,,machinery',s ,,reference ,,series     
,,each ,,number ,,is ,,one ,,unit ,,in  
,a ,,complete ,,library ,,of ,,machine  
,,design ,,and    ,,shop ,,practice     
,,revised ,,and ,,republished ,,from    
,,machinery        ,,number #eg         
,,metal ,,spinning      ,,second        
,,edition          ,,contents           
,principles of ,metal ,spinning1 by ,c4 
,,tuells                           #c   
,tools and ,methods ,used in ,metal     
,spinning1 by ,,william ,a4 ,,painter   
#ae        ,copyright1 #aiab1 ,the      
,industrial ,press1 ,publishers of      
,,machinery    #di-ee ,lafayette        
,street1 ,new ,york ,city               
,,chapter ,i    ,,principles ,,of       
,,metal ,,spinning#a      ,metal        
spinning1 that process of sheet metal   
goods manufacturing which  deals with   
the forming of sheet metal into circular
 shapes of great  variety by means of   
the lathe1 forms and hand-tools1 is full
 of kinks  and schemes peculiar to      
itself4 ,it is the purpose of this      

treatise to  give a description of      
spinning in general1 and to outline some
 of the  methods and tools used in      
spinning for rapid production4    ,the  
products of metal spinning are used in a
 great many lines of  manufacture4      
,examples of this work are chandelier   
parts1 cooking  utensils1 silver and    
brittania hollow-ware1 automobile lamps1
  cane-heads and many other sheet metal 
specialties4 ,brass1 copper1  zinc1     
aluminum1 iron1 soft steel1 and1 in fact
 nearly all metals yield  readily to the
 spinner's skill4 ,at best spinning is  
physically hard  work1 and the softer   
the stock1 the easier and quicker the   
spinner can  transform it into the      
required product4    ,there are but two 
practical ways of forming pieces of     
sheet metal into  hollow circular       
articles3 by dies and by spinning4 ,by  
far the cheapest  and best method of    
producing quantities of this class of   
work is by  the use of dies1 but there  
are many cases where it is impractical  

or  impossible to follow this course4   
,dies are expensive and there is        
constant danger of breakage1 whereas    
spinning forms are easily and  cheaply  
made and are almost never damaged by use
 beyond a reasonable  amount of wear4   
,thus it will be seen that when the     
production is small1  it does not pay to
 make costly dies4 ,again1 the styles or
 designs of  many articles that are spun
 are constantly being changed2 if made  
by dies each change would necessitate a 
new die1 while in spinning  merely a new
 wooden form is required--and sometimes 
the old form can  be altered1 costing   
practically nothing4 ,still other       
advantages of  spinning are that in     
working soft steel1 a much cheaper grade
 may be  spun than can be drawn with    
dies2 beads may be rolled at the edges  
of  shells at little expense2           
experimental pieces may be made quickly1
  and1 added to these features comes the
 fact that very difficult work  that    
cannot possibly be made with dies can be

 spun with comparative  ease4 ,it must  
not be construed from the above that    
spinning is to be  preferred to die work
 in all or even in the majority of      
cases1 because1  on the contrary1 die   
work is a more economical method of     
manufacture1  and should always be used 
when possible on production work4 ,the  
cases  already cited are merely given to
 point out some of the instances in     
which1 for economical reasons1 spinning 
is to be preferred to die work4         
,the ,spinning ,lathe    ,the principal 
tool used in the operation of spinning  
is the spinning  lathe1 shown in ,fig4  
#a4 ,while in many respects this machine
 is similar  to any other lathe1 it is  
built without back-gears1 carriage or   
lead-screw1 is very rigid in            
construction1 and1 on the whole1 very   
much resembles a speed lathe4 ,like     
other lathes1 the spinning lathe is     
fitted with a cone pulley 7preferably of
 wood1 because of its lightness  and    
gripping qualities71 allowing the use of

 four or five different  speeds4 ,speed 
is an important factor in spinning4     
,arbitrary rules for  spinning speeds   
cannot be given1 as the thicker the     
stock the slower  must be the speed2    
thus while _/-inch iron can be readily  
spun at  #fjj revolutions1 _/-inch iron 
would necessitate reducing the speed  to
 #djj revolutions per minute4 ,zinc     
spins best at from #a1jjj to #a1djj     
revolutions2 copper works well at #hjj  
to #a1jjj2 brass and aluminum  require  
practically the same speed1 from #hjj to
 #a1bjj2 while the  comparatively slow  
speed of #cjj to #fjj revolutions is    
effective on iron  and soft steel4      
,brittania and silver spin best at      
speeds from #hjj to  #a1jjj revolutions4
    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,spinning   
,lathe    ,one of the essential parts of
 the spinning lathe is the ,t-rest4 ,the
  base of this rest is movable on the   
ways of the lathe1 and it has at  the   
side nearest the operator1 a stud about 
four inches in diameter  and six inches 

high1 through which is swiveled the     
,t-rest proper4 ,as  the illustration   
shows1 provision is made for raising and
 lowering  the rest1 and the entire rest
 may be clamped in any desired position 
by means of the hand-wheel shown beneath
 the ways4 ,the rest proper  consists of
 an arm1 #ab to #ae inches long1 similar
 to a wood turner's  rest1 and through  
the face of this arm are from twelve to 
sixteen  closely spaced -inch holes4    
,these holes are to receive the pin     
against  which the hand tools are held  
while spinning4 ,the pin is three inches
  long and of -inch steel1 turned down  
on one end to loosely fit the  holes in 
the rest4    ,another important part of 
the spinning lathe is the tail-center4  
,this  center is sometimes the ordinary 
dead center that is in general machine  
shop use1 but nearly all spinners use   
the revolving center1 shown in  ,fig4   
#b4 ,the revolving center is  inch      
diameter 7without taper7 and  about six 
inches long1 and is fitted into the     

socket in which it runs2  this socket   
is1 in turn1 fitted to the taper hole in
 the tailstock4 ,at  the bottom of the  
hole in the socket are two steel        
buttons1 hardened  and ground convex on 
their faces4 ,these buttons act as ball 
bearings  and reduce friction to a      
minimum4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4    
,revolving ,center      ,forms and      
,chucks for ,spinning    ,the shape of a
 shell made by spinning is dependent on 
the form or chuck  upon which the metal 
is spun4 ,forms are used for plain      
spinning where  the shape of the shell  
will permit of its being readily taken  
from the  form after the spinning has   
been completed2 but when the shape of   
the  shell is such that it will not     
8draw10 as the molders say1 it becomes  
necessary to employ sectional chucks1   
similar to the one shown in ,fig4  #c4  
,generally speaking1 spinning forms are 
made of kiln dried maple4  ,after being 
bored and threaded to fit the lathe     
spindle1 the spinner  turns the maple   

block to agree with a templet shaped in 
outline to the  sample shell4 ,when no  
sample is furnished1 the templet must be
 laid  out from a sketch or drawing2 in 
either case proper allowance is made    
for the thickness of the stock4 ,when   
large quantities of shells are to  be   
spun1 all alike1 the form is sometimes  
made of lignum vit4 ,another  method is 
to turn the maple form small enough so  
that one shell may be  spun and cemented
 to it and then this metal-cased form is
 used to spin  the balance of the       
shells4 ,for continuous spinning1 forms 
are made of  cast iron or steel1 which  
of course makes a most satisfactory     
surface  to spin on and gives indefinite
 service4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4   
,sectional ,spinning ,chuck    ,a       
sectional or 8split0 chuck1 as it is    
sometimes called1 is1 as the  name      
implies1 a spinning chuck or form which 
may be taken apart in  sections after   
the shell has been spun over it4 ,as    
before stated1 this  class of spinning  

chuck is only used when the finished    
shell could  not be removed from an     
ordinary form after spinning4 ,after a  
shell  has been spun over a sectional   
chuck1 the shell and the sections of    
the chuck are together pulled lengthwise
 from the core of the chuck4  ,then1    
starting with the key section1 it is an 
easy matter to remove  each section from
 the inside of the shell4 ,as the       
sections are removed1  they are replaced
 upon the core1 slipped under the       
retaining flange  and the chuck is ready
 for spinning a new shell4 ,the whole   
operation  of removing and replacing the
 sections of a chuck takes less time    
than  it does to tell it1 and1 as the   
sections are of different sizes1 it is  
easy to replace them in the proper      
order4 ,like other forms1 sectional     
chucks are made of wood or metal1       
according to the requirements of the    
job4 ,the core and retaining ring are   
first made from one piece and then  the 
sections are turned in a continuous ring

 and split with a fine saw4  ,in some   
cases it is necessary to add a small    
piece to the last section  to make up   
for the stock lost in splitting the     
sections4    ,another kind of sectional 
chuck1 known to the trade as a 8plug0   
7shown  in ,fig4 #e7 is used extensively
 in some shops in cases where the shell 
must have projections or shoulders at   
both ends1 and no bottom to the  shell  
is required4 ,in making the plug1 which 
is always in two parts1  the first half 
is turned to take the shell from one end
 to the center  of the smallest         
diameter4 ,into the end of this part is 
bored a hole to  which is fitted the end
 of the second part1 which is afterwards
 turned  to fit the shell4 ,over this   
two-part plug the shell is spun2 then   
the  bottom of the shell is cut out and 
the first half of the plug removed1     
thus allowing the shell to be withdrawn4
 ,the first part is then  replaced and  
the plug is ready for use again4 ,fig4  
#d shows a method of  spinning difficult

 shells that ordinarily would require a 
sectional  chuck4 ,the shell shown at   
the left of ,fig4 #d is first spun as   
far as  the bulged part on an ordinary  
form that ends at this point4 ,then     
after annealing1 it is replaced on the  
form and while another operator  holds  
the wooden arm1 supported with a pin in 
the ,t-rest1 the spinner  forms the     
metal around the bulge-shaped end of the
 arm4 ,the arm1 being  stationary on the
 inside of the shell1 acts as a         
continuation of the  spinning form1 and 
by this method as good a shell is       
obtained as could  be spun with a       
sectional chuck4    ,illustration3 ,fig4
 #d4 ,quick ,method of ,spinning        
,difficult ,shell ,without  ,sectional  
,chuck    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4      
,spinning on ,plugs    ,for spinning    
operations upon tubing or press-drawn   
tubes1 steel arbors  are generally used4
 ,tubing may be readily spun upon an    
arbor and it can  be reduced or expanded
 to comply with the shape of shell      

required much  more quickly than the    
shell could be spun from the blank4     
,followers    ,for holding the sheet    
metal blank to the spinning form1 a     
block of wood  known as the follower1 is
 used 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,followers are    
made to  suit the shape of the work with
 which they are to be employed1 always  
being made with the largest possible    
bearing on the work2 thus a shell  with 
a flat bottom twelve inches in diameter 
would be turned with the  aid of a      
follower having an #aa-;inch face1 while
 a shell with a #d-;inch  face would    
take a follower with a #c-;inch face4   
,all shells do not have  flat bottoms1  
consequently1 in spinning such as do    
not1 it becomes  necessary to employ    
hollow followers4 ,hollow followers have
 their  bearing surfaces turned out to  
fit the ends of the forms with which    
they are to be used4 ,in practice1 the  
blank is held against the end of  the   
spherical form with a small flat        
follower until enough of the shell  has 

been spun to admit of the hollow        
follower being used4 ,all followers  are
 made with a large center hole in one   
end to receive the revolving            
tail-center4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4
 ,three ,types of ,followers    ,in     
starting to spin a difficult shell it   
sometimes happens that the  necessarily 
small follower will not hold the blank4 
,to prevent this  slipping1 the face of 
the follower is covered with emery      
cloth4 ,often1  however1 on rough work1 
the spinner will not stop to face the   
follower1  but will make a large shallow
 dent at the center of the blank2 the   
extra pressure required to force the    
metal against the form will  usually    
overcome the slipping tendency4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,specimens of  
,metal ,spinning      ,hand ,tools      
,hand tools1 in great variety1 form the 
principal asset of the spinner's  kit4  
,spinning tools are made of tool steel  
forged to the required  shapes1 and are 
hardened and polished on the working    

end4 ,the round  steel from which they  
are made varies from  inch to #a inch in
  diameter1 according to the class of   
work upon which they are to be  used4   
,the length of a spinning tool is about 
#b feet1 and it is fitted  into a wooden
 handle #b inches diameter and #ah      
inches long1 making the  total length of
 the handled tool about #c feet1 as     
shown in ,fig4 #h4 ,as  the spinner     
holds this handle under the right       
armpit1 he secures a  great leverage    
upon the work and is better able to     
supply the physical  power required to  
bring the metal to the desired shape4   
,illustration3 ,figs4 #h and #i4        
,spinning ,tool and ,swivel ,cutter     
,the commonest and by far the most      
useful of the spinning tools is  the    
combination 8point and ball0 which      
together with a number of  other tools1 
is shown in ,fig4 #aa4 ,this tool is    
used in doing the bulk  of the spinning 
operations--for starting the work and   
bringing it  approximately to the shape 

