,,abc ,,( ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,& ,,its ,,uses be+ a cond5s$ compilation f ! copyright$ works ( ,fr$ ,t4 ,hodgson1 au?or ( 8,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,& ,,its ,,uses10 8,,practical ,,c>p5try0 & num]\s o!r works on build+ & con/ruction ,! pres5t compilation & new matt] is made up into ?ree divisions--,a1 ,b & ,c4 ,,division ,a ,?is ,division describes ! v>i\s k9ds ( squ>es1 _! m>k+s1 _! uses1 & application 9 ! solution ( simple problems4 ,,division ,b ,?is ,division %[s h[ ! ,squ>e may be us$ = obta9+ ! cuts1 bevels1 & l5g?s ( all sorts ( raft]s = ro(s ( e description4 ,x also %[s me?ods = f9d+ ,hopp] & o!r bevels1 brace cuts & l5g?s1 & rak+ cornices4 ,,division ,c ,?is %[s :at no o!r "w on ! ,/eel ,squ>e does1 a numb] ( easy solutions ( ,h&rail+ ,problems1 by ! squ>e4 ,some?+ t has n be5 done or attempt$ 9 book =m be=e4 ,?is division is made up mo/ly ( que/ions & answ]s f practical me*anics4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,br\ght ,,d[n ,,to ,,date ,,by ,,fr$ ,t4 ,,hodgson ,,wilmette1 ,,ill9ois ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,drake ,,co4 ,,publi%]s ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,& ,,its ,,uses4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,division ,a4 ,i w n attempt 9 ?is small treatise1 to give an hi/orical acc\nt ( ! orig91 gr[? & developm5t ( ! squ>e1 z ! subject has be5 treat$ ( at l5g? 9 my l>g] works1 z ,i d n c>e to pad out ^! pages ) matt] t is n ( a sev]ely practical nature4 ,suffice x to say1 t :ile iron squ>es1 figur$ on _! faces 9 in*es & feet1 & small] divisions1 h be5 made 9 ,engl& & ,belgium = #bjj ye>s or m1 ! g5u9e /eel squ>e1 z we n[ "k x1 is a purely ,am]ican product1 & x has no equal1 z no ,european manufactur] has z yet be5 able to turn out a squ>e any?+ l z good or p]fect 9 f9i%1 graduation1 or g5]al get-up1 z ,s>g5t ,co41 ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn42 ,ni*olls ,co41 ,ottumwa1 ,i[a2 & ,! ,peck1 ,/[ ,wilcox ,co41 ,s\?+ton1 ,conn4 ,squ>es made by any "o ( ^! firms nam$1 may be reli$ ^u z be+ z ne> p]fect z x is possible to make !m 9 ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to accuracy1 durability & g5]al f9i%4 ,! ,am]ican workman %\ld feel pr\d ( ! fact t he possesses a ,/eel ,squ>e ( purely ,home production :i* has no equal 9 ! _w4 ,!re is no?+ ( m importance to a "y man :o is le>n+ ! bus9ess ( h\se-jo9]y & c>p5try1 ?an t he %\ld make himself ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! capabilities ( ! tools he employs4 ,x may be t1 9 "s ( ! rules %[n 9 ?is "w1 ! result c\ld be atta9$ mu* readi] ) o!r aids ?an ! squ>e2 b ! progressive me*anic w n re/ satisfi$ ) "o me?od ( p]=m+ op]ations :5 o!rs are )9 8 rea*4 ,9 ! h& ( ! intellig5t me*anic ! squ>e becomes a simple calculat+ ma*9e ( ! mo/ wond]ful capacity1 & by x he solves problems ( ! k9ds cont9ually aris+ 9 me*anical "w1 :i* by ! ord9>y me?ods are m difficult to p]=m4 ,! great improvem5t :i* ! arts & manufactures h atta9$ )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 r5d]s x ess5tial t e p]son engag$ !re9 %\ld use 8 utmo/ ex]tions to obta9 a p]fect k ( ! trade he pr(esses to foll[4 ,x is n en\gh1 n[adays1 = a p]son to h atta9$ ! "* ( a good workman2 t phrase implies t quantum ( excell5ce1 :i* consi/s 9 work+ correctly & neatly1 "u ! directions ( o!rs4 ,! workman ( to-day1 to excel1 mu/ und]/& ! pr9ciples ( 8 trade1 & be able to apply !m correctly 9 practice4 ,su* a "o has a decid$ advantage ov] 8 fell[-workman2 & if to 8 sup]ior k he possesses a /eady mann]1 & indu/ri\s habits1 8 ef=ts _c fail ( be+ rew>d$4 ,x is no s9 n to "k mu*1 ?\gh x is a great "o n to "k all we c1 & put x all to good use4 ,yet1 h[ few me*anics !re are :o w "k all !y c8 ,m5 apply = employm5t daily :o claim to be f9i%$ me*anics1 & pr(ess to be conv]sant ) all ! ins & outs ( _! craft1 & :o are n[ays backw>d 9 dem&+ ! highe/ wages go+1 :o1 :5 te/$1 are f\nd want+ 9 k ( ! simple/ =mulas ( _! trade4 ,!y may1 p]haps1 be able to p]=m a good job ( "w aft] x is laid out = !m by a m compet5t h&2 !y may h a p>tial k ( ! uses & application ( _! tools2 b1 g5]ally1 _! k ends "h4 ,yet "s ( ^! m5 h work$ at ?is trade or t = a ?ird ( a c5tury1 & are to all appe>ances1 satisfi$ ) ! little !y le>n$ :5 !y 7 appr5tices4 ,true1 me*anical k 0 n always s easily obta9$ z at pres5t1 = ne>ly all works on ! con/ructive arts 7 writt5 by pr(essional ar*itects1 eng9e]s1 & design]s1 & h[ev] unexceptionable 9 o!r respects1 !y 7 g5]ally c\*$ 9 su* language1 te*nical & ma!matical1 z to be p]fectly un9telligible to ! majority ( workm52 & in/ead ( act+ z aids to ! ord9>y inquir]1 !y envelop$ 9 my/]y ! simple/ solutions ( e-day problems1 disc\rag+ n9e-t5?s ( workm5 on ! v ?re%old ( inquiry1 & caus+ !m to ab&on fur!r ef=ts to ma/] ! intricacies ( _! respective trades4 ,( late ye>s1 a numb] ( books h be5 publi%$1 9 :i* ! au?ors & compil]s h made comm5dable ef=ts to simplify matt]s p]ta9+ to ! arts ( c>p5try & jo9]y1 & ! me*anic ( to-day has n ! difficulties ( 8 pr$ecessors to cont5d )4 ,! workman ( old c\ld excuse 8 ignorance ( ! high] bran*es ( 8 trade1 by say+ t he _h no means ( acquir+ a k ( !m4 ,books 7 beyond 8 rea*1 & trade secrets 7 gu>d$ s jeal\sly1 t only a limit$ few 7 all[$ to "k !m1 & unless he 0 made ( bett] /uff ?an ! mo/ ( 8 fell[-workm51 he 0 =c$ to plod on 9 ! same groove all 8 days4 ,n s ) ! me*anic ( today2 if he is n well up 9 all ! m9uti ( 8 trade1 he has b himself to blame1 = al?\gh !re is no royal road to k1 !re are hundr$s ( op5 ways to obta9 x2 & ! "y me*anic :o does n avail himself ( "o or o!r ( ^! ways to enri* 8 m9d1 mu/ lack en]gy1 or be altoge!r indiff]5t ab\t 8 trade1 & may be put d[n z "o :o w nev] make a workman4 ,i h ?\ght t x w\ld n be out ( place to preface ?is "w on ! 8,/eel ,squ>e10 ) ! =ego+ rem>ks1 9 ! hope t !y may /imulate ! "y me*anic1 & urge him =w>d to conqu] :at at be/ are only imag9>y difficulties4 ,a will+ he>t & a cle> head w mo/ assur$ly w9 honorable di/9ction 9 any trade1 if !y are only prop]ly us$4 ,inde$1 dur+ an exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s 9 ! employm5t & sup]9t5d5ce ( me*anics ( e grade1 f ! gre5 8wood-haggl]0 to ! f9i%$ & accompli%$ workman1 ,i h inv>iably discov]$ t ! f9i%$ workman 0 ! result ( p]si/5t /udy & application1 & n1 z is popul>ly suppos$1 a natural or spontane\s production4 ,x is true t "s m5 possess great] natural me*anical abilities ?an o!rs1 & consequ5tly a great] aptitude 9 grasp+ ! pr9ciples t und]lie ! con/ructive arts2 b1 z a rule1 su* m5 are n reliable2 !y may he exp]t1 equal to any me*anical em]g5cy1 & quick at ma/]+ details1 b !y are seldom ?or\gh1 & nev] reliable :]e long su/a9$ ef=ts are requir$4 ,! me*anic :o rea*es a fair degree ( p]fection by exp]i5ce1 /udy & application is ! man :o rises to ! surface1 & ^: /ead9ess & tru/wor?9ess =ce !mselves on ! notice ( employ]s & sup]9t5d5ts4 ,i h said ?is 9 ord] to give enc\ragem5t to ^? "y me*anics :o f9d x up-hill "w to ma/] ! intricacies ( ! v>i\s arts !y are engag$ 91 = !y may re/ assur$ t 9 ! end "w & application w be sure to w92 & ,i am c]ta9 t a ?or\gh /udy ( ! ,/eel ,squ>e & its capabilities w d m ?an any?+ else to aid ! "y workman 9 ma/]+ _m ( ! me*anical difficulties t w confront him f "t to "t 9 8 daily occupation4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! "w "h pres5t$ exhau/s ! subject4 ,! ent]pris+ me*anic w f9d opportunity = us+ ! squ>e 9 ! solution ( _m problems t w crop up dur+ 8 daily "w1 & ! pr9ciples h]e9 laid d[n w aid v mu* t[>ds correct solutions4 ,9 fram+ ro(s1 bridges1 tre/le-"w1 & con/ructions ( timb]1 ! ,/eel ,squ>e is a necessity to ! ,am]ican c>p5t]2 b only a few ( ! m intellig5t workm5 ev] use x = o!r purposes ?an to make measurem5ts1 lay (f ! mortices & t5ons1 & squ>e ov] ! v>i\s jo9ts4 ,n[1 9 fram+ bevel "w ( any description1 ! squ>e may be us$ ) great advantage & pr(it4 ,po/s1 girts1 braces1 & /ruts ( e imag9able k9d may be laid out by ?is wond]ful in/rum5t1 if ! op]ator w only /udy ! plans ) a view ( mak+ use ( 8 squ>e = obta9+ ! v>i\s bevels1 l5g?s & cuts requir$ to complete ! "w 9 h&4 ,tap]+ /ructures--! mo/ difficult ! fram] meets )--d n conta9 a s+le bevel or l5g? t c n be f\nd by ! squ>e :5 prop]ly appli$1 & x is ?is fact ,i wi% to impress on my read]s1 = x w\ld be impossible1 9 ?is "w1 to give e possible application ( ! squ>e to "w ( ?is k9d4 ,i h1 !re=e1 only giv5 su* examples z w enable any "o to apply "s "o ( !m to any "w 9 h&4 ,9 ! =ego+ sket* ,i h giv5 a few h9ts z to ! k9d ( squ>e to pur*ase :5 x is necess>y to buy2 9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ?is book w f9d its way into ! h&s ( me*anics & o!rs1 :o w h old & favorite squ>es 9 _! *e/s or work%ops1 & :o w n c>e to dispose ( a 8well-tri$ fri5d0 = ! purpose ( fill+ its place ) ano!r1 simply because ,i h recomm5d$ x4 ,to ^! workm5 ,i w\ld say t ,i d n advise a *ange1 provid$ ! old squ>e is true1 & ! in*es & sub-divisions are prop]ly & accurately def9$4 ,i wi% x di/9ctly und]/ood t old squ>es1 if true1 & m>k$ ) in*es & sub-divisions ( in*es1 w p]=m ne>ly e solution pres5t$ 9 ?is book4 ,! l9es & figures =m$ on ! squ>es ( diff]5t make1 sometimes v>y1 bo? z to _! position on ! squ>e1 & _! mode ( application1 b a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! application ( ! scales & l9es %[n on any fir/-class tool1 w enable ! /ud5t to compreh5d ! use ( ! l9es & figures exhibit$ on o!r fir/-class squ>es4 ,to insure good results1 x is necess>y to be c>eful 9 ! selection ( ! tool4 ,! blade ( ! squ>e %\ld be #bd in*es long1 & two in*es wide1 & ! tongue f #ad to #ah in*es long & #a in*es wide4 ,! tongue %\ld be exactly at "r angles ) ! blade1 or 9 o!r words ! 8squ>e0 %\ld be p]fectly squ>e4 ,to te/ ?is "q1 get a bo>d1 ab\t #ab or #ad in*es wide1 & f\r feet long1 dress x on "o side1 & true up "o edge z ne> /raight z x is possible to make x4 ,lay ! bo>d on ! b5*1 ) ! dress$ side up1 & ! tru$ edge t[>ds y1 !n apply ! squ>e1 ) ! blade to ! left1 & m>k across ! prep>$ bo>d ) a p5knife blade1 press+ close aga9/ ! edge ( ! tongue2 ?is process done to y\r satisfaction1 rev]se ! squ>e1 & move x until ! tongue is close up to ! knife m>k2 if y f9d t ! edge ( ! tongue & m>k co9cide1 x is pro( t ! tool is correct en\gh = y\r purposes4 ,lat] on1 ,i w %[ by diagram h[ ?is te/ is p]=m$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 relates to ! outside edge ( ! blade1 & ! outside edge ( ! tongue4 ,if ^! edges %\ld n be /raight1 or %\ld n prove p]fectly true1 !y %\ld be fil$ or gr\nd until !y are /raight & true4 ,! outside edge ( ! blade %\ld also be 8tru$0 up & made exactly p>allel ) ! inside edge1 if su* is requir$4 ,! same process %\ld be gone ?r\gh on ! tongue4 ,z a rule1 squ>es made by firms ( repute are p]fect1 & require no adju/+2 nev]!less1 x is well to make a critical exam9ation be=e pur*as+4 ,! next ?+ to be consid]$ is ! use ( ! figures1 l9es1 & scales1 z exhibit$ on ! squ>e4 ,x is suppos$ t ! ord9>y divisions & sub-divisions ( ! in*1 into halves1 qu>t]s1 eigh?s1 & sixte5?s are und]/ood by ! /ud5t2 & t he also und]/&s h[ to use t "p ( ! squ>e t is subdivid$ into twelf?s ( an in*4 ,?is be+ conc$$1 we n[ proce$ to describe ! v>i\s rules z %[n on all good squ>es2 b be=e proce$+ fur!r1 x may n be out ( place to /ate1 t on ! squ>es recomm5d$ 9 ?is book1 "o edge is subdivid$ into ?irty-seconds ( an in*4 ,?is f9e sub-division w be f\nd v useful1 p>ticul>ly s :5 us$ z a scale to measure draw+s made 9 half1 "o-qu>t]1 "o-eigh? or "o-sixte5? ( an in* to ! foot4 ,,practical ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,we n[ take up a squ>e void ( any atta*m5ts1 & "o :i* has become q popul> 9 ! we/ & ! middle s\!rn /ates4 ,i ref] to ! 8,ni*olls ,squ>e10 a repres5tation ( "o side ( :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #a4 ,?is squ>e is a new "o on ! m>ket1 & pres5ts "s advantages ov] _m n[ be+ sold4 ,! manufactur]s direct special att5tion to ! fact t ! bo>d measure has be5 replac$ by a simple rule = fram+1 & t !re is to be f\nd ! l5g?s & figures giv+ ! cuts = an entire ro(1 also ! cuts = cornice ( ! same4 ,! tongue on ! squ>e is #a in*es wide1 ?us mak+ x conv5i5t = spac+1 z mu* ( ! dim5sion lumb] is #a in*es ?ick4 ,! g5]al directions = us+ ?is squ>e--a copy ( :i* is giv5 to e pur*as] ( a squ>e--are pres5t$ h]e)1 s t ! read] w be able himself to judge ( ! m]its ( ! tool4 ,^! squ>es are numb]$ or grad$ accord+ to ! graduation m>ks & quality ( f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 8,! face ( a squ>e is ! side on :i* we /amp our "n4 ,! rev]se is ! back4 ,! long] arm is ! body1 ! o!r is ! tongue4 ,fram+ ,rule4--,! fir/ l9e ( figures gives ! l5g? ( common raft]s = "o foot run4 ,! second l9e ( figures gives ! l5g? ( hip or valley raft]s = "o foot run4 ,! ?ird l9e ( figures gives ! l5g? ( fir/ jack raft] & ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! o!rs spac$ #af in*es on c5t]s4 ,! f\r? l9e ( figures gives ! l5g? ( fir/ jack raft]s & ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! o!rs spac$ #b feet on c5t]s4 ,! fif? l9e ( figures gives ! side cut ( jack raft]s aga9/ hip or valley raft]s4 ,! six? l9e ( figures gives ! side cut ( hip or valley raft] aga9/ ridge bo>d or deck4 ,! sev5? l9e ( figures gives ! cuts ( %ea?