,,! ,,unexploit$ ,,we/ ,a ,,compilation ( all ( ! au!ntic in=mation available at ! pres5t "t z to ! ,,natural ,,res\rces ,,( ,,! ,,unexploit$ ,,regions ( ,,nor!rn ,,canada ,by ,major ,,erne/ ,j4 ,,*amb]s1 ,corps ( ,guides ,g5tleman ,u%] ( ! ,black ,rod ,publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,f4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,lyn* ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,railway ,l&s ,bran* ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ,hon4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,ro*e1 ,m9i/] ,,ottawa ,pr9t$ by ,j4 de ,l4 ,,ta*e1 ,pr9t] to ! ,k+'s ,mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y #aiad ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,ottawa1 ,septemb] #ai1 #aiac4 ,,hon\rable ,w4 ,j4 ,,ro*e1 ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 ,ottawa4 ,,sir1--,i h ! hon\r to transmit h]e) ! manuscript ( a compilation ( all available in=mation on ! ,unexploit$ ,we/ by ,major ,erne/ ,j4 ,*amb]s1 ,g5tleman ,u%] ( ! ,black ,rod4 ,?is "w1 :i* 0 und]tak5 by ,major ,*amb]s "u in/ructions f ?is ,dep>tm5t1 is drawn f all kn[n s\rces4 ,! in=mation conta9$ h]e9 cov]s ! :ole ( ! unexploit$ portions ( ,canada1 we/ ( ,hudson bay1 & x is int5d$ to fill a gr[+ dem& = complete in=mation reg>d+ ?is t]ritory4 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 ,sir1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,f4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,lyn*1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,railway ,l&s4 ,,preface4 ,! /ream ( immigration /eadily fl[+ we/w>d 9 ev]-increas+ volume is rapidly exhau/+ ! res]ves ( vacant l& 9 t "p ( ! ,canadian we/ :i* us$ to be kn[n1 to ! detrim5t ( ! t]ritory f>!r to ! nor?1 z 8,! ,f]tile ,belt40 ,already settlem5t has ov]fl[$ ! nor!rn fronti] ( ! 8belt ( suppos$ limit$ f]tility0 & _m ?\s&s ( acres ( agricultural l& h be5 survey$ by ! ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t imm$iately nor? ( ! ,nor? ,saskat*ewan & 9 ! ,peace riv] valley1 & ! surveys are be+ rapidly ext5d$ to keep up ) ! pressure ( advanc+ settlem5t4 ,:ile ! tr5d ( immigration is turn+ nor?w>d1 ! eyes ( ! capitali/ are attract$ 9 ! same direction4 ,in=mation conc]n+ ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry once ignor$ is n[ s\ght =4 ,facts ab\t ! climate1 ! soil1 ! timb]1 ! riv]s1 ! lakes1 ! m9]als1 ! fi%1 ! game obta9$ at ! risk ( life & limb by fur trad]1 explor]1 mission>y1 geologi/ & sportsman1 ev5 ^? facts reg>d$ n s long ago z m]ely int]e/+1 h n[ a practical value4 ,! once preval5t notion t ! :ole ( ! imm5se t]ritory nor? ( ! ,nor? ,saskat*ewan 0 a /]ile1 fro/-b\nd wa/e de/9$ = all "t to rema9 a wild]ness1 is n[ l>gely a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & ! opportunities :i* ! lat5t res\rces ( ! sil5t places ( ! unexploit$ nor?we/ af=d to ! ent]pris+ & adv5tur\s at ! pres5t mom5t *all5ge ! att5tion ( ! _w4 ,) int]e/ p[]fully attract$ to ! m ea/]ly sections ( ! c\ntry "u review by ! rec5t ext5sions nor?w>d ( ! limits ( ! prosp]\s prov9ces ( ,ont>io & ,manitoba1 & ) easy means ( communication ) ! l>g] divisions f>!r we/ assur$1 ?anks to ! progress ( ! con/ruction ( railways nor?w>d to ,port ,nelson on ,hudson bay & to ,mc,murray 9 ! ,a?abaska c\ntry1 x c]ta9ly looks z ?\gh ! long neglect$ ,nor?l& 7 com+ to its own at la/4 ,by connect+ ) ! ?ree ?\s& miles ( almo/ un9t]rupt$ /eamboat communication on ,a?abaska1 ,peace1 ,slave & ,mack5zie riv]s1 & ,a?abaska & ,great ,slave lakes1 ! railway be+ pu%$ into ! ,a?abaska c\ntry w place ! :ole ( ,mack5zie bas9 )9 easy rea* ( ! prospector1 ! explor]1 ! sportsman & ! t\ri/4 ,! l9e be+ con/ruct$ to ,hudson bay1 z soon z /eamboat connection is e/abli%$ !re)1 w lay ! v he>t ( t allur+ ,el ,dorado :i* we call ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 ) its h]ds ( musk-ox5 & c>ib\ & its m9]al weal?1 op5 to ! prospector & ! sportsman1 =1 via ,*e/]field inlet1 ,bak] lake & ! ,!lon1 !re is a spl5did1 un9t]rupt$ wat]way f ,hudson bay = a di/ance ( five hundr$ & fifty miles into ! int]ior4 ,! exceptional attractions :i* ! ,nor?l& holds out to ! sportsman are c]ta9 to contribute l>gely t[>ds ! discov]y & developm5t ( ! natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,a c\ple ( ye>s ago ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,robson1 ,g5]al ,adv]tis+ ,ag5t ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway1 submitt$ to a conv5tion ( railway m5 a ?\ghtful pap] on ! value ( ! t\ri/ sportsman z a means ( publicity = undevelop$ c\ntry1 9 :i* he po9t$ out t ! cultur$ bus9ess m5 :o f9d _! greate/ pleasure1 relaxation & physical b5efit f trips into ! wilds1 are quick to disc]n ! comm]cial value ( wat] p[]s1 timb] & m9]als1 & he relat$ a numb] ( in/ances :]e hunt+ trips _h result$ ei!r 9 ! discov]y ( unexpect$ natural res\rces or 9 l>ge inve/m5ts 9 ! c\ntry visit$4 ,! object ( ! pres5t publication is to pres5t1 ) "s degree ( sy/ematic arrangem5t1 all ( ! au!ntic in=mation available at ! mom5t z to ! natural res\rces ( ! less-kn[n & unexploit$ portions ( nor!rn ,canada ly+ we/ ( ,hudson bay & ,james bay & ea/ ( ! ma9 range ( ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,?is g5]al def9ition ( area br+s )9 ! scope ( ?is volume ! :ole ( t portion ( ! old provisional di/rict ( ,keewat9 rec5tly divid$ by act ( p>liam5t betwe5 ! prov9ces ( ,ont>io & ,manitoba1 ^? portions ( ! prov9ces ( ,saskat*ewan & ,alb]ta nor? ( ! unsettl$ & unsurvey$ t]ritory1 ! bas9 ( ,mack5zie riv]1 & t imm5se c\ntry nor? ( ! new prov9cial l9es ext5d+ f ,mack5zie bas9 to ,hudson bay1 :i* has app>5tly1 undes]v$ly1 come to be kn[n z 8,b>r5 ,l&s0 or 8,b>r5 ,gr\nds40 ,9 ^! imm5se regions !re are wide areas ( :i* we 9 ?is ye> ( grace #aiab "k z little z 0 kn[n ( ,b[ riv] valley 9 #ahab1 & t 0 no?+4 ,on ! o!r h& consid]able is kn[n 9 a g5]al way ab\t c]ta9 portions ( e "o ( ! great di/ricts :i* =m ?is va/ t]ritory1 or1 to be q exact1 consid]able has be5 writt5 ab\t !m4 ,! subject matt] has be5 s widely di/ribut$ t no "o c\ld be expect$ to be famili> ) x all4 ,practically ! fir/ au?oritative data z to ! natural res\rces ( ,canada's unexploit$ nor?l& 0 conta9$ 9 ! publi%$ evid5ce ( a ,briti% p>liam5t>y committee :i* sat 9 #agdi to enquire into ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry adm9i/]$ by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,) ?is z a nucleus1 a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation on ! subject has gradually accumulat$4 ,! j\rnals ( (ficials ( ! big fur-trad+ companies h contribut$ to ?is fund ( in=mation & s h ! writ+s ( mission>ies1 ! reports ( ,briti%1 ,canadian & ,unit$ ,/ates (ficial gov]nm5t explor]s1 ! n>ratives ( sportsm5 & adv5tur\s travell]s1 & ! patrol records ( t inimitable & ubiquit\s body ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police4 ,a v wide range ( in=mation reg>d+ ! v>i\s sections ( ^! t]ritories1 too1 has be5 plac$ on record z a result ( sev]al ,canadian p>liam5t>y inve/igations4 ,"s idea ( ! l>ge am\nt ( lit]ature relat+ to ! great nor?l& :i* has accumulat$1 c be obta9$ f ! fact t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pres5t book ne>ly ?ree hundr$ publications h be5 consult$1 necessitat+ an am\nt ( read+ :i* 0 n anticipat$ :5 ! task 0 und]tak54 ,mu* ( ?is read+ 0 absolutely unproductive1 a consid]able portion ( ! books writt5 by m5 :o h liv$ 9 or travell$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry be+ m]ely n>ratives ( travel & adv5ture1 conta9+ no direct in=mation ( any value z to natural res\rces4 ,= v>i\s obvi\s reasons _m books writt5 by sci5tific & obs]vant m5 :o h visit$ ! /ill new we/ are ( little value 9 ?r[+ light ^u ! que/ions ( ! natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o ( ^! reasons is ref]r$ to by ,sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie1 :o /ates 9 ! introduction to 8 n>rative3--8,i c\ld n /op to dig into ! e>?1 ov] ^: surface ,i 0 compell$ to pass ) rapid /eps2 nor c\ld ,i turn aside to collect ! plants :i* nature might h scatt]$ 9 ! way1 :5 my ?\ghts 7 anxi\sly employ$ 9 mak+ provision = ! day t 0 pass+ ov] me40 ,! di/ances to be travell$ 9 ! f> ,nor?l& are g5]ally s great t ! sl5d] /ores ( supplies c>ri$ by ! explor] & travell] d n p]mit ( "t be+ devot$ to ?or\gh inve/igation by ! way4 ,aga91 mu* ( ! travell+ 9 ! unsettl$ nor? has be5 done 9 w9t]1 :5 ! surface ( ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) sn[1 mak+ an exam9ation ( ! soil & rocks impossible4 ,nev]!less1 ! lit]ature relat+ to ! new ,canadian nor?we/ is s volum9\s t x conta9s1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t x1 an aggregate am\nt ( practical in=mation reg>d+ ! res\rces ( ev5 ! m remote sections ( ! c\ntry t1 z assembl$ )9 ! two cov]s ( a s+le volume1 w probably a/oni% mo/ read]s4 ,! pres5t volume1 accord+ to ! in/ructions ! und]sign$ receiv$ f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 is purely & simply a compilation4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 to avoid ! temptation to try & produce a "w ( orig9al lit]>y m]it1 & 9 ! foll[+ pages x w be f\nd t ! compil] has introduc$ only z mu* orig9al writ+ z is necess>y to introduce intelligibly ! v>i\s quotations1 or to e/abli% ! connections betwe5 !m1 8 aim be+ to pres5t all ! data available 9 ! orig9al text1 or z ne> to x z ! exig5cies ( compilation & space w\ld p]mit4 ,) ! object ( prop]ly introduc+ "s ( ! *ief au?orities quot$ & ( plac+ ! read]1 f ! beg9n+1 au fait ) ! circum/ances "u :i* ! pr9cipal in=mation reg>d+ ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry 0 obta9$1 ! pres5tation ( ! data has be5 prefac$ by a brief hi/orical *apt]4 ,at ! end ( ! book a li/ ( ! writt5 au?orities f :i* quotations are made w be f\nd4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 to avoid confusion1 ! va/ region "u review has be5 divid$ into five di/9ct t]ritorial units1 & t ! matt] relat+ to ea* unit is 9 turn divid$ into f\r sections1 relat+ respectively to ! res\rces 9 ! way ( arable l&1 timb]1 m9]als1 & fi% & game4 ,! compil] f\nd t ?is sy/em ( classification 0 satisfactory 9 8 two previ\s volumes ( a some:at simil> type1 8,canada's ,f]tile ,nor?l&10 & 8,! ,great ,mack5zie ,bas910 & a cont9uation ( ! sy/em w facilitate ref]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t volume & ^? :i* 7 its =]unn]s & its inspiration4 ,p]haps ,i might be p]mitt$ "h a ^w ( p]sonal explanation4 ,i h _h only a slight acqua9tance ) any "p ( ?is great wait+ ,nor?l&1 hav+ campaign$ a little ov] its s\!rn m>g9 betwe5 ,nor? ,saskat*ewan & ,beav] riv]s1 9 ,=t ,pitt di/rict1 dur+ ! op]ations aga9/ ,big ,be>'s ,indians 9 #ahhe2 b :at ,i saw ( ! c\ntry !n1 ) its p>k-l groves ( f9e trees1 its valleys cov]$ ) luxuriant grasses1 its sylvan lakes teem+ ) fi%1 & e prospect a gem ( nature's own p]fect l&scape g>d5+1 made su* an impression on my m9d t ,i h ev] s9ce felt a p]sonal int]e/ n only 9 t p>ticul> section b 9 ! va/ regions beyond :i* h n ! *>m ( ! s(t & lovely sc5]y ( ,loon lake & ,beav] riv]4 ,hav+ ?is feel+ t[>ds ! c\ntry ,i h foll[$ z a hobby ! lit]ature relat+ to x1 & x has be5 naturally a pleasure to contribute my mite 9 help+ x along t[>ds its ultimate de/9y4 ,! idea ( ! pres5t volume 0 n m9e b t ( ! late ,mr4 ,rob]t ,e4 ,"y1 ,d4,l4,s41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,railway ,l&s & ,*ief ,geograph]1 ! mo/ en?usia/ic believ] 9 ! ,nor?l& :o ev] liv$1 probably1 & ^: untimely dea? 0 a griev\s loss to ! c\ntry4 ,if ?is book possesses any m]its x is due altoge!r to 8 orig9al sugge/ion1 to 8 wide k & to 8 en?usia/ic & k9dly co-op]ation4 ,,erne/ ,j4 ,,*amb]s4 ,! ,s5ate1 ,ottawa4 ,may #aa1 #aiab4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/orical4 8,! ,f]tile ,belt40--,influ5ce ( a ,cat*y ,expression4--,nor!rn ,canada ,/ill a ,t]ra ,incognita4--,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4--,e>ly ,explorations4--,kelsey1 ,he>ne1 ,mack5zie1 ,frankl91 ,back1 ,simpson & ,dease4--,! ,m ,rec5t ,explor]s1 ,(ficial & ,un(ficial4--,p>liam5t>y ,inve/igations4 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,keewat9 ,,area4--,agriculture & ,arable ,l&4 ,e>ly ,agricultural ,exp]im5ts & ,_! ,success4--,evid5ce ,be=e ! ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( #agdi4--,te/imony ( ,(ficial ,explor]s & ,resid5ts4--,_m ,areas ,fit = ,agriculture ,describ$4--,wild ,fruits ,gr[ 9 ,pr(usion4--,successful ,g>d5s4--,mu* ,c\ntry ,capable ( ,improvem5t by ,dra9age4--,climate ,inl& ,w>m] ,?an ,f>!r ,ea/4--,natural ,hay ,mead[s4--,! ,clay ,belt4 #cj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,keewat9 ,,area4--,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,consid]able ,areas ( ,good ,timb]4--,! ,range ( ! ,m ,important ,trees4--,! ,banskian ,p9e4--,=e/s ( ,trees 9 ,_m ,places t ,w\ld ,make ,good ,logs1 & ,mu* ,pulp ,wood4--,occasional ,beautiful ,=e/s ( ,asp5 ,popl>4--,magnific5t ,conif]\s ,=e/ ,nor?we/ ( ,lake ,w9nipeg4--,wat] ,p[] on ! ,nelson4--,de/ruction ,wr\ght by ,=e/ ,fires4--,ample ,supply ( ,timb] ,= ,fuel4 #fd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,keewat9 ,,area4--,economic ,m9]als4 ,! ,rocks 9 ,_m ,cases ,highly ,magnetic4--,norite ,rock ,simil> to ,t at ,sudbury ,ab\t ,tr\t ,lake4--,peat 9 ! ,di/rict ,nor? ( ,lake ,w9nipeg4--,a ,l>ge ,di/rict ,und]la9 ,by ,keewat9 & ,huronian ,rocks 8,has ,l>ge ,possibilities40--,gypsum4--,build+ ,granites4--,qu>tz ,ve9s on ,grassy ,riv] ,bel[ ,re$ ,lake4--,a ,possibility ( ,nickel ,occurr+4 #ha ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,keewat9 ,,area4--,game1 ,fur-be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 ,flocks ( ,wild ,f[l ,t ,obscure ! ,sky4--,six ,species ( ,seal 9 ,hudson ,bay4--,/ock$ ) ,animals ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds4--,:ite ,fi% ,ab\nd 9 ,mo/ ( ! ,lakes & ,/reams4--,saw ,elev5 ,moose 9 ,"o ,day4--,! ,comm]cial ,value ( ! ,/urgeon ,fi%]ies4--,future ,summ] ,playgr\nds4--,b>r5 ,l&s ,c>ib\ at ,*ur*ill4 #hh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,nor!rn ,,saskat*ewan4--,agriculture & ,arable ,l&4 ,an ,e>ly ,sci5tific ,explor]'s ,en?usia/ic ,description ( ,"p ( ! ,c\ntry4--8,capable ( ,any ,ext5t ( ,cultivation40--,an ,old ,hudson's ,bay ,company ,(ficial ,:o ,consid]$ x 8,a ,spl5did ,c\ntry to ,settle 940--,mr4 ,crean ,reports ,t 8,x is ,no ,exp]im5t0 to ,raise ,:eat 9 ,nor? ,saskat*ewan4--,mission>y ,f>m]s & ,_! ,accompli%m5ts4--,capable ( ,support+ 8,a ,d5se1 ,?riv+ ,population40--8,a ,spl5did ,ran*+ ,c\ntry40--,heavie/ ,ra9s ,j ,:5 ,!y ,are ,ne$$4 #ie ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,nor!rn ,,saskat*ewan4--,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,a ,r>e ,bit ( ,sylvan ,beauty4--,a%-,leav$ ,maples ,successfully ,gr[n ,f ,se$4--,notes ,by ! ,way on ,available ,wat] ,p[]s4--,mu* ,c\ntry ,cov]$ ) ,small ,timb] ,n ,g5]ally ( ,comm]cial ,value4--,"s ,areas ( ,good ,timb] ,:i* ,w be ,invaluable ,to ! ,settl]s4 #aag ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,nor!rn ,,saskat*ewan4--,economic ,m9]als4 ,l>ge ,am\nt ( ,iron ,ore ,9 ! ,nor!a/]n ,corn] ( ,! ,region1 ,on ,! ,nor? ,ea/]n ,side ( ,lake ,a?abaska4--,indications ,fav\rable ,= ! ,discov]y ( ,coal4--,nickel & ,traces ( ,cobalt on ,re9de] ,lake4--,m$ic9al ,wat]s4--,bitum9\s ,spr+s & ,pit ,coal on ,cree ,riv]4--,t> ,s&s ,ne> ,buffalo ,lake4 #abd ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,nor!rn ,,saskat*ewan4--,game1 ,fur-be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 8,s ,f9e a ,c\ntry ,= ,! ,*ase ,t ,x ,may ,be ,reg>d$ ,z ,an ,ext5sive ,pres]ve40--,! ,wood ,buffalo ,us$ ,to ,roam ,ov] ,x1 ,b ,d ,n ,n[4--,moose & ,c>ib\ ,pl5tiful4--,! ,indians ,kill ,! ,moose ,= ,_! ,hides4--,fi% ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds 9 ,abundance4--,/urgeon ,t ,weigh ,a ,hundr$ ,p\nds4--,"o ,indian ,kill$ ,eighte5 ,moose ,dur+ ,"o ,season4 #abg ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4--,agriculture & ,arable ,l& 9 ! ,ea/]n ,section ( 8,a?abaska ,c\ntry40 ,a ,section ( ,! ,we/ ,:]e ,(ficials ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company ,7 ,direct$ to ,cultivate ,g>d5s4--,"s ,po9ts ,:]e ,:eat has be5 ,gr[n1 ,includ+ ! ,sample ,:i* ,took ,fir/ ,prize at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial ,exhibition4--,crude ,indian ,g>d5s at ,c[p> ,lake4--,live/ock ,graz+ ,out 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 #aca ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4--,agriculture & ,arable ,l& 9 ! ,we/]n ,section or 8,peace ,riv] ,region40 ,:]e ,:eat ,has ,be5 ,gr[n ) ,rem>kable ,success = ,_m ,ye>s4--,sci5tific ,explor]s ,e>ly ,recogniz$ ,?is z a ,:eat ,gr[+ ,c\ntry4--,a ,head ( ,cabbage ,fifty-?ree & a ,half ,in*es 9 ,circumf]5ce4--,live/ock ,live ,out ( ,doors 9 ,w9t]4--,accord+ to a ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,mission>y1 ,peace ,riv] ,enjoys ! ,f9e/ ,climate 9 ! ,_w4 #adc ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4--,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,an ,abundance ( ,timb] 9 ! ,vic9ity ( ,*ipewyan4--,mu* ( ! ,c\ntry ,has ,be5 ,swept ,by ,fires4--,mo/ ( ! ,timb] is ,along ! ,riv]s4--,millions ( ,cords ( ,pulp ,wood4--,spruce & ,black ,b>k ,popl> ! ,pr9cipal ,v>ieties4--,! ,wat] ,p[] ,possibilities ,describ$ z ,trem5d\s4 #age ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4--,economic ,m9]als4 ,travell]s1 ,explor]s & ,prospectors ,describe ! ,c\ntry z a ,v]itable ,/ore ,h\se ( ,m9]al ,weal?4--,gold ,f\nd 9 ! ,b>s 9 ,peace ,riv]4--,indications ( ,pl5tiful ,supply ( ,iron4--,lignite ,f\nd 9 ,abundance4--,hi/oric ,deposits ( ,salt4--,! ,fam\s ,a?abaska ,t> ,s&s4--,_! ,comm]cial ,value4--,indications ( ,petroleum4--,bor+ ,exp]im5ts4--,natural ,gas ,"u a ,wide ,area4--,travell]s ,use ,natural ,gas ,jets to ,boil _! ,camp ,kettles4 #ahj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4--,game1 ,fur-be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 ,! ,l& ( ! ,wood ,buffalo4--,:]e ! ,la/ ,remnants ( ,am]ican ,bison ,liv+ 9 a ,wild ,/ate ,roam4--,a ,spl5did ,moose ,c\ntry4--,! ,home ( ,num]\s ,fur-be>+ ,animals4--,! ,prolific ,fi%]ies ( ,lake ,a?abaska & ,o!r ,wat]s4 #aie ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,mack5zie ,,riv] ,,region4--,topography1 ,agriculture & ,arable ,l&4 ,mack5zie ,riv] a ,k+ ( ,nor!rn ,wat]s4--,ov] ,?ree ,?\s& ,miles ( ,wat] ,way4--,dome/ic ,cattle ,h ,succe$$4--,b>ley ,always ,rip5s at ,=t ,simpson4--,potatoes & ,o!r ,vegetables h = ,_m ,ye>s ,be5 ,gr[n at ,=t ,good ,hope1 a few ,miles f ! ,arctic ,circle4--,:eat & ,b>ley ,gr[n at ,li>d = ,_m ,ye>s4--,int]e/+ ,comp>ison ,) ! ,russian ,prov9ce ( ,tobolsk4--,a ,l>ge ,t[n z ,f> ,nor? z ,=t ,wrigley4--,:y ,bett] ,results 9 ,gra9 ,gr[+ ,may ,be ,expect$ 9 ! ,future4 #bjh ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,mack5zie ,,riv] ,,region4--,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,=e/s ,ab\t ,great ,slave ,lake & ,slave ,riv]4--,rem>kable ,ext5sion ( ,=e/ ,gr[? ,nor?w>d ,d[n ! ,mack5zie4--,wide ,di/ribution ( ! ,economically ,important ,canoe ,bir*4--,magnific5t ,=e/s ( ,spruce & ,big ,cottonwood ,trees 9 ,li>d ,valley4--,useful ,bir* & ,l>ge ,spruce ,gr[ ,)9 ! ,arctic ,circle4--,trees t are ,c5turies ,old4--,nor!rn ,tree ,gr[? ,may ,be ,ha/5$ by ,dra9age4 #bfa ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,mack5zie ,,riv] ,,region4--,economic ,m9]als4 ,! ,t]ritory ,has ,nev] ,be5 ,?or\ghly ,exam9$ = ,m9]als4--,t> ,spr+s on ! ,nor? ,%ore ( ,great ,slave ,lake4--,! ,devonian ,rocks ,?r\gh\t ,mack5zie ,valley are ,ne>ly ,ev]y:]e ,m or ,less ,petrolif]\s4--,lignite ,discov]$ 9 ,_m ,places1 ,also ,gypsum4--,l>ge ,deposits ( ,excell5t ,salt4--,indications ( ,gold & ,copp]4--,indians ,report ,f9d+ ,mica4 #bha ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,mack5zie ,,riv] ,,region4--,game1 ,fur-be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 ,ov] ,=ty ,moose ,kill$ 9 ,"o ,season ,ne> ,=t ,simpson4--,c>ib\ ( ,bo? ,woodl& & ,b>r5 ,l&s ,v>ieties ,pl5tiful4--,pass ,great ,slave lake 9 ,c\ntless ,numb]s4--,m\nta9 ,%eep ,pl5tiful 9 ! ,m\nta9\s ,di/ricts4--,incr$ible ,numb]s ( ,geese1 ,swan & ,ducks 9 ,season4--,inexhau/ible ,supplies ( ,fi%4--,! ,speckl$ ,tr\t1 ,lake ,tr\t1 ,grayl+1 ,h]r+1 ,inconnu1 etc4 #bhh ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,b>r5 ,,l&s ,,or 8,,arctic ,,prairie40--,topography1 ,soil1 ,climate & ,flora4 ,explor]s ,decl>e ,! ,t]m ,b>r5 ,l&s a ,misnom]4--,"s ,notes ab\t ! ,*ief ,riv]s & ,kn[n ,lakes4--,an ,inl& ,wat]way = ,/eam]s ,via ,*e/]field ,inlet a ,di/ance ( ,five ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,miles ,into ! ,int]ior4--,! ,progression ( ,! ,seasons4--,! ,c\ntry ,simil> to ! ,tundra ( ,sib]ia4--,a ,limit$ ,am\nt ( ,agriculture ,may ,be ,possible 9 ,places4--,natural ,prairies 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,!lon4 #cjc ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,b>r5 ,,l&s ,,or 8,,arctic ,,prairie40--,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,ph5om5al ,ext5sions ( ,tree ,gr[? ,)9 ,b>r5 ,l&s ,along ! ,valley ( ,!lon ,riv]4--,black ,spruce1 ,l>*1 ,:ite ,spruce1 ,banksian ,p9e & ,bir*4--,valuable ,timb] ,along ! ,!lon1 ,ab\t ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,great ,slave ,lake & ,betwe5 ,great ,be> ,lake & ,copp]m9e ,riv]4 #cag ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,b>r5 ,,l&s ,,or 8,,arctic ,,prairie40--,economic ,m9]als4 ,deposits ( ,native ,copp] 9 ! ,f> ,nor?4--,sev]al ,areas ,we/ ( ,hudson ,bay ,conta9 ,rocks ,simil> to ,^? at ,sudbury4--,belts ( ,huronian ,rocks t are ,expect$ by ,geologi/s to be ,ev5tually ( ,great ,economic ,importance4--,va/ ,probable ,m9]al ,be>+ ,c\ntry 9 ! ,int]ior ,:i* ,c ,n[ be ,rea*$ ,via ,*e/]field ,inlet4--,iron1 ,gold & ,silv] 9 ,small ,quantities ,nor? ( ,lake ,a?abaska4--,free ,gold 9 ,melville ,p59sula4--,lignite & ,s(t ,coal ,along ! ,arctic ,coa/4 #cbd ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,b>r5 ,,l&s ,,or 8,,arctic ,,prairie40--,game1 ,fur-be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 ,:]e ,millions ( ,c>ib\ ,roam at ,l>ge4--,actual ,value ( ,^! ,imm5se ,h]ds ,v ,great4--,c ,!y ,become ,dome/icat$ or ,replac$ by ! ,lapl& ,re9de]8--,! ,home ( ! ,musk-,ox & ,_m ,fur-be>+ ,animals4--,! ,pol> ,be>4--,:]e ! ,wild ,geese ,ne/4--,lakes1 ,riv]s & ,sea ,coa/s ,teem+ ,) ,fi%4--,! ,arctic ,salmon1 ,tr\t1 ,:ite ,fi% & ,grayl+4 #cdb ,,bibliography #cfb ,,index #cgj ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 8,:eat field at ,/anley1 ,*ur*ill riv]0 8,oat field at ,ile la ,crosse0 8,w9t] travel--,d9n] "t0 8,portage ne> ,long ,spruce rapids1 ,nelson riv]0 8,f>m at ,m\nt ,nebo on ,gre5 lake trail1 #fe miles f ,pr9ce ,alb]t0 8,prairie ,l& on l[] ,nelson riv]0 8,portag+ canoe at ,long ,spruce rapids1 ,nelson riv]0 8,portage on ,moose riv]0 8,typical c\ntry on ,hudson ,bay ,railway ,survey0 8,log jam on ,lime/one riv]0 8,moose cross+ ,lime/one riv]0 8,hay+ ne> ,gre5 lake0 8,fl[]s at ,ile la ,crosse0 8,potatoes at ,anglican ,mission1 ,lac la ,ronge0 8,oat field at ,anglican ,mission1 ,lac la ,ronge0 8,oat field at ,la ,plonge0 8,potatoes at ,buffalo riv]0 8,gre5 lake settlem5t0 8,oat field at ,mead[ lake0 8,prairie along ,cle>wat] riv]0 8,l&scape 9 ,cle>wat] valley0 8,s4 ,s4 ,grahame at ,mc,murray0 8,indian camp ne> ,=t ,smi?0 8,indian ,family arriv+ at ,mc,murray = ,treaty0 8,fl\r ,mill at ,=t ,v]milion0 8,view on ,halfway riv]0 8,%]idan ,lawr5ce's ,f>m at ,=t ,v]milion0 8,vegetable ,g>d5 #ae miles we/ ( ,=t ,/4 ,john0 8,view ( ,p\ce ,c\p prairie0 8,saw ,mill ne> ,=t ,smi?0 8,! #bcrd ,base ,l9e betwe5 ,t[n%ips #hh & #hi1 ,range #ad1 ,we/ ( ! #f? ,m]idian0 8,oil ,well at ,mc,kay1 ,a?abaska riv]0 8,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police ,b>racks at ,smi? ,l&+0 8,look+ ,across ,slave riv] f ,=t ,smi?0 8,roman ,ca?olic ,mission at ,*ipewyan0 8,a ,typical #8,husky' dog0 8,an ,eskimo ,boy at ,arctic ,r$ riv]0 8,oat field at ,=t ,simpson0 8,potatoes at ,=t ,simpson0 8,mission ,g>d5 at ,=t ,provid5ce0 8,view on ,peel riv]0 8,eskimos 9 ,kyaks on ,arctic ,r$ riv]0 8,/aff & ,pupils1 ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,mission1 ,hay riv]0 8,slave riv] ne> ,=t ,smi?0 8,spruce ,timb] on ,peel riv] inside ! ,arctic ,circle0 8,anglican ,*ur*1 ,s*ool & ,rectory at ,=t ,simpson0 8,roman ,ca?olic ,mission at ,=t ,resolution0 8,a ,fur ,%ipm5t ( ,"o ,season f ,mack5zie bas91 e/imat$ value ov] two million1 five hundr$ ?\s& doll>s0 8,! #8,conny' or #8,inconnu'0 8,! ,midnight ,sun0 8,"s ( ! ,difficulties ( ,nor!rn ,transportation3--,cross+ a ,swamp0 8,a ,survivor ( ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson's ,arctic ,exp$ition we>+ ! ,arctic ,m$al giv5 him = t ,exp$ition0 8,an ,indian ,dance ,lodge0 ,illu/ration3 ,,dom9ion ,,( ,,canada ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/orical4 8,! ,f]tile ,belt40--,influ5ce ( a ,cat*y ,expression4--,nor!rn ,canada /ill a ,t]ra ,incognita4--,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4-- ,e>ly ,explorations4--,kelsey1 ,he>ne1 ,mack5zie1 ,frankl91 ,back1 ,simpson & ,dease4--,! ,m ,rec5t ,explor]s1 ,(ficial & ,un(ficial4--,p>liam5t>y ,inve/igations4 ,:5 9 #ahfg ! f\r pr9cipal ,briti% prov9ces 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 conf$]at$ "u ! ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica ,act & became ! orig9al ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ! va/ regions ( ! we/ vaguely kn[n "u sev]al designations su* z ! 8,hudson's ,bay ,t]ritory10 ! 8,nor?we/ ,t]ritory0 & 8,rup]t's ,l&10 & ext5d+ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates b\nd>y to ,arctic sea1 & f ! we/]n fronti] ( ,ont>io1 ,james bay & ,hudson bay to ,rocky m\nta9s1 rema9$ "u ! rule ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ,conf$]ation _h 9 view1 h[ev]1 a union ( all ! ,briti% possessions on ! cont95t1 & "o ( ! measures pass$ at ! fir/ session ( ! fir/ p>liam5t ( ! new ,dom9ion provid$ = ! op5+ ( negotiations = ! union ( ! ,hudson bay t]ritory ) ! conf$]at$ prov9ces4 ,?anks l>gely to ! diplomatic (fices ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 ! rights ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company 7 ev5tually b\ght out by ,canada1 & ?is va/ t]ritory1 e/imat$ at upw>ds ( two million ?ree hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles1 0 transf]r$ to ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada 9 ! ye> #ahfg4 ,! ca% consid]ation obta9$ by ! company f ! ,dom9ion = ! rel9qui%m5t ( its rights & titles 0 ! sum ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p\nds /]l+2 b !re 0 also a provision = ! ret5tion by ! ,company ( blocks ( l& adjo9+ ea* ( its /ations2 & ! "r 0 all[$ ! company = fifty ye>s1 f #ahgj1 to 8claim 9 any t[n%ip or di/rict )9 ! f]tile belt 9 :i* l& is set out = settlem5t1 grants ( l& n exce$+ "o-tw5tie? "p ( ! l& s set out40 ,= ! purpose ( ! agreem5t ! 8,f]tile ,belt0 0 describ$ !re9 z be+ b\nd$ z foll[s3--8,on ! s\? by ! ,unit$ ,/ates b\nd>y2 on ! we/ by ,rocky m\nta9s2 on ! nor? by ! nor!rn bran* ( ! ,saskat*ewan2 on ! ea/ by ,lake ,w9nipeg1 ,lake ( ! ,woods1 & ! wat]s connect+ !m40 ,,! ,,t]m 8,,f]tile ,,belt40 ,!re is "s unc]ta9ty z to ! orig9 ( ! t]m 8,f]tile ,belt01 ?us arbitr>ily def9$ 9 ! hi/orical agreem5t ) ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company2 b ?is mu* is c]ta93--! t]m came into g5]al use aft] ! publication ( ! reports ( ! (ficial exploratory exp$itions ( ,capta9 ,john ,pallis] ( ! ,briti% ,army1 ( ,s4 ,j4 ,dawson1 ,c4,e41 & ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,y4 ,h9d ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,toronto4 ,capta9 ,pallis] 0 commission$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to explore 8t portion ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica :i* lies betwe5 ! nor!rn wat]%$ & ! fronti] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & betwe5 ,r$ riv] & ,rocky m\nta9s & to endeav\r to f9d a practicable r\te ?r\gh !m40 ,! ,dawson-,h9d exp$itions 7!re 7 two7 7 "u ! auspices ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,unit$ ,canada 7,upp] & ,l[] ,canada7 & 7 = ! purpose ( inquir+ into ! res\rces ( ,r$ riv] colony & ! ,ass9ibo9e & ,saskat*ewan c\ntries4 ,! ,briti% exp$ition ext5d$ ov] p>ts ( f\r ye>s--#aheg1 #aheh1 #ahei & #ahfj1 :ile ! ,canadian ones cov]$ two ye>s--#aheg & #aheh4 ,9 ! preface to 8 report1 publi%$ 9 #ahfj1 ,pr(essor ,h9d wrote3--8,! e/abli%m5t ( a new colony 9 ! bas9 ( ,lake ,w9nipeg1 & ! discov]y ( a ,,f]tile ,,belt ( c\ntry ext5d+ f ! ,lake ( ! ,woods to ,rocky m\nta9s1 give to ?is "p ( ,briti% ,am]ica a m ?an pass+ int]e/40 ,9 ano!r place ,pr(essor ,h9d wrote3--8,nor? ( ! great ,am]ican des]t !re is a broad slip ( ,,f]tile ,,c\ntry1 ri* 9 wat]1 wood1 & pa/urage1 dra9$ by ! ,nor? ,saskat*ewan1 & a cont9uation ( ! f]tile prairies ( ,r$ & ,ass9ibo9e riv]s4 ,x is a physical reality ( ! highe/ importance to ! int]e/s ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica t ?is cont9u\s ,,belt c be settl$ & cultivat$ f a few miles we/ ( ,lake ( ! ,woods to ! passes ( ,rocky m\nta9s1 & any l9e ( communication1 :e!r by waggon road or railroad1 pass+ ?r\gh x1 w ev5tually enjoy ! great advantage ( be+ f$ by an agricultural population f "o extremity to ! o!r40 ,illu/ration3 ,:eat field at ,/anley1 ,*ur*ill riv]4 ,! t]ms 8,f]tile ,belt10 8,f]tile ,/rip0 & 8,f]tile ,l&0 appe> _m times 9 ,capta9 ,pallis]'s report1 publi%$ 9 #ahfc1 ! fir/ ( ^! expressions be+ us$ no less ?an ?ree times 9 "o p>agraph ( ! report4 ,! influ5ce ( a 8cat*y expression0 9 attract+ ! _w's att5tion is wond]ful4 ,:atev] ! orig9 ( ! t]m 8,f]tile ,belt0 9 ?is connection1 its emphatic application by ^! indep5d5t (ficial reports to ! p>ticul> /rip ( t]ritory betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b\nd>y l9e & ,saskat*ewan riv] _h imm$iate & la/+ effects4 ,x arre/$ public att5tion 9 ,engl& & 9 ,canada4 ,t :i* _h (t5 be5 ass]t$ by indep5d5t travell]s1 & m (t5 /\tly d5i$ by ^? ^: sole int]e/s 7 c5tr$ 9 ! fur trade#a1 _h be5 f\nd by sci5tific explor]s ( unque/ion$ v]acity to be an actual fact4 ,z ,capta9 ,pallis] put x 9 8 report3--8,! :ole ( ! region ( c\ntry w\ld be valuable n only = agriculturi/s b also = mix$ purposes4 ,i h se5 n only excell5t :eat1 b also ,indian corn 7:i* w n succe$ 9 ,engl& or ,irel&7 rip5+ on ,mr4 ,pratt's f>m at ! ,qu',appelle lakes 9 #aheg40 ,pr(essor ,h9d1 9 8 report1 quot$ int]views ) en?usia/ic settl]s1 :o1 on _! prairie f>ms 9 ,ass9ibo9e valley1 _h = ye>s be5 successfully rais+ prime :eat at a yield ( ?irty to =ty bu%els to ! acre1 8corn1 b>ley1 oats1 flax1 hemp1 hops1 turnips1 tobacco & any?+ y wi%40 ,he %[$ t simil> conditions ( soil & climate ext5d$ f> to ! we/w>d1 &1 q naturally1 he wrote ( ?is area z ! 8,,f]tile ,,belt40 ,,! ,,old] ,,influ5ces4 ,! ,"r ,hon\rable ,edw>d ,ellice1 "o ( ! olde/ gov]nors ( ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 ask$1 :5 be+ exam9$ be=e ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( #aheg1 :at probability !re 0 ( a settlem5t be+ made )9 ! s\!rn t]ritories ( ! company1 repli$3--8,none1 9 ! lifetime ( ! y\nge/ man n[ alive40 78,! ,great ,company01 p4 #dhj74 ,sir ,george ,simpson1 :o 0 = =ty ye>s gov]nor ( ! ,hudson ,bay t]ritories & _h visit$ e portion ( !m1 0 exam9$ be=e ! select committee ( ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons appo9t$ 9 #aheg at ! in/ance ( ,mr4 ,lab\*]e1 on ! eve ( ! expiration ( ! lic5se = exclusive ,indian trade issu$ to ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company 9 #ahch1 to inve/igate ! /ate ( ! ,briti% possessions adm9i/]$ by ! ,company4 ,sir ,george1 be+ ask$ 8 op9ion z to ! g5]al fitness ( ,rup]t's ,l& = colonization1 repli$3--8,i d n ?9k t any "p ( ! ,hudson ,bay t]ritories is well adapt$ = settlem5t2 ! crops are v unc]ta940 ,by (ficially e/abli%+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is ri*1 arable area 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! t]ritories gov]n$ by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 & by associat+ x ) su* an apt designation1 ! ,pallis] & ,h9d exp$itions br\ght /rong popul> support to ^? :o 9 ,brita9 & ,canada 7 at t p>ticul> p]iod actively work+ to secure ! introduction ( ,canadian jurisdiction ov] ! :ole ( ! we/]n "p ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica1 & mat]ially contribut$ to ! success ( ! protract$ negotiations :i* result$ 9 ! ultimate surr5d] ( its rights ( gov]nm5t1 etc41 by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,if any o!r pro( 0 requir$ to e/abli% 9 ! popul> m9d ! attractiv5ess ( ! 8,f]tile ,belt0 z a desirable section = settlem5t1 x 0 furni%$ by ! writt5 agreem5t "u :i* ! c\ntry 0 h&$ ov] to ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ! t]m 8,f]tile ,belt0 !re9 receiv+ ! /amp ( ! highe/ (ficial recognition1 & by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 fam\s z a %rewdly manag$ corporation1 /ipulat+ t ! grants ( l& to be made !m 7 to be locat$ )9 ! area s designat$4 ,,settlem5t ,,( 8,,! ,,f]tile ,,belt40 ,! t]m 8,f]tile ,area0 prov$ a v load/one to ! settl] & ! capitali/4 ,ev] s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! tr\bles :i* accompani$ ! transf] ( ! great nor?we/ to ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada !re has be5 a /ream ( immigration fl[+ into ! c\ntry1 & up to ! pa/ few ye>s ! ,f]tile ,belt has be5 ! settl]'s ,mecca & ,el ,dorado4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahgd ! region we/ ( ! orig9al prov9ce ( ,manitoba 0 #8op5$ up' by ! ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police z f> z ,macleod 9 ! s\?1 & ,edmonton 9 ! nor?4 ,9 #ahhe ! completion ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway ma9 l9e gave we/]n ,canada direct communication ) ! ea/]n prov9ces1 & a fair *ance to develop h] natural res\rces1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,f]tile ,belt1 ?r\gh :i* ! l9e 0 con/ruct$4 ,9 #ahgj ! population ( ! :ole region ea/ ( ,rocky m\nta9s ov] :i* ! ,great ,company _h s rec5tly rel9qui%$ its rule z ,"l ,proprietor am\nt$ to b a few hundr$2 at ! pres5t "t 7c5sus ( #aiaa7 x am\nts to no less ?an "o million1 ?ree hundr$ & =ty-eight ?\s&1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty two4 ,& ) ! exception ( ! p>tially settl$ areas 9 ,beav]1 ,a?abaska & ,peace di/ricts1 & a few small1 isolat$ po/s on ,hudson bay & along ,mack5zie riv]1 ! :ole ( ?is population is locat$ )9 ! 8,f]tile ,belt0 z def9$ 9 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's agreem5t ( #ahfi4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at consid]+ ! und\bt$ natural attractiv5ess ( ! zone1 its rapidly develop$ advantages 9 ! way ( railway communication1 & ! b5efit x d]iv$ f be+ orig9ally introduc$ to ! _w z a future p>adise ( agricultural ent]prise "u su* an apt & allur+ designation z 8,! ,f]tile ,belt40 ,b :ile ! unit$ en]gies ( ! capitali/1 ! railroad build] & ! agriculturi/ h be5 devot$ to ! exploration ( ! ,f]tile ,belt1 ! mu* l>g] area ( virg9 c\ntry ext5d+ f ! nor!rn limits ( ! /rip 9 "q to ,arctic sea & ly+ betwe5 ,hudson bay & ,rocky m\nta9s has be5 neglect$4 ,?is 7n includ+ ! ,yukon71 ! mo/ nor!rn section ( ! va/ we/]n region =m]ly rul$ by ! big fur-trad+ company1 comprises no less ?an "o & "o-half million squ>e miles ( c\ntry1 or consid]ably m ?an ! comb9$ t]ritory 7on ,m>* #a1 #aiab7 ( ! prov9ces ( ,ont>io1 ,quebec1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& & ,manitoba4 ,its v va/ness1 c\pl$ ) its remot5ess f ! great c5tres ( population1 has t5d$ to keep x1 z f> z ! _w at l>ge is conc]n$1 comp>atively ,a ,,t]ra ,,incognita4 ,! ^w 8comp>atively0 is us$ advis$ly1 = :ile x is true t ! great] "p ( ! unexploit$ nor?l& is unexplor$ & unkn[n1 we h 9 "o way or ano!r obta9$ consid]able useful in=mation ab\t x4 ,n[ & aga9 ^w has come f "s mission>y /ation or trad+ po/ some:]e up 9 ! f> nor?1 hundr$s ( miles beyond ! nor!rn limits ( ! 8,f]tile ,belt10 ( root crops1 b>ley1 oats1 & ev5 :eat be+ rais$ dur+ a long succession ( ye>s ) ph5om5al success4 ,explor]s return$ f ! great nor? h relat$ h[ !y 7 regal$ ^u potatoes & o!r vegetables gr[n a few miles f ,arctic ,circle4 ,a sample ( :eat gr[n at ,=t ,v]milion 9 nor? latitude #ehd1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty miles nor? ( ,edmonton1 0 aw>d$ ,fir/ ,prize at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf1 9 competition ) ! :ole _w4 ,geological explor]s h report$ va/ deposits ( coal & o!r m9]als und]ly+ imm5se areas 9 ! f> nor?4 ,adv5tur\s travell]s1 back f ! lea/ promis+ regions ( ,canada's great nor?l& h disclos$ ! exi/5ce ( timb] areas & ( game & fi% pres]ves ( fabul\s ri*ness4 ,& ?is great nor!rn c\ntry long ago _h its *ampions :o *all5g$ ! att5tion ( ! _w by pr$ict+ = sections ( x1 at lea/1 an agricultural & indu/rial future4 ,mr4 ,malcolm ,mc,leod1 =m]ly ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 &1 z a son ( ! ,nor?1 jeal\s ( its reputation1 /irr$ up ! ?\ght t 9 ! glam\r atta*$ to ! orig9al exploitation ( ! 8,f]tile ,belt0 ! natural res\rces ( ! va/] c\ntry to ! nor? w\ld be ov]look$1 & 9 ! preface ( 8 book1 publi%$ 9 #ahgb1 on ,sir ,george ,simpson's canoe voyage f ,hudson bay to ! ,pacific 9 #ahbh1 wrote3--8,! object ( ! pres5t bro*ure1 at ?is juncture1 is to direct att5tion--by an acc\nt ( a canoe voyage ?r\gh ! region--to ! fact t beyond t belt ( suppos$ limit$ f]tility1 :i* is impli$ 9 ! t]m 8,f]tile ,belt10 !re is1 9 our nor? we/1 an area1 cont9u\s 9 e direction & easily accessible to its utmo/ limits1 conta9+ ov] ?ree hundr$ millions ( acres ( :eat & pa/ure l&s1 ) =e/s ( f9e/ timb]1 & ! l>ge/ kn[n coal & bitum51 & also probably ! ri*e/ gold areas 9 ! _w--a l& teem+ ) animal & vegetable life1 ext5d+ to ! v ,arctic ,circle1 & ow+ its weal? 9 t respect to exceptional causes4 ,i ref] to t area--compris$ entirely ( ,silurian & ,devonian sy/ems--wat]$ by ! great ,a?abaska1 ,peace & ,mack5zie riv]s1 ) _! c\ntless afflu5ts40 ,! v ye> ( ,conf$]ation ! att5tion ( ! read+ public ( ! _w 0 =cibly drawn to ! lat5t natural weal? ( ! nor?l&4 ,! writ] ( an article publi%$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review ( ,july1 #ahgf1 78,! ,la/ ,monopoly07 po9t$ out t 8nature m>*+ f ea/ to we/1 %[]$ h] b\nties on ! l& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates until %e rea*$ ! ,mississippi1 b !re %e turn$ aside to fav\r ,briti% t]ritory4 ,to ! nor? ! good l& ( ! we/]n /ates is prolong$ beyond ! =ty-n9? p>allel1 :]e x ent]s ,briti% t]ritory z ! ,f]tile ,zone4 ,! f]tile zone curves t[>ds ! nor? z x proce$s we/w>d1 s t ! we/]n extremity ( ! belt is sev]al degrees ( latitude high] ?an ! ea/]n1 ! curves app>5tly correspond+ pretty closely ) c]ta9 iso!rmal l9es4 ,! =e/ zone ext5ds to latitude #fa on ,hudson bay4 ,coal crops out at int]vals 9 seams ( t5 or twelve feet ?ick f ! ,mack5zie 9 ! f> nor? to ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,iron/one has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,a?abaska4 ,sulphur ab\nds on ,peace & ,smoky riv]s4 ,salt is pl5tiful ne> ,great ,slave lake2 plumbago & m9]al pit* on ,lake ,a?abaska2 copp]1 native & 9 ! =m ( mala*ite1 on ,copp]m9e riv]40 ,,! ,,nor?l&',s ,,fir/ ,,*ampions4 ,to f9d ! fir/ *ampions ( ! great ,nor?l& z a prospective !atre ( ent]prise & developm5t1 & to trace ! hi/ory ( ! exploration ( ! region f ! beg9n+1 x is necess>y to g back _m ye>s1 to a date1 9 fact1 only two ye>s m rec5t ?an ! f\nd+ ( ,quebec by ,samuel de ,*ampla94 ,h5ry ,hudson1 ! great ,engli% sea capta91 0 engag$ 9 ! se>* = a nor?we/ passage1 :5 on ,augu/ #c1 #afaj1 he r\nd$ ! nor?we/]n %\ld] ( ,labrador & ent]$ ! bay :i* he ?us discov]$ & :i* n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,! exploration ( ?is great inl& sea 0 begun1 n = ! sake ( ga9+ a k ( ! c\ntry surr\nd+ x1 nor = ! developm5t ( its res\rces1 b 9 ! delusive hope ( f9d+ a passage ?r\gh x to ! we/]n ocean4 ,9 #afab1 ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,?omas ,button1 commission$ to se>* = ,hudson & to look = a nor!rn passage1 ent]$ ! bay ) two %ips1 &1 hold+ on 8 we/w>d c\rse1 enc\nt]$ l& at ab\t #fj #dj nor? latitude4 ,be+ a ,wel%man1 he call$ ! l& 8,new ,wales10 a "n :i* aft]w>ds gave place to 8,new ,nor? ,wales0 = ! nor!rn "p1 & 8,new ,s\? ,wales0 = ! s\!rn2 b all ?ree designations1 z appli$ to ! ,hudson bay coa/1 are n[ only ( hi/oric int]e/4 ,button w9t]$ at ,port ,nelson1 :i* he s nam$ 9 memory ( a %ipma/] :o1 ) _m ( ! sailors1 di$ !re4 ,:5 ! ice broke up he w5t nor?w>ds pa/ ,cape ,*ur*ill & l&$ at a place ab\t #fj nor? :i* he call$ 8,hubb>t's ,hope40 ,! s\!rn coa/ ( ,hudson bay1 ea/ f ,port ,nelson 7,york ,factory71 0 visit$ & explor$ by ,capta9s ,luke ,foxe ( ,london & ,?omas ,james ( ,bri/ol 9 #afca1 & aga9 visit$ by ,james 9 #afcb4 ,^! two navigators met (f ! coa/ ne> ! m\? ( ,w9isk riv] on ,augu/ #bi-cj1 #afca4 ,ea* _h giv5 a "n to ! c\ntry to ! s\?we/4 ,foxe call$ x 8,new ,york%ire0 & ,james 8,! ,s\? ,pr9cipality ( ,wales10 probably on acc\nt ( ! previ\s "n 8,new ,wales0 giv5 by ,button 9 #afab to ! l& s\?we/ ( ,port ,nelson4 ,^! two navigators sail$ toge!r to ! ea/w>d1 to ! entrance to ,james bay1 & !re sep>at$1 ,foxe to g nor? & ,james to ! s\?w>d1 to w9t]4 ,foxe call$ ! bay he _h left 8,wol/5holme's ,ultimum ,vale40 ,james1 aft] r\nd+ ! cape1 det]m9$ its latitude 7#ee #e7 & call$ x 8,h5rietta ,m>ia ,cape10 aft] ! ,que51 & also aft] 8 own %ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,oat field at ,ile ,la ,crosse4 ,9 #affh ,capta9 ,gillam ent]$ ,hudson bay ) a pione] fur-trad+ exp$ition "u ! patronage ( "s influ5tial ,london]s1 at ! head ( :om 0 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 ,c\nt ,palat9e ( ! ,rh9e & c\s9 ( ,*>les ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,?us 0 inaugurat$ ! regime ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 b ! ,royal *>t] to ,pr9ce ,rup]t & 8 associates1 con/itut+ !m 8,! ,gov]nor & ,company ( ,adv5tur]s ( ,engl& trad+ into ,hudson's ,bay01 0 n grant$ until #afgj4b 8,,! ,,hudson',s ,,bay ,,company40 ,! company 0 organiz$ to prosecute ! fur trade1 & n = coloniz+ purposes4 ,! few explorations into & f ! company's fir/ po/s on ! bay 7 made solely 9 ! int]e/s ( ! fur trade4 ,:5 9 #afhc ,gov]nor ,s>geant 0 urg$ to s5d m5 to p5etrate into ! c\ntry1 ! object 0 di/9ctly /at$ to be 8to draw d[n ! ,indians by fair & g5tle means to trade ) u40 ,?is 0 ! burd5 ( _m lett]s ( in/ruction s5t out to ,hudson bay 9 ^? days1 b ! response 0 n v promis+4 ,! company's s]vants 7 n easily induc$ to imp]il _! lives1 p>ticul>ly z !y compla9$ ( lack ( enc\ragem5t4 ,9 #afhh ,gov]nor ,george ,gey]1 :o himself1 9 #aggc1 _h volunte]$ to d "s explor+1 0 in/ruct$ to s5d ! boy ,h5ry ,kelsey to ,*ur*ill riv] = an explor+ trip 8because we are in=m$ he is a v active lad1 delight+ mu* 9 ! ,indians' company & be+ nev] bett] pleas$ ?an :5 he is travell+ among/ !m40 ,?us began ! adv5tur\s c>e] ( "o :o may be reg>d$ z ! pione] explor] ( ! region "u review4#c ,9 #afij ,kelsey 8*e]fully und]took a j\rney up into ! c\ntry ( ! ,ass9ibo9e ,poets1 ) ! ,capta9 ( t ,nation40 ,! foll[+ ye> he accompani$ ! ,indians on a j\rney he comput$ at f\r hundr$ or five hundr$ miles1 p5etrat+ z f> z ! buffalo & grizzly be> c\ntries4 ,a di>y ( ?is trip 0 publi%$1 b x conta9$ no ref]5ces to ! natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re foll[$ a p]iod ( "s activity 9 ! matt] ( exploration by sea1 ! discov]y ( a nor?we/ passage be+ aim$ at4 ,betwe5 #agai & #agcg ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company alone fitt$ out n9e vessels to p>ticipate 9 ?is discov]y1 b ^! voyages add$ no?+ to ! scanty k !n available z to ! res\rces ( ! t]ritory rul$ ov] by ! company4 ,soon aft] ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company obta9$ its monopoli/ic *>t]1 antagonism to x arose 9 ,engl&1 & ?is ho/ility /eadily develop$1 ! legality ( ! *>t] be+ flatly *all5g$4 ,"o ( ! bitt]e/ oppon5ts ( ! company 0 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,dobbs1 a g5tleman ( means & sci5tific atta9m5t1 int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( ! nor?we/ passage1 :o became embitt]$ because he consid]$ ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company _h n fur!r$ ! exploration projects z he ?\ght !y %\ld h done4 ,9 #agdd he publi%$ a volume on ! c\ntries adjo9+ ,hudson bay1 9 :i* he arraign$ ! company = keep+ ! c\ntry back4 ,he decl>$ t ! company w\ld n all[ _! s]vants to make any improvem5ts at ! po/s except x be to plant turnip g>d5s4 ,he proce$$3--8,!re might be com=table settlem5ts made 9 mo/ places1 & v tol]able1 ev5 9 ! wor/ & colde/ p>ts ( t cont95t1 :i* are ! nor!a/ & nor?we/ sides ( ! bay2 b 9 ! s\!rn & we/]n sides ( ! bay1 !re might be made z com=table settlem5ts z any 9 ,sw$51 ,livonia or ! s\? side ( ! ,baltic1 & f>!r into ! c\ntry1 s\?we/1 ! climate is z good z ! s\!rn "p ( ,pol& & nor? "p ( ,g]many & ,holl&40 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,p>liam5t>y ,,inquiry4 ,9 #agdh1 t5 ye>s be=e ! capitulation ( ,montreal to ,g5]al ,amh]/1 a motion 0 pass$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 8to enquire into ! /ate & condition ( ! c\ntries adjo9+ ,hudson bay & ! trade c>ri$ on !re1 & to consid] h[ ^? c\ntries may be settl$ & improv$1 & ! trade & fi%]ies !re ext5d$ & increas$1 & also to enquire into ! rights ! ,company ( ,adv5tur]s trad+ into ,hudson's bay pret5d to h by *>t] to ! prop]ty ( l&s & exclusive trade to ^? c\ntries40 ,! result 0 an inve/igation1 :i* produc$ a consid]able am\nt ( evid5ce ?r[+ ! fir/ (ficial light ^u ! natural res\rces ( ,canada's great nor?l&4 ,up to ?is "t ! t]ritory ab\t ,hudson bay _h be5 commonly suppos$ 8to be a m]e wa/e & h[l+ wild]ness1 :]e9 half-fami%$ bea/s ( prey wage et]nal w> ) a sp>se population ( half-/>v$ savages2 :]e ! dr\ght is m ?an ,sah>an1 ! cold m ?an ,arctic1 & t woe w\ld betide ! mad & un=tunate individual :o might be s f> div]t$ f ! pa? ( prud5ce z to endeav\r to settle 9 ^? p>ts40#d ,evid5ce he>d be=e ! committee reveal$ ! fact t intellig5t m5 :o h liv$ 9 ! c\ntry sev]al ye>s consid]$ t x possess$ decid$ attractions z a field ( settlem5t1 & held t no?+ b ! policy ( ! fur-trad+ company kept settlem5t back4#e ,"s ( ! evid5ce z to ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry & z to ! conditions ( ! v slim :ite population is /ill edify+4 ,! attack ^u ! legality ( ! company's *>t]1 h[ev]1 came to no?+1 & ! revelations made z to ! suitability ( ! c\ntry = settlem5t _h no practical result1 :i* is sc>cely to be wond]$ at consid]+ ! conditions prevail+ 9 bo? ,europe & ,am]ica--conditions :i* 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s 7 to result 9 mom5t\s *anges 9 ! map ( ?is cont95t4 ,no additional data z to ! res\rces & geography ( ! great nor?l& 7 produc$ until ! ye>s #aggj & #agga :5 ,,he>ne ,,made ,,8 ,,hi/orical ,,trip ( discov]y4 ,_m ( ! witnesses exam9$ dur+ ! enquiry ( #agdh-di _h spok5 ( ! /atem5ts ( ,indians reg>d+ ! ri* copp] m9es exi/+ on a great riv] _m miles to ! nor?we/ ( ,*ur*ill4 ,! ,indians :o visit$ t po/ 9 #agfh s impress$ ! gov]nor1 ,mr4 ,moses ,norton1 ) _! v]sion ( ! ri*ness ( ! copp] deposits along ! riv] !y call$ ! ,nee?a-,san-,san-,dazey 7! 8f>-(f metal riv]071 t be+ 9 ,london ! foll[+ season he induc$ ! ,company to s5d out an exploratory exp$ition4 ,! man select$ = ! comm& 0 ,samuel ,he>ne1#f a capable & exp]i5c$ m>9]1 !n s]v+ z mate on ! ,company's brig 8,*>lotte40 ,hi!rto all ( ! exploratory exp$itions f ,hudson bay t[>ds ! nor?we/ _h be5 9 se>* ( ! nor?we/ passage1 & by sea1 b n[ x 0 decid$ to und]take exploration by l&4#g ,he>ne really made ?ree trips1 two ( :i* 7 unsuccessful4 ,! fir/ fail$ because ( ! lack ( provisions1 & ! second because ,he>ne 0 plund]$ by 8 ,indian companions & broke 8 sextant4 ,on ^! trips he attempt$ to p5etrate to ! nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ! s-call$ ,b>r5 ,gr\nds or ,b>r5 ,l&s1 b on ! ?ird v5ture1 leav+ 9 ,decemb]1 #aggj1 he kept m to ! we/w>d &1 be+ 9 ! wood$ c\ntry1 0 able to provide himself ) provisions & to travel ) mu* less discom=t4 ,z he 0 accompani$ by a numb] ( ,indian families z be>]s & hunt]s1 8 progress 0 necess>ily sl[ & indirect1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( cross+ lakes & l>ge riv]s1 & ( provid+ food = s l>ge a p>ty4 ,8 g5]al l9e ( travel 0 at fir/ a little nor? ( we/ to ,cl[ey lake1 :i* 0 rea*$ ,may #c1 #agga1 & !nce a little we/ ( nor? to ! ea/w>d ( ,great ,slave lake1 probably pass+ ,artill]y lake 78 ,catt lake87 & ,cl9ton-,cold5 & ,aylm] lakes 78 ,?oy-noy-ky$ lake87 to ! /ream s9ce call$ ,copp]m9e riv]1 :i* 0 rea*$ probably ne> ,s&/one rapid4#h ,dur+ ! eighte5 ye>s or s foll[+ ,he>ne's discov]y ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 consid]able k 0 acquir$ z to ! res\rces ( ! m s\!rn portions ( ! /ill unexploit$ nor? c\ntry by ! activities ( ! ,canadian fur trad]s1 includ+ ! ,nor?we/ ,company1 9 ,nor? ,saskat*ewan1 ,cle>wat]1 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv] regions1#i & ! resultant ext5sion s\?w>d ( ! trad+ op]ations ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,,mack5zie',s ,,trips ,,( ,,exploration includ+ ! discov]y ( ! great riv] ( ! nor? :i* /ill be>s 8 "n1 7 notable ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nor? c\ntry2 mom5t\s ev5ts1 9 fact1 9 view ( ! k fir/ obta9$ ?r\gh !m ( ! va/ natural res\rces ( ! great ,mack5zie bas94 ,illu/ration3 ,w9t] travel--,d9n] "t4 ,mack5zie set out on 8 fir/ voyage f ,*ipewyan1 at ! head ( ,lake ,a?abaska 7a ,nor?we/ ,company's po/71 ,june #c1 #aghi1 & proce$$ 9 canoes via ,slave riv]1 ,great ,slave lake1 & ,mack5zie riv] z f> z ,:ale isl& 9 ! e/u>y ( t /ream4 ,on ,july #af1 he />t$ on ! return trip by ! same r\te1 & rea*$ ,*ipewyan on ,septemb] #ab4 ,on 8 second trip1 9 #agib1 ,mack5zie proce$$ f ,*ipewyan to ! summit ( ! ,rockies via ,lake ,a?abaska1 ,peace riv]1 & its afflu5ts1 mak+ 8 way to ! ,pacific ?r\gh ! passes ( ! m\nta9s1 & d[n ! /reams on ! we/]n slope z be/ he c\ld4 ,david ,?omson1 an en]getic b little kn[n travell]1 made a track survey 9 #agii ( ,less] ,slave riv]1 & ( ! ,a?abaska f ! m\? ( ! ,pemb9a to ,cle>wat] =ks4 ,9 #ahjc he fill$ 9 ! gaps betwe5 ! =ks & ,a?abaska lake1 & 9 #ahaj asc5d$ ! riv] & cross$ ! ,rockies by ,a?abaska pass4 ,,sir ,,john ,,frankl94 ,) ! fir/ j\rney ( ,lieut5ant 7aft]w>ds ,capta9 ,sir7 ,john ,frankl91 ,r4,n41 9 #ahbj1 began a s]ies ( explorations :i* ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( ab\t ?irty ye>s1 9 connection ) :i* ! /udy ( ! natural hi/ory & geography ( ! f> nor? c\ntry 0 c>ri$ on m sy/ematically ?an _h hi!rto be5 possible4 ,frankl9 0 fully equipp$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t = sci5tific "w1 & 0 accompani$ by ,doctor ,john ,ri*>dson1 ,lieut5ant ,george ,back & ,lieut5ant ,robt4 ,hood--m5 ( ackn[l$g$ skill & ability4 ,! exp$ition left ,york ,factory on ,septemb] #i1 #ahai1 &1 travell+ by way ( ,ox=d ,h\se & ,norway ,h\se1 arriv$ on ,octob] #bb at ,cumb]l& ,h\se :]e !y w5t into w9t] qu>t]s4 ,9 ord] to arrange 9 advance = ! fur!r progress ( ! exp$ition1 ,frankl91 accompani$ by ,back1 left ,cumb]l& ,h\se on ,janu>y #ah1 #ahbj1 &1 travell+ by way ( ,c>leton ,h\se1 ,ile la ,crosse & ,me?ye portage1 arriv$ at ,*ipewyan on ,m>* #bf4 ,f9ally ! p>ty aga9 set out on ,augu/ #b1 #ahbj1 f old ,=t ,provid5ce1 on ! nor? side ( ,great ,slave lake1 to asc5d ,yell[knife riv]1 & on ,augu/ #bj he rea*$ ,w9t] lake1 ne> :i* he e/abli%$ 8 w9t] qu>t]s4 ,"h wood5 h\ses1 dignifi$ ) ! "n ( ,=t ,ent]prise1 7 erect$4 ,9 ,june ! foll[+ ye> ! p>ty desc5d$ ,copp]m9e riv]1 cov]+ a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty miles to ! sea1 & paddl$ along ! coa/ ea/w>ds1 explor+ ! coa/ z f> ea/w>d z longitude #aji #be we/ & latitude #fh #ai nor?1 ?us explor+ ,ba?ur/ inlet & ,coronation gulf4 ,! /ory ( ! dreadful h>d%ips endur$ by ! p>ty on ! return trip1 "o-half ( ! :ole numb]1 includ+ ,lieut5ant ,hood1 dy+ ( />vation & exposure1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ gha/ly *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,canadian exploration1 & its publication did mu* to deep5 ! popul> impression t ! :ole ( ! great nor?l& 0 a hopelessly inhospitable region4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! disa/]s :i* ov]took ?is exp$ition 7 due to its commiss>iat be+ inadequately outfitt$4 ,! ,admiralty1 :o plann$ ! exp$ition1 knew practically no?+ ab\t ! conditions ( travel 9 ! regions t !y propos$ hav+ explor$1 & dep5d$ = aid ^u ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,t corporation did its be/1 b 0 unable to ext5d to ,frankl9 any (ficial aid aft] he left ,great ,slave lake or to supply him ) prop] provisions4 ,! bitt] fight betwe5 ! two big fur-trad+ companies _h rea*$ a climax2 e (fic] ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company 0 ne$$ 9 ! ,company's s]vice1 & supplies at ! fronti] po/s 7 at ! l[e/ ebb4 ,s ! exp$ition plung$ into ! unexplor$ wild]ness )\t en\gh food & inadequately suppli$ ) ammunition4 ,9 spite ( ! disa/]s att5d+ ! return ( ?is exp$ition1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 det]m9$ ^u complet+ ! exploration ( ! ,arctic coa/ l9e ( ! cont95t1 satisfi$ itself t ! r\te ov]l& 0 ! be/ = ! explor]s to foll[1 & ,frankl91 hav+ be5 successful on ?is fir/ trip 9 survey+ a long /ret* ( coa/ to ! ea/ ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 0 appo9t$ to ! comm& ( ! second exp$ition to explore ! coa/ to ! we/ ( t riv]4 ,! explor+ p>ty sp5t ! w9t] ( #ahbe-bf ,,at ,,=t ,,frankl9 at ! we/ end ( ,great ,be> lake1 & on ,june #bb1 #ahbf1 set out 9 boats along ,be> riv] & ,mack5zie riv] = ! coa/4 ,! pr9cipal memb]s 7 ,capta9 ,john ,frankl91 ,lieut5ant ,george ,back 7second 9 comm&72 ,doctor ,john ,ri*>dson1 surgeon & naturali/2 ,?omas ,drummond1 assi/ant naturali/2 ,e4 ,n4 ,k5dall & ,p4 ,w4 ,dease1 a *ief trad] ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 :o 0 aft]w>ds associat$ ) ,?omas ,simpson 9 explorations we/ ( ! ,mack5zie & ea/ ( ! ,copp]m9e4 ,at ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie ! p>ty sep>at$1 "o deta*m5t "u ,doctor ,ri*>dson turn+ to ! ea/ & complet+ a survey ( ! coa/ z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,copp]m9e4 ,9 ! meantime ,frankl9 & ,back explor$ ! ,arctic coa/ to ! we/w>d ( ! ,mack5zie = ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r miles1 pass+ beyond ! nor!rnmo/ spur ( ,rocky m\nta9s & return$ to ,=t ,frankl91 rea*+ !re ,septemb] #ba4 ,frankl9 rema9$ !re until ,febru>y1 #ahbg1 :51 leav+ ,back to foll[ him 9 ! spr+1 he left = ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 :]e he jo9$ ,ri*>dson on ,june #ah1 #ahbg4aj ,"s "t be=e ?is exp$ition set =?1 ! crisis :i* _h develop$ 9 ! rivalry betwe5 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company & ! ,nor?we/ ,company#aa _h result$ 9 ! union ( ! two companies "u ! "n ( ! =m] & ! reorganiz$ company1 :5 call$ ^u by ! ,admiralty = assi/ance1 0 9 a bett] position ?an ! orig9al "o _h ev] be5 to assi/ 9 ! "w ( exploration4 ,consequ5tly ,frankl9's second exp$ition 0 prop]ly provision$ & att5d$ by exp]i5c$ & reliable m54 ,z a result x 0 unaccompani$ by any ( ! tragic occurr5ces :i* m>k$ ! =m] trip4 ,mean:ile explorations 7 be+ prosecut$ by sea among ! ,arctic isl&s & *annels to ! f> nor?1 & "s ( ! exp$itions 7 indirectly to contribute to ! _w's k ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's cont95tal t]ritory4 ,capta9 ,john ,ross left ,engl& 9 ! 8,victory0 9 #ahbi & ) 8 %ip's company 0 compell$ to ab&on ! vessel 9 ! ice 9 ,reg5t inlet4 ,!y sp5t altoge!r f\r w9t]s )9 ! ,arctic circle & 7 f9ally pick$ up 9 _! boats 9 ,lanca/] s\nd by a :al]4 ,! prolong$ abs5ce ( ?is p>ty caus$ great anxiety 9 ,engl&1 & 9 #ahcc a se>* exp$ition 0 organiz$ at ! co/ ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company & ,capta9 ,ross's fri5ds ) gov]nm5t assi/ance4 ,at ! head ( ! se>*+ p>ty 0 ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,george ,back1 ,r4,n41 :o _h in/ructions to desc5d ,?lew-ece-*o-deze? or ,great ,fi% riv] to ! coa/1 explor+ ! riv] & adjac5t c\ntry1 z f> z possible1 z he proce$$4 ,"s mon?s aft] he _h />t$1 ,back 0 notifi$ ( ! return ( ! ,ross exp$ition1 b 0 ord]$ to proce$ ) 8 trip = exploratory purposes4 ,capta9 ,back built z 8 w9t] qu>t]s ,,old ,,=t ,,reliance on a beautiful spot at ! nor? ea/ extremity ( ,great ,slave lake4 ,8 explorations ext5d$ ov] p>ts ( ,great ,slave1 ,artill]y1 ,cl9ton-,cold5 & ,aylm] lakes z well z ! :ole ( ,great ,fi% riv]1 & f ! ,indians ,back obta9$ "s int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ ! adjac5t c\ntry4 ,capta9 ,back1 9 #ahcd1 desc5d$ ,great ,fi% riv]1 s9ce call$ ,backs riv]1 to its m\?4 ,he also survey$ ! coa/s ( its e/u>y z f> z ,cape ,britannia on ! "o side & ,po9t ,ri*>dson on ! o!r1 leav+ b a small space ( coa/ l9e unexam9$ betwe5 8 nor!rn extreme & ! limits ( e>li] explorations4 ,! return j\rney began on ,augu/ #af4 ,back rea*$ ! m\? ( ,great ,fi% riv] ,augu/ #ba1 ! head ( x on ,septemb] #ag1 & ,=t ,reliance on ,septemb] #bg4 ,! next j\rney ( exploration 9 ?is region 0 t ( ,?omas ,simpson & ,pet] ,w>r5 ,dease1#ab (fic]s ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,:ile ! object ( _! exp$ition 0 to complete ! survey ( ! ,arctic coa/ s ne>ly complet$ by ,frankl91 ,ri*>dson & ,back1 !y made "s notes on ! natural res\rces ( ! f> nor!rn c\ntry4 ,simpson left ,=t ,g>ry1 ! site ( ! pres5t city ( ,w9nipeg1 on ,decemb] #a1 #ahcf1 &1 travell+ on sn[%oes1 arriv$ at ,*ipewyan on ,june #a1 &1 desc5d+ ,slave & ,mack5zie riv]s1 explor$ ! ,arctic coa/ we/w>d to ,po9t ,b>r[4 ,!y !n return$ to ! ,mack5zie1 asc5d$ x & ,great ,be> riv]1 &1 cross+ ,great ,be> lake1 built a po/ ne> ! m\? ( ,dease riv]1 nam+ x ,=t ,confid5ce1 & !re sp5t ! w9t] ( #ahcg-ch4 ,!y left "h ,june #f1 #ahch1 &1 aft] asc5d+ ,dease riv] z f> z 0 practicable1 portag$ to ! ,copp]m9e4 ,!y !n desc5d$ t riv] to ! sea & explor$ ! coa/ to ! ea/w>d z f> z ,po9t ,turnaga91 ! f>!/ po9t rea*$ by ,frankl9 9 #ahba4 ,be+ unable to proce$ f>!r1 !y return$ to ,=t ,confid5ce1 :]e !y arriv$ on ,septemb] #ad1 & aga9 w9t]$ !re4 ,an exp$ition :i* 0 to m>k ! beg9n+ ( a mo/ notable epo* 9 ! explorations ( ! ,arctic regions sail$ f ,engl&1 9 #ahde4 ,sir ,john ,frankl91 ) two %ips1 ! ,erebus & ! ,t]ror1 ) crews numb]+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e p]sons1 left ,engl& on ,may #bf1 to complete ! survey ( ! nor? coa/ ( ,am]ica & to accompli% ! nor?we/ passage4 ,! ,erebus & ! ,t]ror 7 la/ se5 by a :al+ capta9 ,july #bf1 #ahde1 moor$ to an iceb]g1 wait+ = an op5+ 9 ! ice to cross to ,lanca/] s\nd4 ,z "t pass$ )\t any ^w ( ! miss+ exp$ition be+ receiv$1 ! int]e/ & sympa?y ( ! _w 7 p[]fully ar\s$1 & n only ,engl&1 b ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates also despat*$ ,,se>* ,,exp$itions to ! ,arctic4 ,f nor?we/ ,canada "s hi/orical exp$itions made _! way ov]l&4 ,9 all ?irty-five %ips & five ov]l& exp$itions 7 engag$ 9 ?is se>*4 ,! entire nor!rn coa/ l9e ( ,am]ica & ! %ores ( ! ,arctic#ac 7 explor$ ) m9ute c>e1 & mu* sci5tific k ( value relat+ to magnetism1 meteorology1 ! tides1 geology1 botany & zoology 0 accumulat$4 ,sev]al ( ! sea exp$itions & all ( ! ov]l& exp$itions contribut$ to our /ore ( k z to ! res\rces ( f> nor!rn ,canada4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is volume ! mo/ important ( ^! exp$itions1 because ! mo/ productive ( data reg>d+ ! natural res\rces ( ! region "u review1 0 t dispat*$ ov]l& f ,a?abaska di/rict via ,mack5zie riv] 9 #ahdh & #ahdi4 ,f ! rapids ( ,slave riv]1 ,doctor ,john ,ri*>dson & ,doctor ,rae 7bo? subsequ5tly knight$7 pu%$ on ) all possible spe$1 leav+ ! heavi] boats to foll[ ) ! w9t] supplies1 & skirt$ ! ,arctic coa/ ea/w>d to ! m\? ( ! ,copp]m9e riv]4 ,!nce !y travell$ ov]l& to ! m\? ( ! ,dease riv] on ,great ,be> lake4 ,ne> ?is po9t1 on ! site ( ,=t ,confid5ce1 e/abli%$ by ,dease & ,simpson1 ,rae1 ^: deta*m5t _h asc5d$ ,great ,be> riv] & cross$ ,great ,be> lake = ?is purpose1 _h erect$ h\ses1 & "h ! entire p>ty pass$ ! w9t] ( #ahdh-di4 ,z e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdi z ! season all[$1 ! p>ty divid$ on ,arctic sea1 & ,ri*>dson return$ to ,engl&1 :ile ,rae made an attempt to rea* ,wolla/on l&4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 he return$ to ,=t ,confid5ce1 & asc5d$ ! ,mack5zie to ,=t ,simpson4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahed1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 ,rae made a j\rney ( exploration along ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,wolla/on & ,victoria l&s1 /ill se>*+ = ! ,frankl9 exp$ition4 ,9 #ahec1 :5 no trace ( ,frankl9 c\ld be f\nd else:]e1 ,rae aga9 turn$ 8 /eps 9 ! direction ( ,gulf ( ,boo?ia4 ,fir/ he s\ght a %ort cut to ! s\? ( ,backs riv] by ,*e/]field inlet & ,quoi* riv]1 :i* he asc5d$ 9 a boat = two & a half degrees ( latitude 7up to #ff nor?71 b f9d+ ! riv] full ( rapids & impracticable = 8 purpose1 he return$ & ha/5$ nor? to ,repulse bay4 ,! reports ( ^! exp$itions conta9 sev]al ref]5ces to ! natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 b !y are n s valuable z w\ld h be5 ! case _h "t be5 less a consid]ation1 or _h ! inve/igation ( m9]al deposits & o!r natural weal? ( ! c\ntry be5 ! *ief objective4 ,"s in=mation z to ! res\rces ( ! nor? c\ntry 0 obta9$ by ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( #aheg already ref]r$ to 7,see p4 #c71 b mo/ ( ! evid5ce _h ref]5ce to ! s\!rn "p ( ,hudson's ,bay ,company's t]ritory n[ compris$ )9 ! settl$ p>ts ( ! prov9ces ( ,manitoba1 ,saskat*ewan & ,alb]ta4 ,,canadian ,,p>liam5t>y ,,inve/igations4 ,april #ab1 #ahgj1 ! ,s5ate ( ,canada appo9t$ a select committee on ! subject ( ,rup]t's l&1 ,r$ riv] & ! ,nor?we/ t]ritory1 ) a view to collect+ in=mation respect+ ! condition1 climate1 soil1 population1 res\rces & natural products ( ! c\ntry1 its trade1 in/itutions1 & capabilities & ! means ( access !reto1 ) p[] to s5d = p]sons & pap]s4 ,! committee report$ on ,april #be1 #ahgj4 ,?is report ) ! report ( ! evid5ce 0 pr9t$1 9 ext5so1 z an app5dix to ! ,j\rnals ( ! ,s5ate 7#cc ,victoria74 ,none ( ! witnesses exam9$ be=e ! committee _h ev] be5 9 ! di/rict nor? ( ! ,nor? ,saskat*ewan4 ,"o1 ,joseph ,monkman1 expla9$ t he _h be5 up ! ,s\? ,saskat*ewan z f> z ,moose lake1 & up ! nor? bran* ( ! same riv] z f> z ,c>lton4 ,he te/ifi$ t al?\gh ! c\ntry along ! ,saskat*ewan look$ promis+ f an agricultural /&po9t1 !re 7 8no f>ms along ! riv]40 ,mo/ ( ! witnesses 7 ask$ if !y _h any in=mation z to ! 8f> nor?we/10 & all :o _h he>d any?+ def9ite reg>d+ t region te/ifi$ t _! in=mation 0 fav\rable4 ,s9ce ! transf] ( ! nor?we/ f ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company to ! ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t1 a va/ am\nt ( reliable in=mation reg>d+ ! great nor?l& has be5 obta9$ by ,canadian ,gov]nm5t explor]s1 g5]ally eng9e]s reconnoitr+ 9 advance ( railway con/ruction1 memb]s ( ! /aff ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 or exp$itions despat*$ to v>i\s def9$ areas by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior = ! express purpose ( inve/igat+ _! natural res\rces & det]m9+ _! suitability = agricultural or indu/rial developm5ts4 ,m or less ext5sive trips ?r\gh sections ( ! great nor?l& by adv5tur\s sportsm5 & naturali/s h also contribut$ consid]ably to our k ( ! c\ntry4 ,a v brief acc\nt ( "s ( ! m productive ( ^! exp$itions1 ) special ref]5ce to ! r\tes foll[$1 is necess>y to enable ! read] to appreciate intellig5tly ! ref]5ces to ! in=mation obta9$ to be made 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,,sci5tific ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry4 ,9 #ahgb1 ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n 0 s5t f ,edmonton by ,mr4 7n[ ,sir7 ,s&=d ,flem+1 :o 0 !n explor+ = ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway1 to explore ,peace riv] & see if !re 7 a pass !re4 ,pr(essor ,mac\n's report attract$ mu* att5tion to ?is di/rict4 ,pr(essor ,mac\n _h !n already sp5t t5 ye>s /udy1 !oretical & practical1 ( botany1 natural hi/ory & physical geography4 ,9 ! ye> #ahge he 0 appo9t$ botani/ to ! exp$ition :i*1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 explor$ ,peace riv] & ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,two ye>s lat] he 0 ask$ by ! ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t to write a report on ! ,nor?we/ t]ritories & avail$ himself ( all reliable in=mation reg>d+ ! c\ntry4 ,! summ]s ( #ahgi-hj-ha 7 sp5t by ,pr(essor ,mac\n 9 trav]s+ ! lea/ kn[n p>ts & inve/igat+ ! fauna1 flora1 meteorology & physical ph5om5a ( ! c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahgh-gi ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 9 conjunction ) a ,canadian ,pacific ,railway survey p>ty1 made an exam9ation ( ! region betwe5 ! m\? ( ,ske5a riv] on ! ,pacific coa/ & ,edmonton1 includ+ ,p9e riv] pass & its approa*es1 ,smoky riv] & ! f]tile c\ntry nor? & s\? ( ,peace riv]4 ,! va/ ext5t ( c\ntry cov]$ left b little "t = details1 & caus$ ! exp$ition to assume ! "* ( a rapid reconnaissance survey4 ,9 #ahgc1 ,*>les ,horetzky1 ,c4,e41 0 commission$ by ,mr4 ,s&=d ,flem+ to make a reconnaissance survey ?r\gh ,peace riv] c\ntry & ,peace riv] pass to assi/ ! gov]nm5t 9 rea*+ a decision z to ! r\te ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway4 ,mr4 ,horetzky1 :o 0 accompani$ by ,doctor ,mac\n1 botani/1 proce$$ via ,edmonton1 ,less] ,slave lake1 ! conflu5ce ( ,smoky & ,peace riv]s1 ,dunvegan1 ,mc,leod's lake1 etc4 ,besides 8 (ficial report1 ,mr4 ,horetzky wrote a popul> acc\nt ( ?is trip "u ! title 8,canada on ! ,pacific10 :i* conta9$ mu* int]e/+ in=mation z to ,peace riv] di/rict4 ,9 #ahge1 ,doctor ,selwyn1 ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 mapp$ & report$ ^u ! upp] "p ( ,peace riv]1 z f> d[n z ! m\? ( ,smoky riv]1 & 9 ! same ye> ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n1 :o accompani$ him 9 ! capacity ( botani/1 proce$$ d[n ! riv] to ,lake ,a?abaska1 & return$ ea/ by ! ,a?abaska-,cle>wat] r\te1 :ile ,doctor ,selwyn reasc5d$ ,peace riv]1 & return$ by ,briti% ,columbia4 ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,c41 etc41 9 a p]iod ( active s]vice 9 ! ,geological ,survey ext5d+ ov] m ?an =ty ye>s1 contribut$ v l>gely to our k ( ,nor!rn ,canada4 ,he 0 m$ical (fic]1 naturali/ & geologi/ on ! 8,neptune10 ! 8,al]t0 & ! 8,diana0 exp$itions to ,hudson bay1 & 8 reports ( ^? voyages1 z well z ( 8 ov]l& trips1 are v valuable4 ,?ree ( 8 exploratory trips1 two 9 ! ea/]n division1 ! o!r 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! c\ntry "u review1 are especially int]e/+4 ,9 #ahgh he made a track-survey & a geological exam9ation ( ! boat-r\te f ,lake ,w9nipeg to ,hudson bay by way ( ,ox=d & ,knee lakes1 & ! riv]s !nce to ,york ,factory4 ,he also made topographical & geological surveys ( ! l[] "p ( ,nelson riv]1 & ( ! upp] "p ( ! same /ream1 f ,lake ,w9nipeg ne>ly to ,split lake1 leav+ unf9i%$ ! c5tral "p4 ,betwe5 #ahgh & #ahia he explor$ ,nelson riv]1 ! l[] "p ( ,grass riv]1 & p>ts ( ,*ur*ill & ,little ,*ur*ill riv]s4 ,9 #ahgi1 ,doctor ,bell1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,co*rane1 complet$ 8 survey ( ,nelson riv] & ,*ur*ill riv] bas9s2 ! c\ntry cov]$ 9 t region includ$ altoge!r ,gull lake1 ,grass riv]1 ,sipiwesk lake1 ,jackfi% riv]1 ,knee lake1 ,god's lake1 ,isl& lake1 ,split lake & ! coa/ ( ,hudson bay = a few miles on ei!r side ( ,*ur*ill4 ,^! explorations practically re-op5$ a section ( c\ntry :i* mu/ h be5 famili> to ^? engag$ 9 transportation via ! old r\te betwe5 ,hudson bay1 ,r$ riv] & ,saskat*ewan riv] di/ricts4 ,be=e rea*+ ,norway ,h\se1 al?\gh dilig5t enquiry 0 made by ,doctor ,bell1 no reliable in=mation c\ld be obta9$ ( ! ,*ur*ill1 or ! c5tral "p ( ! ,nelson1 or ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ^! two /reams4 ,& ev5 at ,norway ,h\se v little 0 kn[n on ! subject4 ,?is arose f ! fact t bo? ^! riv]s _h long be=e be5 ab&on$ z 8voyag+0 r\tes by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 & also t no ,indians liv$ at or ne> ! p>ts to be exam9$4 ,9 #ahhb1 a track survey & geological exam9ation ( ,a?abaska riv] bel[ ! m\? ( ,lac ,la ,bi*e riv]1 0 made by ,doctor ,bell4 ,9 #ahhf1 ,doctor ,bell conduct$ an exploration ( portions ( ,attawapiskat & ,albany riv]s1 & ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,lonely lake 7,lac ,seul7 & ,james bay4 ,doctor ,bell rea*$ ! ,albany f ,wabigoon via ,lake ,m9nietakie1 & cross$ ! wat]%$ to ! ,attawapiskat f ! highe/ ( ! *a9 ( lakes on ! ,eabamet1 :i* fl[s into ! ,albany ab\t n9ety miles 9 a /raight l9e bel[ ! outlet ( ,lake ,/4 ,joseph4 ,! ,attawapiskat 0 foll[$ to ,james bay4 ,a micromet] survey ( ! l[] "p ( bo? ,peace & ,a?abaska riv]s 0 made by ,william ,ogilvie1 ,d4,l4,s41 9 #ahhd1 & 9 #ahhh1 ,mr4 ,ogilvie1 hav+ complet$ "s surveys 9 ! ,yukon1 arriv$ at ,=t ,mc,pherson via ,peel riv] to make ,,an ,,exploration ,,( ,,mack5zie ,,riv]1 ,great ,slave lake & riv]1 & ,lake ,a?abaska4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie asc5d$ ?is great wat]way & prep>$ a report :i* is /ill mu* consult$4 ,9 #ahia ,mr4 ,ogilvie1 "u ! direction ( ! ,surveyor-,g5]al1 aga9 made an exploratory survey 9 ! same region4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie's in/ructions 7 to make a ?or\gh exploration ( ! region dra9$ by ,peace riv] & its tribut>ies1 betwe5 ! b\nd>y ( ,briti% ,columbia & ,rocky m\nta9s & to collect any in=mation t might be ( value relat+ to t region4 ,z x 0 desirable t he %\ld1 if practicable1 connect ! end ( 8 micromet] survey ( ,mack5zie riv] made 9 #ahhh ) t made on ,great ,slave riv] 9 ! same ye>1 :i* he 0 !n unable to accompli% on acc\nt ( high wat]1 ,mr4 ,ogilvie took ) him ! necess>y in/rum5ts1 b he f\nd x impossible to complete ?is "w4 ,?is "t1 he desc5d$ ! great nor?we/]n wat]way f ,a?abaska to ,=t ,simpson1 &1 asc5d+ ! ,li>d & 8,ea/ ,bran*0 or ,nelson riv]1 z x has s9ce be5 (ficially call$1 rea*$ ,port ,nelson on ,septemb] #ae1 asc5d+ ,nelson & ,sikanni ,*ief riv]s & portag+ ?r\gh ! woods to ,/4 ,john on ,peace riv]4 ,ano!r int]e/+ report 0 ! result ( ?is really haz>d\s trip4 ,9 #ahhf1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[ ( ! ,geological ,survey1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,mac\n1 cross$ ,lake ,w9nipeg f ,r$ riv] to ,b]5s riv] & asc5d$ ! latt] to a portage to ! head wat]s ( ,sev]n riv]1 mak+ an exploration ( ! c\ntry f ,lake ,w9nipeg to ,hudson bay4 ,9 #ahhg1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 ,b4,a41 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 desc5d$ to ,mack5zie riv] f ! ,yukon via ,li>d riv]1 & dur+ t ye> & ! foll[+ "o explor$ a consid]able "p ( ,mack5zie bas9 includ+ ,slave riv]1 ,salt riv]1 ,hay riv]1 "p ( ! we/]n end ( ,great ,slave lake1 etc4 ,! result 0 embodi$ 9 a mo/ int]e/+ (ficial report 7,"p ,d4 ,annual ,report1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 #ahhh-hi1 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada47 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ,peace & ,a?abaska riv]s nor? ( ,less] ,slave lake1 compris+ an area ( ab\t =ty-f\r ?\s& squ>e miles1 rema9$ entirely unkn[n until ,mr4 ,mc,connell's exploration 0 und]tak54 ,9 ! ye>s #ahhh1 #ahhi1 #ahij & #ahia1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell effect$ a mo/ important exploration ( ! unexplor$ c\ntry betwe5 ,peace riv] & ,a?abaska riv] & 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,a?abaska4 ,he inve/igat$ z ?or\ghly z he c\ld ! ph5om5a ( ! s-call$ t>-s& deposits & ! ,,oil ,,spr+s ,,( ,,a?abaska ,,region1 ab\t :i* ! few hunt]s1 trad]s & travell]s :o _h hi!rto p5etrat$ s f> _h br\ght back su* a/oni%+ tales4 ,8 report1 pr9t$ 9 ! annual report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada = #ahij-ia 7,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,"p ,i71 excit$ mu* int]e/ at ! "t ?r\gh\t ! sci5tific _w1 & is /ill reg>d$ z ! /&>d au?ority on ! subject4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahhi1 a well-kn[n ,engli% sportsman set out ^u a trip to ,great ,slave lake di/rict ) ! object ( mak+ "s explorations4 ,?is 0 ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike1 & 8 book 8,! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd ( ,nor!rn ,canada01 describ+ 8 trip1 gives a great deal ( int]e/+ in=mation ab\t t "p ( ! 8,b>r5 ,l&s0 j nor? ( ,great ,slave lake & ! region ab\t ! headwat]s ( ,backs riv]4 ,mr4 ,pike1 :o comb9$ ! qualities ( a good writ]1 a tra9$ explor] & a ke5 sportsman1 proce$$ dur+ ! summ] ( #ahhi via ,great ,slave lake & ! canoe-portage r\te by ,francois1 de ,mort1 ,nez ,cro*e1 du ,ro*]1 ,camsell1 ,mackay & de ,gras lakes to ! headwat]s ( ,copp]m9e riv]4 ,he sp5t ! w9t] 9 camp j s\? ( ,mackay lake & at ,=t ,resolution1 & ! foll[+ summ] proce$$ via ,great ,slave lake1 & a *a9 ( lakes to ! ea/ ( ^? he _h trav]s$ on 8 canoe-portage r\te ! previ\s season1 to ,aylm] lake4 ,!nce he proce$$ d[n ,backs riv] to ,bee*ey lake1 s\? ( ,ba?ur/ inlet4 ,he came out via ,cl9ton-,cold5 & ,artill]y lakes1 & f ,a?abaska di/rict made a trip up ,peace riv]4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,burr ,tyrrell1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 explor$ ! c\ntry bord]+ on ! ea/ %ore ( ,lake ,w9nipeg 9 #ahij & #ahia4 ,9 #ahib1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+1 made an exploration ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,a?abaska & ,*ur*ill riv]s & nor? ( ! latt] wat]way4 ,! r\tes cov]$ includ$ a c\rse f ,pr9ce ,alb]t nor?w>d ?r\gh ,cree lake & d[n ,beav] riv] to ,*ur*ill riv]1 & nor? across ! c\ntry by ,cree lake to ,black riv]1 !nce ?r\gh ,wolla/on lake & up ?r\gh ,geikie & ,fo/] riv]s to ! ,*ur*ill4 ,9 #ahic & #ahid ,mr4 ,tyrrell conduct$ two important exploration p>ties4 ,9 #ahic ! r\te tak5 0 via ,*ipewyan1 ,lake ,a?abaska1 ,fond du ,lac1 ,black lake1 ,*ipman lake1 ,selwyn lake1 ,daly lake1 ,dubawnt riv] & lake1 ,ab]de51 ,s*ultz & ,bak] lakes1 ,*e/]field inlet1 ,*ur*ill1 ,york ,factory1 ,norway ,h\se & ,we/ ,selkirk4 ,9 #ahid ! r\te foll[$ 0 via ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 ,/urgeon-weir riv]1 ,*ur*ill riv]1 ,re9de] riv] & lake1 ,co*rane riv]1 ,kasba lake1 ,kasba riv]1 ,ennadai lake1 ,kazan riv]1 ,ka?ky$ lake1 ,kazan riv] aga91 ,f]guson lake & riv] to ,hudson bay4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell & p>ty came out via ,split lake1 ,norway ,h\se & ,selkirk4 ,,! ,,va/ ,,wild]ness1 ?r\gh :i* ! l9es ( exploration ^u ^! occasions pass$1 lies = ! mo/ "p nor? ( latitude #ei1 & ext5ds f ! coa/ to ,hudson bay1 we/w>d to ,lake ,a?abaska1 compris+ an area ( n less ?an two hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,! "w ( ! p>ty embrac$ a survey ( ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,a?abaska1 ,*ipman1 ,co*rane1 ,telzoa or ,dubawnt1 ,?lewiaza1 ,kazan & ,f]guson riv]s1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ,*e/]field inlet1 & ! %ore ( ,hudson bay f ,*e/]field inlet to ,*ur*ill1 z well z a l9e ov]l& 9 w9t]1 f ,*ur*ill to ,york ,factory1 & ano!r f ,*ur*ill to ,split lake4 ,illu/ration3 ,portage ne> ,long ,spruce rapids1 ,nelson riv]4 ,! di/ance travell$ 9 #ahic 0 ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ miles1 "o ?\s& six hundr$ & fifty ( :i* _h n be5 previ\sly survey$ or report$ on 9 any way4 ,! :ole di/ance ( six hundr$ miles f ,*ur*ill to ,lake ,w9nipeg 0 cov]$ on sn[%oes4 ,dur+ ! trip ( ! foll[+ ye> ,mr4 ,tyrrell travell$ two ?\s& n9e hundr$ miles1 "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & fifty by canoe & sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-five on sn[%oes1 mo/ ( ?is di/ance be+ ?r\gh unexplor$ c\ntry4 ,jas4 ,w4 ,tyrrell1 ,c4,e41 ,d4,l4,s41 :o =m$ "p ( ?is exp$ition1 subsequ5tly publi%$ a popul> acc\nt ( ! trip ( ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ miles 9 a book entitl$ 8,across ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada40 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahif ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 travell+ by canoe1 made a survey ( ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! old di/rict ( ,saskat*ewan & ! adjac5t p>ts ( ! !n di/rict ( ,keewat91 s9ce annex$ to ,manitoba1 ! t]ritory cov]$ compris+ an area ( r m ?an tw5ty-five ?\s& squ>e miles1 ly+ betwe5 nor? latitude #ej #dj & #ef1 & we/ longitude #ig #bj & #abb #cj4 ,james ,mac9to% ,bell1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 made a geological reconnaissance ( ! nor? arm ( ,great ,slave lake 9 #ahii1 w9t]$ at ,=t ,resolution1 & 9 #aijj1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,camsell1 travell$ to ,great ,be> lake1 made a geological exploration ( its nor!rn %ores1 & return$ by a *a9 ( lakes to ! nor? arm ( ,great ,slave lake1 proce$+ to ,edmonton ! same w9t]4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahii1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+ ( ! ,geological ,survey explor$ ! upp] "p ( ,burntwood riv] f ,?ree ,po9t lake to its head ne> ,re$ lake1 ,kississ+ riv]1 f ! nor? end ( ,a?apapusk[ lake to its m\? on ,*ur*ill riv]1 & ! ,*ur*ill f above ,sisipuk lake to ! end ( ! long arm runn+ f ,nelson lake4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahic ,mr4 ,d[l+ conduct$ an exploration 9 t "p ( s\!rn ,keewat9 j to ! ea/ ( ! !n ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,manitoba1 & nor? ( ! !n nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,ont>io4 ,! area cov]$1 n[ =m+ "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 ext5ds f ,engli% riv] & ,lac ,seul nor?w>ds to ,b]5s riv]1 ! ea/]n bran* ( :i* =ms approximately ! nor!rn limit ( ! area4 ,to ! ea/ ! exploration includ$ ! heads ( /reams fl[+ ea/w>d to ,cat lake1 & on ! we/ ,:ite riv]1 a s\!rn bran* ( ,b]5s riv]1 ) ! we/]n end ( ,r$ lake1 conf9es its ext5t 9 t direction4 ,9 #aijj1 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell1 ,c4,e41 ,d4,l4,s41 :o _h be5 assi/ant to 8 bro!r 9 #ahic1 conduct$ an important exploration ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ,*e/]field inlet on ,hudson bay4 ,9 all1 "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e miles ( survey 7 accompli%$1 & 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is f\r ?\s& six hundr$ miles 7 travell$ ,,) ,,sl$s ,,& ,,canoes4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell proce$$ via ,resolution1 ,great ,slave lake1 old ,=t ,reliance1 ,lockh>t riv]1 ,pike's portage1 ,artill]y lake1 ,cl9ton-,cold5 lake1 ,sm>t lake1 ,sifton lake1 ,hanbury riv] & ,!lon riv] to a po9t ne> ! conflu5ce ( ,dubawnt riv]4 ,h5ce a portion ( ! p>ty "u ! direction ( ,c4 ,c4 ,fair*ild1 ,c4,e41 0 despat*$ to survey ,ab]de51 ,s*ultz & ,bak] lakes1 :ile ,mr4 ,tyrrell return$ up ! ,!lon to devote 8 att5tion to ! upp] "p ( ! riv] & ! divide betwe5 ! upp] ,!lon & ,artill]y lake1 trav]s+1 unatt5d$1 ! "o hundr$ & sixty miles betwe5 a small bran* ( ! ,!lon & ,artill]y lake4 ,! p>ty 0 reunit$ at ,artill]y lake1 & return$ to civilization via ,resolution1 ,*ipewyan & ,edmonton4 ,9 #ahih1 ,mr4 ,david ,t4 ,hanbury tri$ to rea* ! unexplor$ tract betwe5 ,*e/]field inlet & ,great ,slave lake via ! ,norway-,h\se--,york-,factory--,*ur*ill r\te4 ,f9d+ t he arriv$ too late at ! latt] place1 he decid$ to sp5d ! summ] on ! ,hudson bay coa/ & make prep>ations = an e>ly />t ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 #ahii1 he made an int]e/+ trip f ,*ur*ill to ,great ,slave lake via ,*e/]field inlet1 ,!lon & ,ark-i-l9ik riv]s1 ,cl9ton-,cold5 & ,artill]y lakes1 & ,lockh>t riv]4 ,z he 0 ! fir/ :ite man to explore ,ark-i-l9ik or ,!lon riv]1 its mo/ we/]n afflu5t has s9ce be5 call$ ,hanbury riv]4 ,9 #aija1 ,mr4 ,hanbury travell$ f ,edmonton to ,depot isl& 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,hudson bay1 via ,=t ,resolution1 ,great ,slave lake1 ,artill]y lake1 ,hanbury1 ,!lon & ,dubawnt riv]s1 ,bak] lake1 ,*e/]field inlet & ,m>ble isl&4 ,he sp5t mo/ ( ! w9t] 9 an ,esquimaux camp ne> ,bak] lake1 & 9 ,febru>y />t$ on an adv5tur\s trip back to civilization via ,ab]de5 lake & ,!lon riv]1 !nce ov]l& to ,bu*anan riv]1 d[n t /ream to ,backs riv]1 !nce to ! coa/1 we/w>d along ! coa/ to ! m\? ( ! ,copp]m9e1 up ! ,copp]m9e to ,k5dall riv]1 via ,dismal lake1 ,dease riv]1 ,great ,be> lake & ,great ,be> riv] to ,=t ,norman4 ,mr4 ,hanbury gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ^! trips 9 8 book 8,sport & ,travel 9 ! ,nor?l& ( ,canada40 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey1 9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #aija1 det]m9$ to s5d ,mr4 ,edw>d ,a4 ,preble1 ,assi/ant ( ! ,survey & "o ( its tra9$ field naturali/s1 to obta9 repres5tative collections ( ! mammals1 birds & plants ( ! great int]ior region we/ ( ,hudson bay dra9$ ma9ly by ! ,mack5zie & describ$ 9 ! reports ( ! ,survey z ! mo/ neglect$ l>ge area 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,z x 0 evid5t t only "p ( ! region c\ld be exam9$ satisfactorily 9 a s+le season1 x 0 det]m9$ to make fir/ a reconnaissance ( ! region ab\t ,a?abaska & ,great ,slave lakes4 ,! r\te foll[$ by ,mr4 ,preble's p>ty 0 via ,great ,slave lake1 includ+ ! nor? arm1 to ,=t ,rae2 ! *a9 ( lakes & riv]s by way ( ,lake ,/4 ,croix to ,mac,tavish bay2 ,great ,be> lake & ,great ,be> riv] to ! ,mack5zie4 ,x _h be5 ! int5tion ( ,mr4 ,preble1 :o 0 accompani$ by 8 bro!r & ,mr4 ,james ,mac,kinley1 =m]ly ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 to cross by "o ( ! ,indian r\tes to ! upp] ,copp]m9e & to desc5d t /ream1 b v>i\s circum/ances r5d]$ ?is impossible & he 0 oblig$ to take ! %ort] & m we/]ly r\te4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijc1 ! results ( 8 "w 9 #aija hav+ be5 elaborat$ b n publi%$1 ,mr4 ,preble 0 s5t to complete 8 inve/igations 9 ! ,mack5zie region4 ,?is 0 especially desirable1 s9ce on ! previ\s trip he _h p5etrat$ only z f> z ,great ,slave lake4 ,^u 8 second trip ! survey 0 c>ri$ f ,great ,be> lake to ! ,arctic coa/ l9e4 ,! result ( ^! trips 0 embodi$ 9 a v complete & altoge!r admirable report--8,nor? ,am]ican ,fauna1 ,no4 #bg40--publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey 9 #aijh4 ,9 #aije1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,h4 ,h>rison1 "o ( t l>ge class ( adv5tur\s ,engli%m5 :o love to p5etrate into ! less kn[n & totally unkn[n portions ( ! _w = ! v love ( sport & p]il\s adv5ture1 made a trip ( exploration d[n ,slave & ,mack5zie riv]s1 & rema9$ = ne>ly two ye>s 9 ! c\ntry ,,ab\t ,,! ,,delta ,,( ,,mack5zie ,,riv] & ,h]s*ell isl&1 & return$ home 9 #aijg by ! same r\te4 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 be=e he made ?is trip1 _h consid]able k ( ! ,nor?l&1 = he _h made a trip z f> z ,great ,slave lake 9 #aijb4 ,mr4 ,h>rison is1 moreov]1 ! son ( a =m] (fic] ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 :o 9 #aheb 0 /ation$ at ! company's po/ at ,=t ,good ,hope4 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 ^u 8 return to ,engl&1 wrote a book :i* he entitl$ 8,9 ,se>* ( a ,pol> ,cont95t0 :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ ! ,mack5zie c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! seasons ( #aijc1 #aijd & #aije1 ,mr4 ,william ,mc,innes ( ! ,geological ,survey made explorations 9 t portion ( ! s\!a/]n section ( ?is region dra9$ by ,w9isk riv] & by ! upp] bran*es ( ,attawapiskat riv]4 ,^! explorations ext5d$ f #ea #aj to #ee #aj ,nor? latitude & f #hf to #ij ,we/ longitude4 ,! result 0 embodi$ 9 a report pr9t$ 9 #aiji & numb]$ #ajhj4 ,messrs4 ,wm4 ,mc,innes & ,ow5 ,o',sullivan ( ! ,geological ,survey 7 employ$ dur+ ! summ] ( #aijf to explore ! region along ! propos$ r\te ( ! railway betwe5 ! ,saskat*ewan & ,*ur*ill4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes explor$ ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,pas & ,split lake2 ,mr4 ,o',sullivan1 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,split lake & ,*ur*ill4 ,_! reports 7 publi%$ 9 ! summ>y report ( ! ,geological ,survey = #aijf4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes's r\te ran f ,lake ,w9nipeg via ,nelson riv] to ,split lake & !nce along ,burntwood riv] & ,file riv] & lake to ,re$ lake1 across ,wekusko lake to a po9t betwe5 ,grass & ,burntwood riv]s1 back to ,re$ lake & !nce along ! ,nelson4 ,mr4 ,o',sullivan's r\te 0 f ,split lake via ,assean lake1 ,outawi riv] & lake1 ,waskai[aka lake1 ,little ,*ur*ill riv]1 ,recluse lake1 ,great ,*ur*ill riv]1 ,de] lake & riv]1 & ,great ,*ur*ill riv] aga94 ,! return trip 0 made via ,york ,factory1 ,hayes riv] & ,fox riv]4 ,9 #aijf & #aijg1 ,w4 ,?ibaudeau1 ,c4,e41 act+ "u ! in/ruction ( ,doctor ,deville1 ,surveyor-,g5]al1 made "s explorations 9 ,*ur*ill di/rict & along ! r\te ( ! propos$ ,hudson ,bay ,railway f ,*ur*ill to ,! ,pas on ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,on 8 trip ov] ! r\te ( ! railway ,mr4 ,?ibaudeau proce$$ f ,*ur*ill 9 a /raight l9e to ne> ,de] riv]4 ,cross+ ! riv] he foll[$ a r\te betwe5 x & ! ,*ur*ill1 recross+ ! ,de] at a po9t a little m ?an a hundr$ miles f ,*ur*ill4 ,!nce he travell$ 9 a /raight l9e to ! ,little ,*ur*ill1 & foll[$ ! c\rse ( t riv] to ,waskai[aka lake4 ,!nce he cross$ to a po9t ne> ,assean lake & cont9u$ 8 r\te via ,split lake1 ,pipe lake1 ,grass riv]1 ,l&+ lake1 ,sipiwesk lake1 ,grass riv]1 & ,cormorant & ,atikomeg lakes4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,keele ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada made a reconnaissance across ,mack5zie m\nta9s on ,pelly1 ,ross & ,gravel riv]s1 9 ! m\nta9 region ly+ betwe5 ! ,pelly & ! l[] rea* ( ,mack5zie riv] 9 #aijg & #aijh4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aijh1 ,inspector ,e4 ,a4 ,pelleti]1 ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 ) a corporal & two con/ables1 patroll$ ! c\ntry betwe5 ,,great ,,slave ,,lake ,,& ,,hudson ,,bay4 ,!y left ,=t ,resolution on ,great ,slave lake on ,july #a & travell$ via ,pike portage1 ,artill]y lake1 ,hanbury riv] & ,!lon riv]1 to ,hudson bay at ,*e/]field inlet1 :]e !y arriv$ on ,augu/ #ca4 ,no natives or guides 7 employ$ f ,great ,slave lake to ,hudson bay & ?is portion ( ! j\rney 0 made )\t any mi%ap :atev]4 ,inspector ,pelleti] e/imat$ ! di/ances travell$ on ?is patrol z foll[s3-- ,miles4 ,=t ,saskat*ewan to ,a?abaska 7teams7 #ij ,a?abaska to ,mc,murray 7sc[7 #bhj ,mc,murray to ,graham's ,l&+ 7/eam]7 #bij ,graham's ,l&+ to ,=t ,smi? 7teams7 #ab ,=t ,smi? to ,=t ,resolution 7canoes7 #ahj ,=t ,resolution to ,=t ,reliance 7canoes7 #bdj ,pike portage r\te betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ,artill]y lake 7portage & canoe7 #be ,artill]y lake to height ( l& 7portage & canoe7 #ajj ,height ( l& to ,!lon riv] 7portage & canoe7 #agj ,!lon riv] 7canoe7 #bbj ,bev]ly lake & riv] 7canoe7 #ce ,ab]de5 lake 7canoe7 #fj ,riv] betwe5 ,ab]de5 & ,s*ultz lakes 7canoe7 #bj ,s*ultz lake 7canoe7 #be ,s*ultz or ,l[] ,!lon riv] 7portage & canoe7 #ce ,bak] lake 7canoe7 #fj ,riv] foot ( ,bak] lake 7canoe7 #be ,*e/]field inlet1 ,hudson bay 7canoe7 #acj ,total #a1iig ,( ! canoes us$ on ?is patrol1 "o 0 an eighte5 foot l5g?1 =ty-two in* beam1 ! o!r eighte5 & "o-half foot l5g?1 =ty-?ree in* beam2 bo? 7 eighte5 in*es deep1 longitud9al /rip c$>1 v>ni%$1 fitt$ ) o>s = h>d pull+ aga9/ /rong w9ds on ! lakes4 ,inspector ,pelleti] _h a good /ock ( paddles & fifty-five foot late5 sails4 ,ea* canoe weigh$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds portag+ weight4 ,! portage f ,great ,slave lake t[>ds ,artill]y lake 0 f\nd to be ab\t six miles f ! site ( ,=t ,reliance1 ( :i* hi/oric e/abli%m5t a /one *imney alone rema9s /&+4 ,"s int]e/+ topographical in=mation reg>d+ ! region betwe5 ,hudson bay & ,! ,pas 0 obta9$ ?r\gh ! surveys made "u ! direction ( ,john ,arm/rong1 ,c4,e41 = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,railways & ,canals 9 #aijh & #aiji1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ a project$ location = a railway to ,hudson bay f ,! ,pas1 ! ne>e/ po9t on ! ,saskat*ewan !n hav+ railway connection4 ,f ,! ,pas to a po9t nor? ( ,pipe/one lake a s+le r\te 0 laid d[n2 !nce two r\tes1 "o to ,port ,nelson1 ! o!r to ,*ur*ill1 7 survey$4 ,mr4 ,arm/rong1 9 8 report 7,sessional ,pap] ,no4 #bj d4--#aiaj71 makes "s int]e/+ ref]5ces to ! natural res\rces ( ! di/rict cov]$ by ! surveys4 ,all ! exp$itions :i* h be5 ?us briefly pass$ 9 review made additions to ! k we possess ( ! natural res\rces ( ! great unsettl$ ,nor?we/1 b x w be obs]v$ t ! acquisition ( geographical k only 0 ! object = :i* mo/ ( ^! exp$itions 7 equipp$ & s5t =w>d4 ,! tra9$ explor]s ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada h giv5 u a fair idea ( ! geological features & natural res\rces g5]ally along ! m accessible l9es ( travel1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\!rn & we/]n p>ts ( ?is va/ unsettl$ & unsurvey$ region1 b x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t sy/ematic surveys h be5 und]tak5 !re to det]m9e ! adaptability ( c]ta9 areas to agricultural developm5t & settlem5t4 ,9 #aijh1 ,frank ,j4 ,p4 ,crean1 ,c4,e41 ( ! ,railway ,l&s ,bran* ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 0 commission$ to explore & procure all ! in=mation possible ab\t t tract ( c\ntry ly+ to ! ea/ ( ,beav] riv] & ,gre5 lake1 ,illu/ration3 ,f>m at ,m\nt ,nebo on ,gre5 lake trail1 sixty-five miles f ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,,s\? ,,( ,,*ur*ill ,,riv]1 & ext5d+ ea/ to ! old canoe r\te f ,cumb]l& ,h\se via ,frog portage to ,/anley ,mission4 ,mr4 ,crean 0 in/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,"y1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,railway ,l&s ,bran*1 to pay p>ticul> att5tion to obta9+ in=mation ab\t ! "* ( ! c\ntry away f ! travell$ r\tes1 & to asc]ta9 ! value ( ! di/rict to be trav]s$ = f>m+1 lumb]+ & m9+ purposes4 ,mr4 ,crean left ,pr9ce ,alb]t ,augu/ #bj1 #aijh1 & return$ !re ,janu>y #f1 #aiji4 ,he proce$$ by team to ! s\? end ( ,gre5 lake1 & aft] rea*+ t po9t travell$ *iefly by canoe1 mak+ side trips inl&1 :]e x seem$ desirable to d s4 ,aft] ! ice =m$ he procur$ dog tra9s to cont9ue ! exploration4 ,on ?is trip ,mr4 ,crean explor$ ! di/rict b\nd$ on ! we/ by a l9e f ,pr9ce ,alb]t to ,/anley mission2 on ! nor? by ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s2 on ! we/ by ,gre5 lake1 ,beav] riv]1 ! we/]n arm ( ,ile la ,crosse lake1 ,buffalo lake1 ,me?ye riv] & ,me?ye lake2 & on ! s\? by ! survey$ t]ritory along ! nor? bank ( ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,mr4 ,crean gave ! foll[+ /ati/ics 9 8 report3--8,! gross area explor$1 & ab\t :i* "s in=mation has be5 collect$1 is approximately sixte5 million acres4 ,! wat] cov]$ area 9 ?is tract 7area ( lakes & riv]s7 may be set d[n at approximately ?ree million acres--! rema9+ l& area at ?irte5 million4 ,i w\ld e/imate t an area ( fully ?ree million five hundr$ ?\s& acres is suitable = settlem5t z soon z survey$ & made accessible by roads1 & an area ( ab\t eight million acres ( swamp or l& probably too wet at pres5t = successful cultivation c\ld be reclaim$ at a mod]ate exp5diture4 ,all swamp w1 h[ev]1 ev5tually repay ! co/ ( reclamation4 ,! above figures are1 ( c\rse1 ! result ( an exploration ext5d+ ov] only a few mon?s1 & mu/ be consid]$ to be only approximate4 ,! di/ance travell$ 0 ab\t ?ree ?\s& miles1 ( :i* "o ?\s& two hundr$ 0 made runn+ beh9d dog tra9s40 ,9 #aiji1 ,mr4 ,crean 0 aga9 s5t out to c>ry on 8 exploration ( ! c\ntry nor? ( ! survey$ area 9 ,saskat*ewan & ,alb]ta & ext5d+ we/ f ! t]ritory cov]$ ! previ\s ye>4 ,he 0 in/ruct$ to cov] z mu* ( ! c\ntry we/ to ! ,a?abaska & ,,nor? ,,to ,,! ,,cle>wat] z "t w\ld p]mit4 ,he left ,pr9ce ,alb]t on ,june #ag1 #aiji1 complet$ 8 season's "w at ,mc,murray1 & !nce proce$$ to ,edmonton1 rea*+ !re ,decemb] #aa1 #aiji4 ,f ,gre5 lake1 ,mr4 ,crean travell$ pr9cipally by canoe1 mak+ num]\s portages1 "s ( consid]able l5g?4 ,on "s occasions he hir$ horses & us$ !m z a means ( transportation4 ,! total area explor$1 or ab\t :i* in=mation 0 ?us obta9$1 is approximately tw5ty-"o million acres4 ,mr4 ,crean reports3--8,( ?is tract1 n ov] two million acres is cov]$ by wat]--lakes & riv]s4 ,a cons]vative e/imate ( ! l& available = settlem5t 9 its pres5t /ate1 :5 means ( access are provid$1 w\ld be ab\t t5 million acres4 ,! great] portion ( ! rema9+ area1 say n9e million acres1 c\ld be dra9$1 &1 9 my op9ion1 w\ld well repay ! exp5diture4 ,?r\gh\t ! tract !re is ample fall :i* w\ld all[ ( dra9age be+ successfully c>ri$ out4 ,a portion ( ! tract lies on ! head wat]s ( ,*ur*ill riv]1 & all ! /reams conta9 num]\s rapids & falls4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! height ( l& slop+ t[>ds ! ,a?abaska & ! ,cle>wat] !re are also excell5t facilities = dra9age4 ,?is tract is well suppli$ ) timb]1 "s ( :i* may be suitable = export40 ,mr4 ,crean1 dur+ ?is exploratory trip1 visit$ ! c\ntry betwe5 ,gre5 lake & ,mead[ lake1 ,bir* lake & ,loon lake to ! we/w>d2 ,wat]h5 lake & ,isl& lake2 ,canoe lake & ,burnt lake2 ,:ite ,fi% riv] & lake1 & ,wat*u% lake2 ,gipsy lake1 ,gordon lake & ,mc,murray2 ,gregoire lake4 ,pemb9a riv]4 ,c[p> lake1 ,w9efr$ lake1 ,ipiatik lake1 ,he>t lake & ,lac ,la ,bi*e1 all to ! we/w>d ( ! area inve/igat$ 9 #aijh4 ,mr4 ,crean's report ( 8 exploration 9 ! season ( #aijh 0 pr9t$ = public in=mation1 b ow+ to ! great dem& = copies ! edition 0 soon exhau/$ & x 0 decid$ !re=e1 to issue ! two reports 9 "o new publication4 ,! gross area cov]$ by ! two reports1 & z to :i* "s in=mation 0 ga!r$1 might be /at$ at approximately =ty million acres4 ,inspir$ ) ! wi% to see = himself ! c\ntry = ! adm9i/ration ( :i* he 0 responsible1 ! ,hon4 ,frank ,oliv]1 !n ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 9 #aiaj made ! trip f ,edmonton via ,a?abaska1 ,a?abaska riv]1 ,lake ,a?abaska1 ,slave riv]1 ,great ,slave lake1 & ,mack5zie riv]1 to ,=t ,mc,pherson1 !nce pass+ ov] to ! ,yukon by trail to ,lapi]re's ,h\se4 ,mr4 ,oliv] left ,edmonton ,june #b & rea*$ ,=t ,yukon on ,july #ad4 ,f ,a?abaska to ,gr& rapids 7"o hundr$ & sixty miles7 & f ,mc,murray to ,*ipewyan 7two hundr$ miles7 ! ,m9i/] & 8 private secret>y made ! trip alone 9 a ,pet]bor\gh canoe4 ,! result ( ! ,m9i/]'s obs]vations1 z communicat$ to ! press1 ar\s$ consid]able int]e/ 9 ! newe/ nor?we/ ?r\gh\t ,canada4 ,! reports ( explor]s & travell]s z to ! "* & res\rces ( ! great nor?we/ h be5 supplem5t$ by a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation receiv$ f ,hudson's ,bay ,company (ficials1 & o!rs engag$ 9 ! fur trade1 mission>ies1 prospectors & pione] settl]s4 ,c]ta9 ,,rec5t ,,p>liam5t>y ,,inquiries result$ 9 ! plac+ ^u record ( "s ( ! mo/ in/ructive ( ?is class ( in=mation4 ,mu* data ( a mo/ valuable "* 0 obta9$ by two select committees ( ! ,s5ate :i* sat dur+ ! sessions ( #ahhg & #ahhh1 "u ! presid5cy ( ! late ,hon\rable ,s5ator ,s*ultz1 :o 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 hav+ ! said committees appo9t$4 ,! reports ( ^! committees1 ) ! evid5ce tak51 7 pr9t$ z app5dices to ! ,j\rnals ( ! ,s5ate 7#a/ ,session1 #f? ,p>lt41 #ej ,victoria1 & #bnd ,session1 #f? ,p>lt41 #ea ,victoria74 ,dur+ ! p>liam5t>y session ( #aijf-g1 ! ,hon4 ,s5ator ,t4 ,o4 ,davis1 ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 0 in/rum5tal 9 hav+ a select committee ( ! ,s5ate appo9t$ to enquire z to ! value ( t portion ( ! ,dom9ion ly+ nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan wat]%$ & ea/ ( ,rocky m\nta9s1 compris+ ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! prov9ces ( ,alb]ta & ,saskat*ewan & ,mack5zie t]ritory1 & ! ext5t ( navigable wat]s1 riv]s1 lakes1 & sea-coa/ conta9$ !re92 also simil>ly to enquire & report f "t to "t z to ! value ( ! portions ( ! ,dom9ion on bo? sides ( ,hudson bay1 includ+ ! t]ritories ( ,keewat9 & ,ungava1 & ! ext5t ( navigable wat]s1 riv]s1 lakes & sea-coa/ conta9$ !re94 ,! committee1 9 accordance ) ! au?ority delegat$ to x1 s5t = p]sons1 pap]s & records be>+ ^u ! subjects submitt$ = its consid]ation1 & exam9$ a numb] ( g5tlem5 possess+ special k1 ?r\gh p]sonal exp]i5ce or o!rwise1 ( ! regions nam$ z ! special subject ( enquiry4 ,! evid5ce ?us obta9$ 01 "u in/ructions f ! ,s5ate1 edit$1 cond5s$ & arrang$ by ! compil] ( ! pres5t volume1 & publi%$1 fir/ 9 ! j\rnals ( ! ,s5ate 7#crd ,session1 #aj? ,p>liam5t71 & subsequ5tly 9 ! book publi%$ "u ! direction ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 entitl$ 8,canada's ,f]tile ,nor?l&40 ,x ar\s$ mu* int]e/ 9 ! subject1 n only 9 ,canada1 b ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is1 ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior gave in/ructions = ! prep>ation ( a summ>y or dige/ ( ! ,s*ultz committee reports ( #ahhg & #ahhh1 at t "t out ( pr9t1 ! "w be+ entru/$ to ! same compil]1 "u ! direction ( ! late ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,"y1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,railway ,l&s & ,*ief ,geograph]4 ,! result 0 ! volume 8,! ,great ,mack5zie ,bas901 ! fir/ edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aijh4 ,altoge!r1 f "o s\rce or ano!r1 dur+ ! ?ree c5turies :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! ,briti% flag fir/ appe>$ 9 ,hudson bay1 a va/ am\nt ( reliable in=mation1 cov]+ _m widely-sep>at$ di/ricts ( ! t]ritory "u review1 has be5 obta9$2 b hi!rto mu* ( ! practical value ( ?is useful data scatt]$ ?r\gh ! pages ( publications ( v>i\s descriptions has be5 lo/ = ,,lack ,,( ,,sy/ematic ,,compilation4 ,9 br++ all ?is in=mation toge!r & compress+ x )9 ! limits ( "o volume1 a difficulty pres5ts itself 9 ! trem5d\s ext5t ( c\ntry conc]n$4 ,9 arrang+ ! matt] ( ?is volume1 ) a view to enabl+ ! read] to foll[ m readily1 ! :ole area "u review has be5 divid$ into c]ta9 arbitr>y geographical sub-divisions4 ,9 a region s va/1 ! diff]5ces ( climate1 soil & g5]al physical "* ( ! c\ntry 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts are v consid]able1 & emphasize ! necessity ( treat+ c]ta9 geographical sub-divisions sep>ately4 ,a glance at ! map is necess>y to enable ! read] to und]/& ! divisions ( ! c\ntry :i* x has be5 deem$ advisable to make 9 project+ ?is volume1 to p]mit ( ! intellig5t treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,! region designat$ 8,! ,keewat9 ,area0 comprises t "p ( :at 0 =m]ly ! provisional di/rict ( ,keewat9 :i* lies ea/ ( ! prov9ce ( ,saskat*ewan1 s\? ( ! #fj? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 we/ ( ,james bay & s\?we/ & we/ ( ,hudson bay4 ,its s\!rn limits are def9$ by ! =m] 7up to #aiab7 nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,manitoba & ! =m] 7up to ! same date7 nor?we/]ly b\nd>y ( ,ont>io4 ,dur+ ! fir/ session ( ! #ab? ,p>liam5t ( ,canada 7#aiaa-ab7 ! :ole ( ?is t]ritory 0 annex$ to ! two prov9ces ly+ imm$iately to ! s\? ( x1 ,ont>io & ,manitoba4 ,! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! portion ( ! =m] di/rict ( ,keewat9 annex$ to ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 & t annex$ to ! prov9ce ( ,manitoba1 is describ$ 9 ! legislation ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! two prov9ces z a l9e f ! extreme nor? end ( ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! prov9ce ( ,manitoba z x exi/$ at ! "t ( ! ext5sion ( b\nd>ies1 8!nce cont9u+ due nor? along ! same m]idian to ! int]section !re( ) ! c5tre ( ! road all[ance on ! twelf? base l9e ( ! sy/em ( ,dom9ion ,l& ,surveys2 !nce nor!a/]ly 9 a "r l9e to ! mo/ ea/]n po9t ( ,isl& lake1 z %[n 9 approximate latitude #ec #cj & longitude #ic #dj on ! railway map ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 publi%$1 on ! scale ( ?irty-five miles to "o in*1 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & eight1 by ! au?ority ( ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior2 !nce nor!a/]ly 9 a "r l9e to ! po9t :]e ! eighty-n9? m]idian ( we/ longitude int]sects ! s\!rn %ore ( ,hudson bay2 !nce ea/]ly & s\!rly foll[+ ! %ore ( ! said bay to ! po9t :]e ! nor!rly b\nd>y ( ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io z e/abli%$ "u ! said ,act int]sects ! %ore ( ,james bay40 ,at ! date ( ! f9al revision ( ^! pages = ! press1 ! division ( ! t]ritory 0 too rec5t to p]mit ( effective sep>ate treatm5t ( newe/ ,ont>io & newe/ ,manitoba z sep>ate t]ritorial units1 & any attempt to effect su* sep>ate treatm5t1 x 0 felt1 w\ld only result 9 confusion4 ,! 8,nor!rn ,saskat*ewan ,region0 comprises ! :ole ( ! prov9ce ( ,saskat*ewan1 nor? ( ! survey$ area4 ,! 8,nor!rn ,alb]ta ,region0 comprises ! :ole ( ! prov9ce ( ,alb]ta1 nor? & ea/ ( ! survey$ area4 ,! 8,mack5zie ,riv] ,region0 includes all ! t]ritory 9 ! great ,mack5zie bas91 nor? ( ! prov9ce ( ,alb]ta1 ext5d+ nor?w>d to ,beau=t sea1 we/ to ! b\nd>y ( ,yukon t]ritory1 & ea/w>d to ! bas9 ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 t ( ,yell[knife riv]1 a l9e 9 prolongation ( ! latt] /ream across ,great ,slave lake & foll[+ ! "r bank ( ,slave riv] to ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,alb]ta4 ,! area compris$ )9 ! designation 8,! ,b>r5 ,l&s0 includes ! imm5se t]ritory ext5d+ ea/w>ds f t la/ def9$ to ,hudson bay1 & includ+ ! b>e1 treeless1 b wrongly call$ 8,b>r5 ,l&s40 ,) ?is brief & g5]al outl9e ( ! v>i\s di/ricts be=e him1 ! read] w m readily foll[ ! attempt to pres5t 9 a sy/ematic & intelligible =m all ! data ( practical value available reg>d+ ! v>i$ natural res\rces ( ?is va/ t]ritory4 ----- #a ,at ! ,semple murd] trials at ,york 9 ,octob]1 #ahah1 ,%]wood1 ! ,nor?we/ ,company's c\nsel1 ironically describ$ ,r$ riv] valley 7,manitoba7 z ! 8l& ( milk & honey1 :]e no?+1 n ev5 a blade ( corn1 w rip540 #b 8,! nations ( ,europe _h adopt$ ! pr9ciple t discov]y gave title to ! gov]nm5t by ^: subjects or by ^: au?ority x 0 made1 aga9/ all o!r ,european gov]nm5ts1 :i* title might be consummat$ by possession40 7,*ief ,ju/ice ,m>%all47 #c ,?is 0 ! same ,h5ry ,kelsey :o %[$ conspicu\s brav]y at ! capture ( ,=t ,nelson by ! ,fr5* "u d',ib]ville 9 #afij1 & :o subsequ5tly became a ,deputy ,gov]nor 9 ! ,hudson's ,bay s]vice4--7,e4 ,j4 ,c474 #d 8,! ,la/ ,great ,monopoly40 #e ,joseph ,robson1 :o _h be5 employ$ z a /one mason & eng9e] 9 ! con/ruction ( ,=t ,pr9ce ( ,wales at ,*ur*ill betwe5 #agcc & #agdh1 & _h be5 up ,nelson riv] = a di/ance ( =ty or fifty miles1 0 "o ( ! *ief witnesses4 ,be+ ask$ z to ! numb] ( ,briti% subjects 9 ! ,company's settlem5ts1 he said t ! fir/ ye> he 0 at ,york ,=t !re 7 #cf p]sons !re1 & at ,*ur*ill #dd or #de2 t he nev] saw any ,briti% subjects !re1 except ! ,company's s]vants1 nor any o!r p desir\s to 8fix0 !re1 or t ! ,company _h ev] (f]$ enc\ragem5t to ,briti% subjects to 8settle0 !re4 ,he express$ ! op9ion t "s ( ! c\ntry ab\t ,hudson bay might be settl$ & inhabit$1 if p w\ld g up ! riv]s till !y f\nd a bett] climate1 & !re erect settlem5ts4 ,he decl>$ t he did n d\bt t he himself c\ld f9d ?ree or f\r hundr$ ,briti% subjects1 :o w\ld will+ly g !re to live w9t] & summ]1 &1 he add$1 he w\ld g = "o4 ,he add$ t speak+ f 8 own exp]i5ce1 ! cold ( ! ,hudson bay w9t] might be endur$ )\t any inconv5i5ce1 _! clo?+ be+ adapt$ to ! climate4 ,he _h suff]$ m f cold 9 ,engl&1 ?an ev] he did at ,hudson bay4 ,x 0 true t fle% w freeze1 b he nev] knew any p]son to lose 8 f+]s f fro/bite at ,*ur*ill or ,york4 #f ,9 #aggc ,he>ne e/abli%$ ,cumb]l& ,h\se z a s\!rn outpo/ ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,x 0 ,he>ne1 ! h]o ( ?is d>+ trip ( exploration1 :o1 z gov]nor ( ,pr9ce ( ,wales =t 7,*ur*ill71 9 #aghb1 ignom9i\sly surr5d]$ t /ronghold to ! ,fr5* squadron "u ,la ,pr\se1 )\t fir+ a %ot4 #g ,gov]nor ,morton's in/ructions to ,he>ne set =? ! object ( ! exp$ition 9 detail4 ,!y includ$ ! foll[+3-- 8,! ,indians :o are n[ appo9t$ y\r guides1 are to conduct y to ! bord] ( ! ,a?apapusc[ 7,great ,slave lake7 & ,indians' c\ntry1 :]e ,capta9 ,matonabbee 7an ,indian *ief7 is to meet y 9 ! spr+ ( "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty1 9 ord] to conduct y to a riv] repres5t$ by ! ,indians to ab\nd ) copp] ore1 animals ( ! fur k9d1 etc41 & :i* is said to be s f> to ! nor?w>d t 9 ! middle ( ! summ] ! sun does n set1 & is suppos$ by ! ,indians to empty itself into "s ocean4 ,?is riv]1 :i* is call$ by ! ,nor!rn ,indians ,nee?a-,san-,san-,dazey1 or ,f> ,(f ,metal riv]1 y are1 if possible1 to trace to ! m\?1 & !re det]m9e ! latitude & longitude z ne> z y c2 b m p>ticul>ly s if y f9d x navigable2 & t a settlem5t c be made !re ) any degree ( safety1 or b5efit to ! ,company40 8,be c>eful to obs]ve :at m9es are ne> ! riv]2 :at wat] !re is at ! riv]'s m\?2 h[ f> ! woods are f ! sea-side2 ! c\rse ( ! riv]2 ! nature ( ! soil & ! productions ( x2 & make any o!r rem>ks t y may ?9k w be ei!r necess>y or satisfactory4 ,& if ! said riv] be likely to be ( any utility1 take possession ( x on behalf ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 by cutt+ y\r "n on "s ( ! rocks1 z also ! date ( ! ye>1 mon?1 etc40 #h ,a synopsis ( ! acc\nt ( ,he>ne's j\rney 0 publi%$ 9 pamphlet =m 9 #aggc & re-publi%$ 9 #aggh-hj1 ! complete acc\nt be+ publi%$ 9 book =m 9 #agij4 7,beckles ,wilson47 #i ,! hi/ory ( ! ,peace & ,a?abaska c\ntry comm5ces 9 #aggh1 :5 ,pet] ,pond1 subsequ5tly a p>tn] 9 ! ,nor?we/ ,company1 pu%+ nor?we/w>d 9 se>* ( new fur di/ricts1 rea*$ ! ,a?abaska by way ( ,me?ye portage & ,cle>wat] riv]1 & desc5d+ x1 f\nd$ a =t kn[n z 8,! ,old ,e/abli%m5t10 ab\t ?irty miles above its m\?4 ,9 #aghh ?is po/ 0 ab&on$1 & a new "o built on ! s\? side ( ,lake ,a?abaska1 on :at is n[ kn[n z 8,old ,=t ,po9t40 ,/ill lat]1 ?is site 0 also des]t$ & a bett] "o select$ on ! nor? %ore1 ne> ! outlet ( ! lake4 ,a g5]al map ( ! ,nor?we/ 0 publi%$ by ,pet] ,pond 9 #aghe4 ,pet] ,pond's v5ture prov$ extremely remun]ative1 & he 0 foll[$ by o!r trad]s :o gradually spread !mselves ov] ! !n unkn[n c\ntry to ! nor? & we/4 7,j4 ,m4 ,mc,connell's report47 #aj ,9 #ahbg ,frankl9 return$ f ! nor?we/ via ,lake ,w9nipeg1 ! great lakes & ,ottawa riv]4 ,9 pass+ ,ottawa1 9 ,augu/1 he laid ! corn]/one ( ! l[e/ ti] ( locks on ,rideau canal4 #aa ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 9 #ahba1 aft] ! union ( ! ,nor?we/ ,company ) ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 grant$ ! reorganiz$ company a lic5se ( exclusive trade ov] ! c\ntry to ! we/ ( ! wat]%$ ( ,hudson bay1 or ,rup]t's ,l&4 ,! lic5se 0 r5ew$ 9 #ahch4 #ab ,dease 0 "o ( ! ,company's *ief factors2 ,simpson1 :o 0 a c\s9 ( ,sir ,george ,simpson1 0 an accurate a/ronomical obs]v]4 #ac ,9 all1 #ba1ejj miles ( coa/ l9e ( :i* #e1ghj miles 7 previ\sly unkn[n1 _h be5 exam9$4 78,cruise ( ! #8,neptune'407 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,keewat9 ,,area ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,keewat9 ,,area4 7,newe/ ,ont>io & ,nor!rn ,manitoba47 ,agriculture & ,arable ,l&4 ,e>ly ,agricultural ,exp]im5ts & ,_! ,success4--,evid5ce be=e ! ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( #agdi4--,te/imony ( ,(ficial ,explor]s & ,resid5ts4--,_m ,areas ,fit ,= ,agriculture ,describ$4--,wild ,fruits ,gr[ 9 ,pr(usion4--,successful ,g>d5s4 --,mu* ,c\ntry ,capable ( ,improvem5t by ,dra9age4--,climate ,inl& ,w>m] ,?an ,fur!r ,ea/4--,natural ,hay ,mead[s4--,! ,clay ,belt4 ,! region we/ ( ,james bay & s\?we/ ( ,hudson bay1 be+ ! s\!rn portion ( ! area kn[n up to ! "t ( ! creation ( ! prov9ces ( ,alb]ta & ,saskat*ewan z ! di/rict ( ,keewat91 & compris+ ! t]ritory rec5tly 7#aiab7 annex$ to ! prov9ces ( ,ont>io & ,manitoba1 0 ! fir/ "p ( ! /ill unexploit$ nor?we/ ) :i* :ite m5 came into t\*4 ,"s ye>s elaps$ betwe5 its discov]y by ,h5ry ,hudson & ,sir ,?omas ,button 9 #afaj & #afab & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ po/s !re9 by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company at ! m\?s ( ,albany1 ,sev]n1 ,nelson & ,*ur*ill riv]s4 ,^! po/s 7 e/abli%$ & h s9ce be5 ma9ta9$ entirely = ! purpose ( ! fur trade1 & consequ5tly no settlem5ts h sprung up ar\nd !m1 & !re has be5 no sy/ematic attempt to exploit ! agricultural possibilities ( ! adjac5t areas4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 "s ( ! old] s]vants ( ! big fur company :o fir/ drew att5tion to ! fact t ?is region _h agricultural possibilities1 & x 0 f ! po/s on ! bay t ! fir/ explorations ( ! int]ior 7 made4 ,( rec5t ye>s1 mu* in=mation z to ! agricultural possibilities ( ?is area has be5 obta9$ by explor]s ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 & ?r\gh ! explorations att5dant ^u ! surveys = ! location ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,railway1 :i* is project$ to run 9 a nor!a/]ly direction across ?is region f ,! ,pas to ,port ,nelson4 ,! ma9 object ( ^? :o secur$ ! appo9tm5t ( a select committee ( ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #agdi1 to inquire into ! condition ( ! ,hudson bay t]ritory & ! trade c>ri$ on !re 7,see page #h71 0 to secure ! cancellation ( ! ,company's monopoly & to ?r[ ! c\ntry op5 to settlem5t4 ,) ?is object 9 view mu* evid5ce 0 produc$ to %[ t ! t]ritory (f]$ inducem5ts to coloni/s1 &1 z inscrib$ 9 ! pages ( ! (ficial report1 ?is gives u ! e>lie/ acc\nt ( pione] agriculture 9 ?is region1 & an idea ( ! possibilities ( ! c\ntry f ! old tim]s' po9ts ( view4 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,:ite1 "o ( ! witnesses exam9$ be=e ! committee1 said t he w5t to ,albany ,=t 9 ! ye> #agbf1 z cl]k to ! ,company1 & rema9$ !re sev5 ye>s1 & t he _h be5 t5 ye>s at ,*ur*ill1 :i* 0 ! nor!rnmo/ =t4 ,he te/ifi$ t 8! ,gov]nor at ,albany _h a g>d5 9 :i* peas1 beans1 turnips & salad grew z well & pl5tiful z 9 ,engl&1 b he nev] knew ( se$ rais$ 9 t c\ntry to h be5 s[n aga94 ,he saw a small quantity ( b>ley gr[+ ne> ,moose riv] 9 ,augu/1 :i* is ab\t two mon?s be=e ! cold wea!r1 :i* b>ley 0 9 ! e>1 b n full1 b z he has nev] be5 us$ to tillage1 he is a v indiff]5t judge 9 ^? matt]s40 ,mr4 ,:ite /at$ t 8he appreh5d$ ! c\ntries adjo9+ to ,hudson bay might be settl$ & improv$1 & t 9 ! s\!rn p>ts1 oats1 b>ley & peas w\ld gr[1 b if p]sons 7 all[$ to settle1 he did n appreh5d !y c\ld at fir/ subsi/ by ! cultivation ( l&s only he did n "k :y ! ,company did n gr[ _! own corn1 nor :e!r any proposal _h be5 made to !m = t purpose1 = he really ?\ght corn w\ld gr[ !re1 :i* c]ta9ly w\ld t5d mu* to ! advantage ( ! ,company1 z well z to ! security ( p]sons resid+ !re4 ,_! common provisions 7 fi% & f[l1 & !y _h no bread b :at came f ,engl&2 t all gra9 kept !re v well1 except peas2 t 9 a g5]al way !y _h two ye>s' provisions be=eh& 9 _! =ts1 especially ( bread40 ,be+ ask$ if ! ,indians c\ld n cultivate corn = "o-?ird ( ! price x co/s 9 ,europe1 ?is witness said--8,! ,indians are 9 g5]al a slo?ful p & cultivate no corn40 ,,soil ,,good ,,& ,,climate ,,mild ,ano!r ( ! witnesses exam9$ be=e ! committee1 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,s]geant1 /at$ t :ile 9 ! ,company's s]vice he _h be5 twelve miles up ! c\ntry at ,york ,factory1 ?irty miles up ! riv] f ,albany ,=t1 & _h travell$ by l& f ,moose riv] to ,albany ,=t1 "o hundr$ miles along ! coa/4 ,! soil 0 good & produc$ good turnips1 ! climate = f\r mon?s 9 ! ye> be+ mild4 ,! record ( ! evid5ce cont9ues3--8,! good soil is n q two feet deep1 :5 y come to a /ratum ( loam & s&4 ,9 "s places ! fro/ is nev] out ( ! gr\nd1 b y may dig ?r\gh x4 ,! turnips he has eat5 !re are z good z ev] he ate 9 ,engl&1 b he does n "k :e!r se$ rais$ !re w\ld produce ! same4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion at ,york ,factory t ! soil is prop] = :eat1 b>ley1 rye or oats4 ,he has se5 v good peas & beans gr[ !re1 b he nev] saw any corn gr[ !re1 except "s wild oats2 & t 8 mess-mate did s[ "s corn !re1 :i*1 ?\gh x grew a good height1 nev] came to p]fection2 b1 9 ! op9ion ( ! witness1 oats w\ld rip5 at ,albany1 :]e he has se5 a *]ry-tree be>+ black *]ries4 ,he has se5 ! ,indians br+ d[n currants1 :i*1 !y said1 grew 9 _! c\ntry4 ,!y also br\ght d[n sug>1 :i* 0 v black1 & made f ! tree ( :i* _! paddles are made2 t ! ,indians in=m$ ! witness t !re are l>ge lakes beh9d ! factory2 t ! witness _h be5 9 a lake t5 miles long1 )\t any fall go+ to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,prairie ,l& on l[] ,nelson riv]4 8,x beg9s to ?aw at ,albany ab\t ,april #h or #aj4 ,!re is a good soil !re = six or eight in*es1 :i* may be ga9$ )9 ab\t a =tnight aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ?aw2 t 9 two or ?ree weeks m1 z ! wea!r happ5s1 x ?aws to ! dep? ( two feet1 commonly by ! beg9n+ ( ,may4 ,! fro/ sets 9 aga9 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]1 & :5 ! witness 0 !re1 ,octob] #d1 x came 9 v h>d4 ,! witness believes !re is "t en\gh to gr[ :eat1 = if summ] gra9 7 s[n e>ly 9 ! s\!rnmo/ p>ts1 he ?9ks !re w\ld be "t = x to rip5 & to ga!r x 91 b ! fro/s break soon] up 9 ! c\ntry & come 9 lat]4 ,!re are va/ tracts ( l& fit = cultivation1 & ! witness has se5 v good lettuce1 sp9a*1 dewb]ries1 /rawb]ries & black *]ries4 ,! ,indians v r>ely eat any bread1 nor d !y live long en\gh 9 "o place to raise corn1 nor h !y any yams or potatoes1 _! provisions be+ fi% & fle%1 :i* !y pres]ve by dry+ x1 n hav+ ! art ( salt+4 ,9 case !y 7 int]e/$ 9 ! arts ( tillage1 he does n "k :e!r !y w\ld /ay 9 a place long en\gh to raise corn1 = ?\gh !y love bread de>ly !y w\ld r g hunt+ ?an cultivate l&4 ,! wild oats he m5tion$ be=e nev] came to se$1 be+ little bett] ?an a species ( grass4 ,grass gr[s !re suffici5t = ! support ( cattle1 & !y h made hay at ,albany4 ,if ! ,company 7 to gr[ corn1 !y appreh5d ! ,fr5* w\ld come & take x z !y did _! %eep 9 ! la/ w>1 b !y might protect _! corn f ! ,indians4 ,witness does n ?9k x to ! b5efit ( ! ,company to gr[ corn1 because !y mu/ h a h\se built at a di/ance f ! factories1 & m5 to wat* x1 to prev5t ! home ,indians f /eal+ x4 ,!y mu/ also h m5 to cultivate x1 :i* w\ld be v exp5sive4 ,! witness _c det]m9e :e!r x w\ld n be m s ?an hav+ _! corn f ,europe1 & he ?9ks ! ,company w\ld s[ x1 if x 7 = _! advantage40 ,mr4 ,john ,hayt]1 ano!r witness1 said t he _h be5 h\se c>p5t] to ! ,company six ye>s at ,moose riv]1 ?ree ye>s at ,*ur*ill1 & six mon?s at ,albany1 & knew t no o!r trade 0 c>ri$ on !re b t ( furs4 ,he _h se5 good b>ley gr[ at ,moose riv]1 & help$ ! p]son :o grew x to dig 8 gr\nd & s[ x4 ,x produc$ ab\t ! quantity ( half a bu%el1 :i* he saw rubb$ out4 ,! e> 0 l>ge1 & yield$ z well1 9 ! op9ion ( ! witness1 z ! b>ley s[n on common gr\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,"s ( ! se$ 0 s[n ! next ye>1 & x grew aga9 b ! witness did n see ! produce ( x4 ,! p]son :o grew ?is corn told him ! reason :y he discont9u$ s[+ corn 0 t ! ,gov]nor h9d]$ him4 ,witness fur!r said t he _h made hay at ,moose riv]4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,?ompson1 :o _h be5 ?ree ye>s at ,moose riv] 9 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's s]vice z surgeon1 be+ requir$ to give an acc\nt ( ! commodities1 soil & climate !re1 be=e ! committee1 said t ! *ief commodities 7 ! furs ( ! beav]1 ! m>t51 ! fox & ! be>4 ,he te/ifi$ t he _h se5 bett] b>ley & oats gr[ at ,moose riv] ?an ev] he saw 9 ! ,orkneys1 b ! quantity s[n 0 b v small4 ,! se$ w\ld be> s[+ aga91 b dim9i%$ 9 goodness4 ,!re 0 suitable en\gh gr\nd = ?is corn1 b nev] any enc\ragem5t giv5 = s[+ x1 b q ! rev]se1 ! ,gov]nor absolutely =bidd+ x1 = no o!r reason1 z ! witness appreh5d$1 b t if corn _h be5 s[n1 a colony w\ld soon h be5 erect$ !re1 & he c\ld n say :e!r t w\ld be = ! advantage ( ! proprietors4 ,! witness himself s[$ ab\t half a doz5 corns ( :eat1 = a trial1 9 ,octob]1 :i* lay 9 ! gr\nd all w9t] cov]$ ) sn[ & came to p]fection 9 ,augu/4 ,x 0 s[n 9 a piece ( good gr\nd ne> ! foot ( a tree1 :i* 0 9 "s measure a f5ce to x4 ,! witness ?\ght t beans1 peas1 b>ley & oats w\ld gr[ !re4 ,he nev] tri$ x any:]e b at ,moose riv]1 b appreh5d$ t corn w\ld gr[ 9 ! inl& c\ntries at a hundr$ miles di/ance1 ev5 z f> nor? z ,port ,nelson1 = he _h f\nd ! climate w>m] ! fur!r "o goes inl&4 ,eno* ,alsop1 :o _h be5 arm\r] to ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company at ,moose riv]1 in=m$ ! inve/igat+ ,committee ( #agdi t he _h s[n b>ley & oats !re1 ! same se$ ?ree ye>s successively1 & t x grew v well4 ,he s[$ a h&ful or two ( b>ley & oats at fir/1 mix$ ) du/ & a%es1 :i* produc$ two or ?ree qu>ts or a gallon ( b>ley1 & he ?9ks 9 ! ?ird ye> he _h above half a bu%el4 ,gov]nor ,/anton !n ,,=bade ,,him ,,to ,,s[ ,,any ,,m b gave no reason = su* prohibition4 ,rob]t ,griff91 ano!r ( ! witnesses1 /at$ t he _h be5 in=m$ t ! soil "o hundr$ miles up ! c\ntry w\ld produce corn4 ,he _h se5 oats gr[ to p]fection at ,albany4 ,he _h also se5 peas1 beans1 turnips1 salad+ 7sic7 & cabbage1 & "s few c>rots4 ,! beans 7 g5]ally blight$1 b ! turnips1 peas & cabbage1 7 89 great pl5ty & p]fection40 ,!y _h fre% se$ s5t ov] e ye>4 ,! l& 0 !n cultivat$ = ab\t a mile r\nd ,albany1 be+ dug ) spades ^u ! break+ ( ! fro/1 :i* g5]ally happ5$ f ,april #bj to #bg4 ,9 8 evid5ce1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,robson1 p]haps ! pr9cipal witness1 expla9$ t !re 0 grass 9 abundance a y>d high 9 ! mo/ nor!rn p>ts ( ,hudson bay region he _h se54 ,he did n believe corn w\ld gr[ 9 ! f> nor? b gra9 w\ld gr[ ov] l>ge areas4 ,he _h eat5 peas & beans :i* _h be5 gr[n at ,york ,factory1 9 latitude #eg1 b he nev] knew any o!r corn tri$ !re4 ,! quantity ( peas & beans he spoke ( 0 z mu* z six or eight p c\ld eat1 b !re 7 a ?\s& acres ( gr\nd 9 latitude #eg1 :i*1 if cultivat$1 w\ld produce ! same1 & !re 0 a mu* l>g] tract to ! s\?w>d4 ,! peas & beans grew by common cultivation1 )\t any =ce1 b ! produce 0 n s l>ge z 9 ,engl&4 ,be+ ask$ if x w\ld n be a great advantage to ! ,company to gr[ corn at ,york ,factory or _! o!r settlem5ts1 ,mr4 ,robson said x w\ld d\btless be s1 & x 0 reasonable to ?9k !y w\ld d x1 b !re 7 _m ?+s n done :i* w\ld be ( great advantage besides t1 & !re mu/ be "s secret cause = x to :i* ! witness 0 a /rang]4 ,x _h be5 demon/rat$ t ! soil ab\t ,hudson bay w\ld be> roots1 su* z c>rots1 radi%es & turnips4 ,x also produc$ coleworts1 & all ( ^! roots & gre5s grew 9 z great p]fection z !y d 9 ,engl&2 yet he did n ?9k t !re 7 two acres cultivat$ at bo? ! factories :]e he _h resid$4 ,be+ ask$ h[ long ! fro/ 0 out ( ! gr\nd at ,york ,factory1 ,mr4 ,robson said x 0 h>dly ev] q out ( x1 = he _h dug ?ree feet & a half deep1 & !n f\nd a %ell ( ice "u :i* ! gr\nd 0 all s(t4 ,! hole he dug 0 9 l[ gr\nd1 ab\t ?irte5 feet f high wat] m>k4 ,he nev] _h an opportunity to dig up 9 ! c\ntry1 b ! surface ( ! gr\nd 0 free f ! latt] end ( ,may to ! latt] end ( ,augu/1 & 9 ! summ] !y _h ,,eighte5 ,,h\rs ,,sunlight ,,at ,,*ur*ill4 ,by ! acc\nts ( ! p com+ d[n1 ! fro/ breaks "s mon?s soon] up 9 ! c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,robson said he _h se5 ox5 & horses belong+ to ! ,company at ,=t ,pr9ce ( ,wales 7,*ur*ill7 :i* 7 br\ght f ,engl& & f$ ) hay & corn1 ! hay be+ got !re & made into /acks4 ,robson1 :o fir/ w5t to ,hudson bay 9 #agcc1 & f9ally left !re 9 #agdg1 s]v+ = "s "t z a mason1 & lat] z 8mason & surveyor10 9 ! con/ruction ( ,=t ,pr9ce ( ,wales at ,*ur*ill1 publi%$ 8 book 8,an ,acc\nt ( ,six ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ,hudson's ,bay0 9 #ageb4 ,9 ?is volume he m5tions go+ out 9 ! 8,m>y0 frigate1 & says1 9 writ+ ( ,*ur*ill3--8,we _h br\ght ov] 9 ! %ip a bull1 f\r heif]s1 t5 ox5 & a horse4 ,!re 0 an ,orkney bull !re be=e4 ,"s ( ! heif]s aft]w>ds calv$1 & ,i ?9k ) c>e !y w\ld h increas$ & done well1 ?\gh ?is place is 9 #ei1 & ! mo/ nor!rly settlem5t 9 ! bay40 ,on page =ty-two ( 8 book1 ,mr4 ,robson /ates3--8,x is n to be imag9$ t ! mo/ nor!rly settlem5ts 9 ! bay %\ld h z good a climate z ! s\!rly settlem5t1 !re be+ s great a diff]5ce ( latitude1 z f #ei to #ea #cj4 ,i 0 no f>!r up ,*ur*ill riv] ?an eight or n9e miles b c say t ! soil is v good1 & t !re are gooseb]ries & black & r$ currants gr[+ ne> ! sea ^u po9ts t appe> almo/ b>r54 ,^? ,i h se5 gr[ s l[ t ! grass cov]s !m4 ,! m>%es & l[ gr\nds are full ( good grass1 & !re is a pat* ( gr\nd ne> ! =t on ,eskimo po9t 7ne> ,*ur*ill7 :i*1 ?\gh expos$ to ! nor? & nor!a/ w9ds1 produces good radi%es1 coleworts1 turnips1 small c>rots1 & lettuces1 & o!r salad+2 blackb]ries also gr[ ^u ! hea?4 ,^u cle>+ away ! sn[ 9 ! spr+1 we g5]ally f\nd ! "u "p ( x conge/$ to ice1 ?ree or f\r in*es ?ick1 ly+ holl[ f ! gr\nd4 ,:e!r ?is 0 caus$ by ! sn[ melt+ & ?aw+ d[nw>ds1 & !n conge/+ f ! coldness ( ! e>?1 & moi/5+ ! sn[ :i* 0 aft]w>ds conge/$ aga91 ,i am n able to det]m9e4 ,i am incl9$ to believe ! latt]1 because ! top ( ! sn[ 0 =m$ into a h>d icy cru/1 & )9 0 heavy1 ?\gh s(t4 ,h[ev]1 b5ea? ?is ar* ( ice we f\nd gre5 vegetables gr[+ up an in* or two above ! gr\nd4 ,cattle "h w\ld live & d well1 if ! same c>e 7 tak5 ( !m z is g5]ally tak5 9 ,engl&4 ,! horses ,i f\nd among !m _h be5 kept sev]al ye>s1 & 7 con/antly employ$ 9 draw+ /ones & o!r mat]ials = ! use ( ! =t4 ,& if !y c subsi/ & be fit = s]vice at ,*ur*ill riv] 9 #ei !y w\ld surely subsi/ & increase also at ! bottom ( ! bay 9 #ea #cj1 & 9 all ! m s\!rly settlem5ts4 8,! soil at ,york ,factory1 :i* is 9 #ge #aj1 is mu* bett] ?an at ,*ur*ill riv]4 ,mo/ k9ds ( g>d5 /uff ,,gr[ ,,"h ,,to ,,p]fection1 especially peas & beans4 ,i h se5 a small pea gr[+ )\t any culture1 & am ( ! op9ion t b>ley w\ld fl\ri% "h1 & consequ5tly 9 mu* great] p]fection at ,moose & ,albany riv]s1 :i* are #ea #cj & #eb4 ,gooseb]ries & r$ & black currants are f\nd 9 ! woods1 gr[+ ^u su* bu%es z 9 ,engl&4 ,up ! riv] are v good pat*es ( gr\nds1 & bottoms "u banks1 s def5d$ f ! nor? & nor?we/ w9ds t !re is a f9e ?aw bel[ :5 ! top is freez+2 "h :ole families might secure a com=table subsi/5ce1 if !y 7 z indu/ri\s z !y are 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,^u ,hayes riv]1 fifte5 miles f ! factory1 is su* a bank z ,i h j m5tion$1 ne> :i* ,i pit*$ my t5t4 ,aft] pal+ 9 "s gr\nd = a covey-w>r51 & = ox51 %eep1 goats1 etc41 ,i %\ld expect by no m labor ?an w\ld be prop] = my heal? to procure a desirable livelihood1 n at all d\bt+ ( my be+ able to raise peas & beans1 b>ley1 & probably o!r k9ds ( gra940 ,on page sixty-?ree1 ,mr4 ,robson expresses ! op9ion 8t ! l&s are capable ( tillage1 af=d+ a good pa/ure = horses & cattle 9 ! summ]1 & good hay = _! subsi/5ce 9 ! w9t]4 ,at ,*ur*ill1 ! mo/ nor!rly factory1 horses & c[s h be5 kept 9 w9t]1 ?\gh greatly expos$ to ! fro/ & cold4 ,all sorts ( g>d5 /uff fl\ri% at ! factory1 & :]e b>ley & oats h be5 s[n1 !y come to p]fection4 ,at ,moose ,factory at ! bottom ( ! bay1 s[n :eat has /ood ! w9t] fro/s1 & gr[n v well ! foll[+ summ]1 ?\gh ! cold is great] & cont9ues long] ?an )9 l&2 black *]ries plant$ "h h also gr[n & borne fruit1 z w\ld o!r trees if propagat$40 ,rev]t+ to ! subject ( climate1 ,mr4 ,robson /ates3--8,i p]ceiv$ t ! g>d5 gr\nd at ,york ,factory & ,*ur*ill riv] ?aw$ mu* soon] & deep] 9 ! space ( "o mon? ?an ! wa/e t lies contigu\s to x1 & ! same is to be obs]v$ 9 ,engl&4 ,by ! heat !re=e :i* ! e>? "h w\ld acquire f a g5]al & c>eful cultivation1 ! fro/ might be s soon ov]come t ! p might expect regul> returns ( se$-"t & h>ve/40 ,,an ,,excell5t ,,f>m+ ,,c\ntry4 ,ed4 ,umfreville1 9 8 volume 8,elev5 ,ye>s 9 ! ,s]vice ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company & ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ! ,canada ,fur ,trade01 publi%$ 9 #agij1 speak+ ( latitude #ee1 says3--8,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company s]vants h tri$ ,indian corn & b>ley by way ( exp]im5t :i* came to p]fection4 ,potatoes1 c>rots1 radi%es1 onions1 etc41 h be5 re>$ & f\nd z good z ^? 9 ,canada 7,quebec74 ,! natives collect va/ quantities ( wild *]ries & br+ !m to ! =t4 ,raspb]ries1 /rawb]ries1 currants1 cranb]ries1 & an inf9ity ( o!r k9ds ( :i* ,i d n "k ! names1 are to be f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,! grass gr[s to a great height :i* fatt5s our horses 9 a %ort "t4 8,! late ,*ief ,factor ,ar*ibald1 9 8 j\rnal ( ,sir ,george ,simpson's trip f ,york ,factory to ! ,pacific 9 #ahbh1 speaks ( hav+ _h1 on ,july #ab1 two days aft] leav+ ,york1 8a peep at ! ,rock1 an old e/abli%m5t ) its g>d5s40 ,! ,rev4 ,john ,semm5s1 :o sp5t _m ye>s z a mission>y 9 ! nor? c\ntry1 w5t to live on ! banks ( ,burntwood riv]1 at ,nelson ,h\se1 9 ! ye> #ahgd4 ,he rema9$ !re two ye>s1 & = a numb] ( ye>s !reaft] paid occasional visits to ! locality & made j\rneys ?r\gh ! adjac5t c\ntry4 ,he writes3--8,! mo/ ( my tripp+ 0 betwe5 ,norway ,h\se & ,nelson ,h\se1 ?