of the form4 ,its range of usefulness is
  large on account of the many different
 shapes that may be utilized by  merely 
turning the tool in a different         
direction4 ,next in importance  comes   
the flat or smoothing tool which1 as the
 name implies1 is for  smoothing the    
shell and finishing any rough surfaces  
left by the point  and ball tool4 ,the  
fishtail tool1 so named from its shape1 
is used  principally in flaring the end 
of a shell from the inside1 8spinning on
  air10 as it is sometimes termed4 ,this
 tool is used to good advantage in  any 
place where it is necessary to stretch  
the metal to any extent1 and  its thin  
rounding edge proves useful in setting  
the metal into corners  and narrow      
grooves4 ,other tools are the ball tool 
which is adapted to  finishing curves2  
the hook tool1 used on inside work2 and 
the beading  tool which is needed in    
rolling over a bead at the edge of a    
shell when  extra strength or a better  
finish is desired4    ,when much beading

 of one kind is being done1 a large     
heavy pair of  round-nose pliers 7,fig4 
#aj7 with the jaws bent around in a     
curve and  sprung apart enough to allow 
for the thickness of the metal proves to
  be a handy tool4 ,after the edge of   
the shell has been flared out to  start 
the bead1 the pliers are opened enough  
to admit the metal and  then closed and 
the stock guided around to form the bead
 as far as  possible4 ,in this way the  
larger part of a bead is rapidly formed1
 one  jaw of the pliers acting as a     
spinning tool and the other             
corresponding  to the back-stick4       
,during this operation1 the pliers are1 
of course1  supported by being held     
against the ,t-rest4    ,illustration3  
,fig4 #aj4 ,spinners' ,pliers           
,closely allied with these spinning     
tools are two other tools 7also  shown  
in ,fig4 #aa7 known as the diamond point
 and the skimmer4 ,the  diamond point is
 for trimming the edges of the shell    
during the  spinning operation and for  

cutting out centers or other parts of   
the  work4 ,the skimmer is for cleaning 
up the surface of a shell1 removing a   
small amount of metal in doing so1 the  
amount depending upon the skill  the    
spinner used in the spinning proper4    
,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,hand ,tools  
of ,various ,forms used in ,spinning    
,when the bottoms are to be cut from a  
large number of shells and it  is       
necessary that they be cut exactly      
alike1 a tool known as a swivel  cutter 
is used4 ,this tool 7see ,fig4 #i7 is   
simply an iron bar with a  cutter on one
 end1 which swivels near the center     
around a pin in the  ,t-rest2 thus by a 
slight movement of the arm the cutter is
 brought up  to the work1 cutting a     
piece from the shell of exactly the same
 size  each time4      ,the ,spinning   
,operation    ,in order to make clear   
the successive steps in spinning1 let us
 briefly  consider the making of a      
copper head-light reflector1 and the way
 the  work is handled when a few hundred

 pieces are to be made4    ,by trial    
spinning1 the size of the blank required
 for one of the  reflectors is          
determined1 and with the square shears  
the copper sheets  are cut into pieces  
an eighth of an inch larger each way4   
,these squares  are then taken to the   
circular shears and cut to round shapes 
ready  for the spinning lathe4 ,the     
spinning form1 of kiln-dried maple1 is  
screwed to the spindle and the belt     
thrown to that step of the cone  pulley 
which will bring the speed nearest to   
#a1bjj revolutions4 ,from  the          
stock-room a follower is selected whose 
face will nearly cover the  bottom of   
the form4 ,it is now 8up to0 the        
spinner4 ,holding a blank and  also the 
follower against the end of the form1 he
 runs the tail-center  up to the center 
in the follower just hard enough to hold
 the blank  in place4 ,then1 starting   
the lathe1 he centers the blank by      
lightly  pressing against its edge a    
hard wood stick4 ,as soon as it 8lines  

up0  he runs the center up a little     
harder and clamps it in place4 ,some    
spinners will 8hop in0 a blank with the 
lathe running1 but this is  dangerous   
practice and sometimes the blank will go
 sailing across the  room4 ,often this  
happens in truing up the blank and for  
this reason it  is considered advisable 
to have a wire grating at the further   
side of  the lathe to prevent serious   
accidents2 for a sheet metal blank is a 
dangerous missile traveling at the high 
rate of speed which is imparted  to it  
by the lathe4    ,with a piece of       
beeswax 7soap is sometimes used for     
economical reasons7  the spinner lightly
 rubs the rapidly revolving blank and   
then adjusts  the pin in the ,t-rest to 
a point near enough to the blank to     
obtain a  good leverage with the        
spinning tool4 ,holding the handle of   
his point  and ball tool under his right
 armpit and using the tool as a lever   
and  the pin on the rest as a fulcrum1  
he slowly forces the metal disk back  in

 the direction of the body of the form1 
never allowing the tool to  rest in one 
spot1 but constantly working it in and  
out1 applying the  pressure on the way  
out to the edge of the disk and letting 
up as he  comes back for a new stroke4  
,in the meantime his left hand is busy  
holding a short piece of hard wood      
7called the back-stick71 firmly  against
 the reverse side of the metal at a     
constantly changing point  opposite the 
tool4 ,the object of the back-stick is  
to keep the stock  from wrinkling as it 
is stretched toward the edge of the     
disk4 ,wrinkles  cause the metal to     
crack at the edges and for this reason  
they must be  kept from the stock as    
much as possible4    ,after a few       
strokes of the spinning tool have been  
taken1 the shell  will appear about as  
shown at ,b1 ,fig4 #ab1 and at this     
point it  is necessary to trim the shell
 at the edges with the diamond-point    
tool4 ,trimming is required because     
spinning stretches the stock and  the   

resulting uneven edge will cause splits 
in the metal if it is  not trimmed      
occasionally4 ,as a carpenter is known  
by his chips1 so  a spinner is known by 
the way his work stretches4 ,while the  
even  pressure of a good spinner will   
stretch the stock very little1 the      
uneven pressure of the inexperienced man
 will lead him into all sorts  of       
trouble on account of the way the stock 
will 8go40 ,in either case  the metal   
always stretches least in the direction 
in which the sheet  stock was originally
 rolled1 consequently giving the edge a 
slight  oval shape4 ,in trimming zinc1  
the spinner holds a 8swab0 of cloth just
  above the diamond point1 to prevent   
the chips from flying into his  face and
 eyes--or those of his neighbors4 ,with 
other metals the swab is  unnecessary4  
,the reflector is now taking shape4     
,with each successive stroke the        
spinner sets a little more of the metal 
against the form4 ,not only does        
spinning stretch the metal1 but it      

hardens it as well2 therefore1 at  the  
stage ,c it becomes necessary to anneal 
the partially completed  reflector1     
which is done by heating it to a low red
 in a gas furnace4  ,in running through 
a lot of shells1 the common practice is 
to spin them  all as far as possible    
without annealing1 and after annealing  
the whole  lot1 to complete the         
spinning4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4  
,successive ,steps in ,spinning a       
,reflector    ,after replacing the shell
 upon the form1 it is trimmed and worked
  further along the form1 gradually     
assuming the appearance shown at ,d4    
,at this time1 the spinner goes back to 
the small radius at the front  end of   
the shell and with a ball tool he closes
 the annealed metal hard  down against  
the form1 for the spinning has tended to
 pull the stock  slightly from the form 
at this point4 ,the body of the         
reflector is now  practically completed 
and the spinner directs his attention to
 rolling  the bead at the outside edge4 

,slowly he begins to roll the edge of   
the  shell back1 using his hook tool to 
complete the bead as far as possible    
and exercising care to keep the         
back-stick firmly against the metal  so 
as to keep the wrinkles out4 ,now1 with 
the diamond point1 he gives  the edges a
 final trim1 and with the beading tool  
closes down the bead  snugly against the
 rest of the shell1 as shown at ,e4     
,lastly1 the  swivel cutter is placed in
 the proper hole of the ,t-rest and a   
turn of  the tool cuts out the center to
 the exact size1 and the reflector is   
completed4 ,if any burrs or rough places
 remain they are easily removed  at this
 time with the skimmer or diamond point1
 and a little emery  cloth gives the    
shell a finished appearance4            
,referring to the illustration ,fig4 #g1
 ,a1 ,b and ,c represent the  three most
 important stages of spinning a shell   
like that shown at ,c4  ,annealing is   
necessary between steps ,a and ,b4 ,d is
 a shell spun  upon a form of the plug  

variety1 and ,e and ,f are two views of 
a  shell spun after the method shown in 
,fig4 #d1 ,f being the completed  shell4
 ,g illustrates a very difficult shell  
to spin1 on account of  the small       
follower that must be used2 the length  
of the small diameter  also adds to the 
difficulty4 ,h shows a shell that must  
be spun upon a  sectional chuck1 while  
,i is a plain easy job of ornamental    
spinning4  ,the ball shown at ,j was    
spun from one piece of aluminum and it  
is  more of a curiosity than a specimen 
of practical spinning4 ,it was first    
spun over a form that would leave       
one-half of the ball complete and the   
stock for the other half straight out   
like a short tube4 ,next a wooden  split
 chuck was made1 hollowed out to receive
 the finished end of the  ball and the  
open end was gradually spun down and in 
until the ball was  complete with but a 
_/-inch hole at the end4 ,this hole was 
plugged  and the hollow ball was done4  
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,an           

,interesting ,example of ,metal         
,spinning    ,as another example of     
metal spinning1 assume the shape shown  
in ,fig4  #ac4 ,the shell is to be #bj  
inches in diameter1 #f inches deep1 and 
#j4jfj  inch thick4 ,the metal to be    
used is zinc4 ,this is an interesting   
metal  spinning job1 and not a          
particularly difficult one4 ,the shell  
can be  best spun with the aid of two   
spinning forms1 such as are illustrated 
in ,figs4 #ad and #ae4 ,these forms     
should be made of kiln-dried maple if   
there are comparatively few shells to be
 spun4 ,if there are many1 the  forms   
should be made of cast iron4 ,fig4 #ad  
shows the first form to be  used1 which 
conforms to the outside of the shell as 
far as the centers  of the spherical    
ring4 ,beyond these points1 the form is 
straight4  ,the blank to be spun is     
placed as indicated by the dotted lines1
 and  follower ,no4 #a is used to hold  
the work against the form4 ,the chief   
trouble will be met in properly starting

 the shell1 because of the  small       
follower that must be employed4         
,however1 follower ,no4 #b may be       
substituted after working the metal back
 against the form a few inches1  and as 
this gives a better grip on the shell1  
there will be no further  danger of     
slipping4 ,after spinning the zinc shell
 to the shape of the  first form 7,fig4 
#ad7 it will probably have to be        
annealed1 but this can  only be         
determined by trial4 ,in annealing zinc1
 the flame should not  be allowed to    
touch the metal4 ,the half completed    
shell is then put on  form ,no4 #b shown
 in ,fig4 #ae4 ,it is an easy matter to 
spin the metal  round to complete the   
arc4 ,the dotted line shows the position
 of the  shell before starting the last 
part of the spinning4 ,of course1 it    
will  be understood that the shell must 
be trimmed several times during the     
spinning1 and if the trimming is        
frequently done1 a well-shaped shell    
should result4 ,for spinning on form    