+ & %+les 9 valley or hip1 = example3 #a4 ,if y\r ro( is rais$ #h in*es to ! foot1 or1 z x is call$1 ?ird pit*1 "u #h on ! fir/ l9e are ! figures #ad4db4 ,?is is ! l5g? ( common raft]s = "o foot run4 ,if ! build+ is #af feet wide half ! wid? ( build+ w\ld be ! run ( common raft]4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be #h2 multiply #ad4db by #h1 y h #aae4cf in*es1 or #i feet #g in*es4 #b4 ,to obta9 ! bottom & top cuts ( common raft] use ! figures #ab on body & #h on tongue2 #ab side gives bottom cut1 #h side gives top cut2 ! same figures give bottom & top cuts = jack4 ,on ! second l9e "u #h are ! figures #ah4gh2 multiply ^! figures by #h1 :i* is ! run ( ! common raft]4 ,?is gives #aej4bd1 or #ab feet #f in*es4 ,?is is ! correct l5g? ( hip or valley raft]4 ,to obta9 ! bottom & top cuts = hip or valley raft]s1 use ! figures #ag on body & #h on tongue2 #ag side gives bottom cut1 #h side gives top cut4 ,?is is all ! figur+ necess>y to be done4 ,! reason = giv+ ! l5g?s = "o foot ( common & hip or valley raft]s is t x w "w 9 all cases reg>dless ( wid? ( build+s4 #c4 ,on ! ?ird l9e "u #h are ! figures #ai in*es4 ,?is is ! l5g? ( fir/ jack raft]1 also ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! o!rs spac$ #af in*es on c5t]s4 ,= example1 ! fir/ jack be+ #ai in*es1 ! second jack w\ld be #c feet #b in*es2 make ea* "o #ai in*es long] ?an ! o!r4 ,on ! f\r? l9e "u #h are ! figures #b feet #d in*es4 ,?is is ! l5g? ( ! fir/ jack raft]1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! o!rs spac$ #b feet c5t]s4 ,on ! fif? l9e "u #h are ! figures #aj & #ab4 ,by plac+ squ>e on /ock to be cut at ^! figures #aj on body1 #ab on tongue1 & m>k+ on #ab side ?is gives side cut ( jacks aga9/ hip or valley raft]4 ,on ! six? l9e "u #h are ! figures #i & #aj4 ,by plac+ squ>e on /ock to be cut at ^! figures1 #i on body & #aj on tongue1 & m>k+ on ! #aj side1 ?is gives side cut ( hip or valley raft] aga9/ ridge bo>d or deck4 ,on ! sev5? l9e "u #h are figures #ab & #aj4 ,by plac+ squ>e on /ock to be cut at ^! figures #ab on body1 #aj on tongue1 & m>k+ on ! #aj side ?is gives ! cut ( %ea?+ & %+les 9 valley or hip4 ,rem>ks4--,to obta9 ! l5g?s & cuts be c>eful to use ! figures "u :atev] figure y\r ro( raises to ! foot4 ,if y\r ro( raises #ab in*es to ! foot1 or half pit*1 look "u #ab1 & s on 9 all cases4 ,9 cutt+ jack raft]s all[ = half ! ?ickness ( hip or valley raft]s z l5g?s giv5 on squ>e are to c5t] l9es4 ,note4--,! figures on ! squ>e1 giv+ side cuts ( jacks1 w also give ! correct mit] cuts = m\ld+ 9 ! valley at ! junction ( two gables1 also mit] cuts = gable m\ld+s :]e x int]sects ) level m\ld+s at ! end ( build+4 ,! figures giv+ cuts ( %ea?+ 9 valley or hip also give cuts = mit]+ level plance] ) gable plance]1 also ! mit] cuts :]e two gable plance]s int]sect1 also ! cut = plance] on gable end4 ,to obta9 ! bottom & top cuts ( hip or valley raft] use ! figure #ag on body1 & :atev] figure y\r ro( raises to ! foot on tongue4 ,?is w give y ! correct cuts 9 all cases4 ,to obta9 ! bottom & top cuts ( common raft]s & jack raft]s use ! figure #ab on body1 & :atev] figure y\r ro( raises to ! foot on tongue4 ,?is gives correct cuts 9 all cases4 ,always rememb] t ! cut comes on ! tongue1 or la/ nam$ figure4 ,x is s arrang$ 9 all cases4 ,octagon1 8,eight-squ>e0 ,scale4--,?is scale is along ! middle ( ! face ( ! tongue1 & is us$ = lay+ (f l9es to cut an 8eight squ>e0 or octagon /ick ( timb] f a squ>e4 ,suppose ! figures ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,fig4 #b1 is ! butt ( a squ>e /ick ( timb] #ff in*es4 ,?r\gh ! c5t] draw ! l9es ,,ab & ,,cd p>allel ) ! sides & at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,) ! divid]s take u _m spaces 7#f7 f ! scale z !re are in*es 9 ! wid? ( ! /ick1 & lay (f ?is space on ei!r side ( ! po9t ,a z ,aa & ,ab2 lay (f 9 ! same way ! space f ! po9t ,b z ,bd & ,be2 also ,cf & ,cg & ,db & ,de4 ,!n draw ! l9es ab1 cd1 cf & gh4 ,cut (f ! solid angle ,e1 also ,f1 ,g & ,h2 !re is left an octagon1 or 8eight squ>e0 /ick4 ,?is is ne>ly exact4 ,brace ,measure4--,?is is along ! c5t] ( ! back ( ! 8tongue10 & gives ! l5g? ( ! common brace4 #ah-ac #be4de 9 ! scale means t if ! run is #ah in*es on ! po/ & ! same on ! beam1 !n ! brace w be #be #de-ajj in*es4 ,if ! run is #ba in*es on bo? beam & po/1 !n ! brace w be #bi #gj-ajj in*es4 ,c>e ( ,squ>e4--,nev] use em]y or s& pap] on nickel or black f9i%$ squ>es4 ,:5 ?r\gh us+ put on a few drops ( oil4 ,d n put y\r squ>e away ) f+] m>ks on x2 no?+ ru/s x s quickly z p]spiration40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,x w be se5 t ^! squ>es adapt !mselves to o!r "w z well z to fram+1 a quality v few ( ! comb9ation squ>es possess1 & :ile comb9ation squ>es h _! special uses & %\ld be 9 ! tool *e/ ( e exp]t workman1 ! squ>e pure & simple1 l ?is ( ,ni*olls or simil> ones1 %\ld nev] be abs5t f ! 8kit0 ( ! ord9>y workman1 = ) x1 if he ?or\ghly und]/&s x1 he c accompli% all t is possible ev5 ) a comb9ation squ>e4 ,if he is n 8po/$0 ! workman %\ld procure "s "o or m ( ! _m devices or helps = gett+ bevels1 angles1 l5g?s & cuts1 = raft]s1 braces1 hips & jacks z adv]tis$ by ,riesmann1 ,woods1 & o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,) ^! aids & a good true & hone/ /eel squ>e ! workman c accompli% almo/ all t c be done ) ?is tool1 or all t he w be call$ ^u to execute by aid ( ! squ>e4 ,^! squ>es are furni%$ by ! manufactur]s ei!r 9 poli%$ /eel1 nickel plate or oxidiz$ copp]4 ,! latt] /yle is q popul> ) "s workm51 because ( its n gett+ s hot :5 expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! two sides ( ! squ>e1 %[n at ,fig4 #c1 repres5t ! c>p5t]s' popul> squ>e1 ,no4 #ajj4 ,?is squ>e has be5 a special favorite ) workm5 = ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 & is /ill look$ ^u by _m z be+ ! ne plus ultra ( /eel squ>es4 ,i %[ bo? sides ( ! squ>e 9 ord] to enable ! workman to see1 be=e he buys1 ! k9d ( tool he w get4 ,l ! ,ni*olls squ>e1 ?is may be obta9$ 9 poli%$ /eel1 nickel plat$1 or oxidiz$ copp] z ! pur*as] may desire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,i %[ ! complete squ>e1 r$uc$ to page size4 ,sometimes ?is squ>e is catalogu$ by deal]s z ,no4 #ajjj1 practically1 h[ev]1 x is ! same squ>e z ! ,no4 #ajj4 ,if we exam9e ?is squ>e we w f9d on ! tongue ne> its junction ) ! blade a s]ies ( l9es & cross l9es 7see ,fig4 #d71 mak+ a figure kn[n z ! 8diagonal scale40 ,?is scale is drawn to a l>g] size at ,fig4 #e & is %[n alone & is us$ = tak+ (f ! hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,! l9e ab is "h an in* long1 & is divid$ into t5 equal p>ts2 ! l9e cd be+ also divid$ into t5 equal p>ts1 & diagonal l9es are !n drawn connect+ ! po9ts z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,suppose we wi% to take (f #gf-ajj ( an in*1 we proce$ z foll[s3 ,c\nt (f sev5 spaces f c1 e1 g1 :i* equals #gj-ajj ( an in*2 !n c\nt up ! diagonal l9e until ! six? horizontal l9e1 e1 is rea*$1 :5 e f w equal ! requir$ di/ance ( #gf-ajj ( an in*1 :i* is a trifle ov] ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,quot+ f ! table ( directions giv5 9 ,s>g5t's circul> describ+ ?is squ>e1 we h1 = raft] cuts1 ! foll[+ explanation3 8,?is run ( a raft] set up 9 place is ! horizontal measure f ! extreme end ( ! foot to a plumb-l9e f ! ridge end--f ,a to ,b1 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 8,! rise is ! di/ance f ! top ( ! ridge end ( ! raft] to ! level ( ! foot4 ,f ,c to ,d1 ,fig4 #g4 8,! pit* is ! proportion t ! rise be>s to ! :ole wid? ( ! build+4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #h1 %[s "o-?ird pit*2 ! rise ( #h foot be+ "o-?ird ( ! wid? ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 8,! cuts or angles ( a raft] are obta9$ by apply+ ! squ>e s t ! #ab-;in* m>k on ! body & ! m>k on ! tongue t repres5t ! rise %all bo? be at ! edge ( ! raft]4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #i1 %[s #h foot rise1 ! l9e ,a ! cut = ! ridge end ( ! raft] & ,b ! cut = foot end40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,! portion ( squ>e %[n at ,fig4 #aj exhibits ! tool hav+ on its face a table ( ! run1 rise & pit* ( raft]s1 be+ specially figur$ = ?is purpose1 & %[s ! measure ( ! raft] = any "o ( sev5 pit*es ( ro( bas$ ^u ! l5g? ( ! horizontal measurem5t ( ! build+ f ! c5t] to ! outside4 ,! foll[+ table1 :i* 0 prep>$ especially = ?is squ>e1 %[s ! mann] ( work+ ! squ>e3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,raft] ,,table ,,directions4 ,! raft] table & ! outside edge ( ! back ( ! squ>e1 bo? on body & tongue1 are 9 twelf?s4 ,! in* m>ks may repres5t in*es or feet1 & ! twelf? m>ks may repres5t twelf?s ( an in* or twelf?s ( a foot 7t is1 in*es7 z a scale4 ,! raft] table is us$ 9 connection ) ! m>ks & figures on ! outside edge ( ! squ>e4 ,at ! left end ( ! table are figures repres5t+ ! run1 ! rise & ! pit*4 ,9 ! fir/ column ! figures are all #ab1 :i* may be us$ z #ab in*es or #ab feet1 & !y repres5t a run ( #ab4 ,! second column ( figures is to repres5t v>i\s rises4 ,! ?ird column ( figures 9 fractions repres5ts ! v>i\s pit*es4 ,^! ?ree columns ( figures %[ t a raft] ) a run ( #ab & a rise ( #d has #a-f pit*1 ) a run ( #ab & a rise ( #f has #a-d pit*1 ) a run ( #ab & a rise ( #h has #a-c pit*1 & s on to ! bottom ( ! figures4 ,to ,f9d ! ,l5g? ( a ,raft]4--,= a ro( ) #a-f pit* 7or ! rise #a-f ! wid? ( ! build+7 & hav+ a run ( #ab feet1 foll[ 9 ! raft] table ! upp] #a-f pit* rul+1 f9d "u ! graduation figure #ab ! raft] l5g? requir$1 :i* is #ab #g #aj1 or #ab feet & #g #aj-ab in*es4 ,= pit* 7or ! rise ! wid? ( ! build+7 & run #ab feet1 ! raft] l5g? is #af #aa #h1 or #af feet #aa #h-ab in*es4 ,if ! run is #be feet1 add ! raft] l5g? = run ( #bc feet to ! raft] l5g? = run ( #b feet4 ,:5 ! run is 9 in*es1 !n 9 ! raft] table read in*es & twelf?s in/ead ( feet & in*es4 ,= in/ance3 ,if ) pit* ! run is #ab feet #d in*es1 add ! raft] l5g? ( #ab feet to t ( #d in*es1 z foll[s3 ,= run ( #ab feet ! raft] l5g? is #af feet #aa #h-ab in*es4 ,= run ( #d in*es ! raft] l5g? is #e #h-ab in*es4 ,total #ag feet #e #d-ab in*es4 ,! brace measure on ^! squ>es is along ! c5t] ( ! back ( ! tongue1 & gives ! l5g? ( ! common braces z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,examples are %[n 9 ! blade z at ! po9t m>k$ #bd #cj1 :i* means #bd in*es on ! po/ & #ah in*es on ! beam or girt1 :i* make ! brace #cj in*es long f po9t to po9t accord+ to ! rule giv54 ,an application ( ?is rule is %[n at ,fig4 #ab1 :]e #cf in*es are laid (f on bo? po/ & beam1 :i* gives ! l5g? ( ! brace f po9t to po9t #ej4ia in*es1 or v ne>ly #d feet #c in*es4 ,o!r dim5sions are %[n 9 ! squ>e4 ,!re is also a scale ( "o-hundr$?s1 or "o in* divid$ into #ajj equal p>ts4 ,! octagon scale on ?is squ>e runs along ! middle ( ! face ( ! tongue1 & is us$ = lay+ (f l9es to cut an 8eight squ>e0 or octagon /ick ( timb] f a squ>e "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,suppose ! figure ,,abcd 7see ,fig4 #b7 is ! butt ( a squ>e /ick ( timb] #fx#f in*es4 ,?r\gh ! c5t] draw ! l9es ,,ab & ,,cd p>allel ) ! sides & at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,) a pair ( compasses take z _m spaces 7#f7 f ! scale z !re are in*es 9 ! wid? ( ! /ick1 & lay (f ?is space on ei!r side ( ! po9t ,a1 z ,aa & ,ab2 lay (f 9 ! same way ! same space f ! po9t ,b z ,bd1 ,be2 also ,cf1 ,cg & ,db1 ,dc4 ,!n draw l9es ab1 cd1 ef & gh4 ,cut (f ! solid angle ,e1 also ,f1 ,g & ,h4 ,?is w leave an octagon1 or eight-sid$ /ick1 :i* w be f\nd ne>ly exact on all sides4 ,! bo>d measure1 kn[n z ! 8,essex ,bo>d ,measure10 ,fig4 #ac1 is made use ( 9 figur+ ^! squ>es1 & is us$ z foll[s3 ,figures #ab & #ag 9 ! graduation m>ks on ! out] edge repres5t a "o-in* bo>d #ab in*es wide1 :i* is ! />t+ po9t = all calculations4 ,! small] figures "u ! #ab repres5t ! l5g?4 ,a bo>d #ab in*es wide & #h feet long measures #h squ>e feet1 & s on d[n ! table4 ,!re=e1 to get ! squ>e feet ( a bo>d #h feet long & #f in*es wide1 f9d ! figure #h 9 ! scale "u ! #ab-;in* graduation m>k & pass ! p5cil along to ! left on ! same l9e to a po9t bel[ ! graduation m>k #f 7repres5t+ ! wid? ( ! bo>d71 & y /op on ! scale at #d1 :i* is #d feet1 ! bo>d measure requir$4 ,if ! bo>d is ! same l5g? & #aj in*es wide1 look "u ! graduation m>k #aj on a l9e ) ! figure #h be=e m5tion$1 & y w f9d #f #h-ab feet bo>d measure2 if #ah in*es wide !n to ! "r "u ! graduation m>k #ah & #ab feet is f\nd to be ! bo>d measure4 ,if #ac feet long & #g in*es wide1 f9d #ac 9 ! scale "u ! #ab-;in* graduation & on ! same l9e "u ! #g-;in* graduation w be f\nd #g #g-ab feet bo>d measure4 ,if ! bo>d is half ?is l5g?1 take half ( ?is result2 if d\ble ?is l5g?1 !n d\ble ?is result4 ,= /uff #b in*es ?ick d\ble ! figure4 ,9 ?is way ! scale cov]s all l5g?s ( bo>ds1 ! mo/ common f #h feet to #ae feet be+ giv54 ,?is company also manufactures a squ>e t is 8blu$10 or app>5tly oxidiz$1 ) all ! figures on x enamel$ 9 :ite4 ,?is is really a h&some tool1 & ! :ite figures on a d>k blue gr\nd enable ! op]ator to see :at figures he is look+ = )\t wa/e ( "t & /ra9+ ( eyesight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! bridge build]s' /eel squ>e1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad1 is also made by ?is company4 ,?is squ>e has a blade ?ree in*es wide1 :i* is made ) a slot d[n ! c5t] "o in* wide4 ,! tongue is ! same z 9 ! ,no4 #ajj squ>e1 b has no figures = brace or octagon rules4 ,x is n s h&y = g5]al purposes z ! regul> squ>e1 b = special purposes 9 bridge build+1 or = lay+ out v heavy timb] /ructures x has special advantages1 z #c-;in* %\ld]s & #c-;in* t5ons & mortises c be readily laid out ) x4 ,ano!r squ>e1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 kn[n z ! 