\gh ,i h be5 z f> nor? z ,indian lake1 z f> we/ z ,nelson lake1 & z f> ea/ z ,split lake4 ,! in=mation ,i h to (f]1 !re=e1 conc]ns ! l[] rea*es ( ! ,burntwood aft] its junction ) ,rat riv] at ,nelson ,h\se4 ,mu* ( ! c\ntry specifi$ is hilly1 ) frequ5t outcropp+ ( granite rock1 & "s l>ge tracts ( muskeg or swamp l&1 b !re are f\nd l>ge areas ( op5 c\ntry1 & valleys ( tribut>y riv]s1 :]e ! soil is ri* & deep & :]e graz+ & /ock rais+ c\ld be v successfully c>ri$ on4 ,! %elt]+ =e/s1 & ! abundant wat] c\rses1 ! num]\s beav] dams1 & ! ri* native grasses w\ld inde$ make ?is locality ideal to %eep rais]s & g5]al ran*m54 ,! abs5ce ( any?+ l a m>ket has hi!rto kept ?is c\ntry f be+ report$ (1 b if a railway becomes an actual fact1 ,manitoba w add v mu* to h] available res\rces1 :5 ext5sion comes1 & settl]s w f9d t 9 soil1 9 wood1 9 grasses1 & 9 wat]s1 ?is unkn[n l& w af=d com=table homes = ?\s&s4 ,x w be se5 by ! map t ab\t "o hundr$ miles d[n ! ,nelson all ! bran*es ( t noble riv] unite 9 "o4 ,f t po9t we are accu/om$ to /rike across c\ntry to ,l&+ lake1 ,w9t]+ lake1 ,pipe/one lake & !nce into ,burntwood riv]4 ,?is %ort cut has along its c\rse _m ?\s&s ( acres1 su* z ,i h describ$1 & = fi%]m5 z well z ran*]s mu/ "s day be a p>adise4 8,! cold at ,nelson ,h\se is no m int5se ?an t ( a w9t] 9 nor!rn ,manitoba z at pres5t con/itut$1 b ! fro/ sets 9 r soon]1 & t>ries r long] ?an x does at ! nor? end ( ,lake ,w9nipeg4 ,roots & vegetables plant$ ab\t ,may #bd d well & are ga!r$ ab\t ,septemb] #ae4 ,! pres5ce ( s mu* wat] s regulates ! temp]ature t !re are few fro/s ei!r e>ly or late to make gr[? unc]ta91 yet1 9 my exp]i5ce1 :eat is n a sure crop4 ,all dep5ds on ! season4 ,oats & b>ley w d well any "t40--7,j4 ,a4 ,j4 ,mc,kenna's report on ! ,hudson ,bay ,r\te74 ,,split ,,lake ,,region4 ,! ,rev]5d ,doctor ,john ,mc,dougall1 "o ( ! pione] mission>ies ( ! we/1 has ?us express$ himself reg>d+ ! region to ! s\? ( ,split lake3--8,! summ] beg9s e>ly1 & ! gr[? & vegetation are almo/ ( a tropical "*4 ,?is is attributable to ! long] h\rs ( sun%9e t prevail1 & to ! proximity ( /reams ( liv+ wat]s ev]y:]e 9 ! di/rict1 ea* ( :i* is conducive to plant n\ri%m5t4 ,!re is consid]able rock ?r\gh\t ! section :i* indicates 9 ! ne> future a season ( developm5t = ! m9]al prospector b !re are also c\ntless acres ( good l& :i* c be easily made to yield fruitful returns to ! f>m]1 z has be5 ! case s\?w>d 9 ,manitoba & we/w>d 9 ,saskat*ewan & ,alb]ta4 ,! soil is ( clay sub-/rata ) s&y loam on ! surface1 &1 al?\gh wood$ to a consid]able ext5t1 is a f> m entic+ agricultural proposition ?an t :i* fac$ ! e>ly settl]s on ! bu% f>ms ( ,ont>io & o!r ea/]n prov9ces fifty ye>s ago1 &1 ) ! adv5t ( railways1 a bett] m>ket ?an ! ea/]n settl] _h w\ld be always available4 ,! di/rict 9 :i* are situat$ ,norway ,h\se1 ,cross lake1 ,ox=d ,h\se1 ,isl& lake1 ,nelson ,h\se & ,split lake1 cov]s a wide area1 & at ea* ( ^! places g>d5 vegetables & gra9 = p]sonal requirem5ts h be5 successfully gr[n = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,summ] fro/s are practically unkn[n & ! g]m9ation ( vegetation1 ow+ to ! long h\rs ( sun%9e1 is exce$+ly rapid40 7,mc,kenna ,report47 ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell1 9 ! report ( 8 exploratory trip f ,lake ,w9nipeg to ,hudson bay 9 #ahgh 7,see p4 #ag71 /ates3--8,along ! direct ov]l& r\te f ,*ur*ill to ,york ,factory ! timb] is report$ to be g5]ally small1 & l>ge prairie-l op5+s are said to occur1 9 :i* ! gr\nd is dry & cov]$ ) grass or o!r h]bage4 ,i saw v good potatoes & turnips gr[+ 9 ! g>d5s at ,*ur*ill4 ,previ\s to ! adv5t ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,sp5c]1 ! cultivation ( potatoes _h n be5 attempt$1 & ! possibility ( rais+ !m at ,*ur*ill :5 sugge/$ by ,mrs4 ,sp5c] 0 ridicul$ by ! olde/ inhabitants4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( pr$ictions ( c]ta9 failure1 ! gr\nd 0 prep>$1 se$ plant$1 & a good crop 0 h>ve/$4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 repeat$ successfully = sev5 consecutive ye>s1 s t ! "q ( ! practicability ( cultivat+ potatoes on ! %ores ( ,hudson bay 9 ?is latitude has be5 pretty well solv$4 8,hay c be cut 9 abundance 9 ! neighborhood ( ,*ur*ill1 & cattle ?rive well1 yet ! same ignorance or ob/9acy1 z ! above ref]r$ to1 =m]ly prev5t$ any attempt be+ made to bre$ /ock on ! spot1 s t e fre% animal requir$ _h to be br\ght f "s o!r place4 ,n[1 ! small h]d :i* is kept at ! place is recruit$ by rais+ ! animals calv$ at ! =t itself4 ,! op5 grassy l& ne> ! sea is practically ( unlimit$ ext5t4 ,mu* ( x is dry & undulat+1 af=d+ abundance ( pa/ure = ! cattle4 ,! butt] made by ,mrs4 ,sp5c] c\ld h>dly be excell$ = quality & f95ess 9 any c\ntry40 ,,lake ,,/4 ,,joseph ,,section4 ,9 ! report 7,"p ,g41 ,geol4 ,sur4 ,report1 #ahhf7 ( 8 exploratory trip 9 #ahhf 7,see p4 #ah71 ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell1 speak+ ( ! c\ntry 9 ,lake ,/4 ,joseph section1 9 ! extreme s\!rn side ( ! region "u review1 writes3--8,! climate1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! lake at all ev5ts1 appe>s to be suffici5tly good to admit ( ! gr[? ( a v>iety ( crops4 ,at ,osnaburgh ,h\se1 ne> ! ea/ end1 :]e ! soil is ( a s&y nature1 ! pr9cipal crop cultivat$ at pres5t is potatoes1 b e>ly ,indian corn1 peas1 beans1 & a v>iety ( roots & o!r vegetables1 to say no?+ ( a pr(usion ( fl[]s1 7 9 a fl\ri%+ condition at ! end ( ,july4 ,9 =m] ye>s1 :5 cattle 7 kept at ! po/1 b>ley 0 said to h be5 a regul> crop4 ,hay gr[s v luxuriantly4 ,i 0 cr$itably in=m$ t pumpk9s & muskmelons _h frequ5tly rip5$ at ?is e/abli%m5t40 ,doctor ,bell1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhg1 te/ifi$3--8,potatoes & all su* vegetables w\ld gr[ 9 ,hudson bay di/rict1 b ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ! sea is unfav\rable = g>d5s4 ,g>d5s close to ! sea d n fl\ri% z well z g>d5s inl&4 ,! frequ5t *ange f heat to cold & ! fogs f ! sea prejudicially affect !m1 & cause a sort ( blight on vegetation close to ! sea %ore4 ,b a few miles inl& vegetation is m rank1 & y c gr[ potatoes & ! ord9>y root crops4 ,!re are pl5ty ( grasses !re to keep cattle & %eep4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( grasses !re1 also s$ges1 wild peas or vet*es & l5tils4 ,!y w\ld make spl5did fe$ = cattle40 ,mr4 ,fawcett 7,annual ,report1 ,dep4 ,int]ior1 #ahhe1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cg71 speak+ ( 8 desc5t ( ! ,w5assago to ,lac ,seul1 says3--8,9 a few places ,i notic$ soil ( vegetable m\ld & clay loam1 :i* w\ld be well suit$ = ! gr[? ( gra9 & vegetables %\ld ! climatic conditions be fav\rable4 ,i also obs]v$ "h t ! be/ soil g5]ally produc$ a gr[? ( popl>1 & :]ev] x appe>$ l>ge & ?rifty1 good soil might be look$ =1 comp>atively free f rock4 ,on ! rocky ridges1 z usual1 scrubby p9e 0 ! prevail+ timb]1 :ile ! flats & muskegs 7 inv>iably cov]$ ) spruce & tam>ack4 ,! good l& notic$ seem$ to be 9 belts ?ree or f\r miles wide & ext5d+ nor? & s\? = a consid]able di/ance1 z might be expect$ f ! geological =mation1 ! depressions & elevations succe$+ ea* o!r 9 v regul> ord] & mu* 9 ! same direction40 ,on ,big ,black riv]1 :i* fl[s into ! ea/ side ( ,lake ,w9nipeg1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,co*rane1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 :o survey$ t /ream 9 #ahhb1 reports ! soil z 8excell5t1 be+ a light-gray friable clay4 4 4 4 4 ,! l& up to ,pelican portage is fir/ class1 b above ?is !re is a l[ & swampy c\ntry1 :i* ext5ds to #8,rapids-close-toge!r'4 ,a bord] ( good l&1 on :i* "s fair-siz$ timb] gr[s1 runs along bo? sides ( ! riv]40 ,,fav\rable ,,lake ,,& ,,sev]n ,,lake4 ,mr4 ,l[1 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 trip 9 #ahhf1 reports t along ! %ores ( ,fav\rable lake 7:i* is f two to five miles 9 wid?7 8!re are consid]able areas ( good l&1 ! be/ be+ on ! p59sula & along ! s\!rn "p ( ! lake1 :]e ! und]ly+ rocks are hornbl5de & *loritic s*i/s2 ! nor!rn "p is m b>r51 ! soil re/+ ^u gneiss4 ,! soil is a f9e1 ri* s&y loam1 q suitable = gr[+ good crops1 & summ] fro/s seem to be ! only drawback to successful agriculture4 ,^! are said to n occur at ,tr\t lake1 ?\gh situat$ fur!r to ! nor!a/w>d4 ,at ! end ( ! p59sula ! f\ndations ( sev]al old h\ses 7 discov]$1 out ( :i* trees twelve in*es 9 diamet] 7 gr[+4 ,^! ru9s evid5tly m>k ! site ( "s old ,hudson's ,bay ,company or m probably ,nor? ,we/ ,company trad+ po/4 4 4 4 4 8,!re is mu* good l& ab\t ,s&y lake4 ,inde$ ! great] "p ( ! l& ar\nd ^! lakes w\ld make good f>ms40 ,a %ort di/ance above ,sev]n lake1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,l[1 !re is a consid]able area ( c\ntry 8almo/ flat1 ) good timb] & soil40 ,mr4 ,l[ describes ,tr\t lake 7ea/ ( ,sev]n lake7 z be+ =ty miles long by tw5ty miles wide4 ,he /ates 9 8 report t ,mr4 ,tait1 ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/ at t po9t1 8says t good crops ( peas1 potatoes & o!r roots are rais$ "h ye>ly1 & are v r>ely injur$ by summ] fro/s4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! c\ntry to ! we/w>d1 betwe5 ,sev]n & ,s&y lakes1 :i* is m fav\rably situat$1 hav+ all ! appe>ance ( a bett] climate & a ri*] soil1 mu/ und\bt$ly be well suit$ = agriculture1 & w at "s future "t prove valuable l& = settlem5t40 ,mr4 ,l[ reports ! soil ar\nd ,=t ,sev]n z a heavy clay & v swampy4 ,no?+ b a few small turnips are ) difficulty gr[n !re4 ,on ,augu/ #h1 /rawb]ries1 !n beg9n+ to rip51 7 pick$ by ,mr4 ,l[ on cle>+s ar\nd ! po/4 ,mr4 ,l[ 0 exam9$ at l5g? be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg 7,see p4 #bg71 & /at$ 9 8 evid5ce t ! c\ntry betwe5 ,norway ,h\se & ,hudson bay is n v elevat$4 ,! highe/ po9ts 9 x are probably some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( "o ?\s& feet above sea level4 ,= ab\t half ! di/ance to ,hudson bay x is practically a roll+ pla91 & ! rocks are anci5t rocks ( ! ,laur5tian & ,huronian ages4 ,beyond t !re 0 an anci5t deposit ( lime/one & s&/one1 ext5d+ 9 a wide l9e ar\nd ! nor!rn "p ab\t half way across4 ,^! are l>ge lime/ones1 & !y are ly+ almo/ flat4 ,! c\ntry = ab\t half way d[n f ,norway ,h\se to ,*ur*ill slopes v g5tly t[>ds ! bay1 s t ! grade is n m ?an eight or t5 feet to ! mile1 if x is t4 ,! nor!a/]n "p is practically a pla94 ,!re are consid]able areas ( l[ swampy l&s4 ,! surface go+ d[n into ,hudson bay aft] rea*+ ! ,wol/5holme c\ntry is fairly swampy4 ,! riv]s h ?r[n up banks1 & x is only at an occasional place t a break ?r\gh ^? banks occurr$ to let out ! dra9age4 ,9 _m places ! riv] banks are f five to t5 feet high] ?an ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & 9 consequ5ce ! l& beyond is dr[n$ m or less1 v (t5 ext5d+ back = a di/ance z f> z "o c walk 9 a day4 ,mr4 ,l[ consid]$ t probably half ! c\ntry due ea/ f ,norway ,h\se1 say = "o hundr$ miles1 w\ld be ,,fit ,,= ,,agriculture4 ,he w\ld rank ! agricultural possibilities !re z fair4 ,( c\rse !re are v few settlem5ts 9 !re n[1 & ! only "o ,mr4 ,l[ visit$ 0 a ,hudson's ,bay po/ at ,tr\t lake1 & !y 7 gr[+ peas & g>d5 truck ( all k9ds1 also potatoes & fairly dec5t look+ crops4 ,!y 7 n bo!r$ v badly ) summ] fro/s1 z ,mr4 ,l[ c\ld see f ! crop ( gre5 peas4 ,! climate seem$ q fav\rable = h>dy crops4 ,! soil areas t are fit = agriculture are fairly l>ge2 ! rocky hills crop out only at int]vals1 & !re is q a l>ge area !re t ,mr4 ,l[ ?\ght w\ld be fit = future settlem5t4 ,! l[ flat pla91 s\!a/ ( ,nelson riv]1 appe>$ to be l>gely cov]$ ) muskeg & small spruce4 ,he w\ld suppose t !re 0 m muskeg & spruce l& ?an hay areas4 ,! subsoil is clay l>gely4 ,d[n 9 ! l[] c\ntry ne> ! bay !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( s& on top4 ,!re 0 a fair am\nt ( vegetable gr[?4 ,mr4 ,l[ rem>k$ t he w\ld n consid] ?is l[-ly+ area a good agricultural c\ntry at pres5t1 b ) "s dra9age he ?\ght a great deal ( t c\ntry ar\nd ,james & ,hudson bays is go+ to make a good agricultural c\ntry4 ,) reg>d to t t]ritory nor? ( ,lake ,w9nipeg & ea/ ( ,norway ,h\se & 9 ! c\ntry s\!a/ !re(1 ,mr4 ,l[ ?\ght x w\ld be a some:at rocky c\ntry1 b probably n m ?an "o-?ird w\ld be ( t nature4 ,mo/ ( ! l& n rocky w\ld be timb] l&4 ,?is w\ld run up to ab\t ! eighte5? degree or probably m4 ,mr4 ,l[1 speak+ z to ! climate ( ! region we/ ( ,hudson bay1 expla9$ t 9 ! s\!rn "p1 s\? ( ! ,nelson1 x is fairly good1 he ?\ght1 = settlem5t4 ,! summ] fro/s are r>e1 & he ?\ght ) ! op5+ up ( ! c\ntry x w\ld probably improve4 ,he consid]$ t settl]s 9 !re w\ld n h any m difficulty 9 summ] ?an !y w\ld 9 ! settl$ "p ( ! nor?we/4 ,! summ] is probably equal to t ( ,saskat*ewan4 ,! l5g? ( ! summ] days is an advantage4 ,!y get m sunlight dur+ ! summ] ?an d ! p ( old] ,ont>io or o!r po9ts f>!r s\?1 & t is a di/9ct help to vegetation4 ,illu/ration3 ,portag+ canoe at ,long ,spruce rapids1 ,nelson riv]4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahif1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell explor$ ! c\ntry nor? ( ! m\? ( ,saskat*ewan riv]4 ,z a result ( ! exploration he /ates 9 8 report3--8,f ,nelson riv] we/w>d to longitude #ajj #cj1 & f ! nor? end ( ,lake ,w9nipeg nor?w>d to beyond latitude #ef1 ! c\ntry is g5]ally cov]$ ) a coat+ ( /ratifi$ clay1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f a few feet up to fifty1 sixty1 or ev5 "o hundr$ feet4 ,?is clay is ( mu* ! same "* z t ( ,r$ riv] valley1 hav+ be51 l x1 deposit$ 9 ! b$ ( ! old po/-glacial lake t once occupi$ ! bas9 ( ,lake ,w9nipeg4 ,! riv]s h1 z a rule1 cut d[n ?r\gh ?is clay to ! und]ly+ rock1 b away f ! wat]-/ret*es rock exposures are n ( any frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! ,,soil ,,is ,,ri* ,,& ,,f]tile1 & ! c\ntry w d\btless produce 9 abundance all ! h>di] roots & c]eals gr[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,manitoba2 & cattle1 %eep1 & horses c\ld be successfully rais$4 ,if ! c\ntry 7 made accessible by a railway pass+ ?r\gh x to ,hudson bay1 x w\ld c]ta9ly support a consid]able agricultural population40 ,at page sev5 ( 8 report 7,"p ,f4 ,geol4 ,sur4 ,rep41 #aijj1 ,vol4 ,,xii7 ,mr4 ,tyrrell /ates3--8,mu* ( ! l& is well adapt$ = agriculture4 ,at ,norway ,h\se "s f9e b>ley _h be5 s[n & rip5$ 9 ! g>d51 & all ! ord9>y vegetables gr[n 9 ,manitoba h be5 rais$ = _m ye>s pa/4 ,at ,cross lake _m ( ! ,indians _h good l>ge g>d5s ( potatoes & o!r vegetables1 & ,mc,leod & ,mclvor1 two fur trad]s1 _h excell5t g>d5s 9 :i* 7 gr[+ potatoes1 turnips1 c>rots1 p>snips1 radi%es1 cabbages1 caulifl[]s1 onions1 lettuce1 beans1 peas1 etc4 ,at ,nelson ,h\se 9 ! extreme nor!rn "p ( ! di/rict explor$1 _m ( ! ,indians regul>ly gr[ potatoes1 & bo? ! fur trad]s & ! mission>ies cultivate small pat*es ( gr\nd on :i* !y raise abundant crops ( all ! vegetables m5tion$ z gr[+ at ,cross lake4 ,x is probable t ! h>di] v>ieties ( gra9 w\ld also rip5 "h1 b at pres5t !re is no object 9 gr[+ gra9 ( any k9d = x c\ld n be readily utiliz$40 ,9 a foot note1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell /ates 8,:eat rip5s well at ,norway ,h\se & ,cross lake on ! ,nelson40 ,on page eight ( 8 report ,mr4 ,tyrrell says3--8,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahif no fro/ occurr$ until ,augu/ #bi4 ,at ,nelson ,h\se we 7 in=m$ t1 dur+ ! prec$+ sev5 ye>s at lea/1 no fro/ t w\ld injure g>d5 produce _h occurr$ at an e>li] date40 ,at page ?irty-f\r ( 8 report ,mr4 ,tyrrell /ates3--8,wuskwatim lake is a v pretty %eet ( slightly murky wat]1 six or sev5 miles long & ?ree miles wide1 surr\nd$ by slop+ clay-cov]$ hills wood$ ) :ite spruce & popl>4 ,its surface is v>i$ by a few isl&s compos$ ( clay ov]ly+ a floor ( gneiss4 ,! two falls above m5tion$1 at & ne> its outlet1 w\ld furni% a l>ge am\nt ( ,,p[] ,,= ,,driv+ ,,mills or ma*9]y ( any k9d1 :ile a supply ( timb] = build+ & fuel c\ld be obta9$ f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & ! soil w\ld gr[ any ( ! ord9>y roots or m h>dy c]eals1 s t x is n improbable t be=e long :5 ?is f]tile c\ntry is made accessible by ! adv5t ( a railroad f ! s\?1 "o ( ! mo/ prosp]\s t[ns 9 ! di/rict may gr[ up on ! %ore ( ?is n[ seclud$ lake4 8,footpr9t lake1 on ! nor!rn %ore ( :i* ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company h _h a trad+ po/ = a numb] ( ye>s1 & ! ,me?odi/s h a small *ur* & mission h\se1 has some:at ! %ape ( a rude cross1 sev5 miles long f ea/ to we/1 & six miles f nor? to s\?4 ,! latitude ( ! trad+ po/ 0 f\nd to be #ee #dh #bf nor?4 ,! lake is surr\nd$ by banks ( light grey friable clay f ?irty to =ty feet high1 ?r\gh :i* rise r\nd$ hills ( gneiss up to two hundr$ feet or m 9 height4 ,! clay ext5ds ov] ! l[] portions ( ^! hills1 b "s ( ! high] summits appe> to rise above x1 possibly hav+ ris5 above ! surface ( ,lake ,agassiz :]e ! surr\nd+ clay 0 deposit$ on its floor4 ,:5 ! lake 0 visit$ 9 ,augu/ la/ bo? ! trad] & ! mission>y _h excell5t g>d5s 9 :i* !y 7 successfully gr[+ potatoes1 cabbages1 caulifl[]s1 onions1 radi%es1 lettuce1 peas1 beans1 turnips1 c>rots & o!r vegetables1 & _m ( ! ,indians _h pat*es ( potatoes suffici5tly l>ge to assi/ mat]ially 9 ! support ( _! families ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 8,i enquir$ f ! ,indians :o 7 liv+ ar\nd ! lake1 h[ f> ! f]tile clay-cov]$ c\ntry ext5d$ t[>ds ! nor?1 & !y told me t x ext5d$ z f> z ,indian lake on ,*ur*ill riv]1 nor? ( :i* ! surface is ei!r ( s& or rock40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell reports t _m ( ! small] fruits gr[ on ! clay-cov]$ c\ntry explor$ 9 great pr(usion4 ,among ^? t he reports z especially abundant 7 raspb]ries1 gooseb]ries1 r$ & black currants1 /rawb]ries1 blueb]ries & headb]ries 7,rubus ,*ameomorus74 ,/rawb]ries 7 gr[+ 89 great pr(usion0 9 ! tract ab\t ,muhigan rapids on ,muhigan riv]4 ,! c\ntry above ,wuskwatim lake1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 8seems to be a great clay pla91 cut ?r\gh by ! slop+ tr\gh ( ! riv]1 & tr5*$ by wide lat]al gulleys4 ,! surface is g5]ally cov]$ ) small popl>1 ) "s spruce 9 ! valleys1 & !re are no signs ( rocky hills1 or ( rock1 except "h & !re at ! wat]'s edge40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell reports t ,mc,laughlin riv]1 ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse f ! long n>r[ lake to its m\?1 fl[s ?r\gh a level1 clay-cov]$ c\ntry1 ! rock m]ely ris+ "h & !re 9 knolls & ridges above ! g5]al level4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 report+ 7,summ>y ,rep4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #ahij-ia7 on 8 survey ( ! di/rict ab\t ,lakes ,w9nipeg & ,w9nipegosis1 m5tions a cliff at ,lime/one bay1 9 ! extreme nor?we/ ( ,lake ,w9nipeg1 ris+ 9 "s places to a height ( =ty feet1 compos$ at ! bottom ( a /iff1 blue alluvial clay1 & at ! top ( a mossy peat1 & fur!r on 9 ! report proce$s to say3--8,a deposit ( clay simil> to t on ,mossy po9t ext5ds all along ! ea/ %ore ( ,lake ,w9nipeg1 & ! waves wa%+ aga9/ ! s(t cliffs become *>g$ ) ! mud f :i* ! lake d]ives its "n4 ,?is clay is also ( great economic int]e/1 = in/ead ( ! ea/ %ore ( ! lake be+ an un9habitable rocky wild]ness1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 x is l>gely cov]$ ) ,a ,,ri* ,,blue ,,alluvial ,,soil1 & ! area ( rock surface is relatively small4 ,mu* ( ?is l& is cov]$ ) =e/s ( popl> & spruce1 :ile on acc\nt ( ! ret5tive1 imp]vi\s nature ( ! clay soil mu* ( x is also boggy & wet1 b :5 x is cle>$ & dra9$ x w =m ri* agricultural l&4 ,at ,bad?roat riv]1 ,mr4 ,wood1 ! local ,inspector ( ,fi%]ies1 _h cle>$ a beautiful f>m out ( ! mid/ ( ! popl> =e/1 & he in=ms me t he gr[s successfully all ! crops ord9>ily rais$ 9 ,ont>io4 ,mr4 ,mc,kay1 ! ,indian ,ag5t at ,b]5s riv]1 has also a cle>+ situat$ on ! s\? side ( ! riv] 9 ! mid/ ( :at 0 a d5se =e/ ( small spruce4 ,he has "u cultivation a nice g>d51 & ?is ye> ! potatoes 7 n cut d[n by fro/ till ! middle ( ,septemb]40 ,dur+ 8 exam9ation be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell describ$ ! :ole /ret* ( c\ntry ext5d+ f ,lake ,w9nipeg & ,split lake on ! ea/ to ,*ur*ill & ,a?abaska on ! we/#ad z a 8c\ntry ess5tially suit$ = agricultural purposes40 ,he c\ld n say :at !re 0 beyond ! limits m5tion$ z he _h n be5 !re4 ,?is 0 a =e/ belt4 ,! ea/]n side ( ?is tract w\ld be ,nelson riv]4 ,n hav+ be5 ea/ ( t riv] ) ! exception ( tw5ty or ?irty miles1 he c\ld n speak ( ! c\ntry beyond4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell decl>$3--8,t belt ( =e/ is = ! mo/ "p excell5t agricultural l&40 ,z f> z ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,tyrrell w5t1 he believ$ t t c\ntry1 :ile a little h>d] to settle up1 & n s attractive to settl]s :o are go+ 9 & look+ = f>ms ready made & cle>$ = !m & ready to put ! :eat 91 w\ld be z f9e an agricultural tract ( l& z !re is 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,ev]y:]e 9 travell+ ?r\gh x1 ! evid5ce ( ri* vegetation 0 abundant1 & ev]y:]e :]e g>d5s or any k9d ( agriculture or horticulture _h be5 attempt$ 9 ?is =e/ belt1 x _h be5 em95tly successful4 ,x is a =e/ c\ntry1 a spruce cov]$ c\ntry1 & lies s\?we/ ( ,hudson bay1 we/ ( ,nelson riv]1 nor? ( ,saskat*ewan riv]1 & ext5ds to ,mack5zie & ,a?abaska riv]s4 ,x w\ld be ab\t two hundr$ miles wide f nor? to s\?4 ,witness did n rememb] ! l5g? ( x4 ,x is l& simil> to t ( ,ont>io1 & w gr[ practically ev]y?+ t w gr[ 9 t prov9ce1 except possibly d[n 9 ! s\!rn p59sula4 ,! summ] is w>m4 ,! w9t] does n c\nt1 because ?+s d n gr[ 9 w9t]4 ,!re is a good ra9fall4 ,a small "p ( ! di/rict is p>k c\ntry1 half wood$4 ,x is a cont9uation nor?w>d ( ! ,saskat*ewan c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell said he _h se5 gr[+ 9 t c\ntry all ! g>d5 products t !y gr[ 9 ,ont>io--potatoes1 c>rots1 turnips1 cabbage1 caulifl[]s & all ! ord9>y g>d5 produce4 ,he saw excell5t potatoes 9 ! di/rict ar\nd ,nelson ,h\se4 ,he c\ld n say :at "t !y 7 plant$1 because he 0 n !re4 ,! ,indians con/antly1 :5 hunt+1 plant little pat*es ( potatoes "h & !re 9 ! spr+ & leave !m all summ] & dig !m up :5 !y g back to _! hunt+ gr\nds 9 ! fall1 & use !m = _! w9t] supply4 ,! witness _h gone out & dug a pail ( beautiful potatoes on sev]al occasions out ( ^! little ,indian pat*es buri$ 9 ! woods4 ,!y _h nev] be5 ho$ or cultivat$ 9 any way4 ,!y 7 n look$ aft] f ! "t !y 7 plant$ 9 ! spr+ until !y 7 dug 9 ! fall4 ,! potatoes seem to be able to gr[ suffici5tly to keep d[n ! we$s4 ,z a protection aga9/ wild animals ^! potato pat*es are usually plant$ on isl&s4 ,witness _h n actually se5 :eat1 b>ley nor oats gr[n 9 t c\ntry4 ,he has fairly good evid5ce t !y are gr[n !re1 b z f> z he rememb]$ he _h n se5 any himself4 ,he _h be5 told & believ$ t !y gr[ !re4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] t ! c\ntry describ$ w support q a l>ge population4 ,nor? ( ,lake ,w9nipeg !re is ano!r magnific5t area ( f five to t5 ?\s& squ>e miles ( z f9e c\ntry z !re is 9 ,manitoba or any:]e else4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,tyrrell came out ( t di/rict 9 #ahif1 aft] sp5d+ a summ] !re1 & said !re 0 ,a ,,ri* ,,agricultural ,,c\ntry ,,nor? ,,( ,,lake ,,w9nipeg ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's m5 & ! p 9 ! s\!rn c\ntry pooh-pooh$ ! idea4 ,!y said !y _h be5 up at ! head ( ! lake & knew !re 0 n a foot ( good l& !re4 ,b ,mr4 ,tyrrell emphatically decl>$ t !re is a magnific5t /ret* ( c\ntry !re1 :i* ext5ds we/w>d along ! ,*ur*ill4 ,^! l&s nor? ( ,lake ,w9nipeg are clay l&s1 an ext5sion ( ! same bas9 z ! ,manitoba clays4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 9 8 evid5ce1 po9t$ out t 8! effect ( ! l>ge body ( wat] 9 ,hudson bay & ,james bay on ! temp]ature1 summ] & w9t]1 ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 0 ! equaliz+ ( x v mu*1 mak+ ! summ]s cold] & ! w9t]s mild]4 ,!re is a foggy climate ar\nd ! bay4 ,x is )\t mu* sunlight1 s t x has n a *ance to dry4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! summ] )9 "o hundr$ miles ( ! bay w n be s hot z x is back ( t4 ,! !rmomet] does n fall v l[ 9 w9t] at ,*ur*ill4 ,at ! same "t any p]son w f9d x t]ribly cold on t coa/1 al?\gh ! !rmomet] does n fall v l[4 ,!re are a great _m diff]5t matt]s 9 connection ) temp]ature & climate t h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,!re is ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air2 :e!r ! b>omet] is /&+ l[ or high2 !re are a great _m ( ^? ?+s t h to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 any "q ( fro/ or ( climate t arises4 ,y may h fro/ ) a nor? w9d1 :ile if t nor? w9d 7 bl[+ up ov] a wood$ c\ntry1 :]e all ! leaves 7 giv+ out _! vap\r f ! gr\nd into ! air1 y w\ld n h a sign ( fro/40 ,z to ! climate ( ! great belt ( arable l&1 t he _h describ$ to ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell said t at ,nelson ,h\se ! sn[ leaves ! gr\nd 9 ,may4 ,!re is little or no summ] fro/ 9 t wood$ c\ntry4 ,he und]/ood g>d5+ comm5ces ! end ( ,may1 & ! fro/ does n appe> 9 ! fall until ab\t ,septemb] #bj4 ,he _h nev] kn[n ! potato crop to be lo/ ?r\gh summ] fro/4 ,ask$ z to ! iso!rmal l9e1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell rem>k$ t ! iso!rmal is a l9e connect+ po9ts t h ! same mean temp]ature = ! ye> r\nd4 ,x has no?+ :atev] to d ) vegetation4 ,?+s d n gr[ 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,p h got to put ! w9t] temp]ature absolutely out ( ! "q4 ,! summ] temp]ature is ! only temp]ature t c\nts = gr[? 9 ! nor!rn c\ntry :]e !re is fro/4 ,9 deal+ ) t1 y h to take into consid]ation z betwe5 two places 9 diff]5t latitudes1 ! l5g? ( ! day & ! am\nt ( sunlight1 9 ord] to get at ! summ] temp]atures4 ,( c\rse ! sunlight has a great effect on ! gr[?1 & :]e ! days h eighte5 h\rs' sun a plant w gr[ fa/] ?an :]e ! day has only f\rte5 h\rs4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell submitt$ to ! committee a memor&um f ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,/up>t1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,dom9ion ,meteorological ,s]vice1 comp>+ ! temp]ature conditions ( ! di/rict betwe5 ,lake ,w9nipeg & ,split lake 9 ! sev]al mon?s1 ,may to ,septemb]1 ) ,european c\ntries1 z foll[s3-- ,may--#ej-dj1 ) nor? ( ,scotl& & s\!rn ,norway4 ,june--#ef-ed1 ) ,scotl&4 ,july--#fc1 ) s\? ( ,engl&4 ,augu/--#ege-ee1 ) ,scotl&4 ,septemb]--#ej-de1 ) nor!rn ,norway & ,sw$54 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+1 report+ 7,"p ,f4 ,annual ,rep4 ,geol4 ,sur4 ,vol4 ,,vii7 on 8 #ahic explorations 7,see p4 #ai7 /ates3--8,! agricultural possibilities ( ! valley ( upp] ,b]5s riv] seem to be limit$1 & ! areas suitable = cultivation are only to be f\nd 9 isolat$ pat*es4 ,^! are pr9cipally 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! l>g] lakes4 ,! ,indian res]ves h be5 locat$ ) ?is end 9 view z !y seem to cov] ab\t ! be/ l& se54 ,! soil is a light grey clay ) a little vegetable m\ld1 & ! g>d5s made by ! ,indians produce potatoes ( fair quality1 ! only vegetable gr[n4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! di/rict1 bett] l& is f\nd & 9 great] ext5t ?an 9 ,b]5s riv] valley4 ,on ,lac ,seul1 at ! mission & trad+ po/1 !re are ,,sev]al ,,v ,,good ,,g>d5s 9 a fl\ri%+ condition1 ) all ! ord9>y vegetables gr[+ v satisfactorily4 ,! ,indians appe> to c>e little = any g>d5+ except a v primitive attempt at rais+ potatoes4 ,l& suitable = g>d5+ 0 se5 at ,mattawa1 & inde$ ! be/ & l>ge/ ext5t = ?is purpose is to be f\nd betwe5 ,lac ,seul & ,%all[ lake40 ,mr4 ,d[l+1 writ+ ( ! nor!rn bran* ( ,b]5s riv]1 /ates3--8,! l& res]v$ = ! ,indians on ! upp] "p ( ?is bran* ( ,b]5s riv]1 is a small tract situat$ on ! nor? side ( a long arm or n>r[s1 runn+ to ! ea/w>d1 f a lake to :i* ! "n ,pekangikum is giv54 ,! riv] ent]s at ! ea/]n end ( ?is area1 com+ f ,/urgeon lake by a %ort /ret* ( riv] half a mile 9 l5g?1 9 :i* !re are two rapids4 ,! ,indian res]ve appe>s fairly well timb]$--pr9cipally ) ,banksian p9e ( sl5d] gr[? & "s spruce4 ,! ,indians h be5 able1 9 build+ _! h\ses1 to obta9 timb] ( suitable size = ! walls & raft]s1 & spruce ( a diamet] ( f\rte5 in*es is fairly pl5tiful4 ,! %ores ( ! lake are rocky1 b /rips ( c\ntry inl& appe>1 on :i* !re is probably a fair quality ( soil1 ?\gh ! surface is g5]ally s&y4 ,on "o ( ! isl&s 9 ! l>g] "p ( ! lake1 soil ( good quality 7clay7 0 se51 on :i* ! ,indians 7 gr[+ potatoes4 ,no d\bt !re is bett] l& = ?is purpose on ! res]ve !y h select$1 b z !y make _! summ] camp on a small isl& ne> ! deep] "p ( ! lake = ! purpose ( fi%+--by :i* !y ma9ly subsi/--!y naturally utilize ! ne>e/ l& = _! summ] g>d5s40 ,mr4 ,d[l+1 writ+ 9 8 report ( ! c\ntry nor? ( ,lake ,w9nipeg & s\? ( ,burntwood riv]1 says3--8,z ! area is situat$ s f> nor? ( ! b\nd>y ( ,manitoba1 x might be presum$ t mu* ( x is unfitt$ = settlem5t1 b x is discov]$ t ov] a l>ge "p !re is good soil1 & ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,sev]al ,,g>d5s at v>i\s po/s %[s t = all ! ord9>y vegetables & co>s] gra9s ! climate is n too rigor\s4 ,spl5did g>d5s 7 f\nd z f> nor? z ,nelson ,h\se1 :i* is 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! area "h mapp$4 ,prop] dra9age is ne$$1 h[ev]1 to br+ mu* ( ! surface into a condition fit = agriculture4 ,along ! riv] banks ?is is evid5t1 = :ile ! /rip bord]+ ! /reams produces a great v>iety ( grasses1 %rubs & trees1 a %ort di/ance back ?is is replac$ by a swamp cov]$ by moss & /unt$ spruce4 ,?is is m noticeable 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,nelson valley1 :]e ! c\ntry is ?ickly cov]$ by a coat+ ( clay1 & ! surface is s uni=mly level t its gradual slope to ! ea/ is n suffici5t to dra9 x4 ,! areas to :i* x w\ld be possible to introduce a sy/em ( dra9age1 w\ld at fir/ be re/rict$ to a n>r[ m>g9 along ! /reams4 ,! nor?we/ corn] ( ! di/rict = pres5t purposes may be class$ z )\t a suffici5t soil = agriculture4 ,?is may r\ghly be outl9$ z be+ compos$ ( all ! c\ntry ly+ to ! we/ ( a l9e f ! outlet ( ,burntwood lake to t ( ,re$ lake1 & nor? ( ! esc>pm5t :i* %[s ! nor!rn limit ( ! ,tr5ton lime/one4 ,9 ?is ! surface is roll+ & hilly1 ! rocky ridges hav+ a scanty coat+ ( b\ld] clay & an occasional ?ick] deposit 9 ! depressions4 ,x w probably rema9 ! home ( ! hunt] & ! trapp]4 8,to ! s\? ! c\ntry1 und]la9 by lime/one1 has _m ( ! *>act]s ( ! nor!rn "p ( old ,manitoba4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,saskat*ewan !re are l>ge areas ( ri* soil =m$ pr9cipally by ! riv] itself1 :i* has br\ght d[n an enorm\s am\nt ( silt f ! upp] "p ( its valley4 ,! we/]n "p ( ! valley ( ,nelson riv] is cov]$ by a ?ick lacu/ral deposit :i* rea*es we/ to ,burntwood lake & ea/ to ! *annel ( ,nelson riv]4 ,9 ?is area good soil is f\nd 9 almo/ e "p & :]e dra9$ w\ld no d\bt make fair f>m+ l&40 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,mc,innes describes ! c\ntry ab\t ,w9isk & ,attawapiskat riv]s1 explor$ by him 9 #aijc1 #aijd & #aije1 z consi/+ ( ?ree areas1 ! fir/ a lime/one area1 along ! bay %ore1 ! second a b\ld] clay area1 beh9d x1 & ! ?ird 9 re> ( x aga91 a high int]ior plateau4 ,z to ! latt] area1 he says3--8,al?\gh1 consid]$ z a :ole1 ! c5tral1 elevat$ region _c be spok5 ( z g5]ally adapt$ = agriculture1 !re occur bas9s cov]$ by heavy deposits ( /ratifi$ s& & clay t seem to h be5 laid d[n 9 lakes held 9 betwe5 b>ri]s =m$ by ! walls ( ! retreat+ glaci] & ridges ( drift4 ,an exam9ation ( "s ( ^! clays by ,doctor ,h(fman %[s !m to be highly calc>e\s & some:at silice\s1 a composition t ) ! admixture ( ! surface vegetable m\ld %\ld produce an ,,excell5t ,,soil ,,= ,,g5]al ,,agriculture4 ,! "q ( climate1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 ( ! utmo/ importance :5 consid]+ ! agricultural possibilities ( a di/rict1 w be ref]r$ to m p>ticul>ly 9 ano!r place4 ,x may be said "h1 h[ev]1 t ! climatic conditions are1 if some:at adv]se1 n by any means prohibitory to ! g5]al cultivation ( suitably situat$ tracts4 8,muskeg1 alt]nat+ ) l[ ridges ( gravel & b\ld]s1 cov]s wide tracts4 ,x 0 notic$ t ! surface dra9age became m p]fect 9 t "p ( ! region ext5d+ we/]ly t[>ds ,tr\t lake4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,! tract ref]r$ to z ! b\ld] clay area consi/s ( a broad belt ( c\ntry1 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty-n9e miles 9 wid?1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,ar*aean highl&s & ! edge ( ! lime/ones ( ! bas9 ( ,hudson bay1 ov]lapp+ ! latt]1 h[ev]1 s t ! surface features ( ! two are g5]ally q simil>4 ,g5tly undulat+1 & ) a slight slope nor!rly & ea/]ly1 its g5]al surface aspect is t ( a great swamp1 sp>sely cov]$ ) /unt$ & de=m$ trees1 t rea* a gr[? approa*+ _! normal only along ! imm$iate banks ( ! riv]s :]e dra9age is af=d$ by frequ5t %ort gullies into ! tr5*es t con/itute ! riv] valleys4 ,! int]ior1 to )9 a *a9 or two ( ! riv]-banks1 ow+ to ! imp]vi\s "* ( ! till1 ,,is ,,q ,,undra9$1 & consequ5tly cov]$ by a ?ick deposit ( sphagnum moss f two feet to t5 feet deep1 ! surface lay] /ill gr[+1 & ev5 ! bottom only blea*$ a little1 b n at all oxidiz$4 ,! %ort cool summ] season1 & consequ5t l[ temp]ature ( ! wat] t saturates ! moss1 is probably ! pr9cipal reason = ! abs5ce ( any ( ! visible effects ( decay4 ,! riv]s fl[+ ?r\gh ?is region h no real valleys1 t is to say1 !y occupy tr5*es b little wid] ?an ! imm$iate *annels 9 :i* !y fl[1 cut d[n ?r\gh ! /iff1 t\gh till1 :i* /&s up 9 ne>ly v]tical walls t rise f ! fre%et m>k on ei!r side4 ,at l[ /ages ( ! wat] a slant+ bea*1 (t5 pav$ ) b\ld]s1 slopes gradually f ! foot ( ! bank to ! edge ( ! dim9i%$ *annel4 ,a m or less cont9u\s lay] ( m>9e clay1 ri* 9 fossil %ells1 ov]lies ! b\ld] clay1 ensur+1 :]ev] x is pres5t1 a soil ( good quality4 ,! abs5ce ( o!r ?an swamp vegetation mu/ be ascrib$1 !n1 to ! almo/ total abs5ce ( dra9age1 & to ! g5]ally unfavorable climatic conditions4 8,9 ! matt] ( ! actual cultivation ( ^! nor!rn areas we h little to g ^u4 ,at ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/s at ,=t ,hope & ,osnaburgh potatoes h be5 gr[n & small g>d5s ma9ta9$ f ! "t ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! po/s1 & little difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 matur+ ! common g>d5 vegetables ( ,ont>io1 ?\gh occasionally ! fro/s ( late summ] h cut (f all b ! h>di] k9ds4 ,z ! po/s 7 locat$ ) a view to _! fav\rable situation = ! purposes ( ! fur trade ) ! ,indians1 nei!r "o is situat$ on gr\nd well suit$ = cultivation1 & mu* bett] results might reasonably be expect$ 7 trials made on m favorably situat$ tracts4 ,an ,indian cultivat+ a small g>d5 plot at ! head ( ! ,p9eimuta bran* ( ,attawapiskat riv] succe$s 9 rais+ good crops ( potatoes & turnips40 ,z to ?is "p ( ! c\ntry dra9$ by ,w9isk & ,attawapiskat riv]s1 ,mr4 ,mc,innes 9 8 report says3--8,! climate1 z w\ld be expect$ 9 ^! latitudes1 & 9 a wild]ness c\ntry approximately a ?\s& feet above sea-level1 is some:at sev]e4 ,! summ] temp]ature1 ?\gh on occasional days ris+ z high z #he ,fahr41 av]ages v mu* l[]1 & ! nights are practically always cool4 ,fro/y nights (t5 cont9ue into ! e>ly summ]1 & recur aga9 9 ! autumn be=e mo/ gra9-crops w\ld be ready = h>ve/+4 ,temp]atures 7 tak5 ) ! !rmomet] dur+ two seasons1 & ^!1 av]ag$1 gave ! foll[+ results = ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/ on l[] ,w9isk riv]1 & = ,july1 ,augu/ & "p ( ,septemb] on upp] ,w9isk & upp] ,attawapiskat riv]s3-- #f a4m4 noon4 #f p4m4 ,l[] ,w9isk riv] #eg #fi #eg ,upp] ,w9isk & ,attawapiskat riv]s #dg4e #fa4f #eh 8,! only po9ts 9 ! region :]e any attempts at cultivation ( ! l& are made are ! two ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/s at ,osnaburgh1 ne> ! foot ( ,lake ,/4 ,joseph1 & at ,=t ,hope1 on ,eabamet lake4 8,at ^! po/s small kit*5 g>d5s & potato-fields are ma9ta9$ ) "s success1 ?\gh nei!r place is fav\rably situat$ = ! purpose1 ! soil 9 bo? cases consi/+ ( an almo/ pure s&4 ,timo?y & clov] gr[ luxuriantly1 & all ! common ,,g>d5 ,,vegetables ,,?rive ,,at ,,bo? ,,places4 ,indian corn1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5tly fill$ out = table use :5 caught by ! fro/4 ,b>ley has be5 successfully gr[n at ,osnaburgh1 & ! potato crop1 :]ev] a suitable tract ( l& has be5 utiliz$1 has be5 g5]ally fairly good at bo? places4 8,! fir/ kill+ fro/ 9 #aijc occurr$ on ! night ( ,septemb] #c1 & 9 #aijd on ! night ( ,augu/ #cj40 ,mr4 ,mc,innes 7,geol4 ,survey ,report = #aijf1 pp4 #hg & foll[+7 describes ! region explor$ by him 9 t ye> z foll[s3-- 8,x is b\nd$ by nor? latitude #ec #ej & #ef #aj1 & by we/ longitude #ii #ae & #aja #ae4 ,its g5]al elevation above ! sea is betwe5 sev5 hundr$ & n9e hundr$ feet4 4 4 4 4 ,= purposes ( g5]al description x may1 9 a broad way1 be divid$ into ?ree areas2 ! lime/one area embrac+ all ! tract und]laid by ! horizontal or g5tly undulat+1 magnesian lime/ones or dolomites ( nor!rn ,manitoba2 ! ,ar*aean area1 a some:at brok5 & rugg$ c\ntry ext5d+ f ! nor!rn edge ( ! lime/one esc>pm5t nor?w>d & ea/w>d until cov]$ by ! lacu/r9e s$im5ts ( ! ?ird or clay area4 ,! latt]1 a g5tly roll+1 clay-cov]$ c\ntry1 ext5ds f ! valley ( ,nelson riv] on ! ea/ to a cont\r1 we/]ly1 :]e ! g5]al elevation ( ! l& is 9 ! vic9ity ( n9e hundr$ feet above ! sea1 or to approximately we/ longitude #ii #cj4 ,! nor!rn edge ( ! clay bas9 0 n rea*$1 b ! ,indians ( ,burntwood riv] region agree 9 say+ t ,*ur*ill riv] valley =ms its mo/ nor!rly ext5sion4 ,! la/ ( ! ?ree divisions is1 g5]ally1 well suit$ = cultivation1 b ?r\gh\t ! fir/ two ! areas suitable = agriculture are ( limit$ ext5t4 ,no "p ( ! region is prairie ?\gh along "s ( ! valleys1 & "h & !re on ! upl&s1 are f\nd ext5sive hay m>%es1 ) only occasional small clumps ( will[s1 t1 ) dra9age1 w\ld become virtually prairie l&s4 4 4 4 4 ,nor?we/ ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/ at ,split lake ! c\ntry is g5]ally l[1 swampy & int]sect$ by a network ( small lakes2 ne> ,waskai[aka lake1 h[ev]1 an ext5sion nor!a/]ly ( ! clay l& ( l[] ,burntwood valley =ms a comp>atively dry ridge40 ,a ,,g>d5 ,,9 ,,new ,,manitoba4 ,speak+ ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's trad+ po/ at ,norway ,h\se1 ,mr4 ,mc,innes said3--8,! *ief factor 9 *>ge ( ! di/rict cultivates a l>ge g>d51 :]e1 on ,june #aj1 peas1 beans1 beets & o!r vegetables 7 well />t$4 ,:eat _h be5 successfully gr[n "h z well z at ,cross lake f>!r d[n ! riv]1 9 latitude #ed #dj4 ,!re are _m tracts ( l& along ! riv] suitable = cultivation1 ?\gh = long /ret*es ! banks %[ only r\nd$ surfaces ( biotite gneiss1 smoo? & glaciat$4 ,! cultivable areas are conf9$ to tracts ov]la9 by lacu/r9e clays :i* alt]nate along ! %ores ) glacial gravels & ! b>e rock surfaces devoid ( any soil cov]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,mc,innes also reports3--8,bel[ ,cross lake no l& is "u cultivation until ,split lake is rea*$1 j nor? ( latitude #ef1 :]e ! po/ma/] = ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company raises potatoes & ! common] g>d5 vegetables40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,mc,innes reports t1 asc5d+ ,burntwood riv] a few miles above ,odei or ,h>t riv]1 !re is mu* l& 8app>5tly well adapt$ = cultivation4 ,! clay is entirely free f b\ld]s1 & mix$ ne> ! surface ) en\gh vegetable humus to produce a friable & seem+ly productive soil4 ,! g5tle slopes give good natural dra9age1 & ! op5 "* ( ! =e/s makes x a c\ntry easily cle>$4 ,= ! next n9ete5 miles ! riv] valley & neighbor+ c\ntry pres5t ! same g5]al aspect4 ,:]e ! valleys ( ! ma9 riv] & ! ,odei approa* "o ano!r !y are sep>at$ only by a divid+ ridge a little ov] a mile across1 & a hundr$ & fifty feet high4 ,! ridge is clay cov]$ to ! flat summit1 :]e knolls ( gneiss project4 ,beyond ! valley ( ! ,odei1 to ! nor?1 is a roll+ =e/$ c\ntry ) hills clay-cov]$ to ! tops1 ris+ by gradual slopes to ab\t a hundr$ feet above ! int]v5+ valleys1 t are !mselves f tw5ty to fifty feet above ! riv] level4 ,= ! next tw5ty-eight miles ! riv]1 fl[+ 9 a rock-b\nd bas91 has ! "* ( a long1 n>r[ lake f half a mile to ov] a mile 9 wid?4 ,cov]+ ! well-r\nd$ l$ges ( gneiss t =m ! imm$iate %ores is ! same ?ick mantle ( clay =m+ ,a ,,c\ntry ,,( ,,v ,,attractive ,,appe>ance4 ,ris+ gradually f ! riv] level to heights ( f tw5ty to fifty feet1 a flat or g5tly slop+ plateau ext5ds back f two to ?ree miles to ano!r rise1 :]e ! g5]al level is increas$ to ab\t a hundr$ feet4 ,recurr+ =e/ fires h n only d5ud$ ?is section ( its trees1 b ! /umps h = ! mo/ "p be5 burn$ away1 s t x is n[ cov]$ only by an op5 gr[? ( small :ite bir*1 popl>1 will[ & ,banksian p9e1 ) an und]gr[? ( vet*es1 grasses & small %rubs4 ,j above is ,manasan falls :]e ! riv] pit*es ov] a l$ge ( gneiss ) a v]tical desc5t ( ?irty feet4 8,above ,manasan falls10 ,mr4 ,mc,innes cont9ues1 8! riv] exp&s aga9 to =m a long1 n>r[ lake = ! next t5 miles ( its upw>d c\rse4 ,! same roll+ clay plateau ext5ds back f bo? %ores ( ! lake1 ris+ gradually to an undulat+1 high] tract1 p]haps "o hundr$ feet above ! lake level4 ,! =e/ gr[? is /ill v op51 all[+ a good surface c>pet ( grasses1 vet*es & o!r vegetation4 ,div]sifi$ "h & !re by small op5 tracts :]e ! grass-cov]$ surface is free f trees1 ?is c\ntry (t5 pres5ts q a p>k-l aspect4 ,?r\gh\t all ! clay-cov]$ region ! abs5ce ( erratics is /rik+2 = miles no p]*$ b\ld]s nor transport$ mat]ials ( any k9d2 o!r ?an ! lacu/r9e s$im5ts1 are se51 & ev5 ! c\ntry rock is deeply hidd5 "u ! heavy clay deposits t seem to be v homog5e\s ?r\gh\t1 n laid d[n 9 ?9 lay]s z 9 ! case ( _m clays ( app>5tly simil> orig9 9 ea/]n ,canada1 b1 if /ratifi$ at all1 only 9 v heavy b$s t seldom %[ _! b$d+ planes4 ,= ! next fifte5 miles to ,wuskwatim lake1 ! riv] has a quick] desc5t & its c\rse is brok5 by sev]al small rapids4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is slightly high]1 ris+ 9 places ab\t two hundr$ feet above ! riv]1 & m /eeply f its %ores4 ,f ! s\? %ore a clay-cov]$ b5* a qu>t] ( a mile wide rises to a comp>atively /eep slope to a height ( "o hundr$ & ?irty feet1 & ext5ds back = miles at ab\t t level1 ) a g5tly undulat+ surface1 free f b\ld]s or rock1 except+ v r>e exposures4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 b "o small knoll ( ! und]ly+ rock 0 actually se51 ris+ ?r\gh ! clay at a po9t ab\t two miles back f ! riv]4 ,! ,indians report t ?is plateau-l c\ntry ext5ds "r across to ! valley ( ,grassy riv] ) only g5tly swell+ ridges & no high hills40 ,mr4 ,mc,innes e/imates ! size ( ,wuskwatim lake z eight miles by f\r1 ) a long bay ext5d+ to ! we/ f its s\!rn end4 ,he /ates t 8on all sides ( ! lake are l>ge tracts ( ,,ne>ly ,,level ,,clay ,,l& ext5d+ back = sev]al miles at heights ( f fifte5 to fifty feet above wat] level1 & beyond t cont9u+ at a level ( a little ov] "o hundr$ feet4 4 4 4 4 ,! grass-cov]$ slopes t rise ) v g5tle gradi5ts f ! %ores ( ! lake1 make ?is a c\ntry ( mo/ attractive appe>ance & "o t app>5tly w\ld be well suit$ = cultivation4 ,! ,indian inhabitants ( ?is section cultivate ) success small g>d5 pat*es ( potatoes40 ,c\ntry ( ! same g5]al "*1 ,mr4 ,mc,innes /ates1 ext5ds = ?irty miles up ! valley ( ! ,burntwood above ,wuskwatim lake4 ,on ! %ores ( ,footpr9t lake1 9 latitude #ee #de1 small fields ( potatoes plant$ by ! ,indians 7 look+ rem>kably well1 ! v9es be+ elev5 in*es 9 height & ab\t ready to blossom :5 ?is locality 0 visit$ by ,mr4 ,mc,innes1 ,july #aj1 #aijf4 ,above ! lake broad flats ext5d back f ! riv] on bo? sides1 ris+1 f half a mile to a mile back1 to fifty feet above ! riv]4 ,! great] "p ( ! flats & practically all ! high l& has be5 burn$ ov] )9 tw5ty ye>s1 & is clo!d n[ ) an op5 gr[? ( small mix$ timb]2 ! l& is free f b\ld]s & gravel & has a good c>pet ( native grasses1 includ+ su* good mead[ =ms z ! blue-jo9t 7,calamagro/is canad5sis1 ,calamagro/is hyp]borea7 & ! wild rye 7,elymus dasy/a*um74 ,! op5 "* ( ! =e/ p]mits a some:at luxuriant gr[? ( ^! grasses1 mix$ ) vet*es1 /rawb]ry v9es1 etc41 & ) currant1 gooseb]ry & o!r small %rubs & bu%es4 8,! l& ly+ to ! s\?w>d ( ! mo/ s\!rly b5d ( ! riv] 0 f\nd to rise ) a comp>atively /eep slope to a height ( sixty feet above ! riv]1 & to ext5d back z a level clay-cov]$ pla9 ) ab\t five in*es ( clay-loam soil well mix$ ) vegetable matt] gradually m]g+ d[nw>ds into pure clay4 ,! plateau has a g5tly roll+ surface1 ! bottoms ( ! holl[s1 :]e small areas ( muskeg (t5 occur1 hav+ a deviation =ty feet l[] ?an ! slopes ( ! ridges1 & ! highe/ l& rea*+ n m ?an "o hundr$ feet above ! riv]4 ,= six miles back1 ! areas ( muskeg t are n sphagnum swamps1 b r grassy m>%es1 are comp>atively insignificant 9 ext5t1 ! high] l&1 wood$ ) ,banksian p9e1 popl> & spruce & div]sifi$ by _m op5 grassy glades1 l>gely prepond]at+4 ,beyond ?is1 h[ev]1 a broad belt ( wet1 grassy m>% l& ext5ds s\?we/]ly across to ! heads ( brooks runn+ into ,grass riv] bel[ ,wekusko lake1 & =ms practically ! we/]n limit ( ! clay-cov]$ upl&s1 ?\gh 9 ! riv] valleys & along ! flanks ( _! bord]+ hills ! clay l& ext5ds mu* f>!r we/4 8,( ! :ole ( ?is ext5sive plateau l&1 ext5d+ f ! valley ( ! ,nelson riv] we/w>d to ne> ,burntwood & ,wekusko lakes 7we/ longitude #ij #de71 nor!rly to beyond latitude #ef1 & s\!rly to ! lime/one esc>pm5t1 an area ( ,,ab\t ,,t5 ,,?\s& ,,squ>e ,,miles1 x may be said to be *>act]iz$ by a heavy clay soil entirely free f b\ld]s4 ,lacu/r9e clays1 compos$ ( ! rock fl\r once held 9 susp5sion by glacial /reams & deposit$ by !m z !y rea*$ ! quiet wat]s ( a great lake1 are ess5tially ! soils ( ?is region4 ,!re is no di/9ct surface soil cle>ly sep>able f ! clay subsoil2 ! "o m]ges gradually into ! o!r1 ! clayey "* ( ! soil be+ /rongly app>5t at ! v surface :]e m]ely ! %all[ cov] ( decay+ leaves & o!r vegetation is scrap$ away4 ,g5]ally1 = f five in*es to ov] a foot d[n1 ! clay is deep br[n 9 col\r f ! admixture ( vegetable matt]1 & q friable1 & rootlets ( ev5 ! small] surface vegetation rea* d[n f> bel[ ?is level1 ?\gh on ! tops ( _m ( ! ridges ! light-buff col\r$ clay1 )\t any appreciable coloration f vegetable matt]1 comes q to ! surface4 ,! roll+ "* ( ! plateau g5]ally provides fair dra9age1 b ov] consid]able areas 9 its c5tral portion1 f> f ! valleys ( ! l>g] /reams1 !re are l>ge tracts t h n suffici5t gradi5ts = ! prop] fl[ ( ! surface wat]1 & :i* c\ld be made available = agricultural uses only by be+ artificially dra9$4 ,! we/]n limit ( ! good c\ntry is ab\t longitude #ii #de40 ,illu/ration3 ,portage on ,moose riv]4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes reports t ! c\ntry ly+ to ! s\? ( ,re$ & ,wekusko lakes1 & /ret*+ to ,saskat*ewan valley1 conta9s v few tracts ( l& suitable = settlem5t4 ,practically only ! riv] valleys1 a few tracts adjo9+ "s ( ! lakes1 & p>ts ( "s ( ! slopes flank+ ! lime/one ridges1 c be consid]$ z af=d+ l& suitable = cultivation4 ,! upl& is g5]ally almo/ b>e ( soil1 flat-ly+ lime/ones =m+ its actual surfaces1 & ! slopes1 ?\gh cov]$ to a good dep? by clay1 are = ! mo/ "p too b\ld]y = tillage4 ,limit$ tracts occur "h & !re1 suitable = individual hold+s notably ne> "s ( ! pr9cipal lakes4 ,( ! agricultural possibilities ( ! c\ntry s\? ( ,re$ & ,wuskwatim lakes1 ,mr4 ,mc,innes writes3--8,exp]im5tally b little is kn[n ( its capabilities1 ?\gh we h in/ances "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! area1 to beyond its nor!rly limit1 ( ! cultivation ( all sorts ( g>d5 vegetables1 includ+1 at ,! ,pas1 ,,tomatoes ,,& ,,indian ,,corn4 ,on ,septemb] #f ( ?is ye> 7#aijf71 ,indian corn well head$ out 0 se5 9 ,mr4 ,halcr['s g>d5 at ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/1 ! e>s l>ge & full & q fit = table use4 ,! ,indian1 nev] a v en?usia/ic agriculturi/1 succe$s ev]y:]e 9 gett+ good crops ( potatoes1 & at ! home/ead ( an old settl] nam$ ,george ,c[an1 on ,cormorant lake1 an exceptionally good yield ( v l>ge potatoes 0 be+ dug 9 ,septemb]40 ,mr4 ,mc,innes1 dur+ 8 explorations 9 #aijf1 gave p>ticul> att5tion to ! "q ( climate1 :i* he rightly consid]$ ( vital importance 9 connection ) ?is region4 ,he kept a c>eful record ( temp]atures1 & f ! "t x 0 begun1 on ,june #ai1 until ! night ( ,septemb] #bi1 :5 ! !rmomet] fell to #bf1 !re 0 no fro/ t affect$ ev5 t5d] vegetation4 ,on ! night ( ,augu/ #aj ! temp]ature fell to ! freez+ po9t1 b did n get l[ en\gh to d damage1 at lea/ n 9 ! valley ( ,grassy riv]1 ?\gh "s ( ! potato v9es on ! summit ( ! high ridge nor? ( ,! ,pas 7 slightly t\*$4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes said he 0 conv9c$ t ! di/rict is n at all too cold = g5]al agricultural op]ations4 ,! long] daily duration ( summ] sunlight 9 ^! high latitudes1 he po9ts out 9 8 report1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 &1 = purposes ( comp>ison ) m s\!rly localities1 ye>ly av]ages ( temp]ature are ( no value4 ,a region ly+ 9 a high] latitude1 ?\gh %[+ a l[] ye>ly av]age temp]ature1 may1 dur+ ! gr[+ mon?s1 ow+ to its long] h\rs ( sun%9e1 h q z good an av]age z "o f>!r s\?4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes's record %[$ t dur+ ,july ! temp]ature at #f o'clock p4m4 0 equal to or high] ?an ! noon temp]ature on fifte5 days2 dur+ ,augu/ on n9e days2 dur+ ,septemb] on eight days4 ,! #f p4m4 av]ages = ^! mon?s 7 l[] ?an ! noon av]ages by only #a1 #a & #b respectively4 ,= ! purpose ( comp>ison1 ,mr4 ,mc,innes procur$ f ! ,director ( ! ,meteorological ,s]vice at ,toronto an ab/ract ( ! same summ]'s temp]atures at ,m9n$osa1 ,/ony ,m\nta91 ,hillview & ,br&on1 &1 comp>+ !m ) 8 record1 he conclud$ t ! c\ntry along ! r\te ( ! propos$ railway to ! bay ,,is ,,conspicu\sly ,,w>m] ?an ! same latitude f\r hundr$ miles fur!r ea/4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes1 exam9$ be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate 9 #aijg1 decl>$ t ! :ole region f ,split lake to a l9e ab\t =ty miles nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan is a clay-cov]$ c\ntry4 ,aft] leav+ ,split lake1 asc5d+ ! riv]1 ?is clay-cov]$ c\ntry %[s absolutely no b\ld]s & no gravel4 ,ev5 ! %ores ( ! lakes1 until y rea* a height ( ab\t eight hundr$ feet1 %[ no gravel b>s at all4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ to int]f]e ) ! cultivation ( ! soil !re4 ,x is a c\ntry t has be5 burnt ov]4 ,! witness assum$ t ,burntwood riv] got its "n t way4 ,x has be5 subject to repeat$ burns4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is cov]$ by a v op5 =e/4 ,grasses gr[ fairly luxuriantly4 ,!re are two species ( ?is1 blue jo9t grass & a wild rye1 t are ! prevail+ grasses4 ,he und]/ood f ,pr(essor ,mac\n1 ?\gh he 0 n v famili> ) ! grasses himself1 t ^! are v excell5t mead[ grasses1 & make excell5t fodd]4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes left ,norway ,h\se 9 ! second week ( ,june1 & made ! circuit & came out at ,! ,pas on ,septemb] #f1 s x 0 9 ,june1 ,july & ,augu/ he 0 !re4 ,he saw grass gr[+ f eighte5 in*es to two feet high4 ,! witness comput$ ! area ( ?is c\ntry at ab\t t5 ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,he did n mean to say1 he expla9$1 t all ( t t5 ?\s& squ>e miles is good l&1 b ! bas9 *>act]iz$ by ?is deposit ( clay has an area ( ab\t t5 ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,*ur*ill riv]4 ,! witness 0 at ab\t ! c5tre ( ! bas94 ,! ,indians told him x ext5d$ nor? to ! bas9 ( ,*ur*ill riv]4 ,beyond t1 nor?w>ds1 mud & gravel took ! place ( clay4 ,/>t+ at ,! ,pas & proce$+ t[>ds ,*ur*ill1 ! witness fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty miles ( c\ntry und]laid by ! flat lime/one ( nor!rn ,manitoba4 ,he walk$ = miles ov] ,,hills ,,( ,,almo/ ,,b>e ,,lime/one ) h>dly any soil4 ,beyond t--t is1 ab\t ! cont\r he _h spok5 ( :]e ?is clay 0 deposit$1 !re is ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty miles to ,split lake 7,split lake is ab\t two hundr$ & fifty miles f ,! ,pas71 possibly 9 a /raight l9e ab\t z ! railway is project$1 t is *>act]iz$ by ^! clay deposits4 ,z to ! flat c\ntry 9 ,keewat91 beyond ?is clay area1 x is a c\ntry ( a diff]5t "*4 ,! witness proce$$ f ! ,albany "o hundr$ miles across c\ntry by ! portage r\te to a l>ge lake on ,agnooski riv] & !n ano!r "o hundr$ miles across to ,w9isk lake1 & d[n ,w9isk riv] to ! sea1 & he cross$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry betwe5 ,agnooski & ,w9isk by ?ree diff]5t r\tes1 p]haps =ty or fifty miles ea/ & we/ f "o r\te to ! next1 & ! c\ntry is v mu* ! same "*4 ,x is a c\ntry t is v mu* d5ud$4 ,! c\ntry g5]ally is *>act]iz$ by hills ( b\ld] & gravel & int]m$iate valleys v l>gely muskeg4 ,except 9 ! imm$iate valleys ( ! l>g] riv]s !re is v little l& t w\ld be suitable = agriculture4 ,f "o hundr$ & fifty miles inl& d[n to ! sea1 ! c\ntry is ( an entirely diff]5t "* aga92 t is to say1 x is c\ntry t is orig9ally ov]la9 by f a v few feet at its edge to "o hundr$ feet or m1 a v t\gh imp]vi\s b\ld] clay1 :i* holds up ! wat]1 & on :i* ! dra9age1 up to ! pres5t "t1 is ( a v imp]fect "*4 ,! pres5t dra9age ( t area is comp>atively rec5t1 & imp]fect4 ,an in/ance ( its imp]fection is se5 9 ,w9isk riv]4 ,!re is a lake ne> ! head ( ! ,w9isk f :i* ! ma9 riv] fl[s1 & f :i* ! we/ bran* fl[s nor?4 ,!y come toge!r at a po9t 7foll[+ ! ma9 /ream7 two hundr$ & fifty miles bel[1 inclos+ an isl& two hundr$ & fifty miles long4 ,!re are two o!r isl&s ( ?is "* ,,along ,,w9isk ,,riv]1 "o eighty miles 9 l5g? & ! o!r ab\t fifty4 ,! ,w9isk is a good l>ge riv]4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes e/imat$ ! fl[ at "s tw5ty-five ?\s& cubic feet p] second4 ,x runs 9 size some:]e betwe5 ! ,gat9eau & ! ,ottawa1 n q s l>ge z ! ,ottawa1 b l>g] ?an ! ,gat9eau4 ,ov] ! :ole ( ! c\ntry 9 ! la/ "o hundr$ & fifty miles d[n to ,hudson bay1 grant+ ! prop] climate & prop] dra9age1 ?is gre5 clay w\ld make an excell5t soil4 ,9 fact x is q ! same z ! clay 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ottawa1 practically clay ( ! same soil1 & is v imp]vi\s4 ,!re are little /reams runn+ into ! sides ( ! riv]1 b !y cut v %>p-wall$ tr5*es1 z /eep z b\ld] clay w /&1 & t means an angle ( say sixty degrees1 eighty to n9ety feet high4 ,y get on top ( ^! banks & y h a mossy place1 sometimes six feet ( moss4 ,x is nev] peat1 nev] hav+ turn$ into peat4 ,x is simply a gre5 moss :i* is press$ into lay]s ( a c\ple ( feet 9 ?ickness at ! bottom ( ! six or t5 feet1 b nev] app>5tly oxydiz$ or nev] c>boniz$ at all1 practically un*ang$4 ,! gr[? is go+ on /ill4 ,x is m]ely ! successive lay]s :i* are press$ d[n by subsequ5t lay]s on top ( !m1 s t 9 places ! ?ickness is q t5 feet4 ,!re are no grasses 9 t mossy di/rict 9 ! valley ( ! ,w9isk4 ,a riv] ( t size 9 places has "s %ores1 p]haps a qu>t] ( a mile1 "h & !re1 beyond ! actual %ore ( ! riv]1 & x is grassy !re4 ,t is1 !re are occasional bottom l&s1 b !re is no ext5t ( !m4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes did n ?9k !re is an agricultural c\ntry 9 t ea/]n di/rict4 ,x is entirely diff]5t f ! c\ntry ( :i* he _h be5 previ\sly speak+4 ,^u ,nelson riv] :eat has be5 gr[n successfully at ,norway ,h\se1 & also at ,cross lake4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company gr[ no gra9 at any ( _! ,keewat9 po/s n[adays4 ,9 ! old days !y grew x & gr\nd x 9 h& mills4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes saw potatoes t 7 gr[n ab\t fifty miles nor? ( ,! ,pas4 8,!y 7 q %[y potatoes1 great l>ge fell[s l ^? y see exhibit$ 9 fairs--trem5d\sly l>ge1 gr[n on practically new l&1 & !y _h a v l>ge crop ( !m40 ,!re are no settl]s 9 ,nelson di/rict4 ,! ,indians1 h[ev]1 gr[ potatoes at sev]al po9ts1 ev5 9 ! nor!rn "p ( x1 z f> nor? z ,nelson ,h\se1 ab\t latitude #ee #ej4 ,on ,july #aa1 :5 ,mr4 ,mc,innes arriv$ at ,nelson ,h\se1 ! ,indian potatoes _h v9es ab\t elev5 in*es high1 & 7 almo/ ready to fl[]4 ,:5 he got out on ,septemb] #f to ! ,saskat*ewan1 at ! ,hudson's ,bay po/ !re1 at ,! ,pas1 ,indian corn 0 v well head$ out1 ) v l>ge f9e e>s q ready = table use1 & !re 0 no fro/ until ,septemb] #bi4 ,he knew t because he /ay$ !re until !n4 ,) eighte5 h\rs ( ! daylight1 & no fro/ 9 ! summ]1 vegetation is rapid4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e y c rip5 ,indian corn y c gr[ practically any?+4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes expla9$ t he c\ld n closely indicate ! iso!rmal l9e on ! "p ( ! c\ntry he _h explor$ ! previ\s ye>1 b he c\ld say t ! c\ntry av]ag$ 9 ! summ] mon?s f f\r to five degrees high] temp]ature ?an ! same latitude f>!r we/4 ,he ?\ght t ,,! ,,iso!rmal ,,l9e :i* w\ld g pa/ ! nor? end ( ! c\ntry he _h be5 speak+ (1 w\ld come d[n z f> z ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 :i* w\ld be a v long di/ance s\?4 ,he _h records kept dur+ all summ] ( ! temp]atures ?r\gh t we/]n c\ntry1 & he _h a summ>y ( ! record kept 9 ! prec$+ summ]s4 ,he 0 r surpris$ at ! w>m? ( t we/]n c\ntry 9 summ]1 & at ! way heat kept up 9 ! ev5+s4 ,he kept ! !rmomet] read+s morn+1 noon & six o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 & f\nd ! six o'clock temp]atures 7 almo/ z w>m z ! noon temp]atures4 ,t c\ntry has a v long day 9 summ]4 ,! day 9 ^? high latitudes is v mu* long]1 & ! gr[+ "t proportionately long]4 ,9 ,june !y h ab\t eighte5 h\rs ( daylight4 ,z to ! di/rict :]e he f\nd ! "o hundr$ & sev5ty miles ( agricultural l& he _h describ$1 he rea*$ !re only ab\t ! middle ( ,june4 ,!re 0 no fro/ 9 ! balance ( ,june or 9 ,july1 & no fro/ 9 ,augu/1 except+ once1 on1 he ?\ght1 ! #bi?1 :5 ! !rmomet] dropp$ j to freez+ po9t4 ,!re 0 n en\gh fro/ to t\* vegetation at all 9 ! valley ( ! riv] :]e he 04 ,he notic$ :5 he got out to ! ,saskat*ewan !re 0 r a high ridge on :i* !re 7 a lot ( half-bre$ settl]s4 ,he got !re on ,septemb] #f1 & notic$ on top ( ! hills :]e !y _h potatoes t !y _h be5 t\*$ j on ! tops1 b d[n 9 ! villages ! potatoes 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hudson's ,bay po/ _h n be5 t\*$ at all4 ,he presum$ t 0 ! fro/ on ,augu/ #bi4 ,ow5 ,o',sullivan1 ,c4,e41 ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 0 "o ( ! witnesses be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg4 ,he expla9$ t 9 #aijd he 0 engag$ z assi/ant to ,mr4 ,wilson 9 exam9+ ! we/ coa/ ( ,james bay4 ,!y w5t up ! riv] ,kapiskau = "o hundr$ & fifty miles & survey$ x1 & f\nd mo/ly swampy gr\nd1 "r to ab\t ! headwat]s ( ! ,kapiskau1 longitude #hf4 ,8 impression 0 t ! :ole coa/ f ! s\!rn extremity ( ,james bay1 at ! m\? ( ! ,hurricane1 up to ,cape ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 = an av]age ( "o hundr$ miles 9 dep?1 is mo/ly swampy gr\nd4 ,x is p>tly peat & wet spagnol 7wet moss74 ,!re is a bluff ( small spruce isolat$ "h & !re4 ,9 #aije he 0 s5t to survey ! coa/ betwe5 ,york ,factory & ,cape ,h5rietta ,m>ia4 ,! %ore betwe5 ^! po9ts 0 swampy z f> inl& z he c\ld walk 9 two or ?ree days4 ,mr4 ,o',sullivan te/ifi$ t dur+ ! summ] ( #aijf he />t$ f ,split lake1 on ! ,nelson1 & made = ! headwat]s ( ,little ,*ur*ill riv]1 go+ d[n ! ,little ,*ur*ill to ! ,big ,*ur*ill4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ,split lake & ,big lake is mo/ly swampy4 ,! c\ntry ab\t ,big lake is a good loamy soil1 ) easy slopes surr\nd+ ! lakes4 ,f ,big lake to ! ,big ,*ur*ill ! c\ntry is rocky & swampy1 ) a good deal ( good loamy soil 9 places--a ri* clay loam4 ,! rock is mo/ly granite & gneiss4 ,x is v h>d to f9d out :e!r ! l& is suitable = agriculture on su* an exp$ition4 ,x is h>d to "k ! ext5t ( ! soil1 b ,mr4 ,o',sullivan ?\ght ,,! ,,climate ,,0 ,,suitable ,,= ,,agriculture4 ,!re are lots ( b\ld]s all ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 b x is possible to cultivate :at !re is ( ! l&4 ,!re are places :]e ! l& ext5ds to ! size ( a doz5 t[n%ips1 & !n !re w\ld be ?ree or f\r times t mu* )\t hav+ 9 x en\gh arable l& to make a good-siz$ t[n%ip4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,*ur*ill !re is grass 9 ! valleys ( v good quality4 ,x occurs ab\t half-way d[n ! ,little ,*ur*ill4 ,good potatoes are rais$ at ,split lake4 ,mr4 ,o',sullivan _h obta9$ a bag ( potatoes gr[n !re4 ,!y 7 r small1 b v palatable4 ,t 0 9 ,june1 & !y 7 gr[n ! previ\s ye>4 ,split lake f ! coa/1 by ! ,nelson1 w\ld be ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles4 ,he w5t d[n ,nelson riv] & nor? to ,*ur*ill4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! c\ntry f ,james bay f>!r nor? is good1 agriculturally4 ,! c\ntry f ,split lake rises to ,wabi%kok ab\t two hundr$ feet4 ,t is ab\t ?irty miles 9 a /raight l9e4 ,besides potatoes1 he _h se5 turnips1 cabbage & lettuce gr[+1 & all appe>$ to be v good4 ,! potato v9es 9 ,septemb] 7 t\*$ ) fro/ r sev]ely4 ,! potatoes 7 tak5 up on ,augu/ #bc & #be1 #aijf4 ,mr4 ,o',sullivan /at$ t he _h be5 up ne> ! head ( ,lake ,w9nipeg1 :]e ! riv] leaves ! lake4 ,!re is good agricultural l& ar\nd !re4 ,he nev] _h su* good potatoes z at ,cross lake4 ,he did n see !m gr[+1 b _h !m 9 ,june & also 9 ,septemb]4 ,! ,june potatoes w\ld be ! previ\s crop1 & ! ,septemb] ones possibly ! new crop4 ,!y d n gr[ any gra9 !re2 !y h no cattle1 & !re are no settl]s 9 !re4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay factor rais$ ! potatoes4 ,he _h j en\gh to keep 8 own family4 ,he _h !m 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t qu>t]s4 ,mr4 ,o',sullivan saw lettuce & turnips gr[+ at ,*ur*ill4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,laggan1 ( ,/ra?cona1 ,alb]ta1 9 #aijg1 made an exploratory trip ov] a portion ( ! same c\ntry z ,mr4 ,mc,innes1 b go+ f>!r we/4 ,he left ,pr9ce ,alb]t on ,augu/ #b & rea*$ ,! ,pas on ,augu/ #ae4 ,on ,augu/ #be he cross$ ,cle>wat] lake4 ,he describes ! c\ntry he pass$ ?r\gh z l[ & swampy1 & ,,wild ,,b]ries ,,( ,,all ,,k9ds z pl5tiful4 ,! l& nor? ( ,cormorant lake he f\nd to be ( good clay loam1 & capable ( be+ f>m$ successfully on a small scale aft] be+ cle>$4 ,a g>d5 ( potatoes1 turnips1 c>rots & cabbages look$ well1 & on ,augu/ #bg ,,%[$ ,,no ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,fro/4 ,on upp] ,c[an riv] !re are small hay mead[s2 ! re/ ( ! l& is poor & h>d to cle>4 ,approa*+ ,re$ lake ! soil is a clay loam :i* c\ld be f>m$ if dra9$4 ,! c\ntry ab\t ,h]b lake & riv] is rocky1 ) pat*es ( fair l&1 suitable = rais+ vegetable & g>d5 produce4 ,:5 ! rapids ( ,grass riv] are pass$ ! c\ntry becomes l[1 b 9 places !re is good soil ( clay loam ) s&1 & t[>ds ,sett+ lake !re are good hay mead[s4 ,al?\gh ! c\ntry betwe5 ,sett+ & ,pa9t lakes is v r\gh & rocky1 !re is "s good l&4 ,to ! nor? ( ,pa9t lake !re is a limit$ quantity ( good l&2 ab\t ,me?y lake ,mr4 ,mc,laggan consid]s ! l& ( little value = f>m+4 ,betwe5 ,re$ lake & ,elb[ lake !re are "s small spots ( good l&1 b z a g5]al ?+ ! c\ntry is r\gh1 rocky & swampy4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ,elb[ & ,cranb]ry lakes is ma9ly muskeg4 ,!re are "s pat*es ( good l& t[>ds ! l[] end ( ,cranb]ry lake4 ,!re are "s small hay mead[s betwe5 ,cranb]ry & ,a?apapusk[ lakes1 b ! gr\nd is g5]ally rocky ) "s muskeg4 ,!re are "s /ret*es ( fairly good l& along ! l[] "p ( ,goose riv] b ! c\ntry g5]ally is r\gh & rocky4 ,! c\ntry ab\t ! upp] end ( ,goose lake 0 f\nd to be boggy & ( v little use4 ,,along ,,goose ,,riv]1 ,,bel[ ,,! ,,lake1 !re is q a tract ( fairly good l&1 & !re is ano!r on ! ,/urgeon1 betwe5 ! m\? ( ,goose riv] & ,cumb]l& lake4 ,! soil is a clay loam mix$ ) a little s&4 ,x is cov]$ ) bru% & small popl> & w\ld be easy to cle>4 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan1 aft] 8 trip1 /at$ t ! gr[+ season seem$ to be satisfactory1 8& :]e good l& is f\nd !re %\ld be no tr\ble to raise good crops ( all h>dy gra9s & vegetables1 b ! greate/ drawback to f>m+ w\ld be ! difficulty ( mak+ waggon roads f place to place1 z ! c\ntry betwe5 ! spots ( good l& is r\gh & rocky40 ,! climate seem$ good to ,mr4 ,mc,laggan4 ,9 ! fir/ week ( ,septemb] ! foliage 0 gre52 !re 0 no sign ( sev]e fro/1 & butt]flies1 hornets & o!r insects 7 num]\s & active4 ,! fir/ fro/ not$ 0 on ,augu/ #ca1 8b n en\gh to damage :eat40 ,! wea!r 0 f9e 9 ! morn+ & x ra9$ 9 ! aft]noon4 ,on ,septemb] #ac he not$ t ! wea!r 0 f9e b cold1 ) a heavy fro/ 9 ! morn+2 t ! leaves 7 fall+1 & t x began to look l autumn4 ,consid]able ra9 foll[$1 :i*1 on ,octob] #d1 gave place to sn[1 to be foll[$ aga9 by ra94 ,! night ( ,octob] #g is not$ z ! fir/ really cold "o ( ! season1 b ! morn+ br\ght ra94 ,!re 0 sn[ aga9 on ,octob] #h ) high w9d & ice on ! wat] along ! %ore ( ,goose lake4 ,x 0 8f9e & w>m0 on ,octob] #aa1 & 8cle> & cold0 on ,octob] #ac :5 he rea*$ ,! ,pas on 8 return4 ,w4 ,?ibaudeau1 ,c4,e41 /ates 9 8 report 7,see p4 #bc73--8;,at ,*ur*ill1 potatoes1 turnips & o!r vegetables h be5 successfully rais$ at ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's =t4 ,= _m ye>s cattle & horses h be5 successfully kept & br$ at ! ,hudson's ,bay po/2 excell5t butt] 0 also made4 ,spl5did pa/ure & hay mead[s are f\nd on bo? sides ( ! riv] above ! h>b\r = a kn[n di/ance ( ?irty-five miles4 ,at ! head ( ,button bay !re is an area ( two ?\s& acres ^u :i* ,,good ,,hay ,,c ,,be ,,cut1 :i* has be5 pron\nc$ by ,pr(essor ,mac\n z af=d+ excell5t =age4 ,wild black & r$ currants & gooseb]ries are f\nd 9 great quantities1 & are equal1 if n sup]ior 9 flav\r1 to g>d5 produce4 ,b>rels ( black currants c be pick$ ar\nd ,=t ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,cranb]ries exi/ 9 great abundance ev]y:]e4 ,o!r b]ries :i* are indig5\s to ! climate ab\nd40 ,z to ! region exam9$ 9 8 exploration trip f ,*ur*ill to ,! ,pas1 ,mr4 ,?ibaudeau /ates3-- 8,ab\t ?irty-five p] c5t4 ( ! c\ntry travell$ ?r\gh is m>%y & swampy2 m or less hay is gr[n4 ,"u m>% or swamps ! soil is g5]ally clay4 ,i h no d\bt t :5 ! swamps & m>%es are dra9$1 & ! moss is /ripp$1 !y w be susceptible to f>m+ op]ations betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,! ,pas1 & at a lat] p]iod1 aft] ! nor?we/ is settl$1 ?is l& w become valuable40 ,mr4 ,john ,arm/rong1 9 8 report ( ! prelim9>y survey conduct$ "u 8 direction 9 #aijh & #aiji = ! propos$ railway to ,hudson bay1 m5tions t z ! great] portion ( ! survey "w 0 complet$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s :5 ! gr\nd 0 froz5 & cov]$ ) sn[1 x 0 impossible to obta9 mu* in=mation on ! subject ( agricultural l& & m9]als4 ,he cont9ues3--8,x may be rem>k$ "h1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ^! l&s may require m or less improvem5t 9 ! way ( cle>+ & dra9age1 ! fact t !y are situat$ )9 a few h\rs' run ( an ocean port may give to ^! l&s a value n hi!rto ?\ght (1 & may cause a m rapid settlem5t ?an expect$4 ,at ! inl& ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/s all k9ds ( gra9 & vegetables h be5 gr[n successfully = ye>s4 ,a /udy ( ! records ( ! ,meteorological ,(fice indicates t ! climate is q z fav\rable = f>m+ op]ations z t ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t40 ,illu/ration3 ,typical c\ntry on ,hudson ,bay ,railway ,survey4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiaj1 an inspection ( ! timb] along ! l9e ( ! propos$ ,hudson ,bay ,railway f ,! ,pas to ,split lake 0 made by ,j4 ,r4 ,dickson1 ,b4,s4,a41 ,m4,s4,f41 ,assi/ant ,inspector ( ,dom9ion ,=e/ ,res]ves1 & 8 report 0 pr9t$ by ! ,=e/ry ,bran* ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 z a ,special ,bullet9 7,no4 #ag7 9 #aiaa4 ,mr4 ,dickson's exploration cov]$ a di/ance ( "s two hundr$ & ?irty-five miles along ! l9e ( railway4 ,! l9e ( inspection foll[$ 0 along ! wat]ways on ! nor?we/ side ( ,,! ,,propos$ ,,l9e ,,( ,,railway1 f :i* m5 7 s5t 9 at int]vals ( a few miles 9 ea* direction s z to locate ! timb]4 ,on ! return j\rney ! wat]way r\te to ! s\? ( ! l9e 0 tak5 & simil> inspections made f x4 ,! special object 0 to locate & e/imate ! areas ( comm]cially valuable timb] t c\ld be made use ( 9 ! "w ( con/ruct+ ! railways1 & z a result a good idea ( ! "* & location ( ! timb] along ! l9e has be5 obta9$4 ,! r\te foll[$ by ! p>ty 0 f ,! ,pas to ,moose lake1 !nce by portage to ,miti%to riv]1 d[n t /ream & via ,sett+1 ,pa9t1 ,w9t]+1 ,l&+ & ,sipiwesk lakes to ,cross lake4 ,f ! la/ m5tion$ lake ! p>ty cross$ to ,m9ago riv]1 & via t /ream1 ,moose lake & ! ,saskat*ewan return$ to ,! ,pas4 ,! area cov]$ 0 e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,dickson at eight ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,9 addition to ! in=mation ab\t ! timb] ( ?is di/rict giv5 9 ?is report !re are _m facts z to ! topography ( ! c\ntry & its natural res\rces4 ,mr4 ,dickson's p>ty f\nd t except = a v>y+ p]c5tage ( rock outcrop usually 9 ! =m ( l[ ridges cov]$ by /unt$ jackp9es1 !re is a great muskeg ext5d+ nor!a/ along ! :ole c\rse ( ,miti%to riv]1 & appe>+ 9 fact to blanket ! entire wat]%$ 9 ! region betwe5 ,saskat*ewan & ,grass riv] sy/ems4 ,mr4 ,dickson's explor+ p>ty1 9 pass+ f ,sett+ lake to ,cross lake1 by way ( ,pa9t1 ,w9t]+1 ,l&+ & ,sipiwesk lakes1 trav]s$ "p ( ! s-call$ 8clay-belt0 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,dickson's report 8conta9s ^u ! :ole f fifty p] c5t4 to sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( arable l& & probably has ,a ,,good ,,agricultural ,,future40 ,! report z to ! rocks & soils ( ! area explor$ says3--8,! b$rock = "o hundr$ miles nor!a/ ( ,! ,pas is lime/one--probably l>gely dolomite--& x frequ5tly obtrudes ?r\gh ! muskegs or %all[ soils :i* blanket x4 ,^! outcrops =m l[1 n>r[1 flatt5$ ridges1 ris+ j above ! g5]al level ( ! muskeg1 & ne>ly always runn+ nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,! l9e ( contact betwe5 ?is lime/one area & ! ,laur5tian granite 7^u :i* x re/s con=mably7 runs nor?we/ & s\!a/ f a po9t t5 miles ea/ ( ,lime/one bay on ,lake ,w9nipeg across ! s\?we/ end ( ,hill lake on ,m9ago riv] to ,cam]on falls on ! ,miti%to1 !nce pass+ 9 a we/]ly direction along ! s\? %ores ( ,re$1 ,wekusko & ,cranb]ry lakes4 ,along ?is l9e1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ,hill lake1 !re is a zone ( deep clays ( v promis+ agricultural value4 ,9 ! area ( granite f>!r nor?1 ! :ole future1 s f> z agriculture or =e/ry is conc]n$1 dep5ds ^u ! g5]al dep? ( ! b\ld] clay4 ,f ! m]e fact t x is a drift deposit1 ?is dep? con/antly v>ies1 b only a detail$ soil survey ( ea* t[n%ip c\ld %[ :]e & h[ mu*4 ,!re are l>ge areas ( almo/ pure rock outcrop & muskeg ( little or no value ev5 = timb] production4 ,b 9 g5]al1 ov] ! great clay belt1 ! soil1 :i* is almo/ uni=mly ,a ,,v ,,t5aci\s ,,b\ld] ,,clay 7ne>ly free ( b\ld]s1 h[ev]71 av]ages betwe5 f\r & twelve feet 9 dep?1 q deep en\gh1 !re=e1 = cultivation4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t no h>d & fa/ b\nd>y l9e c be laid d[n z %[+ ! conf9es ( ?is clay belt4 ,! *ange is (t5 s gradual1 & s _m z yet unkn[n factors ent]--z1 = in/ance1 soil dep? & possibilities ( dra9age--t any e/imate ( ! b\nds1 area & av]age arable cont5t ( ?is belt c1 ) our pres5t v limit$ k1 be giv5 only 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,i e/imate ! area ( t portion includ$ f nor? to s\? betwe5 ,w9t]+ & ,cross lakes1 & f ea/ to we/ betwe5 ,sett+ & ,sipiwesk lakes at two ?\s& squ>e miles4 8,) reg>d to soil conditions1 dra9age is ! great necessity ev]y:]e4 ,to r5d] ! soil f]tile = cropp+1 ! heavy /iff b\ld] clay mu/ be op5$ up to ! action ( ! air4 ,probably ! use ( a subsoil pl\gh might obviate ! necessity = und]dra9age ov] l>ge areas4 ,b h[ev] secur$1 aration is necess>y to *ange ! pres5t cold1 dead1 imp]vi\s soil to a w>m1 por\s1 friable "o1 full ( bact]ial life1 available plant food1 & result+ f]tility4 ,! soil is exactly simil> to t ar\nd ,co*rane 9 ,new ,ont>io1 :i* yields su* l>ge returns "u "r treatm5t40 ,mr4 ,dickson says 9 8 report3--8,! climate & ! soil conditions are ! two basic factors :i* det]m9e f>m+ value4 ,:]e frequ5t or rec5t fires h n result$ 9 ! =mation ( purely #8tempor>y' or #8fire types'--z e4g41 "y jackp9e on heavy clay--a /udy ( ! exi/+ flora answ]s _m que/ions z to ! climate & ! soil4 ,on well-dra9$ spots z f> nor? z ,split lake ! flora is almo/ id5tical ) t ( simil> sites 9 ,rid+ m\nta9s ( ,manitoba1 prov+ t dur+ ! gr[+ season ^! localities lie "u "o & ! same iso!rm1 or ne>ly s1 ,& yet ,rid+ m\nta9s are ne>ly f\r hundr$ miles s\?we/ ( ,split lake4 ,two o!r factors :i* help vegetation 9 ?is nor!rn clay belt are ! l[ absolute elevation--only five hundr$ to sev5 hundr$ feet--& ! l>ge proportion ( sunlight dur+ ! gr[+ season1 because ( ! long day4 ,no d\bt also ! l>ge proportion ( ! c\ntry cov]$ by wat] has a t5d5cy to prev5t late spr+ & e>ly fall fro/s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( wea!r records1 x is impossible to say :e!r ! summ] ( #aiaj 0 an av]age season or n1 b c]ta9ly x 0 fav\rable = f>m+ op]ations4 ,!re 7 %[]s e week & ! gr[? ( ! native vegetation ,,0 ,,amaz+ly ,,rapid4 ,! total annual precipitation1 includ+ two or ?ree feet ( sn[1 w\ld appe> to be ab\t ! same z = we/]n ,ont>io1 to wit1 ?irty to =ty in*es4 ,at ,cross lake no damag+ fro/s occurr$ betwe5 ,june #h & ,septemb] #aa1 an int]val ( n9ety-?ree days4 ,b z a #8sixty-day' oat or b>ley 9 ,ont>io w mature 9 t region 9 =ty-five or fifty days--a g5]al rule :i* applies z well to fruits1 roots & vegetables--!re w\ld appe> to be no difficulty f a climatic /&po9t 9 gr[+ all ! h>di] products ( ! temp]ate zone4 ,! size & ! quality ( ! wild fruits betwe5 ,sett+ & ,split lakes 7 fir/-class4 ,dur+ ! la/ week ( ,july we enjoy$ ripe raspb]ries1 gooseb]ries1 black & r$ currants1 blueb]ries1 saskatoons & /rawb]ries 7late ones74 ,! fir/ ?ree m5tion$ 7 especially f9e--! bu%es load$ d[n ) fruit z l>ge & juicy z _m tame v>ieties 9 ,ont>io4 ,! av]age temp]ature ( ! gr[+ season is ab\t #fj ,fahr5heit4 ,c]ta9ly vegetables w gr[ to p]fection any:]e betwe5 ,cross lake & ,nelson ,h\se4 ,at ! =m] we ate potatoes weigh+ a p\nd & a half ea*1 dug on ! la/ day ( ,augu/1 & :5 we left on ,septemb] #aj ! corn & tomatoes 7 /ill unt\*$ by fro/4 ,i w\ld respectfully po9t out ! advisability ( ! ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t plac+ sev]al small exp]im5tal /ations at suitable po9ts )9 ! limits ( ?is clay belt to make c>eful te/ ( its seasonal v>iations & cropp+ possibilities4 ,:5 ! railway is complet$ su* in=mation w be ( ! utmo/ value to int5d+ settl]s4 ,! w9t]s are q z enjoyable z 9 ,manitoba--probably m s4 ,mr4 ,clif=d1 "o ( ! railway location eng9e]s1 :o has sp5t two ye>s betwe5 ,! ,pas & ,split lake1 assur$ me t he ,,lik$ ,,! ,,w9t] ,,season ,,!re mu* bett] ?an ! summ]4 ,:]eas 9 _m p>ts ( ! cont95t ! summ] ( #aiaj 0 a peculi>ly dry "o1 9 ,keewat9 x 0 j ! opposite4 ,ra9 fell frequ5tly1 & high w9ds1 especially nor'ea/]s f ,hudson bay1 7 almo/ con/ant & occasion$ u "s loss ( "t on ! l>g] lakes40 ,mr4 ,william ,bee*1 = _m ye>s back1 & /ill1 a resid5t ( ,*ur*ill1 9 a communication to ! press 9 #aiaa1 wrote3--8,! op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! c\ntry ar\nd ! bay & at ,*ur*ill is t x is a b>r5 wa/e1 cov]$ ) ice & sn[ = ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 & devoid ( any vegetation :atev]4 ,! op9ion is an errone\s "o4 ,at ! head ( ! bay !re is an area ( f two ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& acres :]e 9 ! summ] mon?s good hay c be cut1 & :i* ,pr(essor ,mac\n has pron\nc$ z af=d+ excell5t =age4 ,!re are _m o!r places also :]e ! same condition exi/s1 & :]e ! c\ntry is cov]$ ) a ri* ?ick gr[? ( grass4 ,x w\ld surprise y1 w\ldn't x1 if ,i %\ld tell y t !re are at lea/ half a doz5 diff]5t species ( wild fruit :i* fl\ri% 9 great abundance 9 ! rocks & among ! mosses ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry r\nd ! bay4 ,wild black & r$ currants1 gooseb]ries1 cranb]ries1 cr[foot b]ries1 & bak$ apple b]ries may be ga!r$ by ! bu%el 9 season1 & make ! v be/ ( pres]ves1 s t we don't really h to dep5d on dri$ apples up !re z _m ( y imag9e4 ,z = vegetables1 ,i h se5 radi%es1 lettuce1 & turnips rais$ "r at ,*ur*ill4 8,( c\rse x is g5]ally und]/ood t ! w9t] climate ( ! c\ntry r\nd ! bay is usually v sev]e4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature ,i h exp]i5c$ !re1 h[ev]1 0 #ci bel[ z]o on ,nov4 #bi1 #aijf1 ) a /rong w9d bl[+ f ! bay1 :i* int5sifi$ ! cold4 ,x is exce$+ly r>e to h w9ds (f ! bay 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,9 w9t] ! w9d is g5]ally f ! we/ & nor?we/1 :ile 9 summ] x is g5]ally f ! ea/ & nor!a/4 ,i h always f\nd ! !rmomet] l[] "o hundr$ & fifty miles inl&4 ,x c nev] be call$ d>k 9 ! nor?1 ev5 9 ! dep? ( w9t]40 ----- #ad ,x w be obs]v$ t "p ( ?is evid5ce treats ( o!r di/ricts ?an ! "o imm$iately "u consid]ation2 b x _c conv5i5tly be elim9at$ "h )\t awkw>dly dislocat+ ,mr4 ,tyrrell's evid5ce4--7,e4 ,j4 ,c474 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,keewat9 ,,area4 7,newe/ ,ont>io & ,nor!rn ,manitoba47 ,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,consid]able ,areas ( ,good ,timb]4--,! ,range ( ! ,m ,important ,trees4--,! ,banskian ,p9e4--,=e/s ( ,trees 9 ,_m ,places t ,w\ld ,make ,good ,logs1 & ,mu* ,pulp ,wood4-- ,occasional ,beautiful ,=e/s ( ,asp5 ,popl>4--,magnific5t ,conif]\s ,=e/ ,nor?we/ ( ,lake ,w9nipeg4--,wat] ,p[] on ! ,nelson4--,de/ruction ,wr\ght by ,=e/ ,fires4--,ample ,supply ( ,timb] ,= ,fuel4 ,!re is consid]able evid5ce %[+ t !re are1 9 diff]5t sections ( ! t]ritory imm$iately we/ & s\? ( ,hudson bay1 consid]able areas ( useful timb]4 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,:ite1 "o ( ! witnesses exam9$ be=e ! ,hudson ,bay ,inve/igation ,committee 9 #agdi 7,see p4 #h71 /at$ t he saw fir-trees on ! banks ( ,albany riv] ?irty-five or =ty feet long1 & f\rte5 or sixte5 in*es squ>e at ! bottom1 & t5 at ! top1 & "h & !re a small /ick ( bir*2 t !re 7 a great _m o!r small p9es2 b he did n "k :e!r pit* or t> c\ld be made f !m1 nev] hav+ se5 a trial4 ,rev4 ,john ,semm5s 7,see p4 #cf7 writes3--8,!re is a good deal ( timb] 9 ! valleys & on ! isl&s & lakes ( ,burntwood riv] c\rse1 ?\gh x is sprucy & incl9$ to be small4 ,i h cut timb] z l>ge z two feet 9 diamet] at ! butt & fifty feet 9 height1 b ?is is exceptional4 ,f t5 to fifte5 in*es ne> ! gr\nd is a bett] e/imate ( ! av]age size ( ! trees4 ,! v "n ( ?is riv] sugge/s ! hi/oric fact t ! natives ( ! c\ntry delib]ately & habitually set ! woods on fire1 _! object be+ to attract ! de] :i* are kn[n to be fond ( ! sweet grass :i* spr+s f ! a%es ( a fire swept surface4 ,! result is t l>ge tracts ( c\ntry are d5ud$ ( _! ri* fir/ gr[? ( trees1 & "y =e/s are j com+ into ! middle /ages ( gr[?1 :ile _m ( ! hills /& bald & b>e1 giv+ sil5t evid5ce ( ! sev]ity ( successive visitations ( ! dev\r+ flame4 ,yet ! *>r$ /umps & tangl$ roots "h & !re speak ( a deep & f]tile soil1 z well z ( possibilities ( gr[? :i* few h associat$ ) a s-call$ #8froz5 nor?4' ,h[ev]1 all ! timb] necess>y = railroad purposes & = ! use ( settl]s 9 build+ or = comm]cial cordwood c be f\nd almo/ any:]e1 ! latt] 9 illimitable quantities40 ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell ( ! ,geological ,survey1 9 8 report ( 8 explorations 9 ! ,,valleys ,,( ,,nelson ,,& ,,*ur*ill ,,riv]s 9 #ahgi1 /ates3--8,spruce & tam>ac timb] are f\nd gr[+ ne> ! sea coa/1 9 favorable situations z f> z ,seal riv]1 beyond :i* _! nor!a/]n limit curves inl&4 ,! spruce1 al?\gh n gr[+ z a cont9u\s =e/ q z f> nor? z ,*ur*ill1 is /ill f\nd ( suffici5t size 9 ! neighborhood ( ?is po/ to be us$ = build+ h\ses1 boats1 etc4 ,! balsam popl> is r>e & ( small size at ,*ur*ill4 ,:ite bir* :i* 0 f\nd on ! ma9 riv]1 eighte5 miles above ! =ks1 is said to occur at ab\t sixty or sev5ty miles we/ ( ! m\? ( ! riv]40 ,doctor ,bell proce$s 9 8 report to describe ! range ( ! mo/ important trees ov] ! area cov]$ by 8 exploits z foll[s3-- 8,:ite ,spruce--7! #8,p9e' ( ,rup]t's ,l&71--,?is is ! mo/ nor!rn conif]\s tree4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ,hudson bay ! la/ ( x is se5 on ! coa/ a %ort di/ance nor? ( ,ri*mond gulf4 ,on ! we/ side x t]m9ates ab\t ,seal riv]4 ,!nce its limit runs nor?we/]ly1 & is report$ to cross ,mack5zie riv] ab\t two hundr$ miles bel[ ,peel riv]4 8,tam>ack1--7also call$ #8,junip]' & #8,r$ ,spruce'7--,on ! ea/ side ( ! bay x accompanies ! spruce almo/ to ! extreme limit4 ,x is abundant at ,york ,factory4 ,along ! l[] "p ( ,nelson riv] x is ( fair size1 b on ! ,*ur*ill x becomes small t[>ds ! sea4 ,its nor!rn limit runs nor?we/w>d to ,mack5zie riv] :i* x is said to cross bel[ ,peel riv]4 8,balsam ,fir3--7also call$ #8,s+le ,spruce' & #8,silv] ,p9e'7--,abundant ar\nd ! s\!rn "p ( ,james bay & on good dry soil along ,albany riv]4 ,mr4 ,co*rane reports x z common ar\nd ,isl& lake1 b sc>c] on ,god's lake4 ,x is r>e & ( small size on ,knee lake4 ,9 go+ d[n ,nelson riv]1 x is sc>ce bel[ ,sea ,riv] falls1 & ! la/ tree :i* ,i obs]v$ 0 at ! outlet ( ,sipiwesk lake4 ,on ,grass riv] "s good-siz$ trees 7 se5 z f> nor? z ,/&+ ,rock rapid4 8,balsam ,popl>3--7#8,r\gh-b>k$ ,popl>'1 #8,cotton ,tree'1 #8,balm ( ,gilead'1 etc47--,on ! we/ side ( ,hudson bay1 ?is is ! mo/ nor!rn species ( popl>4 ,x is abundant ar\nd ,york ,factory1 & atta9s a fair size along ! l[] "p ( ,nelson riv]4 ,9 desc5d+ ! ,great ,*ur*ill x becomes small] & sc>c] until ! m\? ( ! riv] is rea*$1 :5 x is r>e4 8,asp53--7#8,trembl+-leav$ ,popl>'7--,?is tree1 :i* is s abundant & ( su* a ?rifty gr[? ar\nd ! s\!rn "p ( ,james bay & on ! bord] ( ! prairie regions ( ! ,nor?we/ t]ritories1 does n ext5d z f> nor? z ,york ,factory4 ,9 asc5d+ ,nelson riv] x 0 n met until )9 a few miles ( l[e/ ,lime/one rapid4 ,x ext5ds nor?w>d ne>ly to ! junction ( ,little ,*ur*ill ) ,great ,*ur*ill riv]4 8,:ite ,bir*3--7#8,canoe ,bir*'7--,?is species t]m9ates on ,hayes riv]1 a few miles bel[ ,/eel riv]4 ,on ! ,nelson1 ! fir/ tree 0 met ) at sev5 miles be=e com+ to l[e/ ,lime/one rapid1 or at sev5ty f ,po9t ( ,m>%4 ,9 desc5d+ ! ,little ,*ur*ill x disappe>$ ab\t midway betwe5 ,recluse lakes & ! m\?1 & 9 asc5d+ ! ,great ,*ur*ill1 x disappe>$ at eighte5 miles above ! =ks4 ,along ,burntwood riv] & ! upp] "p ( ! ,nelson x is l>ge en\gh = build+ canoes1 b becomes bett] = ?is purpose to ! nor?we/w>d1 & x is said to be ( v good quality ar\nd ,lake ,a?abaska40 ,doctor ,bell /ates 9 8 #ahhf report 7,see p4 #ah73--8,! timb] all ,,ar\nd ,,lake ,,/4 ,,joseph has suff]$ greatly f =e/ fires at _m diff]5t times1 f ab\t a c5tury ago to ! pres5t ye>4 ,p>ts ( ! ma9 %ores & _m ( ! isl&s1 especially 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,gr& ,trav]se1 h escap$ ! fires1 & "h full-siz$ timb] may be se54 ,! second gr[? woods are ( all ages1 f se$l+s ( a ye> ago1 up to trees ne>ly z l>ge z ^? ( ! orig9al =e/s4 ,z else:]e 9 ^! latitudes1 :]e ! old =e/s ( spruce1 tam>ack1 balsam1 :ite bir*1 etc41 h be5 burnt1 !y are succe$$ by a gr[? ( mix$ asp5s & :ite bir*1 ) a spr9kl+ ( spruce1 or else by "o consi/+ entirely ( ,banksian p9e4 ,9 reg>d to relative abundance1 ! trees f\nd ar\nd ! lake may be m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--:ite & black spruce1 tam>ack1 asp51 :ite bir*1 ,banksian p9e1 r\gh-b>k$ popl>1 balsam1 :ite c$>1 pigeon *]ry1 r[an & black a%4 ,! gr\nd or m\nta9 maple 7,ac] spicatum71 :i* is int]e/+ z an indicator ( climate1 is common1 & x 0 trac$ = a long di/ance d[n ! ,albany4 ,( ! above k9ds ( timb]1 ! :ite spruce & ! tam>ack are ! mo/ important comm]cially4 ,! c$> is conf9$ *iefly to ! imm$iate %ores ( ! lake1 :]e x (t5 =ms a cont9u\s b n>r[ bord]4 ,ab\t tw5ty spruce logs1 = saw+ into bo>ds1 7 ly+ at ,osnaburgh ,h\se at ! "t ( our visit4 ,!y w\ld av]age eighte5 or tw5ty in*es 9 diamet] at ! butts1 ! l>ge/ be+ ab\t two feet4 ,! six l>ge/ %[$ ! foll[+ numb] ( r+s ( gr[?3--"o hundr$ & ?irte51 n9ety-sev51 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o1 "o hundr$ & sixte51 "o hundr$ & sev51 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 or an av]age ( "o hundr$ & twelve1 ^! r+s indicat+1 x is suppos$1 a correspond+ numb] ( ye>s4 ,a new tam>ack flag-/aff1 :i* 0 ab\t to be erect$1 measur$ ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 diamet] at ! butt & %[$ two hundr$ & =ty-f\r r+s ( gr[?40 ,doctor ,bell reports t on ! dry gr\nd along ,b\ld] riv] ! timb] consi/s ( black spruce1 tam>ack1 balsam1 asp5 & :ite bir*1 b on ! wet1 level tracts1 x 0 pr9cipally black spruce4 ,all ! rapids 9 ,b\ld] riv] 7 ov]hung by ?ick groves ( good-siz$ :ite c$>1 & ! same tree 0 met ) 9 gr\ps 9 "s ( ! swamps at a di/ance f ! riv]4 ,doctor ,bell1 report+ on ! c\ntry ar\nd ,lake ,lansd[ne1 says3--8,except :]e =e/ fires h run1 l>ge spruce & tam>ack trees & "s c$>s 7 obs]v$ on ! isl&s & on ! ma9l& ne> ! lake1 & also along ! riv] betwe5 x & ,nol9 isl&40 ,doctor ,bell writes 9 8 report t ,,along ,,! ,,attawapiskat1 8except :]e ! timb] has be5 de/roy$ by fire1 !re is a good gr[? ( spruce1 tam>ack1 balsam1 popl> & :ite bir*1 b x does n ext5d f> back1 ! c\ntry g5]ally be+ op5 sphagnum swamps ) small scatt]$ tam>ack & black spruce trees40 ,doctor ,bell1 at "o ( 8 exam9ations be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhg1 produc$ z an exhibit a bran* ( ! ,banksian p9e 7,p9us ,banksiana71 (t5 call$ ! jackp9e & scrub p9e4 ,?is is ab\t ! only tree 9 ,nor? ,am]ica :i* we c call /rictly ,canadian4 ,bo? its nor!rn & s\!rn limits are practically 9 ,canada4 ,x ext5ds ?\s&s ( miles f ! s\!a/ 9 ,new ,brunswick to ! nor?we/1 9 a belt1 ?r\gh\t ! ,dom9ion4 ,9 height ?is tree gr[s "o hundr$ feet & upw>ds4 ,doctor ,bell _h se5 !m six feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! l>ge/ trees t he _h se5 ( ?is species 7 on ! upp] wat]s ( ! s\!rn bran*es ( ,albany riv]4 ,9 g5]al1 trees atta9 _! greate/ p]fection 9 ! c5tre ( _! geographical di/ribution4 ,sometimes !y deg5]ate into bru%1 at ! outside edge ( ! t]ritory 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,z y g nor?1 s\?1 ea/ or we/1 !y may become small] & small] until !y die out1 b ?is is n ! case ) all k9ds ( trees4 ,! ,banksian p9e is n p>ticul>ly valuable = lumb]4 ,x resembles ! r$ p9e2 x has a co>se1 di/9ct gra9 & c be us$ = _m purposes4 ,9 ,engl& x w\ld be us$ = ! manufacture ( fa%ionable b$room furniture4 ,x is some?+ l ! p9e ( ,florida & ,georgia1 :i* has be5 us$ = "s ye>s pa/ 9 ,engl& 9 ! manufacture ( furniture4 ,x w\ld ,,become ,,an ,,article ,,( ,,comm]ce if means ( communication ) ! nor!rn =e/s 7 provid$4 ,! ,banksian p9e w\ld make good ties1 telegraph poles1 & timb] = g5]al purposes1 besides fuel4 ,9 groves x gr[s v /raight1 b x is m likely to be bran*y ?an r$ p9e4 ,doctor ,bell _h se5 hundr$s ( !m 9 groves1 af=d+ logs ( f tw5ty to tw5ty-two in*es 9 diamet]--two or ?ree logs to a tree4 ,x gr[s v rapidly4 ,he _h se5 x1 9 8 own exp]i5ce1 )9 fifte5 ye>s1 gr[+ to be useful trees2 :ole tracts _h be5 cov]$ ) good timb]4 ,ask$ :ile giv+ evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhg :e!r ! %ores ( ,james bay & ,hudson bay are wood$1 ,doctor ,bell expla9$ t on ! we/ side to ,seal riv]1 a little beyond ,*ur*ill1 comm]cial timb] c\ld be obta9$ f all ! riv]s fl[+ 9 f ! s\?1 & jackp9e f "s1 & spruce & tam>ack f all ! riv]s ( ,james bay4 ,?is w\ld be all ( m]*antable size1 n extraord9>ily l>ge1 b pl5ty ( x4 ,! spruce might be describ$ z g5]ally ( a small size1 b mak+ up 9 quantity 9 ! numb] ( logs t might be obta9$4 ,! tam>ack1 ?\gh1 is l>ge4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 #ahhf report 7,see p4 #ah7 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[ ( ! ,geological ,survey /ates3--8,! trees ar\nd ,fav\rable lake consi/ ( :ite & black spruce1 asp5 & balsam popl>1 :ite bir*1 balsam & tam>ack1 _m ( :i* exce$ eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]40 ,on ! %ores ( ,s&y lake ,mr4 ,l[ saw _m trees ( :ite spruce1 popl>1 bir* & balsam exce$+ eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,betwe5 ?is lake & ,sev]n lake !re is a consid]able area support+ a gr[? ( black & :ite spruce1 tam>ack1 popl> & bir*1 slightly small] ?an ^? se5 ar\nd ! lakes4 ,z ,sev]n riv] desc5ds t[>ds ,fav\rable lake 8! surr\nd+ c\ntry gradually becomes smoo!r & ! timb] l>g] until )9 ?ree miles ( ! lake1 :5 ! /ream passes ?r\gh l[1 swampy l&1 cov]$ ) ?ick1 wet moss & a small gr[? ( black spruce & tam>ack40 ,mr4 ,l[ reports ! soil ab\t ,de] lake z be+ 8v ?9 & ! timb] correspond+ly poor1 except on a few l[ po9ts :]e "s :ite spruce1 balsam & popl> exce$ fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]40 ,mr4 ,l[ 7at ! "t ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey71 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 z to ! res\rces ( ! m s\!rn sections ( ,keewat9 :i* he _h explor$1 namely1 betwe5 ,norway ,h\se & ,hudson bay1 /at$ t ! =e/1 z 9 a great _m o!r p>ts ( ,canada1 _h be5 l>gely de/roy$ by fire1 b ar\nd "s ( ! l>ge lakes & on ! isl&s & o!r places1 ,a ,,fair ,,gr[? ,,( ,,timb] is f\nd 9 t region1 ) :ite & black spruce1 p9e1 asp51 popl> & :ite bir* ( eighte5 in*es diamet]4 ,! trees are fairly clean1 & a great _m ( !m w\ld probably make two or ?ree logs1 s t :at rema9s ( ! timb] !re is fairly dec5t & good1 except on ! l[ swampy l& :]e ! gr[? is conf9$ to black spruce & tam>ack ( no great size4 ,?r\gh\t ! m s\!rn region describ$ by ,mr4 ,l[1 !re is a good deal ( wood t c\ld be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pulp4 ,all ( ! riv]s 9 ! region h wat]p[]s4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 9 ! report ( 8 explorations 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ?is region 9 #ahif 7,see p4 #bj71 wrote3--8,! surface is g5]ally =e/$1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! valuable timb] has be5 de/roy$ by fire4 ,on ,grass1 ,muhigan & ,m9ago riv]s1 z well z on ! %ores & isl&s ( "s ( ! lakes1 !re are /ill "s =e/s ( excell5t :ite spruce1 b on ! nor!rn "p ( ,burntwood riv] :ite spruce is r sc>ce1 & at ,nelson ,h\se timb] = h\se logs has to be collect$ f scatt]$ groves & br\ght sev]al miles up or d[n ! brooks or across ! lake4 ,black spruce & canoe bir* gr[ on ! m level & imp]fectly dra9$ tracts1 & ,banskian p9e may be se5 "h & !re on ! dri] hillsides4 ,canoe bir* gr[s to a good size beside ! lakes & /reams1 b asp5 7,populus tremuloides7 is ! commone/ decidu\s tree1 z x gr[s on ! dri] upl&s ev]y:]e1 ,,occasionally ,,=m+ ,,beautiful ,,=e/s1 b m (t51 & especially t[>ds ! nor?1 p>tly cov]+ ! surface ) scatt]$ groves ( small trees4 ,among ! small] trees or %rubs1 ! r[an tree 7,pyrus ,am]icana7 may be m5tion$ z gr[+ freely & hav+ an abundant crop ( b]ries along ! face ( ! lime/one esc>pm5t1 especially ar\nd ,wekusko & ,re$ lakes1 & ! wild *]ry 7,prunus ,virg9iana7 gr[s beside mo/ ( ! lakes4 8,! =e/s surr\nd+ ,re$ lake are mo/ly ( popl>1 b !re are "s good groves ( f9e l>ge spruce up to tw5ty-five in*es 9 diamet]40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell /ates t on ! s\!a/]n %ore ( ,a?apapusk[ lake 8consid]able areas are cov]$ ) l>ge :ite spruce40 ,almo/ all ! c\ntry surr\nd+ ,cranb]ry lakes has be5 swept by fire1 b _m ( ! isl&s are /ill wood$ ) :ite spruce ( fair size4 ,at ,w9t]+ lake1 8! surr\nd+ %ores rise g5tly f ! wat]1 & are d5sely wood$ ) a close =e/ ( :ite spruce1 gr[+ on ! ri* clay soil40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell describes f9d+ ! site ( an old fur /ation ne> ,sett+ lake 8completely ov]gr[n ) l>ge spruce trees1 q indi/+ui%able f ^? ( ! surr\nd+ =e/40 ,he adds3--8,9 _m o!r in/ances ! sites ( ! anci5t fur-trad+ po/s c\ld be recogniz$ z small1 usually rectangul>1 popl>-cov]$ areas1 9 ! mid/ ( or on ! bord] ( ! adjo9+ =e/40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell reports ! banks ( ! s\? bran* ( ,gunisao riv]1 :i* fl[s into ! nor!a/ side ( ,lake ,w9nipeg1 z be+ 8wood$ ) beautiful tall :ite spruce1 app>5tly =m+ ,a ,,magnific5t ,,conif]\s ,,=e/ b h[ f> back f ! riv] ?is =e/ ext5ds 0 n det]m9$4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "h a l>ge quantity ( valuable timb]1 mu* m ?an 0 se5 any:]e else 9 ! c\ntry imm$iately ea/ ( ,lake ,w9nipeg40 ,spruce up to tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet] 0 not$4 ,9 ! report ( 8 explorations 9 #ahii ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+ ( ! ,geological ,survey /ates3--8,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! di/rict1 nor? ( ,lake ,w9nipeg1 spruce ( bo? ! :ite & black species is f\nd ( fair diamet]1 b 9 go+ nor? ! size mat]ially decreases4 ,ov] ! major portion ( ! rocky c\ntry ,banksian p9e is ! pr9cipal tree1 :i*1 ?\gh n l>ge en\gh 9 g5]al = timb]1 might 9 ! future be ( use = pulp wood4 8,! hilly c\ntry to ! s\? ( ,sisipuk lake & nor?we/ ( ,loon lake is n well timb]$ b ! l[] l& betwe5 ! two & on ! isl&s is fairly well cov]$ by groves ( small spruce40 ,mr4 ,d[l+1 9 8 report ( #aija on ,ekwan di/rict 7,see p4 #ba71 /ates3-- 8,! timb] along ! coa/ gradually becomes small] z we g nor?w>d & ! tree-l9e rec$es f ! %ore1 leav+ x f9ally at ! ,op9nag[ s t ! c\ntry beh9d t cape is m or less an op5 pla94 ,! %ore1 :]e ! trees are at a di/ance f ! bea*1 is g5]ally an ev5 mud slope1 cov]$ above high tide ) grass1 foll[$ by a wide belt ( /unt$ will[s 7gray7 :i* look some:at l ! sagebu% ( ! we/]n pla9s4 ,beh9d ?is1 a few isolat$ spruces ( small /ature appe> be=e ! tree l9e is rea*$4 ,9 sail+ along ?is coa/1 x is impossible to "k :i* way to /e] s z to run p>allel ) ! l&1 z no?+ c be se5 ahead by :i* to %ape "o's c\rse40 ,z to ! timb] 9 ! int]ior ( ,ekwan riv] di/rict1 ,mr4 ,d[l+ reports3--8,along ! /reams !re is a n>r[ fr+e ( timb]1 b 9 approa*+ ! tree-limit ?is becomes v small4 ,back f ! imm$iate slopes ( ! riv]s ! surface is ne>ly level1 & moss-cov]$1 ) scatt]$ gr\ps ( small spruce & tam>ack4 ,! great] "p ( ! int]ior is report$ to be muskeg 7op5 bog74 ,a small collection ( ab\t =ty species ( %ore plants 0 made at ! m\?s ( ,ekwan & ,albany riv]s4 8,mr4 ,d[l+ f\nd ! surface ( ! t]race ( ,ekwan riv] to be cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( moss1 & ! timb] on x is mo/ly small spruce & tam>ack4 ,"s ( ! trees might be f six to eight in*es 9 diamet]1 b ! av]age is mu* less4 ,at ! edges ( ! bank a fr+e ( l>g] trees occasionally appe>s1 b x does n ext5d f> f ! /ream40 ,,r$ ,,lake ,,riv] ,,& ,,r$ ,,lake4 ,9 8 report ( 8 #ahic explorations ,mr4 ,d[l+ says ! timb] on ! banks ( ,r$ lake riv] 8is mo/ly popl> ( a fair size ) a spr9kl+ ( bir* & black spruce4 ,! bir* av]age twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 b only a few ( ! spruce trees 7 f\nd ov] eighte5 in*es40 ,mr4 ,d[l+ says ! =e/ ab\t ,r$ lake 8is some:at v>i$1 spruce & ,banksian p9e alt]nat+ z ! dom9ant trees4 ,on all ! dry & s&y gr\nd a ?ick gr[? ( sl5d] ,banksian p9e is f\nd1 & no trees ( l>ge size are app>5tly to be se5 9 su* areas1 b 9 ! valleys & ne> ! lakes black spruce is occasionally met )1 =m+ small groves scatt]$ ?r\gh ! =e/s ( decidu\s trees4 ,individual trees ( l>g] size are common on ! isl&s & po9ts ov] :i* =e/ fires h n run1 & su* trees may atta9 9 "s in/ances a diamet] ( tw5ty in*es1 b ! av]age is "u eighte5 in*es4 ,bir* & popl> are almo/ always pres5t :]ev] ! soil admits4 ,on ! ri*] & l[] gr\nd1 betwe5 ,r$ lake & ,gull ,rock lake1 & f>!r d[n ! riv]1 ! popl> trees are well gr[n & appe> 9 groves 9 :i* ne>ly all trees av]age eighte5 in*es 9 diamet] ne> ! base4 ,f>!r to ! we/w>d on ! high] gr\nd1 ! soil be+ s&y1 ! ,banksian p9e is m abundant1 & ne> ! we/]n end ( ,pipe/one bay1 "s trees ( r$ p9e =m a small grove1 :i* appe>s to be ! nor!rn limit ( ! species 9 ?is bas940 ,mr4 ,d[l+ says ! trees ne> ,tr\t lake riv] are mo/ly popl>1 ) sl5d] spruce on ! l[] l& j beh9d4 ,occasionally ,banksian p9e is se5 on ! dri] p>ts4 ,mr4 ,d[l+ m5tions a tall =e/ ( popl> & bir* z bord]+ ! we/]n bran* ( ,:ite-mud riv]4 ,speak+ ( ! c\ntry explor$ by him ab\t ,lac ,seul1 ,mr4 ,d[l+ says3--8,! c\ntry is well cov]$ by timb] b ( small av]age gr[?4 ,! s&y tracts are g5]ally wood$ by ,banksian p9e1 b 9 ! riv]-valleys & on ! heavi] l&1 popl>1 bir* & spruce are abundant4 ,:ite & r$ p9e are f\nd 9 small groves s\? ( ,lac ,seul & are ( good av]age size = timb]4 ,on ! lake are scatt]$ trees ( bo? v>ieties4 ,! nor!rn limit ( r$ p9e ext5ds to ,r$ lake1 :]e a few trees 7 obs]v$4 ,c$> ( inf]ior gr[? occurs 9 isolat$ localities & ext5ds nor?we/ to ! height-(-l&1 b none seem )9 ,b]5s riv] bas940 ,,bas9s ,,( ,,! ,,w9isk ,,& ,,! ,,attawapiskat4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,innes's report ( 8 survey ( ! region dra9$ by ! ,w9isk & ! ,attawapiskat 9 #aijc1 #aijd & #aije 7,see p4 #bc73--8,! av]age size ( ! trees gr[+ )9 ! c\ntry explor$ is n great4 ,on exceptionally fav\rable tracts ! spruces atta9 sizes q l>ge en\gh = comm]cial use z sawn lumb]1 & l>ge areas w\ld af=d good pulpwood4 ,evid5ces ( ! con/ant recurr5ce ( =e/ fires ov] ! area are ev]y:]e pla9ly se54 ,! brul areas1 v>y+ f q small pat*es to l>ge tracts1 are ( e age2 "s are s old ! =e/ has atta9$ ! full height ( ! old gr[? & ! new] age ( ! trees c only be asc]ta9$ by a ref]5ce to _! r+s ( gr[?1 & o!rs s rec5t t no vegetation cov]s ! black5$ surface4 ,^! fires are g5]ally ! result ( ! c>elessness ( ,indian travell]s1 b may sometimes be trac$ to ! ignit+ ( a dry1 /&+ tree-trunk by lightn+4 ,! olde/ trees f\nd 9 ! :ole area 7 gr[+ on a till-cov]$ isl&1 ab\t fifty miles f ! m\? ( ,w9isk riv]4 ,! complete isolation f ! ma9l& by broad *annels ensur$ its protection f fires hav+ _! orig9 outside its own bord]s4 ,! spruces gr[+ "h 7 f\nd by _! r+s ( gr[? to be betwe5 two hundr$ & sev5ty & two hundr$ & eighty ye>s old4 ,! diamet]s & ages ( trees1 gr[+ 9 a numb] ( diff]5t localities ?r\gh\t ! region1 7 not$1 & are giv5 9 ! li/ bel[3-- ,diam4 ,age 9 94 by #c ft4 r+s1 f ( gr\nd4 gr[?4 ,tam>ack1 ,w9isk riv]1 #cb miles f #i #ajj m\? ,black spruce #cb #ab #abe #cb #ab #aec #cb #h #ge #ej #aj #bge #fe ne> bank #h #acj #fe #f #aae #fe #aj *a9s back #c #aje ,tam>ack #fe #c #hj ,black spruce bel[ ,wapikopa #aj #acj lake ,wapikopa lake #i #ade #f #ace ,nib9amik lake #i #ge #e #ge above #ae #acj ,nib9amik lake ,asp5 popl> #ae #acj ,note3--,x w be obs]v$ t ?is p>agraph & o!r portions ( ?is te/imony really ref] to ! ,a?abaska c\ntry treat$ ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 b to save an awkw>d dislocation ( ,pr(4 ,mac\n's te/imony1 x has be5 kept intact4 7,e4 ,j4 ,c47 ,z to ! region explor$ by him 9 #aijf 7,see p4 #bc71 ,mr4 ,mc,innes reports3--8,?\gh a wood$ c\ntry ?r\gh\t1 !re are b limit$ areas :]e ! =e/ gr[? is ( a size to be comm]cially ( mu* value4 ,!re are no h>d woods1 ! only decidu\s trees t atta9 m]*antable measurem5ts be+ ! canoe bir*1 ! asp5 & balsam popl>s & ! tam>ack4 ,black spruce is ! mo/ abundant conif]\s tree & gr[s to a size suffici5t at lea/ = pulpwood4 ,associat$ ) tam>ack1 x cov]s all ! m m>%y tracts1 giv+ way :]e ! l& becomes dri] to :ite spruce1 :i* is ! timb] tree ( ! region1 & on ! drie/ ridges to ,banksian p9e4 ,=e/ fires h be5 widespread & mo/ de/ructive ?r\gh\t ! :ole region sp>+ only ! v wet muskeg areas & a few tracts isolat$ by surr\nd+ wat] or m>%4 8,:ite & black spruce1 tam>ack1 asp51 balsam & canoe bir* =m ! =e/ surr\nd+ ,cross lake1 ! decidu\s trees = ! mo/ "p gr[+ only 9 a fr+e along ! imm$iate %ores4 ,,trees ,,( ,,suitable ,,size ,,= ,,saw+ into eight & t5 in* bo>ds are f\nd on ! isl&s1 along ! /ream valleys & 9 places ne> ! lake %ores1 b ! g5]al av]age size ( ! trees inl& is small] ?an ?is40 ,mr4 ,mc,innes has ! foll[+ to say ( ! timb] he notic$ 9 8 asc5t ( ,burntwood riv]3--8,above ,odei riv] ! =e/ is ma9ly spruce & tam>ack ( ab\t sixty ye>s gr[?1 ! l>g] trunks rea*+ diamet]s ( f eight to t5 in*es1 b ! g5]al av]age n m ?an six in*es4 ,9 ! valleys occasional :ite spruces & tam>acks atta9 diamet]s z great z eighte5 in*es4 ,^! are trees t h escap$ :5 ! surr\nd+ =e/ 0 burn$ & are suffici5t evid5ce t1 b = ! repeat$ fires1 !re w\ld be l>ge areas cov]$ ) good timb]4 ,9 ! fifte5 mile /ret* ( ! ,burntwood bel[ ,waskwatim lake1 ! l[ flat along ! riv] is cov]$ by sixty ye>s' timb] gr[?1 ma9ly ( ,banksian p9e & spruce4 ,! high] plateau is wood$ pr9cipally ) spruce f six to eight in*es 9 diamet]1 ) scatt]$ ,banksian p9e1 popl> & :ite bir* succe$+ an e>li] burn$ =e/4 ,a mix$ second gr[? =e/1 ma9ly asp5 popl>1 cov]s all ! upl&s r\nd ,waskwatim lake1 :ile on ! isl&s & on l[ flats bord]+ bays ( ! lake are f\nd :ite spruce & popl> ( diamet]s up to "o foot4 ,! c\ntry nor? ( ,footpr9t lake is describ$ by ,mr4 ,mc,innes z be+ cov]$ = ! mo/ "p ) a mix$ second gr[? f t5 to ?irty ye>s old1 b ) "h & !re clumps ( :ite spruce1 ) tall & /raight trunks a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,z to ! region j nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 ,mr4 ,mc,innes says ! areas ( =e/1 :]e ! trunks are l>ge en\gh to be ( comm]cial value1 are limit$4 ,! pr9cipal tracts ( l>ge /&+ timb] are situat$ to ! nor? ( ,moose lake1 to ! we/ ( ,atikameg1 9 l[] ,grass riv] valley & on ! ridge sep>at+ ,cormorant & ,yawn+/one lakes4 ,! la/ nam$ tract conta9s :ite spruce ( exceptionally l>ge size ) tall cle> trunks4 ,small] areas are f\nd on isl&s & po9ts 9 ! v>i\s lakes1 along ! upp] valley ( ,c[an riv]1 & 9 clumps along all ! /ream valleys 9 ! di/rict4 ,small] timb]1 ma9ly black spruce1 t w\ld be ( value = pulpwood1 is mu* m widely di/ribut$ ov] l>ge areas40 ,mr4 ,mc,innes made a computation ( ! age ( ! trees 9 ! area he explor$ & f\nd t ! ,,annual ,,gr[? ,,is ,,sl[4 ,!y run f f\r to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y w\ld furni%1 he ?9ks1 v /rong & firm lumb]1 & ! small] trees1 ow+ to _! closely pack$ fibres & ! comp>ative abs5ce ( op5 cellul> matt]1 w\ld be especially well adapt$ = ! manufacture ( pulpwood = pap] mak+4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t ! we/]n "p ( ,keewat9 has evid5tly be5 a c\ntry ( good timb] g5]ally1 b un=tunately x has be5 almo/ all burn$ ov]1 s t ! only areas ( good timb] t he knew ( 7 ! area nor? ( ,moose lake1 ! area we/ ( ,cle>wat] lake1 & ! area betwe5 ,cormorant & ,yawn+/one lakes4 ,he made cross-sections 9 t c\ntry sev]al times1 & he f\nd :ite spruce1 & ! l>ge/ tree he f\nd 0 ?irty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,he w\ld say mo/ ( ^! trees make ab\t ?ree f\rte5-foot logs because !y 7 gr[+ ?ickly1 & x 0 a regul> :ite spruce timb] limit4 ,!re 7 a great _m f t5 in*es up to tw5ty-?ree in*es4 ,t is an area ab\t six miles long by two or ?ree wide1 & go+ ?r\gh t !re are areas ( swamp4 ,he cross-section$ ?r\gh x1 & w\ld come to a qu>t] ( a mile ( good trees1 & !n p]haps a mile ( swamp l& ) black spruce1 & half a mile ( good trees "r across4 ,nor? ( t po9t !re are only a few isolat$ areas ( timb] t _h escap$ ! fire4 ,on ! isl&s & lakes !re 7 pretty good timb]s1 & on "s little p59sulas t are ne>ly cut (f2 o!rwise x _h all be5 burnt4 ,,ab\t ,,wat]p[]s4 ,specially ref]r+ to wat]p[]s1 ,mr4 ,mc,innes1 9 ! report ( 8 explorations 9 #aijf 7,see p4 #bc71 says3--8,betwe5 ,lake ,w9nipeg & ,split lake1 a di/ance ( ab\t two hundr$ & tw5ty-five miles1 ! ,nelson riv] has a desc5t ( approximately two hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet4 ,! curr5t betwe5 ! num]\s lake expansions is g5]ally swift1 & upw>ds ( a doz5 falls & rapids occur1 "s ( ! =m] (f]+ magnific5t sites = wat] p[]s4 ,! aggregate p[] t c\ld be g5]at$ along ! riv] is enorm\s1 z ! am\nt ( wat] pass+ ov] ! v>i\s falls is v great4 ,! volume ( ! riv] c be appreciat$ by a consid]ation ( ! ext5t ( its dra9age area1 :i* embraces all ! c\ntry we/w>d to ! m\nta9s betwe5 ! wat]%$ ( ! ,*ur*ill & ,a?abaska on ! nor?1 & ! ,miss\ri on ! s\?1 & ea/w>d to ! head wat]s ( ,albany riv]1 & )9 fifty miles ( ,lake ,sup]ior40 ,mr4 ,ow5 ,o',sullivan1 9 8 #aijf report 7,see p4 #bc71 /ates t ! %ores ( ,assean lake1 :i* is ab\t twelve miles long & a mile wide1 are 8well wood$ ) black spruce1 tam>ack1 & :ite bir*40 ,! =e/ gr[? at ,waskai[aka lake is *iefly black spruce & :ite bir* ( f f\r to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,mr4 ,o',sullivan describes a hill ( drift 8cov]$ mo/ly ) black spruce av]ag+ eight in*es 9 diamet]0 z ris+ = two hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! wat] on ! ea/ side ( ! expansion ( ! ,little ,*ur*ill bel[ ,waskai[aka lake4 ,z f> d[n z ! junction ( ,swit*+ riv] ! c\ntry on bo? sides ( ! ,little ,*ur*ill produces black spruce1 :ite bir* & tam>ack ( small size4 ,f a po9t eighty miles d[n ! ,little ,*ur*ill nor?w>d1 ! c\ntry1 :i* 0 ov]run by a fire t occurr$ "s =ty ye>s ago1 is n[ p>tly cov]$ ) bun*es ( second-gr[? black spruce1 tam>ack & :ite bir*4 ,bun*es ( spruce & tam>ack t escap$ ! fires 7 frequ5tly met close to ! wat]'s edge4 ,9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 ,mr4 ,o',sullivan /at$ t 9 8 trip 9 #aijf1 ! only timb] he saw 0 at ,split lake--spruce1 popl> & :ite bir*1 f f\r to eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 !re & ,big lake is swampy & be>s black spruce ) small spruce av]ag+ f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* w\ld make good pulpwood4 ,!n ar\nd ,wabi%kok !re are bir* & :ite spruce1 & s on4 ,!y are a little l>g]1 z l>ge z six to eighte5 in*es 9 "s places1 occurr+ 9 isolat$ groves4 ,! black spruce w\ld av]age 9 ! nice t]races & level clay slopes f ! lake ab\t eighte5 in*es4 ,!y gr[ t size & m4 ,nor? ( t1 betwe5 !re & ! tree limit or ! op5 b>r5 gr\nd1 ! c\ntry 0 ,,run ,,ov] ,,by ,,fire ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 & probably !re 0 ano!r fire :i* occurr$ ab\t five ye>s ago1 s !re are no trees4 ,go+ d[n ! ,little ,*ur*ill !re are no trees to be se5 on ! heights1 except 9 ! valleys ( ! riv]1 :]e groves ( spruce & popl> :i* escap$ ! fire are /&+4 ,^! spruce & popl>s :i* are 9 ! valleys are sometimes tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! cottonwood gr[s to ab\t f\rte5 in*es4 ,x is tall & v heal?y look+4 ,! spruce trees gr[ pretty long1 & q a numb] ( sawlogs c\ld be tak5 out ( ea* tree4 ,! soil is pretty good1 b ! area is small4 ,aft] leav+ ,big lake1 all ! way d[n !re is no timb] at all4 ,9 ! valleys ( all ! /reams !re is timb]1 consi/+ ( bun*es ( spruce & tam>ack4 ,at ! ,big ,*ur*ill ! clay hills are mo/ly cov]$ ) moss4 ,x has be5 burn$ ov]1 & !re are good l>ge spruce 9 ! valleys ( ,little ,*ur*ill riv] away up to ab\t eighte5 or tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]1 b !y are v few4 ,!y are all v heal?y look+ trees4 ,9 #aijb1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,w4 ,g4 ,wilson1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 made a reconnaissance trav]se across ! s\!rn "p ( ! unexplor$ area ly+ to ! nor? ( ,lac ,seul & ea/ ( ,tr\t lake1 visit+ ,slate1 ,m>%1 ,gull1 ,smoo?brook1 ,cat & ,/4 ,joseph lakes4 ,he /ates 9 8 report3--8,! =e/ gr[? is f\nd *iefly ar\nd ! lakes & /reams4 ,! s&s1 s&y gravels1 or clays1 usually ( glacial orig91 are g5]ally =e/$1 ! trees v>y+ ) ! "* ( ! soil4 ,!re are l>ge areas ( ne>ly b>e rock1 :]e only a few /unt$ conif]s or popl>s gr[ 9 ! crevices4 ,:]e ! soil is sp>se1 & ! c\ntry l[-ly+ b yet fairly well dra9$1 !re is an op5 =e/1 *iefly black spruce1 & ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) a d5se mat ( moss int]lac$ ) fibr\s roots4 ,! soil cov]$1 & ! swampy areas1 are usually ?ickly ov]gr[n ) small %rubs1 mo/ly ald]4 ,9 g5]al ! timb] is r small1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! di/rict at pres5t too small ev5 = pulpwood or ties4 ,occasionally along /reams ! trees are l>g]1 especially nor? ( ! ea/ end ( ,lac ,seul4 ,ano!r area ( good timb]1 *iefly black spruce & tam>ack1 occurs along ,root riv] betwe5 ,lac ,seul & ,lake ,/4 ,joseph40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,laggan1 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 trip 9 #aijg 7,see p4 #eh71 describes ! c\ntry betwe5 ,! ,pas & ,cle>wat] lake z cov]$ ) small1 mix$ timb]4 ,on ! nor? side ( ,cormorant lake1 & along ! creek :i* connects x ) ,lake ,yawn+/one1 & on ! s\? side ( ! latt] lake1 he saw f ?ree to five million feet ( good mill+ spruce timb]4 ,along ,c[an riv] ! c\ntry is describ$ z l[ & flat1 ) small quantities ( good spruce timb] 9 spots until )9 a few miles ( ,black ,duck lake :5 bun*es ( good spruce1 e/imat$ at t5 million feet1 come into view4 ,aft] cross+ ,black ,duck lake ! c\ntry cont9ues l[ & m>%y1 ) scatt]$ bun*es ( spruce & tam>ack ( a size suitable = ties or pulpwood4 ,z ,mr4 ,mc,laggan approa*$ ,re$ lake he pass$ ?r\gh l[ & swampy c\ntry cov]$ ) scrubby timb]4 ,to ! s\? ( ,re$ lake ab\t a million feet ( m$ium siz$ spruce 7 sight$4 ,! c\ntry back 0 f\nd to h be5 burn$ ov] & n[ gr[+ popl>1 :i*1 9 a few ye>s1 w make good pulpwood4 ,on ! nor? side ( ,h]b lake !re are spruce & popl> fit = railway ties & pulpwood1 & along ! riv] to ! rapids !re are small bun*es ( jackp9e & tam>ack & ( m]*antable spruce1 b back f ! lake & riv] ! c\ntry appe>$ all burn$4 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan expresses ! op9ion t !re mu/ h be5 a good timb] area bord]+ ^! wat]s1 & t1 if fire c be kept out1 ,,re=e/ation ,,w ,,soon ,,be ,,effect$4 ,along ! %ores ( & on ! isl&s 9 ,sett+ lake !re is1 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan e/imates1 ab\t t5 million feet ( "y1 s\nd1 cle> spruce timb]1 av]ag+ f twelve to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,betwe5 ,sett+ & ,pa9t lakes are two falls ( ?irty feet1 :]e spl5did p[] c be develop$2 ! banks ( ! riv] become high] & !re are small bun*es ( spruce & popl>1 b back f ! riv] has be5 burn$ ov]4 ,on ! s\? side ( ,pa9t lake !re is a fairly good bun* ( spruce1 suitable = railway ties or pulpwood4 ,back f ! lake ! c\ntry has be5 burn$ ov] b is gr[+ up aga9 ) popl> & o!r trees4 ,on ,me?ye lake ,mr4 ,mc,laggan f\nd ! timb] to be ma9ly jackp9e & tam>ack ( small size1 a limit$ portion ( :i* w\ld be fit = railway ties4 ,trav]s+ ,file riv]1 ) ! exception ( a bun* ( spruce ( ab\t half a million feet1 av]ag+ twelve to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 !re 0 se5 no?+ b small1 scrubby mix$ timb] ( b little value4 ,! c\ntry back f ! riv] has be5 burn$ ov]4 ,betwe5 ,re$ lake & ,elb[ lake he saw ab\t two million feet ( good spruce & popl>1 av]ag+ f twelve to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,t[>ds ! l[] end ( ,cranb]ry lake !re are bun*es ( good spruce4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are a million feet 9 all4 ,! c\ntry cont9ues r\gh & rocky1 ) pat*es ( good l& & "s muskeg4 ,9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,cranb]ry & ,a?apapusk[ lakes !re is a poor gr[? ( scrubby timb]4 ,"s small bun*es ( spruce 7 se5 along ,a?apapusk[ lake ne> ! portage1 & by ,goose riv]1 b ! c\ntry has all burn$ ov]1 leav+ only small clumps ( spruce4 ,speak+ g5]ally ( ! timb] 9 ! area explor$1 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan report$3--8,! fires seem to h burn$ ov] ne>ly all ! c\ntry & ,i 0 n able to walk f> en\gh into ! int]ior to f9d any l& n burn$1 & f in=mation ga!r$ f ,indians & trapp]s1 w\ld conclude t ?is burn$ l& rea*$ f ,grass to ,burntwood riv]1 ) ! exception ( small pieces along ! lakes & riv]s4 ,!re is a gr[? ( "y timb] com+ up1 s9ce ! fire1 :i* may be ( value 9 "t40 ,w4 ,?ibaudeau1 ,c4,e4 7,see p4 #bc71 /ates 9 8 report t al?\gh !re is no m]*antable timb] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*ur*ill1 !re is abundance ( f9e build+ /one & lime/one to be f\nd ev]y:]e1 & !re is also an ample supply ( timb] = fuel purposes = _m ye>s along bo? banks ( ,*ur*ill riv] & ar\nd ,button bay4 ,he cont9ues3--8,betwe5 ,octob] #bd1 #aijf1 & ,novemb] #i1 #aijf1 ,i made an exploration ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,nor? riv] & ,*ur*ill riv] = a di/ance s\? ( ,button bay1 ( ab\t tw5ty miles4 ,on ! ,,ea/ ,,side ,,( ,,button ,,bay ,i f\nd a /rip ( good timb]1 consi/+ ( spruce & tam>ack six to t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ab\t half a mile wide & ext5d+ ?ree to f\r miles 9 l5g? on ! ea/ side1 betwe5 ! s\!rn ridge ( ,*ur*ill p59sula & ! bay1 & ab\t ?ree miles s\? ( ,*ur*ill4 ,at ! head ( ,button bay 7& p>allel ) x71 !re are a numb] ( p>allel ridges ext5d+ to ,nor? riv]4 ,^! ridges are timb]$ ) spruce & tam>ack f\r to t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,close to ,nor? riv] !re is a good spruce timb] t5 to ?irty in*es 9 diamet] 9 small scatt]$ bun*es1 cov]+ a di/ance ( ab\t f\r miles4 ,at ! s\!rn end ( ! s\? ridge ( ! we/]n p59sula at ,*ur*ill1 !re is a /rip ( good spruce timb]1 six to twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 ext5d+ ab\t two miles by f\r miles2 also on ! ea/ side ( ! same ridge ab\t "o & "o-?ird miles s\? ( ,mosquito po9t1 !re is a /rip ( good timb] = a di/ance ( ab\t f\r miles4 8,betwe5 ,decemb] #g1 #aijf1 & ,decemb] #ag1 #aijf1 ,i made an exploration ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,owl riv]s4 ,f\r miles f ,*ur*ill riv] 9 a s\!rly direction ,i cross$ a ridge1 runn+ 9 a nor!a/ & s\?we/ direction at ab\t "o & "o-half miles f ,hudson bay1 ext5d+ opposite to ,mosquito po9t4 ,f ! po9t ( cross+ to ! bay1 on ! sunny side1 ! ridge is well timb]$ ) spruce six to twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,tw5ty-five miles f ! />t+ po9t1 ,i cross$ ano!r s&y ridge ) scrubby timb]4 ,two miles we/ ( ?is po9t !re is a b>r5 hill kn[n z ,:ite m\nta91 ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height by "o mile 9 l5g?4 ,at ! ea/]n woods !re are a few squ>e miles ( spruce & tam>ack av]ag+ six to eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,close to ,:ite ,:ale lake ,i cross$ ano!r gravel ridge hav+ no timb]4 ,on ea* side ( ,salmon creek !re are scrubs1 will[s & small spruce1 ) grassy mead[s4 ,at ,broad riv] to ! left ( ! place ( cross+1 = ab\t f\r miles !re is a /rip ( timb] "o-?ird ( a mile 9 wid?1 eight to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 consi/+ ( /unt$ black spruce40 ,! section ab\t ,waskai[aka lake is fairly level & dry1 ) "s scrub timb]4 ,! banks are /eep & cov]$ ) v ?ick mossy peat1 probably t5 feet ?ick4 ,! timb] consi/s ( black spruce & :ite bir* f five to sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,f ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/ on ,split lake to ! m\? ( ,grass riv]1 ! c\ntry on ! ea/ side ( ! lake is undulat+1 & "p ( ! banks & isl&s is fairly timb]$ ) spruce4 ,"p ( ! %ore ( ,l&+ lake & ! isl&s are well timb]$ ) spruce six to t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,travell+ f ,l&+ lake to ! head ( ,sipiwesk lake1 ! c\ntry 0 f\nd dry & well timb]$ ) spruce f eight to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! isl&s ( ,sipiwesk lake are well timb]$ ) spruce1 "s be+ ?irty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,on ,re$ lake1 ! isl&s are well timb]$ ) spruce six to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,f ,re$ lake to ,/ation #faf ! c\ntry is level1 =ty p] c5t4 be+ swampy4 ,!re is "s spruce & tam>ack timb] f\r to eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,on ! nor? side ( ,cormorant lake1 !re is a /rip ( timb]1 f\r miles wide by t5 miles long4 ,illu/ration3 ,log jam on ,lime/one riv]4 ,,?is ,,timb] ,,0 ,,! ,,be/ ,,se5 :ile explor+ ar\nd t c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,?ibaudeau describes ! c\ntry f ,split lake & ext5d+ to ,! ,pas1 t5 miles 9 wid? on ea* side ( ! propos$ r\te ( ! ,hudson bay railway1 z 8a pulpwood belt04 ,he says 9 8 report3--8,on ?is area1 assum+ "o-six? to be cov]$ by pulp wood1 ! balance be+ riv]1 lakes1 ponds1 swamps1 etc41 & assum+ t5 cords p] acre ( an av]age ( six in*es 9 diamet]1 !re w\ld be five million sev5 hundr$ & fifty-six ?\s& six hundr$ & sixty cords4 ,?is is a v l[1 b safe e/imate40 ,mr4 ,?ibaudeau makes ! foll[+ ref]5ce to ! wat] p[]s 9 ! region explor$ by him3--8,de] riv] at its m\? has a m9imum fl[ ( sev5 ?\s& cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,a dam1 eighte5 feet high1 c be built at reasonable co/ & w\ld g5]ate "o ?\s& six hundr$ horse-p[]4 ,two dams ( ! same height c\ld be built )9 t5 miles ( ! riv] m\?1 :i* is tw5ty-five miles f ,*ur*ill4 ,nor? riv]1 :i* is ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet wide dur+ ,decemb]1 _h a fl[ ( n less ?an two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,) a fifte5-foot dam1 x w\ld g5]ate ab\t five ?\s& horse-p[]4 ,on ,*ur*ill riv]1 )9 sixty to eighty miles f ,*ur*ill1 l>ge wat]p[] c\ld be develop$ & transmitt$ to ,*ur*ill4 ,nelson riv]1 ,burntwood riv] & ,grass riv] h a numb] ( falls :i* c\ld be utiliz$ = ! developm5t ( p[] = use 9 pulp mills or o!r indu/ries40 ,t portion ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,dickson's report 7,see p4 #fj7 ref]r+ to ! timb] ( ! di/rict betwe5 ,,! ,,pas ,,& ,,cross ,,lake explor$ by him 9 #aiaj is especially valuable4 ,he /ates3--8,9 ! region we trav]s$1 only five species1 namely1--spruce1 popl>1 tam>ack1 bir* & jackp9e h any possible comm]cial value1 & ( ^!1 speak+ g5]ally1 only "o1 spruce1 is l>ge en\gh = sawmill purposes or railway tie mat]ial4 ,! popl>1 bir* & p9e are inv>iably too %ort1 sp9dly1 limby & crook$ = any use save fuel or pulpwood1 & :at mature tam>ack !re 0 is n[ /&+ dead f insect attack4 ,we did n f9d ov] two hundr$ gre5 tam>ack above t5 in*es 9 diamet] all summ]4 ,?is remnant is on ! nor!a/ end ( ,be> isl& 9 ,sipiwesk lake4 ,black spruce is easily ! pr$om9ant species 9 all t region1 &1 except on v occasional well-dra9$ tracts ( spruce-flat type1 :]e x rea*es t5 to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet] at brea/ height1 x is a small sp9dly tree1 only f\r to eight in*es diamet] brea/ height at maturity1 useless ev5 = second class ties4 ,?is is ! condition 9 :i* ! jackp9e also occurs4 ,! :ite spruce1 !re=e1 is ! only species l>ge en\gh to furni% con/ruction timb]1 sawlogs1 or ev5 railway ties1 & ! supply is v limit$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is species occurs only on ! be/ dra9$ spots1 su* z riv] & lake m>g9s or on ! small isl&s2 9 ! second1 ! fires ( ! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s h de/roy$ ne>ly all ! old /&4 ,to sum up !n1 only a m]e fraction ( "o p] c5t4 ( ! area we survey$ n[ c>ries m]*antable timb]--a fr+e along l[] ,miti%to & upp] ,m9ago riv]s1 & on a few ( ! isl&s & p59sulas 9 ! l>g] lakes--z %[n on ! map4 ,!re is probably en\gh timb] available to build ! r\gh con/ruction "w ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,railway4 8,f ! m]e size ( ! c\ntry & ! d5sity ( ! oncom+ second gr[? /&s1 ! possible supply ( firewood is enorm\s4 ,because ( its remot5ess f settlem5t1 h[ev]1 x has no pres5t comm]cial value4 ,ow+ to ! kill+ by b>k beetles ( practically all ! l>g] tam>ack 7or possibly kill$ by l>* sawfly previ\s to beetle attack1 ?\gh we f\nd no trace ( ! sawfly71 !re is almo/ no gre5 pile timb] ( any value 9 ! :ole region4 ,h5ce1 unless by importation1 ! only *oice left is betwe5 dead tam>ack & ! l>ge/ ( ! close-gra9$ black spruce4 ,! latt] w\ld rema9 s\nd 9 soil contact = ab\t t5 or twelve ye>s1 :i* w\ld satisfactorily cov] ! fir/ initial exp]im5tal /age 9 ! op]ation ( ! new road4 8,j at ! pres5t "t1 )9 ! area we inspect$1 ! timb] is too "y & small ^u ! :ole to be cut at a pr(it ev5 = pulpwood4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( fires = tw5ty ye>s ! n[ eighty-ye>-old /&s ( f\r to eight-in* timb] c be pr(itably cut = ?is purpose1 & x is probable t )9 ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury "p ( ! ,,enorm\s ,,en]gy ,,n[ ,,runn+ ,,free 9 ! falls & rapids ( ,nelson & ,grass riv]s w be h>ness$ to drive pulp & pap] mills4 ,! age ( ! reproduction is 9 ne>ly e case a measure ( ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! la/ de/ructive fire occurr$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 !re are endless local exceptions & v>iations--! "y gr[? is approximately ei!r =ty or eighty ye>s ( age1 ! =m] be+ n[ "o to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! latt] f\r to eight in*es1 b none yet l>ge en\gh = mak+ railway ties4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 soon be suitable = pulpwood4 ,scatt]$ trees f old] /&s occur 9 ?is second gr[?1 b n 9 suffici5t numb] to repay ! co/ ( lumb]+4 ,! rate ( gr[? 