,no4 #b1 follower ,no4 #c must be used4 
,either beeswax or soap should be       
frequently rubbed over the work while   
spinning4 ,if it is necessary to cut out
 the center1 it can be done  before     
removing the shell from the last form by
 simply removing the  follower and using
 a diamond point tool1 or in large      
product work the  swivel cutter will    
work well4 ,the shell will cling to the 
form without  the follower4 ,the        
spinning speed should be from #hjj to   
#a1jjj ,r4 ,p4 ,m4    ,illustration3    
,fig4 #ad    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae   
,while the operation of spinning is a   
comparatively simple one to  describe1  
it is not easily learned1 and to-day    
good all-around spinners  are hard to   
find4 ,the limits of accuracy are not as
 closely defined  as in straight machine
 work1 but there are times when good    
fits are  absolutely necessary1 as in   
cases where two shells must slip snugly 
together4 ,in this chapter we have taken
 up only the plain every-day  kind of   

spinning1 and were we to follow its work
 in the gold and  silversmith's trade1  
we would see it evolve into a fine art4 
,in order  to insure really good work   
coming from the spinning lathe1 there is
 a  wide range of knowledge that the    
spinner must have4 ,that knowledge may  
be brought together and summed up by a  
single word--judgment4                  
,,chapter ,,ii    ,,tools ,,and         
,,methods ,,used ,,in ,,metal           
,,spinning#b      ,the principal object 
of this chapter is to describe in detail
 the  various operations of spinning    
metal so that a tool-maker or machinist 
who has not access to a metal spinner1  
will be able to make his  own tools1 rig
 up an engine or speed lathe1 and make  
the simple  forms or models that are    
required in experimental work4 ,to do   
this  intelligently1 it is necessary to 
follow in detail every step in metal    
spinning from the circular blank to     
annealing1 pickling1 dipping1           
burnishing1 etc41 and also to know how  

to make the simpler forms of  spinning  
tools1 what lubricants to use on the    
different kinds of  metals1 what        
material to make the spinning chuck of1 
and how far the  metal can be worked    
before annealing4    ,spinning metal    
into complicated and elaborate shapes1  
is an art fully  as difficult as any    
craft1 and the man is truly an artist   
that can  make artistic and graceful    
outlines in metal1 especially when only 
a  few pieces are required and the cost 
will not allow of making special  chucks
 to do the work on and with no outline  
chucks to govern his  design1 the forms 
being made by skill and manipulation of 
tools alone4  ,such skill is far        
superior to that of the ,russian metal  
worker1 who1  instead of making a vase  
or ornament of one piece1 cuts up       
several  sections and soft solders them 
together1 after covering them with crude
  8gingerbread0 work to disguise his    
poor metal work4    ,the amateur can    
imitate the ,russian work1 but never the

 work of the  skilled spinner4 ,there   
are several grades of spinners1 most of 
them  never attaining the skill of the  
model-maker or the facility for         
handling the different metals4 ,a man   
that has had several years of           
experience spinning brass or copper     
would not be able to spin britannia  or 
white metal without stretching it to a  
very uneven thickness4  ,as brass or    
copper is harder than the other metals  
mentioned1 they  resist the tool more   
and require more pressure in forming1   
and if the  operator used the same      
pressure on the softer metals1 he would 
stretch  or distort them1 so that they  
would be perhaps one-quarter of the     
original thickness at angles and corners
 where the strain in spinning  would be 
greatest1 which would ruin the articles4
 ,the best test for  skill in ordinary  
spinning1 is to take a long difficult   
shape1 after  being finished1 and saw it
 in two lengthwise1 and if the variation
 in  thickness is less than #be per cent

 of the original gage1 it is good       
practice4 ,some spinners can keep within
 #aj per cent of the gage on  ordinary  
work1 but they are scarce4    ,the      
spinning trade in this country is mostly
 followed by foreigners1  ,germans and  
,swedes being the best4 ,the ,american  
that has intelligence  and skill enough 
to be a first-class spinner1 will       
generally look  around for something    
easier about the time that he has the   
trade  acquired4 ,it is an occupation   
that cannot be followed up in old age1  
as it is too strenuous1 the operator    
being on his feet constantly1 and       
having to use his head as well as his   
muscles4      ,general ,remarks on      
,metal ,spinning ,chucks    ,for common 
plain shapes1 a patternmaker's          
faceplate1 with a tapered  center screw1
 is sufficient for holding the wood     
chuck4 ,the hole in the  wood should be 
the same taper as the screw1 thus giving
 an even grip on  the thread4 ,if a     
straight hole only is used1 and it is   

not reamed out  before screwing to the  
plate1 it will only have a bearing on   
one or two  threads1 and if the chuck is
 taken off and replaced on the          
faceplate1  it will not run true4 ,care 
should also be taken to face off the end
  of the chuck flat1 or to slightly     
recess it1 so that it will screw up     
evenly against the faceplate1 as a high 
center will cause it to rock  and run   
out of true4    ,in large chucks 7over  
five inches7 it is best to have three or
 four  wood screws1 besides the center  
screw4 ,the holes for these can be      
spaced off accurately on a circle in the
 iron faceplate1 and drilled  and       
countersunk4 ,it is best to have twice  
as many holes as screws2 that  is1 if   
four screws are used there should be    
eight holes1 so that if the  chuck has  
to be replaced at any time and the wood 
has shrunk1 it can be  turned one-eighth
 of a revolution further than the       
original chucking4    ,where a chuck has
 to be used several times1 it is better 

practice to  cut a thread in the wood   
and screw the chuck directly to the     
spindle  of a lathe1 not using the      
faceplate4 ,this thread can be chased   
with  a regular chasing tool1 where the 
operator has the skill1 or if not1  the 
wood can be bored out and a special wood
 tap used4 ,such a tap has  no flutes   
and it is bored hollow1 there being a   
wall about _/ inch  thick4 ,one tooth   
does all the cutting1 that is the one at
 the end of  the thread4 ,the chips go  
into the hollow part of the tap4 ,the   
end of  the tap for about  inch should  
have the same diameter as the hole      
before threading to act as guide for the
 cutting tooth4    ,it is essential that
 a chuck should run very true and be    
balanced  perfectly1 as the high speed  
at which it runs will cause it to       
vibrate  and run out of true1 causing   
the finished metal to show chatter      
marks4  ,the best wood for chucks is    
hard maple1 and it should be selected   
for  its even grain and absence of      

checks and cracks4 ,it is best to paint 
the ends with paraffine or red lead1 or 
to immerse the chucks in some  vegetable
 oil after turning4 ,cottonseed oil is  
very good for this  purpose1 but care   
should be taken not to soak the chucks  
too long4    ,for a man not skilled in  
spinning1 it is better to use metal     
chucks  than wood1 for if there are many
 shells of a kind1 the operator is      
liable to bear too hard on the tool1    
thus compressing the chuck and  making  
the last shells smaller than the first4 
,corners and angles not  well supported 
might also be knocked off4 ,the writer  
prefers cold  rolled steel for chucks up
 to #f inches in diameter and cast iron 
for  the larger ones1 but where good    
steel castings can be obtained1 a  good 
chuck can be made by turning roughly to 
shape a wood pattern1  allowing enough  
for shrinkage and finishing1 and        
hollowing out the back  to lighten it4  
,when the chuck is finished all over in 
the lathe1 it  should balance much      

better than a cast iron one1 as there   
are not the  chances of having blow     
holes in the iron1 thus throwing the    
chuck out  of balance4      ,annealing  
,the distance that metal can be drawn   
without annealing1 can only be  learned 
by experience4 ,a flat blank rotated in 
the lathe1 being soft1  will offer      
little resistance and it can be         
gradually drawn down by a  tool held    
under the chuck and against the blank4  
,this tool is pushed  from the center   
outward and forward at the same time1   
and every time  it passes over the blank
 or disk the metal becomes harder by    
friction1  and the change of formation  
and the resistance at the point of the  
tool  greater4 ,this can be felt as the 
tool is under the operator's arm4 ,when 
the spring of the metal is such that the
 tool does not gain any1 but  only      
hardens the metal1 the shell should be  
taken off and annealed4 ,if  the metal  
has been under a severe strain1 it      
should be hammered on the  horn of an   

anvil or any metal piece that will      
support the inside4 ,the  hammer should 
be a wood or rawhide mallet1 but never  
metal1 the object  being to put dents or
 flutes in the metal to relieve the     
strain when  heating for annealing2 if  
this is not done the shell will crack4  
,after annealing the shell it should be 
pickled to clean the oxide or  scale    
from the surface2 otherwise the metal   
will be pitted4 ,when the  scale is     
crowded into the metal and when it will 
not finish smooth  after spinning to    
shape1 the metal can be finished by     
skimming or  shaving the outer surface  
which cuts out all tool marks2 it can   
then  be finished with medium emery     
cloth or the shell can be bright dipped1
  and be run over with a burnishing tool
 before buffing4 ,burnishing can  be    
done on the spinning chuck1 but the     
speed should be higher than for         
spinning2 this requires some skill for a
 good job1 and it can be done  only on  
metal chucks4    ,annealing is best     

accomplished in a wood or gas oven1     
where a forge  fire is used4 ,the metal 
should never touch the coke or other    
fuel1  but it should be held in the     
flame above the fire4 ,where only part  
annealing is required1 the shell can be 
immersed in water1 the part to  be      
annealed being exposed above the water1 
and a blowpipe used on it4  ,the        
remainder of the shell will then be     
hard4 ,this way of annealing is         
sometimes necessary on a special shapes4
    ,brass should be heated to a cherry 
red1 and held at that point for a  few  
minutes1 in a muffle furnace4 ,if an    
open furnace is used1 just  bring the   
metal to a cherry red and then dip it in
 water2 this method  is better than when
 waiting for it to cool1 the action     
being just the  opposite to that on     
steel4 ,brass such as the common yellow 
brass is not  suitable for spinning1    
there being but #ee per cent copper and 
#de per  cent zinc4 ,there are two      
grades of brass suitable for spinning4  

,these  are known as 8spinning and      
drawing10 having #fj per cent copper and
 #dj  per cent zinc1 and 8extra spinning
 and drawing0 having #fg per cent       
copper and #cc per cent zinc4 ,there is 
also a better grade known as 8low       
brass0 having from #ge to #hj per cent  
copper2 it has the color of bronze  and 
is only used on very deep and difficult 
spinning4    ,the scale1 after          
annealing1 should be pickled off in an  
acid bath  7described further on in this
 chapter71 and the part thoroughly      
washed  in running water4 ,brass1       
,german silver and the harder metals    
should be  hammered before annealing2 it
 is not necessary to hammer zinc1       
copper1  aluminum1 etc4    ,a pyrometer 
in an annealing furnace would be an     
advantage where  quantities of the      
softer metals such as zinc1 aluminum1   
etc41 are being  heated4 ,copper is     
annealed the same as brass and is also  
pickled4 ,zinc  is coated with oil      
before being put in the oven1 and when  

the oil turns  brown1 which occurs when 
the temperature is about #cej degrees1  
the  metal is ready to take out2 it     
should then be plunged in water to shed 
the scale1 but not pickled4 ,the melting
 point of zinc is #ghj degrees  ,f4     
,aluminum can be annealed the same as   
zinc1 as the melting point is  #a1adj   
degrees ,f4    ,steel should be annealed
 by heating to a cherry red and then    
allowing  it to cool slowly2 it should  
be scaled in a special pickle1          
thoroughly  washed1 and then put back in
 the fire long enough to evaporate every
  particle of acid that may have        
remained from the pickling operation4   
,any acid remaining on the steel will   
neutralize any lubricant that is        
applied when spinning4 ,annealing should
 be avoided wherever possible4  ,open   
hearth steel only should be used4 ,it   
should be free from scale  and          
preferably cold rolled4 ,bessemer steel 
is not suitable1 except  for very       
shallow spinnings4 ,tin plate made from 

open hearth steel can  be spun about    
one-half as deep as its diameter where  
the shape is not  too irregular4 ,german
 silver is difficult to spin1 especially
 when  it contains over #ae per cent    
nickel2 it has to be hammered before    
annealing1 the same as brass1 to avoid  
cracks4      ,lubricants    ,common     
yellow soap cut up in strips about  inch
 or  inch square is a  good lubricant   
for spinning most metals4 ,it should be 
applied evenly  to the disk or blank    
while it is revolving1 by holding the   
soap in  the hand and drawing it across 
the surface4 ,beeswax is the best for   
spinning steel1 but it is expensive4    
,lard oil mixed with white lead is  a   
fair substitute4 ,either mutton or beef 
tallow applied with a cloth  swab is    
very good on most all metals2 also      
vaseline and graphite mixed  to a paste 
and applied the same as tallow4         
,examples of ,spinning ,various ,metals 
,the different metals are malleable1    
ductile and tenacious in the  following 

order2 white metal or britannia1        
aluminum1 zinc1 copper1 low  brass1 high
 brass1 ,german silver1 steel1 tin      
plate4 ,white metal does  not harden in 
spinning1 but it requires special skill 
in handling1 or  the metal will be of   
very uneven gage4 ,the best metal for an
 amateur to  start on is copper1 as it  
is both tenacious and ductile1 and will 
stand  much abuse in the fire and on the
 lathe4 ,one of the peculiar properties 
of zinc is that it has a grain or       
texture1 and when spinning1 the two     
sides that go through the rolls         
lengthwise will be longer than the      
sides that have the cross grain1        
requiring the shell to be trimmed off   
quite a distance to even the edge4      
,to show the possibilities of working   
the different metals1 and their         
relative spinning values1 a number of   
articles made from different  materials 
are illustrated herewith4               
,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,zinc ,lamp   
,shade ,spun in ,one ,operation without 