8ma*9i/s' squ>e10 is made by ?is company4 ,x has a blade #f in*es & a tongue #d in*es long1 & is v f9ely f9i%$4 ,?is squ>e is f\nd v useful = patt]n mak]s1 piano & organ build]s1 & :]e o!r especially close "w is requir$4 ,a numb] ( o!r squ>es are made by ?is firm1 b z !y are n int5d$ = woodwork]s' use1 ,i w n describe !m "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,i w\ld n complete ?is description ( ,s>g5t's make ( squ>es if ,i fail$ to make m5tion ( _! 8b5* squ>e40 ,i give ?is "n to x because ( its fitness = b5* purposes4 ,! squ>e ref]r$ to has a blade #ab in*es long & #a in*es wide1 & a tongue #i in*es long & #a in* wide4 ,! figur+ on x is divid$ into in*es1 half in*es1 qu>t] in*es1 eigh?s & sixte5?s ( an in*4 ,?is is a v h&y squ>e = b5* & jobb+ purposes1 & c be us$ 9 _m places :]e ! l>g] tool is unavailable1 & may on em]g5cy be employ$ = lay+ out raft]s1 braces & simil> "w4 ,a squ>e t 0 q popul> "s sixte5 or eighte5 ye>s ago kn[n z 8,! ,cr5alat$ ,squ>e10 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 is /ill pref]r$ by _m workm54 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is squ>e is t ! inn] edge ( ! tongue is not*$ or cr5alat$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ! not*es be+ int5d$ z 8gauge-po9ts10 :]e a %>p5$ p5cil may be ins]t$1 !n ! squ>e may be drawn along ! timb] or bo>d1 ) ! blade held snug aga9/ ! edge1 z %[n1 & mortises or t5ons c be laid out at w4 ,besides be+ cr5alat$1 ^! squ>es h all ! advantages ( o!r squ>es1 & are well made & pleasant to h&le4 ,!y are made by ! manufactur]s1 ,! ,peck1 ,/[e ,wilcox ,co41 ( ,s\?+ton1 ,conn41 9 poli%$ /eel1 copp] plat$1 blu$1 ) enamel$ :ite figures1 & 9 nickel plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,x is ! simple/ ( tools1 & may be describ$ z ! me*anical embodim5t ( a "r angle4 ,x mu/ necess>ily h "s bread? 9 ord] to give ! tool necess>y /ability1 &1 !re=e1 z ! embodim5t ( a "r angle x is ( a =m to give u bo? ! ext]ior & int]ior %ape4 ,! blade ( ! squ>e is made a little wid] ?an ! tongue1 m = conv5i5ce1 ,i ?9k1 ?an = any o!r reason1 = ,i h se5 squ>es some:at old1 to be sure1 & made long be=e ! tools :i* are n[ 9 mo/ common use 7 s5t out f ! factory1 ( :i* ! blade & tongue 7 approximately ( ! same wid?4 ,! blade ( ! squ>e1 z commonly con/ruct$1 is #b feet1 or #bd in*es long1 & ! tongue some:at less4 ,i h se5 squ>es ( :i* ! tongue & blade 7 ( equal l5g?s1 & also ^?1 ! blade ( :i* 7 consid]ably long] ?an ^? ( ! squ>e ( pres5t make1 & /ill o!rs ( :i* ! tongues 7 consid]ably %ort] ?an is n[ ! rule4 ,b ?is is long ago4 ,! mo/ commonly accept$ dim5sions = a c>p5t]'s squ>e at ! pres5t "t are1 blade #bd in*es long1 tongue #ah in*es long1 blade #b in*es wide & tongue #a in*es wide4 ,?is gives = inside measurem5ts blade1 #bb in*es & tongue #af in*es4 ,i h describ$ ! squ>e z ! embodim5t ( a "r angle4 ,if ! squ>e is n a "r angle1 or to use common t]ms1 if ! tool is 8out ( squ>e10 t is1 if x is 9 ! lea/ inaccurate1 its usefulness is de/roy$4 ,:5 ! squ>e is inaccurate in/ead ( solv+ intricate geometrical problems correctly x becomes a sn>e & a delusion1 lead+ to false results & misfits 9 g5]al4 ,x is some:at rem>kable h[ few workm5 te/ _! squ>es4 ,i am dispos$ to believe f long exp]i5ce t comp>atively few me*anics :o buy /eel squ>es are cognizant ( ! possible defects t ! tool may h & ( ! te/s :i* may be appli$ = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ its accuracy4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 !re=e1 9 ! discussion ( ! use ( ?is in/rum5t let u give brief att5tion to "s ( ! simple me?ods t may be employ$ = det]m9+ ! accuracy ( ! tool4 ,by way ( mak+ practical application ( ^! te/s ,i sugge/ t at ! next d9n] h\r ! read] borr[ f 8 fell[ c>p5t]s z _m squ>es z may be conv5i5t1 & apply to !m m or less ( ! te/s :i* foll[1 m]ely = ! purpose ( practice1 & at ! same "t to %[ to :at ext5t ! squ>es 9 use are correct4 ,fig4 #ag %[s a v common me?od ( te/+ ! ext]ior angle ( a /eel squ>e4 ,two squ>es are plac$ aga9/ ea* o!r & a /raight-edge1 or aga9/ ! blade ( a ?ird squ>e4 ,if ! edges ( ! squ>es exactly co9cide ?r\gh\t ! squ>es may be consid]$ correct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t !re is a discrepancy %[n by ?is te/1 & t z ! two squ>es are plac$ 9 ! g5]al position1 %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 !y "p at ! heel1 :ile t\*+ at ! ends ( ! blades1 or t\*+ at ! heel t !y "p at ! ends ( ! blades4 ,?is evid5tly %[s t "o ( ! squ>es is inaccurate1 or possibly t bo? are inaccurate4 ,h[ is ! inaccuracy to be locat$8 ,! two squ>es may be plac$ face to face1 ) ! blades upw>d f an ev5 surface1 say ! face ( ! ?ird squ>e or ! jo9t$ edge ( a bo>d1 & s held t _! heels1 = example1 %all co9cide4 ,!n glance at ! edges ( ! blades4 ,if !y exactly co9cide x w\ld indicate t ! error is ev5ly divid$ betwe5 ! two squ>es1 a v improbable occurr5ce4 ,comp>e ! two squ>es 9 ! rev]se position1 t is1 ) ! tongues ext5d+ upw>d4 ,!n apply ! te/ %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 & f9ally t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,by try+ ! squ>es "o inside ( ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 ! ext]ior angle is comp>$ ) ! int]ior angle4 ,if ! edges ?r\gh\t fit toge!r tightly1 fir/ us+ "o squ>e inside & !n ! o!r1 x is almo/ conclusive evid5ce t bo? ! squ>es are accurate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,by te/s ( ! k9ds j describ$ among sev]al squ>es1 ! me*anic w soon p]ceive f ! sev]al asc]ta9$ results t "o or ! o!r ( ! sev]al squ>es t he is h&l+ is m accurate ?an all ! o!rs1 if n absolutely accurate4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! ne$ ( a te/1 h[ev]1 to prove ! absolute accuracy ( ! p>ticul> squ>e :i* he believes to be ab\t "r4 ,on a draft+ table1 or a smoo? bo>d1 let him next p]=m ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 :i* is "o ( ! sev]al t might be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection3 ,draw a /raight l9e1 ,,ab1 say ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,?is may be done by a /raight-edge4 ,use a h>d p5cil %>p5$ to a *isel po9t4 ,) ! compasses1 us+ ,a & ,b z c5t]s1 & ) a radius long] ?an "o-half ( ,,ab /rike ! arcs ,,cd & ,,ef4 ,!n ) ! /raight-edge draw a /raight l9e1 ,,gh1 ?r\gh ! int]section ( ! arcs4 ,if ! "w is accurately done ! result+ angles ,,aoh1 ,,hob1 ,,bog1 & ,,goa w be "r angles4 ,lay ! squ>e to be te/$ onto "o ( ^! angles1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & ) a *isel-po9t$ p5cil scribe along ! blade & along ! tongue4 ,if ! l9es ?us drawn exactly co9cide ) ^? fir/ drawn x is satisfactory pro( t ! squ>e is accurate1 & 9 ! same way ! squ>e may be plac$ aga9/ "o or ! o!r ( ^! "r angles 9 a way to te/ its int]ior angle4 ,! me?od %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai anticipates ! use ( ano!r tool besides ! squ>e 9 mak+ ! te/4 ,a "r angle1 h[ev]1 may be drawn = ! purpose describ$ by a me?od :i* uses only ! squ>e1 & :i* does n require ! s]vices ( any o!r tool1 or :at is ! same ?+1 consid] ! tool itself to be ! figure drawn1 & !n measure = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! accuracy ( ! figure4 ,v>i\s writ]s h discuss$ ! prop]ties ( ! "r-angl$ triangle1 b we all "k t a squ>e erect$ on a hypo!nuse ( a "r-angl$ triangle is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es erect$ on ! base & p]p5dicul>4 ,?is is a well-kn[n ma!matical tru?1 & x may be appli$ 9 ! te/s we are mak+4 ,^? c>p5t]s :o h _h occasion to lay out ! f\ndations ( h\ses are well acqua9t$ ) ! old rule frequ5tly kn[n z 8! #f1 #h & #aj10 :i* dep5ds ^u ! relation%ip ( ! squ>es ( ! p]p5dicul> & ! base to ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse4 ,?us ! squ>e ( #f is #cf1 ! squ>e ( #h is #fd4 ,! sum ( #cf & #fd is #ajj4 ,& ! squ>e ( #aj is #ajj4 ,n[ let u make application ( ?is rule to te/ ! /eel squ>e4 ,= ! sake ( accuracy we want to take figures :i* are z l>ge z possible1 s z to r$uce ! possible error 9 measurem5t to ! smalle/ possible dim5sions4 ,let u take = dim5sions1 #i1 #ab & #ae in*es4 ,t ^! w s]ve is easily demon/rat$4 ,! squ>e ( #i is #ha4 ,! squ>e ( #ab is #add4 ,! sum ( ^! squ>es is #bbe1 & ! squ>e ( #ae is #bbe4 ,!re=e1 if ! tool t we are te/+ %[s a dim5sion ( exactly #ae in*es measur$ f #i on ! outside ( ! tongue to #ab on ! outside ( ! blade1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 x w be pro( t ! squ>e is correct4 ,x may be some:at difficult to make a measurem5t ( ?is k9d on ! in/rum5t itself1 ) suffici5t accuracy to be beyond dispute4 ,i sugge/1 !re=e1 t ! squ>e be laid flat ^u an ev5 surface1 l a draw+ table1 & t ) a *isel-po9t$ p5cil l9es be scrib$ along ! tongue & along ! blade4 ,m>k accurately ! di/ance ( #i in*es f ! heel up ! tongue1 & #ab in*es f ! heel along ! blade4 ,!n measure diagonally & see if ! di/ance is exactly #ae in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,9 :at has prec$$ !re has be5 a sugge/ion t ! error due to lack ( precision 9 measurem5t is dim9i%$ if ! figures are increas$ 9 size4 ,if ! size ( ! draft+ table p]mits1 !re=e1 ext5d ! l9e drawn along ! tongue ( ! squ>e to #c feet4 ,ext5d t drawn along ! blade to #d feet4 ,9 do+ ?is c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! l9es ?us ext5d$ are fair to ! tool "u exam9ation1 = if !y are n drawn 9 a way to /rictly co9cide ) ! edges ( ! squ>e !n ! te/ is ( no avail4 ,!n measure f ! ends ( ^! l9es1 t is1 f a po9t #c feet f ! heel up ! tongue to a po9t #d feet f ! heel along ! blade4 ,if ?is diagonal di/ance is exactly #e feet x w %[ t ! angle repres5t$ by ! heel ( ! squ>e1 z ,i h describ$ x1 is a "r angle1 & t1 !re=e1 ! te/ is accurate4 ,n[ let u next exam9e a little m c>efully ! relation%ip ( ! squ>e to frequ5tly requir$ l9es4 ,x is a common ?+ among c>p5t]s to use #ab ( ! blade & #ab ( ! tongue = a "r angle or squ>e mit]4 ,:y are ^! figures employ$1 or to put ! "q o!rwise1 h[ is x det]m9$ t #ab & #ab are ! prop] figures8 ,p]haps ! "q c be made /ill cle>] by ano!r illu/ration4 ,x is common to say t #ab ( ! blade & #e ( ! tongue is correct = ! octagon mit]4 ,h[ is ?is det]m9$8 ,9 ,fig4 #ba !re is %[n a qu>t] circle1 ,,xg1 describ$ f ! c5t] ,c4 ,along ! horizontal l9e1 ,,ab1 ! blade ( ! squ>e is laid ) #ab ( ! blade aga9/ ! c5t] ,c1 f :i* ! quadrant 0 /ruck4 ,n[ if we divide ?is quadrant into halves1 ?us e/abli%+ ! po9t ,e1 & if f ,e we draw a l9e to ! c5t] ,c1 :i* is #ab ( ! blade1 x w be f\nd t x cuts also #ab ( ! tongue4 ,if we complete ! figure by erect+ a p]p5dicul> l9e f ! po9t ,x1 & int]sect+ x ) a horizontal l9e f ,g1 ?us e/abli%+ ! po9t ,o1 x becomes v evid5t t ,,ce is ! mit] l9e ( a squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,if we bisect ,,xe1 ?us e/abli%+ ! po9t ,d1 & by ! conditions exi/+ sett+ (f 9 ! quadrant a space equal to "o-qu>t] ( its ext5t1 & if f ,d we draw a l9e to ! c5t]1 ,c1 correspond+1 z already m5tion$1 ) #ab on ! blade1 we %all f9d t ?is l9e 7,,dc7 cuts ! tongue on ! po9t #e 7v ne>ly1 ! exact figures be+ #d #ca-cb in*es74 ,! l9e ,,dc1 z above expla9$1 bisects ! eigh? ( a circle4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! l9e ( an octagon mit]1 & !re=e1 we say t = an octagon mit] we take #ab on ! blade & #e on ! tongue4 ,by divid+ ! quadrant into ?ree equal p>ts1 z %[n by ,,xg1 ,,gh & ,,hg1 we obta9 by draw+ ,,gc ! l9e correspond+ to ! hexagon mit]4 ,?is1 x w be obs]v$1 cuts ! tongue ( ! squ>e at #g 7v ne>ly1 ! exact figures be+ #f #ae-af in*es71 &1 !re=e1 we say = hexagon mit]s we take #ab ( ! blade & #g ( ! tongue4 ,! "q sometimes arises1 c ! squ>e be employ$ to describe a circle8 ,:ile ! squ>e may be us$ = describ+ a circle ( any diamet]1 provid+ ! capacity ( ! squ>e is n exce$$1 /ill ^? :o attempt to p]=m ! "w w v likely conclude be=e !y are ?r\gh t o!r means are m satisfactory = regul> use4 ,! way to proce$ is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,let x be requir$ to describe a circle1 ! diamet] ( :i* is equal to ,,ed4 ,drive p9s or nails at ^! po9ts & place ! squ>e z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,place a p5cil 9 ! int]ior angle ( ! squ>e1 z %[n at ,f4 ,!n gradually %ift ! squ>e s t ! p5cil w move 9 ! direction ( ,d1 always be+ c>eful to keep ! inside ( ! blade & inside ( ! tongue 9 contact ) ! p9s or nails1 ,,ed4 ,aft] hav+ describ$ ! arc f ,f to ,d rev]se ! direction describ+ ! arc f ,f to ,e4 ,!n turn ! squ>e ov] & by simil> means complete ! o!r half ( ! circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,& ,,its ,,uses4 ,division ,b4 ,introductory4 ,hav+ dealt ) ! m simple matt]s t c be dealt ) by aid ( ! ,/eel ,squ>e1 we n[ take up "s ( ! m difficult problems t c be solv$ by aid ( ?is useful tool4 ,among ! problems & solutions (f]$1 are ^? ( lay+ out braces1 hav+ regul> or irregul> runs1 raft]s1 & ro(+ g5]ally1 asc]ta9+ ! l5g? ( hips1 _! bevels1 cuts1 pit*es & angles1 jacks1 cripples1 ridges1 purl9s1 coll> beams1 & mu* o!r matt] p]ta9+ to hip or cottage ro(s4 ,gables1 or saddle ro(s are dealt )1 also mans>d ro(s1 tap] fram+1 odd bevels1 splays & o!r simil> "w4 ,i introduce 9 ?is division a few rem>ks reg>d+ ! f5ce made use ( :5 lay+ out raft]s1 /airs or o!r bevell$ "w4 ,! dep>tm5t also %[s h[ to lay-out /air /r+s by aid ( ! squ>e1 & _m o!r ?