9 ! v d5se /&s t are usual 9 t latitude is decid$ly sl[ except :]e ! soil & dra9age conditions happ5 to be j "r4 ,black spruce on semi-muskeg1 a site ( av]age quality = t species1 is only f\r to five in*es 9 diamet] brea/ height at "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,:ite spruce is r fa/idi\s reg>d+ moi/ure conditions & only appe>s on fairly well-dra9$ spots1 atta9+ !re a size ( eight to twelve in*es diamet] )9 a c5tury4 ,popl> 9 t "t rea*es eight to t5 in*es4 ,z = jackp9e1 occasional trees rea* twelve to sixte5 in*es1 b only aft] long immunity f fires1 & su* trees are too limby = use4 ,i saw no jackp9e /& :]e ! trees w\ld av]age ev5 six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,if ! g5]al dra9age conditions c\ld 9 "s way be improv$ s z to p>tially replace ! unpr(itable black spruce ) ! :ite species1 ,,! ,,weal? ,,produc+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,region w\ld be immeasurably great]40 ,mr4 ,william ,bee* ( ,*ur*ill1 9 8 communication to ! press ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7,see p4 #fc71 writes ( ! timb] res\rces ( ,hudson bay region3--8,ano!r valuable asset ( ! di/rict is ! timb] :i* ev]y:]e dots ! regions ar\nd ! bay4 ,! mo/ nor!rly species is ! spruce1 :i* ext5ds nor? ( ,*ur*ill ab\t =ty miles1 z f> z ,seal riv]1 & :i* atta9s ! height ( ab\t ?irty feet & an av]age diamet] ( f twelve to fifte5 in*es4 ,! balance ( ! timb] is pulpwood & ?is exi/s 9 unlimit$ quantities4 ,:5 y consid] t ! be/ ( wat] p[] is available all along ! riv]s = ! manufacture ( ?is product1 x w be se5 t ?is is b ano!r ( ! valuable res\rces ( ! di/rict40 ,z to ! wat] p[]s available1 ,mr4 ,bee* writes3--8,!re are a great numb] ( magnific5t wat] p[] sites1 )9 v easy access ( ! survey$ r\te ( ! railway1 all ( :i* c be easily develop$ to furni% almo/ unlimit$ electrical en]gy4 ,hydro-electric en]gy c\ld be develop$ at any "o ( ^! sites )9 a di/ance ( ?irty miles f ! road1 :i* w\ld make transmission to po9ts along x1 or possibly op]ation ( x actually1 by electricity4 ,x c]ta9ly assures *eap p[] = any manufactur+ or mill+ c5tre :i* may develop4 ,all ^! p[] locations mu/ inevitably become v valuable4 ,a few ye>s ago1 no "o1 ) ! exception ( "o or two f>-see+ & exp]i5c$ individuals1 believ$ 9 ! p[] propositions on ,w9nipeg riv] :]e s mu* developm5t is n[ tak+ place4 ,to-day :at are !y wor?8 ,!y _c be b\ght at any price4 ,i believe ! same w be true ( ! sites contigu\s to ! ,hudson ,bay ,railway40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,keewat9 ,,area4 7,newe/ ,ont>io & ,nor!rn ,manitoba47 ,economic ,m9]als4 ,! ,rocks 9 ,_m ,cases ,highly ,magnetic4--,norite ,rock ,simil> to ,t at ,sudbury ,ab\t ,tr\t ,lake4--,peat 9 ! ,di/rict ,nor? ( ,lake ,w9nipeg4--,a ,l>ge ,di/rict ,und]la9 ,by ,keewat9 & ,huronian ,rocks ,:i* 8,has ,l>ge ,possibilities40--,gypsum4-- ,build+ ,granites4--,qu>tz ,ve9s on ,grassy ,riv] ,bel[ ,re$ ,lake4--,a ,possibility ( ,nickel ,occurr+4 ,! evid5ce conta9$ 9 ! report ( ! ,briti% p>liam5t>y inve/igation ( #agdi %[s t f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ trad+ po/s along ! %ores ( ,hudson bay1 ! att5tion ( ! (ficials & s]vants ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company 0 attract$ by ! /atem5ts ( ! natives z to ! exi/5ce 9 ! c\ntry ( deposits ( economic m9]als4 ,! e>lie/ au?orities ( ! trad+ company appe>1 h[ev]1 n only to h ab/a9$ f inve/igat+ ! m9]al res\rces ( ! region1 b to h disc\rag$ _! employees f prospect+1 desir+ !m to conc5trate all _! ef=ts ^u ! fur trade4 ,_m ( ! witnesses be=e ! committee repeat$ 9 _! evid5ce /atem5ts obta9$ f ! ,indians z to ! exi/5ce ( deposits ( lead1 & p>ticul>ly ( copp]1 9 ! nor?1 d\btless ref]r+ to ! !n unkn[n ,copp]m9e di/rict4 ,! only evid5ce he>d be=e ! committee1 unque/ionably be>+ ^u ! m9]al res\rces ( ! t]ritory imm$iately "u review 9 ?is *apt]1 0 giv5 by ,alex&] ,br[ne1 :o _h be5 six ye>s 9 ! company's s]vice z surgeon at ! bay1 & :o /at$ t he _h se5 l>ge quantities ( r$ e>?1 :i* 0 obta9$ ab\t ?irty-six miles to ! s\?w>d ( ,*ur*ill riv]2 t he _h tri$ "s ( x 9 a crucible1 & f\nd x to conta9 a heavy metallic sub/ance l c9nab>1 & a fluid l quicksilv]4 ,?is trial 0 only to satisfy 8 curiosity1 hav+ receiv$ no ord]s to make x2 b ! ,,gov]nor ,,0 ,,pres5t ,,at ,,! ,,exp]im5t1 & ^u ! witness pres5t+ 8 surprise to him t ! company did n endeav\r to improve ^! discov]ies1 ! ,gov]nor answ]$ t he 0 likewise surpris$ t !y did n4 ,rev4 ,john ,semm5s 7,see p4 #cf71 writ+ ( 8 obs]vations :ile on s]vice z a mission>y 9 ! ,burntwood di/rict1 says3--8,x 0 n my bus9ess to seek = m9]als1 b hav+ be5 a m9] 9 e>li] ye>s1 ,i _h my eyes op51 & f\nd _m indications ( deposits :i*1 9 my op9ion1 at no di/ant day w contribute l>gely to ! comm]cial developm5t ( ! nor?4 ,i %all be surpris$ if "o ( ^! lodes is n f\nd at or ne> ! s\!rn outlet ( ,beav] ,dam lake4 ,& !re w be _m o!rs40 ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 describes ! rocks ( ! ea/]n "p ( ,lake ,/4 ,joseph z 8correspond+ ) "s ( ^? ( ! ,huronian s]ies4 ,on ! nor!rn side1 ?ree miles f ,osnaburgh ,h\se1 !re is a grey mica s*i/40 ,on ! ,albany1 two & a half miles bel[ ,%abu%quaia riv]1 8,huronian rocks make _! appe>ance4 ,!y consi/ ( light-gre5i%1 r f9ely cry/all9e hornbl5de s*i/2 black1 ) "s light-col\r$ s*i/1 toge!r ) fifte5 or tw5ty feet ( f9e-gra9$ b&$ magnetic iron ore1 ) slaty p>t+s4 ,a specim5 ( ?is ore 0 analys$ by ,mr4 ,k5rick ( ! ,geological ,survey1 & f\nd to conta9 #dbji p] c5t4 ( metallic iron1 & to be free f titanic acid4 ,along ) ! magnetite is a b& ( iron pyrites1 a few in*es ?ick1 ) traces ( copp]40 ,a d>k gre5 hornbl5de s*i/ occurs at two miles be=e com+ to ,%abu%quaia riv]4 ,x holds pat*es ( calc-sp> & qu>tz runn+ ) ! cleavage4 ,specks ( copp] pyrites 7 f\nd 9 small qu>tz ve9s 9 ! s*i/ at ! foot ( ! falls at ! eigh? portage bel[ ,lake ,/4 ,joseph on ! ,albany4 ,at ! elev5? portage ,doctor ,bell exam9$ a numb] ( ve9s ( qu>tz hold+ epidote & hornbl5de1 b no ores c\ld be detect$4 ,doctor ,bell1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhg1 ref]r+ to 8 fir/ voyage to ,hudson bay1 expla9$ t lignite _h be5 f\nd inl& 9 ! c\ntry s\? & we/ ( ,james bay4 ,x belongs to a m rec5t geological =mation ?an ! lignite 9 ! vic9ity ( ,edmonton4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[1 9 8 report ( 8 exam9ation ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,lake ,w9nipeg & ,hudson bay1 says 8,! rocks 9 sev]al places ,,are ,,highly ,,magnetic1 & probably conta9 l>ge quantities ( iron ore1 bo? dissem9at$ 9 small cry/als ?r\gh ! rock1 & 9 l>ge masses40 ,:5 be+ exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee 9 #aijg1 ,mr4 ,l[1 !n ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 drew att5tion to ! fact t ! map ( ,keewat9 %[$ a l>ge numb] ( lakes1 l ,gas lake1 ,isl& lake1 ,fav\rable lake1 ,sev]n lake1 ,tr\t lake1 etc41 & rem>k$ t :]ev] ^! pat*es ( wat] are se5 x indicates s(t] rocks ?an ! o!r p>ts4 ,^! rocks are usually ,huronian1 & 9 _m places !y c>ry good indications ( m9]als1 copp] pyrites & diff]5t sulphides ( t k9d4 ,at ,tr\t lake !re is a l>ge area ( :at is call$ norite rock4 ,^! are ! rocks 9 :i* ! nickel deposits ( ,sudbury occur1 & !re is great probability ( a small deposit be+ f\nd up !re4 ,!re h be5 no indications ( coal discov]$ 9 ,keewat91 b ,mr4 ,l[ expla9$ t on hurri$ trips su* z he _h made x 0 impossible to exam9e m9]al deposits v mu*1 & "o is liable to lose _m ( !m4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! s\!rn "p ( ,keewat9 z reg>ds m9]al res\rces is good4 ,9 ! bank ( ,nelson riv]1 opposite ! m\? ( ,p9e creek1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell reports a d>k grey1 r f9e-gra9$ diorite or uralitic diabase1 probably =m+ "p ( a l>ge dyke cutt+ ! gneiss4 8,ne> ! nor? end ( ,little ,playgre5 lake is a light r$di%-grey massive biotite-granite cut by ve9s1 a foot or m 9 wid?1 ( r$ pegmatite conta9+ cry/all9e masses ( molybd5ite1 ) occasional cry/als ( pyrite & magnetite40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell reports copp] & ars5ical pyrites 9 a diabase dyke expos$ 9 an isl& 9 ,pipe/one lake two miles & a qu>t] f ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,he reports ! cliffs on ! l[] "p ( ,burntwood riv] z be+ 8occasionally ov]la9 by a small ?ickness ( peat40 ,he reports o!r deposits ( peat 9 ! di/rict nor? ( ,lake ,w9nipeg4 ,be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell expla9$ t ! prim>y object 9 all 8 explorations 0 ! m9]al developm5t ( ! c\ntry1 & any o!r in=mation t he collect$ 0 incid5tal4 ,he /at$ t !re is a di/rict f ,cumb]l& ,h\se nor!a/w>d t[>ds ,nelson riv] :i* is und]la9 by :at are kn[n z ,,keewat9 ,,& ,,huronian ,,rocks1 ! same k9d z ^? 9 :i* m9]als are f\nd 9 nor!rn ,ont>io at ! pres5t "t4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ^? rocks 0 b>ely kn[n4 ,!re _h be5 practically no exploration ( !m1 no prospect+1 s t no "o c\ld say z to :e!r !y 7 to be a b>r5 portion ( ^? rocks :i* are ri* else:]e1 or :e!r !y 7 to be l ! ,huronian & ,keewat9 rocks else:]e1 ri* 9 m9]al ( "s ( ! k9ds s mu* desir$4 ,comp>+ !m ) ! rocks 9 o!r places1 !y h l>ge possibilities4 ,f t po9t !re is an area ( s&/one 9 ! vic9ity ( ,cree lake :i* may conta9 copp]1 b no?+ mu* 0 kn[n ( x4 ,x is ab\t ! age & "* ( ! rocks t are ri* 9 copp] ar\nd ,lake ,sup]ior1 b no m9]al weal? has yet be5 f\nd 9 x4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+1 9 8 report on ! survey ( ,burntwood-,nelson-,lake ,w9nipeg di/rict 9 #ahii1 pr$icts t ! sev]al l>ge areas ( ,huronian rocks :i* he outl9es w at "s future "t be ?or\ghly prospect$1 &1 z has be5 ! case 9 ne>ly all su* areas1 ores ( ! useful & preci\s metals are likely to be f\nd4 8,z x is at pres5t1 a v ha/y visit has %[n t _m qu>tz ve9s & intrusive dykes cut ^! rocks1 & indications ( ! preci\s metals are n want+4 ,9 ! ,pipe/one area on ,nelson riv]1 mispickel & copp] pyrites are record$ by ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 z well z a promis+ %[+ ( mica on ! s\? side ( ,indian ,res]ve isl&1 on ,cross lake40 ,9 ,sev]n di/rict1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! old di/rict ( ,keewat9 7n[ "p ( ,ont>io71 !re is a l>ge region ly+ to ! s\?we/ ( ,cape ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 t _h nev] be5 geographically explor$ be=e #aija4 ,9 ! ye> nam$1 ,mr4 ,d[l+ 0 entru/$ to d ?is "w1 & 0 in/ruct$ to make an in/rum5tal survey ( ,ekwan riv]1 ! l>ge/ /ream 9 ?is region4 ,a micromet] survey ( ! riv] 0 made to ! m\? ( ! ,wa%agami bran*1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,! g5]al valley 0 f\nd to be a n>r[ cut ?r\gh clay1 ) cut banks on ei!r side = mo/ ( ! di/ance to ! fir/ bran*4 ,z direct$ by 8 in/ructions1 ,mr4 ,d[l+ ,,look$ ,,= ,,gypsum betwe5 ,moose ,factory & ,albany1 & f\nd "s loose pieces ( x 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nomansl&4 8,x is q likely t ?is m9]al occurs 9 situ 9 ! vic9ity10 ,mr4 ,d[l+ /ates 9 8 report4 ,9 ano!r "p ( 8 report ,mr4 ,d[l+ /ates3--8,silurian lime/one is f\nd on ,tr\t riv]1 dra9+ ,mill lake1 z well z 9 ! b$ ( ?is lake j nor? ( ! trap rocks4 ,! rocks at ! n>r[s ( ! lake1 describ$ 9 ! maps1 z #8high & romantic' are cliffs "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height ( trap1 capp+ horizontal b$s ( probably ,animikie age4 ,! trap ov]fl[ cov]s ! unev5 surface ( ^! rocks1 9 mu* ! same mann] z ,nipigon bay 9 ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,! und]ly+ rocks are d>k slates impregnat$ ) iron ore1 & int]b&$ ) b$s ( jasp]4 ,"s ( ! b$s seem to conta9 a high p]c5tage ( magnetite & hematite4 ,on ! ea/ %ore a section ( ab\t n9ety feet ( ^! jasp] & iron-be>+ slates is expos$ above ! lake1 b on ! we/ side !y h be5 br\ght d[n to bel[ ! wat] level by a s]ies ( nor? & s\? faults & ! exposures !re are ( trap alone4 ,^! rocks =m an ea/ & we/ ridge rea*+ to ! lakes on ! ,wa%agami & ea/w>d to a l>ge lake on a bran* ( ,tr\t riv]1 :i*1 z be=e /at$1 dra9s ,sutton ,mill lake & runs to ! nor?40 ,mr4 ,d[l+ report$ iron ore 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sutton ,mill lake1 we/ ( ,james bay1 & s\? ( ,hudson bay4 ,on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,james bay & ,hudson bay abundant evid5ce ( iron ore _h be5 discov]$2 9 fact1 two l>ge isl&s1 ,taylor & ,gillis isl&s1 are said to be almo/ pure iron ore4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+1 9 8 report ( #aijb 7,"p ,f4,f4 ,geol4 ,sur4 ,report7 says3--8,small deposits ( peat are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s places1 b ! mo/ important1 f an economic po9t ( view1 is ! area nor? ( ,lake ,w9nipeg describ$ by ,mr4 ,tyrrell4 ,along ! valley ( ,burntwood riv]1 :]e x is cut ?r\gh ! ?ick clay deposit1 ! g5]al surface ( ! t]race is q level4 ,! dra9age ne> ! riv] is g5]al1 b back f ! edge ( ! valley1 on ! m level p>ts1 !re is v (t5 a wide expanse ( swamp cov]$ by a /unt$ gr[? ( spruce & c>pet$ by heavy lay]s ( moss4 ,^! swamps may at "s future "t supply peat = fuel40 ,accord+ to ! report ( ,mr4 ,wm4 ,mc,innes1 :o explor$ 9 #aijf 7,see p4 #bc7 ! bas9s ( ,re$ & ,wekusko lakes & ,grass riv]1 !re are areas ( intrusive granite1 "s ( :i*1 bel[ ,re$ lake1 are ( ev5 texture & bright r$ col\r & w\ld furni% v beautiful /ones = monum5tal "w & ornam5tal build+4 ,palozoic lime/ones cov] all ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,saskat*ewan & an ea/ & we/ l9e cutt+ ! s\!rn ends ( ,re$ & ,wekusko lakes4 ,! rocks are1 z f> z exam9$1 magnesian & are probably all dolomites4 ,!y occur 9 flat-ly+ or g5tly undulat+ b$s1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f six feet or m to q ?9 & %aly1 ! latt] occurr+ ne> ! base & ! heavy b$s =m+ ! mass ( ! =mation4 ,_m ( ! heavy b$s are ev5-gra9$ & uni=mly b$d$ s t !y c be readily tak5 out 9 blocks ( ev5 ?ickness & ( any requir$ size4 ,_m ( ! l[ cliffs ne> ! lakes are s situat$ z to be admirably adapt$ = qu>ry+4 ,qu>tz ve9s are pl5tiful ?r\gh\t ! ,keewat9 belts1 b1 ) ! exception ( ars5ical & iron pyrites & traces ( copp] 7ne> ,file lake71 no valuable m9]als 7 f\nd 9 !m1 ?\gh _! "*1 p>ticul>ly :]e expos$ on ,grassy riv] bel[ ,re$ lake1 0 ,,consid]$ ,,promis+ ,,en\gh = ! occurr5ce ( ! m9]als t are s (t5 associat$ ) ^! rocks4 ,! prevail+ rocks expos$ along ,nelson riv] are biotite gneisses4 ,only at two places on ! %ores are o!r rocks se51 at ,pipe/one lake & on ! s\!rn %ores ( ,cross lake1 :]e a belt ( ,keewat9 rocks crosses1 & = "s miles foll[s ! riv] valley4 ,! exposures at ,cross lake are promis+ look+ = ! occurr5ce ( gold1 resembl+ closely1 z !y d1 ! gold be>+ /rata ( ! di/rict ea/ ( ,lake ( ! ,woods4 ,!y are cut by intrud$ masses ( ! same cru%$ granite ) blue opalesc5t qu>tz1 kn[n locally 9 ! ea/]n region z ,protog5e4 ,mr4 ,william ,mc,innes1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t 9 ! region j we/ ( ,hudson bay !re are only two or ?ree belts ( :at is kn[n z ! ,keewat9 rocks4 ,^! are ! rocks :i* 9 we/]n ,ont>io hold gold4 ,! witness f\nd no m9]als 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,he f\nd traces ( copp] on ,file lake4 ,at ,cross lake !re is an area ( ^! ,keewat9 rocks cut by intrusive granite ( ! same "* z ! protog5e ( we/]n ,ont>io1 :i* are almo/ always gold-be>+1 b no?+ has be5 f\nd !re4 ,! lime/ones w\ld make excell5t build+ mat]ial4 ,!re are "s intrusive granites on ,grassy riv] :i* are ( f9e texture & beautiful r$ col\r1 :i* w\ld make v f9e monum5tal /one trimm+s = build+s1 etc41 & w\ld qu>ry v well4 ,t w\ld be along ! project$ l9e ( ! railway4 ,,nickel ,,may ,,be ,,f\nd4 ,an occurr5ce1 :i* seem$ to ,mr4 ,mc,innes to be ( p>ticul> int]e/1 0 8 discov]y on upp] ,w9isk riv] ( a l>ge area ( s-call$ norite rock4 ,t is ! rock 9 :i* ! nickel ( ,sudbury occurs4 ,x is q a *>act]i/ic rock4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes exam9$ samples "u ! microscope1 & !y are n to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,sudbury rock4 ,t l$ him to hope t !re 0 a possibility ( nickel occurr+ !re too1 b he did n f9d any1 al?\gh he exam9$ z well z he c\ld4 ,b he _h n mu* "t1 & 0 too f> away4 ,!re are two or ?ree areas ( ^! ,keewat9 rocks occurr+ unfold$ 9 ! ,laur5tian1 b ,mr4 ,mc,innes f\nd no m9]als 9 economic quantities 9 !m at all4 ,ne> ,eabamet riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,albany1 he saw cry/als ( mica 9 ! granite1 two & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,( c\rse t is n l>ge en\gh to am\nt to mu*1 b x %[s a possibility t !re might be some?+ bett] !re4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,g4 ,wilson says ( ! di/rict nor? ( ,lac ,seul explor$ by him 7,see p4 #gd73--8,!re seems to be little prospect ( f9d+ valuable economic m9]als 9 ! region 9 pay+ quantities4 ,9 almo/ all ! b&s ( basic s*i/s small1 less (t5 l>ge1 ve9s ( qu>tz occur4 ,at ! surface ^! ve9s & ! associat$ s*i/s pres5t ! usual ru/y appe>ance due to ! decomposition ( ! pyrite4 ,! granites are occasionally cut by pegmatitic dikes4 ,ne> ! head ( ,cross lake1 a rock1 app>5tly ( ?is "*1 c>ries a small am\nt ( molybd5ite 9 cry/als v>y+ 9 size up to an in* & a half across2 x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! m9]al is ( economic importance1 b ! small size & ! poor "* ( ! specim5 se51 & ! difficulties ( transportation po9t to ! deposit be+ economically unworkable4 ,! ext5t ( ! ve9 is n kn[n4 ,ne> ! inlet into ,slate lake1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile f its nor!a/ end1 on ! ea/]n %ore1 is ! only place :]e magnetic m9]als 7 f\nd suffici5tly segregat$ to produce a noticeable local v>iation ( ! compass4 ,"h1 /r+]s ( a metallic m9]al1 probably magnetite1 7 f\nd4 ,?\gh ?is metal is sometimes a con/itu5t ( ! basic rocks1 ! m common occurr5ce ( iron ore is 9 ! =m ( ilm5ite4 ,no hematite 0 not$ 9 ! di/rict40 ,9 8 report 7,see p4 #fj7 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,dickson speaks ( ! m9]al deposits ( ! area explor$ by 8 p>ty s\? ( ,cross lake z foll[s3--8,judg+ by su* necess>ily sup]ficial obs]vations z ! memb]s ( ! p>ty 7 able to make1 ! region we cov]$ is n well suppli$ ) economic m9]als4 ,,traces ,,( ,,copp] 7 f\nd at ,wekusko lake1 & samples ( iron ore at ,sipiwesk lake1 & c>eful prospect+ might p]haps disclose deposits ( comm]cial value1 b ev]y:]e else s f> z obs]v$1 ! obtrud+ b$rock 0 ei!r pure granite or lime/one4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is mo/ly dolomite1 ! v>iety us$ z a flux 9 ! r$uc+ ( iron ores1 & future ore discov]ies may give rise to su* dem&4 ,?is dolomite also w prove a valuable build+ /one = prairie t[ns1 :5 made available by ! ,hudson ,bay ,railway40 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,laggan 7,see p4 #eh7 ! section ( c\ntry ab\t ,re$ lake is v rocky4 ,d>k col\r$ granite1 /reak$ ) :ite qu>tz1 ext5ds along ! l[] end ( ! lake & = six miles along ! riv]4 ,f\r miles f>!r ,mr4 ,mc,laggan f\nd indications ( iron & saw a good wat] p[]4 ,above ,h]b lake he saw ano!r spl5did wat] p[]1 v easy to develop1 & along ! riv] bel[ rapids 9 five places f :i* fair p[] c\ld be g5]at$4 ,at ! l[] end ( ,h]b lake & along ! riv]1 granite mix$ ) :ite qu>tz 0 se51 & at ! falls 9 ! riv]1 ab\t tw5ty miles bel[ ! lake1 good slate 0 f\nd4 ,on ?is lake ,mr4 ,mc,laggan not$ indications ( iron4 ,9 places along & back f ,grass riv]1 on ei!r side1 qu>tz 0 se54 ,! c\ntry has be5 burn$ ov]1 leav+ only a few bun*es ( spruce1 & ! surface ( ! rock has be5 well expos$1 s t prospect+ w\ld be easy4 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan ?9ks t ?is "p ( ! c\ntry may prove ri* 9 m9]al4 ,on ,septemb] #aj1 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan rea*$ ,pa9t lake4 ,qu>tz 0 /ill 9 sight1 b n s frequ5t 9 occurr5ce4 ,!re are a numb] ( isl&s 9 ! lake ) rocky %ores & small1 mix$ timb]4 ,bel[ ,elb[ lake ! riv] banks are high1 ! c\ntry becomes r\gh]1 & fire has b>$ ! rocks ( soil4 ,:ite qu>tz crops out 9 consid]able quantities4 ,along ! banks ( ,cumb]l& lake !re are consid]able quantities ( lime/one1 :i* may 8become v valuable 9 "t40 ,speak+ ( ! region explor$1 z a :ole1 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan consid]$ t z a m9]al c\ntry x (f]s a wide field = prospectors4 8,9 ! c\ntry travell$ ov] !re are indications ( gold1 silv]1 iron & lime/one1 & ,indians & :ite m5 f ! nor? tell wond]ful /ories ( a place call$ ,indian lake1 nor? ( ,nelson ,h\se1 & ( an isl& on ,burntwood riv] :]e v>i\s m9]als & oil are said to exi/40 ,9 8 report on ! prelim9>y surveys = ! ,hudson ,bay ,railway1 ,john ,arm/rong1 ,c4,e41 /ates3--8,our def9ite k ( m9]als is limit$ to lime/one & m>ble4 ,! lime/one occurs 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! l9e a %ort di/ance f ,! ,pas1 9 unlimit$ quantities fav\rable = qu>ry+1 & w probably prove ! future s\rce ( supply = ! great] "p ( ! prov9ces ( ,saskat*ewan & ,manitoba4 ,m>ble ( a v high grade occurs on ,m>ble isl& 9 ,hudson bay1 & is also f\nd ( a fair quality at ,*ur*ill4 ,iron ores1 gold1 silv]1 gal5a1 mica & o!r m9]als h be5 discov]$ by ! ,geological ,survey at v>i\s localities on ! bay1 all ( :i* are fully describ$ 9 ! reports ( t dep>tm5t4 ,v>i\s specim5s ( ! preci\s metals h be5 %[n to our eng9e]s1 b _! orig9 0 pres]v$ 9 s mu* my/]y t !y c\ld n be treat$ z evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! metal 9 t t]ritory1 & might h be5 us$ ) equal effect to demon/rate ! ri*ness ( a deposit 9 ,colorado or ,johannesburg40 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,keewat9 ,,area4 7,newe/ ,ont>io & ,nor!rn ,manitoba47 ,game1 ,fur-be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 ,flocks ( ,wild ,f[l t ,obscure ! ,sky4--,six ,species ( ,seal 9 ,hudson ,bay4--,/ock$ ) ,animals ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds4--,:ite ,fi% ,ab\nd 9 ,mo/ ( ! ,lakes & ,/reams4--,saw ,elev5 ,moose 9 ,"o ,day4--,! ,comm]cial ,value ( ! ,/urgeon ,fi%]ies4-- ,future ,summ] ,playgr\nds4--,b>r5 ,l&s ,c>ib\ at ,*ur*ill4 ,! imm5se res\rces ( ?is t]ritory 9 ! matt] ( fur1 f9 & fea!r1 are traditional1 b ! te/imony ( resid5ts & explor]s z to di/ribution1 pres5t conditions1 etc41 are int]e/+ & important4 ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell1 9 8 #ahhf report 7,see p4 #ag71 says ! ,indians ar\nd ,lake ,/4 ,joseph 8live pr9cipally ^u fi% 9 summ] & rabbits 9 w9t]1 b ^! res\rces are supplem5t$ by geese & ducks 9 ! spr+ & autumn1 & occasionally by l>g] game1 su* z c>ib\ & be>s at any season4 ,! fi%es ( ! lake comprise :itefi%1 grey tr\t1 /urgeon1 pike1 pick]el1 yell[-b>r$ p]*1 grey & r$ suck]s1 besides "s small] species4 8,at sev5 miles be=e jo9+ ! ,attawapiskat1 ,b\ld] riv] falls into a lake ?ree miles long1 :i* ! ,indians call ,/urgeon lake1 f ! abundance ( ?is fi% to be f\nd 9 x4 ,:ile 9 ! act ( sett+ our gill net1 ! ev5+ we camp$ on its %ores1 a /urgeon1 measur+ upw>ds ( five feet 9 l5g?1 0 caught 9 x40 ,doctor ,bell reports t sev]al lakes ab\nd+ 9 fi% are said to occur on ! c\rse ( ,h5ley riv]1 :i* fl[s into ! ,albany t5 miles bel[ ! ,=ks4 ,doctor ,bell1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhg1 said he _h se5 wild f[l 9 ! region ab\t ,hudson bay 9 l>ge numb]s1 & if "o 7 close en\gh up to !m1 & surpris$ !m 9 a m>%1 !y w\ld rise 9 su* cl\ds t ,,!y ,,obscur$ ,,! ,,sky = a few mom5ts until !y got away4 ,!y w\ld n d>k5 ! l& 9 _! flight1 b !y w\ld prev5t "o see+ ! sky or ! sun = a few seconds4 ,on ! %ores ( ,hudson bay & /raits are f\nd ne>ly all ! sea birds t live 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ?is cont95t1 & "s ( ^? ( ,europe4 ,"s species are abundant2 surf ducks1 scot]s1 eid] ducks1 etc4 ,! eid] duck is valuable on acc\nt ( its d[n4 ,( geese1 ! grey goose & ! blue & ! :ite wavies are v abundant 9 ! spr+ & autumn on ! %ore ( ,hudson bay--& especially t[>ds ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,james bay4 ,swans are common4 ,!y bre$ on ! isl&s1 & "s on ! %ores ( ,hudson bay1 & _! sk9s are an article ( trade4 ,9 =m] ye>s swans' d[n 0 us$ = trimm+ ladies' g>m5ts1 & swans' sk9s =m$ an item ( export = ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,:ite be>s are f\nd 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,hudson bay1 & !re are pl5ty ( black be>s ar\nd ! s\!rn "p4 ,!re are valuable fi%]ies1 too4 ,!re are codfi% 9 ,hudson bay4 ,! v>iety ! witness _h se5 is call$ ! #8rock cod1' :i* is n ( s good a quality z ! common v>iety ( ! ,atlantic1 b he und]/ood t x is ! same species4 ,! v>iety ( fi% kn[n z sea tr\t is f\nd 9 ! m\?s ( ! riv]s runn+ into ,hudson bay & ,james bay4 ,!y d n g f> up ! /ream2 !y are nev] f\nd beyond ! fir/ fall 9 a riv]4 ,!re are sea tr\t 9 bo? ,hudson bay & ,james bay1 at ! m\?s ( ! riv]s4 ,!y are ! same v>iety z t f\nd on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,!y h ! same habits4 ,!re is also ! speckl$ tr\t4 ,! m>9e animals--fi%es & mammals ( ,hudson bay--h precisely ! same habits z simil> species h on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! fur seal is n f\nd "h1 b ! seals ( ,hudson bay are valuable = _! oil4 ,!y are tol]ably abundant4 ,!re are ,,six ,,species ,,( ,,seal ,,9 ,,! ,,bay4 ,!re is ! be>d$ seal1 = in/ance1 :i* gr[s to ! l5g? ( ?irte5 feet1 ! r+$ seal1 ! ,gre5l& seal 9 ,hudson /rait1 ! grey seal1 & ! h>b\r seal1 :i* is q common 9 ^? wat]s1 also ! spott$ or fre%-wat] seal4 ,! latt] run up ! riv]s aft] salmon & :itefi%4 ,x is a l>ge spott$ species ) an almo/ :ite or light grey coat1 ) di/9ct black spots ?ickly scatt]$ ov] its body4 ,?is seal asc5ds ! riv]s = long di/ances inl&1 sometimes z mu* z two hundr$ miles4 ,!y live on fi%1 & !y sometimes rema9 9 ! lakes 9 ! int]ior4 ,! sk9s ( ^! seals are valuable1 mak+ v good coats4 ,z to ,james bay1 ! be/ fi% !re is a v>iety ( :itefi%1 app>5tly id5tical ) ! l>ge :itefi% ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 only ! fi% gr[ l>g] 9 ! cold wat]s 9 ! nor?4 ,! :itefi% live equally well1 if n bett]1 9 salt wat]4 ,!y run up ! riv]s also4 ,!y belong to ! salmon family4 ,!n !re are tr\t ( diff]5t k9ds1 & at ! nor!rn "p ( ,james bay !re is ,he>ne's salmon4 ,!y are small salmon1 b ( v f9e quality4 ,! fle% is equal to t ( ! common salmon1 p]haps bett]4 ,x is firm & r$ & well flav\r$4 ,he>ne's salmon seldom exce$s t5 p\nds 9 weight4 ,x is also f\nd all ar\nd ,hudson bay1 & on bo? sides ( ,hudson /rait4 ,! porpoise1 or m prop]ly speak+1 ! small :ite :ale1 is abundant 9 ,james bay4 ,doctor ,bell express$ ! op9ion t ! fi%]ies ( ,hudson bay w1 no d\bt1 be v valuable4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t ! fi% 9 ! inl& wat]s ( ,keewat9 are l ^? 9 ! o!r nor!rn p>ts ( ,canada1 & fairly abundant especially 9 ! l>g] lakes4 ,! *ief fi% are ! :itefi% & ! lake tr\t4 ,9 ,hudson bay ! :itefi% & ! ord9>y riv] tr\t h sea-go+ habits1 & ! ,indians take q a numb] along ! %ores 9 nets1 m especially 9 ,james bay4 ,mr4 ,l[ report$ /urgeon z be+ pl5tiful 9 ,fav\rable lake4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell 9 8 report speaks z foll[s ( ! game & fi% 9 t area 9 ! s\?we/ ( ?is region 7,see p4 #ai7 explor$ by him 9 #ahif3--8,! c\ntry is /ock$ ) animals ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,moose are abundant 9 "s ( ! m ?ickly wood$ tracts4 ,black be>s are some:at num]\s1 & beav]1 ott]s1 m>t5s1 m9k1 muskrats & r$ foxes are kill$ by ! ,indians 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! aggregate e ye>4 ,,:itefi% ,,ab\nd 9 mo/ ( ! lakes & /reams1 :ile ! lake tr\t seem$ to be mod]ately pl5tiful 9 ! cle> lakes ne> ! head ( ,grass riv]4 ,( ! o!r fi%1 ! /urgeon & pick]el 7,/izo/e?ium vitreum7 are ! mo/ important4 ,! region 0 kn[n among ! e>ly fur trad]s z ! ,muskrat c\ntry4 ,tr\t & :itefi% are said to ab\nd 9 ,re$ lake40 ,illu/ration3 ,moose cross+ ,lime/one riv]4 ,ne> ! =ks ( ! ,muhigan l>ge game 0 v pl5tiful1 & ,mr4 ,tyrrell saw elev5 moose 9 "o day4 ,z to 8 survey ( ! ,ekwan di/rict 9 #aija1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+ reports3--8,! pr9cipal fur-be>+ animals ( ?is region are foxes1 ott]s & beav]s4 ,( ! l>g] mammals few appe> to be tak5 by ! ,indians4 ,9 ! int]ior ! game birds are all v sc>ce1 ! fall hunt = ducks & geese be+ conf9$ to ! %ores ( ! bay4 ,! riv]s af=d a small supply ( :itefi%4 ,! /reams runn+ to ! nor? into ,hudson bay 9 ?is region are1 at c]ta9 seasons1 well /ock$ ) speckl$ tr\t4 ,sutton ,mill lake is well suppli$ ) a sl5d] v>iety ( lake tr\t1 & at ! n>r[s1 speckl$ tr\t 7 also caught40 ,mr4 ,d[l+ m5tions t at ! foot ( ! fir/ fall met ) asc5d+ ,tr\t lake riv] f ,little ,%all[ lake1 ! ,indians =m l>ge camps 9 ! autumn to cat* :itefi% z !y are asc5d+ ! riv] to ! spawn+ gr\nds4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,food ,,fi%es4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes1 9 ! report ( 8 explorations ab\t ,w9isk & ,attawapiskat riv]s 7,see p4 #bc71 says3--8,:itefi% & /urgeon are ! be/ food fi%es1 & occur 9 mo/ ( ! lakes4 ,bo? are tak5 9 nets1 & ! latt] also by spe>+ f scaffolds built out ov] rapids 9 ! riv]4 ,dor & pike are also g5]ally di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole area1 & =m an important s\rce ( food supply1 ?\gh ! suck] among ! fi%es1 l ! rabbit among ! mammals1 holds ! mo/ important place1 z x c be caught ev]y:]e1 n only 9 ! l>g] lakes b also 9 ! small] ponds & /reams4 ,brook tr\t 7 actually caught only 9 ,w9isk riv] ne> its m\?1 & 9 ! /reams runn+ into ,albany riv]1 b 7 se5 9 ! rapids bel[ ,weibikwei2 ! ,indians ass]t t !y occur also 9 ! lake itself4 ,lake tr\t 7 caught 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ,tr\t lake at ! head ( ,sev]n riv]1 b are n f\nd 9 ei!r ! ,w9isk or ,attawapiskat wat]s4 8,! moose 7,alces am]icanus7 has be5 f\nd z f> nor? z ! s\!rn %ore ( ,weibikwei lake1 9 nor? latitude #eb #ej1 ?\gh tracks 7 actually se5 dur+ our exploration only z f> nor? z ,attawapiskat riv]4 ,ev5 "h x is n ne>ly s pl5tiful z f>!r s\? 9 ! belt ( c\ntry ly+ ne> ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway & ext5d+ = ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty miles nor? ( x4 ,c>ib\ 7,rangif] c>ib\7 range all ov] ! di/rict4 ,no r$ de] are f\nd any:]e ?r\gh\t ! region4 ,! fur-be>+ animals1 ?\gh n s pl5tiful z !y once 71 are /ill fairly abundant ?r\gh\t ! di/rict2 ! ott] & ! beav] f long-cont9u$ trapp+ are less num]\s1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r species40 ,be>s1 ,mr4 ,mc,innes says1 are tak5 9 good numb]s1 & foxes1 includ+ ! r$1 silv]1 black & cross v>ieties are num]\s4 ,ott]s & p9e m>t5s are tak5 9 good numb]s & beav]s occur m sp>+ly4 ,m9ks & muskrats are pl5tiful4 ,t ! raccoon occasionally /rays z f> nor? z nor? latitude #eb is %[n by ! fact ( "o be+ tak5 by an ,indian woman on upp] ,attawapiskat riv] 9 #aijc4 ,mr4 ,mc,innes describes ,atikameg 7locally kn[n z ,cle>wat]71 ,cormorant & ,re$ lakes z 8v beautiful %eets ( cle> wat]1 well /ock$ ) fi%1 includ+ lake tr\t & :itefi%40 ,mr4 ,mc,innes1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 express$ ! op9ion t if ! region ly+ we/ ( ,hudson bay 7 op5$ up by railways !re w\ld be a consid]able bus9ess 9 exploit+ ! fi%]ies1 because ! /urgeon is valuable4 ,!y w\ld get ! /urgeon on ! l[] ,nelson & "p ( ! ,*ur*ill4 ,big lease-hold+ companies put /eam]s on ! v>i\s lake expansions on ! ,nelson1 s t !y rea*$ d[n to )9 a few miles ( ,split lake1 & m>ket$ /urgeon 9 t way4 ,!y put tramways on all ! portages4 ,!y ran t way = a c\ple ( summ]s1 b ! di/ance 0 too great & x did n pay4 ,! l>g] lakes h good :itefi% & /urgeon4 ,! head ( ! ,adawadskit 0 p>ticul>ly full ( /urgeon4 ,go+ out ,mr4 ,mc,innes's p>ty 0 %ort ( pork & /opp$ "o day to get supplies4 ,9 "o night's fi%+ ! ,indians caught s _m /urgeon t !y _h en\gh to c>ry !m = "o hundr$ & fifty miles to ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/4 ,"o ( ! /urgeon ,,0 ,,?ree ,,feet ,,long4 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,w9isk ! ,indians 7 cat*+ speckl$ tr\t & :itefi% 9 v l>ge numb]s4 ,9 fact ! ,indians ( all t int]ior c\ntry live on fi%4 ,!y smoke & dry !m to a limit$ ext5t1 & late 9 ! autumn cat* !m be=e ! l>g] lakes are froz5 ov]1 :5 ! temp]ature is l[ en\gh to freeze ! fi%4 ,!y cat* en\gh to put by = ! w9t]4 ,"s are s5t to ,*icago froz54 ,9 8 report 7,see p4 #fj7 ( ! survey made by 8 p>ty 9 #aiaj ( ! area s\? ( ,cross lake1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,dickson /ates3--8,! deep] lakes all ab\nd 9 :itefi% ( ! f9e/ size & quality4 ,9 ,pa9t lake dur+ ! mayfly season 7,july up !re7 _! dorsal f9s c\ld be se5 cutt+ ! wat] ev]y:]e4 ,pick]el1 & ( c\rse jackfi% & suck]s are likewise v abundant4 ,we _h no /urgeon net1 b we saw q a numb] jump+ 9 ,sipiwesk lake4 ,altoge!r ! fi%+ indu/ry %\ld be a decid$ly pr(itable "o aft] ! railway goes ?r\gh4 ,mu* ( t region is suit$ only1 & admirably1 to produc+ a p]man5t rev5ue f ?is s\rce4 ,! beav] h be5 almo/ ext]m9at$1 b m9k1 fi%]1 muskrat & o!r fur-be>]s are /ill fairly num]\s4 ,z to l>ge game1 moose & c>ib\ are pl5tiful1 b we saw no elk or be>4 ,m /r+5t game laws w %ortly be necess>y ) ! op5+ ( ! c\ntry to :ite hunt]s4 ,ne>ly all ^? nor!rn lakes are ?ickly /udd$ ) beautiful isl&s--q a simil> ,laur5tian c\ntry to ,muskoka1 b on a m ext5sive scale4 ,"s future day ^! l>ge isl&-/udd$ lakes w become popul> summ] playgr\nds = ! p ( ! prairies1 = ! ,july & ,augu/ wea!r is delightful4 ,z yet ( c\rse1 !y are almo/ inaccessible40 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan1 :o explor$ ! c\ntry 9 #aijg1 describes ! wat]s betwe5 ,! ,pas & ,cle>wat] lake z ab\nd+ 9 tr\t1 :itefi%1 jackfi% & pike4 ,re$ lake is /udd$ ) _m isl&s & replete ) l>ge tr\t1 :itefi%1 pike & pick]el4 ,grass riv]1 :]e x broad5s into ! long /ret* kn[n z ,sett+ lake1 is describ$ by ,mr4 ,mc,laggan z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful %eets ( wat] he has ev] se5 & q comp>able to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce :]e x passes ?r\gh ! ,?\s& isl&s4 ,he looks =w>d to x becom+ a great summ] resort4 ,goose riv] is v %all[ & s teems ) :itefi% t !y seem to cov] ! bottom & c be kill$ ) /icks4 ,g5]ally1 along 8 r\te1 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan 8f\nd game 9 great pl5ty & imm5se wat]s teem+ ) fi%40 ,w4 ,?ibaudeau1 ,c4,e41 /ates 9 8 report 7,see p4 #bc73--8;,9 ,septemb]1 ,octob] & "p ( ,novemb] l>ge %oals ( :ite :ales 7,i c\nt$ ?irty-five 9 "o %oal7 c\ld be se5 go+ up riv] at ,*ur*ill at e tide4 ,salmon1 tr\t & :itefi% are tak5 9 ! riv] & h>bor all ! ye>1 b are m abundant 9 ! spr+4 ,,)9 ,a ,,few ,,miles ,,( ,,*ur*ill1 9 ! fall & w9t]1 l>ge h]ds ( b>r5 l&s c>ib\ 7 enc\nt]$4 ,^! h]ds supply fre% meat ( an excell5t quality = ! resid5ts ( ,*ur*ill4 ,pol> be>s are occasionally %ot 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*ur*ill4 ,along ! we/]n p59sula ,eskimo congregate 9 ! spr+ = ! purpose ( seal hunt+1 ^! animals frequ5t+ ^! %ores 9 ! spr+ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,among ! fur be>+ animals are f\nd black fox1 silv] fox1 r$ & :ite fox1 m>t51 & wolves bo? black & gray4 ,swans1 geese1 pt>migan & _m species ( duck 9 l>ge numb]s1 & "s spruce gr\se are f\nd along ! %ores ( ,*ur*ill h>b\r & riv]4 ,ref]r+ specially to 8 exploration ( t "p ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,owl riv] 9 ,decemb]1 #aijf1 ,mr4 ,?ibaudeau /ates3--8,= "o :ole day we pass$ ?r\gh an imm5se h]d ( b>r5 l&s c>ib\4 ,!re mu/ h be5 ?\s&s ( !m40 ,report+ on ! fi% & game along ! r\te ( 8 exploration trip f ,*ur*ill to ,! ,pas1 ,mr4 ,?ibaudeau says3--8,f timb] l9e on ,hudson bay to ,! ,pas are f\nd moose & c>ib\ 9 fair quantities4 ,rabbits are sc>ce ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry explor$4 ,saw a few spruce gr\se2 pt>migan are f\nd pl5tifully1 b n fur!r s\? ?an ,grass riv]4 ,:itefi% ab\nd 9 all ! lakes f ,*ur*ill to ,! ,pas2 also 9 "s lakes are f\nd tr\t1 pike & suck]s4 ,indians & travell]s rely ^u ?is s\rce ( supply = dog fe$40 ,mr4 ,william ,bee*1 ( ,*ur*ill1 9 8 communication to ! press already quot$1 writes3--8,fur-be>+ animals exi/ 9 l>ge quantities1 & 9 _m v>ieties1 ?r\gh\t ! woods & along ! %ores & riv]s4 ,i h se5 enorm\s :ite pol> be>s ?ree hundr$ y>ds f my h\se z e>ly z ,augu/ #i1 & at times !y are v aggressive4 ,wolves are num]\s1 & v bold at times1 s bold 9 fact t ,i h frequ5tly he>d !m runn+ r\nd ^u ! ro( above my head4 ,:ite1 r$ & black foxes1 & a few ( ! r>e silv] v>iety are to be f\nd at all seasons1 & are ,,valuable ,,= ,,! ,,fur ,,!y ,,be>4 ,c>ib\ roam 9 h]ds1 & are v good eat+1 :ile seals1 ducks1 pt>migan1 geese & swans ab\nd ?r\gh\t ! di/ricts r\nd ab\t4 ,curlew1 snipe1 & loons also provide good %oot+4 ,( fur-be>+ animals besides foxes !re are beav]1 ott]1 m9k1 erm9e1 & wolv]9e1 innum]able4 8,great sport is af=d$ to ^? :o are s incl9$ 9 h>poon+ :ales4 ,i h c\nt$ z _m z tw5ty 9 "o s*ool1 go+ up ! riv] at almo/ e tide1 & an impressive sight x is4 ,9 summ] at ,*ur*ill ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company capture _m :ite :ales1 f t5 to fifte5 feet 9 l5g? & weigh+ f "o ?\s& to two ?\s& p\nds1 by ! use ( extra /rong nets4 ,! fle% is cut up & kept to fe$ ! dogs 9 w9t]1 :ile ! blubb] is boil$ d[n at ! factory & ! hides are s5t to ,engl&4 8,x w surprise y1 p]haps1 :5 ,i tell y t we fi% on dry l& at ,*ur*ill4 ,t is a fact1 nev]!less4 ,! natives ( ,*ur*ill1 bo? ,indians & ,eskimos1 & also ! :ite m51 set _! nets on dry l&4 ,!y set _! nets1 :i* are ab\t fifte5 feet long1 ) ?ree upright po/s plac$ v]tically on ! %ore4 ,:5 !y h set !m !y simply wait = ! tide to come 91 & :5 x has come 9 !y simply wait until x has gone out1 & !re are _! fi% all ready to be tak5 out )\t any tr\ble4 ,! cat* consi/s *iefly ( :itefi%1 salmon tr\t1 & pick]el1 all ( good quality4 8,:5 ! ,hudson bay r\te is complet$1 "o ( ! be/ fi%+ trades 9 ! _w w be op5$ up4 ,!re are five lakes1 9 all1 9 ! di/rict1 all full ( fi%1 & ! f>!/ team+ :i* is necess>y w\ld be ab\t =ty miles4 ,on lake ,w9nipeg at ! pres5t "t1 fi% are haul$ a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & =ty miles1 & !y are team$ into ,edmonton f ,less] ,slave lake1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles & made to pay4 ,! salmon ( ! nor? av]ages f f\r to t5 p\nds 9 weight1 & is ( good quality2 ! :itefi% is n s l>ge z t ( ,lake ,w9nipeg1 b x is ( f9e flavor1 & v firm4 ,! capl91 a small fi% resembl+ ! s>d9e1 is f\nd 9 su* quantities at "s seasons ( ! ye> t !y are left 9 ?\s&s ^u ! %ore :5 ! tide goes out4 ,fi%+ usually comm5ces at ! latt] "p ( ,june & f9i%es at ! end ( ,augu/40 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,saskat*ewan ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,nor!rn ,,saskat*ewan4 ,agriculture & ,arable ,l&4 ,an ,e>ly ,sci5tific ,explor]'s ,en?usia/ic ,description ( ,"p ( ! ,c\ntry4--8,capable ( ,any ,ext5t ( ,cultivation40--,an ,old ,hudson's ,bay ,company's ,(ficial ,:o ,consid]$ x 8,a ,spl5did ,c\ntry to ,settle 940--,mr4 ,crean ,reports ,t 8,x is no ,exp]im5t0 to ,raise ,:eat 9 ,nor? ,saskat*ewan4--,mission>y ,f>m]s & ,_! ,accompli%m5ts4--,capable ( ,support+ 8,a ,d5se1 ,?riv+ ,population40--8,a ,spl5did ,ran*+ ,c\ntry40-- ,heavie/ ,ra9s ,j ,:5 !y are ,ne$$4 ,to obta9 a correct idea ( ! res\rces ( t "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,saskat*ewan nor? ( ,nor? ,saskat*ewan riv]1 "o has to consid] t great ext5t ( t]ritory z consi/+ ( two v di/9ct areas1 "o to ! s\?1 ! o!r to ! nor? ( ,*ur*ill riv]4 ,:ile ! area to ! s\? ( ! ,*ur*ill is a well-wood$1 p>k-l c\ntry1 ) great agricultural possibilities1 ! soil ( ! region nor? ( t riv]1 s f> z explorations up to ?is "t h %[n1 is ma9ly s&y & /]ile4 ,?anks to its be+ cross$ by ! old fur trad]s' portage r\tes f ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 ,=t la ,corne & ,=t ,c>lton1 on ! ,saskat*ewan1 to ,frog portage on ! upp] ,*ur*ill & ,me?ye portage on ! ,cle>wat]1 ! s\!rn "p ( ! region imm$iately "u review has be5 kn[n & writt5 ab\t = _m ye>s1 b !re is v little inde$ 9 ! anci5t writ+s wor?y ( notice 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! fir/ :ite travell]s ov] ! long & toilsome wat] r\tes ( ?is beautiful c\ntry ( swift-runn+ riv]s & isle-/udd$ lakes 7 ! ent]pris+ fur trad]s f ,montreal1 :o 9 c\rse ( "t comb9$ to =m ! ,nor?we/ ,company4 ,_! int]e/s 7 all c5tr$ 9 ! fur trade1 & :ile travell+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 bus9ess1 "t & ! exig5cies ( ! commiss>iat comb9$ to ,,prev5t ,,!m ,,f ,,explor+ ! c\ntry ) a view to inve/igat+ its natural res\rces1 ev5 if !y _h any incl9ation to d s1 :i* is d\btful4 ,at any rate su* ( ^! pione] travell]s ?r\gh ?is c\ntry z v5tur$ to write ab\t _! travels devot$ _! lit]>y ef=ts to describ+ _! adv5tures en r\te1 _! camps1 ! me?ods & habits ( ! voyageurs & ,indians1 ! ,indian camp+ places1 & ! riv]s1 lakes & ov]l& trails trav]s$4 ,g5]ally v m9ute details 7 giv5 9 ^! old books ( travel z to ! geographical features ( ! c\ntry1 di/ances1 be>+s1 ! direction & curr5ts ( ! riv]s1 ! size1 %apes & relative situation ( ! lakes1 etc41 b "o reads ov] page aft] page1 & book aft] book1 )\t f9d+ a s+le ref]5ce to ! soil1 or to ! possibilities ( ! c\ntry f an agricultural po9t ( view4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! op5+ up to ! fur trade ( ! f>!r nor?we/ on ! banks ( ,a?abaska & ,mack5zie riv]s result$ 9 a greatly increas$ am\nt ( travel ov] ! old canoe r\tes1 b x did n attract att5tion to ! natural weal? ( ?is region1 & until rec5t ye>s ! attractions ?is c\ntry (f]s to ! agricultural settl] h rema9$ unrecogniz$4 ,sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie1 9 8 book 7#ahja71 /ates t 8no "p ( ?is c\ntry has ev] be5 cultivat$ by natives or ,europeans1 except a small g>d5 at ,ile la ,crosse1 :i* well repaid ! lab\r be/[$ ^u x40 ,exam9$ be=e ! ,briti% p>liam5t>y committee ( #aheg1 ,ri*>d ,k+1 ,m4,d41 surgeon & naturali/ to ! exp$ition 9 #ahcc 9 se>* ( ,sir ,j4 ,ross1 0 ask$3--8,are y "u ! impression t !re is any portion ( ! t]ritory :i* y !n saw t w\ld be available = ! purpose ( settlem5t80 ,he repli$3--8,yes1 ,i f\nd a v l>ge c\ntry1 z x appe>$ to me at t date4 ,i hold 9 my h& "o ( ,arr[smi?'s v be/ & rec5t maps1 he be+ ! great au?ority ^u t c\ntry1 & ! squ>e piece ( c\ntry :i* ,i always look$ ^u z a v f]tile valley is !re di/9ctly %[n4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! s\? by ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 on ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,x is an enorm\s tract ( c\ntry4 ,cumb]l& t]ritory is1 accord+ to ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson1 ,i f9d1 sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,!n x is b\nd$ by ,a?abaska lake on ! nor?4 ,i am n n[ exactly giv+ x nor? & s\?4 ,i may /ate t ,i pass$ ?r\gh a great portion ( t c\ntry1 b ( c\rse :at ,i am say+ z to ! l>g] portion t ,i am n[ speak+ (1 is n only f my own p]sonal obs]vation ^u x1 b f an inquiry ^u ! spot1 see+ ! nature & ext5t ( t c\ntry4 ,?is l>ge portion :i* ,i h describ$ z )9 ?is area ,i look$ ^u z ! ,,mo/ ,,f]tile ,,portion ,,:i* ,i ,,saw4 8,on ?is map x is v cle>4 ,y w see ! c\ntry entirely surr\nd$ by wat]40 ,ask$ if he meant to express an op9ion t ! :ole ( t t]ritory 0 suitable1 z reg>ds soil & climate1 = ! purpose ( cultivation1 ,doctor ,k+ repli$ t he 0 told by ! trad]s !re g5]ally t x 0 precisely ! same l& z t :i* he pass$ ?r\gh1 namely1 a ri* soil1 int]sp]s$ ) well-wood$ c\ntry1 !re be+ gr[? ( e k9d1 & ! :ole vegetable k+dom alive4 ,doctor ,k+ impress$ ^u ! committee ! fact t 9 go+ ?r\gh t c\ntry 8 position 0 t ( a naturali/2 he 8came away c]ta9ly ) ! impression t x 0 a v magnific5t c\ntry 9 _m p>ts ( x2 ( c\rse !re 7 b>r5 portions1 b ^u ! :ole1 up to ,a?abaska lake1 x appe>$ to me to be capable ( any ext5t ( cultivation40 ,doctor ,k+ said t "s "t previ\s to 8 visit to t locality !re _h be5 "s agricultural activity at ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/ at ,cumb]l& ,h\se due to ! ent]prise ( ,gov]nor ,williams4 ,doctor ,k+ f\nd capaci\s b>ns1 & implem5ts 9 fields :i* _h evid5tly be5 plac$ "u culture4 ,on approa*+ ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 he _h f\nd a little new colony ( ?irty p]sons e/abli%$1 a ,canadian1 an ,engli%man1 & half-bre$s4 ,!y _h _! fields divid$ out into f>ms1 & o!r ?+s4 ,x 0 describ$ to him t !y _h =m$ a little colony at ,cumb]l& ,h\se b _h be5 ,,ord]$ ,,f ,,! ,,imm$iate ,,vic9ity by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,! settl]s told ,doctor ,k+ t 8at ! "t !y 7 ord]$ (f1 ! ,company w\ld n all[ !m to g on cultivat+2 t x 0 aga9/ ! ,company1 & t !re=e ! ?+ 0 to be brok5 up1 etc41 etc40 ,z to ! little new settlem5t1 ,doctor ,k+ /at$ t x appe>$ to him1 9 go+ ov] ! coloni/s' f>ms1 t !y 7 v highly cultivat$4 ,!re 0 corn1 :eat1 & b>ley gr[+4 ,he b\ght a calf f !m2 he gave sev5 %ill+s = x4 ,a fat bullock sold = twelve %ill+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,hay+ ne> ,gre5 lake4 ,doctor ,k+ te/ifi$ t :5 he w5t on to ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 he f\nd t ! settl]s 7 really borne out 9 :at !y _h /at$1 = he f\nd t ! b>ns & implem5ts 7 9 ! fields1 & t ! c[s1 ox51 & horses _h all gone wild4 ,he enquir$ ! reason ( x & 0 told t ,gov]nor ,williams _h a p5*ant = f>m+ & t ! ,company _h ord]$ him (f some:]e else4 ,hon4 ,william ,*ri/ie1 =m]ly ,inspect+ ,*ief ,factor ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 expla9$ t !re 0 a va/ ext5t ( spl5did c\ntry f ,pr9ce ,alb]t on ! :ole nor? side ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 go+ away up until ! travell] came ne> ,=t ,pitt1 keep+ a little to ! nor?4 ,!n1 :5 he w\ld come to ! r\te ( ,gre5 lake1 !re 0 two days' j\rney ?r\gh a magnific5t c\ntry1 beautifully timb]$1 well wat]$ & suppli$ ) abundance ( fi%4 ,z he once travell$ ?r\gh x1 he rem>k$ to "o ( 8 m51-- 8,,:at ,a ,,spl5did ,,c\ntry ,,to ,,settle ,,940 ,gre5 lake1 witness expla9$1 is nor? ( ,c>lton1 ab\t eighty miles4 ,"o crosses at ,c>lton & = two days c travel ?r\gh a prairie c\ntry ) bluffs "h & !re1 & lakes2 x is a spl5did c\ntry4 ,!n he w\ld travel = two days ?r\gh a =e/ to ,gre5 lake4 ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n1 9 ! ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t ,canadian ,pacific ,railway ,report ( #ahgg-h1 says3--8,i 0 at ,ile la ,crosse 7almo/ due nor? ( ,battle=d7 on ,septemb] #bb1 #ahge1 & saw potatoes /ill gre5 z !y 7 9 ,july4 ,i 0 told by ,mr4 ,cumm9s t ^! potatoes h>dly ev] 7 kill$ by fro/ 9 ,septemb]4 ,"h !re 0 a fl\r mill driv5 by horse-p[] & ,i am told t all k9ds ( gra9 rip5 successfully40 ,pr(essor ,mac\n 9 8 book 8,manitoba & ! ,great ,nor?we/10 publi%$ 9 #ahhb1 made ! foll[+ ref]5ce to ! nor!rn portion ( ,saskat*ewan z an agricultural c\ntry3--8,ab\t fifty miles nor? ( ,c>lton ! #8,/> ,mission1' 9 connection ) ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 is situat$4 ,?is ,mission 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgd1 & plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,h9ds1 :o1 besides be+ a m9i/]1 0 a practical f>m]4 ,he at once comm5c$ to tea* ! old m5 f>m+ & ! *ildr5 ,engli%1 & 9 less ?an "o ye> _h a numb] ( small f>ms comm5c$1 & ! *ildr5 well advanc$ 9 ! k ( ,engli%4 ,s9ce !n he has be5 v successful1 & 9 #ahgi ,mr4 ,o',keeffe1 ,d4,l4,s41 writes ( ! ,mission3 #8,at ,s&y lake ! ,indians "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,h9ds1 ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,mission>y1 7 cultivat+ successfully f9e fields ( gra9 & rais+ vegetables4' ,( ! c\ntry 9 ?is vic9ity ! same writ] says3 #8,no f9] c\ntry c\ld be desir$ ?an ! section above describ$4 ,! wat] is pure & abundant1 & ! l& extremely ri*4 ,pea v9e1 vet*es1 grasses1 &1 9 fact1 all h]bace\s plants 7 luxuriant4'0 ,9 ! report ( 8 explorations dur+ ! ye>s #ahic & #ahid1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,burr ,tyrrell gives ! foll[+ g5]al description ( ?is area3--8,! c\ntry betwe5 ,saskat*ewan & ,*ur*ill riv]s is v diff]5t f t nor? ( ! latt] /ream4 ,f ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 situat$ on ! banks ( ! ,nor? ,saskat*ewan1 at an elevation ( "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ feet above ! sea1 ! surface rises ) a g5tle slope nor?w>d to a heavy /ony mora9e ridge1 ! highe/ po9t ( :i*1 on ,gre5 lake trail1 0 f\nd to h an elevation ( ab\t two ?\s& two hundr$ & tw5ty feet4 ,f ?is high ridge ! c\ntry slopes gradually nor?w>d1 at fir/ ) a g5tle roll+1 & aft]w>ds ) a m ev5 surface1 to ! *a9 ( lakes & ext5sive swamps t lie along ! edge ( ! di/rict directly und]la9 by ,ar*aean rocks4 ,?is c\ntry has v mu* ! g5]al appe>ance ( t portion ( nor?we/]n ,manitoba to ! we/ ( lakes ,manitoba & ,w9nipegosis1 includ+ ,duck & ,rid+ m\nta9s1 previ\sly describ$ by ! writ]40 ,betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,saskat*ewan riv]s two l9es 7 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 "o f ,pr9ce ,alb]t nor?we/w>d by ,gre5 lake to ,ile la ,crosse1 & ! o!r f ,/anley ,mission s\?we/w>d by ,montreal lake to ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,writ+ ( "s ( ! m noticeable geographical features ( ?is area ,mr4 ,tyrrell says3--8,*ur*ill riv] f its nor!rn s\rce at ,me?ye portage1 foll[+ its w9d+s1 has a l5g? ( f\r hundr$ & eighty miles to ! m\? ( ,re9de] riv]4 ,x is a long s]ies ( v irregul> lakes fill$ ) cle> blue wat]1 connect$ by %ort & usually rapid rea*es4 ,"s ( ! rapids are produc$ by rocky b>ri]s1 :ile o!rs are ov] b\ld]s & betwe5 banks ( till1 su* z is und]ly+ mu* ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 8,! l>ge/ tribut>ies fl[+ into ! ,*ur*ill f ! s\? are ,beav]1 ,s&y & ,rapid riv]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fl[]s at ,ile ,la ,crosse4 8,beav] riv] rises on ! ,cretace\s plateau1 n f> f ,lac la ,bi*e1 &1 fl[+1 fir/ ea/w>d = two hundr$ & fifty miles1 & !n nor?w>d = a hundr$ miles1 empties into ! s\? end ( ,ile la ,crosse lake4 ,its c\rse nor?w>d 0 alone survey$4 ,"h x is a rapid /ream f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ feet wide1 fl[+ betwe5 l[ clay banks1 beautifully wood$ ) spruce & popl>4 ,mu* ( ! l& along ! c\rse appe>$ to be well adapt$ = agricultural purposes1 & ! rank vegetation gave ,,promise ,,( ,,abundant ,,h>ve/s40 ,! ,v5]able ,ar*deacon ,j4 ,mc,kay1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,mission>ies ( ! ,canadian we/1 0 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg4 ,he /at$ t he 0 born on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,james bay1 ne> ,rup]t's ,h\se4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ,hudson's ,bay ,company's (fic]4 ,witness _h 8 education 9 ,manitoba 9 ! e>ly days4 ,he _h be5 m 9 ! old c\ntry ?an 9 ea/]n ,canada4 ,he liv$ at ,moose ,factory until he 0 eighte54 ,ar*deacon ,mc,kay expla9$ t he _h be5 =ty-five ye>s 9 ! we/1 9 *>ge ( missions ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & 0 t5 ye>s at a place on ,*ur*ill riv]1 a little nor? ( ,lac la ,ronge4 ,! ne>e/ po9t to ,lac la ,ronge on ! map is :]e ! ,anglican mission is situat$1 ab\t t5 miles nor? ( ,lac la ,ronge1 on ,*ur*ill riv]4 ,?is is ab\t due nor? f ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 & 9 a /raight l9e x w\ld be consid]ably ov] two hundr$ miles f ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,he _h be5 = "s "t sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,anglican missions4 ,= ! two ye>s prec$+ 8 exam9ation he _h be5 at ,lac la ,ronge4 ,he _h be5 z f> nor? 9 ?is c\ntry z ,lake ,c>iboo4 ,9 fact he _h be5 away to ! nor? end ( ,re9de] lake4 ,x is v poor c\ntry up !re1 & ! trees are n v l>ge4 ,f ! ,*ur*ill he _h be5 d[n to ,hudson bay1 & he _h be5 z f> we/ z ,ile la ,crosse lake & on to ,me?ye lake1 :i* is n _m miles s\? ( ,cle>wat] riv] & 9 an ea/-s\!a/]ly direction f ,mc,murray4 ,! l& betwe5 ,lac la ,ronge & ,pr9ce ,alb]t 9 "s places is v good4 ,x is all =e/ practically until to ab\t ?irty miles f ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 or p]haps tw5ty or ?irty4 ,!n ! op5 c\ntry beg9s :]e x is n heavily timb]$4 ,to ! we/ ( ,lac la ,ronge ! c\ntry is v mu* ! same4 ,x is n rocky1 "s muskeg & "s pretty good l&1 b all timb]$--9 "s places heavy timb]4 ,!re is spruce & popl>4 ,! spruce is good en\gh = lumb]1 & ( c\rse x w\ld d = pulpwood4 ,! witness _h travell$ ! c\ntry ab\t ,lac la ,ronge pretty ?or\ghly1 & if x 7 cle>$ ( timb] x w\ld1 9 8 op9ion1 be g5]ally ,,fair ,,agricultural ,,l&4 ,! rocky c\ntry is nor? ( t4 ,s f> z agriculture at ,lac la ,ronge is conc]n$1 ,ar*deacon ,mc,kay said he _h rais$ good :eat at 8 =m] mission on ,*ur*ill riv] = sev5 ye>s 9 succession )\t hav+ x fro/$4 ,! climate is good4 ,x is a rocky c\ntry1 & !re is n a great deal ( good l&2 b s f> z ! climate is conc]n$ x is all "r = rais+ any?+ t c be rais$ 9 ,saskat*ewan g5]ally4 ,potatoes gr[ spl5didly4 ,illu/ration3 ,potatoes at ,anglican ,mission1 ,lac la ,ronge4 ,he c\ld n describe :at ! grasses are1 b !y are grasses t gr[ mo/ly 9 moi/ l&1 some?+ l sl\gh hay1 grasses t gr[ on ! m>g9s ( lakes1 & along ! riv]s4 ,!re 0 n mu* /ock !re1 b he _h /ock :5 he liv$ on ! mission on ,*ur*ill riv]1 fifte5 head ( cattle & two horses4 ,t is a little nor? ( ,lac la ,ronge1 & is practically ! same c\ntry4 ,z to ! ,lake ,ile la ,crosse c\ntry1 he consid]$ x fairly good4 ,x is n rocky & !re is pl5ty ( timb] & pl5ty ( hay z a rule--"s prairie hay & "s swamp hay1 & ! soil is fairly good--bett] ?an ,lac la ,ronge4 ,x gets bett] z y g we/4 ,x is c]ta9ly bett] ab\t ,ile la ,crosse ?an at ,lac la ,ronge1 & !re is no rock c\ntry ab\t ,ile la ,crosse4 ,! hay is long4 ,x is v mu* ! same z ! natural hay 9 ,manitoba4 ,! only :ites 9 ! c\ntry he _h describ$ nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan 7 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's (ficials & trad]s4 ,!re is no agricultural settlem5t at ,lac la ,ronge4 ,!re are only ,indians !re1 & !y h n gone into any?+ 9 ! direction ( agriculture m ?an rais+ a few potatoes4 ,ar*deacon ,mc,kay /at$ t x is a peculi>ity ( t "p ( ! c\ntry ar\nd ,lac la ,ronge t ! fro/s are v late4 ,on a small isl& 9 ! lake ,ar*deacon ,mc,kay has se5 potatoes 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,octob] ) ! ,,v9es ,,unt\*$ ,,by ,,fro/s at t late season4 ,t 0 ( c\rse on acc\nt ( ! l>ge body ( wat] t equaliz$ ! temp]ature4 ,on ! ma9l& t w\ld probably n be ! case1 b two ye>s ago he 0 at ,lac la ,ronge :5 ,mr4 ,*i%olm1 ! ,indian ,inspector1 came out to make treaty paym5ts t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/1 probably ,augu/ #bj1 & ! potato v9es 7 n t\*$ at all ei!r on ! ma9l& or on ! isl&s4 ,! sn[fall is n v heavy4 ,x is g5]ally a little heavi] ?an 9 ,pr9ce ,alb]t section ( ! c\ntry1 b n always s4 ,?ree feet on ! level w\ld be consid]$ deep sn[4 ,z a rule ! fir/ fro/s come "s "t 9 ,septemb]4 ,9 #aijf ! potatoes 7 t\*$ ) fro/ ab\t ,septemb] #ae1 b n s]i\sly4 ,9 ! spr+ "o c put 9 gra9 f ,may #e z a rule4 ,he us$ to s[ :eat ,may #e g5]ally1 & plant potatoes f ,may #bj on4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature 9 w9t]1 judg+ f 8 own s5sations1 0 ab\t ! same z ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,9 ! summ] "t x is q z hot at ,lac la ,ronge z at ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,x is f>!r nor? & ! days are long]4 ,! wea!r at ,lac la ,ronge is mod]ately dry4 ,g5]ally !re is suffici5t ra9fall = ! crops4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aijf !re 0 q a long spell ( dry wea!r1 :i* affect$ ! wild fruits4 ,x 0 an exceptional spell ( dry wea!r1 b g5]ally !re is a good ra9fall4 ,! ra9y season w\ld be q equal to ,manitoba4 ,ri*>d ,s4 ,cook1 ,esq41 ,mayor ( ! city ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 ,saskat*ewan1 0 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg4 ,he /at$ t he _h at ! date ( 8 exam9ation by ! committee be5 engag$ 9 f>m+ at ,pr9ce ,alb]t = fifte5 ye>s4 ,he _h a l>ge /ock & dairy f>m1 op]at$ x successfully1 & _h made x pay e ye>4 ,mr4 ,cook /at$ t he _h travell$ consid]ably ov] ! c\ntry ab\t ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 p>ticul>ly to ! nor? & nor?we/ ( t city4 ,he _h gone nor? f ,battle=d & d[n ,beav] riv]4 ,little is kn[n ( t c\ntry4 ,x has always be5 travell$ by canoe4 ,/anley ,mission 0 ! f>!/ nor? he _h be51 two hundr$ & fifty miles nor? ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 & ab\t ! same di/ance nor? ( ,battle=d4 ,! c\ntry 9 t nor!rn di/rict is fit to be an empire 9 itself1 & a weal?y "o4 ,p knew little ( x yet1 b x 0 go+ to prove an excell5t c\ntry = agriculture4 ,x 0 su* an imm5se c\ntry x 0 h>d to grasp ! possibilities ( x4 ,"o might travel ov] x = ye>s & "k v little ab\t x4 ,!re is v little op5 c\ntry !re1 except :]e ! fire has gone1 b ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! soil 9 t c\ntry is good1 capable ( be+ cle>$ up & becom+ good agricultural l&4 ,! area mu/ be at ! lea/ ab\t two hundr$ & fifty miles by two hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,9 travell+ ab\t ! c\ntry1 he _h exam9$ ! region ab\t ,=t ,pitt1 ,beav] lake1 ,moose lake & ,cold lake4 ,= a consid]able di/ance imm$iately back f ,saskat*ewan riv] ! soil is light2 n a v good c\ntry4 ,! c\ntry imm$iately beh9d ,=t ,pitt1 h[ev]1 ,,is ,,fit ,,= ,,rais+ ,,gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,oat field at ,anglican ,mission1 ,lac la ,ronge4 ,! fur!r nor? "o goes 9 t c\ntry ! bett] x is4 ,! altitude is gradually gett+ less1 & on ,*ipewyan res]ve1 s\? ( ,cold lake1 !re is z f9e l& z he _h ev] se5 9 8 life4 ,! grass is f\r & "o half feet long1 & p _h be5 kn[n to gr[ "o hundr$ tons ( hay ! fir/ season4 ,mr4 ,cook d\bt$ :e!r :eat w\ld gr[ ! fir/ ye>4 ,ar\nd ,cold lake ! fires _h be5 v de/ructive4 ,!re _h be5 timb] !re1 & :]e x _h be5 burnt ov] ! grass 0 good4 ,! soil 0 all "r & ! pea v9e gr[+1 & good ri* grass1 s t he ?\ght ! c\ntry d[n ! ,beav] w\ld be a fairly good agricultural c\ntry4 ,?is di/rict is "o hundr$ & fifty miles nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,x w\ld be nor?we/ ( ,battle=d ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,at ,/anley & ,*ur*ill1 two hundr$ & fifty miles nor? ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 !y 7 rais+ all k9ds ( /uff4 ,!re 0 a %eaf ( :eat 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 9 ,pr9ce ,alb]t :i* 0 br\ght f !re1 & x 0 c]ta9ly a v f9e specim54 ,mr4 ,cook ?\ght t 9 ! area he _h visit$ 9 ! nor? !re 0 a c\ntry t w\ld be settl$ up & su/a9 a l>ge population4 ,! fires _h be5 v de/ructive 9 p>ts ( ! ,/anley c\ntry4 ,! soil ?r\gh\t at "o "t 0 a good soil1 b :]e ! fires 7 v heavy & hot x burnt ! top ( ! soil4 ,he w\ld judge t sev5ty-?ree p] c5t4 ( t c\ntry w\ld h good agricultural soil z soon z x 0 clean$ out4 ,settlem5ts _h be5 />t$ tw5ty miles nor? ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 & "s ye>s ago an ,am]ican w5t 9 !re & he n[ has a beautiful f>m4 ,! witness br\ght 9 a collection ( vegetables f t c\ntry1 & he nev] saw a bett] lot ( f>m]s' produce 9 8 life4 ,?is orig9al ,am]ican pione] 0 gr[+ ,turn] raspb]ries1 & anyone w tell y t :]e y c gr[ ,turn] raspb]ries1 fall :eat w gr[1 & :]e fall :eat w gr[ ! climate is fit = any?+4 ,! settl] 9 "q got ! ,turn] raspb]ries f ,mr4 ,cook 9 ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,x takes a c]ta9 climate to gr[ t raspb]ry1 & !y claim ! same climate w gr[ fall :eat4 ,x is n ! wild raspb]ry ( ! c\ntry1 b a v>iety s5t out f ! exp]im5tal f>m 9 ,ottawa4 ,wild raspb]ries gr[ all ?r\gh t c\ntry4 ,t "o man />t+ out demon/rat$ t ! climate 0 all "r1 & o!rs foll[$ suit1 & !re are n[ "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ settl]s 9 t c\ntry1 :i* 0 consid]$ a few ye>s ago z no good4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! c\ntry clean out to ,c&le lake4 ,t c\ntry is fairly cle> & op51 & !re is "s hazel bru%1 & :]e hazel bru% w gr[ ! l& is consid]$ good1 & :]e popl> w gr[ x is also consid]$ good soil4 ,mayor ,cook express$ ! op9ion t ,,lack ,,( ,,means ,,( ,,communication 0 all t kept ! tide ( settlem5t f fl[+ into t nor!rn c\ntry4 ,he w5t on to expla9 t ! p out on ! ,saskat*ewan & nor? ( x anticipate be+ able to %ip by ! ,hudson bay r\te4 ,!y are all expect+ x4 ,!y consid] t !re is n a "q ( d\bt b t x w be successful4 ,!y expect an op5 r\te via ,hudson bay = half ( ,july1 all ( ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 ,novemb] & "p ( ,decemb]4 ,witness 0 speak+ f ! in=mation receiv$ f p :o sp5t _! lives on ,hudson bay4 ,_m ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's (ficials came 9 to ,pr9ce ,alb]t di/rict to settle1 aft] !y _h be5 sup]annuat$4 ,f in=mation obta9$ f ^! old ,hudson's ,bay ,company's m51 8 hone/ op9ion 0 t x 0 a p]fectly feasible r\te = ! mon?s he _h giv53--half ( ,july1 all ( ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 ,novemb] & a "p ( ,decemb]4 ,mr4 ,cook1 conclud+1 rem>k$3 8,:5 y are %ipp+ out y\r cattle1 y are s5d+ !m by ! %ort r\te1 & ! %r9kage w be light4 ,"o fe$1 & probably none at all1 w\ld la/ to ,*ur*ill4 ,! %ort r\te w\ld also make x possible to %ip out at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! crop be=e ! fro/ sets 91 :i* w\ld be a great relief to ! settl]s40 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,esq41 memb] ( ! ,legislative ,assembly ( ,alb]ta1 = ! ,division ( ,a?abaska1 & resid+ at ,less] ,slave lake1 0 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg & /at$ t at ! date ( 8 exam9ation he _h resid$ t5 ye>s 9 ! c\ntry nor? ( ,edmonton4 ,he _h be5 f ,edmonton nor? to ,=t ,wrigley1 & he _h be5 on ,peace riv] f ,=t ,/4 ,john1 ?irty miles inside ! ,briti% ,columbia l9e1 to ab\t five hundr$ miles d[n ! ,peace--f t po9t4 ,t5 ye>s previ\s to 8 exam9ation he w5t d[n ! ,a?abaska to ! ,mack5zie 9 boats4 ,mr4 ,br$9 ref]r$ briefly to a trip he made ea/ f ,a?abaska di/rict dur+ ! summ] ( #aijf1 :5 he travell$ f ,mc,murray up ,cle>wat] riv] & !nce across to ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,! l& on ,cle>wat] riv] = "o hundr$ miles1 9 ! bottoms1 is v good4 ,x appe>$ to him1 f ! riv]1 h[ev]1 to be v s&y back on ! high rocks4 ,he %\ld ?9k !re w\ld be a good deal ( rock & muskeg4 ,f :]e he left ,cle>wat] riv] 9 to ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 on ! ,nor? ,saskat*ewan1 ! c\ntry 0 m or less ( a s&y nature4 ,!re 7 beautiful lakes all ! way1 fill$ ) good :itefi% & tr\t4 ,! :ole nor!rn c\ntry is t way4 ,9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy rem>k$3--8,!re is "s good c\ntry along ! ,cle>wat]--v nice c\ntry f an agricultural po9t ( view40 ,,! ,,crean ,,reports4 ,a great am\nt ( invaluable in=mation z to ! natural res\rces ( ! region s\? ( ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s is conta9$ 9 ! report by ,frank ,j4 ,p4 ,crean1 ,c4,e41 ( 8 explorations 7,see p4 #be7 9 #aijh & #aiji4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is "w ( exploration 0 ! fir/ ev] und]tak5 9 a sy/ematic way to asc]ta9 ! agricultural possibilities ( ,canada's nor?l&4 ,! late ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,"y1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,railway ,l&s ,bran* ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 "u ^: direction1 & at ^: in/ance1 ^! explorations 7 conduct$1 9 =w>d+ ,mr4 ,crean's fir/ report1 wrote3--8,mr4 ,crean's report gives a great deal ( useful in=mation ab\t ! di/rict1 & ! results ( 8 obs]vations appe> to %ew t mix$ f>m+ may confid5tly be expect$ to prove successful ov] a l>ge area4 ,:5 ! c\ntry is made accessible by roads a consid]able settlem5t ( agriculturi/s may1 ,i ?9k1 be look$ =4 ,! c\ntry is also %ewn by 8 report to be ri* 9 natural res\rces40 ,9 =w>d+ ,mr4 ,crean's second report to ! m9i/]1 ,mr4 ,"y wrote3--8,! exploration 9 ! ye> #aiji %[s results ev5 m satisfactory z to ! possibilities ( ! c\ntry = settlem5t ?an ! exploration ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,a v consid]able proportion ( ! area explor$ is %ewn by ,mr4 ,crean's obs]vations to be well adapt$ = mix$ f>m+ & to h natural res\rces ( timb]1 hay1 fi% & game :i* w be ( mu* value to incom+ settl]s4 ,results ( actual op]ations 9 cattle rais+ are ( a mo/ enc\rag+ nature4 ,at & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mead[ lake ov] "o hundr$ miles nor? ( ,battle=d1 !re are h]ds ( cattle aggregat+ ov] ?ree hundr$1 & ov] fifty horses1 all ( :i* are describ$ z 9 a ?riv+ condition4 ,at ,c[p> & ,w9efr$ lakes t[>ds ! we/]n "p ( ! track explor$ & 9 ,cle>wat] valley to ! nor?1 conditions seem also mo/ promis+ = /ock-rais+4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to note "h t rec5t reports ( inve/igations 9 ,sib]ia1 ,mongolia & nor!rn ,man*uria by ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 give acc\nts ( ! discov]y ( ?ree v>ieties ( yell[-fl[]$ alfalfa :i* are f\nd gr[+ & ?riv+ 9 a wild /ate "u conditions ( climate mu* m sev]e1 bo? z to cold 9 w9t] & sn[fall1 ?an are to be f\nd 9 any "p ( nor?we/]n ,canada z f> nor? z !re are any claims made z to possibilities ( settlem5t4 ,x may !re=e be consid]$ reasonably probable t :atev] advantages alfalfa has ov] our native grasses z fodd] are assur$ = all habitable p>ts ( our nor? c\ntry40 ,z to ! di/rict ab\t ,lac la ,ronge1 ,mr4 ,crean says 9 8 report ( #aijh3--8;,besides ! m9]al weal? suppos$ to be available !re is also consid]able l& to be f\nd capable ( be+ till$4 ,,x ,,is ,,no ,,exp]im5t to endeavor to raise :eat 9 ?is section4 ,x has already be5 done4 ,/anley1 or z x is sometimes call$ ,/anley ,mission1 is wor?y ( special description4 ,x appe>s t ,/anley is "o ( ! be/ kn[n spots 9 ! nor?4 ,! village or settlem5t is situat$ on a mo/ picturesque po9t jutt+ into ,*ur*ill riv]4 ,! c\ntry surr\nd+ x is roll+1 & ?is adds consid]ably to ! beauty ( ! locality4 ,f an agricultural /&po9t ! l& is good4 ,! soil is a ri* loam & ! subsoil is s&y clay4 ,! loam1 h[ev]1 atta9s a great dep?4 ,i put "o hole d[n almo/ f\r feet & _h n !n /ruck a subsoil4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 exceptional4 ,/anley's fame re/s altoge!r on ! en]gy & initiative ( ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,hunt1 a ,*ur* ( ,engl& cl]gyman1 & ! f\nd] ( a ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,mission !re ab\t #ahea4 ,mr4 ,hunt1 z f> z ,i c\ld asc]ta91 n only built ! celebrat$ & beautiful *ur*1 b also plant$ "s :eat & b>ley4 ,?is he f\nd w\ld gr[ successfully1 & he e/abli%$ a small mill to gr9d ! :eat4 ,at fir/ he us$ a h& mill1 :i* is /ill /&+ at ! ,mission ,h\se4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 he built a small wat] p[] mill & = a numb] ( ye>s ?is 0 9 op]ation1 us$ n only by ! ,mission b also by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company40 ,,:at ,a ,,mission>y ,,is ,,do+4 ,on ! nor? %ore ( ! bay at ! s\?we/ end ( ! lake1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,mission h a l>ge s*ool n yet complet$1 & also an op5 air saw mill4 ,! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,br[n is 9 *>ge ( ! ,mission & is endeav\r+ to e/abli% a f>m 9 ord] to tea* ! natives to "w4 ,he has "s cattle1 pigs1 & p\ltry4 ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,br[n has a good g>d51 no?+ 9 x suff]+ f fro/4 ,at ,little ,hills1 j at ! m\? ( ,montreal riv]1 :eat has be5 gr[n successfully & ,mr4 ,br[n int5ds putt+ 9 a crop ?is ye>4 ,i might "h be p]mitt$ to say t ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,br[n1 :o is mat]ially assi/$ by 8 wife 9 8 ,mission "w1 is des]v+ ( ! mo/ un/9t$ praise = 8 zeal & indu/ry 9 ! build+ up ( ! ,mission4 ,"u some:at disadvantage\s circum/ances he fills ! sev]al positions ( m9i/] ( ! gospel1 f>m in/ructor & me*anic to 8 flock1 *e]fully & ) good effect4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company _h a good g>d5 la/ ye>1 b mo/ ( ! gr\nd "h is /ony4 ,revillon ,frres h a po/ "h & !y1 too1 raise all ! vegetables !y require4 ,mr4 ,crean reports t on ,de] lake 7,montreal lake section7 8j ea/ ( ! n>r[s a :ite man lives & he has a fir/ class g>d54 ,ar\nd ,de] lake ! l& is good & ,i see no difficulty 9 its developm5t4 ,! soil at ,de] lake is a good light loam incl9$ to be s&y1 ) a blue clay subsoil4 ,muskegs occur1 b !y are g5]ally small4 ,!re is ample hay ev]y:]e4 ,i fancy ?is c\ntry might pr(itably be survey$ & op5$ = settlem5t4 ,i did n travel to ! ea/ ( ,montreal lake1 b f in=mation obta9$ !re is n any great diff]5ce 9 ! c\ntry f ! we/ side40 ,mr4 ,crean goes on to say t !re has be5 no attempt at agriculture 9 ,snake lake & ,s&y riv] section4 8,! height ( l& divid+ ! wat] %$s ( ,ile la ,crosse & ,s&y riv] is n v high b is cle>ly m>k$ by a clay ridge4 ,?is ridge has be5 burnt (f 9 rec5t ye>s & is cov]$ ) fall5 timb] & brul4 ,a popl> gr[? is spr++ up n[4 ,?is "p ( ! section %\ld make good agricultural c\ntry4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a va/ area ( swamp 9 ?is section2 ,i _c say if x c\ld be dra9$4 ,s&y riv] fl[s ?r\gh va/ hay mead[s4 ,^! are n too wet & are by no means swamps4 ,( c\rse mo/ ( ! mead[s w\ld be improv$ by cle>+ ( scrub bu%40 ,illu/ration3 ,oat field at ,la ,plonge4 ,mr4 ,crean reports hav+ se5 :eat & oats gr[+ at ! ,roman ,ca?olic mission at ! junction ( ,beav] & ,la ,plonge riv]s on ,septemb] #d1 #aijh4 ,mr4 ,crean says 9 8 report3--8,! :eat 0 a fir/ attempt1 b w be tri$ on a mu* l>g] scale ?is ye>4 ,! small pat* s[n la/ ye> mu/ h be5 put 9 late 9 ! spr+4 ,x appe>$ well matur$ b fro/$2 ?is ,i fancy 0 due to its be+ plant$ close to ! riv]4 ,! prie/ has cle>$ a good siz$ pat*1 p]haps ab\t t5 acres1 :i* he int5ds s[+ 9 :eat4 ,! oats 7 spl5did & grew to a great height4 ,! vegetables 7 especially good4 ,! v>iety a/oni%$ me4 ,almo/ e vegetable 0 repres5t$ & appe>$ to ?rive4 ,potatoes1 cabbage1 caulifl[]1 lima beans1 gre5 peas1 c>rots1 turnips1 onions1 lettuce1 beets1 p>snips1 & tomatoes all gr[+ spl5didly4 ,i ,,nev] ,,saw ,a ,,bett] ,,g>d51 & inde$ ,i don't rememb] see+ z good 9 ! we/4 ,?is g>d5 is indicative ( :at c be done4 ,! l& ar\nd ! mission is all good & easily cle>$ z x is cov]$ ) popl>4 ,mr4 ,crean reports t 9 #aijh ! prie/s at ,ile la ,crosse _h ab\t ?ree acres 9 use z a g>d54 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/ _h ab\t ?irty-five acres pl\gh$ & five acres 9 oats1 :i* sell at t po9t at a doll> p] bu%el4 8,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company gr[s potatoes = sale1 b ! native1 be+ almo/ entirely a fle% eat]1 looks on vegetables ) contempt40 ,mr4 ,crean /at$ t !re 7 "s good g>d5s at ,canoe lake4 ,"o ,*ipewyan grew "s b>ley b cut x too soon4 ,at ! s\?we/ ( ,canoe lake ! c\ntry rises consid]ably1 & ! soil is good4 ,!re is no settlem5t b ! c\ntry is adapt$ to f>m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,potatoes at ,buffalo riv]4 8,at ,buffalo riv] !re is q a l>ge settlem5t ( ,*ipewyans4 ,!y gr[ q a little b>ley & "s oats4 ,! ,*ipewyans & "s half-bre$s seem n to c>e = fl\r :5 left alone & s !y gr[ b>ley 9 pref]5ce to any o!r gra94 ,x is easi] to cook1 be+ j ?r[n 9 s\p4 ,! l& on ! nor!rly side ( ,buffalo lake is good b !re are no p liv+ !re4 ,! ,*ipewyans at ,buffalo riv] told me t !y nev] he>d ( ! crop ( b>ley be+ a failure = ! pa/ fifty ye>s40 ,at ,me?ye lake1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,crean's report1 !re is a ,roman ,ca?olic ,mission ne> ! ea/ end1 & a prie/1 ,fa!r ,p9>d1 is 9 *>ge4 ,he has a small g>d5 & _h a little pat* ( b>ley4 ,bo? did well4 ,at ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/1 t5 miles away1 on ! we/ side ( ! lake1 !re is a g>d5 ( ab\t an acre4 ,x look$ spl5didly on ,septemb] #ag4 ,! potato tops 7 n t\*$ by fro/4 ,! swamp ?r\gh :i* ,me?ye riv] fl[s1 ?\gh v wet1 produces ,a ,,l>ge ,,quantity ,,( ,,hay4 ,! w9t] supply ( fe$ = ! cattle on ,me?ye portage 9 its palmy days 0 gr[n at ,me?ye ,po/ & at ,buffalo lake at ! m\? ( ,me?ye riv] 7h5ce call$ ,bull's ,h\se71 b n[ !re is no necessity = rais+ gra9 or fodd]1 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company hav+ ab&on$ ?is r\te to ! ,mack5zie ab\t ! "t ( ! ,riel ,rebellion 9 #ahhe4 ,mr4 ,crean says3--8,f conv]sation ) ! natives1 ! prie/ & ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's manag]1 ,i feel sure t ! climate "h w\ld be q fav\rable to :eat rais+4 ,i am in=m$ by ! resid5ts t ?is section is n affect$ by e>ly fro/s1 & ! g>d5s :i* ,i saw c]ta9ly be> out _! /atem5ts4 8,pigs w1 ,i firmly believe1 ?rive well 9 ! nor?1 & %eep w at any rate n suff] f ! raids ( ! coyote4 8,al?\gh ! nor? may nev] s]i\sly compete ) ! m s\!rly latitudes 9 ! :eat m>ket1 /ill1 by judici\s mix$ f>m+1 x w ev5tually be equally productive & ,,support ,a ,,d5se1 ,,?riv+ ,,population4 ,mr4 ,crean ?us describ$ ,cle>wat] riv] & valley3--8,! ,cle>wat] is a /ream v>y+ f "o hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet wide4 ,x is fairly rapid1 & g5]ally ab\t f\r feet deep4 ,at sev]al po9ts along ! riv] !re is a consid]able fall :]e a sub/antial am\nt ( p[] might be develop$4 ,! valley is f half a mile to ?ree miles wide1 & g5]ally conta9s magnific5t soil4 ,9 ! upp] region ! timb] is l>ge & almo/ completely cov]s ! valley4 ,on ! slopes ( ! valley1 :i* are f two hundr$ to six hundr$ feet long & r /eep1 ! timb] /ill cont9ues1 popl> & "s spruce1 b once ! b5* l& is rea*$ !re are "s l>ge op5+s1 & hay mead[s to be f\nd4 ,:5 ! railway rea*es ,mc,murray1 !re is no d\bt t a l>ge agricultural settlem5t w take possession ( ?is beautiful valley40 ,mr4 ,crean writes 9 8 report3--8,! valley ( ,cle>wat] riv] w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be a magnific5t cattle range1 & %\ld be a f>m+ c\ntry4 ,!re are l>ge op5 prairies1 & ! grass is spl5did4 ,vet* & pea-v9e gr[ ev]y:]e4 ,i 0 greatly impress$ ) ,cle>wat] valley2 x is q simil> to ,nor? ,saskat*ewan valley4 ,! soil is a good loam ) a s&y clay subsoil4 ,i _h ample opportunity to obs]ve x c>efully z ! :ole place 9 ! vic9ity ( ! portage is pitt$ ) prospect holes4 ,! loam w\ld be ab\t a foot deep on an av]age40 ,z to natural pa/urage & hay 9 ! area explor$ by him 9 #aijh1 ,mr4 ,crean /ates3--8,along ,big riv] 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! tract is ,a ,,spl5did ,,ran*+ ,,c\ntry4 ,hay ab\nds1 & wat] & %elt] is easily obta9$4 ,! c\ntry is pr9cipally op51 dott$ ) bluffs ( popl>1 & hay is to be _h ev]y:]e4 ,! grass cures "h & ! roll+ hills w\ld be bl[n cle> ( sn[ :i* w\ld af=d a w9t] range = /ock almo/ equal to ! ,porcup9e hills 9 s\!rn ,alb]ta4 ,f>!r nor?1 h[ev]1 ! c\ntry is too flat until ,me?ye portage is rea*$4 ,! valley ( ,cle>wat] riv] bel[ ,me?ye portage w\ld furni% a cattle range t to my ?9k+ w\ld be h>d to beat4 ,i am in=m$ t !re is ev5 a bett] cattle range 9 ! valley ( ,pemb9a riv]1 s\?we/ ( ,me?ye portage1 b ,i did n see x4 ,g5]ally speak+1 9 my op9ion mix$ f>m+ w\ld be ! indu/ry be/ adapt$ to ! entire tract explor$4 ,ev]y:]e ,i travell$ !re 0 an abundance ( hay & along ! ma9 r\tes hay 0 /ack$ 9 quantities 9 _m places b always ) an eye to proximity to ! trail4 ,sometimes ! mead[s w\ld be small b always num]\s4 ,at ,gre5 lake !re 7 p>ticul>ly f9e mead[s1 & ,i am told to ! we/ ( x is ev5 bett]40 ,mr4 ,crean1 9 ! report cov]+ ,gre5 lake1 ,ile la ,crosse1 ,me?ye portage1 ,snake lake & ,lac la ,ronge sections1 writes3--8,x may be said t ! :ole tract ?\gh n exactly fitt$ = agricultural settlem5t ?r\gh\t 9 its pres5t /ate1 is /ill capable ( produc+ l>ge quantities ( c]eals & f>m produce & support+ a l>ge population4 ,! ov] abundance ( wat] & lack ( natural dra9age1 caus+ l>ge swamps & muskegs1 might 9 my op9ion be easily rem$i$ by cle>+ out "s ( ! rapids on ,*ur*ill riv] & provid+ outlets = ! surplus wat] :]e natural outlets are lack+40 ,mr4 ,crean has ! foll[+ g5]al rem>ks to make z to ! soil ( ! di/rict cov]$ by 8 explorations 9 #aijh3--8,! soil ?r\gh\t ! di/rict v>ies s mu* t a g5]al report ( x w\ld be inadequate4 ,9 ! s\!a/]ly portion ! soil is good1 be+ a light loam1 ) a blue clay subsoil2 t[>ds ! we/ ! soil is light loam ) s&y clay subsoil4 ,nor? ( ,montreal lake ! soil is /ill good b l>ge /ones occur m frequ5tly till at ,lac la ,ronge rock outcrop is met )4 ,!re are ( c\rse f]tile spots :]e ! soil atta9s a consid]able dep?1 b no l>ge compact areas ( l& occur 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! tract explor$1 except at ,/anley1 :]e p]haps ?ree ?\s& acres ( arable l&s may be f\nd 9 "o block4 ,to ! we/ ( ,lac la ,ronge ?\gh rock outcrop cont9ues2 f]tile spots occur m frequ5tly1 till at ,tr\t lake !re is no sign ( rock4 ,! soil ar\nd ,tr\t lake is light & r s&y4 ,muskegs occur frequ5tly until ,snake lake is rea*$4 ,s&y riv] fl[s ?r\gh a l>ge hay mead[1 b\nd$ on ! we/ by a muskeg or peat bog1 ext5d+ we/]ly to ,ile la ,crosse lake4 ,?is hay mead[ v>ies 9 wid? f "o qu>t] ( a mile to ?ree miles4 ,abundance ( good hay might be cut along ?is riv]4 ,?is :ole c\ntry betwe5 ,snake lake & ,ile la ,crosse lake1 ,,ne$s ,,dra9age & !re are few high spots 9 x except along ! %ore ( ! lakes or riv]s4 ,on ! we/ side ( ,ile la ,crosse settlem5t !re is practically no l& fit at pres5t = cultivation1 ! c\ntry be+ all l[ & almo/ a muskeg4 ,i explor$ ?is side pretty ?or\ghly = a di/ance ( ab\t sixty miles & f\nd x to be practically all ! same1 & almo/ ! same level z ! lake4 ,along :at is t]m$ ,deep riv]1 connect+ ,ile la ,crosse lake & ,little ,buffalo lake1 ! banks are high] & ! l& good1 b ?is is only a fr+e along ! riv]1 seldom ext5d+ m ?an half a mile inl&4 ,^! muskegs c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be easily dra9$4 ,! soil ar\nd ,buffalo lake is light1 b appe>s to be f]tile4 ,x is g5]ally a light loam r incl9$ to be s&y1 ) a s&y subsoil4 ,9 "s places ! soil is mu* heavi] & is v f]tile4 ,me?ye riv] fl[s ?r\gh an imm5se swamp1 :i* ext5ds = miles on ea* side1 no ridges be+ ev5 9 sight4 ,at ,me?ye lake ! soil is v mu* bett]1 be+ a heavy loam v>y+ f eighte5 in*es to almo/ any dep?4 ,once ! height ( l& at ,me?ye portage is cross$ on ! portage1 ! :ole c\ntry t[>ds ! we/ takes on a f> bett] aspect1 & ! soil appe>s to be z good z c\ld be desir$40 ,) special ref]5ce to climatic conditions1 ,mr4 ,crean1 9 ! report ( 8 explorations 9 #aijh1 says3--8,! climate seems well adapt$ = rais+ any c]eal4 ,9 fact1 :]ev] :eat has be5 tri$ x has gr[n successfully4 ,at ,me?ye portage1 :i* is consid]ably nor? 7,latitude #ef #ce #aa71 oats & b>ley h be5 gr[n4 ,:eat 0 n tri$1 b ,i feel sure x w\ld gr[ successfully1 not)/&+ ! relatively high altitude4 ,me?ye portage has an altitude ( ab\t "o ?\s& six hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5 feet z comp>$ ) "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-eight feet at ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,x is v mu* above ! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry to ! s\? & ea/40 ,,l[ ,,altitude ,,& ,,long ,,summ] ,,day4 ,mr4 ,crean quotes ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n's rem>k t 89 consid]+ ! possibilities ( agricultural developm5t ( all ?is mod]n c\ntry1 "o fact to be kept /eadily 9 m9d is ! advantage ( ! l[ altitude & ! long day1 :i* are fix$ conditions & w always rema9 ! same10 & gives a table v]ifi$ by ,doctor ,w4 ,f4 ,k+1 ,*ief ,a/ronom] ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 to comp>e ! h\rs ( sun%9e on specifi$ days dur+ ! summ] at ,ottawa1 ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 & ,me?ye portage4 ,on ,may #a ! l5g? ( ! day betwe5 sunrise & sunset at ,ottawa 7#de nor? latitude7 is #ad h\rs1 #d m9utes2 at ,pr9ce ,alb]t 7#ec nor? latitude7 #ad h\rs1 #df m9utes2 at ,me?ye portage 7#ef4cf nor? latitude7 #ae h\rs1 #ab m9utes4 ,june #bj1 ! h\rs ( sun%9e are z foll[s3--,ottawa1 #ae h\rs1 #bf m9utes2 ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 #af h\rs1 #db m9utes2 ,me?ye portage #ag h\rs1 #cj m9utes4 ,= ,augu/ #bj ! figures are3--,ottawa1 #ac h\rs1 #db m9utes2 ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 #ad h\rs1 #ag m9utes2 ,me?ye portage1 #ad h\rs1 #cf m9utes4 ,mr4 ,crean /ates t 9 #aijh 8,! fir/ fro/ regi/]$ by my !rmomet] 0 on ,octob] #b1 :5 ! !rmomet] fell to #bd degrees ,fahr4 ,i 0 at ,me?ye portage on ,septemb] #ag1 & ! potato tops 7 n froz5 9 ! lea/4 ,! g>d5 0 also q unt\*$4 ,nor _h ,i se5 any froz5 vegetables on ! way up4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! lakes began to freeze on ,octob] #bj1 b rema9$ op5 = p]haps two weeks1 ! wea!r turn+ q mild aga94 ,!re 0 n suffici5t sn[ to travel ) dogs until ,novemb] #bj1 & ! sn[ 0 n deep until ,decemb] #ae4 ,! ra9fall 9 ?is di/rict is ample1 ?\gh n excessive1 & its uni=mity f ye> to ye> is a valuable feature4 ,z f> z ,i c\ld le>n ! heavie/ ra9s occur 9 ! e>ly summ] ,,j ,,:5 ,,ra9 ,,is ,,mo/ ,,ne$$ = agricultural op]ations4 ,! sn[ fall is n g5]ally heavy1 seldom exce$+ eighte5 in*es1 &1 z ) ! ra9fall1 is uni=m40 ,illu/ration3 ,gre5 ,lake settlem5t4 ,z to agriculture1 actual & possible1 9 ,gre5 lake di/rict1 ,mr4 ,crean reports3--8,at & ar\nd ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/ on ! nor? end ( ,gre5 lake !re is a consid]able settlem5t ( half-bre$s4 ,a ,roman ,ca?olic mission is e/abli%$ "h4 ,revillon ,frres h also a po/4 ,! prie/ has a good g>d5 hav+ all k9ds ( vegetables1 & also a small fruit g>d5 gr[+ currants1 gooseb]ries1 raspb]ries & /rawb]ries4 ,^! all ?rive & mature4 ,gre5 lake is important z a /opp+ place = freight]s 9 w9t] & consequ5tly l>ge quantities ( hay are /ack$4 ,"s oats & b>ley are gr[n b no real ef=t has be5 made to f>m4 ,fa!r ,te/on ( ! mission says t he has gr[n oats & b>ley = fifte5 ye>s 9 succession & s f> has n _h a failure4 ,i int]view$ a native nam$ ,mor91 :o said t he _h gr[n potatoes1 oats & b>ley 9 small quantities = ?irty-five ye>s & c\ld n recall hav+ ev] _h a failure4 ,he has nev] kept a record ( :5 he s[$ or :5 he h>ve/$1 nei!r has ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r4 ,mor9 owns ?irty-five head ( cattle & twelve head ( horses4 ,he has s[n :eat on six or sev5 occasions & x always rip5$4 ,9 8 op9ion !re is no d\bt t :eat c\ld be rais$ any:]e 9 ! locality4 ,! ice 9 ,gre5 lake goes out e>ly & x is g5]ally v late be=e x freezes4 ,! summ]s are always w>m & !re is ample ra94 ,! g>d5s1 :i* ,i saw "h1 7 c]ta9ly f9e al?\gh !y 7 n c>$ = z !y %\ld h be54 ,we$s 7 all[$ to gr[ 9 pr(usion40 ,9 8 report ( 8 explorations 9 #aiji along ! we/ side ( ,gre5 lake1 ,mr4 ,crean wrote3--8,! crops 7 n v f> advanc$ :5 ,i 0 !re1 nor inde$ did any resid5t s[ gra9 to any ext5t4 ,!re 0 a small field ( oats1 a small field ( b>ley & ! usual g>d5s4 ,! g>d5s1 z is cu/om>y 9 ! fur c\ntry1 are neglect$2 b yet ! vegetables seem to gr[ 9 pr(usion4 ,lettuce & radi%es 9 f\rte5 days gr[ f ! se$ to a size fit = table use4 ,on ,sunday1 ,july #ad1 ,i saw "s radi%es "o & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 f\rte5 days' gr[?40 ,,mead[ ,,lake ,,di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,oat field at ,mead[ lake4 ,mr4 ,crean reports mo/ fav\rably on ,mead[ lake di/rict1 we/ ( ,gre5 lake4 ,he says3--8,?is section ( ! c\ntry is practically prairie & conta9s1 9 my op9ion1 "s ( ! v f9e/ f>m l& 9 ,canada4 ,! soil is exce$+ly ri*1 !re be+ 9 "s portions tw5ty-f\r in*es black loam1 ) clay subsoil4 ,! op5 prairie c\ntry is p]haps twelve miles wide1 & ext5ds f ,mead[ lake almo/ to ! f\r? m]idian4 ,at ! ,indian ,f>m ,in/ructor's h\se !re 0 a plot ( ab\t five acres ( ! f9e/ ( bann] oats4 ,i c\ld n obta9 any data z to :5 ^! oats _h be5 plant$1 b saw x on ,augu/ #a1 :5 x look$ v well ) good promise ( rip5+ 9 pl5ty ( "t be=e ! fro/s4 ,a settl] nam$ ,evans is situat$ on ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,indian ,res]ve4 ,9 8 g>d5 ,i saw beans1 tomatoes1 peas1 caulifl[]1 onions1 c>rots & p>snips1 all do+ v well4 ,mr4 ,evans came into ?is c\ntry la/ w9t]1 at lea/ j be=e ! spr+1 broke ?is l&1 h>r[+ x z well z possible1 & plant$ a g>d5 on ! sod on ,june #ab4 ,at ,mead[ lake !re are two or ?ree l>ge h]ds ( cattle :i* are ?riv+ well4 ,! grass at ,mead[ lake gr[s p]fectly1 & is ( ! v f9e/ quality = fe$4 ,! sn[ may be deep "h1 b hay is s easily procur$ t ,i am ( ! op9ion t x w\ld balance ! sc>city ( w9t] range4 ,!re 0 consid]able disagreem5t among/ ! p liv+ 9 ?is c\ntry z to :e!r ! grass really rip5$4 ,i satisfi$ myself lat] on 79 ,octob]7 t x really does rip54 ,! few settl]s agree t two loads ( hay w w9t] "o animal1 t is1 two loads = ea* head ( /ock1 :e!r ye>l+ or full gr[n4 ,hay gr[s 9 su* pr(usion t two loads to ! animal c\ld easily be obta9$ = ev5 a l>ge h]d ( cattle4 ,!re is little d\bt t cattle f$ & f9i%$ make bett] beef ?an range cattle1 & ! opportunity ( procur+ f9i%+ food 7ensilage7 is always pres5t 9 ! nor!rn latitudes4 ,hay "h is by no means sl\gh grass1 b x is ! ,,f9e/ ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,upl& ,,hay40 ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n speaks 9 ! highe/ t]ms ( ! nutrim5t conta9$ 9 ?is k9d ( hay4 ,t !re is ample ( x is a c]ta9ty4 ,an old settl] 9 ?is c\ntry is ,cyprian ,mor91 :o is a f9e specim5 ( ! old half-bre$ or native2 born at ,me?ye portage 9 #ahcd1 he is n[ z active z a man ( ?irty4 ,mor9's "m di$ f\r ye>s ago at ! age ( "o hundr$ & n9e ye>s4 ,%e 0 at t "t q capable ( do+ a good deal ( "w2 9 fact1 ,i am told1 att5d$ to all ! bak+4 ,mor9 :o runs a trad+ po/ & has rais$ b>ley & g>d5 vegetables e ye> = tw5ty ye>s1 has also eighty head ( cattle & "s ?irty five horses2 he has nev] tri$ :eat4 ,he says t ! grass mu/ rip5 9 ?is c\ntry 7& x does71 z ! horses rema9 fat all w9t]4 ,ab\t eight miles to ! we/ ( ,mor91 a man nam$ ,fiddl] has locat$1 :o has "o hundr$ & fifty head ( cattle & sixte5 horses4 ,la/ w9t] 8 losses 7 extremely heavy4 ,he told me t he lo/ sev5ty head ( cattle1 b said t x 0 because ! cattle _h n recov]$ f _! travell+ ov] ! trail f ,battle=d4 ,william ,la,ronde :o also lives 9 ?is locality1 8 place be+ situat$ on ,mead[ lake1 has fifty head ( cattle1 all do+ well4 ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,co*9 has lately op5$ a mission "h1 & has a r nice little *ur*1 :i* is n yet f9i%$4 ,he has a good g>d5 ?is ye>40 ,) ref]5ce g5]ally1 to ! :ole area ( c\ntry explor$ by him 9 #aiji1 ,mr4 ,crean /at$ 9 8 report3--8,9 e/imat+ ! area ( l& available 9 its pres5t /ate = agriculture1 ,i d n wi% x to be und]/ood t x is "o l>ge tract1 b t t5 million acres ( l& 9 l>ge & small tracts out ( ! total is capable ( produc+ crops1 :i* w enable settl]s to make a com=table livelihood4 ,! l& is almo/ entirely cov]$ by a gr[? ( small popl>4 ,!re are "s op5 places & a good deal ( swamp4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 ref] to ?is :5 deal+ 9 detail ) ! tract4 ,! climatic conditions prevail+ ?r\gh\t (f] no ob/acle to f>m+1 & :]ev] exp]im5ts 9 agriculture h be5 attempt$ !y h always be5 successful40 ,,:itefi% ,,lake ,,di/rict4 ,mr4 ,crean has ?is to say ( ,:itefi% lake di/rict 7s\?we/ ( ,me?ye lake71 :i* he explor$ 9 #aiji3--8,?is section lies almo/ ^u ! height ( l& betwe5 ,arctic ocean & ,hudson bay4 ,! l& is dri] & ( a bett] quality ?an t to be f\nd at or ar\nd ,buffalo lake2 /ill1 z is (t5 ! case 9 ?is nor? c\ntry1 "o f9ds muskegs1 almo/ impassable1 ei!r on top (1 or v (t5 half way up a consid]able hill4 ,!re are a great numb] ( muskegs betwe5 ,me?ye portage & ,:itefi% lake1 ! c\ntry be+ flat & 9 ne$ ( dra9+4 ,:itefi% lake is two hundr$ & =ty feet high] ?an ,me?ye lake1 t portage :i* leads f x to ,gypsy lake 7eight miles 9 l5g?7 cross+ ! actual height ( l&4 ,f ,gypsy lake ! wat] empties into ! ,cle>wat]1 !nce to ! ,a?abaska & ,arctic ocean4 ,! natives at ,:itefi% lake gr[ turnips1 c>rots1 p>snips & potatoes1 b lack se$ ( any o!r k9d4 ,! potatoes are completely worn out & *ange ( se$ is c]ta9ly necess>y4 ,go+ s\?we/ f ,:itefi% lake t[>ds ,pemb9a riv]1 ! l& improves1 "s v f9e semi-op5 c\ntry be+ enc\nt]$4 ,! ,indians at ,:itefi% lake1 :o travel a great deal1 use horses r ?an canoes4 ,! horses :i* ,i saw 7 n noticeable ei!r = _! condition or _! bre$+1 ! =m] be+ extremely poor1 & ! latt] be+ abs5t1--,indian cayuses ( ! common type40 ,,wat]h5 ,,lake ,,di/rict4 ,z to ,wat]h5 lake di/rict nor? ( & across ,beav] riv] f ,mead[ lake di/rict1 ,mr4 ,crean1 9 8 #aiji report1 /ates3--8,! c\ntry surr\nd+ ,wat]h5 lake is = ! mo/ "p good1 especially t portion :i* lies to ! we/ ( ! lake1 :]e !re is "s v f9e l&4 ,hay gr[s ev]y:]e1 & ?\gh ! c\ntry c g5]ally be consid]$ wood$ !re are l>ge op5+s4 ,! l& ar\nd ,isl& riv] & ,isl& lake 7,lac des ,isles7 is includ$ 9 ?is tract4 ,f ,isl& lake to ,beav] riv] !re is a portage ( twelve miles1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! f9e/ semi-op5 c\ntry4 ,pea v9e & vet* are f\nd 9 abundance4 ,?is good l& ext5ds to ! f\r? m]idian1 p]haps beyond1 b ,i did n g any f>!r4 ,no crops are gr[n4 ,indians !re dep5d entirely on game1 fi% & fur = a some:at prec>i\s liv+4 ,wat]h5 riv] passes ?r\gh a v l>ge hay swamp %ortly aft] fl[+ out ( ,wat]h5 lake4 ,z x approa*es ,beav] riv]1 h[ev]1 ! l& becomes m ( a muskeg1 & al?\gh !re are ridges conta9+ arable l&1 ! :ole c\ntry may be tak5 to be sorely 9 ne$ ( dra9age40 ,mr4 ,crean did n g into ! region nor? ( ,cle>wat] riv]1 b he made enquiries reg>d+ x1 & has ! foll[+ to say ab\t x 9 8 report3--8,! c\ntry to ! nor? ( ! ,cle>wat] has n be5 explor$ ev5 by fur-trad]s or ,indians4 ,occasionally "o meets a half-bre$ :o has travell$ ?r\gh x1 & ! rum\r curr5t among/ ! fur-trad]s is t ! c\ntry conta9s no?+ b small lakes1 jackp9e & rock outcrop4 ,/ill1 ! ,indians :o trap 9 ?is c\ntry kill no?+ b beav]1 :i*1 x is well kn[n1 live ^u popl>2 !re=e ,i conclud$ ! c\ntry mu/ be a popl> c\ntry & ( "s promise agriculturally40 ,,nor? ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*ill4 ,mo/ ( ! in=mation we possess z to ! mo/ nor!rn portion ( ! region "u review1 namely ! c\ntry nor? ( ,*ur*ill riv]1 is conta9$ 9 ! report by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell ( ! exploration conduct$ by him 9 #ahib4 ,?is report cov]s an area ( ab\t sixty ?\s& squ>e miles1 b\nd$ on ! s\? by ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s2 on ! we/ by ! l[] portion ( ,a?abaska riv]2 on ! nor? by ,a?abaska lake1 ,/one riv]1 ) its expansions1 ,black & ,hat*et lakes1 ,wolla/on lake & ,co*rane or ,ice riv]2 on ! ea/ by ! l[] "p ( ,co*rane riv]1 ,re9de] lake & ,re9de] riv]4 ,x lies betwe5 nor? latitudes #ee #bj & #ei #cg1 & ea/ longtitude #aja & #aaa #cj4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 9 8 report1 gives "s int]e/+ in=mation z to ! great lakes & ! riv]s :i* are su* conspicu\s topographical features ( ?is area4 ,re9de] lake1 f :i* ,re9de] riv] fl[s1 has an area ( ab\t two ?\s& two hundr$ squ>e miles1 & an elevation above ! sea ( "o ?\s& "o hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,its wat] is v pure & cle>4 ,wolla/on lake is a l>ge body ( beautifully cle> transp>5t wat] ly+ 9 a g5]al nor?-&-s\? direction1 ) a greate/ l5g? ( ab\t fifty-five miles & an approximate area ( eight hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,?\gh small] ?an ,re9de] lake1 x is v simil> to x 9 g5]al "*4 ,v _m rocky isl&s rise abruptly out ( its cle> blue wat]4 ,wolla/on lake is ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! wat]s fl[+ to ,*ur*ill riv] & ^? fl[+ to ! ,mack5zie1 = x is n only dra9$ by ,co*rane riv]1 t[>d ! ,*ur*ill1 b ,/one riv] fl[s f its nor?we/]n side1 t[>ds ,lake ,a?abaska4 ,lake ,a?abaska lies 9 a g5]al ea/-nor!a/]ly & we/-s\?we/]ly direction1 its s\?we/]n end be+ 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta4 ,?is lake has a greate/ l5g? ( "o hundr$ & n9ety-five miles1 a greate/ wid? ( ?irty-five miles1 a %ore-l9e ( f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-five miles & a total area ( two ?\s& eight hundr$ & fifty squ>e miles4 ,its dep? has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,cree lake is a l>ge elongat$ body ( pure transp>5t wat] ly+ 9 a g5]al nor!a/ & s\?we/ direction1 ) a greate/ l5g? ( =ty-n9e miles & a wid? z yet undet]m9$4 ,cree riv] dis*>ges its wat]s t[>ds ,lake ,a?abaska4 ,geikie riv] is1 z f> z is kn[n1 ! pr9cipal tribut>y ( ,wolla/on lake4 ,x rises 9 "s small lakes ne> ! s\rce ( ,fo/] riv]1 & fl[s nor!a/w>d ?r\gh a ?ickly drift-cov]$ c\ntry4 ,= long /ret*es x is /raight & )\t curr5t1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( a wide1 quiet riv]1 or a *a9 ( long n>r[ lakes4 ,! pr9cipal tribut>ies ( ! ,*ur*ill riv] on ! nor? are ,mudjatik1 ,haulta91 ,fo/] & ,re9de] riv]s4 ,mudjatik riv] is a swift1 w9d+ /ream ab\t eighty miles 9 l5g?1 g5]ally fl[+ 9 a %all[ *annel ?r\gh a s&y pla91 9 ! bottom ( a wide depression betwe5 ridges ( granite4 ,x is ob/ruct$ by comp>atively few rapids1 & ^! are = ! mo/ "p ov] ridges ( b\ld]s4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 & 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,d[l+1 consid]$ ! :ole ( ! f> nor!rn "p ( ?is region z ,,absolutely ,,unsuitable ,,= ,,agriculture4 ,x is m5tion$1 9 ! report1 t1 "u ! trees at ,:ite ,spruce rapid1 on ,geikie riv]1 pemb9a b]ries1 raspb]ries1 etc41 7 gr[+ 9 pr(usion 9 ,july1 b no areas ( arable l& 7 f\nd4 ,all ref]5ces to ! soil are unfav\rable1 ^! = in/ance3--8,!re is no soil ( any value = agricultural purposes along ,mudjatik riv]40 8,! c\ntry surr\nd+ ,cree riv] is s&y & v b>r540 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,nor!rn ,,saskat*ewan4 ,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,a ,r>e ,bit ( ,sylvan ,beauty4--,a%-,leav$ ,maples ,successfully ,gr[n ,f ,se$4--,notes by ,! ,way on ,available ,wat] ,p[]s4--,mu* ,c\ntry ,cov]$ ) ,small ,timb] ,n ,g5]ally ( ,comm]cial ,value4--,"s ,areas ( ,good ,timb] ,:i* ,w be ,invaluable ,to ! ,settl]s4 ,! wide belt ( t]ritory nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan z f> nor?w>d z ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s1 is pre-em95tly a wood$ c\ntry1 its res\rces 9 ! way ( timb] be+ v valuable1 & its =e/-clo!d m\nds1 riv] valleys & lake bas9s imp>t+ to x a beautiful p>k-l appe>ance 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! m monoton\s sc5]y ( ! great prairie c\ntry s\? ( ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! sc5ic beauties ( ! region1 by attract+ travell]s1 w1 :5 !re is railway communication1 contribute mat]ially to ! developm5t ( ! natural res\rces ( ?is extremely promis+ portion ( !1 z yet1 unexploit$ nor?we/4 ,includ$ 9 ?is t]ritory is ! fam\s sc5]y ( ,me?ye portage1 :i* = upw>ds ( a c5tury has excit$ ! admiration ( explor]s & travell]s z p]haps ! mo/ sup]b natural panorama ( =e/ sc5]y 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,( ! _m books & di>ies ( m5 :o h _h ! privilege ( enjoy+ ?is view1 !re is n "o :i* omits to pay tribute to its beauty4 ,alex&] ,mack5zie1 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 trip ( #aghi1 describes ! height ( l& ov]look+ ! ,cle>wat] f ,me?ye portage z comm&+ 8a mo/ ext5sive1 romantic & ravi%+ prospect4 ,f "h ! eye looks d[n on ! c\rse ( ! little riv]1 by "s call$ ,swan riv]1 by o!rs ,cle>wat] or ,pelican riv]1 beautifully me&]+ = upw>ds ( ?irty miles4 ,! valley1 :i* is at once refre%$ & adorn$ by x1 is ab\t ?ree miles 9 bread? & is conf9$ by two l(ty ridges ( equal height1 display+ a mo/ beautiful int]mixture ( wood & lawn1 & /ret*+ on till ! blue mi/ obscures ! prospect4 ,"s p>ts ( ! incl9+ heights are cov]$ ) /ately =e/s1 reliev$ by promontories ( ! f9e/ v]dure1 :]e ! elk & buffalo f9d pa/ure4 ,^! are contra/$ by spots :]e fire has de/roy$ ! woods & left a dre>y void beh9d x4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40 ,mack5zie1 fur!r1 decl>es ?is 8en*ant+ sc5]y0 to be a 8wond]ful display ( uncultivat$ nature40 ,,mo/ ,,delightful ,,natural ,,sc5]y4 ,h>mon1 writ+ 9 #ahjj1 gives u ! foll[+ z 8 impression ( ?is view3--8,ab\t a mile f ?is end ( ! portage is a hill1 :i* t[]s maje/ically to ! height ( a ?\s& feet above ! pla9 bel[1 & :i* comm&s a mo/ ext5sive & delightful prospect4 ,two l(ty & ext5sive ridges enclose a valley ab\t ?ree miles 9 wid?1 :i* /ret*es f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,little riv]1 :i* is also1 by diff]5t p]sons1 d5om9at$ ,swan1 ,cle>wat]1 or ,pelican riv]1 w9ds 9 a mo/ delightful mann] along ?is *>m+ valley4 ,! maje/ic =e/s1 :i* wave ^u ^! ridges1 ! delightful v]dure ( ! int]v5+ lawn1 & ! beautiful /ream :i* w&]s along ?r\gh x1 giv+ a pleas+ v>iety to ! sc5e1 until ^! objects become bl5d$ ) ! horizon1 =m1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ delightful natural sc5]y t ,i ev] beheld40 ,sir ,john ,frankl91 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 exp$itions1 writ+ ( ! view f ! heights above ! ,cle>wat] at ,me?ye portage1 describes x z 8! mo/ picturesque & romantic prospect we _h yet se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,two ranges ( high hills run p>allel to ea* o!r = sev]al miles until ! fa9t blue haze hides _! p>ticul> *>act]s1 :5 !y slightly *ange _! c\rse & are lo/ to ! view40 ,capta9 7lat] ,sir7 ,george ,back makes en?usia/ic ref]5ces to ?is beautiful view1 = in/ance ! foll[+3--8,a ?\s& feet bel[1 ! sylvan l&scape lay spread be=e u1 to ! ext5t ( ?irty-six miles1 9 all ! wild luxuriance ( its summ] clo?+4 ,ev5 ! mo/ jad$ ( ! p>ty1 z he broke f ! gloom ( ! wood on ?is en*ant+ sc5e1 seem$ to =get 8 we>9ess1 & halt$ involunt>ily ) 8 burd5 ,,to ,,gaze ,,= ,a ,,mom5t1 ) a sort ( wond]+ admiration1 on a spectacle s novel & magnific5t4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,!re is some?+ appall+ 9 ! va/ness ( a solitude l ?is40 ,sir ,george ,simpson1 9 8 n>rative1 speaks ( 8t noble view ( ,cle>wat] riv] :i* has be5 drawn ) s mu* tru? & beauty by ,sir ,george ,back40 ,bi%op ,ta*e1 9 ! acc\nts ( 8 travels1 writes ( ! ,cle>wat]3--8,?is delightful little /ream1 ris+ to ! ea/ ( ,me?ye portage has1 up to ! pres5t "t1 & 9 spite ( ! difficulties ( navigation1 enjoy$ almo/ ! exclusive privilege ( supply+ a r\te to ,a?abaska-,mack5zie4 ,on desc5d+ ! heights ( ,me?ye portage "o takes boat on ?is little riv] :i*1 9 ord] to keep ! travell] 9 ! mid/ ( ! beauties x pres5ts to 8 view1 places ob/ructions 9 ! way1 necessitat+ ! portages ( ,:ite ,mud1 ! ,p9es1 ,big/one1 ! ,horse & ! ,cascades40 ,! e>ly travell]s 7 also impress$ ) ! f9e trees 9 ?is section ( ! nor?we/1 & occasionally m5tion extra f9e groves :i* attract$ _! att5tion4 ,= in/ance1 ,simpson speaks ( 8firs ( great size0 on a project+ po9t 9 ,me?ye lake1 &1 ref]r+ to "o ( 8 camps 9 ,cle>wat] valley1 says3--8,"o ( ! p9es1 "u %elt] ( :i* we took up our night's lodg+s1 measur$ ?ree y>ds 9 gir? at five feet f ! gr\nd40 ,z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,canada1 =e/ fires h wr\ght dreadful havoc 9 p>ts ( ?is belt1 b !re /ill rema9s consid]able areas ( good timb]4 ,! ,v5]able ,ar*deacon ,mc,kay1 9 8 exam9ation be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t z to ! c\ntry ar\nd ,lac la ,ronge !re is timb] all ?r\gh x1 :]ev] x has n be5 de/roy$ by fires4 ,he expla9$ t he put up a sawmill op]at$ by wat] p[] at ,lac la ,ronge 9 #aijf4 ,! logs t are sawn !re are ! k9d ( timb] f\nd 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y av]age sev5te5 logs to ! ?\s& feet4 ,!y w\ld be logs f\rte5 or fifte5 feet long4 ,! diamet] w\ld be ab\t two feet across at ! butt--good1 l>ge logs1 clean timb]1 v mu* ! same timb] z at ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,?is good timb] is scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 sometimes = miles4 ,x dep5ds on ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,ask$ h[ f> ?is timb] area w\ld outskirt to ! ea/1 we/ & nor?1 ! ,ar*deacon repli$ he w\ld say t k9d ( c\ntry ext5d$ all ! way ?r\gh "r d[n to ,lac la ,ronge1 & d[n all ! way to ! bord] ( ! prov9ce4 ,al?\gh he _h n be5 ?r\gh x1 he _h travell$ backw>ds & =w>ds on x a good deal1 visit$ ,indian camps & s on1 & x is v mu* ! same k9d ( timb] all ?r\gh4 ,9 "s places x is muskeg1 & 9 "s places heavy timb]4 ,re9de] lake is n nor? ( ! tree limit4 ,!re are trees !re1 b !y are small4 ,!y d n gr[ s l>ge z f>!r s\?4 ,x is a good way nor? ( ,re9de] lake be=e ! b>r5 gr\nds are rea*$4 ,! ,ar*deacon _h nev] be5 f>!r nor? ?an ,re9de] lake4 ,,timb] ,,ab\t ,,lac ,,la ,,ronge4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell describes ! c\ntry imm$iately nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan z a ?ickly wood$ belt1 8:i* conta9s a l>ge quantity ( timb]1 *iefly :ite spruce1 trees up to eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is a wood$ c\ntry ) trees f twelve to eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 tall ) clean trunks--good1 nice timb]4 ,( c\rse1 ! timb] does n gr[ z l>ge on high1 dry1 s&y ridges z x gr[s 9 ! valleys4 ,mo/ ( ! timb] is 9 good soil 9 ! valley bottoms1 b !re is m or less l& all ov]4 ,! popl> & bir* affects ! high] l&1 & ! spruce & hemlock ! valleys40 ,mr4 ,d[l+ /ates t ! sides ( ,gre5 lake are 8d5sely wood$ ) popl> & spruce40 ,,pione] ,,arboriculture4 ,speak+ ( 8 visit to ,ile la ,crosse lake1 ,mr4 ,d[l+ /ates 9 8 report3--8,"s a%-leav$ maples _h be5 plant$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/1 :i* are n[ f t5 to fifte5 feet high1 q heal?y & be>+ abundant se$40 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d[l+'s report 8,! timb] 9 ! rocky c\ntry bord]$ by ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lac la ,ronge is n l>ge or abundant4 ,s\?w>d !re is "s improvem5t1 & l>ge individual spruce trees occur occasionally4 ,! #8lob /icks' at ,big ,/one1 ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/1 are f9e examples ( ^!4 ,on ,montreal riv]1 small ,banksian p9e cov] ! ea/]n slope ( ! s&y plateau4 ,no l>ge timb]1 spruce or p9e1 is se5 till ne> ! lake1 :]e at ! s\!rn end "s groves ( l>ge spruce occur4 ,on ! wat]%$ s\? ( ,montreal & ,de] lakes ! l>ge/ timb] is se54 ,"h ! =mation ( ! c\ntry is evid5tly mora9ic1 b s\?w>d ! c\ntry slopes g5tly t[>ds ,saskat*ewan riv]40 ,,"s ,,m]*antable ,,timb] ,,areas4 ,mr4 ,crean reports t a consid]able quantity ( m]*antable spruce timb] is to be f\nd 9 ,me?ye lake section4 ,!re is "s rem>kably f9e spruce along ! banks ( ,:itefi% riv]1 & x ext5ds 9 n v d5se =e/ across to ,me?ye lake1 a di/ance ( ab\t eight miles4 ,summ>iz+ ! results ( 8 explorations 9 #aijh1 ,mr4 ,crean reports4--8,al?\gh num]\s prairie op5+s occur1 ?is tract may be spok5 ( z practically cov]$ ) small timb] n g5]ally ( any comm]cial value4 ,! popl> is ! pr9cipal gr[?1 &1 foll[+ ! rule s well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! we/]n prairie c\ntry1 indicates good l&4 ,"s spruce is f\nd & l>ge quantities ( small second gr[? jackp9e4 ,!re is "s tam>ack4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no :ite or r$ p9e4 ,! popl> 9 "s places w\ld make f9e pulpwood or b>rel /aves4 ,g5]ally speak+ x is ( no comm]cial value4 ,!re are sev]al small groves ( good spruce along ,*ur*ill riv]1 & at ,me?ye portage !re is a l>ge quantity ( good spruce4 ,along ,:itefi% riv] ! timb] is l>ge & ( good quality4 ,on bo? ! ea/ & we/ side ( ,gre5 lake "s good timb] is f\nd b x is scatt]$4 ,g5]ally !re is ample timb] = settl]s' use1 b n en\gh to supply any lumb] indu/ry4 8,?r\gh\t ?is di/rict !re are _m po9ts :]e a l>ge am\nt ( wat] p[] c\ld be develop$1 & !re are num]\s small p[] sites4 ,! di/rict might be utiliz$ s z to create great indu/rial c5tres4 ,! great advantage ( ! num]\s wat] p[]s is ! fact t suffici5t p[] c be obta9$ at _m po9ts to supply ! ne$s ( a fair siz$ community4 ,on almo/ e /ream !re are sites :]e small p[]s c\ld be easily develop$ & gri/ mills1 saw mills1 light+ & pump+ plants c\ld be op]at$ at ! m9imum ( exp5se4 ,i did n gauge or measure ! possibilities ( any ( ! wat] p[]s1 b made r\gh e/imates ( a few prom95t ones4 ,on ,beav] riv] at :at is t]m$ ,gr& rapids probably ,,t5 ,,?\s& ,,horse ,,p[] ,,c\ld ,,be ,,develop$4 ,rapid riv]1 :i* ent]s ! ,*ur*ill ab\t sev5 miles bel[ ,/anley1 falls sev5ty feet 9 "o cascade4 ,?is %\ld af=d a l>ge am\nt ( p[]4 ,*ur*ill riv] betwe5 ,ile la ,crosse lake & ,knee lake1 a di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty-five miles1 has a fall ( eighty feet4 ,?is fall is practically all 9 ?ree rapids1 all ( :i* h %>p desc5ts4 ,at "o rapid !re is a cascade eight feet high4 ,all ! tribut>ies on ! nor? side ( ! ,*ur*ill af=d ample opportunity ( developm5t ( p[]4 ,mudjatik riv] is a s]ies ( wat]-falls40 ,mr4 ,crean1 9 8 report ( #aiji1 says3--8,wat]h5 riv] is v rapid1 & along x are sev]al small falls & /eep desc5ts4 ,^! w\ld be ample to develop p[] = a small community1 b n en\gh = any comm]cial proposition4 ,on ,cle>wat] riv] occurs "o ( ! be/ comm]cial wat] p[]s :i* ,i h se54 ,x c\ld be easily & inexp5sively develop$40 ,all reports agree 9 say+ t !re are num]\s wat] p[]s susceptible ( developm5t ?r\gh\t ! area "u review1 b !re is n mu* detail$ in=mation giv5 on ?is po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,prairie along ,cle>wat] riv]4 ,mr4 ,crean reports t along ,:itefi% riv] !re is a consid]able quantity ( good tam>ack1 b expla9s t al?\gh ?is timb] w\ld be extremely useful to any settl] go+ into ! c\ntry1 he did n ?9k !re 0 suffici5t = any comm]cial project4 ,!re is a consid]able quantity ( timb] nor? ( ,wat]h5 lake & riv]4 ,!re are sev]al scatt]$ clumps ( f9e spruce 9 ?is locality :i* are pass$ on ! /r+ ( small portages :5 "o is travell+ f ,wat]h5 lake to ,isl& riv]4 ,! diamet] w\ld av]age p]haps twelve in*es1 b runn+ up to tw5ty-f\r in*es4 ,,! ,,native ,,timb] ,,trees4 ,mr4 ,crean incorporates 9 8 report ! foll[+ description1 ) comp>ative values1 ( ! mo/ common k9ds ( timb] f\nd 9 ! nor?3-- 87#a74 ,:ite ,spruce 7,picea canad5sis 7,mill7 ,b41 ,s4 ,p47 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 n v /rong1 /raight gra9$1 light yell[1 ) h>dly di/+ui%able sapwood4 ,?is is ! be/ tree = lumb] purposes 9 ! nor!rn =e/1 & is also "o ( ! be/ = pulpwood4 ,x usually gr[s on high] gr\nd ?an ! black spruce4 87#b7 ,black ,spruce 7,picea m>iana 7,mill71 ,b41 ,s4 ,p47 ,! wood resembles closely t ( ! :ite spruce1 & z lumb] or pulpwood no di/9ction is made betwe5 !m4 ,! wood has a slight r$ t+e & has pal] sapwood4 ,! black spruce gr[s usually 9 muskegs & l[ places & ow+ to ! coldness ( ! soil does n gr[ fa/1 & is usually small1 n usually ov] six or eight in*es 9 diamet]4 87#c74 ,jackp9e 7,p9us ,banksiana1 ,am47 ,! wood is light1 s(t1 n v /rong1 close gra9$ & d>k1 ne>ly br[n 9 col\r1 ) light ?ick sapwood4 ,?is tree is us$ mo/ly = railway ties & fuel1 b is manufactur$ into lumb] to "s ext5t4 ,x is n equal 9 col\r or smoo?ness to ! wood ( ! spruce4 ,x is us$ = pulp1 b has n s f9e a fibre or col\r z ! spruce4 87#d74 ,tam>ack 7,l>ix am]icana1 ,mi*x47 ,! wood is light br[n1 heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 r co>se gra9$ & v durable4 ,x is us$ = railway ties1 po/s & dim5sion timb]s4 ,x is n sawn into lumb]1 be+ m useful = o!r purposes1 & is n us$ = pulp4 87#e74 ,popl>1 ,asp5 or ,:ite ,popl> 7,populus tremuloides1 ,mi*x47 ,! wood is light br[n ) almo/ :ite sapwood4 ,x is smoo? & easily work$4 ,x is us$ = pulp & is cut into lumb] = inside f9i%4 ,z x is a widely ext5d$ & quick gr[+ tree x is us$ l>gely = fuel4 ,next to ! spruce x is ! mo/ valuable tree = pulp4 ,x is manufactur$ l>gely into f9] grades ( pap] by ! soda process4 87#f74 ,balsam or ,black ,popl> 7,populus balsamif]a74 ,! wood is light br[n1 ) ?ick sapwood4 ,x is r co>se & n /rong4 ,x is *iefly us$ = fuel1 ?\gh sometimes cut into bo>ds :]e o!r lumb] is n available4 ,x is n s valuable z ! asp5 popl>4 87#g74 ,bir* 7,betula papyrif]a1 ,m>%74 ,! wood is light1 /rong1 t\gh1 h>d1 v close gra9$1 light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 ) ?ick1 ne>ly :ite sapwood4 ,x is us$ = spools1 la/s & turn$ "w g5]ally4 ,bir* fibre is %ort & brittle1 & n easily blea*$1 & is n suitable = pulp40 ,,re9de] ,,lake ,,& ,,riv]4 ,! di/rict nor? ( ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s1 au?orities agree1 is only ?9ly wood$1 ! gr[? becom+ small] t[>ds ! nor!rn limit4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 ! banks ( ,*ur*ill riv] f ,me?ye portage to ! nor? ( ,re9de] riv] are l[ & ?ickly wood$ ) spruce & popl>4 ,:ite spruce 7,picea ,alba7 =ms "s groves ( fair size 9 ! bottom l&s along ,re9de] riv] ne> ,*ur*ill riv]1 b f>!r nor? x is r>ely se5 except 9 "s p>ticul>ly favorable localities4 ,"o small isolat$ grove ( :ite spruce 0 f\nd 9 a high s&y isl& 9 ,hat*et lake1 /&+ out conspicu\sly 9 ! mid/ ( ! surr\nd+ =e/ ( small black spruce4 ,popl> 7,populus tremuloides7 & ,bir* 7,betula papyrif]a7 are ! only rema9+ trees ( any importance4 ,!y are *iefly f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*ur*ill riv]1 ?\gh small scatt]$ trees 7 se5 on ! banks ( ,/one riv]4 ,! rocky %ores & isl&s ( ,re9de] lake are g5]ally ?9ly cov]$ ) a sp>se gr[? ( small1 black spruce4 ,! irregul> %ores ( ,wolla/on lake are *iefly compos$ ( ?9ly wood$1 rocky hills4 ,geikie riv] fl[s betwe5 l[1 sp>sely-wood$ banks4 ,! banks ( ,mudjatik riv] are ?9ly wood$ ) ,banksian p9e & spruce4 ,z to ,cree riv]1 surr\nd+ c\ntry is s&y & v b>r5 support+ b a scanty gr[? ( black spruce & ,banksian p9e1 ) v little und]bru%4 ,"s f9e1 l>ge1 :ite spruce 7 notic$ at spots on ,geikie riv]4 ,,ne> ,,lake ,,a?abaska4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell m5tions t along ! nor!a/ %ore ( ,lake ,a?abaska1 8,"s good :ite spruce1 up to f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 is gr[+ on ! po9ts40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 9 speak+ ( ! =e/s ( ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,*ur*ill1 expla9$ t f> 9 ! nor? !re is ! tract ( c\ntry t has no trees on x2 !n a belt ( c\ntry f "o to two hundr$ miles 9 wid?1 ) small ,banksian p9e1 spruce1 l>*1 popl> & "s :ite bir*4 ,he w\ld n consid] any ( ^? woods valuable = timb] purposes1 except locally4 ,!y w\ld s]ve = pulpwood1 b ! gr[? is n ?ick4 ,/ill ov] consid]able areas !re might1 ( c\rse1 be a l>ge quantity ( timb] = pulpwood4 ,9 t belt ! trees w\ld av]age probably six in*es4 ,occasionally y w\ld f9d "s a good deal l>g]4 ,! popl> gr[s on ! dri] l&s4 ,x is n an indication ( good l& 9 an extremely nor!rn c\ntry4 ,x indicates a dry1 s&y soil1 b fur!r s\? x indicates excell5t soil4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,nor!rn ,,saskat*ewan4 ,economic ,m9]als4 ,a ,l>ge ,am\nt ( ,iron ,ore 9 ! ,nor!a/]n ,corn] ( ! ,region1 on ! ,nor? ,ea/ ,side ( ,lake ,a?abaska4--,indications ,fav\rable = ! ,discov]y ( ,coal4--,nickel & ,traces ( ,cobalt on ,re9de] lake4--,m$ic9al ,wat]s4--,bitum9\s ,spr+s & ,pit ,coal on ,cree riv]4--,t> ,s&s ,ne> ,buffalo lake4 ,9 ! report ( 8 explorations 9 #ahib & #ahic1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell notes ! occurr5ce ( sev]al areas ( ,huronian qu>tzite along ! nor!a/ side ( ,lake ,a?abaska4 ,9 "o case1 he /ates3--8,at a di/ance ( a mile & a half f ?is isl& 7f\r miles & a half ea/ ( ,beav] ,lodge isl&7 9 a direction nor? #ff ea/1 a conspicu\s r$ hill rises "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet above ! wat]1 its abrupt r$ cliff /&+ out boldly t[>ds ! s\?we/4 ,on its nor!a/]n side1 at its base1 x is compos$ ( ?9ly fissile qu>tzose s*i/1 v mu* r$d5$1 /rik+ nor? #cj we/1 & dipp+ s\? #fj we/1 at an angle ( #aj4 ,f>!r up ! side ( ! hill ! rock is a qu>tzite1 int]b$d$ ) lay]s ( hematite1 :i* 9 "s places =ms ! l>g] "p ( ! mass4 ,! summit ( ! hill1 sev]al hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?1 is compos$ ( a highly hematitic qu>tzite1 m+l$ ) a l>ge quantity ( limonite1 especially on ! high] po9ts4 ,9 places ! rock is a conglom]ate1 ) qu>tz pebbles1 & a matrix ( limonite4 ,o!r simil> r$ hills c be se5 9 ! di/ance on ! /rike ( ! rocks1 & ! total am\nt ( iron "h & 9 ! vic9ity is d\btless v l>ge40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t f a l9e at ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 on ,saskat*ewan riv]1 nor?we/w>d to ,*ur*ill riv]1 & we/w>d along ,*ur*ill riv]1 ! c\ntry to ! s\? is und]laid by ! m rec5t clay rocks ( ! pla9s1 & ! m9]al weal? t is to be look$ = !re is ,,coal ,,& ,,iron4 ,he _h consid]able confid5ce 9 bo? ^? mo/ useful products be+ f\nd 9 t c\ntry4 ,coal is f\nd on ,saskat*ewan riv] at ,edmonton1 & on ,pemb9a riv]1 we/ ( ,edmonton1 & !re are sev]al m outcropp+s ( coal d[n ,saskat*ewan riv] z f> z ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,mo/ ( ! c\ntry nor? ( ,saskat*ewan riv] _h n be5 explor$ = coal4 ,x is a c\ntry ( g5tle slopes cov]$ ) grass & wood1 & ! coal outcropp+ 9 su* a c\ntry is c]ta9 to be cov]$4 ,!re is no possibility ( see+ x z a natural outcrop4 ,x has to be look$ =1 b x has n be5 look$ = 9 t c\ntry suffici5tly to f9d x1 s he 0 p]fectly confid5t t ! same seams t outcrop on ! ,saskat*ewan1 9 ! we/ at all ev5ts1 w\ld be trac$ mu* fur!r nor?4 ,writ+ 9 8 report ( 8 survey ( ! we/ %ore ( ,re9de] lake1 ,mr4 ,d[l+ /ates3--8,f ,prie/'s po9t 7proce$+ s\?w>d71 ! lake gradually n>r[s f a m9imum wid? ( f\r miles1 to a n>r[ inlet less ?an a mile wide at ! outlet1 & ! c\rse ( ?is "p lies v ne>ly s\?we/ & nor!a/ foll[+ 9 a g5]al way ! /rike ( ! rocks4 ,a b& ( d>k mica-s*i/s is cross$1 rea*+ f ne> ,prie/'s po9t to tw5ty miles s\?we/1 & along ! c\rse foll[$ ?r\gh ! isl&s _m small dykes ( a qu>tzose f9e-gra9$ granite 7 f\nd1 9 :i* iron pyrites is freely develop$4 ,! b$s ( f9e-gra9$ gneiss on ,camp+ isl&1 t5 miles s\? f ,prie/'s po9t1 are also f\nd ) _m ve9s ( pyrites & on ! hill 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl& _m ( ! b$s are v mu* ru/$ & decompos$4 ,! pyrites are f\nd to conta9 a small p]c5tage ( ,,nickel ,,& ,,traces ,,( ,,cobalt4 ,at ! nor? side ( a small creek on ! we/ %ore1 s\?we/ f ,camp+ isl&1 ! ,indians report a s(t soap/one or s]p5t9\s rock f :i* !y make pipes1 b a visit to ! locality did n result 9 f9d+ ?is rock1 :i* 0 !n said to be obta9$ 9 small pieces f ! %ore & g5]ally "u ! wat]4 ,! rock !re 01 h[ev]1 a light gre5 s]icite-s*i/1 & x is possible t unfoliat$ or less cleavable portions ( ?is might be s(t en\gh = ! purpose nam$4 ,! /ratigraphical relations ( ?is b& ) ! surr\nd+ gneisses1 c\ld n 9 ! "t at ! disposal ( ! p>ty be made out1 s t x is problematical :e!r ?is may be a small area ( highly alt]$ ,huronian b$s or n4 ,! next rock occurr+ to ! s\? is a d>k g>netif]\s gneiss1 foll[$ by r$di% granitic gneiss to ! outlet ( ! lake40 ,mr4 ,d[l+ m5tions t 9 desc5d+ ,re9de] riv] 8 att5tion 0 attract$ by ! r$ col\r+ ( a hill ne> ! riv]1 bel[ ! m\? ( ,/ump riv]4 ,he /ates3--8,on a ne>] view1 ?is r$ col\r+ is f\nd to be due to ! debris ( a decompos$ b& occupy+ ! cre/ ( ! ridge4 ,! rock has be5 v highly *>g$ ) iron oxides & pyrites4 ,! /rike ( ! b$s is s\? #aj ea/1 ) dip ea/w>d at angles v>y+ f #fj to #hj4 ,sev]al l>ge seams ( r$ granite cut into ! hill & break up ! b$s some:at4 8,a section ( ! hill %[s a light1 co>se gneiss ne> ! bottom1 ) a d>k mica-s*i/1 foll[$ by a b$ ( light1 ru/y col\r$ gneiss hav+ a ?ickness ( ab\t five feet4 ,?is 9 "s places seems to h be5 v ri* 9 pyrites & is wea!r$ out to a r$di% o*re4 ,! outcrop is j bel[ ! cre/ ( ! ridge1 & f x ! o*re fall+ d[n1 /a9s ! :ole face ( ! hill4 ,above1 on ! summit1 ! rock is mo/ly a d>k-r$ gneiss40 ,ar*bi%op ,clut1 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 /at$ t he _h se5 sulphur spr+s on ,cle>wat] riv]4 ,ask$ if he _h ev] he>d ( ! exi/5ce ( valuable m9]als 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry nor!a/ ( ,lake ,a?abaska1 ,bi%op ,clut expla9$ t he _h se5 a man nam$ ,mc,carthy1 at ,fond du ,lac1 ,lake ,a?abaska1 :o told him t he _h discov]$ gold1 b z he 0 n an educat$ man1 ! bi%op did n "k :e!r he 0 mi/ak5 or n4 ,! man said he w\ld n %[ x to anybody1 b t he 0 almo/ sure t he _h f\nd a gold m9e4 ,nobody _h br\ght to him specim5s ( gold1 silv] or any?+ ( t k9d f t region4 ,,bitum9\s ,,spr+s ,,& ,,pit ,,coal4 ,*ief ,factor ,a4 ,mc,donald *ronicles 9 8 j\rnal hav+ pass$ bitum9\s spr+s on ,cree riv]1 s\? ( ,lake ,a?abaska1 j above ! junction ( ! ,pi]re au ,calumet or ,pipe/one riv] 7,mc,leod's 8,peace ,riv]074 ,he also reports hav+ pass$1 ! same day1 8,l>ge /rata ( pit coal all along ei!r side ( ! riv]40 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,von ,ham]/e9 in=m$ ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg t 8on ,cle>wat] riv] !re are fir/ class m$ic9al spr+s4 ,! natives h be5 us+ ! wat] "r along1 & x acts v well on ! b[els4 ,x is l ! well kn[n ,hunyadi m9]al wat]4 ,x is a v nice1 picturesque c\ntry1 & ! natives g up !re & doctor !mselves40 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exam9ation be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 ,mayor ,cook1 ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 expla9$ t nobody 9 ! region nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan bo!rs ab\t ! coal4 ,coal _h be5 discov]$ at ,lac ,la ,ronge--!re 0 no d\bt ab\t t4 ,good samples _h be5 br\ght 91 b nobody bo!r$ ) x yet because wood 0 s pl5tiful4 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,m4,l4,a41 /at$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 t on 8 way f ,mc,murray to ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 he f\nd t ! t> s&s appe>$ on ,buffalo lake1 :i* is on ! ,*ur*ill sy/em ( wat]1 & t1 9 8 op9ion1 %[$ t ! t> s&s are bo? on ! ,mack5zie wat] sy/em & on ! ,*ur*ill sy/em1 on bo? sides ( ! divide !re4 ,mr4 ,crean 9 8 #aijh report says3--8,at ! n>r[s betwe5 ,little ,buffalo lake & ,buffalo lake1 !re is a t> s& outcrop4 ,! ,indians use x to pit* _! canoes40 ,mr4 ,crean also says3--8,lac la ,ronge di/rict is claim$ to h great possibilities z a m9]al di/rict4 ,! ,laur5tian range ( rock crops out "h & is easily trac$ to ! nor?we/4 ,:e!r ?is outcrop really conta9s m9]al ( economic value is /ill unsettl$4 ,num]\s claims h be5 /ak$ at ,nickel isl& 9 ,lac la ,ronge & on ! ma9l& close by1 also on ,*ur*ill riv] above ,/anley4 ,i _h n "t to prospect ! c\ntry1 b f casual obs]vation ,i %\ld ?9k t x w\ld repay a clos] inve/igation4 ,! ve9 on ,nickel isl& is v di/9ct & ab\t eighte5 in*es wide on ! outcrop4 ,sev]al small companies h be5 =m$ & developm5t "w 9 a limit$ way is progress+40 ,s f> !re has be5 v little sy/ematic prospect+ = economic m9]als 9 ! portion ( ! prov9ce ( ,saskat*ewan nor? ( ! riv] ( t "n1 b ! p ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t & ,battle=d & ! pione]s settl$ 9 ! wild]ness nor? ( ^? t[ns1 h = ye>s believ$ t coal1 iron & o!r m9]als w be f\nd 9 ! vic9ity2 trapp]s1 trad]s & ,indians (t5 return f ! wild]ness ) /ories ( m9]al discov]ies4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,nor!rn ,,saskat*ewan4 ,game1 ,fur-,be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 8,s ,f9e a ,c\ntry = ! ,*ase ,t ,x ,may ,be ,reg>d$ z an ,ext5sive ,pres]ve40--,! ,wood ,buffalo ,us$ ,to ,roam ,ov] ,x1 b ,d ,n ,n[4--,moose & ,c>ib\ ,pl5tiful4--,! ,indians ,kill ! ,moose = ,_! ,hides4--,fi% ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds 9 ,abundance4-- ,/urgeon ,t ,weigh a ,hundr$ ,p\nds4--,"o ,indian ,kill$ ,eighte5 ,moose ,dur+ ,"o ,season4 ,z fi% has always be5 ! /aple food ( ! inhabitants ( t "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,saskat*ewan nor? ( ! riv] ( t "n1 & ! fur trade _! only indu/ry1 x goes )\t say+ t ! c\ntry ab\nds 9 fi% & game4 ,a v few quotations f travell]s & explor]s is all t is requir$ to give an idea ( ! species ( fi% & animals to be f\nd 9 ?is region1 & ( _! occurr5ce4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( 8 passage ?r\gh ! ,cle>wat] c\ntry1 ,simpson writes3--8,?is is a f9e c\ntry = ! *ase1 & s little frequ5t$ 9 w9t]1 t x may be reg>d$ z an ext5sive pres]ve4 ,we saw ?ree moose de] on ! top ( "o ( ! hills1 & _! tracks & ^? ( ! wood buffalo 7 num]\s 9 e direction4 ,! valley ( ! riv] is entirely %elt]$ f ! inclem5t nor? & nor?we/ w9ds1 b its exposure to ! ea/ usually r5d]$ ! sn[ deep & s(t1 z we f\nd to our co/4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,j be=e breakfa/+ we saw1 on ! nor!rn hills1 a l>ge moose1 & a b& ( five wood buffalos sunn+ _! fat sides--a sight suffici5t to make ! m\?s ( ! pemmican eat]s wat]1 b !y 7 beyond our rea*1 &1 tak+ ! al>m1 quickly disappe>$4 ,! declivities ( ! hills seem$1 z we pass$ along1 completely *equ]$ ) ! tracks ( ^! & small] animals40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,mob]ly1 *ief trad] ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company at ,rapid riv]1 7,lac la ,ronge7 ,cumb]l& di/rict1 =w>d$ ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhg evid5ce 9 writ+ reg>d+ animal life 9 ! f> nor?we/4 ,he expla9$ t he knew ,saskat*ewan 7nor?7 riv] & valley f ! m\? ( ! ,saskat*ewan on ,lake ,w9nipeg up to its s\rce 9 ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,he also knew ,a?abaska riv] & valley f its s\rce d[n to its m\? 9 ,a?abaska lake1 & 0 well acqua9t$ ) all ! c\ntry betwe5 ^? two riv]s1 f ,rocky m\nta9s d[n to ,c>lton1 & f !re1 tak+ a l9e via ,gre5 lake1 ,beav] riv]1 ,ile la ,crosse lake1 ,deep riv]1 ,buffalo lake1 ,me?ye riv] & lake1 ,me?ye portage & d[n ! ,cle>wat] to its junction ) ,a?abaska riv]1 z an ea/]n l9e & ,rocky m\nta9s z a we/w>d4 ,he knew well all ! c\ntry betwe5 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv]s1 f _! m\?s to _! s\rces4 ,z to wood buffalo1 at ! "t ,mr4 ,mob]ly wrote1 !re 0 a b&1 probably ab\t two hundr$1 betwe5 ! ,saskat*ewan & ! ,a?abaska4 7,!re are none !re n[74 ,!y kept on ! m\nta9s betwe5 ,lac la ,bi*e & ,mc,murray4 ,ano!r b&1 probably ?ree hundr$ /rong1 0 betwe5 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv]s on ,?ickwood & ,bir* m\nta9s4 ,a ?ird b&1 probably sev5 hundr$ /rong1 0 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s betwe5 ,li>d & ,peace riv]s1 & f ,salt riv] to ! foot ( ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,,moose ,,run ,,all ,,ov] ,,! ,,wood$ ,,c\ntry nor? ( ! prairies & ea/ ( ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,! di/ribution ( o!r game & fur animals 9 f> nor?we/]n ,canada 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,mob]ly z foll[s3--,re9de] 7c>iboo71 l>ge--all ov] ! wood c\ntries f ,saskat*ewan1 to ! b>r5 gr\nds ( ! nor?2 re9de]1 small--all ov] ! b>r5 gr\nds 9 ! nor?1 & come s\? 9 w9t] z f> z ,lac de ,bro*et1 ,a?abaska lake & ,peace riv]1 close to ,rocky m\nta9s2 r$ de]--,a?abaska & ,peace riv] valleys2 black tail de]1 jump+ de] & *evreux--same c\ntry z ! r$ de]2 black & br[n be>s--all ov] ! wood$ c\ntry & ,rocky m\nta9s2 grizzly be>s--,rocky m\nta9s1 valleys ( ! ,peace1 ,a?abaska1 ,li>d1 & ,fras]1 b seldom f>!r ?an two hundr$ & fifty miles f ! foot ( ! ,rockies2 beav]--,a?abaska1 ,peace riv] & 9 fact all ov] ! wood$ c\ntry4 ,9 8 report ( 8 exploration ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,*ur*ill riv] & ,lake ,a?abaska 9 #ahib1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell writes3--8,! moose 7,alces ,am]icanus71 roams ?r\gh ! m ?ickly wood$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry z f> nor? z ,/one riv]1 :i* is probably ne> ! nor!rn limit ( its range4 ,sev5 individuals 9 all 7 se5 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! summ]4 ,! woodl& c>ib\ 7,rangif] c>ib\7 is said to occur 9 ! m s\!rn portion ( ! di/rict1 ne> ,*ur*ill riv]1 b none 7 se54 ,! b>r5 gr\nd c>ib\ 7,rangif] ,grnl&icus7 comes s\? 9 w9t] to ! s\? end ( ,re9de] lake & ! upp] portion ( ,mudjatik & ,fo/] riv]s4 ,x travels nor? 9 spr+ to ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 b a v few animals are occasionally left beh9d1 "o hav+ be5 %ot 9 ,july ne> ! nor? end ( ,cree lake4 ,! ,canada lynx 7,lynx ,canad5sis7 is mod]ately abundant 9 "s seasons 9 ! m s\!rn "p ( ! di/rict4 ,! gray wolf 7,canis lupus occid5talis7 roams ov] ! c\ntry1 b is n pl5tiful4 ,! coyote 7,canis lisatrans7 is f\nd occasionally z f> nor? z ! height ( l&1 "o hav+ be5 %ot by ! writ] on "o ( ! small lakes ne> ! s\rce ( ,fo/] riv]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly n common 9 ! di/rict4 ,r$1 black & cross foxes 7,vulpes vulg>is71 wolv]9e 7,guloluscus71 m>t5 7,mu/ela ,am]icana71 weasel 7,putorius vulg>is71 m9k 7,p4 vison7 & skunk 7,mephitis mephitica7 are all f\nd 9 great] or less abundance 9 ! roll+ wood$ c\ntry und]la9 by ,ar*aean rocks4 ,! ott] 7,lutra ,canad5sis7 0 f\nd on all ! /reams nor? to ,/one riv]4 ,! black be> 7,ursus ,am]icanus7 roams ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,a few beav]s 7,ca/or fib]7 may /ill be met ) 9 _m ( ! /reams4 ,a consid]able colony 0 f\nd 9 ! untravell$ c\ntry ne> ! s\rce ( ,geikie riv]1 b our canoem5 br\ght back ^w ( ?is 7to ! ,indians7 important discov]y1 & d\btless ! beav] 7 kill$ dur+ ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,! muskrat 7,fib] zibe?icus7 0 se5 swimm+ 9 all ! /reams4 ,! rabbit or ,am]ican h>e 7,lepus ,am]icanus7 is f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! d5s] woods1 b x did n seem to be any:]e abundant4 ,,fi% ,,9 ,,abundance4 8,fi% seem to be ev]y:]e abundant 9 ! lakes & /reams1 b ! numb] ( species is v limit$4 ,! lake tr\t1 7,cri/ivom] namaycu%7 is1 h[ev]1 ! l>ge/ ( any ( ! f9ny tribes4 ,"o 0 caught ne> ! m\? ( ,/one riv] weigh+ tw5ty-five p\nds4 ,! :itefi% 7,coregonus clupei=mis7 is f\nd ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! di/rict1 b m especially 9 ! %all[] lakes4 ,! blue fi% or ,back's grayl+1 7,?ymallus signif]7 0 caught 9 ,/one riv] at ! foot ( ! heavy falls bel[ ,black lake4 ,pike1 7,esox lucius71 pick]el1 7,/ozo/e?ium vitreum71 me?y1 7,lota lacu/ris7 & two or ?ree species ( suck]s1 7,cata/omus t]es & ,myxo/oma macrolepidota7 7 f\nd 9 almo/ all ! wat] /ret*es4 ,mayor ,cook1 ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 :5 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 expla9$ t at t "t he held ! appo9tm5t ( inspector ( fi%]ies4 ,he te/ifi$ t once1 "s ye>s previ\sly1 on ,beav] riv]1 he _h se5 ?irty-two ?\s& :itefi% caught 9 two nights1 :i* w\ld av]age ab\t two or two & "o-half p\nds ea*4 ,!y put up ! w9t] supply ( fi% 9 ?ree or f\r nights4 ,^! fi% 7 caught by half-bre$s & ,indians4 ,! fi% 7 com+ d[n aft] spawn+1 & ^? cat*+ !m set ! nets "r across ! riv]4 ,?is happ5$ 9 close season1 8b !y did n bo!r ab\t t2 x 0 ! fi% !y 7 aft]40 ,!re are :itefi%1 tr\t1 jackfi% & "s /urgeon 9 ,tor* & ,saskat*ewan riv]s4 ,re9de] lake & ! small lakes all ar\nd x are full ( fi%4 ,!y fi% up !re until ,decemb] #a4 ,sometimes ! lakes are op5 until ,decemb] #ae1 & break up aga9 ab\t ,may #ae to #bj4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! lake4 ,if x is a v l>ge lake x w take a little long]4 ,witness _h se5 ! lakes op5 on ,decemb] #ae4 ,^? lakes are teem+ ) fi%1--:itefi%1 /urgeon & tr\t4 ,! tr\t run z high z fifty p\nds4 ,! /urgeon run f t5 to "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,witness _h nev] se5 "o ov] "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,he _h se5 "o :itefi% t weigh$ sev5te5 & "o-half p\nds1 & tr\t t weigh$ fifty4 ,he _h !m = ! exhibition 9 ,ottawa1 b ! tra9 0 block$ & did n get ?r\gh4 ,! bigge/ jackfi% he _h ev] se5 weigh$ =ty-five p\nds4 ,!y h "s little bits ( ?+s b !y range up to t4 ,9 o!r places !y h big fi% f t5 to =ty-five p\nds 9 weight4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,crean1 ,me?ye lake is a f9e body ( fre% wat] & is well /ock$ ) fi%4 8,wild f[l ( e k9d ab\nd "h4 ,moose & c>ib\ are pl5tiful4 ,! result ( ,nature's b\nte\sness1 is t ! native1 cont5t ) ,nature's provision1 gr[s no?