,annealing    ,a zinc lamp shade is     
shown in ,fig4 #af that is #ad inches in
 diameter  and #d inches deep4 ,this    
shade was spun in one operation1 without
  annealing1 from a flat circular blank4
 ,all zinc should be warmed before      
spinning1 either over a gas burner at   
the lathe or in hot soap water1  and the
 chuck also should be heated1 as        
otherwise the blank will soon  chill1 if
 spun on a cold metal chuck1 as the     
chuck absorbs the heat  long before the 
operation is finished4 ,of course this  
does not apply  to wooden chucks4 ,the  
chuck may be heated by using the burner 
shown in  ,fig4 #ag1 which is located   
around the spindle of the lathe4 ,the   
size of  the burner should1 of course1  
be in proportion to that of the chuck   
used4 ,the burner illustrated is #h     
inches in diameter4 ,it has several     
small holes drilled for the gas on the  
side facing the chuck4 ,the heat  of the
 chuck is regulated by varying the      
supply of gas to the burner4  ,the blank

 is heated before it is put on the chuck
 and the friction of  the spinning tool 
helps to keep it warm until it comes in 
contact with  the chuck4 ,the metal     
retains its heat until the job is       
finished1 and  this sometimes saves an  
annealing operation4    ,in ,fig4 #ah is
 shown an example of aluminum spinning4 
,the article  illustrated is a cuspidor 
having a top #g inches in diameter1 a   
neck  with a #d-;inch flare1 a diameter 
at the top of #i inches1 and a height   
of #f inches4 ,this shell was spun      
without annealing1 which shows the      
extreme ductility of aluminum4 ,the     
copper shell shown in ,fig4 #ai1 has  a 
maximum diameter of #g inches1 and a    
depth of #h inches2 it was spun  with   
four annealings4 ,a ,german silver      
reflector1 which is #aj inches in       
diameter at the largest end and #e      
inches deep1 is shown in ,fig4 #bj4     
,the spinning of such a reflector1 when 
made from this material1 is  quite      
difficult4 ,an open hearth cold-rolled  

steel shell with a maximum  diameter of 
#c inches and a depth of #d inches is   
shown in ,fig4 #ba4 ,this  shell was    
spun without annealing1 which shows that
 the grade of steel  used is well       
adapted for this work4    ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #ag4 ,gas ,burner for ,heating   
,spinning ,chuck    ,illustration3      
,figs4 #ah and #ai4 ,examples of        
,aluminum and ,copper  ,spinning        
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,german       
,silver ,reflector    ,fig4 #ba4 ,open  
,hearth ,cold-rolled ,steel ,shell      
,in ,fig4 #bb two finished brass shells 
are shown to the right1 and also  the   
number of operations required to change 
the form of the metal4 ,the  upper shell
 is #f inches long and #c inches in     
diameter at the large  end1 while the   
lower one is #g inches long by #c inches
 in diameter4  ,it was necessary to     
anneal these shells between each        
operation1 the  upper shell being       
annealed four times and the lower one   
three times4  ,these pieces were made in

 quantities sufficient to warrant the   
making  of chucks for each operation1   
which enabled them to be spun with less 
skill than would be required if a       
finishing chuck only were made4 ,when  a
 single finishing chuck is used1 the    
various operations in spinning a  shell 
of this kind would be left to the       
judgment of the spinner1 who  would     
decide the limit of the stretch of metal
 between the operations  before         
annealing4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 
,various ,steps in ,spinning the ,two   
,brass ,shells  at the ,right    ,a     
brass shell that is made in five        
operations and with four annealings  is 
shown in ,fig4 #bc4 ,the finishing chuck
 used is a split or key chuck  on which 
it is necessary to cut out the end of   
the shell in order  to withdraw the key 
after the shell is spun4 ,this shell1   
which is  shown finished to the right1  
is #e inches long4 ,it is spun smooth   
on a machine steel chuck1 and is not    
skimmed1 but gone over with a           

planishing tool at the last operation4  
,the two pieces shown in ,fig4 #bb  were
 also finished in this way4             
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,another      
,brass ,spinning ,operation2 the ,chuck 
used is shown at ,a    ,fig4 #bd shows a
 brass shell1 which is a good example of
 8air spinning10  so called because the 
finishing or second operation on part of
 the  shape is done in the air1 thus    
avoiding the use of a sectional or split
  chuck4 ,the shell shown is about #e   
inches in diameter4 ,the first or       
breaking-down chuck is shown at ,a4 ,the
 neck or small part of the  piece1 and  
also a portion of the spherical surface1
 is formed by the  spinning tool without
 any support from the chuck4 ,after the 
shell is  spun or broken down on chuck  
,a1 it is annealed and pickled4 ,it is  
then put back on chuck ,a and planished 
or hardened on the part that  is to     
retain its present shape4 ,the work is  
then placed on the chuck  ,b and the    
soft part is manipulated by the tool    

until it conforms to  the shape shown to
 the right4 ,while this soft part of the
 metal is  being formed1 the part which 
was previously hardened retains its     
shape4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,an 
,example of 8,air ,spinning0 and the    
,chucks  used      ,various ,types of   
,metal-spinning ,chucks and their       
,construction    ,a miscellaneous       
collection of spinning chucks is shown  
in ,fig4 #be4 ,as  will be seen1 the    
larger ones are machined out in the back
 to lighten  them1 and also to give them
 an even balance4 ,the larger of those  
illustrated measure about #i inches in  
diameter1 and they are made of  cast    
iron1 while the smaller chucks shown in 
this view are of machine  steel4 ,the   
chuck marked ,a is a key chuck4 ,another
 collection of  spinning chucks of      
various shapes is shown in ,fig4 #bf4   
,those in the  upper row are all key or 
split chucks1 and the keys are shown    
withdrawn  from the sockets4 ,all these 
chucks1 up to #f inches in diameter1 are

  made of machine steel2 those seen in  
the lower row are shapes which are      
comparatively easy to spin4             
,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,miscellaneous
 ,collection of ,spinning ,chucks       
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,another      
,group of ,spinning ,chucks4 ,those in  
the  ,upper ,row are of the ,split or   
,key ,type    ,a collection of hard     
maple chucks is shown in ,fig4 #bg1 some
 of which  represent shapes that are    
difficult to spin4 ,the chuck ,a is #ae 
inches  long1 and the maximum diameter  
of ,b is #ab inches4 ,these figures will
  serve to give an idea of the          
proportions of the other chucks4 ,all of
  the chucks shown have threads cut in  
them and they are screwed directly  to  
the spindle of the lathe1 the faceplate 
being dispensed with4 ,some  of the     
larger wooden chucks used measure       
approximately #e feet in  diameter4 ,a  
chuck of this size is built up of       
sections which are glued  together4     
,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,various      

,forms of ,spinning ,chucks made from   
,hard  ,maple    ,a number of bronze    
sectional split chucks are shown in     
,fig4 #bh4 ,when  spinning over a       
sectional chuck1 it is first necessary  
to break down  the shell as far as is   
practicable on a solid chuck4 ,care     
should be  taken1 however1 to leave     
sufficient clearance so that the work   
may be  withdrawn4 ,the shell is then   
annealed1 after which it is put on the  
sectional chuck and the under cut or    
small end is spun down to the  chuck    
surface4 ,when the entire surface of the
 shell is spun down to a  bearing1 the  
shell is planished or skimmed to a      
smooth surface2 the  open edge is also  
trimmed even and the shell is polished  
with emery  cloth4    ,illustration3    
,fig4 #bh4 ,a ,group of ,bronze         
,sectional ,chucks    ,a large bronze   
chuck of seven sections1 one of which is
 a key section1  is shown at ,a4 ,the   
largest diameter of this chuck is #aj   
inches4 ,it  has a cast iron center hub 

and a steel cap at the top for holding  
the  sections in place4 ,this cap1 when 
in place in the retaining groove  shown1
 is flush with the top of the chuck4    
,another large chuck having  five       
sections and one key section is shown at
 ,b4 ,the retaining cap in  this case is
 of a different form4 ,the lower parts  
of the sections of  all these chucks fit
 in a groove at the bottom of the hub4  
,a chuck of  five sections that is      
without a binding cap1 is shown at ,c4  
,this is  not a good design as the hub  
or center is too straight1 and all of   
the  grip or drive is from the bottom   
groove1 which is not sufficient4 ,the   
shape shown at ,d is more difficult to  
spin than any of the others1  as it is  
smaller at the opening in proportion to 
its size4 ,this chuck  also requires    
more sections in order that it may be   
withdrawn from the  shell after the     
latter is spun4 ,the chuck ,e is        
intended for a small  shell that is also
 difficult to spin4 ,the drive pins     

which prevent the  segments of the chuck
 ,e from turning may be seen projecting 
from its  base4 ,the centering pins at  
the outer end of chucks ,d and ,e and   
the  binding caps may also be seen4 ,the
 chuck ,a1 because of its size1 is      
hollowed out to reduce the weight4 ,all 
of these chucks were made for  hard     
service1 and they have been used in     
spinning thousands of shells4           
,another group of sectional chucks is   
shown in ,fig4 #bi4 ,they are mostly    
made from hard maple4 ,the sections of  
chuck ,a are planed and fitted  together
 and thin pieces of paper are glued to  
these sections before  they are glued   
collectively for turning4 ,by using the 
paper between  the joints1 the sections 
may be easily separated after they are  
turned  to the proper size and form4 ,if
 the different sections were glued      
without paper between them1 the joint   
formed would be so good that the        
separation of the sections could not be 
controlled1 and parts from  opposite    

sections would be torn away4 ,the use of
 the paper1 however1  between the glued 
joints1 controls the separation of the  
sections4 ,the  chuck shown at ,d is    
also made with the paper between the    
sections4  ,chucks ,b and ,e are turned 
from the solid1 care being taken to have
  the grain of the wood lengthwise4     
,after they are turned to the required  
form1 they are split into sections with 
a sharp chisel4 ,before doing  this1 the
 key-section should first be laid out4  
,there should be as few  sections as    
possible1 the number being just         
sufficient to enable the  withdrawing of
 the chuck from the shell after the     
latter is spun to  shape4 ,this method  
of making a chuck1 while quicker than   
the other1 is  not good practice1 except
 for small work4    ,illustration3 ,fig4
 #bi4 ,sectional ,chucks made from ,wood
    ,a lignum vit chuck is shown at ,a  
in ,fig4 #cj2 this was made with  paper 
between the sections4 ,the key-section  
is shown on top4 ,this wood1  while     

being more durable than hard maple1     
costs sixteen cents a pound  in the     
rough and1 counting the waste material1 
is not any cheaper  than bronze1 and is 
less durable4 ,the hard maple chucks ,b 
and ,c  were turned from the solid1     
after which the sections were split4    
,the  segments shown in the center of   
the illustration did not split evenly1  
owing to a winding or twisting grain4   
,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,other        
,examples of ,wooden ,sectional ,chucks 
,the construction of a sectional        
spinning chuck is shown in ,fig4 #ca4   
,this illustration also shows the proper
 proportion for the central hub  and its
 taper4 ,this hub should never be       
straight1 but should have from  #e to #g
 degrees taper on the central part4     
,there should also be a taper  of #a    
degree on the other binding surfaces as 
indicated4 ,these parts  are made       
tapering so that the shell can be       
released from the lathe  after spinning1
 without hammering or driving2 when     

straight surfaces  are used the work has
 to be pried off1 and it is also harder 
to set  up the sections for the next    
shell4 ,another disadvantage is that    
with  straight fittings the wear cannot 
be taken up4 ,an end cap or binder      
should be used wherever possible as it  
steadies the chuck4 ,a drive pin  should
 also be used and the hole for it       
drilled in the largest section2  this is
 important1 as it gives the sections a  
more positive drive4 ,if  they slip they
 will soon wear themselves loose and    
leave openings at  the joints4          
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,elevation and
 ,plan showing ,construction of         
,sectional ,chuck    ,the plan view     
shows the method of laying out the      
various sections4 ,the  key should be   
laid out first4 ,one key is enough for  
the particular  form of chuck           
illustrated1 but it is often necessary  
to use two key  sections when the shell 
opening is small4    ,when a sectional  
chuck is to be made1 it is important to 

decide first  on the size of the central
 hub ,a1 the number of sections ,c1 and 
also the design of the cap or binder ,b4
 ,this cap must not exceed in  size the 
opening in the finished shell1 as it    
would be impossible to  remove it after 
the chuck sections were taken out4      
,after the size of  the hub ,a has been 
decided upon1 a wooden form should be   
turned that  is a duplicate of ,a1      
except that a spherical surface ,e      
should be  added4 ,this spherical part  
should be slightly smaller than the     
inner  diameter of the bronze sections  
in order to allow for machining them4   
,in turning this wooden pattern on which
 the plaster patterns for the  sections 
are to be formed1 the shoulder ,d should
 be omitted1 as a  removable metal ring 
will take its place4    ,when the wooden
 hub is ready1 two metal partitions or  
templets of the  same outline as the    
chuck1 though about one-half inch larger
 than its  total diameter1 for shrinkage
 and finishing1 are fastened to the hub 

in  the correct position for making a   
plaster pattern for the key section4    
,these patterns should have extension   
ends so that the sections when  cast may
 be held by them while they are being   
turned4 ,the templets  should be banked 
around with a wad of clay1 and they     
should also be  coated on the inside    
with sperm oil to keep the plaster from 
sticking4  ,there should be two brads   
driven in the hub for each section of   
plaster  to hold the sections in place  
while they are being turned4 ,after the 
plaster for the key section has         
hardened1 the templets should be        
located one on each side of the key     
section1 so that the two adjacent       
sections may be made4 ,in this way all  
the sections are finished4 ,after  about
 forty-eight hours the plaster will be  
hard enough to turn in the  lathe with a
 hand tool4 ,the form should be roughly 
outlined and plenty  of stock left for  
shrinkage1 as bronze shrinks            
considerably4 ,before  taking the       

