,f ,,ma*9]y ,,numb] #eg ,,metal ,,sp9n+ ,,second ,,edition ,,cont5ts ,pr9ciples ( ,metal ,sp9n+1 by ,c4 ,,tuells #c ,tools & ,me?ods ,us$ 9 ,metal ,sp9n+1 by ,,william ,a4 ,,pa9t] #ae ,copyright1 #aiab1 ,! ,indu/rial ,press1 ,publi%]s ( ,,ma*9]y #di-ee ,lafayette ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city ,,*apt] ,i ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,metal ,,sp9n+#a ,metal sp9n+1 t process ( %eet metal goods manufactur+ :i* deals ) ! =m+ ( %eet metal into circul> %apes ( great v>iety by means ( ! la!1 =ms & h&-tools1 is full ( k9ks & s*emes peculi> to itself4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is treatise to give a description ( sp9n+ 9 g5]al1 & to outl9e "s ( ! me?ods & tools us$ 9 sp9n+ = rapid production4 ,! products ( metal sp9n+ are us$ 9 a great _m l9es ( manufacture4 ,examples ( ?is "w are *&eli] p>ts1 cook+ ut5sils1 silv] & brittania holl[-w>e1 automobile lamps1 cane-heads & _m o!r %eet metal specialties4 ,brass1 copp]1 z9c1 alum9um1 iron1 s(t /eel1 &1 9 fact ne>ly all metals yield readily to ! sp9n]'s skill4 ,at be/ sp9n+ is physically h>d "w1 & ! s(t] ! /ock1 ! easi] & quick] ! sp9n] c trans=m x into ! requir$ product4 ,!re are b two practical ways ( =m+ pieces ( %eet metal into holl[ circul> articles3 by dies & by sp9n+4 ,by f> ! *eape/ & be/ me?od ( produc+ quantities ( ?is class ( "w is by ! use ( dies1 b !re are _m cases :]e x is impractical or impossible to foll[ ?is c\rse4 ,dies are exp5sive & !re is con/ant dang] ( breakage1 :]eas sp9n+ =ms are easily & *eaply made & are almo/ nev] damag$ by use beyond a reasonable am\nt ( we>4 ,?us x w be se5 t :5 ! production is small1 x does n pay to make co/ly dies4 ,aga91 ! /yles or designs ( _m articles t are spun are con/antly be+ *ang$2 if made by dies ea* *ange w\ld necessitate a new die1 :ile 9 sp9n+ m]ely a new wood5 =m is requir$--& sometimes ! old =m c be alt]$1 co/+ practically no?+4 ,/ill o!r advantages ( sp9n+ are t 9 work+ s(t /eel1 a mu* *eap] grade may be spun ?an c be drawn ) dies2 beads may be roll$ at ! edges ( %ells at little exp5se2 exp]im5tal pieces may be made quickly1 &1 add$ to ^! features comes ! fact t v difficult "w t _c possibly be made ) dies c be spun ) comp>ative ease4 ,x mu/ n be con/ru$ f ! above t sp9n+ is to be pref]r$ to die "w 9 all or ev5 9 ! majority ( cases1 because1 on ! contr>y1 die "w is a m economical me?od ( manufacture1 & %\ld always be us$ :5 possible on production "w4 ,! cases already cit$ are m]ely giv5 to po9t out "s ( ! in/ances 9 :i*1 = economical reasons1 sp9n+ is to be pref]r$ to die "w4 ,! ,sp9n+ ,la! ,! pr9cipal tool us$ 9 ! op]ation ( sp9n+ is ! sp9n+ la!1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,:ile 9 _m respects ?is ma*9e is simil> to any o!r la!1 x is built )\t back-ge>s1 c>riage or lead-screw1 is v rigid 9 con/ruction1 &1 on ! :ole1 v mu* resembles a spe$ la!4 ,l o!r la!s1 ! sp9n+ la! is fitt$ ) a cone pulley 7pref]ably ( wood1 because ( its lightness & gripp+ qualities71 all[+ ! use ( f\r or five diff]5t spe$s4 ,spe$ is an important factor 9 sp9n+4 ,arbitr>y rules = sp9n+ spe$s _c be giv51 z ! ?ick] ! /ock ! sl[] mu/ be ! spe$2 ?us :ile _/-in* iron c be readily spun at #fjj revolutions1 _/-in* iron w\ld necessitate r$uc+ ! spe$ to #djj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,z9c sp9s be/ at f #a1jjj to #a1djj revolutions2 copp] works well at #hjj to #a1jjj2 brass & alum9um require practically ! same spe$1 f #hjj to #a1bjj2 :ile ! comp>atively sl[ spe$ ( #cjj to #fjj revolutions is effective on iron & s(t /eel4 ,brittania & silv] sp9 be/ at spe$s f #hjj to #a1jjj revolutions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,sp9n+ ,la! ,"o ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! sp9n+ la! is ! ,t-re/4 ,! base ( ?is re/ is movable on ! ways ( ! la!1 & x has at ! side ne>e/ ! op]ator1 a /ud ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet] & six in*es high1 ?r\gh :i* is swivel$ ! ,t-re/ prop]4 ,z ! illu/ration %[s1 provision is made = rais+ & l[]+ ! re/1 & ! entire re/ may be clamp$ 9 any desir$ position by means ( ! h&-:eel %[n b5ea? ! ways4 ,! re/ prop] consi/s ( an arm1 #ab to #ae in*es long1 simil> to a wood turn]'s re/1 & ?r\gh ! face ( ?is arm are f twelve to sixte5 closely spac$ -in* holes4 ,^! holes are to receive ! p9 aga9/ :i* ! h& tools are held :ile sp9n+4 ,! p9 is ?ree in*es long & ( -in* /eel1 turn$ d[n on "o end to loosely fit ! holes 9 ! re/4 ,ano!r important "p ( ! sp9n+ la! is ! tail-c5t]4 ,?is c5t] is sometimes ! ord9>y dead c5t] t is 9 g5]al ma*9e %op use1 b ne>ly all sp9n]s use ! revolv+ c5t]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! revolv+ c5t] is in* diamet] 7)\t tap]7 & ab\t six in*es long1 & is fitt$ into ! socket 9 :i* x runs2 ?is socket is1 9 turn1 fitt$ to ! tap] hole 9 ! tail/ock4 ,at ! bottom ( ! hole 9 ! socket are two /eel buttons1 h>d5$ & gr\nd convex on _! faces4 ,^! buttons act z ball be>+s & r$uce friction to a m9imum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,revolv+ ,c5t] ,=ms & ,*ucks = ,sp9n+ ,! %ape ( a %ell made by sp9n+ is dep5d5t on ! =m or *uck ^u :i* ! metal is spun4 ,=ms are us$ = pla9 sp9n+ :]e ! %ape ( ! %ell w p]mit ( its be+ readily tak5 f ! =m aft] ! sp9n+ has be5 complet$2 b :5 ! %ape ( ! %ell is su* t x w n 8draw10 z ! mold]s say1 x becomes necess>y to employ sectional *ucks1 simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,g5]ally speak+1 sp9n+ =ms are made ( kiln dri$ maple4 ,aft] be+ bor$ & ?read$ to fit ! la! sp9dle1 ! sp9n] turns ! maple block to agree ) a templet %ap$ 9 outl9e to ! sample %ell4 ,:5 no sample is furni%$1 ! templet mu/ be laid out f a sket* or draw+2 9 ei!r case prop] all[ance is made = ! ?ickness ( ! /ock4 ,:5 l>ge quantities ( %ells are to be spun1 all alike1 ! =m is sometimes made ( lignum vit4 ,ano!r me?od is to turn ! maple =m small en\gh s t "o %ell may be spun & cem5t$ to x & !n ?is metal-cas$ =m is us$ to sp9 ! balance ( ! %ells4 ,= cont9u\s sp9n+1 =ms are made ( ca/ iron or /eel1 :i* ( c\rse makes a mo/ satisfactory surface to sp9 on & gives indef9ite s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,sectional ,sp9n+ ,*uck ,a sectional or 8split0 *uck1 z x is sometimes call$1 is1 z ! "n implies1 a sp9n+ *uck or =m :i* may be tak5 ap>t 9 sections aft] ! %ell has be5 spun ov] x4 ,z be=e /at$1 ?is class ( sp9n+ *uck is only us$ :5 ! f9i%$ %ell c\ld n be remov$ f an ord9>y =m aft] sp9n+4 ,aft] a %ell has be5 spun ov] a sectional *uck1 ! %ell & ! sections ( ! *uck are toge!r pull$ l5g?wise f ! core ( ! *uck4 ,!n1 />t+ ) ! key section1 x is an easy matt] to remove ea* section f ! inside ( ! %ell4 ,z ! sections are remov$1 !y are replac$ ^u ! core1 slipp$ "u ! reta9+ flange & ! *uck is ready = sp9n+ a new %ell4 ,! :ole op]ation ( remov+ & replac+ ! sections ( a *uck takes less "t ?an x does to tell x1 &1 z ! sections are ( diff]5t sizes1 x is easy to replace !m 9 ! prop] ord]4 ,l o!r =ms1 sectional *ucks are made ( wood or metal1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! job4 ,! core & reta9+ r+ are fir/ made f "o piece & !n ! sections are turn$ 9 a cont9u\s r+ & split ) a f9e saw4 ,9 "s cases x is necess>y to add a small piece to ! la/ section to make up = ! /ock lo/ 9 splitt+ ! sections4 ,ano!r k9d ( sectional *uck1 kn[n to ! trade z a 8plug0 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #e7 is us$ ext5sively 9 "s %ops 9 cases :]e ! %ell mu/ h projections or %\ld]s at bo? ends1 & no bottom to ! %ell is requir$4 ,9 mak+ ! plug1 :i* is always 9 two p>ts1 ! fir/ half is turn$ to take ! %ell f "o end to ! c5t] ( ! smalle/ diamet]4 ,into ! end ( ?is "p is bor$ a hole to :i* is fitt$ ! end ( ! second "p1 :i* is aft]w>ds turn$ to fit ! %ell4 ,ov] ?is two-"p plug ! %ell is spun2 !n ! bottom ( ! %ell is cut out & ! fir/ half ( ! plug remov$1 ?us all[+ ! %ell to be )drawn4 ,! fir/ "p is !n replac$ & ! plug is ready = use aga94 ,fig4 #d %[s a me?od ( sp9n+ difficult %ells t ord9>ily w\ld require a sectional *uck4 ,! %ell %[n at ! left ( ,fig4 #d is fir/ spun z f> z ! bulg$ "p on an ord9>y =m t ends at ?is po9t4 ,!n aft] anneal+1 x is replac$ on ! =m & :ile ano!r op]ator holds ! wood5 arm1 support$ ) a p9 9 ! ,t-re/1 ! sp9n] =ms ! metal ar\nd ! bulge-%ap$ end ( ! arm4 ,! arm1 be+ /ation>y on ! inside ( ! %ell1 acts z a cont9uation ( ! sp9n+ =m1 & by ?is me?od z good a %ell is obta9$ z c\ld be spun ) a sectional *uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,quick ,me?od ( ,sp9n+ ,difficult ,%ell ,)\t ,sectional ,*uck ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,sp9n+ on ,plugs ,= sp9n+ op]ations ^u tub+ or press-drawn tubes1 /eel arbors are g5]ally us$4 ,tub+ may be readily spun ^u an arbor & x c be r$uc$ or exp&$ to comply ) ! %ape ( %ell requir$ mu* m quickly ?an ! %ell c\ld be spun f ! blank4 ,foll[]s ,= hold+ ! %eet metal blank to ! sp9n+ =m1 a block ( wood kn[n z ! foll[]1 is us$ 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,foll[]s are made to suit ! %ape ( ! "w ) :i* !y are to be employ$1 always be+ made ) ! l>ge/ possible be>+ on ! "w2 ?us a %ell ) a flat bottom twelve in*es 9 diamet] w\ld be turn$ ) ! aid ( a foll[] hav+ an #aa-;in* face1 :ile a %ell ) a #d-;in* face w\ld take a foll[] ) a #c-;in* face4 ,all %ells d n h flat bottoms1 consequ5tly1 9 sp9n+ su* z d n1 x becomes necess>y to employ holl[ foll[]s4 ,holl[ foll[]s h _! be>+ surfaces turn$ out to fit ! ends ( ! =ms ) :i* !y are to be us$4 ,9 practice1 ! blank is held aga9/ ! end ( ! sph]ical =m ) a small flat foll[] until en\gh ( ! %ell has be5 spun to admit ( ! holl[ foll[] be+ us$4 ,all foll[]s are made ) a l>ge c5t] hole 9 "o end to receive ! revolv+ tail-c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,?ree ,types ( ,foll[]s ,9 />t+ to sp9 a difficult %ell x sometimes happ5s t ! necess>ily small foll[] w n hold ! blank4 ,to prev5t ?is slipp+1 ! face ( ! foll[] is cov]$ ) em]y clo?4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 on r\gh "w1 ! sp9n] w n /op to face ! foll[]1 b w make a l>ge %all[ d5t at ! c5t] ( ! blank2 ! extra pressure requir$ to =ce ! metal aga9/ ! =m w usually ov]come ! slipp+ t5d5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,specim5s ( ,metal ,sp9n+ ,h& ,tools ,h& tools1 9 great v>iety1 =m ! pr9cipal asset ( ! sp9n]'s kit4 ,sp9n+ tools are made ( tool /eel =g$ to ! requir$ %apes1 & are h>d5$ & poli%$ on ! work+ end4 ,! r\nd /eel f :i* !y are made v>ies f in* to #a in* 9 diamet]1 accord+ to ! class ( "w ^u :i* !y are to be us$4 ,! l5g? ( a sp9n+ tool is ab\t #b feet1 & x is fitt$ into a wood5 h&le #b in*es diamet] & #ah in*es long1 mak+ ! total l5g? ( ! h&l$ tool ab\t #c feet1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,z ! sp9n] holds ?is h&le "u ! "r armpit1 he secures a great lev]age ^u ! "w & is bett] able to supply ! physical p[] requir$ to br+ ! metal to ! desir$ %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #h & #i4 ,sp9n+ ,tool & ,swivel ,cutt] ,! commone/ & by f> ! mo/ useful ( ! sp9n+ tools is ! comb9ation 8po9t & ball0 :i* toge!r ) a numb] ( o!r tools1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is tool is us$ 9 do+ ! bulk ( ! sp9n+ op]ations--= />t+ ! "w & br++ x approximately to ! %ape ( ! =m4 ,its range ( usefulness is l>ge on acc\nt ( ! _m diff]5t %apes t may be utiliz$ by m]ely turn+ ! tool 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,next 9 importance comes ! flat or smoo?