+4 ,he kills ! moose = its hide40 ,9 8 report on ! area explor$ by him1 9 #aijh1 ,mr4 ,crean /at$3--8,! /aple food ( ! native nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan is fi%1 & ) ?is commodity he is amply suppli$4 ,:itefi% are f\nd 9 all ! lakes & riv]s4 ,gre5 lake is /ock$ to repletion ) z f9e :itefi% z w be f\nd any:]e4 ,ile la ,crosse lake is also amply suppli$4 ,canoe lake1 ,m>t5 lake & all ! imm5se wat] area compris$ ( ! num]\s lakes 9 ?is di/rict are well /ock$ ) ?is valuable food4 8,game ( all k9ds ab\nd1 ! pr9cipal species be+ ! moose1 ! c>ib\1 ! de]1 ! black be>1 ! c9namon be>1 ! lynx1 ! wolf 7timb]71 ! fox1 ! wolv]9e1 ! ott]1 ! beav]1 ! m9k1 ! m>t51 ! muskrat1 ! rabbit1 & ! squirrel4 ,among ! pr9cipal birds f\nd are swans1 geese1 ducks1 p>tridges1 pt>migans1 gulls1 jays1 7:iskey jacks71 k+fi%]s1 cr[s1 rob9s & loons4 ,,moose ,,are ,,/ill ,,pl5tiful b are be+ kill$ 9 l>ge numb]s by ! natives & ! wolves4 ,! same rem>k w\ld apply to c>ib\ ( ! woodl& v>iety4 ,! b>r5 l& c>ib\ or re9de] come d[n z f> z ,cree lake 7"o hundr$ miles nor? ( ! ,*ur*ill7 9 numb]s1 & a few /ray f>!r s\?4 ,i %ot "o 9 ! muskeg j nor? ( ,lac ,ile la ,crosse40 ,illu/ration3 ,l&scape 9 ,cle>wat] valley4 ,mr4 ,crean /ates t an ,indian liv+ on ,snake lake at ! m\? ( ,s&y riv] kill$ eighte5 moose dur+ ! autumn ( #aijh4 8,game1 p>ticul>ly moose10 accord+ to ,mr4 ,crean1 8is pl5tiful 9 ! ,mead[ lake di/rict1 & easily obta9$4 ,beav] are pl5tiful 9 "o or two di/ricts1 p>ticul>ly along ,cle>wat] valley & ! riv]s tribut>y to ! ,cle>wat] f ! nor?4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 v easily kill$1 & consequ5tly =m a l>ge portion ( ! fur 9 ! nor?4 ,:5 o!r fur is sc>ce1 ! ,indian devotes 8 att5tion 9 p>ticul> to ! kill+ ( beav]4 ,muskrat 7 extremely num]\s & 7 tak5 9 v l>ge numb]s4 ,e>ly 9 ! fall1 h[ev]1 be=e ! fur c\ld possibly be ( any use !y 7 be+ kill$ 9 great numb]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,a?abaska ,,c\ntry ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4 ,agriculture & ,arable ,l& 9 ! ,ea/]n ,section or 8,a?abaska ,c\ntry40 ,a ,section ( ! ,we/ ,:]e ,(ficials ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company ,7 ,direct$ to ,cultivate ,g>d5s4--,"s ,po9ts ,:]e ,:eat has be5 gr[n1 ,includ+ ! ,sample :i* took ,fir/ ,prize at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial ,exhibition4--,crude ,indian ,g>d5s at ,c[p> lake4--,live/ock ,graz+ out 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 ,a glance at ! late/ 8,railway ,map ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada10 publi%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 w %[ t ! survey$1 & consequ5tly fully-explor$1 "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,alb]ta ext5ds consid]ably f>!r nor? ?an d ! l9es :i* m>k ! nor!rnmo/ limit ( ! survey$ t]ritory 9 ,saskat*ewan4 ,! areas ( arable l& 9 ,nor!rn ,alb]ta are admitt$ly s ext5sive & important1 & !re has be5 su* a l>ge accumulation ( evid5ce z to ! lat5t agricultural weal? ( ! actual agricultural exp]im5ts 9 ?is mo/ promis+ region1 t1 ) ! object ( enabl+ ! read] ! m readily to foll[ ! text1 & to assi/ him 9 locat+ ! geographical po9ts m5tion$1 x has be5 deem$ advisable to divide ! mat]ial ref]r+ to arable l&s & agriculture 9 ?is t]ritory into two sep>ate *apt]s1 correspond+ ) two divisions ( ! area imm$iately "u review4 ,! c\ntry readily l5ds itself to su* a division2 9 fact1 invites x4 ,! region we/ ( ! #aad? m]idian has long be5 kn[n & designat$ z 8,peace riv] c\ntry10 & possesses *>act]i/ics1 & to "s ext5t1 a hi/ory q its own4 ,! rema9+ or ea/]n half ( ! t]ritory1 at lea/ z f> nor? z ! l[] rea* ( ,peace riv]1 is ! ma9 bas9 ( ! ,a?abaska &1 z su*1 w be treat$ z a di/9ct area 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 ! "o imm$iately foll[+ to be devot$ to ! subject ( ! arable l&s & agricultural possibilities ( ,peace riv] c\ntry4 ,a?abaska riv]1 :i* is ! mo/ s\!rly ( ! ?ree great tribut>ies ( ! ,mack5zie1 rises 9 ,rocky m\nta9s ne> ,m\nt ,br[n1 at an altitude ( ab\t five ?\s& sev5 hundr$ feet1 & pursues a nor!a/]ly & nor!rly c\rse = ne>ly six hundr$ miles to ,a?abaska lake1 fall+ 9 ?is di/ance "s five ?\s& feet1 & be+ int]rupt$ by sev]al s]ies ( rapids4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree hundr$ miles ( its c\rse x falls ab\t f\r ?\s& feet1 & receives 9 succession ,bapti/e riv] f ! we/1 ! ,macleod & ,pemb9a f ! s\?1 & ! ,less] ,slave1 dra9+ ! l>ge lake ( t "n1 f ! we/4 ,bel[ its conflu5ce ) ! la/ nam$ /ream1 ! ,a?abaska turns s\!a/w>d = "s fifty miles & !n resumes its nor!rly c\rse4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next "o hundr$ & fifty miles x receives1 9 succession1 ,la ,bi*e riv] f ! ea/2 ,quito or ,call+ riv] f ! we/2 ,big ,m\? brook f ! ea/2 ,pelican riv] f ! we/2 & ,h\se riv] f ! ea/4 ,j bel[ ! m\? ( ! la/ riv] ! ,a?abaska /rikes a range ( l[ hills1 & 9 =c+ a passage ?r\gh !m is deflect$ ea/w>d1 & = a di/ance ( ab\t sev5ty-five miles conta9s _m rapids1 fall+ 9 ?is di/ance "s f\r hundr$ feet4 ,at ! l[] end ( ?is /ret* x receives ! wat]s ( ,cle>wat] riv]1 its pr9cipal tribut>y bel[ ,less] ,slave riv]4 ,! ,cle>wat] rises on ! height ( l& betwe5 ! ,*ur*ill & ! ,a?abaska1 & pursu+ a ne>ly /raight ea/]ly c\rse = "s "o hundr$ & fifty miles1 m+les its limpid wat]s ) ! s$im5t-lad5 flood ( ! latt] /ream4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse ! ,cle>wat] occupies a deep valley & is v rapid4 ,?irty or =ty miles above its m\? x is jo9$ by ! ,pemb9a1 a /ream ( ab\t equal volume4 ,bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,cle>wat] ! ,a?abaska pursues a ne>ly direct c\rse nor?w>d1 receiv+ ,r$1 ,moose1 & ,b> riv]s f ! we/1 & ent]s ,a?abaska lake ?r\gh a numb] ( *annels includ+ alluvial isl&s4 ,lake ,a?abaska 0 kn[n to ! pione] fur-trad]s & explor]s z 8,lake ( ! ,hills10 & x is s describ$ by ,mack5zie & o!rs4 ,! c\ntry dra9$ by ! ,a?abaska is ,,ma9ly ,a ,,roll+ ,,pla9 & ) ! exception ( a few areas ( semi-prairie l&1 is well wood$1 ) a =e/ compos$ ma9ly ( spruce1 fir1 p9e1 tam>ack1 popl>1 bir* & will[4 ,a l>ge "p ( its surface is occupi$ by mossy swamps1 call$ muskegs1 & hundr$s ( ponds & lakes1 ( :i* ,less] ,slave1 sev5ty miles 9 l5g?1 is by f> ! l>ge/1 occupy its %all[ valleys4 ,imm5se areas h be5 swept by fire1 sometimes repeat$ly1 & 9 "s places ! orig9al =e/ cov]+ has be5 de/roy$ & small prairies h succe$$4 ,! fir/ in=mation we obta9$ z to ! agricultural possibilities ( ,a?abaska bas9 came f explor]s & travell]s pass+ ?r\gh ! mo/ nor!rn portion ( x on _! way to ,peace riv]1 ,great ,slave lake & ! ,mack5zie via ! old canoe r\te by ,me?ye portage & ! ,cle>wat]4 ,9 m rec5t ye>s1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! inauguration ( /eamboat communication along ! long navigable /ret*es ( ! ,a?abaska & ,mack5zie1 ! fav\rite r\te to ! f> nor?we/ has be5 d[n ! ,a?abaska f ,a?abaska1 &1 z is only natural1 our k ( ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry has increas$ greatly4 ,sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie1 z f> back z #aghg1 saw at a trad+ /ation ( ,pet] ,pond1 on ,elk or ,a?abaska riv]1 8z f9e a kit*5 g>d5 z he ev] saw 9 ,canada40 ,x might be expla9$ "h1 t 9 ! spr+ ( #aggh1 a numb] ( ! ,saskat*ewan trad]s put _! goods into a common /ock1 & plac$ ,mr4 ,pet] ,pond 9 *>ge ( !m1 direct+ him to proce$ to ! ,a?abaska & trade ) ! ,indians4 ,he took ! pres5t ,hudson's ,bay ,company's r\te1 by ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 ,frog portage1 ,ile la ,crosse1 & on to ,me?ye portage & d[n ,cle>wat] riv] to ! =ks ( ! ,a?abaska4 ,"h he built a h\se1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #aggi plant$ g>d5 se$s4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 at ! e>ly trad+ po/s1 agriculture ( any k9d1 ev5 ! mak+ ( g>d5s1 0 neglect$1 &1 rightly or wrongly1 ! (ficials ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company got ! cr$it ( disc\rag+ su* v5tures4 ,if ?is _h ev] actually be5 ! settl$ policy ( ! company1 x 0 (ficially ab&on$ "s "t previ\s to ! ye> #ahbf1 =1 writ+ 9 ! ye> m5tion$ at ,*ipewyan 7nor? latitude #eh #dj7 ( improvem5ts 9 ! c\ntry1 ! ,,result ,,( ,,judici\s ,,arrangem5ts !n rec5tly effect$ by ! directors ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 writes3--8,!y 7! directors7 h also direct$1 :]e ! soil w all[1 a portion ( ! gr\nd to be cultivat$ = ! gr[? ( cul9>y vegetables at ea* ( _! e/abli%m5ts1 & ,i witness$ ! good effect ( ?is ord]1 ev5 at ?is advanc$ po/1 :]e ! gr\nd is rocky2 ! tables ( ! (fic]s be+ suppli$ daily1 & ^? ( ! m5 frequ5tly1 ) potatoes & b>ley4 ,su* luxuries 7 v r>ely f\nd beyond ,cumb]l& ,h\se on ! r\te t we travell$ dur+ my =m] j\rney40 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 also m5tion$ a ph5om5on :i* has a consid]able be>+ ^u ! agricultural possibilities ( ?is c\ntry1 namely ! quick *ange f w9t] to summ] & ! rapid gr[? ( vegetation4 ,he wrote ( ! adv5t ( spr+ at ,*ipewyan 9 #ahbg3-- 8,!re c sc>cely be a high] gratification ?an t :i* is enjoy$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 witness+ ! rapid *ange :i* takes place 9 ! c\rse ( a few days 9 ! spr+4 ,sc>cely does ! sn[ disappe> f ! gr\nd be=e ! trees are clo!d ) ?ick foliage1 ! %rubs op5 _! leaves1 & put =? _! v>iegat$ fl[]s1 & ! ,,:ole ,,prospect ,,becomes ,,animat+40 ,sir ,john also m5tion$ t ! fir/ flight ( swans nor?w>d 0 notic$ at ,*ipewyan on ,april #ae1 ! fir/ geese on ,april #bj1 ! fir/ rob9s on ,may #g1 & ! fir/ h\se m>t9s on ,may #ab4 ,b>ley 0 s[n at ,*ipewyan on ,may #ae1 potatoes on ,may #ba & g>d5 se$s on ,may #bb1 & x 0 expect$ t all w\ld be ready = use by ! close ( ! foll[+ ,septemb]4 ,sir ,george ,simpson's p>ty 7 regal$ ) 8new1 b v small potatoes10 on ,augu/ #aa1 #ahbh4 ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson1 be=e ! ,briti% p>liam5t>y select committee ( #aheg1 ask$ to /ate to ! committee any g5]al op9ion :i* he _h =m$ ( ! capabilities ( any consid]able portion ( ! c\ntry :i* he _h trav]s$1 = ! purpose ( settlem5t & colonization1 repli$3--8,) reg>d to ! production ( c]eals1 :eat may be gr[n up to ! #eh? p>allel ( latitude 7same latitude z ,=t ,v]milion7 9 fav\rable places1 b only 9 p>ts40 ,! report ( ! ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t's survey p>ties s5t out 9 advance ( ! ,canadian ,pacific conta9 important ref]5ces to agriculture 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! report = #ahgg-gh 7p4 #ccb7 appe>s ! foll[+ ref]5ce to ,*ipewyan 7latitude #ehg73--8,pr(essor ,mac\n !re obta9$ 9 #ahgf1 f9e samples ( :eat & b>ley--! =m] sixty-eight p\nds to ! bu%el & ! latt] fifty-eight p\nds4 ,at ! ,fr5* mission1 two miles above ! =t1 oats1 :eat & b>ley 7 all cut by ,augu/ #bf40 ,9 #ahhj report x is /at$ 7p4 #ajb71 8,rev]5d ,gordon said 9 #ahhj t :eat & b>ley rais$ at ,*ipewyan receiv$ a m$al at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial ,exhibition ( #ahgf40 ,9 ! report ( #ahgg-gh 7p4 #cbf7 !re is ?is ref]5ce to ,mc,murray 7latitude #efg73--8,pr(essor ,mac\n on ,septemb] #h1 #ahge1 f\nd tomatoes1 cucumb]s1 :eat & b>ley1 "u cultivation toge!r ) all vegetables f\nd 9 kit*5 g>d5s 9 ,ont>io4 ,he sp5t t5 days !re & obta9$ specim5s ( :eat & b>ley :i* ,,h ,,a/oni%$ ,,ev]yone to :om !y 7 exhibit$2 _m ( ! e>s conta9$ "o hundr$ gra9s & ! weight ( bo? :eat & b>ley 0 ne>ly t5 p\nds above ! ord9>y weight p] bu%el4 ,^! gra9s _h be5 rais$ on soil comp>atively poor--v poor = ! di/rict--& ly+ only a few feet above ! level ( ,lake ,a?abaska40 ,9 a report ( 8 !n rec5t trip ?r\gh ?is c\ntry writt5 by ,william ,oglivie1 ,d4,l4,s41 9 #ahhd1 he writes3--8,a great deal ( ! soil along ! bank ( ! ,a?abaska 0 ( v fair quality4 ,at ,mc,murray1 :]e !re are a c\ple ( small prairies or mead[s1 ! soil is good1 & ! root crops & g>d5 produce rais$ !re are g5]ally v good4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company h a g>d5 at ,mc,murray ( upw>ds ( an acre 9 ext5t1 & ! ,episcopal mission "o ( small] area1 b ! soil is v s&y4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic mission h a g>d5 also1 mo/ ( :i* !y obta9$ by dra9+ a bog into ! lake4 ,9 ! season ( #ahhc 7:i* 0 a pretty fav\rable "o 9 t di/rict1 be+ free f summ] fro/s7 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company rais$ ab\t f\r hundr$ bu%els ( potatoes1 ! ,episcopal mission ?irty bu%els on a small pat*1 & ! ,roman ,ca?olic mission ab\t five hundr$ bu%els4 ,_m ( ! retir$ ,hudson's ,bay ,company's s]vants also h small pat*es :i* !y cultivate1 potatoes & fi% be+ ! pr9cipal articles ( food us$ dur+ ! w9t]40 ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhg1 te/ifi$ t !y grew cucumb]s & melons z f> nor? z ,lac la ,bi*e4 ,he _h se5 !m !re himself1 & he 0 n sure b t !y grew pumpk9s1 too4 ,he po9t$ out t :]e cucumb]s & melons gr[ pumpk9s w gr[ also4 ,x is h>d1 ,doctor ,bell po9t$ out 9 ! c\rse ( 8 evid5ce ^u ?is occasion1 to induce ! ,indians to gr[ any?+4 ,ev5 potatoes1 :i* !y all "k to be a safe crop1 !y w n gr[ unless enc\rag$ by supply+ !m4 ,if suppli$ ) se$ 9 ! autumn !y w n pres]ve any ov] ! w9t]4 ,!y w\ld n take ! tr\ble to dig a pit or build a cell> 9 :i* to pres]ve ! se$1 b 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! "t comes = plant+1 if anyone 7 to give !m ! se$ !y w\ld plant x4 ,arti*okes w\ld be v suitable to introduce among/ ! ,indians1 because !y are v h>dy & productive2 ! se$ rema9s 9 ! gr\nd & ! ,indians c\ld n de/roy x all4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ von ,ham]/e91 :o has liv$ 9 ,a?abaska di/rict s9ce #ahig1 trad+ & prospect+1 0 exam9$ be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate ( ,canada 9 #aijg4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,s4 ,grahame at ,mc,murray4 ,! agricultural res\rces ( ! ,a?abaska di/rict1 z f> z ?is witness c\ld und]/&1 7 indicat$ by ! f>m+ t 0 !n actually be+ conduct$ ,,) ,,fairly ,,good ,,success at ,a?abaska4 ,at ,bapti/e lake !re 01 :5 ! witness fir/ w5t !re1 no agriculture attempt$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ man to introduce f>m+ !re4 ,he kept a trad+ /ore1 & ! natives insi/$ on hav+ diff]5t k9ds ( se$s4 ,among/ o!rs he got "s fl[] se$s1 & "s lovely fl[]s 7 rais$4 ,! p raise "s crops !re n[4 ,x is a v good ran*+ c\ntry--fir/-class4 ,sev]al p w5t up !re ) cattle4 ,a man nam$ ,maill\x took "o hundr$ & tw5ty head ( cattle1 & !y 7 9 good %ape4 ,! k9d ( grass !re is a r$ top1 a v big grass4 ,! c\ntry has all be5 burnt ov] & ! timb] has fall51 s ! grass _c be cut ) a m[+ ma*9e1 b 9 "s places !y h cle>$ away ! fall5 timb] & c use ma*9]y n[4 ,vet*es & wild pea v9es gr[ all ov] t c\ntry1 b !re is no bun* grass to be f\nd2 x is mo/ly r$ top4 ,h[ f> nor? x gr[s witness c\ld n say4 ,he _h trac$ x up 9 v l>ge quantities on ,slave riv]4 ,ab\t a hundr$ or two hundr$ y>ds f ! riv] !re is a big sl\gh1 & ?is grass gr[s all along !re v luxuriantly4 ,!re is no place along ! nor!rn %ores ( ,lake ,a?abaska :]e grass c be gr[n4 ,x is mo/ly rock & muskeg4 ,at ,mc,murray1 accord+ to ,mr4 von ,ham]/e91 ! l& is good1 & betwe5 ! junction ( ! ,cle>wat] & ! ,a?abaska !re is a flat ( l& ab\t ?ree miles long1 & f a qu>t] ( a mile to a mile & a half or two miles wide1 :i* is v f9e soil2 b ! re/ ( x is all hills cov]$ by an in* & a half ( moss1 "u ! moss be+ ! lime/one rock4 ,!y raise good g>d5 /uff at ,mc,murray4 ,a p>ty !re _h good crops = ?ree ye>s4 ,:]e !re is soil to be f\nd x is v good1 mo/ly old riv] b$s or :]e eddies h accumulat$ soil2 b ! re/ is s& & muskeg4 ,ea/ ( ,mc,murray !re are sev]al lakes1 ! c5tre ( :at is describ$ z f9e hay c\ntry4 ,! natives !re h f sixty to eighty horses1 & !re are report$ to be ,,good ,,graz+ ,,pat*es r\nd ! lakes4 ,x is probably a bett] ran*+ c\ntry ?an an agricultural "o4 ,to ! nor?we/ ( ?is di/rict are "s muskeg lakes1 :]e ! natives h q a few horses & cut consid]able hay4 ,f ,=t ,smi?1 go+ 9 a s\!rly direction to a place call$ ,salt riv] !y h a v f9e l>ge prairie1 & x ext5ds "r ?r\gh to ,peace po9t4 ,! p !re are n giv5 to f>m+4 ,x is aga9/ _! int]e/s1 because !y c\ld make a liv+ mu* m easily by hunt+4 ,p (t5 ask :y !y d n f>m1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ord] to raise a crop ( potatoes !y w\ld h to /ay by x ! :ole season2 & !re is m v>iety 9 hunt+4 ,b "s ( !m d f>m & raise a few cattle4 ,! c\ntry is difficult ( access2 !y d n get any new /ock1 & x has become badly inbr$4 ,z a result he _h se5 cattle !re hav+ ! head ( a bull & ! body ( a calf4 ,!re are n v _m cattle 9 !re2 only c]ta9 natives h !m1 & a man ) f\r or five head ( cattle is a v ri* man4 ,"s pat*es ( l& are v good4 ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t1 :o _h travell$ ov] ! nor?we/ :ile ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,=e/ry1 /at$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg t along ! ,a?abaska ! c\ntry is compos$ ( a succession ( roll+ hills1 & !re is a good deal ( light soil4 ,! valleys are v good1 & ,mr4 ,/ew>t und]/ood t ! c\ntry ?r\gh by ,lake ,waubasc[1 all ! way to ,less] ,slave lake1 is ?r\gh a good di/rict ( c\ntry4 ,?r\gh ?is di/rict !re is good l&--p]haps n all ! way ?r\gh4 ,along ! ,a?abaska ! c\ntry is light1 second-class l&1 b ,mr4 ,/ew>t f\nd at ,call+ riv]1 "s sixty miles bel[ ,a?abaska1 a man ,,rais+ ,,:eat ,,!re4 ,he says he raises z good :eat z c be gr[n1 b ,mr4 ,/ew>t w\ld n consid] f ! appe>ance along ! banks t !re 7 ! same alluvial deposits t are f\nd f>!r nor?4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy ( ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t in=m$ ! ,s5ate committee 9 #aijg t ! ,indians & half-bre$s told him t ! c\ntry betwe5 ,great ,slave riv] & ,hay riv] is cov]$ ) buffalo grass1 except+ a little timb] t gr[s 9 a fr+e ar\nd ,great ,slave lake4 ,he _h in=mation f ,indians liv+ 9 t c\ntry t x is an op5 c\ntry cov]$ ) prairie grass4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,burr ,tyrrell1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 rem>k$ z to ! c\ntry imm$iately nor? ( ,lake ,a?abaska t x c\ld n be consid]$ z be+ )9 ! arable area4 ,! arable belt1 h[ev]1 z "o goes we/ f ,hudson bay to ,a?abaska riv]1 wid5s enorm\sly4 ,he spoke g5]ally ( ! va/ c\ntry we/ ( ,a?abaska riv] to ,peace riv] c\ntry1 & said !re is c]ta9ly a l>ge tract ( agricultural l& !re4 ,h[ev]1 "o or ano!r may diff] ab\t ! value ( any p>ticul> "p ( t c\ntry4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 go+ we/ into ,peace riv] region1 !re is c]ta9ly a l>ge area ( good l& t ,mr4 ,tyrrell w\ld n attempt to conf9e inside ( su* a belt z he _h be5 speak+ (4 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,m4,l4,a41 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 said t desc5d+ ,a?abaska riv] f ,mc,murray1 :]e ,cle>wat] riv] goes into ! ,a?abaska1 ! elevation ( ! plateau above ! riv] is v mu* less ?an x is on ! upp] riv]4 ,x looks l a great alluvial pla91 f ! riv] all along f ,mc,murray to ,lake ,a?abaska1 two hundr$ miles4 ,t c\ntry is m or less timb]$1 & ! soil is excell5t4 ,go+ d[n ,slave riv] to ,great ,slave lake1 = a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ miles1 on ! ea/ ( ,slave riv]1 x is all rocks2 :ile we/ ( ! riv] ! c\ntry is all alluvial1 & ! soil is g5]ally v good1 "r d[n to ,great ,slave lake4 ,at ,*ipewyan on ,a?abaska lake ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/s h a f>m :i* 0 orig9ally a muskeg1 "r among/ ! ,laur5tian rocks1 & !y gr[ :eat !re t 0 aw>d$ a ,,m$al ,,at ,,! ,,c5t5nial ,,exposition4 ,! muskeg betwe5 ! ,a?abaska & ! ,peace c all be dra9$ & cultivat$4 ,^! muskegs are f a foot to ?ree feet deep until y /rike h>dpan4 ,! moss keeps ! heat ( ! sun out4 ,9 fact !re is ice 9 "s ( ^? muskegs all ! ye> r\nd1 cov]$ ) moss4 ,mr4 ,frank ,crean1 9 8 #aiji report1 gives ! foll[+ in=mation reg>d+ ! c\ntry we/ ( ,me?ye & ,buffalo lakes & s\? ( ,cle>wat] riv]3--8,along ,pemb9a riv] !re are f9e hay mead[s :i* %\ld enable anybody :o desir$ to keep cattle to procure ample fe$ = ! w9t]4 ,to ! we/ ( ,c[p> lake !re is a l>ge prairie :i* w\ld c]ta9ly af=d magnific5t summ] range1 ?\gh ,i am in=m$ t 9 w9t] ! sn[ is too deep = cattle to range out40 ,nor?we/ ( ,c[p> lake ,mr4 ,crean saw "s horses graz+ 9 ,decemb]4 ,_! own] _h made no arrangem5t to w9t] !m1 & ,mr4 ,crean 0 told t ! horses ?riv$4 ,c[p> lake lies j s\? ( latitude #ef4 ,x is a small lake1 & ( itself ( no great importance4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 h[ev]1 is exceptionally good f>m+ l&1 & to ! ea/ & s\? at ab\t t5 miles di/ance is f\nd ! comm5cem5t ( a l>ge prairie ab\t =ty miles long & v>y+ f twelve to fifte5 miles 9 wid?4 ,?is prairie is 9 its pres5t /ate fitt$ = agriculture4 ,! ,indians f ,c[p> lake g !re 9 ! spr+ & plant g>d5s1 leav+ !m until ! fall :5 !y br+ ! produce to _! homes at ,c[p> lake4 ,mr4 ,crean cont9ues3--8,pemb9a riv] fl[s ?r\gh ! s\? end ( ?is prairie1 & sev]al small lakes t\* x4 ,! prairie is wat]$ by small creeks dra9+ into ^! lakes1 & altoge!r x is ,,an ,,ideal ,,spot ,,= ,,! ,,pione]1 z hay1 wat]1 wood & fi% are to be f\nd 9 abundance ?r\gh\t its ext5t4 ,! l& adjo9+ ,c[p> lake on ! ea/ & s\? is all arable1 be+ op5 & roll+4 ,to ! nor!a/1 t[>ds ,:itefi% lake1 ! l& is also good4 ,x is easy to pr$ict t ,c[p> lake w "s day be a c5tre ( a consid]able settlem5t1 al?\gh at pres5t ! only occupants are ab\t f\r families ( ,*ipewyans40 ,w9efr$ lake1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,crean1 is a l>ge body ( wat] amply /ock$ ) f9e :itefi%1 & ,indians bo? f ! s\? & nor? come to ,w9efr$ lake to cat* fi% 9 ! fall4 ,! c\ntry surr\nd+ ! lake is mo/ly swampy hay l&1 b might1 he ?\ght1 be easily dra9$4 ,a good deal ( muskeg is f\nd 9 ?is vic9ity1 inde$1 m ?an any:]e else t ,mr4 ,crean travell$ on ! wat]%$ ( ! ,a?abaska4 ,ab\t ,he>t lake ! l& is all good ?\gh some:at roll+ & incl9$ to be brok54 ,!re is no m ob/acle to f>m+ ar\nd ?is lake ?an !re is any:]e else betwe5 x & ,edmonton4 ,! c\ntry is id5tical ) t pass$ ?r\gh en r\te to ,edmonton4 ,9 fact ! c\ntry is almo/ prairie1 "s bluffs ( popl> be+ ! only pret5ce ( woods4 ,) ref]5ce to ! nor!rn portion ( ! area explor$ by him 9 #aiji1 ,mr4 ,crean /ates3--8,9 ! matt] ( attempts at agriculture ! fact t !re is no dem& = agricultural produce 9 ! nor? prev5ts p :o live !re f c>ry+ on ev5 exp]im5tal "w4 ,:eat has be5 gr[n successfully at ,mc,murray1 :i* 0 ab\t ! mo/ nor!rly po9t t\*$ by me4 ,"h1 too1 all ! ord9>y vegetables gr[n 9 ! m s\!rly portions ( ! prov9ce are gr[n ) ! greate/ success40 ,mix$ f>m+ w\ld appe> to be an indu/ry :i* mo/ readily adapts itself to nor!rn conditions4 ,:eat c be gr[n 9 almo/ any "p ( ! nor? :i* ,i h explor$4 ,x is und5iable t nor!rn latitudes increase ! likelihood ( summ] fro/s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 live /ock is kept1 ! l>g] yield ( gra9 to ! acre1 ev5 if slightly fro/$1 w pay q z well conv]t$ into beef or pork z a small] yield ( ! bett] quality gra9 9 m s\!rn latitudes40 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police h contribut$ consid]able valuable in=mation reg>d+ ! nor!rn section ( ! c\ntry "u review 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 8 #aiji report1 ,inspector ,d4 ,m4 ,h[>d1 ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 ref]r+ to ! nor!rn section1 wrote3--8,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! di/rict1 ,*ipewyan & ,smi? ,l&+1 v little gra9 is gr[n4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic mission at ,=t ,smi? h put 9 a small crop ( ab\t fifte5 acres "u oats & b>ley ?is ye> z an exp]im5t4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty-five head ( cattle all told 9 ,*ipewyan sub-di/rict1 b ! /ock is n v good1 be+ too mu* inbr$4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company br\ght 9 t5 head ( horses ?is ye> f ,edmonton & ! ,roman ,ca?olic mission br\ght f\r f ,v]milion2 ?is1 ) ! ?ree police horses1 makes a total ( ab\t =ty head40 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiji ,s]gt4 ,r4 ,w4 ,macleod1 ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 made a patrol across c\ntry f ,=t ,v]milion to ! m\? ( ,hay riv] on ,great ,slave lake4 ,9 8 report 7p4 #agh1 ,annual ,report ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police = #aiji71 he /ates t f ,=t ,v]milion = ab\t sixty miles ! c\ntry is prairie ) small popl> bluffs scatt]$ ov] x1 & ! next tw5ty-five miles is mo/ly p9e bu% ) "h & !re a small prairie1 !n on into ,hay riv] at ,horse track is prairie ) popl> bluffs & will[ scrub1 a total di/ance ( "o hundr$ & t5 miles f ,=t ,v]milion4 ,9 #aije ! gov]nm5t _h a road cut out1 corduroy$1 & grad$ ! entire di/ance suitable = a wagon road4 ,previ\s to t "t an ,indian pack trail 0 ! only way to travel4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company & ,revillon ,bro!rs ea* built a sales %op & resid5ce at ! end ( ! wagon road on ! s\? bank ( ,hay riv]1 & h be5 do+ bus9ess !re 9 ! w9t] only1 = fur4 ,!re are no :ite p 9 ! c\ntry clos] ?an ,=t ,v]milion4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ,hay riv] & ,=t ,v]milion is ne>ly ,,all ,,app>5tly ,,suitable ,,= ,,f>m+1 ) a spl5did supply ( wood & wat]4 ,hay riv] is ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds wide at ! ,horse trace 7local "n7 & is f$ by num]\s muskegs to ! nor? ( ,dunvegan on ,peace riv]1 & ! s\!a/ slope ( ! divide betwe5 ,peace & ,li>d riv]s4 ,:5 ,s]geant ,macleod & 8 patrol 7 at ,alex&ra falls on ,janu>y #bi1 !y f\nd t ?ree small b&s ( ,indian horses 7 w9t]+ out on ! portage1 :i* is a prairie ) popl> bluffs4 ,corporal ,mellor 7( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police7 9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye>1 made a patrol ) horses into ! buffalo c\ntry s\?we/ ( ,smi? ,l&+4 ,9 8 report ! ,corporal /ates t f ,salt riv] 8we proce$$ nor?we/ ?r\gh ab\t eight miles ( small popl>1 & !n across a l>ge /ret* ( prairie c\ntry4 ,?is is n prairie c\ntry 9 ! g5]ally accept$ t]m1 b simply gr\nd ( a m>%y nature1 p]fectly flat1 & cov]$ ) a luxuriant gr[? ( grass4 ,?is w\ld d\btless af=d spl5did l& 7 x n t ! wat] !reon is int5sely salty & q unfit = use4 ,^! prairies are ( l>ge ext5t /ret*+ f ,peace riv]1 9 ! s\?1 ,i am told1 to ,buffalo riv]1 9 ! nor?1 a di/ance ( ov] "o hundr$ miles4 ,!y are dott$ all ov] ) ?ick clumps ( will[s1 ! only trees gr[+ !reon40 ,illu/ration3 ,indian ,camp ne> ,=t ,smi?4 ,9 ! la/ annual report ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,g4 ,e4 ,s&]s1 ,d4,s4,o41 comm&+ 8,n0 ,division at ,a?abaska1 & dat$ ,octob] #a1 #aiaa1 t (fic] describes ! area f ,a?abaska riv] to ,great ,slave lake & we/ to ! ,rockies z an agricultural c\ntry4 ,he /ates3--8,! g5]al /ate ( ! di/rict f an agricultural & bus9ess po9t ( view is "o ( great developm5t & progress4 ,! /ream ( settlem5t into ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t ,a?abaska & to upp] ,peace riv] & ,gr&e prairie has cont9u$ to a mu* l>g] ext5t dur+ ! ye>4 ,) ! influx ( settlem5t trad]s h foll[$ & a g5]al ,,air ,,( ,,prosp]ity ,,prevails1 ) v optimi/ic hopes = ! future4 ,! home/ead entries at ,a?abaska = ! fir/ ?ree mon?s ( ?is ye> exce$$ ! entire numb] = #aiji1 & = ! pa/ mon?s ! entries are upw>ds ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five 9 excess ( ^? receiv$ dur+ ! :ole ( #aiaj4 ,! home/ead entries at ,less] ,slave lake & ,gr&e prairie h increas$ at an ev5 great] rate4 ,at ! latt] place1 ! fir/ day ! ,l& ,(fice op5$ !re1 sev5ty-five entries 7 receiv$40 8,x 0 g5]ally expect$ t ! railway w\ld rea* ,a?abaska 9 ,novemb]1 b ! contractors h met ) s _m set-backs1 due to ! wea!r1 %ortage ( lab\r &1 lately1 sickness among/ _! horses1 t x is extremely d\btful :5 ! "w w be complet$4 8,z a consequ5ce ( ! com+ ( ! railway ! t[n ( ,a?abaska has exp]i5c$ q a boom 9 real e/ate1 & ! prices = lots 9 ! t[nsite & = l& adjo9+ h become v high1 lots t sold = ?ree hundr$ doll>s la/ ye> are n[ ex*ang+ h&s at ?ree ?\s& doll>s1 & l& )9 a mile has be5 sold = "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five doll>s p] acre4 ,a great deal ( build+ is go+ on & e "o pr$icts an important future = ! place on acc\nt ( its _m natural advantages1 & its situation mak+ x ! di/ribution po9t = ! va/ c\ntry to ! nor?40 ,9 an int]view1 ,hon4 ,f4 ,oliv]1 ex-,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 /at$1 aft] 8 long trip 9 #aiaj 7,see p4 #bg7 t along ! riv]s pass$ ?r\gh proce$+ f ,edmonton to ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie :]e ! banks are high ! soil & climate conditions are p]fectly good = agriculture4 ,s f> z ,mc,murray1 conditions are entirely good = agriculture1 judg+ f :at he saw himself & f :at p told him4 ,! m9i/] expla9$ ?is /atem5t by po9t+ out t ! diff]5ce 9 latitude is neutraliz$ by ! great drop 9 altitude & ! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,w>m ,,*9ook ,,w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,indian ,family arriv+ at ,mc,murray = ,treaty4 ,mc,murray1 :ile two hundr$ miles f>!r nor? ?an ,edmonton1 is b eight hundr$ & fifty feet above sea level1 :ile ,edmonton _h an altitude ( two ?\s& two hundr$ feet4 ,mr4 ,oliv] "h made ref]5ce to conditions :i* are to-day recogniz$ by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble1 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,biological ,survey 7,see p4 #bb71 8,! climatic conditions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ,a?abaska valley v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to location4 ,! m op5 portions ( ! upp] "p ( ! valley1 ?\gh ly+ at a consid]able altitude1 enjoy ! #8,*9ook' w9ds1 :i* s temp] ! climate t x comp>es fav\rably ) m ea/]ly regions ly+ mu* f>!r s\?4 ,lack ( detail$ data precludes ! possibility ( comp>+ absolutely ! climatic conditions ( ! upp] & ! l[] ,a?abaska2 b ! effects ( ! #8,*9ook' w9ds are felt to "s ext5t ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! riv]40 ,accord+ to ! same au?ority--8,! climate ( ,a?abaska lake is n radically diff]5t f t ( o!r p>ts ( ! ,mack5zie region :i* are practically remov$ f ! influ5ce ( ! w>m ,pacific w9ds4 ,?\gh x lies at a l[ altitude1 ! proximity ( ! lake to ! 8,b>r5 ,gr\nd10 f :i* w9ds are frequ5t1 keeps its av]age temp]ature r l[4 ,an occasional w>m we/ w9d slightly temp]s ! w9t] climate4 ,! ,peace & ! ,a?abaska break up at _! m\?s ab\t ,may #a1 b ! neighb\r+ "p ( ! lake usually does n op5 until ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 & ! ea/]n "p probably n be=e ,june4 ,! lake usually closes at ,*ipewyan "s "t 9 ,novemb]40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy in=m$ ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg t he _h travell$ ?r\gh ,a?abaska-,peace riv] c\ntry once :5 = tw5ty-"o days 9 ,janu>y he did n ne$ 8 coat 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,! cattle 7 all out 9 ! pa/ure fields4 ,he _h be5 go+ 9 !re e ye> = eight ye>s1 & _h be5 !re = five w9t]s4 ,mr4 ,conroy /at$ t he nev] saw a v deep sn[fall 9 t c\ntry4 ,he felt pretty sure t ! #8,*9ook' w9ds g ?r\gh to ,a?abaska lake4 ,he rem>k$ t 9 t c\ntry 9 ! w9t] he did n suff] z mu* f cold z he _h suff]$ 9 ,ottawa1 & he slept out e night1 sometimes "u a t5t & sometimes 9 ! op54 ,he travell$ once ) a dog tra9 & aft]w>ds ) ponies1 & got along v well ) !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,peace ,,riv] ,,c\ntry ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4 ,agriculture & ,arable ,l& 9 ! ,we/]n ,section or 8,peace ,riv] ,region40 ,:]e ,:eat ,has ,be5 ,gr[n ) ,rem>kable ,success = ,_m ,ye>s4 --,sci5tific ,explor]s ,e>ly ,recogniz$ ?is z a ,:eat ,gr[+ ,c\ntry4--,a ,head ( ,cabbage ,fifty-?ree & a half in*es 9 ,circumf]5ce4--,live/ock ,lives ,out ( ,doors 9 ,w9t]4-- ,accord+ to a ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,mission>y1 ,peace riv] ,enjoys ! ,f9e/ ,climate 9 ! ,_w4 ,! m we/]ly 7or ,peace riv]7 section ( nor!rn ,alb]ta is attract+ mu* att5tion on acc\nt ( its rem>kable agricultural possibilities2 & ! num]\s settlem5ts :i* h1 dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 be5 e/abli%$1 h practically demon/rat$ t ! gl[+ acc\nts :i* h f "t to "t rea*$ ! outside _w z to ! f]tility ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 h n be5 exagg]at$4 ,peace riv]1 :i* has l5t its "n to ! c\ntry along its banks1 :e!r 9 ,briti% ,columbia or 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 is =m$ by ! junction ( ,f9lay & ,p>snip riv]s1 two transmontane /reams1 & is ! l>ge/ & longe/ ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,x rises 9 & dra9s a l>ge di/rict we/ ( ,rocky m\nta9s1 & !n cont9u+ ea/w>ds1 int]sects ! axis ( t range & dra9s ! c\ntry ly+ along its ea/]n slopes1 ?r\gh f\r degrees ( latitude4 ,its l5g?1 f ! conflu5ce ( ,f9lay & ,p>nsip riv]s1 to ! po9t at :i* x unites ) ! wat]s fl[+ f ,lake ,a?abaska to =m ,slave riv]1 is sev5 hundr$ & fifty-sev5 miles1 b measur+ f ,summit lake1 ! s\rce ( its pr9cipal bran*1 x is approximately n9e hundr$ & five miles4 ,f ! conflu5ce ( ! ,f9lay & ! ,p>snip1 ! ,peace fl[s 9 a g5]al ea/]ly direction = "s ?ree hundr$ miles to its junction ) ! ,smoky1 fall+ 9 ?is di/ance a little less ?an eight hundr$ feet4 ,! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x fl[s may be consid]$ z a plateau 9 :i* x has excavat$ ,a ,,r ,,deep ,,valley4 ,a numb] ( /reams1 ,p9e riv] f ! s\? be+ "o ( ! l>ge/1 dis*>ge _! wat]s into x4 ,back f ! riv] ! c\ntry is ma9ly level or roll+1 & is ?9ly wood$4 ,smoky riv] is ! l>ge/ tribut>y ( ! ,peace4 ,its pr9cipal bran*es rise on ! ea/]n slope ( ,rocky m\nta9s1 & x dra9s a l>ge ext5t ( ?9ly wood$ & prairie c\ntry4 ,bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,smoky1 ! ,peace turns & pursues a w9d+ ?\gh g5]al nor!rly c\rse ne>ly to ,=t ,v]milion4 ,x is bord]$ at fir/ by /eep s&/one cliffs1 b its valley gradually becomes wid] & %all[]4 ,ext5sive pla9s comp>atively level & clo!d ) grass or a sp>se gr[? ( popl>s1 bord] x on bo? sides4 ,nor? ( ,=t ,v]milion ?is "* ( c\ntry is said to ext5d to ! valleys on ,hay & ,buffalo riv]s4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ,peace riv] & ,great ,slave lake1 h[ev]1 is v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,"o ( ! fir/ records we h ( successful agriculture 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry is 9 ! fam\s di>y ( ,daniel ,williams ,h>mon ( ! ,nor?we/ ,company's s]vice1 :o sp5t sev]al ye>s !re4 ,he speaks fav\rably ( ! situation ( ,dunvegan 7nor? latitude #ef1 we/ longtitude #aai71 :]e he f\nd himself locat$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahjh4 ,he goes on to say 9 8 di>y3--8,our pr9cipal food w be ! fle% ( ! buffalo1 moose1 r$ de]1 & be>4 ,we h a tol]ably good kit*5 g>d51 & we are 9 no fe> t we %all want ! means ( a com=table subsi/5ce40 ,9 an entry 9 8 di>y dat$ ,may #f1 ! foll[+ spr+1 ,h>mon /ates3--8,we h plant$ our potatoes1 & s[$ mo/ ( our g>d5 se$s40 ,"u date ,june #b1 ! same ye>1 we f9d ! entry3--8,! se$s :i* we s[$ 9 ! g>d51 h sprung up1 & gr[ rem>kably well4 ,! pres5t prospect is1 t /rawb]ries1 r$ raspb]ries1 %ad-b]ries1 *]ries1 etc41 w be abundant ?is season40 ,july #ba ,h>mon writes3--8,we h cut d[n our b>ley & ,i ,,?9k ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,f9e/ t ,i h ev] se5 9 any c\ntry4 ,! soil on ! po9ts ( l& along ?is riv] is excell5t40 ,"u ! date ( ,septemb] #a1 ! same ye>1 ,h>mon not$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! annual migration ( wild f[l s\?w>d1 & on ,friday1 ,octob] #f?1 he wrote 9 8 di>y3--8,z ! wea!r beg9s to be cold1 we h tak5 our vegetables out ( ! gr\nd1 :i* we f9d to h be5 v productive40 ,9 8 di>y = ! foll[+ ye>1 ,h>mon records a summ] fro/ on ,june #bc1 writ+3--8,! la/ night 0 s cold1 t ! tops ( our potatoes 7 froz540 ,! fro/ 9 "q does n seem to h damag$ ! crops1 = on ,w$nesday ! #crd ( ! foll[+ ,octob] ?is obs]vant di>i/ wrote3--8,we h tak5 our potatoes out ( ! gr\nd1 & f9d t n9e bu%els1 :i* we plant$ ,may #aj la/1 h produc$ a little m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty bu%els4 ,! o!r vegetables 9 our g>d5 h yield$ an increase1 mu* 9 ! same proportion1 :i* is suffici5t pro( t ! soil ( ! po9ts ( l& along ! riv] is good4 ,inde$1 ,i am ( ! op9ion1 t :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 oats1 peas1 etc41 w\ld gr[ well 9 ! pla9s ar\nd u40 ,x is v evid5t t all ( ! (ficials ( ! fur trad+ companies :o 7 on duty 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry did n devote ! same intellig5t att5tion to agriculture t ,h>mon & 8 colleagues did4 ,:5 ,*>les ,horetzky1 ,c4,e41 0 at ,dunvegan 9 #ahgc 7,see p4 #ag7 !re 0 no bread us$1 & ! only vegetables s]v$ at meals 7 "s 8v dim9utive potatoes40 ,mr4 ,horetzky comm5ts z foll[s on ?is subject3--8,ow+ to ! fact t ! ,company's ag5ts are liable to be sudd5ly remov$ f "o po/ to ano!r1 ^? p are1 n unnaturally1 av]se to ! exp5diture ( "t & lab\r necess>y = f>m+ exp]im5ts2 h5ce ! abs5ce ( f>m produce at ^! po/s4 ,b ! natural advantages ( excell5t soil ( unlimit$ ext5t1 & ! prov]bially e>ly disappe>ance ( ! sn[ 9 spr+1 w\ld lead "o to believe t good crops ( b>ley1 potatoes1 & fall :eat might be successfully rais$ 9 ?is "p ( ! ,nor?we/40 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts advanc$ by ,mr4 ,horetzky 9 8 advocacy ( ,peace riv] pass r\te = ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway 0 t a l9e built via ?is r\te w\ld op5 up ,a ,,va/ ,,f]tile ,,region situat$ to ! s\? ( ,peace riv]--8a region probably compris+ an area equal 9 ext5t to ,manitoba1 well wood$ ) abundance ( fre% wat]1 ( excell5t soil1 & 9 all probability possess+ unlimit$ quantities ( good coal4 ,! climate is mo/ salubri\s1 &1 by all acc\nts1 z mild z1 if n mild] ?an1 t ( ,r$ riv]4 ,on ! ext5sive pla9s bord]+ ^u ,peace riv]1 bo? nor? & s\? ( x1 sn[ r>ely exce$s two feet 9 dep?1 & nev] packs40 ,! travell]s & trad]s :o h be5 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry are z en?usia/ic ab\t its picturesque appe>ance z ab\t its app>5t f]tility4 ,mr4 ,horetzky rea*$ ,peace riv] a few miles above ! m\? ( ! ,smoky ,septemb] #cj1 #ahgc1 & ?us describes ! sc5e3--8,we fea/$ our eyes on ! glori\s l&scape n[ mapp$ out be=e u4 ,a /rong we/]ly gale 0 bl[+1 b ! air 0 s w>m & balmy1 t to recl9e on ! beautiful grassy sw>d1 full face to ! bla/1 0 positively delici\s4 ,= sev]al miles1 to ! s\?we/1 ! noble riv]1 fl[+ eight hundr$ feet bel[ u1 on its sil5t c\rse to ,arctic ocean1 c\ld be di/9ctly trac$ z x me&]$ ?r\gh its mighty valley4 ,sev]al l>ge & wood$ isl&s dott$ its surface "h & !re1 caus+ eddies & :irlpools1 :i* 9 _! turn made long & fa9t /reaks ( foam1 b>ely visible 9 ! di/ance4 ,f our position1 & embrac+ an angle ( fully "o hundr$ & ?irty degrees1 or1 9 o!r words1 f ! nor?we/ r\nd to s\?1 a b\ndless & ne>ly level expanse ( c\ntry c\ld be tak5 9 at a glance1 ! only breaks be+ ! great valleys ( ,peace & ,smoky riv]s1 ?an :i* no?+ we _h ev] se5 c\ld be m beautiful1 ! =m] especially1 9 its magnitude & dep?1 surpass+ all we _h anticipat$40 ,! pione] mission>ies atta*$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ,roman ,ca?olic missions appe> to h done m t[>ds demon/rat+ ! agricultural possibilities ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 & ! :ole ,mack5zie bas91 ?an ! fur trad]s4 ,9 ! 8,mission ,field0 ( ,janu>y #b1 #ahhb 7a ,london mon?ly publication ( ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel71 ! ,"r ,rev]5d ,bompas1 ,bi%op ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 ,a?abaska & ,mack5zie di/ricts 78 diocese compris+ ! c5tre ,arctic wat]%$ ( ,briti% ,am]ica71 publi%$ ! foll[+3--8,! excell5ce ( ! l& 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry = f>m+ purposes is well kn[n2 ! ,,soil ,,is ,,ri* ,,& ,,productive1 & ! climate mo/ salubri\s4 ,a mission /ation is e/abli%$ at ,=t ,v]milion "u ! *>ge ( ! ,rev]5d ,ar?ur ,g>rio*1 & a *ur* is fa/ approa*+ completion4 ,o!r mission /ations h be5 />t$ at diff]5t p>ts ( ! riv]1 & 9 #ahgh a mission f>m 0 begun :i* ! bi%op hopes w 9 "t obviate ! necessity ( procur+ all ! supplies ( fl\r1 etc41 f ,r$ riv]1 ! exp5se ( :i*1 f heavy freights1 is s great t e bag ( fl\r by ! "t x rea*es ! mission>ies nor? ( ,a?abaska co/s upw>ds ( #e40 ,x 0 z sup]9t5d5t ( ! mission f>ms t ! head ( ! ,lawr5ce family1 ! orig9ators ( f>m+ on an ext5sive scale & by sci5tific me?ods 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 0 attract$ !re4 ,besides ! satisfactory pione] attempts at till+ ! soil ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 ! rais+ ( live /ock 0 _m ye>s ago demon/rat$ to be successful4 ,z e>ly z #ahbc !re 0 an infant ran*+ indu/ry !re1 ,sir ,george ,simpson's p>ty hav+ not$ a small b& ( half a doz5 horses :5 approa*+ ,dunvegan4 ,9 ! reports ( ! gov]nm5t explor]s a great deal ( int]e/+ in=mation w be f\nd z to ! soil1 climate1 & agricultural possibilities ( ,peace riv] c\ntry4 ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n 0 ! fir/ sci5tific explor] to draw att5tion to ! agricultural possibilities ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 aft] mak+ a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! natural flora1 ! soil1 climatic conditions1 etc4 ,mr4 ,mac\n _h accompani$ ! fir/ ,canadian ,pacific ,railway survey exp$ition1 & _h subsequ5tly be5 botani/ to ! geological survey p>ty appo9t$ to inve/igate ?is v c\ntry4 ,!re 0 mu* in=mation z to ! agricultural possibilities ( ! c\ntry 9 ,pr(essor ,mac\n's (ficial reports1 & he summ>iz$ 8 conclusions 9 8 book 8,manitoba & ! ,great ,nor?we/10 publi%$ 9 #ahhb4 ,he def9es a tract ly+ betwe5 ! upp] rea*es ( ,a?abaska riv] & ! fifty-sev5? p>allel ( latitude1 9 ,peace riv] bas91 :i* he consid]s 8may be class$ z f]tile10 & e/imates its area z ab\t ?irty-"o ?\s& five hundr$ & fifty squ>e miles4 ,speak+ ( ?is tract1 he /ates3--8,its av]age elevation may be /at$ z little ov] two ?\s& feet1 & ?is is ma9ta9$ ) consid]able uni=mity1 = ?\gh ! g5]al surface slopes slightly f ! nor? & s\? t[>d ,peace riv]1 ! region z a :ole may be consid]$ z a plateau ?r\gh :i* ! great gorge-l valley ( ! ,peace has be5 excavat$4 8,! nor!rn banks ( ,peace riv] valley are also v g5]ally op5 grass$1 & p>ts ( ! valley ( ! ,smoky & o!r riv]s h a simil> "*4 ,! total area ( ,,prairie ,,l&1 ,,we/ ,,( ,,smoky ,,riv]1 may be ab\t ?ree ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,! rema9d] ( ! surface is g5]ally occupi$ by second-gr[? =e/1 occasionally d5se1 b m (t5 op5 & compos$ ( asp51 bir*1 & cottonwood1 ) a great] or less proportion ( conif]\s trees4 ,"s pat*es ( ! orig9al =e/1 h[ev]1 rema91 p>ticul>ly 9 ! riv] valleys1 & are compos$ ( mu* l>g] trees1 *iefly conif]\s1 among :i* ! black spruce is mo/ abundant4 ,h&some groves ( old & l>ge cottonwoods are also to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! valleys4 ,:]e ! soil becomes locally s&y & poor1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 "s ( ! m elevat$ p>ts ( ! ridges be=e describ$1 a ?ick gr[? ( scrub p9e & black spruce1 9 :i* ! individual trees are small1 is f\nd1 & 9 swampy regions ! t>amack is n want+1 b gr[s g5]ally int]mix$ ) ! black spruce4 8,?\gh ! prairies are mo/ imm$iately available f an agricultural po9t ( view1 ! regions n[ cov]$ ) second gr[? & =e/1 :]e ! soil itself1 if n inf]ior1 w ev5tually be equally valuable4 ,! l>ge/ tract ( poor l& is t bord]+ ! valley ( ! ,a?abaska on ! nor?40 ,pr(essor ,mac\n 0 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh & gave a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation1 all valuable at ! "t1 & mu* ( x /ill s1 z to ! "* ( ,peace riv] c\ntry f ,macleod 9 latitude #ee1 to ,lake ,a?abaska1 up ! ,a?abaska to ! ,cle>wat]1 & up ! ,cle>wat] to its head4 ,/>t+ f ! ,p>snip & ?r\gh ,rocky m\nta9s1 ! good c\ntry = agriculture comm5ces1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,mac\n1 at ,rocky m\nta9s portage at ,hudson ,hope 79 ,briti% ,columbia7 or ,! ,hope ( ,hudson1 z ,capt4 ,butl] puts x4 ,f t po9t d[n ! c\ntry is suitable = agricultural purposes1 ! :ole di/ance2 on ! prairie1 n on ! slopes ( ! riv]1 b on ! prairie above4 ,! nor? bank ( ! riv]1 t is ! "o fac+ s\?1 has h>dly any wood1 b is cov]$ ) b]ries1 & witness f\nd ! cactus gr[+ !re4 ,! o!r side ( ! riv]1 fac+ ! nor?1 0 cov]$ l>gely ) spruce d[n to ! riv]'s edge1 ! :ole upw>d slope4 ,x 0 only ! banks ( ! riv] t 7 wood$2 above1 all 0 prairie1 ) popl> & will[ 9 clumps4 ,x 0 ( ! same "* z ! ,nor? ,saskat*ewan1 b ) mu* tall] grass4 ,said ,pr(essor ,mac\n3--8,:ile at ,=t ,v]milion1 on ,peace riv]1 9 latitude #eh #bd1 ,i 0 in=m$ by old ,mr4 ,%aw1 :o _h *>ge ( t po/ = fifte5 ye>s1 t ,,indian ,,corn ,,w\ld ,,rip5 well e ye> !re1 & at ,battle riv] corn rip5$ ?ree ye>s 9 succession1 & t fro/ nev] injur$ any?+ on ?is "p ( ! riv]4 ,! :ole c\ntry at ,=t ,v]milion is a pla91 n elevat$ at its highe/ po9t m ?an a hundr$ feet ov] ! riv]1 b ! great] "p ( x is less ?an fifty feet4 ,! soil is wond]fully l t ( ! second prairie /eppe1 9 ! prairie region1 z ! surface is compos$ ( black loam1 mix$ app>5tly ) lime/one gravel4 ,f ,=t ,v]milion1 ,c>ib\ m\nta9s are visible ab\t =ty miles (f4 ,^! may h ! effect ( keep+ (f ! cold w9ds f ,great ,slave lake1 & h5ce ! c\ntry is p]man5tly w>m4 ,bo? days & nights h be5 w>m d[n on ?is "p ( ! riv]1 :]eas on ! upp] p>ts1 :]e high banks are1 ! cold 0 ev5 felt at night 9 ,augu/4 8,! gra9 at ,=t ,v]milion 0 s[n on ,may #h & #bj1 & 0 cut on ,augu/ #f4 ,:eat gr[+ among ! b>ley & by ! f5ces 0 almo/ ripe ,augu/ #ab1 :5 ,i 0 !re4 ,at ,rocky m\nta9 portage 7,briti% ,columbia71 :]e ,peace riv] issues f ,rocky m\nta9s1 latitude #ef degrees1 we f\nd a fir/ rate g>d5 ) vegetables f> advanc$1 ,july #ba2 new potatoes1 onions1 & c>rots 7 "p ( our bill ( f>e4 ,t 0 9 #ahge4 ,five days lat]1 at ,=t ,/4 ,john 7,b4,c47 vegetation 0 ev5 fur!r advanc$1 & all k9ds ( g>d5 /uff 7 9 ! greate/ p]fection4 ,nigg] ,dan's b>ley 0 col\r+ on ,july #bf1 & w\ld be cut ! fir/ week 9 ,augu/4 ,8 potatoes 7 l>ge1 & en\gh = f\rte5 m5 7 dug on ,augu/ #b4 8,i may m5tion t /rawb]ries 7 fully ripe on ,july #f1 at ,hudson ,hope 7,b4,c474 ,at ,dunvegan1 b>ley 0 almo/ fit to cut ,augu/ #d4 ,cabbage 9 ! prie/'s g>d5 7 clos+1 & all 8 g>d5 vegetables f> advanc$4 8,at ,battle riv] pease 7 gett+ ripe ,augu/ #h4 ,at ,=t ,v]milion potatoes 7 v l>ge & _m heads ( b>ley conta9$ sixty gra9s1 o!rs _m m4 ,i nev] saw su* f9e b>ley be=e4 ,b>ley 0 s[n on ,may #h & cut on ,augu/ #f--t is at latitude #eh #bd4 ,at ,r$ riv] 7a small =t1 fifty or sixty miles bel[ ,=t ,v]milion71 !y h no pl\ghs1 & ! gr\nd 0 brok5 up ) a spade or hoe4 ,! g>d5 /uff ,,0 ,,wond]fully ,,luxuriant1 pease1 ,w9dsor beans & potatoes be+ f> advanc$2 cucumb]s />t$ & rais$ 9 ! op5 air1 a v l>ge crop1 & a numb] ( !m 7 ripe on ,augu/ #ad4 8,at ,*ipewyan mission1 two miles f ! =t1 !re 7 :eat1 oats & b>ley1 a good crop z reg>ds gra94 ,w9dsor beans 7 ripe & pull$ up on ,augu/ #ag4 ,:eat & b>ley 7 9 /ock ,augu/ #bf1 & specim5s ( ^!1 :i* ,i br\ght to ,ottawa1 are "h on ! table4 8,at ,r$ riv] =t a ,fr5*man nam$ ,/4 ,cyr _h a g>d51 & he told me he _h a p>ticul> ?+ gr[+ 9 ! g>d5 t he did n "k any?+ ab\t4 ,i w5t out to look at x1 & !re 0 a spl5did pat* ( cucumb]s1 _m ( !m ripe4 ,t 0 9 ,augu/4 ,i said3 #8,^! are cucumb]s2 h[ did y />t !m8' ,he said3 #8,i got ! se$ f ,engl& & put x 9 ! gr\nd1 & t is :at has come f x4' 8,i pass$ d[n ! ,a?abaska 7f ,*ipewyan7 to ! ,mission1 & ,i f\nd gr[+ on soil t w\ld be ( no value "h :atev]1 s& & muck1 an old swamp :]e !y _h plant$ :eat on ,may #e1 & ,i f\nd x 9 ! /ook on ,augu/ #bf1 & br\ght away f x ! gra9 t 0 aw>d$ ! bronze m$al at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf4 ,x 0 =w>d$ to me1 b ,i said t x did n belong to me1 b to ! mission>ies at ,a?abaska4 ,i exhibit$ ?is v lot ( gra9 9 ,manitoba be=e ,consul ,taylor & _m o!r g5tlem51 & ! matt] ( ! numb] ( gra9s 9 ! fascicle 0 !n discuss$ & made public4 ,!y took a quantity ( ! :eat f me & %ell$ x1 & ,mr4 ,g\91 ,inspector ( ,inl& ,rev5ue1 weigh$ x1 & x %[$ a weight ( sixty-eight p\nds to ! bu%el4#ae 8,! wild pea or vet* gr[s all ?r\gh ,peace riv] valley1 b 0 p>ticul>ly notic$ on ! plateau above ,=t ,/4 ,john 79 ,briti% ,columbia7 9 latitude #ef4 ,"h x 0 actually measur$ by myself & 0 f\nd to atta9 a height ( eight feet1 :ile ! we$s1 su* z ! purple fire we$ ( ! ea/ 7,epilobium angu/ifolium7 atta9$ a height ( sev5 feet4 ,^! are giv5 9 illu/ration ( ! wond]ful luxuriance ( ! common] plants on t high plateau4 ,! vegetation ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,peace riv] valley is ( ! mo/ luxuriant "*1 & x seems ,,m ,,l ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,tropics ?an a c\ntry draw+ ne> ! ,arctic ,circle40 ,pr(essor ,mac\n expla9$ t 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 ! sn[ passes (f s easily t z soon z x is (f ! gr\nd & a few in*es ( ! soil ?aw$1 ! gr\nd is ready = se$+1 because ! soil is friable & ! sn[ ( little dep?4 ,! "* ( ! mon? ( ,septemb] is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! v be/ ,septemb]s 9 ,ottawa--a smoky atmosph]e ) occasional :ite fro/s 9 ! morn+1 b g5]ally a calm atmosph]e4 ,9 ,octob] ! fro/s get m sev]e t[>ds ! la/ ( ! mon?4 ,ab\t ! #be? at ,*ipewyan ice beg9s to =m & ! riv]s & lakes soon close4 ,pr(essor ,mac\n furni%$ ! committee ) "s data f notes kept by ,daniel ,williams ( ,=t ,/4 ,john1 commonly kn[n z 8,nigg] ,dan40 ,^! notes %[$ t f #ahgb to #ahge ! date = plant+ potatoes v>i$ f ,april #be to ,may #aj1 & = s[+ b>ley & oats f ,april #bb to ,may #g4 ,aft] ,septemb] #bb1 9 #ahgd1 ,williams dug ov] "o hundr$ bu%els ( potatoes4 ,william ,ogilvie1 ,d4,l4,s4 7,see p4 #ah7 9 8 report ( #ahhd1 wrote3--8,opposite ,=t ,v]milion1 on ! nor? ( ! riv]1 !re is an ext5sive tract ( prairie & popl> bluff c\ntry1 :i* ext5ds f ! ,peace to ! wat]%$ betwe5 ,peace & ,mack5zie riv]s1 s\?we/w>d along ! ,peace = ab\t =ty miles or m1 & nor!a/w>d along ! riv] a few miles1 until x m]ges into ! c\ntry already describ$4 ,?is is said to be a fir/ class c\ntry 9 e way1 well wood$ & wat]$1 ) a ri*1 deep1 black loamy clay soil2 & if ! life ( fl[]s & b]ries be any indication ( fre$om f fro/1 ?is di/rict is fav\r$ 9 ?is respect1 z ! b]ries rip5 "h :5 !y are kill$ 9 ! surr\nd+ p>ts4 8,! c\ntry s\?we/w>d f ! end ( ?is tract to ,battle riv] is describ$ z woods & swamps1 alt]nat+ ) pat*es ( prairie & op5 woods1 & f ,battle riv] to ! prairie ne> ,dunvegan1 g5]ally dri] & ) m prairie4 8,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t f ,dunvegan1 on ! nor? side ( ,peace riv]1 d[n ! riv] to ,peace po9t1 & !nce to ,salt riv] on ! ,great ,slave1 !re is a tract ( c\ntry ab\t six hundr$ miles 9 l5g? & =ty miles wide1 ( :i* a l>ge p]c5tage is fit = imm$iate settlem5t1 & a great deal m c\ld be v easily clos$4 8,( ! c\ntry s\!a/ ( ! ,peace1 betwe5 x & ! ,a?abaska1 v little is kn[n4 ,x 0 describ$ by all :om ,i met1 :o _h se5 any portion ( x1 z a roll+ surface1 ! ridges heavily wood$ ) fair timb]1 & _m ( ! bas9s conta9+ swamps & lakes ( consid]able size4 ,out ( "o ( ! latt]1 ,lake ,wapisca1 ,loon riv] fl[s into ! ,peace1 & ano!r /ream call$ by ! same "n into ! ,a?abaska1 at ,gr& rapids4 ,"s ( ! ridges rise into high hills1 & 9 "s ( ^!1 rock exposures are said to be visible4 8,at ,dunvegan1 not)/&+ ! sev]ity ( ! fro/s1 ! crops 7 v good1 bo? 9 quality & quantity4 ,:5 ,i 0 !re1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic mission>ies ,,_h ,,?re%$ ,,_! ,,gra91 samples ( :i* ,i br\ght back4 ,! yield 0 z foll[s3--,fifty p\nds ( :eat 7 s[n on ,april #af & reap$ on ,augu/ #bj1 & tw5ty-sev5 bu%els ?re%$ ( good clean gra92 fifte5 p\nds ( ,egyptian b>ley s[n on ,april #ah & reap$ ,augu/ #bj1 & fifte5 bu%els ?re%$1 weigh+ fully sixty p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& mission _h n ?re%$1 & c\ld n give _! returns1 b !y 7 well satisfi$ ) _! crops ( all k9ds4 ,! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,brick1 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& mission1 0 already us+ bread1 :5 ,i 0 !re1 made f :eat ( ! pres5t ye>'s gr[?40 ,mr4 ,ogilvie 9 8 #ahia report wrote z foll[s3-- 8,= a di/ance ( six or sev5 miles back f ,peace riv] valley !re is mu* prairie & mead[l&1 ) "s woods & swamps scatt]$ ov] x4 ,! soil is an excell5t black clay loam z ri* z any ,i ev] saw1 & ! gr[? ( hay & grass be>s te/imony to ?is fact4 ,! dip ( ! valley f ?is pla9 is v %>p & ! banks v /eep1 fall+ ab\t eight hundr$ feet 9 a mile4 8,at ,=t ,/4 ,john ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company h a small pat* on :i* !y raise potatoes & g>d5 /uff along ) b>ley & oats4 ,! gra9 always rip5s & ! vegetables are z good z "o w\ld wi% to use4 ,mr4 ,gunn1 ! (fic] 9 *>ge "h1 has be5 9 ,peace riv] di/rict s9ce #ahhc1 & 9 ! int]val he has w&]$ ar\nd ! adjac5t c\ntry a good deal4 8,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company h sev]al b&s ( horses 9 ! vic9ity ( ,=t ,/4 ,john1 only a few ( :i* h ev] be5 brok54 ,^! animals live on ! prairie on ! nor? side ( ! riv]1 w9t] & summ]1 & ,,v ,,seldom ,,are ,,!re ,,any ,,losses1 except by wolves1 or :5 ! ,indians are />v+ !y may quietly dispose ( "o or two & report !m lo/4 8,at ,dunvegan1 ! ,company has gr[n :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 potatoes1 & g>d5 /uff g5]ally = _m ye>s ) a/oni%+ success4 ,:5 ,i 0 !re 9 #ahhc-hd1 ,i saw gra9 & vegetables fully equal 9 quality & quantity to any ,i h ev] se5 any:]e1 ! g>d5 vegetables be+ especially f9e4 ,la/ ye> ev]y?+ 0 h>ve/$ & /or$ :5 ,i got !re1 b :at ,i saw ( ! produce 0 excell5t4 ,i saw two sunfl[]s :i* measur$ f\rte5 in*es across ! disc4 ,) ! corolla atta*$1 ^! fl[]s w\ld h be5 ne>ly two feet 9 diamet]4 ,! se$s ( ea* weigh$ f\rte5 ounces & measur$ ne>ly a qu>t4 ,a head ( cabbage 0 %[n f :i* ,i /ripp$ (f all ! loose leaves leav+ x fit = cook+ & !n measur$ & weigh$ x4 ,x measur$ fifty-?ree & "o-half in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & weigh$ tw5ty-eight & "o-half lbs4 ,?is 0 an exceptionally l>ge head1 ( c\rse1 b ! g5]al run ( bo? cabbage & caulifl[] 0 l>ge & w\ld be consid]$ s any:]e4 ,mr4 ,r\nd1 ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! po/1 told me he two ye>s ago made a dep>ture f ! old fa%ion$ me?od ( gr[+ ^! plants1 & in/ead ( develop+ !m 9 hot b$s1 he simply plant$ ! se$ once = all 9 drills 9 ! g>d51 & :5 !y arriv$ at ! prop] /age1 pull$ out ! sup]flu\s ones4 ,he f\nd ?is me?od j z satisfactory & mu* less tr\blesome4 ,! o!r g>d5 vegetables 7 j z l>ge & good z "o w\ld wi% to see !m4 ,mr4 ,r\nd in=m$ me he plant$ fifte5 bu%els ( potatoes la/ summ]1 & aft] us+ !m freely = ! su/5ance ( 8 family 7five memb]s7 & ! s]vants1 9 all eight or t51 f ! "t !y 7 fit = use1 until !y 7 h>ve/$1 he h>ve/$ upw>ds ( two hundr$ bu%els4 ,he s[$ ab\t f\r bu%els ( :eat1 & ?\gh ! dry season mu* affect$ ! result he w\ld h ab\t sixty bu%els4 ,?is gra9 is us$ 9 v>i\s ways1 "s ( x be+ gr\nd into fl\r by ! aid ( small h& mills4 ,he s[$ f\r bu%els ( oats1 & ?\gh "p ( ! crop 0 de/roy$ by a hail /orm1 "o hundr$ bu%els 7 ?re%$4 ,9 #ahij he plant$ tw5ty-five bu%els ( potatoes1 & ?\gh !y 7 freely us$ f ! "t !y 7 fit = use until h>ve/$1 sev5 hundr$ & twelve bu%els 7 h>ve/$4 ,! ,anglican & ,roman ,ca?olic missions "h also successfully raise bo? gra9 & vegetables1 ! latt] dep5d+ = mu* ( _! subsi/5ce on ! results ( _! agricultural lab\rs4 8,?is po/ has be5 9 exi/5ce = ! great] "p ( a c5tury1 & m or less f>m+ has always be5 done at x dur+ t "t40 ,mr4 ,ogilvie embodi$ 9 8 report a numb] ( extracts f ! ,dunvegan po/ j\rnal :i* are int]e/+ z convey+ an idea ( ! ,,climate ,,& ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,vegetation4 ,"s ( ^! extracts are wor? requot+ "h3-- 8#ahbi4 ,ice began to move 9 ! riv] ,april #ab4 ,s[$ b>ley ,april #ag2 plant$ potatoes ,april #cj2 cut b>ley ,augu/ #aj2 cut :eat ,augu/ #be2 h>ve/$ potatoes ,septemb] #bd2 fir/ sn[ ,octob] #ba2 fir/ drift ice ,octob] #bd4 8#ahcj4 ,ice broke up ,april #bh2 s[$ ?irty qu>ts ( :eat ,may #c2 s[$ g>d5 se$s ,may #d2 plant$ potatoes ,may #e2 cut :eat ,septemb] #ad2 comm5c$ digg+ potatoes ,septemb] #bg2 fir/ drift ice ,octob] #bi2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #be4 8#ahhf4 ,ice />t$ to break up ,april #ac2 s[$ b>ley ,may #ab2 plant$ turnips ,may #ac2 plant$ potatoes ,may #ag2 began h>ve/+ op]ations ,augu/ #bj2 cut buck:eat ,septemb] #b2 h>ve/$ potatoes ,septemb] #bc2 /or$ n9e hundr$ & eighty-f\r bu%els2 slight sn[ ,octob] #ab2 fir/ ice drift+ ,novemb] #aj2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #cj4 8#ahhg4 ,ice />t$ ,april #bg2 s[$ oats ,april #bi2 s[$ o!r se$ ,may #b2 comm5c$ plant+ potatoes ,may #e2 s[$ g>d5 se$s ,may #i2 s[$ peas ,may #aa2 f9i%$ plant+ potatoes ,may #bh2 plant$ fifty bu%els2 sev]e fro/ ,june #g1 injur+ "y vegetables1 etc41 sev]e fro/ aga9 on ,june #be1 cutt+ d[n ev]y?+ to ! gr\nd1 potatoes & all2 ,july #bi new potatoes = ! fir/ "t2 fir/ sn[ fell on ,septemb] #af2 comm5c$ tak+ up potatoes ,septemb] #bj2 h>ve/$ six hundr$ & eighte5 bu%els2 took up turnips & c>rots ,septemb] #e2 fir/ drift ice 9 riv] ,octob] #bd1 b x cle>$ out aga9 & return$ ,novemb] #ab2 set fa/ ,novemb] #bi4 8#ahhh4 ,ice mov$ ,may #a2 began s[+ b>ley ,may #i2 began plant+ potatoes ,may #aj2 s[$ oats & :eat ,may #ae2 s[$ g>d5 se$s ,may #af2 s[$ turnips ,may #bh2 slight fro/ ,augu/ #a1 injur$ g>d5 /uff2 cut b>ley ,septemb] #e2 cut oats ,septemb] #g2 />t$ tak+ up potatoes ,septemb] #bg2 f9i%$ ,octob] #c1 five hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e bu%els2 took up turnips ,octob] #e2 fir/ sn[ ,octob] #ae2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #bg2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #bg40 ,mr4 ,ogilvie cont9ues1 9 8 report3-- 8,i w\ld n[ call p>ticul> att5tion to ! m5tion ( fro/ 9 ,june1 #ahhg1 & to ! fact t x cut d[n vegetables to ! gr\nd4 ,alone !re is no?+ v wond]ful ab\t ! /atem5t1 z x is j :at we w\ld expect fro/ to d2 b 9 conjunction ) us+ new potatoes = ! fir/ "t on ,july #bi1 j "o mon? aft] ! fro/1 & ! fur!r fact t ,,six ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,eighte5 ,,bu%els ,,7 ,,h>ve/$1 x is mo/ a/oni%+4 ,mr4 ,r\nd1 ! (fic] :o made ! entry1 0 a witness ( ! ev5t1 & he is a g5tleman ^: sanity ,i w\ld z soon d\bt z 8 ^w4 ,i que/ion$ him ab\t x & he assur$ me emphatically ( its correctness4 ,he c (f] no explanations1 if x is n t a fog g5]ally settles on ! riv] valley aft] a fro/ & %ields plants f ! direct rays ( ! sun a good "p ( ! day2 b ev5 t does n acc\nt = ?is case1 z he assures me ! potatoes 7 cut d[n1 black1 to ! gr\nd4 8,! ,rev]5d ,j4 ,g4 ,brick1 ,anglican mission>y1 :o sp5t "s "t at ,dunvegan1 comb9+ f>m+ ) mission "w1 9 #ahhf />t$ :at might be call$ a bran* f>m at ,old ,wives lake1 ab\t ?irty-six miles f ,dunvegan1 on ! c>t trail1 betwe5 ! latt] place & ,smoky riv] cross+1 on ! plateau above ! imm$iate valley ( ! riv]4 ,ref]5ce w be made to ?is lat]4 8,9 #ahhi1 he e/abli%$ himself 9 ! valley ( ! riv] on ! nor? side1 ab\t five miles above ! m\? ( ,smoky riv]4 ,"h he has e/abli%$ a mission & a s*ool = ! education ( ! "y1 on :i* he bases all 8 hopes = ! improvem5t ( ! natives4 ,he keeps ?is s*ool op5 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & z an inducem5t to att5d1 he gives all ! *ildr5 :o live at a di/ance _! d9n]4 8,?is g5tleman took 9 ) him a l>ge outfit ( f>m implem5ts & /ock4 ,he has a small gri/ mill & ?re%+ mill1 ) :i* he ?re%es & gr9ds 8 gra94 ,by gr9d+ 8 :eat twice x makes a fair article ( fl\r1 b 8 facilities = bolt+ x are n q up to ! times1 consequ5tly 8 fl\r is n q s :ite z our high grade fl\r1 b x makes good bread1 nev]!less4 8,he is well satisfi$ ) 8 success agriculturally4 ,he furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ in=mation relative to 8 do+s 9 #ahia3-- 8,began pl\gh+ ,april #aa2 s[$ fir/ :eat ,april #ae2 ice broke up ,april #bj2 riv] cle>$ ,april #bf2 comm5c$ h>ve/+ ,augu/ #bj2 cut :eat ,augu/ #bg2 ab\t n9ete5 acres "u gra91 total yield six hundr$ & n9ety-eight bu%els4 ,,:eat ,,two ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifty ,,bu%els ,,on ,,six ,,acres2 oats two hundr$ bu%els1 b>ley two hundr$ & tw5ty-six bu%els4 ,aft] all ! gra9 0 remov$ he rak$ ! field & got tw5ty-two bu%els ( gra9 f ! rak+s4 ,he s[$ two v>ieties ( :eat1 ,ladoga1 & :eat he got 9 ,manitoba1 :i* he ?9ks is ,r$ ,fife1 b is n sure2 bo? are beautiful specim5s ( gra94 ,he has "s two-r[$ b>ley :i* he procur$ :ile 9 ,engl& 9 #ahhh1 :5 he obta9$ "o p\nd4 ,! yield 9 #ahia 0 six hundr$ p\nds ( z f9e1 clean1 bright & plump gra9 z c\ld be se5 else:]e4 8,8 ,ladoga :eat 0 s[n ,april #ba & h>ve/$ ,augu/ #bd1 b he all[$ x to ov]-rip51 & ?9ks he lo/ at lea/ f\r or five bu%els :ile h>ve/+4 ,he s[$ n9ety p\nds & ?re%$ "o ?\s& five hundr$4 ,he obta9$ a sample ( black ,norway oats f ,webb & ,company1 ,engl&1 :i* he s[$ on five-eigh?s ( an acre ( gr\nd1 la/ ye>4 ,:5 h>ve/+ x 0 all drawn (f ! field 9 "o wagon load1 & :5 ?re%$ x turn$ out sixty-f\r bu%els ( fir/-class gra94 ,la/ ye> he tri$ ,indian corn2 x did n rip51 b yield$ excell5t gre5 corn2 cucumb]s 7 gr[n successfully1 b did n rip54 ,yet ,i saw z good pumpk9s fully develop$ bo? "h & at ,dunvegan z "o w\ld wi% =4 8,mr4 ,brick has ab\t =ty head ( cattle1 & sev]al horses2 la/ fall on my arrival !re he _h ab\t =ty pigs1 b kill$ "s dur+ my /ay1 & only int5d$ to w9t] ab\t tw5ty-five4 ,he employs a good deal ( local lab\r1 & pays = x ) food to a v l>ge ext5t2 9 fact x is ! only way x c\ld be paid = 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! hay = w9t]+ ! cattle & horses is cut on ! plateau ab\t sev5 miles f ! f>m4 ,he g5]ally all[s 8 cattle to run out until ,*ri/mas1 ! grass on ! mead[s be+ en\gh = !m to fe$ on x aft] ! e>ly sn[s h fall54 ,! horses n kept 9 = use are w9t]$ out4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company at ,dunvegan h ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty wild horses1 & ! ,roman ,ca?olic mission & ! ,indians also h _m :i* always w9t] out on ! pla9s nor? ( ! ,po/1 :i* af=ds !m bo? food & %elt]1 z ! c\ntry betwe5 ,dunvegan & ,smoky riv]1 cross+ on ! nor? side1 is p>ticul>ly p>k-l prairie to a di/ance ( twelve to tw5ty miles back f ! riv]4 ,! woods af=d !m %elt] & on ! prairies ! ri* grasses gr[4 ,!re are also l>ge areas ,,:]e ,,excell5t ,,hay ,,gr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fl\r ,mill at ,=t ,v]milion4 ,no o!r att5tion is1 or has be51 giv5 to ^! animals ?an to occasionally s5d a man out to hunt !m up & c\nt !m4 ,?is is n s difficult a task z x w\ld seem1 z !y run 9 b&s2 ea* b& consi/s ( m>es & a /allion1 :o w give fight to ! dea? = 8 m>es4 ,ea* b& is kn[n by ! "n ( its /allion1 & z ea* keeps pretty well 9 ! "o locality1 x is n s difficult to keep track ( !m z x w\ld appe>4 ,i saw sev]al b&s on my way f ,dunvegan & all 7 v fat1 not)/&+ t ! cold w9t] wea!r _h set 9 a mon? be=e1 & ! sn[ _h be5 a foot deep = t5 or twelve days4 #8,*9ook' w9ds occasionally visit ?is "p ( ! c\ntry & c>ry ! sn[ (f2 "h also !y bl[ f ! s\?we/4 ,! approa* ( "o is kn[n "s little "t be=e x arrives by ! ro> x makes4 ,_m p 9 ! c\ntry call !m ! #8high-w9ds' !y bl[ s /rongly4 ,!y (t5 visit ,less] ,slave lake40 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell ( ! ,geological ,survey1 9 ! report ( 8 visit to ! c\ntry1 wrote 9 #ahhh3--8,vegetables ( v>i\s k9ds are gr[n ye>ly )\t difficulty1 at ,=t ,v]milion1 ,less] ,slave lake1 ,:itefi% lake & ,tr\t lake1 :ile potatoes are gr[n by ! ,indians ev5 on ! summit ( ,bir* m\nta91 at a height ( two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,:eat & o!r c]eals h be5 fairly successful at ,less] ,slave lake & at ,=t ,v]milion1 ! only places :]e !y h be5 tri$4 ,! prairie c\ntry r\nd ,=t ,v]milion equals 9 f]tility ! fam\s ,edmonton di/rict & appe>s to enjoy an equally good climate1 its high] latitude be+ comp5sat$ = by its m we/]n situation & by its l[] elevation4 ,?is di/rict is ab\t "o ?\s& feet above ! sea4 ,9 ! int]ior1 n>r[ /rips ( asp5-cov]$1 b excell5t l&1 are usually f\nd along ! ma9 riv]s1 & surr\nd+ _m ( ! lakes1 & num]\s areas1 (t5 ,,equal ,,9 ,,size ,,to ,,ea/]n ,,c\nties1 might be select$1 :i* appe> well adapt$ = cultivation1 b ! num]\s swamps1 muskegs & m>%es :i* sep>ate ^! areas detract greatly f _! value4 ,! we/]n1 & especially ! nor?we/]n1 portion ( ?is di/rict conta9s ! mo/ promis+ agricultural l&s40 ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 expla9$ t 8 exploratory "w 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry _h be5 mo/ly along ! /reams4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 be5 ov] q a bit ( ! tablel&4 ,he _h ne>ly always gone back f ! riv] q a bit1 tw5ty or ?irty & =ty miles 9 places4 ,f ,less] ,slave lake he />t$ on foot ) a c\ple ( m5 pack+1 & w5t ?r\gh all ! c\ntry betwe5 ,less] ,slave lake & ,big ,knife lake1 a di/ance ( ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,8 mission 0 specially to look = m9]als1 b1 ( c\rse1 he 0 suppos$ to keep 8 eyes op5 = any?+4 ,z to ! ext5t ( l& suitable = cultivation 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell said !re are asp5 ridges all ?r\gh t c\ntry :i* may be good1 b !y are sep>at$ by muskegs ev]y:]e1 except on ! table prairie4 ,^! muskegs occur ) solid gr\nd 9 betwe5 !m1 & 9 ^? places asp5s gr[1 & :]e ^? popl>s are f\nd ! l& is ne>ly always good4 ,b ! popl>s d n gr[ to any size4 ,! asp5 is n on ! prairie2 x is on ! wood$ c\ntry1 9 betwe5 ! muskegs4 ,besides !re are occasional pat*es ( prairie at ,=t ,v]milion1 foll[+ ,peace riv] d[n1 & also ,gr&e prairie4 ,!re is no l>ge cont9u\s prairie ?irty miles f ,edmonton t[>ds ! nor?4 ,!re are occasional pat*es ( prairie tablel& ) only small areas ( bottom l&4 ,! tablel& decreases 9 height z go+ nor?w>d4 ,f>!r d[n ! ,v]milion ! prairie beg9s aga94 ,at ,=t ,v]milion ! c\ntry is n s mu* subject to fro/ z 9 ! high] l&4 ,:eat has be5 gr[n !re a great numb] ( ye>s4 ,9 ! valley ( ! riv] ! l[ l& on ea* side is f]tile4 ,!re is no great quantity ( x on ei!r bank4 ,!re are j ^! flats4 ,tak+ ! aggregate x is a l>ge quantity because x is a trem5d\sly long riv]4 ,! valley is probably a mile wide on bo? sides ( ! riv]4 ,gr&e prairie1 9 upp] ,peace c\ntry1 :i* is ,,ab\t ,,sev5ty-,,five ,,miles ,,across1 is probably ! l>ge/ area ( op5 c\ntry1 & !re is a prairie foll[+ ,peace riv] ab\t tw5ty-five miles4 ,t disappe>s go+ d[n ,peace riv]1 & ! c\ntry is wood$ & p>tly muskeg z f> z ,=t ,v]milion4 ,!n !re is ano!r small prairie area4 ,tak+ ! upp] /ret*es ( ! c\ntry1 nor?w>d =ty miles f ! riv]1 ! c\ntry is p>tly muskeg4 ,travell+ across x ) horses1 "o w\ld run into a muskeg e c\ple ( miles1 & !re are ridges only a few feet high] ?an ! muskegs1 & !y are ne>ly always cov]$ ) popl>1 & ^? ridges seem to be fairly good agricultural l&4 ,b !y are always sep>at$ by ^! muskeg l&s4 ,?is muskeg is v deep4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell _h _h horses g d[n 9 x4 ,along all ! /reams !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( good l&4 ,!re are a great _m /reams 9 t c\ntry1 & 9 ! aggregate ! am\nt ( wat] is l>ge4 ,z to ,gr&e prairie1 or nor? ,peace riv] c\ntry1 ! soil is v good !re4 ,!re is a subsoil4 ,x is a good :eat c\ntry1 & 9 ,june & ,july x is look$ ^u z ! be/ :eat c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,he _h notic$ ! pea v9e gr[+ 9 t section1 & s f> z he c\ld judge f go+ ov] x1 ! c\ntry is a good agricultural "o1 except = fro/s4 ,!re happ5$ to be "s fro/s bo? times he 0 !re1 b ap>t f t ! c\ntry is c]ta9ly good4 ,!re is swamp grass gr[+ ab\t ! m>g9s ( ! small lakes4 ,x 0 aft] ! middle ( ! mon? ( ,augu/ t he exp]i5c$ fro/ !re4 ,he did n "k mu* ab\t ! gr[+ ( vegetables 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell consid]$ t at t date ! value ( ,peace riv] c\ntry z a :ole z f> z :eat-gr[+ 0 conc]n$1 0 entirely problematical4 ,if "o w5t !re 9 ,june or ,july he w\ld come to ! conclusion t x is ! f9e/ c\ntry 9 ! :ole wide _w1 b he himself _h be5 !re twice 9 ,augu/ & f\nd a heavy fro/ on ea* occasion4 ,?+s *ang$ v rapidly ab\t ! end ( ,augu/4 ,he did n "k if !re w\ld be fro/ ab\t ! same "t ar\nd ,edmonton1 b ! two ye>s he happ5$ to be 9 ,peace riv] di/rict !re w\ld be ab\t fifte5 degrees ( fro/ at night4 ,t 0 9 ! elevat$1 cattle c\ntry1 :i* is consid]$ high] ?an ! surface ( ,peace riv]4 ,!re 7 no crops !re at t "t4 ,! soil 9 t di/rict is spl5did4 ,x is precisely ! same z ! c\ntry ar\nd ,edmonton4 ,x might be good = ! gr[+ ( hay1 or 9 fact any?+4 ,!re is no "q t ! soil is good1 & 9 ,june & ,july x is a ,,mo/ ,,attractive ,,c\ntry4 ,he w5t d[n ,loon riv]1 & f\nd mu* ( ! c\ntry 9 !re p>tly muskeg2 9 fact1 ! great] "p ( x is muskeg2 b !re are pat*es ( c\ntry cov]$ ) asp51 :i* is probably good = agriculture4 ,he w5t all ! way d[n ,loon riv] & ,r$ riv]1 :i* fl[s into ,peace riv]1 & ano!r unnam$ /ream1 & f\nd x 0 a prairie c\ntry d[n !re4 ,!re is a gri/ mill at ,v]milion1 & a l>ge quantity ( :eat is s5t !re4 ,! :eat is all gr[n 9 t vic9ity4 ,t c\ntry is too good a c\ntry to be wa/$4 ,! valleys are protect$ f ! w9d1 & ! !ory is t x is less liable to fro/ on acc\nt ( ! w9d be+ kept away4 ,!re is a magnific5t gr[? ( grass on ! plateau1 & !re is hay 9 ! m>%es4 ,x is v mu* ! same c\ntry z t ar\nd ,edmonton4 ,x is a good place = rais+ cattle1 b !y probably w\ld h to fe$ !m 9 ! w9t] "t1 z !y d at ,edmonton4 ,%eep ought to d well4 ,!y appe>$ to h a fair ra9fall4 ,he ?\ght t z f> z ! c\ntry is conc]n$ x is v mu* ! same z ,edmonton4 ,x is well wat]$4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell conclud$ t a f>m] might succe$ !re ev5 if he c\ld n gr[ :eat1 if he c\ld get a m>ket4 ,t 0 ! only ?+ t w\ld prev5t him f succe$+1 he ?\ght4 ,mu* evid5ce z to ! agricultural possibilities & climate ( ! ,peace c\ntry 0 tak5 by ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh 7,see p4 #bh74 ,hon4 ,william ,*ri/ie1 =m]ly ,inspect+ ,*ief ,factor ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 9 8 exam9ation be=e ! committee1 express$ himself sangu9e ab\t ! agricultural possibilities ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 :i* he consid]$ 8is "o ( ! f9e/ c\ntries t y w\ld wi% to see4 ,upp] ,peace riv] c\ntry is z f9e a c\ntry z ,i ev] saw40 ,he did n ?9k ,peace riv] c\ntry subject to dr\ghts at all1 b ! w9t] sn[ disappe>$ mu* m rapidly ?an x did 9 ,manitoba4 ,! vegetation 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry is v luxuriant2 ! grass is m l t ( ,manitoba ?an t ( ,saskat*ewan4 ,he ?\ght ! :eat crop w\ld be z c]ta9 9 upp] ,peace riv] di/rict z 9 ! ,saskat*ewan di/rict4 ,f>!r d[n1 at ,lac la ,bi*e1 !y nev] h :eat froz52 t may be affect$ by ! temp]ature ( ! lake wat]4 ,on upp] ,peace riv] !y are less subject to fro/4 ,he _h always und]/ood t :eat grew well at ,dunvegan4 ,at ,=t ,v]milion !re 0 a spl5did c\ntry4 ,he once rode ) ,gov]nor ,dallas sixty miles ?r\gh a mo/ magnific5t c\ntry4 ,! soil 0 a beautiful d>k loam1 z !y c\ld see by ! mole hills1 & !y 7 /ruck ) ! *>m+ appe>ance ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re 7 m bluffs ?an 7 f\nd on ! ,saskat*ewan1 & x 0 a beautiful c\ntry all ! way up to ,dunvegan4 ,:]e ! c\ntry 0 op51 ! grass 0 high] ?an on ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,x 0 n v long--ab\t ! same z 9 ,manitoba4 ,z to ! te/+ ( ! capacity ( ! c\ntry = agriculture1 he expla9$ t a good deal _h dep5d$ ^u ! *>act]s ( ! (fic]s 9 *>ge ( ! v>i\s =ts :e!r ! capacity ( ! c\ntry 9 ! vic9ity = agriculture 0 te/$4 ,9 ! j\rnals ( long ago he f\nd t !y us$ to raise spl5did :eat crops at ,dunvegan1 & cattle4 ,ano!r (fic]1 )\t any ta/e = agriculture1 go+ 9 !re might f9d x v difficult to live4 ,if he _h no ta/e = g>d5+ or agriculture1 no?+ w\ld be rais$4 ,a great deal dep5d$ on ! (fic] ( ! po/ :e!r he liv$ well or n4 ,if he 0 active & en]getic he w\ld always live v well4 ,witness agre$ ) ! rem>k t !re is en\gh good l& 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry ,,to ,,make ,a ,,new ,,prov9ce4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 at ! "t ,assi/ant ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 0 exam9$ by ! committee & expla9$ t he _h p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! ,a?abaska f ,a?abaska to ,bapti/e riv]2 ) ,peace riv] valley f ,smoky riv] to ! headwat]s2 & ) ! c\ntry betwe5 ! above designat$ portions ( riv]s4 ,quot+ f a report he _h prep>$ 9 #ahgi-hj1 on ! ext5t ( arable & pa/oral l&s 9 ! region ( ,peace & ,a?abaska riv]s1 ,doctor ,dawson %[$ t ,peace riv] bas9 compris$ an area ( ab\t ?irty-"o ?\s& five hundr$ & fifty squ>e miles4 ,its av]age elevation may be /at$ z a little ov] two ?\s& feet1 & ?is is ma9ta9$ ) consid]able uni=mity1 = ?\gh ! g5]al surface slopes slightly f ! nor? & s\? t[>ds ,peace riv]1 ! region z a :ole may be consid]$ z a plateau1 ?r\gh :i* ! great gorge-l valley ( ! ,peace has be5 excavat$4 ,?is valley has 9 g5]al a dep? ( six hundr$ to eight hundr$ feet bel[ t "p ( ! plateau bord]+ x1 ) a wid? ( two or ?ree miles f rim to rim4 ,its tribut>y /reams1 at fir/ ne>ly on ! plateau level1 fl[ 9 valleys ( cont9ually increas+ dep? z !y approa* t ( ,peace riv]4 ,^? f ! s\!a/]n portion ( ! region rise ei!r 9 ,rocky m\nta9s or ne> ! ,a?abaska1 ! tribut>ies receiv$ by ! latt] /ream1 9 ?is "p ( its c\rse1 f ! nor? & nor?we/ be+--) ! exception ( ! ,bapti/e--q inconsid]able4 ,! ridges & hills by :i* ?is region is occasionally div]sifi$1 appe> 9 all cases to be compos$ ei!r ( ! g5]ally s(t rocks ( ! cretace\s1 or ( ar5ace\s clays conta9+ erratics & repres5t+ ! b\ld] clays ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,^! elevations are g5]ally slight1 & ) exce$+ly slight1 & gradual slopes1 ! sc>p$ banks ( ! /reams con/itut+ mu* m important irregul>ities4 ,^! ridges1 h[ev]1 (t5 resemble deta*$ portions ( a high] plateau1 & spread widely en\gh to occupy 9 ! aggregate a consid]able area1 ( :i* ! soil is n s uni=m 9 "* z else:]e4 ,) ^! exceptions1 ! soil ( ! di/rict may be describ$ z a f9e silt1 resembl+ ! ,,:ite ,,silts ,,( ,,! ,,ne*acco ,,bas91 & n dissimil> f ! loess-l mat]ial con/itut+ ! subsoil ( ,r$ riv] valley 9 ,manitoba4 ,?is silt at a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface1 is greyi% or br[ni% 9 col\r1 b becomes mix$ sup]ficially ) a proportion ( vegetable matt] to a v>y+ dep?4 ,x has evid5tly be5 deposit$ by a comp>atively tranquil body ( wat] n load$ ) ice1 probably t[>d ! close ( ! glacial p]iod1 & has ei!r nev] be5 laid d[n on ! ridges & undulations above ref]r$ to1 or has be5 s9ce remov$ f !m by processes ( wa/e4 ,z evid5c$ by ! natural vegetation its f]tility is great4 ,we/ ( ,smoky riv]1 bo? to ! s\? & nor? ( ,peace riv]1 !re are ext5sive areas ( prairie c\ntry1 ei!r entirely op51 & cov]$ ) a m or less luxuriant gr[? ( grass1 or dott$ ) pat*es ( coppice & groves ( trees4 ,! nor!rn banks ( ,peace riv] valley are also v g5]ally op5 & grass$1 & p>ts ( ! valley ( ! ,smoky & o!r riv]s h a simil> "*4 ,! total area ( prairie l& we/ ( ! ,smoky may be ab\t ?ree ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,?\gh ! prairies are mo/ imm$iately available1 f an agricultural po9t ( view1 ! regions n[ cov]$ ) second gr[? & =e/1 :]e ! soil itself is n inf]ior1 w ev5tually be equally valuable4 ,! l>ge/ tract ( poor l& is t bord]+ ! valley ( ! ,a?abaska on ! nor?4 ,?is rises to an elevation consid]ably great] ?an mo/ ( ! region to ! nor? & we/1 & appe>s1 dur+ ! subm]g5ce to :i* ! sup]ficial deposits are due1 to h be5 expos$ to /rong] curr5ts :i* h prev5t$ ! deposition ( f9e silt1 caus+ x to be replac$ by a co>s] silt :i* passes 9 places into actual s&1 & alt]nates ) ridges ( b\ld] clay4 ,?is region is (t5 swampy1 &1 = a wid? ( tw5ty to tw5ty-five miles on ! trail f ,/urgeon lake to ,a?abaska1 is q unsuit$ = agriculture1 ?\gh /ill 9 _m places capable ( yield+ good summ] graz+ :5 ! =e/ has be5 completely remov$ by fire4 ,to ! nor?w>d1 m p>ticul>ly to ! ea/ ( ,smoky riv]1 peaty & mossy swamps occupy "p ( ! surface1 & ^! may be reg>d$ z p]man5tly unsuit$ to agriculture4 ,!re is also a s&y tract1 ?\gh ( small wid?1 along ! l[] "p ( ,wapiti riv] ne> its junction ) ! ,smoky4 ,d$uct+ z f> z possible all ! areas kn[n to be inf]ior or useless1 ) ab\t tw5ty p] c5t4 = ! portions ( ! region "u consid]ation ( :i* less is kn[n1 ! total area ( l&1 ) soil suit$ to agriculture1 may be e/imat$ z ,,at ,,lea/ ,,tw5ty-,,?ree ,,?\s& ,,five ,,hundr$ ,,squ>e ,,miles4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( complete maps1 su* an e/imate _c be o!rwise ?an v r\gh1 b may s]ve to give "s idea ( ! fact4 ,doctor ,dawson express$ ! op9ion t 8! truly wond]ful luxuriance ( ! natural vegetation 9 ,peace valley prairies indicat$1 n alone ! f]tility ( ! soil1 b ! occurr5ces ( a suffici5t ra9fall40 ,he w5t on to expla9 t ! summ] season ( #ahgi 0 an unusual "o1 *>act]iz$ by excessively heavy ra9fall1 ) cold raw wea!r 9 ! e>ly summ] mon?s4 ,^! conditions did n ext5d to ! we/ ( ,rocky m\nta9s1 b appe>$ to h be5 felt ov] ! entire area ( ! pla9s to ,r$ riv] valley4 ,z a result ( ?is1 ! crops g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,nor?we/ 7 lat] ?an usual1 & ! mean temp]ature ( ev5 ! latt] "p ( ! summ] appe>s to be r abnormally l[4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 on ,doctor ,dawson's arrival at ,dunvegan1 on ,augu/ #af1 small pat*es ( :eat & b>ley 9 ! g>d5 ( ! =t pres5t$ a rem>kably f9e appe>ance & 7 beg9n+ to turn yell[4 ,on 8 return to ! =t on ,augu/ #ca1 ^! 7 be+ h>ve/$1 _! complete rip5+ hav+ be5 delay$ by ov]ca/ & *illy wea!r :i* prevail$ betwe5 ^! dates4 ,at ! fir/-m5tion$ date potatoes 7 q ripe1 ) ! balls =m$ on ! /alks1 & ! g>d5 conta9$ also f9e cabbage1 beets1 c>rots1 onions1 lettuce & turnips4 ,dw>f beans1 cucumb]s & squa%es 7 also fl\ri%+ &1 ?\gh ^! plants are p>ticul>ly t5d]1 %[$ no signs ( fro/4 ,! two la/-nam$1 hav+ be5 s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 did n appe> likely to p]fect _! fruit4 ,a few /alks ( ,indian corn 7 also gr[+1 ?\gh x is improbable t ?is c]eal w\ld rip5 9 ?is di/rict4 ,:5 ?is g>d5 0 aga9 visit$1 on ! la/ day ( ,augu/1 ! beans1 cucumb]s1 & squa%es _h be5 cut d[n by fro/1 b n completely kill$4 ,! potato tops 7 also slightly nipp$4 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,tessi]1 :o _h be5 at ,dunvegan z a mission>y = "s ye>s1 _h always be5 ,,able ,,to ,,rip5 ,,small1 ,,black ,,butt] ,,beans1 b 9 "s seasons n )\t difficulty1 ow+ to fro/s4 ,he _h also tri$ a few gra9s ( oats1 :i* he procur$ accid5tally1 & obta9$ a return ( a/oni%+ abundance4 ,ab\t ! date j ref]r$ to1 ! potato plants ( ,smoky riv] po/ 7,! ,=ks7 7 badly cut d[n by fro/1 ! tub]s be+1 h[ev]1 q ripe1 f9e & l>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,view on ,halfway riv]4 ,doctor ,dawson po9t$ out t ,mr4 ,horetzky _h be5 told t ! pla9s 7 (t5 ne>ly b>e up to ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 ?\gh ! w9t] usually sets 9 ) ! mon? ( ,novemb]4 ,sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie rem>k$ ! same abs5ce ( sn[ 9 ! e>ly w9t] mon?s ( #agib4 ,x 0 entirely gone on ,april #e1 #agic1 & gnats & mosquitoes 7 tr\blesome on ,april #bj4 ,horses almo/ inv>iably w9t]$ out well )\t requir+ to be f$4 ,hay %\ld be provid$ = cattle1 to ensure p]fect safety1 = a p]iod ( ?ree or f\r mon?s1 ?\gh 9 "s seasons x 0 necess>y to fe$ ! animals = a few weeks only4 ,! ,indians ( #8,cree ,settlem5t' on ,/urgeon lake w9t]$ _! horses )\t any difficulty r\nd ! bord]s ( a neighb\r+ lake1 ! %ores ( :i* 7 p>tly op54 ,f ,hudson ,hope1 ! horses 7 s5t s\?w>d to ,mob]ly lake to w9t]1 & accord+ to ,mr4 ,selwyn1 did well !re4 ,less] ,slave lake1 ) its wond]ful natural mead[s1 has long be5 kn[n z an excell5t place = w9t]+ /ock1 & 0 ref]r$ to z su* by ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson4 ,f su* comp>ison z c\ld be made1 accord+ to ,doctor ,dawson1 x w\ld be premature to all[ t ! climate ( ,peace riv] 0 inf]ior to t ( ! region ab\t ,edmonton on ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,x 0 true1 he admitt$1 t 9 bo? ,saskat*ewan & ,peace riv] di/ricts ! season 0 none too long = ! cultivation ( :eat1 b if ! crop c\ld be c\nt$ on z a sure "o--& exp]i5ce ev5 !n seem$ to indicate t x might--! occurr5ce ( e>ly & late fro/s might be ,,reg>d$ ,,) ,,comp>ative ,,indiff]5ce4 ,! season 0 at lea/ equally %ort ?r\gh\t ! :ole f]tile belt f ,peace riv] to ,manitoba1 ?\gh e>ly & late fro/s 7 n s common 9 ! l[ valley ( ,r$ riv]4 ,! almo/ simultane\s advance ( spr+ along ! :ole l9e ( ?is f]tile belt1 ,doctor ,dawson po9t$ out1 0 indicat$ by ! dates ( ! fl[]+ ( ! v>i\s plants1 a po9t ref]r$ to by him 9 "s detail else:]e4 ,x 0 fur!r unque/ionable t ! w9t] 0 less sev]e1 & n subject to ! same extremes 9 ,peace riv] & upp] ,saskat*ewan regions z 9 ,manitoba4 ,sci5ti/s1 ,doctor ,dawson rem>k$1 _h already f\nd reason to believe t ! e>ly & late fro/s1 & n ! abs5ce ( a suffici5t aggregate am\nt ( heat1 con/itut$ ! limit+ condition ( :eat culture 9 ! ,nor?we/1 b t nei!r ,saskat*ewan nor ,peace riv] c\ntries lay ^u ! actual v]ge ( ! pr(itable cultivation ( :eat appe>$ to be prov$ by ! fact t oats succe$$ on ! ,saskat*ewan1 & also--9 s f> z "o or two seasons c\ld be accept$ z evid5ce--on ,peace riv]2 :ile x 0 well kn[n t ?is c]eal is less tol]ant ( summ] fro/ ?an :eat4 ,?is1 ,doctor ,dawson rem>k$1 is fur!r prov$ by ! fact t at ,=t ,v]milion & ,a?abaska lake1 "o hundr$ & eighty & ?ree hundr$ miles1 respectively1 nor!a/ ( ,dunvegan1 ,pr(essor ,mac\n _h f\nd :eat & b>ley rip5+ well1 b 9 ?is in/ance ! fact 0 complicat$ by ! circum/ance ( ! decreas+ altitude ( ! c\ntry1 :i* introduc$ a new condition4 ,,doctor ,,dawson',s ,,/rik+ ,,illu/ration4 ,to give "s idea ( ! value ( a tract ( g5]ally f]tile c\ntry1 su* z t describ$1 ,doctor ,dawson rem>k$3 8,let u assume1 z above1 t ! area ( actually cultivable l& is tw5ty-?ree ?\s& five hundr$ squ>e miles1 or fifte5 million "o hundr$ & =ty ?\s& acres4 ,let u suppose = simplicity ( calculation1 t ! :ole area 7 s[n 9 :eat1 ! yield1 at ! rate ( tw5ty bu%els to ! acre1 w\ld be ?ree hundr$ million1 eight hundr$ ?\s& bu%els40 ,! ,rev]5d ,j4 ,g\gh ,brick1 = _m ye>s 9 *>ge ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& mission at ,dunvegan on upp] ,peace riv]1 submitt$ "s int]e/+ evid5ce 9 writ+ to ! committee4 ,he /at$ t on 8 mission f>m he _h pl\gh$ on ,april #h1 & s[n :eat on ,april #ab1 & t :eat 0 cut ab\t ,augu/ #bj4 ,:eat 0 g5]ally s[n f ,april #ab to ,may #a1 & h>ve/$ at ! end ( ,augu/4 ,! b>ley 0 s[n f ,may #aj to ,may #bj1 & h>ve/$ at ! end ( ,augu/4 ,! "t = s[+ & reap+ oats 0 ! same z :eat4 ,potatoes 7 plant$ ab\t ,may #af & dug 9 ,septemb]4 ,turnips plant$ at same date 7 ga!r$ ,octob] #aj4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company _h done a little f>m+1 9 connection ) o!r po/s1 at ,dunvegan1 ,=t ,/4 ,john1 ,hudson ,hope & ,=t ,v]milion1 = v _m ye>s4 ,witness suppos$ t at ,dunvegan !y _h rais$ :eat1 b>ley & potatoes = sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ ye>s1 & seldom _h ! crops turn$ out a total failure4 ,9 #ahhd1 he w5t up on to ! height ( ! prairie c\ntry1 "s ?irty-six miles f ,dunvegan1 & broke up ab\t ?ree acres = an exp]im5t4 ,9 #ahhe ! crop on ! l&1 only once pl\gh$1 0 fairly good4 ,9 #ahhf !re 0 a magnific5t crop ( :eat1 b>ley1 peas1 potatoes1 turnips & all o!r vegetables4 ,9 #ahhg1 he 0 sorry to say1 ! crop !re 0 a total failure4 ,a fro/ on ,july #bf kill$ out ev]y?+4 ,! ord9>y prairie grasses1 ) wild vet*es & pea-v9e1 7 f\nd 9 abundance1 gr[+ m or less all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! soil 0 a black loam1 a l>ge p]c5tage he consid]$ fit = gra91 ! re/ = pa/urage4 ,!y _h no insect pe/s 9 upp] ,peace c\ntry4 ,! ,indians 7 rais+ a consid]able quantity ( potatoes4 ,a few 7 rais+ a little b>ley & :eat4 ,mr4 ,brick in=m$ ! committee t he consid]$ ! climate ( ,peace riv] c\ntry z ,,! ,,f9e/ ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,! usual sn[fall 9 ,peace riv] is f eighte5 in*es to ?ree feet4 ,ice beg9s to run 9 ,peace riv] ab\t ,novemb] #e1 b "s seasons rema9 op5 until ,decemb] #bj4 ,x g5]ally breaks up ab\t ,april #aj to #ae4 ,! prevail+ w9d is f ! s\?we/1 & dur+ ! w9t] ! ,*9ook w9ds prevail 9 upp] ,peace riv] c\ntry4 ,! ?ree gr[+ mon?s are v dry until ab\t ! middle ( ,july2 !n "s seasons !y get consid]able ra94 ,!re 7 summ] fro/s "s seasons2 b /ill !y 7 n s de/ructive 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry z f>!r s\?4 ,^! fro/s 7 purely local1 & witness ?\ght t 7 ! c\ntry settl$ !y w\ld be less likely to occur4 ,! e>ly "p ( ! summ] is g5]ally dry1 :ile ! wea!r 9 ,septemb] & ,octob] is v pleasant inde$4 ,"s int]e/+ in=mation 0 communicat$ to ! committee by ,mr4 ,frank ,oliv]1 !n editor ( ! ,edmonton ,bullet9 & memb] ( ! old ,nor?we/ ,c\ncil4 ,mr4 ,oliv] expla9$ t mo/ ( 8 in=mation 0 acquir$ f ,mr4 ,murdock ,mc,leod =m]ly ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's s]vice4 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 accord+ to ?is witness1 0 especially not$ = its abundant supply ( b]ries ( excell5t quality4 ,al?\gh b]ries ( all k9ds m5tion$ 7 pl5tiful 9 ! upp] ,saskat*ewan1 ,indians us$ =m]ly to travel to ,peace riv]1 "s two hundr$ & fifty miles1 to avail !mselves ( ! supply !re4 ,successive ye>s ( exp]im5t _h demon/rat$ ! practicability ( ! gr[? ( :eat1 b>ley1 oats & potatoes1 at ,dunvegan1 ,=t ,v]milion & ,*ipewyan1 ! two latt] 9 latitude #eh4 ,!re has be5 consid]able exploitation ( ! agricultural possibilities ( ,peace c\ntry s9ce #ahhh1 & we n[ h data :i* t5d to %[ t ! fai? ( ! pione] f>m]s ( ! c\ntry 0 n misplac$4 ,mu* int]e/+ in=mation1 z to m rec5t agricultural ent]prise 9 ! c\ntry dra9$ by ! ,peace1 0 obta9$ f witnesses exam9$ be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate ( ,canada 9 #aijg4 ,fr$ ,lawr5ce1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace1 etc41 ( ,=t ,v]milion1 gave "s detail$ & int]e/+ evid5ce4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce expla9$ t 8 fa!r w5t out to ,peace riv] f ,montreal 9 #ahgi1 9 ! employ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& missions1 becom+ at once int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( mak+ ! missions & ,indian s*ools 9 ,peace riv]1 & ! :ole ( ! nor!rn c\ntry1 self-su/a9+4 ,! settlem5t ( ,=t ,v]milion is 9 latitude #ehcj1 almo/ z f> nor? z ! nor!rn "p ( ,labrador4 ,! place 9 #aijg 7x has s9ce increas$ consid]ably7 consi/$ ( ab\t five hundr$ p1 :ite p1 & ,engli%-speak+ half-bre$s4 ,! total production ( :eat !re 9 #aijf w\ld be tw5ty-five ?\s& bu%els1 ! av]age be+ ,,ab\t ,,tw5ty-,,"o ,,bu%els ,,to ,,! ,,acre4 ,( oats & b>ley ab\t t5 ?\s& bu%els1 mo/ly b>ley1 0 rais$4 ,! :eat 0 gr\nd & us$ to make bread = ! p out !re4 ,! fir/ m>ket 0 at ,=t ,v]milion & ! surr\nd+ po9ts1 & :atev] surplus !re 0 0 %ipp$ d[n ,peace riv] into ,mack5zie riv] di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,%]idan ,lawr5ce's ,f>m at ,=t ,v]milion4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce /at$ t 9 #aijf he _h cut spr+ :eat1 fully matur$1 9 eighty-six days4 ,! "t ( cutt+ 0 ! end ( ,july4 ,:eat gr[n at ,=t ,v]milion is h>d] ?an gra9 ( ! same v>iety gr[n 9 ,ont>io4 ,he expla9$ t ! riv] bottom prop] only consi/s ( po9ts or flats 9 ! bottom ( ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :i* 8bottom0 is practically ab\t two miles 9 wid?1 :]eas1 :at is prop]ly call$ ,peace riv] valley1 is 9 reality a broad tract ( c\ntry4 ,:5 y once get on to ! height ( l&1 ?is s-call$ 8valley0 cov]s ?ree hundr$ miles 9 wid?1 & ext5ds f ,rocky m\nta9s on to ,lake ,a?abaska4 ,peace riv] makes great b5ds1 & on alt]nate sides ( ! riv] y f9d wide flats1 :]e !re is probably ! ri*e/ soil !re is 9 t nor!rn c\ntry1 made up ( alluvial deposits all ( black soil4 ,!re are places on ! l[] "p ( ^! po9ts :i* get flood$1 p]haps once 9 sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,ne>ly all ! po9ts1 h[ev]1 are above ! high wat] m>k1 & :5 ^! flats are cultivat$ ! soil yields ! heavie/ ( crops4 ,on ^! flats cultivation ( ! soil 0 fir/ und]tak5 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry1 & x 0 suppos$ by _m t !y compris$ ! only "p ( ,peace riv] c\ntry t 0 suitable = cultivation4 ,p suppos$ t :5 !y und]took ! cultivation ( gra9 on ! height ( l& !y w\ld get into ! muskeg & swamp t adjo9$ ! riv] 9 _m places1 & gra9 c\ld n be rais$2 b ?is has be5 prov$ to be a fallacy4 ,! tablel& is sometimes call$ 8b5* l&10 & ?is b5* l& 9 "s places is v wide4 ,!re are places 9 x1 z at ! s\? ( ,=t ,v]milion1 & to ! nor? & we/1 :]e !re is "o hundr$ miles ( ?is l& on ea* side ( ! riv]4 ,?is l& is n all suitable = cultivation4 ,x has its swamps & its muskeg1 & its ,,l[ ,,pat*es ,,( ,,l&1 t are f\nd 9 almo/ any c\ntry :]e !re is a l>ge gr[? ( scrub timb]2 b ! l>g] "p ( ?is l&1 z ,mr4 ,lawr5ce _h f\nd by travell+ ov] ! c\ntry away f ! riv]1 is suitable = settlem5t4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce drew ! att5tion ( ! committee to ! fact t "s ye>s ago1 ,doctor ,dawson1 aft] go+ ?r\gh ,peace riv] c\ntry1 report$ t a l>ge "p ( x 0 cov]$ ) muskeg & w\ld be p]man5tly unsuit$ = agriculture4 ,9 #aijc he took a trip f ,=t ,v]milion ?r\gh ,less] ,slave lake1 ?r\gh an unkn[n c\ntry two hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,lat] ?an t he travell$ away f ,peace riv] ab\t fifty or sixty miles1 & saw some?+ t gave him an idea ( ^! muskegs4 ,! muskegs _h cov]$ "s l>ge pat*es ( t c\ntry1 & ! moss 0 ab\t ?ree feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!re _h be5 l>ge tracts ( ?is moss burnt out4 ,=e/ fires _h be5 runn+ ?r\gh !re1 & ,mr4 ,lawr5ce suppos$ t ! fire burnt ?\s&s ( acres t _h =m]ly be5 muskeg1 z %[n by ^! l>ge pat*es ( moss1 sometimes a few feet across & sometimes l>g]1 :i* 7 left /&+1 :]e ! muskeg _h be54 ,on ?is burnt area he saw grass f f\r to five feet 9 height4 ,!re 7 ?\s&s ( acres ( x cov]$ ) ! r$-top grass1 :i* is ! /&>d grass ( ! we/4 ,! reason ^! muskegs _h be5 !re = s _m ye>s 0 t ! moss =m$ a great sponge & reta9$ ! moi/ure4 ,b :5 all t l& is dra9$ & ! moss remov$1 x w c]ta9ly raise good crops ( grass1 & :]e grass c be gr[n1 gra9 c be rais$4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce /at$ t he w\ld say t ab\t "o-t5? ( ! di/rict to ! nor? is cov]$ ) moss4 ,to ! s\? ( ,gr&e prairie !re is a l>ge proportion cov]$ ) moss1 & ,doctor ,dawson may h int5d$ to ref] p>ticul>ly to t di/rict4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce produc$ photographs ( ! gra9 rais$ on ! soil t 0 =m]ly cov]$ by timb]--l[ l& & timb]4 ,he expla9$ t he _h f>m$ at ,v]milion = ov] tw5ty ye>s1 & _h ,,nev] ,,_h ,a ,,failure ,,9 ,,:eat dur+ t "t1 al?\gh he _h z l[ z five & "o-half bu%els to ! acre4 ,!re 0 "o v dry season :i* r$uc$ ! av]age1 b !re 0 always a c]ta9 am\nt ( gra9 rais$ !re t 0 good = se$ & gr9d+ purposes4 ,!re has nev] be5 a complete failure f fro/ or any o!r cause4 ,!y h no ru/ on ! :eat up !re4 ,he _h rais$ z mu* z sixty-six bu%els ( :eat to ! acre4 ,t 0 ! bigge/ yield1 & accompli%$ )\t any f]tiliz] :atev]4 ,! heads ( :eat at ,=t ,v]milion (t5 w\ld gr[ to ! l5g? ( six in*es1 & at times he _h c\nt$ sixty-five k]nels 9 "o head ( :eat4 ,b>ley s[n aft] ! middle ( ,may is usually ripe 9 ! la/ week ( ,july4 ,! cont9u\s daylight ) ab\t eighte5 h\rs ( sunlight acc\nts = ! rapid gr[? ( all vegetables 9 ^! p>ts4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,july1 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce /at$1 !y h at ,=t ,v]milion an occasional fro/ t sometimes cuts ! potato v9es d[n1 b nev] puts !m back s]i\sly--j en\gh to %[ ! effect ( ! fro/ on "s ( ! top leaves4 ,! potato v9es1 h[ev]1 (t5 %[ no sign ( fro/ until !y are ripe1 & ! potatoes obta9 _! full size & are matur$4 ,!y _h nev] _h ,july fro/ sev]e en\gh to ru9 ! potato crops4 ,^! fro/s are v slight4 ,9 #aijf he plant$ 8 g>d5 dur+ ! week foll[+ ,may #bd1 & he plant$ tomatoes1 cucumb]s1 peas & o!r vegetables4 ,9 ! fall1 dur+ h>ve/+1 8 family _h squa% pie t 0 made f squa% rip5$ 9 _! own g>d54 ,! squa% 7 rais$ j ! same z ! peas & o!r vegetables & took _! *ances1 no hotb$ & no special c>e1 & he also rais$ cucumb]s & tomatoes4 ,! tomatoes did n rip51 b be=e !y _h a *ance to freeze !y 7 tak5 up4 ,he ?\ght t ) c>e su* z is giv5 to ^! ?+s 9 ,manitoba & o!r p>ts ( ! ,nor?we/1 plant+ ^! t5d] vegetables e>ly 9 hotb$s1 & giv+ !m c>e1 ! same success c\ld be _h 9 rais+ tomatoes1 squa% or o!r ?+s ( t k9d z is _h 9 ,manitoba & o!r di/ricts4 ,at ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ tomatoes 7 rip5$ 9 #aijf 9 ! op5 g>d54 ,o!r g>d5 vegetables1 su* z cabbages1 & s on1 gr[ v well4 ,he _h rais$ cabbages at ,=t ,v]milion eighte5 & "o-half p\nds 9 weight1 & sw$e turnips are rais$ 9 ! op5 field4 ,out ( a ?ree-acre pat* ,,he ,,_h ,,select$ ,,turnips1 & a great _m ( !m weigh$ f eighte5 to tw5ty-five p\nds4 ,!y 7 ( ! purple-top v>iety4 ,!y _h no special att5tion or c>e1 & !y 7 good s\nd turnips4 ,ano!r ( ! witnesses exam9$ be=e ! same committee ( ! ,s5ate 0 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 memb] ( ! ,alb]ta legislative assembly = ! di/rict4 ,mr4 ,br$91 9 8 evid5ce1 /at$ t z reg>ds ,peace riv] valley1 he w\ld judge t f ! m\nta9s to ,peace po9t1 a di/ance ( betwe5 sev5 & eight hundr$ miles1 foll[+ ! w9d+ ( ! riv]1 !re is an av]age ( sev5ty-five miles 9 wid? on ea* side ( ,peace riv] t is equal to ! soil on any simil> l5g? ( ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,t w\ld make ,peace riv] c\ntry ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 wid?1 & ext5d+ f ! m\nta9s to ,peace po9t1 a di/ance ( sev5 or eight hundr$ miles1 :i* is all equally good = agricultural purposes ) ! ,saskat*ewan valley4 ,t w\ld ext5d consid]ably beyond ! bottom l&s ( ! riv]1 includ+ also ! table l& back ( ! riv]4 ,a great deal ( x is clean prairie1 on ! nor? especially4 ,!re is m ( x cov]$ ) scrub & small timb] ?an !re is clean prairie1 b ! soil is equally good :]e ! timb] gr[s4 ,mr4 ,br$9 /at$ t he _h a ran* at ,gr&e prairie = six ye>s1 & rais$ oats & vegetables e ye> !re4 ,he _h cattle !re = five w9t]s1 & ! av]age l5g? ( fe$+ !m dur+ ^? five ye>s 0 six weeks ( ea* w9t]4 ,t is s\? ( ,peace riv]1 b )9 ?is belt ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,9 t ,_s riv] c\ntry he knew !re 7 "s :ite settl]s1 z well z half-bre$s1 :o 7 mak+ _! liv+ by ,,rais+ ,,/ock ,,& ,,f>m+4 ,t sev5 hundr$ or eight hundr$ miles ( good c\ntry1 ( :i* he spoke1 w\ld ext5d "r to ! foot ( ! ,rockies4 ,z to ! "q ( ! uni=mity ( ! quality ( ! soil1 he _h only be5 d[n to :at !y call ,wolv]9e po9t1 ne> ,=t ,v]milion4 ,he w\ld say ! c\ntry is uni=mly good f ,rocky m\nta9s to t po9t4 ,at ,wolv]9e po9t ! valley is mu* l[] & p]haps ! soil may be black]1 & ! black soil may be deep] on ! l[] /ret*es ( ! ,peace4 ,all ( t c\ntry w\ld be good = /ock4 ,bo? sl\gh & upl& hay is abundant4 ,! pea v9e & all ! small fruits t gr[ any:]e else 9 ! nor?we/ gr[ up !re1 & all ! wild fl[]s t he knew ( 9 ! nor?we/ gr[ !re4 ,?is area 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry w\ld comp>e on ! :ole ) any "p ( ,canada4 ,9 reply to a "q1 ,mr4 ,br$9 /at$ t aft] 8 t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce ( ! c\ntry nor? ( ,edmonton he w\ld consid] t to be q z good a place = a man to settle 9 z ! ,saskat*ewan valley 0 tw5ty-five ye>s previ\sly4 ,dur+ ! debate on ! capital "q 9 ! ,alb]ta legislative assembly at ,edmonton1 ,mr4 ,br$9 rem>k$1 he _h made an e/imate ( ! good l& nor? ( ,edmonton 9 ,alb]ta1 & x figur$ up m ?an ! good l& s\? ( t city4 ,if y 7 to add all ! good l& nor? ( ! ,alb]ta b\nd>y to ,alb]ta1 y w\ld h ab\t twice z mu* good l& 9 ! prov9ce nor? ( ,edmonton z !re is s\? ( t city4 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,million ,,acres ,,( ,,good ,,l&4 ,mr4 ,br$9 submitt$ :at he said he consid]$ a c>eful e/imate ( all ! good l& nor? ( ,edmonton1 ea/ ( ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,he /at$3--8,my e/imate ( ! area ( ! agricultural l&s t w be available 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta--say nor? ( ! #ee? p>allel ( latitude--& 9 ! unorganiz$ di/rict ( ,mack5zie1 is n less ?an "o hundr$ millions ( acres40 ,mr4 ,br$9 in=m$ ! committee t "o spr+1 :5 he left ,=t ,/4 ,john on ! upp] ,peace1 ! gra9 !re 0 up six or sev5 in*es4 ,he mu/ h be5 at lea/ a mon? go+ to ,edmonton1 & :5 he got !re ! gra9 !re 0 j 9 ! same /age ( gr[? z ! gra9 _h be5 :5 he left ,=t ,/4 ,john2 s ! season mu/ be e>li] at ! latt] place4 ,!y v (t5 s[$ se$ at ,=t ,/4 ,john 9 ,m>*1 & inv>iably no lat] ?an ,april4 ,9 #aijf !y began cutt+ ! :eat at ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ on ! la/ day ( ,july1 & ! :eat 0 ready to cut five or six days e>li] ?an t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,mr4 ,brick1 ! memb] = ,peace riv] di/rict 9 ! ,alb]ta legislature1 />t$ to cut on ! la/ day ( ,july1 & he told ,mr4 ,br$9 t ! gra9 0 ready to cut a week e>li]4 ,mr4 ,brick cultivat$ !re1 t ye>1 ?ree hundr$ acres ( l& 9 :eat1 oats & b>ley4 ,illu/ration3 ,vegetable ,g>d5 #ae miles we/ ( ,=t ,/4 ,john4 ,/ockm5 we/ ( ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ w\ld h to fe$ _! cattle1 tak+ "o ye> ) ano!r1 an av]age ( sev5 weeks1 & ea/ ( t probably m4 ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t1 ( ! city ( ,ottawa1 at ! "t ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,=e/ry = ! ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t1 s9ce retir$ f ! public s]vice to engage 9 private bus9ess1 0 "o ( ! mo/ important witnesses exam9$ be=e ! committee4 ,he expla9$ t 8 k ( ! c\ntry beyond ! ,saskat*ewan has pr9cipally be5 d]iv$ f two trips t he made1 "o 9 #aijb to ,peace riv]1 & "o dur+ ! season ( #aijf d[n ! ,a?abaska1 d[n ,slave riv]1 & d[n ! ,mack5zie to ! delta1 & !nce across to ! ,yukon1 & back by ! way ( ,dawson4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t produc$ be=e ! committee samples ( "s ( ! gra9s t are gr[n at ! end ( ,less] ,slave lake4 ,"o 0 a sample ( hull$ b>ley1 gr[n = ! use ( ! mission s*ools2 ano!r1 :eat f ,less] ,slave lake2 a ?ird1 ano!r quality ( :eat f ! ,roman ,ca?olic mission at ! end ( ,less] ,slave lake1 gr[n t ye> 7#aijb74 ,^! exhibits 7 pr9cipally f ! f>m at ! end ( ,less] ,slave lake4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic mission !re has ,a ,,v ,,l>ge ,,f>m ,,& ,,/ock1 & gra9 is gr[n !re by o!rs z well4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t said he _h notic$ 9 discussions on ,peace riv] t !re 0 n en\gh di/9ction made betwe5 ! valley ( ,peace riv] & ! tablel& above4 ,!re is a high level c\ntry1 & all at once x drops d[n "s six hundr$ feet to a valley4 ,he ?\ght ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! height ( ! banks & ! wat] at ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ is some?+ l six hundr$ feet4 ,9 t valley !re is no "q at all ab\t ! :eat rip5+4 ,he produc$ "s specim5s ( gra9 gr[n 9 ! valley ne> ,peace ,riv] ,l&+1 also "s tobacco gr[n !re4 ,! wid? ( ,peace riv] valley is v n>r[1 n ov] two miles at ! cross+4 ,! soil is good1 p]haps a little heavy1 ) ! exception ( a few miles :i* is light & cov]$ ) jackp9e4 ,! re/ is good agricultural l&4 ,!re w\ld n be a great quantity ( x 9 ! valley ( ! riv] at t "p4 ,! altitude is pretty high1 b d[n ! riv] t[>ds ,=t ,v]milion x l[]s1 & probably ! elevation ( ! upl& !re w\ld n be great] ?an ! level ( ! wat] at ,peace ,riv] ,l&+4 ,! gra9-gr[+ capabilities ( t plateau all dep5d on ! elevation4 ,peace riv] di/rict is an imm5se c\ntry ext5d+ "s six hundr$ miles f ! m\nta9s to ! lake4 ,d[n at ,=t ,v]milion cross+ !y raise l>ge quantities ( :eat4 ,( c\rse1 at a v high altitude ! same result _c be expect$1 b :eat he saw on ! plateau above ,peace riv] 0 un9jur$ on ,septemb] #bj4 ,b !re 0 fro/ t night4 ,he did n "k :e!r x 0 en\gh to kill ! gra94 ,h[ev]1 if !y _h no fro/ up to ,septemb] #bj1 !re %\ld be ,,no ,,tr\ble ,,rip5+ ,,gra9 ,,!re1 because x ought to be fit = h>ve/+ be=e ! end ( ,augu/4 ,! :eat 9 "q 0 s[n by an ,indian & put 9 v late4 ,:eat gr[n at ,=t ,v]milion took ! fir/ prize z ! be/ :eat %[n at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,a4 ,conroy1 ,inspector = ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t "u ,treaty ,no4 #h1 gave "s v int]e/+ evid5ce z to ! agricultural res\rces ( ,peace riv] c\ntry be=e ! committee4 ,mr4 ,conroy /at$ t he _h be5 annually travell+ ?r\gh ?is nor!rn c\ntry = ab\t eight or n9e ye>s4 ,he />ts 9 along ,a?abaska riv]1 f ,a?abaska1 :i* is ab\t "o hundr$ miles f ,edmonton & goes up ! riv] to ! junction ( ,little ,slave riv]1 !nce visit+ all ! ,indian res]ves 9 ! treaty di/rict4 ,:5 ,peace riv] di/rict is rea*$ via ! r\te tak5 by ,mr4 ,conroy1 ! altitude is v high4 ,x is c]ta9ly ov] "o ?\s& feet f ! top ( ! bank d[n to ! bottom ( ! riv]--trem5d\s banks4 ,! c\ntry1 z he und]/ood x1 is v f9e4 ,bun* grass gr[s all along ! nor? side ext5d+ ?r\gh to ,hay riv]4 ,he _h in=mation z to ?is c\ntry f ,indians & half-bre$s1 & !y say bun* grass gr[s all along ! way4 ,%ortly aft] /rik+ ! ,peace1 ,dunvegan is rea*$4 ,! c\ntry nor? ( ,dunvegan2 all along ! riv] is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,conroy1 fit = agriculture on bo? sides & = any di/ance back4 ,( c\rse "o w\ld h to g up to ! top ( ! banks to get ! l&4 ,f9e buffalo grass gr[s 9 ! di/rict nor? ( ,dunvegan up to ,peace ,riv] ,l&+4 ,z to ! c\ntry runn+ across f ,dunvegan to ,=t ,/4 ,john1 x w\ld n take a man v long to cross x if he _h a road4 ,a ,,/>tl+ ,,comp>ison4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ! ,p\ce ,c\p ,prairie4 ,mr4 ,conroy /at$ emphatically t he 0 ( op9ion !re is a l>ge area ( valuable agricultural l& on ,peace riv]4 ,tak+ ! :ole c\ntry !re z f> z he knew1 !re is z mu* agricultural l& to be settl$ z !re is settl$ at pres5t we/ ( ,w9nipeg4 ,mr4 ,conroy utt]$ a ^w ( w>n+ aga9/ "s ( ! settl]s 7old-tim]s74 ,he rem>k$3--8,old-tim]s 9 !re d n want anybody to come 91 & !y tell p ! c\ntry is no good4 ,!y h ! :ole c\ntry to !mselves4 ,"o man gr[s two ?\s& or ?ree ?\s& bu%els ( :eat e ye> & gets = x f "o doll> to "o doll> & sev5ty-five c5ts a bu%el f ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 & he does n want anybody else to come 9 & compete ) him40 ,cont9u+ 8 evid5ce1 ,mr4 ,conroy expla9$ t f ,=t ,v]milion nor!a/]ly ! limit ( ! agricultural c\ntry is rea*$1 b bel[ t x c\ld be made an agricultural c\ntry4 ,!re 7 no settl]s !re at all !n 7#aijg74 ,at ,=t ,v]milion !re _h be5 a settlem5t = _m ye>s4 ,mr4 ,conroy said he _h be5 !re _m times1 & knew all ! settl]s 9 t section4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ :eat he ev] saw1 he saw gr[+ 9 t settlem5t4 ,he saw x only aft] x 0 h>ve/$2 x 0 ?re%$4 ,!y _h a roll] mill !re1 an up-to-date mill4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company manufactur$ fl\r at ,=t ,v]milion to s5d nor?4 ,:ile at ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ ) ! ,indian ,treaty ,exp$ition 9 #ahii1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,mair 78,?r\gh ! ,mack5zie ,bas910 p4 #hi7 made enquiries z to ! f]tile areas ( ! upp] ,peace f ! ,indians1 half-bre$ hunt]s1 & ! few prosp]\s f>m]s & /ockm5 ( ! di/rict4 ,! ne>e/ f>m] & ran*] to ,dunvegan1 at t date1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,brymn]1 :o _h liv$ = t5 ye>s on ,_s riv]1 told ,mr4 ,mair t dur+ sev5 ( ^!1 ?\gh fro/ _h t\*$ 8 gra91 p>ticul>ly 9 ,june1 x _h done little s]i\s h>m4 ,mr4 ,brymn] in=m$ ,mr4 ,mair t x 0 a f9e hay c\ntry1 ev5 ! ridge hay be+ good4 ,mr4 ,brymn]1 himself1 _h at ! "t ov] a hundr$ head ( cattle1 :i*1 ?anks to ! ,*9ook w9ds1 f$ out late 9 ! autumn & e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,mr4 ,mair /ates t s\!a/ ( ,=t ,/4 ,john !re is a consid]able area kn[n z ,p\ce ,c\p prairie1 :i* 0 well spok5 (4 ,! 8,gr&e prairie10 to ! s\?we/ ( ,peace ,riv] ,l&+1 :i* connects ) ,_s riv] c\ntry & is dra9$ by ,smoky riv] & its bran*es1 is a mu* m ext5sive op5 c\ntry4 ,?is is an ext5sive di/rict suitable = imm$iate cultivation1 & conta9+ valuable timb] = lumb]1 f5c+ & build+4 ,mr4 ,mair /ates t ,rev4 ,fa!r ,busson told him 9 #ahii t at ! ,dunvegan & ,/4 ,augu/9e mission f>ms ,:ite ,russian & ,r$ ,fife :eat _h be5 rais$ s9ce #ahha1 & dur+ all ^! ye>s x _h nev] be5 s]i\sly injur$ :il/ ! yield _h rea*$ z high z ?irty-five bu%els to ! acre4 ,se$+ began ab\t ! middle ( ,april & h>ve/+ ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,,pres5t ,,conditions ,,& ,,settlem5t4 ,9 8 annual report 7see annual report ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 #aijh71 dat$ ,a?abaska1 ,octob] #h1 #aiji1 ,inspector ,d4 ,m4 ,h[>d ( 8,n0 ,division ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police gives mu* int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ conditions at t rec5t date 9 ,peace riv] region4 ,x w be obs]v$ t "s ( ! ,inspector's ref]5ces are to di/ricts imm$iately nor? & ea/ ( t directly "u review 9 ?is *apt]1 b !y are none ! less in/ructive "h on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity ( climate & o!r conditions4 ,^? portions ( ! report ref]r+ directly to ! di/ricts treat$ ( 9 ?is volume are extremely int]e/+4 ,! pr9cipal settlem5ts 9 ! di/rict at t date 7 /at$ to be z foll[s3-- 8,less] ,slave lake1 kn[n z ,gr\>d1 s call$ aft] ! ,roman ,ca?olic bi%op ( ! diocese1 a well kn[n pione] ( ! c\ntry1 is situat$ six miles f ! we/ end ( ,less] ,slave lake & has a population ( tw5ty-five :ites1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five half-bre$s1 :o make _! liv+ by hunt+1 fi%+1 & freight+ 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,mo/ ( !m h a few head ( cattle & horses1 & small g>d5s :]e !y raise vegetables = _! own use4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic mission has a s*ool1 hospital & conv5t4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& also has a mission s*ool = ! ,indian & half-bre$ *ildr54 8,salt ,prairie & ,he>t ,riv] 7settlem5t7 has a population ( tw5ty :ites & "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five half-bre$s4 8,prairie ,riv] 7settlem5t7 is consid]$ "o ( ! be/ settlem5ts 9 ! di/rict1 ! l& be+ v good4 ,x has a population ( eighty-five :ites 7,canadians1 ,am]icans & ,sw$es7 & tw5ty-?ree half-bre$s4 8,/urgeon ,lake 7settlem5t7 has a population ( n9e :ites & two hundr$ & n9ety half-bre$s & ,indians4 8,9 ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ di/rict !re are six actual settlem5ts3--,peace ,riv] ,l&+1 ,%aftesbury1 ,silv] ,spr+s1 ,cold ,spr+s1 ,be> ,lake & ,little ,prairie40 ,! inspector proce$s to give "s p>ticul>s ab\t ^! pione] settlem5ts4 ,silv] ,spr+s 7settlem5t7 is situat$ ab\t five miles f ! f>m ( ,t4 ,a4 ,brick1 on a high b5* at ! head ( a spr+ nam$ by ! settl]s1 ,silv] ,spr+s4 ,be> ,lake 7settlem5t7 is us$ only z a w9t] camp1 & = hay+ 9 ! summ]4 ,! lake f :i* x is nam$ is ab\t twelve miles long by eight wide4 ,x is v %all[ & muddy1 al?\gh ! l& ab\t x is v good & w make a good gra9 c\ntry1 b z yet no "o has done any?+ 9 t l9e4 ,!re are no fi% 9 ?is lake4 ,little ,prairie 7settlem5t7 is ab\t tw5ty-two miles out f ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ on ! way to ,less] ,slave lake4 ,?is prairie is ab\t t5 miles long & "o wide1 b c be ext5d$ 9 all directions by cle>+ ! bu%4 ,! l& is v good1 & ! little gra9 s[n has done v well ?is ye>4 ,two :ite m5 & a numb] ( half-bre$s are ! only settl]s at pres5t4 ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ 7settlem5t7 is :at is kn[n z r\nd ! cross+ ( ,peace riv]1 ext5d+ ab\t t5 miles up on ! nor? side ( ! riv]1 tak+ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic mission1 kn[n z ,smoky ,riv] mission on acc\nt ( its be+ opposite ,smoky riv] :]e x jo9s ! ,peace2 ?is "p is all survey$ ) free grant lots to bo? :ites & half-bre$s :o _h settl$ !re be=e ! treaty kn[n z ,no4 #h 0 made ) ! ,indians4 ,%aftesbury is ! "n giv5 to ! upp] "p ( ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ settlem5t1 r\nd ! ,engli% ,*ur* mission1 ext5d+ "s sixte5 miles up ! riv]1 & compris+ ! balance ( ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ settlem5t4 ,,! ,,po/ ,,(fice ,,= ,,?is ,,di/rict is situat$ at ,peace ,riv] ,l&+1 & s]ves = all ^! settlem5ts4 ,cold ,spr+s 7settlem5t7 is locat$ on high l& ab\t ?irty miles f ,peace ,riv] ,l&+1 ne> ,old ,wives ,lake ,indian res]ve2 sev]al settl]s h tak5 up l& !re ?is ye>1 & gra9 ( all k9ds has done well4 ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ settlem5t1 includ+ ,%aftesbury1 ,be> ,lake & ,silv] ,spr+s settlem5ts1 has a population ( ab\t two hundr$ & =ty2 tw5ty-n9e ,fr5*-,canadians1 ?irty ,canadians & ,engli%1 =ty ,indians & "o hundr$ & fifty half-bre$s4 ,little ,he>t ,riv] has a population ( =ty half-bre$s & two :ites 7,am]icans74 ,z to indu/ries & transportation1 ,inspector ,h[>d /at$ 9 8 report3--8,/eam sawmills are 9 op]ation at ! foll[+ po9ts 9 ! di/rict3--,a?abaska1 ,less] ,slave lake1 ,peace ,riv] ,l&+1 ,prairie ,riv]1 ,=t ,v]milion1 ,*ipewyan & ,=t ,smi?2 "o is also to be 9 op]ation at ,saskatoon lake 9 ! ,gr&e prairie c\ntry ?is w9t]4 ,! mill at ?is po9t does a good bus9ess1 z a numb] ( new h\ses h gone up 9 ! village ?is ye>1 & a consid]able quantity ( lumb] is us$ annually 9 ! build+ ( ! sc[s = ! riv] transport2 few ( ^! sc[s are br\ght back up ! riv]1 b are brok5 up d[n bel[1 & ! lumb] us$ = build+ purposes1 sc[s be+ built new at ?is po9t e ye>4 ,gri/ mills are also 9 op]ation at ,less] ,slave lake1 ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ & ,=t ,v]milion4 ,at ,sawridge two lime kilns are 9 op]ation & a good quality ( lime c be obta9$ at a reasonable price4 8,! ,nor!rn ,transportation ,company has built a new /eam] at ?is po9t 7,a?abaska7 ?is summ] = use on ! run betwe5 "h & ,moose portage4 ,?is /eam] is small] ?an ! #8,nor?l& ,sun' & ( light] draught & w enable ! company to run mu* lat] ?an 9 =m] ye>s4 ,! riv] gets v l[ 9 ! autumn be=e ! freeze-up4 8,until ! c\ntry has a railway af=d+ ! settl]s entrance to ! m>kets1 ! gra9 acreage w n increase beyond suffici5t to supply ! settl]s' own wants1 & to meet local dem&s1 b ! adv5t ( a railway w *ange all ?is40#af ,,pres5t ,,day ,,agriculture4 ,inspector ,h[>d gave ! foll[+ in=mation z to agriculture 9 8 di/rict3-- 8,! g5]al /ate ( ! di/rict is satisfactory1 & mo/ ( ! settl]s1 hav+ _h good crops1 seem well pleas$ ) _! prospects 9 ?is new c\ntry4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,peace riv] c\ntry a few suff]$ loss f hail1 & want ( ra9 9 o!r p>ts has affect$ ! crops ( a few injuri\sly1 b on ! :ole ! crops 7 a v fair av]age4 ,9 mo/ cases ?re%+ is n ov]1 b 9 "o case :]e ! crop has be5 ?re%$ a ,mr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,adair1 ( ,bapti/e lake1 ab\t twelve miles we/ ( ,a?abaska1 really 9 ! ,a?abaska c\ntry1 ?re%$ five ?\s& bu%els ( oats f "o hundr$ & tw5ty acres ( l&4 ,ne>ly all ! new settl]s com+ into ! c\ntry ?is ye> h settl$ at ,gr&e prairie1 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 :]e ! l& is v good4 ,mo/ ( ^! settl]s 7 f ,ea/]n ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ne>ly all cases 7 suppli$ ) a fair am\nt ( capital1 /ock & f>m implem5ts4 ,ne>ly all ( !m h put 9 g>d5s1 & h vegetables en\gh = _! use 9 ! w9t]1 & f reports ,i h receiv$ f ! deta*m5ts1 9 no cases %\ld !re be any %ortage among/ ! new settl]s dur+ ! com+ w9t]4 8,mix$ f>m+ is *iefly c>ri$ on 9 ?is di/rict1 oats & b>ley be+ ! *ief gra9 gr[n4 ,!re is practically no m>ket = :eat at pres5t ow+ to ! want ( railway communication4 ,potatoes & all o!r k9ds ( vegetables are successfully gr[n1 mo/ ( ! f>m]s hav+ small vegetable g>d5s = _! own consumption1 b practically none are gr[n = m>ket4 8,9 ,peace ,riv] di/rict1 ,r$ ,fife :eat 0 s[n la/ spr+ f se$ suppli$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! :eat pr9cipally s[n 9 ?is di/rict 9 =m] ye>s 0 ,ladoga1 an e>ly rip5+ gra91 b ! ,r$ ,fife appe>s to h done j z well ?is ye>4 ,! am\nt ( gra9 rais$ ?is ye> 9 ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ di/rict is ab\t3--,:eat1 five ?\s& bu%els2 oats1 f\r ?\s& bu%els2 b>ley1 "o ?\s& two hundr$ bu%els4 ,?re%+ 0 n f9i%$ at ! "t ?is report 0 made1 s ! above is only an e/imate4 8,!re are ab\t ?ree hundr$ head ( horses ( all k9ds & ?ree hundr$ & fifty head ( cattle own$ by settl]s 9 ,peace ,riv] settlem5t1 practically ,,e ,,f>m] ,,own+ ,a ,,few ,,head ( ea*4 ,9 ,less] ,slave lake di/rict !re are approximately six hundr$ & "o horses1 sev5 hundr$ & f\rte5 cattle & "o hundr$ & =ty-five pigs2 9 addition to ^! !re are ! foll[+ regi/]$ /ock3 ?ree /allions1 five bulls1 ?irte5 c[s1 f\r bo>s & six s[s4 8,! crops ?r\gh ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ & ,less] ,slave lake subdi/ricts h be5 a fair av]age4 ,! graz+ l&s ab\t ,less] ,slave lake1 ,gr&e prairie1 ,peace ,riv] ,l&+1 ,=t ,v]milion & o!r sections are v good1 & hay is v pl5tiful & a supply = ! w9t] c easily be put up4 8,! acreage "u crop 9 ,less] ,slave lake sub-di/rict is ab\t sev5 hundr$ & ?irte5 acres ( oats1 ?ree hundr$ & "o acres ( b>ley1 tw5ty-?ree acres ( spr+ :eat1 n9ete5 acres ( fall :eat1 twelve acres ( fall rye4 ,"o acre ( sug> beets & mangolds 7 gr[n ?is ye> z an exp]im5t & turn$ out v successfully4 8,! crop all r\nd 0 good2 only "o f>m] suff]$ any loss1 ab\t twelve acres ( 8 b>ley be+ damag$ by hail4 8,next ye> !re w be a mu* increas$ acreage "u crop1 a lot ( break+ hav+ be5 done ?is summ] & autumn40 ,a ,,pleasant ,,c\ntry ,,to ,,live ,,94 ,n only does ! climate ( ! ,peace c\ntry appe> to be satisfactory f ! view po9t ( ! f>m]1 b x is also describ$ by travell]s z exceptionally pleasant to live 94 ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike1 9 8 book 7,see p4 #ai7 ref]s en?usia/ically to ! beautiful autumn ( ! ,peace c\ntry4 ,he writes3--8,we rea*$ ,=t ,v]milion late 9 ,septemb]1 9 ! full glory ( ! autumn2 ! %>p morn+ fro/s _h col\r$ ! popl> leaves ) ! brighte/ gold5 t9ts1 & ! blue haze ( an ,indian summ] hung ov] prairie & wood4 ,away on ,great ,slave lake a half-bre$ _h told me ( ! beauties ( ,=t ,v]milion z a f>m+ c\ntry1 & _h expla9$ t all ! good ?+s ( ! _w grew !re freely1 s t ,i 0 prep>$ = ! sight ( :eat & b>ley fields1 :i* _h ?is ye> produc$ a m abundant h>ve/ ?an usual2 potatoes & o!r vegetables 7 gr[+ luxuri\sly2 cattle & horses 7 fatt5+ on ! ri* prairie grass1 & x seem$ t !re 0 little to be ga9$ by leav+ su* a f]tile spot 9 ! face ( ! w9t] t w\ld soon be ^u u40 ,speak+ ( 8 trip up ! upp] ,peace betwe5 ! date m5tion$ & ! end ( ,novemb]1 ,mr4 ,pike wrote3--8,i d n rememb] to h ev] se5 9 any o!r "p ( ,canada su* a f9e autumn z we enjoy$ betwe5 ,v]milion & ! ,rockies4 ,!re 0 h>dly a day's ra9 ! :ole "t1 &1 al?\gh a %>p :ite fro/ usually made a cold camp1 ! days 7 bright & at times almo/ too hot = track+40 ,t ! climate ( ,peace riv] c\ntry is exceptionally heal?y is decl>$ by all ! :ite p :o h liv$ !re1 & _! decl>ation appe>s to be borne out by ! fact t a consid]able portion ( ! inhabitants h atta9$ a v old age4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,mair 9 8 book 8,?r\gh ! ,mack5zie ,bas90 m5tions t :5 ! ,indian ,treaty exp$ition 0 at ,less] ,slave lake 9 #ahii 8 att5tion 0 drawn to ! numb] ( p ( extreme old age among ! inhabitants4 ,he especially m5tion$ ! case ( an ag$ half-bre$ woman1 ,ca!r9e ,bisson1 :o 0 born on ,new ,ye>'s day 9 ! ye> #agic4 ,%e 0 bl9d at ! "t ,mr4 ,mair saw h]1 & sc>cely able to walk1 b 0 able to talk1 & ev5 crack$ jokes ) ^? ab\t h]4 ,9 a footnote ,mr4 ,mair /ates t ?is v old woman di$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aijh at ! rem>kable age ( "o hundr$ & fifte5 ye>s4 ----- #ae ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is p>agraph & o!r portions ( ?is te/imony really ref] to ! ,a?abaska c\ntry treat$ ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 b to save an awkw>d dislocation ( ,pr(essor ,mac\n's te/imony x has be5 kept intact4 7,e4 ,j4 ,c47 #af ,! railway is n[ be+ con/ruct$1 & !re has be5 a rem>kable developm5t 9 ?is section s9ce ,inspector ,h[>d p5n$ ?is report4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4 ,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,an ,abundance ( ,timb] 9 ! ,vic9ity ( ,*ipewyan4--,mu* ( ! ,c\ntry ,has ,be5 ,swept by ,fires4--,mo/ ( ! ,timb] is ,along ! ,riv]s4--,millions ( ,cords ( ,pulp ,wood4--,spruce & ,black ,b>k ,popl> ! ,pr9cipal ,v>ieties4--,! ,wat] ,p[] ,possibilities ,describ$ z ,trem5d\s4 ,! timb] res\rces ( nor!rn ,alb]ta1 accord+ to ! evid5ce 9 h&1 are v consid]able1 a matt] ( n a little importance 9 a new c\ntry4 ,we w deal fir/ ) ! ea/]n1 or ,a?abaska division ( ?is section4 ,9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n1 ,botani/ to ! ,geological ,survey1 said3--8,!re is an abundance ( timb] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*ipewyan on ,lake ,a?abaska4 ,!re are z f9e spruce 9 ! ,a?abaska delta z are to be f\nd 9 any "p ( ! nor?we/4 ,i h measur$ trees on ! ,emb>ass riv] t 7 two feet & a half 9 diamet] & 7 v tall4 ,on ,peace riv]1 likewise1 especially on isl&s1 !re are _m l>ge groves ( spruce & popl>1 :i* atta9 extraord9>y dim5sions40 ,mr4 ,alfr$ von ,ham]/e9 in=m$ ! ,s5ate committee 9 #aijg t f ,mc,murray up 9 a we/]ly direction1 = ab\t tw5ty miles1 !re is v good timb]4 ,he _h se5 trees t w\ld make "o ?\s& feet ( lumb]4 ,f ,a?abaska to ,h\se riv] !re is timb] /&+ yet4 ,!re _h be5 "s fires rag+1 b !y _h n burn$ x yet4 ,! timb] consi/s ( "s pat*es ( spruce ( a fairly good size1 & ! re/ is popl>4 ,f ,h\se riv] to ,mc,murray !re is no timb] left4 ,x is all burn$ out4 ,!re are pat*es "h & !re along ! riv]1 a c\ple ( trees left /&+1 & !re is "s v f9e timb] 9 t4 ,!re is "s timb] :i* ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 us$ = 8 oil well bor+ "w1 & he _h tak5 out /rips sixty-f\r feet long1 out ( :i* he _h cut 8 walk+ beams4 ,!re are only pat*es ( ?is timb]2 ! re/ _h be5 burn$4 ,a little fur!r ea/ !re is "s f9e timb] at ,*ipewyan4 ,f ! m\? ( ,peace riv] to ab\t ,=t ,v]milion !re is "s good timb]4 ,timb] ( ! same quality ranges nor? = a consid]able di/ance4 ,!re w be a range ( timb] f\r or five miles long1 & !n muskeg4 ,f ! ,v]milion d[n !re is no timb] left2 x is all burn$ up4 ,!re is no "y timb] gr[+ up to speak (--at lea/ ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 did n see any1 except 9 a few places :]e a little "y timb] is />t+ to gr[4 ,inde$ x is mo/ly popl>1 ) pat*es "h & !re ( spruce1 b mo/ly popl>4 ,illu/ration3 ,saw ,mill ne> ,=t ,smi?4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy ( ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t he _h be5 ea/ ( ,lake ,a?abaska z f> z ,=t la ,corne4 ,all along ! riv]s !re is good timb]1 p>ticul>ly on ,great ,slave riv]4 ,on ! l[] levels ( ! ,a?abaska1 ?r\gh to ,a?abaska lake1 !re is heavy timb] all ! way along4 ,mr4 ,conroy did n "k :at 0 beh9d ! timb] belt1 b believ$ x 0 pretty muskeggy4 ,t 0 :at ! ,indians told him4 ,he _h be5 up ! riv] by boat e ye> = eight ye>s4 ,tak+ ! c\ntry z a :ole1 !re is q ,a ,,lot ,,( ,,m>ketable ,,timb]4 ,all ! riv]s & lakes c\ld produce good timb]4 ,!re are millions ( cords ( spruce = pulpwood4 ,mr4 ,conroy1 9 a report to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,=e/ry1 ,janu>y #ag1 #aiaj1 wrote3--8,t "p ( ,a?abaska riv] nor? f ,mc,murray to ,smi? l&+ is fr+$ ) a heavy gr[? ( spruce & black b>k popl>4 ,! spruce is q l>ge1 & f an economical /&po9t w be ( great value 9 ! future4 ,a consid]able "p ( ?is c\ntry is also excell5t = agricultural purposes4 ,f ,mc,murray s\?we/ to ,a?abaska !re is q a quantity ( valuable spruce & popl> :i* has be5 sav$ by ! wat*fulness ( ! gu>dian1 ,william ,biggs1 :o makes 8 trips up & d[n t section ( ! riv]4 ,he is "o ( ! mo/ useful m5 9 ! nor?4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiaj ,mr4 ,w4 ,hayes1 a capitali/ & manufactur] ( ,dulu?1 ,m9nesota1 made an exploratory trip ?r\gh ! ,a?abaska c\ntry ) ,a4 ,violette4 ,mr4 ,hayes /at$ 9 an int]view on 8 return to ,edmonton t !re 0 timb] en\gh 9 ,a?abaska di/rict to supply we/]n ,canada = ! next half c5tury4 ,agricultural prospects1 he decl>$1 c\ld n be bett]1 :ile copp]1 iron & gold _h be5 f\nd1 & also petroleum1 asphalt1 lime/one & oil4 ,fi%+ c\ld be develop$ into q an indu/ry4 ,int]view$ 9 ,edmonton aft] 8 long trip 9 #aiaj 7,see p4 #bg7 ! ,hon4 ,frank ,oliv]1 ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 /at$3--8,all ! way f ,edmonton to ,=t ,macph]son ! c\ntry1 along ! riv]s at lea/1 is level & =e/$4 ,!re is no prairie4 ,on ! upp] "p ( ,a?abaska riv] ! banks are f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & ! c\ntry is well wood$4 ,!re is a consid]able am\nt ( spruce ( good size1 b ! timb] is *iefly popl>4 ,! c\ntry has at "o "t be5 altoge!r "u spruce1 b fires h wr\ght havoc 9 x4 ,! explanation ( ^! fires is t all freight = ! nor? c\ntry goes d[n ,a?abaska riv] & ! m5 :o /e] ! sc[s d[n walk back along ! banks4 ,!y are c>eless ) _! camp fires & ! result is a cont9ual dang] ( fur!r de/ruction by fire40 ,,valuable ,,wat] ,,p[]s4 ,) su* k z we n[ possess x is safe to say t )9 a few ye>s ! wat] p[]s ( ! section ( c\ntry "u review w con/itute "o ( its mo/ important natural assets4 ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie1 9 a lett] publi%$ 9 ! ,ottawa ,j\rnal1 ,febru>y #ai1 #aiaj1 writ+ ( ! wat] p[] susceptible ( developm5t on ,slave riv]1 /at$3--8,:5 mak+ my survey 9 #ahhh1 ,i d$uc$ ! total fall 9 ! riv] 9 ?is /ret* by obs]v+ ! angles ( depression or elevation ( ea* survey /ation f ! prec$+ "o1 & ) ! di/ance f ea* /ation to /ation d$uc+ ! rise & fall2 9 ?is way ,i f\nd ! total fall to be two hundr$ & =ty-sev5 feet4 ,! in/rum5t ,i _h to use 0 n ( a high ord] ( precision = ?is purpose2 nev]!less1 ,i feel safe 9 say+ ! fall is betwe5 two hundr$ & ?irty & two hundr$ & sixty feet4 ,all ! dra9age bas9s ( ,peace & ,a?abaska riv]s1 & ,lake ,a?abaska1 are 9 "o "h1 & ) ?is fall 9 s %ort a di/ance ! p[] possibilities1 :5 requir$1 w be trem5d\s40 ,mr4 ,ogilvie1 ^u ano!r occasion1 speak+ ( ,a?abaska riv]1 said3--8,! curr5t av]ages well ov] f\r miles an h\r1 b ! rate v>ies mu* ) ! height ( wat]4 ,at ,gr& rapids falls1 ! fall is ab\t sixty feet 9 "o qu>t] ( a mile4 ,!y are a f9e sight & w1 :5 requir$1 develop a lot ( p[]2 ,i w\ld say 9 ! av]age season fully z mu* z ,*audi]e falls at ,ottawa 7say eighty ?\s& horse-p[]740 ,,peace ,,riv] ,,section4 ,z to ! timb] res\rces ( ! we/]n or ,peace riv] division ( ! section "u review1 ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 aft] describ+ ! prairie c\ntry1 %[$ t ! rema9d] ( ! surface 0 g5]ally occupi$ by second-gr[? =e/1 occasionally d5se1 b m (t5 compos$ ( asp51 bir* & cottonwood1 ) a great] or less proportion ( conif]\s trees4 ,"s pat*es ( ! orig9al =e/1 he said1 rema9$1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! riv] valleys1 & 7 compos$ ( mu* l>g] trees1 *iefly conif]\s1 among :i* ! spruce 0 mo/ abundant4 ,h&some groves ( old & l>ge cottonwoods 7 also to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! valleys4 ,:]e ! soil became locally s&y & poor1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 "s ( ! m elevat$ p>ts ( ! high ridges above describ$1 a ?ick gr[? ( scrub p9e & spruce1 9 :i* ! individual trees 7 small1 0 f\nd1 & 9 swamp regions ! tam>ack 0 n want+1 & grew g5]ally int]mix$ ) ! spruce4 ,ea/ ( ,smoky riv]1 & s\?w>d t[>d ! ,a?abaska1 ! prairie c\ntry 0 q insignificant 9 ext5t1 ! region be+ *>act]iz$ by second gr[? =e/1 :i* 0 only beg9n+ to /ruggle up4 ,:atev] !ory be adopt$1 & may h be5 advanc$ to acc\nt = ! wide prairies ( ! we/]n portions ( ,am]ica fur!r to ! s\?1 ! orig9 ( ! prairies ( ,peace riv] 0 suffici5tly obvi\s1 ,doctor ,dawson ?\ght4 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt t !y _h be5 produc$ & 7 ma9ta9$ by fires4 ,! c\ntry 0 naturally a wood$ "o1 & :]e fires _h n run = a few ye>s1 "y trees began rapidly to spr+ up4 ,! fires 71 ( c\rse1 ultimately attributable to human ag5cy1 & x 0 probable t be=e ! c\ntry 0 inhabit$ by ! ,indians x 0 ev]y:]e d5sely =e/-clad4 ,t ! date ( ! orig9 ( ! *ief prairie tracts n[ f\nd is remote1 0 cle>ly evid5c$ by _! pres5t appe>ance1 & m p>ticul>ly by ! fact t !y 7 ev]y:]e scor$ & rutt$ ) old buffalo tracks1 :ile e suitable locality 0 pitt$ ) sauc] %ap$ 8buffalo wall[s40 ,illu/ration3 ,! #bcrd ,base ,l9e betwe5 ,t[n%ips #hh & #hi1 ,range #ad1 ,we/ ( ! #f? ,m]idian4 ,9 its primitive /ate ! surface 0 probably cov]$ ) a d5se heavy gr[? ( conif]\s trees1 pr9cipally ! spruce 7,picea ,engelmanni & ,p4 alba71 b ) scrub p9e 7,p9us contorta7 9 "s localities1 & int]sp]s$ ) asp5 & cottonwood4 ,^! =e/s hav+ be5 de/roy$ by fire1 a second gr[?1 *iefly ( asp51 b ) mu* bir* 9 "s places1 & almo/ ev]y:]e a c]ta9 proportion ( conif]\s trees--*iefly spruce--_h tak5 its place4 ,! asp5 be+ a %ort-liv$ tree1 :ile ! spruce rea*$ a great age & size1 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 if undi/urb$1 w\ld lead to ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! old spruce =e/s4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,mair 78,?r\gh ! ,mack5zie ,bas901 p4 #ia71 e/imates ! prairie areas ( upp] ,peace riv] at ab\t half a million acres1 8) mu* c\ntry 9 addition1 :i* resembles ,dauph9 di/rict 9 ,manitoba1 cov]$ ) will[s & ! l1 :i*1 if !y c be pull$ out by horse p[]1 z is done !re1 w n be v exp5sive to cle>40 ,mr4 ,mair notes a wide & beautiful table-l prairie1 begirt ) asp5s1 at ,peace po9t4 ,mr4 ,fr$ ,s4 ,lawr5ce expla9$ to ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg t 9 ! valley ( ,peace riv]1 ! bottoms ( ! riv]1 ! isl&s--& !re are l>ge isl&s 9 ! riv]--& ! po9ts1 are l>gely cov]$ ) a heavy gr[? ( spruce1 :i* gr[s to a l>ge size4 ,! l>ge/ he _h ev] measur$ 0 f\r feet f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a tree ( t k9d w\ld c>ry its trunk well up1 cle> ( bran*es = =ty or fifty feet4 ,( c\rse t is an unusual size1 b timb] ?ree feet 9 diamet] is common on ! hills1 & 9 ! l[] "p ( ! bottoms4 ,!re is no oak1 b !re are spruce1 bir* & popl>4 ,! popl>s gr[ to a l>ge size4 ,! cottonwood (t5 gr[s to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & ! popl> gr[s to a diamet] ( two feet4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4 ,economic ,m9]als4 ,travell]s1 ,explor]s & ,prospectors ,describe ! ,c\ntry z a ,v]itable ,/ore ,h\se ( ,m9]al ,weal?4--,gold ,f\nd 9 ! ,b>s 9 ,peace riv]4--,indications ( ,pl5tiful ,supply ( ,iron4-- ,lignite ,f\nd 9 ,abundance4--,hi/oric ,deposits ( ,salt4--,! ,fam\s ,a?abaska ,t> ,s&s4--,_! ,comm]cial ,value4-- ,indications ( ,petroleum4--,bor+ ,exp]im5ts4--,natural ,gas ,"u a ,wide ,area4--,travell]s ,use ,natural ,gas ,jets to ,boil _! ,camp ,kettles4 ,nor!rn ,alb]ta1 accord+ to ! reports ( travell]s1 geological explor]s & prospectors1 is a v]itable /oreh\se ( m9]al weal?1 its natural ri*ness 9 ?is respect includ+ gold1 iron1 coal1 gypsum1 salt1 sulphur1 gal5a1 natural gas1 petroleum1 t> s&s or asphaltum1 etc4 ,9 8 report ( #ahhh1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell ( ! ,geological ,survey 7,see p4 #ah7 /ates3--8,gold 0 f\nd 9 _m ( ! b>s 9 ,peace riv]1 & 9 sev]al places 9 suffici5t quantities to des]ve att5tion4 ,?ree miles above ! m\? ( ,battle riv]1 a l>ge b> ne>ly a mile long on ! left bank 0 exam9$1 f :i* we obta9$ fifte5 to tw5ty col\rs ( f9e gold1 by wa%+ a few h&fuls ( ! mix$ gravel & s& 9 an ord9>y fry+ pan4 ,we tri$ ! b> at sev]al po9ts1 & always ) ! same result4 ,a small /ream desc5ds f ! plateau on ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 & by lead+ its wat]s across ! riv]1 :i* is "h ab\t "o ?