sections off the wooden frame1 the metal
 band ,d should be  removed to allow the
 sections to be separated4 ,this should 
not be done1  however1 until they are   
numbered1 so that they can be again     
placed in  their proper positions4      
,after the sections are cast1 they      
should be  surfaced on a disk grinder1  
or finished with a file1 care being     
taken  to remove as little metal as     
possible4 ,each section is next tinned  
on  both contact faces1 and then all are
 assembled and sweated or soldered      
together by a blow-pipe4 ,it is         
sometimes necessary to put a couple of  
strong metal bands around the sections  
to hold them firmly in place  when      
soldering and also to support them      
during the turning operation4           
,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,a ,modern    
,spinning ,lathe    ,the central hub ,a 
should be machined first2 then the      
assembled  outside shell should be      
machined to fit the hub ,a1 both on the 
taper part and at the point ,d4 ,while  

the segments are being bored  and faced1
 they are held by the extension ends    
7not shown7 which were  provided for    
this purpose4 ,this outer shell should  
also be machined all  over the inside so
 that it will be in balance4 ,it is then
 taken out of  the chuck and a hole is  
drilled in the largest section for drive
 pin  ,h4 ,the hub ,a is then caught in 
the lathe chuck with the assembled      
sections on it1 and a seat is turned for
 the cap ,b4 ,after this is  done the   
binder bands can be removed1 but not    
before4 ,the chuck can be  finished with
 a hand tool and file after the roughing
 cut is taken4  ,after the sections are 
removed from the hub and numbered at the
 bottom  or inner ends1 they can be     
separated by heating them4 ,if the      
joints are  properly fitted there will  
be only a thin film of solder1 which can
 be  wiped off when hot4    ,a          
twenty-four-inch metal spinning lathe   
that is rigged up in a modern  way1 is  
shown in ,fig4 #cb4 ,the hand wheel of  

the tailstock has been  discarded for   
the lever ,a1 which is more rapid and   
can be manipulated  without stopping the
 lathe4 ,this lathe has a roller bearing
 for the  center ,b which is a practical
 improvement over types previously used4
  ,the pin ,c1 which is used in the rest
 as a fulcrum for the spinning  tools1  
is also an improvement1 being larger    
than those ordinarily  used4 ,it is     
inch in diameter1 #f inches long1 and it
 has a reduced  end for the holes in the
 rest1  inch in diameter by #a inch     
long4 ,this  pin is large enough so that
 the spinner can conveniently hold it   
with  his left hand when necessary1 and 
it can also be rapidly changed to       
different holes4 ,the pins ordinarily   
used1 because of their small size1  do  
not have these advantages4 ,the speed of
 a spinning lathe having a  five-step   
cone should be about #b1bej to #b1cjj   
revolutions per minute  with the belt on
 the smallest step1 and from #fjj to    
#gjj revolutions per  minute with the   

belt on the largest step4 ,the fastest  
speed given is  suitable for all work   
under #e inches in diameter1 and the    
slowest for  work within the capacity of
 the lathe4 ,on large shells it is      
sometimes  necessary to change from one 
speed to another as the work progresses4
  ,figs4 #cc and #cd show the spinner at
 work1 and illustrate how the tool      
should be held1 and also the proper     
position of the left hand4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,view showing 
how the ,tool is held when ,spinning    
,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,another ,view
 showing the ,position of the  ,spinner 
and the ,way the ,tool is held when     
forming the ,metal      ,construction of
 the ,tailstock and ,back-center        
,fig4 #ce shows a spinning-lathe        
tailstock1 which has been changed from  
the hand-wheel-and-screw type to one    
having a lever and a roller  bearing4   
,the spindle ,a which is withdrawn from 
the lever and turned  one-quarter of a  
revolution to give a better view of the 

rollers1 is  made from #a-;inch cold    
rolled steel4 ,the rollers against which
 the  center bears do not project beyond
 the spindle1 so that the latter  can be
 withdrawn through the tailstock4 ,this 
eliminates the excessive  overhang      
caused by ball bearings and other       
centers4 ,when the center  projects too 
far1 the tailstock cannot be set close  
to the work owing  to the necessity of  
withdrawing the center when removing the
 spun part4  ,the application of this   
principle to a spinning lathe is        
original and  the type of center        
illustrated was used only after all     
other kinds  had failed1 including all  
the types of ball bearings and revolving
  pins4 ,the best forms of ball bearing 
centers do not last over a year1  if in 
constant use1 and they will not always  
revolve on small work4  ,two other      
spindles are shown in this engraving1   
which were taken  from other lathes in  
order to show different views of the    
parts4 ,the  cylindrical pieces ,b are  

the hardened friction rollers which     
belong  in the slot of the spindle ,f1  
and ,c is the hardened pin upon which   
they revolve4 ,the hardened center ,d   
has a threaded end on which the         
back-centers ,e of different lengths and
 shapes are screwed4 ,the  friction     
rollers should always be in a vertical  
position1 and care  should be taken to  
have them exactly central with the      
spindle4        ,see ,transcriber's     
,note at the end of this book4    and   
also gives the principal dimensions of a
 roller bearing for a  #a-;inch spindle4
 ,a is a hardened steel bushing1 which  
is driven into  the machine steel       
spindle4 ,the parts ,b are the hardened 
steel rollers  which travel in opposite 
directions4 ,these rollers have a small 
amount  of friction1 and this is        
distributed over a large area4 ,a       
spindle  revolving at #b1cjj revolutions
 per minute will not cause these rollers
  to rotate very rapidly1 while a ball  
bearing with balls traveling in a       

channel #a inch or #b inches in diameter
 would be traveling at the same  speed  
as the driving spindle4 ,they also wear 
out rapidly as the end  strain is very  
great1 it being necessary to force the  
center against  the metal with          
considerable pressure to keep it from   
slipping4 ,c  is the hardened pin upon  
which the rollers revolve1 and ,d is the
  hardened spindle on which the various 
back-centers are screwed4 ,the  collar  
,e should either be flattened for a     
wrench1 or a _/-inch  hole1 in which a  
wire can be inserted1 should be drilled 
through the  spindle1 so that it can be 
kept from rotating when screwing on the 
back-centers4 ,some spinners prefer the 
spindle loose1 so that it can  be       
withdrawn when changing the centers1    
while others prefer one with            
considerable lateral motion1 but not    
enough to permit of withdrawal4 ,by     
inserting a screw-point in the recess   
,f1 the center has considerable  lateral
 motion1 but not enough to allow it to  

be withdrawn4 ,this  recess is useful in
 that it helps to distribute the oil4   
,all parts  should be hardened and drawn
 to a light straw color2 they should    
also be ground or lapped to a true fit  
after hardening4 ,back-centers  of this 
construction have been in use for over  
three years in one  establishment1 and  
it has not been necessary to replace a  
single part4    ,illustration3 ,fig4    
#ce4 ,detailed ,view of a               
,spinning-lathe ,tailstock              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,sectional    
,view showing the ,back-center and its  
,double ,roller ,bearing      ,tools    
,used in ,metal ,spinning    ,fig4 #cg  
shows an attachment which is used to    
roll any bead or form4  ,this tool1 when
 in use1 is inserted in the tailstock   
spindle in place  of the regular center4
 ,it is adjustable for any diameter4    
,the roll  illustrated is for making a  
sharp turn1 but rounds and other forms  
are  used4 ,the shell being spun by this
 tool should be held on a hollow  chuck4

 ,the roll is set at a point where the  
metal is to be turned over1  and by its 
use the curve may be governed and made  
uniform with less  skill than when the  
work is done by 8air spinning40 ,in     
addition1 the  spinning may be done in  
less time4 ,this attachment1 for some   
shapes1  makes the use of sectional     
chucks unnecessary4    ,illustration3   
,fig4 #cg4 ,attachment used for ,rolling
 ,sharp ,turns and  ,beads    ,fig4 #ch 
shows several spinning tools1 the heads 
of which were turned in  the lathe      
instead of being forged4 ,this method of
 making spinning tools  is believed to  
be original4 ,the spinners prefer them  
to the tools which  are forged in one   
piece1 because the heads which are      
screwed to the  shanks are made of the  
best quality of steel1 such as the      
high-speed  or self-hardening steel4    
,the shapes are also better and the     
surfaces  more true4 ,the heads of these
 tools are all threaded with standard   
-inch1 -inch and -inch pipe taps1       

according to the size4 ,obviously1  a   
spinner can have as many different      
shaped heads as may be required of  each
 of the sizes given1 and only one       
handle4 ,the tapering threads in  these 
heads insure that they will always screw
 on the shanks tightly no  matter how   
often they may be replaced4 ,the -inch  
size takes a -inch  cold rolled holder2 
the -inch1 a -inch holder1 and the      
-inch1 a  -inch holder4 ,these will be  
found large enough for the heaviest     
work4  ,the egg-shaped tool ,a is a good
 form for roughing or breaking down1  as
 it has plenty of clearance on the heel1
 and a blunt point that will  not tear  
the metal4 ,this tool is shown in four  
sizes4 ,the ball or  spherical tool ,b  
is a good one to use on curves and large
 sweeps4  ,the tool ,c is elliptic1 and 
is slightly different from ,a1 as it    
has a blunter point4 ,one of these heads
 is shown at ,d screwed onto  a reducer 
by which it is held in the lathe chuck  
while being turned4  ,these heads or    

points can also be turned while on the  
handle by using a  steady rest4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,metal        
,spinning ,tools with ,high-speed ,steel
  ,removable ,heads    ,a group of      
trimmers1 skimmers and edgers is shown  
in ,fig4 #ci4 ,three  skimmers of the   
built-up type are illustrated1 the      
shanks being of  machine steel and the  
blades being riveted to the holders4    
,these  blades are made of either       
high-speed or regular steel4 ,skimmers  
which are forged in the regular way from
 one piece of steel1 are  shown at ,b4  
,a number of edgers ,c1 which are made  
of high-speed  or self-hardening steel1 
are also illustrated4 ,these tools are  
used  without handles until they are    
worn down short1 after which tangs are  
forged on their ends and they are used  
in handles4 ,edgers are utilized  on all
 kinds of work for trimming the ends of 
the shells4 ,the skimmer  is seldom used
 on metal chucks1 but mostly in         
connection with wooden  chucks1 where   

the metal cannot be smoothed down with a
 planisher4  ,the skimmer is run over   
the metal lightly1 taking a thin shaving
 and  smoothing the uneven surfaces4 ,it
 requires considerable skill to  use    
this tool without wasting the metal4    
,the surface of the work is  finished   
with emery cloth after skimming4        
,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,tools used   
for ,trimming and ,skimming ,spun ,work 
,figs4 #dj and #da show a number of     
spinning tools of various shapes4 ,the  
letters ,a indicate the breaking-down or
 round-nosed tools of different  sizes4 
,this type of tool1 which is finished   
smooth and has a blunt  point1 is used  
for forming corners and sharp angles1   
and it is the  tool most commonly used  
by spinners4 ,the planishers and        
burnishers  ,b are used on all convex   
surfaces and for finishing on metal     
chucks  where there is to be no skimming
 done4 ,the tools ,c are known as hook  
or poker tools1 and they are used to    
turn up beads or curves from the  inside

 of the shell4 ,the holders having      
rollers are used for turning  over      
beads1 the metal first being trimmed and
 turned to a vertical  position4 ,the   
other shapes shown are irregular tools  
for special work  and they are not in   
daily use4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 
,a ,group of ,spinning ,tools of        
,various ,shapes    ,illustration3 ,fig4
 #da4 ,another ,group of ,spinning      
,tools    ,two pairs of spinners' pliers
 for turning over the edge of the metal 
when making large curves are shown in   
,fig4 #db4 ,the wedge-shaped pieces     
shown in this illustration are used when
 breaking down or roughing  shells to   
give a bearing to the metal in order to 
prevent it from  wrinkling or buckling  
when changing its formation4 ,these     
pieces are  made of hard wood with the  
exception of the one to the right1 which
 is  of steel4 ,when one of these pieces
 is in use it is held in the left  hand 
at a point directly opposite the        
spinning tool1 the metal being  between 

the two4 ,wood is preferable in most    
cases1 as it does not  harden the metal 
blank4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4     
,spinners' ,pliers which are used for   
turning the  ,edge of the ,metal when   
making a ,large ,bend    ,the tools     
shown in ,fig4 #dc are used in spinning 
steel4 ,the round tools  are of drawn   
brass1 and they can be used where the   
steel tools cannot1  for while a steel  
tool is perfection on brass1 a brass    
tool is the only  thing on steel4 ,it   
wears out1 however1 much more rapidly   
than one of  steel4 ,the rolls shown in 
the center are used for breaking down   
steel  shells4 ,these tools are hardened
 and have hardened roller bearings4 ,the
  handles are made of one-inch iron     
pipe1 which is filled with lead to  give
 weight and strength4    ,illustration3 
,fig4 #dc4 ,some ,spinning ,tools used  
in ,working ,steel    ,hard wood tools  
that are used for breaking down large   
thin copper  blanks ranging from #b to  
#e feet in diameter are shown in ,fig4  