+ tool :i*1 z ! "n implies1 is = smoo?+ ! %ell & f9i%+ any r\gh surfaces left by ! po9t & ball tool4 ,! fi%tail tool1 s nam$ f its %ape1 is us$ pr9cipally 9 fl>+ ! end ( a %ell f ! inside1 8sp9n+ on air10 z x is sometimes t]m$4 ,?is tool is us$ to good advantage 9 any place :]e x is necess>y to /ret* ! metal to any ext5t1 & its ?9 r\nd+ edge proves useful 9 sett+ ! metal into corn]s & n>r[ grooves4 ,o!r tools are ! ball tool :i* is adapt$ to f9i%+ curves2 ! hook tool1 us$ on inside "w2 & ! bead+ tool :i* is ne$$ 9 roll+ ov] a bead at ! edge ( a %ell :5 extra /r5g? or a bett] f9i% is desir$4 ,:5 mu* bead+ ( "o k9d is be+ done1 a l>ge heavy pair ( r\nd-nose pli]s 7,fig4 #aj7 ) ! jaws b5t ar\nd 9 a curve & sprung ap>t en\gh to all[ = ! ?ickness ( ! metal proves to be a h&y tool4 ,aft] ! edge ( ! %ell has be5 fl>$ out to />t ! bead1 ! pli]s are op5$ en\gh to admit ! metal & !n clos$ & ! /ock guid$ ar\nd to =m ! bead z f> z possible4 ,9 ?is way ! l>g] "p ( a bead is rapidly =m$1 "o jaw ( ! pli]s act+ z a sp9n+ tool & ! o!r correspond+ to ! back-/ick4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation1 ! pli]s are1 ( c\rse1 support$ by be+ held aga9/ ! ,t-re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,sp9n]s' ,pli]s ,closely alli$ ) ^! sp9n+ tools are two o!r tools 7also %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa7 kn[n z ! diamond po9t & ! skimm]4 ,! diamond po9t is = trimm+ ! edges ( ! %ell dur+ ! sp9n+ op]ation & = cutt+ out c5t]s or o!r p>ts ( ! "w4 ,! skimm] is = clean+ up ! surface ( a %ell1 remov+ a small am\nt ( metal 9 do+ s1 ! am\nt dep5d+ ^u ! skill ! sp9n] us$ 9 ! sp9n+ prop]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,h& ,tools ( ,v>i\s ,=ms us$ 9 ,sp9n+ ,:5 ! bottoms are to be cut f a l>ge numb] ( %ells & x is necess>y t !y be cut exactly alike1 a tool kn[n z a swivel cutt] is us$4 ,?is tool 7see ,fig4 #i7 is simply an iron b> ) a cutt] on "o end1 :i* swivels ne> ! c5t] ar\nd a p9 9 ! ,t-re/2 ?us by a slight movem5t ( ! arm ! cutt] is br\ght up to ! "w1 cutt+ a piece f ! %ell ( exactly ! same size ea* "t4 ,! ,sp9n+ ,op]ation ,9 ord] to make cle> ! successive /eps 9 sp9n+1 let u briefly consid] ! mak+ ( a copp] head-light reflector1 & ! way ! "w is h&l$ :5 a few hundr$ pieces are to be made4 ,by trial sp9n+1 ! size ( ! blank requir$ = "o ( ! reflectors is det]m9$1 & ) ! squ>e %e>s ! copp] %eets are cut into pieces an eigh? ( an in* l>g] ea* way4 ,^! squ>es are !n tak5 to ! circul> %e>s & cut to r\nd %apes ready = ! sp9n+ la!4 ,! sp9n+ =m1 ( kiln-dri$ maple1 is screw$ to ! sp9dle & ! belt ?r[n to t /ep ( ! cone pulley :i* w br+ ! spe$ ne>e/ to #a1bjj revolutions4 ,f ! /ock-room a foll[] is select$ ^: face w ne>ly cov] ! bottom ( ! =m4 ,x is n[ 8up to0 ! sp9n]4 ,hold+ a blank & also ! foll[] aga9/ ! end ( ! =m1 he runs ! tail-c5t] up to ! c5t] 9 ! foll[] j h>d en\gh to hold ! blank 9 place4 ,!n1 />t+ ! la!1 he c5t]s ! blank by lightly press+ aga9/ its edge a h>d wood /ick4 ,z soon z x 8l9es up0 he runs ! c5t] up a little h>d] & clamps x 9 place4 ,"s sp9n]s w 8hop 90 a blank ) ! la! runn+1 b ?is is dang]\s practice & sometimes ! blank w g sail+ across ! room4 ,(t5 ?is happ5s 9 tru+ up ! blank & = ?is reason x is consid]$ advisable to h a wire grat+ at ! fur!r side ( ! la! to prev5t s]i\s accid5ts2 = a %eet metal blank is a dang]\s missile travel+ at ! high rate ( spe$ :i* is imp>t$ to x by ! la!4 ,) a piece ( beeswax 7soap is sometimes us$ = economical reasons7 ! sp9n] lightly rubs ! rapidly revolv+ blank & !n adju/s ! p9 9 ! ,t-re/ to a po9t ne> en\gh to ! blank to obta9 a good lev]age ) ! sp9n+ tool4 ,hold+ ! h&le ( 8 po9t & ball tool "u 8 "r armpit & us+ ! tool z a lev] & ! p9 on ! re/ z a fulcrum1 he sl[ly =ces ! metal disk back 9 ! direction ( ! body ( ! =m1 nev] all[+ ! tool to re/ 9 "o spot1 b con/antly work+ x 9 & out1 apply+ ! pressure on ! way out to ! edge ( ! disk & lett+ up z he comes back = a new /roke4 ,9 ! meantime 8 left h& is busy hold+ a %ort piece ( h>d wood 7call$ ! back-/ick71 firmly aga9/ ! rev]se side ( ! metal at a con/antly *ang+ po9t opposite ! tool4 ,! object ( ! back-/ick is to keep ! /ock f wr9kl+ z x is /ret*$ t[>d ! edge ( ! disk4 ,wr9kles cause ! metal to crack at ! edges & = ?is reason !y mu/ be kept f ! /ock z mu* z possible4 ,aft] a few /rokes ( ! sp9n+ tool h be5 tak51 ! %ell w appe> ab\t z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #ab1 & at ?is po9t x is necess>y to trim ! %ell at ! edges ) ! diamond-po9t tool4 ,trimm+ is requir$ because sp9n+ /ret*es ! /ock & ! result+ unev5 edge w cause splits 9 ! metal if x is n trimm$ occasionally4 ,z a c>p5t] is kn[n by 8 *ips1 s a sp9n] is kn[n by ! way 8 "w /ret*es4 ,:ile ! ev5 pressure ( a good sp9n] w /ret* ! /ock v little1 ! unev5 pressure ( ! inexp]i5c$ man w lead him into all sorts ( tr\ble on acc\nt ( ! way ! /ock w 8g40 ,9 ei!r case ! metal always /ret*es lea/ 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! %eet /ock 0 orig9ally roll$1 consequ5tly giv+ ! edge a slight oval %ape4 ,9 trimm+ z9c1 ! sp9n] holds a 8swab0 ( clo? j above ! diamond po9t1 to prev5t ! *ips f fly+ into 8 face & eyes--or ^? ( 8 neighbors4 ,) o!r metals ! swab is unnecess>y4 ,! reflector is n[ tak+ %ape4 ,) ea* successive /roke ! sp9n] sets a little m ( ! metal aga9/ ! =m4 ,n only does sp9n+ /ret* ! metal1 b x h>d5s x z well2 !re=e1 at ! /age ,c x becomes necess>y to anneal ! p>tially complet$ reflector1 :i* is done by heat+ x to a l[ r$ 9 a gas furnace4 ,9 runn+ ?r\gh a lot ( %ells1 ! common practice is to sp9 !m all z f> z possible )\t anneal+1 & aft] anneal+ ! :ole lot1 to complete ! sp9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,successive ,/eps 9 ,sp9n+ a ,reflector ,aft] replac+ ! %ell ^u ! =m1 x is trimm$ & work$ fur!r along ! =m1 gradually assum+ ! appe>ance %[n at ,d4 ,at ?is "t1 ! sp9n] goes back to ! small radius at ! front end ( ! %ell & ) a ball tool he closes ! anneal$ metal h>d d[n aga9/ ! =m1 = ! sp9n+ has t5d$ to pull ! /ock slightly f ! =m at ?is po9t4 ,! body ( ! reflector is n[ practically complet$ & ! sp9n] directs 8 att5tion to roll+ ! bead at ! outside edge4 ,sl[ly he beg9s to roll ! edge ( ! %ell back1 us+ 8 hook tool to complete ! bead z f> z possible & ex]cis+ c>e to keep ! back-/ick firmly aga9/ ! metal s z to keep ! wr9kles out4 ,n[1 ) ! diamond po9t1 he gives ! edges a f9al trim1 & ) ! bead+ tool closes d[n ! bead snugly aga9/ ! re/ ( ! %ell1 z %[n at ,e4 ,la/ly1 ! swivel cutt] is plac$ 9 ! prop] hole ( ! ,t-re/ & a turn ( ! tool cuts out ! c5t] to ! exact size1 & ! reflector is complet$4 ,if any burrs or r\gh places rema9 !y are easily remov$ at ?is "t ) ! skimm] or diamond po9t1 & a little em]y clo? gives ! %ell a f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration ,fig4 #g1 ,a1 ,b & ,c repres5t ! ?ree mo/ important /ages ( sp9n+ a %ell l t %[n at ,c4 ,anneal+ is necess>y betwe5 /eps ,a & ,b4 ,d is a %ell spun ^u a =m ( ! plug v>iety1 & ,e & ,f are two views ( a %ell spun aft] ! me?od %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,f be+ ! complet$ %ell4 ,g illu/rates a v difficult %ell to sp91 on acc\nt ( ! small foll[] t mu/ be us$2 ! l5g? ( ! small diamet] also adds to ! difficulty4 ,h %[s a %ell t mu/ be spun ^u a sectional *uck1 :ile ,i is a pla9 easy job ( ornam5tal sp9n+4 ,! ball %[n at ,j 0 spun f "o piece ( alum9um & x is m ( a curiosity ?an a specim5 ( practical sp9n+4 ,x 0 fir/ spun ov] a =m t w\ld leave "o-half ( ! ball complete & ! /ock = ! o!r half /raight out l a %ort tube4 ,next a wood5 split *uck 0 made1 holl[$ out to receive ! f9i%$ end ( ! ball & ! op5 end 0 gradually spun d[n & 9 until ! ball 0 complete ) b a _/-in* hole at ! end4 ,?is hole 0 plugg$ & ! holl[ ball 0 done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,an ,int]e/+ ,example ( ,metal ,sp9n+ ,z ano!r example ( metal sp9n+1 assume ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! %ell is to be #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 #f in*es deep1 & #j4jfj in* ?ick4 ,! metal to be us$ is z9c4 ,?is is an int]e/+ metal sp9n+ job1 & n a p>ticul>ly difficult "o4 ,! %ell c be be/ spun ) ! aid ( two sp9n+ =ms1 su* z are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ad & #ae4 ,^! =ms %\ld be made ( kiln-dri$ maple if !re are comp>atively few %ells to be spun4 ,if !re are _m1 ! =ms %\ld be made ( ca/ iron4 ,fig4 #ad %[s ! fir/ =m to be us$1 :i* con=ms to ! outside ( ! %ell z f> z ! c5t]s ( ! sph]ical r+4 ,beyond ^! po9ts1 ! =m is /raight4 ,! blank to be spun is plac$ z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es1 & foll[] ,no4 #a is us$ to hold ! "w aga9/ ! =m4 ,! *ief tr\ble w be met 9 prop]ly />t+ ! %ell1 because ( ! small foll[] t mu/ be employ$4 ,h[ev]1 foll[] ,no4 #b may be sub/itut$ aft] work+ ! metal back aga9/ ! =m a few in*es1 & z ?is gives a bett] grip on ! %ell1 !re w be no fur!r dang] ( slipp+4 ,aft] sp9n+ ! z9c %ell to ! %ape ( ! fir/ =m 7,fig4 #ad7 x w probably h to be anneal$1 b ?is c only be det]m9$ by trial4 ,9 anneal+ z9c1 ! flame %\ld n be all[$ to t\* ! metal4 ,! half complet$ %ell is !n put on =m ,no4 #b %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,x is an easy matt] to sp9 ! metal r\nd to complete ! arc4 ,! dott$ l9e %[s ! position ( ! %ell be=e />t+ ! la/ "p ( ! sp9n+4 ,( c\rse1 x w be und]/ood t ! %ell mu/ be trimm$ sev]al times dur+ ! sp9n+1 & if ! trimm+ is frequ5tly done1 a well-%ap$ %ell %\ld result4 ,= sp9n+ on =m ,no4 #b1 foll[] ,no4 #c mu/ be us$4 ,ei!r beeswax or soap %\ld be frequ5tly rubb$ ov] ! "w :ile sp9n+4 ,if x is necess>y to cut out ! c5t]1 x c be done be=e remov+ ! %ell f ! la/ =m by simply remov+ ! foll[] & us+ a diamond po9t tool1 or 9 l>ge product "w ! swivel cutt] w "w well4 ,! %ell w cl+ to ! =m )\t ! foll[]4 ,! sp9n+ spe$ %\ld be f #hjj to #a1jjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,:ile ! op]ation ( sp9n+ is a comp>atively