+s t w be f\nd useful to ! g5]al workman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc3 ,,d\ble ,,slott$ ,,f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,a v good f5ce = ! squ>e may readily be made f a /ick ( h>dwood 7,fig4 #bc7 ab\t two in*es wide1 "o & a half in*es ?ick & two & a half feet long4 ,a saw k]f1 into :i* ! squ>e w slide1 is cut f bo? ends leav+ ab\t #h in*es ( solid wood ne> ! middle4 ,! tool is clamp$ to ! squ>e by means ( screws at conv5i5t po9ts z %[n4 ,ano!r /yle ( f5ce1 :i* is made ( a piece ( h>dwood1 has a s+le slot only z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! squ>e is slipp$ 9 & fa/5$ 9 place by screws simil> to ! fir/4 ,an application ( ! f5ce & squ>e comb9$ is %[n at ,fig4 #be1 :]e ! comb9ation is us$ z a pit*-bo>d = lay+ out /air /r+s4 ,9 ?is example ! blade is set (f at #aj in*es1 :i* makes ! tread1 & ! tongue %[s ! ris]1 :i* is set (f at #g in*es4 ,! dott$ l9e1 ce1 %[s ! edge ( ! plank f :i* ! /r+ is cut1 & h %[s ! f5ce1 a %[s ! bottom tread & ris]4 ,9 ?is example ! ris] %[s ! same height z ! ris] above x1 namely1 #g in*es4 ,?is is wrong1 z ! fir/ ris] %\ld always be cut ! ?ickness ( ! tread less ?an ^? above x1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es on ! bottom ( ! /r+1 !n :5 ! tread is 9 place x w be ! same height f ! top ( ! floor to ! top ( ! fir/ tread1 t ! top ( fir/ tread is to top ( second "o & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,suppose we wi% to lay out a raft] hav+ eight in*es rise & twelve in*es run4 ,set ! f5ce at ! #h m>k on ! blade1 ,fig4 #bf1 & at ! #ab m>k on ! tongue1 clamp+ x to ! squ>e ) #a screws4 ,apply+ ! squ>e & f5ce at ! upp] end ( ! raft] we get ! plumb-cut ,p at once4 ,by apply+ ! squ>e z %[n twelve times successively ! requir$ l5g? ( ! raft] & foot-cut ,b is obta9$4 ,9 ?is case ! twelve applications ( ! squ>e are made betwe5 ! po9ts ,p & ,b4 ,run & rise mu/ also be measur$ betwe5 ^! po9ts4 ,if run is measur$ f ! po9t ,b1 :i* w be ! out] edge ( ! wall plate1 x w be necess>y to run a gauge l9e ?r\gh ,b p>allel to ! edge ( ! raft]1 & subtract a di/ance f ! height ( ! ridge to give u ! correct rise4 ,! squ>e mu/ !n be appli$ to ! l9e ,l4 ,a raft] ( any desir$ rise & run may be laid (f 9 ?is mann] by select+ proportional p>ts ( ! rise & run = ! blade & tongue ( ! squ>e4 ,= a half-pit* ro( use #ab 94 on bo? tongue & blade1 = a qu>t]-pit* use #f 94 & #ab 941 = a ?ird-pit* use #h 94 & #ab 941 etc4 ,! t]ms half-pit*1 qu>t]-pit*1 etc41 ref] to ! height ( ! ridge express$ z a fraction ( ! span4 ,! l9e ,l is suppos$ to repres5t ! pa? ( ! f5ce z x is slid along ! edge ( ! raft]4 ,?is w be expla9$ at great] l5g? 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,at ,fig4 #bg ,i %[ a me?od ( lay+ out a raft] )\t mak+ use ( a f5ce4 ,9 ?is case ! ro( is suppos$ to be half-pit*1 s we take #ab & #ab on ! squ>e & apply x to ! raft] z _m times z !re are feet 9 half ! wid? ( ! build+1 :i* 9 ?is case w be #ae feet1 z we suppose ! build+ to be #cj feet wide4 ,z ! l[] end ( ! raft] is not*$ to sit on ! plate we mu/ gauge (f a back+ l9e1 z %[n1 to run into ! angle ( ! not*4 ,?is l9e w be ! l9e on :i* ! gauge po9ts #ab & #ab on ! squ>e mu/ />t f ea* "t4 ,/>t+ f ?is not* apply ! squ>e1 keep+ ! twelve-in* m>k on bo? sides ( ! squ>e c>efully on ! back+ l9e1 & m>k+ (f ! raft] on ! outside edges ( ! squ>e4 ,repeat ?is until y h fifte5 spaces m>k$ (f1 !n set back f y\r la/ m>k half ! ?ickness ( ! ridge-bo>d1 & ) ! squ>e z be=e m>k (f ! raft]4 ,?is w be ! exact l5g? & also ! plumb-cut to fit ! ridge-bo>d4 ,or if we take ! diagonal ( #ab by #ab1 :i* is #ag1 & m>k (f #ae spaces ( #ag 941 mak+ ! necess>y all[ance = ! half ?ickness ( ! ridge-bo>d1 x w am\nt to ! same ?+1 e #ag 94 on ! raft] be+ ne>ly equal to "o foot on ! level4 ,%\ld ! build+ measure #cj ft41 #i 94 9 wid?--! half ( :i* is #ae ft41 #d 94--we take ! fifte5 spaces ( #ab by #ab & !n ! #d 94 on bo? sides ( ! squ>e on ! back+ l9e z be=e4 ,?is w give u ! extra l5g? requir$4 ,! same rule w apply to any portion ( a foot !re may be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,a f5ce1 sometimes call$ a /air gauge1 is manufactur$ ( metal by ! ,*5ey ,t[] ,company1 ,a?ol1 ,mass41 :i* ,i %[ at ,fig4 #bh1 & is consid]$ ab\t ! be/ ?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x consi/s ( a piece ( poli%$ angle metal1 ea* side be+ in* wide4 ,"o side is slott$ to accommodate ! heads ( ! set-screws & to all[ ! slides to be fa/5$ at ! desir$ po9ts4 ,! gauge is fa/5$ to any squ>e & is useful = lay+ out /airs1 cutt+ 9 raft]s1 cutt+ bevels or o!r angles4 ,9 m>k+ (f /airs ) an #h-;in* rise & an #aa-;in* tread ! gauge w\ld be fa/5$ at #h in*es on "o end ( ! squ>e & #aa at ! o!r end4 ,! squ>e w\ld !n be laid on ! plank ) ! face ( ! gauge aga9/ its edge & ! m>k made ar\nd ! po9t ( ! squ>e4 ,?is w\ld be repeat$ until ! requir$ numb] ( /eps 7 m>k$4 ,! gauges are made 9 two sizes1 #ah & #bh in*es long4 ,x is /at$ t me*anics :o h us$ x f9d x "o ( ! h&ie/ tools 9 _! kits4 ,ano!r /yle ( f5ce is %[n at ,fig4 #bi 9 conjunction ) a slott$ squ>e4 ,?is1 p]haps1 is ! h&ie/ ( all ! devices = a f5ce1 b x is exp5sive1 & z con/ruct$ requires a squ>e ) a slot 9 ea* arm1 & z a rule workm5 d n take k9dly to squ>es ) slots 9 !m4 ,a %[s ! squ>e1 ,b ! f5ce1 ,,ss set screws to hold ! f5ce 9 position1 & ff ! po9ts ( ! squ>e4 ,! application ( ! squ>e & f5ce comb9$ = lay+ out a h\s$ /r+ = /airs is %[n at ,fig4 #cj4 ,9 ?is example ! f5ce is a s+le slott$ "o1 & ?ree screws are employ$ to hold ! squ>e 9 position4 ,! rise is sev5 in*es & ! tread is laid (f n9e in*es on ! blade4 ,! squ>e at ! foot ( ! /r+ %[s h[ ! latt] %\ld be f9i%$ to make ! floor & ! base-bo>d4 ,9 case no pit*-bo>d is requir$1 z ! squ>e :5 adju/$ ) f5ce1 z %[n1 does ! "w ( ! pit*-bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,!re are _m o!r applications ( ! f5ce 9 connection ) ! squ>e t ,i may h cause to ref] to z ,i proce$1 z x is my desire to pres5t 9 ?is "w ev]y?+ ,i c collect reg>d+ ! squ>e t ,i ?9k w be ( s]vice to ! workman4 ,d\btless !re w be _m descriptions & illu/rations "s ( my read]s w h met ) be=e1 or :i* !y h be5 acqua9t$ ) = a long "t4 ,! great bulk ( read]s1 h[ev]1 w be new h&s & unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! squ>e beyond its simple application z a squ>+ tool1 & :at may appe> to be a useless rule to ! exp]t or old h& w prove a *oice tidbit to ! beg9n] & w :et 8 appetite = fur!r k on ! subject4 ,inde$ ?is book is prep>$ m p>ticul>ly = ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! craft1 al?\gh a majority ( ! old] work]s w f9d mu* 9 x t w int]e/1 amuse & in/ruct4 ,x w be se5 t ! f5ce or guide us$ 9 connection ) ! squ>e is1 aft] all1 a v simple matt]1 & w\ld1 no d\bt1 sugge/ itself to any clev] workman :o 0 lay+ (f raft]s ) ! squ>e4 ,,brace ,,rules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,x w n[ be 9 ord] to %[ h[ ! squ>e c be us$ = gett+ ! l5g?s & bevels = braces ( regul> & irregul> runs4 ,if we wi% to lay out a brace hav+ a ?ree-foot run on bo? po/ & beam1 ! matt] is q simple1 = we c take #ab in*es on ! tongue & #ab in*es on ! blade & transf] ?is di/ance ?ree times on a /raight l9e & we h ! extreme l5g? ( ! brace f po9t to po9t1 & by m>k+ along ! blade at "o end ( ?is l5g? & along ! tongue at ! o!r end we also get ! bevels4 ,?is is easy & simple en\gh1 & )\t fur!r ref9em5t w give ! l5g?s & bevels exactly = a flat-foot$ brace4 ,:5 ! run is diff]5t ?an ! rise1 z 9 ! example %[n at ,fig4 #ca1 ! squ>e is appli$ 9 a some:at diff]5t mann]4 ,"h we h a run ( ?ree feet & a rise ( f\r feet4 ,to get ! prop] l5g? & bevels = a brace to fit 9 ?is situation we mu/ use #ab in*es on ! tongue & #af in*es on ! blade1 !n ! bevel ( ! upp] end ( ! brace w be f\nd along ! l9e ( ! tongue1 & ! l9e ( ! blade w give ! bevel = ! foot ( ! brace4 ,9 ?is case ! squ>e is transf]r$ ?ree times1 j z ?\gh ! rise & run 7 bo? ?ree feet2 ! diff]5ce be+ made by divid+ ! odd foot into ?ree equal p>ts ( #d in*es ea* & add+ "o "p to ! blade1 ?us mak+ ! gauge po9t on ! blade #af in*es in/ead ( #ab in*es1 :i* regulates ! extra l5g? & ! *ange 9 bevels4 ,a little /udy on ! "p ( ! read] w reveal to him h[ ! squ>e may be set to gauge po9ts s z to make a brace suitable = any rise & run ( any "r-angl$ frame "w4 ,a brace int5d$ = equal run & rise ( f\r feet is %[n at ,fig4 #cb4 ,"h we h ! f5ce 9 use1 & ! squ>e is %[n 9 all its positions f />t to f9i% 9 ! =mation ( ! brace4 ,! gauge l9e m>k$ #jjjj is ! l9e f :i* ! m>ks #ab & #ab are suppos$ to measure1 & ?is :5 squ>$ ov] z %[n leaves a butt1 or 8heel ( ! brace10 :i* is to re/ on a %\ld] 8box$0 9 bo? beam & po/4 ,! dott$ l9es on ! ends ( ! brace %[ ! t5ons = :i* mortises are made 9 bo? po/ & girt or beam4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t ?is op]ation is only p]=m$ once = ea* k9d ( brace1 & t on a patt]n made ( "s k9dly wood1 su* z p9e1 c$> or :itewood4 ,= ! patt]n1 dress up a piece ( wood to #d in*es wide if ! braces are to be made ( #dx#d-;in* /uff2 if = l>g] or small] /uff !n make ! patt]n ! wid? ( brace to suit4 ,h ! patt]n ( suffici5t l5g?2 if = a #d-;foot run & rise x w require to be n less ?an #f feet long4 ,run a gauge l9e ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* f ! /raight or front edge1 z %[n at #jjjj1 & set ! two #ab-;in* m>ks on ?is l9e1 !n screw ! f5ce tight on ! squ>e ) its slid+ edge aga9/ ! edge ( ! patt]n1 & !n slide & m>k z %[n f\r times1 :5 ! l5g? & bevels ( ! brace w be obta9$4 ,provide = ! t5ons beyond ! l9es %[n by ! squ>e1 or = a 8flat-foot0 brace1 saw ! timb] (f on ! l9es %[n on ! edge ( ! squ>e4 ,aft] ! patt]n is made ! f5ce & squ>e may be laid aside1 z ! patt]n c be us$ = any numb] ( braces1 & :5 f9i%$ ) on "o job1 may be safely plac$ away to use aga9 = ! same 8run & rise0 :5 occasion arises4 ,! patt]n may be any ?ickness f half an in* to "o in*4 ,! same rules may be obs]v$ 9 mak+ patt]ns = any regul> or irregul> runs & rises4 ,) reg>d to ! brace rule z giv5 on /eel squ>es1 ,i may say t !re is "s slight diff]5ce 9 ! l5g?s giv5 by diff]5t mak]s--?\gh ne>ly all mod]n makes figure up alike--b ?is diff]5ce is s small t 9 s(t wood fram+ x has no effect4 ,9 h>dwood fram+ ! fram] nev] applies ^! rules1 b gets 8 l5g?s ) ! squ>e & f5ce4 ,! l5g? ( any brace simply repres5ts ! hypo!nuse ( a "r-angl$ triangle4 ,to f9d ! hypo!nuse1 extract ! squ>e root ( ! sum ( ! squ>e ( ! p]p5dicul> & horizontal runs4 ,= in/ance1 if #f feet is ! horizontal run & #h feet ! p]p5dicul>1 #f squ>$ equals #cf1 #h squ>$ equals #fd1 #cf plus #fd equals #ajj1 ! squ>e root ( :i* is #aj4 ,^! are ! figures g5]ally us$ = squ>+ ! frame ( a build+ or f\ndation wall4 ,if ! run is #db in*es1 #db squ>$ is #agfd1 d\ble t am\nt1 bo? sides be+ equal1 gives #cebh1 ! squ>e root ( :i* is1 9 feet & in*es1 #d feet1 #aa4dj in*es4 ,9 cutt+ braces always all[ 9 l5g? f a sixte5? to an eigh? ( an in* m ?an ! exact measurem5t calls =4 ,directly "u ! half-in* m>ks on ! out] edge ( ! back ( ! tongue w be notic$ two figures1 "o above ! o!r4 ,^! repres5t ! run ( ! brace1 or ! l5g? ( two sides ( a "r-angl$ triangle2 ! figures imm$iately to ! "r repres5t ! l5g? ( ! brace or ! hypo!nuse4 ,= in/ance1 ! figures #cf-cf #ei-ia %[ t ! run on ! po/ & beam is #cf in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! brace is #ej4ia in*es4 ,^u "s squ>es w be f\nd brace measurem5ts giv5 :]e ! run is n equal1 z #ah-bd #cj4 ,x w be notic$ t ! la/ set ( figures are ea* j ?ree times ^? m5tion$ 9 ! set t are usually us$ 9 squ>+ a build+4 ,s if ! /ud5t or me*anic w fix 9 8 m9d ! measurem5ts ( a few runs1 ) ! l5g? ( braces1 he c readily "w almo/ any l5g? requir$4 ,take a run1 = in/ance1 ( #i in*es on ! beam & #ab in*es on ! po/4 ,! l5g? ( brace is #ae in*es4 ,a run1 !re=e1 ( #b1 #c1 #bj1 or any o!r numb] ( times ! above figures1 ! l5g? ( ! brace w be> ! same proportion to ! run z ! multiple us$4 ,?us1 if y multiply all ! figures by #d y w h #cf & #dh in*es = ! run1 & #fj in*es = ! brace1 or to rememb] /ill m easily1 #c1 #d & #e feet1 or #f1 #h & #aj feet4 ,!re are o!r runs t are j z easily fix$ 9 ! m9d4 #ea-;in* run1 brace #f feet1 #ab hundr$?s ( an in*2 #h feet1 #c-;in* run1 brace #aa feet1 #h in*es1 etc4 ,! foll[+ examples & explanations on ro( fram+ are simple & easily und]/ood1 & _c fail ( be+ valuable to ! "y me*anic :o aspires to become an exp]t ro( fram]4 ,^! examples w s]ve z />t]s1 & 9 ! foll[+ volume1 :i* w be issu$ %ortly1 m advanc$ examples w be pres5t$4 ,,ro( ,,fram+4 ,ro( fram+ c be done ab\t z _m diff]5t ways z !re are me*anics4 ,b und\bt$ly ! easie/1 mo/ rapid & mo/ practical is fram+ ) ! 8squ>e40 ,! foll[+ cuts w illu/rate sev]al applications ( ! squ>e z appli$ to ro( fram+1 & all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject c1 by giv+ x a c>eful /udy1 be able to frame any ord9>y ro( ! me*anic comes 9 contact )4 ,fig4 #cc is an illu/ration t c\ld well be giv5 mu* ?