#dd4 ,these  tools are also used where  
the surface that the tool will cover    
without  hardening the metal is         
important4 ,blanks which are broken down
 with  these tools are finished with the
 regular types4    ,the handles of      
spinning tools vary in diameter from #a 
to #a inch1 and  in length from #af     
inches to #bj inches4 ,the tools should 
project from  the handles from #i to #ah
 inches1 and the total length of the    
tool and  handle should average from #cj
 to #cd inches4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#dd4 ,wooden ,tools which are used on   
,large ,thin  ,copper ,blanks    ,a     
group of wood working tools is shown in 
,fig4 #de4 ,these tools are  of the type
 commonly used by spinners for turning  
the various shapes  of wooden spinning  
chucks4 ,as the tools illustrated are   
the kind  regularly used for wood       
turning by patternmakers and other      
wood-workers  generally1 they will need 
no description4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#de4 ,wood-turning ,tools which are used

 in turning  ,spinning ,chucks          
,preparation of the ,metal    ,brass1   
copper1 and ,german silver should be    
pickled after annealing in  order to get
 the scale or oxide from the surface4   
,there are furnaces  that anneal without
 scaling by excluding the air when      
heating1 but  they are not in general   
use4 ,a pickling bath may be made by    
using one  part of oil of vitriol       
7sulphuric acid7 and five parts of      
water4 ,the  shells can be put in hot1  
or the bath can be heated by a coil of  
lead  or copper pipe running through it4
 ,steam in no case should enter the     
bath1 as the iron in the feed pipe will 
spoil the pickle4 ,any basket  or box   
that may be used to hold the shells in  
the pickle should not  contain any iron4
 ,if a box is used it should be held    
together with  copper nails4 ,the pickle
 can be used cold1 but it will take a   
little  longer time to remove the scale4
 ,as soon as the scale is free1 which   
will be in about half an hour1 the      

shells should be removed or washed      
thoroughly in running water4 ,the shells
 should be allowed to dry before  the   
next operation1 which is that of        
spinning4 ,a lead-lined wooden  tank or 
an earthen jar may be used for holding  
the pickle4 ,the pickle  which is used  
for steel should be about half as strong
 as that employed  for brass4 ,after the
 work is in this pickle1 the latter     
should be  brought to the boiling point1
 after which the pieces should be taken 
out and washed4 ,they are then replaced 
in the fire for a short time to         
evaporate any acid that may remain after
 washing4    ,finished brass articles   
may be given different shades by dipping
 them  in a solution consisting of one  
part aqua fortis 7nitric acid7 and two  
parts oil of vitriol4 ,this solution    
should stand seven or eight hours  to   
cool after mixing1 and be kept in a     
crock immersed in a water bath4         
,,outline ,,of ,a ,,course ,,in ,,shop  
,,and ,,drafting-,,room ,,mathematics1  

,,mechanics1  ,,machine ,,design ,,and  
,,shop ,,practice      ,any intelligent 
man engaged in mechanical work can      
acquire a  well-rounded mechanical      
education by using as a guide in his    
studies  the outline of the course in   
mechanical subjects given below4 ,the   
course is laid out so as to make it     
possible for a man of little or  no     
education to go ahead1 beginning        
wherever he finds that his needs  begin4
 ,the course is made up of units so that
 it may be followed either  from        
beginning to end2 or the reader may     
choose any specific subject  which may  
be of especial importance to him4       
,preliminary ,course in ,arithmetic     
,,jig ,,sheets #a;,a ,,to #e;,a3--,whole
 ,numbers3 ,addition1 ,subtraction1     
,multiplication1 ,division1 and         
,factoring4    ,,jig ,,sheets #f;,a ,,to
 #ae;,a3--,common ,fractions and        
,decimal ,fractions4      ,shop         
,calculations    ,reference ,series ,no4
 #ah4 ,,shop ,,arithmetic ,,for ,,the   

,,machinist4    ,reference ,series ,no4 
#eb4 ,,advanced ,,shop ,,arithmetic     
,,for ,,the  ,,machinist4    ,reference 
,series ,no4 #ec4 ,,use ,,of            
,,logarithmic ,,tables4    ,reference   
,series ,nos4 #ed and #ee4 ,,solution   
,,of ,,triangles4    ,data ,sheet       
,series ,no4 #af4 ,,mathematical        
,,tables4 ,a book for  general          
reference4      ,drafting-room ,practice
    ,reference ,series ,no4 #b4         
,,drafting-,,room ,,practice4           
,reference ,series ,no4 #h4 ,,working   
,,drawings ,,and ,,drafting-,,room      
,,kinks4    ,reference ,series ,no4 #cc4
 ,,systems ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,the  
,,drafting-,,room4      ,general ,shop  
,practice    ,reference ,series ,no4    
#aj4 ,,examples ,,of ,,machine ,,shop   
,,practice4    ,reference ,series ,no4  
#g4 ,,lathe ,,and ,,planer ,,tools4     
,reference ,series ,no4 #be4 ,,deep     
,,hole ,,drilling4    ,reference ,series
 ,no4 #ch4 ,,grinding ,,and ,,grinding  
,,machines4    ,reference ,series ,no4  

#dh4 ,,files ,,and ,,filing4            
,reference ,series ,no4 #cb4 ,,screw    
,,thread ,,cutting4    ,data ,sheet     
,series ,no4 #a4 ,,screw ,,threads4     
,tables relating to all  the standard   
systems4    ,data ,sheet ,series ,no4   
#b4 ,,screws1 ,,bolts ,,and ,,nuts4     
,tables of  standards4    ,data ,sheet  
,series ,nos4 #aj and #aa4 ,,machine    
,,tool ,,operation4  ,tables relating to
 the operation of lathes1 screw         
machines1 milling  machines1 etc4       
,reference ,series ,nos4 #ej and #ea4   
,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of      
,,assembling ,,machine ,,tools4         
,reference ,series ,no4 #eg4 ,,metal    
,,spinning4      ,jigs and ,fixtures    
,reference ,series ,nos4 #da1 #db and   
#dc4 ,,jigs ,,and ,,fixtures4           
,reference ,series ,no4 #c4 ,,drill     
,,jigs4    ,reference ,series ,no4 #d4  
,,milling ,,fixtures4      ,punch and   
,die ,work    ,reference ,series ,no4   
#f4 ,,punch ,,and ,,die ,,work4         
,reference ,series ,no4 #ac4 ,,blanking 

,,dies4    ,reference ,series ,no4 #bf4 
,,modern ,,punch ,,and ,,die            
,,construction4      ,tool ,making      
,reference ,series ,no4 #fd4 ,,gage     
,,making ,,and ,,lapping4    ,reference 
,series ,no4 #ba4 ,,measuring ,,tools4  
,reference ,series ,no4 #ca4 ,,screw    
,,thread ,,tools ,,and ,,gages4    ,data
 ,sheet ,series ,no4 #c4 ,,taps ,,and   
,,threading ,,dies4    ,data ,sheet     
,series ,no4 #d4 ,,reamers1 ,,sockets1  
,,drills1 ,,and ,,milling  ,,cutters4   
,hardening and ,tempering    ,reference 
,series ,no4 #df4 ,,hardening ,,and     
,,tempering4    ,reference ,series ,no4 
#fc4 ,,heat ,,treatment ,,of ,,steel4   
,blacksmith ,shop ,practice and ,drop   
,forging    ,reference ,series ,no4 #dd4
 ,,machine ,,blacksmithing4             
,reference ,series ,no4 #fa4            
,,blacksmith ,,shop ,,practice4         
,reference ,series ,no4 #de4 ,,drop     
,,forging4      ,automobile             
,construction    ,reference ,series ,no4
 #ei4 ,,machines1 ,,tools ,,and         

,,methods ,,of ,,automobile             
,,manufacture4    ,reference ,series    
,no4 #fj4 ,,construction ,,and          
,,manufacture ,,of  ,,automobiles4      
,theoretical ,mechanics    ,reference   
,series ,no4 #e4 ,,first ,,principles   
,,of ,,theoretical  ,,mechanics4        
,reference ,series ,no4 #ai4 ,,use ,,of 
,,formulas ,,in ,,mechanics4            
,gearing    ,reference ,series ,no4 #ae4
 ,,spur ,,gearing4    ,reference ,series
 ,no4 #cg4 ,,bevel ,,gearing4           
,reference ,series ,no4 #a4 ,,worm      
,,gearing4    ,reference ,series ,no4   
#bj4 ,,spiral ,,gearing4    ,data ,sheet
 ,series ,no4 #e4 ,,spur ,,gearing4     
,general reference book  containing     
tables and formulas4    ,data ,sheet    
,series ,no4 #f4 ,,bevel1 ,,spiral ,,and
 ,,worm ,,gearing4  ,general reference  
book containing tables and formulas4    
,general ,machine ,design    ,reference 
,series ,no4 #i4 ,,designing ,,and      
,,cutting ,,cams4    ,reference ,series 
,no4 #aa4 ,,bearings4    ,reference     

,series ,no4 #ef4 ,,ball ,,bearings4    
,reference ,series ,no4 #eh4 ,,helical  
,,and ,,elliptic ,,springs4             
,reference ,series ,no4 #ag4 ,,strength 
,,of ,,cylinders4    ,reference ,series 
,no4 #bb4 ,,calculations ,,of ,,elements
 ,,of ,,machine  ,,design4    ,reference
 ,series ,no4 #bd4 ,,examples ,,of      
,,calculating ,,designs4    ,reference  
,series ,no4 #dj4 ,,flywheels4    ,data 
,sheet ,series ,no4 #g4 ,,shafting1     
,,keys ,,and ,,keyways4    ,data ,sheet 
,series ,no4 #h4 ,,bearings1            
,,couplings1 ,,clutches1 ,,crane ,,chain
  ,,and ,,hooks4    ,data ,sheet ,series
 ,no4 #i4 ,,springs1 ,,slides ,,and     
,,machine ,,details4    ,data ,sheet    
,series ,no4 #ai4 ,,belt1 ,,rope ,,and  
,,chain ,,drives4      ,machine ,tool   
,design    ,reference ,series ,no4 #ad4 
,,details ,,of ,,machine ,,tool         
,,design4    ,reference ,series ,no4    
#af4 ,,machine ,,tool ,,drives4         
,crane ,design    ,reference ,series    
,no4 #bc4 ,,theory ,,of ,,crane         

,,design4    ,reference ,series ,no4    
#dg4 ,,design ,,of ,,electric ,,overhead
 ,,cranes4    ,reference ,series ,no4   
#di4 ,,girders ,,for ,,electric         
,,overhead ,,cranes4      ,steam and    
,gas ,engine ,design    ,reference      
,series ,nos4 #fg to #gb1 inclusive4    
,,steam ,,boilers1 ,,engines1           
,,turbines ,,and ,,accessories4    ,data
 ,sheet ,series ,no4 #ae4 ,,heat1       
,,steam1 ,,steam ,,and ,,gas ,,engines4 
,data ,sheet ,series ,no4 #ac4 ,,boilers
 ,,and ,,chimneys4    ,reference ,series
 ,no4 #fe4 ,,formulas ,,and ,,constants 
,,for ,,gas ,,engine  ,,design4         
,special ,course in ,locomotive ,design 
,reference ,series ,no4 #bg4 ,,boilers1 
,,cylinders1 ,,throttle ,,valve1        
,,piston  ,,and ,,piston ,,rod4         
,reference ,series ,no4 #bh4 ,,theory   
,,and ,,design ,,of ,,stephenson ,,and  
,,walschaert',s ,,valve ,,motion4       
,reference ,series ,no4 #bi4 ,,smokebox1
 ,,frames ,,and ,,driving  ,,machinery4 
,reference ,series ,no4 #cj4 ,,springs1 

,,trucks1 ,,cab ,,and ,,tender4    ,data
 ,sheet ,series ,no4 #ad4 ,,locomotive  
,,and ,,railway ,,data4      ,dynamos   
and ,motors    ,reference ,series ,no4  
#cd4 ,,care ,,and ,,repair ,,of         
,,dynamos ,,and ,,motors4    ,data      
,sheet ,series ,no4 #bj4 ,,wiring       
,,diagrams1 ,,heating ,,and             
,,ventilation1  ,,and ,,miscellaneous   
,,tables4    ,reference ,series ,nos4   
#gc to #gh1 inclusive4 ,,principles     
,,and  ,,applications ,,of              
,,electricity4      ,heating and        
,ventilation    ,reference ,series ,no4 
#ci4 ,,fans1 ,,ventilation ,,and        
,,heating4    ,reference ,series ,no4   
#ff4 ,,heating ,,and ,,ventilating      
,,shops ,,and  ,,offices4    ,data      
,sheet ,series ,no4 #bj4 ,,wiring       
,,diagrams1 ,,heating ,,and             
,,ventilation1  ,,and ,,miscellaneous   
,,tables4      ,iron and ,steel         
,reference ,series ,no4 #cf4 ,,iron     
,,and ,,steel4    ,reference ,series    
,no4 #fb4 ,,testing ,,the ,,hardness    