simple "o to describe1 x is n easily le>n$1 & to-day good all-ar\nd sp9n]s are h>d to f9d4 ,! limits ( accuracy are n z closely def9$ z 9 /raight ma*9e "w1 b !re are times :5 good fits are absolutely necess>y1 z 9 cases :]e two %ells mu/ slip snugly toge!r4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h tak5 up only ! pla9 e-day k9d ( sp9n+1 & 7 we to foll[ its "w 9 ! gold & silv]smi?'s trade1 we w\ld see x evolve into a f9e art4 ,9 ord] to insure really good "w com+ f ! sp9n+ la!1 !re is a wide range ( k t ! sp9n] mu/ h4 ,t k may be br\ght toge!r & summ$ up by a s+le ^w--judgm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,tools ,,& ,,me?ods ,,us$ ,,9 ,,metal ,,sp9n+#b ,! pr9cipal object ( ?is *apt] is to describe 9 detail ! v>i\s op]ations ( sp9n+ metal s t a tool-mak] or ma*9i/ :o has n access to a metal sp9n]1 w be able to make 8 own tools1 rig up an eng9e or spe$ la!1 & make ! simple =ms or models t are requir$ 9 exp]im5tal "w4 ,to d ?is intellig5tly1 x is necess>y to foll[ 9 detail e /ep 9 metal sp9n+ f ! circul> blank to anneal+1 pickl+1 dipp+1 burni%+1 etc41 & also to "k h[ to make ! simpl] =ms ( sp9n+ tools1 :at lubricants to use on ! diff]5t k9ds ( metals1 :at mat]ial to make ! sp9n+ *uck (1 & h[ f> ! metal c be work$ be=e anneal+4 ,sp9n+ metal into complicat$ & elaborate %apes1 is an art fully z difficult z any craft1 & ! man is truly an arti/ t c make arti/ic & graceful outl9es 9 metal1 especially :5 only a few pieces are requir$ & ! co/ w n all[ ( mak+ special *ucks to d ! "w on & ) no outl9e *ucks to gov]n 8 design1 ! =ms be+ made by skill & manipulation ( tools alone4 ,su* skill is f> sup]ior to t ( ! ,russian metal work]1 :o1 in/ead ( mak+ a vase or ornam5t ( "o piece1 cuts up sev]al sections & s(t sold]s !m toge!r1 aft] cov]+ !m ) crude 8g+]bread0 "w to disguise 8 poor metal "w4 ,! amateur c imitate ! ,russian "w1 b nev] ! "w ( ! skill$ sp9n]4 ,!re are sev]al grades ( sp9n]s1 mo/ ( !m nev] atta9+ ! skill ( ! model-mak] or ! facility = h&l+ ! diff]5t metals4 ,a man t has _h sev]al ye>s ( exp]i5ce sp9n+ brass or copp] w\ld n be able to sp9 britannia or :ite metal )\t /ret*+ x to a v unev5 ?ickness4 ,z brass or copp] is h>d] ?an ! o!r metals m5tion$1 !y resi/ ! tool m & require m pressure 9 =m+1 & if ! op]ator us$ ! same pressure on ! s(t] metals1 he w\ld /ret* or di/ort !m1 s t !y w\ld be p]haps "o-qu>t] ( ! orig9al ?ickness at angles & corn]s :]e ! /ra9 9 sp9n+ w\ld be greate/1 :i* w\ld ru9 ! articles4 ,! be/ te/ = skill 9 ord9>y sp9n+1 is to take a long difficult %ape1 aft] be+ f9i%$1 & saw x 9 two l5g?wise1 & if ! v>iation 9 ?ickness is less ?an #be p] c5t ( ! orig9al gage1 x is good practice4 ,"s sp9n]s c keep )9 #aj p] c5t ( ! gage on ord9>y "w1 b !y are sc>ce4 ,! sp9n+ trade 9 ?is c\ntry is mo/ly foll[$ by =eign]s1 ,g]mans & ,sw$es be+ ! be/4 ,! ,am]ican t has intellig5ce & skill en\gh to be a fir/-class sp9n]1 w g5]ally look ar\nd = some?+ easi] ab\t ! "t t he has ! trade acquir$4 ,x is an occupation t _c be foll[$ up 9 old age1 z x is too /r5u\s1 ! op]ator be+ on 8 feet con/antly1 & hav+ to use 8 head z well z 8 muscles4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,metal ,sp9n+ ,*ucks ,= common pla9 %apes1 a patt]nmak]'s faceplate1 ) a tap]$ c5t] screw1 is suffici5t = hold+ ! wood *uck4 ,! hole 9 ! wood %\ld be ! same tap] z ! screw1 ?us giv+ an ev5 grip on ! ?read4 ,if a /raight hole only is us$1 & x is n ream$ out be=e screw+ to ! plate1 x w only h a be>+ on "o or two ?reads1 & if ! *uck is tak5 (f & replac$ on ! faceplate1 x w n run true4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 to face (f ! end ( ! *uck flat1 or to slightly recess x1 s t x w screw up ev5ly aga9/ ! faceplate1 z a high c5t] w cause x to rock & run out ( true4 ,9 l>ge *ucks 7ov] five in*es7 x is be/ to h ?ree or f\r wood screws1 besides ! c5t] screw4 ,! holes = ^! c be spac$ (f accurately on a circle 9 ! iron faceplate1 & drill$ & c\nt]sunk4 ,x is be/ to h twice z _m holes z screws2 t is1 if f\r screws are us$ !re %\ld be eight holes1 s t if ! *uck has to be replac$ at any "t & ! wood has %runk1 x c be turn$ "o-eigh? ( a revolution fur!r ?an ! orig9al *uck+4 ,:]e a *uck has to be us$ sev]al times1 x is bett] practice to cut a ?read 9 ! wood & screw ! *uck directly to ! sp9dle ( a la!1 n us+ ! faceplate4 ,?is ?read c be *as$ ) a regul> *as+ tool1 :]e ! op]ator has ! skill1 or if n1 ! wood c be bor$ out & a special wood tap us$4 ,su* a tap has no flutes & x is bor$ holl[1 !re be+ a wall ab\t _/ in* ?ick4 ,"o too? does all ! cutt+1 t is ! "o at ! end ( ! ?read4 ,! *ips g into ! holl[ "p ( ! tap4 ,! end ( ! tap = ab\t in* %\ld h ! same diamet] z ! hole be=e ?read+ to act z guide = ! cutt+ too?4 ,x is ess5tial t a *uck %\ld run v true & be balanc$ p]fectly1 z ! high spe$ at :i* x runs w cause x to vibrate & run out ( true1 caus+ ! f9i%$ metal to %[ *att] m>ks4 ,! be/ wood = *ucks is h>d maple1 & x %\ld be select$ = its ev5 gra9 & abs5ce ( *ecks & cracks4 ,x is be/ to pa9t ! ends ) p>aff9e or r$ lead1 or to imm]se ! *ucks 9 "s vegetable oil aft] turn+4 ,cottonse$ oil is v good = ?is purpose1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to soak ! *ucks too long4 ,= a man n skill$ 9 sp9n+1 x is bett] to use metal *ucks ?an wood1 = if !re are _m %ells ( a k9d1 ! op]ator is liable to be> too h>d on ! tool1 ?us compress+ ! *uck & mak+ ! la/ %ells small] ?an ! fir/4 ,corn]s & angles n well support$ might also be knock$ (f4 ,! writ] pref]s cold roll$ /eel = *ucks up to #f in*es 9 diamet] & ca/ iron = ! l>g] ones1 b :]e good /eel ca/+s c be obta9$1 a good *uck c be made by turn+ r\ghly to %ape a wood patt]n1 all[+ en\gh = %r9kage & f9i%+1 & holl[+ out ! back to light5 x4 ,:5 ! *uck is f9i%$ all ov] 9 ! la!1 x %\ld balance mu* bett] ?an a ca/ iron "o1 z !re are n ! *ances ( hav+ bl[ holes 9 ! iron1 ?us ?r[+ ! *uck out ( balance4 ,anneal+ ,! di/ance t metal c be drawn )\t anneal+1 c only be le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,a flat blank rotat$ 9 ! la!1 be+ s(t1 w (f] little resi/ance & x c be gradually drawn d[n by a tool held "u ! *uck & aga9/ ! blank4 ,?is tool is pu%$ f ! c5t] outw>d & =w>d at ! same "t1 & e "t x passes ov] ! blank or disk ! metal becomes h>d] by friction1 & ! *ange ( =mation & ! resi/ance at ! po9t ( ! tool great]4 ,?is c be felt z ! tool is "u ! op]ator's arm4 ,:5 ! spr+ ( ! metal is su* t ! tool does n ga9 any1 b only h>d5s ! metal1 ! %ell %\ld be tak5 (f & anneal$4 ,if ! metal has be5 "u a sev]e /ra91 x %\ld be hamm]$ on ! horn ( an anvil or any metal piece t w support ! inside4 ,! hamm] %\ld be a wood or ra:ide mallet1 b nev] metal1 ! object be+ to put d5ts or flutes 9 ! metal to relieve ! /ra9 :5 heat+ = anneal+2 if ?is is n done ! %ell w crack4 ,aft] anneal+ ! %ell x %\ld be pickl$ to clean ! oxide or scale f ! surface2 o!rwise ! metal w be pitt$4 ,:5 ! scale is cr[d$ into ! metal & :5 x w n f9i% smoo? aft] sp9n+ to %ape1 ! metal c be f9i%$ by skimm+ or %av+ ! out] surface :i* cuts out all tool m>ks2 x c !n be f9i%$ ) m$ium em]y clo? or ! %ell c be bright dipp$1 & be run ov] ) a burni%+ tool be=e buff+4 ,burni%+ c be done on ! sp9n+ *uck1 b ! spe$ %\ld be high] ?an = sp9n+2 ?is requires "s skill = a good job1 & x c be done only on metal *ucks4 ,anneal+ is be/ accompli%$ 9 a wood or gas ov51 :]e a =ge fire is us$4 ,! metal %\ld nev] t\* ! coke or o!r fuel1 b x %\ld be held 9 ! flame above ! fire4 ,:]e only "p anneal+ is requir$1 ! %ell c be imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! "p to be anneal$ be+ expos$ above ! wat]1 & a bl[pipe us$ on x4 ,! rema9d] ( ! %ell w !n be h>d4 ,?is way ( anneal+ is sometimes necess>y on a special %apes4 ,brass %\ld be heat$ to a *]ry r$1 & held at t po9t = a few m9utes1 9 a muffle furnace4 ,if an op5 furnace is us$1 j br+ ! metal to a *]ry r$ & !n dip x 9 wat]2 ?is me?od is bett] ?an :5 wait+ = x to cool1 ! action be+ j ! opposite to t on /eel4 ,brass su* z ! common yell[ brass is n suitable = sp9n+1 !re be+ b #ee p] c5t copp] & #de p] c5t z9c4 ,!re are two grades ( brass suitable = sp9n+4 ,^! are kn[n z 8sp9n+ & draw+10 hav+ #fj p] c5t copp] & #dj p] c5t z9c1 & 8extra sp9n+ & draw+0 hav+ #fg p] c5t copp] & #cc p] c5t z9c4 ,!re is also a bett] grade kn[n z 8l[ brass0 hav+ f #ge to #hj p] c5t copp]2 x has ! color ( bronze & is only us$ on v deep & difficult sp9n+4 ,! scale1 aft] anneal+1 %\ld be pickl$ (f 9 an acid ba? 7describ$ fur!r on 9 ?is *apt]71 & ! "p ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 runn+ wat]4 ,brass1 ,g]man silv] & ! h>d] metals %\ld be hamm]$ be=e anneal+2 x is n necess>y to hamm] z9c1 copp]1 alum9um1 etc4 ,a pyromet] 9 an anneal+ furnace w\ld be an advantage :]e quantities ( ! s(t] metals su* z z9c1 alum9um1 etc41 are be+ heat$4 ,copp] is anneal$ ! same z brass & is also pickl$4 ,z9c is coat$ ) oil be=e be+ put 9 ! ov51 & :5 ! oil turns br[n1 :i* occurs :5 ! temp]ature is ab\t #cej degrees1 ! metal is ready to take out2 x %\ld !n be plung$ 9 wat] to %$ ! scale1 b n pickl$4 ,! melt+ po9t ( z9c is #ghj degrees ,f4 ,alum9um c be anneal$ ! same z z9c1 z ! melt+ po9t is #a1adj degrees ,f4 ,/eel %\ld be anneal$ by heat+ to a *]ry r$ & !n all[+ x to cool sl[ly2 x %\ld be scal$ 9 a special pickle1 ?or\ghly wa%$1 & !n put back 9 ! fire long en\gh to evaporate e p>ticle ( acid t may h rema9$ f ! pickl+ op]ation4 ,any acid rema9+ on ! /eel w neutralize any lubricant t is appli$ :5 sp9n+4 ,anneal+ %\ld be avoid$ :]ev] possible4 ,op5 he>? /eel only %\ld be us$4 ,x %\ld be free f scale & pref]ably cold roll$4 ,bessem] /eel is n suitable1 except = v %all[ sp9n+s4 ,t9 plate made f op5 he>? /eel c be spun ab\t "o-half z deep z its diamet] :]e ! %ape is n too irregul>4 ,g]man silv] is difficult to sp91 especially :5 x conta9s ov] #ae p] c5t nickel2 x has to be hamm]$ be=e anneal+1 ! same z brass1 to avoid cracks4 ,lubricants ,common yell[ soap cut up 9 /rips ab\t in* or in* squ>e is a good lubricant = sp9n+ mo/ metals4 ,x %\ld be appli$ ev5ly to ! disk or blank :ile x is revolv+1 by hold+ ! soap 9 ! h& & draw+ x across ! surface4 ,beeswax is ! be/ = sp9n+ /eel1 b x is exp5sive4 ,l>d oil mix$ ) :ite lead is a fair sub/itute4 ,ei!r mutton or beef tall[ appli$ ) a clo? swab is v good on mo/ all metals2 also vasel9e & graphite mix$ to a pa/e & appli$ ! same z tall[4 ,examples ( ,sp9n+ ,v>i\s ,metals ,! diff]5t metals are malleable1 ductile & t5aci\s 9 ! foll[+ ord]2 :ite metal or britannia1 alum9um1 z9c1 copp]1 l[ brass1 high brass1 ,g]man silv]1 /eel1 t9 plate4 ,:ite metal does n h>d5 9 sp9n+1 b x requires special skill 9 h&l+1 or ! metal w be ( v unev5 gage4 ,! be/ metal = an amateur to />t on is copp]1 z x