\ght & /udy4 ,x n only gives ! mo/ common pit*es1 b also gives ! degrees4 ,mo/ c>p5t]s "k t half-pit* is #de degrees1 yet few "k ?ird pit* is ne>ly #cd1 & qu>t]-pit* ab\t #bg degrees4 ,a build+ #bd feet wide 7z ! raft]s come to ! c5t]7 has a #ab-;foot run & half-pit* ! rise w\ld also be #ab feet1 & ! l5g? ( ! raft] w\ld be #ag feet 7! diagonal ( #ab74 ,l5g?1 cuts1 etc41 c\ld all be figur$ f ! "o illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,fig4 #cd illu/rates a way to cut raft]s ) ! squ>e4 ,a ro( #ad feet wide w\ld h a run ( #g feet1 ?ird-pit* w\ld rise #h in*es to e foot run4 ,!re=e1 place ! squ>e on #h & #ab sev5 times1 & y h l5g? & cuts4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,= ! octagon raft]1 proce$ same z common raft]1 only use #ac = run 79 place ( #ab = common raft]74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,fig4 #cf1 hip or valley raft]4 ,z ^! raft]s run diagonal ) ! common raft] & z ! diagonal ( #a foot is practically #ag in*es1 use #ag = run1 & proce$ same z common raft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,l5g? ( jacks4 ,if !re are to be five1 divide ! common raft] into six equal p>ts1 use t = a patt]n1 & x gives ! l5g? v nicely4 ,b t w n always "w4 ,to get all ! diff]5t l5g?s might at fir/ look difficult ev5 to _m good me*anics1 b x is v simple z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,if ! fir/ jack 0 "o foot f corn] apply ! squ>e same z = common raft]1 & x gives l5g? & cut 7m>k ! l5g? = />t+ po9t on next71 & if x is #ag in*es f ! o!r move ! squ>e up to #ag1 if ! next is #ae move up to #ae & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! side cut ( jack to fit hip1 if laid d[n level w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be squ>e mit]1 b ! m ! hip rises ! %>p] ! angle4 ,measure across ! squ>e f #h to #ab1 & x is ne>ly #ad1 :i* is ! l5g? ( raft] to "o foot ( run4 ,l5g? & run1 cut on l5g?1 gives ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,fig4 #ci1 octagon jack4 ,z ! octagon mit] on level surface is #e & #ab1 x mu/ raise same z common jack1 & is1 !re=e1 rais$ to l5g?1 or #ad1 & #e cut on l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,fig4 #dj1 hip raft]1 is also l5g? & run1 cut on l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,fig4 #da4 ,to bevel top ( hip take l5g? & rise & m>k on rise4 ,fig4 #db is ano!r practical way1 :i* is simply to lay ! squ>e on heel or hip4 ,! illu/ration1 expla9s itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,p]haps ! mo/ practical way ( all to frame a ro(1 ! simple/ to und]/&1 easie/ to rememb]1 & mo/ rapid to apply is simply to always take ! rise & run1 measure across ! squ>e :i* gives l5g?4 ,rise & run give cuts1 s y h x all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,fig4 #dc illu/rates a ro( #be feet wide & a rise #aj feet1 #i in*es1 run #ab feet1 #f in*es4 ,measur+ across ! squ>e f #aj to #ab gives #af1 or #af feet1 #f in*es is ! l5g? ( raft]4 ,fig4 #dd4 ,if ! run ( common raft] is #ab1 ! run ( ! hip w be diagonal ( #ab :i* is #ag #h-af1 z is pla9ly illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,fig4 #de4 ,z ! rise is #aj & run #ag #h-ab1 ! l5g? w be #bj feet1 #b in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,fig4 #df4 ,:5 a ro( mu/ g to a c]ta9 height to /rike ano!r build+ at a giv5 po9t1 z 9 additions1 por*es1 etc41 don't =get 9 gett+ ! rise f plate to giv5 po9t to all[ ! squ>+ up ( heel z illu/rat$2 & also rememb] to all[ = ridge :5ev] "o is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,fig4 #dg illu/rates ! cut ( top ( qu>t]-pit* raft] to lay on top ( ro( j m5tion$4 ,to apply ! squ>e fir/ lay x on #ab & #f1 :i* is qu>t]-pit*1 & gives plumb-cut4 ,f plumb-cut lay (f pit* ( ma9 ro( #aj & #ab1 :i* gives cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,anyone t has /udi$ ?is ) det]m9ation w h no tr\ble 9 fram+ any ord9>y ro(1 z ! g5]al pr9ciples apply to all ro(s1 pit*es1 etc4 ,s ,i w n take up any m space ) ro( fram+ at ?is "t1 b rememb] all %ea?+1 /udd+1 cornice1 etc41 are made on ! same cuts4 ,9 fact a hopp] is also exactly on ! same pr9ciple4 ,division ,b4 ,,"s ,,po9t]s ,,on ,,ro( ,,fram+4 ,no matt] :at p may say to ! contr>y1 !re is no me?od or me?ods t has ev] be5 devis$ t is s effective 9 ro( fram+1 or results s rapidly a*iev$1 z ^? :i* are obta9$ by ! use ( ! /eel squ>e4 ,i h %[n 9 "s ( ! e>li] pages ( ?is "w h[ rapidly ! l5g?1 & bevels ( any common raft] may be obta9$ by ! simple application ( ! squ>e1 any det]m9$ numb] ( times4 ,?us = a build+ (1 say1 #cj ft4 9 wid?1 :i* is to h a ro( ( any giv5 pit*1 we arrange ! pit* z ,i h %[n1 ) s _m in*es on ! blade = ! run1 & s _m on ! tongue = ! rise4 ,?is settl$1 we apply ! squ>e fifte5 times to ! raft]1 #ae be+ half ( ! wid? ( ! build+4 ,?is !n gives ! l5g? ( ! raft]1 & a l9e drawn along ! edge ( ! tongue ( ! squ>e w give ! prop] bevel = ! top or plumb cut4 ,if !re is to be a ridge bo>d on ! ro(1 !n half ! ?ickness ( su* bo>d mu/ be measur$ back on ! l9e drawn1 & ! raft] mu/ be cut at t po9t1 ?is provides = ! ridge bo>d be+ nail$ on ! face ( ! cut )\t 9 ! lea/ *ang+ ! pit*4 ,a l9e along ! edge ( ! blade1 gives ! prop] bevel = ! level or horizontal cut4 ,if ! bottom end ( ! raft] is to h a cr[-foot cut on x to fit ! plate1 ! workman w h no difficulty :atev] 9 cutt+ ! foot ( ! raft] to suit1 z all ! l9es w be at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & a section ( ! plate may be made on ! l9e ( ! bevel & ! 8cuts0 laid (f to suit ! conditions4 ,9 review+ an article ( m9e on ?is me?od ( lay+ out a raft]1 an ,engli% c>p5t] took exceptions to x on ! gr\nds t x w\ld take too mu* "t to lay out ! raft]s = a :ole build+ by ?is 8tiresome process10 z he call$ x4 ,n[ ! ,engli%man 0 "r f 8 po9t ( view1 b no ,am]ican workman w\ld ev] ?9k ( lay+ out ! raft]s = a :ole build+ by ! process4 ,he w\ld simply make "o raft] z ,i h %[n1 = a patt]n1 & use ?is patt]n = lay+ out all ! o!r raft]s = t p>ticul> pit* & rise on ! same ro(4 ,mo/ workm51 h[ev]1 make a patt]n f ?9 /uff ( "s sort1 z x is light] & easi] h&l$4 ,! review] sugge/$ z a bett] way 8t ! pit* be arrang$ on ! iron squ>e1 !n measure across ! angle f ! po9ts ( run & pit*1 & multiply ?is measurem5t by half ! wid? ( ! ro( to be cov]$40 ,n[ ?is is all "r1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 entails m labor ( a 8tiresome sort0 & w\ld use mu* m "t ?an ! me?od ,i h taught n[ = ne>ly =ty ye>s4 ,! ,am]ican workman1 h[ev]1 does n ev5 require a sugge/ion z to ! quick] me?od4 ,he w see & adopt x at once )\t argum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! me?od ! ,engli%man w\ld adopt is %[n at ,fig4 #dh1 :]e ! po9ts ( pit* & run are %[n at #ab & #h1 :i* makes ! diagonal l9e #ad in*es4 ,to get ! l5g? ( ! raft] = our suppos$ build+ !n1 we mu/ multiply ?is #ad in*es fifte5 times1 !n we mu/ use ! squ>e at ! top & bottom ( ! timb] to obta9 ! necess>y bevels = ! cutt+ l9es4 ,reg>d+ ?is "q ( prep>+ raft]s = a common ro(1 an 8old h&0 9 ! use ( ! /eel squ>e writes to me to say3 8,i d n ?9k t any simpl] me?od c be giv5 = f9d+ ! bevels at ! heel & po9t ( raft]s ?an t :i* y h expla9$ 9 y\r books1 b ,i d ?9k t ! foll[+ me?od = obta9+ l5g?s ( raft]s1 is some:at bett] ?an y\rs1 p>ticul>ly :5 employ$ = e/imat+ purposes4 ,! mo/ common wid? ( build+s 9 my locality is #bd ft41 & ) y\r p]mission ,i purpose to take t wid? = ! practical te/ ( my me?od4 ,z y h giv5 sev]al ways by :i* ! same result c be obta9$1 ,i w ask y to comp>e !m ) m9e4 ,f9d+ ! l5g? ( ! hypo!nuse by ! old rule1 we obta9 = "o-qu>t]-in* pit* #ac3d4ii1 or1 z ne> z x c be us$ on ! squ>e #ac feet1 #e in*es4 ,all[+ "o in* to ! foot & try+ y\r me?od we f9d1 z a result1 #ac in*es & #g-af scant1 or #ac feet1 #e in*es4 ,?is is a v simple me?od1 & :5 ! rule is kept p]fectly /raight1 ! results are v satisfactory4 ,by my way ,i simply multiply ! wid? ( ! build+ by ! decimal 4#ef1 #bd4efac4dd1 or z ne> z c be work$ by ! squ>e1 #ac feet1 #e in*es4 ,let u try ! same rule = a great] wid?--say #fj feet4 ,by f9d+ ! hypo!nuse we f9d z ne> z c be us$ by ! squ>e1 #cc feet1 #f in*es4 ,by my me?od x w\ld be #fj4ef1 or #cc4fj1 equal to #cc feet1 #g in*es full4 ,by ?is me?od ! raft]s 9 wide build+s are a little long4 ,?us1 if ! build+ is #eb feet wide1 by ! hypo!nuse x w\ld be #bi feet1 #a in*2 my way x w\ld be #bi feet1 #a in*es4 ,i consid] ?is an advantage1 z x leaves ! po9t ( ! raft] v slightly op54 ,= "o-?ird ,i foll[ ! same plan1 only us+ ! decimal 4#f4 ,unlike ! decimal us$ = a qu>t] pit* ! l5g?s are a v small fraction %ort2 z1 = in/ance1 a raft] = a build+ #fj feet wide1 by f9d+ ! hypo!nuse1 w\ld be #cf feet1 #a-af ( an in*4 ,by my way1 #fj4fcf feet4 ,a slight diff]5ce1 truly4 ,if build+ is #dh feet wide1 !n by ! fir/ me?od we f9d #bh feet1 #aj in*es full2 by my way1 #bh feet1 #i in*es4 ,a little practice w enable ! me*anic to all[ j en\gh to make up = ! slight diff]5ce1 s t :5 raft]s are put toge!r ! fit w be p]fect4 ,! "o-half pit* c be f\nd 9 ! same mann] by us+ ! decimal 4#ga4 ,tak+ ! #bd-;foot build+1 l5g? ( raft]s by ! hypo!nuse1 we f9d #af feet1 #aa #b-c in*es2 my way !y w\ld be #ag feet full4 ,aga91 build+ #fj feet wide1 raft]s by ! fir/ me?od w\ld be #db feet1 #f in*es2 by my way #fj4gadb feet1 #f in*es4 ,by us+ ?is decimal1 ! l5g? is s ne> practically correct1 t x may be us$ 9 all cases4 ,= a full pit* use ! decimal #a4ab1 & z 9 ! prec$+ m5tion$ pit*1 & x w be f\nd s ne> correct t x c be practically us$ 9 all cases4 ,x w be notic$ t ,i h n made any all[ance = projection ( raft]s ov] ! plate4 ,9 ?is case gauge f ! cr[n+ side ( y\r raft] ! ?ickness ( y\r projection2 all[ en\gh = ! latt]1 & f9d ! l[] bevel accord+ to ! way y describ$ 9 y\r la/2 measure ! l5g? ( y\r raft] f :]e ?is bevel crosses ! gauge l9e4 ,a little practice w enable ! me*anic to lay (f a raft] 9 a v %ort "t4 ,i h us$ ! above myself1 & h no tr\ble :atev]4 ,:ile ,i h no fault to f9d 9 y\r me?ods1 z ,i "k !m to be correct1 yet x is j z well t workm5 %\ld "k o!r me?ods1 z !re are _m occasions :5 ! 8only me?od0 he possesses _c be appli$4 ,h5ce ,i submit ! =ego+1 at y\r reque/4 ,w4 ,h40 ,all ?is is v true1 & "r z f> z x goes1 b x s happ5s t _m workm5 d n h ! necess>y le>n+ to "w out ^! problems 9 foot+ on ! l9es laid d[n by ,w4 ,h41 b1 9 ord] to meet conditions ( ?is k9d ,i h prep>$ a s]ies ( tables :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! l>g] volumes1 giv+ ! l5g? ( raft]s = any build+ hav+ a wid? ( f five to sixty feet & a rise ( ro( ( f "o to eighte5 feet to ridge4 ,?is w cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 & =m a ready table = ! e/imator to take 8 quantities f4 ,i may be p>don$ = aga9 %[+ ! common & simple/ me?od ( lay+ out an ord9>y raft]1 = not)/&+ all ,i h said & describ$ & expla9$ on ?is subject1 !re w always be "s p]sons :o w n be able to grasp ! me?od1 unless x is put to !m 9 "s o!r light4 ,i am sure ( ?is f ! long exp]i5ce ,i h _h 9 ! answ]+ ( que/ions ( ?is k9d ?r\gh ! columns ( diff]5t build+ j\rnals4 ,?is is no d\bt ow+ to "s con/itutional peculi>ities ( bo? ! p]son :o makes ! inquiry & ! p]son :o attempts to answ] x4 ,?is is "o ( ! ma9 reasons :y ,i h admitt$ into ?is "w v>i\s me?ods & descriptions ( o!rs ?an myself1 s t read]s w h ! same me?ods describ$ & expla9$ to !m 9 sev]al diff]5t ways by sev]al writ]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,let u take ! diagrams %[n at ,fig4 #di1 :i* %[s a portion ( a ro( hav+ a qu>t] pit*4 ,,ceb %[+ ! height1 & ,,ab ! l5g? & incl9ation ( raft]4 ,d %[s ! foot ( ! raft] on ! plate1 cut 8flat foot0 & ! l9e ,,ec ! plumb cut4 ,?is is q pla94 ,! build+ may be any wid?1 let u say 9 ?is case1 t x is #cj feet wide f ,a to ,o4 ,t w make ! di/ance f ,a to ,c #ae feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,a me?od ( obta9+ ! bevels = ?is raft] is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ej :]e ! /eel squ>e is %[n laid on ! patt]n ) ! po9ts #af in*es on ! blade & #h in*es on ! tongue appli$ to ! edge ( ! /uff4 ,! l9e ,,ho on ! blade gives ! bevel = ! foot ( ! raft] ,,ac4 ,! l9e ,,op1 ,fig4 #ej gives ! bevel = ! top ( ! raft] or ! plumb cut1 z mo/ workm5 call x4 ,n[1 !re is no?+ 9 ?is diagram1 :i* is f ,bell's ,c>p5try1 an excell5t "w--f :i* ! workman c get ! l5g? ( 8 raft]1 )\t complicat+ matt]s4 ,_h ! figures #ab in*es & #f in*es on ! squ>e be5 employ$ in/ead ( #af & #h1 !n ! di/ance across ! diagonal f ^! two po9ts w\ld h equall$ on ! raft]1 "o foot on ! base l9e or seat ( ! raft]1 s t #ae times t l5g? w\ld h be5 ! total l5g? ( ! raft]4 ,bett] /ill1 h[ev]1 w\ld h be5 ! application ( ! squ>e #ae times on ! edge ( ! raft] patt]n ) ! po9ts #ab & #f on gauge po9ts1 !n bo? l5g? & bevels w\ld h be5 obta9$ at "o op]ation4 ,( c\rse1 ! exp]t workman w (t5 inv5t1 or discov]1 me?ods ( us+ ! squ>e 9 c]ta9 phases ( ro( fram+1 t c n be f\nd 9 books1 or t _c be taught because ( ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! p>ticul> case4 ,hav+ a fair k ( ! uses ( ! /eel1 ! workman w seldom be ov]tak5 by difficulties he _c ov]come if he /udies ! problems be=e him & !n employs 8 k ( ! squ>e to _! solution1 z a little application on ?is l9e w remove all possible tr\bles4 ,e c>p5t] kn[s1 or ought to "k1 t ! run & rise ( ! raft] tak5 on ! squ>e w give ! seat & plumb cuts1 b inasmu* z build+s are n all ( ! same wid?1 x requires a diff]5t set ( figures = ea* run1 & z x requires an extra calculation to fir/ f9d ! run ( ! hip or valley1 x is bett] to use ! full scale = a "o-foot run ( ! common raft] :i* answ]s = any run4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ea1 we %[ a squ>e b\nd$ by ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ! sides ( :i* are #ab in*es4 ,e is at a po9t #e in*es f ,b1 & ,c #ab in*es f ,b4 ,b-,a repres5ts ! run ( ! common raft]4 ,e-,a repres5ts ! run ( ! octagon hip or valley1 & ,c-,a ! same = ! common hip or valley1 _! l5g?s1 be+ #ab1 #ac1 & #ag respectively4 ,n[ s9ce #ab1 #ac1 & #ag are fix$ numb]s1 we take !m on ! tongue ( ! squ>e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,n[ suppose we want to f9d ! l5g?s & cuts ( ! raft]s = ! pit*4 ,we take #i on ! blade4 ,:y8 ,because ! run be+ #ab in*es1 ! span mu/ be two times #ab1 :i* equals #bd1 & s9ce ! pit* is reckon$ by ! span1 we f9d t ( #bd is #i1 :i* repres5ts ! rise ( ! foot run4 ,!n #ab & #i give ! seat & plumb cuts = ! common raft]1 #ac & #i = ! octagon hip or