,,and ,,durability ,,of  ,,metals4      
,general ,reference ,books    ,reference
 ,series ,no4 #ce4 ,,tables ,,and       
,,formulas ,,for ,,shop ,,and           
,,drafting-,,room4    ,data ,sheet      
,series ,no4 #ab4 ,,pipe ,,and ,,pipe   
,,fittings4    ,data ,sheet ,series ,no4
 #ag4 ,,mechanics ,,and ,,strength ,,of 
,,materials4    ,data ,sheet ,series    
,no4 #ah4 ,,beam ,,formulas ,,and       
,,structural ,,design4    ,data ,sheet  
,series ,no4 #bj4 ,,wiring ,,diagrams1  
,,heating ,,and ,,ventilation  ,,and    
,,miscellaneous ,,tables4               
,,machinery',s ,,reference ,,books      
,this treatise is one unit in a         
comprehensive ,series of ,reference     
books  originated by ,,machinery1 and   
including an indefinite number of       
compact units1 each covering one subject
 thoroughly4 ,the whole series          
comprises a complete working library of 
mechanical literature4 ,the  price of   
each book is #be cents 7one shilling7   
delivered anywhere in the  world4       

,,list ,,of ,,reference ,,books    ,no4 
#a4 ,worm ,gearing4--,calculating       
,dimensions2 ,hobs2 ,location of ,pitch 
,circle2 ,self-,locking ,worm ,gearing1 
etc4    ,no4 #b4 ,drafting-,room        
,practice4--,systems2 ,tracing1         
,lettering and  ,mounting4    ,no4 #c4  
,drill ,jigs4--,principles of ,drill    
,jigs2 ,jig ,plates2 ,examples of       
,jigs4    ,no4 #d4 ,milling             
,fixtures4--,principles of ,fixtures2   
,examples of ,design4    ,no4 #e4 ,first
 ,principles of ,theoretical ,mechanics4
    ,no4 #f4 ,punch and ,die            
,work4--,principles of ,punch and ,die  
,work2 ,making  and ,using ,dies2 ,die  
and ,punch ,design4    ,no4 #g4 ,lathe  
and ,planer ,tools4--,cutting ,tools2   
,boring ,tools2 ,shape of  ,standard    
,shop ,tools2 ,forming ,tools4    ,no4  
#h4 ,working ,drawings and              
,drafting-,room ,kinks4    ,no4 #i4     
,designing and ,cutting                 
,cams4--,drafting of ,cams2 ,cam        
,curves2 ,cam  ,design and ,cam         

,cutting4    ,no4 #aj4 ,examples of     
,machine ,shop ,practice4--,cutting     
,bevel ,gears2  ,making a ,worm-,gear2  
,spindle ,construction4    ,no4 #aa4    
,bearings4--,design of ,bearings2       
,causes of ,hot ,bearings2 ,alloys  for 
,bearings2 ,friction and ,lubrication4  
,no4 #ab4 ,out of print4    ,no4 #ac4   
,blanking ,dies4--,making ,blanking     
,dies2 ,blanking and ,piercing  ,dies2  
,split ,dies2 ,novel ,ideas in ,die     
,making4    ,no4 #ad4 ,details of       
,machine ,tool ,design4--,cone ,pulleys 
and ,belts2  ,strength of               
,countershafts2 ,tumbler ,gear ,design2 
,faults of ,iron ,castings4    ,no4 #ae4
 ,spur ,gearing4--,dimensions2 ,design2 
,strength2 ,durability4    ,no4 #af4    
,machine ,tool ,drives4--,speeds and    
,feeds2 ,single ,pulley ,drives2        
,drives for ,high ,speed ,cutting       
,tools4    ,no4 #ag4 ,strength of       
,cylinders4--,formulas1 ,charts1 and    
,diagrams4    ,no4 #ah4 ,shop           
,arithmetic for the                     

,machinist4--,tapers2 ,change ,gears2   
,cutting ,speeds2 ,feeds2 ,indexing2    
,gearing for ,cutting ,spirals2 ,angles4
    ,no4 #ai4 ,use of ,formulas in      
,mechanics4--,with numerous             
applications4    ,no4 #bj4 ,spiral      
,gearing4--,rules1 ,formulas1 and       
,diagrams1 etc4    ,no4 #ba4 ,measuring 
,tools4--,history of ,standard          
,measurements2 ,calipers2  ,compasses2  
,micrometer ,tools2 ,protractors4       
,no4 #bb4 ,calculation of ,elements of  
,machine ,design4--,factor of ,safety2  
,strength of ,bolts2 ,riveted ,joints2  
,keys and ,keyways2 ,toggle-joints4     
,no4 #bc4 ,theory of ,crane             
,design4--,jib ,cranes2 ,shafts1 ,gears1
 and  ,bearings2 ,force to ,move ,crane 
,trolleys2 ,pillar ,cranes4    ,no4 #bd4
 ,examples of ,calculating              
,designs4--,charts in ,designing2 ,punch
  and ,riveter ,frames2 ,shear ,frames2 
,billet and ,bar ,passes2 etc4    ,no4  
#be4 ,deep ,hole ,drilling4--,methods of
 ,drilling2 ,construction of  ,drills4  

,no4 #bf4 ,modern ,punch and ,die       
,construction4--,construction and ,use  
of  ,sub-press ,dies2 ,modern ,blanking 
,die ,construction2 ,drawing and        
,forming  ,dies4    ,no4 #bg4           
,locomotive ,design1 ,part              
,i4--,boilers1 ,cylinders1 ,pipes and   
,pistons4    ,no4 #bh4 ,locomotive      
,design1 ,part ,,ii4--,stephenson and   
,walschaerts ,valve  ,motions2 ,theory1 
,calculation and ,design4    ,no4 #bi4  
,locomotive ,design1 ,part              
,,iii4--,smokebox2 ,exhaust ,pipe2      
,frames2 ,cross-heads2 ,guide ,bars2    
,connecting-rods2 ,crank-pins2 ,axles2  
,driving-wheels4    ,no4 #cj4           
,locomotive ,design1 ,part              
,,iv4--,springs1 ,trucks1 ,cab and      
,tender4    ,no4 #ca4 ,screw ,thread    
,tools and ,gages4    ,no4 #cb4 ,screw  
,thread ,cutting4--,lathe ,change       
,gears2 ,thread ,tools2  ,kinks4    ,no4
 #cc4 ,systems and ,practice of the     
,drafting-,room4    ,no4 #cd4 ,care and 
,repair of ,dynamos and ,motors4    ,no4

 #ce4 ,tables and ,formulas for ,shop   
and ,drafting-,room4--,the ,use of      
,formulas2 ,solution of ,triangles2     
,strength of ,materials2 ,gearing2      
,screw  ,threads2 ,tap ,drills2 ,drill  
,sizes2 ,tapers2 ,keys1 etc4    ,no4    
#cf4 ,iron and ,steel4--,principles of  
,manufacture and ,treatment4    ,no4    
#cg4 ,bevel ,gearing4--,rules and       
,formulas2 ,examples of ,calculation2   
,tooth ,outlines2 ,strength and         
,durability2 ,design2 ,methods of       
,cutting  ,teeth4    ,no4 #ch4 ,out of  
print4 ,see ,no4 #ih4    ,no4 #ci4      
,fans1 ,ventilation and                 
,heating4--,fans2 ,heaters2 ,shop       
,heating4    ,no4 #dj4                  
,fly-,wheels4--,their ,purpose1         
,calculation and ,design4    ,no4 #da4  
,jigs and ,fixtures1 ,part              
,i4--,principles of ,design2 ,drill ,jig
  ,bushings2 ,locating ,points2         
,clamping ,devices4    ,no4 #db4 ,jigs  
and ,fixtures1 ,part ,,ii4--,open and   
,closed ,drill ,jigs4    ,no4 #dc4 ,jigs

 and ,fixtures1 ,part ,,iii4--,boring   
and ,milling ,fixtures4    ,no4 #dd4    
,machine ,blacksmithing4--,systems1     
,tools and ,machines used4    ,no4 #de4 
,drop ,forging4--,lay-out of ,plant2    
,methods of ,drop ,forging2  ,dies4     
,no4 #df4 ,hardening and                
,tempering4--,hardening ,plants2        
,treating  ,high-,speed ,steel2         
,hardening ,gages4    ,no4 #dg4         
,electric ,overhead ,cranes4--,design   
and ,calculation4    ,no4 #dh4 ,files   
and ,filing4--,types of ,files2 ,using  
and ,making ,files4    ,no4 #di4        
,girders for ,electric ,overhead        
,cranes4    ,no4 #ej4 ,principles and   
,practice of ,assembling ,machine       
,tools1 ,part ,i4    ,no4 #ea4          
,principles and ,practice of ,assembling
 ,machine ,tools1 ,part ,,ii4    ,no4   
#eb4 ,advanced ,shop ,arithmetic for the
 ,machinist4    ,no4 #ec4 ,use of       
,logarithms and ,logarithmic ,tables4   
,no4 #ed4 ,solution of ,triangles1 ,part
 ,i4--,methods1 ,rules and ,examples4   

,no4 #ee4 ,solution of ,triangles1 ,part
 ,,ii4--,tables of ,natural ,functions4 
,no4 #ef4 ,ball ,bearings4--,principles 
of ,design and ,construction4    ,no4   
#eg4 ,metal ,spinning4--,machines1      
,tools and ,methods ,used4    ,no4 #eh4 
,helical and ,elliptic                  
,springs4--,calculation and ,design4    
,no4 #ei4 ,machines1 ,tools and ,methods
 of ,automobile ,manufacture4    ,no4   
#fj4 ,construction and ,manufacture of  
,automobiles4    ,no4 #fa4 ,blacksmith  
,shop ,practice4--,model ,blacksmith    
,shop2 ,welding2  ,forging of ,hooks and
 ,chains2 ,miscellaneous4    ,no4 #fb4  
,hardness and ,durability ,testing of   
,metals4    ,no4 #fc4 ,heat ,treatment  
of ,steel4--,hardening1 ,tempering1     
,case-,hardening4    ,no4 #fd4 ,gage    
,making and ,lapping4    ,no4 #fe4      
,formulas and ,constants for ,gas       
,engine ,design4    ,no4 #ff4 ,heating  
and ,ventilation of ,shops and ,offices4
    ,no4 #fg4 ,boilers4    ,no4 #fh4    
,boiler ,furnaces and ,chimneys4    ,no4

 #fi4 ,feed ,water ,appliances4    ,no4 
#gj4 ,steam ,engines4    ,no4 #ga4      
,steam ,turbines4    ,no4 #gb4 ,pumps1  
,condensers1 ,steam and ,water ,piping4 
,no4 #gc4 ,principles and ,applications 
of ,electricity1 ,part ,i4--,static     
,electricity2 ,electrical ,measurements2
 ,batteries4    ,no4 #gd4 ,principles   
and ,applications of ,electricity1 ,part
  ,,ii4--,magnetism2                    
,electro-,magnetism2 ,electro-,plating4 
,no4 #ge4 ,principles and ,applications 
of ,electricity1 ,part                  
,,iii4--,dynamos2 ,motors2 ,electric    
,railways4    ,no4 #gf4 ,principles and 
,applications of ,electricity1 ,part    
,,iv4--,electric ,lighting4    ,no4 #gg4
 ,principles and ,applications of       
,electricity1 ,part  ,v4--,telegraph and
 ,telephone4    ,no4 #gh4 ,principles   
and ,applications of ,electricity1 ,part
  ,,vi4--,transmission of ,power4       
,no4 #gi4 ,locomotive ,building1 ,part  
,i4--,main and ,side ,rods4    ,no4 #hj4
 ,locomotive ,building1 ,part           

,,ii4--,wheels2 ,axles2 ,driving ,boxes4
    ,no4 #ha4 ,locomotive ,building1    
,part ,,iii4--,cylinders and ,frames4   
,no4 #hb4 ,locomotive ,building1 ,part  
,,iv4--,valve ,motion4    ,no4 #hc4     
,locomotive ,building1 ,part            
,v4--,boiler ,shop ,practice4    ,no4   
#hd4 ,locomotive ,building1 ,part       
,,vi4--,erecting4    ,no4 #he4          
,mechanical ,drawing1 ,part             
,i4--,instruments2 ,materials2          
,geometrical ,problems4    ,no4 #hf4    
,mechanical ,drawing1 ,part             
,,ii4--,projection4    ,no4 #hg4        
,mechanical ,drawing1 ,part             
,,iii4--,machine ,details4    ,no4 #hh4 
,mechanical ,drawing1 ,part             
,,iv4--,machine ,details4    ,no4 #hi4  
,the ,theory of ,shrinkage and ,forced  
,fits4    ,no4 #ij4 ,railway ,repair    
,shop ,practice4    ,no4 #ia4 ,operation
 of ,machine ,tools4--,the ,lathe1 ,part
 ,i4    ,no4 #ib4 ,operation of ,machine
 ,tools4--,the ,lathe1 ,part ,,ii4      
,no4 #ic4 ,operation of ,machine        