is bo? t5aci\s & ductile1 & w /& mu* abuse 9 ! fire & on ! la!4 ,"o ( ! peculi> prop]ties ( z9c is t x has a gra9 or texture1 & :5 sp9n+1 ! two sides t g ?r\gh ! rolls l5g?wise w be long] ?an ! sides t h ! cross gra91 requir+ ! %ell to be trimm$ (f q a di/ance to ev5 ! edge4 ,to %[ ! possibilities ( work+ ! diff]5t metals1 & _! relative sp9n+ values1 a numb] ( articles made f diff]5t mat]ials are illu/rat$ h]e)4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,z9c ,lamp ,%ade ,spun 9 ,"o ,op]ation )\t ,anneal+ ,a z9c lamp %ade is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af t is #ad in*es 9 diamet] & #d in*es deep4 ,?is %ade 0 spun 9 "o op]ation1 )\t anneal+1 f a flat circul> blank4 ,all z9c %\ld be w>m$ be=e sp9n+1 ei!r ov] a gas burn] at ! la! or 9 hot soap wat]1 & ! *uck also %\ld be heat$1 z o!rwise ! blank w soon *ill1 if spun on a cold metal *uck1 z ! *uck absorbs ! heat long be=e ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,( c\rse ?is does n apply to wood5 *ucks4 ,! *uck may be heat$ by us+ ! burn] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 :i* is locat$ ar\nd ! sp9dle ( ! la!4 ,! size ( ! burn] %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be 9 proportion to t ( ! *uck us$4 ,! burn] illu/rat$ is #h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x has sev]al small holes drill$ = ! gas on ! side fac+ ! *uck4 ,! heat ( ! *uck is regulat$ by v>y+ ! supply ( gas to ! burn]4 ,! blank is heat$ be=e x is put on ! *uck & ! friction ( ! sp9n+ tool helps to keep x w>m until x comes 9 contact ) ! *uck4 ,! metal reta9s its heat until ! job is f9i%$1 & ?is sometimes saves an anneal+ op]ation4 ,9 ,fig4 #ah is %[n an example ( alum9um sp9n+4 ,! article illu/rat$ is a cuspidor hav+ a top #g in*es 9 diamet]1 a neck ) a #d-;in* fl>e1 a diamet] at ! top ( #i in*es1 & a height ( #f in*es4 ,?is %ell 0 spun )\t anneal+1 :i* %[s ! extreme ductility ( alum9um4 ,! copp] %ell %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 has a maximum diamet] ( #g in*es1 & a dep? ( #h in*es2 x 0 spun ) f\r anneal+s4 ,a ,g]man silv] reflector1 :i* is #aj in*es 9 diamet] at ! l>ge/ end & #e in*es deep1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! sp9n+ ( su* a reflector1 :5 made f ?is mat]ial1 is q difficult4 ,an op5 he>? cold-roll$ /eel %ell ) a maximum diamet] ( #c in*es & a dep? ( #d in*es is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,?is %ell 0 spun )\t anneal+1 :i* %[s t ! grade ( /eel us$ is well adapt$ = ?is "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,gas ,burn] = ,heat+ ,sp9n+ ,*uck ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ah & #ai4 ,examples ( ,alum9um & ,copp] ,sp9n+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,g]man ,silv] ,reflector ,fig4 #ba4 ,op5 ,he>? ,cold-roll$ ,/eel ,%ell ,9 ,fig4 #bb two f9i%$ brass %ells are %[n to ! "r1 & also ! numb] ( op]ations requir$ to *ange ! =m ( ! metal4 ,! upp] %ell is #f in*es long & #c in*es 9 diamet] at ! l>ge end1 :ile ! l[] "o is #g in*es long by #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x 0 necess>y to anneal ^! %ells betwe5 ea* op]ation1 ! upp] %ell be+ anneal$ f\r times & ! l[] "o ?ree times4 ,^! pieces 7 made 9 quantities suffici5t to w>rant ! mak+ ( *ucks = ea* op]ation1 :i* enabl$ !m to be spun ) less skill ?an w\ld be requir$ if a f9i%+ *uck only 7 made4 ,:5 a s+le f9i%+ *uck is us$1 ! v>i\s op]ations 9 sp9n+ a %ell ( ?is k9d w\ld be left to ! judgm5t ( ! sp9n]1 :o w\ld decide ! limit ( ! /ret* ( metal betwe5 ! op]ations be=e anneal+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,v>i\s ,/eps 9 ,sp9n+ ! ,two ,brass ,%ells at ! ,"r ,a brass %ell t is made 9 five op]ations & ) f\r anneal+s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! f9i%+ *uck us$ is a split or key *uck on :i* x is necess>y to cut out ! end ( ! %ell 9 ord] to )draw ! key aft] ! %ell is spun4 ,?is %ell1 :i* is %[n f9i%$ to ! "r1 is #e in*es long4 ,x is spun smoo? on a ma*9e /eel *uck1 & is n skimm$1 b gone ov] ) a plani%+ tool at ! la/ op]ation4 ,! two pieces %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb 7 also f9i%$ 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,ano!r ,brass ,sp9n+ ,op]ation2 ! ,*uck us$ is %[n at ,a ,fig4 #bd %[s a brass %ell1 :i* is a good example ( 8air sp9n+10 s call$ because ! f9i%+ or second op]ation on "p ( ! %ape is done 9 ! air1 ?us avoid+ ! use ( a sectional or split *uck4 ,! %ell %[n is ab\t #e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! fir/ or break+-d[n *uck is %[n at ,a4 ,! neck or small "p ( ! piece1 & also a portion ( ! sph]ical surface1 is =m$ by ! sp9n+ tool )\t any support f ! *uck4 ,aft] ! %ell is spun or brok5 d[n on *uck ,a1 x is anneal$ & pickl$4 ,x is !n put back on *uck ,a & plani%$ or h>d5$ on ! "p t is to reta9 its pres5t %ape4 ,! "w is !n plac$ on ! *uck ,b & ! s(t "p is manipulat$ by ! tool until x con=ms to ! %ape %[n to ! "r4 ,:ile ?is s(t "p ( ! metal is be+ =m$1 ! "p :i* 0 previ\sly h>d5$ reta9s its %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,an ,example ( 8,air ,sp9n+0 & ! ,*ucks us$ ,v>i\s ,types ( ,metal-sp9n+ ,*ucks & _! ,con/ruction ,a miscellane\s collection ( sp9n+ *ucks is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,z w be se51 ! l>g] ones are ma*9$ out 9 ! back to light5 !m1 & also to give !m an ev5 balance4 ,! l>g] ( ^? illu/rat$ measure ab\t #i in*es 9 diamet]1 & !y are made ( ca/ iron1 :ile ! small] *ucks %[n 9 ?is view are ( ma*9e /eel4 ,! *uck m>k$ ,a is a key *uck4 ,ano!r collection ( sp9n+ *ucks ( v>i\s %apes is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,^? 9 ! upp] r[ are all key or split *ucks1 & ! keys are %[n )drawn f ! sockets4 ,all ^! *ucks1 up to #f in*es 9 diamet]1 are made ( ma*9e /eel2 ^? se5 9 ! l[] r[ are %apes :i* are comp>atively easy to sp94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,miscellane\s ,collection ( ,sp9n+ ,*ucks ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,ano!r ,gr\p ( ,sp9n+ ,*ucks4 ,^? 9 ! ,upp] ,r[ are ( ! ,split or ,key ,type ,a collection ( h>d maple *ucks is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 "s ( :i* repres5t %apes t are difficult to sp94 ,! *uck ,a is #ae in*es long1 & ! maximum diamet] ( ,b is #ab in*es4 ,^! figures w s]ve to give an idea ( ! proportions ( ! o!r *ucks4 ,all ( ! *ucks %[n h ?reads cut 9 !m & !y are screw$ directly to ! sp9dle ( ! la!1 ! faceplate be+ disp5s$ )4 ,"s ( ! l>g] wood5 *ucks us$ measure approximately #e feet 9 diamet]4 ,a *uck ( ?is size is built up ( sections :i* are glu$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,sp9n+ ,*ucks made f ,h>d ,maple ,a numb] ( bronze sectional split *ucks are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,:5 sp9n+ ov] a sectional *uck1 x is fir/ necess>y to break d[n ! %ell z f> z is practicable on a solid *uck4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 to leave suffici5t cle>ance s t ! "w may be )drawn4 ,! %ell is !n anneal$1 aft] :i* x is put on ! sectional *uck & ! "u cut or small end is spun d[n to ! *uck surface4 ,:5 ! entire surface ( ! %ell is spun d[n to a be>+1 ! %ell is plani%$ or skimm$ to a smoo? surface2 ! op5 edge is also trimm$ ev5 & ! %ell is poli%$ ) em]y clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,a ,gr\p ( ,bronze ,sectional ,*ucks ,a l>ge bronze *uck ( sev5 sections1 "o ( :i* is a key section1 is %[n at ,a4 ,! l>ge/ diamet] ( ?is *uck is #aj in*es4 ,x has a ca/ iron c5t] hub & a /eel cap at ! top = hold+ ! sections 9 place4 ,?is cap1 :5 9 place 9 ! reta9+ groove %[n1 is flu% ) ! top ( ! *uck4 ,ano!r l>ge *uck hav+ five sections & "o key section is %[n at ,b4 ,! reta9+ cap 9 ?is case is ( a diff]5t =m4 ,! l[] p>ts ( ! sections ( all ^! *ucks fit 9 a groove at ! bottom ( ! hub4 ,a *uck ( five sections t is )\t a b9d+ cap1 is %[n at ,c4 ,?is is n a good design z ! hub or c5t] is too /raight1 & all ( ! grip or drive is f ! bottom groove1 :i* is n suffici5t4 ,! %ape %[n at ,d is m difficult to sp9 ?an any ( ! o!rs1 z x is small] at ! op5+ 9 proportion to its size4 ,?is *uck also requires m sections 9 ord] t x may be )drawn f ! %ell aft] ! latt] is spun4 ,! *uck ,e is int5d$ = a small %ell t is also difficult to sp94 ,! drive p9s :i* prev5t ! segm5ts ( ! *uck ,e f turn+ may be se5 project+ f its base4 ,! c5t]+ p9s at ! out] end ( *ucks ,d & ,e & ! b9d+ caps may also be se54 ,! *uck ,a1 because ( its size1 is holl[$ out to r$uce ! weight4 ,all ( ^! *ucks 7 made = h>d s]vice1 & !y h be5 us$ 9 sp9n+ ?\s&s ( %ells4 ,ano!r gr\p ( sectional *ucks is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,!y are mo/ly made f h>d maple4 ,! sections ( *uck ,a are plan$ & fitt$ toge!r & ?9 pieces ( pap] are glu$ to ^! sections be=e !y are glu$ collectively = turn+4 ,by us+ ! pap] betwe5 ! jo9ts1 ! sections may be easily sep>at$ aft] !y are turn$ to ! prop] size & =m4 ,if ! diff]5t sections 7 glu$ )\t pap] betwe5 !m1 ! jo9t =m$ w\ld be s good t ! sep>ation ( ! sections c\ld n be controll$1 & p>ts f opposite sections w\ld be torn away4 ,! use ( ! pap]1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! glu$ jo9ts1 controls ! sep>ation ( ! sections4 ,! *uck %[n at ,d is also made ) ! pap] betwe5 ! sections4 ,*ucks ,b & ,e are turn$ f ! solid1 c>e be+ tak5 to h ! gra9 ( ! wood l5g?wise4 ,aft] !y are turn$ to ! requir$ =m1 !y are split into sections ) a %>p *isel4 ,be=e do+ ?is1 ! key-section %\ld fir/ be laid out4 ,!re %\ld be z few sections z possible1 ! numb] be+ j suffici5t to enable ! )draw+ ( ! *uck f ! %ell aft] ! latt] is spun to %ape4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ a *uck1 :ile quick] ?an ! o!r1 is n good practice1 except = small "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,sectional ,*ucks made f ,wood ,a lignum vit *uck is %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #cj2 ?is 0 made ) pap] betwe5 ! sections4 ,! key-section is %[n on top4 ,?is wood1 :ile be+ m durable ?an h>d maple1 co/s sixte5 c5ts a p\nd 9 ! r\gh &1 c\nt+ ! wa/e mat]ial1 is n any *eap] ?an bronze1 & is less durable4 ,! h>d maple *ucks ,b & ,c 7 turn$ f ! solid1 aft] :i* ! sections 7 split4 ,! segm5ts %[n 9 ! c5t] ( ! illu/ration did n split ev5ly1 ow+ to a w9d+ or twi/+ gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,o!r ,examples ( ,wood5 ,sectional ,*ucks ,! con/ruction ( a sectional sp9n+ *uck is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is illu/ration also %[s ! prop] proportion = ! c5tral hub & its tap]4 ,?is hub %\ld nev] be /raight1 b %\ld h f #e to #g degrees tap] on ! c5tral "p4 ,!re %\ld also be a tap] ( #a degree on ! o!r b9d+ surfaces z indicat$4 ,^! p>ts are made tap]+ s t ! %ell c be releas$ f ! la! aft] sp9n+1 )\t hamm]+ or driv+2 :5 /raight surfaces are us$ ! "w has to be pri$ (f1 & x is also h>d] to set up ! sections = ! next %ell4 ,ano!r disadvantage is t ) /raight fitt+s ! we> _c be tak5 up4 ,an end cap or b9d] %\ld be us$ :]ev] possible z x /eadies ! *uck4 ,a drive p9 %\ld also be us$ & ! hole = x drill$ 9 ! l>ge/ section2 ?is is important1 z x gives ! sections a m positive drive4 ,if !y slip !y w soon we> !mselves loose & leave op5+s at ! jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,elevation & ,plan %[+ ,con/ruction ( ,sectional ,*uck ,! plan view %[s ! me?od ( lay+ out ! v>i\s sections4 ,! key %\ld be laid out fir/4 ,"o key is en\gh = ! p>ticul> =m ( *uck illu/rat$1 b x is (t5 necess>y to use two key sections :5 ! %ell op5+ is small4 ,:5 a sectional *uck is to be made1 x is important to decide fir/ on ! size ( ! c5tral hub ,a1 ! numb] ( sections ,c1 & also ! design ( ! cap or b9d] ,b4 ,?is cap mu/ n exce$ 9 size ! op5+ 9 ! f9i%$ %ell1 z x w\ld be impossible to remove x aft] ! *uck sections 7 tak5 out4 ,aft] ! size ( ! hub ,a has be5 decid$ ^u1 a wood5 =m %\ld be turn$ t is a duplicate ( ,a1 except t a sph]ical surface ,e %\ld be add$4 ,?is sph]ical "p %\ld be slightly small] ?an ! inn] diamet] ( ! bronze sections 9 ord] to all[ = ma*9+ !m4 ,9 turn+ ?is wood5 patt]n on :i* ! pla/] patt]ns = ! sections are to be =m$1 ! %\ld] ,d %\ld be omitt$1 z a removable metal r+ w take its place4 ,:5 ! wood5 hub is ready1 two metal p>titions or templets ( ! same outl9e z ! *uck1 ?