valley1 & #ag & #i gives ! same = ! common hip or valley4 ,9 ,fig4 #ec ,i %[ ea* sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,! measurem5t l9e ( hips & valleys is at a l9e along ! c5t] ( its back1 & j :]e to place ! squ>e on ! side ( ! raft] s z to make ! cuts & l5g? come "r at t po9t is a "q t taxes ! skill ( mo/ c>p5t]s1 especially s :5 ! raft]s are s back$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ed ,i h tri$ to make ! above po9ts cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,fir/1 ,i %[ ! plan ( ! raft]4 ,! cross l9es on same repres5t an ext]nal corn] = ! hip & valley respectively4 ,above ! plan is %[n ! elevation4 ,! sections #a-b-c-d repres5t ! position ( ! raft]s "u ! foll[+ conditions3 ,no4 #a hip :5 n back$1 ,no4 #b hip :5 back$1 ,no4 #c valley :5 n back$1 ,no4 #d valley :5 back$4 ,no4 #a is outl9$ by heavy l9es1 & sets l[] ?an ! o!rs4 ,by trac+ ! bottom l9e ( ! sections d[n to ! seat ( ,no4 #a1 !nce up to ! second elevation w %[ j h[ deep ! not*+ %\ld be = ea* raft]4 ,no4 #a cuts into ! "r h& v]tical l9e f ! plan1 :i* w\ld make x /& at ! "r height above ! plate1 b 9 ord] to make ! seat cut cle> ! corn] ( plate1 x is necess>y to cut into ! c5t] l9e above ! plan4 ,no4 #b cuts into ! same po9ts z ,no4 #a1 b ow+ to its be+ back$1 ! seat cut drops accord+ly4 ,no4 #c cuts into ! c5t] v]tical l9e1 & 9 ord] to cle> ! edges ( ! plate mu/ cut out at ! sides to ! left v]tical l9e4 ,no4 #d cuts 9 ! same z ! latt]1 b z mu* l[] ?an ,no4 #c z ,no4 #b is bel[ ,no4 #a4 ,! out] v]tical l9es f ! plan repres5t ! wid? ( ! raft]4 ,!re=e if ! raft] be two in*es ?ick1 w\ld be "o in* ap>t1 & ?is am\nt set (f along ! seat l9e 7or a l9e p>allel ) x7 w give ! gauge po9t on ! side ( ! raft]4 ,to make ?is cle>] ref] to ,fig4 #ec2 #ag & #i gives ! cuts4 ,n[ leav+ ! squ>e re/ z x is1 measure back f #ag "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! raft]1 & ?is w be ! gauge l9e po9t f :i* to remove ! wood back to ! c5t] l9e ( hip1 & ! measurem5t f ! edge ( ! raft] tak5 v]tically d[n to ! gauge po9t set (f on ! plumb cut regulates h[ f> ap>t ! p>allel l9es ( ! seat cuts w be "u ! above conditions4 ,?is rule applies to any ro( s long z ! pit*es are regul>4 ,proce$ 9 l mann] = ! octagon hip1 ! v>iation1 h[ev]1 is practically "o-half ( ! above results = ! squ>e corn]$ build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,fig4 #ee illu/rates side cut ( ! jack1 #ab on ! tongue1 & #ae 7l5g? ( ! common raft]7 on ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,fig4 #ef illu/rates side cut ( ! octagon jack1 #e on ! tongue & #ae on ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,fig4 #eg illu/rates ! side cut ( ! hip or valley1 #ag on tongue1 #ai 7l5g? ( ! hip7 on ! blade giv+ ! cut 9 ea* case4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is = ! unback$ raft]4 ,if x has be5 previ\sly back$1 !n apply ! squ>e ) ! above figures on ! l[] edge at bottom ( ! plumb cut1 or apply ! squ>e z = ! jack1 ,fig4 #ef1 to ! back+ l9e1 :i* w give ! same result z #ag & #ai4 ,x is q cle> t :5 a workman cuts a common raft]1 he is also cutt+ a timb] t w\ld answ] = a hip = a build+ ( less span hav+ ! same rise1 only tak+ "s adju/m5t ( ! top bevel to fit aga9/ a ridge4 ,?is is q pla91 & if we ref] to ,fig4 #eh1 we f9d t ! common raft] = a #a-;foot run becomes a hip = an #h-;in* run1 & t a hip = a #a-;foot run ( ! build+ becomes a common raft] = a #ag-;in* run4 ,!re=e1 ! rule t applies to ! common raft] also applies to ! hip raft]1 i4 e41 ! run & rise tak5 on ! squ>e w give ! seat & plumb cuts4 ,! run & l5g? ( ! raft] tak5 on ! squ>e w give ! side cuts1 or tak+ ! scale = a #a-;foot run1 ,fig4 #eh1 x is #ab on ! tongue & ! rise on ! blade = ! common raft]1 & #ag on ! tongue & rise on ! blade = ! hip4 ,! tongue giv+ ! seat cut & ! blade ! plumb cut4 ,= ! side cuts we take #ab on ! tongue & #ae in*es on ! blade1 & ! blade w give ! side cut ( ! jack4 ,take #ag on ! tongue & ! l5g? ( ! hip1 #ai in*es1 on ! blade & ! blade w give ! side cut ( ! hip4 ,x w\ld also be ! side cut ( ! correspond+ jack if x be a common raft]4 ,sev5te5 is us$ = a foot run ( ! hip raft] because ! diagonal ( a #ab-;in* squ>e is practically #ag in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,if we 7 to use #ab on ! tongue = a foot run ( ! hip ! rise to ! foot w\ld necess>ily be less ?an #aj in*es4 ,9 ,fig4 #ei ,i %[ :at ! diff]5ce is 9 rise to ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,f #ab to #ab is ! l5g? ( ! run ( ! hip w\ld only h #aj-ag ( an in* to "o run ( ! common raft]1 & an equal rise ( ! common raft]1 set (f z at ,a1 & a l9e f ?is to #ab on ! tongue passes at #g #a-ag in*es on ! blade1 because ! common raft] hav+ a rise ( #aj in*es to "o foot1 = "o in* x w\ld h #aj-ab ( an in*1 :ile ! hip w\ld only h #aj-ag ( an in* to "o in* & = #ab in*es x w\ld be #ab times #aj-ag equals #abj-ag1 or #g #a-ag in*es4 ,!re=e ! figures giv5 9 ! second illu/ration w\ld give ! same cuts z ^? 9 ! fir/1 b z ! latt] necessitates a calculation t ends 9 fractions--fractions n giv5 on ! squ>e--& = t reason #ag is g5]ally us$ = a foot run = ! hips & valleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,an ,,unequal ,,pit*4 ,9 ! matt] ( ro(+ ov] unequal pit*es :5 !re is no ridge & :5 all hips meet1 ! build+ be+ long] ?an x is wide1 ! back+ ( hips & _! l5g?s & bevels w\ld be a v easy matt] if a draw+ ( ! :ole ?+ 0 made1 b1 to obta9 ^! by ! use ( ! squ>e alone1 is some:at m difficult4 ,let u assume ! build+ to be #ah feet wide & #bh feet long1 & hav+ a rise ( #i feet1 !n1 by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #fj1 we %[ to "o in* scale ! l5g?1 run1 rise1 seat1 & plumb cuts = ! hip & common raft]s z foll[s3 ,! run ( ! long way ( ! build+ is #ad1 & #i = ! n>r[ way1 :i* we take on ! blade & tongue respectively1 z %[n on squ>e ,no4 #a1 & to ?is apply squ>e ,no4 #b1 z %[n4 ,,ad equals ! run ( ! hip4 ,,ae equals ! rise & ,,ed equals ! l5g? ( ! hip4 ,! read] w notice t ! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d =m a p>allelogram1 ) side & ends equal to ! runs ( ! common raft]s4 ,!re=e1 by tak+ ! runs on ! tongue1 z %[n by ! squ>es ,nos4 #c & #d1 w give _! l5g?s1 seat & plumb cuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,9 ,fig4 #fa is %[n ! int]section ( ! raft]s at ! peak & z ! l5g?s ( all raft]s are scal$ to run to a common c5t] x is necess>y t ! common raft]s mu/ cut back s z to fit 9 ! angle =m$ by ! hips4 ,! prop] d$uction = ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb by plac+ two squ>es on ! back ( ! raft]1 ) ! heel or corn] ( ! squ>es re/+ on ! c5t] l9e4 ,! di/ance f ! corn] ( ! squ>e to ,b measur$ squ>e back 7at "r angles7 f ! plumb bevel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa1 w locate ! po9t ( ! long common raft] at ,b 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,proce$ 9 l mann] = ! %ort common raft]1 tak+ ! di/ance f ! corn] at ,c1 & = ! side cuts1 take #ad on ! tongue & ! l5g? ( ! %ort common raft] ,,ce on ! blade--! blade w give ! cut at ,,ac 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,! read] w obs]ve t ?is angle is ! same z t = ! side cut ( ! jack4 ,proce$ 9 l mann] = ! long common raft] side1 us+ #i on ! tongue & ,,be on ! blade4 ,^! same figures w give ! side cuts ( ! hip1 provid$ hip has be5 previ\sly back$4 ,tak+ ! la/ = example ! read] w obs]ve t #i on ! tongue & ,,be on ! blade ! squ>e w\ld lay on ! plane ( ! back+ & ! blade giv+ ! cut along ! l9e ,,bb 9 ,fig4 #fa1 or ^! cuts may be f\nd by measur+ squ>e back f a plumb bevel at po9ts ,a & ,a1 ,fig4 #fb1 ! di/ance ,,ac & ,,ab1 :i* w give ! prop] plumb cut at ! sides & int]sect+ ! l9e ,,aa at ! c5t]4 ,^! same di/ances1 ,,ac & ,,ab1 b transf]r$ to opposite sides1 set (f on ! seat cut or a l9e p>allel ) x1 w give ! gauge po9ts on ! side ( ! hip = ! back+4 ,! l5g?s ( ! jacks may be f\nd by divid+ ! l5g? ( ! common raft] by ! numb] ( ! spac+s = ! jacks2 ! quoti5t w be ! common diff]5ce4 ,,end ,,( ,,division ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,,lay-,,out ,,( ,,hip-,,ro( ,,) ,,deck4 ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,& ,,its ,,uses4 ,,division ,c4 ,introductory4 ,dur+ my long exp]i5ce z ,editor ( sev]al ( ! lead+ build+ j\rnals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 ,i h be5 ask$ & h answ]$ ?\s&s ( que/ions reg>d+ matt]s conc]n+ build+ con/ruction1 build]s' mat]ials1 tools & processes1 & p>ticul>ly reg>d+ ! 8,/eel ,squ>e & its ,uses10 & ,i h conclud$ t ! publication ( a few ( ^! que/ions & answ]s1 along ) o!r matt]1 9 ?is division w be appreciat$ by my read]s1 & to ?is end ,i ins]t a numb] ( ! mo/ useful items 9 ?is manual4 ,besides ^! que/ions & answ]s1 ,i also publi% o!r up to date matt]1 all ( :i* w make ?is volume "o ( ! mo/ useful little works to ! ,am]ican c>p5t] & wood-work] ev] publi%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,i op5 ?is division ) a few h9ts reg>d+ ! con/ruction1 or r ! lay+ out ( a ,hip-,ro( :]e ! design has be5 furni%$ by an ar*itect1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 %[s ! pit* & ! lay ( ! timb]s4 ,we suppose ! ro( to h a span ( #ah feet & a rise ( #f feet1 ?us giv+ ! ro( a "o-?ird pit*4 ,! f5ce is us$ 9 ?is example to its full ext5t1 & :5 plac$ on ! squ>e & fa/5$1 ! l9e ( f5ce %[s ! slope or pit* ( ro(4 ,fig4 #fd %[s ! squ>e set to ! pit* ( ! hip raft]4 ,! squ>es z set give ! plumb & level cuts4 ,fig4 #fe is ! raft] plan ( a h\se #ah by #bd feet2 ! raft]s are laid (f on ! level1 & measure n9e feet f c5t] ( ridge to outside ( wall2 !re %\ld be a raft] patt]n ) a plumb cut at "o end1 & ! foot cut at ! o!r1 got out z previ\sly %[n4 ,:5 ! raft] foot is m>k$1 place ! end ( ! long blade ( ! squ>e to ! wall l9e1 z 9 draw+1 & m>k across ! raft] at ! outside ( ! %ort blade1 & ^! m>ks on ! raft] pit* w correspond ) two feet on ! level plan2 slide ! squ>e up ! raft] & place ! end ( ! long blade to ! m>k la/ made1 & m>k outside ! %ort blade z be=e1 repeat ! application until n9e feet are measur$ (f1 & !n ! l5g? ( ! raft] is correct2 rememb] to m>k (f "o-half ! ?ickness ( ridge-piece4 ,! raft]s are laid (f on "p ( plan to %[ ! appe>ance ( ! raft]s 9 a ro( ( ?is k9d1 b = work+ purposes ! raft]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e & #f1 ) "o hip raft]1 is all t is requir$4 ,to proce$1 we fir/ lay (f common raft]1 :i* has be5 previ\sly expla9$2 b deem+ x necess>y to give a =mula 9 figures to avoid mak+ a plan1 we take #a-c pit*4 ,?is pit* is #a-c ! wid? ( ! build+1 to po9t ( raft] f wall plate or base4 ,= an example1 always use #h1 :i* is #a-c ( #bd1 on tongues = altitude2 #ab1 ! wid? ( #bd1 on blade = base4 ,?is cuts common raft]4 ,next is ! hip-raft]4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! diagonal ( #ab & #ab is approximately #ag 9 fram+ "w1 & ! hip is ! diagonal ( a squ>e add$ to ! rise ( ro(2 !re=e we take #h on ! tongue & #ag on ! blade2 run ! same numb] ( times z common raft] :i* gives ! l5g? ( hip & plumb & level bevels4 ,to cut jack raft]s1 divide ! numb] ( op5+s = common raft]s4 ,suppose we h five jacks1 ) six op5+s1 our common raft] #ab feet long1 ea* jack w\ld be #b feet %ort]4 ,! fir/1 next ! hip1 #aj feet1 ! second #h feet1 ?ird #f feet1 & s on4 ,! top d[n cut same z d[n cut = common raft]4 ,= ! bevel1 cut aga9/ hip4 ,take half ! wid? ( build+ on tongue & l5g? ( common raft] on blade1 & blade gives ! bevel4 ,n[ f9d diagonal ( #h & #ab1 :i* is #ad #g-af 94 ,take ?is l5g? on blade & #ab on tongue1 blade gives bevels4 ,if ! hip-raft] is bevel$ or 8back$0 to suit jacks1 !n take height ( hip on tongue1 l5g? ( hip on blade1 & tongue gives bevel4 ,^! figures w cov] all bevels = cutt+1 cornice & %ea?+4 ,= b$ m\lds = gable to fit "u cornice1 take half wid? ( build+ on tongue1 l5g? ( common raft] on blade2 blade gives cut4 ,to cut plance] to run up valley1 take height ( raft] on tongue1 l5g? ( raft] on blade2 tongue gives bevel4 ,= plumb cut1 take height ( hip on tongue1 l5g? ( hip on blade2 tongue gives bevel4 ,^! figures 7 specially prep>$ = a hip ro( hav+ a "o-?ird pit*1 b w suit o!r pit*es equally well if ! diff]5ce 9 height ( ridge is consid]$4 ,= a hopp] ! mitre is cut on ! same pr9ciple4 ,to make a butt jo9t1 take ! wid? ( side on blade1 & half ! fl>e on tongue3 ! latt] gives ! cut4 ,y w obs]ve t a hip-ro( is ! same z a hopp] inv]t$4 ,! cuts = ! edges ( ! pieces ( a hexagonal hopp] are f\nd ?is way4 ,subtract ! wid? ( "o piece at ! bottom f ! wid? ( same at top1 take rema9d] on tongue1 dep? ( side on blade2 tongue gives ! cut4 ,! cut on face ( sides3 ,take #g-ab ( ! rise on tongue & ! dep? ( side on blade2 tongue gives cut4 ,! bevel ( top & bottom3 ,take rise on blade1 run on tongue2 tongue gives cut4 ,,"s ,,que/ions ,,& ,,answ]s ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,correspond5ts4 ,! foll[+ que/ions & answ]s f practical workm5 are consid]$ among ! v be/ ?