\s& feet wide1 ! b> might be easily & inexp5sively work$ on a l>ge scale4 ,twelve miles f>!r up ! riv]1 ano!r b> 0 exam9$1 :i* yield$ f tw5ty to =ty col\rs :5 wa%$ 9 ! same way4 ,num]\s o!r b>s occur 9 ?is portion ( ! riv]1 :i* w\ld probably give z good results z ^? exam9$4 8,! pres5ce ( f9e gold 9 "s quantities 9 ! b>s above ! m\? ( ,battle riv] is probably due to ! dim9ution 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,peace riv] curr5t :i* takes place "h1 & its consequ5t loss ( transport+ p[]4 ,! same fact is %[n 9 ! gradual sub/itution ( s& b>s = gravel b>s :i* occur at ! same po9t4 8,besides ! gold on ,peace riv]1 two col\rs 7 also wa%$ out ( a b> on ,loon riv]1 an ea/]n tribut>y ( ! ,peace40 ,mr4 ,alfr$ von ,ham]/e91 a ,g]man g5tleman :o has liv$ 9 ! ,a?abaska c\ntry = _m ye>s1 latt]ly devot+ 8 att5tion :olly to prospect+ = petroleum1 0 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg & expla9$ t be=e beg9n+ bor+ op]ations = oil1 he _h be5 engag$ 9 gold m9+ 9 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv] di/ricts4 ,he _h inspect$ ,mc,leod riv] at a place call$ ,ass9iboia4 ,a half-bre$ took out "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s f a b> !re4 ,he himself ,,took ,,out ,,gold at a little b> "r opposite ! m\? ( ,less] ,slave riv] 9 ! ,a?abaska4 ,he work$ x = "p ( two summ]s4 ,he w\ld take out en\gh to la/ him = ! w9t]1 & !n quit4 ,x is h>d "w4 ,! ,indians & natives h gold & diamonds on ! bra94 ,!y _h tak5 to him rocks conta9+ v nice g>nets1 b !y 7 v my/]i\s ab\t !m4 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 expla9$ he _h also work$ = gold on ,peace riv]4 ,!re is v good m9+ !re1 a little bel[ ,battle riv]1 b ! gold is s v f9e t = e doll> y save !re1 ab\t f\r & a half g away1 & !re are "s peculi> ?+s t no "o c acc\nt =4 ,aft] y h got x !re is tr\ble ) ! quicksilv]1 :i* does n take up ! gold4 ,! me?od he adopt$ 0 to run ! quicksilv]1 & !n be=e runn+ x ov] aga91 to roll x 9 acid4 ,be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 ,bi%op ,clut /at$ t 9 ,peace riv] & ,li>d riv]1 c]ta9ly !re 0 gold 9 l>ge quantities4 ,on ,peace riv]1 twelve or ?irte5 ye>s prior to #ahhh1 m9]s made f fifte5 doll>s to tw5ty doll>s a day wa%+1 b 9 ! w9t] & :5 ! wat] 0 high !y c\ld n "w1 & !y ab&on$ ! m9es4 8,if ! c\ntry 7 settl$10 ! bi%op rem>k$1 8^? m9es might be work$ to bett] advantage1 because ! m9]s c\ld f9d o!r occupation 9 ! w9t] & :5 ! wat] 0 high40 ,accord+ to ,mr4 von ,ham]/e91 at ,black bay1 on ,lake ,a?abaska1 !re is fir/-class gal5a--none bett]4 ,x c>ries gold1 silv] & copp]4 ,!y assay$ "s ( ! product at ,*ipewyan1 & f\nd t x c>ri$ r\ghly ab\t six doll>s or sev5 doll>s wor? ( gold1 & "s copp]4 ,!re is a big seam ne> ,black bay1 & "o c foll[ x up "r along until x comes to an isl&4 ,t is a v f9e c\ntry = gold1 & !re h be5 sev]al attempts to make some?+ out ( x1 b ! "t is n ripe4 ,,indications ,,( ,,iron4 ,indications ( ! pres5ce ( iron h be5 f\nd on ,peace1 ,cle>wat]1 & ,a?abaska riv]s4 ,a specim5 rock f ne> ,pelican rapids on ,a?abaska riv] conta9$ #ab4d ( metallic iron4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell f\nd indications ( iron 9 ,*ur*ill riv] di/rict1 & also nor? ( ,lake ,a?abaska4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell's #ahhh report3--,clay iron/one 9 nodules & ?9 b$s1 is ( univ]sal occurr5ce 9 ! ,cretace\s %ales ( ! ,peace region1 b is especially abundant 9 "s ( ! outcrops ( ! ,=t ,/4 ,john %ales on ,peace riv]1 betwe5 ,battle riv] & ,smoky riv]4 ,! iron/one1 "h1 ow+ to ! rapid erosion ( ! s(t %ales1 has be5 silt$ out1 & 9 _m places =ms ?ick accumulations at ! foot ( ! cliffs l9+ ! valley1 "s ( :i* may prove to be ( economic value4 ,! ,pelican s&/one on ! ,a?abaska is usually capp$ ) a b$ ( hemitif]\s s&/one v>y+ 9 ?ickness f a few in*es to f\r or five feet4 ,a specim5 ( ! rock 0 exam9$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,geological ,survey1 & f\nd to conta9 #abd p] c5t4 ( metallic iron4 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e91 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t !re are indications ( iron along ,cle>wat] riv]4 ,he f\nd "s v nice pieces ( iron1 & he f\nd lime/one 9 ! c5tre ( ,a?abaska4 ,once1 9 ,peace riv] di/rict1 on ! way f ,lake ,*ipewyan1 he f\nd a deposit ( r$ /one2 he did n "k :e!r x 0 o*re or hematite ( iron4 ,he _h any am\nt ( x1 b upset ) 8 canoe & lo/ x4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( o*re is f\nd on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,a?abaska1 betwe5 ,a?abaska & ,gr& rapids4 ,he _h also obs]v$ :at seem$ to him a l>ge am\nt ( hematite ( iron betwe5 ,a?abaska & ! m\? ( great] ,slave riv]1 :ile on ,slave riv] itself1 at a c]ta9 po9t1 l>ge bodies ( magnetic ore are indicat$ by ! action ( ! compass1 :i* gets entirely out ( ord]4 ,,coal ,,& ,,lignite4 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 in=m$ ! committee t !re is a f9e seam ( coal at ,mc,kay1 & w5t on to say t he _h tak5 out1 ! season be=e 8 exam9ation by ! committee1 ab\t tw5ty tons1 "r on ! riv] bank4 ,!re 0 a good quantity ( bitum9\s coal1 :i* c\ld be us$ = common blacksmi?+1 b n = weld+4 ,:]e expos$ & work$1 ?is seam goes d[n ab\t five or six feet deep1 & x seems to be gett+ l>g]4 ,!re is q a bit ( coal tak5 out e ye> by ! p :o live at ,*ipewyan4 ,!re is1 accord+ to ,mr4 von ,ham]/e91 ano!r f9e seam ( coal at a little creek nam$ ,horse creek1 :i* is ab\t a mile & a half s\? f ,mc,murray on ! ea/ side ( ,a?abaska riv]4 ,coal may also be f\nd 9 o!r places4 ,!re is a seam1 = in/ance1 ab\t two miles bel[ ,/ony isl&4 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,m4,l4,a41 confirm$ ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9's evid5ce z to ! deposits ( coal ne> ,mc,kay1 :i* is ab\t tw5ty miles nor? ( ,mc,murray4 ,9 8 report ( #ahhh1 describ+ 8 explorations ! previ\s season1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell /at$3-- 8,lignite 0 f\nd 9 ,peace riv] s&/one 9 ,peace riv] 9 sev]al places1 b 9 seams too small to be workable4 ,x also occurs 9 ! plateaus s\? ( ,less] ,slave lake4 ,9 "o section at ! latt] place1 f\r seams1 rang+ 9 ?ickness f "o to f\r feet1 besides a numb] ( small] ones1 0 f\nd1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ab\t a ?\s& feet ( s&/one & %ales4 ,drift lignite 0 also f\nd 9 ,m>t5 riv] ne> ! base ( ,m>t5 m\nta91 b x 0 n trac$ to its s\rce4 ,on ! ,a?abaska1 ! ,gr& rapid s&/one is lignitif]\s1 "s ( ! seams be+ f f\r to five feet ?ick1 b ! quality is usually inf]ior4 ,sev]al small seams also occur imb$d$ 9 ! t> s&s40 ,,deposits ,,( ,,gypsum4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell /ates 9 8 report t 8,gypsum is deposit$ 9 small quantities by ! m9]al spr+s at ,la ,sal9e1 & x also occurs on ,peace riv] betwe5 ,b\ill rapid & ,peace po9t1 :]e b$s t5 to fifte5 feet 9 ?ickness are said to exi/4 ,blocks ( gypsum sev]al feet 9 diamet] 7 f\nd on ,peace riv] above its conflu5ce ) ,loon riv]1 & on ,r$ riv] a few miles above its m\?4 ,!y h probably be5 d]iv$ f ! ,peace po9t exposures1 & c>ri$ up ! valley ( ,peace riv] by ice dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod40 ,mr4 ,alfr$ von ,ham]/e9 gave evid5ce to ! same effect be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg4 ,he /at$ t !re 8are l>ge deposits ( gypsum on ! s\!rn bank ( ,peace riv]1 ne> ,peace po9t1 :i* is situat$ some:]e ne> ! m\? ( ,peace riv]4 ,v l>ge deposits ( ! same economic m9]al are 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,salt riv]40 ,,salt ,,m9es4 ,h>mon1 writ+ 9 8 j\rnal at ,*ipewyan z long ago z #ahjh1 wrote3--8,ab\t sixty miles f ?is1 d[n ,slave riv]1 !re are sev]al places :]e almo/ any quantity ( excell5t1 clean1 :ite salt may be tak51 ) z mu* ease z s& along ! sea %ore4 ,f ^! places1 ! great] "p ( ! ,nor? ,we/ is suppli$ ) ?is valuable article40 ,be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 /at$ t at ,salt riv]1 salt 0 f\nd "r on ! surface4 ,!re is a spr+ :i* comes out ( ! gr\nd1 & ! wat] is s salty t x _c take up any m4 ,"r at ,mc,murray "o hundr$ & fifty feet ( rock salt 0 f\nd4 ,! trad]s & ,hudson's ,bay ,company's p come d[n & take x ) %ovels1 & !y sell all ! salt t is us$ along !re4 ,x is tak5 f ,salt riv]4 ,witness did n "k :at !y got = x4 ,9 8 report ( #ahhh1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell writes3--8,at ,la ,sal9e1 on ! ,a?abaska1 tw5ty-eight miles bel[ ! ,=ks1 & ab\t two miles above ! m\? ( ,r$ ,e>? creek1 sev]al m9]al spr+s occur ab\t half a mile ea/ ( ! riv] on ! edge ( ! valley !re1 sixty feet deep4 ,! deposits f ! spr+s1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( calc>e\s tufa1 cov] ! face ( ! esc>pm5t & h also built up a cone on ! top ( ! bank t5 to fifte5 feet high & ab\t two hundr$ feet wide4 ,! wat] is /rongly sal9e1 hold+ a consid]able p]c5tage ( sodic-*loride4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas escapes f ! bank 9 sev]al places & ta9ts ! air = "s di/ance f ! spr+s4 ,besides ! calc>e\s tufa ! cone conta9s small deposits ( common salt1 gypsum & native sulphur1 :ile pure t>1 d]iv$ f ! t> s&s b5ea?1 issues f ! bank 9 two places4 ,! spr+s fe$ a %all[ lake :i* is situat$ at ! foot ( ! esc>pm5t1 & is surr\nd$ by a clay flat p>tly b>e & p>tly cov]$ ) co>se grasses40 ,,sulphur ,,b$s ,,& ,,spr+s4 ,:ile giv+ evid5ce be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate 9 #aijg1 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 expla9$ t !re are sulphur b$s & spr+s betwe5 ,mc,murray & ,lake ,a?abaska4 ,ext5sive sulphur deposits are f\nd on ! ea/ side ( ,a?abaska riv] betwe5 ,mc,murray & ! lake4 ,x is inl& ab\t two miles1 & 9 "s places x is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities1 & beyond ! lake1 at sev]al places on ! ea/ %ore1 z well z ! we/ %ore ( ,great ,slave riv]4 ,9 "s places !re is a v l>ge am\nt ( sulphur4 ,x comes f an old crat]1 9 ! %ape ( sal9e wat]1 conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( sulphur4 ,?is sal9e wat] at spots runs ov] ?ree or f\r acres1 ! wat] evaporates1 & ! sulphur rema9s4 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 also /at$ t on 8! l[] "p ( ! ,a?abaska ! lime/one :i* is expos$ all along ! riv] is ( a v good quality4 ,!re is also f\nd clay fit = puddl+ & = mak+ brick40 ,he add$ t s& ( ! v be/ quality = mak+ glass is abundant1 & ?is indu/ry ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 said he believ$ 0 b\nd to come into exi/5ce & be pr(itable ?r\gh ! exi/5ce ( *eap fuel1 & int5se heat 9 ! %ape ( natural gas 9 ! c\ntry4 ,,! ,,fam\s 8,,t> ,,s&s40 ,! occurr5ce ( huge deposits ( an oily bitum9\s or t>ry sub/ance along ,a?abaska riv] 0 ref]r$ to 9 ! j\rnals ( ! pione] explor]s ( ! region4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( 8 hi/orical j\rnal 9 #ahgi1 ,mack5zie m5tions t ! exudation ( ! 8bitum9\s f\nta9s01 z he call$ !m1 :5 mix$ ) gum or ! res9\s sub/ance collect$ f ! spruce fir1 0 us$ by ! natives & voyageurs to gum _! canoes4 ,aft] inve/igat+ ! "* ( ^! deposits1 geologi/s h agre$ 9 describ+ ! black pla/ic mass z 8,t> ,s&s40 ,mr4 ,mc,connell describ$ ^! deposits z re/+ on ! lime/one & well expos$ 9 high cliffs on bo? sides ( ,a?abaska riv]4 ,at ,cascade rapid1 ?is =mation is "o hundr$ & fifty feet ?ick & is s saturat$ t pure t> oozes out ( ! bank 9 sev]al places & /reams d[n ! slope4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell proce$s 9 8 report to say3--8,! t>-s&s m5tion$ above belong to ! ,dakota =mation & con/itute 9 ?is region ! basal memb] ( ! ,cretace\s sy/em4 ,!y re/ uncon=mably on ! ,devonian lime/ones4 ,li?ologically !y may be describ$ z s(t s&/one1 ! cem5t+ mat]ial ( :i* is a bitum5 or inspissat$ petroleum d]iv$ f ! und]ly+ lime/ones4 ,! s&s are silice\s & usually r f9e-gra9$1 b also grade occasionally into a coh]5t grit4 ,! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! t>-s&s 0 n precisely def9$1 b _! outcrop 0 e/imat$ to h a m9imum di/ribution ( fully "o ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,9 ?ickness !y v>y f "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet4 ,! t> is unequally di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! s&s1 9 "s places m]ely /a9+ ! gra9s1 b 9 mo/ ( ! sections exam9$ x is pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity to r5d] ! :ole mass m or less pla/ic4 ,an analysis by ,mr4 ,h(fmann ( a specim5 collect$ "s ye>s ago by ,doctor ,bell gave by weight3-- ,bitum5 #abdb p] c5t4 ,wat] 7me*anically mix$7 #ehe p] c5t4 ,silice\s s&s #hagc p] c5t4 ,a cubic foot ( ! bitum9\s s& rock weighs1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h(fmann1 #aage lbs4 ,?is figure multipli$ by ! p]c5tage ( bitum51 #abdb1 gives #adei lbs4 z ! am\nt ( bitum5 pres5t 9 a cubic foot1 or #adei_/fcg #bbi p] c5t4 9 bulk1 tak+ #fcg p\nds z ! weight ( "o cubic foot ( rock4 ,at ! m9imum ?ickness ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet1 & assum+ ! ?ickness z giv5 above at "o ?\s& squ>e miles1 ! bitum9\s s& rock 9 sight am\nts to #bhdj cubic miles4 ,( ?is mass1 if ! prec$+ analysis is tak5 z an av]age1 al?\gh ?is is probably r high1 #bbi p] c5t4 9 bulk or #fej cubic miles is bitum54 ,?is calculation c1 ( c\rse1 only be reg>d$ z an approximation1 b w s]ve to give "s idea ( ! enorm\s outp\r+ ( bitum9\s sub/ances :i* h tak5 place 9 ?is region4 ,! am\nt ( petroleum :i* mu/ h issu$ f ! und]ly+ lime/ones requir$ to produce #fej cubic miles ( bitum5 _c be e/imat$1 z ! conditions ( oxidation & ! orig9al composition ( ! oil are unkn[n4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 mu* great] ?an ! am\nt ( bitum54 8,a few miles we/ ( ! ,a?abaska ! s& rock1 /ill saturat$ ) t>1 passes bel[ ! high] divisions ( ! ,cretace\s1 & its ext5sion 9 ?is direction c only be asc]ta9$ by bor+4 ,x 0 n recogniz$ on ,peace riv] nor on ! l[] "p ( ,r$ riv]1 & mu/ disappe> some:]e 9 ! int]v5+ region4 8,9 asc5d+ ! ,a?abaska ! t>-s&s1 aft] an exposure ( ov] tw5ty miles1 pass bel[ ! surface at ,boil] rapid & are n se5 aga940 ,,comm]cial ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,t> ,,s&s4 ,z to ! actual value ( ^! deposits1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell has ?is to say 9 8 report3--8,! comm]cial value ( ! t> s&s !mselves1 z expos$ at ! surface1 is at pres5t unc]ta91 b ! abundance ( ! mat]ial1 & ! high p]c5tage ( bitum5 :i* x conta9s1 make x probable t x may1 9 ! future1 be pr(itably utiliz$ = v>i\s purposes1 :5 ?is region is rea*$ by railways4 ,among ! uses to :i* x is adapt$1 may be m5tion$ ro(+1 pav+1 insulat+ electric wires1 & x might also be mix$ ) ! lignite :i* occurs 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & press$ into briquettes = fuel40 ,be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 0 exam9$ at l5g? reg>d+ ^! b$s ( t> s&s1 or 8asphaltum10 z he call$ x1 & z x is g5]ally call$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,he describ$ ^! b$s z occurr+ :]e petroleum seem$ to h brok5 ?r\gh ! surface & soak$ ! gr\nd = miles ar\nd4 ,?is sub/ance1 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 rem>k$1 c\ld sc>cely be t]m$ asphaltum4 ,x is oil gum--some?+ ! nature ( t>4 ,he produc$ a piece ( ?is mat]ial :i* he _h tak5 out himself4 ,he also produc$ a bottle conta9+ liquid tak5 f spr+s 9 ! gr\nd4 ,he describ$ x z no?+ else b a heavy petroleum1 :i* comes out ( ! gr\nd4 ,!re are inexhau/ible quantities ( t4 ,x has =m$ pools ov] ! l& :i* are ( consid]able size 9 "s places4 ,9 summ] "t x comes out 9 l>ge quantities1 b x h>d5s 9 ! w9t]1 & ( c\rse ! spr+s take "t to get />t$ aga94 ,x is n fl[+ cont9u\sly1 b fl[s :5ev] x has a *ance4 ,! cold seems to draw x toge!r & bake x4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ quantity ( petroleum witness _h ev] se5 9 ! _w4 ,?is area ext5ds f ,mc,murray = fifty miles along ! road4 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 said he ?\ght !re 0 ,,no?+ ,,l ,,x ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,he _h be5 9 ,texas1 ,kansas1 & ,indian ,t]ritory1 & _h look$ ov] ! asphalt b$s 9 ,cali=nia1 b _h f\nd no?+ to comp>e ) x4 ,?is 8asphalt0 does n resemble ,tr9idad asphalt1 = ! latt] comes f a crat]1 & ! sub/ance is n ! same4 ,! ,a?abaska sub/ance is n /raight asphalt2 x is no?+ b oil gum1 out ( :i* asphalt c be made4 ,!re is a l>ge am\nt ( petroleum 9 x4 ,he te/$ x himself1 & got "s p>aff9 out ( x4 ,if he c\ld obta9 transportation1 he c\ld apply x = practical purposes4 ,aft] x is ref9$1 & all ! =eign sub/ance tak5 out ( x1 x c be us$ = road mak+4 ,lubricat+ oil c be made out ( x1 & 9 fact he made cyl9d] oil = 8 ma*9]y out ( x1 & also got "s p>aff9 out ( x4 ,! re/ he us$ = mak+ t> pap]4 ,?is product w\ld c]ta9ly become valuable z soon z !re 0 transportation4 ,! area cov]$ by ?is sub/ance am\nts to ab\t tw5ty squ>e miles4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! same committee1 ref]r$ to ^! outcrops ( t> s&s4 ,!re is1 he /at$1 an enorm\s am\nt ( s&/one !re impregnat$ ) h>d ?ick petroleum ( t>4 ,! probability is t :5 "o gets back f ! outcrop 9 "s places ?is sub/ance w be f\nd z a liquid oil in/ead ( a h>d t> t is f\nd !re on ! ,a?abaska4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell said he ?\ght x q a fair & reasonable supposition t "o w\ld f9d good fluid oil 9 ! b$s ( ! same geological age z ! t> s& ( ,a?abaska riv]4 ,?is t> s& is v /rongly 9 evid5ce along ! riv]1 & an enorm\s am\nt ( t> has actually gone to wa/e1 z x 7--float$ out & h>d5$ !re4 ,! t> s& area ext5ds = q a numb] ( miles along ! riv]4 ,z y desc5d ! riv] y get to ^? t>-be>+ b$s1 & !n !y are 9 evid5ce "r along = a numb] ( miles d[n ! riv]4 ,!n y leave !m altoge!r1 & !y d n occur aga94 ,mr4 ,tyrrell consid]$ x highly probable t ! petroleum or liquid w\ld be f\nd 9 close proximity4 ,( c\rse ! s&/one or t> w\ld n h a m>ketable value at ! pres5t rates ( transportation1 b1 outside ( t1 probably x w\ld be us$ z pav+ mat]ial if x is ev] ne$$ 9 t vic9ity4 ,he ?\ght x ,,c\ld ,,be ,,us$ ,,= ,,mak+ ,,pavem5t4 ,r4 ,w4 ,ells1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,c41 9 ! ,geological ,survey report on 8,! ,bitum5 or ,oil ,%ales ( ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia1 also on ! ,oil ,%ale ,indu/ry ( ,scotl&10 says3--8,! celebrat$ t>-s&s ( ,a?abaska riv] 9 ,nor!rn ,alb]ta may at "s "t furni% mat]ial = di/illation1 s9ce all attempts to f9d oil by bor+ h hi!rto be5 unsuccessful4 ,^! t>-s&s h be5 well describ$ by ,doctor ,bell1 & o!r (fic]s ( ! ,geological ,survey :o h visit$ ! area4 ,doctor ,bell1 aft] describ+ ! imm5se am\nt ( t>ry matt] f\nd along ! riv]1 /ates t #8! pit*y s& itself may be useful = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,:5 *opp$ out ( ! bank 9 lumps l coal x 0 f\nd to burn freely1 ) a /rong smoky flame1 if support$ 9 su* a way z to admit ( ! free access ( air4 ,z ! bitum5 became exhau/$ ! f9e s& fell to ! bottom4' 4 4 4 4 ,a v sup]ior lubricat+ oil may be manufactur$ f x4 ,doctor ,h(fmann ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ,mr4 ,isaac ,wat]man1 ! well kn[n petroleum ref9] ( ,london1 ,ont>io1 & ,lieut5ant ,co*rane1 ,in/ructor 9 ,practical ,*emi/ry at ! ,milit>y ,college1 ,k+/on1 h f\nd x to conta9 twelve to fifte5 p] c5t4 ( bitum54 ,al?\gh ?is proportion may appe> small1 yet ! mat]ial occurs 9 su* enorm\s quantities t a pr(itable means ( extract+ ! oil & p>aff9 :i* x conta9s may be f\nd4 ,! high banks ( ! riv] & its bran*es (f] an easy means ( excavat+ x1 & z x burns readily "o "p might be consum$ to extract ! oil f ano!r1 !re be+ practically no limit to ! quantity :i* may be obta9$ = ! digg+40 ,illu/ration3 ,oil ,well at ,mc,kay1 ,a?abaska riv]4 ,doctor ,bell1 9 a pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,toronto1 ,july1 #aijg1 said3--8,diff]5t exp]im5ts made ) ! t>-s&s %[ t :ile !y yield "s good illum9at+ fluid1 _! pr9cipal value consi/s 9 ! l>ge proportion ( ,,f9e ,,lubricat+ ,,oil :i* !y af=d4 ,?is oil 0 f\nd to rema9 liquid 9 ! cold w9t] temp]atures ( ! ,canadian prairie prov9ces1 & !re=e1 x is v suitable = c> :eels & ma*9]y work+ 9 ! op5 air40 ,mr4 ,crean 9 ! report ( 8 explorations 9 #aiji /ates3--8,! outcrop ( t>-s& comm5ces ab\t ?irty miles s\? ( ,mc,murray on ,a?abaska riv]4 ,x cont9ues to ab\t =ty miles bel[ ,mc,murray on ! riv]4 ,x ext5ds to ! ea/ & we/ = at lea/ ?irty miles1 & v>ies 9 ?ickness f tw5ty to two hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet1 ) probably an av]age ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet ?ickness4 4 4 4 4 ,! value ( ?is imm5se deposit on ! ,a?abaska is n kn[n4 4 4 4 4 ,dur+ ! pa/ season repres5tatives ( int]e/s 9 ,engl& & ,france h made exam9ations ( x on ! gr\nd4 ,%\ld x be f\nd to be capable ( be+ conv]t$ to any comm]cial use1 ! enorm\s ext5t ( x w\ld ensure t indu/ries ( consid]able public importance w\ld be e/abli%$ 9 connection ) x z soon z railway communication is provid$4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,mc,connell's report 0 publi%$1 sev]al o!r outcrops ( ! m9]al h be5 report$4 ,a4 ,w4 ,ponton1 ,d4,l4,s41 reports an outcrop ne> ! fif? m]idian1 :i* is ab\t n9ety miles we/ ( ,mc,murray4 ,i report$ an outcrop ( t>-s& 9 my report ( la/ season on ,buffalo lake :i* is "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles s\!a/ & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,saskat*ewan4 ,t ^! outcrops are "p ( ! same field is probable40 ,,indications ,,( ,,petroleum4 ,ap>t altoge!r f ! comm]cial value ( ! t> s&s !mselves1 !y are reg>d$ by _m geologi/s & practical op]ators z *iefly important z indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( deposits ( petroleum4 ,= in/ance1 z long ago z #ahhh1 ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson ( ! ,geological ,survey /at$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee3--8,! pit* f\nd along ! ,a?abaska may probably be ( consid]able value 9 ! future2 b 9 ! meantime 0 mo/ important z giv+ reason to believe t ext5sive deposits ( petroleum exi/$ 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* x occurr$4 ,! quantity appe>$ to be practically inexhau/ible40 ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 9 8 report1 ent]s v ?or\ghly into ?is phase ( ! "q4 ,he writes3--8,! t> s&s evid5ce an upwell+ ( petroleum to ! surface unequall$ else:]e 9 ! _w1 b ! m volatile & valuable con/itu5ts ( ! oil h long s9ce disappe>$1 & ! rocks f :i* x issu$ are probably exhau/$ z ! fl[ has ceas$4 ,9 ! ext5sion ( ! t> s&s "u cov] ! conditions are diff]5t1 & x is "h t oils ( economic value %\ld be s\ght4 ,9 asc5d+ ! ,a?abaska1 ! t> s&s are ov]laid at ,boil] rapid by a cov] ( %ales suffici5t to prev5t ! oils f ris+ to ! surface1 & 9 asc5d+ ! riv]1 ?is cov] gradually ?ick5s4 ,! geological attitudes ( ! %ales is n ! mo/ favorable1 z ! b$s dip away f ! outcrop at ! rate ( five to t5 feet to ! mile1 & x is possible t a "p1 or ev5 ! :ole ( ! oil may h fl[$ nor?w>ds & ea/w>ds ?r\gh ! s&s1 & escap$ :]e ^! come to ! surface4 ,x is unlikely1 h[ev]1 t all ! oil has escap$ 9 ?is mann]1 z small anticl9als 9 ! cov]+ b$s are almo/ c]ta9 to exi/1 & a diff]5tial h>d5+ ( ! b$s !mselves may s]ve to enclose res]voirs or inv]t$ bas9s ( l>ge capacity4 ,x is also possible t ! s&s at _! outcrop may1 by ! deposition ( t>ry sub/ances1 be plugg$ tightly en\gh to prev5t fur!r egress4 ,fav\rable indications ( ! pres5ce ( oil 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,a?abaska are also af=d$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! natural gas spr+s40 ,,t> ,,spr+s ,,report$4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell proce$s to %[ t 8,indications ( ! pres5ce ( oil 9 ! di/rict are n conf9$ to ! t> s&s1 z on ,peace riv] & ,less] ,slave lake inspissat$ bitum5 0 f\nd 9 a numb] ( places l9+ cracks 9 nodules1 & at ,t> isl& 9 ,peace riv] small quantities ( t> are br\ght to ! surface by a spr+4 ,t> spr+s are also report$ f sev]al o!r places1 b _! exi/5ce lacks v]ification40 ,9 8 ,summ>y ,report ( ! op]ations ( ! ,geological ,survey1 = ! ye> #ahid1 ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 ! director1 ref]r+ to ,mr4 ,mc,connell's explorations & report1 wrote3--8,! occurr5ce ( great quantities ( bitum5 or mal?a along a portion ( ,a?abaska riv] has long be5 kn[n1 hav+ be5 notic$ & comm5t$ ^u by ! v e>lie/ travell]s 9 ! region4 ,b$s ( s& or v s(t s&/one ( ,cretace\s age1 v>y+ f "o hundr$ & =ty to two hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet 9 ?ickness1 are !re f\nd to be m or less completely saturat$ ) bitum51 = a di/ance ( "s n9ety miles along ! riv]4 ,^! b$s are kn[n z #8t> s&s4' ,m rec5tly a numb] ( small] occurr5ces ( bitum5 9 ! =m ( #8t> spr+s' z well z s\rces ( combu/ible gas1 h be5 f\nd at diff]5t places ov] a v ext5sive di/rict4 ,all ^! circum/ances po9t to ! probable exi/5ce ( a great petroleum field1 ( :i* possibly "s p>ts h already exhau/$ !mselves 9 saturat+ ! l[e/ ,cretace\s s&s1 b ( :i* probably ! great] portion is /ill effectually seal$ by ! ?ick cov]+ ( ov]ly+ rocks4 ,x is believ$ t ! s\rce ( ! petroleum :i* has giv5 rise to ! deposits ( bitum5 is 9 ! ,devonian /rata1 :i* "h imm$iately und]lie ^? ( ,cretace\s age40 ,,exp]im5tal ,,bor+s4 ,9 #ahic1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,mc,connell & ,doctor ,dawson1 ! ,dom9ion gov]nm5t began exp]im5tal bor+s = petroleum 9 ! ,a?abaska region4 ,! importance ( actually asc]ta9+ by means ( bor+ op]ations1 ! exi/5ce or o!rwise ( economically valuable bodies ( petroleum 9 ! region _h be5 recogniz$ = _m ye>s1 b ! remot5ess ( ! region & ! app>5t impossibility ( imm$iately utiliz+ any discov]ies :i* might be made1 _h hi!rto prev5t$ ! necess>y exp]im5ts4 ,a vote ( sev5 ?\s& doll>s 0 obta9$ f ,p>liam5t = ! purpose ( initiat+ ?is "w1 ! arrangem5ts = :i* 7 entru/$ to ! ,geological ,survey4 ,aft] c>eful consid]ation1 x 0 det]m9$ t a bore-hole %\ld 9 ! fir/ in/ance be sunk at ,a?abaska1 at :i* place ! dep? ( /rata to be pass$ ?r\gh 9 ord] to rea* ! horizon ( ! 8t> s&s0 _h be5 e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,mc,connell at approximately f twelve to fifte5 hundr$ feet4 ,on ,octob] #bd ! bore-hole _h rea*$ a dep? ( "o ?\s& & elev5 feet1 :5 x 0 f\nd necess>y1 ow+ to ! incoh]5t "* ( ! rocks1 to /op "w p5d+ ! arrival ( m cas+4 ,?is 0 plac$ 9 ! hole dur+ ! w9t]1 b ! drill+ itself c\ld n be resum$ till ! spr+1 z ! great quantity ( gas met ) r5d]$ x dang]\s to keep a fire 9 ! d]rick or any:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ! well4 ,?is fir/ bor+ 0 unavoidably ab&on$ at a dep? ( "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty feet1 )\t rea*+ ! probably oil-be>+ b$s at ! base ( ! ,cretace\s =mation b )9 a %ort di/ance ( atta9+ ^! b$s4 ,dur+ ^! p>ticul> bor+ op]ations1 accord+ to ! eng9e] 9 *>ge1 at ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-f\r feet a l>ge fl[ ( gas 0 /ruck4 ,! ro>+ ( ! gas c\ld be he>d half a mile away f ! works4 ,! =eman :o _h se5 ! big gas well at ,k+sville1 ,ont>io1 /at$ t ! fl[ ( gas 0 z /rong z 9 t well4 ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,bor+s4 ,! second & ?ird ( ! exp]im5tal bor+s 9 se>* ( petroleum 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,alb]ta 7 begun e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #ahig ne> ! m\? ( ,pelican riv] on ! ,a?abaska & at ,victoria on ! ,saskat*ewan bel[ ,edmonton1 respectively4 ,! sites select$ = ^! bor+s 7 det]m9$ l>gely by ! k ( ! /ratigraphical succession & ! ?ickness already ga9$ 9 ! fir/ bore-hole at ,a?abaska4 ,! bor+s at ,pelican & ,victoria _h rea*$ dep?s ( eight hundr$ & tw5ty & sev5 hundr$ & five feet respectively be=e w9t]4 ,op]ations 7 resum$ at bo? places 9 ! spr+ ( #ahih1 z soon z ! requisite arrangem5ts c\ld be made4 ,"w _h be5 susp5d$ at ,pelican 9 #ahig because ( a v l>ge fl[ ( natural gas1 "u great pressure4 ,x 0 hop$ t mo/ ( ?is gas might bl[ (f dur+ ! w9t]1 & x 0 f\nd1 9 fact1 to be consid]ably r$uc$ 9 am\nt :5 ! locality 0 aga9 rea*$ by ! eng9e] 9 *>ge 9 #ahih4 ,"w 0 resum$1 b additional & v /rong fl[s ( gas 7 soon met ) 9 ! und]ly+ b$s1 & aft] exhau/+ e me?od ( ma/]+ !m & cont9u+ ! bor+1 x became necess>y aga9 to susp5d op]ations4 ,9 reg>d to ! actual exi/5ce ( petroleum1 ! results ( ! gov]nm5t bor+s h n up to ! pres5t /age be5 satisfactory4 ,! bor+ ne> ! m\? ( ,pelican riv] p5etrat$ ! l[] s&y b$s ( ! ,cretace\s = "s di/ance & demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce 9 ^! b$s ( a ?ick t>ry petroleum or mal?a1 besides t ( great res]voirs ( natural gas4 ,x prov$ impossible to c>ry out ?is bor+ to ! v base ( ! ,cretace\s & into ! und]ly+ =mation1 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( a m fluid & m]*antable oil 0 /ill to be hop$ =4 ,doctor ,dawson1 report+ ^u ! result ( ^! op]ations1 /at$3--8,! bore furni%es additional evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce 9 ! ,nor?we/ t]ritories ( a va/ gas-field4 ,! seem+ly uni=m cont9uity ( ! ,cretace\s b$s1 makes x almo/ c]ta9 t gas-wells may be obta9$ by bor+1 ov] a great area4 ,un=tunately ! ,pelican bor+1 l ! bor+ at ,a?abaska1 did n p5etrate deep en\gh to furni% reliable in=mation z to ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( petroleum ( a high quality4 ,! pres5ce ( l[-quality petroleum--mal?a--is demon/rat$1 b z ! m liquid oil may v probably und]lie ?is1 & z we did n rea* a suffici5t dep? to det]m9e ! po9t1 ! result is unsatisfactory40 ,,:y ,,! ,,bor+ ,,0 ,,/opp$4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ! report ( ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! bor+ op]ations at ,pelican riv]1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,fras]1 are int]e/+1 & %[ h[ & :y ! op]ations came to an abrupt t]m9ation3--8,i us$ "s ( ! heavy petroleum or mal?a :i* fl[$ f ! well 9 rais+ /eam1 & x made an extremely good fuel4 8,if ! h>d slate /ratum at eight hundr$ & tw5ty-"o feet six in*es _h be5 pi]c$1 a great fl[ ( petroleum might h1 9 my op9ion1 be5 enc\nt]$4 ,inde$ x is altoge!r possible t at t dep? we 7 )9 a few feet ( a l>ge body ( petroleum4 ,_h x be5 /ruck :ile ! fl[ ( gas 0 9 an unconqu]$ condition1 ! result w\ld h be5 disa/r\s1 z !re might h be5 no possible means ( *eck+ ! fl[4 ,! fl[ ( gas 0 s great t a cannon ball c\ld n h be5 dropp$ d[n ! pipe4 8,at sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty ?ree feet a heavi] fl[ ( gas 0 /ruck4 ,x made a ro>+ noise com+ out ( ! bore1 & _h q a pron\nc$ petroleum od\r4 ,increas$ quantities ( petroleum 9 ! cutt+s at ^! dep?s 7 enc\nt]$4 8,at eight hundr$ & tw5ty feet a trem5d\s fl[ ( gas 0 /ruck1 :i* blew e drop ( wat] out ( ! bore4 ,! ro> ( ! gas c\ld be he>d = ?ree miles or m4 ,soon x _h completely dri$ ! hole1 & 0 bl[+ a cl\d ( du/ fifty feet into ! air4 ,small nodules ( iron-pyrites1 ab\t ! size ( a walnut1 7 bl[n out ( ! hole ) incr$ible velocity4 ,!y came out l bullets f a rifle4 ,we c\ld n see !m go+1 b c\ld he> !m crack aga9/ ! top ( ! d]rick4 ,x 0 impossible to d any?+ ) ! bore t day1 s we 7 =c$ to let x /& j z x 04 ,!re 0 dang] t ! m5 w\ld be kill$ if /ruck by ^! missiles4 ,! next day a long /ick 0 put on ! tools1 s t ! m5 c\ld turn !m )\t gett+ too close to ! bore4 ,9 ?is way we succe$$ 9 p5etrat+ ?r\gh eighte5 in*es ( a conglom]ate mass ( ^! iron-pyrites nodules emb$d$ 9 heavy petroleum4 ,z we drill$ ?r\gh ?is ! gas blew out ! nodules ( iron-pyrites emb$d$ 9 oil4 8,at eight hundr$ & tw5ty-"o feet six in*es a v h>d /ratum ( slate 0 enc\nt]$1 :i* we p5etrat$ ab\t ?ree in*es4 ,we c\ld get no wat] d[n ! well on acc\nt ( ! /rong fl[ ( gas1 s we c\ld make no fur!r progress ) ! drill 9 ?is h>d cutt+4 ,! dang] to ! m5 0 s great t !y refus$ to "w long] ov] ! bore4 ,we !n put ! f\r & five-eigh?s in* cas+ d[n to ! v bottom1 hop+ to %ut (f gas1 b x fail$ to d s40 ,,t]rific ,,pressure ,,( ,,natural ,,gas4 ,"w 0 resum$ "h 9 #ahih 7,geological ,survey ,report1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 page #cc;a74 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! fl[ ( gas might h decreas$1 b on "w be+ resum$ & ! hole be+ clean$ out 8! gas :i* _h increas$ 9 p[] ) ! clean+ ( ! hole cut ! walls d[n & blew great cl\ds ( s& & gravel high] ?an ! d]rick40 ,subsequ5tly at eight hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 feet su* a /rong fl[ ( gas 0 /ruck t !y 7 oblig$ to susp5d op]ations4 ,mr4 ,fras] fur!r says 9 ! same report3--8,i prov$ ! g5]al excell5ce & utility ( ! gas dur+ ! season1 us+ x = my boil]1 cook/ove & = light+4 ,i _h only a "o in* pipe1 tapp$ into ! side ( ! cas+1 & probably did n use ! "o-hundr$? "p ( ! gas com+ f ! bore1 b !re 0 suffici5t to make all ! /eam necess>y on my tw5ty-five horse-p[] boil]1 keep fire 9 ! /ove1 & also to supply a /rong fl>e-light4 ,! gas burn$ beautifully clean4 ,9 work+ at ! bore1 ! scree*+ & hiss+ ( ! gas1 :5 at all conf9$ by ! pres5ce ( ! tools inside ! cas+1 or f o!r causes1 0 s great t ! m5 compla9$ ( pa9s 9 _! e>s & heads40 ,,begg$ ,,to ,,be ,,excus$4 ,:5 giv+ 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 begg$ to be excus$ f divulg+ results ( 8 "w 9 bor+ = petroleum 9 ! ,mc,murray di/rict1 z o!r p _h entru/$ _! money ) him 9 ! ent]prise4 ,he said he felt at lib]ty to /ate t _! works s f> made him v confid5t t !y 7 go+ to h "o ( ! bigge/ petroleum fields 9 ! _w4 ,!re 0 no d\bt he said1 petroleum w\ld be f\nd all ?r\gh t c\ntry1 f ,a?abaska riv] to ,peace riv]4 ,he rem>k$ t :5 8 p>ty 0 bor+ once !y /ruck natural gas1 & "o hundr$ & fifty feet ( salt4 ,!y w5t d[n ?r\gh a hundr$ feet ( salt1 & !n !y ab&on$ x4 ,at ?is p>ticul> place !y w5t ab\t elev5 hundr$ feet altoge!r4 ,!y nev] w5t l[] ?an elev5 hundr$ feet4 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 add$3 8,z f> z petroleum is conc]n$1 ,i h all my money put into x1 & !re is o!r p's money 9 x1 & ,i h to be loyal4 ,z to :e!r y c get petroleum 9 m]*antable quantities1 t is a matt] ab\t :i* ,i w\ld n c>e to speak4 ,i h be5 tak+ 9 ma*9]y = ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,la/ ye> ,i plac$ ab\t fifty ?\s& doll>s wor? ( ma*9]y 9 !re4 ,i h n br\ght x 9 = ornam5tal purposes1 al?\gh x does look nice & home-l40 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aiaj1 ,corporal ,a4 ,h4 ,s*ur]1 ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 made a patrol f ,a?abaska to ,mc,murray4 ,9 8 report he /ates3--8,i visit$ ! oil wells sunk by ,b>on ,a4 von ,ham]/e9 at ,popl> isl&1 six miles bel[ ,mc,murray4 ,i c\ld see v little ) ! exception ( ! ma*9]y1 z ! sn[ _h cov]$ ev]y?+ up4 ,a ,mr4 ,falkn]1 suppos$ to be repres5t+ a p>ty ( ea/]n capitali/s1 has be5 /ak+ out claims betwe5 ,mc,murray & ,mc,kay = oil1 dur+ ! pa/ two mon?s1 & ,i und]/& t he is also to prospect ,cle>wat] riv] ea/ ( ,mc,murray = petroleum & o!r m9]als4 ,9 ,decemb] la/ ,mr4 ,julius ,altes*ul1 a ,g]man1 claim+ to be a repres5tative ( a ,london1 ,engl&1 f9ancial h\se1 visit$ ,mc,murray1 & aft] hav+ be5 !re = a few days1 /at$ t he _h f\nd a m9]al m valuable ?an radium1 & t z soon z ,a?abaska riv] 0 navigable1 he w\ld place "o hundr$ workm5 & _! families at ,mc,murray1 :]e he int5d$ to />t an indu/ry2 :at ?is indu/ry 0 to be ,mr4 ,altes*ul did n make cle>4 ,x is ! g5]al impression t ,altes*ul 0 m]ely pay+ a visit to a mu* talk$ ( place 9 ord] to f9d out :at m9]als actually exi/$1 b did n want 8 mission to be kn[n40 ,,natural ,,gas4 ,corporal ,mellor /ates 7,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police report ( #aiji7 t :5 patroll+ ! buffalo c\ntry ne> ,peace po9t he came across 8a l>ge natural gas sp\t burn+ 9 a muskeg & 0 in=m$ x nev] goes out40 ,dur+ 8 exam9ation be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate 9 #aijg ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 drew ! att5tion ( ! committee to ! wa/e ( natural oil gas at ! gov]nm5t bore hole at ,pelican portage or ,pelican rapids4 ,x 0 /ill burn+4 ,:5 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 w5t up 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 #aijf1 x blew ab\t eighte5 or tw5ty feet4 ,ab\t f\r ye>s previ\sly he f\nd x 0 ab\t =ty feet1 a v]tical /ream4 ,x explod$ ) su* =ce t n a hundr$? "p ( ! gas _h a *ance to be inflam$4 ,! gr\nd all ar\nd x _h fall5 94 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 express$ ! op9ion t ?is is ! bigge/ gas well on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,he _h a gas exp]t1 a ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 f ,petrolia1 :o told him t x 0 ! bigge/ well 9 ! _w4 ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 op]at$ 9 ,indiana1 ,kansas1 & all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 0 ! l>ge/ op]ator 9 ! natural gas bus9ess4 ,9 connection ) _! prospect+1 m9+ & bor+ op]ations 9 ,a?abaska di/rict ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9's p>ties use quantities ( natural gas = light+ purposes4 ,!y light _! camps ) x1 & d _! blacksmi?+ ) x1 & x comes 9 v h&y4 ,!y get ! gas at all k9ds ( dep?s1 & get sev]al ve9s ( x4 ,!y nev] get petroleum )\t gas1 z !y h to /rike gas be=e !y /rike petroleum1 s !re mu/ be a l>ge quantity ( petroleum !re4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9's evid5ce ^u ?is occasion1 on ,peace riv] !re is evid5ce ( natural gas also1 small am\nts ( t> & also evid5ce ( petroleum4 ,t w\ld be sixte5 miles f ,peace ,riv] ,l&+1 on an isl& call$ ,t> isl&4 ,! natural gas spr+s !re ?r[ out small am\nts ( t>1 & ab\t ?irty miles f ! m\?1 on ! nor? %ore1 !re is also a spr+4 ,x is :at ,mr4 von ,ham]/e9 call$ an oil spr+ or t> spr+4 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,m4 ,l4 ,a41 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t = miles along ,a?abaska riv] ! natural gas is all ! "t escap+ f ! clay banks ( ! riv] & 9 ! riv] itself1 because all across ! riv] y c see ! bubbles ris+4 ,! witness _h light$ "s ( ! gas v5ts1 & boil$ 8 tea pail by hang+ x ov] ! flame4 ,,m ,,important ,,gas ,,spr+s4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 ! mo/ important natural gas spr+ 9 ! di/rict occurs on ! ,a?abaska at ! m\? ( ,little ,buffalo riv]4 ,! gas "h =ces its way up f ! t> s&s1 ?r\gh two hundr$ & fifty feet ( ! ,cle>wat] %ales & issues f ! surface 9 num]\s small jets di/ribut$ ov] an area fifty feet or m 9 diamet]4 ,"s ( ! jets burn /eadily :5 light$1 until ext+ui%$ by heavy ra9s or /rong w9d1 & af=d suffici5t heat to cook a camp meal4 ,a second spr+ 0 notic$ on ! left bank ( ! ,a?abaska ab\t ?irte5 miles bel[ ! m\? ( ,pelican riv]4 ,! volume ( gas escap+ "h is less ?an at ! m\? ( ,little ,buffalo riv]1 & 9 ord] to rea* ! surface x is oblig$ to p5etrate five hundr$ & sev5ty feet ( %ales & s&/one :i* "h ov]lie ! t> s&s4 ,escap+ jets ( gas 7 also not$ at sev]al po9ts f>!r up ! riv]2 b ^! 7 mo/ly small & may possibly be due to decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,on ,peace riv] natural gas issues f ! t> spr+s on ,t> isl&1 9 small quantities4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell adds3--8,! natural gas spr+s h less value 9 !mselves at pres5t ?an 9 ! indications !y af=d ( ! exi/5ce ( petroleum b5ea?40 ,9 8 introduction to ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,"y's descriptive sket* ( ! geology & economic m9]als ( ,canada 7#aiji7 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,brock1 ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 wrote3--8,petroleum & natural gas are obta9$ 9 ,ont>io2 ,alb]ta is also produc+ a l>ge quantity ( gas1 & w probably develop petroleum fields4 4 4 4 4 ,! int]ior pla9 7( ! ,canadian nor?we/7 is und]la9 = ! mo/ "p by s$im5t>y rocks1 *iefly ( ,cretace\s age1 & conta9+ coal1 build+ /ones1 clays1 & cem5t mat]ials4 ,natural gas ov] wide areas & "u great pressure has be5 tapp$1 & !re is e indication ( a l>ge oil field 9 ! nor!rn portion1 at lea/1 ( ,alb]ta40 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,nor!rn ,,alb]ta4 ,game1 ,fur-be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 ,! ,l& ( ! ,wood ,buffalo4--,:]e ! ,la/ ,remnant ( ,am]ican ,bison ,liv+ 9 a ,wild ,/ate ,roam4--,a ,spl5did ,moose ,c\ntry4-- ,! ,home ( ,num]\s ,fur-be>+ ,animals4--,! ,prolific ,fi%]ies ( ,lake ,a?abaska & ,o!r ,wat]s4 ,z ! nor!rnmo/ portion ( nor!rn ,alb]ta includes a consid]able "p ( ! range ( ! h]ds ( wood buffalo 7,bison a?abascae71 :i* are ! sole remnant1 liv+ 9 a natural /ate1 ( ! c\ntless millions ( ,am]ican bison :i* exi/$ :5 ! nor?we/ 0 fir/ op5$ up1 x is a c\ntry ( especial int]e/ to ! naturali/ & sportsman4 ,x seems to be agre$ t ! wood buffalo is exactly ! same species z ! buffalo ( ! pla9s1 be+ desc5d$ f h]ds or individuals :i* drift$ into ! wood$ c\ntry to ! nor? = pa/urage or protection1 & f9d+ conditions cong5ial rema9$ !re4 ,)9 ! memory ( liv+ m5 ! wood buffalo ( nor!rn ,alb]ta & beyond 7 immeasurably m num]\s ?an !y are to-day1 & !y w\ld probably h suff]$ ext]m9ation be=e ?is _h ! ,dom9ion gov]nm5t n /epp$ 9 & enact$ laws to protect closely ! rema9+ h]ds4 ,! wood bison =m]ly rang$ ov] imm5se areas nor? to ,great ,slave lake & ,li>d riv]1 b x is n[ re/rict$ to a few small h]ds inhabit+ ! region nor? ( ,peace riv]4 ,! bison 0 fir/ record$ f ?is region by ,samuel ,he>ne1 ! fir/ travell] to p5etrate its unkn[n wilds4 ,aft] cross+ ,great ,slave lake 78 ,a?apapusk[ lake7 f ! nor?1 9 ,janu>y1 #aggb1 he ent]$ ! level c\ntry to ! ea/w>d ( ,slave riv]1 & !re 8f\nd buffaloes v pl5tiful40 ,he travell$ s\?w>d = "s days & !n left ,slave riv] & proce$$ to ! ea/w>d1 /ill f9d+ ! animals abundant until he rea*$ a po9t ne> ! longitude ( ! ea/]n end ( ,great ,slave lake4 7,preble47 ,hon4 ,william ,*ri/ie1 ex-memb] ( ! ,nor?we/ ,c\ncil1 & late ,inspect+ ,factor ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh /at$ t at t date ! wood buffalo roam$ ov] ! ,a?abaska c\ntry1 *iefly 9 ! woods2 b 9 ! summ] !y came d[n to lick ! salt at ! salt spr+s 9 ! valley ( ,salt riv]1 :i* fl[s into ,great ,slave lake4 ,he und]/ood t ^! wood buffalo 7 9 small b&s ( f\r or five4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie consid]$ ! wood buffalo to be id5tical ) ! pla9s buffalo4 ,long ago ! latt] species 0 f\nd z f> nor? z ,peace riv] 9 great numb]s1 & ! pla9s ,indians1 ! ,s>cees & o!rs1 7 !n 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry4 ,!re is a place call$ ,battle riv] 9 ,peace riv] valley1 :]e ^! pla9s ,indians _h a trem5d\s battle1 & x is call$ ,battle riv] f t circum/ance4 ,! pla9s buffalo 7 9 t c\ntry !n 9 ?\s&s1 j ! same z !y 7 9 ! pla9s4 ,z !y got hunt$ by ! ,indians1 !y mov$ out1 & ! ,indians mov$ out ( ,peace riv] c\ntry also aft] ?is great battle & w5t into ! pla9s4 ,! battle 9 "q 0 f\ght p]haps "o hundr$ ye>s previ\sly4 ,a numb] ( ! pla9s buffalo got into ! woods & br$ & rema9$ !re & 7 /ill liv+ 9 ! woods !re4 ,,!y ,,_h ,,gr[n ,,l>g] 9 "s way1 b !y 7 j ! same z ! pla9s buffalo4 ,^? :o _h kill$ "s ( !m said !y _h increas$ 9 size 9 ! woods1 possibly f n be+ di/urb$ s mu* & n hav+ to move ab\t z ! pla9s buffalo _h to d4 ,! wood buffalo liv$ 9 ! woods1 on ! grasses t !y f\nd4 ,! buffalo does n scrape2 he breaks ! sn[ ) 8 nose & eats t way4 ,unless ! grass 0 pretty long he c\ld n get 8 liv+ !re 9 ! w9t]4 ,ab\t f\r or five hundr$ p\nds w\ld be ! weight ( a wood buffalo4 ,a buffalo c[ 9 ! pla9s1 aft] be+ dress$1 w\ld weigh ab\t ?ree hundr$ p\nds2 "o ( ^! wood buffalo w\ld weigh ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty to f\r hundr$ p\nds dress$4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 speak+ ( ! possibility ( us+ ! wood buffalo = hybridization purposes1 expla9$ t z f> back z #ahdb1 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company _h at ,edmonton a h]d ( buffalo4 ,!y began by tak+ "s calves1 & f ^! ! h]d increas$ until !y _h "s ?irty altoge!r4 ,^! us$ to h]d out ) ! o!r cattle & come 9 ) !m4 ,all at once ! buffalo came ne> ,edmonton & ?is h]d w5t (f ) ! o!rs4 ,x 0 ! impression !n1 f _! mix+ ) ! o!r cattle1 t !y w\ld n cross1 because !re 7 n any signs ( x4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,mob]ly1 ano!r ,*ief ,factor ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 submitt$ a /atem5t 9 writ+ to ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhg 9 :i* he /at$ t z to wood buffalo !re 0 a b&1 probably ab\t two hundr$1 betwe5 ! ,saskat*ewan & ! ,a?abaska4 ,!y kept on ! m\nta9s betwe5 ,lac la ,bi*e & ,mc,murray1 & ano!r b&1 probably ab\t ?ree hundr$ /rong1 0 betwe5 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv]s on ,?ickwood & ,bir* m\nta9s4 ,a ?ird b&1 probably sev5 hundr$ /rong1 0 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s betwe5 ,li>d & ,peace riv]s1 & f ,salt riv] to ! foot ( ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,a ,,tale ,,( ,,slaught]4 ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie1 9 8 report ( #ahhh wrote3--8,! wood buffalo :i* =m]ly roam$ ar\nd all ! upp] wat]s1 is n[ ne>ly a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,a few /ill rema9 scatt]$ ov] a wide di/rict4 ,c\ld "s means be devis$ to protect !m = "s ye>s !y w\ld probably soon multiply & become a s\rce ( food supply & rev5ue to ! natives4 ,mr4 ,mc,dougall 7( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company71 :o has = "s ye>s pa/ be5 ga!r+ in=mation conc]n+ ! numb] ( ^! animals & _! locality1 has k9dly giv5 me ! foll[+ notes3--,9 ! w9t] ( #ahhg-hh1 on ! head wat]s ( ,hay riv]1 :i* fl[s into po9t3--8,rum\rs t ! wolves 7 de/roy+ ! buffalo 7 curr5t ev]y:]e4 ,"s w5t s f> z to say t ^! wolves 7 a new & l>g] race come 9 f ! b>r5 gr\nds1 to prey on !m4 ,su* rum\rs 7 repeat$ at e po9t 9 mu* ! same words1 )\t details4 ,?is ar\s$ my suspicions40 ,at ,smi? ,l&+1 :]e ! p>ty arriv$ ,june #g1 ! ,inspector met ,pi]re ,squirrel1 *ief ( ! ,*ipewyans1 & arrang$ = a meet+ ( ! *iefs & hunt]s :o knew ! buffalo c\ntry ne> !re4 ,at ! meet+ next day1 ,mr4 ,j>vis told !m he _h come to inve/igate ! buffalo "q1 & if necess>y1 to take /eps = ! de/ruction ( ! wolves2 t he mu/ g 9 p]son to ! buffalo c\ntry1 & if possible see ! buffalo & ! wolves4 ,c\ntless objections 7 rais$ to 8 plans4 ,! :ole c\ntry 0 "u f "o to five feet ( wat]1 accord+ to "o /atem5t4 ,! p>ty w\ld n get a dry spot to sleep on1 accord+ to ano!r4 ,!y w\ld be dev\r$ by flies2 w\ld die ( rheumatic fev]2 x 0 impossible to f9d ! buffalo2 !y might be hundr$s ( miles (f at t mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police ,b>racks at ,smi? ,l&+4 ,on ! ?irte5?1 ,inspector ,j>vis left ,smi? ,l&+ & aft] a long day's m>* 9 a we/-s\?we/ direction rea*$ ,salt riv]4 ,none ( ! swamps s mu* talk$ ( prov$ v s]i\s1 & x 0 evid5t t all 7 dry 9 late summ]4 ,at "o po9t only 0 a true bog se5 & x ext5d$ = only half a mile4 ,! foll[+ day1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ,salt riv] d[nw>d1 ! fir/ buffalo 7 sight$4 ,inspector ,j>vis writes 9 8 report3--8,! trails1 wall[s & *ips ( buffalo became noticeable1 b z !y 7 old we gave !m only pass+ note4 ,b :5 two p]fectly fre% ones appe>$1 we dism\nt$ to foll[ !m on foot4 ,i took *>ge ( ! horses z ! flies 7 v ?ick4 ,great ,slave lake1 & we/ ( ,battle riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,peace1 ! ,indians saw ?ree b&s conta9+ sev5te51 t51 & f\r1 respectively2 !y kill$ five1 b ,mr4 ,mc,dougall did n asc]ta9 :e!r or n ^! 7 9 addition to ! above numb]s4 ,! same w9t] ?ree b&s 7 se5 betwe5 ,salt riv] & ,peace po9t on ,peace riv]1 numb]+ fifty1 tw5ty-five1 & ab\t tw5ty-five1 respectively4 ,none ( ^! are report$ to h be5 kill$4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhf-hg1 betwe5 ! nor? end ( ,bir* & ! s\? end ( ,?ickwood m\nta9s1 di/ant ab\t "o day or ?irty miles f ,mc,murray on ,a?abaska riv]1 "o b& ( ab\t ?irte5 0 se54 ,s9ce !n five ( ?is b& h be5 kill$4 ,bel[ ,r$ riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,a?abaska1 & betwe5 ,bir* m\nta9s & ,a?abaska riv]1 & rang+ d[n to ,popl> po9t on ! ,a?abaska1 ano!r b& said to conta9 ab\t tw5ty 0 se54 ,altoge!r we h only ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty head ( wood buffalo 9 ?is va/ ext5t ( t]ritory4 ,! paucity ( _! numb] is1 to "s ext5t1 a protection to !m4 ,if !y escape epidemics & su* a w9t] z almo/ ext]m9at$ !m on ! upp] ,peace "s ye>s ago1 !y may possibly increase4 ,:5ev] ! ,indians come across a b& !y try to ext]m9ate !m :e!r !y ne$ !m = food or n4 ,!y try to drive !m into a bog1 if "o be conv5i5t1 &1 if !y succe$ 9 ?is _! object is soon accompli%$1 = ! poor brutes mire 9 ! bog & are quickly kill$4 ,! ,indian feels1 aft] accompli%+ a feat ( ?is k9d1 z if he _h won a battle1 & nev] ?9ks ( a r$uction 9 8 food supply40 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,ogilvie's report 0 p5n$2 & p>tly z a result ( x1 /eps h be5 tak5 to protect ! wood buffalo1 & = ye>s back1 ! few memb]s ( ! gallant ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry h devot$ consid]able en]gy to en=c+ ! law :i* prohibits ! hunt+ ( ! buffalo4 ,! mo/ au!ntic portion ( ! m rec5t in=mation we h z to ! pres5t ext5t & condition ( ! h]ds ( wood buffalo is obta9$ f ! reports ( (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s ( ! di/+ui%$ =ce m5tion$4 ,,pres5t ,,condition ,,( ,,wood ,,buffalo4 ,9 #aijg ,inspector ,a4 ,m4 ,j>vis1 ,c4,m4,g41 0 specially despat*$ f headqu>t]s at ,reg9a to ! ,a?abaska c\ntry#ag to asc]ta9 ! exi/+ numb]s & condition ( ! wood buffalo & to recomm5d means = _! protection4 ,inspector ,j>vis1 accompani$ by ! well kn[n naturali/1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,?ompson ,seton1 left ,mc,murray = ! nor? on ,june #bi4 ,he wrote 9 8 report at ?is & s5t ,mr4 ,seton on ) 8 cam]a4 ,beaulieu /alk$ !m exactly z he w\ld a moose1 & 9 ab\t an h\r l$ ,mr4 ,seton to an op5 glade :]e 9 pla9 view 0 ,a ,,h]d ,,( ,,?irte5 ,,buffalo1 two big bulls1 "o calf ( ?is ye>1 & ! re/ c[s & ye>l+s4 ,_! photograph 0 tak5 ?ree times at sixty y>ds1 be=e !y became al>m$ & ran (f4 8,be> tracks ab\nd ev]y:]e1 & t night ,beaulieu %ot an old be> & two cubs )9 fifty y>ds ( our camp40 ,! ,inspector reports z foll[s z to ! next day's op]ations3--8,beaulieu & myself />t$ out at #f3de a4m4 & travell$ ar\nd ! we/ side ( ,salt m\nta9 until #aj3dj p4m41 foll[+ fre% tracks ( two buffalo1 until we came ^u fre% tracks ( :at appe>$ to be a l>ge h]d4 ,we ti$ our horses 9 ! woods & foll[$ along = ab\t a mile ?r\gh wet1 swampy gr\nd1 until we came 9 sight ( a bun*1 all ( :i* 7 ly+ d[n except ?ree l>ge bulls4 ,!y 7 on a l>ge salt lick4 ,we crawl$ up to )9 7:i* we aft]w>ds measur$7 fifty paces ( !m1 ?r\gh ! bru%4 ,i took out my glasses b ow+ to our position1 c\ld n get a correct c\nt ( !m4 ,aft] re/+ = a little :ile we bo? walk$ into ! op54 ,i took out my pocket book & wrote d[n z foll[s3--#8,f\r big bulls1 "o ye>l+1 f\r little calves1 ?ree two-ye>-olds1 & eight c[s4' ,!y !n saw u & got up "o by "o & />$ at u1 %[+ h[ easily !y c be approa*$ & kill$4 ,beaulieu !n %\t$ & !y gallop$ into ! woods4 ,! bulls 7 magnific5t look+ animals4 ,!y _h n yet %$ all _! w9t] coat1 b ! c[s 7 sleek & f9e look+4 ,be=e go+ into ! op51 ,beaulieu1 :o _h 8 rifle along1 said1 #8,mon ,dieu1 major2 let me kill him "o c[4' ,i expla9$ to him t we w\ld be f9$ five hundr$ doll>s & t ,i w\ld lose my position4 ,he !n said1 #8,let me kill him "o = ! ,gov]nm5t4' ,b ,i w\ld n p]mit x4 ,we return$ to ! camp :]e we _h left ,mr4 ,seton & t ev5+ mov$ our camp to a spot :]e we ?\ght ^! animals might pass4 ,b we saw no m ( !m4 ,z we ,,_h ,,se5 ,,?irty-,,?ree ,,( ,,^! ,,animals1 & ! fre% tracks ( t5 or twelve m1 possibly bulls1 9 ! woods1 we conclud$ t we _h se5 all ! buffalo 9 ?is p>ticul> di/rict4 ,& z !re 0 no "t to g to ,peace po9t & rapid de ,beaulieu1 & keep our ^w ) ! guide1 ,i decid$ to return1 to g to ,=t ,smi? & arrange if possible to see ! b& report$ to be 9 ! ,c>ib\ m\nta9s1 ne> ,hay riv]4 ,we look$ ev]y:]e = buffalo bones1 b f\nd only f\r v old skeletons1 ) no?+ to tell h[ !y _h be5 kill$4 ,at all dr9k+ places1 muddy lakes1 m>%es & salt licks1 we look$ p>ticul>ly = tracks ( wolves & f\nd v few4 ,i got a glimpse ( "o small wolf1 or possibly coyote1 9 ! woods1 & he>d "o coyote call+1 j z we 7 leav+ ! m\nta91 he hav+ smelt ! be> we _h kill$4 ,we f\nd ! skull ( "o wolf kill$ ye>s ago1 b ,i am =c$ to conclude t wolves are sc>ce "h1 & ,i f\nd ample ju/ification = my suspicion t ! con/ant cry ( #8wolf' is a m]e ruse to div]t att5tion f ! two-legg$ depr$ators1 :o are really do+ ! mis*ief4 ,illu/ration3 ,look+ across ,slave riv] f ,=t ,smi?4 8,o!r game ab\nd$4 ,be> tracks 7 se5 on e side4 ,c>ib\ are said to be pl5tiful 9 w9t]4 ,moose are common4 ,i saw "o )\t do+ any hunt+4 ,?is is important = ! buffalo1 z sev]al well kn[n hunt]s claim ?is region z _! hunt+ & trapp+ gr\nds4 ,!y g 9 o/5sibly to kill moose & come out abundantly suppli$ ) pemmican1 b br+ out v few moose sk9s4 ,i am in=m$ by ! trad]s "h1 t a few ye>s ago ^! hunt]s begg$ sale = moose sk9s1 b ( late ye>s sc>cely any h be5 br\ght out4 ,?is is v suspici\s1 to say ! lea/ ( x4 ,^! m5 did all !y c\ld to prev5t my go+ 91 & ,i consid] x no long] d\btful :at is de/roy+ ! buffalo4 8,! foll[+ morn+ ! guide ann\nc$ t 8 "t 0 ne>ly up & he want$ to return to ,smi? ,l&+1 :i* we did1 arriv+ !re at #d p4m4 on ! aft]noon ( ,june #af4 ,x w be se5 by ! map1 t we b>ely ent]$ ! buffalo c\ntry1 s 7 =tunate 9 see+ s _m head4 8,9 case x 7 desir$ to capture "s calves = ! purpose ( infus+ fre% blood into o!r national h]ds1 x c\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be easily done1 z 9 ! e>ly summ]1 :5 ! calves are "y1 !y c\ld be run d[n & rop$4 ,a fre% c[ c\ld be tak5 out f ,smi? ,l&+ or "s o!r po9t1 calves captur$1 & wean$ on to ! c[4 ,i consid] ?is feasible4 8,to sum up ,i conclude3-- 87a7 ,t x is impossible = me or any "o else 9 ?is c\ntry to give y an intellig5t report z to ! numb]s ( ! buffalo1 )\t fir/ mak+ a ?or\gh patrol ( ! c\ntry1 :i* w\ld take f two to ?ree mon?s ) a complete pack outfit4 87b7 ,t ! buffalo are 9 dang] ( ext]m9ation n by wolves1 b by poa*]s2 87c7 ,^! poa*]s are all kn[n & live at ! village ( ,smi? ,l&+ 9 ! summ] "t2 87d7 ,!y c\ld easily be controll$ by a local police patrol2 87e7 ,)\t "s protection ! buffalo w n la/ five ye>s long]4 ,!re=e ,i /rongly recomm5d1 z ,i did "s t5 ye>s ago1 t1 if x is ! wi% ( ! ,gov]nm5t to protect ! buffalo1 resid5t gu>dians be plac$ on ! gr\nds40 ,,wolves ,,n ,,! ,,de/roy]s4 ,inspector ,j>vis />t$ f ,=t ,smi? = 8 second trip on ,june #bd4 ,! p>ty proce$$ 9 a we/]ly direction = ab\t n9e miles ?r\gh a level1 dry c\ntry1 cov]$ ) jackp9e & popl>1 foll[+ ne>ly ! c\rse ( ,slave riv] to ,gravel po9t1 :]e !y turn$ s\?we/]ly to ,salt riv]1 :i* !y rea*$ 9 ano!r n9e miles4 ,! p>ty proce$$ z f> we/ z ,little ,buffalo riv] :i* fl[s into ,great ,slave lake we/ ( ,slave riv]1 b saw no signs ( buffalo beyond "s old trails & wall[s4 ,report+ on ?is trip ,major ,j>vis wrote3--8,al?\gh we f\nd no fre% buffalo signs1 we le>n$ a great deal ab\t ! range & 7 glad to he> t ! ma9 h]d is ! "o we expect to rea* by ,canoe riv]4 ,we saw no signs ( wolves1 n ev5 a trail1 & ,i am confirm$ 9 my suspicion t ! wolves are n ! de/roy]s ( ! buffalo4 ,9 conclusion ,i w\ld po9t out t ! range ( ! buffalo h]ds is v limit$2 t x has c]ta9 natural b\nd>ies2 t ! buffalo d n attempt to leave ?is area2 t x is remov$ f any village or p]man5t habitation2 & t1 f9ally1 x w\ld be an effici5t & easy measure ( protection if ! :ole area 9 "q 7 at once turn$ into a ,national ,p>k4 ,animal life 0 n abundant4 ,we saw no big game :atev]1 & b few signs ( moose or be>4 ,mr4 ,preble 0 =tunate to f9d ! ne/ & eggs ( a v r>e bird1 ! ,bohemian ,waxw+1 b we saw no game birds 9 ! woods1 & only a few ducks on ! ponds40 ,,! ,,little ,,buffalo ,,c\ntry4 ,major ,j>vis1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,?ompson ,seton & ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble1 naturali/s1 made a ?ird trip by canoe into ! buffalo c\ntry f a po9t on ,slave riv] bel[ ,=t ,smi?4 ,a wat] & portage r\te ( five & a half miles took !m to ! ,little ,buffalo1 d[n :i* !y paddl$ to its m\?4 ,on ?is trip fre% signs ( buffalo 7 se51 b no buffalo4 ,! ,inspector writes 9 8 report ( ?is trip3--8,we saw ?ree be>1 ?ree beav]1 & "s duck along ?is "p ( ! riv]1 & all along we saw num]\s signs1 & fre%1 ( beav]1 rat & m9k4 ,we also saw an exposure ( lime/one on ! left bank dur+ ! aft]noon4 ,we f\nd ! riv] ab\nd+ ) jackfi%1 ,mr4 ,preble cat*+ f\r ) a troll 9 a v %ort "t4 ,dur+ ! night ,buffalo riv] seem$ to be alive ) m9k swimm+ =w>ds & backw>ds across x40 ,z a result ( ,major ,j>vis's report m /r+5t regulations reg>d+ ! protection ( ! buffalo 7 put into =ce4 ,a sy/em ( occasional patrols by select$ non-commission$ (fic]s & m5 ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police into ! buffalo c\ntry 0 inaugurat$1 & "s resid5t hunt]s 7 engag$ z special con/ables4 ,a ,,b& ,,( ,,sev5ty-,,five4 ,corporal ,mellor1 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 on a patrol into ! buffalo c\ntry s\?we/ ( ,smi? ,l&+ 9 #aiji1 f\nd buffalo tracks v num]\s at ,beav] lake & also on ! 8,big ,salt prairie0 at ,hay lake & ab\t ,peace po9t4 ,9 ! di/rict la/ nam$ ,corporal ,mellor 0 able to get )9 five y>ds ( a b& ( ab\t sev5ty-five buffalo1 & obta9$ a good look at !m4 ,he says 9 8 report3--8,ow+ to ! fact t _m ( !m 7 hidd5 f view 9 ! bu%1 ,i 0 unable to c\nt !m correctly4 ,^? ne>e/ to view 7 n9e l>ge bulls1 all spl5did animals & roll+ fat4 ,i saw only f\r calves 9 ! b&1 al?\gh !re may h be5 m 9 ! bu%1 b ! guide1 aft] exam9+ ! tracks1 told me t !re 7 no m4 ,we tri$ to get ar\nd to see !m all1 b some?+ al>m$ !m & (f !y w5t4 ,?is b& 0 evid5tly compos$ ( ! diff]5t small b&s ^: tracks we _h be5 foll[+ at times40 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiaj ,s]geant ,mellor1 accompani$ by ,con/able ,johnson1 asc5d$ ,big ,buffalo riv] f ,sulphur po9t on ,great ,slave lake to ,buffalo lake4 ,! ma9 object 0 to det]m9e z f> z possible ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! wood bison habitat4 ,z a result ( 8 exploration ,s]geant ,mellor concludes t ! wood bison nev] range z f> z ,buffalo lake1 nor across ! ,c>ib\ hills1 nei!r d !y rea* ,great ,slave lake at any po9t2 on ! o!r h&1 !y come close to ,slave riv] f a po9t ab\t fifty miles bel[ ,=t ,smi? "r up to ,peace riv]1 & also rea* ,peace riv]1 at any rate1 z f> z ,jackfi% riv]4 ,_! habitat w\ld !re=e appe>1 he says1 to be b\nd$ on ! we/ by ,c>ib\ m\nta9s1 on ! s\? by ,peace riv]1 on ! ea/ by ,slave riv]1 & on ! nor? by an imag9>y l9e drawn f ,c>ib\ m\nta9s on ! we/ to ,slave riv] on ! ea/1 t\*+ ! latt] at ab\t ,po9t ,ennuyeuse1 & ! =m] ab\t fifty miles s\? ( ,buffalo lake4 ,! buffalo h1 z f> z he c\ld make out f c>eful inquiry1 nev] be5 se5 = _m ye>s nor? ( ^! two po9ts4 ,a ,,trem5d\s ,,animal4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy ( ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 said t he believ$ t !re 7 !n approximately ?ree hundr$ & fifty wood buffalo /ill roam+ wild at t date4 ,he obta9$ a specim5 = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 #aijf to be m\nt$4 ,! ,indians got x = him4 ,?is h]d are ! only wild buffalo on ! cont95t1 he believ$4 ,!y are v l>ge1 mu* l>g] ?an ! pla9s buffalo4 ,"o old ,indian told ! witness t ye>s ago !y f\nd a h]d ( buffalo betwe5 ,li>d & ,hay riv]s1 & "o "t !y got a h]d ( !m at ,=t ,provid5ce1 & !y slaught]$ all t 7 9 !re4 ,!re _h s9ce be5 a close season = buffalo = a good _m ye>s4 ,! sk9 ( ! buffalo t ! witness procur$ = ! dep>tm5t 0 a trem5d\s size1 & he w\ld say t ! animal mu/ h weigh$ f\rte5 or fifte5 hundr$ p\nds4 ,mr4 ,conroy 9 8 evid5ce said3--8,y d n require to en=ce ! law to protect ! buffalo4 ,! ,indians w n kill !m4 ,!y want to pres]ve !m z mu* z any "o else4 ,!y are ! ,wood ,cree ,indians 9 ! c\ntry nor?1 z f> z ! #fj? p>allel1 & ! ,*ipewyans nor? ( latitude #fj degrees1 until y come to ! ,aleutians or ,esquimaux4 ,! ,indians ?9k if ! buffalo are gone !y w h no?+ left4 ,! ,wood ,crees are b5efit+ by ! errors ( ! ,indians s\? ( ! ,saskat*ewan4 ,!y "k t ! buffalo are all gone1 s\? ( !m1 & !y want to protect ! wood buffalo40 ,s]geant ,r4 ,w4 ,macleod1 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 9 ! report ( 8 long patrol across c\ntry 9 ,decemb] #aiaj f ,=t ,v]milion to ! m\? ( ,hay riv] on ,great ,slave lake1 corroborates ! f9al /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,conroy4 ,! s]geant /ates3--8,! ,indians ,i met 7 famili> ) ! regulations = ! protection ( ! buffalo & prote/$ /rongly aga9/ a :ite man be+ p]mitt$ to kill any4 ,! ,indians told me ! extreme we/]n range ( ! buffalo is ?irty-five or =ty miles ea/ ( ,buffalo lake1 & !re is c]ta9ly no fe$ = !m 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry ,i pass$ ov]40 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiaa ! special sup]vision ( ! wood buffalo 0 tak5 out ( ! h&s ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 & transf]r$ to a gov]nm5t ag5t :o is /ation$ at ,smi? ,l&+4 ,,o!r ,,game ,,& ,,fi%4 ,"s int]e/+ evid5ce z to ! g5]al fi% & game res\rces ( ! :ole nor?1 & m p>ticul>ly nor!rn ,alb]ta1 0 submitt$ 9 writ+ to ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhg by ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,mob]ly1 a *ief trad] 9 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's s]vice4 ,?is g5tleman1 ?r\gh long resid5ce & frequ5t travels !re91 0 q famili> ) ?is c\ntry4 ,accord+ to 8 /atem5t lake tr\t is f\nd 9 almo/ all ! l>ge lakes all ov] ! c\ntry1 & riv] tr\t 9 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv]s & o!r /reams close to ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,speckl$ tr\t & m\nta9 tr\t are f\nd 9 wat]s on ! ea/ & we/ slope ( ,rocky m\nta9s2 :itefi%1 all ov] ! c\ntry f ! ,saskat*ewan nor?1 9 lakes & mo/ riv]s2 pick]el1 9 mo/ lakes2 jackfi% or pike 9 mo/ lakes2 suck]s1 9 all wat]s2 gold-eye1 ,a?abaska riv]1 ,peace riv] & _! tribut>ies2 a peculi> k9d ( salmon 7d\btless ! inconnu71 9 ,mack5zie riv] z f> up z ,salt riv] rapids1 above ,great ,slave lake4 ,ducks are f\nd all ov] ! c\ntry & geese & swans along ! ,a?abaska1 ! ,peace1 & ! ,mack5zie & ! %ores ( ,hudson bay2 cranes1 along ! ,a?abaska1 ! ,peace & ! ,mack5zie2 prairie *ick5s1 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv] c\ntries2 ruffl$ gr\se & spruce p>tridge all ov] ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritories2 pt>migan1 ,a?abaska1 ,peace riv]1 ,hudson bay2 plov] & snipe1 all ov] ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritories4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mob]ly1 moose run all ov] ! wood$ c\ntry nor? ( ! prairies & ea/ ( ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,! di/ribution ( o!r game & fur animals 9 f> nor?we/]n ,canada 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,mob]ly z foll[s3--,re9de] 7c>iboo71 l>ge1 all ov] ! wood c\ntries f ,saskat*ewan1 to ! b>r5 gr\nds 9 ! nor?2 re9de]1 small1 all ov] ! b>r5 gr\nds 9 ! nor?1 & come s\? 9 w9t] z f> z ,lac la ,bro*et1 ,a?abaska lake & ,peace riv]1 close to ,rocky m\nta9s2 r$ de]1 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv] valleys2 black tail de]1 jump+ de] & *evreux1 same c\ntry z ! r$ de]2 black & br[n be>s1 all ov] ! wood$ c\ntry & ,rocky m\nta9s2 grizzly be>s1 ,rocky m\nta9s1 valley ( ! ,peace1 ,a?abaska1 ,li>d1 & ,fras]1 b seldom f>!r ?an two hundr$ & fifty miles f ! foot ( ! ,rockies2 beav]1 ,a?abaska1 ,peace riv]1 & 9 fact all ov] ! wood$ c\ntry1 ,,back',s ,,grayl+4 ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 said he _h caught ,back's grayl+ 9 ! tribut>ies ( ,peace riv]1 9 ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,x is bo? an ,arctic & a m\nta9 fi%1 & delights 9 cle> wat]4 ,x is v gamesome & takes all k9ds ( bait4 ,:5 x took ! bait x w\ld jump cle> out ( ! wat]1 _m times a c\ple ( feet or s1 & ( c\rse1 ! beautiful col\rs 7m beautiful ?an ^? ( ! mack]el ev571 gli/5+ 9 ! sun1 made ! angl]s ?rill ) excitem5t4 ,!y are a :ite fle%$ fi%1 & n any?+ l z h>d z ! tr\t4 ,writ+ ( ! imm5se quantities ( fi% caught 9 ,lake ,a?abaska1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,ogilvie /ates 9 8 report3--8,at ,*ipewyan1 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company requir$1 9 ! fall ( #ahhh1 ?irty-six ?\s& fi% = ! use ( ! po/2 ! ,roman ,ca?olic mission1 twelve ?\s&2 & ! re/ ( ! population at lea/ ?irty ?\s& m4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 caught 9 ?ree weeks1 :ile ,i 0 !re4 ,sometimes !y are num]\s 9 "o place & sometimes 9 ano!r1 s t long j\rneys are (t5 necess>y f ! place :]e !y are caught to ! place :]e !y are to be us$4 ,?is necessitates a l>ge numb] ( dogs to haul !m home1 :i* is a v poor me?od1 ?\gh x is ! only "o 9 use4 ,to ov]come ?is inconv5i5ce1 ,mr4 ,mc,dougall1 at ,*ipewyan1 has built an ice-boat1 b has s f> met ) indiff]5t success1 z ! ice has be5 unusually r\gh dur+ bo? ( ! la/ two falls40 ,z to ! fi% & game 9 ! di/rict explor$ by him 9 #aiji1 ,mr4 ,frank ,crean reports t ! pr9cipal fi% to be f\nd 9 ! nor? is ! :itefi%4 ,! *ief use made at pres5t ( ?is valuable fi% is = dog fe$1 l>ge numb]s be+ caught = ?is purpose 9 ! annual 8fall fi%]ies10 z !y are t]m$4 ,beside ! :itefi%1 ! jackfi% is also f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! lakes1 & inde$ 9 t c\ntry :i* lies to ! we/ ( ! height ( l& & on ! wat]%$ ( ,a?abaska riv] ?is is ! pr9cipal fi%4 ,al?\gh extremely good food 9 ^! cold nor!rn wat]s !y are1 ( c\rse1 n to be comp>$ ) ! :itefi%4 ,! p]*1 or z ! natives sometimes call !m1 ! dor1 are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! riv]s & lakes4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s !y =m ! /aple diet1 z ! :itefi% app>5tly g into ! deep holes 9 ! lakes & are n caught by ! natives1 :o r>ely fi% 9 deep wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,roman ,ca?olic ,mission at ,*ipewyan4 ,describ+ an asc5t by him ( ,big ,buffalo riv]1 9 #aiji ,s]geant ,mellor /ates3--8,! cutbanks are riddl$ ) sulphur spr+s 7! od\r ( :i* ov]hangs ! :ole riv]71 int]sp]s$ 9 peculi>ly intimate proximity ) /reams ( beautifully fre% wat]4 ,! riv] 0 lit]ally alive ) #8coneys1' a species ( fi% some:at resembl+ a salmon1 & :i* atta9s a l>ge size2 ! "n is a corruption ( ! ,fr5* "n = ! fi% #8poisson inconnu1'--#8! unkn[n fi%4' ,!y 7 app>5tly asc5d+ ! riv] = spawn+ purposes2 x 0 q unnecess>y to use a net or l9e to cat* !m1 z x 0 a simple matt] to ?r[ !m on l& ) a paddle or /ick4 ,= ! next tw5ty miles ! riv]1 :ile /ill runn+ ) great velocity1 has n s _m rapids to enc\nt]1 & ! go+ is consid]ably bett]4 ,! banks are l[]1 & 9 _m places 7 clo!d 9 b]ry bu%es ( all k9ds1 & simply riddl$ ) be> tracks4 ,we did n h ! good =tune to kill "o ( ^! latt]1 al?\gh we saw !m sev]al times40 ,a ,,moose ,,c\ntry4 ,s]geant ,r4 ,w4 ,macleod1 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 9 a report ( a patrol 9 #aiji f ,=t ,v]milion to ,hay riv]1 /ates t :ile desc5d+ ,hay riv] on ,janu>y #bg "o ( 8 m5 %ot a two-ye> old bull moose ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds f ! riv] bank4 ,aft] ! patrol got almo/ "o hundr$ miles d[n ! riv] f ! ,horse track !y saw moose tracks all ! way z f> z )9 tw5ty miles ( ,great ,slave lake1 & !y saw ?ree moose1 b did n %oot1 z !y did n ne$ ! meat4 ,!y did n see a sn[-%oe track 9 ! :ole di/ance ( two hundr$ & ?irty-eight miles1 :i* acc\nts = ! moose be+ s pl5tiful4 ,"o fox track 0 all ! indication ( fur to be se54 ,betwe5 ,decemb] #b & #bd1 #aiaj1 ,s]geant ,macleod made a patrol f ,=t ,v]milion across c\ntry to ! po/ at ! m\? ( ,hay riv] on ,great ,slave lake1 a di/ance ( five hundr$ miles4 ,s]geant ,macleod took advantage ( "s ,indians travell+ ?r\gh to make ! trip1 :i* 0 a v h>d "o1 p>ticul>ly on ! dogs1 z ! sn[ 0 deep4 ,no :ite man is kn[n to h made ?is j\rney be=e1 & x 0 tw5ty ye>s s9ce ,indians _h attempt$ x4 ,! c\ntry is q unexplor$4 ,! wid? ( ,c>iboo m\nta9s is ab\t "o hundr$ miles & ! c\ntry is ma9ly moss-cov]$ muskeg & lakes4 ,s]geant ,macleod made enquiries reg>d+ a l>ge unmapp$ lake he saw ! previ\s ye> & f\nd t x is call$ ,fi% lake by ! ,indians4 ,x is z l>ge z ,less] ,slave lake & is 9 ,c>iboo m\nta9s4 ,?is is believ$ to be ! lake :i* a ,mr4 ,rad=d1 an ,am]ican naturali/1 claim$ he discov]$ & report$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior z ,lady ,grey lake4 ,s]geant ,macleod report$ t all ! lakes he pass$ dur+ ?is long trip seem$ to be deep = _! size1 & 9 ! s]geant's op9ion !y no d\bt conta9 :itefi% & lake tr\t4 ,9 ,fi% lake !re is good fi%+4 ,!re 7 ?ree half-bre$ families belong+ to ,=t ,v]milion & two ,*ipewyan ,indian families liv+ on ,de] ,m\nta9 creek f\r miles s\!a/ ( ,buffalo lake1 x be+ a good place = fall fi%+4 ,c>ib\ 7 pl5tiful on ! m\nta94 ,moose 7 pl5tiful on ! nor? side1 & !re 7 consid]able fur tracks on ! nor? side ( ! m\nta94 ,s]geant ,macleod's p>ty 8track$0 f\r wolves4 ,! late/ data available z to fi% & game 9 ! region imm$iately "u discussion appe> 9 ! annual report = #aiaa ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,g4 ,e4 ,s&]s1 ,d4,s4,o41 comm&+ 8,n0 ,division1 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 ) headqu>t]s at ,a?abaska4 ,9 8 report ,sup]9t5d5t ,s&]s writes3--8,! fur cat* dur+ ! pa/ season has improv$2 lynx 7 pl5tiful 9 ! f> nor?2 !y h be5 v sc>ce = "s ye>s & are n[ reappe>+ ) ! rabbits4 ,! value ( ! fur :i* pass$ ?r\gh ,a?abaska ?is ye> on its way out ( ! c\ntry is e/imat$ at ?ree hundr$ & fifty ?\s& doll>s4 ,moose 7 sc>ce 9 "s p>ts :]e !y are g5]ally pl5tiful & appe>$ 9 l>ge numb]s at po9ts :]e !y are n usually se52 ?is is acc\nt$ = by ! wolves mov+ !m ab\t4 ,wolves are report$ ?ick 9 all directions & at ,peace ,riv] ,l&+ a small pack *as$ a moose ?r\gh ! settlem5t4 ,*ick5 & p>tridge are num]\s 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! di/rict4 ,?is ye> ! *ief game gu>dian ( ! prov9cial gov]nm5t has notifi$ t ! close season = beav] w rema9 9 =ce4 ,hi!rto x has be5 ! cu/om to op5 ! season dur+ ! w9t] = a %ort "t4 ,! ef=t to pres]ve ! beav] by hav+ a close season 9 ?is c\ntry fails entirely1 & ,i w\ld repeat :at ,i said la/ ye> 9 reg>d to ?is subject ab\t :i* ,i made c>eful inquiries4 #8,i am /rongly ( op9ion !re %\ld be an op5 season = beav]4 ,i f\nd dur+ my travels t ,indians kill m beav] :5 !re is no op5 season ?an :5 !re is4 ,:5 !y d n kill = ! fur1 & !re is no reason 9 _! m9ds to pres]ve ! animals1 !y ext]m9ate :ole families = food1 :]eas if !y h an op5 season1 & ! fur is !reby m valuable1 !y are c>eful n to de/roy c]ta9 colonies1 b leave "s to bre$4 ,!y kill only :5 ! fur is prime4 ,! majority ( ! hunt]s & trapp]s :om ,i consult$ agre$ t betwe5 ,octob] #ae & ,decemb] #ae w\ld be ! mo/ suitable "t = an op5 season4'0 ,corporal ,s4 ,g4 ,clay1 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 made a patrol ?r\gh ,gr&e prairie c\ntry 9 ,augu/1 #aiaa1 & 9 8 report /ates3--8,indians 9 ?is locality are 9 fairly good %ape1 moose & be> be+ pl5tiful1 & consequ5tly !re has be5 practically no de/itution among/ ! ,indians40 ----- #ag ,a consid]able portion ( ! wood buffalo range lies imm$iately beyond ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,alb]ta & is consequ5tly )9 ! limits ( ! region p>ticul>ly treat$ ( 9 ! lat] *apt]s especially devot$ to ! 8,mack5zie c\ntry40 ,on ref]5ce to ! map 7& ! map mu/ necess>ily be consult$ frequ5tly by ! read] ( ^! pages7 x w be notic$1 also1 t mu* ( ! data quot$ "h really ref]s to ^? sections ( ! wood buffalo range )9 :at is arbitr>ily def9$ 9 ?is volume z ! ,mack5zie c\ntry2 b z ! s\!rn "p ( ! range is 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 & z ! wood buffalo1 probably on acc\nt ( its sci5tific designation1 is associat$ 9 mo/ p's m9ds ) ! ,a?abaska region1 x 0 consid]$ advisable to treat ! "q ( ! wood buffalo1 z a :ole1 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,e4 ,j4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mack5zie ,,riv] ,,region ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,mack5zie ,,riv] ,,region4 ,topography1 ,agriculture & ,arable ,l&4 ,mack5zie ,riv] a ,k+ ( ,nor!rn ,wat]s4--,ov] ,?ree ,?\s& ,miles ( ,wat]way4--,dome/ic ,cattle h ,succe$$4--,b>ley ,always ,rip5s at ,=t ,simpson4--,potatoes & ,o!r ,vegetables h = ,_m ,ye>s ,be5 ,gr[n at ,=t ,good ,hope1 a few ,miles f ! ,arctic ,circle4--,:eat & ,b>ley ,gr[n at ,li>d = ,_m ,ye>s4--,int]e/+ ,comp>ison ,) ! ,russian ,prov9ce ( ,tobolsk4--,a ,l>ge ,t[n z ,f> ,nor? z ,=t ,wrigley4--,:y ,bett] ,results 9 ,gra9 ,gr[+ ,may be ,expect$ 9 ! ,future4 ,nor!rn ,alb]ta1 includ+ ! ,a?abaska & ,peace c\ntries treat$ ( 9 ! *apt]s imm$iately prec$+1 is g5]ally consid]$1 & prop]ly1 z =m+ "p ( ! ,great ,mack5zie ,bas91 & t x has be5 9 ?is volume consid]$ z sep>ate f ! imm5se region on bo? sides ( ! ,mack5zie1 surr\nd+ ,great ,slave lake1 & on bo? sides ( ,slave riv] f ,=t ,smi? to its m\? at ! lake 9 "q1 is due to ! purpose1 previ\sly express$1 ( treat+ z sep>ate geographical units regions possess+ p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ei!r ( location1 soil1 climate or natural res\rces4 ,! region discuss$ 9 ! pres5t & imm$iately succe$+ *apt]s z 8,! ,mack5zie ,riv] ,region0 includes ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,alb]ta & ,briti% ,columbia b\nd>y l9e 7! #fj? p>allel ( nor? latitude7 ext5d+ z f> nor? z ,beau=t sea4 ,to ! we/w>d x is b\nd$ by ! ,yukon t]ritory b\nd>y l9e1 & to ! ea/w>d by ! height ( l& ea/ ( ,slave riv]1 ! height ( l& betwe5 ! valley ( ,copp]m9e riv] & ! lake & riv] sy/em ext5d+ f ! nor? arm ( ,great ,slave lake to ,great ,be> lake1 & a l9e 9 prolongation !re( nor?w>d to ! sea4 ,!re might be "s "q z to ! advisability ( consid]+ ! c\ntry nor?1 s\? & ea/ ( ,great ,be> lake z "p ( ! c\ntry ly+ m imm$iately adjac5t to ! great riv] ( ! nor?4 ,x is true t ! slight k ( ! c\ntry nor?1 s\? & imm$iately ea/ ( ,great ,be> lake t5ds to %[ t x is a region f> less invit+ ?an ! imm$iate valley ( ! ,mack5zie1 & t x practically =ms "p ( ! s-call$ 8,b>r5 ,l&s0 :i* ext5d z f> ea/w>d z ,hudson bay4 ,b ?is unfav\rable evid5ce is n q conclusive1 & aft] all1 ! :ole ( ! c\ntry )9 ! limits decid$ ^u is 9 ! ,mack5zie wat]%$1 & has be5 consid]$ 9 a broad s5se z "p ( ! ,mack5zie region by ! explor]s1 mission>ies1 trad]s1 & travell]s :o h writt5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,s ! adoption ( ! limits decid$ ^u %\ld simplify ! geographical situation = ! read]1 & t is an important ?+ 9 consid]+ a t]ritory s va/ z t imm$iately "u review4 ,a ,,k+ ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,wat]s4 ,mack5zie riv] is "o ( ! longe/ & broade/ /reams 9 ! _w4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 "o ( ! fir/ to attempt a sci5tific survey ( ! riv]1 ! ,mack5zie 8dra9s an area ( six hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5 ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ squ>e miles1 & has an approximate dis*>ge at a m$ium /age ( ! wat]1 accord+ to "s r\gh measurem5ts made by ! writ]1 ( five hundr$ ?\s& cubic feet p] second4 ,its bas9 is trav]s$ = ne>ly "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ miles by ,rocky m\nta9s1 & ! ,mack5zie is probably unique among ! riv]s ( ! _w 9 ! fact ( hav+ a l>ge proportion ( its bas9 situat$ on ! f>!r side ( a great m\nta9 *a94 ,two ( its pr9cipal tribut>ies1 ,li>d & ,peace riv]s1 pi]ce ,rocky m\nta9s & dra9 l>ge areas beyond1 :ile ! ?ird1 ! ,a?abaska1 orig9ates 9 ! he>t ( ! same range1 & is conf9$ entirely to ! ea/]n slope4 ,! c\ntry f :i* ! ,mack5zie draws its supplies is ( ! mo/ v>i$ description & includes "p ( ! brok5 plateau region we/ ( ,rocky m\nta9s1 ,rocky m\nta9s !mselves ?r\gh fifte5 degrees ( latitude1 ! nor!rn "p ( ! prairie di/rict & ! wood$ & moss-cov]$ c\ntry :i* succe$s x t[>ds ,arctic ocean1 :ile tribute is also drawn f a wide belt ( r\gh ,laur5tian c\ntry on ! ea/1 & f portion ( ! 8,b>r5 ,l&s40 ,f ,great ,slave lake to ! sea ! ,mack5zie is an impos+ /ream1 av]ag+ ab\t a mile 9 wid? ) occasional expansions = long di/ances to twice ?is size4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by ! comp>ative purity ( its wat]1 by its long /raight rea*es & by ! abs5ce ( sudd5 b5ds4 ,its valley1 usually %all[1 foll[s closely all ! s9uosities ( ! /ream )\t ! int]v5tion ( l>ge flats4 ,clu/]s ( isl&s ob/ruct its *annel 9 a numb] ( places1 & are met ) at int]vals all ! way d[n1 :ile ranges ( l(ty m\nta9s run p>allel ) x = "p ( its c\rse1 & =m a fitt+ backgr\nd to ?is k+ ( nor!rn wat]s40 ,,sil5t ,,sweep ,,( ,a ,,mighty ,,riv]4 8,opposite ,=t ,simpson10 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 8! ma9 *annel ( ! ,mack5zie is almo/ exactly a mile wide1 & x ma9ta9s & (t5 exce$s ?is wid? = _m miles bel[4 ,its c\rse1 z f> z ! ,great ,b5d1 a di/ance ( sev5ty miles1 is nor?-nor?we/1 & its curr5t 9 av]age /ages ( ! wat] has a velocity ( ab\t f\r miles an h\r4 ,! banks ( ! valley appe> l[ ow+ to ! great size ( ! riv]1 b 9 reality h (t5 a height ( two hundr$ feet or ov]4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is "p ( ! ,mack5zie & ( ! un5d+ spruce =e/s :i* bord] x is monoton\s & un9t]e/+1 & is only reliev$ by ! maje/y insep>able f ! sil5t sweep ( a riv] ( its magnitude40 ,slave riv]1 :i* dis*>ges ! wat] ( ,lake ,a?abaska & ,peace riv] into ,great ,slave lake1 is practically an upp] rea* ( ! ,mack5zie1 its c\rse be+ 9 ! same g5]al direction b ! "n 8,mack5zie0 is giv5 only to t long /ret* ( navigable wat] f ,great ,slave lake to ! sea4 ,z ,mack5zie riv] itself is ! out/&+ geographical feature ( ! c\ntry1 z x is ! ma9 *annel ( communication1 & z all ! settlem5ts are situat$ ^u its banks or ^? ( its tribut>ies1 a table ( di/ances along ?is gigantic wat]way may prove to be a useful guide to ^? read]s ( ^! pages1 :o are n famili> ) ! geography ( ! c\ntry4 ,! table is compil$ f ! report by ,wm4 ,ogilvie1 ,d4,l4,s41 ( 8 survey1 & ! figures cov] ! r\te f ,=t ,smi?1 on ,slave riv]1 practically on ! ,alb]ta b\nd>y l9e1 to ,=t ,mc,pherson on ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie3-- ,,miles4 ,=t ,smi? #j ,=t ,resolution #aije ,buffalo creek #bjbe ,buffalo riv] #bdie ,hay riv] #bgfe ,great ,slave lake #caae ,=t ,provid5ce 7lat4 #fad7 #cege ,little lake #chae ,yell[knife riv] #dagi ,head ( ,l9e #dddj ,=t ,simpson 7lat4 #fah7 #eaej ,nahanni riv] #eijb ,will[ lake riv] #fjfe ,riv] betwe5 ,two ,m\nta9s #fdee ,=t ,wrigley 7lat4 #fc7 #fdij ,le ,vieux ,gr& ,lac riv] #gbcj ,gravel riv] #gfdb ,=t ,norman 7lat4 ab\t #fe7 #hbic ,great ,be> riv] #hbie ,c>caj\ riv] #idee ,m\nta9 riv] #iejb ,sans ,sault rapids #iejh ,beav] riv] #ihgh ,ramp>ts #ihii ,=t ,good ,hope 7lat4 #ffaf7 #iihh ,h>e ,indian riv] #ajjaa ,loon riv] #ajbbg ,l>ge riv] ent]+ on ea/ side1 "n unkn[n #aaecj ,r$ riv] #abacd ,delta ( ,mack5zie #abdad ,=t ,mc,pherson 7lat4 #fgbf7 #abgce ,! ,dom9ion c5sus ( #aiaa gives u ! foll[+ figures ( ! population ( ^! places1 & ( "o or two o!r po/s :i* w be ref]r$ to lat]3--,=t ,good ,hope1 #dcd2 ,=t ,li>d1 #acf2 ,=t ,mc,pherson1 #chg2 ,=t ,norman1 #cae2 ,=t ,provid5ce1 #dgc2 ,=t ,rea1 #ggd2 ,=t ,resolution1 #gff2 ,=t ,simpson1 #cge2 ,=t ,smi?1 #ej2 ,=t ,wrigley1 #gi2 ,hay riv]1 #adf4 ,^! figures d n repres5t only ! local population at ! po/s1 b 9 addition ! inhabitants1 :ite & r$1 ( ! surr\nd+ di/ricts4 ,,mack5zie ,,navigation4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company h ma9ta9$ /eam communication on ! ,mack5zie f ,=t ,smi? to ,=t ,mc,pherson by means ( /eam]s4 ,! pione] /eam] 8,wrigley0 is "o ( ! hi/orical associations ( ! c\ntry4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie1 ! 8,wrigley's0 log %[s ! foll[+ av]age betwe5 ,=t ,smi?1 ! mo/ s\!rly "p ( h] run1 & ,=t ,mc,pherson1 ! mo/ nor!rly1 ! di/ance betwe5 ^! po9ts be+ ab\t "o ?\s& two hundr$ & sev5ty miles4 ,f ,=t ,smi? to ,=t ,resolution1 ne>ly all on ,great ,slave riv]1 av]age runn+ "t1 ab\t eighte5 h\rs2 betwe5 ,resolution & ,provid5ce ab\t sev5te5 h\rs1 ( :i* twelve & a half are 9 ,great ,slave lake2 betwe5 ,provid5ce & ,simpson ab\t f\rte5 h\rs2 ,simpson to ,wrigley ab\t t5 & a half2 ,wrigley to ,norman1 ab\t f\rte5 h\rs2 ,norman to ,good ,hope1 ab\t ?irte5 h\rs2 ,good ,hope to ,mc,pherson1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r & a half h\rs4 ,! total runn+ "t is "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree & "o-half h\rs1 some:at ov] t5 & a qu>t] miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,typical 8,husky0 dog4 ,on 8up0 runs ! foll[+ av]ages h be5 made3--,mc,pherson to ,good ,hope1 =ty h\rs2 ,good ,hope to ,norman1 ?irty-f\r h\rs1 ,norman to ,wrigley1 ?irty-n9e h\rs2 ,wrigley to ,simpson2 n9ete5 h\rs2 ,simpson to ,provid5ce1 ab\t tw5ty-eight h\rs2 ,provid5ce to ,=t ,rae1 n c]ta91 appe>s to be ab\t ?irte5 h\rs2 ,provid5ce to ,resolution1 ab\t tw5ty h\rs2 ,resolution to ,smi?1 ab\t ?irty-five h\rs2 ,resolution to ,rae1 ab\t fifte5 h\rs & a return ab\t ! same1 z x is all lake wat]4 ,! duration ( ^! runs v>i$ some:at by ! =ce & direction ( ! w9d4 ,! total runn+ f ,mc,pherson to ,smi? z %[n above is two hundr$ & fifte5 & "o-half h\rs1 :i* give a rate ( #ei miles p] h\r4 ,! mean ( ! up & d[n times is a fraction ov] eight miles an h\r1 :i* is said to be h] normal spe$4 ,a ,,long ,,navigable ,,/ret*4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie1 9 8 report1 po9ts out3--8,except+ a %ort di/ance at ! head ( ,mack5zie riv]1 :]e x is d\btful1 x is c]ta9 t vessels draw+ at lea/ sev5 or eight feet ( wat] c navigate f ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie to ! rapids on ,great ,slave riv]1 a di/ance ( "o ?\s& two hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree miles4 ,if ,mack5zie delta also all[s t draught1 we h ab\t "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & =ty miles ( navigable wat] f ! rapids to ,arctic ocean40 8,:]ev] possible ! wid? ( ! riv] 0 det]m9$ by triangulation4 ,betwe5 ! n>r[s & ,=t ,good ,hope x is nev] less ?an a mile wide & is (t5 m ?an two1 ev5 rea*+ ?ree miles at "s po9ts4 8,s9ce ,i foll[$ ! %ore1 ,i _c speak ( ! dep? ( wat] f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,capta9 ,bell1 ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's /eam] #8,wrigley1' in=m$ me t ! %all[e/ wat] f\nd by him 9 any "p ( ! riv]1 9 :at he consid]$ ! *annel1 0 elev5 feet4 ,b z1 :5 ,i saw him1 he _h made only two trips on ! l[] riv]1 he c\ld n speak v def9itely z to its dep?4 ,sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie1 :o discov]$ ! riv] & desc5d$ to its m\? 9 ,july1 #aghi1 _h a lead l9e ) :i* to make s\nd+s2 b 9 ! swift curr5t a %ort di/ance above ,=t ,simpson 8 lead caught 9 ! bottom1 ! l9e broke & ! lead 0 lo/4 ,i h ! dep?s accord+ to him1 & w give !m 9 _! prop] place4 ,"o w\ld expect1 9 su* an expanse ( wat] z ?is1 to f9d "s ( x %all[1 b x appe>s f all ! evid5ce ,i c\ld ga!r t vessels draw+ f eight to t5 feet ( wat] w\ld f9d no difficulty 9 navigation z f> z ,great ,slave lake4 ,al?\gh ! riv] is report$ to be %all[ :]e x leaves ?is lake1 d\btless a *annel c\ld be f\nd af=d+ ! draught above m5tion$4 8,9 ! fall ( #ahhg1 a :ale made its way up ! riv] to ! ,ramp>ts1 rema9+ !re ! :ole season1 & be=e ! riv] froze ov] x 0 (t5 se5 bl[+4 ,at fir/ ! ,indians 7 afraid1 b !y soon became accu/om$ to ! sight1 & %ot at ! :ale :5ev] x approa*$ ! %ore4 ,9 ! spr+ its dead body 0 bea*$ by ! ice on ! we/ %ore sev5 or eight miles bel[ ,=t ,good ,hope1 & ! ,indians us$ "p ( x = dog meat4 ,i enquir$ its dim5sions ( sev]al :o _h se5 x4 ,!y describ$ x z be+ ab\t twice z long z "o ( _! canoes & ?ick] ?r\gh ?an _! own height4 ,?is w\ld mean a l5g? ( f tw5ty-five to tw5ty-eight feet4 ,i h (t5 he>d x /at$ t all ! *annels ( ,mack5zie delta are %all[1 b ! pres5ce ( ?is :ale assures u t "o ( !m at lea/ is ov] six feet deep40 ,,ov] ,,?ree ,,?\s& ,,miles ,,( ,,wat]way4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie claims t !re is a gr& total ( ?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & sixty-n9e miles ( wat] 9 ,mack5zie bas91 all navigable1 except = eighte5 miles1 at b two po9ts1 "o a rapid two miles long on ,peace riv]1 & ! o!r ,sixte5 ,mile rapid on ,great ,slave riv]4 ,a ?or\gh k ( ! two great lakes 7,great ,be> & ,great ,slave7 ) all _! tribut>y /reams w\ld probably increase ?is va/ l5g? ( navigable wat] by sev]al hundr$ miles4 ,?is does n take into acc\nt ! ,mack5zie delta & sea ne> its m\?1 ( ! navigability ( :i* no?+ v def9ite is kn[n at pres5t4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie1 writ+ 9 #ahij1 figur$ out ^! di/ances 9 ?is way3--8,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's /eam] #8,grahame' trav]ses ! wat]s ( ,peace & ,a?abaska riv]s1 ! =m] f ! falls to ! rapid at ,=t ,smi?1 & ! latt] up to ,mc,murray4 ,! di/ance f ,*ipewyan to ! po/ at ! falls on ,peace riv] is two hundr$ & tw5ty-two miles40 8,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company has _h ano!r /eam]1 ! #8,a?abaska1' ply+ on upp] ,a?abaska riv]1 betwe5 ,little ,slave riv] & ,gr& rapids4 ,bo? ?is /eam] & ! #8,grahame' on ! l[] riv] are flat bottom$ /]n-:eel]s1 draw+1 :5 load$1 n m ?an two & a half to ?ree feet ( wat]4 ,!y c ea* c>ry ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty tons40 8,upp] ,peace riv] is navigable = /eam]s draw+ ?ree or f\r feet ( wat]1 &1 ) a little improvem5t at two po9ts1 a draught ( five to six feet c\ld be utiliz$4 ,?is upp] ,peace riv] af=ds a navigable /ret* ( five hundr$ & fifty-sev5 miles1 :i*1 ) two hundr$ & tw5ty-two miles on l[] ,peace riv]1 & two hundr$ on ,lake ,a?abaska1 &1 say1 two hundr$ on ! l[] ,a?abaska1 toge!r ) ! di/ance giv5 9 ! above table1 gives u two ?\s& five hundr$ & sixty-n9e miles ( navigable wat]40 8,f our pres5t k1 meagre z x is1 ,i ?9k we may assume t ,great ,slave lake af=ds u at lea/ five hundr$ miles m1 consid]+ its l5g? & its _m deep bays4 ,to ?is we may add two hundr$ & =ty miles on ! ,li>d1 & at lea/ sixty on ,peel riv]40 ,,! ,,season ,,( ,,navigation4 ,z to ! l5g? ( ! season ( navigation on ! ,mack5zie1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,ogilvie1 9 8 report1 publi%es "s tables %[+ dates at :i* ! ice =m$ & broke up at ,=t ,norman 7latitude ab\t #fe71 & ,=t ,simpson 7latitude #fa #eb nor?74 ,^! tables 7 compil$ f figures tak5 f ! j\rnals kept at all ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/s4 ,f ^! figures x appe>s t ! fir/ ice1 betwe5 #ahgb & #ahhh1 nev] =m$ e>li] ?an ,octob] #g at ,=t ,norman1 & 9 #ahhc did n =m until ,octob] #bd4 ,! e>lie/ date at :i* ! riv] 0 clos$ by ! ice 0 ,novemb] #b1 9 #ahgi1 & ! late/ ,novemb] #ah1 9 #ahgd4 ,! e>lie/ date at :i* ! ice broke up 0 ,may #i1 9 #ahgi1 & ! late/ ,may #bd1 9 #ahhg4 ,at ,=t ,simpson1 dur+ ! decade ( #ahgf-ahhf1 ! drift ice 0 se5 z e>ly z ,octob] #aa1 9 #ahhd1 & z late z ,novemb] #ab1 9 #ahgi4 ,! e>lie/ date at :i* ! riv] clos$ 0 ,novemb] #ag1 9 #ahgf1 & ! late/ 0 ,novemb] #cj1 9 #ahhb4 ,! e>lie/ date at :i* ! ice broke up 0 ,may #a1 9 #ahhc1 & ! late/ ,may #ad1 9 #ahgf4 ,,l&m>ks ,,along ,,! ,,mack5zie4 ,"s notes cull$ f ,mr4 ,ogilvie's report z to ! pr9cipal tribut>ies ( ! ,mack5zie betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ! sea1 & z to a few ( ! m rem>kable /ret*es ( ! ma9 riv]1 w prove int]e/+ at ?is po9t4 ,sev5ty miles bel[ ,great ,slave lake is ,little lake1 :i* is ab\t twelve miles long & t5 to twelve miles wide1 be+ m]ely an expansion ( ! riv]1 l ,lakes ,/4 ,francis & ,/4 ,pet] 9 ,/4 ,lawr5ce sy/em4 ,?irty-six miles l[] d[n1 ,yell[knife riv] ent]s ! ,mack5zie f ! s\?4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! /atem5ts ( ,indians to ,mr4 ,ogilvie t ?is is ! l>ge/ tribut>y ( ! ,mack5zie betwe5 ! ,li>d & ,=t ,provid5ce4 ,tw5ty-sev5 miles bel[ ! conflu5ce ( ! ,yell[knife1 & cont9u+ to a %ort di/ance above ! conflu5ce ( ! ,li>d1 ! ,mack5zie n>r[s to an av]age wid? ( a little ov] half a mile1 ) a g5]ally swift curr5t4 ,?is cont9ues = sev5ty & a half miles or ne>ly z f> z ,=t ,simpson1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,li>d & causes ?is "p ( ! riv] to be call$ 8,! ,l9e10 f ! fact t l>ge boats _c be r[$ aga9/ ! curr5t1 b h to be haul$ by a l9e atta*$ to !m1 & pull$ by m5 on %ore4 ,?is is ! common mode ( navigation on all ! nor!rn riv]s :]e !re are no /eam]s1 z x is less labori\s ?an r[+ aga9/ a curr5t4 ,by ! survey x is sev5 hundr$ & fifty-eight & "o-half miles f ,=t ,simpson to ,=t ,mc,pherson4 ,! =m] =t is situat$ on an isl& j bel[ ! junction ( ,mack5zie & ,li>d riv]s4 ,n9ety miles bel[ ,=t ,simpson1 on ! we/ side1 a riv] fl[s 9 f ! s\?we/4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie _h se5 its "n spell$ ,na-hone1 b rememb]$ t x is spell$ by ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,petitot1 ,na-haun]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n[ kn[n z ,nor? ,nahanni riv]4 ,?is /ream1 z se5 f ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 seems ab\t two hundr$ y>ds wide1 b x is %all[ & r\gh at ! m\? z 0 asc]ta9$ by ! noise ( its wat]s be+ pla9ly he>d across ! ,mack5zie1 "h a mile wide4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie c\ld get no in=mation z to :at x 0 l = any di/ance above its m\?1 b x pi]ces ! range ( m\nta9s to ! we/1 :i* "h come close to ! riv]4 ,! valley ?us =m$ c be se5 ext5d+ s\?we/]ly ?r\gh ! m\nta9s = _m miles4 ,! banks 9 ! /ret* ( ! ,mack5zie f ,simpson to ?is po9t are alt]nately l[ & swampy & mod]ately high1 consi/+ ( gravel & s&4 ,,"s ,,tribut>ies4 ,sixte5 miles bel[ ! conflu5ce ( ! ,nor? ,nahanni1 b f ! opposite or ea/]n side1 ,will[ lake riv] ent]s ! ,mack5zie4 ,x is a qu>t] ( a mile wide1 deep ) a slack curr5t4 ,x is said to fl[ out ( a lake ( consid]able ext5t1 n f> f ! ,mack5zie4 ,?irty-n9e miles l[] d[n1 & ?ree & a half miles above ,=t ,wrigley1 a /ream kn[n to ! ,indians z 8,! ,riv] betwe5 ,two ,m\nta9s0 dis*>ges into ! ,mack5zie f ! ea/4 ,x is ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty y>ds wide & %all[4 ,sev5ty-f\r miles bel[ ,=t ,wrigley1 on ! we/ side1 a riv] dis*>ges a l>ge volume ( cle>1 black wat]1 :i* ru%es bodily half way across ! ,mack5zie1 & pres]ves its di/9ctive "* = sev]al miles be=e x m+les ) ! ma9 /ream4 ,! "n appli$ to ?is riv] by ! p at ,=t ,wrigley 0 8,la ,rivire le ,vieux ,gr& ,lac40 ,x is said to fl[ out ( a lake ( consid]able ext5t ly+ n f> f ! ,mack5zie4 ,_m peaks c be se5 up its valley4 ,a little m ?an ?irty miles l[] d[n1 on ! same side ( ! riv]1 ano!r /ream ent]s1 app>5tly n m ?an a hundr$ y>ds wide at its m\?4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie saw x f ! opposite side ( ! riv] only1 & he>d no?+ conc]n+ x4 ,a small /ream ent]s ! ,mack5zie opposite ?is place1 & up its valley1 ab\t two miles ea/w>d f ! riv]1 a %>p peak ris+ "o ?\s& five hundr$ feet above ! wat] 0 not$ by ,mr4 ,ogilvie4 ,,gravel ,,riv]4 ,=ty-"o miles bel[ ! conflu5ce ( le ,vieux ,gr& ,lac riv]1 or sixty-five miles1 by ! survey1 above ,=t ,norman1 a l>ge riv] ent]s f ! we/4 ,x is %all[ at its m\?1 z x is ?r\gh\t its c\rse1 accord+ to ! reports ( ! ,indians4 ,! curr5t1 !y say1 is swift4 ,!y asc5d x a long way 9 ! w9t] to hunt1 & desc5d 9 ! spr+ on rafts4 ,h[ f> !y g up1 ,mr4 ,ogilvie c\ld n le>n1 _! unit ( di/ance be+ ! unkn[n quantity ( a day's travel1 b !y g mu* f>!r ?an on any o!r tribut>y ( ! l[] riv]4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie obta9$ ! "n f "s ,indians :o _h travell$ x & !y call$ x 8,pecat-ah-zah40 ,?is translat$ means ,gravel riv]1 by :i* "n x is kn[n to all ! :ite m5 9 ! vic9ity1 on acc\nt ( its %all[ness & num]\s gravel b>s4 ,mr4 ,keele1 report+ ^u 8 desc5t ( ,gravel riv] 9 #aijh1 wrote3--8,on ,gravel riv] ! high m\nta9s approa* to )9 a di/ance ( ab\t fifty miles ( ,mack5zie riv]1 & are !n replac$ by a belt ( foo?ills ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet 9 height above sea-level4 ,^! foo?ills 9 turn decl9e 9 elevation & f9ally die out 9 a brok51 wood$ pla91 ab\t six hundr$ feet above sea-level1 bord]+ ,mack5zie riv]4 ,gravel riv] has built up an alluvial flat at its m\?1 & sev]al alluvial isl&s 9 ! ,mack5zie bel[ ?is po9t are probably due to ! great load ( s$im5t c>ri$ 9 at flood-"t4 ,on acc\nt ( ! long p]iod ( sun%9e dur+ ! days1 ne>ly all ! sn[ disappe>s f ,mack5zie m\nta9s be=e ! summ] ends4 ,vegetation advances v rapidly 9 summ]1 & :]e ! soil is good1 vegetables ( _m k9ds may be gr[n along ! riv] banks 9 ! pr9cipal valleys40 ,,=t ,,norman4 ,=t ,norman is situat$ on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,mack5zie j above ! entrance ( ,great ,be> riv]4 ,?is riv] is f two to ?ree hundr$ y>ds wide at ! m\?1 ) a mod]ate curr5t1 b a %ort di/ance up becomes %all[ & ! curr5t increases4 ,! color ( ! wat] is a beautiful gre5i%-blue1 al?\gh :5 ,mr4 ,ogilvie pass$ x 0 some:at turbid4 ,t5 miles bel[ ,great ,be> riv]1 a /ream ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds wide comes 9 on ! we/]ly side4 ,eighty-?ree miles bel[ ,=t ,norman1 or six & "o-half miles above ,sans ,sault rapids1 ,c>caj\ riv] empties its wat]s into ! ,mack5zie f ! we/4 ,ne>ly five miles l[] d[n aga91 a riv] call$ ,m\nta9 riv] fl[s 9 f ! we/4 ,x is f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty y>ds wide1 & %all[4 ,,sans ,,sault ,,rapid4 ,less ?an a mile f>!r d[n ,sans ,sault rapid is rea*$4 ,?is is all on "o side ( ! riv]1 :i* is "h a mile & a qu>t] wide4 ,z ,mr4 ,ogilvie w5t up ! we/ side1 & ! rapid 0 on ! o!r1 ext5d+ b little m ?an a ?ird ( ! way across1 he did n see any?+ ( x4 ,he he>d ! ro> pla9ly en\gh1 b saw no?+ except a swift curr5t4 ,x is caus$ by a l$ge ( rocks ext5d+ p>tially across ! riv]4 ,capta9 ,bell ( ! 8,wrigley10 report$ deep wat] 9 ! *annel at ! end ( ! l$ge1 & ! /eam] has no s]i\s tr\ble 9 asc5d+4 ,9 v l[ wat] x is said t ?is rock is sc>cely cov]$4 ,ab\t a mile above ! ,ramp>ts !re is a simil> rapid :5 ! wat] is l[1 b :5 ,mr4 ,ogilvie pass$ !re 0 no sign ( x4 ,?irty-sev5 miles bel[ ,sans ,sault rapid & tw5ty-"o miles above ,=t ,good ,hope1 ,beav] riv] jo9s on ! we/1 b z ,mr4 ,ogilvie cont9u$ only on ! ea/ side he saw only its m\?1 :i* appe>$ to be ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds wide4 ,an ,indian ) him said t x took its "n f ! numb] ( beav]s =m]ly f\nd on x4 ,?is /ream rises 9 ! m\nta9s1 b does n seem to be ( any importance4 ,some:at less ?an two miles f ,beav] riv]1 & only a %ort di/ance above ! ,ramp>ts1 a riv] fl[s into ! ,mack5zie on its we/ side4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie saw x only across ! riv]1 b x appe>$ to be ab\t two hundr$ y>ds wide at its m\?4 ,all he c\ld le>n ab\t x at ,=t ,good ,hope 0 t x came f f> up 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,,! ,,ramp>ts ,,( ,,! ,,mack5zie4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie rem>ks 9 8 report t 9 ! m s\?we/]ly "p ( ! c\ntry ! ,ramp>ts w\ld be call$ a 8,caon40 ,"h1 = a di/ance ( sev5 miles1 ! riv] runs betwe5 p]p5dicul> & occasionally ov]hang+ walls ( rock4 ,at ! upp] end !y rise fifty or sixty feet above ! wat]1 b _! height increases t[>ds ! l[] end1 at :i* po9t !y are n less ?an "o hundr$ & fifty feet above wat]4 ,at ! upp] end ! caon is n m ?an half a mile wide1 b its walls gradually exp& ?ree miles d[n1 & ! wid? gradually exp&s to ne>ly a mile at ! l[] end4 ,sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie :5 pass+ ?r\gh s\nd$ at its upp] end1 & f\nd ?ree hundr$ feet ( wat]1 :i* acc\nts = ! fact t1 al?\gh ! caon is s n>r[1 ! curr5t is n p]ceptibly increas$4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,connell's description3--8,! ,ramp>ts =m "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,= "s di/ance above1 ! riv] is exp&$ beyond its usual size1 b "h sudd5ly contracts to ab\t five hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?1 & b5d+ to ! ea/ runs = ?ree or f\r miles betwe5 v]tical walls ( lime/one & %ale4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! gorge ! b\nd+ cliffs are a hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet 9 height1 b increase t[>ds ! l[] end to ab\t two hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,! curr5t is /eady & runs at ! rate ( f\r or five miles an h\r4 ,9 high wat] !re is no sign ( a rapid1 b 9 l[ wat] a consid]able fall occurs ne> ! head1 & x is only ) difficulty t ,york boats are tak5 up4 ,! ,ramp>ts are frequ5tly ! sc5e ( great ice jams 9 ! spr+ & ! damm$-back wat] is /at$ to h ris5 on "o occasion ov] a hundr$ feet1 & on its recession left a boat /r&$ on ! heights above40 ,,=t ,,good ,,hope4 ,=t ,good ,hope is situat$ a c\ple ( miles or s bel[ ! l[] end ( ! ,ramp>ts4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,preble 7,see p4 #bb71 ,=t ,good ,hope probably exi/$ 9 effect z a ,nor?we/ po/ e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b acc\nts diff] z to ! precise location1 bo? ,sans ,sault rapid & ! foot ( ! ,ramp>ts be+ giv5 z ! e>lie/ site4 ,a tempor>y po/ 0 built 9 ! summ] ( #ahje at 8,bluefi% riv]10 ab\t sixty miles bel[ ! m\? ( ,be> lake riv]4 7,masson1 ,les ,b\rgeois1 ,,ii1 p4 #ajd1 #ahij74 ,x 0 e/abli%$ z a ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/ on ! we/ bank ( ! ,mack5zie1 ab\t "o hundr$ miles bel[ ! ,ramp>ts1 ab\t #ahbc1 aft] ! union ( ! rival companies1 be+ spok5 ( by ,frankl9 9 #ahbe1 z 8b rec5tly e/abli%$40 ,x 0 remov$ ab\t #ahce to ,manit\ isl&1 bel[ ! ,ramp>ts1 :]e its site may /ill be se5 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! isl& ne>ly opposite ! pres5t e/abli%m5t4 ,x 0 de/roy$ 9 ,june1 #ahcf1 by a flood caus$ by an ice jam 9 ! ,ramp>ts1 & 0 rebuilt on its pres5t site 9 #ahcg4 ,,! ,,gr& ,,view4 ,! 8,gr& ,view0 is a "n giv5 to an exp&$ portion ( ! ,mack5zie bel[ ,=t ,good ,hope1 ab\t tw5ty miles 9 l5g?4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell writes3--8,! riv] "h is almo/ /raight1 b curves g5tly to ! nor?1 & is f two to ?ree miles wide4 ,its great wid? gives x m ! appe>ance ( a lake ?an a riv]1 & 9 no o!r "p ( ! ,mack5zie is ! magnitude ( ! mighty volume ( wat] :i* ?is riv] c>ries to ! sea1 impress$ s =cibly on ! m9d4 ,! banks are l[ & ! s9u\s %ore-l9es %[ a succession ( wood$ po9ts /ret*+ out until conceal$ by ! haze ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! bord]+ pla9s slope g5tly d[n almo/ to ! wat]'s edge1 & are cov]$ ) a scatt]$ gr[? ( will[1 spruce & tam>ack1 ) "h & !re pat*es ( asp5s on ! dri] ridges40 ,a little ov] two miles bel[ ,=t ,good ,hope1 ,h>e ,indian riv] fl[s into ! ,mack5zie on its ea/ side4 ,x is ab\t two hundr$ y>ds wide at its m\?1 & is said to pres]ve ?is wid? = a long di/ance4 ,! ,indians report t ?is /ream rises 9 a range ( hills on ! nor?we/ side ( ,great ,be> lake1 b ab\t its navigability ,mr4 ,ogilvie c\ld le>n no?+4 ,tw5ty-two miles l[] d[n ,loon riv] ent]s f ! ea/4 ,?is riv] is f eighty to "o hundr$ y>ds wide4 ,an old man :om ,mr4 ,ogilvie met at ,=t ,good ,hope _h explor$ ?is /ream = "s di/ance & gave him ! foll[+ notes3--,= eight miles !re is good navigation1 !n a rapid half a mile long occurs1 at ! head ( :i* is a lake ab\t ?ree miles long & "o broad1 9 :i* ! ,indians cat* _m fi%4 ,?is is call$ 8,rorrie lake0 &1 "s di/ance above x1 is ano!r "s two miles 9 diamet]1 & call$ 8,r\nd lake0 f its %ape4 ,above ?is aga9 is a succession ( lakes = _m days' travel4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,eskimo ,boy at ,arctic ,r$ riv]4 ,"o hundr$ & ?irty miles bel[ ,loon riv] a /ream "o hundr$ y>ds wide ent]s f ! nor!a/4 ,?is is a riv] :i* ! old man at ,=t ,good ,hope describ$ to ,mr4 ,ogilvie z "o up :i* a ,hudson's ,bay ,company's (fic] w5t _m ye>s ago to its s\rce1 :i* he f\nd to be n f> f ! head wat]s ( ,&]son riv]1 :i* fl[s into ,arctic ocean4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! old man's /atem5t t sev]al trips up x h be5 made s9ce1 b ?is in=mation 0 vague1 & ,mr4 ,ogilvie aft]w>ds met no "o :o c\ld give him a reliable acc\nt ( ?is riv]4 ,sixty miles l[] d[n1 ,r$ riv] ent]s ! ,mack5zie on its we/ side j at ! foot ( ! ,n>r[s4 ,x is ab\t two hundr$ y>ds wide at its m\? & appe>s to be %all[4 ,z f> z ,mr4 ,ogilvie c\ld le>n f p]sons acqua9t$ ) ! riv]1 x comes f a flat1 swampy c\ntry4 ,,:]e ,,! ,,riv] ,,bran*es4 ,:]e ! upp] end ( ! bran* ( ! ,mack5zie *annel on :i* ,=t ,mc,pherson is situat$ connects ) ,mack5zie prop]1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,ogilvie3--8,! *annel is ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile wide1 b x is only "o ( f\r1 !re be+ f\r l>ge isl&s !re4 ,! :ole wid? ( ! riv] _c be less ?an ?ree or f\r miles4 8,look+ nor?w>d d[n ! we/]ly *annel ! view is b\nd$ by ! sky & wid5s 9 ! di/ance s t "o c fancy he is look+ out to sea4 ,?is c h>dly be s2 b1 f ! altitude ( ! bank :]e ,i /ood1 add$ to my own height1 ! horizon mu/ h be5 six miles away1 & a bank 9 ! *annel ( equal height to t on :i* ,i /ood w\ld h be5 visible twice t di/ance4 ,n[1 if ! suppos$ bank 0 timb]$1 z 0 t on :i* ,i /ood1 x w\ld be visible t5 or twelve miles f>!r1 b none 0 9 sight4 8,f ! entrance ( ! small *annel ( ,peel riv] to ! head ( ! upp] isl& 9 ! ,mack5zie is n9e miles4 ,f ! we/ %ore to ! s\!rly po9t ( ?is isl& is a mile & a qu>t]2 f ! isl& to ! ea/ %ore ! di/ance is ne>ly z great1 %[+ ! riv] to be m ?an two miles wide at ?is po9t4 ,h[ev]1 x gradually n>r[s1 & five miles above ?is is a little ov] a mile wide1 :i* x av]ages up to ! n>r[s1 ab\t sixty miles f ,=t ,mc,pherson1 or tw5ty-eight f :]e we ent]$ x4 8,a nor? w9d raises q a swell "h & ! salty od\r ( ! sea air is q p]ceptible above ! delta40 ,,agricultural ,,possibilities4 ,alex&] ,mack5zie & ! explor]s :o imm$iately foll[$ him d[n ! great riv] ( ! nor?1 be+ fur trad]s1 devot$ no space 9 _! publi%$ j\rnals to a discussion ( ! agricultural possibilities ( ! c\ntry1 & z _! "t 0 necess>ily re/rict$ !y took no "t on _! j\rneys to exam9e any "p ( ! t]ritory1 cont5t+ !mselves ) not+ ! ma9 features affect+ ! navigation ( ! ma9 /ream1 ! m\?s1 ! tribut>ies1 ! occurr5ce ( game1 ,indian camps1 etc4 ,foll[+ close ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( p]man5t trad+ po/s & missions1 came ! pione] attempts at agriculture 9 ,mack5zie valley1 & we f9d memb]s ( ! fir/ explor+ p>ties s5t to ! c\ntry = sci5tific rese>* comm5t+ ^u ! crude exp]im5ts ( ! pione] agriculturali/s4 ,doctor ,john ,ri*>dson1 :o accompani$ ,frankl9's exp$ition 9 #ahbf 7,see p4 #ac71 9 8 volume 8,! ,pol> ,regions01 9 a g5]al description ( ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry at t date1 wrote3--8,:eat has n be5 rais$ )9 ! ,arctic circle 9 ,am]ica1 nor inde$ )9 six degrees ( latitude ( x4 ,x requires a summ] heat ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty days1 b x is said to be cultivat$ up to ! #fbnd or #fd? p>allel on ! we/ side ( ,sc&9avian p59sula4 ,b>ley rip5s well at ,=t ,norman on ! #fe? p>allel1 9 ! valley ( ! ,mack5zie1 aft] ! lapse ( n9ety-two days f ! "t ( its be+ s[n4 ,all attempts to cultivate x at old ,=t ,good ,hope1 two degrees f>!r nor?1 h fail$4 ,sixty-six degrees ( latitude may !re=e be consid]$ z ! extreme limit ( ! b>ley 9 ,norway4 ,oats d n succe$ s f> nor? z b>ley "h4 8,at ,=t ,good ,hope1 on ! ,mack5zie 7! new =t71 9 latitude #ff degrees nor?1 a few turnips & radi%es1 & "s o!r cul9>y vegetables1 are rais$ 9 a %elt]$ corn]1 :i* receives ! reflection ( ! sun's rays f ! walls ( ! h\se1 b none ( ! c]ealia w gr[1 & potatoes d n repay ! lab\r40 ,,dome/ic ,,cattle ,,introduc$4 ,doctor ,ri*>dson aga9 ref]r$ to ! same subject1 aft] 8 return f 8 trip ) ,doctor ,rae 9 #ahdh 9 se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9's miss+ p>ty1 & we f9d 9 8 book publi%$ aft] 8 return to ,engl&1 8,! ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition0 7,vol4 #a41 p4 #aec71 ! foll[+3--8,we rea*$ ,=t ,resolution at #aj a4m4 & hav+ receiv$ "s supplies ( fi%1 & two or ?ree deals = repair+ ! boats1 we resum$ our voyage1 aft] a halt at ! ,=t = an h\r4 ,dome/ic cattle h be5 introduc$ at ?is place1 & at ! po/s g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ev5 up to ,peel riv] & ,=t ,good ,hope & )9 ! ,arctic circle4 ,at ?is season ! mos*etoes 7mosquitos7 prev5t !m f fe$+1 except :5 urg$ by extreme hung]1 & fires are made = _! accommodation ne> ! =ts1 to :i* !y cr[d1 & ly+ to leew>d amid/ ! smoke1 rum9ate at _! ease40 ,at page #afe1 reg>d+ ,=t ,simpson 7#fa #ea #be nor? #aba #ea #ae we/7 ,ri*>dson 9 ! same book writes3--8,b>ley is usually s[n "h f ,may #bj to #be1 & is expect$ to be ripe on ,augu/ #bj--n9ety-two days4 ,9 "s seasons x has rip5$ on ,augu/ #ae4 ,oats d n ?rive q s well1 & :eat does n come to maturity4 ,potatoes yield well & no disease has yet affect$ !m1 ?\gh e>ly fro/ sometimes hurts ! crop4 ,b>ley 9 favorable seasons gives a good return at ,=t ,norman1 :i* is f>!r d[n ! riv]2 & potatoes & v>i\s g>d5 vegetables gr[ !re4 ,! #fj? p>allel ( latitude may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z ab\t ! nor!rn limit ( c]ealia 9 ?is m]idian2 = ?\gh 9 good seasons & 9 w>m %elt]$ spots a little b>ley might possibly be re>$ at ,=t ,good ,hope1 ! attempts hi!rto made !re h fail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,oat field at ,=t ,simpson4 8,a numb] ( mil* c[s are kept at ,=t ,simpson1 & "o or two fat ox5 are kill$ annually4 ,hay = ! w9t] prov5d] ( ! /ock is made ab\t "o hundr$ miles up ! riv]1 :]e !re are good mead[s or m>%es1 & :5ce x is raft$ d[n 9 boats 9 ,septemb]40 ,,lapl& ,,re9de]4 ,! occurr5ce ( imm5se numb]s ( c>ib\ 9 ! ,canadian ,nor?l& 7see *apt]s ,,xviii & ,,xxii71 & ! fact t ?is animal 9 its appe>ance & habits is practically id5tical ) ! ,lapl& re9de]1 :i* has be5 successfully introduc$ into ,labrador & ,alaska1 h l$ to ! belief t ! la/ m5tion$ animal might be introduc$ ) spl5did results into ! c\ntry1 & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior has inaugurat$ an exp]im5t to asc]ta9 if ! plan is feasible4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiaa1 ?ree c>loads ( re9de] 7 despat*$ to ,=t ,smi?1 :]e !y are be+ tak5 c>e (4 ,z ^! animals s]ve z bea/s ( burd51 z well z provide meat1 milk & lea!r1 ?is exp]im5t might h an important effect ^u ! future developm5t ( all ^! nor!rn areas4 ,,gra9 ,,gr[+ ,,at ,,=t ,,li>d4 ,at page #agj 9 ! same volume1 ref]r+ to ,=t ,li>d1 ,ri*>dson /ates3--8,?\gh ?is po/ is m elevat$ ?an ,=t ,simpson1 by at lea/ "o hundr$ & fifty feet1 & is only t5 degrees ( latitude to ! s\?w>d1 its climate is said to be v sup]ior1 & its vegetable production ( bett] gr[? & quality4 ,b>ley & oats yield good crops1 & 9 favorable seasons :eat rip5s well4 ,?is place1 !n1 or ! #fj? p>allel1 may be consid]$ z a nor!rn limit ( ! economical culture ( :eat40 ,:atev] ! disc\ragem5ts ( ! pione] agriculturali/s 9 ,mack5zie valley may h be51 !re 0 suffici5t enc\ragem5t to induce ! mission>ies & employees ( ! fur companies /ation$ 9 ! c\ntry to p]sev]e4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,isbi/]1 a native ( ! ,we/1 :o _h liv$ = ?ree ye>s 9 ,mack5zie riv] di/rict1 b left t c\ntry :5 "u tw5ty ye>s ( age1 exam9$ be=e ! ,briti% p>liam5t>y committee ( #aheg1 /at$ t he _h himself rais$ b>ley1 oats & potatoes z f> nor? z ,=t ,norman on ,mack5zie riv]1 upw>ds ( a ?\s& miles f ! ,unit$ ,/ates b\nd>y & ne> ! ,arctic circle4 ,on ! ,li>d1 l>ge crops c\ld be rais$1 z ! soil is bett] on t riv]1 & :eat _h be5 occasionally rais$ !re4 ,x 0 possible t settlem5t might ext5d to ,great ,be> lake4 ,!re w\ld be suffici5t t]ritory 9 ! nor? to make 8a v l>ge /ate inde$40 ,ask$ if he ?\ght t ! :ole c\ntry on ,mack5zie riv] 0 all adapt$ to ! wants ( civiliz$ man1 ,mr4 ,isbi/] rem>k$3--8,! climate is v sev]e !re1 b ! soil1 s f> z ,i h an opportunity ( judg+1 is tol]ably well adapt$ = cultivation4 ,y c raise b>ley & potatoes v well inde$1 )\t any risk :atsoev]40 ,,b>ley ,,always ,,rip5$ ,,!re4 ,9 ! ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t ,pacific ,railway report ( #ahgh x is /at$ 7p4 #ccc73--8,mr4 ,h>di/y1 late ,*ief ,factor 9 *>ge ( ,=t ,simpson 9 latitude #fah1 in=m$ ,pr(essor ,mac\n t b>ley always rip5$ !re2 t :eat 0 sure f\r times out ( five4 ,melons if />t$ "u glass rip5$ well1 fro/ seldom do+ !m mu* h>m40 ,9 ! #ahhj report ,rev]5d ,d4 ,m4 ,gordon is quot$ 7p4 #ajb7 z au?ority = ! /atem5t t 8:eat is gr[n z f> nor? z ,=t ,simpson40 ,9 ! report ( #ahgh 7p4 #ccc7 x is also /at$3--8,*ief trad] ,macd\gall1 9 #ahge1 said all k9ds ( gra9 & g>d5 /uff always come to maturity at ,=t ,li>d 7latitude #fjbe740 ,9 #ahhb ,doctor ,bompas1 ! h]oic ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,bi%op ( ,mack5zie riv]1 9 ! c\rse ( a report to ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel1 wrote3--8,! ,engli% s*oolma/] at ,simpson has made successful exp]im5ts ( f>m+ 9 t nor!rn region1 & ?r\gh 8 en]getic lab\rs a good crop ( b>ley 0 rais$ 9 ! mission fields2 also "s :eat & potatoes1 beans1 pease1 beet roots & o!r vegetables40 ,! evid5ce tak5 be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate ( ,canada 9 #ahhh z to agricultural possibilities 9 ,mack5zie valley1 excit$ g5]al int]e/4 ,,_m ,,natural ,,prairies4 ,! ,"r ,rev]5d ,isidore ,clut1 ,o4,m4,i41 mission>y ,bi%op ( ,ar9dele1 ^: diocese includ$ ,mack5zie bas91 & ^: "n is /ill held ) rev]5ce ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry1 exam9$ be=e ! ,committee /at$ t 9 sev]al places 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,mack5zie !re 7 a great numb] ( natural prairies1 ^? ) r\nd hay & ^? ) flat hay4 ,! r\nd hay1 9 c]ta9 places1 grew f ?ree to five feet 9 height4 ,! flat hay 0 also v f9e b a little %ort]4 ,x grew ev]y:]e 9 ! l[ & wet places4 ,at ! ,roman ,ca?olic mission at ,provid5ce1 ! resid5ce ( ! bi%op1 "o ye> he _h "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ & =ty b>rels ( potatoes--7"o b>rel1 t5 gallons7--f sixty kegs ( se$1 b ?is 0 a v fav\rable ye>4 ,!y _h be5 greatly fav\r$ by ! heat & by ra9 at opportune times4 ,on two or ?ree occasions !y _h _h a ?\s& & twelve hundr$ b>rels ( ! same roots4 ,at ! ,provid5ce mission !re 0 an excell5t clay1 :i* 0 v good = cultivation4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 9 g5]al ! bi%op f\nd all sorts ( l&1 black soil1 loam1 clay1 s&1 m>l1 etc4 ,g5]ally !y h>ve/$ _! potatoes at ,provid5ce f ,septemb] #bj to #cj4 ,turnips1 c>rots1 beets1 etc41 !y h>ve/$ a little lat]4 ,:eat on ! banks ( ,peace riv] & ,li>d riv] 0 ripe t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/2 at ,a?abaska & at ,provid5ce f ,septemb] #ae to #be4 ,b>ley 0 ripe a little soon] ?r\gh\t4 ,rye does n rip5 any soon] ?an :eat1 b witness _h n made _m exp]im5ts1 = ! reason t !y l :eat bett] ?an rye4 ,oats !y h>ve/$ at ! same "t z :eat1 b !y _h s[$ !m only once4 ,potatoes !y h>ve/$ at ,a?abaska & at ,provid5ce1 f ,septemb] #bj to #cj4 ,turnips1 c>rots1 beets1 radi%es1 etc41 !y h>ve/ lat]4 ,indian corn g5]ally _c get rip5$ bel[ ,a?abaska or on ! ,mack5zie4 ,/rawb]ries comm5c$ to rip5 t[>ds ,july #ae2 gooseb]ries rip5$ t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/1 & at ! comm5cem5t ( ,septemb]4 ,raspb]ries & currants come aft] ! /rawb]ries4 ,!re 7 also 9 places _m blueb]ries1 cranb]ries1 & o!r small fruits1 su* z poires sauvages 7,saskatoon71 etc4 ,b>ley rip5$ at ,=t ,norman1 at ! m\? ( ,great ,be> lake riv]4 ,consequ5tly x grew at ,=t ,wrigley1 ,=t ,simpson1 & at ,=t ,provid5ce4 ,9 ,li>d riv] & ,peace riv] c\ntries x succe$$ also v well4 ,bro!r ,ke>ney & ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company _h gr[n potatoes at ,=t ,good ,hope 7,arctic circle74 ,at ! mission at ,provid5ce1 & at all ! ,roman ,ca?olic missions on ,mack5zie riv]1 ,li>d riv]1 ,peace riv] & ,slave riv]1 etc41 potatoes & o!r vegetables 7 ,,cultivat$ ,,v ,,successfully4 ,:eat grew1 accord+ to ! ,bi%op's evid5ce1 at ,provid5ce mission1 & at ,=t ,simpson1 b x r>ely arriv$ at p]fect maturity4 ,x rip5$ mu* bett] on ! bord]s ( ,li>d riv] & ,peace riv]4 ,at ! mission ( ! ,nativity 7,*ipewyan at ,lake ,a?abaska7 !y _h (t5 gr[n f9e :eat4 ,at ! mission ( ! ,nativity 7,a?abaska71 at ,=t ,resolution 7,great ,slave lake71 at ,=t ,smi?1 at ! mission ( ,=t ,provid5ce1 !y s[$ f ! "t ! l& began to ?aw1 t is to say1 f ,may #ae until ,june #h or #aj4 ,?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ,li>d & ,peace riv]s1 s[+ began a little e>li]4 ,at ! end ( ,augu/ !y _h already h>ve/$ b>ley & :eat4 ,plants :i* 7 deep 9 ! gr\nd1 su* z potatoes1 took a good deal ( "t to spr+ up because ( ! gr\nd be+ froz5 bel[1 b ^? :i* 7 ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd comm5c$ to gr[ v soon1 & ! ne>] "o approa*$ ! nor?1 = example at ! ,arctic circle1 ! m rapidly did ! vegetation beg91 because ( ! great] l5g? ( ! days1 or ! days be+ )\t nights4 ,9 #ahhf ! bi%op obs]v$ ! matt] at ,good ,hope4 ,t[>ds ,june #g or #h1 vegetation comm5c$1 & 9 five or six days ! leaves ( ! trees _h rea*$ _! natural size4 ,x 0 because x comm5c$ to be w>m !n1 & v w>m1 & t cont9u$1 save :5 sometimes nor? w9ds set 91 :i* w\ld br+ back ! sn[ & cold & sometimes injure ! crops4 ,x 0 difficult1 ,bi%op ,clut rem>k$1 to say ! ext5t ( c\ntry fit = pa/urage1 & ! cultivation ( c]eals or o!r plants1 = ! reason t cultivation _h n be5 tri$1 except by ! mission>ies1 & a little by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,dur+ 8 exam9ation be=e ! committee1 ,bi%op ,clut 0 ask$3--8,h[ f> nor? has ! potato be5 gr[n to y\r k80 ,he repli$3--8,we raise potatoes ev5 z f> nor? z ! ,arctic circle1 at ,=t ,good ,hope1 b !y are v small4 ,we h no bread !re1 & an ,iri% bro!r has ,,rais$ ,,potatoes ,,e ,,summ]4 ,once ,i pass$ a w9t] !re & !y _h v little potatoes4 ,out ( five bu%els plant$ !y got only six bu%els4 ,two ye>s ago ,i pass$ ! w9t] !re1 & out ( t5 kegs plant$ !y got tw5ty-five40 ,! bi%op add$ t !re 7 !n at ne>ly all ( ! missions g>d5s 9 :i* 7 rais$ potatoes1 c>rots1 beets1 onions1 cabbages1 turnips & lettuce4 ,ev5 at ,=t ,good ,hope !y rais$ turnips & c>rots4 ,wild roses grew 9 abundance z f> nor? z ,good ,hope4 ,horses1 at t date1 _h n be5 tak5 f>!r ?an ,great ,slave lake1 b cattle _h be5 tak5 z f> nor? z ,=t ,good ,hope4 ,!y 7 f\nd at ! pr9cipal e/abli%m5ts ( ! mission>ies1 & at ! =ts ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,bi%op ,clut /at$ t he 0 c]ta9 t if ,mack5zie c\ntry became settl$ & cultivat$ on a l>ge scale1 ! occasional :ite fro/s ( ! summ] mon?s w\ld be mu* less frequ5t4 ,t 0 ! result :i* !y _h already obs]v$ at _! pr9cipal mission po/s2 ! m !y cle>$ to any ext5t ! less 7 ! fields susceptible to fro/4 ,! mon?s ( ,septemb] & ,octob] 7 g5]ally dry1 & ! blue sky made !m *>m+4 ,9 g5]al !y _h a cle> sky )\t a cl\d & t is :at makes ! climate s heal?y 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,p c\ld live !re to a great] age ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! globe4 8,,*9ooks0 ,,at ,,! ,,arctic ,,circle4 ,at ,arctic circle ! s\?we/ 8,*9ook0 w9d (t5 made its effect felt1 ev5 9 w9t]4 ,! ,rev4 ,fa!r ,sgu9 & ,bro!r ,ke>ney1 :o _h be5 at ,good ,hope = tw5ty-eight ye>s _h obs]v$ its effect4 ,! bi%op _h obs]v$ x also himself dur+ ! w9t]s ( #ahhe & #ahhf4 ,?is w9d modifi$ ! temp]ature a good deal4 ,! mission>ies _h n rem>k$ t ! int5sity ( ! fro/ _h any effect on ! native trees ( ! c\ntry4 ,! bi%op _h n kept acc\nt himself ( ! degrees ( heat 9 summ]1 b he 0 able to say t x 0 excessively hot2 & ! f>!r "o w5t t[>ds ! nor? ! w>m] he w\ld f9d x becom+2 & t heat la/$ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! day1 )\t s5sibly dim9i%+ 9 its int5sity f #aj p4m4 to #c a4m4 ,ex-,judge ,malcolm ,mac,leod1 ,q4,c41 ( ,aylm]1 ,que41 a nor?we/]n] by bir?1 on exam9ation be=e ! committee produc$ a numb] ( lett]s receiv$ by 8 fa!r :ile he held ! appo9tm5t ( s5ior (fic] ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company 9 ! nor!rn di/rict4 ,among ^! lett]s 0 "o :i* %[$ t ! orig9al explor]s ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,mack5zie & ! ,yukon describ$ x z 8a l& ( milk & honey40 ,judge ,mc,leod add$3--8,we "k = c]ta9 t at ,=t ,li>d1 :eat is a reliable crop = f\r ye>s out ( five1 at any rate40 ,hon4 ,william ,*ri/ie1 ex-memb] ( ! ,nor?we/ ,c\ncil1 0 at "o "t inspect+ *ief factor ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company s]vice4 ,?is witness 0 exam9$ be=e ! committee & expla9$ t z inspect+ factor ( ! ,hudson's ,bay s]vice he 0 9 *>ge ( all ! di/ricts f ,r$ riv] to ,=t ,simpson--f ,=t ,g>ry nor?w>d--,r$ riv] di/rict1 ,swan riv] di/rict1 ,engli% riv] di/rict1 ,a?abaska riv] di/rict1 & ,mack5zie riv] di/rict4 ,all ( ^! 7 ,,"u ,,8 ,,sup]vision4 ,he _h travell$ ov] ! :ole ( !m & desc5d$ ,mack5zie riv] z f> z ,=t ,simpson4 ,he did n ?9k t any au?oritative attempt _h ev] be5 made up to t "t to collect /ati/ics1 etc41 z to res\rces ( ?is region4 ,! bus9ess ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company 0 conf9$ to ! fur trade1 & if !re 7 any sci5tific inve/igations 9 ! old days ^! 7 conduct$ "u ! au?ority ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/s on ,mack5zie riv] 7 e/abli%$ at conv5i5t po9ts = ! fur trade all ! way d[n ! riv]4 ,=t ,simpson 0 at ! head ( ! :ole ,mack5zie riv] di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,potatoes at ,=t ,simpson4 ,!re 0 no settlem5t ar\nd any ( ! company's =ts4 ,! :ite m5 9 ! =ts 7 l>gely f ,engl& & ,scotl&--g5tlem5's sons--& "s 7 m>ri$ to ,indian girls & ,fr5* half-bre$s4 ,trad]s1 o!r ?an ^? ( ! company1 7 at t date go+ 9 = furs1 up z f> z ,great ,slave lake4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company oppos$ !m ! be/ way !y c\ld1 b _h sold ! c\ntry to ! ,canadian gov]nm5t4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 z well z ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 _h missions ?r\gh\t ! region1 & _h _h !m = _m ye>s4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie in=m$ ! committee t he did n ?9k !re w\ld be any difficulty 9 navigat+ ) suitable /eam]s ! ,mack5zie f its headwat]s to ,arctic ocean1 because ! ye> be=e 8 exam9ation !y _h _h ! exp]i5ce ( a successful voyage ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's /eam] f ,=t ,simpson d[n ,mack5zie riv] ne>ly to its m\?1 bel[ ,peel riv]4 ,!y c\ld h gone ?r\gh to ,arctic sea if !y _h wi%$ to d s1 b hav+ no pilot1 & n kn[+ :i* ( ! *annels !y %\ld take1 !y did n l to v5ture4 ,x w\ld h be5 a disa/r\s ?+ to ! company if t /eam] _h met ) any accid5t :i* w\ld h prev5t$ x f return+ to ,slave riv] t season4 ,,rea*$ ,,! ,,mack5zie ,,f ,,! ,,nor?4 ,z to outside communication via ! nor?1 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie consid]$ navigation by ,hudson bay m c]ta9 ?an by ,behr+ /rait4 ,dur+ ! se>* = ,sir ,john ,frankl9's lo/ exp$ition1 h[ev]1 ,comm&] ,pull51 ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,plov]1 sail$ f ,honolulu = ,behr+ /rait & ,mack5zie riv]4 ,he w5t z f> nor? z he possibly c\ld get ) ! ,plov]4 ,!n ) ,lieut4 ,hoop] & "s sailors he took to ! boats & coa/$ along to ! outlet ( ,mack5zie riv]4 ,! p>ty asc5d$ t riv] ) _! boats to ,=t ,simpson ! same fall--track$ _! boats4 ,! ,plov] return$ to ,honolulu t same season4 ,donald ,mc,ivor1 f>m]1 ( ,kildonan ,ea/1 ,manitoba1 :o _h be5 sixte5 ye>s 9 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's s]vice1 & _h be5 /ation$ 9 ,mack5zie riv] di/rict = ov] six ye>s1 communicat$ 9 writ+ to ! committee a v int]e/+ s]ies ( answ]s 9 response to a s*$ule ( que/ions submitt$ by ! committee4 ,witness expla9$ t he consid]$ he _h fair k ( ! di/rict wat]$ by ,mack5zie1 ,a?abaska & ,slave riv]s4 ,! soil is black loam *iefly1 sometimes a little s&y4 ,witness consid]$ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! c\ntry fit = pa/urage or co>se gra9s4 ,b>ley & potatoes _h be5 gr[n successfully z f> nor? z ,=t ,norman4 ,he saw "s :eat1 v f9e1 at ,me?ye portage1 gr[n by an ,indian1 b did n "k ( its be+ tri$ fur!r nor? !n4 ,he nev] saw any ,indian corn dur+ 8 /ay 9 ! di/rict4 ,at ,=t ,a?abaska1 b>ley s[n ! middle ( ,may 0 ready ! fir/ or second week 9 ,augu/4 ,f>!r nor?1 at ,=t ,norman1 b>ley s[n ! middle ( ,may c\ld be reap$ ! middle or ! la/ week 9 ,augu/4 ,9 cases :]e :eat 0 gr[n x rip5$ ab\t ! la/ week 9 ,augu/1 potatoes ! fir/ ( ,septemb]4 ,! gr\nd 0 usually fit = se$+ ab\t ?ree weeks aft] ! fir/ spr+ fl[]s %[$4 ,! summ] ra9s began ab\t ! latt] end ( ,may4 ,at ! "t witness 0 9 ! c\ntry no?+ 0 done to any ext5t 9 agriculture4 ,/ock rais+ 0 c>ri$ on at mo/ ( ! =ts1 & succe$$ admirably4 ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,at ,,=t ,,li>d4 ,writt5 answ]s to a set s*$ule ( que/ions prep>$ by ! committee 7 submitt$ by ,mr4 ,william ,james ,mc,lean1 *ief trad] ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 ,l[] ,=t ,g>ry1 ,manitoba4 ,witness expla9$ t 8 p]sonal k ( ! c\ntry "u inve/igation cov]$ trips ov] ! foll[+ r\tes3--,f ! wat]%$ ( ,mack5zie riv] bas9 at ! height ( l& :5ce ,cle>wat] riv] takes its rise1 d[n ! a=esaid riv] to its conflu5ce ) ,a?abaska riv]1 !nce d[n ,a?abaska riv] to ,lake ,a?abaska & f !re to ,great ,slave lake d[n ,slave riv]1 & out ,lake ,a?abaska1 & on ?r\gh t lake d[n ,mack5zie riv] to ,=t ,simpson1 !nce up ,li>d riv] to ,=t ,li>d1 :]e he 0 /ation$ = t5 ye>s1 f #ahfc to #ahgc4 ,he /at$ t he plant$ potatoes & b>ley at ,=t ,li>d g5]ally ab\t ,may #aj1 & reap$ b>ley ab\t ,augu/ #bj4 ,potatoes 7 fit = use ab\t t "t1 b 7 g5]ally tak5 out ( ! gr\nd ab\t ,septemb] #bj4 ,turnips 7 plant$ & dug ab\t ! same date z ! potatoes4 ,wild fl[]s fir/ appe>$ 9 ! spr+ ab\t ,may #be at ,=t ,li>d1 & ,june #aj at ,=t ,simpson4 ,wild /rawb]ries 7 ripe ab\t ! fir/ week 9 ,july1 gooseb]ries ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/4 ,o!r small fruit came 9 f ! middle ( ,july to ,augu/ #aj4 ,! wild vet* or pea grew at ,=t ,li>d1 b n to any great ext5t4 ,good b>ley grew at ,mc,murray1 ,*ipewyan1 & at ,=ts ,resolution1 ,simpson & ,li>d4 ,,wild ,,b]ries ,,pl5tiful4 ,among "s in=mation z to ! f]tility ( ,mack5zie bas9 communicat$ 9 writ+ to ! committee by ,mr4 ,frank ,oliv] ( ,edmonton 0 ! foll[+3--,b]ries ( v>i\s k9ds 7 ! only consid]able natural food product ( ,mack5zie riv] c\ntry4 ,!y 7 pl5tiful 9 _! season ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! wood$ region :i* ext5d$ to )9 "o hundr$ miles ( ! ,arctic coa/4 ,! blueb]ry 0 ! mo/ pl5tiful & 0 f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole region4 ,x resembl$ ! huckleb]ry ( ! ea/4 ,! blackb]ry & mossb]ry come next 9 quantity 9 ! f> nor?4 ,! =m] 0 n ! blackb]ry ( ,ont>io1 & ! latt] some:at resembl$ ! /rawb]ry4 ,f ,li>d riv] s\? to ! ,saskat*ewan1 ! raspb]ry1 /rawb]ry1 ,saskatoon b]ry1 gooseb]ry1 high & l[ bu% cranb]ry1 *okeb]ry1 & black & r$ currants fl\ri%$ z well1 besides num]\s m9or v>ieties ( b]ries4 ,9 "s ye>s b]ries 7 mu* m pl5tiful ?an 9 o!rs4 ,9 pl5tiful ye>s !y =m$ an important item ( ! ,indians' food4 ,!re 0 e reason to believe t ! v>ieties f\nd !re :i* 7 cultivat$ pr(itably 9 o!r c\ntries c\ld be z satisfactorily cultivat$ !re1 at lea/ f ! #fa/ p>allel s\?w>d1 betwe5 ! ma9 /reams ( ! ,mack5zie & ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,mr4 ,oliv] expla9$ t ! in=mation communicat$ 0 *iefly acquir$ f ,murdock ,mc,leod1 ( ,edmonton1 :o sp5t ! ye>s #ahfb-fc & "p ( #ahfd 9 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company s]vice at ,=t ,&]son1 s9ce ab&on$1 ea/ ( ! ,mack5zie & ab\t eighty miles up ,&]son riv] f ,arctic coa/4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahfc he accompani$ an exp$ition und]tak5 on behalf ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 along ! ,arctic coa/ f ! m\? ( ,mack5zie to t ( ,copp]m9e riv]4 ,9 #ahfe he 0 at ,=t ,li>d4 ,mr4 ,mc,leod /at$ t 9 ! summ] ( #ahfe1 :ile 9 ! ,hudson's ,bay employ1 at ,=t ,li>d1 latitude #ei1 he s[$ ab\t ?ree acres ( :eat on ,may #bf2 ?is 0 9 ! /ook on ,augu/ #a4 ,x 0 good gra91 ?