\gh ab\t "o-half in* l>g] ?an its total diamet]1 = %r9kage & f9i%+1 are fa/5$ to ! hub 9 ! correct position = mak+ a pla/] patt]n = ! key section4 ,^! patt]ns %\ld h ext5sion ends s t ! sections :5 ca/ may be held by !m :ile !y are be+ turn$4 ,! templets %\ld be bank$ ar\nd ) a wad ( clay1 & !y %\ld also be coat$ on ! inside ) sp]m oil to keep ! pla/] f /ick+4 ,!re %\ld be two brads driv5 9 ! hub = ea* section ( pla/] to hold ! sections 9 place :ile !y are be+ turn$4 ,aft] ! pla/] = ! key section has h>d5$1 ! templets %\ld be locat$ "o on ea* side ( ! key section1 s t ! two adjac5t sections may be made4 ,9 ?is way all ! sections are f9i%$4 ,aft] ab\t =ty-eight h\rs ! pla/] w be h>d en\gh to turn 9 ! la! ) a h& tool4 ,! =m %\ld be r\ghly outl9$ & pl5ty ( /ock left = %r9kage1 z bronze %r9ks consid]ably4 ,be=e tak+ ! sections (f ! wood5 frame1 ! metal b& ,d %\ld be remov$ to all[ ! sections to be sep>at$4 ,?is %\ld n be done1 h[ev]1 until !y are numb]$1 s t !y c be aga9 plac$ 9 _! prop] positions4 ,aft] ! sections are ca/1 !y %\ld be surfac$ on a disk gr9d]1 or f9i%$ ) a file1 c>e be+ tak5 to remove z little metal z possible4 ,ea* section is next t9n$ on bo? contact faces1 & !n all are assembl$ & sweat$ or sold]$ toge!r by a bl[-pipe4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to put a c\ple ( /rong metal b&s ar\nd ! sections to hold !m firmly 9 place :5 sold]+ & also to support !m dur+ ! turn+ op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,a ,mod]n ,sp9n+ ,la! ,! c5tral hub ,a %\ld be ma*9$ fir/2 !n ! assembl$ outside %ell %\ld be ma*9$ to fit ! hub ,a1 bo? on ! tap] "p & at ! po9t ,d4 ,:ile ! segm5ts are be+ bor$ & fac$1 !y are held by ! ext5sion ends 7n %[n7 :i* 7 provid$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is out] %ell %\ld also be ma*9$ all ov] ! inside s t x w be 9 balance4 ,x is !n tak5 out ( ! *uck & a hole is drill$ 9 ! l>ge/ section = drive p9 ,h4 ,! hub ,a is !n caught 9 ! la! *uck ) ! assembl$ sections on x1 & a seat is turn$ = ! cap ,b4 ,aft] ?is is done ! b9d] b&s c be remov$1 b n be=e4 ,! *uck c be f9i%$ ) a h& tool & file aft] ! r\gh+ cut is tak54 ,aft] ! sections are remov$ f ! hub & numb]$ at ! bottom or inn] ends1 !y c be sep>at$ by heat+ !m4 ,if ! jo9ts are prop]ly fitt$ !re w be only a ?9 film ( sold]1 :i* c be wip$ (f :5 hot4 ,a tw5ty-f\r-in* metal sp9n+ la! t is rigg$ up 9 a mod]n way1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! h& :eel ( ! tail/ock has be5 disc>d$ = ! lev] ,a1 :i* is m rapid & c be manipulat$ )\t /opp+ ! la!4 ,?is la! has a roll] be>+ = ! c5t] ,b :i* is a practical improvem5t ov] types previ\sly us$4 ,! p9 ,c1 :i* is us$ 9 ! re/ z a fulcrum = ! sp9n+ tools1 is also an improvem5t1 be+ l>g] ?an ^? ord9>ily us$4 ,x is in* 9 diamet]1 #f in*es long1 & x has a r$uc$ end = ! holes 9 ! re/1 in* 9 diamet] by #a in* long4 ,?is p9 is l>ge en\gh s t ! sp9n] c conv5i5tly hold x ) 8 left h& :5 necess>y1 & x c also be rapidly *ang$ to diff]5t holes4 ,! p9s ord9>ily us$1 because ( _! small size1 d n h ^! advantages4 ,! spe$ ( a sp9n+ la! hav+ a five-/ep cone %\ld be ab\t #b1bej to #b1cjj revolutions p] m9ute ) ! belt on ! smalle/ /ep1 & f #fjj to #gjj revolutions p] m9ute ) ! belt on ! l>ge/ /ep4 ,! fa/e/ spe$ giv5 is suitable = all "w "u #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! sl[e/ = "w )9 ! capacity ( ! la!4 ,on l>ge %ells x is sometimes necess>y to *ange f "o spe$ to ano!r z ! "w progresses4 ,figs4 #cc & #cd %[ ! sp9n] at "w1 & illu/rate h[ ! tool %\ld be held1 & also ! prop] position ( ! left h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,view %[+ h[ ! ,tool is held :5 ,sp9n+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,ano!r ,view %[+ ! ,position ( ! ,sp9n] & ! ,way ! ,tool is held :5 =m+ ! ,metal ,con/ruction ( ! ,tail/ock & ,back-c5t] ,fig4 #ce %[s a sp9n+-la! tail/ock1 :i* has be5 *ang$ f ! h&-:eel-&-screw type to "o hav+ a lev] & a roll] be>+4 ,! sp9dle ,a :i* is )drawn f ! lev] & turn$ "o-qu>t] ( a revolution to give a bett] view ( ! roll]s1 is made f #a-;in* cold roll$ /eel4 ,! roll]s aga9/ :i* ! c5t] be>s d n project beyond ! sp9dle1 s t ! latt] c be )drawn ?r\gh ! tail/ock4 ,?is elim9ates ! excessive ov]hang caus$ by ball be>+s & o!r c5t]s4 ,:5 ! c5t] projects too f>1 ! tail/ock _c be set close to ! "w ow+ to ! necessity ( )draw+ ! c5t] :5 remov+ ! spun "p4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple to a sp9n+ la! is orig9al & ! type ( c5t] illu/rat$ 0 us$ only aft] all o!r k9ds _h fail$1 includ+ all ! types ( ball be>+s & revolv+ p9s4 ,! be/ =ms ( ball be>+ c5t]s d n la/ ov] a ye>1 if 9 con/ant use1 & !y w n always revolve on small "w4 ,two o!r sp9dles are %[n 9 ?is engrav+1 :i* 7 tak5 f o!r la!s 9 ord] to %[ diff]5t views ( ! p>ts4 ,! cyl9drical pieces ,b are ! h>d5$ friction roll]s :i* belong 9 ! slot ( ! sp9dle ,f1 & ,c is ! h>d5$ p9 ^u :i* !y revolve4 ,! h>d5$ c5t] ,d has a ?read$ end on :i* ! back-c5t]s ,e ( diff]5t l5g?s & %apes are screw$4 ,! friction roll]s %\ld always be 9 a v]tical position1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to h !m exactly c5tral ) ! sp9dle4 ,see ,transcrib]'s ,note at ! end ( ?is book4 & also gives ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( a roll] be>+ = a #a-;in* sp9dle4 ,a is a h>d5$ /eel bu%+1 :i* is driv5 into ! ma*9e /eel sp9dle4 ,! p>ts ,b are ! h>d5$ /eel roll]s :i* travel 9 opposite directions4 ,^! roll]s h a small am\nt ( friction1 & ?is is di/ribut$ ov] a l>ge area4 ,a sp9dle revolv+ at #b1cjj revolutions p] m9ute w n cause ^! roll]s to rotate v rapidly1 :ile a ball be>+ ) balls travel+ 9 a *annel #a in* or #b in*es 9 diamet] w\ld be travel+ at ! same spe$ z ! driv+ sp9dle4 ,!y also we> out rapidly z ! end /ra9 is v great1 x be+ necess>y to =ce ! c5t] aga9/ ! metal ) consid]able pressure to keep x f slipp+4 ,c is ! h>d5$ p9 ^u :i* ! roll]s revolve1 & ,d is ! h>d5$ sp9dle on :i* ! v>i\s back-c5t]s are screw$4 ,! coll> ,e %\ld ei!r be flatt5$ = a wr5*1 or a _/-in* hole1 9 :i* a wire c be ins]t$1 %\ld be drill$ ?r\gh ! sp9dle1 s t x c be kept f rotat+ :5 screw+ on ! back-c5t]s4 ,"s sp9n]s pref] ! sp9dle loose1 s t x c be )drawn :5 *ang+ ! c5t]s1 :ile o!rs pref] "o ) consid]able lat]al motion1 b n en\gh to p]mit ( )drawal4 ,by ins]t+ a screw-po9t 9 ! recess ,f1 ! c5t] has consid]able lat]al motion1 b n en\gh to all[ x to be )drawn4 ,?is recess is useful 9 t x helps to di/ribute ! oil4 ,all p>ts %\ld be h>d5$ & drawn to a light /raw color2 !y %\ld also be gr\nd or lapp$ to a true fit aft] h>d5+4 ,back-c5t]s ( ?is con/ruction h be5 9 use = ov] ?ree ye>s 9 "o e/abli%m5t1 & x has n be5 necess>y to replace a s+le "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,detail$ ,view ( a ,sp9n+-la! ,tail/ock ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,sectional ,view %[+ ! ,back-c5t] & its ,d\ble ,roll] ,be>+ ,tools ,us$ 9 ,metal ,sp9n+ ,fig4 #cg %[s an atta*m5t :i* is us$ to roll any bead or =m4 ,?is tool1 :5 9 use1 is ins]t$ 9 ! tail/ock sp9dle 9 place ( ! regul> c5t]4 ,x is adju/able = any diamet]4 ,! roll illu/rat$ is = mak+ a %>p turn1 b r\nds & o!r =ms are us$4 ,! %ell be+ spun by ?is tool %\ld be held on a holl[ *uck4 ,! roll is set at a po9t :]e ! metal is to be turn$ ov]1 & by its use ! curve may be gov]n$ & made uni=m ) less skill ?an :5 ! "w is done by 8air sp9n+40 ,9 addition1 ! sp9n+ may be done 9 less "t4 ,?is atta*m5t1 = "s %apes1 makes ! use ( sectional *ucks unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,atta*m5t us$ = ,roll+ ,%>p ,turns & ,beads ,fig4 #ch %[s sev]al sp9n+ tools1 ! heads ( :i* 7 turn$ 9 ! la! in/ead ( be+ =g$4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ sp9n+ tools is believ$ to be orig9al4 ,! sp9n]s pref] !m to ! tools :i* are =g$ 9 "o piece1 because ! heads :i* are screw$ to ! %anks are made ( ! be/ quality ( /eel1 su* z ! high-spe$ or self-h>d5+ /eel4 ,! %apes are also bett] & ! surfaces m true4 ,! heads ( ^! tools are all ?read$ ) /&>d -in*1 -in* & -in* pipe taps1 accord+ to ! size4 ,obvi\sly1 a sp9n] c h z _m diff]5t %ap$ heads z may be requir$ ( ea* ( ! sizes giv51 & only "o h&le4 ,! tap]+ ?reads 9 ^! heads insure t !y w always screw on ! %anks tightly no matt] h[ (t5 !y may be replac$4 ,! -in* size takes a -in* cold roll$ hold]2 ! -in*1 a -in* hold]1 & ! -in*1 a -in* hold]4 ,^! w be f\nd l>ge en\gh = ! heavie/ "w4 ,! egg-%ap$ tool ,a is a good =m = r\gh+ or break+ d[n1 z x has pl5ty ( cle>ance on ! heel1 & a blunt po9t t w n te> ! metal4 ,?is tool is %[n 9 f\r sizes4 ,! ball or sph]ical tool ,b is a good "o to use on curves & l>ge sweeps4 ,! tool ,c is elliptic1 & is slightly diff]5t f ,a1 z x has a blunt] po9t4 ,"o ( ^! heads is %[n at ,d screw$ onto a r$uc] by :i* x is held 9 ! la! *uck :ile be+ turn$4 ,^! heads or po9ts c also be turn$ :ile on ! h&le by us+ a /eady re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,metal ,sp9n+ ,tools ) ,high-spe$ ,/eel ,removable ,heads ,a gr\p ( trimm]s1 skimm]s & edg]s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,?ree skimm]s ( ! built-up type are illu/rat$1 ! %anks be+ ( ma*9e /eel & ! blades be+ rivet$ to ! hold]s4 ,^! blades are made ( ei!r high-spe$ or regul> /eel4 ,skimm]s :i* are =g$ 9 ! regul> way f "o piece ( /eel1 are %[n at ,b4 ,a numb] ( edg]s ,c1 :i* are made ( high-spe$ or self-h>d5+ /eel1 are also illu/rat$4 ,^! tools are us$ )\t h&les until !y are worn d[n %ort1 aft] :i* tangs are =g$ on _! ends & !y are us$ 9 h&les4 ,edg]s are utiliz$ on all k9ds ( "w = trimm+ ! ends ( ! %ells4 ,! skimm] is seldom us$ on metal *ucks1 b mo/ly 9 connection ) wood5 *ucks1 :]e ! metal _c be smoo!d d[n ) a plani%]4 ,! skimm] is run ov] ! metal lightly1 tak+ a ?9 %av+ & smoo?