+s reg>d+ ! use ( ! ,/eel ,squ>e1 z !y are f m5 :o knew ( :at !y 7 talk+ ab\t4 ,!y are ga!r$ f _m s\rces1 b *iefly f ! columns ( ,te*nical ,j\rnals ) :i* ,i h be5 connect$1 ei!r z ,editor or contributor4 ,jas4 ,willis1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 asks3 8,h[ c ,i get ! prop] bevel = a butt jo9t on an obtuse or acute angle1 by ! use ( ! squ>e only80 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,answ]3 ,suppose ,fig4 #ff repres5ts an obtuse angle =m$ by two p>allel bo>ds or timb]s4 ,to obta9 ! jo9t1 ,a1 space (f equal di/ances f ! po9t #a to #c1 #c1 !n squ>e ov] f ! l9es1 ,r1 ,r1 keep+ ! heel ( ! squ>e at ! po9ts #c1 #c4 ,at ! junction ( ! l9es =m$ by ! tongue ( ! squ>e at #j w be "o po9t1 & #a w be ! o!r by :i* ! jo9t l9e1 ,a1 is def9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,to f9d ! l9e ( juncture = an acute angle1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,fig4 #fg repres5ts two p>allel bo>ds or timb]s2 #a ! extreme angle1 #c1 #c equal di/ances f ! angle #a & are ! po9ts :]e ! heel ( ! squ>e mu/ re/ to =m ! l9es #j1 #c2 #j %[s ! junction ( ! l9es =m$ by ! blade ( ! squ>e4 ,draw a l9e f #j to #a1 & ! l9e1 ,a1 =m$1 is ! bevel requir$4 ,x w be se51 by ^! two examples1 t ! bevel ( a junction at any angle may be obta9$ by ?is me?od4 ,p4 ,mc,vity1 ,milwaukee1 asks3 8,h[ c ,i draw a circle ) ! ,/eel ,squ>e80 ,answ]3 ,a circle ( any requir$ diamet] may be drawn by means ( ! squ>e by us+ x z indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ sket*4 ,drive two p9s or nails1 ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #fh1 at :atev] di/ance ap>t ! circle is to h z its diamet]4 ,br+ ! squ>e aga9/ !m1 z %[n1 & use a p5cil 9 ! angle z indicat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,?is rule is v conv5i5t 9 _m in/ances4 ,suppose ,a & ,b are two po9ts ?r\gh :i* a circle is requir$ to be drawn4 ,by br++ ! squ>e aga9/ p9s or nails plac$ 9 ! po9ts1 x may be describ$ z indicat$ 9 ! sket*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,a 8,me*anic10 ,tampa1 ,fla41 asks3 8,c ! /eel squ>e be us$ 9 lay+ out a wrea? = a h&rail1 & if s1 please describe h[80 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,answ]3 ,"s advance 9 ?is direction has be5 made1 b n mu*1 b ! outlook is q enc\rag+ z _m exp]ts are try+ to obta9 all ! l9es requir$ = =m+ circul> h&rails4 ,x w be accompli%$ soon] or lat]4 ,a few problems & solutions are giv5 h]e)3 ,9 gett+ out face-molds x has g5]ally be5 consid]$ necess>y fir/ to unfold ! tang5ts & get ! heights1 & by con/ruction get ! bevels4 ,! me?od %[n is some:at diff]5t1 ?\gh results are ! same1 b are produc$ m rapidly4 ,take = illu/ration a side wrea? mit]$ into a newel cap4 ,?is me?od w apply no matt] :]e ! newel is plac$1 or :e!r ! easem5t is less or m ?an ! "o /ep ( ! example illu/rat$4 ,:at is meant by "o /ep is1 t ! tang5t ( ! /raight rail cont9ues to ! po9t #b1 ,fig4 #fi4 ,! tang5t #b-a is level4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,to produce ! face m\ld1 lay ! /eel squ>e 9 ! position1 indicat$ by ! l9es #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 n ! figure on ! squ>e at ! po9ts numb]$1 & transf] !m to a piece ( ?9 /uff1 ,fig4 #gj4 ,l9e #c-d 9 ,fig4 #gj is indef9ite4 ,n[ take ! l5g? ( ! long edge ( ! pit* bo>d 9 ! compasses1 & ) #b1 ,fig4 #gj1 z a c5t]1 cut ! l9e #c-d 9 #d & draw #b-d4 ,n[ #a-b is ! level1 & #b-d is ! pit* tang5t on ! face mold4 ,to get ! bevels & wid? ( ! face mold at bo? ends1 take ! di/ance #c-d on ! blade ( ! squ>e1 & ! height ( a ris] on ! tongue ( ! squ>e1 apply to ! edge ( a bo>d & m>k by ! tongue2 ?is gives ! wid? ( ! mold at ! l[] end4 ,next take ! di/ance #d-,x on ! blade ( ! squ>e1 & ! di/ance %[n on ! pit* bo>d by ! l9e squ>$ f its top edge to ! corn]1 on ! tongue ( ! squ>e2 apply to ! edge ( a bo>d & m>k by ! tongue2 ?is gives ! bevels = ! top end ( ! wrea?4 ,m>k ! wid? ( ! rail on ! bevel1 & ?is gives ! wid? ( ! mold at ! top end4 ,an all[ance ( #f in*es is made at ! top end to jo9t to ! /raight rail1 & two in*es at ! bottom end to =m ! mit] into ! newel cap4 ,! spr++ l9e is tak5 f ! pit* bo>d4 ,fig4 #fi1 9 :i* are %[n ! bevels & ! pit* bo>d w help to make cle> ! me?ods us$4 ,! bevel at ! back ( ! pit* bo>d is = ! bottom end ( ! wrea?4 ,! triangle has = its base ! l9e #c-d & = its height "o ris]4 ,! hypo!nuse is ! l5g? ( #b-d1 ,fig4 #gj1 & ,fig4 #gj /&s ov] ,fig4 #fi1 level on ! l9e #a-b-c1 & incl9$ f x 9 ?is ca/ at an angle ( ne>ly #de degrees4 ,! top end bevel is %[n bel[ ! pit* bo>d4 ,! angle has = its base ! di/ance #d-x1 & = its height n "o rise1 b ! l5g? ( a l9e1 f ! corn] ( ! pit* bo>d squ>$ f its top edge4 ,?is bevel w be und]/ood bett] by plac+ ! pit* bo>d on ! l9e #b-d & apply+ ! small triangle to x ) its base on ! l9e #d-x1 & its po9t ev5 ) ! top edge ( ! pit* bo>d4 ,x w !n be at "r angles to ! top edge ( ! pit* bo>d4 ,9 practice1 a p>allel mold is g5]ally us$1 & ! wrea? piece is cut out2 bo? ?ickness ( plank & wid? ( mold+ be+ equal to ! diamet] ( a circle t w conta9 a section ( f9i%$ rail4 ,jacques ,dem\x1 ,w9nipeg1 ,man41 wants to "k h[ to lay out braces1 regul> & irregul> by ! use ( ! ,/eel ,squ>e4 ,answ]3 ,braces & trusses are some?+ l raft]s & :5 ! run is kn[n1 !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 gett+ ! l5g?s & prop] bevels4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is always be/ to make a patt]n & !n m>k out ! timb] "w f ! patt]n4 ,suppose we want braces hav+ a 8f\r-foot run0--t is1 ! brace is to =m a diagonal f po9ts f\r feet f ! po/ & f\r feet f ! girt4 ,take a piece ( /uff already prep>$1 six feet long1 f\r in*es wide & half-in* ?ick1 gauge x ?ree-eigh?s f jo9t$ edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,take ! squ>e z arrang$ at ,fig4 #ga1 & place x on ! prep>$ /uff z %[n at ,fig4 #gb4 ,adju/ ! squ>e s t ! twelve-in* l9e co9cide exactly ) ! gauge l9e o1 o1 o1 o4 ,hold ! squ>e firmly 9 ! position n[ obta9$1 & slide ! f5ce up ! tongue & blade until x fits snugly aga9/ ! jo9t$ edge ( ! prep>$ /uff1 screw ! f5ce tight on ! squ>e1 & be sure t ! #ab-;in* m>ks on bo? ! blade & ! tongue are 9 exact position ov] ! gauge-l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,we are n[ ready to lay out ! patt]n4 ,slide ! squ>e to ! extreme left1 z %[n on ! dott$ l9es at x1 m>k ) a knife on ! outside edges ( ! squ>e1 cutt+ ! gauge l9e4 ,repeat ?is process f\r times1 m>k+ ! ends1 & y h ! l5g? & bevels4 ,squ>e ov] at ea* end f ! gauge l9e & y h ! toe ( ! brace4 ,! l9es ss1 ,fig4 #gb1 %[ ! t5ons left on ! end ( ! braces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! cut at ,fig4 #gc1 %[s ! brace 9 position1 on a r$uc$ scale4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! squ>e works 9 ! =mation ( a brace c easily be und]/ood f ?is cut1 z ! dott$ l9es %[ ! position ! squ>e 0 9 :5 ! patt]n 0 laid out4 ,x may be necess>y to /ate t ! 8squ>e10 z n[ arrang$1 w lay out a brace patt]n = any l5g?1 if ! angle is "r1 & ! run equal4 ,%\ld ! brace be ( great l5g?1 h[ev]1 additional c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! squ>e1 = %\ld !re be any dep>ture f tru?1 t dep>ture w be repeat$ e "t ! squ>e is mov$1 & :]e x w\ld n affect a %ort run1 x might s]i\sly affect a long "o4 ,to lay out a patt]n = a brace :]e ! run on ! beam is ?ree feet1 & ! run d[n ! po/ f\r1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,prep>e a piece ( /uff1 same z ! "o op]at$ on = f\r feet run2 jo9t & gauge x4 ,lay ! squ>e on ! left-h& side1 keep ! #ab-;in* m>k on ! tongue1 ov] ! gauge-l9e2 place ! #i-;in* m>k on ! blade1 on ! gauge-l9e1 s t ! gauge-l9e =ms ! ?ird side ( a "r angle triangle1 ! o!r sides ( :i* are n9e & twelve in*es1 respectively4 ,n[ proce$ z on ! =m] occasion1 & z %[n at ,fig4 #gd1 tak+ c>e to m>k ! bevels at ! extreme ends4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! position ( ! squ>e1 z ! patt]n is be+ laid out4 ,fig4 #ge %[s ! brace 9 position1 ! dott$ l9es %[ :]e ! squ>e 0 plac$ on ! patt]n4 ,x is well to ?or\ghly und]/& ! me?od ( obta9+ ! l5g?s & bevels ( irregul> braces4 ,a little /udy w soon enable any p]son to make all k9ds ( braces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,if we want a brace ) a two-foot run1 & a f\r-foot run x mu/ be evid5t t1 z two is ! half ( f\r1 s on ! squ>e take #ab in*es on ! tongue1 & #f in*es on ! blade1 apply f\r times1 & we h ! l5g?1 & ! bevels ( a brace = ?is run4 ,= a ?ree by f\r foot run1 take #ab in*es on ! tongue & #i in*es on ! blade1 & apply f\r times1 because1 z ?ree feet is ( f\r feet1 s #i in*es is ( #ab in*es4 ,a "y c>p5t]1 ,toronto1 wants to "k h[ to f9d ! c5t] ( a circle by aid ( ! ,squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,answ]3 ,9 ,fig4 #gf is %[n h[ ! c5t] ( a circle may be det]m9$ )\t ! use ( compasses2 ?is is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t a circle c be drawn ?r\gh any ?ree po9ts t are n actually 9 a /raight l9e4 ,suppose we take ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d = f\r giv5 po9ts1 !n draw a l9e f ,a to ,d1 & f ,b to ,c2 get ! c5t] ( ^! l9es1 & squ>e f ^! c5t]s z %[n1 & :5 ! squ>e crosses ! l9e1 or :]e ! l9es int]sect1 z at x1 !re w be ! c5t] ( ! circle4 ,?is is a v useful rule4 ,ed4 ,mc,donald1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 says3 8,i want to "k h[ mu* c be done ) ! squ>e t[>ds sett+ out /air rail+80 ,answ]3 ,9 a previ\s page a few rem>ks on ?is subject w be f\nd & ! foll[+ is fur!r submitt$3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,fig4 #gg %[s a plan ( a /air well hav+ ?ree w9d]s4 ,! rail 9 ?is case w h two diff]5t pit*es4 ,^! rails are a little m complicat$ ?an ^? hav+ equal pit*es1 z 9 ! latt] ! major axis is p>allel (f ! diagonal l9e ,b ,d 7,fig4 #gg74 ,:5 ! pit*es diff] ! major axis ceases to be p>allel2 & ! great] ! diff]5ce 9 ! pit*es1 ! great] w be ! diff]5ce 9 ! axis & diagonal l9e4 ,?is fact c be easily demon/rat$ by cutt+ a model b$ block out ( #b-;in* by #b-;in* /uff to equal pit*es4 ,procure a bo>d1 & draw a p>allel l9e1 say #h in*es (f ! edge4 ,n[ squ>e ov] a l9e to cut ! fir/ l9e2 set ! b$ block on1 ) ! back corn] t\*+ ! int]section ( ! l9es4 ,lay a piece ( c>dbo>d on ! incl9$ face ( ! b$ block1 & let x slide d[n until x t\*es ! bo>d4 ,make a m>k along ?is edge1 & x w be se51 on remov+ ! c>d1 t ?is l9e is equidi/ant f ! corn] 7see ,fig4 #gh74 ,9 ,fig4 #gh ! c>dbo>d is %[n z ?\gh x 7 transp>5t4 ,:at has j be5 done is t ! plane 9 :i* ! rail lies has be5 project$ to int]sect ! horizontal plane :i* conta9s ! plan ( ! wrea?4 ,! "n by :i* ?is l9e is g5]ally kn[n is ! horizontal trace 7%[n at ,c1 ,figs4 #gh & #gi74 ,! m9or axis 7,figs4 #gh & #gi7 is always p>allel (f ?is1 & always t\*es ,a z 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,! major axis 7,figs4 #gh & #gi7 also t\*es ?is po9t ,a1 & is always squ>e (f ! m9or axis & (f ! horizontal trace4 ,x w be se5 by ?is t ! rail is pit*$ equally bo? ways2 !re=e ! face mold w be ( equal wid? at ! ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,:5 rails are cut by b&saw on b$ blocks1 bevels are n necess>y1 z !y c always be obta9$ by apply+ a bevel z %[n at ,fig4 #hj4 ,! /ock %\ld lie solid on ! block & squ>e (f ! sides4 ,:5 ! block is ?9 x is be/ to apply ! bevel ne> ! corn]1 :5 a great] surface is obta9$4 ,^! bevels are appli$ aft] ! jo9t is squ>$ (f ! tang5t l9es4 ,to demon/rate a rail ) unequal pit*es1 cut ano!r piece ( /uff #bx#b in*es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi1 repeat ! process ) ! c>dbo>d z be=e4 ,x w be f\nd t ! horizontal trace has dep>t$ f ! angle ( #de degrees 7see ,fig4 #gi7 & has approa*$ ne>] "o corn] & gone f>!r away on ! o!r4 ,! major axis ,b w h done likewise1 z x is always squ>e (f ! horizontal trace ,c4 ,! wrea? hav+ two pit*es1 ! face mold w obvi\sly be wid] at "o end ?an at ! o!r2 & if bevels are requir$1 !y mu/ be set (f on ! face ( ea* side ( ! block4 ,! wid? ( ! face mold is to be appli$ on ! tang5t l9e2 ?is makes x slightly 9 excess on ! jo9t1 b x is bett] to h a little m>g9 9 ?ickness = work+4 ,:]e ?ickness ( /uff is a second>y consid]ation1 x is pref]able to take ! rail out ( /uff :i* is z ?ick z ! diamet] ( a circle t w enclose ! section ( rail2 ! corn]s w !n be left complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! foll[+ me?od %[s ! lea/ ?ickness ! rail c be cut out (1 & also gives wid? ( face molds on ! jo9t4 ,set ! bevel to ! b$ block z %[n at ,fig4 #hj1 & apply at ! side ( ! block4 ,draw a section ( rail level2 apply ! bevel aga91 t\*+ ! bottom corn] ( ! section4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! m>ks is ! ?ickness1 a plumb l9e m>k$ on %[s ! wid? ( ! face mold on ! bevel l9e4 ,:]e ! pit*es are diff]5t ! =ego+ me?od has to be appli$ to ea* side ( ! b$ block4 ,! bevels may be also obta9$ by ! /eel squ>e4 ,take ! wid? ( prism face 7%[n by dott$ l9es7 by lay+ ! squ>e ) blade on ! l9e ,c ,d 7,fig4 #hb7 & tongue1 cutt+ at ! c5t] ,a4 ,note ! l5g? on ! tongue ( ! squ>e4 ,make a m>k ( ?is l5g? on ! edge ( bo>d4 ,n[ take ! wid? ( ,a to ,d 7,fig4 #hd7 :i* is #f in*es (f ! blade2 keep ?is #f-;in* m>k fair at ! end ( ?is l9e made on ! bo>d 7,fig4 #ha7 & pu% on squ>e until ! tongue t\*es ! end ( ! l9e2 m>k by ! tongue1 & ?is gives ! bevel requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,to obta9 an example ( unequal pit*es ref] to ,fig4 #hd4 ,to set ?is out1 run a l9e p>allel (f ! edge ( ! bo>d1 & (f ?is l9e squ>e ano!r4 ,) ! int]section ,a z a c5t]1 describe a semi-circle ( #f in*es radius4 ,?is indicates ! c5t] ( ! rail4 ,run l9es radial f ,a z %[n2 ^! are ! ris] l9es4 ,draw ! l9es ,b ,c & ,c ,d1 :i* are ! tang5ts4 ,draw ! diagonal ,b ,d4 ,to make ! b$ blocks1 procure a piece ( "o in* /uff2 take x to ! wid? %[n at ,b ,c2 squ>e on a m>k ab\t #c in*es f ! end 7?is is to all[ = ! %ank to cle> ! saw table2 ! block is %[n at ,fig4 #hc )\t ! #c-;in* all[ance74 ,take on ! /eel squ>e ! rise on tongue & go+ on blade ( ! /raight flight ( /airs2 m>k on ! in* bo>d at tongue2 ?is is pit* ( ! fir/ tang5t4 ,take ! height at ,d1 :i* is "o & a half ris]s--#aj in*es2 d$uct ! height ( ! fir/ tang5t f #aj in*es2 take ! diff]5ce on ! tongue & wid? f ,c to ,d on ! blade2 ! tongue gives ! cut = ! second tang5t4 ,m>k ! pit* ( ! fir/ tang5t on ! edge ( ! second & cut to ?is2 ! pit* ( ! second tang5t gives ! edge cut ( ! fir/4 ,cut & fix toge!r ) /ret*] z previ\sly describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,to get out ! face mold1 procure a piece ( ?9 /uff4 ,?ree-ply wood is excell5t1 z ?