\gh some:at smutty1 & _h n be5 fro/$2 b>ley s[$ at ! same "t did equally well1 also potatoes4 ,dur+ sev]al summ]s' resid5ce at ,=t ,li>d1 ,mr4 ,mc,leod nev] saw summ] fro/4 ,he also /at$ t at ,=t ,simpson1 9 latitude #fb :eat1 b>ley & potatoes _h done well4 ,?is 0 borne out by ! /atem5t ( ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,sp5dlove1 mission>y at ,=t ,simpson1 except t 9 #ahhg ! b>ley 0 fro/$4 ,,pr(essor ,,mac\n',s ,,te/imony4 ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n 7,see p4 #af71 ,botani/ to ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 exam9$ be=e ! committee /at$ t b>ley rip5s at ,=t ,simpson1 latitude #fb1 e ye> betwe5 ,augu/ #ab & #bj4 ,b>ley & potatoes _h be5 gr[n at ,=t ,norman at ! m\? ( ,great ,be> lake riv]1 ab\t latitude #fe1 & ev5 at ,=t ,yukon1 9 ! ,arctic circle1 b>ley is a sure crop4 ,^! are n p>ticul> po9ts not$ = _! good soil1 b locat$ solely = ! fur trade4 ,five-six?s ( ! c\ntry is j z good z ^! po9ts1 & w 9 future produce z good crops4 ,!re is no po9t ea/ ( ! ,mack5zie suitable = agriculture4 ,pr(essor ,mac\n said he _h be5 in=m$ by ,*ief ,factor ,h>di/y1 bro!r to ,s5ator ,h>di/y1 :o _h *>ge ( ,mack5zie riv] di/rict = _m ye>s1 t :eat 0 a sure crop at ,=t ,simpson f\r times out ( five1 b t ! c\ntry ar\nd ,=t ,li>d1 on ,li>d riv]1 0 mu* sup]ior to ,=t ,simpson = agricultural purposes4 ,all k9ds ( g>d5 produce succe$$ well1 & melons1 aft] be+ />t$ 9 a hot b$1 rip5$ well4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,mac\n's evid5ce ,mack5zie valley & ! :ole ( ! nor!rn prairie c\ntry has a soil t is l>gely compos$ ( :at is call$ alluvium2 & pass+ nor?w>ds f>!r d[n ,peace riv] to ! ,mack5zie ! surface1 f all he c\ld ga!r f :at he _h read1 is precisely ( ! same "* z ! second prairie /eppe1 :i* is ! surface ( black m\ld mix$ ) lime/one gravel & deep] d[n !re is m gravel & s& 9 ! subsoil4 ,! :ole ( ! c\ntry f ,edmonton nor?we/]ly to ,arctic ocean 9 ,mack5zie valley1 ,pr(essor ,mac\n expla9$1 is und]la9 by ,devonian or cretace\s rock1 & by ! dis9tegration ( ^! rocks good soil is produc$ always4 ,f ev]y?+ he c\ld ga!r1 ! :ole region naturally out to ! ,arctic coa/1 we/ ( ,mack5zie riv]1 has a good soil4 ,ea/]ly is a l& ( b>r5ness4 ,! l9e ( ! ,mack5zie is n exactly ! l9e4 ,geologi/s "k t !re is a portion ( ! valley ea/ ( ! riv] & up to ! base ( ! ,laur5tian rocks :]e ! l& seems to be good--z reg>ds ! soil4 ,pr(essor ,mac\n said he 0 decid$ly ( op9ion t dome/icat$ animals w\ld 9 ! future be rais$ 9 ,mack5zie bas94 ,%eep1 horses1 pigs & cattle c\ld & w\ld be rais$ !re4 ,x is a law ( nature t !y _c fatt5 cattle 9 s\!rn ,texas because x is n cold en\gh to solidify ! fat1 z x 71 & !y h to drive ! ,texan cattle nor? & fatt5 !m4 ,z y g nor? y f9d t ! cattle ,,produce ,,m ,,fat1 & are m easily fatt5$1 because x is a law ( nature t 9 cold climates fat %\ld be laid up4 ,ask$ z to ! native grasses1 ,pr(essor ,mac\n rem>k$3--8,z to ! natural grasses ( ?is c\ntry1 hav+ j complet$ an exam9ation ( ! :ole grasses ( ! ,dom9ion1 ,i am safe 9 /at+ t !y are ! grasses be/ suit$ = pa/urage ( any kn[n to /ock m5 or f>m]s4 ,! grasses ref]r$ to are ^? kn[n z r$-top & ,k5tucky blue grass1 or1 sci5tifically1 ,poa ,prat5sis & ,poa ,s]atna1 ,poa ,t5niflora & ,ceasia4 ,^! f\r species are well kn[n to ,am]ican /ock m5 & are consid]$ ( ! highe/ value4 ,!y are ! commone/ ( ! grasses 9 our nor!rn =e/ region & along ! foot hills ( ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,?ree ( ^! species are kn[n 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces4 ,"o ( !m is exclusively we/]n & ! great] "p ( ! common pa/urage ( ,ont>io is altoge!r compos$ ( ,poa pret5sis 7,k5tucky blue grass1 or r$-top740 ,,exp]t ,,inve/igation4 ,:ile a committee ( ! ,s5ate 0 he>+ ?is evid5ce z to ! natural res\rces ( ,mack5zie c\ntry1 two exp]ts1 sci5tific explor]s1 ,messrs4 ,mc,connell & ,ogilvie 7,see p4 #ah7 7 enquir+ into ! subject on ! spot on behalf ( ! ,dom9ion gov]nm5t4 ,! publication ( ! (ficial reports ( ^! g5tlem51 9 due c\rse1 /r5g!n$ ! impression made ^u ! public m9d by ! evid5ce tak5 by ! ,s5ate committee1 b ! practical result 0 n mu*1 = !re 0 at t date /ill pl5ty ( free l& to be _h 9 ! s-call$ 8,f]tile ,belt01 & lack ( communication effectually prev5t$ any deflection ( ! tide ( immigration t[>ds ,mack5zie riv]4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell 9 #ahhg explor$ ,hay riv] f its m\? at ,great ,slave lake z f> z ,alex&ra falls1 ab\t ?irty miles 9 a direct l9e up4 ,he reports t = "s di/ance up & :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! delta1 ! riv] is wide & encloses a l9e ( alluvial isl&s1 b on gett+ above ^! x contracts to ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?4 ,its banks are l[ & grassy1 & ! c\ntry on bo? sides is ?ickly =e/$4 ,proce$+ up ! riv] ! g5]al elevation ( ! c\ntry increases1 & ! valley becomes high] & wid]1 & bord]+ flats make _! appe>ance4 ,grassy & p>tly wood$ pla9s skirt its s\!rn %ores & ext5d s\?w>d t[>ds ,peace riv]1 & ,hay riv] may be reg>d$ z practically ! nor!rn limit ( ! prairie c\ntry1 al?\gh small isolat$ pla9s occur mu* f>!r nor? 9 ! vic9ity ( ,slave riv]4 ,,picturesque ,,wat]-,,falls4 ,z to ,alex&ra falls1 s nam$ by ,bi%op ,bompas 9 hon\r ( ! !n ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell /ates t !y pres5t a cle> unbrok5 %eet ( fall+ wat]1 & are exce$+ly picturesque 9 appe>ance4 ,! gorge ?r\gh :i* ! riv] bel[ fl[s "h sudd5ly ceases1 & ! riv] precipitates itself ov] ! h>d lime/one b& ?r\gh :i* ! latt] is cut1 ) a %e] desc5t ( ab\t eighty-five feet1 z measur$ by a s+le read+ ( ! an]oid b>omet]4 ,f ! base ( ! falls ! riv] fl[s along rapidly = ab\t a mile1 & !n makes a second leap ( ab\t fifty feet1 bel[ :i* are ?ree miles ( rapids4 ,at ! l[] falls ! cliff is brok5 d[n ne> ! c5tre1 & ! desc5t ( ! wat] is int]rupt$ by project+ l$ges4 ,above ! falls ! riv] loses its valley almo/ altoge!r1 & has fail$ to produce m ?an a feeble impression on ! h>d lime/one b$s :i* floor ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,ne> ! foot ( ! rapids bel[ ! falls 8a graceful effect is produc$ by a c\ple ( small /reams :i* fl+ !mselves on ei!r h& ov] ! br[ ( ! cliffs b\nd+ ! valley & make "o cle> leap to ! floor b5ea?40 ,,agriculture ,,at ,,resolution4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell report$ ! we/]n arm ( ,great ,slave lake 8bord]$ all ar\nd by a flat wood$ c\ntry1 :i* has be5 prov$ to be adapt$ to cultivation ( b>ley1 & ( potatoes & o!r vegetables4 ,! soil is usually a loam1 b 9 ! ridges is (t5 s&y1 & 9 l[ places passes into a clay4 ,! alluvial l&s along ,slave riv] & ! grassy pla9s on ,little ,buffalo riv] are ! be/ sections ( ! di/rict1 & des]ve ! fir/ att5tion4 ,at ,=t ,resolution a few acres ( l& are f>m$ e ye> ) good results by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,mr4 ,flett1 :o has *>ge ( ?is po/1 in=m$ me t b>ley is usually s[n on ,may #ae1 & requires ab\t "o hundr$ & t5 days to rea* maturity4 ,potatoes are plant$ ab\t ! same date1 & are dug ab\t ,septemb] #ae2 :eat1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 has be5 tri$ ?ree times ) only "o failure4 ,at ,hay riv]1 sixty miles we/ ( ,=t ,resolution1 "s potatoes are annually gr[n by ! ,indians1 & ev5 at ,=t ,rae1 :i* is situat$ on a bleak isl& 9 ! nor!rn arm ( ! lake 9 latitude #fb #ci1 "s g>d5+ has be5 attempt$ by ! en]getic ,roman ,ca?olic mission>ies :o are /ation$ !re4 ,! soil at ?is place is v /ony1 & mu* difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 remov+ ! b\ld]s1 & 9 br++ ! gr\nd into a prop] /ate = cultivation4 ,:5 ?is 0 once effect$ sev]al k9ds ( vegetables 7 gr[n )\t tr\ble4 ,potatoes plant$ on ,may #be are dug 9 ! middle ( ,septemb]1 & yield tw5ty fold1 & ! li/ ( g>d5 vegetables rais$ "h includes turnips1 onions1 cabbages1 c>rots1 radi%es1 beets & peas4 ,:eat & b>ley h n be5 tri$ on a l>ge scale1 b a few gra9s 7 s[n at ! end ( ,may "o season1 & became mature1 ! latt] on ,augu/ #bf1 & ! =m] f\r days lat]4 ,a less fav\rable spot = f>m+ purposes1 ?an ?is rocky isl&1 c\ld sc>cely be obta9$1 & ! successful rais+ "h af=ds a promise t ! m f]tile l&s to ! we/ & s\? w "o day be utiliz$40 ,mr4 ,mc,connell 9 8 report on ! exploration ( ,slave riv] /ates t ! soil !re 8is (t5 s&y1 b good crops ( potatoes & o!r g>d5 vegetables are gr[n at ,=t ,smi?1 & also by ! ,indians on ! ea/ side ( ! riv]40 ,,:eat ,,at ,,=t ,,provid5ce4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell ref]r$ specially 9 8 report1 also1 to ! agricultural op]ations at ,=t ,provid5ce 7:]e he w9t]$71 ,=t ,simpson & ,=t ,good ,hope4 ,he wrote3--8,=t ,provid5ce is surr\nd$ by flat arable l&s ( good quality1 & capable ( produc+ excell5t crops4 ,agriculture is engag$ 9 "h bo? by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company & ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,mission1 & l>ge quantities ( f>m produce are annually rais$4 ,:eat has be5 s[n at ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's f>m = n9e ye>s1 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,reid1 has nev] be5 a complete failure1 al?\gh on "s occasions x has be5 slightly t\*$ by summ] fro/s4 ,x is usually s[n ab\t ,may #bj1 & requires ab\t ?ree mon?s to rip54 ,z mu* z tw5ty-n9e bu%els h be5 obta9$ f "o bu%el s[n4 ,b>ley is a sure crop4 ,x is s[n at ! same "t z ! :eat1 & is ripe almo/ a week e>li]4 ,potatoes are plant$ betwe5 ,may #af & #be1 & are tak5 up ab\t ,septemb] #bj4 ,turnips1 cabbage1 beets & num]\s o!r g>d5 vegetables are gr[n ) sc>cely great] difficulty ?an 9 latitudes t5 degrees f>!r s\?4 ,! soil is a /iff clay1 ) 9 "s places surface b$s ( s&1 & is seldom ?aw$ out to a great] dep? ?an six feet4 ,! muskegs :i* cov] a consid]able proportion ( ! c\ntry back f ! riv] are p]man5tly froz5 at less ?an two feet f ! surface4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 9 ?is connection1 t ! hi/ories ( o!r di/ricts h %[n t :5 ! c\ntry is cle>$ & ! moss burnt (f1 ! p5etrative p[]s ( ! summ] ?aw is at once greatly increas$1 & l&s h become productive1 :i* at fir/ appe>$ hopelessly b>r54 ,a numb] ( cattle are kept at ,=t ,provid5ce1 b require to be f$ ab\t sev5 mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,hay ( excell5t quality is obta9$ 9 abundance f neighb\r+ m>%es40 ,,! ,,f>m ,,at ,,=t ,,simpson4 8,l ! o!r po/s ,=t ,simpson has its f>m1 & accord+ to "s /ati/ics :i* ,i receiv$ f ,mr4 ,laviolette1 ! v>i\s crops rais$1 ) ! exception ( :eat1 :i* does n rip51 & ! dates = plant+ & reap+ are mu* ! same z ^? previ\sly /at$ = ,=t ,provid5ce4 ,potatoes are usually plant$ betwe5 ,may #ae & #bj1 b ?is season 7#ahhh7 7 n put 91 ow+ to ! unusually late spr+1 until ,may #bh1 & require ab\t f\r mon?s to mature4 ,9 ! ord9>y ye> =ty bu%els ( se$ w yield f six to sev5 hundr$ bu%els1 b ! crops are sometimes injur$ by summ] fro/s4 ,b>ley1 :i* is ! only c]eal gr[n1 is s[n ab\t ,may #bj1 & is usually ripe by ,septemb] #bj4 ,no difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 rais+ su* g>d5 vegetables z cabbages1 turnips1 beets1 etc41 & ,mr4 ,camsell seem$ sangu9e t ev5 melons & tomatoes w\ld rip5 if prop]ly tri$4 ,! soil "h is a /iff clay loam4 4 4 40 ,illu/ration3 ,mission ,g>d5 at ,=t ,provid5ce4 8,=t ,good ,hope is situat$ a %ort di/ance bel[ ! ,ramp>ts & is ! l[e/ =t on ! ,mack5zie4 ,x 0 orig9ally built ov] "o hundr$ miles l[] d[n1 & has be5 mov$ sev]al times be=e ! pres5t site 0 f9ally select$4 ,x is situat$ only a few miles s\? ( ! ,arctic circle1 b ?is does n prev5t "s g>d5+ f be+ attempt$4 ,potatoes1 turnips & o!r g>d5 vegetables are rais$ 9 "s quantity1 & ev5 b>ley has occasionally be5 rip5$1 al?\gh ! gr\nd is p]man5tly froz5 ?ree or f\r feet f ! surface4 ,cattle & p\ltry are kept at ! =t1 b ! =m] h to be f$ ov] sev5 mon?s 9 ! ye>4 4 4 40 ,,c ,,furni% ,,local ,,food ,,supply4 ,9 summ+ up ! result ( 8 explorations1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell /at$ 9 8 report3--8,at all ! po/s ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 along ! ,mack5zie & its tribut>ies1 ) ! exception ( ,=t ,mc,pherson1 small plots ( l& are annually cultivat$ & l>ge quantities ( potatoes1 turnips1 beets & o!r vegetables are gr[n = use 9 ! di/rict1 :ile at ,=t ,li>d & ,=t ,provid5ce1 ! two mo/ s\!rly po/s 9 ! di/rict1 bo? :eat & b>ley h be5 tri$ ) success4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little reason to hope t ,mack5zie riv] di/rict z a :ole1 or ev5 ! s\!rn "p ( x1 except 9 limit$ areas1 w ev] be able to support a purely agricultural community1 or t its products w ev] be able to compete 9 ! op5 m>kets ( ! _w ) ! produce ( m fav\r$ regions4 ,its agricultural developm5t w dep5d on a local m>ket be+ obta9$4 ,:5 ! "t comes1 z come x mu/1 :5 ! und\bt$ m9]al res\rces ( ! region are drawn ^u1 ! food requir$ by ! m9+ population1 or ! great] "p ( x at lea/1 c be suppli$ locally4 ,! am\nt ( arable l& is small comp>$ to ! total area1 & is mo/ly conf9$ to ! vic9ity ( ! l>g] /reams4 ,away f ! riv]s1 froz5 m>%es & muskegs & %all[ lakes cov] ! great] "p ( ! surface4 ,! alluvial l&s along ,slave riv]1 ! upp] "p ( ,mack5zie riv]1 & ! c\ntry bord]+ ! ,li>d = "s di/ance above & bel[ ,=t ,li>d & we/ ( ! m\nta9s1 are ! be/ p>ts ( ! di/rict40 ,,climate ,,( ,,mack5zie ,,region4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 9 8 report ( 8 explorations ( bo? #ahhg & #ahhh1 makes ! foll[+ ref]5ces to ! climate along ,mack5zie riv]3--8,! w>m wea!r :i* comm5c$ at ,=t ,simpson on ,may #a1 cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! mon?1 & "u its influ5ce ! sn[ quickly disappe>$1 & ! spr+ advanc$ ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 8,9 ! l[] "p ( ! riv] ! ice 0 brok5 up at ,=t ,wrigley on ,may #ah1 at ,=t ,norman on ,may #ai1 & at ,=t ,good ,hope on ,may #ba4 ,! ice on ! riv] above ,=t ,simpson1 betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,li>d & ,great ,slave lake1 did n1 h[ev]1 move until aft] ,june #a40 ,may #ca1 #ahhh1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell f\nd ,anemone pat5s1 ! fir/ fl[] ( ! season1 9 full bloom above ,=t ,wrigley4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,mc,connell left ,=t ,norman ,june #ab1 #ahhh1 ! trees 7 /ill leafless1 b ! v>i\s species ( will[s & bir*es _h hung out _! catk9s1 & ! e>ly fl[]+ anemones & o!r fl[]s bright5$ ! valley ) col\r4 ,june #ah1 :5 ,mr4 ,mc,connell left ,=t ,good ,hope1 anemone pat5s & o!r e>ly fl[]+ plants 7 9 bloom1 b ! g5]al =e/ /ill rema9$ leafless4 ,,! ,,li>d ,,di/rict4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell's report gives u occasional compreh5sive glimpses ( ! t]ritory on ei!r side ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,he says t ! surface ( ! c\ntry bord]+ ! ,mack5zie 9 ! latitude ( ! ,li>d1 on bo? ! l[] & high] levels1 is usually m or less undulat+1 & is div]sifi$ by innum]able %all[ lakes ( all sizes1 :ile a l>ge proportion is und]laid by muskegs & m>%es1 cov]$ ) sphagnum or bog-moss1 :i* rema9 froz5 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! high] l&s & ridges sep>at+ ! lakes & m>%es are usually r d5sely =e/$1 *iefly ) :ite spruce 7,picea alba71 ! ,banksian p9e 7,p9us ,banksiana7 & ! asp5 7,populus tremuloides74 ,z to ! bas9 ( ! l[] ,li>d itself1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell m5tions ! foll[+ facts3--,on 8 way d[n to ! ,mack5zie 9 #ahhg he arriv$ at ,=t ,li>d1 fifte5 miles bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,nelson1 on ,july #bi4 ,9 ! rea* f ! ,nelson to ,=t ,li>d1 ! riv] is g5]ally wide & fill$ ) s&b>s & wood$ isl&s4 ,x is bord]$ 9 _m places ) wide alluvial flats1 cov]$ ) tall1 /raight cotton wood1 l>ge spruce & canoe bir*4 ,its valley is wide & %all[ & l9$ ) g5tly slop+1 spruce-clad banks4 ,on "s ( ! flats ! ,indians h built h\ses1 & f5c$ 9 small plots = f>m+ purposes1 = :i* ! great] "p ( ?is section ( ! di/rict seems well adapt$4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell pass$ "o small ,indian f>m ab\t ?irte5 miles bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,nelson1 & ano!r "o at ! m\? ( ,fi%+ creek1 a few miles above ,=t ,li>d1 :ile o!rs 7 notic$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! riv]4 ,,=t ,,li>d ,,& ,,its ,,environm5t4 ,=t ,li>d is situat$ on a f]tile flat1 "p ( :i* has be5 cultivat$ = ye>s ) unfail+ success4 ,:eat & b>ley are gr[n "h ye> aft] ye>1 :ile potatoes1 cabbages1 turnips1 & o!r vegetables are rais$ )\t ! lea/ difficulty4 ,at ! "t ( ,mr4 ,mc,connell's visit1 ,augu/ #a1 8all ! crops 7 well advanc$ & 9 good condition2 ! b>ley 0 j turn+ col\r1 & ! potatoes 7 almo/ l>ge en\gh to eat4 ,!re is no reason1 ei!r climatic or o!rwise1 :y ! :ole c\ntry bord]+ ! ,li>d1 f ,beav] riv] to ne> its m\?1 %\ld n1 :5 ne$$1 support an agricultural community40 ,mr4 ,mc,connell climb$ "o ( ! m\nta9s ne> ,=t ,li>d to a height ( ?ree ?\s& feet & 8obta9$ an ext5sive view f ! summit1 ov] ! pla9s to ! ea/w>d4 ,! c\ntry 9 t direction rises gradually f ! riv] 9 easy undulations1 & appe>s to culm9ate at a di/ance ( tw5ty-five or ?irty miles 9 a l[ plateau ?r\gh :i* ,black riv] has cut a wide gap4 ,a d5se =e/1 reliev$ 9 places by gleam+ lakes & light gre5 m>%es1 /ret*es to ! horizon40 ,mr4 ,mc,connell also /ates 9 8 report t ! valley depression = "s di/ance bel[ ! =t is insignificant 9 size1 & f>!r d[n disappe>s altoge!r1 & ! riv] undulates ?r\gh a l[1 level pla91 elevat$ only a few feet above its surface4 ,li>d riv] is ov] a mile wide at its m\?4 ,a ,,mack5zie ,,valley ,,plateau4 ,t5 miles above ! ,blackwat]1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 9 8 desc5t ( ! ,mack5zie 9 #ahhh1 made a visit to a small plateau :i* !re bord]s ! riv] at a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles4 ,! valley ( ! ,mack5zie !re has a dep? ( two hundr$ feet4 ,aft] leav+ x ,mr4 ,mc,connell cross$ a level pla9 :i* /ret*es ea/w>ds to ! foot ( ! plateau4 ,?is pla9 prov$ to be exce$+ly wet & swampy1 & mo/ ( ! way across he 0 walk+ knee-deep ?r\gh yield+ moss or ice-cold wat]4 ,x is p>tially wood$ ) small p9e1 spruce1 asp5 & tam>ack1 none ( :i* _h a diamet] exce$+ six in*es4 ,f ! top ( ! plateau1 ! ma9 range ( ,rocky m\nta9s1 :i* is "h too f> f ! left bank ( ! riv] to be se5 f ! valley1 came into sight to ! we/1 :ile 9 an opposite direction a good view 0 obta9$ ( ! rocky range :i* bord]s ! riv] to ! ea/4 ,! pla9 betwe5 ^! ranges1 ?r\gh :i* ! riv] fl[s1 has a wid? ( sixty or sev5ty miles4 ,x %[s num]\s l9es ( wood$ heights runn+ p>allel ) ! riv]1 b possesses no conspicu\s elevations4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell expla9s t rugg$ lime/one ranges are visible along ! rea* bel[ ,=t ,norman on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 b seldom approa* )9 ?irty miles ( ea* o!r4 ,! pla9s betwe51 & l[] slopes ( ! m\nta9s1 are cont9u\sly clo!d ) =e/s ( small spruce & asp54 ,! depression 9 :i* ! riv] fl[s has a dep? ( f "o to f\r hundr$ feet & a wid? ( f two to ?ree miles4 ,riv] flats are seldom pres5t1 & ! banks ( ! valley slope m or less /eeply up f ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,,mr4 ,,william ,,ogilvie',s ,,report4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie1 9 ! spl5did report ( 8 survey 9 #ahhh 7,sessional pap]s1 #d? ,ses4 #f? ,p>lt471 made a special & mo/ compreh5sive ref]5ce to ! agricultural capabilities ( ! ,mack5zie c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie's reputation z an exp]i5c$ & mo/ accurate obs]v] ju/ifies an ext5d$ quotation f ?is section ( ! report4--8,ev]y:]e1 ! ,mack5zie bas901 he wrote 7p4 #hb71 8is q z capable1 s f> z quality ( soil is conc]n$1 ( support+ an agricultural population1 z ! great] "p ( ! prov9ces ( ,ont>io & ,quebec4 ,! soil1 z se5 f ! riv]1 is g5]ally good1 & ! probability is t x cont9ues s at lea/ z f> back f ! /ream z ! woods ext5d4 ,?is ext5t is said to v>y f tw5ty to =ty miles on ! ea/ side1 :]e no /ream fl[s 91 b :]e !re are /reams ! di/ance is mu* great]1 z ! timb] foll[s ! valleys4 ,beyond ! fr+e ( timb] we come to ! s-call$ b>r5 l&s1 on :i* no?+ b mosses & li*5s gr[ & :i*1 except z ! pa/urage ( ! musk-ox & a few o!r animals1 are practically useless1 s f> z kn[n at pres5t4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! riv] ! woods ext5d to ! timb] l9e on ! m\nta9s4 8,assum+ ! limits to be z above1 ! area ( ! f]tile soil c readily be f\nd4 ,speak+ only ( t portion ( ,mack5zie bas9 ext5d+ f ,a?abaska lake to ,arctic ocean1 we h a /rip ( l& n9e hundr$ & =ty miles long1 & some?+ ov] sixty wide4 ,?is gives 9 r\nd numb]s sixty ?\s& squ>e miles ( l&1 ! agricultural capabilities ( :i* we may reasonably discuss4 ,i ?9k ! above area is less ?an t actually wood$1 b on ! we/ side mu* ( ! surface is probably at su* an elevation1 be+ ne> ! m\nta9s1 z to be outside ! limits ( our discussion4 ,!oretically1 ! po9ts involv$ are ! preval5t temp]atures dur+ ! gr[+ mon?s1 ! p]iod ( vegetation & ! duration ( sun%9e4 ,,temp]ature ,,& ,,sunlight4 8,i d n "k ( any regul> record ( temp]ature hav+ be5 kept at ,=t ,mc,pherson1 ! mo/ nor!rly po9t at :i* anyone is p]man5tly settl$ 9 ! di/rict4 ,! only in=mation :i* ,i h is my own record = ! la/ t5 days ( ,june :ile ,i 0 camp$ 9 ! valley ne> ! =t4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature dur+ t p]iod 0 #cg4c ,fahr4 on ,june #bj1 & ! mean m9imum f ,june #bj to ,june #cj 0 #dc4c ,fahr4 ,! highe/ obs]v$ temp]ature dur+ ! same p]iod 0 #gd ,fahr4 at #a3cj p4m4 on ,june #ba1 & ! mean temp]ature at t h\r = ! t5 days 0 #fb ,fahr4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! temp]atures w\ld n injure vegetation4 ,! mean m9imum = ! :ole mon? w\ld be bel[ ?is1 probably two or ?ree degrees1 b ev5 t w\ld n arre/ vegetable gr[?4 ,:51 9 connection ) ! temp]ature1 we consid] ! numb] ( h\rs ( sun%9e 9 ,june & ,july1 x seems evid5t t ,=t ,mc,pherson has all ! ess5tials = ! successful cultivation ( mo/ c]eals & vegetables4 ,at ?is nor!rn po9t refraction ext5ds ! "t dur+ :i* ! sun does n set1 s t !re are ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( sun%9e ea* day f ,june #a to ,july #ae4 ,on ,may #a1 ! sun is up = ab\t sev5te5 & "o-half h\rs1 & dur+ ,augu/ ! h\rs ( sunlight v>y f n9ete5 on ! #a/ to fifte5 on ! #ca/4 ,! total h\rs ( sun are sev5 hundr$ & six 9 ,may2 sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty 9 ,june2 six hundr$ & eighty-f\r 9 ,july2 & five hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 9 ,augu/2 9 all two ?\s& six hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 h\rs ( sun out ( ! total1 day & night1 ( two ?\s&1 n9e hundr$ & fifty-two h\rs 9 ! f\r mon?s4 ,z twilight cont9ues :ile ! sun is less ?an eighte5 degrees bel[ ! horizon !re is actually no d>kness dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is suitable1 vegetation "u ^! conditions ?rives to an almo/ incr$ible degree1 z ! foll[+ %[s4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ at ,=t ,mc,pherson on ,june #bj1 ! new buds on ! trees 7 j p]ceptible1 & on ! ev5+ ( ,june #bb1 ! trees 7 almo/ fully 9 leaf4 8,! mean m9imum temp]ature = ! mon? ( ,july 0 #de4d ,fahr4 ,! mean temp]ature = #a3cj p4m4 0 #fd4g ,fahr41 b on two occasions ! !rmomet] w5t to #gh 9 ! %ade1 & t5 times to #gj4 ,^! temp]atures 7 not$ along ! riv]1 at diff]5t po9ts ( c\rse1 al?\gh dur+ ! great] "p ( ! mon? my latitude did n *ange v mu*4 ,illu/ration3 ,view on ,peel riv]4 8,?is comb9ation ( favorable temp]ature & long h\rs ( sunlight promises well = vegetable gr[?1 b !re are int]f]+ causes4 ,un=tunately sn[ /orms are apt to occur at any "t dur+ ! ye> at ,=t ,mc,pherson4 ,on ,july #b1 five in*es ( sn[ fell & ! !rmomet] w5t d[n to #be 7#g bel[ freez+ po9t71 yet1 /range to say1 ! fro/ did n appe> to hurt any?+4 ,a nor!a/ w9d cont9u+ = a day or m1 l[]s ! temp]ature 9 a few h\rs f pleasant1 summ] heat to :at rem9ds "o ( ! approa* ( w9t]4 8,z f> z ,i c\ld le>n1 no attempt at cultivat+ c]eals or roots has be5 made at ,=t ,mc,pherson4 ,b at ,=t ,good ,hope "s ( ! p gr[ potatoes & o!r g>d5 produce1 &1 z ! diff]5ce ( latitude is n mu* ov] a degree1 ! same ?+s ought to gr[ ne>ly z well at ,=t ,mc,pherson4 ,! potatoes gr[n at ,=t ,good ,hope are small1 av]ag+ ab\t ! size ( a l>ge h5's egg4 ,^? :i* ,i ta/$ 7 bad1 z if !y _h be5 froz51 b !y 7 ( ! previ\s season's gr[?1 & x 0 !n ! middle ( ,july4 ,ev5 9 ,ont>io potatoes ( t age are n v palatable4 ,?is tub] appe>s to h always vitality en\gh to increase1 z at ,=t ,good ,hope !y h _h ,,no ,,*ange ,,( ,,se$ ,,= ,,sev]al ,,ye>s4 ,?is t5ds to %[ t ! fro/s are n v sev]e1 dur+ ! "t potatoes are gr[+ & rip5+4 ,:5 ,i pass$1 ! onions1 lettuce & o!r ?+s plant$ 9 ! g>d5s 7 pretty well advanc$1 ! onion /alks be+ ab\t z l>ge z p5cils4 ,no c]eals _h be5 s[n1 b ,i ?9k b>ley w\ld succe$ fairly well4 ,i am n aw>e ( any cont9u\s record ( temp]ature at ,=t ,good ,hope1 s ,i _c say :e!r ! climate at t place is suitable = ! gr[? ( plants dur+ ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/4 ,:ile ,i 0 !re ! days 7 pleasant & w>m & ! nights n unpleasantly cool4 ,nor1 if we omit ,july #b1 :5 sn[ fell1 did ,i any:]e note any temp]ature bel[ freez+ dur+ ,july & ,augu/4 8,x may be said t my obs]vations ext5d$ ov] too great a range ( latitude1 to be ( any value 9 indicat+ ! temp]ature any p]iod or any place1 z :ile !y 7 be+ tak5 we 7 con/antly mov+ s\?4 ,?is is true1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 mov+ s\? we 7 leav+ ! area ( con/ant sunlight & gett+ to :]e night has a cool+ effect1 s t ! objection has n ! same weight x w\ld o!rwise h4 8,! /atem5t giv5 bel[ ( ! duration ( sunlight 9 ! mon?s ( ,may1 ,june1 ,july & ,augu/1 s]ves to %[ t a diff]5ce 9 latitude has n ! same effect 9 *ang+ ! summ] temp]atures ( places 9 high latitudes z x has 9 m s\!rly localities4 ,un=tunately1 ! records at po/s 9 ! di/rict are too few & meagre to ei!r confirm or disprove ?is !ory1 & to use ! records ( su* places z ,=t ,frankl91 on ,great ,be> lake1 & ,=t ,rae1 on ,great ,slave lake1 is h>dly fair4 ,^! po9ts are ov] ?ree hundr$ miles ap>t 9 an air l9e1 & ! temp]ature at ei!r or bo? may be influ5c$ by ! local con=mation ( ! gr\nd1 or o!r unkn[n causes4 ,h[ev]1 tak+ ! records at ^! places1 we h ! foll[+ comp>ison3-- ,mean temp]ature ,=t ,frankl91 ,=t ,rae1 dur+ lat4 #fe #ab lat4 #fb #dj ,may1 #ce4b ,fahr4 #bg4g ,fahr4 ,june1 #ea4d #ea4d ,july1 #eb #fa4b ,augu/1 #ej4f #ef4e 8,! ,=t ,frankl9 data are giv5 9 ,pr(essor ,loomis's ,meteorology1 publi%$ 9 #ahge4 ,he gives z 8 au?ority ,dove's tables 9 ! report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahdg4 ,:o ! obs]v] 0 is n /at$1 b x 0 probably ,frankl94 ,! ,=t ,rae /ati/ics 7 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,c>pmael to ! ,s5ate committee appo9t$ to inquire into ! res\rces ( ,mack5zie bas91 & cov] ! same mon?s z ^? giv5 = ,=t ,frankl94 ,^! /ati/ics1 z f> z !y g1 confirm ! !ory1 = ! extremes at ,=t ,frankl9 diff] #af4h1 :ile at ,=t ,rae ! diff]5ce is #cc4e1 & ! mon?ly diff]5ces at ! =m] place are mu* less ?an ! latt]4#ah 8,i h comput$ ! foll[+ table :i* %[s compreh5sively ! diff]5t durations ( sunlight = ! latitudes ( ,ottawa1 ,*ipewyan1 & ,=ts ,simpson1 ,good ,hope & ,mc,pherson4 ,ottawa4 ,*ipewyan4 ,simpson4 ,good ,hope4 ,mc,pherson4 ,latitude #de #bf #eh #dc #fa #eb #ff #af #fg #bf ,h4 ,sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,may #a3 #ad #jh #ae #cd #af #je #ag #jf #ag #cj ,june #a3 #ae #af #ag #cf #ah #ci #ba #jd #bd #jj ,june #ba3 #ae #cj #ah #dd #ai #ad #bb #dh #bd #jj ,july #a3 #ae #bd #ah #cf #ai #jb #bb #jd #bd #jj ,aug4 #a3 #ad #cb #af #af #af #ef #ah #af #ai #bd ,aug4 #ca3 #ac #jh #ac #eb #ad #jh #ad #cf #ad #dd ,h4 ,sun4 ,h4 ,h4 ,h4 ,h4 ,h4 ,may3 #def #ead #ech #eib #gjf ,june3 #dfb #edi #egj #ffb #gbj ,july3 #dfd #ecj #eeh #fbe #fhd ,aug43 #dbc #dfg #dha #eai #ebg ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ,totals4 #ahje #bjfj #badg #bcih #bfcg 8,! numb] ( h\rs ( sunlight 9 ea* mon? has be5 obta9$ f ! mean ( ! numb]s at ! beg9n+ & end+ ( ! mon?4 ,?is does n give a /rictly correct result1 z ! sun's decl9ation1 on :i* ! l5g? ( ! day dep5ds1 does n *ange uni=mly1 ! daily *ange 9 ,june1 :5 ! sun has atta9$ its greate/ decl9ation1 be+ small z comp>$ ) t ( ,septemb]1 :5 ! sun is ne> ! equator4 ,7 ! light ( ea* day sep>ately comput$1 ! diff]5ce w\ld be ev5 m decid$ly 9 favor ( ! nor?4 ,9 comput+ ! above table1 refraction has n be5 tak5 into acc\nt except 9 ! case ( ,=t ,mc,pherson4 ,all[ance = refraction w\ld increase ! duration ( sunlight at all ! o!r places1 b mu* m 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,z ! table n[ /&s x assigns to ,=t ,mc,pherson eight hundr$ & ?irty-two h\rs1 or ?irty-f\r & two-?ird days m sunlight ?an ,ottawa1 dur+ a total p]iod ( two ?\s& five hundr$ & fifty-two h\rs4 ,a bett] mode ( comp>ison is to r$uce ! numb] ( h\rs ( sunlight at ea* place to days4 ,x /&s ?us3--,ottawa1 sev5ty-five days1 five h\rs2 ,*ipewyan1 eighty-five days1 tw5ty h\rs2 ,=t ,simpson1 eighty-n9e days1 elev5 h\rs2 ,=t ,good ,hope1 n9ety-n9e days1 tw5ty-two h\rs2 ,=t ,mc,pherson1 "o hundr$ & n9e days1 tw5ty-"o h\rs1 & ?is out ( a total ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree days4 ,,agriculture ,,at ,,=t ,,norman4 8,at ,=t ,norman1 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company _h a g>d5 plant$ ) turnips1 potatoes & o!r g>d5 produce4 ,i 0 at t po9t dur+ ! la/ days ( ,july1 at :i* "t potato v9es 7 f six to t5 in*es long1 & did n promise a good yield4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic mission _h two pat*es1 toge!r ab\t an acre 9 ext5t1 plant$ ) potatoes4 ,! soil "h 0 mu* bett] ?an 9 ! fir/ pat*1 be+ a w>m clay loam1 :ile 9 ! o!r x 0 ne>ly all decay+ vegetable matt]1 commonly call$ #8muck'4 ,! mission potatoes 7 mu* /rong] 9 ! v9es ?an ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's1 &1 at ! "t1 ne>ly cov]$ ! gr\nd4 ,! ,anglican mission _h plant$ a small piece ( gr\nd ne> ! riv] on a %elt]$ b5* bel[ ! top ( ! bank & fac+ ! s\?4 ,"h ! gr[? 0 mu* /rong] ?an at ei!r ( ! two o!r places4 ,"s b>ley _h be5 s[n 9 x1 & 0 well gr[n1 ! /alks av]ag+ f two to two & a half feet high1 & ! heads be+ long & j beg9n+ to fill4 ,! gr[? ( grass on ?is flat is luxuriant1 & nettles gr[ z /rong & l>ge z any ,i h se5 else:]e4 ,ne> ! edge ( ! woods wild vet*es gr[ z long & vigor\s z !y d ne> ,edmonton4 ,ev]yone compla9$ ( ! cold1 wet wea!r :i* prevail$ dur+ ! summ] & mu* ret>d$ vegetation4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic mission>y 9 *>ge ( ! mission "h1 told me t 9 tw5ty ye>s' resid5ce at ! place he did n recollect su* a cool1 damp1 cl\dy summ]4 ,,at ,,=t ,,wrigley4 8,at ,=t ,wrigley "s slight attempts _h be5 made at cultivation1 b ,i d n consid] !m a fair te/ ( ! capabilities ( ! place4 ,:5 ,i 0 !re1 on ,augu/ #ae1 ! p 7 ga!r+ blueb]ries1 !n fully ripe & z l>ge & well-flavor$ z !y are 9 ,ont>io4 ,ripe /rawb]ries 7 f\nd on ,augu/ #i n9ety miles bel[ ?is1 & a few raspb]ries soon aft]w>ds4 ,above ,=t ,wrigley wild gooseb]ries & bo? r$ & black currants 7 f\nd 9 abundance1 "s ( ! small isl&s be+ lit]ally cov]$ ) ! bu%es4 ,! gooseb]ries 7 l>ge & well flavor$1 & ! currants w\ld comp>e fav\rably ) ! same fruit z cultivat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ottawa1 ! black currants be+ especially l>ge & mell[4 ,?is 0 ! middle ( ,augu/1 latitude #fc4 ,,"o ,,?\s& ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifty ,,miles ,,f>!r ,,nor? ,,?an ,,ottawa4 8,at ,=t ,simpson ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company has a l>ge plot ( gr\nd plant$ ) turnips1 potatoes1 onions1 & o!r g>d5 produce su* z is g5]ally gr[n )\t artificial means 9 ,ont>io4 ,on ,augu/ #bd1 :5 ,i visit$ ?is place1 ! gr[+ vegetables look$ almo/ z good z ! same k9ds se5 at ! ,ottawa m>ket at ! same date4 ,lettuce p>ticul>ly 0 v l>ge & f9e4 ,!re 0 also a l>ge area ( b>ley1 :i* look$ well & promis$ an abundant return if all[$ to rip54 ,! gra9 0 !n full & plump & j beg9n+ to h>d51 b fe>s 7 ent]ta9$ t a fro/ might come & spoil x4 ,! p !re claim$ t ! prevail+ cool1 cl\dy wea!r _h ret>d$ its gr[?1 z o!rwise x w\ld !n be out ( dang] f fro/4 ,?is c]eal has be5 gr[n ) success at ,=t ,simpson = _m ye>s4 ,i und]/ood t :eat _h be5 tri$1 b ) indiff]5t success4 ,! g>d5 altoge!r pres5t$ an appe>ance h>dly to be expect$ at a po9t elev5 hundr$ & fifty miles f>!r nor? ?an ,ottawa4 ,x is situat$ on an isl& 9 ! riv]1 & ! pres5ce ( ! l>ge body ( wat] may mod]ate ! climate & acc\nt = ! f9e appe>ance ( ! g>d54 ,:e!r ! same f9e result c be atta9$ a mile or m away f ! riv] c only be decid$ by trial4 ,i am /rongly ( ! op9ion t x _c4 8,on ! high riv] bank bel[ ,=t ,provid5ce wild gooseb]ries & currants 7 v pl5tiful1 ?\gh on ! eigh? ( ,septemb] !y 7 some:at ov]-ripe4 8,at ,=t ,provid5ce ! usual g>d5 produce is gr[n e ye> & g5]ally turns out well4 ,b>ley is also gr[n ) success1 b 9 #ahhh x 01 z ev]y:]e else 9 ! valley1 mu* ret>d$ by cool wea!r4 ,up to my dep>ture f ! po/1 ! l[e/ temp]ature1 exclusive ( ,july #b1 0 #ca4h on ,augu/ #bi4 ,! mean m9imum = ! mon? ( ,augu/ 0 #dc4 ,:5 ,i 0 at ,=t ,provid5ce ! b>ley 0 beg9n+ to *ange color1 &1 unless a v sev]e fro/ came soon aft]1 w\ld rip54 ,:eat has be5 gr[n "h = _m ye>s by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 g5]ally be+ fairly ripe be=e x is t\*$ by fro/ & sometimes escap+ altoge!r4 ,! :eat is gr\nd 9 a small h& mill1 & ! fl\r us$ 9 ! ord9>y way by ! p ( ! =t4 ,:ile !re ,i gr\nd a few p\nds ( ! crop ( #ahhg1 & _h ! fl\r made into a cake1 :i*1 ?\gh n q s good z t made f #8,,xxxx' fl\r1 0 palatable1 & w\ld probably su/a9 life z effectually z any o!r1 ^? us+ x appe>+ z well & /rong z c\ld be desir$4 ,i br\ght home a sample ( ?is :eat = inspection4 ,,pea ,,v9es ,,/ill ,,gre5 ,,9 ,,septemb]4 8,at ,=t ,resolution ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company 7 gr[+ potatoes1 turnips & b>ley4 ,! fir/ 7 ( good quality & size1 b !re w\ld be no yield ( ! la/4 ,! ,anglican mission>y also _h a g>d5 9 :i* 7 potatoes1 cabbage1 caulifl[]s1 turnips1 onions & peas1 ! latt] /ill gre5 on ,septemb] #ba4 ,! potatoes & caulifl[]s 7 bo? good 9 size & flavor4 ,i 0 in=m$ t small potatoes 7 gr[n 9 a g>d5 at ,=t ,rae1 situat$ on a long arm ( ,great ,slave lake1 b1 accord+ to report1 !re is n mu* l& ar\nd ! lake available = f>m+1 ev5 7 ! climate suitable1 z x is ne>ly all rock4 ,at ,=t ,smi? no?+ ( importance f an agricultural po9t ( view _h be5 done1 & ! autumn fro/s 7 v sev]e4 8,9 conclusion1 ,i may say t ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z repres5t+ ?is c\ntry z suitable = agricultural op]ations1 z ,i d n ?9k x is4 ,i h m]ely pres5t$ ! results ( ! attempts :i* h be5 made4 ,^! results are d\btless mu* m favorable ?an might be expect$1 b h[ f> !y w\ld hold good else:]e ?an 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! riv] is n kn[n4 ,x is probable t ! pres5ce ( su* a l>ge body ( wat]1 ) a temp]ature ( ab\t #ee1 has a b5eficial influ5ce on vegetation4 8,be=e t "p ( our t]ritory w be requir$ = settlem5t1 !re w be ample "t to det]m9e by exp]im5t exactly :at x is wor? = agriculture4 ,,european ,,comp>isons4 8,9 look+ ov] ! _w = c\ntries ly+ 9 ! same latitude to comp>e ) x1 we f9d ,norway ext5d+ f latitude #eh to #gj #cj1 ) an area ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree ?\s& two hundr$ & six squ>e miles1 & a population ( "o million eight hundr$ & six ?\s& n9e hundr$4 ,( h] t]ritory only ab\t "o-?irtie? is "u cultivation1 "o-f\r? be+ cov]$ ) =e/1 & ! re/ b>r5 m\nta9 l&4 ,b z ,norway is expos$ ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? to ,atlantic ocean1 ! comp>ison is h>dly apposite4 ,bett] suit$ = comp>ison is t division ( ,russia kn[n z ,f9l&1 ly+ betwe5 #fj & #gj nor? latitude1 ) an area ( "o hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty-f\r squ>e miles1 & a population ( two million "o hundr$ & =ty-two ?\s& & n9ety-?ree4 8,?is %[s u t we mu/ n reg>d ! di/rict z altoge!r useless nor despair ( its ultimate occupation to at lea/ ! same ext5t z ! c\ntries nam$4 ,:5 we take into consid]ation also ! adaptability to settlem5t ( ,a?abaska & ,peace riv] valleys1 :i* are p>ts ( ! same great dra9age bas91 we may look =w>d ) confid5ce to its ultimate occupation by sev]al millions ( inhabitants40 ,9 ! report ( 8 trip 9 #ahia1 ,mr4 ,ogilvie gives ! foll[+ notes on agriculture 9 ,mack5zie valley3-- 8,=t ,provid5ce 0 infe/$ ) gras%opp]s to su* an ext5t t e bit ( gra9 s[n !re 0 cut to ! gr\nd1 no?+ b ! /ubs ( ! /alks be+ visible4 ,:eat has be5 gr[n !re ) v>y+ success = _m ye>s1 & ! fact t 9 latitude #fa #bj #ch x has be5 completely dev\r$ by gras%opp]s is itself wor?y ( record4 8,at ,simpson ! g>d5 /uff1 al?\gh v nice 9 appe>ance1 0 n up to :at ,i saw !re 9 #ahhh1 j at ! same "t ( ! ye> too1 ?\gh x w\ld comp>e v fav\rably ) ! appe>ance ( ^? 9 places t5 & fifte5 degrees f>!r s\?4 ,at t date 7,augu/ #be to #bh71 g>d5 /uff 0 well advanc$1 gre5 peas 7 9 use1 z 7 cabbage1 potatoes1 c>rots & o!r vegetables1 all l>ge & well flav\r$4 ,! b>ley s[n 0 %ort & /unt$ look+ f dr\ght1 b ( fair quality4 8,9 #ahhh ! ,company's (fic] 9 *>ge plant$ a%-leav$ maples s5t 9 f ,manitoba to see h[ !y w\ld /& ! climate1 elev5 degrees f>!r nor? ?an _! native home4 ,la/ ye> !y 7 q l>ge & seem$ to fl\ri% z well z !y w\ld h done 9 _! native soil4 ,_m head ( cattle 7 kept "h1 :i* seem to ?rive z well z !y w\ld any:]e else 9 our c\ntry4 ,! hay = _! w9t] subsi/5ce is cut on ! hills s\? ( ! =t4 ,,at ,,li>d ,,9 #ahia4 8,at ,=t ,li>d ! same dr\ght seems to h prevail$1 & prev5t$ ! usual developm5t ( :at 0 plant$4 ,at ! date 7,septemb] #d7 ( my arrival1 ! b>ley _h be5 h>ve/$ "s days1 & ?\gh ! /raw 0 %ort ! gra9 0 plump & h>d & ( fair yield4 ,potatoes 7 ( good size & ( fair quality4 ,:eat _h (t5 be5 gr[n "h successfully1 b z x c only be us$ :ole1 x is consid]$ bett] to gr[ b>ley1 :i* c be1 & is1 us$ z cattle food4 ,cattle are kept "h1 & seem to ?rive z well z !y d 9 o!r places ( ! c\ntry4 ,at ?is po/ ! soil is a ri*1 black loamy clay1 & ! surface is ?ickly wood$ all ar\nd4 ,z se5 f ! high gr\nd on ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 ! c\ntry to ! s\? & ea/ appe>s undulat+1 ris+ into ext5sive ridges all heavily wood$4 ,?is condition is said to cont9ue ?r\gh to ,hay riv]4 ,9 ! valley are _m lakes1 "s ( consid]able ext5t1 & _m l>ge swamps4 ,i c\ld n le>n any?+ ( ! "* ( ! soil1 b x is fair to assume f ! g5]al "* ( ! woods1 t x is ( fair quality4 8,:ile at ?is =t ,i exam9$ ! daily j\rnal ( ev5ts kept at e po/1 = ! purpose ( gett+ "s in=mation z to ! times ( ! g5]al run ( f>m+ ev5ts1 op5+ or clos+ ( ! riv]1 or any o!r fact ( agricultural1 meteorological1 or g5]al int]e/4 ,i w "h make a few explanatory rem>ks ) reg>d to ^! j\rnals4 ,x is a /&+ rule 9 ! ,company's s]vice t a j\rnal ( daily ev5ts be kept at e po/1 b ea* (fic] seems to h a diff]5t idea ( :at a daily j\rnal ev5 is1 & !re seems to be a want ( cont9uity1 s to speak1 9 ! records :5 !re is a *ange ( writ]s or (fic]s1 "s (fic]s aim+ at mak+ x :at x 0 int5d$ or ought to be1 a *ronicle :i* c\ld at any "t h]eaft] be consult$ ) confid5ce reg>d+ hi/orical1 meteorological & agricultural ev5ts 9 p>ticul>1 & in=mation g5]ally4 ,un=tunately1 _m seem to h consid]$ x an unpleasant duty1 & put x (f f day to day1 until a long int]val _h elaps$1 !n w5t at x 9 desp]ation & made ! be/ record !y c\ld f memory1 ( c\rse (t5 omitt+ _m items ( int]e/ & g5]al importance4 ,9 _m ( ! j\rnals ,i h se5 !re are great gaps1 ! (fic] at ! place be+ abs5t on a j\rney1 or sick or o!rwise unable to write ! j\rnal at ! po/4 ,,notes ,,f ,,li>d ,,j\rnals4 ,! j\rnals at ,li>d gave me ! foll[+ dates & facts3-- #ahgh4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #i2 reap$ b>ley1 omitt$2 fir/ ice drift+ 9 ! riv]1 ,octob] #ah2 ice set 9 riv]1 ,octob] #bi4 #ahgi4 ,plant$ se$ ,april #bb2 reap$ b>ley ,augu/ #ad2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #ae2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #g4 #ahhj4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #g2 reap$ b>ley ,augu/ #ad2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #be2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #i4 #ahha4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #e2 reap$ b>ley ,augu/ #ab2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #aj2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #ac4 #ahhb4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #i2 reap$ b>ley ,augu/ #bb2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #af2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #g4 #ahhc4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #c2 reap$ b>ley ,augu/ #aj2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #bi2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #i4 #ahhd4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #a2 reap$ b>ley1 omitt$2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #aj2 ice set fa/ ,octob] #bi4 #ahhe4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #bb2 reap$ b>ley ,augu/ #aa2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #bc2 ice set fa/1 omitt$4 #ahhf4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #g2 reap$ b>ley ,augu/ #ai2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,novemb] #i2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #bj4 #ahhg4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #c2 reap$ b>ley1 omitt$2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #bb2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #i4 #ahhh4 ,plant$ se$ ,may #i2 reap$ b>ley1 omitt$2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #bj2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #e4 #ahhi4 ,plant$ se$ ,april #af2 reap$ b>ley1 omitt$2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #bh2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #ad4 #ahij4 ,plant$ se$ ,april #cj2 reap$ b>ley1 omitt$2 fir/ ice 9 riv] ,octob] #ae2 ice set fa/ ,novemb] #ad4 ,potatoes are g5]ally h>ve/$ ab\t ,septemb] #bj4 ,! ice g5]ally breaks up 9 ! riv] ab\t ,may #a4 ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,li>d ,,& ,,! ,,peace4 8,on ! we/ side ( ,li>d & ,ea/ ,bran* riv]s x is n v f> to ! m\nta9s1 consequ5tly ! area ( l& :i* might be utiliz$ agriculturally is n v ext5sive on t side4 ,on ! ea/ ! same "* ( surface holds ,i believe f ! ,li>d s\?w>d to ! ,peace wat]%$1 high dry ridges ) _m int]v5+ swamps & lakes1 _m ( ! swamps be+ v ext5sive4 ,?is is z ! ,indians & "o or two :ite m5 :o h made j\rneys into x h said ( x4 ,! soil is g5]ally ( fair quality1 "s ( x good4 ,on my return f ,sikanni ,*ief riv] to ,peace riv] ,i f\nd ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics1 ridges ) swamps betwe54 ,i am afraid ! elevation above ! sea level along ?is r\te 7! av]age read+ ( ! b>omet] be+ ab\t #bg4jj in*es :ile ,i 0 on x7 is too high to all[ f>m+ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we und]/& x4 ,on ! /reams fl[+ into ! ,peace1 !re is mu* prairie1 b x is conf9$ ma9ly to ! imm$iate valleys ( ! /reams2 mu* ( x is spr+y & wet1 evid5tly ! wat] f ! adjac5t swamps p]colat+ ?r\gh4 ,! soil is all good1 & if ! climatic conditions 7 suitable1 a v l>ge p]c5tage ( good c\ntry w\ld be f\nd 9 ?is section4 ,_m ( ! swamps c\ld be dra9$ z ! natural facilities = dra9age are good4 ,al?\gh x 0 9 ,octob] ,i pass$ ov] x ,i witness$ no sev]e fro/s1 v little ice be+ visible any:]e1 & ! flora giv+ no evid5ce ( hav+ be5 mu* injur$ by ! fro/s4 ,9 ! prairies along ! creeks1 ! grasses & plants are g5]ally ( z luxuriant gr[? z 9 places mu* f>!r s\? & ea/4 ,! grass 0 g5]ally long & mead[-l1 b z we approa*$ ,peace riv] x became m l true prairie grass1 until ext5sive areas ( true prairie 7 pass$ ov] along ! tribut>ies ( ,peace riv]4 8,! wea!r = "s days previ\s to my arrival at ,nelson 7,septemb] #ae7 _h be5 %[]y & unsettl$2 ?is culm9at$ on ,septemb] #af 9 a v heavy ra9fall :i* *ang$ to sn[ on ,septemb] #ag & #ah4 ,?is 0 damp & /uck to & load$ ! trees 9 ! =e/ to su* an ext5t t ! weight broke ?\s&s ( !m4 ,! sn[/orm appe>s to h be5 local1 z ,i aft]w>ds le>n$ t x _h n ext5d$ to ,peace riv] nor m ?an "o hundr$ miles s\? f ,nelson4 ,! wea!r cle>$ on ,septemb] #ai40 ,9 a communication to ! press 9 #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,ogilvie wrote3--8,f ,=t ,v]milion to ,=t ,li>d on ,li>d riv]1 :]e :eat has be5 successfully gr[n = m ye>s ?an _m p w\ld cr$it1 is ?ree hundr$ & t5 miles2 by trail1 say ?ree hundr$ & fifty4 ,on ?is /ret* j across ,peace riv] ,hay riv] prairies are highly spok5 (1 & c]ta9ly look well f ! riv]4 ,a railway l9e w\ld probably foll[ d[n ,black riv] valley to ,li>d1 & ext5sive mead[s 9 ?is valley 7 report$ by natives :5 ,i 0 !re 9 #ahia40 ,,evid5ce ,,be=e ,,! ,,late ,,s5ate ,,committee4 ,! select committee ( ! ,s5ate ( ,canada :i* sat 9 #aijg devot$ consid]able att5tion to ! agricultural possibilities ( ,mack5zie valley4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell ( ! ,geological ,survey 0 exam9$ be=e ! committee & said he did n happ5 to be 9 places :]e !re 0 any f>m+ go+ on1 b 0 at ,=t ,provid5ce 9 ! autumn & w9t]$ !re "o w9t]1 & ate potatoes1 turnips & o!r vegetables l t all w9t] t _h be5 gr[n !re4 ,t is nor? ( ,great ,slave lake4 ,go+ d[n ! ,mack5zie1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell expla9$1 once y get away f ! riv] flat y get into a roll+ c\ntry p>tly ) muskeg1 ) h>d ridges betwe54 ,! only possible "p ( t c\ntry suitable = agriculture1 he ?\ght1 w\ld be ! l>ge flats d[n ,mack5zie riv]4 ,x is a wide valley1 b !re is ! same ?+ !re3 y nev] "k exactly be=eh& :at is go+ to happ54 ,c]ta9ly x does n look l a fav\rable c\ntry = agriculture once y get away f ! riv]4 ,! prairie on ,li>d riv] is a little nor? ( ! #fj? degree ( latitude4 ,!re is a lot ( m>% hay gr[+ ar\nd ,great ,slave lake4 ,x w\ld be good = fe$+ /ock4 ,along ,great ,slave lake itself !re is a l>ge tract ( flat c\ntry :i* may come 9 "s "t4 ,mo/ ( ! grass ,mr4 ,mc,connell saw !re 0 a heavy m>% grass4 ,x is n jo9t$1 ?\gh !re is "s ( t k9d4 ,he rememb]$ see+ pat*es ( x on ,hay riv]4 ,ask$ z to ! ext5t ( good agricultural l& 9 ! c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell said x dep5d$ on :at 0 call$ good agricultural c\ntry4 ,he knew t at ,=t ,good ,hope1 "r d[n on ! circle1 !y c raise good potatoes1 because he saw !m1 & !re is no reason :y !y _c raise vegetables all ! way d[n ! ,mack5zie z f> nor? z t4 ,! l& on bo? sides ( ! riv] suitable = agriculture does n ext5d f>4 ,!re are flats two or ?ree miles wide--bottom flats ( ! ,mack5zie a mile to a mile & a half wide4 ,once y get up out ( ! valley ! c\ntry is roll+ & p>tly muskeg4 ,!re is a l>ge tract ( t sort ( c\ntry ext5d+ z f> nor? z ,=t ,good ,hope4 ,x is ab\t a ?\s& miles altoge!r f ,great ,slave lake to ! sea1 & t flat w\ld be six or eight hundr$ miles 9 l5g?4 ,,int5se ,,summ] ,,heat4 ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t 7,see p4 #acf71 describ+ 8 trip to ! f> nor? be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 said t aft] leav+ ,lake ,a?abaska !re is rock along ! ,a?abaska1 b !re are pla9s1 said to be good l&1 ext5d+ f ,slave lake d[n to ,peace riv]4 ,bel[ ,=t ,smi? !re is a deposit ( alluvial soil v simil> 9 appe>ance & 9 "* to t ( ! prairie1 ext5d+ z f> z ,rocky m\nta9s1 bel[ ,=t ,simpson1 & ev5 along ! valley !n all ! way d[n z f> z ,mr4 ,/ew>t w5t4 ,x 0 a surprise to him4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t 0 at ,=t ,provid5ce on ,july #ae1 #aijf4 ,=t ,provid5ce is ne> ,slave lake1 on ,mack5zie riv]1 9 latitude #fabe4 ,?is is n9e hundr$ & sev5te5 miles by travell$ r\te f ,a?abaska1 b1 z ne> z ,mr4 ,/ew>t c\ld calculate x1 ab\t five hundr$ & fifty miles f>!r nor? ?an ,edmonton4 ,he saw !re on ,july #ae :eat 9 ! milk1 potatoes 9 fl[]1 peas fit = use1 tomatoes1 turnips1 rhub>b1 beets1 cabbage1 onions1 & o!r g>d5 vegetables4 ,! tomatoes 7 n fully =m$1 & ,mr4 ,/ew>t did n ?9k !y rip5$4 ,!y grew !m "u glass4 ,! /rawb]ries rip5 at any "t2 9 fact !y _h ripe /rawb]ries be=e t1 also raspb]ries1 currants1 gooseb]ries & saskatoons4 ,! :eat t ,mr4 ,/ew>t saw !re 0 j 9 milk4 ,he inquir$ :5 x 0 s[n1 & 0 told ,may #bj4 ,x seem$ incr$ible1 until x 0 rememb]$ t !re is sc>cely any d>kness dur+ summ] !re4 ,!re 7 ab\t tw5ty h\rs' sun ea* day1 & ! heat 0 great] = sev]al days ?an any?+ ,mr4 ,/ew>t _h ev] exp]i5c$ 9 ,ottawa4 ,along ! l[] ,a?abaska & at ,*ipewyan1 ,mr4 ,/ew>t & 8 fell[ travell]s _h x ov] "o hundr$ 9 ! %ade = sev]al days4 ,!re 0 a !rmomet] on ! /eam] 9 ! %ade4 ,p]haps ! heat 0 great] on ! boat ?an x w\ld h be5 a%ore4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 exce$+ly hot wea!r1 & cont9u$ all night4 ,!re 0 v little night at t "t4 ,! hot wave ext5d$ d[n to ! ,arctic sea z ,mr4 ,/ew>t asc]ta9$ f ,indians :o _h come f ,ramp>t ,h\se1 ne> ! ,alaskan b\nd>y1 to meet ! /eam]1 ! 8,wrigley40 ,he return$ ) !m in/ead ( com+ back ) ! boat1 & !y lo/ two ( _! dogs f ! heat1 & t 9 ! ,arctic circle4 ,f 8 obs]vations along ! riv]1 t portion ( ! ,mack5zie he travell$ ?r\gh pres5t$ a bett] appe>ance ?an ,a?abaska bas94 ,he did n see mu* hay ar\nd ,slave lake4 ,he 0 n travell+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry !re4 ,,n9e ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sev5ty ,,miles ,,nor? ,,( ,,edmonton4 ,=t ,good ,hope1 9 latitude #ffaf1 is n9e hundr$ & sev5ty miles f>!r nor? ?an ,edmonton1 yet ,mr4 ,/ew>t saw cabbages1 onions & o!r g>d5 vegetables gr[+ 9 ! g>d5s !re4 ,beyond ,=t ,good ,hope ! fro/ is s ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd t x is pretty h>d to raise any?+4 ,at ,=t ,macph]son1 & 9 t neighb\rhood :]e ! portage is cross$1 !re is froz5 soil4 ,! vegetables at ,=t ,good ,hope look$ z good z any o!rs4 ,! soil !re 0 v f]tile4 ,! =t :i* is ne>e/ to ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie is 8,po9t ,sep>ation40 ,x is n on ! ,mack5zie1 & 0 s nam$ because x 0 !re t ,sir ,john ,frankl9 & ,doctor ,ri*>dson sep>at$ on ,frankl9's memorable second trip4 ,!re 7 no evid5ces ( vegetation along ! riv] t f> nor? t w\ld lead ! witness to conclude t agriculture c\ld be c>ri$ on !re4 ,z f> z ,=t ,good ,hope1 on ?is side ( t place1 & ar\nd ,provid5ce ! c\ntry is a f9e "o4 ,x is a wood$ c\ntry4 ,9 ,mr4 ,/ew>t's #aijf (ficial report 7p4 #ac7 he writes3--8,on ,july #ae1 ! g>d5 at ,=t ,provid5ce 7latitude #fad7 conta9$ peas fit = use1 potatoes 9 fl[]1 tomatoes1 rhub>b1 beets1 cabbages1 onions4 ,besides vegetables1 !re 7 cultivat$ fl[]s & fruits su* z r$ currants1 gooseb]ries1 /rawb]ries1 raspb]ries & saskatoons4 ,b mo/ surpris+ ?+ ( all 0 a small field ( :eat 9 ! milk1 ! gra9 be+ fully =m$40 ,?is 0 /at$ to h be5 s[n on ,may #bj & h>ve/$ be=e ,july #bh1 slightly ov] two mon?s f s[+4 ,,sit ,,out ,,all ,,night ,,& ,,read4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy ( ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t 7,see p4 #acf7 in=m$ ! ,s5ate committee t he _h be5 d[n at ,=t ,provid5ce mission 9 #aijb4 ,! mission>ies _h a spl5did f>m ab\t latitude #fbcj1 & he saw beautiful crops ( :eat1 oats1 b>ley & peas4 ,he left !re on ,july #bh1 & _! b>ley 0 fit to cut1 & !y 7 cutt+ x4 ,_! oats & :eat w\ld be ready to cut 9 a day or two f ! looks ( x1 & ! prie/ lat] told him all _! gra9 0 cut )\t a bit ( fro/4 ,!y h lots ( sunlight4 ,"o c\ld sit out all night & read4 ,! altitude is l[1 & y c see ! reflection ( ! sunset & sunrise4 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,m4,l4,a41 7,see p4 #ajd7 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! committee1 rem>k$ t ! s\!rn %ore ( ,great ,slave lake seems to h good agricultural prospects4 ,"o notable place !re is ,hay riv]4 ,!re !y raise b>ley & all ! common vegetables4 ,at ! m\? ( ,great ,slave riv] & at ! m\?s ( all ! riv]s runn+ 9 !re1 l>ge quantities ( hay gr[4 ,9 fact !re is a v rank gr[? ( grass along all ^? /reams z f> nor? z "o likes to g4 ,:]e ! gr\nd along ! riv] is n cov]$ ) trees1 grass gr[s4 ,at ,=t ,provid5ce1 ab\t =ty miles d[n ! ,mack5zie f ,great ,slave lake1 !y raise b>ley & all ! vegetables e ye>1 & "s ye>s :eat & oats4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty miles bel[1 nor? ( ,=t ,provid5ce1 is ,=t ,simpson1 :]e ,li>d riv] comes 94 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company = _m ye>s h rais$ b>ley & vegetables at t po9t4 ,9 "s ye>s !y might raise :eat1 b n e ye>4 ,at all ^? ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/s !y always raise vegetables4 ,!y d n pret5d to raise any o!r gra9 regul>ly b b>ley1 because ,,!y ,,use ,,b>ley ,,= ,,s\ps4 ,!y p\nd ! hull ( x 9 a holl[ piece ( wood & use ! gra9 = s\ps4 ,at ,=t ,simpson he saw caulifl[]s1 cabbages & cucumb]s gr[+ "u exactly ! same conditions z !y w\ld gr[ !m 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta4 ,! cucumb]s 7 simply plant$ 9 a hotb$1 & all[$ to rema9 !re protect$ 9 ! e>ly spr+ f ! fro/1 & !n all[$ to gr[ 9 ! hotb$s1 ) ! sa%es (f1 9 ! summ] "t4 ,"o hundr$ & =ty miles nor? ( ,=t ,simpson is ,=t ,wrigley 7nor? latitude #fc74 ,t is :]e ,mr4 ,br$9 /at$ he once w9t]$4 ,9 ! spr+ !y put 9 a g>d5 !re4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company (ficials plant g>d5s e ye> at t po9t4 ,! spr+ t ,mr4 ,br$9 0 !re !y got _! se$ potatoes f ,=t ,good ,hope1 :i* is f\rte5 miles s\? ( ! ,arctic circle4 ,!y w5t !re = se$ because !y _h none1 hav+ us$ up !irs dur+ ! w9t]4 ,mr4 ,br$9 saw ^? potatoes4 ,!y 7 a play$-out se$1 a :ite-blue v>iety4 ,!y 7 n ! improv$ potatoes b !y 7 a fair size4 ,!y _h ! same class ( potatoes at ,hay riv]1 b s9ce t !y got 9 new se$ 7! ,e>ly ,rov]7 f outside1 & !y gr[ v mu* bett] crops4 ,! season at ,wrigley is q long en\gh1 because ! sun %9es !re dur+ all ! gr[+ season4 ,t is ! great secret ( ! gr[? 9 t c\ntry4 ,!re is n mu* f]tile l& at ,wrigley4 ,d[n !re ,rocky m\nta9s are on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 & !re is a great deal ( muskeg4 ,! g>d5 at ,=t ,wrigley ,,0 ,,orig9ally ,,muskeg & cov]$ ) moss4 ,z soon z ! timb] is cut (f a muskeg ! moss dies1 ! fro/ comes out ( ! gr\nd1 & g>d5s c be cultivat$4 ,! trees ?r[ out _! leaves 9 ,mack5zie bas9 ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 be=e ! ice goes out ( ! riv]4 ,! ye> ,mr4 ,br$9 0 !re ! ice w5t out ( ! ,mack5zie at ,=t ,wrigley on ,may #bc1 & ! trees 7 all out 9 leaf be=e t "t4 ,on ,mack5zie riv] ! trees leaf out almo/ 9 a few h\rs4 ,! quickness ) :i* ! leaves appe> on ! trees 9 ! spr+ is simply m>vell\s4 ,mr4 ,br$9 0 nev] up ,li>d valley1 b he>d a great deal ab\t x at ,=t ,simpson1 & he _h se5 ! j\rnals ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company t 7 kept at ,=t ,li>d1 two hundr$ miles up ,li>d riv]4 ,f ^! s\rces he ga!r$ t !y rais$ all ! c]eals !re1 su* z :eat1 oats & b>ley1 z well z all ! vegetables ( ! common] v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,br$9 in=m$ ! committee t ! spr+ he 0 at ,=t ,wrigley ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april 7 ! f9e/ he ev] saw4 ,he 0 !re j "o spr+1 & x 0 z pleasant wea!r z he ev] saw 9 8 native prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 = ^? two mon?s1 :ile ! w9t]s 7 no worse ?an he _h se5 !m 9 ,manitoba4 ,mack5zie riv] clos$ on ,novemb] #ai t ye> & !re 0 a little sn[ !n--& x la/$ until ,m>*4 ,practically all ! sn[ w5t (f ! latt] "p ( ,m>*4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,a4 ,preble ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey 7,see p4 #bb71 speak+ ( 8 trip d[n ! ,mack5zie 9 #aijd1 /ates t ! c\ntry ab\t ,=t ,provid5ce is level & is ma9ly gr[n up to popl>s 7,populus tremuloides74 ,back f ! riv] are _m muskegs1 ) _! *>act]i/ic tam>ack & spruce =e/s4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic mission e/abli%$ is n[ "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! nor?4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/ 0 e/abli%$ !re 9 #ahfh1 & ! po/ at ,big isl& 0 ab&on$4 ,bo? e/abli%m5ts cultivate l>ge fields ( potatoes & ! v>i\s root crops4 ,mr4 ,preble reports t on ,june #ag1 bel[ ,=t ,norman1 a small quantity ( sn[ fell4 ,on ,june #ba1 at ,=t ,good ,hope1 ! leaves on mo/ ( ! trees 7 ab\t half gr[n4 ,on ! same date ! sun 0 visible at midnight f a l[ hill ne> ! po/1 & _m birds 7 9 full song at t h\r4 ,= ! next ?ree weeks1 nor? ( ?is po9t1 ! sun 0 cont9ually above ! horizon4 ,vegetation n[ advanc$ r fa/] ?an ,mr4 ,preble's rate ( travel nor?w>d1 b 0 n at its height :5 he rea*$ ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie on ,june #cj4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,(ficial ,,report4 ,mr4 ,preble 9 8 publi%$ report 7,nor? ,am]ican ,fauna ,no4 #bg7 pres5ts a map ( ! ,nor?l&1 %[+ ! 8life zone40 ,:at he calls 8! ,canadian zone0 ext5ds f ! s\!rn m>g9 ( ! map to an irregul> l9e tr5d+ 9 a nor?we/]ly direction f a po9t ab\t #ebcj nor? latitude1 j s\? ( ,hudson bay1 to a po9t ab\t #ehcj nor? latitude at ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,! ma9 irregul>ity 9 ! c\rse ( ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ?is zone is due to a w$ge %ap$ projection into ! zone to ! nor?1 due to ! well kn[n nor!rn tr5d ( ! iso!rmal l9es f a po9t 9 ea/]n ,saskat*ewan4 ,! l9e f ab\t longitude #aej runs direct across ,lake ,a?abaska1 cutt+ x 9 half practically1 !n to ! m\? ( ,slave riv] on ,great ,slave lake1 !nce 9 a sweep to :]e ! #fe? p>allel ( nor? latitude /rikes ! ,mack5zie4 ,!nce ! l9e runs back s\!a/ to ! ,li>d1 foll[+ t /ream to ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! map4 ,nor? ( ! 8,canadian0 zone1 ! 8,hudsonian0 zone is repres5t$1 its nor!rn limit be+ an irregul> l9e runn+ nor?we/]ly f nor? latitude #eeaa on ,hudson bay to ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,?is zone is repres5t$ z ext5d+ nor?w>d 9 w$ge %ap$ projections = "s di/ance d[n ! valley ( ! ,dubawnt1 d[n t ( ! ,copp]m9e1 & into ! lake c\ntry nor? ( ,great ,be> lake4 ,all ( ! c\ntry nor? ( ?is is describ$ by ,mr4 ,preble z ! 8,arctic zone40 ,mr4 ,preble rem>ks 9 8 report3--8,! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,canadian zone 9 ! ,mack5zie region limits ! successful cultivation ( b>ley1 potatoes1 & ! m h>dy root crops1 al?\gh ) special c>e mo/ ( !m are rais$ 9 c]ta9 fav\r$ localities 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,hudsonian4 ,ev5 9 ! ,canadian1 h[ev]1 an occasional failure occurs1 9 ! case ( ! less h>dy crops1 because ( ! occurr5ce ( unusually late spr+ or e>ly autumn fro/s4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,peace riv] valley1 & ev5 9 l[] ,li>d valley1 :eat is a successful crop4 ,peas1 potatoes1 radi%es1 turnips1 beets1 c>rots1 cabbages1 lettuce & onions are rais$ ) a consid]able degree ( success z f> nor? z ,=t ,norman1 ne> latitude #fe1 ne> ! nor!rn extremity ( ! ,canadian /rip4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! meet ) a fair am\nt ( success at ,=t ,rae & also at ,=t ,good ,hope1 9 ! l[] ,hudsonian1 b at ,=t ,rae ! situation is specially fav\rable z reg>ds slope exposure1 & ! p]man5t fro/1 :i* rema9s ne> ! surface 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,hudsonian1 probably retreats to a mu* l[] dep?4 ,at ,=t ,good ,hope ! almo/ cont9u\s sunlight ( summ] probably comp5sates 9 "p = its extreme nor!rn position40 ,! importance ( ^! extracts f ,mr4 ,preble's report lies 9 ! fact t ?is is an (ficial report ( a tra9$1 sci5tific explor] :o has liv$ 9 ! nor? c\ntry = mon?s1 :o has travell$ ext5sively1 & ^: sole object z a responsible sal>i$ (ficial ( a =eign c\ntry is to provide indisputable data = sci5tific /udy4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,travell]',s ,,te/imony4 ,illu/ration3 ,eskimos 9 ,kyaks on ,arctic ,r$ riv]4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,h4 ,h>rison1 ! ,engli% travell] & explor] 7,see p4 #bb71 9 8 volume 8,9 ,se>* ( a ,pol> ,cont95t0 relates t j z he 0 leav+ ,=t ,simpson 9 #aije = ! desc5t ( ! l[] ,mack5zie 8,pre ,va*] appe>$ ) a sack ( potatoes :i* he _h gr[n 9 8 own g>d51 & :i* 7 z good z any we c get at home40 ,:5 ,mr4 ,h>rison rea*$ ! po/ at ! m\? ( ,arctic ,r$ riv] on ,octob] #d1 he f\nd t t tribut>y _h be5 froz5 fa/ = ?ree weeks1 & x 0 report$ t a few miles l[] d[n ! ,mack5zie itself 0 ice-lock$4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( 8 return trip up ! ,mack5zie 9 #aijg1 ,mr4 ,h>rison writes 7p4 #bfh73--8,on ,july #be we arriv$ at ,=t ,good ,hope1 :]e ,i 0 glad once m1 to meet ,mr4 ,gaudet1 :o1 x w be rememb]$1 0 9 *>ge ( ?is po/4 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly impress$ "h by ! g>d5s :i* ,i visit$4 ,!y produc$ f9e crops ( ne>ly e k9d ( vegetable t we gr[ at home4 ,i did n1 inde$1 see ei!r pease or beans1 b ,i not$ h[ v f9e ! potatoes & cabbages 71 z also ! onions1 beet root1 lettuces1 & turnips4 ,we took "s ( ^! vegetables on bo>d1 & !y ta/$ e :it z good z !y look$04 ,mr4 ,h>rison devotes sev]al pages ( 8 book to :at he describes z ! comm]cial geography ( ! c\ntry ext5d+ f ,a?abaska to ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,he writes3-- ,,z ,,to ,,ill9ois1 ,,i[a ,,& ,,miss\ri4 8,! natural res\rces ( ?is c\ntry are v great4 ,i rememb] once he>+ my fa!r say t ! /ates ( ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 & ,miss\ri 7 commonly believ$1 :5 he 0 a "y man1 to be b>r5 wa/es1 :]e agriculture 0 impossible1 & :]e no :ite m5 c\ld live1 b t by ! few :o knew ( ! capabilities ( t region great hopes 7 ent]ta9$ ( its future4 ,to-day ^! v /ates are ! mo/ productive 9 ! ,union4 ,9 l mann] "o might be tempt$ to haz>d a prophecy z to ! importance & prosp]ity ( t c\ntry1 s va/1 b s little kn[n1 :i* lies to ! nor? ( ! new prov9ce ( ,alb]ta2 &1 accord+ly1 ,i w v5ture briefly to submit an e/imate ( ! comm]cial prospects ( :at may well be a c>e] ( imm5se indu/rial expansion :i* seems to await ! great region n[ kn[n z ,mack5zie riv] bas94 8,canada1 be x rememb]$1 has an area great] ?an t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & at ! la/ c5sus 7t ( #aija7 ! small] c\ntry %[$ a population ( eighty millions1 z aga9/ ! m]e five millions at :i* ! l>g] 0 regi/]$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! res\rces ( ! l>g] ( ^! two c\ntries are relatively z great1 ! scanti] population w admit ( be+ increas$ fifte5 times4 ,! "q ( res\rces !reupon em]ges1 & be=e speak+ ( ^! 9 detail1 x may be not$ 7#a7 t ! soil "h is z good z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,dom9ion2 & 7#b7 t ! w9t]s are n m sev]e ?an ^? :i* are und]gone 9 o!r portions ( ,canada4 ,six mon?s1 moreov]1 ( op5 wat] may be reckon$ ^u--f ! beg9n+ ( ,may to ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]4 ,! lakes & riv]s ab\nd ) fi%2 !re are inconnu1 or ,mack5zie salmon1 :itefi%1 pike1 & suck]s1 dor1 tr\t1 & h]r+s4 ,! l>ge inl& %eets ( wat]--su* z ,great & ,less] ,slave lakes1 ,a?abaska & ,be> lakes--teem ) fi%1 :i* =ms to-day ! /aple food ( ! scanty inmates ( ^! tracts4 ,! fi%+1 inde$1 w\ld ( itself be no slight asset 7 !re any means ( %ipp+ ! produce out ( ! c\ntry4 8,?is br+s me to ! subject ( transport4 ,population w n m]ely increase )1 b w itself enable ! increase (1 ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,communication4 ,! two w advance1 l a c\ple ( boys play+ at leap-frog1 ea* by ! aid ( ! o!r--& w advance1 l ^? y\ng/]s1 #8by leaps & b\nds4' ,z ! settl]s become m frequ5t ! great wat]ways w be r5d]$ navigable1 & _! banks1 l ! l& abutt+ ! railways t w make a trellis-"w ( ! c\ntry1 w be dott$ ) noble cities & ) prosp]\s t[ns4 ,!re are at ! pres5t day ?ree huge tracts t w\ld quickly be inhabit$ 7 !y invad$ by ! locomotive4 ,a railroad f ,edmonton to ,a?abaska riv] w\ld give access to two hundr$ & t5 miles ( wat]way1 9 "o direction1 up to ,less] ,slave lake1 & "o hundr$ & sixty-five miles ( /ream runn+ d[n to ,gr& rapids4 ,a railroad f ,edmonton to ,peace riv] w\ld op5 up six hundr$ miles ( a riv] yet f9]1 & runn+ ?r\gh a f9] c\ntry1 ?an t approa*$ by ! fir/-nam$ l9e4 ,! ?ird railway to be look$ = w\ld connect ,a?abaska riv] at ,mc,murray ) ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 h]eby giv+ easy access to ! "n-sake lake f ?is =t4 8,x might be object$ t !re are no m>kets 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ?is objection we h already virtually =e/all$4 ,giv5 ! spread ( railways & ! infl[ ( settl]s1 ! e/abli%m5t ( m>kets w foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,let me conclude my /atem5t ( ! c\ntry's capabilities by m5tion+ its lime & /one1 its oil & gas1 its asphaltum1 coal1 & salt4 8,9 *]i%+ ^! sangu9e hopes z to its future1 ,i d n ?9k ,i am alone4 ,!y are %>$ by a few :o h gone (f ! beat5 tracks1 & made !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! imm5sity ( ^! nor!rn l&s is realiz$1 "o _c wond] t few m5 %\ld be famili> ) !m4 ,9 my travels !re ,i h met ) only "o man :o really kn[s ! c\ntry f end to end1 & if ask$ :e!r he did s1 he w\ld d\btless answ] t he did n4 ,i ref] to ,mr4 ,conroy 7( ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t7 :o has trav]s$ its entire l5g? ye> aft] ye>1 has dep>t$ f ! beat5 tracks1 & has 9 _m places p5etrat$ f> into ! int]ior4 ,h[1 !n1 9 ! abs5ce ( railways1 c m5 ^: ent]prise & qualifications are less em95t ?an 8 obta9 9 a lifetime an adequate k ( ?is outly+ region80 ,,m\nt$ ,,police ,,reports4 ,we get "s int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ unkn[n or little kn[n sections ( ! ,mack5zie c\ntry f rec5t reports ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police4 ,inspector ,j>vis1 ,c4,m4,g41 9 ! report ( "o ( 8 patrols 9 #aijg into ! wood buffalo c\ntry ab\t ,=t ,smi? & ! ,little ,buffalo1 wrote3--8,we w5t we/]ly f ,=t ,smi? ?r\gh a level dry c\ntry1 cov]$ ) jackp9e & popl> = ab\t n9e miles1 foll[+ ne>ly ! c\rse ( ,slave riv] to ,gravel po9t1 :]e we turn$ s\?we/]ly ?r\gh a region ( swamps & muskegs = n9e miles m4 ,?is br\ght u to ,salt riv] :]e we camp$ = ! night4 ,! next day we w5t nor?we/]ly along ! banks ( ,salt riv]1 9 a region ( ext5sive prairies1 "s ( !m wet1 "s dry1 b all cov]$ ) a f9e gr[? ( grass & capable ( supply+ unlimit$ quantities ( hay4 ,aft] ?ree miles we came to ! cross+ ( ,salt riv]1 & w5t up ! ?ickly wood$ slope ( ,salt m\nta91 :i* is "h1 z f>!r s\?1 a plateau ( no great elevation4 ,f !re on ! c\ntry 0 beautiful1 ! gr\nd 0 slightly roll+ ) occasional lakes1 ! soil ri*1 & ! timb]1 spruce1 popl>1 jackp9e & tam>ack4 ,! pa/ure 0 ( ! ri*e/ description1 s t ! horses f>$ well 9 spite ( ! sw>ms ( ! mosquitoes & bulldogs 7flies74 ,we n[ left ! m\nta9 to cross ?is op5 /ret* & at noon rea*$ ! ea/ side ( ?is prairie1 :]e we camp$4 ,!nce =w>d we travell$ ?r\gh dry popl> woods ( scatt]$ l>ge trees1 "u :i* ! ri*e/ grass ab\nd$4 ,! :ole ( ?is region seem$ ideal = /ock4 ,ab\t #c p4m4 we once m rea*$ ,salt riv]1 & foll[$ its banks ?r\gh ! same dry popl> c\ntry to its junction ) ,slave riv]1 :i* we rea*$ at six o'clock4 ,a boat 0 h&y s we put all baggage 9 ?is1 & swam ! horses1 camp+ = ! night4 ,on ,june #bh we broke camp at #h a4m4 & rode s\!rly = two miles ?r\gh a d5se gr[? ( spruce1 v>i$ ) a few /umps4 ,?is gave place to ! op5 popl> woods ) ri* pa/ure :i* cont9u$ = sev5 miles1 br++ u to ,gravel po9t4 8,!re is a good deal ( swamp 9 ?is region4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 mu* l& t is dry1 ri*1 & em95tly suit$ = ran*+ & mix$ f>m+40 ,! inspector relates h[1 nor!a/ ( ,little ,buffalo riv]1 8we came to ! top ( ! m\nta9 & _h a cle> view ( a great ext5t ( c\ntry bel[ u4 ,to ! nor? 7 "s muskegs1 b nor!a/ 7 ! op5 pla9s ( ,salt riv] /ret*+ away = _m miles40 ,,li>d ,,9 #aiji4 ,s]geant 7at t date ,corporal7 ,a4 ,h4 ,l4 ,mellor1 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 made a patrol f ,smi? ,l&+ to ,=t ,li>d 9 #aiji4 ,9 8 report he says3--8,=t ,li>d enjoys a mu* m temp]ate climate ?an ?is c\ntry 7,=t ,smi?7 & spl5did g>d5s are rais$ !re4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic mission has be5 gr[+ :eat & b>ley !re = a consid]able "t1 always ) success4 ,i am s5d+ h]e) a sample ( _! la/ ye>'s :eat40 ,s]geant ,mellor asc5d$ ,buffalo riv] f ,great ,slave lake 9 #aiaj & made det\rs inl& on foot at sev]al po9ts = ! purpose ( gett+ "s idea ( ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 & f\nd ! :ole region to be ( a swampy nature1 ) "h & !re a s&y /ret*4 ,along ! s\!rn %ore ( ,buffalo lake is a 8dre>y muskeg c\ntry1 ?icket$ ) dw>f spruce & riddl$ ) innum]able /reams ( wat]1 bo? sulphur & cle>40 ,,hay ,,riv] ,,& ,,resolution4 ,s]geant ,r4 ,field1 9 *>ge ( ! ,*ipewyan sub-di/rict1 "u date ,augu/1 #aiji1 report$3--8,! g>d5s at ,hay riv] & ,resolution look v promis+1 especially ! potato crop4 ,! ,rev]5d ,vale at ,hay riv] in=m$ me t he grew "o ?\s& bu%els ( potatoes la/ ye> on ?ree acres ( l&1 & also spl5did cabbages & caulifl[]s1 besides all o!r k9ds ( vegetables4 ,! potato crop at ,*ipewyan is go+ to be v poor ?is ye> ow+ to ! extremely hot wea!r & v little ra940 ,9 8 annual report = #aiaj-aa1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,g4 ,e4 ,s&]s1 ,d4,s4,o41 comm&+ at ,a?abaska1 gives ?is int]e/+ ref]5ce3--8,z reg>ds wea!r conditions ! w9t] ( #aiaj-aa 0 "o ( ! colde/ kn[n1 ! !rmomet] at diff]5t times 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y regi/]+ #fj bel[ z]o at ,a?abaska1 ,less] ,slave lake & ,=t ,v]milion4 ,9 ! f> nor? ! same mon?s 7 cold1 b ! !rmomet] did n g z l[1 #eh be+ ! sev]e/ at ,=t ,mc,pherson & #dj at ,h]s*ell isl&4 ,=ty bel[ on ! coa/1 h[ev]1 w\ld be mu* m try+ ?an #fj bel[ inl&4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,a?abaska riv] & ,mack5zie riv]1 "o ?\s& eight hundr$ miles f>!r nor?1 froze ov] )9 f\r days ( ea* o!r1 ! =m] on ,novemb] #h & ! latt] on ,novemb] #d4 ,! ice left ! ,a?abaska on ,april #bb1 & ! ,mack5zie on ,may #ac40 ,,to ,,! ,,ea/ ,,( ,,! ,,mack5zie4 ,x w no d\bt be rem>k$ t s f> v little has be5 said ) ref]5ce to arable l& & agriculture 9 t section ( ! t]ritory to :i* ?is *apt] is devot$1 ea/ ( ! actual valley ( ,mack5zie riv] itself4 ,?is is easily expla9$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 except at ,=t ,rae on ! nor? arm ( ,great ,slave lake1 no attempts at practical agriculture h be5 made 9 ! ea/]n division ( ! region be+ treat$ (1 = !re are no po/s !re4 ,=t ,confid5ce & ,=t ,frankl9 on ,great ,be> lake1 & ,=t ,ent]prise ne> ! head wat]s ( ! ,copp]m9e1 7 nev] ord9>y trad+ po/s1 be+ m]ely w9t] headqu>t]s1 des]t$ by _! t5ants z soon z travell+ 0 practicable4 ,illu/ration3 ,/aff & pupils1 ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,mission1 ,hay riv]4 ,9 ! second place1 ! "q ( ! c\ntry's agricultural possibilities h n be5 consid]$ by ! few lightly equipp$ explor]s :o h hurri$ ?r\gh sections ( x int5t ^u "s special mission or o!r4 ,! only ref]5ces we f9d 9 ! j\rnals ( su* travell]s z h v5tur$ ?r\gh ?is region 9 summ]1 are su* z we get 9 ,mr4 ,preble's acc\nt ( 8 trip via ! lake1 riv] & portage r\te f ,great ,slave lake to ,great ,be> lake1 :5 he /ates t on ,augu/ #bd 8,currants 7,ribes rubrum & pro/ratum7 7 abundant & ripe0 along ! r\te4 ,doctor ,ri*>dson 7,see p4 #ac71 comm5t+ ^u ! obs]vations made by himself & colleagues ( ! ,frankl9 exp$ition at ,=t ,frankl9 at ! s\?we/ corn] ( ,great ,be> lake1 gives ! foll[+ notes reg>d+ ! progression ( ! seasons3--8,! relative temp]atures ( ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y diff] consid]ably2 any "o ( ^! mon?s may be ! colde/ 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,9 "s ye>s sn[ expos$ to ! sun ?aws v slightly dur+ ^! mon?s2 9 o!r w9t]s !re is no ?aw :atev]4 ,! sn[ atta9s its greate/ dep?1 ab\t ?ree feet1 9 ,m>*4 ,by ,april #aj1 ! sn[ beg9s to ?aw decid$ly 9 ! sun%9e4 ,f ,may #a to ,may #f1 ! e>li] wat]f[l arrive4 ,! small /reams break up ab\t ,may #aj or #ab4 ,betwe5 ! middle & ! end ( ,may1 mo/ ( ! small birds arrive4 ,at ! end ( ,may or e>ly 9 ,june1 ! e>li] %rubs & h]bace\s plants fl[] & spr\t _! leaves4 ,frogs are he>d at ! same "t4 ,by ! la/ week ( ,may !re is ,,bright ,,light ,,at ,,midnight4 ,no sn[1 except+ ! rema9s ( deep drifts1 is left4 ,on ,june #h 7#ahbf71 ! small lake 0 cle> ( ice1 hav+ be5 froz5 = two hundr$ & =ty days4 ,by ! middle ( ,june ! summ] is fairly e/abli%$4 ,great ,be> lake beg9s to break up ab\t ,june #bj1 & drift ice sometimes ob/ructs navigation until ! fir/ or second week 9 ,augu/4 ,by ,july #be blueb]ries 7vacc9ium ulig9osum7 are ripe4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ or fir/ ( ,septemb] sn[ falls4 ,sev]al fro/s set 9 by ! la/ ( ,septemb]4 ,9 ,octob]1 :5 ! soil beg9s to freeze1 ! summ] ?aw has p5etrat$ ab\t tw5ty-"o in*es1 b5ea? :i* ! gr\nd is p]petually froz54 ,! small lakes are froz5 ov] by ,octob] #aj or #ab1 & ! la/ ( ! wat]f[l dep>t4 ,! bays ( ,great ,be> lake are fill$ ) new ice by ! end ( ,octob] or e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 b ! c5tre ( ! lake does n freeze ov] until ,decemb]4 ,! ice atta9s a ?ickness ( ab\t eight feet40 ,be> riv] op5s at its head e>ly 9 ,may1 ! result 7accord+ to ,ri*>dson7 ( its be+ f$ by w>m wat] f ! dep?s ( ! lake4 ,probably f ! same cause ! lake rema9s op5 at ! outlet until v late 9 ! autumn1 or ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,at ! rapid ( ,be> riv] ! ice =ms f ! bottom & sides & f9ally completely blocks ! /ream4 ,! result+ ov]fl[ cont9ually adds to ! volume ( ice1 :i* rea*es an enorm\s ?ickness4 ,! heat ( an ord9>y summ] is insuffici5t to melt ?is mass entirely1 & great quantities ( x usually exi/ on ! s\? or %elt]$ bank ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,?is va/ accumulation ( ice probably prev5ts ! l[] "p ( ! riv] f op5+ z soon z ! e>ly disruption ( its upp] "p w\ld seem to ju/ify4 ,ri*>dson /ates t ! l[] "p usually op5s 9 ,june1 :ile ,petitot gives ! usual "t z ! la/ ( ,may4 ,9 #aijd x 0 already op5 :5 ! ,mack5zie broke up at ,=t ,norman on ,may #ba4 ,great ,be> lake1 accord+ to ! ,geological ,survey1 has an area ( approximately elev5 ?\s& f\r hundr$ squ>e miles & lies ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-"o feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,its %ores1 ) ! exception ( p>ts ( ,mac,tavish bay1 are r l[4 ,! area betwe5 ,great ,be> lake & ! ,arctic coa/ is said to be fifty ?\s& squ>e miles1 or ab\t equal to ,engl& 9 size4 ,x is ne>ly all to ! nor? ( ! ,arctic circle1 & x is d\btful if x has any agricultural value1 unless ,doctor ,gr5fell's idea ( introduc+ re9de] ran*+ z a comm]cial ent]prise develops4 ,,&]son ,,riv] ,,c\ntry4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mac,farlane's description ( ,&]son riv] region1 nor? ( ,great ,be> lake1 ! great] "p ( ! gr\nd is e season cov]$ ) %ort grasses1 mosses1 & small fl[]+ plants1 :ile pat*es ( s$gy or peaty soil occur at long] or %ort] di/ances4 ,on ^!1 z well z along ! small] rivulets & riv] & lake banks1 ,labrador tea1 cr[-b]ries1 & a few o!r k9ds ( b]ries1 dw>f bir*1 will[s1 etc41 gr[4 ,l>ge flat spaces _h ! honeycomb$ appe>ance usually pres5t$ 9 e>ly spr+ by l& :i* has be5 turn$ ov] 9 ! autumn4 ,!re 7 few signs ( vegetation on ^!1 :ile "s s&y & _m o!r spots 7 virtually /]ile4 ,! area betwe5 ,great ,be> lake1 ! ,mack5zie & ! we/]n "p ( ,great ,slave lake1 repres5ts "s ?irty-five ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,) respect to ?is region1 ! indefatigable mission>y1 ,abb ,petitot1 made num]\s j\rneys ?r\gh x1 ( :i* he subsequ5tly publi%$ an acc\nt4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 m]ely valuable on geographical & geological gr\nds4 ,ref]5ces to ^! reports w be f\nd else:]e4 ,mr4 ,preble /ates 9 8 report3--8,to ! we/w>d ( ! nor!rn arm1 & nor? ( ! ma9 body ( ,great ,slave lake1 lies a l[1 broad plateau1 dott$ ) _m lakes & muskegs4 ,x conta9s no riv]s ( consequ5ce & is ma9ly r ?9ly wood$1 ?\gh a numb] ( l>ge prairies occur 9 ! we/]n "p1 nor? ( ! outlet ( ,great ,slave lake40 ,,russian ,,prov9ces ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,latitude4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made 9 ?is *apt] to an int]e/+ comp>ison made by ,wm4 ,ogilvie1 ,d4,l4,s41 betwe5 ! ,mack5zie c\ntry & ,f9l& & ,sc&9avia4 ,9 8 exam9ation be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson in/itut$ a comp>ison betwe5 p>ts ( nor?we/]n ,canada & a prov9ce ( nor!rn ,european ,russia z foll[s3--8,i h a few notes "h wor? consid]+ :ile we are deal+ ) ! "q ( ?is nor!rn c\ntry4 ,i look$ up ! circum/ances ( ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,russia & ,i f\nd t ! prov9ce ( ,russia :i* seem$ to comp>e mo/ ne>ly ) t %[n on ?is map1 bo? 9 its relation 9 ,russia to ! ,atlantic1 correspond+ to ! relation ( ?is c\ntry to ! ,pacific1 & also 9 its latitude1 is ! prov9ce ( ,vologda4 ,t prov9ce has a total area ( "o hundr$ & fifty-five ?\s&1 two hundr$ & sixty-five squ>e miles1 & x is *iefly dra9$ to ! nor? l ! c\ntry %[n "h4 ,x lies betwe5 latitudes #eh & #fe4 ,x is ab\t sev5 hundr$ & fifty miles 9 greate/ l5g? & ?ree hundr$ miles greate/ wid?4 ,x is dra9$ by ! ,dw9a riv] *iefly4 ,its products are c>ri$ by ?is riv] to ,ar*angel & export$ !nce 9 vessels by ,:ite sea 9 ! same way t we hope ?is nor!rn c\ntry ( ours may be s]v$ by ! ,mack5zie & ,arctic sea4 ,! m\? ( ! ,dw9a is 9 latitude #fe1 only a little s\? ( ! latitude ( ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,! climate ( ! two c\ntries is v simil>4 ,! w9t]s are sev]e & ! summ]s w>m4 ,!re is no v heavy ra9fall1 su* z we f9d ne> ! we/]n coa/s bord]+ on ! ,atlantic & on ! ,pacific4 ,! exports f t prov9ce ( ,vologda are oats1 rye1 b>ley1 hemp1 flax & pulse4 ,! m9]al products are salt1 copp]1 iron & m>ble4 ,horses & cattle are re>$1 :ile ! sk9s ( v>i\s wild animals1 z well z pit* & turp5t9e1 are export$4 ,?is prov9ce supports a population ( "o million1 "o hundr$ & sixty-"o ?\s& inhabitants4#ai 8,t prov9ce is n 9 ,sib]ia b 9 ,russia prop]4 ,n[1 we h areas to ! nor? :i* may make sev]al prov9ces l ,vologda1 & = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ?is po9t ,i h made a v r\gh calculation "h1 :i* z x is f\nd$ l>gely on suppositions1 is p]haps sc>cely wor?y ( be+ pres5t$ to ! committee1 b may s]ve to give an idea4 ,) ref]5ce to ! agricultural area ( ,peace riv]1 ,i conf9e myself to a tract r\ghly m>k$ on ! map z to :i* ,i h "s p]sonal k4 ,)\t go+ ov] :at ,i h already writt5 9 reply to t "q & :i* is l>gely embodi$ 9 a report publi%$ "s ye>s ago1 ,i may say t ! area :i* is includ$ 9 ! upp] portion ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 is ab\t ?irty-"o ?\s& five hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,! proportion :i* ,i e/imat$ z arable l& is tw5ty-?ree ?\s&1 five hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,t w\ld give n9ety-f\r ?\s& qu>t]-sections if x 7 subdivid$4 ,reckon+ a family ( five p]sons on ea*1 t area w\ld be capable ( support+ a population ( f\r hundr$ & sev5ty ?\s&1 or 9 r\nd figures say five hundr$ ?\s&4 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be at all beyond ! m>k 7?\gh ,i am speak+ n[ f ! report ( o!rs1 because ,i h n be5 f>!r d[n ,peace riv] myself7 to assume t !re is ano!r area at lea/ equally great ( arable l& 9 ,mack5zie valley to ! nor? ( ?is4 ,t w give ano!r population ( say five hundr$ ?\s&4 ,n[1 if we take ! headwat]s ( ! ,mack5zie & ! ,yukon we/ ( ! m\nta9s1 ,i ?9k we %all be well )9 ! limits ( probability if we say t we h !re ?irty ?\s& squ>e miles ( t region :i* may be cultivat$ ) advantage4 ,?is1 on ! same basis z be=e1 w\ld support a population ( six hundr$ ?\s& p]sons1 or a total ( say "o million1 five hundr$ ?\s& p]sons 9 ,mack5zie valley1 & adjac5t tracts1 to ! nor? altoge!r ( ! ,saskat*ewan wat]%$1 & on ! we/ ( ! m\nta9s1 nor? ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,i ?9k we might1 )\t exagg]ation1 by includ+ m9]s1 fur trad]s1 hunt]s1 lumb]m5 & ^? engag$ 9 transport or trade1 besides ^? 9 outly+ f]tile sections n includ$ 9 ?is--d\ble ! total j arriv$ at4 ,?is w give u a population ( ?ree million p 9 t "p ( ! ,dom9ion alone4 ,z ,i am n p]sonally famili> ) l[] ,mack5zie region ea/ ( ! m\nta9s1 ,i may h und]e/imat$ its value4 ,a ,,sib]ian ,,prov9ce4 ,along ! same l9es ! late ,rob]t ,e4 ,"y1 ,d4,l4,s41 at t "t ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,railway ,l&s & ,*ief ,geograph]1 giv+ evid5ce be=e ! select /&+ committee ( ! ,canadian ,h\se ( ,commons on ,agriculture & ,colonization1 ,m>* #aa1 #aijh1 in/itut$ 9 a graphic mann] a comp>ison betwe5 ,mack5zie bas9 & ! ,sib]ian prov9ce ( ,tobolsk4 ,mr4 ,"y _h prep>$ a map ( ! prov9ce ( ,tobolsk drawn to ! same scale z a map ( ,canada hang+ 9 ! room1 & atta*$ ! small map to ! l>g]1 ov]ly+ "p ( ! valley ( ! ,mack5zie1 tak+ c>e t ! l9es ( latitude correspond$ exactly4 ,?is demon/rat$ t r m ?an half ! prov9ce ( ,tobolsk is nor? ( ! #fj? p>allel1 :i* is ! s\!rn limit ( ! c\ntry imm$iately "u discussion1 al?\gh ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,russian prov9ce ext5ds 9 a n>r[ po9t z f> s\? z #eb #ae1 its g5]al s\!rn b\nd>y is1 9 latitude1 ab\t t5 miles nor? ( ,a?abaska or "o hundr$ miles nor? ( ,w9nipeg4 ,mr4 ,"y proce$$ to po9t out on ! map ( ,tobolsk1 ! location ( ! *ief cities ( ! ,russian prov9ce3--,tobolsk1 ) a population ( tw5ty ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-sev51 situat$ at exactly ! latitude ( ,=t ,v]milion on ,peace riv]2 & ,omsk1 on ! l9e ( ! great ,sib]ian ,railway1 ) a population ( ?irty-sev5 ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ & sev5ty1 situat$ at a spot correspond+ ) a po9t t5 miles nor? ( ,a?abaska1 & ab\t a hundr$ miles nor? ( ,edmonton4 ,mr4 ,"y also po9t$ out ! situation ( ! city ( ,tomsk1 ) fifty-two ?\s& & five population1 a prov9ce adjo9+ ,tobolsk1 situat$ at ab\t ! same latitude z ,*ipewyan on ,lake ,a?abaska1 or a trifle f>!r nor?4 ,mr4 ,"y w5t on to expla9 t 9 #aijj ! population ( ! prov9ce ( ,tobolsk 0 "o million five hundr$ ?\s&4#bj ,a ,,l>ge ,,t[n ,,nor? ,,( ,,wrigley',s ,,latitude4 ,ask$ h[ f> nor? ! l9e ( habitation ext5d$1 ,mr4 ,"y repli$3--8,i might say t two-?irds ( ! way up we f9d a road m>k$ on ! map :i* w\ld indicate settlem5t1 ,i suppose4 ,i also h figures "h ( ! population ( "s eight or t5 t[ns 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tobolsk4 ,!re is "o ( "o ?\s&1 ano!r ( ?ree ?\s&1 ano!r ( sev5 ?\s&1 "o ( eight ?\s&1 & s on4 ,! f>!/ nor? is ! t[n ( ,b]e-z(f1 ) a population ( "o ?\s& two hundr$ & 9 latitude #fcej0 7"s t5 miles nor? ( ,=t ,wrigley74 ,mr4 ,"y1 be+ ask$ z to ! numb] ( convicts :o _h be5 s5t into ,tobolsk1 repli$3--8,i d n "k z to t4 ,:e!r !y 7 convicts or n1 9 #aijj !y rais$ six million1 f\r hundr$ & eighty ?\s& bu%els ( :eat1 ?ree million odd bu%els ( rye1 n9e hundr$ & sev5ty-two ?\s& bu%els ( b>ley1 & t5 million1 six hundr$ & sev5te5 ?\s& bu%els ( oats4 ,^! figures are conta9$ 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica40 7,9 #aijf ! figures 73--,:eat1 elev5 million1 sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-n9e ?\s& bu%els2 rye1 f\r million1 ?ree hundr$ & =ty-f\r ?\s& bu%els2 b>ley1 eight hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e ?\s& bu%els2 oats1 ?irte5 million1 eight hundr$ & eighte5 ?\s& bu%els74#ba ,ask$ if x 0 n ! s\!rn portion ( ! prov9ce 9 :i* mo/ ( ^! crops 7 rais$1 ,mr4 ,"y repli$3--8,x c]ta9ly w\ld be4 ,i ?9k !re is no "q t x w\ld be 9 ! mo/ s\!rly portion4 ,all ! in=mation ,i h w\ld g to %[ t settlem5t w\ld n ext5d to ! mo/ nor!rly regions4 ,/ill ! fact t !re 7 t[ns ( "o ?\s& p 9 ! nor!rn portion w\ld g to %[ t !re mu/ be some?+ be+ done !re t w\ld support a t[n ( t size4 ,i h tri$ to "w out "s p>allel betwe5 ! climatic conditions !re & our own c\ntry1 b ,i am n able to give x to y exactly4 ,i ?9k t ! figures giv5 by ! ,russian gov]nm5t w\ld probably be ! mo/ fav\rable t !y c\ld furni%4 ,! mean temp]ature = ! p]iod f ,septemb] #a to ,june #a1 :i* w\ld include ! w9t] mon?s--,i ?9k t is all x is necess>y to discuss--w\ld = ! prov9ce ( ,tobolsk be practically ! ,,same ,,temp]ature ,,z ,,at ,,=t ,,simpson4 ,x is a v /rik+ ?+ t a million & a half ( p live 9 t prov9ce1 & t !y rais$ six million1 f\r hundr$ & eighty ?\s& bu%els ( :eat 9 #aijj4 ,surely if our c\ntry is z good z we ?9k x is1 we ought to p x to z great & ev5 a great] ext5t1 & to complete ! p>allel betwe5 ! two1 ,i ?9k ,i c say )\t any hesitation t we h some?+ :i* !y h n got1 & t is ! b5efit ( ,briti% in/itutions40 ,mr4 ,"y1 lat] on 9 8 evid5ce1 rem>k$ t !re are a great _m o!r /ati/ics ab\t ,sib]ia t are int]e/+4 ,= in/ance1 f a prov9ce adjo9+ ,tobolsk !y export$ =ty ?\s& p\nds ( honey 9 #aijj4 ,,samples ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,gr[n ,,:eat4 ,mr4 ,"y1 dur+ 8 exam9ation ^u ! occasion "h ref]r$ to1 gave a great deal ( in=mation reg>d+ agricultural developm5t & possibilities 9 ! ,mack5zie c\ntry4 ,he %[$ ! committee a sample ( ,ladoga :eat gr[n at ,=t ,simpson1 & 9 produc+ x said3--8,i got x f ,doctor ,saund]s1 ,director ( ,exp]im5tal ,f>ms4 ,=t ,simpson is ! f>!/ nor? ( ^! r$ po9ts#bb j %ort ( latitude #fb or j ab\t x4 ,i %[$ t :eat to a g5tleman :o is acc\nt$ an au?ority on ! subject1 & ,i ?9k y c\ld n get a bett] au?ority2 ,i am ref]r+ to ,s5ator ,f9lay ,"y4 ,i said1 #8,mr4 ,"y1 w\ld y please look at t :eat1 b d n ref] to ! label on ! bottle1 & tell me :at y ?9k ( x8' ,mr4 ,"y exam9$ ! sample 9 ! way t m5 :o are exp]ts on :eat (t5 d4 ,i ?9k he saw ne>ly e gra9 ( x2 he took good c>e to d s4 ,he said1 #8,x is v nice :eat1 ,i w\ld call x good :eat4 ,x has be5 slightly fro/$1 b ,i ?9k t :eat w\ld g ab\t sixty-f\r p\nds to ! bu%el4' ,well1 ! label on ! sample says #8,ladoga :eat1 gr[n at ,=t ,simpson on ,mack5zie riv]1 sixty-two p\nds to ! bu%el4'0 ,produc+ ano!r sample ( gra91 ,mr4 ,"y rem>k$3--8,n[ g5tlem51 "h is a sample ( :eat f ,=t ,v]milion40 ,i %[$ t also to ,s5ator ,"y & got 8 op9ion on x4 ,9 bo? in/ances he express$ 8 op9ion be=e he knew :]e ei!r ( ! samples came f4 ,he said1 8,t is pretty nice :eat4 ,x is n s nice a :eat z ! o!r1 b ,i ?9k x w\ld make fir/ rate fl\r2 x is good :eat40 ,,bett] ,,results ,,expect$4 ,mr4 ,"y1 9 8 evid5ce1 drew att5tion to ! fact t ! po/s 9 ! f> nor? at :i* gra9 _h be5 gr[n _h n be5 select$ = :eat rais+1 b because !y 7 conv5i5t locations = ! fur trade4 ,he proce$$3--8,i want to discuss t po9t a little fur!r4 ,i say !re are ?ree reasons :y we c expect bett] results 9 :eat rais+ 9 our nor!rn c\ntry ?an has be5 accompli%$ up to ! pres5t "t4 87#a7 ,i w quote :at ,pr(essor ,mac\n has /at$ 9 a pamphlet relat+ to ! ,yukon3--#8,:5 gra9 rip5s 9 ! c\ntry & is aga9 s[n !re1 x w take on ! conditions ( its environm5t & mature e>li]1 & e>ly fro/s l ^? attribut$ to ,manitoba w h no effect1 z ! crop w mature be=e !y come4 ,i may rem>k "h t ! :eat 9 ! nor?we/ rip5s e>li] n[ ?an x did tw5ty ye>s ago1 & _m p believe t x is ! climate t has *ang$1 :]eas x is only t ! :eat has adapt$ itself to its environm5t4' ,i ?9k t any g5tleman :o has be5 foll[+ ! tr5d ( affairs 9 ! nor?we/ w agree ) me t ! conditions are bett] ) respect to possible injury by summ] fro/s ?an !y 7 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,i ?9k t _c be que/ion$4 ,t is "o reason t is giv54 87#b7 ,n[1 a few days ago1 ,i ask$ a g5tleman :o is bett] able to express an op9ion on ! po9t ?an ,i am1 :at he ?\ght ( t /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,mac\n's4 ,he said3--#8,i don't altoge!r agree ) t /atem5t4 ,i d n hesitate at all 9 say+ t ! improvem5t is m>k$1 b ,i w acc\nt = x 9 ano!r way4 ,if y raise :eat on virg9 soil on ! prairie x w gr[ to p]haps ab\t ! height ( a man's %\ld] ! fir/ ye>4 ,! next ye> x w n be q s high4 ,! ?ird ye> x w be p]haps n s high z ! second ye>1 b x w mature e>li]4 ,devote t l& to "s o!r use = a ye> or two & !n g back to ! cultivation ( :eat aga91 & y w get ! :eat gr[+ to ! height ( ab\t ! second or ?ird ye>1 b x w mature e>li]4 ,! soil is %>p5$4' ,he expla9$ to me t 9 ,r$ riv] valley1 :]e ! l& is heavi]1 x w\ld take v _m ye>s to br+ ab\t t result1 & x w\ld n be ( s mu* value to ?is g5]ation1 b 9 ! light] soil1 f>!r we/1 x has a m>k$ effect1 &1 z he argu$1 !re is no "q ab\t x4 87#c7 ,! ?ird reason :y we c expect bett] results 9 t nor? c\ntry is because ! /aff at ! ,exp]im5tal ,f>m h be5 /eadily c>ry+ on exp]im5ts ) a view to obta9+ a v>iety ( :eat t w rip5 a few days e>li]1 & if !y c %ort5 ! t]m = ! rip5+ ( :eat by f\r or five days or a week1 x w br+ into ! c]ta9 l9e1 z to :eat gr[+1 an enorm\s area ( l&4 ,!re is no "q ab\t x4 ,!y h accompli%$ "s good ?+s already1 & !y expect to accompli% a great deal m40 ,mr4 ,"y /at$ be=e ! committee on ?is occasion t 8!re is no "q ab\t x t 9 ! nor? c\ntry !re are grasses ( ! greate/ possible value to cattle rais+1 f9] grasses ?an !re are 9 o!r p>ts ( ! nor?we/40 ,,pr(essor ,,mac\n',s ,,e/imate ,,/ill ,,holds4 ,speak+ 9 8 evid5ce g5]ally ab\t ! suitability ( ! f> nor?we/]n c\ntry = agricultural pursuits1 & specially discuss+ ! climatic condition1 ,mr4 ,"y rem>k$3--8,ab\t ?ree weeks ago ,i wrote to ,pr(essor ,mac\n & gave him a li/ ( que/ions ab\t t c\ntry to :i* ,i ask$ him to give me answ]s4 ,i ?9k x is a v rem>kable ?+ t 9 8 reply he says3 #8,9 my report to ,mr4 ,alex&] ,mack5zie 9 #ahgg1 j :5 ,i 0 fre% 9 ! nor?we/1 ,i gave details ab\t c]ta9 di/ricts ( ! nor?l& :i* ,i c\ld n give 9 a lett]1 b ,i w\ld sugge/ t extracts f ?is report may be tak5 & plac$ ^u file ) ?is lett]1 z my /atem5ts & conclusions z pr9t$ ?irty ye>s ago /ill rema9 )\t impea*m5t at ! pres5t "t4' ,i ?9k x is a rem>kable ?+ t ) respect to ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ,pr(essor ,mac\n w5t 9 #ahgb & #ahgc1 & :i* excit$ 8 en?usiasm--?is is ! c\ntry t ,i am try+ to tell y ab\t--he n[ says ( x3 #8,my /atem5ts rema9 )\t impea*m5t at ! pres5t "t4' ,n[1 he speaks 9 ?is lett] ( two facts t ,i ?9k are v /rik+4 ,he says1 #8,9 conclusion1 ,i may say t ! climate ( ! :ole nor?l& is a /able "o1 & z local conditions *ange x w improve1 & :]e small spots are n[ call$ good l&1 :ole areas w take t t]m4 ,! l[ altitude & ! long day are fix$ conditions & w always be ! same4 ,! =e/ w be cle>$ & ! muskegs dra9$1 & z ! l& becomes dri] ! fro/y conditions w pass away & a good c\ntry w result4'0 ----- #ah ,frankl9 78,n>rative ( a ,j\rney1 etc407 relates t ! !rmomet] dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #ahbj1 at ,=t ,ent]prise 7headwat]s ( ! ,copp]m9e7 nev] rose above #cg b nev] fell bel[ #e4 ,! mean temp]ature = ! mon? 0 #bc4 ,! highe/ temp]ature at ! same place 9 ! foll[+ ,april 0 #dj above z]o1 ! l[e/ #cb bel[4 ,! mean 0 #d above z]o4 ,may #i1 ! sn[ _h disappe>$ f ! gr\nd4 ,! fir/ rob9 appe>$ ,may #ad4 ,! av]age temp]ature = ,may 0 ne>ly #cb above z]o2 ! greate/ heat #fh & ! l[e/ #h4 ,at ! end ( ! mon? !re 0 con/ant daylight4 ,:5 ! ,frankl9 exp$ition 0 at ,=t ,frankl9 7we/ side ( ,great ,be> lake7 9 #ahbf1 ! fir/ fl[] 0 ga!r$ on ,may #bg4 78,n>rative ( a ,second ,exp$ition1 etc407 #ai ,! population ( ,vologda1 9 #aiaj1 ! late/ available1 0 "o million1 five hundr$ & n9ety-sev5 ?\s&1 five hundr$1 or t5 p] squ>e mile4 7,e4 ,j4 ,c47 #bj ,! figures = #aijf 73--city ( ,tobolsk1 tw5ty ?\s&1 eight hundr$2 ,omsk1 =ty-?ree ?\s&1 f\r hundr$2 prov9ce ( ,tobolsk1 "o million1 six hundr$ & fifty-six ?\s&1 sev5 hundr$4 ,9 #aiaj1 ! total population ( ! prov9ce ( ,tobolsk 0 giv5 z "o million1 sev5 hundr$ & sixty-n9e ?\s&1 eight hundr$4 ,accord+ to late/ /ati/ics available ! population ( ! f\r million1 eight hundr$ & sev5te5 ?\s&1 six hundr$ & eighty-sev5 squ>e miles compris+ ,sib]ia is eight million1 two hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&1 "o hundr$4 ,sib]ia 9 #aiaj rais$ "o hundr$ & sev5ty million poods ( c]eals4 ,a pood equals ?irty-six p\nds4 ,e4 ,j4 ,c4 #ba ,accord+ to a blue book issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ( ,great ,brita9 9 #aije1 ! prov9ce ( ,tobolsk 9 #aija conta9$ ?ree million1 eight hundr$ & f\r ?\s&1 eight hundr$ & =ty-sev5 head ( life /ock1 & f "o di/rict alone1 viz3 ,kurgan 7ab\t ! latitude ( ,peace riv]7 !re 0 export$ 9 #aijb1 n9ete5 million1 sev5 hundr$ & elev5 ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ & =ty-six p\nds ( butt]1 :i* 0 l>gely m>ket$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,e4 ,j4 ,c4 #bb ,ref]r+ to ! map produc$ by ,mr4 ,"y be=e ! committee1 on :i* he _h %[n ! position ( places :]e :eat _h be5 gr[n 9 nor?we/]n ,canada by a s*eme ( r$ discs appe>+ on ! map4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,mack5zie ,,riv] ,,region4 ,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,=e/s ,ab\t ,great ,slave lake & ,slave riv]4--,rem>kable ,ext5sion ( ,=e/ ,gr[? ,nor?w>d ,d[n ! ,mack5zie4--,wide ,di/ribution ( ! ,economically ,important ,canoe ,bir*4-- ,magnific5t ,=e/s ( ,spruce & ,big ,cottonwood ,trees 9 ,li>d valley4--,useful ,bir* & ,l>ge ,spruce ,gr[ ,)9 ! ,arctic ,circle4--,trees t are ,c5turies ,old4--,nor!rn ,tree ,gr[? ,may be ,ha/5$ by ,dra9age4 ,! spl5did =e/s along ! banks ( ,slave & ,mack5zie riv]s h be5 rem>k$ by all :o h ev] travell$ along ! truly magnific5t wat]way ( ! f> nor?we/1 & ! fact has be5 abundantly e/abli%$ t ! gr[? ( timb] ext5ds1 along ! riv]s at lea/1 f> beyond ! ,arctic circle1 & well d[n ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,x is true t !re are l>ge muskeg & rocky areas 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,mack5zie :i* support no tree gr[?1 b ! aggregate =e/ weal? ( ! c\ntry is imm5se4 ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t1 =m]ly ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,=e/ry1 te/ifi$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg t ! pr9cipal tree betwe5 ,rocky m\nta9s & ! pla9s is ! spruce1 mo/ly ! :ite spruce1 & f its position ne> ! prairie !re is no d\bt t x w be m s\ght aft] to meet ! increas+ dem&s f t qu>t]4 ,! c\ntry along ! upp] wat]s nor? ( ,saskat*ewan1 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv]s1 is p>tly prairie & p>tly wood4 ,! v>ieties ( timb] are pr9cipally asp5 & balsam popl>1 ! =m] pr$om9at+1 & :ite spruce4 ,! popl>s1 z we g nor?1 seem to increase 9 size & height4 ,bel[ ! junction ( ! ,smoky !y gr[ v clean & /raight1 n ov] a foot or f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 b rea*+ a height ( sev5te5 or eighte5 feet1 mak+ excell5t build+ timb]1 z well z f5c+ & fuel4 ,9 "s p>ts !re are /ret*es ( good spruce well adapt$ = lumb]+ purposes4 ,!re has s f> be5 b little de/ruction f fire 9 ?is qu>t]4 ,! l& is mo/ly level1 soil excell5t1 & if ! summ] fro/s d n prev5t x1 ! c\ntry w beg9 soon to settle up & !re w be an ample supply ( timb] = local uses1 if n = export to ! adjo9+ prairie regions4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t said he nev] saw z f9e popl> z he saw !re4 ,a consid]able numb] ( popl>s 7 ov] a foot1 b a foot w\ld be a fair av]age4 ,he _h se5 popl> 9 all p>ts ( ! prairie c\ntry1 b nev] saw any?+ gr[+ up z /raight4 ,,limit ,,( ,,tree ,,gr[? ,,f> ,,nor?4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t expla9$ t spruce suitable = comm]cial purposes gr[s to ,arctic sea4 ,he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t ! limit ( tree gr[? ext5d$ z f> nor? z x does4 ,he ?\ght x ext5d$ probably t5 degrees f>!r nor? 9 ?is di/rict ?an 9 ,labrador4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( trees t gr[ 9 ,mack5zie bas9 include :ite spruce1 black spruce1 ! l>* or tam>ack1 :i* is f\nd z f> nor? z ! spruce1 ! jackp9e & ! balsam4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t did n see any balsam 9 ! ,arctic circle2 asp51 :ite popl>1 balm ( ,gilead & bir* are all f\nd d[n z f> z ,=t ,mc,pherson4 ,! natives make _! canoes out ( bir* b>k at ,=t ,mc,pherson4 ,! size ( ! timb] becomes less t[>ds ! nor?4 ,!re is timb] probably f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet] gr[+ ne> ! junctions ( ,peace & ,slave riv]s4 ,bel[ ,=t ,good ,hope ! timb] is small]4 ,"s ( x has be5 made into floor+1 & lumb] is made f ! timb] !re4 ,!re is a l>ge supply ( spruce suitable = pulp z f> nor? z t4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 reply+ to a "q1 said he ?\ght x possible to use ?is popl> wood = comm]cial purposes4 ,x is v good popl>4 ,x w make pulp1 & :]e x is l>ge en\gh x c be saw$4 ,x makes excell5t floor+4 ,! :ite popl> 9 ! nor? is ( a bett] quality ?an ! popl> 9 ,ottawa di/rict4 ,9 ,saskat*ewan di/rict & 9 ! f> we/ x is diff]5t4 ,9 a cold] climate x gr[s m sl[ly4 ,z to ! ext5t ( ! =e/s1 ,mr4 ,/ew>t rem>k$ t :]ev] !re 0 a /ream !re w\ld be a belt ( timb]4 ,along ,a?abaska riv] !re is a v big wat]p[]4 ,!re are ,gr& rapids & v>i\s o!r po9ts eighty miles nor?4 ,on ,slave riv] !re are ab\t sixte5 miles ( rapids1 :i* con/itute ! int]ruption to navigation1 & x w\ld make excell5t wat]p[]4 ,!re is no wat]p[] on ! ,mack5zie bel[ ,=t ,smi?1 on ! ma9 /ream4 ,f ,smi? ,l&+ to ,=t ,smi? ! timb] is jackp9e1 "s ( :i* is q l>ge en\gh = railway ties4 ,! timb] on ! heavi] soil consi/s ( black & :ite popl>1 spruce1 bir* & will[ ( small size & ( little value4 ,,timb] ,,along ,,slave ,,riv]4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell /ates 7,geol4 ,survey ,report1 #ahhg-h7 t on bo? sides ( ,slave riv] bel[ ,salt riv] are level pla9s1 :i* ext5d )\t any evid5t elevation z f> z ! eye c rea*1 & support ext5sive =e/s ( :ite spruce & ,banksian p9e m+l$ ) l>* & r\gh & smoo? b>k$ popl>4 ,! spruce frequ5tly atta9s a diamet] ( eighte5 in*es & makes excell5t timb]4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,slave riv] rapids ! c\ntry is mo/ly level1 & is cov]$ ) :ite spruce1 ,banksian p9e1 ! r\gh & smoo? b>k$ popl>s & v>i\s species ( will[ & ald]4 ,! ,mack5zie riv] /eam] 8,wrigley0 0 built "h 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhg1 & ! timb] us$ 9 con/ruction 0 all obta9$ f ! surr\nd+ =e/4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,ogilvie says 9 8 report3-- 8,! level c\ntry surr\nd+ ! l[] half ( ,great ,slave riv] is all well timb]$ ) f9e l>ge spruce1 equall+ 9 ?is l[] ,a?abaska & ,peace riv]s1 & ,i ?9k1 :5 ! "t comes1 t "h w be f\nd ?is di/rict's pr9cipal supply lumb]4 ,on ! high1 light soil r\nd ,=t ,smi?1 ! trees are small & g5]ally ( no value except = fuel4 ,along ! riv]1 betwe5 ! rapids & ,lake ,a?abaska1 !re are _m small areas ( flat1 swampy gr\nd :i* w\ld supply "s v fair timb]4 8,! v>ieties ( trees along ! l[] "p ( ! riv] are few1 spruce1 ) a few small tam>ack1 "s small bir*1 & a few popl> con/itut+ ! bulk ( ! =e/4 ,! spruce f> outnumb] all ! re/4 ,on "s ( ! isl&s !re is mu* %rubb]y1 will[s1 & ald]s gr[+ 9 pr(usion 9 ! swampy places2 b1 9 g5]al1 ! und]gr[? is /unt$ & ?91 especially on ! upl&s40 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey1 describ+ ,slave riv] 9 8 report writes3--8,"h ! will[s & popl>s :i* bord] ! /ream alt]nate ) /ret*es ( f9e :ite spruce 7,picea canad5sis71 "s ( :i* atta9 a diamet] ( ?ree feet & re> _! summits to a height ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet40 ,! asp5 popl> 7,populus tremuloides71 accord+ to ,mr4 ,preble1 occurs ne>ly ?r\gh\t ! wood$ region4 ,9 fav\rable places along ! ,a?abaska & ,slave x atta9s a l>ge size1 & ?is is ! case also ab\t ,=t ,simpson4 ,illu/ration3 ,slave riv] ne> ,=t ,smi?4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,spruce4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble /ates t ! :ite spruce 7,picea canad5sis7 rea*es its p]fection 9 ! alluvial bottoms ( ,slave riv] valley3--8,9 fav\rable places along ,slave riv] x atta9s a diamet] ( ?ree feet1 & a height ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty4 ,?is species1 usually call$ #8p9e' 9 ! nor?1 is ! commone/ timb] tree ( ! region1 & occurs nor? to ! limit ( ! =e/4 ,along c]ta9 riv]s :i* ent] ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds f ! s\?w>d1 ! range ( ?is species is ext5d$ f> beyond its g5]al limits1 & sometimes ! isolat$ colonies are ( l>ge ext5t4 ,mo/ ( ! lumb] us$ 9 build+ & g5]al con/ructive "w ?r\gh\t ! region is furni%$ by ?is species4 ,its wood is s(t & easily work$1 & ?\gh admirably adapt$ = "s purposes1 is us$ = o!rs only f necessity4 ,its sl5d] fibr\s roots1 split into long /rips are us$ by ! natives to sew toge!r ! pieces ( bir* b>k 9 ! con/rution ( canoes & v>i\s ut5sils4 ,its b>k1 /ripp$ f ! trunks 9 e>ly spr+1 =ms ! usual ro(+ mat]ial1 tak+ ! place ( %+les ?r\gh\t ! region1 except at a few fav\r$ po/s40 ,mr4 ,preble /ates t ! ,banksian p9e 7p9us div>icata7 is ! only species ( p9e nor? ( ! ,a?abaska4 ,he reports t along ,slave riv] x appe>s only occasionally1 usually :]e high gravelly banks approa* ! riv]4 ,x is common1 h[ev]1 on ! rocky hills ab\t ,*ipewyan & ,smi? ,l&+1 & is ! pr$om9at+ tree on ! roll+ s&y pla9s on ,smi? portage & ab\t ,=t ,smi?4 ,a ,,compreh5sive ,,summ>y4 ,a v compreh5sive summ>y ( ! evid5ce available z to ! timb] res\rces ( ! ,mack5zie 0 prep>$ by ,r4 ,e4 ,"y1 ,d4,l4,s41 & submitt$ by him to ! ,h\se ( ,commons committee on ,agriculture & ,colonization 9 #aijh4 ,9 ?is docum5t1 ,mr4 ,"y _h 8 in=mation classifi$ accord+ to valleys1 a v conv5i5t arrangem5t consid]+ t ! be/ ( ! timb] gr[? is 9 ! valleys1 & t ! riv]s are ! only r\tes ( exploration z yet g5]ally available4 ,"s additional data h s9ce be5 obta9$ :i* w be incorporat$ ) ,mr4 ,"y's /atem5t1 or sub/itut$ = portions ( x1 ?is be+ accord+ to a sugge/ion made by ,mr4 ,"y himself %ortly be=e 8 mo/ regrettable dea?4 ,! succe$+ pages ( ?is *apt] consi/ l>gely ( ,mr4 ,"y's own /atem5t 7see report ( committee1 pages #aei to #ahh74 ,( ! excell5ce ( ! =e/s f ,salt riv] d[n !re c be no d\bt4 ,z long ago z #aggb ,samuel ,he>ne1 ! fir/ :ite man to rea* ,great ,slave lake on 8 return j\rney f ! m\? ( ! ,copp]m9e1 ent]$ ! m\? ( ,slave riv] & w5t up x "s di/ance be=e />t+ inl& on 8 j\rney back to ,hudson bay4 ,x is v int]e/+ to note :at ,he>ne at t di/ant date said3 8,! woods ar\nd ?is riv]1 p>ticul>ly ! p9es & popl>s1 are ! talle/ & /\te/ t ,i h se5 9 any "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! bir* also gr[s to a consid]able size & "s species ( ! will[ are likewise tall1 b none ( !m h any trunk l ^? 9 ,engl&40 ,on ! isl& ( ! lake ne> ! m\? ( ! riv]1 ,he>ne saw great quantities ( driftwood4 ,he says3 8"s ( ?is wood is l>ge en\gh to make ma/s = ! l>ge/ %ips t are built4 ,! woods ?r\gh :i* we 7 to pass 7 9 _m places s ?ick t x 0 necess>y to cut a pa? be=e ! wom5 c\ld pass ) _! sl$ges1 & 9 o!r places s mu* ( ! woods _h =m]ly be5 set on fire & burnt t we 7 frequ5tly oblig$ to walk f>!r ?an we o!rwise %\ld h done1 be=e we c\ld f9d gre5 bru% en\gh to floor our t5ts40 ,bi%op ,clut1 ,o4,m4,i41 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 /at$ t f ,=t ,smi? to ,=t ,resolution !re is a great quantity ( beautiful =e/1 :ite spruce or ord9>y l>*4 ,spruce f two to ?ree feet 9 diamet] is f\nd4 ,! bir* ( ! c\ntry is v h>d & w\ld make good furniture4 ,x is f bir* t !y make tra9eau1 buggies1 *airs & sn[%oes4 ,9 ! c\ntry ly+ to ! s\? & we/ ( ,great ,slave lake !re is a good deal ( =e/ ( beautiful coppice wood1 ord9>y spruce1 & black or r$ spruce4 ,,! ,,timb] ,,ab\t ,,great ,,slave ,,lake4 ,hay riv] fl[s into ! s\?we/ "p ( ,great ,slave lake4 ,( ! c\ntry ar\nd1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell says3 8,grassy & p>tly wood$ pla9s ext5d nor?w>ds f ,peace riv] & skirt its s\!rn %ores4 ,x is ! nor!rn limit ( ! prairie region4 ,ne> its m\? ! c\ntry on bo? sides is ?ickly =e/$ ) ,banksian p9e & :ite spruce to ,alex&ra falls40 ,! c\ntry f "h ea/ to ,slave riv] is kn[n to be well wood$1 b /range z x may seem1 ! c\ntry f ,slave riv] ea/ has nev] be5 explor$ s9ce ,samuel ,he>ne pass$ ?r\gh x 9 #aggb1 "o hundr$ & ?irty-six ye>s ago4 ,some:]e s\!a/ ( ! lake1 ,he>ne spoke ( a long n>r[ lake 8entirely surr\nd$ ) high l& :i* produces a va/ quantity ( fir trees1 b none ( !m gr[ to a great height 9 ^? p>ts4 ,_! bran*es1 h[ev]1 spread wid] ?an ^? ( firs ?ree times _! height & ?ickness d 9 ,europe1 s t !y resemble an apple tree 9 %ape4 ,!y seem ri* 9 t> z ! wood ( !m w burn l a c&le & emit z /rong a smell & z mu* black smoke z ! /aves ( an old t> b>rel4 ,! "u woods 7 s ?ick 9 ^! p>ts z to r5d] travell+ ?r\gh !m v difficult40 ,( ! "p ( ,great ,slave lake :]e ,he>ne cross$ x1 he says3 8,! po9t :]e we cross$ x is said to be ! n>r[e/4 ,x is full ( isl&s mo/ ( :i* are clo!d ) f9e1 tall popl>s1 bir* & p9es1 etc40 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble1 9 8 report1 has ?is to say ( ,great ,slave lake3--8,great ,slave lake lies :olly )9 ! =e/$ region1 ?\gh "s ( its ea/]n afflu5ts dra9 l>ge areas ( treeless c\ntry4 ,its s\?we/]n %ores1 be+ wat]$ by riv]s com+ f ! s\? & s\?we/1 are well wood$1 :ile ! nor!rn %ores1 expos$ = mo/ ( ! ye> to cold w9ds f ! nor? & wat]$ by cold] /reams1 are poorly wood$4 ,! soil conditions1 also1 be+ m fav\rable on ! s\!rn side ( ! lake1 ex]t a m>k$ influ5ce on ! =e/+4 ,! ea/]n arm ( ! lake1 h[ev]1 is l>gely remov$ f ^! modify+ influ5ces1 & ! conditions on its nor!rn & s\!rn bord]s are m ne>ly uni=m40 ,,=e/s ,,nor? ,,( ,,! ,,lake4 ,! c\ntry to ! nor? ( ,great ,slave lake has be5 mu* m ?or\ghly exam9$4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell 7,geol4 ,rep41 #ahhg-hh7 w9t]$ at ,=t ,provid5ce on ! ,mack5zie & made a w9t] j\rney nor!a/ to ,=t ,rae1 on ! long arm ( ! lake t rea*es out to ! nor?4 ,f ,=t ,provid5ce to ,bir* lake1 half ! di/ance across1 he cross$ ! ,gr& ,brul1 ! sc5e ( a =m] de/ructive fire1 :]e9 he says !re 7 ?ree wide prairies ) ! int]v5+ timb] belts4 ,f "h on he cross$ fir/ a well wood$ c\ntry :]e "s excell5t spruce 0 se51 !n a m scantily clad c\ntry ) groves ( spruce1 popl>1 bir* & ald]1 & !nce to ,=t ,rae a ?ick spruce =e/4 ,j4 ,m4 ,bell 7,geol4 ,rep41 #aijd7 describes ! c\ntry along ,m>t9 riv] & *a9 ( lakes empty+ into ! long nor!rn arm ( ! lake z ?ickly wood$ ) asp51 balsam popl>1 canoe-bir*1 :ite spruce & ,banksian p9e4 ,mr4 ,preble made ! trip f ! nor? ( ,great ,slave lake to ,great ,be> lake via ! lake1 & portage r\te4 ,augu/ #be1 a few days aft] pass+ ! height ( l&1 he reports3--8,! portage track l$ ov] rocky gr\nd on ! left bank4 ,fav\rable spots at ! rapid support$ a good gr[? ( spruce1 ) a luxuriant und]gr[? ( ,viburnum pauciflorum1 ,rosa acicul>is1 ,rubus /rigosus1 & ,vacc9ium ulig9osum4 ,s9ce leav+ ,lake ,h>di/y ,i _h obs]v$ an increas$ luxuriance 9 ! =e/ gr[?1 evid5tly ! result ( a m fav\rable soil & ! slightly decreas$ altitude40 ,mr4 ,preble /ates t ! ,banksian p9e 8occurs commonly ab\t ! nor!rn arm ( ,great ,slave lake4 ,on my r\te to ! nor?w>d ( ,=t ,rae x 0 se5 9 _m places on ,gr&9 riv]1 rea*+ a diamet] ( eighte5 in*es1 b n gr[+ v tall4 ,nor? ( ! height ( l& x 0 r>e1 b ,i saw _m trees on a portage a few miles nor? ( ! outlet ( ,lake ,h>di/y40 ,mr4 ,preble /ates t on ! canoe r\te betwe5 ! nor? arm ( ,great ,slave lake & ,great ,be> lake ! :ite spruce is common1 v>y+ 9 luxuriance accord+ to ! local conditions4 ,,! ,,canoe ,,bir*4 ,! canoe bir* 7betula papyrif]a71 accord+ to ,mr4 ,preble1 is a common tree ?r\gh\t ! wood$ region4 ,x rea*es its p]fection 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry & nor?w>d gradually decreases 9 size4 ,on ! canoe r\te nor? ( ,=t ,rae1 x 0 f\nd to be common1 rea*+ a diamet] ( ne>ly "o foot z f> nor? z ,lake ,/4 ,croix4 ,a tree five in*es 9 diamet]1 exam9$ ne> t lake1 _h sixty-five annual r+s4 ,ano!r specim5 "o & ?ree-qu>t] in*es 9 diamet]1 on ! %ores ( ,lake ,h>di/y1 _h be5 gr[+ tw5ty-five ye>s1 & "o ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ?ick 0 fifte5 ye>s old4 ,?is tree is ( great economic importance to ! natives ( ! region4 ,its wood1 ?\gh s(t :5 gre51 is r h>d :5 season$1 & takes a high poli%4 ,! frames ( sn[%oes1 ! runn]s ( sl$s & toboggans1 & ! h&les ( axes & o!r tools are usually made ( x4 ,9 addition to furni%+ ! cov]+ = canoes1 its b>k is us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( baskets1 & v>i\s h\sehold ut5sils1 & to "s ext5t = con/ruct+ %elt]s4 ,! natives ga!r up ! sap 9 spr+ & boil x d[n into syrup4 ,an incision is made ) ! axe on ! side ( ! tree1 & ! sap ga!rs & drops f a project+ po9t ( b>k4 ,at ,=t ,simpson 9 #aijd1 ! sap 0 runn+ freely f ,april #bj to ,may #a4 ,yell[knife riv] fl[s into ! ea/]n side ( ! nor? arm ( ,great ,slave lake com+ f a nor!rn direction4 ,sir ,john ,frankl91 :o asc5d$ & desc5d$ ?is riv] 9 8 j\rneys ( #ahai-bb1 says t ?is riv] fl[s betwe5 high rocky banks on :i* !re is suffici5t soil to support p9es1 bir* & popl>s1 b 9 ! upp] /ret*es ! c\ntry has a v b>r5 aspect4 ,f "h to ,=t ,ent]prise ! c\ntry is mu* ! same4 ,mr4 ,back 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,george ,back71 "o ( 8 p>ty on 8 w9t] j\rney back f ,=t ,ent]prise1 wrote t aft] pass+ ,re9de] lake 8! sc5]y consi/$ ( b>r5 rocks & high hills1 cov]$ ) l(ty p9e1 bir* & l>* trees4 ,!re 0 a visible increase ( wood1 consi/+ ( bir* & l>*1 z we incl9$ to ! s\?w>d40 ,,=t ,,ent]prise4#bc ,9 8 j\rnal ( ,augu/ #ai1 #ahbj1 ,sir ,john ,frankl91 speak+ ( 8 w9t] qu>t]s kn[n z ,=t ,ent]prise1 says3 8,! trees 7 num]\s & ( a f> great] size ?an we _h suppos$ !m to be ye/]day1 "s ( ! p9es be+ ?irty or =ty feet high & two feet 9 diamet] at ! root40 ,ne> by 0 ! ,w9t] riv]1 ^: banks1 he says1 7 well clo!d ) p9es4 ,on ! same day !y un=tunately set fire to ! woods4 8,a fire 0 made on ! s\? side ( ! riv] to in=m ! *ief ( our arrival1 :i*1 spread+ be=e a /rong w9d1 caught ! :ole wood1 & we 7 completely envelop$ 9 a cl\d ( smoke = ! ?ree foll[+ days40 ,_! w9t] qu>t]s 7 made f wood cut 9 ! vic9ity1 ?\gh ( ! size ( ! logs no m5tion is made4 ,f "h to ,copp]m9e riv] ! only trees 7 scatt]$ dw>f p9es4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,ogilvie /ates t on ! flats betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ,=t ,simpson1 z well z ^? adjo9+ ! lake1 8!re is mu* =e/ t w\ld yield a l>ge am\nt ( good siz$ spruce & popl>40 ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t says t ! l& at ! entrance to ,mack5zie riv] is l[ & cov]$ ) spruce & tam>ack ( small size4 ,isl&s cov]$ ) gre5 timb] are num]\s & ! appe>ance is sugge/ive ( ! l[] ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! timb] along ! ,mack5zie to ,=t ,simpson is small] ?an t f\nd along ,slave riv]1 b nev]!less x is ( suffici5t size 9 "s cases = lumb]4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 7,j\rney1 #ahai-bb7 says t ar\nd ,=t ,provid5ce ! surface ( ! hills is g5]ally nak$1 b 9 ! valleys betwe5 !m a few spruce1 asp5 & bir* gr[4 ,sir ,alex&] ,mac,kenzie 7#aghi7 also speaks ( ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,mack5zie aft] leav+ ,slave lake z foll[s3 8,he 7an ,indian7 at ! same "t in=m$ u t a riv] falls 9 f ! nor?1 :i* takes its rise 9 ,horn m\nta91 n[ 9 sight1 :i* is ! c\ntry ( ! ,beav] ,indians1 & t he & 8 relatives frequ5tly meet on t riv]4 ,he also add$ t !re 7 v ext5sive pla9s on bo? sides ( x1 :i* ab\nd 9 buffaloes & moose de]40 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell 7,geol4 ,survey ,rep4 #ahhg-hh7 says t f ,=t ,provid5ce s\?we/ along ,beav] riv] to ,lake ,bis-t*o is a desolate look+ pla9 scantily cov]$ ) spruce & tam>ack4 ,lake ,bis-t*o is surr\nd$ by a flat c\ntry1 wood$ ) spruce1 bir* & tam>ack ( fair size4 ,,ab\t ,,=t ,,simpson4 ,james ,&]son ( ,w9nipeg left ,=t ,simpson 9 #aheb :5 elev5 ye>s old 7,s5ate ,report #ahhh74 ,he says3 8,r\nd ,=t ,simpson itself1 ,i rememb] ! timb] 0 v l>ge4 ,x 0 fir1 popl> & bir*40 ,he calls ! fir hemlock b no d\bt means ! spruce4 ,popl> & bir* he says 7 ! o!r v>ieties4 ,he says t ! fir 0 a v l>ge k9d4 ,! m5 us$ to squ>e ! timb] to ab\t "o foot squ>e1 = build+ _! h\ses1 & ! =t itself 0 built ( squ>$ timb]4 ,he says ! way he rememb]s ! bir* 0 t x 0 us$ s mu* 9 ! mak+ ( sn[%oes & o!r ?+s4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t 7#aijf7 says !re is a small-siz$ sawmill at ,=t ,simpson1 n n[ runn+1 9 :i* lumb] twelve in*es 9 wid? 0 cut & us$ 9 build+s at ?is po/4 8,"o _c b be /ruck10 he says1 8) ! va/ quantity ( spruce along ! r\te trav]s$ 7f ,=t ,provid5ce to ,=t ,simpson71 :i* is a little "u size = lumb] b w\ld make excell5t pulpwood40 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t ! timb] ab\t ,=t ,simpson is conf9$ to l>ge spruce4 ,:ite spruce is ! ma9 tree all ?r\gh t c\ntry4 ,spruce f a few in*es up to two feet ?r\gh occurs all ! way along ! ,mack5zie1 on ! flats1 & on ne>ly all ! tribut>y /reams4 ,report+ ^u ! ,banksian p9e ,mr4 ,preble /ates3--8,on ! ,mack5zie x is common nor? to ab\t latitude #fd degrees4 ,ab\t ,=t ,simpson1 9 suitable localities1 x =ms groves ( well-gr[n trees rea*+ a diamet] ( eighte5 in*es4 ,a tree elev5 in*es 9 diamet] ne> ! base1 exam9$ at ,=t ,simpson1 _h "o hundr$ & two annual r+s4 ,on ! nor? slope ( ! ,nahanni m\nta9s1 sev5ty-five miles bel[ ,=t ,simpson1 ! species asc5ds to ab\t "o ?\s& feet & !n becomes a dw>f$ %rub & disappe>s4 ,on ! s\!rn slopes ( ! same m\nta9s x occurs z a fairly well-gr[n tree ab\t two ?\s& feet ne> ! summit40 ,z to ! balsam popl> 7,populus balsamif]a7 ,mr4 ,preble reports3--8,! balsam popl> inhabits ! entire l5g? ( ,a?abaska1 ,slave1 & ,mack5zie riv]s1 rea*+ its greate/ p]fection ( habit on ,a?abaska1 ,slave1 ,peace1 & ,li>d riv]s4 ,on ! ,mack5zie1 at ,=t ,simpson1 x is a /ately tree1 b bel[ t po9t x rapidly decreases 9 size1 & on ! l[] ,mack5zie & ,peel riv]s occurs only z a small tree4 ,its wood is put to v little use except = fuel1 & ev5 = ?is purpose x is n well adapt$40 ,,! ,,tam>ack ,,& ,,its ,,uses4 ,mr4 ,preble reports ! ,ko* tam>ack 7,l>ix ,l>ic9a7 8is common at ,=t ,simpson & rea*es a good size4 ,on ,june #a1 #aijd1 ! leaves 7 j beg9n+ to appe>1 t++ ! swamps ) _! beautiful %ade ( gre54 ,z ,i desc5d$ ! riv] ! progress ( vegetation kept pace 9 a g5]al way ) my rate ( travel4 ,at ,=t ,norman1 on ,june #aa1 ! leaves & cones ( ! tam>acks 7 j appe>+ & at ,=t ,good ,hope1 t5 days lat]1 !y 7 ab\t half gr[n4 8,! tam>ack is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! region nor? to ! limit ( ! =e/1 occurr+ ma9ly 9 muskegs :]e x is sometimes ! pr$om9at+ tree4 ,s9ce its wood is t\gh] ?an any o!r native to ! region1 x is us$ to a consid]able ext5t to =m ! keels & gunwales ( boats1 & = o!r purposes :]e extra /r5g? is requir$40 ,accord+ to ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg3--8;,along ! ,li>d !re are good bun*es ( timb]1 & x is ! same ) all ^! tribut>y /reams4 ,once away f ! flats ! timb] is sp>se & ! trees are small4 ,small black spruce gr[ on ! muskegs4 ,! timb] is simply on ! flats & ext5ds back two or ?ree miles f ! riv]4 ,t is n solidly timb]$ on ei!r side ( ! riv]4 ,! popl> does n gr[ to a l>ge tree z x does d[n "h4 ,x runs ab\t ?ree to six in*es ?r\gh4 ,! r\gh b>k popl> gr[s up to a foot or m40 ,,magnific5t ,,=e/s ,,( ,,spruce4 ,bi%op ,clut1 be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 /at$ t on ,li>d riv]1 ! s\? bran* ( :i* he _h asc5d$ (t51 & on ,peace riv] also1 !re 7 magnific5t =e/s ( spruce4 ,! trees 7 f eighty to "o hundr$ feet high on ! isl&s4 ,! bran* ( ! ,li>d :i* ext5ds s\? is call$ ! ,nelson4 ,william ,ogilvie explor$ ?is :ole region across to ! ,peace1 com+ out at ,=t ,/4 ,john4 ,across ! height ( l& ! timb] is v poor4 ,on ! ,nelson above ! =ks :]e ! ,sikanni ,*ief bran* fl[s 91 x is heavily timb]$4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie pass$ _m ext5sive flats cov]$ ) beautiful spruce trees4 ,! valley is q wide & clo!d ) f9e timb] = a di/ance above ! =ks ( ab\t ?irty miles4 ,f>!r d[n1 above ,=t ,nelson1 !re are _m ext5sive areas ( op5 woods :i* almo/ might be class$ z prairie1 no d\bt ! result ( =e/ fires4 ,( ,=t ,nelson1 ,mr4 ,ogilvie says x is surr\nd$ by d5se1 high =e/1 & z ! cle>+ ar\nd x is only a few acres 9 ext5t1 mu* ( ! sun's w>m? is lo/ dur+ ! day4 ,! surface is all heavily wood$ & !re are _m v l>ge trees1 bo? spruce & balsam popl>4 ,he select$ ! av]age siz$ balsam popl> at ,=t ,nelson1 cut x d[n & made ! foll[+ measurem5ts ( x3--,diamet] at /ump1 exclusive ( b>k1 tw5ty-n9e in*es2 at fir/ limb1 exclusive ( b>k1 sev5te5 & "o-half in*es2 /ump to fir/ limb1 n9ety feet2 numb] ( gr[+ r+s1 "o hundr$ & =ty-five4 ,! b>k w\ld add at lea/ f\r in*es to ! diamet]4 ,,l>ge ,,trees ,,( ,,li>d ,,valley4 ,ent]+ ! valley ( ! ,li>d1 f ! ,mack5zie1 ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t says1 !re is a good deal ( f9e l>ge spruce1 :i* w\ld make bett] lumb] ?an mo/ ( ! spruce us$ 9 ! settl$ "p ( ! t]ritories1 b z x is on ! ,arctic wat] sy/em x is practically out ( rea*4 ,! balsam popl>1 or z x is call$ "h1 cottonwood1 is v pl5tiful & v l>ge1 trees ne>ly f\r feet 9 diamet] be+ (t5 se51 ?\gh betwe5 two or ?ree feet is ! av]age diamet] ( ! trees4 ,^! two trees con/itute ! great mass ( ! =e/4 ,a few small :ite bir*es are occasionally se5 & m frequ5tly ! asp5 or popl>4 ,!re are also1 sometimes1 a few balsam p9es on ! top ( s&y knolls4 ,a man :o _h explor$ ! ,li>d told ,mr4 ,/ew>t t he _h nev] se5 f9] saw-log timb] any:]e4 ,he also said t good bir*1 :i* is highly priz$ by ! ,indians = b>k = _! canoes1 0 f\nd !re4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 9 8 report ( 8 explorations 9 #ahhg1 /at$ t along ! l[] ,li>d ! trees obs]v$ consi/$ ( :ite spruce1 asp5 & tall1 /raight cottonwood1 ) "s ,banksian p9e & canoe bir*1 & an und]gr[? ( will[s & ald]s4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,ogilvie ! c\ntry ab\t ,wrigley is wood$4 ,he notic$ a spruce log ne> ! po/ t 0 tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie /ates 9 8 report3 8,x may1 9 %ort1 be said1 t away f ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! riv]1 !re is no timb] ( value 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is us$ 9 ! ea/4 ,bel[ ,=t ,wrigley1 & ev5 above t po9t1 9 "s places ! banks are l[1 flat & swampy1 ) trees mu* l>g] ?an ^? on ! high] l&s1 _m ( !m be+ fit to make fairly good lumb]40 ,mr4 ,joseph ,keele report$ 9 #aijh3--8,! timb] res\rces ( ,gravel riv] 7:i* fl[s into ! ,mack5zie f ! we/w>d above ,=t ,norman7 are v mod]ate1 ! :ite & black spruce trees ( any importance be+ conf9$ to ! alluvial flats1 :i* on ?is riv] are v limit$ 9 ext5t1 & ! be/ :ite groves av]age ab\t t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,g5]ally v few trees gr[ high] ?an ab\t "o ?\s& feet above ! riv]1 ow+ to ! /eep slopes ( rock & talus ( ! valley walls40 ,,=t ,,norman ,,region4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,preble1 ! :ite spruce on ! ,mack5zie does n atta9 ! size rea*$ f>!r s\?1 b is /ill a /ately tree4 ,"o measur$ by ,ri*>dson on ! ,mack5zie above ,=t ,norman 0 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two feet 9 height4 ,on ! alluvial banks & isl&s ( l[] ,mack5zie & ,peel riv]s x atta9s a diamet] ( eighte5 in*es4 ,on ! nor!rn slopes ( ! m\nta9s ne> ! m\? ( ! ,nahanni ?is tree asc5ds to timb]l9e1 b above an altitude ( five hundr$ feet seldom exce$s a height ( tw5ty-five feet4 ,z has be5 already said1 ! g5]al aspect ( ! =e/ does n alt] 9 ! desc5t ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,! :ite spruce cont9ues to be ! *ief tree4 ,9 ! ,=t ,norman qu>t] 7speak+ g5]ally7 x atta9s a gir? ( f\r or five feet1 & a height ( ab\t sixty 9 a gr[? ( f two to ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 z %[n by ! annual lay]s ( wood4 ,"o tree1 cut d[n 9 a %elt]$ valley ne> ,cl>k's hill1 s\? ( ,great ,be> riv] :i* fl[s into ! ,mack5zie at ,=t ,norman1 measur$ ! unusual l5g? ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two feet1 b 0 comp>atively sl5d]4 ,mo/ ( ! timb] is twi/$1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! trees gr[ 9 expos$ situations4 ,! ,banksian p9e 0 n trac$ to ! nor? ( ,great ,be> riv]1 b ! black spruce1 9 a /unt$ =m1 is f\nd on ! bord]s ( swamps z f> z ! woods ext5d4 ,great ,be> riv] is describ$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,bell 7,geological ,survey ,report #aijd7 z foll[s3--8,! cle> wat]s ( ,great ,be> riv] jo9 ! ,mack5zie ?r\gh a deep wood$ valley4 ,= ! fir/ =ty miles ! banks are well wood$ ) :ite spruce1 canoe bir*1 asp5 & balsam popl>4 ,m\nt ,*>les rises to a height ( "o ?\s& five hundr$ feet on ! left side ( ! riv]4 ,9 climb+ ! hill ,i 0 surpris$ at ! size ( ! trees ar\nd its l[] slope4 ,:ite spruce ( ab\t tw5ty in*es diamet] 7 q common z well z f9e specim5s ( canoe-bir*1 balsam1 popl> & asp54 ,at ! lake ! c\ntry is q de/itute ( trees1 z !y h all be5 us$ = fuel by ! ,indians40 ,doctor ,dawson /at$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh t ,ri*>dson _h describ$ ! :ite spruce z atta9+ a gir? ( f\r or five feet1 & a height ( sixty feet 9 ,mack5zie valley z f> nor? z ,be> lake riv]4 ,"o tree 9 t locality measur$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two feet 9 height4 ,x appe>$ t ! :ite spruce 0 ! mo/ preval5t tree ?r\gh\t ,mack5zie valley1 & its wood 0 fairly good = all con/ructive purposes4 ,,! ,,black ,,spruce4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell 7,s5ate ,committee ,report1 #ahhh7 says t jackp9e occurs 9 places z f> nor? z ,=t ,good ,hope4 ,al?\gh n gr[+ v l>ge "s ( ! trees w\ld be big en\gh = railway ties4 ,he expla9$ t ! c\ntry is n =e/ cont9ually z x is "h 7,ont>io71 b mo/ ( ! c\ntry is op5 wood4 ,ne>ly all ! muskegs are cov]$ )1 or surr\nd$ by1 black spruce4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell agrees ) o!r travell]s ( ?is region 9 say+ t v little *ange 9 ! "* ( ! =e/ 0 obs]v$ 9 desc5d+ ! ,mack5zie1 & ) ! exception ( ! ,banksian p9e1 :i* disappe>s s\? ( ,be> riv]1 ! same species z previ\sly notic$ by ,ri*>dson are f\nd f ,great ,slave lake to ! m\? ( ,peel riv]4 ,! ,mack5zie has no rapids suitable = wat]p[]1 b ! /reams fl[+ into x mu/ h4 ,mr4 ,preble says ( ! black spruce 7,picea ,m>iana73--8,! black spruce ext5ds nor?w>d to ! limit ( ! =e/1 b is conf9$ ma9ly to ! muskegs1 seldom gr[+ on ! alluvial bottom l&s1 :]e ! :ite spruce atta9s its p]fection4 ,x furni%es a poor] quality ( lumb] ?an ! :ite spruce1 & is put to few] uses4 ,i not$ x 9 places all along ! ma9 r\te to ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie & on my canoe r\te to ! ea/w>d1 ne>ly to ,great ,be> lake40 ,mr4 ,mc,connell 7,geol4 ,survey ,report #ahhg-hh7 reports t along "p ( ! rea* ( ! ,mack5zie bel[ ,=t ,good ,hope ! banks are l[1 & ! bord]+ pla9s are cov]$ ) a scatt]$ gr[? ( will[1 spruce & tam>ack1 ) "h & !re pat*es ( asp5 on ! dri] ridges4 ,! spruce along "p ( ?is rea* pres5ts a rem>kably /unt$ & dw>fi% appe>ance1 b ?is is due m to ! m>%y "* ( ! gr\nd ?an to climatic sev]ity1 z ! same tree1 /raight & well gr[n1 0 f\nd mu* f>!r nor?4 ,,bel[ ,,=t ,,good ,,hope4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell reports t ! ,mack5zie bel[ ! site ( old ,=t ,good ,hope1 :]e ! /ream takes a %>p turn to ! we/-s\? we/1 z f> z ! m\? ( ,r$ riv]1 is bord]$ by wood$ pla9s4 ,groves ( :ite spruce 7 se5 along ?is rea*1 conta9+ trees measur+ ov] fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 b ! av]age tree does n exce$ six in*es4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t says t on an isl& ne> ,=t ,good ,hope v good spruce timb] is cut into lumb] by :ipsaws4 ,bel[ ?is ! timb] seems to get poor]1 al?\gh x improves aga9 f>!r nor?4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t says t bel[ ,=t ,good ,hope ! timb] is small] al?