+ ! unev5 surfaces4 ,x requires consid]able skill to use ?is tool )\t wa/+ ! metal4 ,! surface ( ! "w is f9i%$ ) em]y clo? aft] skimm+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,tools us$ = ,trimm+ & ,skimm+ ,spun ,"w ,figs4 #dj & #da %[ a numb] ( sp9n+ tools ( v>i\s %apes4 ,! lett]s ,a indicate ! break+-d[n or r\nd-nos$ tools ( diff]5t sizes4 ,?is type ( tool1 :i* is f9i%$ smoo? & has a blunt po9t1 is us$ = =m+ corn]s & %>p angles1 & x is ! tool mo/ commonly us$ by sp9n]s4 ,! plani%]s & burni%]s ,b are us$ on all convex surfaces & = f9i%+ on metal *ucks :]e !re is to be no skimm+ done4 ,! tools ,c are kn[n z hook or pok] tools1 & !y are us$ to turn up beads or curves f ! inside ( ! %ell4 ,! hold]s hav+ roll]s are us$ = turn+ ov] beads1 ! metal fir/ be+ trimm$ & turn$ to a v]tical position4 ,! o!r %apes %[n are irregul> tools = special "w & !y are n 9 daily use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,a ,gr\p ( ,sp9n+ ,tools ( ,v>i\s ,%apes ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,ano!r ,gr\p ( ,sp9n+ ,tools ,two pairs ( sp9n]s' pli]s = turn+ ov] ! edge ( ! metal :5 mak+ l>ge curves are %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,! w$ge-%ap$ pieces %[n 9 ?is illu/ration are us$ :5 break+ d[n or r\gh+ %ells to give a be>+ to ! metal 9 ord] to prev5t x f wr9kl+ or buckl+ :5 *ang+ its =mation4 ,^! pieces are made ( h>d wood ) ! exception ( ! "o to ! "r1 :i* is ( /eel4 ,:5 "o ( ^! pieces is 9 use x is held 9 ! left h& at a po9t directly opposite ! sp9n+ tool1 ! metal be+ betwe5 ! two4 ,wood is pref]able 9 mo/ cases1 z x does n h>d5 ! metal blank4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,sp9n]s' ,pli]s :i* are us$ = turn+ ! ,edge ( ! ,metal :5 mak+ a ,l>ge ,b5d ,! tools %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc are us$ 9 sp9n+ /eel4 ,! r\nd tools are ( drawn brass1 & !y c be us$ :]e ! /eel tools _c1 = :ile a /eel tool is p]fection on brass1 a brass tool is ! only ?+ on /eel4 ,x we>s out1 h[ev]1 mu* m rapidly ?an "o ( /eel4 ,! rolls %[n 9 ! c5t] are us$ = break+ d[n /eel %ells4 ,^! tools are h>d5$ & h h>d5$ roll] be>+s4 ,! h&les are made ( "o-in* iron pipe1 :i* is fill$ ) lead to give weight & /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,"s ,sp9n+ ,tools us$ 9 ,work+ ,/eel ,h>d wood tools t are us$ = break+ d[n l>ge ?9 copp] blanks rang+ f #b to #e feet 9 diamet] are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,^! tools are also us$ :]e ! surface t ! tool w cov] )\t h>d5+ ! metal is important4 ,blanks :i* are brok5 d[n ) ^! tools are f9i%$ ) ! regul> types4 ,! h&les ( sp9n+ tools v>y 9 diamet] f #a to #a in*1 & 9 l5g? f #af in*es to #bj in*es4 ,! tools %\ld project f ! h&les f #i to #ah in*es1 & ! total l5g? ( ! tool & h&le %\ld av]age f #cj to #cd in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,wood5 ,tools :i* are us$ on ,l>ge ,?9 ,copp] ,blanks ,a gr\p ( wood work+ tools is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,^! tools are ( ! type commonly us$ by sp9n]s = turn+ ! v>i\s %apes ( wood5 sp9n+ *ucks4 ,z ! tools illu/rat$ are ! k9d regul>ly us$ = wood turn+ by patt]nmak]s & o!r wood-work]s g5]ally1 !y w ne$ no description4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,wood-turn+ ,tools :i* are us$ 9 turn+ ,sp9n+ ,*ucks ,prep>ation ( ! ,metal ,brass1 copp]1 & ,g]man silv] %\ld be pickl$ aft] anneal+ 9 ord] to get ! scale or oxide f ! surface4 ,!re are furnaces t anneal )\t scal+ by exclud+ ! air :5 heat+1 b !y are n 9 g5]al use4 ,a pickl+ ba? may be made by us+ "o "p ( oil ( vitriol 7sulphuric acid7 & five p>ts ( wat]4 ,! %ells c be put 9 hot1 or ! ba? c be heat$ by a coil ( lead or copp] pipe runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,/eam 9 no case %\ld ent] ! ba?1 z ! iron 9 ! fe$ pipe w spoil ! pickle4 ,any basket or box t may be us$ to hold ! %ells 9 ! pickle %\ld n conta9 any iron4 ,if a box is us$ x %\ld be held toge!r ) copp] nails4 ,! pickle c be us$ cold1 b x w take a little long] "t to remove ! scale4 ,z soon z ! scale is free1 :i* w be 9 ab\t half an h\r1 ! %ells %\ld be remov$ or wa%$ ?or\ghly 9 runn+ wat]4 ,! %ells %\ld be all[$ to dry be=e ! next op]ation1 :i* is t ( sp9n+4 ,a lead-l9$ wood5 tank or an e>!n j> may be us$ = hold+ ! pickle4 ,! pickle :i* is us$ = /eel %\ld be ab\t half z /rong z t employ$ = brass4 ,aft] ! "w is 9 ?is pickle1 ! latt] %\ld be br\ght to ! boil+ po9t1 aft] :i* ! pieces %\ld be tak5 out & wa%$4 ,!y are !n replac$ 9 ! fire = a %ort "t to evaporate any acid t may rema9 aft] wa%+4 ,f9i%$ brass articles may be giv5 diff]5t %ades by dipp+ !m 9 a solution consi/+ ( "o "p aqua =tis 7nitric acid7 & two p>ts oil ( vitriol4 ,?is solution %\ld /& sev5 or eight h\rs to cool aft] mix+1 & be kept 9 a crock imm]s$ 9 a wat] ba?4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,a ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,%op ,,& ,,draft+-,,room ,,ma!matics1 ,,me*anics1 ,,ma*9e ,,design ,,& ,,%op ,,practice ,any intellig5t man engag$ 9 me*anical "w c acquire a well-r\nd$ me*anical education by us+ z a guide 9 8 /udies ! outl9e ( ! c\rse 9 me*anical subjects giv5 bel[4 ,! c\rse is laid out s z to make x possible = a man ( little or no education to g ahead1 beg9n+ :]ev] he f9ds t 8 ne$s beg94 ,! c\rse is made up ( units s t x may be foll[$ ei!r f beg9n+ to end2 or ! read] may *oose any specific subject :i* may be ( especial importance to him4 ,prelim9>y ,c\rse 9 ,ari?metic ,,jig ,,%eets #a;,a ,,to #e;,a3--,:ole ,numb]s3 ,addition1 ,subtraction1 ,multiplication1 ,division1 & ,factor+4 ,,jig ,,%eets #f;,a ,,to #ae;,a3--,common ,fractions & ,decimal ,fractions4 ,%op ,calculations ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ah4 ,,%op ,,ari?metic ,,= ,,! ,,ma*9i/4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #eb4 ,,advanc$ ,,%op ,,ari?metic ,,= ,,! ,,ma*9i/4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ec4 ,,use ,,( ,,log>i?mic ,,tables4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,nos4 #ed & #ee4 ,,solution ,,( ,,triangles4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #af4 ,,ma!matical ,,tables4 ,a book = g5]al ref]5ce4 ,draft+-room ,practice ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #b4 ,,draft+-,,room ,,practice4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #h4 ,,work+ ,,draw+s ,,& ,,draft+-,,room ,,k9ks4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #cc4 ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,! ,,draft+-,,room4 ,g5]al ,%op ,practice ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #aj4 ,,examples ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,%op ,,practice4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #g4 ,,la! ,,& ,,plan] ,,tools4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #be4 ,,deep ,,hole ,,drill+4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ch4 ,,gr9d+ ,,& ,,gr9d+ ,,ma*9es4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #dh4 ,,files ,,& ,,fil+4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #cb4 ,,screw ,,?read ,,cutt+4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #a4 ,,screw ,,?reads4 ,tables relat+ to all ! /&>d sy/ems4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #b4 ,,screws1 ,,bolts ,,& ,,nuts4 ,tables ( /&>ds4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,nos4 #aj & #aa4 ,,ma*9e ,,tool ,,op]ation4 ,tables relat+ to ! op]ation ( la!s1 screw ma*9es1 mill+ ma*9es1 etc4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,nos4 #ej & #ea4 ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,assembl+ ,,ma*9e ,,tools4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #eg4 ,,metal ,,sp9n+4 ,jigs & ,fixtures ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,nos4 #da1 #db & #dc4 ,,jigs ,,& ,,fixtures4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #c4 ,,drill ,,jigs4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #d4 ,,mill+ ,,fixtures4 ,pun* & ,die ,"w ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #f4 ,,pun* ,,& ,,die ,,"w4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ac4 ,,blank+ ,,dies4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #bf4 ,,mod]n ,,pun* ,,& ,,die ,,con/ruction4 ,tool ,mak+ ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #fd4 ,,gage ,,mak+ ,,& ,,lapp+4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ba4 ,,measur+ ,,tools4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ca4 ,,screw ,,?read ,,tools ,,& ,,gages4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #c4 ,,taps ,,& ,,?read+ ,,dies4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #d4 ,,ream]s1 ,,sockets1 ,,drills1 ,,& ,,mill+ ,,cutt]s4 ,h>d5+ & ,temp]+ ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #df4 ,,h>d5+ ,,& ,,temp]+4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #fc4 ,,heat ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,/eel4 ,blacksmi? ,%op ,practice & ,drop ,=g+ ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #dd4 ,,ma*9e ,,blacksmi?