\gh x is liable to w>p x does n %r9k p]ceptibly4 ,%oot on edge & gauge on a c5t] l9e2 take ! di/ance f ,b to ,d 7,fig4 #hd7 7! hypo!nuse ( #f & #f7 on ! blade & ! rise 7#aj7 at ,d on ! tongue2 lay on ! edge ( ! bo>d to ?is4 ,lay (f ?is l5g? on ! ?ree-ply at ,b ,d 7,fig4 #hb72 take ! wid? ,b ,c 7,fig4 #hd7 on ! blade1 rise at ,c on ! tongue2 f9d ! hypo!nuse1 & apply ) a pair ( compasses at ,fig4 #hb ) ,b z a c5t] cutt+ at ,c4 ,!n apply at ,d z a c5t]1 cutt+ at ,a4 ,n[ f9d ! hypo!nuse ,c to ,d 7,fig4 #hd71 & apply ! compasses z be=e1 ) ,d & ,b z c5t]s1 cutt+ at ,a & ,c4 ,connect up ! po9ts :]e ! arcs int]sect to ,b & ,d2 ?is is ! face ( ! incl9$ prism1 & conta9s ! true %ape ( rail4 ,cont9ue ! tang5t l9e ,c ,b1 #c in*es or :atev] is requir$ = ! %ank1 & squ>e ! jo9ts ( ! l9es ,b & ,d4 ,9 ord] to locate ! major axis ! horizontal trace is n[ requir$4 ,/& ! b$ block on ! plan 7see ,fig4 #hc74 ,run ! blade ( ! squ>e d[n until x t\*es ! bo>d2 m>k ?is1 & remove ! block4 ,x w be se5 t ! b$ block has n got ! #c in*es all[$ at ! bottom1 b ! horizontal trace is z easily f\nd ) z )\t ! all[ance2 all t is requir$ 9 ! =m] case be+ to turn ! blade to ,b 7/ill keep+ ! heel at ! top ( ! b$ block71 make a m>k :]e ! squ>e t\*es & lay on ! squ>e z %[n at ,fig4 #hc4 ,m>k at ! blade1 & slide back ! squ>e until ! tongue t\*es at ,b1 & also at ! c5t] ,a4 ,?is gives ! true horizontal trace & major axis4 ,note ! size indicat$ by ! arr[ l9es on ! tongue 7f heel to ,b74 ,transf] ! squ>e to ! ?ree-ply bo>d 7,fig4 #hb71 plac+ x z %[n1 ) ! blade t\*+ ,a1 & ! di/ance ( ! arr[ l9es at ,b4 ,m>k along ! inside ( ! blade ( ! squ>e & slide ! squ>e back until ! tongue cuts at ,a4 ,?is gives ! m9or axis4 ,n[ cont9ue ?is l9e d[nw>ds to guide ! position ( ! squ>e %[n at ,fig4 #hd4 ,describe a circle z wide z ! rail on ! m9or axis 7,fig4 #hb74 ,! di/ance f ,a 7,fig4 #hd7 to ! c5t] ( ! rail is ! di/ance to apply at ,fig4 #hb = ! c5t] ( ! rail1 z ?is is ! po9t :]e ! c5t] ( ! rail is fair ) ! plank4 ,obta9 ! wid? ( ! face molds1 & apply at ,b & ,d2 lay ! squ>e on ! major & m9or axis z %[n at ,fig4 #hd4 ,lay a la? on ! squ>e1 ) ! po9t t\*+ ! outside ( ! circle at ,c2 drive 9 a nail at ! heel ( ! squ>e2 %ift ! la? until ! po9t lies at ,b1 & drive 9 ano!r nail at ! side ( ! squ>e4 ,?is trammel is n[ ready to sweep ! outside ( ! mold1 :i* is done by rev]s+ ! squ>e1 z %[n by dott$ l9es4 ,pull out ! nails & repeat ! process = ! inside ( ! mold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,n[ run p>allel l9es (f ! tang5t ,b = ! %ank2 ?is completes ! face mold1 :i* is n[ ready = ! face ( ! plank4 ,wrea?s = /airs ) flights :i* /& at ei!r acute or obtuse angles to ea* o!r may be set out by ! me?ods t h be5 "h describ$4 ,! only diff]5ce1 practically1 is t ! b$ block is made acute or obtuse to suit plan ( tang5ts4 ,! device %[n at ,fig4 #he has be5 f\nd to answ] excell5tly = /rik+ out ellipses4 ,to make ?is1 procure two screws in*es long1 also a piece ( brass tube t w j slip on ! pla9 "p ( ! screw )\t %ak+4 ,c\nt] s9k out ! ends until ! screw heads are flu%2 cut two pieces (f ! tube ?ree-sixte5?s & file up true--^! pieces are be/ held by s9k+ !m ) a bit 9 a piece ( h>dwood4 ,n[ :5 ab\t to /rike an ellipse1 drive ^! screws 9 ) ! coll>s on to half major & m9or1 measur$ f ! po9t ( ! trammel to ! inside ( ! coll> = ! major1 & to ! outside ( ! coll> = ! m9or4 ,x w be f\nd t if ! coll> has be5 made true1 ! trammel w slip ar\nd ! curve )\t caus+ ! squ>e to slip ab\t1 ! coll>s act+ z roll]s4 ,w4 ,t4 ,jones1 ,boise ,city1 ,idaho1 w\ld l to "k ( a ready way to frame hip ro(s & ro(s ( irregul> or diff]5t pit*es ) ! /eel squ>e1 includ+ l5g?s & bevels ( all raft]s4 ,answ]3 ,^! problems along ) _m o!rs are discuss$ & expla9$ at l5g? 9 my l>g] works on ! ,/eel ,squ>e1 b ! foll[+1 :i* is some:at cond5s$1 does to "s ext5t cov] ,mr4 ,jones' inquiries3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,suppose ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,fig4 #hf1 to repres5t "o end ( a hip ro( ) a span ( #bd feet & a #aj-;foot rise4 ,! side raft] ,i ,d %[n 9 top sket* w h a run ( #ab feet4 ,! common raft] at ! end ( build+1 ,i ,l1 has a run ( #af feet1 ) ! same rise1 s t ! ends & sides ( ! ro(s h diff]5t pit*es4 ,! l5g?s & cuts ( ! common raft]s are obta9$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg1 by tak+ #ab on ! blade & #aj on ! tongue ( ! squ>e & measur+ across1 giv+ ! l5g? ( ! side raft]1 f :i* "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! ridge1 measur$ squ>e back f ! plumb cut1 mu/ be d$uct$4 ,! blade gives ! foot cut & ! tongue ! plumb cut4 ,! l5g? ( ! end raft] is obta9$ by tak+ #af on ! blade & #aj on ! tongue1 :i* w ( c\rse give ! respective cuts also4 ,! same results may be obta9$ by apply+ ! squ>e to a /raight edge & m>k+ along ! blade & tongue1 :i* w give a gauge l9e to :i* a bevel may be set4 ,by tak+ #af on ! blade & #ab on ! tongue1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ij1 ! run ( ! hip raft]s1 #bj1 is obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #hh1 x w be se5 t #bj on ! blade & #aj on ! tongue give ! seat & plumb cuts ( ! hip toge!r ) ! l5g?1 aft] "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! ridge has be5 d$uct$ f ! side cut4 ,! side cut is f\nd 9 a slightly diff]5t way f t ( a regul> hip or valley on an ord9>y ro(4 ,! common me?od is to take ! l5g? ( ! hip on ! blade & run on ! tongue1 b ?is w n "w 9 ?is case1 z ! run ( ! hip does n be at an angle ( #de degrees z 9 ord9>y ro(s4 ,! l9e ,b ,j 9 ,fig4 #hf mu/ fir/ be obta9$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,jo9t "o edge ( a bo>d & squ>e up ! l9e ,b ,l4 ,measure "o-half ! wid? ( build+--9 in*es--on ?is l9e1 #ab 9 ?is case1 & ) ! heel ( ! squ>e at ! po9t ,b1 move ! squ>e until #bj on ! blade t\*es ! edge ( ! bo>d at ,e4 ,! tongue w !n give ! po9t ,j #ae in*es2 :i* is ! l5g? ( ! l9e requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,!n take ?is l9e on ! tongue & ! l5g? ( ! hip on ! blade1 ,fig4 #ij1 & ! blade w give ! bevel ( ! hip to lie aga9/ ! ridge4 ,z a g5]al rule1 hip raft]s are n back$1 b if su* is desir$ ! l9es = back+ c be f\nd by sett+ x to ! foot cut ( ! hip raft]4 ,make ,o ,r squ>e ) ,s ,o & gauge back z %[n 9 ! diagram ,a4 ,d ! same on ! o!r side1 us+ ! di/ance ,t ,r in/ead ( ,p ,s4 ,! po9t ,o is ( c\rse at ! c5t] ( ! l9e ,t ,p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,= l5g?s & bevels ( jacks1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,= end ( ro(1 & set #b feet on c5t]s1 take a bo>d & apply ! squ>e to x1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia1 ) ! l5g? ( ! end raft] on ! blade & ! run ( ! side raft] on ! tongue4 ,space (f #b1 #d1 #f1 #h & #aj 94 on ! tongue aft] m>k+ along bo? blade & tongue4 ,! l9es1 ,,aa1 ,,bb1 ,,cc1 ,,dd1 ,,ee1 w give ! l5g? ( ! jacks1 z well z ! side cut to fit ! side ( ! hip1 ! squ>e be+ mov$ d[n along tongue l9e1 :ile ! run ( ! end raft] on blade & its rise on tongue w give ! seat & plumb cuts4 ,= ! side jacks1 ,fig4 #ib gives ! same me?od1 only t ! l5g? ( ! side raft] is tak5 on ! blade & ! run ( ! end raft] on ! tongue4 ,if x is s desir$1 ! l5g? ( ! jack raft] ,a ,a may be d$uct$ f ! l5g? ( ! common raft]1 :i* w give ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g?s ( ! jacks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! rules & diagrams1 giv5 h]e) w apply to valley z well z hip raft]s1 & may be reli$ ^u z be+ accurate if closely foll[$4 ,,rule--,see ,fig4 #hg4 ,tongue4 ,blade4 #ab #af gives run ( hip4 #aj #ab gives l5g? ( side raft]4 #aj #af gives l5g? ( end raft]4 #aj #bj gives l5g? ( hip raft]4 ,,rule--,see ,fig4 #ia4 ,blade4 ,tongue4 ,common ,end ,raft] #ai #ab ,longe/ ,jack 8 #ae #aj_/ab #aj #d? 8 8 #ab #h_/ab #h #c;d 8 8 #i #f_/ab #f #b;d 8 8 #f #d_/ab #d ,%orte/ 8 8 #c #b_/ab #b ,blade gives ,side ,cut ( ,jacks4 ,,rule--,see ,fig4 #ib4 ,blade4 ,tongue4 ,common ,side ,raft] #ae #g #af ,longe/ ,jack 8 #ac #h #ad #f? 8 8 #aa #h #ab #e? 8 8 #i #i #aj #d? 8 8 #g #i #h #c;d 8 8 #e #aj #f #b;d 8 8 #c #aj #d #a/ 8 8 #a #aa #b ,blade gives ,cut ( ,jacks1 also ,%ea?+4 ,^! matt]s h be5 discuss$ at l5g?1 9 trade j\rnals & also 9 my l>g] volumes on ,! ,practical ,uses ( ! ,/eel ,squ>e1 b ! =ego+ treatm5t ( ! subject is on some:at diff]5t l9es & w prove int]e/+4 ,john ,wilb]=ce1 ,toronto1 ,ont41 wants to "k if a wrea? piece = a s+le-pit* rail ) level l&+ c be set out ) ! ,/eel ,squ>e4 ,answ]3 ,yes1 ! problem c be solv$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,set out on a bo>d ! plan ( ! wrea? ,a 7,fig4 #id74 ,draw ! outside circle & ! inside & c5t] l9e ( same1 %[+ also ! jo9ts4 ,set out ! pit* (f ! %ank2 squ>e up ! c5t] outside & inside l9es f ! plan on to ! pit*4 ,! ?ickness ( ! wrea? piece is f\nd by draw+ a section ( rail "u ! pit* l9e ,b4 ,set out aga9 ! half-wid? ( ! well2 squ>e (f ! pit* l9es to ! half wid?2 ?is gives major & m9or axes ( ! ellipse1 z %[n 9 ! developm5t 7,fig4 #id74 ,lay ! squ>e on ! axis4 ,get a light piece ( la?1 drive 9 a nail at ! half major1 & "o at ! half m9or2 describe ! inn] ellipse l9e on ! piece ( timb] f :i* ! wrea? is to be =m$2 pull out ! nails1 & repeat ! process = ! c5t] & outside l9es4 ,draw ! %ank & also ! po9t z %[n on ! bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,n[ cut at ! jo9ts1 all[+ an -in* = ! fitt+ ( ! jo9t aft] ! wrea? is cut & r\gh$ out4 ,use ano!r piece ( timb] ab\t #b in*es ?ick1 to =m ! b$ block1 & cut x to ! pit* accurate & squ>e 9 ?ickness4 ,screw or p9 x to ! "u side ( ! wrea? piece 7see ,fig4 #ie71 tak+ c>e to get x p>allel ) ! %ank1 & ! nails 9 cle> ( ! saw4 ,!n proce$ to cut ! wrea? ) ! b& saw1 beg9n+ at ! circul> "p1 & "w x to ! %ank inside & outside4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ mo/ c>efully ) a n>r[ b& saw1 hav+ a /rong set & /ra9$ tight1 fe$+ v sl[ly4 ,! wrea? %\ld require h>dly any spoke %av+4 ,knock (f ! block & draw a *alk m>k across ! table1 j 9 front ( ! tee?4 ,! use ( ?is l9e is to assi/ ! op]ator to get ! outside ( ! wrea? always t\*+ ?is spot 9 front ( ! saw4 ,he mu/ c>efully l[] 8 h& until x is d[n level at ! %ank end4 ,! top is cut fir/1 & ! saw %\ld skim along ! outside top arris1 giv+ a sweep t _c be excell$ 9 graduation ( curve4 ,!n set a gauge to ! ?ickness ( ! rail1 m>k a l9e on ! inside ( ! wrea?1 & cut z be=e4 ,) a little practice a wrea? c be turn$ (f ! b& saw ready = mold+4 ,:5 ! %ank is too long1 x is always bett] to nail ! b$ block on top ( ! wrea?1 & cut x upside d[n1 ?us gett+ ! curve portion ne> ! table4 ,!n ! %ank c be run 9 ) ! b& saw :5 ! block is knock$ (f4 ,! =ego+ is = a s+le-pit* wrea? z us$ = /airs ) level l&+s & n>r[ wells4 ,:]e ! rails are pit*$ bo? ways1 ! b$ block has to be cut at ! d\ble incl9ation4 7,see prec$+ answ]s47 ,illu/ration ,,index ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,/eel ,,squ>e--,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,& ,,its ,,uses4 ,division ,a4 ,preface #a ,introductory rem>ks #c ,"s useful advice #g ,fram+ po/s1 girts & braces #i ,te/+ a /eel squ>e #aa ,practical uses ( ! /eel squ>e #ac ,"s rules = ro( fram+ #af ,octagon rules #ai ,l9es on /eel squ>e expla9$ #bb ,v>ieties ( squ>es #bi ,bridge-build]'s squ>e #ca ,cr5elat$ squ>e #cd ,te/ diagrams #cg ,degrees on ! squ>e #dd ,division ,b4 ,introductory #dg ,slott$ f5ce #dh ,lay+ out /airs #di ,lay+ out raft]s #ea ,metal f5ces #ec ,f5ce adju/$ = /air /r+s #ee ,brace rules & diagrams #eg ,regul> & irregul> runs #fj ,ro( fram+ #fc ,cutt+ raft]s #fd ,octagon raft] bevels #fe ,hip & valley raft]s #fe ,jack raft]s #ff ,bevels = hips1 valleys & jack raft]s #ff ,measur+ raft]s #fh ,diff]5t pit*es = ro(s #gj ,"s po9t]s 9 ro( fram+ #gb ,ro( diagrams #gi ,rise & run ( raft]s1 hips & jacks #hb ,cuts & bevels = raft]s #hf ,unequal pit*es #ia ,hip-ro( ) deck #if ,division ,c4 ,introductory #ig ,diagram ( hip-ro( #ih ,to cut jack raft]s #ajj ,hopp] mit]s #aja ,que/ions & answ]s = correspond5ts #ajb ,jo9ts = obtuse or acute angles #ajb ,draw+ circle ) squ>e #ajd ,lay+ out /air wrea? ) squ>e #aje ,bevel = mit] cap #aje ,face m\ld by ! squ>e #ajf ,mak+ pit*-bo>d by ! squ>e #ajg ,to lay out braces1 girts & trusses #ajh ,braces1 regul> & irregul> #aji ,diagram ( braces 9 position #aab ,f9d+ c5t] ( circles #aac ,/air ) ?ree w9d[s #aad ,pit*es & bevels = h&-rail #aae ,traces = h&-rail bevels #aaf ,cutt+ out rails ) b& saw #aah ,diagram ( h&-rail+ #aai ,tang5ts 9 h&-rail+ #aba ,gett+ horizontal trace ( h&-rail+ #abb ,in/rum5t = lay+ out h&-rails #abd ,fram+ a hip-ro( #abe ,diagram ( hip & raft] l9es #abf ,raft] measurem5t on ! squ>e #abg ,bevels & cuts ( ro( #abh ,plumb & horizontal cuts = hips #abi ,l5g? ( raft]s1 hips & jacks on squ>e #aca ,rules = cutt+ raft]s #acc ,/air wrea? = level l&+ #acc ,wrea? = s+le pit* rail #acd ,block = cutt+ wrea? #ace ,squ>e & plumb #acf ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,mov$ illu/rations to ! ne>e/ p>agraph break4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 sup]script text is prec$$ by c>et4 --,9 ! ,,ascii v]sion only1 subscript$ numb]s are prec$$ by und]score & delimit$ by brackets4