,tools4--,planer1 ,shaper1 ,slotter4    
,no4 #id4 ,operation of ,machine        
,tools4--,drilling ,machines4    ,no4   
#ie4 ,operation of ,machine             
,tools4--,boring ,machines4    ,no4 #if4
 ,operation of ,machine                 
,tools4--,milling ,machines1 ,part ,i4  
,no4 #ig4 ,operation of ,machine        
,tools4--,milling ,machines1 ,part ,,ii4
    ,no4 #ih4 ,operation of ,machine    
,tools4--,grinding ,machines4    ,no4   
#ii4 ,automatic ,screw ,machine         
,practice1 ,part ,i4--,operation of the 
,brown  ,sharpe ,automatic ,screw       
,machine4    ,no4 #ajj4 ,automatic      
,screw ,machine ,practice1 ,part        
,,ii4--,designing and  ,cutting ,cams   
for the ,automatic ,screw ,machine4     
,no4 #aja4 ,automatic ,screw ,machine   
,practice1 ,part ,,iii4--,circular      
,forming and ,cut-off ,tools4    ,no4   
#ajb4 ,automatic ,screw ,machine        
,practice1 ,part ,,iv4--,external       
,cutting  ,tools4    ,no4 #ajc4         
,automatic ,screw ,machine ,practice1   

,part ,v4--,internal ,cutting  ,tools4  
,no4 #ajd4 ,automatic ,screw ,machine   
,practice1 ,part ,,vi4--,threading      
,operations4    ,no4 #aje4 ,automatic   
,screw ,machine ,practice1 ,part        
,,vii4--,knurling  ,operations4    ,no4 
#ajf4 ,automatic ,screw ,machine        
,practice1 ,part ,,viii4--,cross        
,drilling1 ,burring and ,slotting       
,operations4    ,,additional ,,titles   
,,will ,,be ,,announced ,,in ,,machinery
 ,,from ,,time ,,to ,,time              
,,machinery',s ,,data ,,sheet ,,series  
,,machinery's ,data ,sheet ,books       
include the well-known series of  ,data 
,sheets originated by ,,machinery1 and  
issued monthly as  supplements to the   
publication2 of these ,data ,sheets over
 #ejj have been  published1 and         
#f1jjj1jjj copies sold4 ,revised and    
greatly amplified1  they are now        
presented in book form1 kindred subjects
 being grouped  together4 ,the purchaser
 may secure either the books on those   
subjects  in which he is specially      

interested1 or1 if he pleases1 the whole
  set at one time4 ,the price of each   
book is #be cents 7one shilling7        
delivered anywhere in the world4        
,,content ,,of ,,data ,,sheet ,,books   
,no4 #a4 ,screw ,threads4--,united      
,states1 ,whitworth1 ,sharp ,v--and     
,british ,association ,standard         
,threads2 ,briggs ,pipe ,thread2 ,oil   
,well  ,casing ,gages2 ,fire ,hose      
,connections2 ,acme ,thread2 ,worm      
,threads2 ,metric  ,threads2 ,machine1  
,wood1 and ,lag ,screw ,threads2        
,carriage ,bolt ,threads1  etc4    ,no4 
#b4 ,screws1 ,bolts and                 
,nuts4--,fillister-head1 ,square-head1  
,headless1 ,collar-head and             
,hexagon-head ,screws2 ,standard and    
,special  ,nuts2 ,t-nuts1 ,t-bolts and  
,washers2 ,thumb ,screws and ,nuts2 ,a4 
,l4 ,a4 ,m4  ,standard ,screws and      
,nuts2 ,machine ,screw ,heads2 ,wood    
,screws2 ,tap ,drills2  ,lock ,nuts2    
,eye-bolts1 etc4    ,no4 #c4 ,taps and  
,dies4--,hand1 ,machine1 ,tapper and    

,machine ,screw ,taps2  ,taper ,die     
,taps2 ,sellers ,hobs2 ,screw ,machine  
,taps2 ,straight and ,taper  ,boiler    
,taps2 ,stay-bolt1 ,washout1 and        
,patch-bolt ,taps2 ,pipe ,taps and      
,hobs2 ,solid ,square1 ,round           
,adjustable and ,spring ,screw          
,threading ,dies4    ,no4 #d4 ,reamers1 
,sockets1 ,drills and ,milling          
,cutters4--,hand ,reamers2  ,shell      
,reamers and ,arbors2 ,pipe ,reamers2   
,taper ,pins and ,reamers2 ,brown       
,sharpe1 ,morse and ,jarno ,taper       
,sockets and ,reamers2 ,drills2 ,wire   
,gages2  ,milling ,cutters2 ,setting    
,angles for ,milling ,teeth in ,end     
,mills and  ,angular ,cutters1 etc4     
,no4 #e4 ,spur ,gearing4--,diametral and
 ,circular ,pitch2 ,dimensions of  ,spur
 ,gears2 ,tables of ,pitch ,diameters2  
,odontograph ,tables2 ,rolling ,mill    
,gearing2 ,strength of ,spur ,gears2    
,horsepower ,transmitted by ,cast-iron  
and ,rawhide ,pinions2 ,design of ,spur 
,gears2 ,weight of ,cast-iron ,gears2   

,epicyclic ,gearing4    ,no4 #f4 ,bevel1
 ,spiral and ,worm ,gearing4--,rules and
 ,formulas for ,bevel  ,gears2 ,strength
 of ,bevel ,gears2 ,design of ,bevel    
,gears2 ,rules and  ,formulas for       
,spiral ,gearing2 ,tables ,facilitating 
,calculations2 ,diagram  for ,cutters   
for ,spiral ,gears2 ,rules and ,formulas
 for ,worm ,gearing1 etc4    ,no4 #g4   
,shafting1 ,keys and                    
,keyways4--,horsepower of ,shafting2    
,diagrams  and ,tables for the ,strength
 of ,shafting2 ,forcing1 ,driving1      
,shrinking  and ,running ,fits2         
,woodruff ,keys2 ,united ,states ,navy  
,standard ,keys2 ,gib  ,keys2 ,milling  
,keyways2 ,duplex ,keys4    ,no4 #h4    
,bearings1 ,couplings1 ,clutches1 ,crane
 ,chain and ,hooks4--,pillow  ,blocks2  
,babbitted ,bearings2 ,ball and ,roller 
,bearings2 ,clamp ,couplings2  ,plate   
,couplings2 ,flange ,couplings2 ,tooth  
,clutches2 ,crab ,couplings2 ,cone      
,clutches2 ,universal ,joints2 ,crane   
,chain2 ,chain ,friction2 ,crane ,hooks2

  ,drum ,scores4    ,no4 #i4 ,springs1  
,slides and ,machine                    
,details4--,formulas and ,tables  for   
,spring ,calculations2 ,machine ,slides2
 ,machine ,handles and ,levers2         
,collars2 ,hand ,wheels2 ,pins and      
,cotters2 ,turn-buckles1 etc4    ,no4   
#aj4 ,motor ,drive1 ,speeds and ,feeds1 
,change ,gearing1 and ,boring           
,bars4--,power required for ,machine    
,tools2 ,cutting ,speeds and ,feeds  for
 ,carbon and ,high-speed ,steel2 ,screw 
,machine ,speeds and ,feeds2 ,heat      
,treatment of ,high-speed ,steel ,tools2
 ,taper ,turning2 ,change ,gearing for  
the ,lathe2 ,boring ,bars and ,tools    
etc4    ,no4 #aa4 ,milling ,machine     
,indexing1 ,clamping ,devices and       
,planer  ,jacks4--,tables for ,milling  
,machine ,indexing2 ,change ,gears for  
,milling  ,spirals2 ,angles for setting 
,indexing ,head when ,milling ,clutches2
 ,jig  ,clamping ,devices2 ,straps and  
,clamps2 ,planer ,jacks4    ,no4 #ab4   
,pipe and ,pipe ,fittings4--,pipe       

,threads and ,gages2 ,cast-iron         
,fittings2 ,bronze ,fittings2 ,pipe     
,flanges2 ,pipe ,bends2 ,pipe ,clamps   
and  ,hangers2 ,dimensions of ,pipe for 
,various ,services1 etc4    ,no4 #ac4   
,boilers and ,chimneys4--,flue ,spacing 
and ,bracing for ,boilers2  ,strength of
 ,boiler ,joints2 ,riveting2 ,boiler    
,setting2 ,chimneys4    ,no4 #ad4       
,locomotive and ,railway                
,data4--,locomotive ,boilers2 ,bearing  
,pressures for ,locomotive ,journals2   
,locomotive ,classifications2 ,rail     
,sections2 ,frogs1 ,switches and        
,cross-overs2 ,tires2 ,tractive ,force2 
,inertia of ,trains2 ,brake ,levers2    
,brake ,rods1 etc4    ,no4 #ae4 ,steam  
and ,gas ,engines4--,saturated ,steam2  
,steam ,pipe ,sizes2  ,steam ,engine    
,design2 ,volume of ,cylinders2         
,stuffing ,boxes2 ,setting  ,corliss    
,engine ,valve ,gears2 ,condenser and   
,air ,pump ,data2 ,horsepower of        
,gasoline ,engines2 ,automobile ,engine 
,crankshafts1 etc4    ,no4 #af4         

,mathematical ,tables4--,squares of     
,mixed ,numbers2 ,functions of          
,fractions2 ,circumference and          
,diameters of ,circles2 ,tables for     
,spacing  off ,circles2 ,solution of    
,triangles2 ,formulas for ,solving      
,regular  ,polygons2 ,geometrical       
,progression1 etc4    ,no4 #ag4         
,mechanics and ,strength of             
,materials4--,work2 ,energy2            
,centrifugal ,force2 ,center of         
,gravity2 ,motion2 ,friction2 ,pendulum2
  ,falling ,bodies2 ,strength of        
,materials2 ,strength of ,flat ,plates2 
,ratio  of ,outside and ,inside ,radii  
of ,thick ,cylinders1 etc4    ,no4 #ah4 
,beam ,formulas and ,structural         
,design4--,beam ,formulas2  ,sectional  
,moduli of ,structural ,shapes2 ,beam   
,charts2 ,net ,areas of  ,structural    
,angles2 ,rivet ,spacing2 ,splices for  
,channels and ,i-beams2  ,stresses in   
,roof ,trusses1 etc4    ,no4 #ai4 ,belt1
 ,rope and ,chain ,drives4--,dimensions 
of ,pulleys2 ,weights  of ,pulleys2     

,horsepower of ,belting2 ,belt          
,velocity2 ,angular ,belt ,drives2      
,horsepower transmitted by ,ropes2      
,sheaves for ,rope ,drive2 ,bending     
,stresses in ,wire ,ropes2 ,sprockets   
for ,link ,chains2 ,formulas and ,tables
  for ,various ,classes of ,driving     
,chain4    ,no4 #bj4 ,wiring ,diagrams1 
,heating and ,ventilation1 and          
,miscellaneous  ,tables4--,typical      
,motor ,wiring ,diagrams2 ,resistance of
 ,round ,copper  ,wire2 ,rubber ,covered
 ,cables2 ,current ,densities for       
,various ,contacts  and ,materials2     
,centrifugal ,fan and ,blower           
,capacities2 ,hot ,water  ,main         
,capacities2 ,miscellaneous ,tables3    
,decimal ,equivalents1 ,metric          
,conversion ,tables1 ,weights and       
,specific ,gravity of ,metals1 ,weights 
of  ,fillets1 ,drafting-room            
,conventions1 etc4    ,,machinery1 the  
monthly mechanical journal1 originator  
of the ,reference  and ,data ,sheet     
,series1 is published in four           

editions--the ,shop  ,edition1 #a4jj a  
year2 the ,engineering ,edition1 #b4jj a
 year2 the  ,railway ,edition1 #b4jj a  
year1 and the ,foreign ,edition1 #c4jj a
  year4    ,the ,industrial ,press1     
,publishers of ,,machinery1    #di-ee   
,lafayette ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1   
,u4 ,s4 ,a4          ,,footnotes      #a
 ,,machinery1 ,december1 #aiji4    #b   
,,machinery1 ,march and ,april1 #aiaj4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcriber's ,notes3      ,italic text
 is denoted by underscores and bold text
 by equal signs4    ,a span of text     
between pages #cj and #ca is missing in 
the original of  this book4    ,the page
 of advertisements preceding the title  
page has been moved to  the end of this 
book4    ,variations in spelling and    
hyphenation remain as in the original   
unless  noted below4      ,page #bj1    
period added after 8,fig0 78,in ,fig4   
#ah is shown an example074    ,page #cc1
 superfluous word 8to0 removed 78,b is a
 good one to use074    ,page #cd1 8,fig1

 #ci0 changed to 8,fig4 #ci40    ,ads   
section1 8books0 changed to 8book0      
78,the price of each book074    ,ads    
section1 period added after 8,locomotive
 ,building1 ,part ,v40    ,ads section1 
period added after 8,automatic ,screw   
,machine ,practice1      ,part ,v40     
,ads section1 8,stuffiing0 changed to   
8,stuffing0 78,volume of ,cylinders2    
,stuffing ,boxes074    ,ads section1    
period added after 8,no40 78,reference  
,series ,no4 #fd4074    ,original scans 
of this book can be found here3         
https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/metalspi
nning#jjtuel