+4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #fa4 ,,blacksmi? ,,%op ,,practice4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #de4 ,,drop ,,=g+4 ,automobile ,con/ruction ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ei4 ,,ma*9es1 ,,tools ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,automobile ,,manufacture4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #fj4 ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,automobiles4 ,!oretical ,me*anics ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #e4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,!oretical ,,me*anics4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ai4 ,,use ,,( ,,=mulas ,,9 ,,me*anics4 ,ge>+ ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ae4 ,,spur ,,ge>+4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #cg4 ,,bevel ,,ge>+4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #a4 ,,worm ,,ge>+4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #bj4 ,,spiral ,,ge>+4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #e4 ,,spur ,,ge>+4 ,g5]al ref]5ce book conta9+ tables & =mulas4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #f4 ,,bevel1 ,,spiral ,,& ,,worm ,,ge>+4 ,g5]al ref]5ce book conta9+ tables & =mulas4 ,g5]al ,ma*9e ,design ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #i4 ,,design+ ,,& ,,cutt+ ,,cams4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #aa4 ,,be>+s4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ef4 ,,ball ,,be>+s4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #eh4 ,,helical ,,& ,,elliptic ,,spr+s4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ag4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,cyl9d]s4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #bb4 ,,calculations ,,( ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,design4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #bd4 ,,examples ,,( ,,calculat+ ,,designs4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #dj4 ,,fly:eels4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #g4 ,,%aft+1 ,,keys ,,& ,,keyways4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #h4 ,,be>+s1 ,,c\pl+s1 ,,clut*es1 ,,crane ,,*a9 ,,& ,,hooks4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #i4 ,,spr+s1 ,,slides ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,details4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #ai4 ,,belt1 ,,rope ,,& ,,*a9 ,,drives4 ,ma*9e ,tool ,design ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ad4 ,,details ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,tool ,,design4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #af4 ,,ma*9e ,,tool ,,drives4 ,crane ,design ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #bc4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,crane ,,design4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #dg4 ,,design ,,( ,,electric ,,ov]head ,,cranes4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #di4 ,,gird]s ,,= ,,electric ,,ov]head ,,cranes4 ,/eam & ,gas ,eng9e ,design ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,nos4 #fg to #gb1 inclusive4 ,,/eam ,,boil]s1 ,,eng9es1 ,,turb9es ,,& ,,accessories4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #ae4 ,,heat1 ,,/eam1 ,,/eam ,,& ,,gas ,,eng9es4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #ac4 ,,boil]s ,,& ,,*imneys4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #fe4 ,,=mulas ,,& ,,con/ants ,,= ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,design4 ,special ,c\rse 9 ,locomotive ,design ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #bg4 ,,boil]s1 ,,cyl9d]s1 ,,?rottle ,,valve1 ,,pi/on ,,& ,,pi/on ,,rod4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #bh4 ,,!ory ,,& ,,design ,,( ,,/eph5son ,,& ,,wals*a]t',s ,,valve ,,motion4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #bi4 ,,smokebox1 ,,frames ,,& ,,driv+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #cj4 ,,spr+s1 ,,trucks1 ,,cab ,,& ,,t5d]4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #ad4 ,,locomotive ,,& ,,railway ,,data4 ,dynamos & ,motors ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #cd4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,repair ,,( ,,dynamos ,,& ,,motors4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #bj4 ,,wir+ ,,diagrams1 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilation1 ,,& ,,miscellane\s ,,tables4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,nos4 #gc to #gh1 inclusive4 ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,applications ,,( ,,electricity4 ,heat+ & ,v5tilation ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ci4 ,,fans1 ,,v5tilation ,,& ,,heat+4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ff4 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,%ops ,,& ,,(fices4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #bj4 ,,wir+ ,,diagrams1 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilation1 ,,& ,,miscellane\s ,,tables4 ,iron & ,/eel ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #cf4 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #fb4 ,,te/+ ,,! ,,h>dness ,,& ,,durability ,,( ,,metals4 ,g5]al ,ref]5ce ,books ,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #ce4 ,,tables ,,& ,,=mulas ,,= ,,%op ,,& ,,draft+-,,room4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #ab4 ,,pipe ,,& ,,pipe ,,fitt+s4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #ag4 ,,me*anics ,,& ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,mat]ials4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #ah4 ,,beam ,,=mulas ,,& ,,/ructural ,,design4 ,data ,%eet ,s]ies ,no4 #bj4 ,,wir+ ,,diagrams1 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,v5tilation ,,& ,,miscellane\s ,,tables4 ,,ma*9]y',s ,,ref]5ce ,,books ,?is treatise is "o unit 9 a compreh5sive ,s]ies ( ,ref]5ce books orig9at$ by ,,ma*9]y1 & includ+ an indef9ite numb] ( compact units1 ea* cov]+ "o subject ?or\ghly4 ,! :ole s]ies comprises a complete work+ libr>y ( me*anical lit]ature4 ,! price ( ea* book is #be c5ts 7"o %ill+7 deliv]$ any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,,books ,no4 #a4 ,worm ,ge>+4--,calculat+ ,dim5sions2 ,hobs2 ,location ( ,pit* ,circle2 ,self-,lock+ ,worm ,ge>+1 etc4 ,no4 #b4 ,draft+-,room ,practice4--,sy/ems2 ,trac+1 ,lett]+ & ,m\nt+4 ,no4 #c4 ,drill ,jigs4--,pr9ciples ( ,drill ,jigs2 ,jig ,plates2 ,examples ( ,jigs4 ,no4 #d4 ,mill+ ,fixtures4--,pr9ciples ( ,fixtures2 ,examples ( ,design4 ,no4 #e4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,!oretical ,me*anics4 ,no4 #f4 ,pun* & ,die ,"w4--,pr9ciples ( ,pun* & ,die ,"w2 ,mak+ & ,us+ ,dies2 ,die & ,pun* ,design4 ,no4 #g4 ,la! & ,plan] ,tools4--,cutt+ ,tools2 ,bor+ ,tools2 ,%ape ( ,/&>d ,%op ,tools2 ,=m+ ,tools4 ,no4 #h4 ,work+ ,draw+s & ,draft+-,room ,k9ks4 ,no4 #i4 ,design+ & ,cutt+ ,cams4--,draft+ ( ,cams2 ,cam ,curves2 ,cam ,design & ,cam ,cutt+4 ,no4 #aj4 ,examples ( ,ma*9e ,%op ,practice4--,cutt+ ,bevel ,ge>s2 ,mak+ a ,worm-,ge>2 ,sp9dle ,con/ruction4 ,no4 #aa4 ,be>+s4--,design ( ,be>+s2 ,causes ( ,hot ,be>+s2 ,alloys = ,be>+s2 ,friction & ,lubrication4 ,no4 #ab4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,no4 #ac4 ,blank+ ,dies4--,mak+ ,blank+ ,dies2 ,blank+ & ,pi]c+ ,dies2 ,split ,dies2 ,novel ,ideas 9 ,die ,mak+4 ,no4 #ad4 ,details ( ,ma*9e ,tool ,design4--,cone ,pulleys & ,belts2 ,/r5g? ( ,c\nt]%afts2 ,tumbl] ,ge> ,design2 ,faults ( ,iron ,ca/+s4 ,no4 #ae4 ,spur ,ge>+4--,dim5sions2 ,design2 ,/r5g?2 ,durability4 ,no4 #af4 ,ma*9e ,tool ,drives4--,spe$s & ,fe$s2 ,s+le ,pulley ,drives2 ,drives = ,high ,spe$ ,cutt+ ,tools4 ,no4 #ag4 ,/r5g? ( ,cyl9d]s4--,=mulas1 ,*>ts1 & ,diagrams4 ,no4 #ah4 ,%op ,ari?metic = ! ,ma*9i/4--,tap]s2 ,*ange ,ge>s2 ,cutt+ ,spe$s2 ,fe$s2 ,index+2 ,ge>+ = ,cutt+ ,spirals2 ,angles4 ,no4 #ai4 ,use ( ,=mulas 9 ,me*anics4--,) num]\s applications4 ,no4 #bj4 ,spiral ,ge>+4--,rules1 ,=mulas1 & ,diagrams1 etc4 ,no4 #ba4 ,measur+ ,tools4--,hi/ory ( ,/&>d ,measurem5ts2 ,calip]s2 ,compasses2 ,micromet] ,tools2 ,protractors4 ,no4 #bb4 ,calculation ( ,elem5ts ( ,ma*9e ,design4--,factor ( ,safety2 ,/r5g? ( ,bolts2 ,rivet$ ,jo9ts2 ,keys & ,keyways2 ,toggle-jo9ts4 ,no4 #bc4 ,!ory ( ,crane ,design4--,jib ,cranes2 ,%afts1 ,ge>s1 & ,be>+s2 ,=ce to ,move ,crane ,trolleys2 ,pill> ,cranes4 ,no4 #bd4 ,examples ( ,calculat+ ,designs4--,*>ts 9 ,design+2 ,pun* & ,rivet] ,frames2 ,%e> ,frames2 ,billet & ,b> ,passes2 etc4 ,no4 #be4 ,deep ,hole ,drill+4--,me?ods ( ,drill+2 ,con/ruction ( ,drills4 ,no4 #bf4 ,mod]n ,pun* & ,die ,con/ruction4--,con/ruction & ,use ( ,sub-press ,dies2 ,mod]n ,blank+ ,die ,con/ruction2 ,draw+ & ,=m+ ,dies4 ,no4 #bg4 ,locomotive ,design1 ,"p ,i4--,boil]s1 ,cyl9d]s1 ,pipes & ,pi/ons4 ,no4 #bh4 ,locomotive ,design1 ,"p ,,ii4--,/eph5son & ,wals*a]ts ,valve ,motions2 ,!ory1 ,calculation & ,design4 ,no4 #bi4 ,locomotive ,design1 ,"p ,,iii4--,smokebox2 ,exhau/ ,pipe2 ,frames2 ,cross-heads2 ,guide ,b>s2 ,connect+-rods2 ,crank-p9s2 ,axles2 ,driv+-:eels4 ,no4 #cj4 ,locomotive ,design1 ,"p ,,iv4--,spr+s1 ,trucks1 ,cab & ,t5d]4 ,no4 #ca4 ,screw ,?read ,tools & ,gages4 ,no4 #cb4 ,screw ,?read ,cutt+4--,la! ,*ange ,ge>s2 ,?read ,tools2 ,k9ks4 ,no4 #cc4 ,sy/ems & ,practice ( ! ,draft+-,room4 ,no4 #cd4 ,c>e & ,repair ( ,dynamos & ,motors4 ,no4 #ce4 ,tables & ,=mulas = ,%op & ,draft+-,room4--,! ,use ( ,=mulas2 ,solution ( ,triangles2 ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials2 ,ge>+2 ,screw ,?reads2 ,tap ,drills2 ,drill ,sizes2 ,tap]s2 ,keys1 etc4 ,no4 #cf4 ,iron & ,/eel4--,pr9ciples ( ,manufacture & ,treatm5t4 ,no4 #cg4 ,bevel ,ge>+4--,rules & ,=mulas2 ,examples ( ,calculation2 ,too? ,outl9es2 ,/r5g? & ,durability2 ,design2 ,me?ods ( ,cutt+ ,tee?4 ,no4 #ch4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,see ,no4 #ih4 ,no4 #ci4 ,fans1 ,v5tilation & ,heat+4--,fans2 ,heat]s2 ,%op ,heat+4 ,no4 #dj4 ,fly-,:eels4--,_! ,purpose1 ,calculation & ,design4 ,no4 #da4 ,jigs & ,fixtures1 ,"p ,i4--,pr9ciples ( ,design2 ,drill ,jig ,bu%+s2 ,locat+ ,po9ts2 ,clamp+ ,devices4 ,no4 #db4 ,jigs & ,fixtures1 ,"p ,,ii4--,op5 & ,clos$ ,drill ,jigs4 ,no4 #dc4 ,jigs & ,fixtures1 ,"p ,,iii4--,bor+ & ,mill+ ,fixtures4 ,no4 #dd4 ,ma*9e ,blacksmi?