\gh "s ( x has be5 made into floor+ & lumb] is made f ! timb] !re4 ,!re is a l>ge supply ( spruce suitable = pulp4 ,nor!a/ ( ,=t ,good ,hope1 ?r\gh a *a9 ( lakes to ! headwat]s ( ,iroquois riv]1 ,r4 ,mac,farlane 7,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,iv47 says t ! c\ntry appe>$ to be well timb]$ 9 e direction ) p9es1 junip]1 sev]al species ( will[1 & a few small groves ( popl> & bir*4 ,on ! ,mack5zie itself ! =e/ cont9ues to )9 a comp>atively %ort di/ance f ! ,arctic ocean4 ,! foll[+ extract is f ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson's j\rnal 9 #ahdh3--8,! ag5cy ( man is work+ a *ange 9 ! aspect ( ! =e/ ev5 9 ! ?9ly peopl$ nor?4 ,! woods are wa/$ by ext5sive fires1 k9dl$ accid5tally or int5tionally1 :i* spread ) rapidity ov] a wide ext5t ( c\ntry1 & cont9ue to burn until !y are ext+ui%$ by heavy ra9s4 ,^! conflagrations consume ev5 ! soil ( ! dri] tracts1 & ! b>e & :it5$ rocks te/ify = c5turies to ! havoc t has be5 made4 ,a new gr[? ( timb]1 h[ev]1 soon] or lat] spr+s up1 & ! soil1 :5 n :olly consum$1 be+ saturat$ ) alkali1 gives bir? to a ?icket ( asp5 in/ead ( ! aborig9al spruce40 ,,)9 ,,! ,,arctic ,,circle4 ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t expla9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg t spruce suitable = comm]cial purposes gr[s to ,arctic sea4 ,he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t ! limit ( tree gr[? ext5d$ z f> nor? z x does4 ,he ?\ght x ext5d$ probably t5 degrees1 or ne>ly sev5 hundr$ miles f>!r nor? 9 ?is di/rict ?an 9 ,labrador4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( trees t we h 9 ,mack5zie bas9 include :ite spruce1 black spruce1 ! l>* or tam>ack1 :i* is f\nd z f> nor? z ! spruce1 ! jackp9e & ! balsam4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t did n see any balsam 9 ! ,arctic circle1 b asp51 :ite popl>1 balm ( ,gilead & bir* are all f\nd d[n z f> z ,=t ,mc,pherson ne> ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,mr4 ,ogilvie /ates 9 8 report3--8,on ! l[] ,mack5zie1 ! timb] l>ge en\gh = comm]cial or manufactur+ purposes is all 9 ! riv] valley4 ,on ! pla9s above1 ! trees are small & unfit = any?+ except = fuel or ! few uses to :i* trees six to sev5 in*es 9 diamet] c be appli$4 ,!re is "s f9e mat]ial = lumb] on "s ( ! isl&s 9 ! riv]1 b _m are b>e1 ) ! exception ( a few will[s40 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell's report3--8,f ! head ( ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie ! coa/ is l[ & s&y1 & is expos$ to ! full rig\r ( ! arctic /orms1 & ! g5]al vegetation ( ! bord]+ pla9s is /unt$ & dim9utive 9 appe>ance1 b is reliev$ by ! pres5ce ( a few l>ge spruce trees1 :i* look l survivors f an anci5t & m luxuriant =e/4 ,"s ( ^! trees h a gir? ( ov] six feet1 & are tall & well %ap$1 :ile ! av]age spruce 9 ?is latitude does n exce$ six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]40 ,illu/ration3 ,spruce ,timb] on ,peel riv] inside ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,,timb] ,,( ,,! ,,delta4 ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson desc5d$ ! delta to ! ocean 9 #ahdh1 & ! foll[+ is 8 acc\nt ( ! timb]3-- 8,mo/ ( ! isl&s con/itut+ ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie are alluvial & _m ( ! small] ones are m]ely a r+ ( :ite spruce trees & will[s on a s& or mud bank4 ,tw5ty-two miles bel[ ,po9t ,sep>ation ! banks ( ! riv] & ! num]\s isl&s are well wood$4 ,! balsam popl>s rise to ! height ( tw5ty feet & ! :ite spruce to =ty or fifty feet4 ,at ! creek :i* b\nds ,h>rison isl& on ! nor?1 ! valleys & bord]s ( ! riv] are well wood$1 b ! summits ( ! em95ce pres5t only scatt]$ spruce firs1 ) /unt$ tips & widely spread+ depress$ l[] bran*es4 ,! canoe-bir* is frequ5t1 & ! trees we measur$ 7 ab\t five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! balsam popl> gr[s to ! height ( tw5ty feet4 ,9 latitude #fh #ee nor?1 ! trees disappe>$ s sudd5ly t ,i c\ld n b attribute _! cessation to ! influ5ce ( ! sea-air4 ,beyond ?is l9e a few /unt$ spruces only 7 se5 /ruggl+ = exi/5ce & "s scrubby canoe-bir*es cl++ to ! bases ( ! hills40 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t's (ficial report 8,at ,po9t ,sep>ation1 :i* lies betwe5 ! junction ( ,mack5zie & ,peel riv]s1 & :]e ,frankl9 & ,ri*>dson 7 camp$1 are two spruce trees1 :i* 7 m>k$ z lob-/icks at ! "t ( _! sep>ation & 9 commemoration ( t ev5t4 ,bo? are /ill /&+ 7#aijf71 ?\gh "o ( !m is dead4 ,judg+ f _! appe>ance at a di/ance1 ,i w\ld say t !y are ab\t sixte5 in*es 9 diamet] & sev5ty feet 9 height1 & ?is ne>ly "o hundr$ miles beyond ! ,arctic circle4 ,i h be5 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ! t5acity ( life %[n 9 ! gr[? ( trees "u ! adv]se conditions prevail+ 9 ?is nor? c\ntry4 ,s9ce cross+ ! ,arctic circle we h se5 no vegetation1 b trees su* z ! spruce1 bir*1 tam>ack & will[ are se5 all ! way40 ,mr4 ,/ew>t adds t z 8 boat r\nd$ ,po9t ,sep>ation & asc5d$ ,peel riv] he notic$ t spruce l9$ ! banks4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,h4 ,h>rison1 9 8 book 8,9 ,se>* ( a ,pol> ,cont95t10 describes a visit to ^! lob-/icks 9 ,septemb] #aijf3--8;,aft] leav+ ,po9t ,sep>ation1 we came to a v %all[ place ab\t half-way betwe5 ?is po9t & :at are call$ ! ,lob-,/icks4 ,at ! la/-nam$ spot ! riv] turns %>ply to ! ea/4 ,^! ,lob-,/icks1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 trimm$ by ,comm&] ,pull5 "s sixty ye>s ago1 are two p9e trees4 ,! bran*es h all be5 cut (f1 b ! tops rema94 ,"o ( !m is a v f9e old tree1 & ! o!r1 :i* is mu* y\ng] & small]1 /&s directly 9 front ( its nobl] bro!r40 ,,arctic ,,gr[n ,,bir*4 ,mr4 ,preble po9ts out t along ! ,mack5zie ! canoe bir* occurs z an economically important species ev5 nor? ( ! delta4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 bir* ab\t ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie atta9s a size ( twelve to sixte5 in*es & is us$ at ,=t ,mc,pherson n only = _! log build+s1 b x is also :ip-saw$ into lumb] = g5]al use1 & ! bir* b>k "h is us$ by ! ,indians = _! canoes4 ,= a di/ance ( a few miles f ! ,peel ! c\ntry is p>tially wood$ ) spruce1 bir*1 balsam-popl> & will[1 b aft] ?is ! only timb] is t f\nd skirt+ ! %ores ( ! small /reams on ! way4 ,a fr+e ( timb]1 mo/ly small spruce1 l9es ! banks ( ! ,bell1 b app>5tly does n ext5d f> back4 ,mr4 ,malcolm ,macleod1 9 8 /atem5t to ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 said3--8,z to ! wood ( t f> nor? ,i w\ld obs]ve t x is rem>kably h>d4 ,i h a pair ( sn[%oes ( peculi> %ape1 made "r & left1 ( bir* = frame1 l iron 9 texture1 & ?\gh p]haps ab\t a hundr$ ye>s old1 p]fectly s\nd40 ,! froz5 subsoil ( ! nor!rn portions ( ! woodl& c\ntry does n prev5t ! timb] f atta9+ a good size1 = ! roots ( ! :ite spruce spread ov] ! icy sub/ratum z !y w\ld ov] smoo? rock4 ,z may be expect$1 h[ev]1 ! gr[? ( trees is sl[ 9 ! high latitudes4 ,on ! bord]s ( ,great ,be> lake1 f\r hundr$ ye>s 7accord+ to ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson7 are requir$ to br+ ! /em ( ! :ite spruce to ! ?ickness ( a man's wai/4 ,:5 ! tree is expos$ to high w9ds1 ! fibres ( ! wood are spirally twi/$1 b 9 %elt]$ places1 or 9 ! mid/ ( ! =e/1 ! gra9 is /raight & ! wood splits freely4 ,,great ,,be> ,,lake ,,c\ntry4 ,z to ! c\ntry ab\t ,great ,be> lake & its tribut>ies1 ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 9 #ahbf1 report$ t !re 7 p9e trees 9 clumps on ,dease riv]1 & ! valley to ! nor? 0 well wood$4 ,mr4 ,malcolm ,macleod in=m$ ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh t 9 a lett] ( ,?omas ,simpson to 8 fa!r he says t ! wood at ,=t ,confid5ce _h be5 f\nd suitable = h\se & boat build+4 ,doctor ,j4 ,m4 ,bell says t ! location ( ,=t ,confid5ce 0 "o ( ! few well wood$ spots 9 ,great ,be> lake & ! trees are f9e specim5s wor?y ( a m s\!rn latitude4 ,betwe5 ,kei? bay & ,smi? bay1 ,doctor ,j4 ,m4 ,bell f\nd a small lake well wood$ ) :ite spruce1 will[s & ald]s1 b none ( !m ( great size4 ,"h he saw ! mo/ nor!rn specim5 ( :ite bir*4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry 0 wood$ 9 ! valleys4 ,x 01 he says1 a pleas+ *ange f ! *e]less1 gravelly1 treeless %ores1 to rea* ,lime/one po9t ?irty miles we/ ( ,=t ,confid5ce1 ) its pron\nc$ %ore-l9e & :ite spruce 9 ! bay4 ,we/ ( ,=t ,confid5ce along ! coa/ ( ,dease bay = "s di/ance ! deep bays are well wood$1 b t[>ds ,cape ,mc,donnell ! l& gets b>r5 & cont9ues s till ! coa/ turns ea/ aga9 :]e ! trees improve4 8,"s =ty-five miles ea/ ( ,cape ,mc,donnell10 says ,doctor ,bell1 8a good siz$ riv] ent]s1 probably ! ,takaat*o4 ,ne> its m\?10 he says1 8we f\nd great quantities ( driftwood among :i* 7 "s good-siz$ trunks4 ,i 0 r surpris$ to see ^!1 b le>n$ aft]w>ds t 9 ! int]ior ! valley ( ?is riv] is well wood$4 ,all ! ea/]n %ore ( ,mc,tavish bay is wood$4 ,9 ! valleys 9 ! int]ior & ar\nd ! bays & %elt]$ *annels ?is timb] may be ( economic importance4 ,:ite spruce is ! prevail+ =e/ tree1 al?\gh canoe-bir* is f\nd z f> nor? z ,eda ,trav]s bay1 & is suffici5tly l>ge 9 ,kl>ondesk bay to p]mit ( its b>k be+ us$ = mak+ canoes4 ,tam>ack & bo? balsam popl> & asp5 ab\nd 9 ,kl>ondesk bay1 al?\gh n ( any great size40 ,s\? ( ?is1 ! ea/]n "p ( ! lake1 ,doctor ,bell describes ,camsell riv] & *a9 ( lakes z all well wood$4 ,at ,lake ,ray ,banksian p9e 0 notic$4 ,,trees ,a ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,?irty ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,sir ,john ,frankl91 9 8 description ( ! c\ntry ar\nd ,=t ,frankl9 on ,great ,be> lake 7#ahbe71 wrote3--8,! trees at "s di/ance f our =t consi/$ ( black & :ite spruce1 & l>*1 g5]ally small1 ?\gh a few ( ! bett] gr[n measur$ f f\r to five feet 9 gir?1 & 7 f fifty to fifty-five feet high4 ,doctor ,ri*>dson asc]ta9$1 by c\nt+ ! annual r+s1 t "s ( !m1 9 a s\nd /ate1 7 upw>ds ( "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s old1 :ile o!rs :i* 7 n mu* great] 9 size1 _h two hundr$ & fifty r+s1 b ^! 7 decay$ at ! he>t40 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey1 ! mo/ rec5t sci5tific explor] ( ,great ,be> lake & its bas91 9 8 report1 /ates3-- 8,! nor!rn %ores ( ,great ,be> lake are ma9ly l[ & ?9ly wood$1 al?\gh ! c\ntry at "s di/ance inl& is bett] wood$4 ,! tribut>ies ( ,great ,be> lake are comp>atively few 9 numb]4 ,dease riv]1 :i* dis*>ges into ! nor!a/]n extremity ( ! lake1 is probably ! be/ kn[n ( its fe$]s4 ,x rises on ! treeless height ( l& betwe5 ,dease bay & ! l[] ,copp]m9e4 ,sev]al important /reams ent] ! lake f ! nor?4 ,sev]al o!rs dra9+ a v l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry to ! s\?w>d ent] ,mac,tavish & ,mc,vicar bays4 ,! latt] receives also ! wat]s ( a *a9 ( l>ge lakes ly+ nor? ( ,m>t5 lake1 :i* dis*>ges into ,great ,slave lake4 ,! c\ntry dra9$ by ! s\!rn tribut>ies is v r\gh & rocky1 ?\gh fairly well wood$1 & is trav]s$ 9 v>i\s directions by ranges ( l[ m\nta9s4 8,! s\!rn & we/]n %ores are well wood$1 :ile its nor!rn & ea/]n bord]s are m ?9ly =e/$4 ,! imm$iate %ores are ma9ly ( s& or gravel & are usually devoid ( trees1 b are well clo!d ) will[s & v>i\s ericace\s %rubs & h]bace\s plants4 ,9 mo/ places along ! s\? %ore ?is treeless /ret* is only a few hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?1 & 9 ! bays ! =e/ ext5ds to ! wat]'s edge4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,lei? po9t1 h[ev]1 a treeless area /ret*es f ne> ,mac,tavish bay to ,mc,vicar bay1 & ext5ds inl& = sev]al miles4 ,on ?is area ! faunal & floral conditions are practically ^? ( ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds40 ,,! ,,spruce ,,( ,,great ,,be> ,,lake4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,preble1 along ! s\!rn %ore ( ,great ,be> lake1 ! :ite spruce 8=ms ! bulk ( ! =e/4 ,9 expos$ situations ne> ,lei? po9t x is some:at dw>f$1 seldom exce$+ a diamet] ( "o foot & a maximum height ( =ty feet4 ,a few miles back f ! %ore1 9 slightly m fav\rable locations1 trees two feet 9 diamet] at ! base 7 se51 b none ( ^! exce$$ ?irty feet 9 height4 ,a tree twelve in*es 9 diamet] gr[+ 9 an expos$ situation ne> ! %ore _h two hundr$ & fifty-sev5 annual r+s4 ,9 ?is specim5 ! out] lay]s 7 exce$+ly ?9 & c\ld be c\nt$ only by ! aid ( a f9e-po9t$ ne$le4 ,at ?is rate1 ! age ( a tree ( twice ?is diamet] c sc>cely be e/imat$ at less ?an "o ?\s& ye>s4 ,f>!r we/ along ! %ore ! species atta9s great] p]fection ( habit1 especially 9 "s ( ! %elt]$ bays4 ,at ,=t ,frankl9 x is ! commone/ tree1 b at pres5t is repres5t$ by sc>cely any individuals ( ! orig9al =e/1 :i* has be5 remov$ = build+ purposes4 ,trees ov] eight or n9e in*es 9 diamet] are r>e4 ,a sapl+ f\r feet 9 height & "o in* 9 diamet]1 on ! site ( ,=t ,frankl91 _h be5 gr[+ = ?irte5 ye>s40 ,,! ,,site ,,( ,,=t ,,frankl94 8,! c\ntry ab\t ,=t ,frankl9 7:i* ,mr4 ,preble visit$ ,septemb] #af1 #aijc7 is slightly undulat+1 & except = c]ta9 semib>r5 po9ts ne> ! %ores ( ! lake1 is well wood$ ) spruce1 tam>ack1 will[1 & ! usual sub-arctic vegetation4 ,mu* ( ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) li*5s ( ! g5us ,gyrophora & v>i\s mosses4 ,at ! "t ( our visit ! leaves ( ! tam>acks1 will[s1 & o!r decidu\s trees 7 fall+4 ,! site ( ! po/ itself is ! summit ( a r /eep bank elevat$ ab\t fifty feet above ! %ores ( ! lake4 ,! build+s h long s9ce be5 de/roy$1 & only ! debris ( ! /one *imneys & ! fa9t outl9es ( ! sills ( ! pr9cipal h\ses n[ rema9 to m>k ! spot4 ,! orig9al cle>+ is p>tially gr[n up to will[s1 b mu* ( ! gr\nd supports only a gr[? ( grasses & h]bace\s plants4 ,! site ov]looks1 to ! s\?w>d1 ! broad expanse ( ,kei? bay1 at ! extremity ( :i* at a di/ance ( f\r or five miles1 ,be> riv] has its efflux4 8,! banks at ! head ( ,be> riv] are l[1 b rapidly increase 9 height4 ,! bord]+ c\ntry is ma9ly swampy & is well wood$4 ,! m g5tly slop+ banks are grassy or wood$1 & a dw>f will[ 7,salix reticulata7 is a conspicu\s %rub = "s di/ance bel[ ! lake40 ,mr4 ,preble reports ! ,ko* tam>ack 7,l>ix ,l>ic9a7 z 8r common along ! s\!rn %ores ( ,great ,be> lake1 :]e ! l>ge /one se51 ne> ,lei? po9t1 0 ab\t twelve in*es 9 ?ickness at ! base1 b 0 n ov] ?irty feet 9 height4 ,:ile travell+ along ?is %ore 9 ! autumn ( #aijc1 ,i fir/ not$ ! leaves ( ! species beg9n+ to *ange col\r on ,septemb] #ab1 ne> ,mc,vicar bay4 ,two days lat] its yell[ foliage gave a decid$ impress on ! sc5]y4 ,on ,septemb] #ah1 at ,=t ,frankl91 its leaves 7 dropp+1 & soon aft]w>ds ! trees 7 b>e40 ,mr4 ,preble /ates t along ! s\!rn %ores ( ,great ,be> lake ! canoe bir* occurs only 9 a some:at dw>f$ /ate1 b x reappe>s z a fair siz$ tree on ,be> riv]4 ,,! ,,bas9 ,,( ,,&]son ,,riv]4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,mac,farlane1 *ief factor ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 0 s5t 9 #aheg by ,james ,&]son to explore ,&]son riv]4 ,! report ( 8 trip 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 iv41 & ! foll[+ notes !refrom give "s idea ( ! timb] along ! riv]s & lakes dra9+ ! c\ntry nor? ( ,great ,be> lake into ,arctic ocean3--,at ,canoe lake1 ! headwat]s ( ,iroquois riv]1 ! ma9 tribut>y ( ! ,lockh>t1 ! c\ntry is tol]ably wood$4 ,! batiks ( ! ,iroquois seem to be all wood$1 z ,mr4 ,mac,farlane f\nd ! navigation imp$$ by imm5se quantities ( driftwood1 & he says ! ridges on bo? sides 7 well cov]$ ) p9e & will[4 ,! c\ntry along ,lockh>t riv] bel[ ! ,iroquois is bett] timb]$4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,&]son bel[ ! ,lockh>t1 !re is timb] ( m$ium size gradually disappe>+ t[>ds ! nor?4 ,on 8 return trip ,mr4 ,mac,farlane proce$$ up ! ,&]son f ! ,lockh>t & f\nd ! banks well wood$4 ,fur!r on1 ne> a succession ( rapids1 he f\nd ! banks tol]ably wood$4 ,he says3--8,! c\ntry along ! ,&]son 0 latt]ly v well wood$1 & "s goodly p9es 7 se54 ,! tract ( c\ntry embrac$ by a l9e drawn we/ f ! bord]s ( ! woods on ! ,&]son to ! ,mack5zie1 s\?w>d to ,peau de ,livre riv] 7,h>e ,indian riv]71 at ,good ,hope1 is v well timb]$4 ,he says ! banks ( ,ross riv] are p>tially timb]$4 ,a *a9 ( well wood$ hills1 ,mr4 ,mac,farlane says1 encircle ,colville lake or m probably ! l>ge lake we/ ( ! lake m>k$ ,colville4 ,! banks ( ,simpson lake are well timb]$4 ,f "h s\?we/ t[>ds ,h>e ,indian riv]1 ,mr4 ,mac,farlane f\nd ! c\ntry well wood$4 ,he says 8! timb] consi/s ( p9e1 junip]1 fir1 will[1 & a few groves ( popl> & bir*4 ,"s ( ! p9es 7 ( a l>ge size4 ,! belt ( timb] :i* at ,=t ,&]son ext5ds = ov] ?irty miles to ! ea/w>d1 rapidly n>r[s & becomes a m]e fr+e along ,&]son riv]1 & disappe>s to ! nor?w>d ( ! #fi? p>allel ( latitude40 ,runn+ p>allel ) ,&]son riv] is ,mac,farlane or ,wilmot ,horton riv]4 ,mr4 ,mac,farlane says t "o or two int]sect+ afflu5ts ( ,wilmot ,horton or ,mac,farlane riv] fl[ ?r\gh valleys 9 :i* a few /unt$ spruce1 bir* & will[s appe> at int]vals4 ,on ! banks ( "o ( ^!1 ne> its m\?1 he obs]v$ a %elt]$ grove ( spruce & will[s ( l>g] gr[?4 ,!y met ) no m spruce to ! ea/w>d4 ,mr4 ,preble pass$ up ,lockh>t riv]1 & ?us describes ! /ream & its banks3--8,our r\te lay up ! left =k4 ,! %ores "h are l[ & ! *annels w9d+1 & mu* ob/ruct$ by fall5 trees4 ,above "h we paddl$ ?r\gh sev]al small m>%y ponds & portag$ pa/ a small fall4 ,we !n pass$ ?r\gh a rocky defile above :i* we made f\r portages1 & asc5d$ sev]al small riffles ) paddles or ) ! help ( ! l9e4 ,on ,augu/ #c we avoid$ eight falls or rapids by mak+ portages & asc5d$ sev]al o!rs ) ! l9e4 ,at ! la/ rapid1 :]e we encamp$1 ! riv] ru%es = a hundr$ y>ds ?r\gh a rocky gorge4 ,! spruce woods ab\t "h h escap$ ! fires :i* h deva/at$ mo/ ( ?is section4 ,"s ( ! small ponds & *annels pass$ ?r\gh 7 bord]$ by banks ( clay1 clo!d ma9ly ) :ite bir*40 ,mr4 ,preble /ates t ! belt ( timb] :i* at ,=t ,&]son ext5ds = ov] ?irty miles to ! ea/w>d1 rapidly n>r[s & becomes a m]e fr+e along ,&]son riv]1 & disappe>s to ! nor?w>d ( ! #fh? p>allel ( latitude4 ,mr4 ,hanbury reports t he f\nd ,dease riv] 7ea/ ( ,great ,be> lake7 to be completely conceal$ by a heavy belt ( spruce4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,increase ,,nor!rn ,,tree ,,gr[?4 ,9 a lett] publi%$ 9 ! ,ottawa ,j\rnal on ,febru>y #ai1 #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie1 ! well-kn[n surveyor & explor]1 & ex-gov]nor ( ! ,yukon1 wrote1 9 speak+ ( ,a?abaska & ,mack5zie regions3--8,z "t goes on mu* increase to ! comm]cial timb] area might be made by dra9+ ! swamps1 & dry+ ! moss on ! surface :i* n[ keeps ! gr\nd b5ea? cool1 inde$ pres]v+ ! fro/ 9 x dur+ ! :ole summ]4 ,once dri$ ! moss w\ld die1 & in/ead ( keep+ ! gr\nd cool w\ld absorb heat & help to w>m x4 ,anyone :o has travell$ 9 ! nor? _c help not+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! timb] on mossy gr\nd1 z comp>$ ) t :]e !re is no moss4 ,on mossy gr\nd y w see trees f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ ye>s old1 accord+ to ! annual gr[? r+s1 only ?ree1 f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]1 :ile only a few y>ds away :]e !re is no moss or moi/ure1 trees ( sev5ty & eighty ye>s' gr[? w be ne>ly a foot 9 diamet]1 & ( a diff]5t quality ( lumb]40 ,illu/ration3 ,anglican ,*ur*1 ,s*ool & ,rectory at ,=t ,simpson4 ,9 ! same communication ,mr4 ,ogilvie wrote3--8,^? :o h nev] se5 a nor?we/ =e/1 :5 told ( x1 naturally comp>e x ) o!rs !y h se51 b "o f ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,canada w\ld f9d a great diff]5ce betwe5 8 native woods & ^? ( ! nor?we/4 ,! v>ieties ( trees are few]1 & small] 9 size1 ?an ^? 9 ! ea/ & s\?4 ,( v>ieties ! pr9cipal are spruce & popl>2 ( ! popl> !re are two k9ds1 "o ( :i*1 ! balsam popl>1 9 "s places gr[s to be a v l>ge size4 ,on ! l[] /ret*es ( ,li>d riv] ,i h se5 !m well ov] f\r feet 9 diamet]1 /ump high1 b g5]ally su* l>ge ones are uns\nd & full ( cracks4 ,! o!r k9d seldom gr[s m ?an a foot ?ick1 & ! trunk is seldom suitable = turn+ out lumb]4 ,,! ,,spruce ,,be>s ,,! ,,palm4 8,:5 dry x makes good fuel b is n comp>able z a heat produc] ) ! ea/]n h>dwoods4 ,z comm]cial lumb] ! spruce be>s ! palm1 metaphorically1 z well z lit]ally4 ,x seldom gr[s to m ?an fifte5 to sev5te5 in*es 9 diamet] ne> ! gr\nd1 & :]e x /&s ?ickly toge!r gr[s to a good height ) /raight tap]+ trunk1 b :]e scatt]$ x is n s long nor s graceful1 consequ5tly less useful4 ,x supplies all ! lumb] = local dem& all ov] ! nor?we/1 & nor?1 & is f\nd f ! =ty-n9? p>allel ( latitude to ,arctic ocean1 & on ! alluvial flats ( ,mack5zie delta ,i h se5 specim5s ab\t z l>ge z any ,i h notic$ else:]e 9 ! t]ritories4 ,! o!r v>ieties ( trees are s few & f> betwe5 t !y are h>dly wor? m5tion+ except :ite-bir* :i* is f\nd all ov]1 b is seldom ( suffici5t size or %ape to be useful4 ,i h se5 a few tam>acks at odd spots1 & on ! ,a?abaska ,i saw a small grove ( ,canada balsams1 ! only place ,i ev] saw !m 9 ! nor?we/4 ,!y seem$ z vigor\s z any ,i ev] saw1 :i* proves t !y w\ld gr[ !re if giv5 ! opportunity1 & if !y1 :y n o!r specim5s ( our m s\!rn trees4 ,x has (t5 occurr$ to me t x w\ld be well to try plant+ our :ite p9es & o!r comm]cial trees 9 ^? nor!rn =e/s1 to see if !y w\ld naturalize1 & if s1 increase greatly ! value ( ! nor!rn doma94 ,x w\ld co/ v little to d x1 & a fo/]+ c>e ( !m might by selection at la/ make a success ( ! exp]im5t1 if x did n succe$ f ! />t40 ----- #bc ,=t ,ent]prise is a little ea/ ( ! ea/]n limit1 ( ! tract ( c\ntry def9$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]2 b z x is 9 ! ,mack5zie wat]%$1 x may well be treat$ ( 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,mack5zie ,,riv] ,,region4 ,economic ,m9]als4 ,! ,t]ritory ,has ,nev] ,be5 ,?or\ghly ,exam9$ = ,m9]als4-- ,t> ,spr+s on ! ,nor? ,%ore ( ,great ,slave lake4--,! ,devonian ,rocks ,?r\gh\t ,mack5zie valley are ,ne>ly ,ev]y:]e ,m or ,less ,petrolif]\s4--,lignite ,discov]$ 9 ,_m ,places1 ,also ,gypsum4--,l>ge ,deposits ( ,excell5t ,salt4--,indications ( ,gold & ,copp]4--,indians ,report ,f9d+ ,mica4 ,ev] s9ce ,sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie fir/ pass$ d[n ! riv] :i* n[ be>s 8 "n on 8 fam\s voyage ( discov]y 9 #aghi1 & describ$ ! burn+ b$s ( coal & ! salt spr+s along its banks1 ! di/rict n[ "u review 9 ^! pages has excit$ ! int]e/ ( ! geologi/ & ! prospector1 b on acc\nt ( ! remot5ess ( ! c\ntry f civiliz$ settlem5t & ! difficulties ( transport1 v little1 comp>atively1 is kn[n ( ! actual ext5t ( m9]al weal? ( ?is imm5se area ( c\ntry4 ,true1 exp]t explor]s l ,sir ,john ,frankl91 ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie1 & ,doctor ,j4 ,m4 ,bell h conduct$ sci5tific surveys along ! *ief wat]ways & ov] "s r\tes ov]l&1 & _! reports h be5 spl5did & valuable1 b f scant9ess ( _! equipm5t & ! omnipres5t necessity to economize "t1 ^! surveys1 f a geological po9t ( view1 c be consid]$ only z reconnaissances4 ,comp>atively brief summ>ies ( :at "s ( ^! explor]s & "s o!rs h writt5 & said z to ! m9]alogy ( ,mack5zie valley bel[ ! #fj? p>allel ( latitude1 w suffice to give an idea ( :at we really "k on ! subject4 ,dur+ 8 explorations ab\t ,great ,slave lake 9 #ahhg1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 inspect$ ! t> spr+s on ! nor? %ore4 ,! spr+s are situat$ a c\ple ( hundr$ y>ds f ! %ore1 at ! base ( a l[ lime/one cliff1 :i* runs inl& f ! lake1 & are ?ree 9 numb]1 ea* ( !m be+ surr\nd$ ) a small bas91 ?ree to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 fill$ ) inspissat$ bitum51 :ile ! soil & moss = "s di/ance away is impregnat$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,a small quantity ( pit* is annually tak5 f ^! spr+s & us$ = boat build+ purposes1 :ile a mu* l>g] supply c\ld be obta9$ if ne$$4 ,a sulphur spr+ resembl+ ^? at ,sulphur po9t on ! s\? %ore ( ! lake1 b mu* m copi\s1 issues f ! foot ( ! cliff 9 close proximity to ! bitum9\s spr+s1 & fe$s a consid]able /ream4 ,! rock ?r\gh :i* ! petroleum asc5ds "h is a heavily b$d$ greyi%1 r co>sely cry/all9e cav]n\s dolomite1 & is entirely unlike ! bitum9\s b$s s\? ( ! lake & d[n ! ,mack5zie1 :i* 9 mo/ cases consi/ ( calc>e\s %ales4 ,! dolomite is ev]y:]e p]meat$ ) bitum9\s matt]1 :i* collects 9 ! num]\s cavities1 & ooz+ up ?r\gh cracks1 (t5 =ms small pools on ! surface ( ! rock4 ,x 0 also report$ to ,mr4 ,mc,connell t sulphur & t> spr+s occur at a po9t half way betwe5 ! spr+s he visit$ & ,=t ,rae4 ,on ! s\? %ore bitum9\s %ales & lime/ones outcrop at sev]al po9ts1 & x w\ld ?us appe>1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 t ! oil-be>+ b$s und]lie ! :ole we/]n "p ( ! lake4 ,,promis+ ,,indications ,,( ,,oil4 ,! ,devonian rocks ?r\gh\t ,mack5zie valley1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell reports1 are ne>ly ev]y:]e m or less petrolif]\s1 & ov] l>ge areas af=d promis+ indications ( ! pres5ce ( oil 9 workable quantities4 ,he /ates t he notic$1 9 desc5d+ ! ,mack5zie1 t bitum9\s lime/ones outcropp$ at ! 8,rock by ! ,riv] ,side01 at ,be> ,rock1 at ! ,ramp>ts1 & at num]\s o!r places4 ,ne> ,=t ,good ,hope sev]al t> spr+s exi/1 & x is f ^! t ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company n[ obta9 _! pr9cipal supply ( pit*4 ,! spr+s are situat$ at "s di/ance f ! riv] & 7 n exam9$4 ,/ill f>!r d[n1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! site ( old ,=t ,good ,hope1 ! riv] is bord]$ = sev]al miles by ev5ly b$d$ d>k %ales ( ,devonian age :i* are completely saturat$ ) oil4 ,! possible oil c\ntry along ,mack5zie valley1 he concludes1 is almo/ co-ext5sive ) t ( ! valley itself4 ,on ! ,mack5zie1 ! ,t]ti>y b$s at ! m\? ( ,be> riv] hold sev]al seams ( lignite1 rang+ 9 ?ickness f two to f\r feet1 & "o seam :i* 0 conceal$ at ! "t ( ,mr4 ,mc,connell's visit is report$ by ,ri*>dson to be n9e feet ?ick4 ,! lignite !re is ( inf]ior quality1 & has be5 burnt 9 _m places = "s di/ance f ! surface by fires :i* h be5 9 exi/5ce s9ce ! riv] 0 fir/ discov]$4 ,gypsum occurs 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! ,devonian rocks ( ,be> m\nta9 at ! m\? ( ,be> riv]4 ,,deposits ,,( ,,excell5t ,,salt4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell also explor$ "p ( ,salt riv] 9 #ahhg4 ,he report$3--8,sev]al salt spr+s dra9 into ,salt riv]1 ne> ,=t ,smi?1 ab\t tw5ty-five miles above its m\?4 ,! spr+s are enclos$ by small evaporat+ bas9s1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is ab\t fifte5 feet 9 diamet]1 & is cru/$ ) a rem>kably pure deposit ( sodic *loride4 ,! salt obta9$ "h is ( excell5t quality1 & has be5 us$ 9 ,mack5zie riv] di/rict = _m ye>s4 ,salt is also report$ to occur on ! headwat]s ( a small /ream :i* ent]s ! ,mack5zie ab\t fifte5 miles above ,=t ,norman40 ,mr4 ,mc,connell 9 #ahhg exam9$ ! ,nahanni ,butte at ! junction ( ,nahanni riv] ) ! ,li>d1 bel[ ,=t ,li>d1 & he /ates t copp] /a9s 7 not$ 9 a numb] ( places1 b no specim5s indicat+ deposits ( economic value 7 obta9$4 ,9 8 #ahic report reg>d+ 8 inve/igation ( ! ,a?abaska t>-s&-petroleum deposits1 ,mr4 ,mc,connell m5tion$1 z indicat+ ! pres5ce ( petroleum deposits ov] an imm5se area1 t nor? ( ,a?abaska di/rict 8t> occurs at int]vals 9 ! ,devonian lime/one expos$ along ! valleys ( ,slave riv] & ! ,mack5zie1 all ! way to ,arctic ocean40 ,,"s ,,notes ,,by ,,rev4 ,,fa!r ,,petitot4 ,pr(essor ,rob]t ,bell submitt$ to ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh a lett] receiv$ f ,rev4 ,fa!r ,petitot1 ,o4,m4,i41 ( ,=t ,good ,hope1 dat$ ,augu/ #af1 #ahgc1 9 reply to a lett] f ,pr(essor ,bell1 writt5 ,may #cj1 ! previ\s ye>4 ,! rev]5d g5tleman expla9$ 9 8 lett] t he _h travell$ ext5sively ?r\gh ?is va/ region1 & proce$$ to give a mo/ int]e/+ geological acc\nt ( ! c\ntry1 al?\gh he und\bt$ly disclaim$ any m]it z a geologi/4 ,po9ts ( practical int]e/ to :i* att5tion 0 drawn 9 ?is communication 7 ! foll[+3-- 8,to ! s\? & to ! ea/ ( ! banks ( ,great ,slave lake are flats1 compos$ ( alluvium & gravel4 ,on ! isl&s (f %ore asphalt is f\nd1 ! h>d5$ debris ( :i* is /rewn on ! bea*4 8,six miles above ,=t ,norman1 & = an ext5t ( f eight to t5 miles1 ! ,mack5zie is b\nd$ on its "r bank by a precipice :i* rea*es at fir/ ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height1 & gradually dim9i%es to a height ( ?irty feet4 ,x is a va/ ,t]ti>y deposit compos$ ( alt]nate /ratifications ( friable s*i/1 lignite1 pipe-clay & vegetable m\ld4 ,! s*i/s are 9 a /ate ( combu/ion w9t] & summ]1 b ! subt]ranean fire :i* %[s itself on ! surface ?r\gh smoke holes1 /9k+ ( bitum51 is int]mitt5t1 & breaks out sometimes at "o po9t1 sometimes at ano!r4 ,x is n always visible at ! surface1 b at o!rs is v active4 ,! soil is v hot1 damp & movable 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! smoke holes4 ,,crude ,,=ms ,,( ,,lignite4 8,! lignites are n fit = =g+ "w4 ,sometimes ev5 ! trunks ( ! trees :i* =m ! b$s ( x h be5 trans=m$ into clay2 h[ev]1 all ?is debris has evid5tly und]gone ! action ( fire4 8,great ,be> lake riv]1 or ,frankl9 riv]1 pres5ts alt]nations ( granite1 lime/one1 & coal-be>+ s&/one4 8,traces ( fire are visible 9 ! m\nta9 range at ! m\? ( ! dis*>ge ( ,great ,be> lake4 ,a little l[] d[n1 bel[ ! rock1 ! bea*es ( ! ,emir pres5t unequivocal traces ( o!r s*i/ose holes :i* h be5 ext9ct = a long "t1 b :i* ! writ] ( ! lett] f\nd 9 combu/ion 9 #ahfi4 8,! left bank ( ! ,mack5zie1 opposite ,ro*] ,r\ge1 exudes f]rug9\s wat]1 :i* /a9s all ! wat]-borne %+le ( ! bea* ) oxide ( iron4 ,?ree or f\r leagues bel[ ,=t ,good ,hope1 iron pyrites is f\nd on ! bea*1 & ! ,peaux de ,livre ,indians =m]ly us$ x 9 /rik+ fire4 8,on ! "r bank opposite ! site ( ! old ,=t ,good ,hope1 !re are natural ramp>ts ( lime/one or s*i/ose s&/one at ! m\? ( ,?und] riv]4 ,"o f9ds !re hematite1 or oxide ( iron2 sulphate ( iron & sulphate ( magnesia2 alum1 :i* exudes f ! fissures 9 ! /one2 & r$ o*re4 ,x 0 "h t ! ,peaux de ,livre ,indians discov]$ 9 anci5t times ! hematite1 :i* on acc\nt ( its col\r1 resembl+ ! dung ( ! black be>1 !y call$ ,sa-ts-anne1 t is to say1 be>s' excrem5t4 ,,exude ,,alum ,,& ,,saltpetre4 8,! second ramp>ts ( ! ,mack5zie1 call$ ! ,detroit or ,n>r[s1 are compos$ ( lias & lime/one1 :i* exude alum & saltpetre4 ,l[] d[n are s*i/ose s&/ones ( :i* ! ,esquimaux make ! heads ( _! arr[s4 8,on ! sea coa/ & ! "r bank ! ,esquimaux h told me t !re are caves conta9+ fossiliz$ bones ( l>ge ant$iluvian animals1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ma/odon1 ( :i* !y h %[n me pieces ( tusks ( ! f9e/ ivory :i* !y call killagv>k1 & :i* !y "k h[ to di/+ui% f ! ivory ( ! walrus1 or tur>k4 ,!y h also told me t !re are1 ^u ! sea %ore to ! ea/w>d1 ,t]ti>y deposits 9 combu/ion1 simil> to ^? at ,=t ,norman40 ,writ+ 9 8 report ( ! in=mation he _h obta9$ z to ! deposits ( economic m9]als 9 ,mack5zie valley1 ,william ,ogilvie1 ,d4,l4,s41 wrote z foll[s3--8,on ! ,mack5zie1 ! fir/ coal ,i he>d ( 0 a seam ( :i* ,mr4 ,mc,dougall at ,*ipewyan told me1 & :i* is situat$ 9 ! base ( ! m\nta9 j above ,rapid ,sans ,sault1 on ! ea/ side ( ! riv]4 ,he c\ld n give me any details conc]n+ its ext5t1 m ?an t he believ$ x to be ab\t f\r or five feet ?ick1 & t x 0 9 ! lime/one rock ( ! m\nta94 ,if ?is is true1 x indicates t ?is coal is old] ?an ! lignite coal ( ! c\ntry1 & probably mu* h>d] & bett]4 ,i did n "k ( its exi/5ce until ,i got to ,*ipewyan1 or ,i w\ld h tri$ to h _h a specim5 s5t out aft] me4 8,ab\t ?ree & a half miles above ,=t ,norman1 on ! ea/ bank ( ! riv]1 two ext5sive exposures ( lignite crop out4 ,! upp] "o is ov]laid by ab\t fifty feet ( clay & a few feet ( friable s&/one1 & is ab\t fifte5 feet ?ick4 ,! o!r seam is probably =ty feet bel[ ?is4 ,:5 ,i 0 !re x 0 ne>ly all "u wat]4 ,x is said to be z ?ick z1 if n ?ick] ?an1 ! upp] "o4 ,,on ,,fire ,,= ,,ov] ,a ,,c5tury4 8,! upp] seam has be5 on fire = ov] "o hundr$ ye>s1 z x 0 burn+ :5 ,sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie pass$ 9 #aghi4 ,! place is locally kn[n z le ,b\can4 ,! fire ext5ds at pres5t ab\t two miles along ! riv]1 n cont9u\sly b at int]vals4 ,:5 ,i pass$1 x 0 burn+ 9 ?ree or f\r places4 ,aft] x has burn$ a c]ta9 di/ance into ! seam ! ov]ly+ mass ( clay falls d[n &1 to "s ext5t1 suppresses ! fire4 ,?is clay is 9 "t bak$ into a r$ color$ rock1 9 :i* are f\nd innum]able impressions ( leaves ( plants4 ,"s specim5s ( ^! ,i br\ght home1 & h&$ to ,doctor ,dawson4 ,traces ( ?is r$ rock 7 notic$ on ! bank f\rte5 miles bel[ ,=t ,norman1 b no trace ( lignite 0 se5 ne> x1 hav+ probably be5 all burn$4 8,! burn+ seam appe>s to be ( poor quality1 conta9+ mu* %ale & s&1 :i* is conv]t$ by ! heat into scori4 ,x did n appe> to me t x w\ld be difficult to cut (f all ! burn+ places1 & ?us /op ! fur!r advance ( ! fire1 :i* is de/roy+ :at yet may be ( use4 ,9 ord] to f9d if ! combu/ion c\ld be *eck$ ,i took a %ovel at "o place & soon _h all ! burn+ coal = a %ort di/ance cut (f completely1 s t ! fire ceas$ = a "t at t spot4 ,x is a pity t at lea/ an attempt to put out ! fire is n made4 ,_m p]sons 9 t di/rict h an idea t x is subt]rane\s1 & t ! seat ( x _c be rea*$4 ,?is is a mi/ake1 z at ! po9t m5tion$ ,i clean$ (f ! fire f ! face ( ! seam to its base & f\nd und]nea? no trace ( burn+4 ,! l[] seam appe>s to be ( bett] quality1 !re be+ no %ale or s& mix$ ) x1 s f> z ,i c\ld see4 ,heavy ra9 deta9$ u "h = two days1 & we burn$ a good deal ( lignite f ! l[] seam1 z we c\ld n rea* ! top ( ! bank to procure wood1 & c\ld f9d only a log or two ( driftwood4 ,! coal burn$ well 9 ! op5 air1 & ?rew out a mu* /rong] heat ?an a wood fire4 ,^! seams are visible at frequ5t int]vals along ! bank = eight & a half miles1 aft] :i* n a trace ( !m appe>s = sev5 miles1 :]e !re is ano!r small exposure at ! wat]'s edge4 ,?is seam appe>s1 f ! reports ( _m travell]s1 to ext5d up ,great ,be> riv] = a consid]able di/ance4 ,no o!r traces ( coal 7 obs]v$ on ! riv]4 8,:ile at ,=t ,good ,hope ,i notic$ t _m ( ! outbuild+s & f5ces 7 pa9t$ ) a dull r$ color+ matt]1 :i*1 on inquiry1 ,i f\nd consi/$ ( ! a%es ( wood t _h la9 9 ! riv] = "s ye>s4 ,x 0 said popl> trees yield$ ! be/ pa9t & t logs t _h be5 9 ! riv] long en\gh 7 kn[n by ! dull blue color ( ! wood4 ,a sample ( ! a%es ,i br\ght home1 & h&$ to ,doctor ,dawson4 ,x may be t ! color is due to ! pres5ce ( oxide ( iron2 if s1 ?is w\ld indicate ! exi/5ce 9 ! wat] ( iron 9 solution4 ,b :]e ! iron comes f is a my/]y1 z none ( ?is peculi> wood 0 se5 or he>d ( 9 ! upp] riv]4 ,! inf]5ce is t ! iron occurs f> d[n 9 ! riv]1 b :e!r 9 ! soil or 9 ! b$s on "s ( ! tribut>y /reams1 or :e!r x is iron at all1 has yet to be det]m9$4 ,,indians ,,report ,,mica4 8,! ,indians report v l>ge deposits ( mica on ! s\? side ( ,great ,slave lake1 & h br\ght small samples ( x to ,=t ,resolution4 ,:ile !re ,i tri$ to get a specim51 b none 0 available4 ,x is describ$ z be+ v abundant4 8,no o!r m9]als ( economic value 7 se5 or he>d (1 except bitum54 ,on ! way up 7f ,=t ,provid5ce to ,*ipewyan7 ! fir/ indication ( ?is 0 se5 on ,great ,slave lake1 9 ! =m ( ! bitum9\s lime/one :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,t> spr+s1 z !y are call$ 9 ! vic9ity1 exi/ on ! lake4 ,i d n "k ( any ( !m on ,slave riv]1 b !y ab\nd on ! ,a?abaska f ne> ! delta = ov] two hundr$ miles up1 & "o is report$ only a few miles f ,a?abaska1 less ?an "o hundr$ miles f ,edmonton40 ,mr4 von ,ham]/e91 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate 9 #aijg1 /at$ t up ! riv]s t fl[ into ! ,mack5zie !re are l>ge quantities ( native salt ?r[n up4 ,x is mo/ly und]gr\nd1 & !re seems to be a crat]4 ,! salt appe>s to be close to ! gr\nd 9 l>ge quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,roman ,ca?olic ,mission at ,=t ,resolution4 ,mr4 ,keele1 9 ! report ( 8 explorations 9 #aijh1 /ates3--8,drift lignite is f\nd on ! l[] "p ( ,gravel riv]1 :i* is no d\bt d]iv$ f ! ,t]ti>y coal-be>+ areas ( ,mack5zie bas94 ,hematite occurs on ,gravel riv] ab\t t5 miles bel[ ! m\? ( ,natla riv]4 ,?is iron ore is co>sely lam9at$ ) r$ silice\s slate1 hav+ a ?ickness ( f fifty to "o hundr$ feet1 & is int]b$d$ betwe5 conglom]ate & dolomite4 ,an assay ( an av]age sample ( ?is ore 0 made at ! assay (fice ( ! ,m9es bran*1 & gave only tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( iron40 ,,two ,,hundr$ ,,squ>e ,,miles ,,( ,,coal4 ,mr4 ,brock1 ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 9 8 report = #aiji1 quot$ an e/imate made by ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+ t ! kn[n available coal area 9 ,mack5zie di/rict is two hundr$ squ>e miles1 repres5t+ five hundr$ million tons ( lignite4 ,t]ti>y coal is kn[n to exi/ 9 l>ge quantities along ! ,arctic coa/ ea/ ( ! ,mack5zie & 9 ! ,arctic isl&s4 ,doctor ,arm/rong f\nd x on ,banks ,l& & ,doctor ,ri*>dson m5tions t 8! ,g>ry isl&s1 ly+ (f ! ,mack5zie1 conta9 b$s ( a ,t]ti>y coal :i* takes fire spontane\sly on exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,high] up ! ,mack5zie1 at ! junction ( ,be> lake riv]1 on ! #fe? p>allel ( latitude1 !re is a ,t]ti>y coal deposit ( consid]able ext5t1 :i* yields h& specim5s entirely simili> to ,g>ry isl& ones40 ,9 8 annual report = #aiaa1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,saund]s1 ,d4,s4,o41 ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 comm&+ ! =ce 9 ! ,a?abaska1 ,peace & ,mack5zie c\ntries1 wrote3--8,v little progress has be5 made ov] la/ ye> 9 ! developm5t ( ! m9]al res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,?ree companies are bor+ = oil ne> ,mc,murray b ,i _c asc]ta9 t !y h met ) mu* success4 ,no "w is be+ done 9 connection ) ! t> s&s al?\gh v fav\rable reports h be5 made z to _! value = asphalt & /reet pav+1 probably ! lack ( transportation facilities is ! reason ( ! delay4 8,f ,mack5zie riv] sub-di/rict ,i h reports ( a few prospectors 9 diff]5t p>ts1 b ( no success4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,f4 ,mc,rae1 h[ev]1 :o w5t d[n ! ,mack5zie 9 #aiaj & w5t out ! same ye>1 has return$ aga9 ) a p>ty & well equipp$ outfit1 consi/+ ( a p[]ful gasol9e laun*1 ?ree sc[s ) provisions1 two horses1 etc4 ,he & "o ( ! o!r memb]s h _! wives ) !m1 & are w9t]+ ne> ! m\? ( ,h]s*ell riv]4 ,! fact ( 8 hav+ gone back 9 ?is mann] w\ld indicate t he has made a discov]y ( "s k9d1 ! nature ( :i* has n be5 disclos$1 z ! :ole p>ty are v retic5t40 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,mack5zie ,,riv]4 ,game1 ,fur-be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 ,ov] ,=ty ,moose ,kill$ 9 "o ,season ,ne> ,=t ,simpson4--,c>ib\ ( bo? ,woodl& & ,b>r5 ,l&s ,v>ieties ,pl5tiful4--,pass ,great ,slave lake 9 ,c\ntless ,numb]s4--,m\nta9 ,%eep ,pl5tiful 9 ! ,m\nta9\s ,di/ricts4--,incr$ible ,numb]s ( ,geese1 ,swans & ,ducks 9 ,season4--,inexhau/ible ,supplies ( ,fi%4--,! ,speckl$ ,tr\t1 ,lake ,tr\t1 ,grayl+1 ,h]r+1 ,inconnu1 etc4 ,ev]yone :o has visit$ ,mack5zie riv] region seems to h be5 mu* impress$ ) ! v>iety & ! quantity ( ! fi% & ! game !re1 all ! books writt5 by ! explor]s1 trad]s1 mission>ies & sportsm5 :o h visit$ ! c\ntry1 conta9+ num]\s ref]5ces to its wond]ful res\rces 9 ?is respect4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! fi% & ! game ( ! c\ntry h hi!rto be5 & /ill are ! support ( ! sl5d] resid5t population1 & w play a v important "p 9 ! ultimate developm5t ( ! region4 ,)\t discuss+ ! comm]cial value ( ! app>5tly inexhau/ible inl& & coa/wise fi%]ies1 x might be po9t$ out t once settlem5t beg9s to fl[ into ! c\ntry ! f9e wat]s & imm5se game ranges ( ?is huge c\ntry w contribute mo/ usefully t[>ds ! support ( ! pione] settl]s dur+ ! critical p]iod :5 ! local agricultural1 lumb]+ & m9+ indu/ries are 9 _! e>ly exp]im5tal /ages4 ,und\bt$ly1 too1 ! game & fi%]ies w contribute1 z !y h done else:]e1 to ! ultimate developm5t ( ! c\ntry by attract+ to m remote sections sportsm5 :o by reason ( _! natural intellig5ce1 _w exp]i5ce1 education & influ5tial connections1 are sure to discov] & to attract att5tion to natural res\rces at pres5t un?\ght (4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,fur ,%ipm5t ( ,"o ,season f ,mack5zie bas91 e/imat$ value ov] two million1 five hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,frequ5t ref]5ces h be5 made 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s to ! "w accompli%$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey1 9 ! ,mack5zie c\ntry 9 #aija & #aijc1 & to 8 report 8,nor? ,am]ican ,fauna1 ,no4 #bg10 publi%$ by ! ,biological ,survey at ,wa%+ton 9 #aijh4 ,9 no respect is ?is altoge!r admirable report m in/ructive ?an 9 its complete ref]5ces to ! game & ! fi%]ies4 ,mr4 ,preble naturally devotes mu* att5tion to t mon>* among nor!rn game animals1 ! moose4 ,,! ,,maje/ic ,,moose4 ,mr4 ,preble po9ts out t 8,he>ne 0 ! fir/ to record moose f ! ,mack5zie region1 f9d+ !m #8v pl5tiful1' on ! s\? side ( ,great ,slave lake1 ea/ ( ! m\? ( ,slave riv]1 dur+ ! w9t] ( #agga-gb1 :ile on 8 way back to ,*ur*ill dur+ 8 fam\s j\rney ( exploration40 ,h>mon not$ _! occurr5ce on ! pla9s ( ,peace riv] 9 #ahjh4 8,dur+ ,frankl9's fir/ nor!rn j\rney a moose 0 kill$ ne> ,=t ,ent]prise 9 ! spr+ ( #ahba40 ,dur+ 8 second exp$ition moose 7 kill$ on ,ellice isl&1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie1 9 ! summ] ( #ahbe1 & ne> ,=t ,frankl9 9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye>1 & 9 ,febru>y1 #ahbf4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #ahcd1 :ile ,back's exp$ition 0 w9t]+ at ,=t ,reliance1 a moose 0 kill$ on 8,fi% riv]0 79 all probability ! ,!lon1 or ,ark-i-l9ik7 sev]al days' travel ea/ ( ,great ,slave lake4 ,simpson reports t tracks ( moose 7 se5 on ,mac,tavish bay1 ,great ,be> lake1 dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahcg-ch4 ,ross record$ specim5s tak5 at ,=t ,good ,hope & ,=t ,simpson4 ,lockh>t1 writ+ 9 #ahfe on ! habits ( moose1 /ates t !y 7 r>ely kill$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,=t ,rae1 ?\gh !y 7 q num]\s at ,big isl& & along ! s\? %ore ( ,great ,slave lake1 & t ! moose ( ,peel riv] & ! ,yukon are mu* l>g] ?an ^? 9 ,great ,slave lake region4 ,:ile explor+ 9 a c\ntry betwe5 ,a?abaska lake & ,*ur*ill riv] 9 ! summ] ( #ahib1 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell f\nd t ! moose occurr$ ?r\gh\t ! m ?ickly wood$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry z f> nor? z ,/one riv]1 ne> ! ea/]n end ( ,a?abaska lake4 ,russell /ates t a moose 0 kill$ ne> ! m\? ( ,yell[knife riv]1 ,great ,slave lake1 9 ,augu/ #aijc4 ,a4 ,j4 ,/one records ! moose f sev]al po9ts 9 l[] ,mack5zie valley1 giv+ evid5ce z to ! l>ge size ( ! animals f\nd !re1 & f ! headwat]s ( ,nahanni riv]1 :]e !y ab\nd4 8,dur+ ! e>ly autumn ( #ahie a moose 0 kill$ by a memb] ( ,lor+'s p>ty ne> ! headwat]s ( ,mc,leod riv]4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahif1 fre% tracks 7 se5 almo/ daily along ! trail betwe5 ,smoky riv] & ,jasp] ,h\se4 ,,f\nd ,,to ,,be ,,r ,,common4 8,9 ! spr+ ( #aijc1 :ile desc5d+ ,a?abaska & ,slave riv]s to ,great ,slave lake1 we saw tracks ( moose occasionally1 b obs]v$ none ( ! animals4 ,dur+ _! return trip 9 ! fall1 h[ev]1 my bro!r & ,c>y saw a "y "o on ! ,a?abaska above ,a?abaska4 ,9 ! lake c\ntry betwe5 ,=t ,rae & ,great ,be> lake1 dur+ my nor?w>d trip 9 ! same autumn1 ! moose 0 f\nd to be r common1 & became m abundant z we approa*$ ,great ,be> lake1 ow+ to ! c\ntry be+ bett] suit$ to its ne$s4 ,tracks 7 (t5 se5 on ! portages1 & a l>ge bull 0 obs]v$ on an inlet ( ,mac,tavish bay on ,augu/ #be4 ,along ! s\!rn %ore ( ,great ,be> lake we f\nd x a common & 9 "s places an abundant species4 ,ev5 9 ! expos$ & semib>r5 c\ntry 9 ! region ( ,lei? po9t a few are f\nd1 & a female 0 kill$ !re by my ,indian canoeman on ,septemb] #a4 ,ow+ to ! rocky nature ( its haunts1 ! ho(s ( ?is animal 7 mu* worn & blunt$4 ,we/ ( ,mc,vicar bay1 especially along ! base ( ,grizzly ,be> m\nta91 ! species 0 f\nd to be abundant & num]\s fre% tracks 7 se5 :]ev] we l&$4 ,its abundance "h is p>tially expla9$ by ! fact t !re are imm5se areas ab\nd+ ) its prop] food4 ,a p>ty ( natives se5 ne> ,manito isl&s _h repeat$ly />t$ moose )\t kill+ "o1 :ile my ,dogrib 7,indian7 canoeman1 9 a f> m difficult c\ntry1 _h secur$ ! only animal he hunt$4 ,moose are seldom f\nd ab\t ,=t ,frankl91 ow+ d\btless to ! place hav+ be5 a fav\rite resort ( natives s9ce "t immemorial1 b !y are said to be common along ,be> riv]4 ,:ile asc5d+ ! ,mack5zie 9 ,octob] we frequ5tly saw fre% tracks4 ,,ov] ,,=ty ,,moose ,,kill$4 8,dur+ ! w9t] ( #aijc-d upw>ds ( =ty moose 7 kill$ )9 tw5ty-five miles ( ,=t ,simpson1 & moose meat compris$ an important item ( our food4 ,dur+ a trip d[n ! riv] 9 ,janu>y ,i saw ! tracks ( a b& ( f\r or five ab\t ?irty miles bel[ ,=t ,simpson4 ,an area ( consid]able size on ! slop+ side ( ! valley1 gr[n up to will[s1 _h af=d$ a f9e fe$+ gr\nd1 & 0 well trampl$4 ,! animals _h w&]$ out on ! sn[y surface ( ! riv] also1 & _h trott$ ab\t app>5tly ) no p>ticul> aim1 p]haps 9 play40 ,mr4 ,keele1 9 ! report ( 8 reconnaissance across ,mack5zie m\nta9s1 & d[n ! valley ( ,gravel riv] to ! ,mack5zie1 9 #aijg & #aijh1 says3--8,!re are a few moose scatt]$ along ! valley ( ,gravel riv]1 b x is n a good moose c\ntry1 z !re are no small lakes1 & on acc\nt ( ! n>r[ valleys1 & l[ timb] l9e1 ! area ov] :i* !y c fe$ is re/rict$40 ,mr4 ,preble obs]v$ num]\s tracks ( bo? moose & be> along ! left =k ( ,lockh>t riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,&]son4 ,,! ,,c>ib\ ,,or ,,c>iboo4 ,mr4 ,preble also devotes consid]able space 9 8 report to in=mation ab\t ! c>ib\ 7(t5 spell$ 8c>iboo071 ano!r ( ! notable l>g] game animals ( ?is region4 ,he writes3--8,mr4 ,brabant1 ( ,=t ,smi?1 in=m$ me t c>ib\ 7 unusually common 9 t vic9ity dur+ ! w9t] ( #aijb-c4 ,capta9 ,mills1 ( ! /eam] ,wrigley1 told me t he saw "o on ,slave riv]1 ne> ,mc,connell isl&1 on ,july #e1 #aijc4 ,! ,dogribs say t a few are f\nd 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,=t ,rae & ,great ,be> lake4 ,along ! l[] ,li>d ! animals are occasionally detect$ 9 small b&s & are (t5 kill$4 ,c>ib\ meat 0 sev]al times br\ght 9 to ,=t ,simpson dur+ my resid5ce !re1 b all my ef=ts to secure a specim5 fail$4 ,! natives ab\t !re di/+ui% betwe5 ! wood c>ib\ ( ! l[l&s & ^? ( ! m\nta9s1 & say t ! =m] is small] & light] 9 col\r ?an ! m\nta9 animal4 ,woodl& c>ib\ /ill occur along ! ,saskat*ewan ne> ,edmonton1 & ,e4 ,e4 ,:itley1 :o lives on ,s&y creek1 tw5ty miles s\? ( ,a?abaska1 ,alb]ta1 /at$ t he _h se5 a few 9 t vic9ity4 ,,! ,,woodl& ,,c>ib\4 8,! pres5ce ( ! woodl& c>ib\ 9 ?is region 0 fir/ not$ by ,he>ne1 :o ref]s to ! species z #8,indian ,de]4' ,dur+ 8 j\rney s\?w>d f ,copp]m9e riv] he saw _m 9 ! sp>sely wood$ c\ntry nor? ( ! ea/]n "p ( ,great ,slave lake 9 ,decemb]1 #agga4 ,:ile cross+ ! lake on ! ice he f\nd ! wood$ isl&s #8well /ock$' ) ! same species4 ,de] 7c>ib\7 are enum]at$ by ,ri*>dson among ! animals said to inhabit ,bir* m\nta9 we/ ( l[] ,a?abaska riv]4 ,:ile explor+ 9 ! region betwe5 ,a?abaska lake & ,*ur*ill riv] 9 ! summ] ( #ahib1 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell asc]ta9$ t ! woodl& c>ib\ 0 report$ #8to occur 9 ! m s\!rn portion ( ! di/rict1 ne> ,*ur*ill riv]1 b none 7 se54' 8,r4 ,mac,farlane1 9 a lett] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey1 writt5 9 ,janu>y1 #aijb1 /ates t ! woodl& c>ib\ inhabits ! c\ntry betwe5 ,lake ,w9nipeg & ,a?abaska lake1 & ?\gh n[h]e 9 l>ge numb]s is m abundant on ! s\!rn ?an on ! nor!rn %ores ( ?is lake4 ,betwe5 ,a?abaska & ,great ,slave lakes he /ates t 8! animal is *iefly met ) on ! we/ side ( ,slave riv]1 & ?r\gh all ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ,peace riv] & ,great ,slave lake4 ,,! ,,migratory ,,h]ds4 8,along ! s\!rn %ore ( ,great ,be> lake1 especially at ! po9t :]e we rea*$ x on ,mac,tavish bay1 num]\s well-worn trails te/ify to ! great numb]s ( c>ib\ t pass back & =? 9 spr+ & fall4 ,!y arrive f ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds ab\t ! "t ( ! fir/ deep sn[s1 usually by ! middle ( ,octob]1 & sometimes ext5d _! migration we/ to ! outlet ( ! lake1 ?\gh !y are n common 9 t vic9ity4 ,9 ! spr+ ! great] numb] return1 ?\gh a few rema9 ?r\gh ! summ] on ! semib>r5 areas ne> ,lei? po9t1 & we/w>d to ! vic9ity ( ,mc,vicar bay4 ,we saw fre% tracks ( a numb] ne> our camp ea/ ( ,lei? po9t dur+ ! e>ly days ( ,septemb]4 8,! ,h>e ,indians liv+ ab\t ! s\!rn & we/]n %ores ( ,great ,be> lake1 repair to its ea/]n end ab\t ! end ( ,july1 usually coa/+ ! s\!rn %ore1 & sp5d a mon? or two among ! c>ib\ on ! treeless c\ntry betwe5 ! ea/]n end ( ! lake & ! l[] ,copp]m9e1 return+ to _! w9t] hunt+ gr\nds e>ly 9 ,octob]4 8,dur+ ! w9t] ( #aijc-d1 c>ib\ rea*$ ! ,nor!rn ,arm & ! ea/]n "p ( ,great ,slave lake 9 great numb]s & "s 7 kill$ )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! build+s at ,=t ,rae = ! fir/ "t 9 sev]al ye>s4 ,,we/ ,,( ,,! ,,mack5zie4 8,mr4 ,john ,fir?1 ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 = _m ye>s /ation$ at ,=t ,mc,pherson & on ,porcup9e riv]1 in=m$ me t ! h]ds ( c>ib\ we/ ( ! ,mack5zie h a semi-annual movem5t to & f ! sea-coa/4 ,9 _! j\rneys !y head t[>d ! prevail+ w9ds1 & consequ5tly occasionally pass to ! ea/w>d ( ! m\nta9s1 ?\gh usually to ! we/w>d4 ,! s\?w>d movem5t comm5ces 9 ,augu/1 & ext5ds only ab\t f\r hundr$ miles4 ,!y />t to return 9 ,m>*4 ,?\gh ! bulk ( ! animals !n proce$ to ! coa/1 a few rema9 ?r\gh\t ! summ] 9 ! elevat$ & semib>r5 c\ntry betwe5 ! ,peel & ! ,porcup9e4 ,! ,indians f ,la ,pi]re ,h\se1 :o arriv$ at ,=t ,mc,pherson dur+ my /ay !re e>ly 9 ,july1 #aijd1 hav+ cross$ ! m\nta9s on foot1 _h kill$ a few ( ^! animals on ! way4 ,,! ,,b>r5 ,,gr\nd ,,c>ib\4 8,dur+ ,frankl9's fir/ nor!rn j\rney1 ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd species 0 fir/ met ) on ! upp] "p ( ,yell[knife riv]1 ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/1 #ahbj2 t[>d ! end ( ,septemb] x _h become common ab\t ,=t ,ent]prise2 on ,octob] #aj an e/imat$ numb] ( two ?\s& 7 se5 dur+ a %ort walk 9 ! vic9ity2 by ,octob] #bf1 !y _h dep>t$ s\?w>d1 b ab\t ! middle ( ,novemb]1 on acc\nt ( w>m] wea!r1 !y return$ to ! neighb\rhood4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ summ]1 :ile ! p>ty 0 explor+ ! ,arctic coa/ to ! ea/w>d ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 c>ib\ 7 f\nd to be r common at ! m\? ( ,hood riv]1 & 7 not$ also on ,p>ry bay & at ,po9t ,turnaga94 ,dur+ ,frankl9's second j\rney1 re9de] 7 kill$ ne> ,=t ,frankl91 ,great ,be> lake4 ,j4 ,c4 ,ross /ates t great numb]s 7 se5 ab\t ! ,i/hmus ( ,boo?ia4 8,dur+ ,ri*>dson's j\rney along ! ,arctic coa/ ea/ ( ! ,mack5zie1 9 ! summ] ( #ahdh1 he obs]v$ ! species ne> ,liv]pool bay 9 ,augu/1 & on ,d>nley bay lat] 9 ! same mon?1 & saw _m at ,bloody fall1 on ! l[] ,copp]m9e1 on ,septemb] #e4 8,we/ ( ! ,mack5zie !y are /ill abundant along ! b>r5 coa/ & 9 ! m\nta9s s\? ( x4 ,!y migrate s\?w>d 9 autumn1 b h[ f> is n kn[n4 ,ramp>t ,h\se 0 a #8de] po/1' be+ situat$ 9 a pass trav]s$ semi-annually by ! c>ib\4 8,! :al]s report$ t ! c>ib\ 7 abundant among ! isl&s betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie & ,cape ,ba?ur/ 9 ,july1 #ahid40 ,,game ,,at ,,=t ,,confid5ce4 ,ex-,judge ,malcolm ,macleod1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee 9 #ahhh1 ref]r$ to a v int]e/+ lett] 8 fa!r _h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,?omas ,simpson1 ! ,arctic explor]1 dat$ f ,=t ,confid5ce at ! nor!a/ end ( ,great ,be> lake4 ,=t ,confid5ce 01 at ! "t ?is evid5ce 0 giv51 ! mo/ nor!rly habitation on ?is cont95t t 0 inhabit$ by :ite m54 ,x 0 )9 ! ,arctic circle 7#fg degrees #ec m9utes & #cf seconds74 ,simpson spoke ( ! food res\rces ( ,=t ,confid5ce z be+ abundant4 ,! di/ances betwe5 po/s 7 s great t ev5 ,dease & ,simpson's1 :i* 0 a ,hudson bay exp$ition ?or\ghly equipp$1 c\ld c>ry food b>ely suffici5t = use on ! way4 ,!y 7 !re ?ree w9t]s 7^? ( #ahcf-cg1 '#cg-ch & '#ch-ci71 ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 & nev] fail$ a s+le day to h an abundant supply ( food4 ,frankl9 suff]$ m1 because 8 p>ty 0 n s well equipp$ at times1 b x is a /rik+ fact t1 not)/&+ ! sev]ity ( ! climate1 especially 9 #ahch1 :5 ! lett] 0 writt5--an exceptionally sev]e season--!y nev] ran %ort ( food4 ,!y _h abundance ( fi%1 de] 7c>ib\71 musk ox1 & meat ( o!r k9ds at all times4 ,=t ,rae1 on ! nor!rn bran* ( ,great ,slave lake1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 :o visit$ x 9 #ahhh1 is surr\nd$ by a de] c\ntry1 & is look$ on r z a provision po/ ?an z a fur po/1 al?\gh x also ranks high 9 ! latt] respect4 ,9 ! w9t]1 ?\s&s ( ! 8,b>r5 ,l&s0 c>ib\1 :i* h be5 driv5 s\? by ! sev]ity ( ! climate1 are slaught]$ 9 its vic9ity1 & _! fle% is conv]t$ into dry meat = use 9 ! di/rict4 ,mr4 ,keele says 9 8 report3--8,c>ib\ 7 obs]v$ only at "o locality on ,gravel riv]1 ne> ! edge ( ! fir/ timb]1 ab\t tw5ty miles f ! divide40 ,,9 ,,c\ntless ,,numb]s4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,h>rison1 writ+ ( 8 fir/ visit to ,great ,slave lake 9 #aijb & #aijc 78,9 ,se>* ( a ,pol> ,cont95t071 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t3--8,! fir/ w9t] t ,i sp5t on ?is lake ,i w5t out aft] c>ib\ & :5 we got among !m1 aft] six days' h>d travell+1 !y 7 9 c\ntless numb]s4 ,?is is no exagg]ation4 ,!y 7 on a lake t5 miles 9 l5g? & five 9 wid?1 & x 0 pack$ s closely ) de] t y c\ld n cat* a glimpse ( ! ice-floor+ any:]e4 ,we />t$ f ,=t ,resolution on t occasion ) ?irty sl$ges1 b only five ( ^! arriv$4 ,! mode ( hunt+ employ$ 0 curi\s4 ,clad 9 de]sk91 ! hairy side ( :i* 0 out]mo/1 "o ,indian walk$ "r ?r\gh ! de] to ! o!r end ( ! lake1 )\t any ( !m tak+ mu* notice ( him4 ,?is surpris$ me v mu*1 nor 0 ! cause = surprise at an end4 ,two m ,indians1 clad 9 ! same way1 foll[$ at a di/ance ( ab\t two miles beh9d ! fir/1 "o on ea* side ( ! lake1 & ea* ( ^! 0 simil>ly foll[$ by yet ano!r1 :il/ ,i myself rema9$ :]e ,i 0 at ! l[] end ( ! lake4 ,:5 ! =emo/ ,indian _h rea*$ ! o!r end1 he began to %\t1 & ! de]1 n kn[+ :i* way to g1 />t$ runn+ r\nd & r\nd ! lake4 ,i kill$ half a doz5 myself1 & my companions ea* br\ght home a load4 ,_h ,i c>$ to d s1 ,i c\ld h kill$ _m m4 8,at ! nor? end ( ,great ,slave lake lies ,*ri/ie bay & ?irty miles nor!a/ ( ?is bay is a second bay1 ( consid]able size1 enclos+ an isl&1 on :i*1 ^u ano!r occasion1 ,i _h pit*$ my camp4 ,i 0 j cook+ my midday meal1 :5 a h]d ( de] pass$ )9 a few y>ds ( ! camp fire1 & ,i kill$ five ( !m 9 z _m m9utes4 ,9 ?is locality ,i /ay$ = a :ole mon?1 ) "o ,indian1 & aft] cat]+ = ourselves & = our dogs1 ,i made a ca*e ( fifty de]1 "s ( :i* ,i gave to ! mission1 & "s to ,mr4 ,gaudet1 9 *>ge ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's po/ "h4 ,! end ( ,novemb] & ! :ole ( ,decemb] is ! be/ "t ( ye> = go+ f ,=t ,resolution aft] c>ib\40 ,mr4 ,h>rison also m5tions t 8 p>ty1 :ile camp+ or travell+ ab\t ! c\ntry ar\nd ! delta ( ! ,mack5zie 9 #aije & #aijf1 (t5 %ot c>ib\4 ,,o!r ,,big ,,game--,,! ,,m\nta9 ,,%eep4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] l5g?y ref]5ce has be5 made to ! wood buffalo1 ! mo/ nor!rn port ( ^: range lies 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry imm$iately "u consid]ation4 ,besides ! moose1 c>ib\1 & buffalo1 ! game animals ( ! ,mack5zie include ! r$ de]1 be>s ( sev]al k9ds1 ! lynx1 ! h>e1 ! wolv]9e1 ! m\nta9 %eep1 etc41 etc4 ,mr4 ,keele1 9 8 report ( 8 reconnaissance across ! ,mack5zie m\nta9s 9 #aijg & #aijh1 /ates t m\nta9 %eep are pl5tiful on p>ts ( ,gravel riv]1 p>ticul>ly on ! l[ m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,sayunei & ! ,tigonankwe9e ranges4 ,among ! hundr$s ( %eep se5 by ! writ] 9 ?is locality none b ^? ) pure :ite wool 7 obs]v$4 ,! %eep are highly priz$ = _! heads1 & on acc\nt ( _! fle%1 :i* is ! be/ ( all ! wild meat2 consequ5tly !y are hunt$ to ext]m9ation 9 any ( ! accessible localities4 ,z to ! small] fur-be>+ animals1 ! beav]1 m9k1 ott]1 m>t51 erm9e1 fox1 etc41 !y exi/ 9 great numb]s & su/a9 ! only pres5t indu/ry 9 ! c\ntry1 ! fur trade4 ,,fea!r$ ,,game4 ,z to ! fea!r$ game !re are gr\se & pt>migan1 & 9 season ducks ( all k9ds1 geese1 etc4 ,9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 ,bi%op ,clut /at$ t ,mack5zie riv]1 :]e x leaves ,great ,slave lake1 & ! m\?s ( ,a?abaska1 ,peace1 ,salt & ,great ,slave ,lake riv]s1 7 places :]e ! imp]ial birds 7out>des71 ! grey goose1 ! :ite goose1 l>ge & small1 & ! swan pref] to /op to fatt5 !mselves4 ,!y 7 !re 9 su* numb]s sometimes 9 ! spr+ & ! autumn t "o c\ld h>dly sleep :5 camp+ ne> !m4 ,^! f[l rema9$ !re ne>ly six weeks ea* spr+ & z long 9 ! autumn4 ,! ducks pass$ all summ] !re4 ,! out>des1 ! grey goose1 :ite goose 7l>ge & small71 swans1 ducks ( num]\s species & v>ieties are ( great value1 & con/itute ! great] "p ( ! p's food 9 ! spr+ & ! autumn4 ,^! f[l are v num]\s4 ,! numb] ( !m is incalculable4 ,,inexhau/ible ,,supplies ,,( ,,fi%4 ,! weal? ( ! ,mack5zie c\ntry 9 fre% wat] fi% may be said to be a tradition4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sections to sportsm51 ( t "p ( ,mr4 ,preble's report ref]r+ to ! fi% ( ! ,mack5zie bas91 is t "u ! head+ 8,speckl$ ,tr\t10 9 :i* he says3--8,"u ?is g5]al head+ ,i include a few notes collect$ f v>i\s s\rces reg>d+ ! occurr5ce ( speckl$ or brook tr\t1 probably ( sev]al species1 9 a numb] ( widely sep>at$ localities 9 ! ,mack5zie bas94 ,mr4 ,john ,fir?1 ( ,=t ,mc,pherson1 assur$ me t speckl$ tr\t are f\nd 9 ,we/ ,rat riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,porcup9e we/ ( ,=t ,mc,pherson4 ,x is probable t ^! are ei!r ,salmo mykiss or ,salvel9us malma1 bo? ( :i* are kn[n to occur 9 ,alaskan /reams4 ,9 ,ea/ ,rat riv]1 also1 :i* is connect$ ) ! we/w>d fl[+ /ream 7& !re=e may conta9 tr\t ( ! same species71 b :i* fl[s ea/w>d into ! ,peel1 he said t speckl$ tr\t are common4 ,mr4 ,fir? also in=m$ me t a =m ( speckl$ tr\t is f\nd 9 ! /ream :i* ent]s ! sea a %ort di/ance we/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie4 ,mr4 ,mac,farlane /ates t speckl$ tr\t h be5 tak5 9 l[] ,&]son riv]4 ,z anadrom\s tr\t ( ! ,salvel9us alp9us type are kn[n to occur 9 ! ,copp]m9e1 ^! records may ref] to ! same species4 ,i also le>n$ f sev]al indep5d5t s\rces t speckl$ tr\t occur 9 ,tawatt9aw & 9 "o or two o!r tribut>ies ( ! ,a?abaska1 b ,i 0 nev] able to procure specim5s40 ,,! ,,arctic ,,grayl+4 ,be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson /at$ t 9 all ! wat]s tribut>y to ! ,mack5zie1 ! ,arctic grayl+1 or ,back's grayl+1 :i* is an excell5t fi%1 0 to be f\nd4 ,x is a fi% resembl+ ! tr\t 9 appe>ance & size1 b has a v l>ge back f94 ,x is a v game fi% v mu* l ! tr\t1 takes ! fly & is excell5t eat+4 ,t fi% witness f\nd 9 ! headwat]s ( ! ,mack5zie1 z f> up z ! v s\rce ( ,peace riv]1 & also t ( ,li>d riv]4 ,x also occurs 9 ,nelson riv] to its headwat]s4 ,x is a purely fre% wat] fi%1 & a two-p\nd] w\ld be a fair siz$ "o4 ,mr4 ,keele1 speak+ ( 8 reconnaissance explorations 9 #aijg & #aijh1 says t grayl+1 h]r+ & a v>iety ( brook tr\t 7 f\nd 9 ,gravel riv]1 !re be+ an abundance ( grayl+1 b h]r+ & tr\t 7 r>ely tak54 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble has ! foll[+ to say 9 8 report ) ref]5ce to ?is f9e fi%3-- 8,! ,arctic grayl+1 usually call$ bluefi% 9 ! nor?1 has a v ext5sive range4 ,x occurs ?r\gh\t ! region f ,peace riv] & ,a?abaska lake nor?w>d & nor?we/w>d to ,arctic ocean4 ,i c n f9d t x has be5 detect$ 9 ! ,a?abaska4 ,z x pref]s cle> /reams x is some:at local 9 di/ribution1 occurr+ b seldom 9 ! ma9 riv]s1 :i* are usually muddy1 b be+ abundant 9 _m ( ! cle> tribut>ies & ! lakes :i* !y dra94 ,dur+ my explorations ,i met ) ! grayl+ 9 ! lake c\ntry betwe5 ,great ,slave & ,great ,be> lake & at a numb] ( po9ts on ! ,mack5zie4 ,x 0 especially abundant 9 ! rapid /ream :i* ,i desc5d$ to ,mac,tavish bay 9 ,augu/1 #aijc1 & ,i caught _m :ile fi%+ = tr\t ) a spoon hook4 ,x 0 common also 9 ,great ,be> lake ne> ,=t ,frankl9 a little lat]1 :]e _m 7 be+ tak5 9 ! :itefi% nets4 8,! grayl+ is said to be sc>ce 9 ! ,li>d bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,nelson1 b to be common above t po9t4 ,x is also f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,mack5zie1 sev]al ( :i* h local names ref]r+ to its occurr5ce4 8,z an index to ! di/ribution ( ?is int]e/+ fi% ,i h select$ ! foll[+ ref]5ces3 ,back record$ x f ! m\? ( ,ho>fro/ riv]1 ,great ,slave lake2 f ! head ( ,backs riv]2 & f ,lake ,pelly on ! same /ream4 ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson report$ its capture 9 upp] ,peace riv]1 & 9 ! ,f9layson1 a tribut>y ( ! upp] ,li>d4 ,mac,farlane has record$ x f ,&]son riv]4 8,i am n aw>e t ! grayl+ has be5 record$ f any /ream tribut>y to ,hudson bay1 except 9 "o in/ance4 ,doctor ,bell m5tions t x 0 tak5 9 tribut>ies ( ! l[] ,*ur*ill1 & t a specim5 0 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,gill z ,?ymallus signif]4 ,a possible explanation ( ! occurr5ce ( ?is fi% 9 ! ,*ur*ill is sugge/$ by ! fact t !re is a direct wat] connection betwe5 ,*ur*ill riv] & ,a?abaska lake4 ,! grayl+ occurs 9 ,black or ,/one riv]1 :i* fl[s f ,wolla/on lake into ,a?abaska lake4 ,! wat]s ( ano!r outlet ( ,wolla/on lake1 ,co*rane riv]1 fl[ by way ( ,re9de] lake into ! ,*ur*ill1 ?us af=d+ to a torr5t-lov+ species l ! ,arctic grayl+ a ready means ( communication40 ,,great ,,slave ,,lake ,,fi%]ies4 ,! m>vell\s productiv5ess ( ! fi%]ies ( ,great ,slave lake & _m ( ! riv]s 9 its vic9ity h be5 "t & "t aga9 comm5t$ ^u by travell]s4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( 8 j\rney 9 #aggb1 ,samuel ,he>ne1 writ+ 7p4 #bdi7 ( ! fi% 9 ,great ,slave lake 78 ,a?apapusk[71 /ates3--8,! fi% t are common 9 ?is lake1 z well z 9 mo/ ( ! o!r lakes 9 ?is c\ntry1 are pike1 tr\t1 p]*1 m>ble1 tittameg1 & me?y4 ,! two la/ are names giv5 by ! natives to two species ( fi% :i* are f\nd only 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,besides ^!1 we also caught ano!r k9d ( fi%1 :i* is said by ! nor!rn ,indians to be peculi> to ?is lake2 at lea/ none ( ! same k9d h be5 met ) 9 any o!r4 ,! body ( ?is fi% mu* resembles a pike 9 %ape1 b ! scales1 :i* are v l>ge & /iff1 are ( a beautifully bright silv] col\r2 ! m\? is l>ge1 & situat$ l t ( a pike1 b :5 op5 x mu* resembles t ( a /urgeon1 & ?\gh n provid$ ) any tee?1 takes a bait z rav5\sly z a pike or a tr\t4 ,! sizes we caught 7 f two feet long to f\r feet4 ,_! fle%1 ?\gh delicately :ite1 is v s(t & has s rank a ta/e1 t _m ( ! ,indians1 unless !y are 9 absolute want1 w n eat x4 ,! tr\t 9 ?is lake are ( ! l>ge/ size ,i ev] saw2 "s t 7 caught by my companions1 c\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 be less ?an ?irty-five or =ty p\nds weight4 ,pike are also ( an incr$ible size 9 ?is ext5sive wat]4 ,"h !y are seldom mole/$1 & h multitudes ( small] fi% to prey ^u4 ,if ,i say t ,i h se5 "s ( ^! fi% t 7 upw>ds ( =ty p\nds weight1 ,i am sure ,i d n exce$ ! tru?40 ,,multitudes ,,( ,,fi%4 ,ri*>dson 9 8 8,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition0 7,vol4 #a1 p4 #afj71 speak+ ( ,dem>ais's fi%]y on ,great ,slave lake1 writes3--8,dur+ ! :ole summ]1 9 ! eddies betwe5 ! isl&s ( ?is "p ( ! lake1 multitudes ( fi% may be tak5 ) hooks1 & by nets1 su* z tr\t1 :ite fi%1 pike1 suck+ c>p1 & inconnu4 ,9 spr+ & autumn wild-f[l may be procur$ 9 abundance at sev]al places 9 ! neighb\rhood :i* are _! accu/om$ passes1 & ! fi%]y on ! nor? side ( ,big isl& seems to be inexhau/ible 9 ! w9t]4 ,) good fi%]m51 & a prop] supply ( nets1 a l>ge body ( m5 may be w9t]$ "h 9 safety & pl5ty4 ,9 no o!r "p ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's t]ritories1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ c s _m p be ma9ta9$1 ) s mu* c]ta9ty1 on ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry40 ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,fi%+ ,,season4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell reports t dur+ ! ord9>y fi%+ season on ,great ,slave lake1 :i* usually la/s f ,septemb] #bj to ,octob] #aj1 ! fi% leave ! deep] p>ts ( ! lake & migrate 9 va/ numb]s to c]ta9 favor$ wat]s :]e almo/ any quantity desir$ c be obta9$4 ,! ,big isl& fi%]y suppli$ ,=t ,simpson & ,=t ,provid5ce 9 #ahhg ) ab\t =ty ?\s& fi%1 besides af=d+ con/ant support to a numb] ( ,indians4 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,beav] ab\t tw5ty ?\s& 7 tak51 & ! fi%]ies at ! m\? ( ,hay riv]1 9 ! bay 9 front ( ,=t ,rae1 & ne> ,=t ,resolution1 besides o!r places1 yield$ correspond+ quantities4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell e/imat$ ! total yield ( ! lake = ! ye> #ahhg at ab\t half a million p\nds4 ,! mo/ abundant & valuable ( ! fi%es ( ! lake is ! widely di/ribut$ :itefi% 7,coregonus clupei=mis74 ,) ! :itefi% are associat$ ! lake tr\t 7,salvel9us namaycu%71 :i* (t5 atta9s a weight ( ov] fifty p\nds1 ! inconnu 7,/5odus ,mack5zii71 ! pike 7,esox lucius71 & ! suck] 7,cato/omus longiro/ris71 besides o!rs ( less importance4 ,a /ray salmon 0 captur$ ab\t =ty miles bel[ ! outlet ( ! lake1 & 0 describ$ by ,mr4 ,reid ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company z be+ id5tical ) ! common ,yukon salmon1 probably ,oncorhyn*us ,*\i*a1 b visitors ( ?is k9d are v r>e4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell in=m$ ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg t !re are great quantities ( :itefi% 9 ne>ly all ! lakes4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell w9t]$ at ,=t ,provid5ce1 j bel[ ,great ,slave lake1 & 9 t5 days !re 7 ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty ?\s& fi% caught4 ,!y come into ! %all[ "p ( ! lake ab\t ,septemb] #ae4 ,!y are caught by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 ! missions & "s ,indians1 & are us$ to fe$ ! m5 & dogs4 ,x is ! /aple food ( ! c\ntry1 or 0 ! ye> witness 0 !re4 ,!y cat* ! fi% at all seasons1 b late 9 ! fall is ! p>ticul> "t = cat*+ !m = ! w9t] supply4 ,!y get salmon tr\t !re also4 ,at ! ,=t he _h _h !m weigh+ fifte5 to tw5ty p\nds1 & !y told /ories ab\t cat*+ !m =ty p\nds 9 weight4 ,!re 0 "o k+ salmon caught at ,=t ,provid5ce--only "o4 ,!y also get pike or jackfi%4 ,mr4 ,mc,connell did n "k ab\t pick]el4 ,! inconnu is a f9e fi%1 & is caught all ! way along ! ,mack5zie & up ,slave riv] z f> z ! rapids4 ,x is a l>ge fi% weigh+ f t5 to tw5ty p\nds4 ,a ,,specim5 ,,haul4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,h>rison says 78,9 ,se>* ( a ,pol> ,cont95t4073-- 8,mo/ ( ! small /reams :i* run into ,slave riv] come f l>ge lakes t ab\nd ) fi%4 ,to ^! lakes we (t5 w5t up 9 a small canoe1 & set a net1 :i*1 z a rule1 if left out all night1 conta9$ a c\ple ( doz5 fi% ! next morn+2 or1 to give ! compon5t weights ( a specim5 8haul01 we _h on "o occasion two p\nds ( :itefi%1 tw5ty-five p\nds ( inconnu1 t5 p\nds ( tr\t1 & tw5ty p\nds ( pike4 ,we _h always1 9 fact1 to ?r[ back a great numb] keep+ only two or ?ree = imm$iate eat+4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijc ,i _h tak5 an ,indian & 8 family ) me on to ?is riv] to %oot duck & geese1 & be=e a =tnight 0 out we _h kill$ sixty-?ree geese & a great quantity ( duck4 ,i _h tr\ble1 h[ev]1 ) ?is ,indian1 :o 0 b a poor spirit$ fell[1 & he left me by myself at ! m\? ( a small riv] t ran d[n f a lake ab\t sixty miles f ,=t ,resolution4 ,"h = a :ole mon? ,i 0 encamp$ alone1 & _h no difficulty 9 keep+ myself--fi%1 wild-f[l1 & black be> be+ pl5tiful4 ,i _h a net 9 ! wat]1 !reby secur+1 z ,i h already intimat$1 "s two doz5 fi% a day1 ! bulk ( :i* ,i ?rew back4 ,9 ,slave riv] itself1 :i* is v muddy1 ,i h nev] caught _m fi%1 b ! lakes (f ! riv] sw>m ) !m4 8,=t ,resolution is a delightful place4 ,i sp5t a w9t] !re 9 #aijb-jc1 mak+ _m excursions into ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,!re are ?ree trad+ po/s !re1 also a ,roman ,ca?olic mission1 :]e ,bi%op ,breyn>t makes 8 headqu>t]s1 & a conv5t 9 :i* ab\t =ty native *ildr5 are educat$4 ,ev]yone relies ^u fi% & re9de] = subsi/5ce4 ,i he>d a /ory ( a tr\t weigh+ eighty-f\r p\nds hav+ be5 tak5 9 ,great ,slave lake1 b ?\gh ,i saw _m tr\t t 7 caught dur+ my /ay !re1 ,i nev] set eyes ^u any weigh+ m ?an =ty-five p\nds4 ,:ile pass+ ?r\gh on my rec5t j\rney ,i (f]$ fifty doll>s1 or t5 p\nds1 /]l+1 to anyone :o %\ld br+ me a tr\t t scal$ fifty p\nds1 b :5 ,i came back ,mr4 ,h>d+ ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company said t he _h n 9 ! meantime se5 any :i* weigh$ ov] =ty-?ree p\nds4 ,ev5 ?is1 ( c\rse1 is a l>ge weight = lake tr\t4 ,! :itefi%1 h[ev]1 r ?an ! tr\t1 is ! *ief food4 ,x weighs ab\t two p\nds1 & is caught 9 great quantities4 ,! dogs nev] get any?+ to eat except fi%1 & !y ?rive on ! diet4 ,two p\nds ( fi% apiece daily is b>ely en\gh to keep !m alive1 b two fi% weigh+ two p\nds ea* are an ample ration = a dog4 ,,bi%op ,,clut',s ,,te/imony4 ,dur+ 8 exam9ation be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 ,bi%op ,glut emphasiz$ ! fact t an important natural res\rce ( ! ,mack5zie bas9 lay 9 imm5se quantities ( fi% f\nd 9 ! great lakes1 ! ,a?abaska1 ,great ,slave & ,great ,be>4 ,ea/ ( ^? lakes !re 7 _m o!r great lakes :i* 7 full ( f9e fi%4 ,! bi%op _h n be5 at ,great ,be> lake1 b f reports ( ,fa!rs ,petitot1 ,o4,m4,i41 & ,ducot1 ,o4,m4,i41 he knew t ! lake 0 imm5se & ab\nd+ 9 fi%4 ,!re 0 an abundance ( small fi%1 :i* he believ$ to be h]r+4 ,to ! ea/w>d ( ,mack5zie riv]1 sep>at$ f x by a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 runn+ 9 ! same direction z ! great riv]1 a succession ( beautiful & magnific5t great lakes1 full ( fi%1 0 f\nd4 ,!y _h nam$ !m 8,pius ,,ix01 8,demaz5od0 & 8,ta*e04 ,^! 7 ! ?ree l>ge/ lakes4 ,! bi%op _h cross$ !m 9 w9t] f ,=t ,good ,hope to ,=t ,norman4 ,lakes 7 innum]able 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,great ,mack5zie1 & ne>ly all ( !m ab\nd$ 9 fi% ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,! regions ea/1 nor!a/1 & nor?1 above all1 ab\nd$ 9 lakes ( all sizes1 & 7 v ri* 9 fi%4 ,lake ,a?abaska furni%$ a v great quantity ( :itefi%1 ( small & l>ge salmon tr\t1 ( pike1 ( pick]el1 ( c>p1 ( l>ge lo*es1 etc4 ,! :itefi% weigh$ at lea/ ?ree p\nds2 ! small tr\t f f\r to t52 ! l>ge tr\t f t5 to ?irty-five2 ! pike f f\r to tw5ty p\nds2 ! c>p ! same4 ,9 ,cle> lake pike 7 caught weigh+ f tw5ty-five to ?irty-five p\nds4 ,:itefi%1 pike1 pick]el1 c>p & tr\t 7 caught 9 nets 9 :i* ! me%es 7 f\r & a half in*es 9 size4 ,great ,slave lake produc$ ! same species ( fi% t ,great ,a?abaska lake did1 & also 9 mu* great] quantity4 ,!y f9d !re also ! inconnu1 a species ( salmon :i* came f ,arctic ocean4 ,x 0 und5iable t x comes f ! sea4 ,x 0 f\nd all ! way up ! ,mack5zie z f> nor? z ! riv] at ,=t ,smi?4 ,!re ! rapids & ! cascades prev5t$ x asc5d+ high]4 ,x 0 a beautiful & f9e fi%--! %ape ( ! :itefi%1 b mu* l>g]4 ,x weigh$ f eight to ?irty p\nds4 ,,h]r+ ,,& ,,! ,,inconnu ,,9 ,,! ,,mack5zie4 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,m4,l4,a41 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t h]r+ f ,arctic ocean asc5d ! ,mack5zie to ab\t ,=t ,wrigley4 ,!y are good fi%4 ,he said he _h be5 told t ,great ,be> lake j teems ) t same h]r+4 ,9 8 report1 ,william ,ogilvie1 ,d4,l4,s41 gives ! foll[+ in=mation ab\t ! *ief fi%es ( ,mack5zie riv]3--8,fi% are num]\s 9 ! ,mack5zie1 ! pr9cipal species be+ t kn[n z ! #8,inconnu4' ,^? caught 9 ! l[] riv] are v good eat+1 mu* resembl+ salmon 9 ta/e1 be+ also firm & juicy4 ,! fle% is a light p9k 9 color1 b z !y asc5d ! riv] & become poor1 ?is turns :ite & ! fle% gets s(t & unpalatable4 ,!y av]age t5 or twelve p\nds 9 weight1 b h (t5 be5 caught weigh+ ?irty or =ty4 ,!y asc5d z f> z ! rapids1 on ,great ,slave riv]1 :]e !y are tak5 9 ! fall 9 great numb]s = dog-fe$1 be+ !n s ?9 t !y are consid]$ unfit = human food1 if any?+ else is obta9able4 ,?is fi% is n f$ to work+ dogs1 unless sc>city ( o!r fi% compels x4 ,!re is a small fi% kn[n locally z #8h]r+' some:at resembl+ ! inconnu 9 appe>ance1 & :i* does n gr[ l>g] ?an a p\nd or two 9 weight4 ,! /aple fi% ( ! di/rict1 & = t matt]1 ( ! :ole nor?we/1 is ! :itefi%4 ,!y ab\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! riv]1 b especially 9 all ! lakes dis*>g+ into x1 & =m ! pr9cipal article ( diet dur+ ! great] "p ( ! "t1 z v little food is br\ght into ! c\ntry4 ,?is fi% is caught 9 l>ge numb]s ev]y:]e40 ,,fi% ,,9 ,,great ,,be> ,,lake4 ,mr4 ,hanbury m5tions t "o ,augu/ night 8 p>ty's nets 9 ,great ,be> lake caught sixte5 :itefi%1 8"s ( !m v l>ge1 sev5 or eight p\nds2 none ( !m "u f\r p\nds4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge/ av]age ( :itefi% ( :i* ,i _h he>d4 ,9 ,great ,slave lake _! av]age weight is ?ree p\nds40 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble describes ! lake tr\t s (t5 ref]r$ to 7,cri/ivom] naymacu%7 z a beautiful fi% inhabit+ ne>ly e body ( wat] 9 ! nor?1 b ab\nd+ 9 ! l>g] %eets ( wat]1 includ+ ,great ,be> lake1 & z ! wat] is !re beautifully cle> ! travell] frequ5tly sees !m pursu+ _! prey 9 ! dep?s1 or ly+ motionless ne> ! bottom4 ,a tr\t tak5 by ,simpson's p>ty at ,=t ,confid5ce1 ,great ,be> lake1 measur$ f\r & "o-half feet 9 l5g? & tw5ty-sev5 in*es 9 gir?1 & weigh$ =ty-sev5 p\nds4 ,ri*>dson /ates t ,frankl9's p>ty1 dur+ eighte5 mon?s' resid5ce at ,=t ,frankl9 9 #ahbe-bf1 took ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ tr\t weigh+ f two to ?irty p\nds ea*4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,mack5zie4 ,writ+ ( 8 visit to ! small po/ at ! m\? ( ,arctic ,r$ riv] on ! l[] ,mack5zie 9 ! autumn ( #aije1 ,mr4 ,h>rison 78,9 ,se>* ( a ,pol> ,cont95t07 rem>ks3--8,be=e />t+ we load$ up n9e sl$ges1 at ! m\? ( ,arctic ,r$ riv]1 ) dri$ fi%1 :i* 0 n[ to be obta9$ 9 abundance4 ,on rea*+ ?is po/1 inde$1 ,i _h calculat$ t !re 7 ab\t tw5ty ?\s& dri$ fi% hang+ up !re1 :i* _h all be5 caught 9 nets & smok$ ov] ! camp fires4 ,?is indu/ry ( cat*+ fi% is busily & ext5sively c>ri$ on ea* ye> ^u ,mack5zie riv]4 ,! natives beg9 op]ations 9 ,augu/ & cont9ue z long z ! riv] is op52 few fi% are tak5 aft] ! ice has set fa/4 ,! *ief k9ds ( fi% :i* are caught are ! inconnu 7or ,mack5zie riv] salmon1 ?\gh x w\ld seem r to be a sort ( h]r+71 ! :ite fi% & ! tr\t4 ,! inconnu1 :i* turns ! scale at any?+ betwe5 tw5ty & =ty p\nds1 is excell5t prov5d] alike = m5 & = dogs2 :5 dri$1 x becomes1 ( c\rse1 mu* light] by %r9kage1 & c conv5i5tly be c>ri$ on sl$ges4 ,! :itefi%1 z ,i h previ\sly /at$1 av]age ab\t two p\nds a piece2 ! heavie/ ,i saw "h weigh$ eight p\nds4 ,! :itefi%1 moreov]1 furni% a m too?some repa/ ?an any o!r k9d obta9able 9 ^! wat]s4 ,!re are num]\s tr\t 9 ! surr\nd+ lakes1 b ,i seldom procur$ any ( !m40 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,conny0 or 8,inconnu40 ,mr4 ,h>rison m5tions t 9 #aijf 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,po9t ,sep>ation on ! ,mack5zie delta & ,liv]pool bay on ! ,arctic coa/1 at ! m\? ( a small riv]1 8 ,esquimaux caught sev]al huge pike1 "o ( :i* he weigh$ & f\nd to scale =ty-two p\nds4 ,!y 7 excell5t eat+1 b !y tore ! nets to pieces4 ,?is /ream1 ,mr4 ,h>rison says1 is fifty y>ds wide1 & is ?ickly timb]$ on bo? banks4 ,,! ,,:al+ ,,indu/ry4 ,x is n propos$ to discuss "h ! fi%]ies ( ,arctic ocean & ( ! isl&s :i* lie !re91 b hav+ come d[n to ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie we might well devote a c\ple ( p>agraphs to a fi%+ indu/ry actively prosecut$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,9 8 annual report dat$ ,=t ,macph]son ,febru>y #af1 #aiaj1 ,inspector ,g4 ,l4 ,j5n+s makes ! foll[+ ref]5ce to ! :al+ indu/ry 9 nor!rn wat]s3 8,9 ,augu/1 #aiji1 ! /eam] ,k>luk arriv$ at ,h]s*el isl&4 ,%e is an indep5d5t :al]1 ! /ock ( ! v5ture am\nt+ to ?irty-two ?\s& doll>s1 be+ own$ by ! capta91 ! (fic]s1 & "s m]*ants ( ,san ,francisco4 ,! ,k>luk cruis$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,baillie isl& & ,banks ,l& until ! close ( navigation4 ,%e return$ to ,h]s*el isl& on ,septemb] #bc1 hav+ kill$ elev5 b[head :ales1 eight ( :i* ,i und]/& 7 tak5 9 ,canadian wat]s1 nor? & ea/ ( ,cape ,p>ry4 ,! value ( ?is c>go ( elev5 head is1 by an e/imate at ! pres5t l[ price ( bone1 eighty-five ?\s& doll>s4 ,! ,k>luk is w9t]+ at ,h]s*el isl& & w return to ! ea/w>d by fir/ op5 wat]4 ,z %e w h ! field to h]self = at lea/ six weeks be=e any o!r %ips c arrive f ! we/w>d1 ! *ances are t %e w make ano!r l>ge cat*1 & w no d\bt leave 9 ! fall ( ?is ye> = ,san ,francisco ) a c>go ( bone valu$ f "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& doll>s upw>ds4 ,! value ( ! trade ( ! ,k>luk 9 pelts w also be sev]al ?\s& doll>s4 ,i ?9k x is greatly to be regrett$ t no ,canadian :al+ %ips or trad]s f our ,pacific coa/ come into ?is t]ritory1 in/ead ( leav+ ev]y?+ to ! ,am]icans4 ,) a good class ( trade goods1 no *eap tra%y /uff1 & hav+ no duty on ^! goods1 sell+ or trad+ at a reasonable pr(it1 ! :ole trade ( our ,arctic coa/ c\ld easily be secur$4 ,i ?9k x is b a matt] ( a v few ye>s be=e ,am]ican trad+ conc]ns op5 /ations at ,h]s*el isl&1 ,kittigazuit & ,baillie isl&4 ,if a ,canadian firm 0 e/abli%$ fir/ !re w\ld be no opposition40 ,9 a lat] report ! same ye>1 ,inspector ,j5n+s /ates t ! ,k>luk _h kill$ n9e :ales dur+ ,july1 mak+ tw5ty 9 all = two seasons ) an approximate value ( "o hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& doll>s4 ,he _h also fur to ! value ( t5 ?\s& doll>s receiv$ 9 trade4 ,on leav+ ,baillie isl& on ,augu/ #ad1 ! ,k>luk cruis$ along ! s\? & we/ coa/ ( ,banks ,l&1 nor? ( ,cape ,kellett1 to nor? latitude #gbca4 ,%e left ,h]s*el on ,augu/ #bf & rea*$ ,nome1 ,alaska1 on ,septemb] #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,arctic ,,prairie ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,b>r5 ,,l&s ,,or 8,,arctic ,,prairie04 ,topography1 ,soil1 ,climate & ,flora4 ,explor]s ,decl>e ,! ,t]m 8,b>r5 ,l&s0 a ,misnom]4--,"s ,notes ,ab\t ! ,*ief ,riv]s & ,kn[n ,lakes--,an ,inl& ,wat]way = ,/eam]s via ,*e/]field ,inlet a di/ance ( ,five ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,miles ,into ! ,int]ior4--,! ,progression ( ! ,seasons4 --,! ,c\ntry ,simil> to ! ,tundra ( ,sib]ia4--,a ,limit$ ,am\nt ( ,agriculture may be ,possible 9 ,places4--,natural ,prairies 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,!lon4 ,mo/ ( ! rec5t explor]s & travell]s :o h visit$ ! va/ sub-arctic region ext5d+ f ! pres5t b\nd>ies ( ! prov9ces ( ,manitoba1 ,saskat*ewan & ,alb]ta to ,arctic sea1 & ly+ betwe5 ,hudson bay & ! heights ( l& def9+ ! ea/]n limits ( ! wat]%$s ( ,mack5zie riv] & ( ! riv]s fl[+ into ! ,arctic sea1 nor? ( ,great ,be> lake1 h prote/$ aga9/ ! application to ! c\ntry ( ! t]m 8,b>r5 ,l&s40 ,= in/ance we f9d ,mr4 ,david ,t4 ,hanbury 7,see p4 #ba7 9 8 well kn[n volume 8,sport & ,travel 9 ! ,nor?l& ( ,canada0 writ+3--8,i h always ma9ta9$ t #8,b>r5 ,gr\nd' is a misnom] = ! nor?l& ( ,canada4 ,no l& c be call$ #8b>r5' :i* be>s wild fl[]s 9 pr(usion1 num]\s hea?s1 luxuriant grass1 9 places up to ! knee1 & a v>iety ( moss & li*5s4 ,x is b>r5 only 9 ! s5se t x is de/itute ( trees1 h5ce ! "n #8,de*9-u-le' 7no trees71 :i* is ! ,indian "n = x40 ,9 #aijg1 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,?ompson ,seton1 ! au?or & arti/1 made a trip into ! b>r5 l&s via ,a?abaska riv]1 ,lake ,a?abaska1 & ,great ,slave & ,great ,be> lakes4 ,describ+ 8 trip 9 a c\rse ( lectures1 ,mr4 ,seton decl>$ t ! b>r5s 7 n 9 reality b>r5 9 any s5se ( ! ^w4 ,nature _h seiz$ e available cleft 9 ! rock1 & _h mass$ x ) anemones1 ,a?abaska roses1 & beautiful fl[]s ( all hues4 ,betwe5 ! va/ fl[] /ret*es ! b>e rock 0 cov]$ ) ri* mosses ( v>y+ col\rs4 8,9 fact10 he said1 8x seems t nature began at ! b>r5s ) a full palette1 & :5 %e got d[n to ! tropical regions !re 0 no?+ left 9 h] tubes b gre54 ,! sc5]y surpasses t ( ! c5tral we/ 9 ! beauty ( ! hills & ! manifold v>iety ( wild fl[]s40 ,,t]m 8,,b>r5 ,,l&s0 ,a ,,misnom]4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble gives u ?is sket* ( ! sc5]y ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s ea/w>d ( ! ,copp]m9e3--8,?\s&s ( lakes dot its surface1 & !y are (t5 bord]$ by grassy pla9s & g5tle slopes1 on :i*1 dur+ ! %ort summ]1 ! bright fl[]s ( a pr(usion ( %rubby & h]bace\s plants l5d _! beauty to ! l&scape1 & prove ! appellation 8,b>r5 ,gr\nds0 to be a misnom]1 ?\gh 9 _m p>ts1 f ! nature ( ! soil1 !re is little plant life4 ,ald]s 7,aldus alnobetula7 occur 9 a m or less dw>f$ condition 9 fav\rable places well into ! treeless area1 & sev]al species ( will[s1 "s ( :i* "h atta9 a height ( five or six feet1 bord] "s ( ! /reams z f> nor? z ,wolla/on ,l&4 ,^! are ! only trees :i* occur ev5 9 a dw>f$ /ate on ! b>r5 gr\nds prop]40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 9 "o ( 8 reports1 describes ! ,b>r5 ,l&s z consi/+ 8v l>gely ( roll+ pla9s1 und]la9 by /ony till & cov]$ ) %ort grass or s$ge40 ,he adds3--8,d\btless ! gr\nd is p]man5tly froz5 a great di/ance bel[ ! surface1 & ! surface 9 summ] is almo/ con/antly wet1 l ! pla9s ( ,ass9iboia & ,saskat*ewan 9 e>ly spr+4 ,r\nd$ rocky hills rise "h & !re ?r\gh ! clay1 & on ^!1 z well z (t5 on ! m /ony p>ts ( ! till1 ! surface is dott$ ) a ?ick gr[? ( li*5s1 su* z ,alectoria o*roleuca1 ,a4 div]g5s1 & ,c5tr>ia ,isl&ica4 ,_m fl[]s bright5 ^! pla9s dur+ ! %ort summ] mon?s40 ,z ! c\ntry has be5 s long kn[n z ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 x w\ld at pres5t sc>cely be recogniz$ by any o!r designation1 al?\gh :5 ! exploitation ( its m9]al weal? once attracts population1 x w "s day be kn[n by "s o!r & m suitable "n--8,he>ne10 = in/ance1 aft] ! cognom5 ( ! fir/ :ite man :o und]took to explore its natural res\rces4 ,au?orities diff] 9 _! def9itions ( ! limits ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s4 ,"s consid] ! t]ritory com+ "u t designation z ext5d+ mu* f>!r s\? 9 ! vic9ity ( ,hudson bay2 o!rs include 9 ! ,b>r5 ,l&s mo/ ( ! area imm$iately nor? ( ,great ,be> lake4 ,mr4 ,preble1 ! mo/ rec5t sci5tific explor] to report (ficially ^u ! c\ntry1 "u ! head+ 8,! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds01 includes ! area ly+ to ! nor?w>d & nor?we/w>d ( ,great ,be> & ,great ,slave lakes4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,g4,s41 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at its ,toronto meet+ 9 #ahig entitl$ 8,natural ,res\rces ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s10 conf9$ himself to a r\ghly triangul> area b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! ,arctic ocean1 on ! ea/ by ! we/ coa/ ( ,hudson bay & ,fox *annel1 & on ! s\?we/ by a l9e ext5d+ f ! vic9ity ( ,*ur*ill on ,hudson bay1 nor?we/w>d1 r\ghly at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian1 cross+ ,kazan riv] at ,ennadai lake1 ,telzoa riv] at ,boyd lake1 pass+ s\? ( ,cl9ton-,cold5 & ,aylm] lakes1 across ,po9t lake & d[n ! ea/ side ( ,copp]m9e riv] to )9 fifty miles ( its m\?1 & !nce /rik+ we/w>d across ,&]son riv] till x rea*es ! ,arctic coa/ ne> ! m\? ( ,mack5zie riv]4 ,,mr4 ,,tyrrell',s ,,def9ition4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 ?is l9e foll[s v closely ! l9e ( ! mean summ] temp]ature ( #ej ,fahr4 s\? ( :i* "s ( ! mo/ h>dy trees c gr[ & rip5 _! fruit1 :ile nor? ( x ! summ] is n suffici5tly long or w>m1 to all[ ev5 ! mo/ h>dy trees to br+ _! fruit to p]fection4 ,?is portion ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 has a greate/ l5g? f ! s\!a/ to nor?we/ ( twelve hundr$ miles2 a greate/ bread? f s\?we/ to nor!a/ ( sev5 hundr$ & fifty miles1 & an area ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles1 a region twice z l>ge z ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 or m ?an ?ree times z l>ge z ! :ole ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,mr4 ,tyrrell leaves out ( consid]ation 9 ?is pap] a c\ple ( areas includ$ 9 ! t]m 8,b>r5 ,l&s0 z us$ 9 ?is *apt]1 namely ! c\ntry s\? & s\!a/ ( ! ea/]n arm ( ,great ,slave lake1 & a triangul> piece ( c\ntry 9 ! angle betwe5 ! same %eet ( wat] & ,yell[knife riv]4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell also consid]s ! ,arctic /rip ( c\ntry nor? ( ,great ,be> lake to ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie z =m+ "p ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s4 ,9 ?is pap]1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell makes ! foll[+ compreh5sive ref]5ce to ! physical geography ( ?is ext5sive region3--,he says3--8,9 g5]al "* ! c\ntry is a va/ undulat+ pla91 und]la9 by a /ony clay1 & cov]$ ) a %ort grass or decidu\s ,arctic plants4 ,9 c]ta9 sections no ris+ gr\nd c be se5 = miles ar\nd1 & 9 o!r sections rocky hills rise ?r\gh ! g5]al cov]+ ( clay4 ,! :ole l& rem9ds "o =cibly ( ! great pla9s ( ,we/]n ,canada1 ! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce be+ caus$ by ! diff]5ces 9 ! und]ly+ rocky-floor4 ,! b\ld]-clay und]ly+ ! pla9s is deposit$ on a floor ( s(t ,cretace\s %ales & s&/ones1 & ev5 :]e ! s(t rocks crop out at ! surface !y r>ely =m conspicu\s hills2 ! b\ld]-clay und]ly+ ! ,b>r5 ,l&s is deposit$ l>gely on a floor ( igne\s1 or h>d1 highly alt]$ rocks1 :i*1 :]ev] !y appe> at ! surface1 =m rocky knolls t /& up di/9ctly above ! surr\nd+ clay1 :ile ! b\ld]-clay itself1 be+ =m$ out ( mat]ial d]iv$ f ! h>d granitoid rocks1 is mu* m /ony ?an ! clay ( ! m s\!rn pla9s4 ,,no ,,high ,,altitudes4 8,no "p ( ! c\ntry rises to any great altitude above ! sea1 ! highe/ po9t be+ probably ! ridge ( rocky hills call$ ,/ony m\nta9s1 :i* run along ! ea/ side ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 & are said to rise ab\t fifte5 hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,ennadai lake lies elev5 hundr$ feet above ! sea1 ,dubawnt#bd lies five hundr$ feet1 & ! ,ya?ky$ lake ?ree hundr$ feet4 8,! c\ntry may conv5i5tly be divid$ into two di/9ct portions1 namely1 ! ,int]ior ,upl& & ! ,coa/al ,pla94 8,! ,int]ior ,upl& includes all ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry ly+ above ! highe/ anci5t %ore-l9e1 ei!r ( ,hudson bay or ( ,arctic ocean1 & has a mean elevation ( f n9e hundr$ to "o ?\s& feet above ! sea4 ,its surface is compos$ l>gely ( s&y b\ld]-clay1 & r\nd$ b\ld]s or brok5 fragm5ts ( ! und]ly+ rock4 ,l[ ridges & rugg$1 irregul> hills are common ov] ! surface1 :ile esk]s1 or long /raight ridges ( s& or gravel1 ext5d 9 un9t]rupt$ c\rses ov] hills & valleys alike4 ,"h & !re "s anci5t bea*es m>k ! positions ( small lakes :i* h long s9ce disappe>$4 ,,! ,,coa/al ,,pla94 8,! ,coa/al ,pla9 lies betwe5 ! highe/ anci5t po/-glacial seabea* & ! pres5t sea%ore1 slop+ gradually f a height ( five hundr$ to six hundr$ feet d[n to ! sea-level4 ,mu* ( ?is pla9 has a /ony surface1 l t ( ! ,int]ior ,upl&1 b x is div]sifi$ ) s&y pla9s1 & on all ! /eep] slopes gravel t]races or coa/ cliffs m>k ! l9es ( ! old sea%ore4 ,_m ( ! t]races fill n>r[ gaps betwe5 adjo9+ hills1 & ! l[] ones are (t5 /rewn ) %ells su* z are f\nd 9 ,hudson bay at ! pres5t "t4 ,! waves h r$uc$ ! surface irregul>ities ( ?is portion ( ! c\ntry to "s ext5t1 b ! m rocky di/ricts1 su* z ^? 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*e/]field inlet are /ill1 except = ! pres5ce ( ! little t]races1 z r\gh & rugg$ z be=e !y 7 cov]$ by ! sea1 & ! highe/ p>ts are probably b>]1 = any loose mat]ial t _h be5 left on !m by ! ice-%eet ( ! glacial p]iod has be5 wa%$ by ! waves into ! depressions4 ,! bread? ( ! pla9 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*ur*ill is ab\t fifty miles4 ,f>!r nor? x becomes broad]1 until1 9 ! latitude ( ,ya?ky$ lake1 x has a bread? ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five miles1 & at ! nor? end ( ,dubawnt lake ext5ds we/w>d = ?ree hundr$ miles4 ,nor? ( ,dubawnt riv] its ext5t is n yet kn[n1 b _m ( ! old s& pla9s & t]races report$ f ! banks ( ,backs riv] probably m>k old %ore-l9es on ?is ,coa/al ,pla91 !re slop+ nor?w>d t[>d ,arctic ocean4 8,9 a few places ! coa/-l9e is fairly high b z a rule x is l[1 & slopes g5tly d[n into a %all[ sea4 ,! :ole c\ntry has a fairly g5]al slope nor!a/w>d1 & ! ?ree pr9cipal /reams :i* dra9 x h a m or less p>allel c\rse 9 t direction1 :ile o!r small] /reams fl[ m directly t[>ds ! coa/1 nor?w>d to ,arctic ocean & ea/w>d to ,hudson bay4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,pr9cipal ,,riv]s4 8,^! ?ree /reams are ,?lew-e-*o1 ,great ,fi% or ,backs riv]1 ,telzoa or ,dubawnt riv] & ,kazan riv]4 8,backs riv] rises 9 ,sussex lake ab\t fifty miles )9 ! edge ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 9 a bas9 surr\nd$ by s&y hills1 at an elevation ( ab\t five hundr$ & fifty feet above ! sea1 & aft] a c\rse ( six hundr$ miles empties itself into ,arctic ocean a %ort di/ance s\? ( ! magnetic pole4 ,?is /ream w always possess a melan*oly int]e/ = e man or woman ( ,briti% /ock1 = at its m\? ! crews ( ! ,erebus & ,t]ror1 ! two %ips tak5 out by ,sir ,john ,frankl9 on 8 la/ ill-fat$ exp$ition1 dropp$ 9 _! tracks & di$ z !y attempt$ to rea* a place ( safety & pl5ty4 8,telzoa or ,dubawnt riv] rises 9 ,daly lake a %ort di/ance s\? ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 & fl[s nor!a/w>d1 r\ghly p>allel to ,backs riv]1 until x /rikes ! wide valley :i* ext5ds inl& f ,*e/]field inlet1 :]e x turns abruptly ea/w>d & fl[s into ! we/ side ( ,hudson bay1 its total l5g?1 includ+ ,*e/]field inlet1 be+ eight hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles4 8,kazan riv] rises 9 ,kasba lake1 fifty miles ea/ ( ,daly lake1 & fl[s approximately p>allel to ,telzoa riv] = ab\t f\r hundr$ & n9ety miles to ent] ! s\? side ( ,bak] lake ?\gh ! exact position ( its m\? has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,( ! small] /reams ! ,&]son1 ,f]guson & ,copp]m9e are ! only ?ree :i* h be5 explor$40 ,,dubawnt ,,lake4 ,9 8 (ficial report ( 8 trip ( exploration 9 #ahic1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell gave "s p>ticul>s ab\t ,dubawnt lake1 situat$ a little s\? ( ! middle ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s4 ,he writes3--8,dubawnt lake is a body ( cle> cold wat] ( unkn[n ext5t1 ! s\!rn & ea/]n %ores indicat$ by dott$ l9es on ! map1 hav+ be5 laid d[n f rude sket*es made by ! ,eskimo4 ,its we/]n & nor!rn %ores 7 survey$ = "o hundr$ & sev5te5 miles1 b f ! summits ( ! highe/ hills ! opposite %ores 7 n[h]e di/9ctly se54 ,its approximate altitude above ! sea level is five hundr$ feet4 ,by ! ,*ipewyan ,indians x is call$ ,tobatna or ,wat]-%ore lake1 possibly f ! fact t ! ma9 portion ( ! lake is always cov]$ ) ice1 & t 9 summ] !re is a lane ( wat] betwe5 ?is ice & ! %ore4 ,its ,eskimo "n is ,tulemalugua4 ,judg+ f subsequ5t ,eskimo reports1 x has two pr9cipal afflu5ts4 ,"o ( !m fl[s into its s\!rn side1 & has scatt]$ groves ( :ite spruce on its banks4 ,! o!r is ,dubawnt or ,telzoa riv] :i* we _h desc5d$4 ,be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell expla9$ t ! outl9e ( ! lake z he sket*$ x /ill appe>s on ! maps4 ,he add$ t ! mo/ rec5t gov]nm5t maps ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s d n pret5d to be complete4 ,!y m]ely %[ ! lakes t are kn[n4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( o!rs t we "k no?+ (1 because nobody has be5 ?r\gh !re4 ,"s ( ! l>g] ones are sket*$ 94 ,mr4 ,tyrrell sket*$ 9 _m1 f ! reports ( ! ,esquimaux1 & !y /ill appe> z he s sket*$ !m on ! map4 ,! :ole c\ntry is /udd$ ) lakes4 ,,wat] ,,r\tes ,,via ,,*e/]field ,,inlet4 ,f ! reports ( ,messrs4 ,tyrrell & ,hanbury & ,inspector ,pelleti]1 we h obta9$ a pretty good idea ( ! out/&+ features ( ! great sy/em ( inl& wat]ways :i* f9d _! outlet at tidal wat] at ,*e/]field inlet4 ,9 8 report1 speak+ ( ,!lon riv]1 :i* he discov]$ dur+ 8 trip 9 #ahij1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell describes x z 8"o ( ! f9e/ 9 ,canada1 navigable = riv] /eam]s & o!r boats ( light draught all ! way f ,hudson bay to ! =ks ( ! ,hanbury1 a di/ance ( five hundr$ & fifty miles1 except+ p]haps at two rapids on ! riv] above ,bak] lake1 :]e "s improvem5ts to ! *annel may be made40 ,he cont9ues3--8,j :at l5g? ( "t ?is r\te may be op5 = navigation ,i am unable to say precisely1 b w\ld judge t ! riv] portion mu/ be op5 = at lea/ five mon?s1 & ! inlet & l>g] lakes ab\t a mon? less1 t is dur+ ! mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/1 ,septemb] & ,octob]40 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,fair*ild1 :o 0 atta*$ to ,mr4 ,tyrrell's exp$ition & survey$ ! wat]s betwe5 ,bak] lake & ,*e/]field inlet1 writes 9 8 report3--8,i am unable1 ow+ to ! %ort "t at my disposal1 to make any?+ b a cursory exam9ation ( ! g5]al dep?s ( ! wat] trav]s$1 b ,i took s\nd+s en\gh to satisfy myself t vessels ,,draw+ ,,t5 ,,feet ,,( ,,wat] w\ld h no difficulty 9 travell+ f ,hudson bay to ! we/ end ( ,bak] lake4 ,"h boat navigation mu/ end z f> z ! riv] betwe5 ,s*ultz & ,bak] lakes is conc]n$1 ow+ to rapids at ei!r end ( ! riv] t w\ld 9 l[ wat] n p]mit ( ! passage ( any craft l>g] ?an a ,york boat40 8,*e/]field inlet 9 ! ma9 *annel exce$$ five fa?oms 9 dep? at all po9ts tri$1 & s\nd+s 7 only tak5 :5 ,i c\ld see bottom1 :i* 0 pla9ly visible at ?irty feet & ev5 m40 ,inspector ,pelleti] ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 :o w5t d[n t riv] on 8 way f ,great ,slave lake 9 #aijh1 describes ! l[] rea* ( ,!lon riv] j above ,bev]ly lake z fl[+ ?r\gh 8l[ ly+ c\ntry ) will[s & grass4 ,a high ridge ( b>e hills is se5 9 ! di/ant nor?1 runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,! riv] foll[s along ! range1 w9d+ ?r\gh :at ,i w\ld call foo?ills1 until x op5s on ,bev]ly lake4 ,! c\ntry !re is l[ ly+40 ,bev]ly lake to ,hudson bay is a /ret* ( b>r5s4 ,no wood gr[s on t /ret* b a few small will[s 9 "s v scatt]$ spots & f> betwe54 ,bev]ly lake is surr\nd$ by comp>atively l[ ly+ s&y c\ntry4 ,at ! l[] end ! l& is high]4 ,j ent]+ into ,ab]de5 lake ! %ores are rocky & imm$iately give place to l[ s&y soil4 ,?is ext5ds = ab\t ?irty miles1 :5 ! c\ntry aga9 takes a rocky appe>ance & ! ridges get high] & high] to ! l[] end :]e hills ( f f\r hundr$ to five hundr$ feet 9 height are se51 ) solid rock =mation4 ,! nor? %ore ( ,s*ultz lake is ( high rocky ridges1 9 places f\r hundr$ feet high4 ,:5 gett+ to ! l[] end x alt]s to s& & gravel & becomes l[ ly+4 ,at ! outlet ( ,s*ultz riv] x aga9 becomes rocky4 ,bel[ ! la/ rapid1 ne> ,bak] lake1 ! c\ntry imm$iately becomes l[ ly+ & s&y & gravelly4 ,! nor? %ore ( ,bak] lake is high & rocky2 9 places ! b>e rocky ridges advance & run into ! lake1 =m+ r\gh1 b>e po9ts4 ,! l[] end ( ,bak] lake is high1 ! ridges be+ ab\t f\r hundr$ feet4 ,bak] riv] fl[s betwe5 high banks ( solid rock4 ,! =mation ( ! c\ntry along ,*e/]field inlet is mo/ly rocky1 & is q l[ ly+1 ) "h & !re a prom95t rocky po9t1 b none above two hundr$ feet1 except at ! l[] end1 ne> ,de] isl&1 :]e !re is a collection ( fairly high ridges4 ,,upp] ,,rea*es ,,( ,,! ,,!lon4 ,z to ! high] rea*es ( ! ,!lon1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell says 9 8 report3--8,ab\t two miles bel[ ! junction ( ,hanbury riv]1 :]e we made camp1 "s measurem5ts ( ! ,!lon 7 made1 f :i* ! volume ( ! fl[ at ! "t 0 f\nd to be ov] fifty ?\s& cubic feet p] second4 ,! wid? ( ! /ream measur$ "o ?\s& two hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 feet1 dep? ( *annel five feet1 & velocity ?ree & a ?ird miles an h\r4 ,^! measurem5ts be+ tak5 ne> ! =ks1 %[ a less dep? b great] wid? ?an exi/s at mo/ p>ts4 8,eight miles f>!r d[n ! /ream s\nd+s 7 tak51 %[+ a dep? ( f\rte5 feet 9 mid-*annel4 ,at ?is po9t well gr[n spruce trees 7 pl5tiful on bo? banks4 8,ab\t ?irty or ?irty-two miles bel[ ! =ks1 two slight rapids occur :]e ridges ( rock project into ! /ream1 b !y are s slight z n to s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! navigation ( ! riv] ei!r by canoes or l>ge riv] boats40 ,,artill]y ,,lake ,,region4 ,9 ! report ( 8 #aijh patrol1 ,inspector ,pelleti] ?us describes ,artill]y lake1#be nor!a/ ( ,great ,slave lake1 & ! portages !reab\t3--8,! s\? end ( ,artill]y lake is rocky1 ! ridges are ( solid rock1 & hills d n rise above ?ree hundr$ to f\r hundr$ feet above ! lake4 ,f>!r up ! g5]al "* ( ! c\ntry *anges into roll+ pla9s ( s&1 ) m or less vegetation4 ,9 places b>e s& ridges are se5 ( f9e yell[ col\r4 ,?is aga9 *anges at ! upp] end ( ! lake4 ,!re ! =mation is m brok51 solid rock ridges are few1 b l>ge b\ld]s are num]\s1 & s& gets co>s]1 ,i might say gravelly1 a mixture ( clay & gravel1 ) b\ld]s m or less num]\s4 ,all ! c\ntry is comp>atively flat2 !re are no high hills any:]e m ?an two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet above wat]4 ,at ! nor!rn end ( ,artill]y lake are "s s& ridges1 also at ! nor!rn end ( ,kasba lake4 ,at ! portages ! gr\nd is clay1 ) gravel & b\ld]s1 & 9 places1 if "o walks ov] ! same spot a :ile to & fro1 he w f9d t ! gr\nd w move "u 8 feet & become dang]\s4 ,9 pok+ a /ick ?r\gh ! cru/1 wat]1 air & mud imm$iately ru% out4 ,! :ole c\ntry is cov]$ ) ^! places2 !y are usually b>e ( vegetation1 & level & free f /ones1 af=d+ good camp+ gr\nd1 b "o has to be c>eful n to bu/le too mu* or he w f9d himself s9k+ into a mud hole40 ,mr4 ,pelleti]1 9 8 report1 speak+ ( 8 r\te f ,artill]y lake to ,hanbury riv]1 says3--8,! /ret* f ,height ( ,l& to bel[ ,lac du ,bois is n consid]$ z a /ream4 ,x is only a succession ( lakes sep>at$ by %ort1 %all[ & turbul5t /reams ( no size4 ,hanbury riv] prop] beg9s f bel[ ,lac du ,bois1 :]e x takes ! appe>ance ( a riv]4 ,above x c only be call$ ! headwat]s ( ,hanbury riv]4 ,! g5]al con=mation ( ! c\ntry is l[1 & only ridges ( gravel1 or /ones1 n exce$+ eighty feet 9 height1 are se54 ,!re are no cutbanks ( any acc\nt4 ,! slopes are gradual 9 mo/ cases4 ,a few notes1 z to ! progression ( ! seasons 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 tak5 f ! j\rnals & reports ( a numb] ( explor]s1 w prove int]e/+4 ,a ,,sm>t ,,?aw ,,e>ly ,,9 ,,may4 ,back records 8a sm>t ?aw0 at ,=t ,reliance at ! extreme ea/]n end ( ,great ,slave lake1 on ,may #f1 #ahcd1 & m5tions t pat*es ( gre5 7 daily becom+ visible4 ,he f>!r on /ates3--8,on ,may #ac1 a s+le goose1 ! h>b+] ( summ]1 flew pa/ ! h\se1 & dur+ ! day x 0 foll[$ by five m1 all ( :i* took a nor!rly direction4 ,?is 0 six days lat] ?an !y _h be5 se5 9 #ahcf at ,=t ,frankl91 ?\gh a high] nor!rn latitude4 ,a fly & a flock ( small birds appe>$ 9 ! ev5+1 & dur+ ! ?ree succe$+ days we _h gulls1 orioles1 grosbeaks1 yell[ legs1 rob9s & butt]flies4 8,on ,may #ah1 ! catk9s ( ! will[s 7 half an in* long1 & ! sn[ 0 fa/ disappe>+ f ! gr\nd4 ,,sultry ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,may4 8,t[>ds ! end ( ! mon? 7,may7 ! wea!r became sultry1 ! temp]ature 9 ! sun be+ #ajf--;an extraord9>y contra/ to t ( ,janu>y #ag1 :5 x 0 #gj bel[ z]o4 ,! sn[ 0 all gone1 except t :i* _h be5 drift$ to a great dep? 9 ! n>r[ valleys1 & "u /eep precipices1 & ! ,al-hel-dessy1 to ! we/w>d1 _h bur/ its icy fett]s1 & op5$ a cle> *annel to ! portage opposite ! h\se2 loons1 gulls1 & ducks took possession ( ! wat]1 & seem$ to cont5d :i* %\ld make ! mo/ noise2 "s small birds also1 v prettily m>k$1 hov]$ ab\t a %ort "t1 & !n bo? !y & ! ducks sudd5ly des]t$ u40 ,mr4 ,hanbury1 writ+ specially ( ! region nor!a/ ( ,*e/]field inlet1 /ates3--8,!re is nev] mu* sn[ on ! #8,b>r5 ,gr\nds'1 & a few w>m days suffice to lay ! c\ntry b>e4 ,if spr+ ov]took u f> inl& on r\gh gr\nd1 we %\ld h an almo/ impossible m>* ov] b>e gr\nd to ! ,arctic coa/4 ,i !re=e decid$ to beg9 t long j\rney n lat] ?an ,febru>y40 ,,spr+ ,,at ,,*e/]field ,,inlet4 ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike1 writ+ ( ,may #a1 #ahhg1 at a :al]'s camp on ,hudson bay 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*e/]field inlet1 /ates3--8,wat] 0 /&+ 9 pools ov] ! ice 9 ! bay2 ! sn[ _h disappe>$ except 9 ! drifts2 a light ra9 0 fall+1 & ! fir/ goose 0 kill$ f ! door ( ! ma/]'s h\se2 small b&s ( wild-f[l 7 pass+ frequ5tly1 & cranes 7 call+ 9 ! swamps to ! s\?w>d2 daylight l+]$ 9 ! sky all night1 b !re 0 always a %>p fro/ :ile ! sun 0 d[n40 ,mr4 ,hanbury1 aft] cross+ f ,*e/]field inlet to ! ,arctic coa/1 writes3--8,june is ! "o p]fect mon? 9 ! nor?l&4 ,! temp]ature is j "r2 !re is n a fly or mosquito to tr\ble "o4 ,! l& is cle> ( sn[1 ) ! exception ( a few deep drifts & banks1 & ! walk+ is good1 = ! l& dries ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,! ice is /ill good to travel ov]4 ,pl5ty ( salmon are n[ runn+40 ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike1 on 8 canoe & ov]l& trip 9 #ahij1 :5 nor? ( ! ea/ end ( ,great ,slave lake on ,june #af1 wrote3--8,a few w>m days made a great diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! c\ntry4 ,leaves began to spr\t on ! little will[s1 & ! grass %[$ gre5 on ! hillsides2 sob] hu$ fl[]s1 gr[+ close to ! gr\nd1 came out 9 bloom1 & a few butt]flies flapp$ 9 ! hot sun%9e1 :ile we 7 /ill walk+ on eight feet ( solid ice4 ,mosquitoes appe>$ 9 myriads2 9 ! daytime !re 0 usually a breeze to bl[ !m away1 & ! nights 7 too cold = !m1 b 9 ! calm morn+s & ev5+s !y made ! mo/ ( _! *ance to annoy u40 ,on ,june #be1 ,mr4 ,pike's p>ty plant$ _! lodges on a high ridge ov]look+ ,lake ,mackay4 ,,ice ,,on ,,aylm] ,,lake ,,june #be4 ,at t same date ! ice on ,aylm] lake 0 /ill solid4 ,9 #ahba1 :5 ,frankl9's p>ty />t$ to desc5d ! ,copp]m9e on ,july #a1 ! lakes on its upp] c\rse 7 /ill cov]$ ) ice4 ,app>5tly ! riv] _h op5$ only a %ort "t be=e4 ,9 #ahdi1 ,doctor ,rae not$ ! break+ up ( ! same riv] ne> its m\? on ,june #bh4 ,at ?is "t ! leaves ( ! dw>f bir*es 7 out1 & ! leaf buds ( ! will[s _h begun to develop4 ,! l[] "p ( ! riv] rema9$ block$ ) ice until ,july #ac4 ,mr4 ,pike relates t ab\t ,july #aj ! wea!r 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! headwat]s ( ,backs riv] 80 v>iable 9 ! extreme2 two or ?ree hot days w\ld be foll[$ by a sn[/orm & once we 7 visit$ by a hurricane t did mu* damage to lodge-poles1 & caus$ u to %ift camp hurri$ly to ! lee-side ( a /eep cliff hang+ ov] ! riv]4 ,july #aj 0 exceptionally hot 9 ! morn+1 ) ! mosquitoes at _! wor/2 9 ! middle ( ! day !re 0 a ?und]/orm1 & at five o'clock ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! ice n[ began to %[ signs ( rott+1 & ! *annel ( op5 wat] r\nd ! wea!r edge ( ! lake grew rapidly broad]40 ,,sunset ,,at ,,half ,,pa/ ,,elev54 ,on ,july #ai1 accord+ to ,frankl91 ! sun set at ! m\? ( ,copp]m9e riv] at half pa/ elev54 ,f ! (ficial report ( ,inspector ,pelleti] we f9d t at ,artill]y lake on ,july #bc 8! atmosph]e 0 q smoky & w>m40 ,on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ab on ,!lon riv] ! gr\nd 0 :ite ) fro/1 & ! ice on a kettle ( wat] 0 a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! sun got up w>m1 & ! wea!r dur+ ! day 0 p]fect4 ,augu/ #ac 7,bev]ly lake7 0 8a w>m /ill day04 ,augu/ #ca 7,*e/]field inlet7 0 8a nice /ill day1 v w>m40 ,:ile on _! way f ,york to ,lake ,a?abaska1 & desc5d+ ,cree riv]1 ,sir ,george ,simpson's p>ty1 9 #ahbc1 pick$ 8a good _m ripe raspb]ries1 currants & gooseb]ries on ! portages0 on ,july #cj4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell reports sn[ banks on ! hillsides & great piles ( raft$ ice on ! %ore at ,m>kham lake on ,dubawnt riv]1 s\? ( ,dubawnt lake1 on ,augu/ #c1 #ahic4 ,z to ! close ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s summ]1 ,back m5tions t :ile asc5d+ ! riv] :i* has s9ce be5 giv5 8 "n1 on ,septemb] #d1 #ahcd1 8a h>d gale f ! nor?we/ indicat$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! fall wea!r1 &1 :ile we 7 travell+1 _m hundr$s ( geese flew high pa/ u to ! s\?40 ,mr4 ,hanbury m5tions t "o ye> dur+ 8 travels two in*es ( sn[ fell dur+ ! night ( ,septemb] #ah & ice =m$ on ! small] lakes nor? ( ,bak] lake4 ,he rem>ks3--8,on my j\rney 9 #ahii we travell$ on ! ice ) dogs ! la/ days ( ,june1 & 7 beset by ice on ,s*ultz lake on ,july #ca4 ,n[ 9 ! middle ( ,septemb] we _h ice aga91 & x look$ z if x _h come to /ay4 ,we _h n gone f> :5 we 7 oblig$1 by ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 to put a%ore & camp4 ,! re/ ( ! day 0 sp5t 9 repair+ our t5t1 :i* _h suff]$ consid]ably dur+ ! rec5t /orm40 ,w>burton ,pike /ates 78,! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd ( ,nor!rn ,canada07 t ! ice on ,great ,slave lake is usually n safe = travel till ! middle ( ,decemb]4 ,,ultimate ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry4 ,9 8 pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,toronto1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 ref]r+ to ! temp]ature ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s & its be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! ultimate developm5t ( ! c\ntry1 _h ?is to say3-- 8,9 ?is connection x may be /at$ t :ile ! mean summ] temp]ature 7:i* is bel[ #ej on ! ,b>r5 ,l&s7 det]m9es ! limit ( ! =e/ & ! possibility ( ! gr[? ( trees1 ! mean w9t] temp]ature w\ld probably det]m9e ! habitability ( ! c\ntry by human be+s4 8,n[ ,*ur*ill is ! colde/ inhabit$ place on ?is cont95t1 ) a mean w9t] temp]ature ( -#bj4e ,fahr41 & x is n likely t any "p ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s has a mean w9t] temp]ature ( -#cj ,fahr41 :ile ,yakutsk1 a t[n ( ab\t five ?\s& inhabitants 9 ,sib]ia1 has a mean w9t] temp]ature ( -#dj4d ,fahr41 & _m o!r places 9 ,nor!rn ,asia h a /ill l[] mean1 "o place hav+ a mean w9t] temp]ature ( -#ej4b ,fahr4 ,mo/ ( ^! places h1 h[ev]1 a high] summ] temp]ature ?an is f\nd 9 ! ,canadian ,b>r5 ,l&s1 & are !re=e )9 ! limit ( woods4 8,x c ?us be se5 t ,europeans & ,asiatics live & ?rive 9 a mu* m rigor\s climate ?an is f\nd ev5 9 ! mo/ inhospitable p>ts ( nor!rn ,canada1 & t !re=e ! climate does n (f] any insup]able objection to settlem5t 9 t c\ntry40 ,,pres5t ,,inhabitants ,,two ,,?\s& ,,eskimos4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell 7pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association73 8,! p]man5t inhabitants ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s are ab\t two ?\s& ,eskimos1 :o live ei!r along ! coa/ or on ! banks ( ,kazan & ,dubawnt riv]s4 ,!y subsi/ entirely by hunt+ & fi%+1 & ! animals on :i* !y live are *iefly ! ,b>r5 ,l& c>ib\ & sev]al species ( seals4 ,besides ^!1 ab\t five hundr$ ,*ipewyan ,indians usually p5etrate a %ort di/ance into ! ,b>r5 ,l&s f ! s\? dur+ ! summ] 9 _! annual de]-hunt1 b !y retire s\?w>d into ! =e/ to sp5d ! w9t]40 ,,l ,,! ,,tundra ,,( ,,sib]ia4 ,doctor 7lat] ,sir ,john7 ,ri*>dson 0 "o ( ! fir/ explor]s to draw att5tion to ! resemblance ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s to ! tundra ( ,sib]ia4 ,9 "o place ! le>n$ sci5ti/ writes3--8,! g5]al "* ( ! tundra ( ! ea/ ( ,sib]ia is l t ( ! ,am]ican b>r5 gr\nds40 ,aga9 he writes3--8,9 "* ! ,sib]ian tundra is v simil> to ! ,am]ican ones4 ,?us ,wrangell says1--#8,:5 "o com+ f ! nak$1 froz5 moss-tundra rea*es ! valleys ( ! ,an9uik1 :i* are %elt]$ by m\nta9s f ! prevail+ cold w9ds1 & :]e bir*es1 popl>s1 will[s1 & l[ creep+ junip]s 7,junip]us pro/ratus7 gr[1 he ?9ks himself transport$ to ,italy4'0 ,all :o h visit$ ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds agree t ! prospect ( agriculture ev] be+ successfully foll[$ !re on a l>ge scale is v slight1 unless x is prov$ possible to develop ! bre$+ ( ! ,lapl& re9de] & make ( x a pr(itable meat rais+ indu/ry1 or is f\nd practicable to dome/icate ! native re9de] or c>ib\4 ,"s ( ! sci5tific explor]s1 h[ev]1 ?9k !re is a prospect ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( b>ley agricultural produce1 ev5 gra9 ( h>dy v>ieties be+ rais$ 9 "o "p--! valley ( ! ,!lon4 ,,limit$ ,,agriculture ,,possible4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell says 9 8 report3--8,! ,!lon valley1 ?\gh af=d+ good graz+ gr\nd = musk-ox5 & c>ib\1 c sc>cely be look$ ^u z a desirable agricultural di/rict1 al?\gh ,i judge f ! gr[? & great v>iety ( plants obs]v$ !re1 t "s ( our c]eals & mo/ ( our h>dy vegetables c\ld be gr[n 9 ! ,!lon valley40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 bro!r ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t to ! we/ ( ,hudson bay & nor? ( ! l9e ( ! =e/ :i* runs f ,*ur*ill nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ,ennadai lake1 & a %ort di/ance s\? ( ,dubawnt lake1 !re is practically no agricultural l&4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell w\ld n consid] t any ( ! l& nor? ( ! limit ( =e/ gr[? 0 ( any value = agriculture4 ,! tree l9e />ts practically at ,*ur*ill & runs nor?we/]ly4 ,s\? ( t !re are trees1 & nor? !re are none4 ,! c\ntry nor? ( ! tree l9e is p>tly rock1 b ! great] "p brok5 rock & b\ld]s1 a r\gh /ony c\ntry )\t any great elevation1 & v little vegetation ( any k9d1 except a great _m ,arctic plants & s$ges4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell believes ! c\ntry is p]man5tly froz54 ,x did n appe> to him t !re w\ld be any possibility :atev] ( gr[+ any?+ on x4 ,t1 9 ,mr4 ,tyrrell's op9ion1 elim9ates f an agricultural /&po9t t portion nor!a/ ( t l9e4 ,to ! we/ ( ,hudson bay & s\? ( ! l9e ( ! treeless l& :i* runs f ,*ur*ill nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ,ennadai lake1 & a %ort di/ance s\? ( ,dubawnt lake1 !re is a belt f "o to two hundr$ miles 9 wid? ( c\ntry t is sp>sely wood$4 ,x is n a =e/ c\ntry1 b x is wood$ along ! /reams1 & 9 ! m protect$ places1 b !re is comp>atively little wood ( any value ^u x4 ,9 t c\ntry !re are1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell said1 "s l[ ly+ areas along ! /reams & 9 odd places t w\ld support a nor!rn vegetation1 b x is n em95tly suit$ = agriculture4 ,! ord9>y plants t are gr[n 9 _m nor!rn c\ntries c\ld d\btless be cultivat$ 9 _m places4 ,!re is v little humus1 v little decompos$ soil !re1 except j 9 ! valleys4 ,inspector ,pelleti]1 speak+ 9 ! report ( 8 #aijh patrol ( 8 r\te f ,artill]y lake to ,hanbury riv]1 says3--8,!re are l>ge /ret*es ( arid c\ntry cov]$ ) b\ld]s4 ,nev]!less all ov] is good fe$+ gr\nd = de]40 ,! c\ntry surr\nd+ ,hanbury riv]1 ,inspector ,pelleti] /ates1 alt]nates f rocky ridges to s&y /ret*es & rocks brok5 up1 ) c\ntry scatt]$ ) b\ld]s4 ,moss & grass gr[ v poorly d[n to ,dickson canyon4 ,f !re on vegetation improves gradually until :51 bel[ ! la/ fall1 x becomes mo/ luxuriant4 ,! contra/ is v noticeable4 ,,good ,,pa/urage ,,along ,,! ,,!lon4 ,augu/ #i1 :ile desc5d+ ,!lon riv]1 ,inspector ,pelleti]'s p>ty camp$ = ! night on a big grassy flat ) a clump ( trees at ! back ( x on a little m\nd4 ,! inspector says 9 8 report3--8,i got to ! top ( ! m\nd1 & ) my glasses ,i c\ld see an imm5se tract ( prairie c\ntry gr[+ good grass ) a few little l[ trees 9 ! f> di/ance4 ,?is tract ( l&1 if situat$ 9 a m accessible spot1 w\ld c]ta9ly make ! v be/ ran*+ c\ntry1 & !re are _m m /ret*es l ?is on ,!lon riv]40 ,! day previ\s !y _h pass$ places :]e ! banks ( ! riv] _h wa%$ away 8%[+ v good & f]tile soil40 ,t[>ds ev5+ ( ,augu/ #aj1 ! c\ntry1 :i* _h got q b>r5 ab\t noon-"t1 resum$ aga9 a gre5 & f]tile appe>ance & became well-wood$40 ,! foll[+ day ano!r section 8b>r5 9 places0 0 pass$1 :ile lat] aga9 quot+ ! inspector's report3--8! c\ntry assum$ a bett] appe>ance1 & timb] became l>g] & ?ick]1 until x became a cont9u\s =e/ alike on bo? banks1 & z ?ick z on any riv] 9 ! timb]$ belt4 ,?is kept on = ab\t t5 miles1 & we camp$ ne> a bluff ab\t eighty feet high1 at ! edge ( ! timb]4 ,! c\ntry !n alt]s to l[ ly+ gr\nd1 & timb] aga9 grew1 b v /unt$1 & only 9 bun*es1 :i* gradually became m scatt]$1 & aft] fifte5 miles disappe>$ totally to give place to long will[s along ! banks ) l>ge grassy flats f>!r 940 ,,h>dy ,,vegetables ,,might ,,gr[ ,,!re4 ,9 8 summ>y ( obs]vations on ?is section ( 8 trip ,inspector ,pelleti] /ates 9 8 report3--8,!re are l>ge /ret*es ( prairie c\ntry 7along ! ,!lon7 gr[+ grass pr(usely4 ,! soil seems to be mo/ f]tile4 ,i am told ! riv] op5s 9 ,may4 ,if su* is ! case ,i w\ld judge t "s ( ! h>dy vegetables w\ld gr[ !re4 ,! days are v long 9 summ]40 ,acc\nt+ = ! abs5ce ( native settlem5ts f ?is valley1 ,inspector ,pelleti] says ! ,eskimos d n l timb] on acc\nt ( ! flies 9 ! summ] & s(t sn[ 9 ! w9t]4 ,!y l ! op5 b>r5 coa/1 :]e ! w9d has full sweep1 :]e ! sn[ packs h>d 9 w9t] & :]e game is p]man5t4 ,! ,indians1 on ! o!r h& d n inhabit ?is tract because x is f> f trad+ po/s1 & because !re is no bir* = !m to make _! canoes4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell1 9 8 book 8,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada10 says 8,agricultural developm5t is n to be expect$ any:]e 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! di/rict1 b ?r\gh\t ! m s\!rly wood$ portions !re are great possibilities 9 ?is direction40 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,midnight ,sun4 ,,! ,,natural ,,flora4 ,z to ! natural flora ( ! c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 9 8 exp$ition ( #ahic across ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 collect$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r species ( plants exclusively ( algae & fungi4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to "s obs]vations made by explor]s z to ! fl[]s & o!r natural vegetable gr[?s4 ,inspector ,pelleti]1 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 reports t betwe5 ,bev]ly lake & ,hudson bay 8grass gr[s 9 fav\r$ spots1 b ! balance ( ! c\ntry is b>e40 ,describ+ ! c\ntry at ,bloody fall on ! ,copp]m9e1 ,frankl9 writes 9 8 n>rative3--8,! gr\nd is well clo!d ) grass & n\ri%es mo/ ( ! %rubs & b]ry-be>+ plants t we h se5 nor? ( ,=t ,ent]prise1 & ! c\ntry altoge!r has a ri*] appe>ance ?an ! b>r5 l&s ( ! ,copp] ,indians40 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 pass$ a w9t] 9 ! f> nor? ne> ,cape ,full]ton 9 ! 8,neptune04 ,he express$ ! op9ion be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg t ! :ole nor!rn region ab\t ,*e/]field inlet & ,full]ton is unfit = agriculture4 ,! tree l9e ceases on ! coa/ close to ,*ur*ill & crosses (f to ! nor?we/ t[>ds ! ,mack5zie4 ,! c\ntry on ! ma9l& ab\t ,*e/]field inlet is q l[4 ,! hills nev] ext5d m ?an ?ree hundr$ or f\r hundr$ feet4 ,!re are no =e/s up !re1 & ! only natural res\rces w\ld be probably ! m9]als1 ! furs1 & ! sea & lake fi%]ies4 ,,! ,,lure ,,( ,,! ,,b>r5 ,,l&s4 ,mr4 ,hanbury1 describ+ a view 9 ! ,b>r5 ,l&s on ,july #bc1 writes 9 8 book3--8,artill]y lake look$ v picturesque 9 ! bright sunlight2 ! wat]1 :i* 0 ( a beautiful blue1 0 fann$ into ripples by ! g5tle summ] breeze4 ,! #8,b>r5 ,gr\nd' lay on ei!r side beautifully gre51 & deck$ gay ) a v>iety ( wild fl[]s4 ,its *>m1 & ! s5se ( fre$om :i* x gives1 are v impressive1 b _c be describ$40 ,! foll[+ is a pretty descriptive bit f ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike's book 8,! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds ( ,nor!rn ,canada03--8,to ! man :o is n a lov] ( nature 9 all h] moods ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds mu/ always be a h[l+1 desolate wild]ness1 b = my "p1 ,i c und]/& ! feel+ t prompt$ ,sala?a's answ] to ! wor?y prie/1 :o 0 expla9+ to him ! beauties ( ,heav54 #8,my fa!r1 y h spok5 well2 y h told me t heav5 is v beautiful2 tell me n[ "o ?+ m4 ,is x m beautiful ?an ! c\ntry ( ! musk-ox 9 summ]1 :5 sometimes ! mi/ bl[s ov] ! lakes1 & sometimes ! wat] is blue1 & ! loons cry v (t58 ,t is beautiful1 & if ,heav5 is /ill m beautiful1 my he>t w be glad1 & ,i %all be cont5t to re/ !re till ,i am v old40 ----- #bd ,! ,geographic ,bo>d ( ,canada has adopt$ 8,dubawnt0 z ! /&>d spell+ ( ?is lake & ! riv] ( ! same "n4 ,! "n is a corruption ( ! ,indian "n 8,tobatna01 mean+ 8wat] %ore04 7,e4 ,j4 ,c47 #be ,s nam$ by ,capta9 ,george ,back 9 #ahcc1 out ( respect to ! ,royal ,artill]y1 to :i* di/+ui%$ corps "s ( 8 crew :o jo9$ him 9 ,montreal belong$1 8& f a grateful remembrance ( ! deep int]e/ manife/$ by its (fic]s = ! success ( ! exp$ition1 & ( _! fri5dly c\rtesies0 to himself4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,b>r5 ,,l&s1 ,,or 8,,arctic ,,prairie40 ,tree ,gr[? & ,timb] ,res\rces4 ,ph5om5al ,ext5sions ( ,tree ,gr[? ,)9 ! ,b>r5 ,l&s ,along ! ,valley ( ,!lon riv]4--,black ,spruce1 ,l>*1 ,:ite ,spruce1 ,banskian ,p9e & ,bir*4--,valuable ,timb] ,along ! ,!lon1 ,ab\t ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,great ,slave lake & ,betwe5 ,great ,be> lake & ,copp]m9e riv]4 ,9 8 valuable report1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey1 /ates t ,copp]m9e1 ,!lon1 & _m ( ! small] riv]s ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s are wood$ to "s ext5t on _! upp] portions1 b by f> ! great] "p ( ! area dra9$ by !m is treeless4 ,mr4 ,preble traces ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! great transcont95tal =e/ f ! we/]n %ore ( ,hudson bay to ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie z foll[s3--8,/>t+ f ! m\? ( ,*ur*ill riv]1 ,hudson bay1 ! tree-l9e foll[s ! %ore closely = a few miles & !n curves g5tly inl&4 ,!nce x ext5ds nor?we/]ly cross+ ,nuelt91 or ,isl& lake1 ,ennadai lake on ,kazan riv] & ,boyd lake on ! ,dubawnt4 ,j nor? ( #fc degrees on ,artill]y lake is ! next po9t :]e we h a def9ite divid+ l9e4 ,betwe5 ! ,dubawnt & ,artill]y lake is ! valley ( ! upp] ,!lon or ,ark-i-l9ik1 along ^: banks ! =e/ ext5ds 9 a n>r[ l9e f> into ! g5]al treeless area4 ,f ,artill]y lake ! l9e ext5ds nor?we/w>d to ,po9t lake1 curv+ t[>d ! s\?we/ 9 ! int]val & cross+ ,lake ,mackay1 s\? ( latitude #fd degrees4 ,f ,po9t lake1 ^: %ores are practically devoid ( trees1 ne>ly to latitude #fg degrees ! banks ( ! ,copp]m9e are s ?9ly wood$ t ! riv] may be tak5 z ! approximate b\nd>y ( ! woods4 ,spruces occur on ! ,copp]m9e z f> nor? z ! m\? ( ,k5dall riv]1 b are abs5t f ! summit ( ! divide betwe5 !re & ,great ,be> lake & reappe> on l[] ,dease riv]4 ,betwe5 ,dease riv] & ! l[] ,&]son ! b\nd>y ( ! woods is n well kn[n40 ,x w be rememb]$ by ^? famili> ) ! subject1 t1 9 def9+ ! ea/]n end ( ! =e/ l9e1 ,mr4 ,preble has closely foll[$ ! def9ition laid d[n by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell 9 ! (ficial report ( 8 exploration ( ! c\ntry s\? & ea/ ( ,dubawnt lakes & ,*e/]field inlet4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell /ates 9 8 report3-- 8,! region may be divid$ into ,=e/s1 & ,treeless ,pla9s or #8,b>r5 ,l&s'1 by a l9e :i* curves ar\nd ! bottom ( ,button bay1 & !n cont9ues )9 sight ( ! %ore z f> z ,hubb>t po9t1 beyond :i* x /rikes nor?we/w>d almo/ at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian1 cross+ ,kazan riv] at ! s\!rn n>r[s ( ,ennadai lake1 & ,telzoa riv] ab\t ! middle ( ,boyd lake40 ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,spruce ,,& ,,l>*4 8,! =e/$ c\ntry is *iefly wood$ ) small black spruce 7,picea nigra7 & l>* 7,l>ix ,am]icana7 :ile ! l[l&s are almo/ ev]y:]e cov]$ ) deep mossy swamps4 ,proce$+ nor?w>ds1 ! woods become conf9$ to ! l[l&s & ! tops ( ! hills rema9 treeless4 ,su* are ! conditions ( ! surface ar\nd ,kasba & ,daly lakes4 ,f>!r nor?w>d ! wood$ pla9s give place m or less sudd5ly to level or roll+ grassy pla9s1 :i* con/itute ! ,b>r5 ,l&s4 ,z ! =e/ disappe>s1 mu* ( ! surface is cov]$ by deep froz5 mossy bogs or tundras1 b ^! occur only along ! edge ( ! =e/1 & d n =m "p ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s prop]4 8,besides ! two species ( trees above m5tion$1 ! :ite spruce 7,picea alba7 gr[s to q a l>ge size on "s ( ! dry e/u>ies1 & on ! /ony1 well-dra9$ banks ( ,telzoa riv]4 ,x ext5ds nor?w>d almo/ to ,dubawnt lake1 =m+ a l>g] tree ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,at ,*ur*ill1 ne> ! %ore ( ,hudson bay1 small :ite spruce 7 f\nd to h entirely replac$ black spruce 9 ! swamps4 ,a few miles f>!r inl&1 black spruce aga9 takes its normal place 9 simil> swamps1 & :ite spruce almo/ disappe>s4 8,banksian ,p9e 7,p9us ,banksiana7 gr[s on ! s&y pla9s along ,/one riv]1 & nor?w>d1 on dry s&y ridges1 z f> z ,selwyn & ,!itaga lakes1 b x does n ext5d z f> nor? z ei!r spruce or l>*4 ,canoe ,bir* 7,betula papyrif]a7 gr[s to a fairly l>ge size at ! head ( ,?lewiaza riv] b z a rule x is a small tree 9 ?is region4 ,x gradually decreases 9 size & disappe>s at ! edge ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s4 ,"s small asp5 trees 7,populus tremuloides7 7 se5 z f> nor? z ,daly lake on ,telzoa riv]1 latitude #fj1 on ! headwat]s ( ,?lewiaza riv]1 & at ! m\? ( ,*ur*ill riv] on ,hudson bay4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell's exp$ition ( #ahic did n f9d mu* timb] along ,dubawnt riv]4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell 78,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada07 m5tions t ! p>ty f\nd a little clump ( :ite spruce trees on ! nor? %ore ( ,c>ey lake on ! ,dubawnt 9 latitude #fb #ae nor?4 ,two feet above ! gr\nd ! trunk ( ! l>ge/ tree measur$ eight feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell also /ates t ! s\!rn afflu5t ( ,dubawnt lake 8has scatt]$ groves ( :ite spruce on its banks40 ,,timb] ,,along ,,! ,,!lon4 ,!re is consid]able timb] along ! ,!lon & ! ma9 tribut>y ( its upp] rea*1 ! ,hanbury1 s nam$ f ! orig9al explor] ( bo? /reams4 ,mr4 ,hanbury1 describ+ 8 exploratory trip1 writes3--8,! peculi>ity ( ! ,ark-i-l9ik 7! ,indian "n !n appli$ to ! ,!lon & its tribut>y ! ,hanbury7 is t1 ?\gh s f> nor?1 x is wood$ on ei!r bank1 & 9 places "o might ev5 say heavily timb]$1 spruce trees1 ) butts measur+ "o & "o-half to two feet across1 be+ by no means uncommon4 ,x is a long way nor? ( ! limit ( trees m>k$ on ! maps1 & !re is a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry to ! s\? ( x de/itute ( trees4 ,i c f9d no explanation ( ?is peculi>ity f ! geological =mation1 = ! same r$ & :ite s&/one :i* prevails ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! riv] occurs at places :i* are )\t trees4 8,! woods z a :ole am\nt only to a r deep fr+e1 ! trees = ! mo/ "p be+ scatt]$ & n cont9u\s4 ,"h & !re along ! banks are spots & %ort /ret*es q b>e ( timb]4 ,aft] a %ort walk away f ! riv] on ei!r side "o rea*es ! out] edge ( ! woodl& fr+e beyond :i* ! l& is typical prairie4 ,along ! creeks & efflu5ts1 h[ev]1 ! gr[? ext5ds to a consid]able di/ance1 9 places z f> z ! eye c rea* ! trees dim9i%+ 9 size until ! spruce is m]e scrub40 ,asc5d+ ! ma9 bran* ( ! ,!lon1 ,mr4 ,hanbury describes ! timb] z beg9n+ ab\t fifty miles above ! m\? ( ! riv] at ,bev]ly lake4 ,t f> nor!a/ he /ates 8spruce ( fair-size gr[? is to be f\nd1 & ! woods !n increase 9 size ( timb] & 9 ext5t until ! riv] divides1 ! l>g] bran* com+ 9 f ! s\?1 ! small]--:i* we foll[$ up--jo9+ f ! we/40 ,,( ,,great ,,value ,,to ,,canada4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell1 9 ! (ficial report ( 8 exploration along ,hanbury & ,!lon riv]s = ! ,dom9ion gov]nm5t 9 #aijj1 rem>ks3--8,! timb] supply ( ! ,!lon %\ld be ( great value to ,canada40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell m5tions a grove ( spruce on ! ,!lon1 two miles bel[ ! junction ( ,hanbury riv]1 & relates t eight miles f>!r d[n /ream 8well gr[n spruce trees 7 pl5tiful on bo? banks4 ,"h1 & = _m miles bel[1 ! ,!lon is a really f9e & beautiful riv]1 hav+ grassy banks--well wood$ 9 places by spruce trees--"s ( :i* measur$ "s fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 8,! wood$ or p>tially wood$ banks ( ! ,!lon ext5d altoge!r = a di/ance ( ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty miles bel[ ! =ks ( ! ,hanbury4 ,?is di/ance is n to be und]/ood z a cont9u\s /ret* ( timb]1 b ov] t di/ance _m f9e spruce groves1 z well z m or less cont9u\s ?9ly scatt]$ trees are f\nd4 ,! l>ge/ trees measur$ f twelve to fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 b w\ld av]age ab\t six in*es40 ,9 8 book 8,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada0 ,mr4 ,tyrrell aga9 ref]s to ! timb] along ! ,hanbury & ! ,!lon1 writ+3--8,9 ! valleys ( ! ,!lon & "s o!r riv]s !re are valuable belts ( spruce & tam>ack timb] = local supply :5 requir$40 ,9 ! (ficial report ( 8 long patrol 9 #aijh ,inspector ,pelleti] writes3--8,a good am\nt ( wood = fuel is available on ,hanbury riv]4 ,9 places timb] is ( fair dim5sion4 ,9 "o or two rav9es ne> ,dickson canyon ,i w\ld judge ! timb] to be ( suffici5t size to erect a com=table log camp4 ,a ,,sixty ,,mile ,,/ret* ,,( ,,spruce ,,timb]4 8,! banks ( ! ,!lon are v well /ock$ ) timb]4 ,( c\rse !re are fairly long /ret*es on :i* wood is v sc>ce1 pr9cipally at ! l[] end1 b /ill fuel is f\nd ev]y:]e1 ei!r drift or /&+4 ,! be/ /ret*es ( solid timb] are f ab\t tw5ty miles bel[ ! ,hanbury & ext5d = sixty miles4 ,! /ret* is ne>ly )\t int]ruption4 ,!re is ano!r /ret* ( ab\t t5 miles1 fifte5 miles bel[ ,look\t po9t1 & at num]\s o!r po9ts good timb]1 b 9 small quantity1 is se54 ,?is timb] does n ext5d v f> inl&4 ,x v>ies f a few y>ds deep to two or ?ree miles4 ,9 "s p>ts1 ! timb] ext5ds /ill f>!r inl&4 ,lumb] ( fair size f six to t5 in*es 9 diamet] is abundant4 ,all ! timb] is spruce40 ,inspector ,pelleti] speaks ( a t5 mile /ret* on ! ,!lon1 :]e !re 80 cont9u\s =e/ on bo? banks1 & z ?ick z on any riv] 9 ! timb]$ belt40 ,inspector ,pelleti] also reports3--8,on ,bev]ly lake 7,!lon riv]7 any am\nt ( driftwood is to be f\nd1 on ,ab]de5 lake v little1 & bel[ none at all40 ,,! ,,!lon ,,spruce ,,groves ,,ph5om5al4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey1 9 8 report has ?is to say z to ! gr[? ( timb] along ! ,!lon3--8,! nor!rn ext5sion ( ! conif]\s =e/ along ! banks ( nor?w>d-fl[+ riv]s has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! mo/ rem>kable example ( ?is ph5om5on is f\nd on ! ,!lon or ,ark-i-l9ik1 a /ream tribut>y to ,hudson bay4 ,x 0 fir/ explor$ by ,hanbury 9 #ahii1 & by ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell dur+ ! foll[+ season4 ,f a po9t ne> latitude sixty-two & "o-half degrees1 :i* is z f> s\? z ! riv] has be5 explor$1 & :i* is )9 ! ma9 area ( ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds1 a m or less cont9u\s belt ( spruce bord]s ! riv] z f> nor? z latitude sixty-f\r & "o-half degrees1 a di/ance ( ov] two hundr$ miles by ! riv]4 ,a few species ( woodl&-bre$+ birds foll[ ^! ext5sions ( ! =e/ to _! limits40 ,,ea/]n ,,"p ,,( ,,great ,,slave ,,lake4 ,inspector ,pelleti] also gives u "s in=mation z to ! timb] res\rces ( ! ea/]n "p ( ,great ,slave lake & along ! canoe & portage r\te to ,hanbury riv]4 ,he writes3--8,on ! s\? %ore ( ,great ,slave lake mu* good timb] 0 met4 ,on ! nor? %ore timb] dim9i%es v p]ceptibly 9 size1 & ! f>!r "o proce$s ! m x gets /unt$ & scatt]$2 only 9 "s fav\r$ spots is timb] ( any size1 b no l>ge area4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( spruce1 bir*1 popl> & jackp9e4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! fir/ portage f ,great ,slave lake timb] gets v sc>ce1 at ,fr5* lake a l>ge op5 spot & at ,acres lake we are practically at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,b>r5s1 al?