+4--,sy/ems1 ,tools & ,ma*9es us$4 ,no4 #de4 ,drop ,=g+4--,lay-out ( ,plant2 ,me?ods ( ,drop ,=g+2 ,dies4 ,no4 #df4 ,h>d5+ & ,temp]+4--,h>d5+ ,plants2 ,treat+ ,high-,spe$ ,/eel2 ,h>d5+ ,gages4 ,no4 #dg4 ,electric ,ov]head ,cranes4--,design & ,calculation4 ,no4 #dh4 ,files & ,fil+4--,types ( ,files2 ,us+ & ,mak+ ,files4 ,no4 #di4 ,gird]s = ,electric ,ov]head ,cranes4 ,no4 #ej4 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,assembl+ ,ma*9e ,tools1 ,"p ,i4 ,no4 #ea4 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,assembl+ ,ma*9e ,tools1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,no4 #eb4 ,advanc$ ,%op ,ari?metic = ! ,ma*9i/4 ,no4 #ec4 ,use ( ,log>i?ms & ,log>i?mic ,tables4 ,no4 #ed4 ,solution ( ,triangles1 ,"p ,i4--,me?ods1 ,rules & ,examples4 ,no4 #ee4 ,solution ( ,triangles1 ,"p ,,ii4--,tables ( ,natural ,functions4 ,no4 #ef4 ,ball ,be>+s4--,pr9ciples ( ,design & ,con/ruction4 ,no4 #eg4 ,metal ,sp9n+4--,ma*9es1 ,tools & ,me?ods ,us$4 ,no4 #eh4 ,helical & ,elliptic ,spr+s4--,calculation & ,design4 ,no4 #ei4 ,ma*9es1 ,tools & ,me?ods ( ,automobile ,manufacture4 ,no4 #fj4 ,con/ruction & ,manufacture ( ,automobiles4 ,no4 #fa4 ,blacksmi? ,%op ,practice4--,model ,blacksmi? ,%op2 ,weld+2 ,=g+ ( ,hooks & ,*a9s2 ,miscellane\s4 ,no4 #fb4 ,h>dness & ,durability ,te/+ ( ,metals4 ,no4 #fc4 ,heat ,treatm5t ( ,/eel4--,h>d5+1 ,temp]+1 ,case-,h>d5+4 ,no4 #fd4 ,gage ,mak+ & ,lapp+4 ,no4 #fe4 ,=mulas & ,con/ants = ,gas ,eng9e ,design4 ,no4 #ff4 ,heat+ & ,v5tilation ( ,%ops & ,(fices4 ,no4 #fg4 ,boil]s4 ,no4 #fh4 ,boil] ,furnaces & ,*imneys4 ,no4 #fi4 ,fe$ ,wat] ,appliances4 ,no4 #gj4 ,/eam ,eng9es4 ,no4 #ga4 ,/eam ,turb9es4 ,no4 #gb4 ,pumps1 ,cond5s]s1 ,/eam & ,wat] ,pip+4 ,no4 #gc4 ,pr9ciples & ,applications ( ,electricity1 ,"p ,i4--,/atic ,electricity2 ,electrical ,measurem5ts2 ,batt]ies4 ,no4 #gd4 ,pr9ciples & ,applications ( ,electricity1 ,"p ,,ii4--,magnetism2 ,electro-,magnetism2 ,electro-,plat+4 ,no4 #ge4 ,pr9ciples & ,applications ( ,electricity1 ,"p ,,iii4--,dynamos2 ,motors2 ,electric ,railways4 ,no4 #gf4 ,pr9ciples & ,applications ( ,electricity1 ,"p ,,iv4--,electric ,light+4 ,no4 #gg4 ,pr9ciples & ,applications ( ,electricity1 ,"p ,v4--,telegraph & ,telephone4 ,no4 #gh4 ,pr9ciples & ,applications ( ,electricity1 ,"p ,,vi4--,transmission ( ,p[]4 ,no4 #gi4 ,locomotive ,build+1 ,"p ,i4--,ma9 & ,side ,rods4 ,no4 #hj4 ,locomotive ,build+1 ,"p ,,ii4--,:eels2 ,axles2 ,driv+ ,boxes4 ,no4 #ha4 ,locomotive ,build+1 ,"p ,,iii4--,cyl9d]s & ,frames4 ,no4 #hb4 ,locomotive ,build+1 ,"p ,,iv4--,valve ,motion4 ,no4 #hc4 ,locomotive ,build+1 ,"p ,v4--,boil] ,%op ,practice4 ,no4 #hd4 ,locomotive ,build+1 ,"p ,,vi4--,erect+4 ,no4 #he4 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,"p ,i4--,in/rum5ts2 ,mat]ials2 ,geometrical ,problems4 ,no4 #hf4 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,"p ,,ii4--,projection4 ,no4 #hg4 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,"p ,,iii4--,ma*9e ,details4 ,no4 #hh4 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,"p ,,iv4--,ma*9e ,details4 ,no4 #hi4 ,! ,!ory ( ,%r9kage & ,=c$ ,fits4 ,no4 #ij4 ,railway ,repair ,%op ,practice4 ,no4 #ia4 ,op]ation ( ,ma*9e ,tools4--,! ,la!1 ,"p ,i4 ,no4 #ib4 ,op]ation ( ,ma*9e ,tools4--,! ,la!1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,no4 #ic4 ,op]ation ( ,ma*9e ,tools4--,plan]1 ,%ap]1 ,slott]4 ,no4 #id4 ,op]ation ( ,ma*9e ,tools4--,drill+ ,ma*9es4 ,no4 #ie4 ,op]ation ( ,ma*9e ,tools4--,bor+ ,ma*9es4 ,no4 #if4 ,op]ation ( ,ma*9e ,tools4--,mill+ ,ma*9es1 ,"p ,i4 ,no4 #ig4 ,op]ation ( ,ma*9e ,tools4--,mill+ ,ma*9es1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,no4 #ih4 ,op]ation ( ,ma*9e ,tools4--,gr9d+ ,ma*9es4 ,no4 #ii4 ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e ,practice1 ,"p ,i4--,op]ation ( ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e4 ,no4 #ajj4 ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e ,practice1 ,"p ,,ii4--,design+ & ,cutt+ ,cams = ! ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e4 ,no4 #aja4 ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e ,practice1 ,"p ,,iii4--,circul> ,=m+ & ,cut-(f ,tools4 ,no4 #ajb4 ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e ,practice1 ,"p ,,iv4--,ext]nal ,cutt+ ,tools4 ,no4 #ajc4 ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e ,practice1 ,"p ,v4--,int]nal ,cutt+ ,tools4 ,no4 #ajd4 ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e ,practice1 ,"p ,,vi4--,?read+ ,op]ations4 ,no4 #aje4 ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e ,practice1 ,"p ,,vii4--,knurl+ ,op]ations4 ,no4 #ajf4 ,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e ,practice1 ,"p ,,viii4--,cross ,drill+1 ,burr+ & ,slott+ ,op]ations4 ,,additional ,,titles ,,w ,,be ,,ann\nc$ ,,9 ,,ma*9]y ,,f ,,"t ,,to ,,"t ,,ma*9]y',s ,,data ,,%eet ,,s]ies ,,ma*9]y's ,data ,%eet ,books include ! well-kn[n s]ies ( ,data ,%eets orig9at$ by ,,ma*9]y1 & issu$ mon?ly z supplem5ts to ! publication2 ( ^! ,data ,%eets ov] #ejj h be5 publi%$1 & #f1jjj1jjj copies sold4 ,revis$ & greatly amplifi$1 !y are n[ pres5t$ 9 book =m1 k9dr$ subjects be+ gr\p$ toge!r4 ,! pur*as] may secure ei!r ! books on ^? subjects 9 :i* he is specially int]e/$1 or1 if he pleases1 ! :ole set at "o "t4 ,! price ( ea* book is #be c5ts 7"o %ill+7 deliv]$ any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,,cont5t ,,( ,,data ,,%eet ,,books ,no4 #a4 ,screw ,?reads4--,unit$ ,/ates1 ,:itwor?1 ,%>p ,v--& ,briti% ,association ,/&>d ,?reads2 ,briggs ,pipe ,?read2 ,oil ,well ,cas+ ,gages2 ,fire ,hose ,connections2 ,acme ,?read2 ,worm ,?reads2 ,metric ,?reads2 ,ma*9e1 ,wood1 & ,lag ,screw ,?reads2 ,c>riage ,bolt ,?reads1 etc4 ,no4 #b4 ,screws1 ,bolts & ,nuts4--,filli/]-head1 ,squ>e-head1 ,headless1 ,coll>-head & ,hexagon-head ,screws2 ,/&>d & ,special ,nuts2 ,t-nuts1 ,t-bolts & ,wa%]s2 ,?umb ,screws & ,nuts2 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,m4 ,/&>d ,screws & ,nuts2 ,ma*9e ,screw ,heads2 ,wood ,screws2 ,tap ,drills2 ,lock ,nuts2 ,eye-bolts1 etc4 ,no4 #c4 ,taps & ,dies4--,h&1 ,ma*9e1 ,tapp] & ,ma*9e ,screw ,taps2 ,tap] ,die ,taps2 ,sell]s ,hobs2 ,screw ,ma*9e ,taps2 ,/raight & ,tap] ,boil] ,taps2 ,/ay-bolt1 ,wa%\t1 & ,pat*-bolt ,taps2 ,pipe ,taps & ,hobs2 ,solid ,squ>e1 ,r\nd ,adju/able & ,spr+ ,screw ,?read+ ,dies4 ,no4 #d4 ,ream]s1 ,sockets1 ,drills & ,mill+ ,cutt]s4--,h& ,ream]s2 ,%ell ,ream]s & ,arbors2 ,pipe ,ream]s2 ,tap] ,p9s & ,ream]s2 ,br[n ,%>pe1 ,morse & ,j>no ,tap] ,sockets & ,ream]s2 ,drills2 ,wire ,gages2 ,mill+ ,cutt]s2 ,sett+ ,angles = ,mill+ ,tee? 9 ,end ,mills & ,angul> ,cutt]s1 etc4 ,no4 #e4 ,spur ,ge>+4--,diametral & ,circul> ,pit*2 ,dim5sions ( ,spur ,ge>s2 ,tables ( ,pit* ,diamet]s2 ,odontograph ,tables2 ,roll+ ,mill ,ge>+2 ,/r5g? ( ,spur ,ge>s2 ,horsep[] ,transmitt$ by ,ca/-iron & ,ra:ide ,p9ions2 ,design ( ,spur ,ge>s2 ,weight ( ,ca/-iron ,ge>s2 ,epicyclic ,ge>+4 ,no4 #f4 ,bevel1 ,spiral & ,worm ,ge>+4--,rules & ,=mulas = ,bevel ,ge>s2 ,/r5g? ( ,bevel ,ge>s2 ,design ( ,bevel ,ge>s2 ,rules & ,=mulas = ,spiral ,ge>+2 ,tables ,facilitat+ ,calculations2 ,diagram = ,cutt]s = ,spiral ,ge>s2 ,rules & ,=mulas = ,worm ,ge>+1 etc4 ,no4 #g4 ,%aft+1 ,keys & ,keyways4--,horsep[] ( ,%aft+2 ,diagrams & ,tables = ! ,/r5g? ( ,%aft+2 ,=c+1 ,driv+1 ,%r9k+ & ,runn+ ,fits2 ,woodruff ,keys2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy ,/&>d ,keys2 ,gib ,keys2 ,mill+ ,keyways2 ,duplex ,keys4 ,no4 #h4 ,be>+s1 ,c\pl+s1 ,clut*es1 ,crane ,*a9 & ,hooks4--,pill[ ,blocks2 ,babbitt$ ,be>+s2 ,ball & ,roll] ,be>+s2 ,clamp ,c\pl+s2 ,plate ,c\pl+s2 ,flange ,c\pl+s2 ,too? ,clut*es2 ,crab ,c\pl+s2 ,cone ,clut*es2 ,univ]sal ,jo9ts2 ,crane ,*a92 ,*a9 ,friction2 ,crane ,hooks2 ,drum ,scores4 ,no4 #i4 ,spr+s1 ,slides & ,ma*9e ,details4--,=mulas & ,tables = ,spr+ ,calculations2 ,ma*9e ,slides2 ,ma*9e ,h&les & ,lev]s2 ,coll>s2 ,h& ,:eels2 ,p9s & ,cott]s2 ,turn-buckles1 etc4 ,no4 #aj4 ,motor ,drive1 ,spe$s & ,fe$s1 ,*ange ,ge>+1 & ,bor+ ,b>s4--,p[] requir$ = ,ma*9e ,tools2 ,cutt+ ,spe$s & ,fe$s = ,c>bon & ,high-spe$ ,/eel2 ,screw ,ma*9e ,spe$s & ,fe$s2 ,heat ,treatm5t ( ,high-spe$ ,/eel ,tools2 ,tap] ,turn+2 ,*ange ,ge>+ = ! ,la!2 ,bor+ ,b>s & ,tools etc4 ,no4 #aa4 ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,index+1 ,clamp+ ,devices & ,plan] ,jacks4--,tables = ,mill+ ,ma*9e ,index+2 ,*ange ,ge>s = ,mill+ ,spirals2 ,angles = sett+ ,index+ ,head :5 ,mill+ ,clut*es2 ,jig ,clamp+ ,devices2 ,/raps & ,clamps2 ,plan] ,jacks4 ,no4 #ab4 ,pipe & ,pipe ,fitt+s4--,pipe ,?reads & ,gages2 ,ca/-iron ,fitt+s2 ,bronze ,fitt+s2 ,pipe ,flanges2 ,pipe ,b5ds2 ,pipe ,clamps & ,hang]s2 ,dim5sions ( ,pipe = ,v>i\s ,s]vices1 etc4 ,no4 #ac4 ,boil]s & ,*imneys4--,flue ,spac+ & ,brac+ = ,boil]s2 ,/r5g? ( ,boil] ,jo9ts2 ,rivet+2 ,boil] ,sett+2 ,*imneys4 ,no4 #ad4 ,locomotive & ,railway ,data4--,locomotive ,boil]s2 ,be>+ ,pressures = ,locomotive ,j\rnals2 ,locomotive ,classifications2 ,rail ,sections2 ,frogs1 ,swit*es & ,cross-ov]s2 ,tires2 ,tractive ,=ce2 ,in]tia ( ,tra9s2 ,brake ,lev]s2 ,brake ,rods1 etc4 ,no4 #ae4 ,/eam & ,gas ,eng9es4--,saturat$ ,/eam2 ,/eam ,pipe ,sizes2 ,/eam ,eng9e ,design2 ,volume ( ,cyl9d]s2 ,/uff+ ,boxes2 ,sett+ ,corliss ,eng9e ,valve ,ge>s2 ,cond5s] & ,air ,pump ,data2 ,horsep[] ( ,gasol9e ,eng9es2 ,automobile ,eng9e ,crank%afts1 etc4 ,no4 #af4 ,ma!matical ,tables4--,squ>es ( ,mix$ ,numb]s2 ,functions ( ,fractions2 ,circumf]5ce & ,diamet]s ( ,circles2 ,tables = ,spac+ (f ,circles2 ,solution ( ,triangles2 ,=mulas = ,solv+ ,regul> ,polygons2 ,geometrical ,progression1 etc4 ,no4 #ag4 ,me*anics & ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials4--,"w2 ,en]gy2 ,c5trifugal ,=ce2 ,c5t] ( ,gravity2 ,motion2 ,friction2 ,p5dulum2 ,fall+ ,bodies2 ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials2 ,/r5g? ( ,flat ,plates2 ,ratio ( ,outside & ,inside ,radii ( ,?ick ,cyl9d]s1 etc4 ,no4 #ah4 ,beam ,=mulas & ,/ructural ,design4--,beam ,=mulas2 ,sectional ,moduli ( ,/ructural ,%apes2 ,beam ,*>ts2 ,net ,areas ( ,/ructural ,angles2 ,rivet ,spac+2 ,splices = ,*annels & ,i-beams2 ,/resses 9 ,ro( ,trusses1 etc4 ,no4 #ai4 ,belt1 ,rope & ,*a9 ,drives4--,dim5sions ( ,pulleys2 ,weights ( ,pulleys2 ,horsep[] ( ,belt+2 ,belt ,velocity2 ,angul> ,belt ,drives2 ,horsep[] transmitt$ by ,ropes2 ,%eaves = ,rope ,drive2 ,b5d+ ,/resses 9 ,wire ,ropes2 ,sprockets = ,l9k ,*a9s2 ,=mulas & ,tables = ,v>i\s ,classes ( ,driv+ ,*a94 ,no4 #bj4 ,wir+ ,diagrams1 ,heat+ & ,v5tilation1 & ,miscellane\s ,tables4--,typical ,motor ,wir+ ,diagrams2 ,resi/ance ( ,r\nd ,copp] ,wire2 ,rubb] ,cov]$ ,cables2 ,curr5t ,d5sities = ,v>i\s ,contacts & ,mat]ials2 ,c5trifugal ,fan & ,bl[] ,capacities2 ,hot ,wat] ,ma9 ,capacities2 ,miscellane\s ,tables3 ,decimal ,equival5ts1 ,metric ,conv]sion ,tables1 ,weights & ,specific ,gravity ( ,metals1 ,weights ( ,fillets1 ,draft+-room ,conv5tions1 etc4 ,,ma*9]y1 ! mon?ly me*anical j\rnal1 orig9ator ( ! ,ref]5ce & ,data ,%eet ,s]ies1 is publi%$ 9 f\r editions--! ,%op ,edition1 #a4jj a ye>2 ! ,eng9e]+ ,edition1 #b4jj a ye>2 ! ,railway ,edition1 #b4jj a ye>1 & ! ,=eign ,edition1 #c4jj a ye>4 ,! ,indu/rial ,press1 ,publi%]s ( ,,ma*9]y1 #di-ee ,lafayette ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,footnotes #a ,,ma*9]y1 ,decemb]1 #aiji4 #b ,,ma*9]y1 ,m>* & ,april1 #aiaj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text by equal signs4 ,a span ( text betwe5 pages #cj & #ca is miss+ 9 ! orig9al ( ?is book4 ,! page ( adv]tisem5ts prec$+ ! title page has be5 mov$ to ! end ( ?is book4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation rema9 z 9 ! orig9al unless not$ bel[4 ,page #bj1 p]iod add$ aft] 8,fig0 78,9 ,fig4 #ah is %[n an example074 ,page #cc1 sup]flu\s ^w 8to0 remov$ 78,b is a good "o to use074 ,page #cd1 8,fig1 #ci0 *ang$ to 8,fig4 #ci40 ,ads section1 8books0 *ang$ to 8book0 78,! price ( ea* book074 ,ads section1 p]iod add$ aft] 8,locomotive ,build+1 ,"p ,v40 ,ads section1 p]iod add$ aft] 8,automatic ,screw ,ma*9e ,practice1 ,"p ,v40 ,ads section1 8,/uffi+0 *ang$ to 8,/uff+0 78,volume ( ,cyl9d]s2 ,/uff+ ,boxes074 ,ads section1 p]iod add$ aft] 8,no40 78,ref]5ce ,s]ies ,no4 #fd4074 ,orig9al scans ( ?is book c be f\nd "h3 https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/metalsp9n +#jjtuel