\gh !re is a good lot ( wood close to ! %ore & 9 %elt]$ spots4 ,at nor? end ( ,burr lake is a nice grove ( good siz$ trees4 ,! c\ntry gets rocky & b>r51 grass gr[+ only 9 fav\r$ spots4 8,at ! s\!rn end ( ,artill]y lake1 along ! small rav9es on ! ea/ bank1 is a fair am\nt ( wood good = fuel & build+ dog sleighs1 b z soon z "o crosses ,lockh>t riv] :]e ! lake gets wid]1 wood is se5 "h & !re only 9 small bluffs4 ,x is small1 b5t & dw>f$ by ! w9d /orms & sn[4 ,!re is v little sub/ance 9 ! soil1 & vegetation mu/ be v sl[4 ,trees gr[ mo/ly 9 ! %elt] ( a bank1 :e!r /one or s&4 ,at ab\t half way up ! lake on ! ea/ side ! la/ woods are met2 on ! edges !y are l[1 b5t & creepy1 z if 9 read9ess to grasp ! soil = support to resi/ ! =ce ( ! elem5ts4 ,no?+ fur!r gr[s b "s grasses 9 fav\r$ spots1 & at ! rapids1 :]e !re is a lot ( dampness1 will[s gr[ betwe5 ! crevices ( upturn$ b\ld]s4 ,above ,kasba lake on ! r\te foll[$ ev5 will[s d n gr[4 ,9 ! eddies at ! foot ( ! rapids on ,kasba riv] ,i h se5 /icks1 "s ( :i* _h be5 cut ) an axe or o!r tool4 ,^? pieces ( wood 7 small b ( a size :i* leads me to believe t some:]e on ,cl9ton-,cold5 or f>!r we/ on ,aylm] lake1 timb] ( "s k9d is to be f\nd4 ,^! /icks or pieces ( wood 7 v old z if !y _h be5 toss$ up & wa%$ by wat] = a long p]iod4 ,moss gr[s 9 places & = fuel purposes a few exp]im5ts ) ! diff]5t k9ds w demon/rate :i* is ! be/4 ,we f\nd ! black ?ick sort1 :i* gr[s on ! /ones1 is v light & dry & burns ! be/4 ,"o makes a tunnel ) /ones & places ! door t[>ds ! w9d1 ! m w9d & draught ! bett]40 ,,scatt]$ ,,timb] ,,ea/ ,,( ,,great ,,slave ,,lake4 ,9 ! report ( 8 trip 9 #aijj1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell also gives u "s glimpses ( ! timb] ab\t ! ea/ end ( ,great ,slave lake & ! lakes & riv] to ! ea/ & nor!a/ ( t locality4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 8,fair*ild po9t 7ne> old ,=t ,reliance71 :i* is ab\t t5 miles 9 l5g?1 is well wood$ ) :ite spruce f six to twelve in*es 9 diamet] & is notable z be+ ! s\rce ( timb] 9 t locality4 8,! %ores ( ,c>lton h>b\r are sp>+ly wood$ ) small spruce & a few ,banksian p9es4 ,x might be not$ "h t on ,fair*ild po9t a few black popl>s 7 obs]v$1 ! la/ se5 on our outw>d j\rney4 8,at ,=t ,reliance1 "h & !re1 are to be se5 ! *>r$ rema9s ( l>ge /umps1 indicat+ ! app>5t rec5t de/ruction ( ! orig9al =e/4 8,! l>ge/ "y trees1 :i* %[$ ?irty-f\r to ?irty-five ye>s' gr[?1 7 f f\r to six in*es 9 diamet] two feet f ! gr\nd1 & 7 n ( /unt$ appe>ance4 8,at ! nor? end ( ,burr lake !re is situat$ a nice grove ( :ite spruce timb]1 conta9+ trees ( t5 to twelve in*es diamet]4 ,x prov$ to be ! la/ timb] ( any consequ5ce met ) be=e ent]+ ! b>r5 l&s1 except+ "s on ! we/ %ore ( ,artill]y lake ne> ,timb] bay4 8,on ! we/]n side ( ,artill]y lake1 ab\t t5 miles f ! s\? end1 ! %ore is q well timb]$ ) small spruce & !y cont9ue nor!rly1 al?\gh ?9ly scatt]$1 = a di/ance ( tw5ty miles1 eight miles f>!r nor? ?an ! la/ grove on ! ea/ %ore4 ,!re ! woods cease entirely40 ,x is int]e/+ to recall t ,back po9t$ out t 8! p9es are said to disappe> along ,artill]y lake40 ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike ?us describes ! same c\ntry at ! "t he pass$ ?r\gh x3-- 8,scatt]+ timb]1 spruce & bir*1 clo!d ! slop+ banks to ! s&y %ores ( ! lakes2 b]ries ( _m k9ds grew 9 pr(usion2 ! portages 7 %ort & d[n hill2 & c>ib\ 7 walk+ ! ridges & swimm+ ! lakes 9 e direction4 ,a p]fect nor!rn fairyl& x 01 & x seem$ h>d to believe t w9t] & want c\ld ev] p5etrate "h40 ,,timb] ,,( ,,! ,,f> ,,nor?4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce to ! timb] ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s we f9d 9 ! report ( ,samuel ,he>ne1 :o 9 #agga1 speak+ ( 8 discov]y ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 writes3--8,be=e ,i proce$ f>!r on my return1 x may n be improp] to give "s acc\nt ( ! riv]1 & ! c\ntry adjac5t2 its productions1 & ! animals :i* con/antly inhabit ^? dre>y regions1 z well z ^? t only migrate ?i!r 9 summ]1 9 ord] to bre$ & re> _! "y1 unmole/$ by man4 ,t ,i may d ?is to bett] purpose1 x w be necess>y to g back to ! place :]e ,i fir/ came to ! riv]1 :i* 0 ab\t =ty miles f its m\?4 ,ne> ! wat]'s edge !re is "s wood1 b n "o tree gr[s on or ne> ! top ( ! hills betwe5 :i* ! riv] runs4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 =m]ly mu* great] quantity ?an !re is at pres5t1 b ! trees seem to h be5 set on fire "s ye>s ago &1 9 consequ5ce1 !re are at pres5t t5 /icks ly+ on ! gr\nd = "o gre5 "o :i* is gr[+ beside !m4 ,! :ole timb] appe>s to h be5 ev5 9 its greate/ prosp]ity ( s crook$ & dw>f$ a gr[? z to r5d] x ( little use = any purpose b firewood4 8,besides ! /unt$ p9es already m5tion$1 !re are "s tufts ( dw>f will[s2 pl5ty ( ,wi%acumpuckey 7z ! ,indians call x1 & :i* !y use z tea72 "s jacka!ypuck1 :i* ! natives use z tobacco2 & a few cranb]ry & hea?b]ry bu%es2 b n ! lea/ appe>ance ( any fruit4 8,! we$s gr[ gradually ?9n] & small] z y approa* ! sea1 & ! la/ little tuft ( p9es t ,i saw is ab\t ?irty miles f ! m\? ( ! riv]1 s t we meet ) no?+ betwe5 t spot & ! sea-side b b>r5 hills & m>%es40 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 on 8 fir/ j\rney1 9 #ahai-bb1 rea*$ ! upp] "p ( ,copp]m9e riv] at ,po9t lake j ea/ ( ! s\!rn arm ( ,great ,be> lake4 ,he f\nd ! 8valleys on its bord] int]sect$ ) clu/]s ( spruce trees4 ,on ! bord]s ( su* ( ^! lakes z communicate ) ,copp]m9e riv]1 !re are a few groves ( spruce trees1 g5]ally gr[+ on accumulations ( s&40 ,,copp]m9e ,,valley4 ,sir ,john ref]s z foll[s to ! timb] gr[?s on ! small lakes or expansions ( ! ,copp]m9e z obs]v$ dur+ ! desc5t ( 8 p>ty3-- 8,r$ ,rock lake is 9 g5]al n>r[1 its %elv+ banks are well clo!d ) wood1 & ev5 ! hills1 :i* atta9 an elevation ( f\r hundr$ or five hundr$ feet1 are ornam5t$ half way up ) /unt$ p9es40 8,at ,rock-,ne/ lake 7j nor? ( ,r$ ,rock lake7 ! only wood is ! p9e1 :i* is tw5ty or ?irty feet high1 & ab\t "o foot 9 diamet]4 8,at ,fairy lake ! riv] fl[s betwe5 banks ( s& ?9ly wood$1 & z we advanc$ ! b>r5 hills approa*$ ! wat]'s edge40 ,we/ ( t "p ( ,copp]m9e riv] :i* is ne>e/ to ,great ,be> lake1 ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson 9 #ahbf said t !y met ) wood$ valleys & saw mu* wood 9 ! valleys f> to ! we/4 ,f ! height ( l& betwe5 ,copp]m9e riv] & ,great ,be> lake !y _h an ext5sive view ( a l[] & well wood$ c\ntry4 ,( ! c\ntry above ,bloody falls1 on ! ,copp]m9e1 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 writes3--8,9 ! exi/5ce ( _m scatt]$ /umps ( decay$ spruce fir trees1 & ! total abs5ce ( "y plants1 "o might be l$ to inf] t ( late ye>s ! climate has det]iorat$ & t ! c\ntry 0 no long] capable ( support+ trees s ne> ! sea coa/ z x _h =m]ly done4 ,! l>ge/ tree 9 ! clump 9 :i* we biv\ack$ _h a circumf]5ce ( ?irty-sev5 in*es at ! height ( f\r feet f ! gr\nd4 ,its annual lay]s 7 v num]\s & f9e & indicat$ c5turies ( gr[?1 b ,i 0 unable to reckon !m40 ,,f9e ,,spruce ,,nor!a/ ,,( ,,great ,,be> ,,lake4 ,9 #ahdh1 writ+ ( ! area betwe5 ,dease bay 7! extreme nor!a/]n arm ( ,great ,be> lake7 & ,copp]m9e riv]1 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 /ates3--8,at two we came to ano!r bran* ( ! ,k5dall1 :i* runs ?r\gh a rav9e ( r$ & spott$ s&/one1 "u ^: %elt] !re grew a rem>kably f9e grove ( :ite spruces4 ,! be/ gr[n tree measur$ sixty-?ree in*es 9 circumf]5ce & did n tap] p]ceptibly = tw5ty feet f its root4 ,its total height 0 f =ty to fifty feet4 ,o!r trees ( equal gir? tap]$ m1 & "o decay$ trunk1 :i* lay on ! gr\nd1 look$ to be consid]ably ?ick]40 ,hanbury m5tions t along ! nor? %ore ( ,b>ry isl& 9 ,ba?ur/ inlet he 8pick$ up "s drift /icks :i* evid5tly mu/ h come f ,hood riv]0 :i* fl[s into ,arctic wat]s "s di/ance ea/ ( ,copp]m9e riv]4 ,sir ,george ,back describes ! banks ( ,backs riv] z be+ rocky & treeless 78)\t a s+le tree on ! :ole l9e ( its banks074 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,b>r5 ,,l&s ,,or 8,,arctic ,,prairie04 ,economic ,m9]als4 ,deposits ( ,native ,copp] 9 ! ,f> ,nor?4--,sev]al ,areas ,we/ ( ,hudson bay ,conta9 ,rocks ,simil> to ,^? at ,sudbury4--,belts ( ,huronian ,rocks t are ,expect$ by ,geologi/s to be ,ev5tually ( ,great ,economic ,importance4--,va/ ,probable ,m9]al ,be>+ ,c\ntry 9 ! ,int]ior ,:i* ,c ,n[ be ,rea*$ ,via ,*e/]field ,inlet4--,iron1 ,gold & ,silv] 9 ,small ,quantities ,nor? ( ,lake ,a?abaska4--,free ,gold 9 ,melville ,p59sula4-- ,lignite & ,s(t ,coal ,along ! ,arctic ,coa/4 ,f "t immemorial tradition has ascrib$ to ! great nor!rn wild]ness :i* we h come to "k z ! ,b>r5 ,l&s or ,b>r5 ,gr\nds1 untold m9]al weal?1 & :at tradition has s long ass]t$ is sub/antiat$ by ! te/imony ( sci5tific exp]ts4 ,! orig9al exploratory exp$ition despat*$ into ! c\ntry1 t "u ,samuel ,he>ne 9 #agga1 0 inspir$ by ! desire ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company to locate ! copp] m9es 9 ! f> nor? ( :i* ! natives spoke to ! pione] trad]s4 ,_m ( ! pr9cipal witnesses exam9$ be=e ! ,briti% p>liam5t>y committee ( #agdi ref]r$ to ! prospective m9]al weal? ( ! c\ntry nor?we/ ( ,hudson bay4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,robson1 at ^: in/ance l>gely ! inve/igation 0 held1 te/ifi$ t he _h se5 copp] worn by ! ,indians ab\t _! necks & arms4 ,he _h also se5 ab\t a p\nd & a half ( copp] ore1 :i* he und]/ood f ! ,indians !y _h br\ght f a great di/ance4 ,ano!r witness1 ,alex&] ,br[ne1 :o _h be5 six ye>s 9 ! company's s]vice at ,hudson bay z surgeon1 in=m$ ! ,committee t he _h se5 bo? copp] & copp] ore at ,pr9ce ( ,wales' ,=t on ,*ur*ill riv]1 :i* ! nor!rn ,indians in=m$ him !y br\ght f an i/hmus ( l& :i* lies by a lake at ! f>!/ ext5t ( _! c\ntry4 ,x 0 h>d to asc]ta9 ! di/ance f ! acc\nts ( ! ,indians1 b he judg$ x to be ab\t ?ree or f\r hundr$ miles4 ,he nev] he>d ! ,indians say :e!r !re 0 a passage to ?is place f ,hudson bay by wat]1 b !y in=m$ him _! riv] ran by x4 ,!y br\ght d[n ! copp] = ornam5ts1 & ! ore at ! reque/ ( ,gov]nor ,norton4 ,witness _h se5 ab\t f\r or five p\nds ( x1 bo? be=e x 0 smelt$1 & aft]1 & he ,,took ,,x ,,to ,,be ,a ,,ri* ,,ore1 b did n und]/& metals4 ,he _h he>d ( lead ore at ,hudson bay1 b nev] saw any4 ,he nev] saw ! ,indians smelt ! copp]1 b !y in=m$ him t ! e>? 0 wa%$ f ! ore by %[]s1 & t !y smelt$ x on a fire until x ran1 & !n beat x1 x be+ v malleable4 ,witness nev] he>d ( a copp] m9e on ! l>ge arm ( ! sea1 b ! ore 0 br\ght d[n by canoes to ! op5 sea1 & ! rivulet :i* wa%$ ! said copp] is n kn[n to h any communication ) ,hudson bay1 ! m9e be+ ab\t fifte5 miles f ! op5 sea1 by ! acc\nts ( ! ,indians4 ,he believ$ t ! ,indians came a little to ! nor?w>d ( ,:ale cove1 8:i* be>s a po9t or two to ! we/ ( ! nor? f ,*ur*ill40 ,if ! ,indians 7 enc\rag$ !y w\ld br+ great quantities ( ore1 z well z smelt$ copp] to ,:ale cove1 b if p]sons 7 s5t up to ! m9e !y w\ld lab\r "u a difficulty = want ( fuel1 ! c\ntry produc+ no wood1 & :at ! ,indians smelt1 !y d 9 small quantities ) moss4 ,doctor ,?ompson1 ano!r ( ! company's surgeons1 te/ifi$ t he _h he>d ! natives talk ( a sea to ! we/w>d1 :i*1 by _! acc\nts1 is n f> di/ant1 & ( a copp] m9e1 :i* lay on ! side ( a 8,/reight01 :i* takes !m five days 9 cross+4 ,!y describ$ ! wat] ( ?is 8,/reight0 to be v deep1 & !y c\ld n rea* ! bottom ) two de]sk9s cut into ?ongs4 ,if a sloop c\ld be br\ght alongside ?is copp] m9e1 !y say !y c\ld fill x1 9 a little "t1 & by _! acc\nt1 ?is 8,/reight0 has a communication bo? ) ! bay & ! s\? sea4 ,doctor ,?ompson fur!r in=m$ ! ,committee1 8t he w5t ) ,capta9 ,middleton on ! discov]y ( ! ,nor?-,we/-,passage1 & likewise ) ! la/ adv5tur]s40 ,*ri/oph] ,banni/]1 :o _h be5 arm\r] & gunsmi? to ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 & _h resid$ 9 ! bay ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s1 in=m$ ! ,committee t he _h se5 lead ore at ,moose riv]1 :i* came f ! nor?w>d1 b he c\ld n say :5ce4 ,he _h se5 a good quantity ( x1 & "s ( x 0 tri$ by ,mr4 ,longdon's appr5tice1 & x seem$ extraord9>y good lead1 ! boy ,,mak+ ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,buckles ,,( ,,x4 ,! witness c\ld n say :at proportion ! lead bore to ! ore4 ,! boy put 9 a piece ( ore z big z a man's fi/1 & got lead en\gh to make a pair ( l>ge buckles4 ,! witness 0 sure no?+ 0 put 9 b ! ore1 none be+ pres5t b himself1 & ! boy :o br\ght x d[n4 ,t 0 ab\t ?ree ye>s previ\s to ! inve/igation & witness nev] saw any lead ore at any o!r "t4 ,he _h se5 copp] frequ5tly br\ght d[n by ! nor!rn ,indians1 a piece ( :i* he produc$ be=e ! committee4 ,he said he _h se5 great quantities ( x !re1 & 0 in=m$ by a "y man1 :o is n[ at ,hudson bay t ! ,indians told him t x 0 br\ght f a m9e1 9 se>* ( :i* ! "y man w\ld gladly h gone40 ,,he>ne ,,at ,,! ,,copp] ,,deposits4 ,9 ! record ( 8 fam\s trip 7pages #agc to #agf7 ,he>ne makes ! foll[+ ref]5ces to 8 inve/igation into ! subject ( ! traditional copp] m9es ( ! ,indians on ,copp]m9e riv]3--8,aft] a sleep ( five or six h\rs we once m set out1 & walk$ eighte5 or n9ete5 miles to ! s\?-s\!a/ :5 we arriv$ at "o ( ! copp] m9es1 :i* lies1 f ! riv]'s m\? ab\t s\?-s\!a/1 di/ant ab\t tw5ty-n9e or ?irty miles4 ,?is m9e1 if x des]ve t appellation1 is no m ?an an entire jumble ( rocks & gravel1 :i* has be5 r5t s _m ways by an e>?quake4 ,?r\gh ^! ru9s !re runs a small riv]1 b no p>ts ( x1 at ! "t ,i 0 !re1 0 m ?an knee-deep4 ,! ,indians :o 7 ! occasion ( my und]tak+ ?is j\rney repres5t$ ?is m9e to be s ri* & valuable1 t if a factory 7 built at ! riv]1 a %ip might be balla/$ ) ! ore1 in/ead ( /one1 & t ) ! same ease & despat* z is done ) /ones at ,*ur*ill riv]4 ,by _! acc\nt ! hills 7 entirely compos$ ( t metal1 all 9 h&y lumps1 l a heap ( pebbles4 ,b _! acc\nt diff]$ s mu* f ! tru?1 t ,i & almo/ all ( my companions exp5d$ ne> f\r h\rs 9 se>* ( "s ( ?is metal1 ) su* poor success1 t among u all1 only "o piece ( any size c\ld be f\nd4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 rem>kably good1 & weigh$ above f\r p\nds4 ,i believe ! copp] has =m]ly be5 9 mu* great] pl5ty1 = 9 _m places1 bo? on ! surface & 9 ! cavities & crevices ( ! rocks1 ! /ones are mu* t+$ ) v]digrise4 8,be=e ,*ur*ill riv] 0 settl$ by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 :i* 0 n m ?an fifty ye>s previ\s to ?is j\rney be+ und]tak51 ! ,nor!rn ,indians _h no o!r metal b copp] among !m1 except a small quantity ( iron "w1 :i* a p>ty ( !m :o visit$ ,york ,=t ab\t ! ye> "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & ?irte51 or "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & f\rte51 pur*as$1 & a few pieces ( old iron f\nd at ,*ur*ill riv]1 :i* _h und\bt$ly be5 left !re by ,capta9 ,monk4 ,?is be+ ! case1 numb]s ( !m f all qu>t]s us$ e summ] to resort to ^! hills 9 se>* ( copp]2 ( :i* !y made hat*ets1 ice-*isels1 bayonets 7sic71 knives1 awls1 arr[-heads1 etc4 ,! _m ,,pa?s ,,t ,,_h ,,be5 ,,beat5 by ! ,indians on ^! occasions & :i* are yet1 9 _m places1 v p]fect1 especially on ! dry ridges & hills1 is surpris+2 9 ! valleys & m>%y gr\nds1 h[ev]1 !y are mo/ly gr[n ov] ) h]bage1 s z n to be disc]n$4 8,! ,copp] ,indians set a great value on _! native metal ev5 to ?is day1 & pref] x to iron1 = almo/ e use except t ( a hat*et1 a knife1 & an awl2 = ^! ?ree necess>y implem5ts1 copp] makes b a v poor sub/itute4 8,!re is a /range tradition among ^! p1 t ! fir/ p]son :o discov]$ ^! m9es 0 a woman1 & t %e conduct$ !m to ! place = sev]al ye>s1 b z %e 0 ! only woman 9 ! company1 "s ( ! m5 took su* lib]ties ) h] z made h] v[ rev5ge on !m1 & %e is said to h be5 a great conjur]4 ,accord+ly :5 ! m5 _h load$ !mselves ) copp]1 & 7 go+ to return1 %e refus$ to accompany !m1 & said %e w\ld sit on ! m9e till %e sunk into ! gr\nd1 & t ! copp] %\ld s9k ) h]4 ,! next ye>1 :5 ! m5 w5t = m copp]1 !y f\nd h] sunk up to ! wai/1 ?\gh /ill alive & ! quantity ( copp] mu* decreas$1 & on _! repeat+ _! visit ! foll[+ ye>1 %e _h q disappe>$1 & all ! pr9cipal "p ( ! m9e ) h]1 s t aft] t p]iod no?+ rema9$ on ! surface b a few small pieces1 & ^? 7 scatt]$ at a consid]able di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,be=e t p]iod !y say ! copp] lay on ! surface 9 su* l>ge heaps1 t ! ,indians _h no?+ to d b turn x ov]1 & pick up su* pieces z w\ld be/ suit ! diff]5t uses = :i* !y int5d$ x40 ,sir ,alex&] ,mack5zie is au?ority = ! /atem5t t !re 0 a tradition among ! ,*ipewyan ,indians t _! ance/ors fir/ rea*$ ! cont95t ( ,am]ica at ,copp]m9e riv]4 8,:]e !y fir/ made l&1 ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) copp]1 ov] :i* a body ( e>? _h s9ce be5 collect$ to ! dep? ( a man's height40 ,! tradition is int]e/+ z indicat+ ! fact t ! ,indians knew ( ! fam\s copp] deposits = _m g5]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,"s ( ! ,difficulties ( ,nor!rn ,transportation3--,cross+ a ,swamp4 ,,sir ,,john ,,frankl9',s ,,visit4 ,:5 ,sir ,john ,frankl9's p>ty 9 #ahba visit$ ,copp] m\nta9s !y f\nd only a few small pieces ( native copp]4 ,frankl9 says 9 8 n>rative 7p4 #cdj7 8,! annual visits :i* ! ,copp] ,indians 7 accu/om$ to make to ^! m\nta9s :5 mo/ ( _! weapons & ut5sils 7 made ( copp]1 h be5 discont9u$ s9ce !y h be5 enabl$ to obta9 a supply ( ice *isels & o!r in/rum5ts ( iron by ! e/abli%m5t ( trad+ po/s ne> _! hunt+ gr\nds4 ,t none ( ^? :o accompani$ u _h visit$ !m = _m ye>s 0 evid5t f _! ignorance ( ! spots mo/ abundant 9 metal40 ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 /at$ t z to ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 x 0 a fact t an imm5se di/rict--ne>ly half a million squ>e miles ( c\ntry--0 at t date1 except along its wat]c\rses1 z utt]ly unkn[n z ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,copp]m9e riv] runs ?r\gh ! ,b>r5 ,l&s & s does ,back's ,great ,fi% riv]1 on :i* !re are m9]al indications4 ,!re 0 e reason to believe t !re is a repetition along ,copp]m9e riv]1 & 9 its vic9ity ( ^? rocks :i* conta9 copp]1 on ,lake ,sup]ior & :i* h prov$ s ri* !re4 ,at ! "t ,doctor ,dawson gave 8 evid5ce1 he /at$1 x seem$ to be beyond ! rea* ( ! prospector4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company s5t ,he>ne up !re 9 ! latt] "p ( ! prec$+ c5tury to discov] :]e ! copp] f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ! natives came f1 b he c\ld d no?+ b report t he f\nd copp] !re4 ,! sea to ! nor? 0 ice-b\nd1 s he did n see 8 way to utiliz+ x4 ,he>ne travell$ ! b>r5 gr\nds m ?an any "o else1 b he 0 n a sci5tific explor]4 ,he travell$ ) ! ,indians 9 w9t] "u circum/ances ( great h>d%ip1 & ,doctor ,dawson said he believ$ we _h n yet got suffici5t in=mation up to t date ab\t ^! 8,b>r5 ,gr\nds40 ,:at m9]al discov]ies might be made !re x 0 impossible to say4 ,bi%op ,clut in=m$ ! same committee t copp] 0 f\nd on ,copp]m9e riv] 9 great pieces4 ,witness _h se5 little crosses made ( x by ! savages !mselves :5 !y 7 n able to h o!r metal4 ,,simil> ,,to ,,lake ,,sup]ior ,,deposits4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 9 8 pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at its ,toronto meet+ 9 #ahgi1 m5tion$ t ! descriptions ( ,doctor ,ri*>dson1 :o visit$ ! locality ( ,copp]m9e riv] 9 #ahba & aga9 9 #ahbf1 %[ t "s ( ! rocks :i* occur on ! banks ( ! ,copp]m9e are precisely simil> to ^? on ,dubawnt & ,bak] lakes1 ?\gh !y also indicate ! occurr5ce ( ! und]ly+ ,animikie s]ies1 & !y also %[ t ! conditions "u :i* ! copp] !re occurs are v l ^? "u :i* x occurs on ! s\? side ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,! ,keew5awan rocks 7s call$ f ! di/rict s nam$ on ! %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior7 w\ld appe>1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 to h be5 fir/ se5 by ,doctor ,ri*>dson on ,r$ ,rock lake1 a %ort di/ance bel[ ,po9t lake1 on ,copp]m9e riv]1 & !nce !y occupy ! banks ( ! riv] ?r\gh mo/ ( ! di/ance d[n to its m\?4 ,cont9u+ to discuss ,doctor ,ri*>dson's report1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell proce$s 9 8 pap] to say3--8,at #8,rocky ,defile1' #8! walls ( ! rapid' are said to #8consi/ ( a v d>k purpli% r$1 compact felsp> rock1 alt]nat+ ) a rock :i* is compos$ ( a light r$di% & greyi% felsp> & qu>tz1 ! =m] indi/9ctly cry/alliz$1' evid5tly ref]r+ to diff]5t v>ieties ( qu>tz-porphyry or porphyrite4 #8,?is rock is ev]y:]e expos$ 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] = t5 or twelve miles bel[ ! rapid4' 8,9 ! b$s ( ! torr5ts fl[+ into ! ma9 riv] he 7,ri*>dson7 f\nd _m rock fragm5ts1 mo/ ( :i* 7 probably d]iv$ f rock 9 places 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! li/ might readily be duplicat$ f ! copp]-be>+ rocks ( ,lake ,sup]ior2 he m5tions #8fragm5ts ( r$di% grey1 granul>1 foliat$ lime/one1 ( deep r$ s&/one1 ( gray s&/one1 ( r$ sy5ite4 ,!re also occur fragm5ts ( pale r$ s&/one1 compos$ pr9cipally ( qu>tz & a little felsp>1 ) imb$d$ circul> concretions ( qu>tz1 & ( r$di% qu>tzite s&/one4 ,fragm5ts 7 also f\nd ( d>k-gre5i% felpa?ose trap1 ( gre5/one1 ( d>k fle%-r$ felsp> 9 granul> concretions1 ) imb$d$ pat*es ( hornbl5de1 ( r$ felsp> p>tly col\r$ ) hornbl5de1 & conta9+ amygdaloidal portions ( prehnite4' ,,copp] ,,m\nta9s4 8,copp] m\nta9s consi/ pr9cipally ( trap rocks4 ,! great mass ( ! rock 9 ! m\nta9s seems to consi/ ( felsp> 9 v>i\s conditions2 sometimes 9 ! =m ( felsp>-rock or clay/one1 sometimes col\r$ by hornbl5de & approa*+ to gre5/one1 b mo/ g5]ally 9 ! =m ( d>k r$di% br[n amygdaloid4 ,! amygdaloidal masses conta9$ 9 ! amygdaloid are ei!r entirely pi/acite 7epidote71 or pi/acite enclos+ calc-sp>4 ,scales ( native copp] are v g5]ally dissem9at$ ?r\gh ?is rock1 ?r\gh a species ( trap tuff :i* ne>ly resembles x1 & also ?r\gh a r$di% s&/one on :i* x appe>s to re/4 ,! r\gh1 & 9 g5]al r\nd$ & m elevat$ p>ts ( ! m\nta9 are compos$ ( ! amygdaloid b betwe5 ! em95ces !re occur _m n>r[ & deep valleys1 :i* are b\nd$ by p]p5dicul> mural precipices ( gre5/one4 ,x is 9 ^! valleys1 among ! loose soil t ! ,indians se>* = copp]2 masses ( epidote conta9+ native copp]2 ( trap rock ) associat$ native copp]1 gre5 mala*ite1 copp] glance or v>iegat$ copp] ore1 ( gre5i% gray prehnite 9 trap ) dissem9at$ native copp]2 ! copp] 9 "s specim5s 0 cry/alliz$ 9 rhomboidal dodecah$rons4 ,we also f\nd "s l>ge tabul> fragm5ts1 evid5tly portions ( a ve9 consi/+ ( prehnite1 associat$ ) calc>e\s sp> & native copp]4 ,! ,indians dig :]ev] !y obs]ve ! prehnite ly+ on ! soil1 exp]i5ce hav+ taught !m t ! l>ge/ pieces ( copp] are f\nd associat$ ) x4 ,! ,indians report t !y h f\nd copp] 9 e "p ( ?is range1 :i* !y h exam9$ = ?irty or =ty miles to ! nor?we/4 ,we aft]w>ds f\nd "s ice-*isels 9 possession ( ! ,esquimaux1 twelve or f\rte5 in*es long & half an in* 9 diamet]1 =m$ ( pure copp]40 8,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is und]la9 by a light-br[ni% r$ s&/one & gray slate clay 9 horizontal /rata1 cut "h & !re by dykes ( gre5/one4 8,x is h>dly possible to imag9e two m simil> sets ( conditions 9 su* widely sep>at$ localities1 z 9 ,copp] m\nta9s & on ,keew5a po9t 7,lake ,sup]ior71 ! native copp] occurr+ 9 bo? places associat$ ) prehnite & epidote1 *iefly 9 an amygdaloid1 cut by dykes ( gre5/one4 ,,long ,,range ,,( ,,copp]-,,be>+ ,,rocks4 8,! copp]-be>+ rocks w\ld seem to ext5d along ! ,arctic coa/1 bo? ea/ & we/ ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 = ab\t five hundr$ miles 9 all1 & probably _m ( ! small] isl&s (f ! coa/ are also ( ! same rocks & ! total area cov]$ by ^! rocks und\bt$ly am\nts to _m ?\s&s ( squ>e miles4 8,comp>+ ! e>ly acc\nt ( ! occurr5ce ( native copp] on ,lake ,sup]ior ) ! acc\nts :i* we n[ possess ( ! copp] on ,copp]m9e riv]1 & consid]+ ! enorm\s ext5t ( ! nor!rn deposit1 we h reasonable gr\nds = hope t be=e _m ye>s ! ,copp]m9e area w produce z mu* copp] z is n[ m9$ 9 nor!rn ,mi*igan4 ,! am\nt m9$ !re 9 #ahif 0 "o hundr$ & =ty-f\r million p\nds1 valu$ at betwe5 fifte5 & sixte5 million doll>s1 or ab\t a six? ( ! total am\nt ( copp] m9$ 9 ! _w t ye>40 ,a ,,rec5t ,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,copp] ,,c\ntry4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijb1 hav+ sp5t ! w9t] ) ! ,eskimos1 ,mr4 ,david ,t4 ,hanbury made an exam9ation ( "s ( ! places along ! ,arctic coa/ :]e ! natives obta9 copp] = _! implem5ts4 ,he 0 fir/ in=m$ t ! copp] deposits 7 to be f\nd on ,dease /rait1 b lat] asc]ta9$ t ! isl&s 9 ,ba?ur/ inlet are ! s\rce ( supply1 & proce$$ ?i!r4 ,mr4 ,hanbury f ! natives on ,fitzg]ald isl&s obta9$ a good _m copp] articles1 su* z sn[-dags1 ice-*isels1 etc4 ,!y appe>$ to be ri* 9 copp] implem5ts4 ,!y /at$ t "s ( _! copp] _h be5 obta9$ 9 ,victoria ,l&1 & "s f ! isl&s to ! nor?4 ,%ortly aft] l&+ on ,b>ry isl& 9 ,ba?ur/ inlet1 two small fragm5ts ( copp] 7 pick$ up by "o ( 8 ,eskimos4 ,mr4 ,hanbury proce$s1 9 8 book1 8,sport & ,travel 9 ! ,nor?l& ( ,canada03--8,! next day we devot$ to exam9+ ! rock =mation & se>*+ = copp]4 ,we 7 successful 9 f9d+ ! copp]1 :i* appe>s to be abundant & widely di/ribut$4 ,:e!r x w\ld ev] be wor? work+ is ano!r matt]1 & "o on :i* ,i am n compet5t to give an op9ion4 8,! und]ly+ basalt dips we/ at an angle ( ab\t tw5ty-five degrees1 & x is 9 ?is rock t ! native copp] occurs4 ,! copp] is pl5tiful1 = ! quantity we obta9$ 0 f\nd aft] b a brief se>*1 & on a neighb\r+ isl&1 ,kun-nu-yuk1 a mass ( copp] _h j be5 f\nd1 s l>ge t a man c\ld h>dly lift x4 ,!re also copp] is f\nd 9 ! tide-way4 ,! :ole ( ! l[] levels on ,b>ry isl& are cov]$ ) debris f ! basalt1 & :]e ! rock has be5 dis9tegrat$ by wea!r+1 ,,copp] ,,has ,,fall5 ,,out1 s t flakes ( ! metal may be f\nd along ! sea%ore4 ,9 _m places1 too1 gre5 pat*es indicate t nuggets or flakes ( copp] h rec5tly fall5 out f _! matrix4 8,! copp]-be>+ rock also conta9s cry/all9e qu>tz "s ( :i* =ms beautiful ame?y/9e ve9s1 ( :i* "s specim5s 7 tak54 ,!re is "h "s fur!r evid5ce ( coa/al elevation 9 ! occurr5ce ( sauc]-%ap$ l9es ( wat]-worn debris at f tw5ty to =ty feet above ! pres5t level ( high tides4 8,! "q :e!r x w\ld ev] pay to "w ! native copp] ( ^! regions rema9s = ! consid]ation ( exp]ts4 ,i h always und]/ood t native copp] occurr+ 9 small flakes or nuggets & sp>sely di/ribut$1 is ( b little practical value1 & t copp] c only1 z a rule1 be successfully work$ f ores t are ri* & easy ( access4 ,mu* dep5ds d\btless on its abundance & regul>ity ( di/ribution4 ,?is isl&1 ,b>ry isl&1 or ,iglor-yu-ullig1 is sev]al miles 9 l5g?1 & p]haps ?ree or f\r miles across4 ,! isl& to ! s\?-s\!a/1 ,kun-nu-yuk1 is /ill l>g]1 besides :i* !re is an isl& to ! s\?we/ :i* has giv5 mu* copp]1 & !re are copp]-yield+ isl&s to ! nor?4 ,! copp]-be>+ =mation holds good ev]y:]e except on ! summit capp+s ( ! isl&s40 ,lat] ,mr4 ,hanbury exam9$ a "p ( ,lewis isl& also 9 ,ba?ur/ inlet4 ,he relates 9 8 book3--8,at ! nor?we/ po9t ( ,lewis isl&1 ,ba?ur/ inlet1 we /opp$ to smoke4 ,! =mation ( rock be+ simil> to t on ,b>ry isl& we comm5c$ to se>* = copp]1 :i* prov$ to be pl5tiful4 ,fir/ ( all only a few flakes c\ld be f\nd1 b ! long] we se>*$ ! m pl5tiful did ! copp] become4 ,f9ally ,,x ,,got ,,too ,,common & we resum$ our j\rney4 ,! metal occurr$ 9 flakes & small *unks2 ! =m] 7 w$g$ 9 ! rock always v]tically4 ,! rock 0 easily knock$ to pieces by a light tap ) ! axe1 ! cleavage be+ bo? v]tical & horizontal4 ,betwe5 two & ?ree p\nds ( ?is native copp] 7 pick$ up 9 ! c\rse ( half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 :ile we re/$4 ,! metal appe>$ to be v p]si/5t 9 its occurr5ce 9 ! p>tly decompos$ basalt ( :i* all ! isl&s we pass$ t day consi/$4 ,! flakes ( copp] seem$ to be always v]tical :5 9 _! rock matrix4 ,! rocks ( ?is isl&1 :]e !y are n dis9tegrat$1 are well smoo!d by glacial action1 & ! /ri are num]\s & di/9ctly tr5d s\? & s\!a/40 ,writ+ ( a m nor!rly po9t on ,lewis isl&1 also visit$1 ,mr4 ,hanbury 7p4 #bff7 writes3--8,al?\gh we did n f9d s mu* copp] "h1 ! gre5 m>ks on ! rocks 7 m num]\s1 b we did n sp5d an h\r altoge!r 9 ! se>*4 ,"o ( our ,eskimos knew ( a l>ge mass ( copp] on ! s\?we/ %ore ( ! isl&1 :i* he /at$ to be z mu* z five feet 9 l5g? & ?ree in*es ?ick4 ,x protrud$ f ! rocks "u ! wat]1 x 0 said1 b !re 0 too mu* ice = u to f9d ! copp]4 ,a piece ( qu>tz ) copp] ore & native copp] 0 pick$ up on ! sea%ore4 ,ano!r specim5 ( ! copp]-be>+ rock "h is a decompos$ basalt1 f9e gra9$1 & vesicul>40 ,asc5d+ ,k5dall riv] on 8 way to ! headwat]s ( ! ,dease1 :5ce he desc5d$ to ,great ,be> lake1 ,mr4 ,hanbury relates3--8,we _h ! good luck to meet ! ,eskimos f ! ,arctic coa/1 :o resort to ?is riv] to obta9 wood = _! sleighs4 ,^! natives _h nev] set eyes on a :ite man be=e1 & _h no articles ( civilization :atev]4 ,!y 7 all dress$ 9 de]sk9s1 & arm$ ) long b[s1 arr[s & spe>s1 ,,beat5 ,,out ,,( ,,native ,,copp]4 ,! use ( tobacco 0 q unkn[n to !m1 & fire>ms !y _h only he>d ab\t4 ,!y gave me a good deal ( in=mation ab\t _! c\ntry & ! copp] deposits along ! ,arctic coa/1 & ,i obta9$ f !m sev]al copp] implem5ts1 su* z dags1 spe> & arr[-heads1 ne$les1 etc41 all beat5 out ( native copp]1 giv+ !m 9 ex*ange knives1 files & ne$les1 :i* la/ appe>$ to h by f> ! mo/ value 9 _! eyes10 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,bee* ( ,*ur*ill1 9 a communication to ! press 9 #aiaa1 /at$ t he _h notic$ t ! ,eskimos :o visit ,*ur*ill ye>ly h ne>ly all _! tools1 su* z sn[-knives1 ice-*isels1 & fi%-hooks1 made out ( native copp]4 ,!y use copp] tops ov] _! pipes :ile smok+1 & any break 9 _! guns is usually m5d$ by a /rip ( native copp]4 ,s mu* = ! deposits ( native copp] along ! nor!rn sea coa/ ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s & on ! isl&s (f ! coa/1 :i* 7 ! means ( orig9ally attract+ att5tion to ! m9]al weal? ( ?is va/ region4 ,unque/ionably ! mo/ compreh5sive review ( ! geological features ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s ) respect to ! prospective developm5t ( ! c\ntry's m9]al res\rces 0 t made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,burr ,tyrrell 9 8 pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ,toronto 9 #ahig on ! res\rces ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s4 ,! review 9 "q 0 s ?or\gh t no excuse is ne$$ = quot+ x "h at l5g?4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell wrote3--8,x is to ! m9]als ( ?is region t we mu/ look = any l>ge contributions to ! national weal?1 & fail+ ^! x is difficult to see h[ ! c\ntry c be any ?+ b a s]i\s burd5 on ^? ,canadians :o live 9 ! mid/ ( m cong5ial surr\nd+s4 ,:at are ! prospects ( f9d+ m9]als ( suffici5t value to induce p to op5 easy means ( communication ) t nor!rn c\ntry1 & to settle 9 x8 ,let u exam9e ?is "q gr\nd = hope 9 ! future ( ,a ,,sub-,,arctic ,,m9+ ,,prov9ce4 8,! we/]n arm ( ! ,ar*aean horse%oe1 ar\nd :i* ! rema9d] ( ! ,am]ican cont95t has be5 built up dur+ successive geological ages1 /rikes ! we/ coa/ ( ,hudson bay ne> ,*ur*ill1 & !nce ext5ds nor?w>d1 ) an av]age bread? ( f five hundr$ to six hundr$ miles to ,arctic ocean4 ,?is ,ar*aean belt is compos$ *iefly ( ,laur5tian & ,huronian rocks1 b 9 ! depressions are "s l>ge areas ( rocks ( a lat] age4 8,z ! only exact geological in=mation at pres5t available is t collect$ by ! two exp$itions s5t out by ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey 9 #ahic & #ahid :i* ,i _h ! hon\r to lead1 ,i %all describe ! rocks z se5 on ^? two exp$itions & aft]w>ds attempt to br+ toge!r su* o!r in=mation z has be5 record$ by o!rs1 & assign to x su* value z x w\ld seem to possess4 8,! ,laur5tian sy/em1 z "h se51 consi/s almo/ exclusively ( cry/all9e1 massive1 or alt]$ cru%$ & contort$ rocks ( ! #8,basem5t ,complex'1 consi/+ ( granites & diorites1 & granite & diorite gneisses4 ,z a rule1 ! massive & foliat$ rocks are v simil> 9 composition be+ probably diff]5t phases ( ! same fluid or semi-fluid magma4 ,^! rocks are s simil> to ! ,laur5tian rocks ( ! nor!rn ,ont>io1 :i* are famili> to any "o :o has sp5t a summ] 9 ,muskoka or 9 ,?\s& isl&s1 t x is unnecess>y to describe !m 9 great] detail "h4 ,!y are n usually ri* 9 valuable m9]als except :]e !y come 9 contact ) ! ov]ly+ ,huronian rocks4 8,on ,dubawnt riv] !y und]lie ! c\ntry nor?w>d f ,daly lake1 & !nce cont9ue nor!a/w>d along ! we/ %ore ( ,dubawnt lake & d[n ,dubawnt riv] to ,lady ,m>jorie lake1 ov] :i* di/ance !y 7 (t5 se5 9 contact ) ov]ly+ ,huronian & ,cambrian /rata4 ,nor? ( ,lady ,m>jorie lake !y disappe> "u ! ,cambrian s&/ones1 & !y 7 n aga9 se5 until ! ,cambrian belt 0 cross$ & ! nor? %ore ( ,s*ultz lake 0 rea*$4 8,on ,kazan riv] !y ext5d f ,ennadai lake to beyond ,ya?ky$ lake1 ) ! exception ( a small ,huronian area ne> ,angikuni lake4 8,on ! l[ flat %ore ( ,hudson bay1 betwe5 ,seal riv] & ,cape ,eskimo1 ! few rock exposures se5 7 ( granite & gneiss ( typical ,laur5tian aspect4 ,= =ty miles nor? ( ,cape ,eskimo no rock 9 place 0 se51 & !nce nor?w>d to ,baird bay "s ( ! po9ts 7 se5 to consi/ ( granite & gneiss1 ?\gh ! %ore g5]ally 0 und]la9 by ,huronian rocks4 8,on ! upp] portion ( ,f]guson riv] ,laur5tian rocks prevail & simil> granites & gneisses occur along ! nor? %ore ( ,bak] lake1 & d[n bo? %ores ( ,*e/]field inlet to its m\?1 :5ce !y ext5d s\?w>d along ! %ore ( ,hudson bay to a %ort di/ance nor? ( ,bak]'s =el&4 ,any in=mation :i* we possess ab\t geology ( ,great ,fi% riv] & ,copp]m9e riv] w\ld seem to %[ t ! ,laur5tian granites & gneisses outcrop ) great] or less frequ5cy along _! banks1 s t we may safely inf] t ! ,b>r5 ,l&s are l>gely und]la9 by ^! anci5t igne\s rocks1 & consequ5tly !re are l>ge areas :i* w n produce valuable m9]als4 8,b z f>!r s\? we f9d qu>tzite1 greywackes1 & highly alt]$ eruptive rocks ( ,huronian age1 fold$ 9 "h & !re ) typical ,laur5tian rocks1 s 9 ! f> nor? we may confid5tly expect to f9d ! same set ( conditions prevail+4 8,su* is to be f\nd ! case 9 ! c\ntry lately exam9$ imm$iately we/ ( ,hudson bay1 :]e sev]al areas ( ,huronian rocks1 precisely simil> to ,,^? ,,f\nd ,,at ,,sudbury1 ,lake ( ! ,woods1 & at _m places ar\nd ,lakes ,huron & ,sup]ior1 h be5 discov]$4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! areas ext5ds m or less cont9u\sly = "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles along ! we/ coa/ ( ,hudson bay1 f ne> ,bak]'s =el& to a po9t =ty-five miles nor? ( ,cape ,eskimo1 & f ! bay %ore = sev5ty miles inl& on ! c\rse ( ,f]guson riv]4 ,a small] area crosses ,dubawnt riv] betwe5 ,s*ultz & ,bak] lakes1 a ?ird occurs on ! ,kazan riv] bel[ ,angikuni lake1 a f\r? 0 recogniz$ 9 ! bas9 ( ,ennadai lake4 8,two m areas are repres5t$ by outcrops ( :ite cla/ic qu>tzite on ! nor? %ore ( ,dubawnt lake1 & on ! ea/ %ore ( ,:>ton lake4 8,! rocks con/itut+ ! sy/em 9 ?is region h be5 divid$ into ?ree m or less di/9ct gr\ps1 viz3 ,m>ble isl& qu>tzites2 ! gre5i% qu>tzites & greywackes2 & ! m or less highly alt]$ & (t5 s*i/ose diabases & gabbros4 8,! ,m>ble isl& qu>tzites are compos$ ( h>d :ite qu>tzite1 consi/+ ( m or less r\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz1 ( fairly regul> size1 cem5t$ toge!r by int]/itial silica4 ,!y are di/9ctly /ratifi$ 9 ?ick & ?9 b$s1 & ! surfaces ( ! b$s are (t5 cov]$ ) beautiful ripple-m>k+s4 ,! ?ick] b$s also (t5 %[ di/9ct false b$d+4 ,!y are usually 9 a m or less incl9$ position1 b !y 7 n[h]e se5 to be v mu* crumpl$ or squeez$ into m9ute folds4 ,^! qu>tzites on ! nor? %ore ( ,qu>tzite lake dip regul>ly nor?we/w>d1 away f a hill ( diabase :i* lies to ! s\?1 & ! latt] !re=e probably und]lies ! qu>tzite1 ?\gh x is n necess>ily old] ?an x4 ,9 o!r places v little evid5ce 0 obta9$ ( ! relative ages ( ! :ite qu>tzite & ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,huronian4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld seem probable t1 9 ! region ne> ! %ore ( ,hudson bay1 ?is qu>tzite is ,,! ,,olde/ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,huronian1 & t ! diabases1 & o!r basic eruptions :i* are associat$ ) x1 h be5 intrud$ b5ea? x1 & h also fl[$ ov] x4 ,t ,m>ble isl& qu>tzites 7 once spread ov] a l>ge portion ( ! region "u consid]ation is %[n1 n s mu* by ! few scatt]$ outl9es "h m5tion$1 z by ! fact t ! ov]ly+ ,cambrian conglom]ates1 :i* cov] l>ge areas betwe5 ,dubawnt & ,bak] lakes1 are compos$ *iefly ( pebbles ( ?is :ite qu>tzite4 8,d>k gre5 eruptive rocks1 *iefly diabase1 are l>gely develop$ 9 ! ,huronian1 compos+ a consid]able proportion ( ! rocks ( ! sy/em4 ,9 _m cases ^! rocks h be5 cru%$ & %e>$1 a slaty cleavage or s*i/ose /ructure has be5 sup]9duc$1 & ! orig9al m9]als h be5 brok5 & alt]$1 bo? 9 _! %ape & composition4 ,9 o!r cases ! rock rema9s massive1 or !re is develop$ 9 x a concretion>y or bomblike /ructure1 ! bombs1 (t5 a foot or two 9 diamet]1 be+ usually sep>at$ by some:at s*i/ose b&s1 :i* diff] slightly 9 col\r f ! re/ ( ! rock4 8,on ! ea/ side ( ,hudson bay ?is rock 0 f\nd to h1 dissem9at$ ?r\gh x1 a l>ge am\nt ( bo? iron & copp] pyrites1 :ile ^! m9]als 7 (t5 f\nd collect$ some:at m closely toge!r 9 ! num]\s ve9s ( qu>tz & calc-sp> :i* almo/ ev]y:]e trav]s$ ! rock4 ,no l>ge deposits ( ! sulphides 7 se51 b :5 !y are s freely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! mass ( ! rock x is n at all improbable t l>ge masses may be f\nd segregat$ out along ! zones :]e ^! gre5 s*i/s are 9 contact ) masses ( eruptive granite or gneiss4 ,v little ( ! ve9 rock has be5 collect$ = assay1 b "s pieces ( ve9 qu>tz1 pick$ up by ,doctor ,rae ne> ! s\? side ( ,corbett inlet1 7 f\nd to ,,c>ry ,a ,,small ,,am\nt ,,( ,,gold4 8,on ,great ,fi% riv]1 ,mr4 ,pike speaks ( ! iron/one =mation1 ( d>k fissile slates or s*i/s1 probably belong+ to ! ,huronian sy/em ext5d+ d[n ! riv] f ,musk-,ox lake to ,bee*ey lake1 a di/ance ( sev5ty-five miles4 8,! %ores ( ,po9t lake1 "o ( ! expansions ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 h be5 describ$ by ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 :o pass$ ?r\gh t c\ntry 9 company ) ,sir ,john ,frankl9 9 #ahba1 & f 8 descriptions !re is no difficulty 9 recognis+ ! ,huronian rocks4 ,! foll[+ is 8 description ( ! rocks1 slightly cond5s$3--,greywacke pass+ into greywacke slate1 greywacke ) small imb$d$ cry/als ( hornbl5de1 d>k gre5i% or blacki% grey clay slate4 ,sev]al ( ! isl&s 9 ! lake consi/ ( gre5/one4 ,a rock /&+ ap>t f ! neighbor+ hills on ! bord] ( ! lake1 hav+ a r\nd$ summit1 b b\nd$ on ?ree sides by mural precipices ab\t two hundr$ feet high1 is compos$ ( compact e>?y gre5/one1 conta9+ dissem9at$ iron pyrites1 cov]$ ) lay]s ( gre5/one slate4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! lake !re is a high bluff hill ) a precipit\s side1 :i* seems to consi/ pr9cipally ( a conglom]ate4 ,! basis is e>?y-clay slate4 ,! emb$d$ masses h an ellipsoidal =m & smoo? surface1 are f "o to two feet 9 diamet] & appe> to consi/ ( ! same mat]ial z ! basis1 b impregnat$ ) mu* silica1 & n %[+ evid5t slaty /ructure4 ,:5 brok5 !y pres5t an ev5 f9e-gra9$ fracture4 8#8,dur+ our fir/ & second days' j\rney d[n ,po9t lake f ! above m5tion$ encampm5t1 be+ elev5 & "o-half miles on a we/-nor?we/ c\rse1 ! rocks we _h an opportunity ( exam9+ consi/$ ( gre5i% grey clay-slate1 g5]ally hav+ a curv$ /ructure1 & splitt+ into slates ( v unequal ?ickness4' 8,f ^! few isolat$ & widely sep>at$ occurr5ces x may be se5 t1 z 9 ! ,ar*aean areas ( nor!rn & we/]n ,ont>io1 s on ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 ,huronian rocks occur at m or less frequ5t int]vals1 squeez$ 9 betwe5 adjac5t areas ( ,laur5tian granite & gneiss4 8,t ^! belts ( ,huronian rocks w ev5tually prove ,,( ,,great ,,economic ,,importance1 !re c be no d\bt :atev]4 ,9 ,ont>io ! wond]ful g5]al ri*ness ( ^! rocks is j beg9n+ to be recogniz$1 b f !m 7 tak5 9 #ahif gold to ! value ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o ?\s& doll>s1 nickel to ! value ( "o million "o hundr$ & eighty-n9e ?\s& doll>s & copp] to ! value ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& doll>s2 :ile 9 ! /ates adjo9+ ,lake ,sup]ior ! total production ( iron ore 9 #ahie f ^! rocks 0 t5 million two hundr$ & sixty-n9e ?\s& long tons1 valu$ at ab\t tw5ty million doll>s4 ,?is 0 #fbca p] c5t4 ( ! total am\nt ( iron produc$ 9 ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! rapid progress ) :i* ^! m9es are be+ develop$ is %[n by ! fact t ! ,mesabi range 0 fir/ op5$ up 9 #ahib1 & 9 #ahie ! product ( ! m9es 9 ! range 0 two million eight hundr$ ?\s& tons4 ,?us y w see t 9 ^! rocks !re is a prospect ( discov]+ ext5sive deposits ( valuable m9]als4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,cambrian ,,rocks4 8,b p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ rocks kn[n 9 ! ,b>r5 ,l&s are ^? :i* are reg>d$ by ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey z be+ ( ,l[] ,cambrian age1 & :i* are v simil> 9 "* to ! ,nipigon or ,keew5awan rocks ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,survivor ( ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson's ,arctic ,exp$ition we>+ ! ,arctic ,m$al giv5 him = t ,exp$ition4 8,9 ! exploration ( ?is c\ntry rec5tly made ^! rocks 7 fir/ met ) ab\t ! c5tre ( ! we/ %ore ( ,dubawnt lake1 :5ce !y 7 f\nd to ext5d nor?-nor!a/w>d = "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five miles to ! =ks ( ,dubawnt riv]4 ,f ?is po9t !y 7 trac$ ea/w>d = "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles to ! outlet ( ,bak] lake1 at :i* po9t !y ve]$ (f to ! s\?4 ,t[>ds ! we/ ?is s]ies probably ext5ds a long di/ance up ! valley ( ,!lon riv]1 & may p]haps cross ! l[ wat]%$ & connect ) simil> b$s on ! %ores ( ,great ,slave lake4 8,! basal portion ( ?is s]ies is "h repres5t$ by r$di% ?ick-b$d$ s&/ones & conglom]ates1 :i* are comp>atively unalt]$ & undi/urb$ ov] l>ge areas4 ,9 "s places1 z on ! isl&s ne> ! nor?we/ %ore ( ,dubawnt lake1 !y dip regul>ly at a mod]ate angle4 ,! pebbles 9 ! conglom]ates are well r\nd$ & wat]-worn1 & consi/ almo/ entirely ( :ite cla/ic qu>tzites l t ( ,m>ble isl& 7,huronian7 b$s4 ,! occurr5ce ( qu>tzite pebbles1 to ! almo/ total exclusion ( pebbles ( ,laur5tian or o!r rocks1 w\ld indicate t ^! ,cambrian /rata 7 deposit$ (f a %ore compos$ v l>gely ( ,huronian qu>tzites4 ,! s&/ones & conglom]ates are cut by dykes & masses ( bo? acid & basic eruptive rocks4 ,! acid eruptions 7 fir/ met ) on a hill ( r$ qu>tz-porphyry at ,teall po9t1 on ! we/ %ore ( ,dubawnt lake4 ,a simil> massive qu>tz-porphyry =ms a heavy ea/ & we/ dyke1 "s di/ance f>!r nor? on ! %ore ( ! same lake1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! dyke ! surr\nd+ conglom]ate is v h>d5$1 s t x breaks indiff]5tly ?r\gh ! matrix or ?r\gh ! pebbles4 8,t[>ds ! nor? end ( ,dubawnt lake ! or?oclase 9 ! rock is replac$ by plagioclase1 ! porphyry ?us becom+ a porphyryte4 ,?is porphyry is l>gely develop$1 & seems to und]lie a l>ge tract ( c\ntry1 along ,dubawnt riv] betwe5 ,lady ,m>jorie lake & ! ,=ks1 & aga9 x 0 f\nd on ! isl& t[>ds ! ea/ end ( ,bak] lake4 8,d>k-gre5 basic eruptions1 *iefly1 or p]haps exclusively1 9 ! =m ( dykes1 are ext5sively develop$ ?r\gh\t ! area cov]$ by ! rocks ( ! ,cambrian sy/em4 ,on ,dubawnt lake & on ,dubawnt riv] ne> ! ,=ks1 mo/ ( ^! dykes ,,are ,,( ,,typical ,,diabase1 ) int]lock+ la?-%ap$ cry/als ( plagioclase1 betwe5 :i* are cry/als1 or cry/all9e masses ( augite1 (t5 alt]$ to *lorite4 8,a heavy diabase dyke1 cross+ ,dubawnt riv] at ,l\don rapids1 cuts ! surr\nd+ acid eruptions1 & is cle>ly new] ?an !y4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t ! rocks 9 ?is vic9ity are v freely /a9$ ) gre5 c>bonate ( copp]1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a consid]able am\nt ( copp] dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! rock1 j z copp] occurs "u simil> conditions 9 simil> rocks s\? ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 8,li?ologically ! :ole ( ?is t]ra9 pres5ts a rem>kable resemblance to ! r$ s&/ones & qu>tz-porphyries ( ! ,keew5awan 7copp]-be>+7 rocks ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,?is resemblance is s /rongly m>k$ t small h&-specim5s ( ! rocks f ! %ore ( ,dubawnt lake are usually indi/+ui%able f specim5s f ,lake ,sup]ior4 8,native copp] 0 n[h]e f\nd1 b x is n unlikely t x may occur 9 ! vic9ity ( "s ( ^! basic dykes40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell !n proce$s to discuss ! deposits ( native copp] 9 ! f> nor? z already quot$ 9 ?is *apt] & cont9ues3-- 8,besides copp] a n>r[ ve9 ( pure gal5a has be5 f\nd on ! %ore ( ,ba?ur/ inlet4 8,:e!r any o!r metals b copp] & lead w be f\nd 9 t region rema9s to be discov]$1 b ! evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ,animikie slates & lime/ones w\ld indicate ! possibility ( ! occurr5ce ( silv]1 su* z 0 f\nd at ,silv] islet on ,lake ,sup]ior4 8,?is nor!rn c\ntry1 :i*1 z we h se51 gives abundant evid5ce ( ri* m9]al weal?1 has up to ! pres5t be5 v remote f any settlem5ts1 b n[ x c actually ,,be ,,rea*$ ,,) ,,v ,,little ,,tr\ble & exp5se ei!r f ,mack5zie riv] or f ,hudson bay1 & its g5]al ev5 unm\nta9\s "* w\ld r5d] ! build+ ( roads across x a matt] ( comp>atively little difficulty4 8,f ,mack5zie riv] to ,great ,be> lake is only sixty-five miles1 & f t lake to ,copp]m9e riv] only ano!r sixty-five miles1 :ile ! ,keew5awan rocks on ,bak] lake may be rea*$ by ocean-go+ /eam]s :i* c asc5d ,*e/]field inlet to its head1 :i* is op5 = ?ree mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,f ! head ( ,*e/]field inlet x is only f\r hundr$ miles1 ov] a g5tly undulat+ c\ntry1 to ! ea/ end ( ,great ,slave lake1 or five hundr$ & eighty miles to ,copp] m\nta9s we/ ( ,copp]m9e riv]4 8,s\? ( ,*e/]field inlet good h>b\rs exi/1 f :i* ! ,huronian rocks c\ld readily be explor$1 or1 if ri* m9es 7 discov]$1 w\ld s]ve z means ( access & outlet to & f ^! m9es4 8,*ur*ill1 at ! s\!a/]n extremity ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 has long be5 kn[n z an excell5t h>b\r1 hav+ be5 survey$ by ,joseph ,robson1 an eng9e]1 z long ago z #agdf4 ,on an av]age x is op5 five mon?s ( ! ye>1 f ,june #ai1 to ,novemb] #ah1 ! %orte/ op5 season kn[n be+ f\r mon?s & eight days1 & longe/ season five mon?s & eighte5 days4 8,x is true t 9 go+ to live 9 t nor!rn l&1 "o w\ld leave f> beh9d ! =e/1 mead[s1 & pleasant or*>ds ( ?is beautiful prov9ce 7,ont>io71 b ! weal? torn f ! rocks w\ld enable ! p to procure all ! products ( m g5ial climates1 & ) ! heal? & /r5g? d]iv$ f a well-f$1 b active & en]getic exi/5ce1 ! c\ntry w\ld be cov]$ ) homes z happy z c\ld be f\nd 9 any "p ( ! _w40 ,,iron1 ,,gold ,,& ,,silv]4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell 0 exam9$ be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate 9 #aijg & 9 8 evid5ce ^u t occasion /at$ t nor? ( ,lake ,a?abaska1 = a c]ta9 di/ance1 !re are ,huronian & ,keewat9 rocks :i* c]ta9ly conta9 iron & small quantities ( gold & silv]1 b l>g] quantities h n yet be5 discov]$4 ,ore be+ a mass ( m9]al t c be work$ at a pr(it1 no ore has yet be5 f\nd !re1 b !re are preci\s m9]als4 ,! c\ntry nor? ( ,lake ,a?abaska is "o ( ! mo/ likely look+ m9]al c\ntries t ,mr4 ,tyrrell _h ev] be5 94 ,aft] leav+ ! ,huronian rocks nor? ( ,lake ,a?abaska1 "o !n /rikes ?r\gh a granite c\ntry = sev5 hundr$ miles on ! r\tes t he travell$ :i* does n %[ mu* evid5ce ( m9]als4 ,!n z he got to ,dubawnt lake he got on copp]-be>+ rocks simil> to ! copp]-be>+ rocks ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 & ^? are und\bt$ly ! same copp]-be>+ rocks :i* ext5d across ,copp]m9e riv]1 & :i* h !re be5 kn[n to produce native copp]--at lea/ ! ,esquimaux br+ 9 ! copp] f ,copp]m9e riv] to make implem5ts4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell said he w\ld n expect to f9d silv] 9 connection ) ! copp]4 ,!y d n f9d silv] 9 any quantity ) ! copp] ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,!y d f9d silv] 9 places1 b n on ! ,calumet p59sula4 ,! silv] appe>s 9 a slightly diff]5t =mation4 ,:ile x occurs 9 rocks ( some:at simil> age1 /ill x is n imm$iately associat$ ) copp]1 & ! rocks t "o f9ds f ,dubawnt lake nor?w>d1 cov]+ q a l>ge area1 are v simil> to ! copp]-be>+ rocks on ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,tak+ a set ( specim5s f ! copp]-be>+ rocks ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell decl>$ he c\ld duplicate !m almo/ exactly f a set ( specim5s f ^! nor!rn rocks 9 all ! peculi> m9]als--& !re are a great _m ( !m4 ,he saw a small am\nt ( copp] 9 _m places 9 ^! rocks1 & we "k t x occurs 9 ! rock1 because ! ,esquimaux pick up native copp] & make _! implem5ts f x4 ,s t he look$ = a l>ge developm5t at "s "t ( a copp] indu/ry 9 t c\ntry betwe5 ,*e/]field inlet & ,copp]m9e riv]4 ,he _h nev] be5 at ,copp]m9e riv] himself4 ,really ! pr9cipal exploration ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 he expla9$1 0 done ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 & !re has be5 v little exploration ( x s9ce4 ,x 0 visit$ by ,doctor ,j4 ,m4 ,bell "s ?ree or f\r ye>s previ\s to #aijg1 b he j b>ely t\*$ x1 & ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury1 really furni%$ all ! in=mation t is kn[n ab\t ,copp]m9e riv]4 ,a ,,l>ge ,,area ,,( ,,m9]al ,,c\ntry4 ,9 ! f> nor!rn region1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell /at$ ^u ?is occasion1 !re is a l>ge area ( m9]al be>+ c\ntry4 ,z y come out to ! m\? ( ,*e/]field inlet !re is an area ( ,keewat9 & ,huronian rocks1 simil> to ! conglom]ates ( nor!rn ,ont>io1 :i* h be5 f\nd to be s ri* !re1 & ^! rocks are kn[n to conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( gold & copp]4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell saw !m himself !re1 & he _h1 he said1 e confid5ce t t area too w produce m9]als ( value--workable ores4 ,!re 0 no indication ( nickel 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[1 ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 :o 0 a witness be=e ! same committee1 /at$ t he _h sp5t "o w9t] at ,cape ,full]ton1 nor? ( ,*e/]field inlet4 ,he expla9$ t on ! ma9l& :]e !re are m>k$ ind5tations1 !re is a l>ge developm5t ( ,huronian rocks1 :i* conta9 f\r p] c5t4 ( copp] pyrites4 ,^! rocks h n be5 prop]ly prospect$ yet1 & !re h be5 no claims tak5 up on !m4 ,!y h n be5 prov5 9 any way4 ,betwe5 ,*e/]field & ,full]ton !re are sev]al fairly dec5t deposits ( iron pyrites1 & "s ( ^! conta9 small deposits ( gold4 ,gold 0 f\nd by ,doctor ,wright some:]e 9 ,:it*] inlet1 b beyond ^? discov]ies no?+ ( a def9ite "* is kn[n ( ! m9]als ( ! f> nor?4 ,! isl& ( ,s\?ampton ea/ ( ,full]ton is =m$ ( lime/one1 & a b& ( anci5t ,huronian ,laur5tian rocks1 :i* crosses at ! nor? side ( x4 ,,free ,,gold ,,9 ,,melville ,,p59sula4 ,exam9$ be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate 9 #ahhg1 ,doctor ,robt4 ,bell ( ! ,geological ,survey /at$ t free gold _h at t date be5 f\nd 9 qu>tz 9 ,repulse bay1 s\? ( ,melville p59sula1 :i* is ! extreme nor!a/]n po9t ( ! cont95t1 & consid]ably nor? ( ,full]ton4 ,! free gold he spoke ( z com+ f ,repulse bay 0 notic$ by ,pr(essor ,james ,t5nant1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,pl5ty ( copp] _h be5 f\nd up !re4 ,witness _h f\nd x 9 small quantities himself1 & x _h be5 f\nd z occurr+ 9 l>ge quantities among specim5s br\ght f ! we/ coa/ ( ,hudson bay by o!rs4 ,speak+ ( 8 voyage by sea to ,hudson bay1 ,doctor ,bell said he _h n _h an opportunity to satisfactorily inve/igate ! m9]al res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,8 own opportunities = discov]y _h be5 limit$ on acc\nt ( ! fact t :5 he 0 at ! mo/ likely places = f9d+ gold or silv] he _h v little *ance to get a%ore4 ,he _h to take j :at opportunity he _h :5 go+ a%ore ) boats = balla/ or to l& mat]ials at ! /ations4 ,! ma9 object ( all ! exp$itions 0 to e/abli% & supply ! /ations4 ,if he _h _h an exp$ition "u 8 own control1 fitt$ out = t object1 he _h no d\bt he c\ld make valuable discov]ies ( m9]als4 ,he saw "s qu>tz l$ges himself4 ,!y v>i$ 9 size4 ,he c\ld n look entirely = economic m9]als1 = 9 ! few h\rs he _h at any place he _h to asc]ta9 z mu* z possible ( ! geological /ructure ( ! c\ntry1 & incid5tally1 if he f\nd any?+ wor?y ( notice1 he br\ght away specim5s4 ,he saw _m l>ge ve9s ( qu>tz1 b ^? f :i* he br\ght ! specim5s :i* happ5$ to conta9 gold & silv] 7 n s l>ge z o!rs he _h se54 ,"s 7 sev]al feet wide4 ,he did n f9d visible gold at all4 ,z to ! gold prospects 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 ,inspector ,pelleti]1 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 /ates 9 8 report3--8,9 _m places along ! ,!lon1 great s& b>s are prom95t1 creeks fl[+ into x d s ov] gravel b$s & :5 ?is c\ntry is prospect$ ,i expect to he> ( plac] gold discov]ies4 ,x is a good c\ntry = prospectors4 ,a prospect+ outfit go+ !re w\ld f9d pl5ty ( good timb] to build _! camp1 & any am\nt ( fuel4 ,!y w\ld h to c>ry only c]ta9 k9ds ( provisions1 = fi% is abundant4 ,musk-ox & de] at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> are v num]\s40 ,,lignite ,,& ,,s(t ,,coal4 ,l>ge areas ( lignite & s(t coal h be5 discov]$ along ! %ores ( ,arctic sea betwe5 ! ,mack5zie & ! ,copp]m9e & 9 ! isl&s (f ! coa/4 ,doctor ,ri*>dson 9 #ahbf f\nd ! ,arctic coa/ ea/ ( ,cape ,ba?ur/ to consi/ ( precipit\s banks1 simil> 9 /ructure to ! bitum9\s %ale cliffs at ,:itby 9 ,york%ire4 ,?is %ale 0 9 a /ate ( ignition 9 _m places4 ,accord+ to ! same au?ority 8c>bonif]\s lime/one exi/s on ! nor?we/]n coa/ ( ,banks isl&1 on ,melville & ,ba?ur/ isl&s4 ,at ,village po9t1 9 latitude #gf #dj & longitude #ig we/1 at ,depot po9t1 ,gr9nell l& 7( ,bel*]71 latitude #gg #e nor?1 & at v>i\s o!r places 9 ! c>bonif]\s lime/one tract !re are coal b$s4 ,^! coal b$s are consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,h\ghton to be v l[ d[n 9 ! c>bonif]\s s]ies40 ,9 a valley 9 ,banks isl& "s di/ance f ! coa/ & ?ree hundr$ feet above sea level1 ,ri*>dson relates t ,capta9 ,mc,clure & ,doctor ,arm/rong visit$ a c>bonif]\s deposit4 8,! ends ( trunks & bran*es ( trees10 says ! la/-nam$ (fic]1 87 se5 protrud+ ?r\gh ! ri* loamy soil 9 :i* !y 7 imb$d$4 ,on excavat+ to "s ext5t we f\nd ! entire hill to be a ligne\s =mation1 be+ compos$ ( ! trunks & bran*es ( trees1 "s ( !m d>k & s(t5$1 9 a /ate ( semi-c>bonization40 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,b>r5 ,,l&s1 ,,or 8,,arctic ,,prairie40 ,game1 ,fur-be>+ ,animals & ,fi%4 ,:]e ,millions ( ,c>ib\ ,roam at ,l>ge4--,actual ,value ( ,^! ,imm5se ,h]ds ,v ,great4--,c !y ,become ,dome/icat$ or ,replac$ by ! ,lapl& ,re9de]8--,! ,home ( ! ,musk-,ox & ,_m ,fur-,be>+ ,animals4--,! ,pol> ,be>4--,:]e ! ,wild ,geese ,ne/4--,lakes1 ,riv]s & ,sea ,coa/s ,teem+ ,) ,fi%4--,! ,arctic ,salmon1 ,tr\t1 ,:ite ,fi% & ,grayl+4 ,! fi% & game res\rces ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s h hi!rto be5 ! sole support ( ! small human population1 & unque/ionably !y c\ld support an inf9itely l>g] numb] ( p ?an h hi!rto resid$ 9 ! f> nor!rn wild]ness4 ,z e explor] ( ! region f ,he>ne until ! pres5t date has _h to dep5d prim>ily practically :olly ^u fi% & game = su/5ance :ile 9 ! int]ior1 we "k mu* m ab\t ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry 9 ^? respects ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,! occurr5ce ( fi% & game has be5 a matt] ( life or dea? to ! explor]s1 & naturally !y h all dwelt ^u ! matt] 9 ! n>ratives ( _! trips4 ,t s _m adv5tur\s & l5g?y trips ?r\gh ! c\ntry h succe$$ te/ifies to ! abundance ( fi% & game ev5 9 ! f> nor? ( ?is va/ region4 ,! *ief s\rce ( ! food supply ( ! natives & ( explor]s 9 ! ,b>r5 ,l&s is ! ,b>r5 ,l&s c>ib\1 ,rangif] arcticus 7,ri*>dson74 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey1 9 8 report s (t5 quot$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 says3--8,?is fam\s animal1 usually 9 ! nor? call$ #8de]1' & (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! n>ratives ( ,arctic travel1 occurs m or less abundantly on ! b>r5 gr\nds ( ! region treat$ (1 & on ! l>ge isl&s to ! nor?w>d4 ,x is ! c>ib\1 m ?an any o!r animal1 :i* r5d]s human resid5ce 9 ?is desolate region possible4 8,)9 ?is great area x is probable t !re are two or m races1 p]haps di/9ct species1 s9ce ! animals are sep>at$ by ! physiographic conditions ( ! c\ntry into diff]5t h]ds1 or aggregations ( h]ds1 :i* nev] associate ) ea* o!r at any "t ( ! ye>1 & :i* h some:at diff]5t habits4 ,a s]ies ( sk9s & skulls w be necess>y to a decision z to ! numb] ( recognizable =ms4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 all ! c>ib\ ( ?is region1 except+ ! woodl& species1 may )\t viol5ce be ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,"o ,,species1 = :i* ! "n arcticus1 appli$ by ,ri*>dson to ! animal inhabit+ ! ma9 area ( ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds betwe5 ,great ,be> lake & ,hudson bay1 may be us$4 ,x is reasonably c]ta9 t )9 ?is latt] area b "o species is repres5t$40 ,"o ( ! rec5t explor]s1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 & 8 bro!r1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell1 give u p]haps ! mo/ complete fir/-h& in=mation z to ! c>ib\4 ,9 notes ( ! fauna ( ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! ea/]n "p ( ,a?abaska lake & ,*ur*ill riv]1 explor$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahib1 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell says3--8,! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds c>ib\4 4 4 4 4 4 comes s\? 9 w9t] to ! s\? end ( ,re9de] lake & ! upp] portion ( ,mudjatik & ,fo/] riv]s4 ,x travels nor? 9 spr+ to ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds1 b a v few animals are occasionally left beh9d1 "o hav+ be5 %ot 9 ,july ne> ! nor? end ( ,cree lake40 ,=t ,fond du ,lac 7ea/ end ( ,lake ,a?abaska7 is /at$ by ,mr4 ,tyrrell 9 ! same report to be 8on "o ( ! pr9cipal l9es ( travel ( ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd c>ib\1 9 _! regul> migrations nor? & s\?40 ,9 ! report ( 8 exp$ition d[n ! ,dubawnt valley & ,*e/]field inlet 9 #ahic1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell m5tions t 8 p>ty fir/ saw c>ib\ 7he calls !m ,rangif] ,grnl&icus7 on ,july #bh on ,b>l[ lake1 8& on ,july #bi1 we met a va/ h]d ( ,b>r5 ,gr\nd c>ib\ collect$ on a good fe$+ gr\nd on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,c>ey lake40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell gives ! foll[+ details3--8,f\r miles bel[ ,b>l[ lake1 ! riv] ,dubawnt ent]s ! s\? end ( ,c>ey lake1 s call$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,rev]5d ,doctor ,c>ey ( ,/4 ,john1 ,n4,b4 ,aft] paddl+ up ! lake = five miles1 direct+ our c\rse t[>ds a high po9t ) a l>ge b\ld] on its summit1 aft]w>ds call$ ,cairn po9t1 we saw ,,an ,,imm5se ,,h]d ,,( ,,c>ib\ 7,rangif] ,grnl&icus7 mov+ along ! ea/ %ore4 ,we at once paddl$ t[>ds ! l&1 & f\nd ! de] /&+ on l[ wet grassy l& ne> ! wat]1 at ! foot ( a long /ony slope4 8,! foll[+ extract f my daily j\rnal1 ) ! photographs 9 ! front ( ! report1 w give a fairly cle> idea ( ! numb] ( de] se53-- 8,july #cj4--,ye/]day 0 ! fir/ cle> w>m day t we h _h = a long "t1 b to day is also cle> & w>m1 ) a g5tle breeze bl[+ f ! we/4 ,we sp5t ! day sk9n+ & cutt+ up ! fatte/ ( ! bucks we kill$ ye/]day4 ,our camp is a hundr$ y>ds f ! lake1 ne> ! edge ( a bog1 ) a scatt]$ grove ( l>* & black spruce j beh9d u4 ,all day ! c>ib\ h be5 ar\nd u 9 va/ numb]s1 _m ?\s&s be+ collect$ toge!r 9 s+le h]ds4 ,"o h]d collect$ 9 ! hill beh9d our camp1 & ano!r rema9$ = h\rs 9 ! wet bog on ! po9t 9 front ( u4 ,! little fawns 7 runn+ ab\t ev]y:]e1 (t5 com+ up to )9 a y>d or two ( u1 utt]+ _! %>p grunts z !y /ood & look$ up at u1 or z !y turn$ & ran back to ! does4 ,ab\t noon a l>ge h]d _h collect$ on ! sides & summit ( ! hill beh9d u4 ,tak+ ! small h& cam]a ) :i* we 7 suppli$1 we walk$ quietly among !m4 ,z we approa*$ to )9 a few y>ds ( ! d5se h]d1 x op5$ to let u 91 & !n =m$ a circle r\nd u1 s t we 7 able to /& = a c\ple ( h\rs & wat* ! de] z !y /ood 9 ! light breeze or rubb$ sl[ly pa/ ea* o!r to keep (f ! black flies4 ,! bucks1 ) _! beautiful bran*+ antl]s1 kept well 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,we obta9$ a numb] ( photographs1 :i* %[ ! animals 9 _m positions2 lat] 9 ! aft]noon a h]d ( bucks trott$ up to u1 & /ood at ab\t =ty y>ds di/ance4 ,?is 0 a mo/ beautiful sight1 = _! horns are n[ full gr[n1 ?\gh /ill s(t at ! tips1 b un=tunately we _h n ! cam]a ) u4 ,we did n %oot any to-day40 ,9 8 pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahig ,mr4 ,tyrrell said t ?is h]d at ,c>ey lake mu/ h conta9$ betwe5 "o & ,,two ,,hundr$ ,,?\s& ,,head ,,( ,,c>ib\4 ,!y 7 migrat+ s\?w>d t[>ds ! edge ( ! woods1 :]e !y w\ld sp5d ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,indian ,dance ,lodge4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell1 :o 0 ) 8 bro!r ^u ?is occasion1 9 8 book 8,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada01 speaks ( ! c>ib\ se5 at ,c>ey lake z =m+ 8_m great b&s lit]ally cov]+ ! c\ntry ov] wide areas4 ,! valleys & hillsides = miles appe>$ to be mov+ masses ( c>ib\4 ,to e/imate _! numb]s w\ld be impossible4 ,!y c\ld only be reckon$ 9 acres or squ>e miles4 ,we walk$ to & fro ?r\gh ! h]d ( c>ib\1 caus+ little m al>m ?an "o w\ld by walk+ ?r\gh a h]d ( cattle 9 ! field40 ,ne> ! head ( ,dubawnt lake ! ,tyrrells1 9 ,augu/1 notic$ scatt]$ b&s ( de]1 also two or ?ree wolves & a wolv]9e4 ,9 #ahid1 :5 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell's p>ty 0 desc5d+ ,kazan riv]1 !y fir/ fell 9 ) ! ,b>r5 ,l&s c>ib\ on ! we/ side ( ,ennadai lake ab\t latitude #fa1 on ,augu/ #ad4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell 9 8 report says ! de] 7 travell+ s\?w>d 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! c\ntry 0 op5 & treeless1 & ! de] 7 r difficult to approa*1 b twelve 7 %ot & cut up1 & _! meat 0 spread out to dry 9 ! sun & w9d40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell m5tions see+ "s c>ib\ & _m signs ( !m dur+ 8 exploration ( ,hanbury & ,!lon riv]s 9 #aijj4 8,:ile desc5d+ ,hanbury riv]1 to ! ea/w>d ( ,great ,slave lake1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ,july1 only an occasional /raggl+ c>ib\ 0 met4 ,on ,july #bc1 h[ev]1 on ! ,!lon1 he obs]v$ a l>ge b& mov+ s\?w>d4 ,9 8 report ,mr4 ,tyrrell /ates3--8,! ,!lon 0 evid5tly frequ5t$ on bo? sides by numb]s ( c>ib\1 z _! tracks 7 ev]y:]e to be se51 ?\gh few ( ! de] 7 met )1 until ! l[] /ret*es ( ! riv] 7 rea*$1 _! migration hav+ prec$$ u40 ,back relates t on ,july #ae1 #ahcd1 :ile 8 p>ty 0 desc5d+ ,backs riv]1 at ,bee*ey lake ! swampy prairies1 8:i* ne> ! cascades might be call$ pla9s10 7 8all ?ickly inhabit$ by de]40 ,back calls ! c>ib\ 8,c]vus t>&us0 7,l9n74 ,mr4 ,david ,t4 ,hanbury f\nd l>ge b&s ( c>ib\1 compris+ adults ( bo? sexes & _! "y1 proce$+ s\?w>d along ,hanbury riv] ab\t ! la/ ( ,july4 ,,migration ,,( ,,! ,,c>ib\4 ,writ+ ( ! migratory habits ( ! c>ib\1 ,mr4 ,hanbury /ates3--8,!re is no d\bt t c>ib\ migrate4 ,!y g s\? 9 l>ge h]ds 9 autumn1 & nor? 9 spr+4 ,!y cross ! c\ntry ea/ ( ,great ,slave lake1 r\nd ,artill]y lake1 & "s di/ance ea/ ( x4 ,!y d n appe> on ! ma9 ,ark-i-l9ik riv]1 b betwe5 ,ab]de5 & ,s*ultz lakes !y pass ) "s regul>ity4 ,! migration takes place on su* a l>ge scale1 & ov] su* a wide tract ( c\ntry1 t x has be5 assum$ t all c>ib\ migrate2 ! fact seems to be t ! majority ( animals rema9 9 ! nor? ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,i h myself %ot c>ib\ 9 w9t] along ! we/ coa/ ( ,hudson bay1 & inl& f ! bay2 along ! nor? & s\? coa/s ( ,*e/]field inlet2 9 ! c\ntry nor? ( ! head ( ! inlet z f> z ,g>ry lake on ,backs riv]1 & along ,backs riv]4 ,i h also kill$ !m to ! nor? & s\? ( ,bak]1 ,ab]de5 & ,s*ultz lakes 9 w9t]1 & ,i "k o!rs :o h kill$ !m 9 w9t] 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,wag] riv] & ,repulse bay4 ,on ! ,arctic coa/1 at ,:ite ,be> po9t1 & on ,k5t p59sula1 & at o!r places :i* w be m5tion$ lat]1 c>ib\ are always to be f\nd dur+ ! w9t]4 ,?us1 ,i ?9k x may be held z prov$ t v great numb]s ( c>ib\ d n migrate40 ,mr4 ,hanbury1 9 ano!r "p ( 8 book1 m5tions t on ,octob] #bf1 #aija1 he hunt$ c>ib\ ne> ,bak] lake1 we/ ( ,*e/]field inlet4 ,he writes3--8,on look+ out ,i c\ld see de] 9 ?\s&s away to ! we/4 ,!y seem$ l small black /ones 9 ! di/ance1 b ) ! glass _! movem5ts c\ld be di/9ctly se540 ,mr4 ,hanbury ann\nces t he 0 in=m$ by ! ,eskimo ( ,ogd5 bay t c>ib\ are f\nd on ,k5t p59sula1 at ,cape ,b>r[1 & ne> ! coa/ ( ,victoria ,l&1 ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 b t none rema9$ dur+ t season betwe5 ,cape ,b>r[ & ! ,copp]m9e or ne> ,ogd5 bay4 ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike 7,see p4 #ai7 9 8 book 8,! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds ( ,nor!rn ,canada0 makes frequ5t & int]e/+ ref]5ces to ! c>ib\4 ,he m5tions t dur+ 8 j\rney nor?w>d into ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds f ! ea/]n "p ( ,great ,slave lake1 9 ! autumn ( #ahhi1 c>ib\ 7 fir/ met ) on ,lake ,camsell1 ab\t sev5ty miles nor? ( ,great ,slave lake1 on ,septemb] #ae4 ,! animals 7 !n on _! way s\?1 & _m 7 se5 dur+ ! rema9d] ( ,septemb] z ! p>ty travell$ nor?w>d4 ,,description ,,( ,a ,,migration4 ,mr4 ,pike encamp$ = ! w9t] on ! s\? %ore ( ,mackay lake & :ile !re witness$ ! migration s\?w>d1 :i* he ?us describes3--8,scatt]$ b&s ( c>ib\ 7 almo/ always 9 sight f ! top ( ! ridge beh9d ! camp1 & increas$ 9 numb]s until ! morn+ ( ,octob] #bj1 :5 little ,bapti/e1 :o _h gone = firewood1 woke u up be=e daylight ) ! cry ( #8,la ,f\le6 ,la ,f\le6' & ev5 on ! l$ge we c\ld he> ! curi\s clatt] made by a b& ( travell+ c>ib\4 ,la ,f\le _h really come & dur+ its passage ( six days ,i 0 able to realize :at an extraord9>y numb] ( ^! animals /ill roam 9 ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd4 ,f ! ridge we _h a spl5did view ( ! migration2 all ! s\? side ( ,mackay lake 0 alive ) mov+ bea/s1 :ile ! ice seem$ to be dott$ all ov] ) black isl&s1 & /ill away on ! nor? %ore1 ) ! aid ( ! glasses1 we c\ld see !m com+ l regim5ts on ! m>*4 ,9 e direction we c\ld he> ! grunt+ noise t ! c>ib\ always make :5 travell+2 ! sn[ 0 brok5 into broad roads1 & ,i f\nd x useless to try to e/imate ! numb] t pass$ )9 a few miles ( our encampm5t4 ,we 7 j on ! we/]n edge ( _! passage1 & aft]w>ds he>d t a b& ( ,dogribs1 hunt+ "s =ty miles to ! we/1 7 at ?is v "t 9 ! la/ /raits ( />vation1 only sav+ _! lives by a ha/y retreat into ! woods1 :]e !y 7 lucky en\gh to kill suffici5t meat to /ave (f disa/]4 4 4 4 4 ,! c>ib\1 z is usually ! case :5 !y are 9 l>ge numb]s1 7 v tame1 & on sev]al occasions ,i f\nd myself "r 9 ! middle ( a b& ) a spl5did *ance to pick out any t seem$ 9 good condition4 4 4 4 4 ,?is passage ( ! c>ib\ is ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ t ,i h ev] se5 9 ! c\rse ( _m exp$itions among ! big game ( ,am]ica4 ,! buffalo 7 = ! mo/ "p kill$ out be=e my "t1 b1 not)/&+ all ! tall /ories t are told ( _! numb]s1 ,i _c believe t ! h]ds on ! prairie ev] surpass$ 9 size #8,la ,f\le' ( ! c>ib\40 ,,no ,,dang] ,,( ,,/>vation4 ,on 8 way nor?1 ! foll[+ spr+1 ,mr4 ,pike fir/ fell 9 ) ! c>ib\ 9 ,june4 ,9 8 book1 8,! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds ( ,nor!rn ,canada01 ref]r+ to ?is ev5t1 ,mr4 ,pike /ates3--8,f ?is "t1 all ?r\gh ! summ]1 till we aga9 rea*$ ,great ,slave lake late 9 ,augu/1 we _h no difficulty ab\t provisions2 al?\gh !re 0 _m a "t :5 we c\ld n say :]e we might f9d our next meal1 some?+ always turn$ up1 & we 7 nev] a s+le day )\t eat+ dur+ ! :ole day4 ,i really believe x is a mi/ake to try to c>ry en\gh food = a summ]'s "w 9 ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds1 z ! difficulty ( transport is s great1 & aft] ! c>ib\ are once f\nd !re is no dang] ( />vation4 8,we 7 n[ travell+ ) ! bull c>ib\1 :i* _h j left ! ?ick woods1 & made easy m>*es f lake to lake 9 a nor!a/ direction2 ! wea!r became cold aga9 = ! la/ "t1 & ,june #g 0 l a bad w9t]'s day ) a /rong nor? w9d & sn[/orms4 ,!n ! summ] came sudd5ly1 & on ,june #aa we 7 oblig$ to camp on a high gravel ridge to await le gr& dgel1 :i* r5d]$ travell+ impossible1 till ! deep wat] _h run (f ! ice40 ,:5 desc5d+ ,lockh>t riv] on 8 way f ,artill]y lake to ,great ,slave lake1 on 8 way back to civilization1 ,mr4 ,pike rem>k$ 8c>ib\ walk+ ! ridges & swimm+ ! lakes 9 e direction40 ,a ,,migration ,,ne> ,,artill]y ,,lake4 ,inspector ,pelleti]1 ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 9 ! report ( 8 patrol f ,great ,slave lake to ,hudson bay1 makes special ref]5ce to ! numb]s ( c>ib\1 !n migrat+ s\?w>d1 se5 dur+ ! passage ( 8 p>ty f ! ea/]n end ( ,great ,slave lake1 to ,!lon riv]4 ,he writes3--8,z we 7 approa*+ ! portage f ,burr to ,t\ra lake we sight$ a l>ge h]d ( de] com+ out beh9d ! grove ( trees4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ we _h se54 ,!y 7 mo/ly does1 b a few "y bulls 7 scatt]$ among/ !m4 ,we kill$ a small "o :i* prov$ a great addition to our l>d]4 ,!y 7 n mu* fright5$ by u al?\gh !y kept at a di/ance4 ,!y 7 9 sight all ! :ile we 7 portag+4 ,f ,burr lake to ,artill]y lake we 7 practically surr\nd$ by de]4 ,we camp$ = ! night ( ,july #ba at ! fifte5 y>ds portage nor? ( ,t\ra lake & dur+ ! night de] kept pass+ to & fro close to our t5ts 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,on ,july #bb ne> ! foot ( ,artill]y lake we saw ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( de]1 mo/ly bulls1 com+ ov] ! ridge beh9d our camp1 mak+ = ! wat] & cross+ :]e x 0 no m ?an half a mile wide4 ,gradually ! ridges on ea* %ore & ! trav]se itself 7 alive ) !m4 ,x 0 a wond]ful sight se5 late at night4 8,at ! s\? end ( ,artill]y lake c\ntless de] 7 se52 ! bucks & does seem$ to belong to sep>ate h]ds4 ,!y 7 cross+ & recross+ at t po9t :]e ! lake is q n>r[1 rang+ f a qu>t] mile to "o & a half miles 9 wid?4 ,= a di/ance ( ab\t two or ?ree miles ! hills 7 cov]$ ) !m & ! wat] 0 bridg$ 9 two or ?ree diff]5t places at a "t4 ,?is might appe> to be exagg]at$2 ,i w\ld nev] h believ$ !re 7 s _m de] 9 ! nor?1 only n[ t ,i h se5 !m1 ,i mu/4 ,! natives we met at t place told u :at we _h se5 0 n ! ma9 h]d b "p ( x1 t ! ma9 body 0 a few miles up ! lake on ! we/ %ore2 !y _h j be5 !re 9 _! canoes ! previ\s day4 ,if :at we _h se5 0 n ! ma9 h]d ,i wond]$ h[ l>ge ! ma9 h]d c\ld be4 ,,c>ib\ ,,along ,,! ,,!lon4 8,de] 7 se5 9 good numb]s along ,sifton lake1 ne> ,timb] rapids1 & at ,timb] rapids2 !y also 7 sight$ 9 o!r places4 ,at ! high s& ridge1 ab\t twelve miles bel[ ,sifton lake1 a l>ge h]d 0 fe$+ on an isl&4 ,at ! l[] end ( ,timb] rapids ! /ream scatt]s & gets %all[1 full ( b\ld]s1 & :ile w9d+ ar\nd little *annels a h]d ( de] 0 cross+1 we c\ld n possibly /op )\t gett+ into "s mix up4 ,luckily ! de] sight$ u & he>d u 7we 7 mak+ all ! noise we c\ld to fright5 !m74 ,!y ru%$ ?r\gh1 leav+ our little *annel op54 ,we c\ld h t\*$ !m ) ! paddle1 !y 7 s ne>4 ,we graz$ "o rock1 & t 0 due to our att5tion be+ div]t$ by ! de]4 8,no game 0 se5 on ! ,hanbury b a de] or two at ! upp] end4 ,innum]able pa?s beat5 by !m 7 v di/9ct all ! way1 b we saw no fre% tracks d5ot+ rec5t passage40 ,writ+ ( ,!lon riv] itself1 ! ,inspector /ates 9 8 report3--8,at ! l[] end de] are v num]\s at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>4 ,at _! fav\rite trav]ses or cross+s ! gr\nd is nett$ ) deep1 well-def9$ de] trails4 ,we saw only "o de] on ! :ole ( ! ,!lon4 ,i am told by natives t de] 9 ! fall & spr+ are se5 by ! ?\s&s on _! migrations nor? & s\?40 ,,we/ ,,( ,,*e/]field ,,inlet4 ,z to ! s]ies ( lakes ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s ( ! ,!lon & ,dubawnt are dis*>g$ into ,*e/]field inlet1 ,inspector ,pelleti] reports3--8,f ,bev]ly lake d[n to ,hudson bay de] 7 met almo/ daily1 b n 9 l>ge h]ds4 ,mo/ 7 se5 along ! l[] end ( ,s*ultz lake1 ,s*ultz riv] rapids & along ,bak] lake4 ,at ,bev]ly lake we met a camp ( ,eskimos1 a few m5 & wom54 ,!y 7 well provid$ ) ev]y?+ 9 ! l9e ( arms1 ammunition1 clo?+ & necess>ies ( life4 ,at ! foot ( ,bak] lake is ano!r camp ( natives1 numb]+ ab\t tw5ty-five4 ,!y 7 well /ock$ ) ev]y?+1 kill+ a good numb] ( de]1 & lay+ 9 a /ock ( meat & de]sk9 = ! w9t]40 ,a few notes f j\rnals or reports ( o!r travell]s z to ! di/ribution & migration ( ?is rem>kable animal are in/ructive4 ,dur+ ,&]son & ,/ew>t's j\rney d[n ,backs riv] 9 ! summ] ( #ahee c>ib\ 7 f\nd to be num]\s ab\t ,cl9ton-,cold5 & ,aylm] lakes1 & ! species 0 obs]v$ on ,adelaide p59sula 9 ! f> nor?4 ,9 ! summ] & autumn ( #ahgi ! p>ty ( ,fr$]ick ,s*watka1 se>*+ = relics ( ,sir ,john ,frankl91 f\nd l>ge numb]s ( c>ib\ on ,k+ ,william isl& & on ! l[] "p ( ,backs riv]4 ,,f\rte5 ,,days ,,9 ,,pass+4 ,frank ,russell1 :o pass$ ! w9t] ( #ahic-id at ,=t ,rae on ! nor? arm ( ,great ,slave lake1 says1 conc]n+ ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd c>ib\3--8,a few ye>s ago !y 7 (t5 kill$ f ! build+s & ?r\gh\t ! w9t] might be f\nd ne> ! po/4 ,9 #ahgg an unbrok5 l9e ( c>ib\ cross$ ! froz5 lake ne> ! =t4 ,!y 7 f\rte5 days 9 pass+ & 9 su* a mass t 9 ! words ( an eye witness #8daylight c\ld n be se5 ?r\gh ! column'4 ,!y 7 n[ seldom se5 )9 sev]al miles ( ,rae40 ,dur+ ! w9t] he sp5t !re only "o small b& cross$ ! lake t[>ds ! we/4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,lean /ates t 9 #ahii ! c>ib\ arriv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( old ,=t ,reliance1 at ! extreme ea/ end ( ,great ,slave lake1 on ,augu/ #ab4 ,doctor ,j4 ,m4 ,bell /ates t on 8 trip ea/w>d along ! nor? %ore ( ,great ,be> lake1 9 #aijj1 he fir/ met ) c>ib\ sixty miles we/ ( ,=t ,confid5ce late 9 ,july1 & lat] f\nd !m fairly num]\s betwe5 ,=t ,confid5ce & ! l[] ,copp]m9e4 ,,actual ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,c>ib\4 ,z to ! actual value ( ! c>ib\ to ! c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell /at$ 9 8 pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association3--8,_! fle% is excell5t eat+1 & ! animals w d\btless furni% an important food-supply = explor]s & pione]s 9 t c\ntry4 ,:e!r !y c be tam$1 & ?us br\ght p]man5tly into ! s]vice ( man or :e!r !y mu/ disappe> l mo/ ( ! o!r d5iz5s ( ! wild]ness1 rema9s to be se52 b ev5 if !y %\ld be doom$ to disappe>1 x seems q possible t !y might be replac$ by tame re9de] f ,lapl& :o w\ld fe$ 9 summ] on ! va/ grassy pla9s1 & 9 w9t] w\ld take k9dly to a diet ( ,canadian li*5s40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell consid]s ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd c>ib\ 8is ! same z ! re9de] ( ,lapl&40 ,he /ates 9 8 book 8,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada03--8,z a s\rce ( v5ison x _c be excell$1 especially 9 ! autumn season1 :5 x is 9 prime condition4 ,dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob] ! males are roll+ fat1 & z food _! fle% is !n equal to ! f9e/ beef4 ,( all ! meats ,i h ev] ta/$ c]ta9ly re9de] tongues takes ! fir/ place = da9t9ess & delicacy ( flav\r40 ,capta9 ,back1 writ+ 9 #ahce1 /at$ ( ! re9de] or c>ib\3--8,x furni%es food & clo?+ to ! ,dogrib & ,copp] ,indians1 ! ,*ipewyans1 ! ,swamp or ,coa/ ,crees1 & to ! ,esquimaux1 b none ( ! ,am]ican tribes h dome/icat$ x l ! ,lapl&]s4 ,e "p ( ! animal is eat51 ev5 to ! cont5ts ( its /oma*1 & ! half-dri$ tongue :5 roa/$ is p]haps ! greate/ delicacy t ! fur c\ntries af=d4 ,re9de] meat1 :5 9 ! be/ condition1 is n only sup]ior to t ( ! moose de] & bison1 b1 9 my op9ion1 x surpasses ! be/ mutton or ,engli%-f$ v5ison40 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,?ompson ,seton1 lectur+ on 8 trip to ! ,b>r5 ,l&s 9 #aijf1 /at$ :ile 9 ! region ( p]petual day or night1 8 p>ty _h a c>ib\ at h& :5ev] !y want$ "o = a meal4 ,:5 !y pit*$ t5ts ne> trail1 ! %aggy animals lop$ along dur+ ! night & tripp$ ov] ! guy-ropes4 8,cutt+ 9 half ! e/imates ( explor]s :o w5t be=e me1 & mak+ a mo/ cons]vative e/imate !re are n less ?an ,,?irty ,,millions ,,( ,,^! ,,c>ib\ lett+ ! w9d bl[ ?r\gh _! :isk]s 9 t nor!rn c\ntry10 said ! lectur]4 8,!re is absolutely no de/ructive w> on !m1 & no possibility ( _! de/ruction4 ,:5 ! great nor?l& is op5$ up1 x w be = ,canadians to decide :at is to be done ) ^? animals1 & h[ is t beautiful c\ntry to be op5$ up8 ,"s say t ! re9de] w be ! m$ium1 b ,i hold t x w be ! yak1 :i* roams ?r\gh ! nor? ( ,*9a4 ,?is animal is /rong & /urdy1 c be> ! heavie/ burd5s1 & c /& any extreme ( climate40 ,,! ,,exp]im5t ,,9 ,,alaska4 ,9 view ( ! sugge/ions t h be5 made z to ! dome/ication ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s c>ib\1 & recall+ ! fact t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,doctor ,gr5fell ( ,labrador1 ,lapl& re9de] h be5 rec5tly 7#aiab7 s5t out to ! ,a?abaska region z an exp]im5t1 ! foll[+ p>agraph f ! 8,*ri/ian ,h]ald0 ( a rec5t date is int]e/+3 8,x is only a few ye>s s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 z an exp]im5t :i* x 0 hop$ w\ld help ! ,eskimos & ,indians ( nor!rn ,alaska1 import$ a few score re9de] f ,norway1 ) a numb] ( ,lapps skill$ 9 _! c>e4 ,subsequ5tly o!r re9de] 7 br\ght f ! opposite coa/ ( ,asia1 & al?\gh x 0 kn[n t ! p>ticul> =m ( moss or li*5 on :i* ^! animals live1 & :i* fl\ri%es "u ! sn[1 0 abundant )9 ! ,am]ican ,arctic circle1 ! attempt to introduce re9de] 0 reg>d$ by a majority ( our citiz5s z be+ q z wild & vision>y z 0 ! pur*ase ( ,alaska by ,secret>y ,sew>d 9 #ahfg4 8,! few score re9de] h gr[n to tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty five di/ribut$ 9 =ty-two h]ds4 ,m ?an "o-half1 or f\rte5 ?\s& n9e hundr$ & n9ety-?ree1 is own$ by natives :o be=e ! adv5t ( ! re9de] 7 9 a /ate ( ! mo/ wret*$ pov]ty4 ,( ! rema9d] ?ree ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & ?irty are own$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f\r ?\s& "o hundr$ & n9ety-f\r by missions & f\r ?\s& f\r hundr$ & sev5 by ,lapps4 ,! total income ( ! ,eskimos f ! re9de] indu/ry dur+ ! la/ ye> report$ 0 tw5ty-f\r ?\s& six hundr$ & ?irty-six doll>s40 ,,future ,,supply ,,( ,,*eese1 ,,meat ,,& ,,lea!r4 ,a newspap] despat* is au?ority = ! /atem5ts t ! fir/ %ipm5t ( re9de] meat has be5 %ipp$ f ,alaska to ,seattle1 & t ! g5tleman 9 *>ge ( ! re9de] 9 ,alaska = ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t says t 9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury !re w be ?ree million beef re9de] 9 ,alaska1 & t !y w ?rive & multiply & fatt5 on ! ,arctic vegetation :]e ev5 a goat c\ld n live4 ,_! fle%1 he ass]ts1 is m palatable ?an ei!r beef or mutton4 ,9 view ( ! success ( ?is exp]im5t 9 ,alaska x is pr$ict$ t 9 ! f> nor? ( ,am]ica1 z 9 ! f> nor? ( ,europe1 ! re9de] w be ! pr9cipal dome/ic animal1 supply+ ! p n only ( ! nor?l& itself1 b ( m s\!rly latitudes1 ) *eese1 & meat1 & lea!r4 ,,! ,,musk-,,ox4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell is au?ority = ! /atem5t t besides ! c>ib\1 musk-ox5 7,ovibos mos*atus7 are ! only o!r l>ge h]bivor\s animals t live 9 ! op5 pla9s ( ! nor?1 & !y scorn ! %elt] ( ! =e/ ev5 9 w9t]1 _! long %aggy coat ( hair furni%+ suffici5t protection aga9/ ! sev]e/ gales4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell 9 8 report ( 8 explorations along ,dubawnt & ,kazan riv]s /ates t ! habitat ( ! musk-ox seems to be conf9$ to t c\ntry nor? ( ! portion ( ,dubawnt riv] betwe5 ,dubawnt lake & ,hudson bay4 ,none 7 se5 9 ! c\rse ( ei!r ( ! two exp$itions m5tion$1 b ,eskimos met ) at ! head ( ,*e/]field inlet _h a numb] ( fre% sk9s4 ,! ,eskimos on ,kazan riv] report$ to ,mr4 ,tyrrell t !re 7 no musk-ox5 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble /ates 9 8 report3--8,?is fam\s rum9ant )9 hi/oric times rang$ ov] ! entire ext5t ( ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds1 f ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie to ,*ur*ill4 ,x has n[ become extirpat$ ov] l>ge areas at ! ea/]n & we/]n extremities ( ?is range1 b /ill exi/s 9 great numb]s 9 ! less accessible p>ts ( its habitat40 ,capta9 ,back records on ,july #ac1 #ahcd1 :ile desc5d+ ! riv] :i* n[ be>s 8 "n1 he notic$ two or ?ree hundr$ de]1 &1 ap>t f !m1 h]ds ( musk-ox5 7 ei!r graz+ or sleep+ on its we/]n banks1 :i* !re 7above ,bee*ey lake7 look$ gre5 & swampy1 & 7 all m or less clov5 by inconsid]able rav9es1 ) a clayey surface4 ,back m5tions t 8 p>ty kill$ a musk-ox on ,montreal isl&1 (f ! m\? ( ,backs riv]1 ,augu/ #c1 #ahcd4 ,:ile asc5d+ t riv] on 8 return trip1 on ,septemb] #a1 ,back ne> ,lake ,pelly notic$ a h]d ( musk-ox5 & a few /raggl+ de] quietly fe$+ on ! s&-hills1 8& _m ( ! :ite1 br[n1 & laugh+ geese 7 fly+ ab\t1 & seem$ to be collect+ = _! s\!rly migration40 ,,! ,,meat ,,( ,,! ,,musk-,,ox4 ,back /ates t ! musk-ox 8fe$s1 l ! re9de]1 *iefly on li*5s1 & ! meat ( a well-f$ c[ is agreeably ta/y & juicy1 b t ( a lean c[ & ( ! bull is /rongly impregnat$ ) a disagreeable musky flav\r1 s z to be palatable only to a v hungry man40 ,9 8 evid5ce be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate 9 #ahhh1 ,hon4 ,william ,*ri/ie1 =m]ly ,inspect+ ,*ief ,factor ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 /at$ t ! company at t "t got a few--a v few--musk-ox hides at ,*ur*ill & ,=t ,rae4 ,?is animal kept pretty well 9 ! op5 c\ntry along ! ,arctic coa/4 ,witness 0 f\r ye>s at ,*ur*ill1 & 0 ask$ by a fri5d to get a musk-ox robe = him1 & 0 two or ?ree ye>s be=e he obta9$ x4 ,hon4 ,frank ,oliv] in=m$ ! same committee t ,mr4 ,murdo* ,mc,leod1 a retir$ ,hudson's ,bay ,company's (ficial1 told him t a musk-ox bull :i* he help$ to kill weigh$ f\rte5 hundr$ p\nds1 dress$1 & ! robe measur$ fifte5 feet f nose to rump4 ,! musk-ox5 7 f\nd g5]ally 9 b&s ( t5 to =ty4 ,"s w9t]s !y 7 m sc>ce ?an o!rs1 :i* c\ld n be expla9$4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,t4 ,hanbury1 writ+ ( ! orig9al exploration by him ( ,!lon & ,hanbury riv]s1 /ates3--8,aft] asc5d+ ! ma9 ,ark-i-l9ik 7,!lon7 riv] = ab\t ?irty-five miles1 musk-ox tracks comm5c$ to get v num]\s4 ,! muddy %ores 9 places 7 s pl\gh$ up ) _! tracks z to give ! idea t a drove ( cattle _h pass$ along40 ,9 ?is vic9ity ! explor] saw sev]al h]ds ( musk-ox54 ,a ,,musk-,,ox ,,pres]ve4 ,9 ano!r place 9 8 book 8,sport & ,travel 9 ! ,nor?l& ( ,canada01 ,mr4 ,hanbury writes3--8,on ! ma9 ,ark-i-l9ik 7,!lon7 riv] !re is a /ret* ( c\ntry ab\t eighty miles 9 l5g? into :i* no human be+ ent]s4 ,! ,eskimos d n hunt s f> we/1 & ,yell[ ,knives & ,dog ,ribs f ,slave lake d n g s f> ea/4 ,to p5etrate ?is c\ntry 9 ! dead ( w9t] w\ld be simply to c\rt />vation4 ,!n ! de] h all dep>t$1 & to dep5d on f9d+ musk-ox5 at ! end ( ! j\rney w\ld be risky inde$4 ,?us !re rema9s ! spot 9 ?is ,great ,b>r5 ,nor?l& :i* is sacr$ to ! musk-ox4 ,"h ! animals rema9 9 _! primeval /ate1 exhibit+ no fe>1 only curiosity4 ,i approa*$ sev]al h]ds )9 ?irty y>ds1 photograph$ !m at my leisure1 mov+ !m r\nd z ,i wi%$1 & !n retir$1 leav+ !m /ill /upidly />+ at me z if 9 wond]4 ,:5 ! de] 7 n procurable a musk-ox 0 kill$4 ,! height ( a l>ge bull :i* ,i kill$ 9 #ahif at a spot ab\t fifty miles f>!r nor? 0 fifty-five in*es2 horns tw5ty-sev5 in*es40 ,a ,,midnight ,,musk-,,ox ,,hunt4 ,9 ! (ficial report ( 8 exploratory trip f ,great ,slave lake to ,*e/]field inlet via ,!lon riv] 9 #aijj ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell /ates t 8 p>ty fir/ enc\nt]$ musk-ox5 among ! lakes 9 ! vic9ity ( ! height ( l& betwe5 ! bas9 ( ,great ,slave lake1 & t ( ! ,!lon4 ,he ?us ref]s to ?is ev5t3--8,:il/ sail+ nor?w>d into ,sifton lake we enc\nt]$ a gale1 :i* drove u a%ore at ! focus ( ! f\r arms4 ,?us f9d+ a little leisure "t ?ru/ ^u u1 ,mr4 ,fair*ild & ,i1 provid+ ourselves ) compasses & field glasses1 made an exploratory tramp ( a few miles4 ,! season _h n[ advanc$ to ,june #bg1 & at su* "t 9 our latitude 7#fc #dd71 we _h no d>kness1 al?\gh ! sun dipp$ bel[ ! horizon = a %ort "t4 ,! h\rs ( night 71 !re=e1 z suitable = travel z ^? ( day1 & h5ce x 0 t5 p4m4 :51 scann+ ! valleys & hillsides ) my p[]ful /]eoscopic field glasses1 ,i obs]v$ a b& ( musk-ox5 fe$+ a mile or two to ! nor?w>d4 ,fifte5 ( !m 7 c\nt$ 9 all1 & ?is ) g5u9e surprise1 z we _h n expect$ to see any ( ^! animals = "s "t to come4 ,!y 7 none ! less welcome1 = our camp 0 mu* 9 ne$ ( fre% meat1 & /imulat$ by ?is k we procur$ two rifles f camp & set (f 9 "o ( ! canoes ) two ,indians1 on a midnight hunt4 ,! lake _h n[ become q calm1 & ! nor!rn sky a gl[ ( lurid light1 mak+ ! sc5e a mo/ en*ant+ picture1 su* z c only be se5 )9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,arctic4 ,= ?ree miles our light canoe glid$ ov] ! glassy surface ( ! lake 9 p]fect sil5ce1 except+ = ! fa9t rippl+ ( ! wat] aga9/ its sides1 until :5 ne> ! %ore !re sudd5ly appe>$ ov] ! adjo9+ ridge ! huge black =ms ( n9e musk-ox540 ,,musk-,,ox5 ,,9 ,,!lon ,,valley4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph f ,mr4 ,tyrrell's report is also int]e/+ "u ?is head3--8,z we glid$ quickly & quietly d[n ,!lon riv]1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features met ) 0 ! occurr5ce ( num]\s b&s ( musk-ox5 fe$+ ^u ! luxuriant grass or sleep+ on ! riv] bank4 ,attempts 7 made to obta9 photographs ( "s ( ^! noble brutes1 b su* 7 n v successful = two reasons2 fir/1 because ( ! w>9ess ( ! animals1 & second1 because ( ! we>9ess ( ! photograph]s4 8,x 0 obs]v$ t :5 b&s ( c[s ) _! "y 7 met )1 !y 7 usually v timid & fl$ at fir/ approa* ( dang]1 b 9 ! case ( /raggl+ bulls1 :i* 7 frequ5tly se51 !y 7 mu* m fe>less & all[$ u to approa* z closely z prud5ce & _! defiant attitudes w\ld p]mit4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ,mr4 ,fair*ild climb$ ! riv] bank 9 ord] to photograph a f9e specim51 he _h no soon] snapp$ 8 cam]a & turn$ 8 back1 ?an ! brute *>g$ & foll[$ him to ! bank4 ,he 0 at once cov]$ by our rifles1 b z ,fair*ild /epp$ safely into ! canoe1 no %ots 7 fir$4 ,inde$ day aft] day we pass$ numb]s ( musk-ox51 )\t mole/+ !m 9 any way except by try+ to photograph !m4 ,a notable fact 9 reg>d to ! musk-ox5 0 t e "o se5 0 on ! nor? side ( ! ,!lon1 or on isl&s on ! riv]4 ,on "o occasion :5 ?ree musk-ox5 7 met ) on an isl& !y imm$iately plung$ into ! wat] & swam rapidly to ! nor? %ore1 aft] ga9+ :i* !y c\ld be se5 gallop+ across ! pla9s = miles40 ,9 8 report ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell classes ! h]ds ( musk-ox5 z among ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry 8:i* are ( great value to ,canada40 ,he adds3--8,= ! pres]vation ( ! musk-ox5--:i* may be s easily slaught]$--& are already rapidly dim9i%+ 9 numb]s1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! t]ritory betwe5 ,!lon & ,backs riv]s1 be set ap>t by ! ,gov]nm5t z a game pres]ve40 ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,musk-,,ox4 ,9 8 int]e/+ volume 8,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada10 ,mr4 ,tyrrell writes3-- 8,! musk-ox5 are claim$ z relatives bo? by ! %eep & ox families1 ?\gh !y p]haps m prop]ly repres5t a di/9ct family by !mselves4 8,9 g5]al appe>ance !y may be said to some:at resemble a huge br[n1 horn$ %eep1 b 9 size & weight !y mu* m ne>ly resemble ! ox1 or bett] /ill1 ! buffalo1 ! mon>* ( ! prairies a g5]ation ago4 8,l ! buffalo1 ! musk-ox 7,ovibos mos*atus7 is greg>i\s 9 its habits1 b :]e ! =m] exi/$ 9 ?\s&s ! latt] is f\nd only 9 t5s--a b& ( tw5ty or ?irty be+ z _m z are commonly f\nd toge!r4 ,! above comp>ison ( numb]s may also be tak5 z approximately repres5t+ ! :ole exi/+ musk-ox family z comp>$ ) t ( ! buffalo 9 8 palmy days4 8,9 prehi/oric times1 z %[n by ! exhum$ rema9s1 ! musk-ox occupi$ a v wide area ( ! e>?'s surface1 bo? 9 ,europe1 ,asia & ,am]ica1 b n[ 8 range is limit$ to ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,canada & ,gre5l&4 ,f p]sonal obs]vation ,i h f\nd ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! musk-ox habitat to-day to be ,hudson /rait & bay1 ,*e/]field inlet1 ,!lon riv]1 ,cl9ton-,cold5 & ,aylm] lakes2 :]eas 9 ! "t ( ,samuel ,he>ne1 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 we h 8 ass]tion t musk-ox5 frequ5t$ ! vic9ity ( ,*ur*ill1 f\r hundr$ miles s\? ( _! pres5t haunts4 8,x is no d\bt a fact1 n only h ! musk-ox5 be5 driv5 f>!r & f>!r f ! haunts ( m51 b t _! numb]s h be5 correspond+ly r$uc$ f ye> to ye> by natives :o h long pursu$ a policy ( sy/ematic slaught] 9 que/ ( ! pr9cely robes s mu* 9 dem& by ! fur-trad]s40 ,,musk-,,ox ,,robes ,,/ack$ ,,l ,,hay4 8,! musk-ox is "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ valuable animals ( ! nor!rn %ore ( ,hudson bay & adjac5t t]ritory4 ,x is f\nd 9 v consid]able numb]s & af=ds mo/ luxuri\s robes4 ,i h se5 musk-ox robes /ack$ by ! ,eskimos l hay-cocks1 along ! %ore ( ,*e/]field inlet1 await+ ! opportunity to m>ket !m40 ,on ,!lon riv]1 f ! junction ( ! ,hanbury d[n = ov] half its l5g? or ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty miles1 ,inspector ,pelleti]1 dur+ 8 long patrol already sev]al times ref]r$ to1 saw innum]able tracks ( musk-ox1 "s fairly fre% & on bo? banks4 ,9 8 (ficial report ! ,inspector /ates3-- 8,on ,augu/ #i 7! day aft] ! desc5t ( ,!lon riv] 0 begun71 we sight$ our fir/ musk-ox4 ,he 0 on a small isl&1 ly+ d[n asleep1 & look$ v mu* l a l>ge ov]turn$ sod until sudd5ly he rose & we 7 a/oni%$ at 8 size4 ,i _h always he>d a musk-ox 0 n a l>ge animal4 ,?is "o we saw 0 a l>ge bull ( n v great height--p]haps1 ,i w\ld judge1 ab\t ?irte5 h&s1 b ( imm5se size & weight2 he w\ld h scal$ v close to fifte5 hundr$ p\nds4 ,! long hair 0 com+ d[n ne>ly to ! gr\nd1 & :5 he decid$ to run away ! fur on him 0 ( su* ?ickness & l5g? t x wav$ up & d[n at e gallop z ! w+s ( a bird fly+4 ,a few miles f>!r d[n ab\t noon we sight$ ano!r musk-ox4 ,he 0 on ! nor? %ore1 sleep+ on ! top ( a grassy bank4 ,we made mu* noise to attract 8 att5tion4 ,he sudd5ly rose1 & look$ /raight at u4 ,:ile do+ s ,i took a snap%ot ( him4 ,i 0 hurry+ ano!r exposure 9 place :5 all at once he turn$ "r ab\t & disappe>$ ov] ! bank4 ,he 0 a l>ge animal1 b n s l>ge z ! fir/ "o4 ,we 7 on ! look\t = m1 b saw none t day4 ,we sight$ "o musk-ox on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #aj4 ,x 0 ! ?ird & la/ we saw4 ,we saw innum]able tracks ?\gh1 & at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> l>ge h]ds mu/ frequ5t ! %ores ( ?is riv]40 ,,! ,,moose ,,& ,,fur-,,be>+ ,,animals4 ,! moose 7,alces ,am]icanus7 be+ a woodl& animal1 is n f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 b x is f\nd 9 places 9 ! sp>sely timb]$ m>g9s ( ! c\ntry & 9 ! n>r[ wood$ /rips & po9ts :i* ext5d f ! =e/$ areas along ! riv]s & lakes well into ! treeless pla9s4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell /ates t dur+ 8 p>ty's exploration ( ! upp] ,!lon 9 ! summ] ( #aijj1 on two occasions moose antl]s 7 f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! s& ( ! riv] banks4 ,hanbury /ates t moose are f\nd 9 ,!lon riv]1 bel[ its junction ) ! ,hanbury1 & m5tions see+ num]\s fre% tracks & places :]e ! animals _h br[s$ on ! will[s4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aijb1 :ile desc5d+ ,dease riv]1 nor!a/ ( ,great ,be> lake1 he f\nd tracks along its banks4 ,inspector ,pelleti]1 speak+ 9 8 (ficial report ( ! game along ! ,hanbury & ,!lon1 /ates3--8,!re is good fur to be _h 9 w9t] besides musk-ox1 su* z foxes1 wolves1 wolv]9es1 br[n be>s1 & p]haps m9k & m>t54 4 4 4 ,_m wolves 7 se5 at ! foot ( ,=d falls 7on ! ,hanbury74 ,five 7 9 a pack40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell 9 8 pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,toronto /at$3--8,! :ite wolf & ! wolv]9e are ! two mo/ common pr$atory animals 9 ! int]ior1 :ile ! :ite be> & :ite fox are common 9 places along ! coa/40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell 78,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada07 /ates3--8,black & r$ z well z :ite foxes are also commonly f\nd 9 ! c\ntry nor? ( ! timb] l9e4 ,i h se5 & h&l$ a s+le black foxsk9 :i* realiz$ = its own] ! sum ( "o ?\s& six hundr$ doll>s40 ,,! ,,pol> ,,be>4 ,z to ! pol> be>1 :i* is f\nd all along ! %ores ( ,hudson bay1 & ! nor!rn coa/1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell 78,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada07 /ates3--8,9 ! animal _w ! pol> be> is admitt$ly ! mon>* ( ! nor?4 ,he is ! be> ( be>s1 be+ describ$ by all ,arctic travell]s z possess+ enorm\s /r5g? & great voracity4 ,( ! score ( pol>s ^: m or less intimate acqua9tance ,i h _h occasion to make1 ,i h se5 at lea/ two ^: tracks 9 ! sn[ measur$ fifte5 by eighte5 in*es1 ^: l5g? measures ov] n9e feet1 & ^: sla9 c>cases tipp$ ! /eely>d at f fifte5 to sixte5 hundr$ p\nds40 ,9 ! same volume ,mr4 ,tyrrell /ates3--8,( fea!r$ game !re is a great abundance1 p>ticul>ly ( wat]f[l1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are3--,brant1 ,hut*9s & sn[y geese2 nor!rn1 ,am]ican & k+ eid]s2 squaw ducks1 swans1 loons1 nurres1 guillemots & _m o!r sea f[ls4 ,9 _m places ,i h se5 geese 9 su* numb]s t !y c\ld be kill$ by hundr$s ) /icks4 ,pt>migan1 also1 are f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 _m places 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,!y are commonly caught by ! natives ) nets1 & =m a /aple article ( food40 ,,:]e ,,! ,,wild ,,geese ,,ne/4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell m5tions t two "y broods ( geese 7 se5 on ,dubawnt lake on ,augu/ #ae1 #ahic4 ,he adds3--8,x is commonly said t ! bre$+ place ( ! wild goose has nev] be5 discov]$1 b "h1 at any rate1 0 ! bre$+ place ( ^!40 ,9 ! (ficial report ( 8 trip 9 #aijj1 ,mr4 ,tyrrell /ates3--8,_m broods ( geese 7 obs]v$ on ! l[ grassy banks ( ! ,!lon4 ,!y 7 ( a small grey species1 ) black necks & heads & :ite b&s ar\nd ! latt]4 ,lat] 9 ! season great numb]s ( m\lt+ geese 7 met )1 & ?irty or =ty ( !m 7 knock$ ov] ) /icks = supply+ our kettles4 8,ducks & pt>migan 7 also met )1 ?\gh n 9 great numb]s1 :il/ ! spruce woods 7 enliv5$ by ! songs ( s++ birds1 notably ,am]ican rob9s40 ,he>ne 7p4 #agj7 ?us ref]s to ! fea!r$ game 9 ,copp]m9e riv] region3--8,:5 at ! sea-side 7at ! m\? ( ,copp]m9e riv]71 besides see+ _m seals on ! ice1 ,i also obs]v$ sev]al flocks ( sea-f[l fly+ ab\t ! %ores1 su* z gulls1 blackheads1 loons1 old wives1 ha-ha-wies1 geese1 ,arctic gulls1 & willicks4 ,9 ! adjac5t ponds also 7 "s swans & geese 9 a m\lt+ /ate1 & 9 ! m>%es "s curlews & plov]2 pl5ty ( hawkes-eyes 7i4e41 ! gre5 plov]71 & "s yell[-legs2 also sev]al o!r small birds t visit ^! nor!rn p>ts 9 ! spr+ to bre$ & m\lt1 & :i* d\btless return s\?w>d z ! fall advances4 ,my reason = ?is conjecture is f\nd$ on a c]ta9 k t all ^! birds migrate 9 ,hudson bay1 & x is b reasonable to ?9k t !y are less capable ( )/&+ ! rig\r ( su* a long & cold w9t] z !y mu/ necess>ily exp]i5ce 9 a c\ntry :i* is s _m degrees )9 ! ,arctic circle1 z t is :]e ,i n[ 7,july #agga7 saw !m40 ,,flight ,,( ,,! ,,wat]f[l4 ,back m5tions ! fact t :ile at ,artill]y lake on ,septemb] #e1 #ahcc1 8imp5d+ /orms 7 ?reat5$ by ! cackl+ ( hundr$s ( geese1 :i* at an imm5se height 7 w++ _! flight to ! s\?w>d4 ,rang$ accord+ to _! families1 ! grey1 or bu/>d1 ! :ite & ! laugh+ geese came pa/ 9 quick succession1 vy+ 9 swiftness1 z if anxi\s to escape f ! w9try horrors ( ! nor?40 ,speak+ ( 8 exploration ( ,!lon & ,hanbury riv]s1 ,mr4 ,hanbury 78,sport & ,travel 9 ! ,nor?l& ( ,canada071 ref]r+ to fea!r$ game along ! r\te1 /ates3--8,pt>migan are v num]\s 9 ! will[ b$s all along ! riv]4 ,excell5t sport might be _h by any "o ) "t & ammunition to sp>e4 ,on a j\rney small game is n int]f]$ ) unless o!r meat & fi% give out4 ,! pt>migan 7 v h&some at ?is "t ( ye> 7summ]74 ,b = a few :ite fea!rs 9 ! w+s1 !y might easily h be5 mi/ak5 = gr\se1 ! col\r1 flight & call 7bo? 9 ! e>ly morn+ & :5 flu%$7 exactly resembl+ t ( ! r$ gr\se4 ,! "y birds 7 /rong on ! w+1 fully =w>d z gr\se 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/40 ,inspector ,pelleti] /ates t :5 he desc5d$ ! ,!lon wat]f[l 7 se5 only on ,bak] lake1 & !n only a few1 :ile on ! o!r lakes & riv]s none 7 se54 ,pt>migan 7 fairly pl5tiful 9 places all along ! l[] /ret* f ,s*ultz lake d[n4 ,,inexhau/ible ,,supplies ,,( ,,fi%4 ,! res\rces ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s 9 ! way ( fi% are trem5d\s4 ,we "k t ! salt1 tidal wat]s :i* lave ! ea/]n & nor!rn %ores ( ?is huge area teem ) fi% & t ! same c be tru?fully said ( ! lakes & riv]s :i* h be5 explor$ & are indicat$ on ! map4 ,we also "k t ! c\ntry is dott$ ) innum]able lakes & dra9$ by _m riv]s & /reams :i* h nev] be5 visit$ by :ite m51 & :i* consequ5tly f9d no places on any map4 ,& ^! too conta9 fi%4 ,he>ne's j\rnal conta9s _m ref]5ces to ! fi% supply ( ! region he travell$ ?r\gh 9 #agga betwe5 ,*ur*ill1 ! m\? ( ! ,copp]m9e1 ,great ,slave lake1 & ,lake ,a?abaska4 ,"o ( ! pione] explor]'s fi% /ories is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,at pages #aeh1 #aei & #afj ( 8 book he relates t 8 p>ty1 9 retreat+ up ! ,copp]m9e aft] ! brutal massacre by 8 ,indians ( ! ,eskimos at ,bloody falls 7z he call$ ! spot aft] ! massacre71 saw an old woman1 almo/ bl9d1 8sitt+ by ! side ( ! wat]1 kill+ salmon1 :i* lay at ! foot ( ! fall z ?ick z a %oal ( h]r+s40 ,he>ne proce$s3--8,x may appe> /range1 t a p]son suppos$ to be almo/ bl9d %\ld be employ$ 9 ! bus9ess ( fi%+1 & p>ticul>ly ) any degree ( success1 b :5 ! multitude ( fi% is tak5 into acc\nt ! wond] w cease4 ,inde$ !y 7 s num]\s at ! foot ( ! fall1 t :5 a light pole1 arm$ ) a few spikes1 :i* 0 ! in/rum5t :i* ! old woman us$1 0 put "u wat]1 & haul$ up ) a j]k1 x 0 sc>cely possible to miss !m4 ,"s ( my ,indians tri$ ! me?od1 = curiosity1 ) ! old woman's /aff1 & seldom got less ?an two at a j]k1 sometimes ?ree or f\r4 ,^? fi%1 ?\gh v f9e1 & beautifully r$1 are b small1 seldom weigh+ m 7z ne> z ,i c\ld judge7 ?an six or sev5 p\nds1 & 9 g5]al mu* less4 ,_! numb]s at ?is place 7 almo/ incr$ible1 p]haps equal to any ?+ t is relat$ ( ! salmon 9 ,kams*atka1 or any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,x does n appe> t ! ,eskimos h any o!r me?od ( cat*+ ! fi% unless x be by spe>s & d>ts1 = no appe>ance ( nets 0 discov]$ ei!r at _! t5ts1 or on any "p ( ! %ore4 ,?is is ! case ) all ! ,eskimos on ! we/ side ( ,hudson bay2 spe>+ 9 summ] & angl+ 9 w9t] are ! only me?ods !y h yet devis$ to cat* fi%1 ?\gh at times _! :ole dep5d5ce = support is on t article40 ,capta9 ,back m5tions hav+ obs]v$ grayl+ ris+ to flies at ! outlet ( ,pelly lake on ,backs riv]1 ,july #ae1 #ahcd4 ,back also m5tions t :ile desc5d+ ,backs riv] 9 ,july1 #ahhc1 8 p>ty met a p>ty ( ,eskimos :o 7 camp$ at ! foot ( a fall bel[ ,pelly lake1 :]e !y _h come to get a supply ( fi%4 ,?\s&s ( :itefi% & small tr\t1 caught 9 ! eddy bel[ ! fall1 lay ab\t1 split1 & expos$ to dry on ! rocks4 ,back's p>ty caught an inconnu 7:i* he calls ,salmo ,mack5zii7 ) a numb] ( o!r fi% 9 ! ea/]n arm ( ,great ,slave lake ,augu/ #ad1 #ahcc4 ,,! ,,arctic ,,salmon4 ,be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #ahhh1 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 ,*ief ,inspector ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 /at$ t salmon 7 f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s on ! ,*ur*ill1 z soon z ! ice cle>$ out ( ! riv]1 ab\t ! middle ( ,july4 ,!y ent]$ ! riv] & w5t out ( x ) ! tide4 ,!y did n run up ! riv] to spawn4 ,he ?\ght ^! salmon q z l>ge z ^? he _h se5 9 ,scotl&4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[1 ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 exam9$ be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg1 /at$ t 9 ! f> nor!rn wat]s !re are no true salmon1 b !re is ! ,arctic salmon1 :i* is f\nd along ! ea/ side ( ,hudson bay f ,cape ,jones1 & on ! we/ side1 nor? ( ! m\? ( ,*ur*ill riv]4 ,^! are 9 _m places v abundant & are caught freely 9 ! summ] "t :5 !y are out 9 ! sea4 ,!y g into ! sea ab\t ,july & return to ! riv]s & lakes aga9 "s "t 9 ,septemb]4 ,!y are only out !re ab\t two mon?s4 ,?is ,arctic salmon is an excell5t fi%1 beautifully col\r$1 a v f9e salmon col\r1 & x is n s ri* a fi% z ! ,atlantic salmon4 ,x resembles ! we/]n salmon m ?an x does ! ea/]n or ,atlantic salmon4 ,! salmon fi%]y on ,hudson bay w\ld no d\bt h comm]cial value 7 !re an outlet to a m>ket4 ,! :itefi% ( ,hudson bay is a v f9e flav\r$ fi%4 ,! portion ( ,hudson bay 9 ! vic9ity ( ,s\?ampton isl& is :]e ! :ale fi%+ is done4 ,=m]ly x ext5d$ to ,m>ble isl&4 ,9 reply to v>i\s que/ions1 ,mr4 ,l[ said he _h no k ( h]r+ or mack]el go+ into ,hudson bay1 b !re are "s cod !re4 ,he _h tak5 !m up ne> ,cape ,full]ton & along t coa/1 b !y h n be5 f\nd v pl5tiful yet4 ,9 ! report ( 8 explorations 9 #ahic & #ahid1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell says3--8,x is probable t "s ( ! true salmon asc5d ! inlets & /reams we/ ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,hudson bay1 b ! fact 0 n def9itely det]m9$40 ,be=e ! select committee ( ! ,s5ate 9 #aijg he /at$ he did n "k :at fi% !re are along ! %ores ( ,hudson bay4 8,! ,eskimos report t !re are salmon & o!r fi% !re1 b ,i did n see !m myself40 ,,pl5ty ,,( ,,salmon ,,runn+4 ,mr4 ,hanbury1 speak+ ( 8 trip across c\ntry f ,*e/]field inlet to ! ,arctic1 report$ 8pl5ty ( salmon runn+0 9 ! nor!rn riv]s 9 ,june4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell 78,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada07 /ates3--8,salmon ( ! v f9e/ quality are f\nd 9 abundance bo? 9 ,hudson bay & /rait4 ,i h sev]al times procur$ !m f ,eskimos & c te/ify z to _! sup]ior quality40 ,mr4 ,tyrrell does n /ate :e!r any ( ^! salmon 7 caught on ! we/ side ( ! bay4 ,we f9d ! foll[+ int]e/+ p>agraphs z to ! fi% along ! ,arctic coa/ 9 8,sport & ,travel 9 ,nor!rn ,canada0 7,hanbury73--8,on ,may #bi1 aft] travell+ ab\t t5 miles1 ,i obta9$ an obs]vation = latitude :i* gave #fh #be nor?4 ,?ree miles m br\ght u to ! ea/ coa/ ( ,k5t p59sula1 or r to a small inlet ( ! coa/1 :]e sev]al ,huskies 7 fi%+ ) _! copp] fi%-hooks ?r\gh holes 9 ! ice4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y br\ght me sev5 ( ! fi% !y _h caught1 :i* prov$ to be codl+1 ! same 9 appe>ance & size z ^? we h f\nd ar\nd ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita94 ,i 0 surpris$ to see ^! fi%1 = ! ,hudson bay ,huskies _h always d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( any sort ( cod 9 ,hudson bay4 ,! ,arctic ,husky "n = ^! codl+ 0 u-wuk1 & !y 7 report$ to be v pl5tiful along ! coa/ at ?is "t ( ye>40 ,accord+ to ,doctor ,ri*>dson3--8,tr\t ( v>i\s k9ds & ( l>ge size inhabit ! riv]s t fall into ,arctic sea1 & on ! coa/ ne> ! m\? ( ,copp]m9e riv]1 a species closely resembl+ ! sea-tr\t ( ,engl& 0 abundant 9 ! %all[s40 ,,fi% ,,9 ,,! ,,dubawnt ,,& ,,! ,,kazan4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell 9 ! report ( 8 exploratory trips d[n ,dubawnt & ,kazan riv]s 9 #ahic & #ahid /ates3--8,fi% seem$ to be ev]y:]e abundant 9 ! lakes & /reams ?\gh v few 7 caught4 ,! lake tr\t 7,cri/ivom] namaycu%7 & :itefi% 7,coregonus clupei=mis7 appe>$ to be ! mo/ abundant & valuable food fi%es1 ! latt] be+ especially abundant 9 ,dubawnt lake4 ,pike 7,esox lucius7 & "o or m species ( suck]s 7 also se54 ,mr4 ,tyrrell /ates 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate committee ( #aijg t z f> nor? z ,dubawnt lake 7#fc nor? latitude7 ! :itefi% & tr\t 7 pl5tiful 9 all ! /reams4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell caught !m 9 ,dubawnt lake4 ,f>!r nor?w>ds he did n cat* any4 ,!re are great quantities ( fi%4 ,! fact is !re are all ! fi% ! lakes w hold--!y are z full z ! wat] c supply food = !m4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,tyrrell's p>ty 0 desc5d+ ,dubawnt riv] 9 ,augu/1 #ahid1 !y made a big haul ( tr\t & :itefi% bel[ ,m>kham lake2 accord+ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell 78,?r\gh ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada073--8,! :itefi% rang$ f six to t5 p\nds 9 weight2 ! tr\t w5t up to tw5ty-five p\nds40 ,9 8 pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell /at$3--8,:itefi% & lake tr\t are pl5tiful 9 ! lakes & /reams2 b z yet v little is kn[n ab\t ! "* & di/ribution ( ! d5iz5s ( mo/ ( ! wat] /ret*es40 ,,fi% ,,pl5tiful ,,9 ,,! ,,!lon4 ,mr4 ,hanbury 9 describ+ 8 exploration ( ! ,ark-i-l9ik 7,!lon & ,hanbury riv]s7 /ates3--8,fi% 7 pl5tiful all along ! ,ark-i-l9ik2 9 fact1 ,i nev] saw su* a gr& riv] = fi%4 ,tr\t1 :itefi%1 & toolabies 7v simil> to :itefi%7 ab\nd1 & l>ge numb]s c be tak5 ) nets ( f ?ree to f\r & "o-half in* me%4 ,!re are few riv]s equal to ! ,ark-i-l9ik = food fi%es40 ,all travell]s agree t !re are l>ge numb]s ( fi% 9 ! ea/]n arm ( ,great ,slave lake & 9 ! lakes betwe5 t %eet ( wat] & ! ,!lon4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell 9 ! report ( 8 trip 9 #aijj /ates3--8,! res\rces ( ,artill]y lake & vic9ity1 outside ( any m9]al weal? x may possess1 lie 9 its fi%]ies1 its furs & meat supplies4 ,9 reg>d to ! fi%]ies1 ,i c te/ify t its deep1 cold wat]s ab\nd ) ! f9e/ specim5s ( lake tr\t z well z :itefi%1 pike & c>p4 ,at "o place 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 ) a s+le spoon hook1 "o ( my m5 pull$ out eighte5 f9e tr\t1 "s ( :i* 7 br\ght to camp1 /rung on a pole & photograph$ by me4 ,"s ( ^! fi% 7 f sixte5 to tw5ty p\nds 9 weight4 ,9 reg>d to ! fi% ( ,artill]y lake1 ,i 0 told ,a ,,mo/ ,,a/oni%+ ,,/ory by ! ,indian 8,pi]re ,=t ,smi?0 & 8 companion4 ,!y affirm t !y h frequ5tly se5 fi% ( f tw5ty to ?irty feet long 9 ! wat]1 & describ$ !m z be+ ( black col\r1 ) long sl5d] horns or feel]s4 ,!y say !y h nev] kill$ "o ( !m--be+ afraid ( !m--b t !y are frequ5tly se5 9 ! deep wat]s :5 cross+ ! lake4 ,:5 ,i smil$ at _! /ory ) "s expression ( d\bt1 !y became v indignant & ) "o accord /\tly decl>$ e ^w ( x to be true4 ,i (f]$ !m #8"o hundr$ sk9s' if !y w\ld capture or kill "o ( ^! fi% = me1 b !y only said !y c\ld n d s2 !y 7 too big1 & !y 7 afraid ( !m40 ,9 ! report ( 8 patrol f ,great ,slave lake to ,*e/]field inlet1 ,inspector ,pelleti] gives u ! foll[+ notes on fi% & game along 8 r\te3--8,we saw no game along ! lake 7,great ,slave lake7 su* z de]1 be>s1 etc41 no wat] f[ls1 p>tridges or pt>migan4 ,fi%1 on ! contr>y1 are v pl5tiful4 ,l>ge lake tr\t weigh+ up to tw5ty-five p\nds take well to ! troll1 b ?is tr\t is n a game fi%1 & is v co>se food4 ,! small] tr\t are bett] 9 e way4 ,:itefi% is abundant1 & ( spl5did quality4 ,we saw no #8,inconnus'1 ! season be+ too e>ly40 ,,artill]y ,,lake ,,teems ,,) ,,tr\t4 ,artill]y lake teems ) tr\t1 "s ( l>ge size1 & at ! foot ( ! rapids on 8,kasba riv] tr\t are tak5 by ! troll1 "s weigh+ eighte5 & tw5ty p\nds4 ,!re mu/ be l>g] ones b we did n secure any4 8,at ! foot ( e rapid on upp] ,hanbury riv] tr\t & grayl+ c be caught4 ,"s tr\t are v l>ge1 ov] tw5ty-five p\nds4 ,! be/ eat+ are ! small ones ab\t two p\nds1 ! fle% ( :i* is v r$4 ,!y d n rise to ! fly1 b cat* ! spoon v well4 ,! ord9>y mask9onge patt]n prov$ ! mo/ successful40 ,z to ,!lon riv]1 ! ,inspector /ates3--8,fi% are abundant4 ,any:]e :]e nets are set :itefi% ( spl5did quality are caught40 ,z to ! long rea* ( lakes above ,*e/]field inlet he says3--8,fi% are pl5tiful 9 all ! lakes4 ,on ,bak] lake we saw "s v l>ge tr\t jump+ ne> ! m\? ( a small riv] empty+ into ! lake40 ,! ,indians & ! few :ite travell]s :o h be5 !re report a pl5tiful supply ( f9e fi% 9 all ! l>ge lakes nor? ( ,great ,slave lake & ab\t ! headwat]s ( ,backs riv]1 :i* us$ to be kn[n z ,great ,fi% riv] on acc\nt ( ! l>ge fi% caught 9 its wat]s4 ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike 0 at ,aylm] lake 9 ,june #ahij & writes 9 8 book 78,! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds ( ,nor!rn ,canada073--8,at ! head ( e bay a /ream ran into ! lake1 & ! op5 wat] at its m\? 0 always a sure f9d = tr\t2 =ty or fifty l>ge fi% 7 (t5 caught 9 a day ) a hook & l9e at ^! places1 &1 z we c\ld always kill c>ib\1 ev5 ! dogs 7 gett+ fat 9 ?is l& ( pl5ty40 ,we h ?is te/imony f ,hanbury 78,sport & ,travel 9 ! ,nor?l& ( ,canada07 z to ! fi% life ( ! lakes /ill f>!r nor? & on ! height ( l& divid+ ! ,copp]m9e wat]%$ f t ( ,great ,be> lake3--8,we all regrett$ leav+ ,te%i-er-pi or ,dismal lake4 ,x c]ta9ly did n appe> #8dismal' to u1 b q ! rev]se4 ,i d n rememb] ev] hav+ come across a lake :]e fi% 7 s num]\s4 ,l>ge tr\t1 "s ( :i* ran up to tw5ty-five p\nds1 c\ld be se5 swimm+ 9 ! cle> wat] z we paddl$ along4 ,! tollabies we caught av]ag$ ne>] five p\nds ?an f\r1 & z be=e rem>k$1 7 mo/ excell5t eat+4 ,arctic tr\t 7 numb]less40 ,,bibliography4 ,! read] ( ! prec$+ pages w h obs]v$1 f ! v>iety ( publications f :i* quotations h be5 made1 t ! lit]ature relat+ to ! f> nor?l&s ( ,canada is consid]able--q ext5sive 9 fact4 ,bel[ is a p>tial li/ ( writt5 au?orities consult$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book4 ,x does n pret5d to be a complete bibliography ( ! c\ntry by any means1 _m publications :i* 7 c>efully read ?r\gh n be+ m5tion$ because !y d n ?r[ any direct light ^u ! natural res\rces ( ! region1 be+ m]ely books ( adv5ture1 or publications relat+ :olly to ^? topographical features ( ! c\ntry :i* are cle>ly indicat$ 9 pres5t-day maps4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes works f :i* enquir]s = additional k ( ! c\ntry are likely to obta9 s]viceable in=mation4 ,,adam1 ,g4 ,,m]c]4--8,! ,canadian ,nor?we/1 its ,hi/ory & its ,tr\bles40--,rose ,publi%+ ,co41 ,toronto1 #ahhe4 ,,ami1 ,h4 ,h41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,c4--8,res\rces ( ! ,c\ntry betwe5 ,quebec & ,w9nipeg1 along ! l9e ( ! ,g4,t4,p4 ,ry40--7,sessional pap] #adc71 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #aijc4 ,,&]son1 ,,james4--8,extracts f ,*ief-,factor ,james ,&]son's ,arctic ,j\rnal40--,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,geog4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #cba-cbh1 #aheg4 ,,arm/rong1 ,,john4--,report ( ! ,prelim9>y ,surveys = a ,propos$ ,railway to ,hudson bay1 7,sessional pap] ,no4 #bj d41 #aiaj74 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa4 ,,back1 ,,capta9 ,,george1 ,r4,n4--8,n>rative ( ! ,arctic ,l& ,exp$ition to ! m\? ( ! ,great ,fi% ,riv]1 & along ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean1 9 ! ye>s #ahcc1 #ahcd1 #ahce10 by ,capta9 ,back1 ,r4 ,n41 ,comm&] ( ! ,exp$ition4 ,zoological ,app5dix by ,john ,ri*>dson4 ,london & ,philadelphia1 #ahcf4 ,,bell1 ,,james ,,mac9to%1 ,m4,a4--8,report on ! ,topography & ,geology ( ,great ,be> lake & ( a *a9 ( lakes & /reams !nce to ,great ,slave lake40 ,"p ,c41 ,annual ,report1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #aija4 ,,bell1 ,,rob]t1 ,i4,s4,o41 ,m4,d41 ,c4,m41 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4--,reports 9 ! ,annual report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada p>ticul>ly f #ahgg to #aijh4 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa4 ,,bell1 ,,dr4 ,,robt41 ,i4,s4,o41 etc4--,special reports 9 ,geol4 ,survey ,reports #ahgg-gh1 #ahhb-hd & #ahhe4 ,,bell1 ,,dr4 ,,robt41 ,i4,s4,o41 etc4--,reports on ,hudson bay & "s ( ! lakes & riv]s ly+ we/ ( x4 ,report ,progress ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahgi-hj1 pp4 #aj-aac-;,c4 ,que5's ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #ahha4 ,,bell1 ,,dr4 ,,robt41 ,i4,s4,o41 etc4--8,! ,geology ( ! ,hudson's ,bay & ,/rait10 9 ! report ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,exp$ition1 #ahhe4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,m>9e1 ,ottawa4 ,,bell1 ,,dr4 ,,rob]t1 ,i4,s4,o41 etc4--8,geology & ,economic ,m9]als ( ,hudson's ,bay & ,nor!rn ,canada10 7ab/ract7 9 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,c41 vol4 ii1 sect4 iv41 p4 #bda1 ,ottawa4 ,,bell1 ,,dr4 ,,rob]t1 ,i4,s4,o41 etc4--8,report on an ,exploration ( ,portions ( ! ,attawapiskat & ,albany riv]s1 ,lonely lake to ,james' bay40 ,"p ,g41 ,annual ,report ,geol4 ,survey1 #ahhf4 ,dawson ,bros41 ,montreal1 #ahhg4 ,,b]ni]1 ,,capta9 ,j4 ,e4--8,report on ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada ,gov]nm5t ,exp$ition to ! ,arctic ,isl&s & ,hudson ,/rait on ,bo>d ! ,d4,g4,s4 #8,arctic4'0 ,ottawa1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 #aiaj4 ,,b\lton1 ,,major ,c4 ,a4--8,rem9isc5ces ( ! ,nor?we/ ,rebellions40 ,grip ,pr9t+ & ,publi%+ ,co41 ,toronto1 #ahhf4 ,,br[n1 ,,hon4 ,c4,p4--8,report ( ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,legislative ,assembly ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,manitoba appo9t$ to ,procure ,evid5ce z to ! ,practicability ( ! ,e/abli%m5t ( a ,sy/em ( ,communication ) ! ,prov9ce via ,hudson ,bay04 ,pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,legislative ,assembly4 ,w9nipeg1 #ahhd4 ,,brymn]1 ,,d\glas--8,reports on ,canadian ,ar*ives = #ahhh & #ahij10 ,notes ,e4 & ,c41 respectively4 ,que5's ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa4 ,,butl]1 ,,capta9 ,w4 ,f41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4--8,! ,great ,lone ,l&2 a ,n>rative ( ,travel & ,adv5ture 9 ! ,nor?we/ ( ,am]ica40 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,,*amb]s1 ,,capta9 ,e4 ,j4--8,! ,book ( ,canada40 ,montreal & ,toronto1 #aije4 ,,*amb]s1 ,,capta9 ,e4 ,j4--8,! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police4 7,a ,corps ,hi/ory70 ,! ,mortim] ,press1 ,montreal & ,ottawa1 #aijf4 ,,*amb]s1 ,,capta9 ,e4 ,j4--8,canada's ,f]tile ,nor?l&40 ,conta9+ ! evid5ce he>d be=e ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,s5ate ( ,canada ( #aijf-jg & ! report bas$ !reon4 ,ottawa1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau4 #aijg4 ,sev]al lat] editions4 ,! la/ "u ! title 8,! ,new ,nor?we/40 ,,*amb]s1 ,,capta9 ,e4 ,j4--8,! ,great ,mack5zie ,bas940 ,a ,summ>y ( ! ,reports ( ! ,s*ultz ,committees ( ! ,s5ate ( ,canada 7#ahhg-hh7 & ( ! evid5ce he>d be=e said ,committees40 ,ottawa1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 #aijh4 ,,c\es1 ,,elliott4--8,new ,light on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,great] ,nor?we/4 ,! ,manuscript ,j\rnals ( ,alex&] ,h5ry1 ,fur ,trad] ( ! ,nor?we/ ,company & ( ,david ,?ompson1 ,(ficial ,geograph] & ,explor] ( ! same ,company1 #agii-ahad10 9 ?ree volumes4 ,francis ,p4 ,h>p]1 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,,crean1 ,,frank ,j4 ,p41 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4--8,! ,new ,nor?we/4 ,report ( ,exploration40 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa1 #aijh4 ,second edition1 #aiji4 ,,dawson1 ,g4 ,m41 ,d4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,c41 etc4--8,notes to accompany a ,geological ,map ( ! ,nor!rn portion ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ,ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s10 ,que5's ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #ahhg4 ,,dawson1 ,g4 ,m41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4--,num]\s reports 9 ! annual reports ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa4 ,,dawson1 ,g4 ,m41 ,d4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4--8,on "s ( ! l>g] unexplor$ regions ( ,canada40 ,pap] contribut$ to ! ,ottawa ,field ,naturali/s' ,club4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior--8,annual ,reports10 m p>ticul>ly #ahhd1 #ahhh1 #ahhi1 #ahib 7,sessional pap] ,no4 #ac1 ,vol4 ,,vii17 #aijj-ja 7,sessional pap] ,no4 #be1 ,"p ,,iii1 ,app5dix #bf to ,surveyor ,g5]al's report71 #aijc 7,summ>y ( ! ,reports on ,peace riv]74 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa4 ,,dickson1 ,j4 ,r41 ,b4,s4,a41 ,m4,s4,f4--8,report on ,timb] ,conditions1 etc41 along ! propos$ r\te ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,railway40 ,=e/ry ,bran*--,bullet9 ,no4 #ag4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa1 #aiaa4 ,,dobbs1 ,,ar?ur--8,acc\nt ( ! ,situation1 ,climate & ,trade ( ! ,c\ntries adjo9+ to ,hudson's ,bay1 etc40 ,london1 #agdd4 ,,dodds1 ,,james--8,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 its ,position & ,prospects40 ,london1 #ahff4 ,,d[l+1 ,d4 ,b41 ,b4 ,ap4 ,sc4--8,report on ! ,c\ntry 9 ! vic9ity ( ,r$ ,lake & ,"p ( ! ,bas9 ( ,b]5s ,riv]1 ,keewat940 ,"p ,f41 ,annual ,report 7,vol4 ,,vii71 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 ,que5's ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #ahif4 ,,d[l+1 ,d4 ,b41 ,b4 ,ap4 ,sc4--8,report on an ,exploration ( ,ekwan riv]1 ,sutton ,mill lakes & "p ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,james' ,bay40 7,annual ,report ,geol4 ,sur4 ( ,canada1 #aija1 ,"p ,f41 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,new ,s]ies74 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa4 ,,d[l+1 ,d4 ,b4--8,report on ! ,geology ( ! ,we/ ,%ore & ,isl&s ( ,lake ,w9nipeg40 7,geol4 ,survey report = #ahih1 ,vol4 ,,xi74 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa1 #aija4 ,,d[l+1 ,d4 ,b4--8,report on ! ,ea/ ,%ore ( ,lake ,w9nipeg & ,adjac5t ,p>ts ( ,manitoba & ,keewat94 ,f notes & ,surveys by ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell40 7,geol4 ,survey report = #ahih1 ,vol4 ,,xi74 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa1 #aija4 ,,d[l+1 ,d4 ,b4--8,report on ,geological ,explorations 9 ,a?abaska1 ,saskat*ewan & ,keewat9 ,di/ricts40 ,"p ,f4 ,f41 ,annual ,report 7,vol4 ,,xiii71 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #aijb4 ,,d[l+1 ,d4 ,b4--8,report on an ,exploration ( ,ekwan ,riv] & ,sutton ,mill ,lakes & ,"p ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,james' bay40 ,"p ,f41 ,annual ,report 7,vol4 ,,xiv71 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #aijd4 ,,frankl91 ,,capta9 ,,john1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s4--8,n>rative ( a ,j\rney on ! %ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 9 ! ye>s #ahai-bj-ba & -#bb40 ,zoological ,app5dix2 ,mammals & ,birds1 by ,joseph ,sab9e2 ,notice ( ! fi%es1 ,botanical ,app5dix1 by ,john ,ri*>dson4 ,london1 #ahbc4 ,,frankl91 ,,capta9 ,,john1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4--8,n>rative ( a ,second ,exp$ition to ! ,%ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea 9 ! ye>s #ahbe1 #ahbf & #ahbg40 ,london1 #ahbh4 ,,fi%]1 ,,hon4 ,,sydney--8,"s ,economic ,aspects ( ,agriculture 9 ,canada40 ,address be=e ! ,canadian ,club1 ,ottawa1 ,jan4 #bb1 #aiaj4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,( ,,canada--8,annual ,reports10 m p>ticul>ly ! foll[+3 #ahgb1 #ahgh1 #ahgi1 #ahhj1 #ahhd1 #ahhf 7,"p ,r71 #ahhh 7,vol4 ,,xi1 "p ,a71 #ahij-ia 7,vol4 ,v41 "p ,d71 #ahid 7,vol4 ,,vii1 "p ,a71 #ahif 7,vol4 ,,ix1 "p ,f71 #ahig 7,vol4 ,x1 "p ,a71 #aijj 7,vol4 ,,xiii71 #aija 7,vol4 ,,viii1 "p ,d74 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa4 ,,grant1 ,,george ,m4--8,ocean to ,ocean1 ,s&=d ,flem+'s ,exp$ition ?r\gh ,canada 9 #ahgb4 ,be+ a di>y kept dur+ a j\rney f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific ) ! ,exp$ition ( ! ,eng9e]-9-,*ief ( ! ,canadian ,pacific & ,int]colonial ,railways40 ,london1 #ahgg1 & ,bel=d ,bros41 ,toronto4 ,,hanbury1 ,,david ,t4--8,sport & ,travel 9 ! ,nor?l& ( ,canada40 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,london1 ,edw>d ,arnold4 #aijd4 ,,h>mon1 ,,daniel ,,williams--8,a ,j\rnal ( voyage & travel 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,betwe5 ! #dg? & #eh? ,degrees ( ,n4 ,lat4 ext5d+ f ,montreal ne>ly to ! ,pacific1 a di/ance ( ab\t #e1jjj miles4 ,includ+ an acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal occurr5ces dur+ a resid5ce ( n9ete5 ye>s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry40 ,by ,daniel ,williams ,h>mon1 a p>tn] 9 ! ,nor?we/ ,company4 ,) introduction & ,map4 ,&ov]1 #ahbj4 ,,h>rison1 ,,alfr$ ,h4--8,9 ,se>* ( a ,pol> ,cont95t40 ,london1 #aijh4 ,,he>ne1 ,,samuel--8,a ,j\rney f ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,=t 9 ,hudson's ,bay to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean4 ,und]tak5 by ,ord] ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company = ! discov]y ( ,copp] ,m9es1 a ,nor? ,we/ ,passage1 etc41 9 ! ye>s ( #agfi1 #aggj1 #agga & #aggb40 ,london1 #agie4 ,dubl91 #agif4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,,hector1 ,,james1 ,m4,d4--8,physical ,features ( ! ,c5tral "p ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica10 9 ,ed9burgh 8,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal10 #ahff4 ,,he]1 ,,pr(4 ,o4--8,on ! ,mioc5e ,plants discov]$ on ! ,mack5zie ,riv]10 ,proc4 ,royal ,soc41 ,london1 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 #ahhj4 ,,h5ry1 ,,alex&]--8,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ,canada & ! ,indian ,t]ritories40 ,new ,york1 #ahji4 ,,h9d1 ,,h5ry ,,y\le1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4--7,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,toronto1 9 *>ge ( ! ,ass9ibo9e & ,saskat*ewan ,exp$ition47--8,n>rative ( ! ,canadian ,r$ ,riv] ,explor+ ,exp$ition ( #aheg1 & ( ! ,ass9ibo9e & ,saskat*ewan explor+ ,exp$ition ( #aheg40 ,9 two ,volumes4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,,hoop]1 ,w4 ,h4--8,t5 ,mon?s among ! ,t5ts ( ! ,tuski1 ) incid5ts ( an ,arctic ,boat ,exp$ition 9 se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 z f> z ! ,mack5zie riv]1 & ,cape ,ba?ur/40 ,london1 #ahec4 ,,horetzky1 ,,*>les--8,canada on ! ,pacific40 ,montreal1 #ahgd4 ,,isbi/]1 ,a4 ,k4--8,"s ,acc\nt ( ,peel ,riv]1 ,nor? ,am]ica40 ,j\rn4 ,royal ,geol4 ,soc41 ,london1 ,vol4 ,,xv4 #ahde4 ,,isbi/]1 ,a4 ,k4--8,on ! ,geology ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,t]ritories & ( ,portions ( ! ,arctic & ,nor?we/ ,regions ( ,am]ica01 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xi 9 ,am4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 & ,arts4 ,second s]ies1 col4 ,,xxi1 #ahef4 ,,laut1 ,,agnes ,c4--8,! ,end ( ! ,free ,l&40 ,canadian ,colli]'s1 ,jan4 #ad1 #aiaa4 ,,l[1 ,a4 ,p41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4--8,prelim9>y ,report on an ,exploration ( ,c\ntry betwe5 ,lake ,w9nipeg & ,hudson ,bay40 ,"p ,f41 ,annual ,report ,geol4 ,survey1 #ahhf4 ,dawson ,bro!rs1 ,montreal1 #ahhg4 ,,l[1 ,a4 ,p41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4--8,! ,cruise ( ! ,neptune10 ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t ,exp$ition to ,hudson bay & ! ,arctic ,isl&s on ,bo>d ! ,d4,g4,s4 8,neptune10 #aijc-aijd4 ,ottawa1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 #aijf4 ,,macbe?1 ,,rev4 ,r4 ,g41 ,m4,a4--8,! ,mak+ ( ! ,canadian ,we/40 ,wm4 ,briggs1 ,toronto1 #aije4 ,,mackray1 ,,rev4 ,,rob]t4--8,life ( ,rob]t ,mackray1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,ar*bi%op ( ,rup]t's ,l&1 ,primate ( ,all ,canada1 etc41 etc40 ,! ,macmillan ,company ( ,canada1 ,ltd1 ,toronto1 #aiji4 ,,mack5zie1 ,,alex&]4--8,voyages f ,montreal1 on ! ,riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ?r\gh ! ,cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans2 9 ! ye>s #aghi & #agic4 ,) a prelim9>y acc\nt ( ! rise1 progress & pres5t /ate ( ! ,fur ,trade ( t c\ntry40 ,london1 #ahja4 ,,mac\n1 ,,pr(4 ,,john1 ,m4,a4--8,report ( ,pr(essor ,mac\n1 ,botani/ to ! ,exp$ition10 address$ to ,alfr$ ,r4 ,c4 ,selwyn4 7,accompany+ a report by ,selwyn entitl$ 8,report on ,exploration 9 ,briti% ,columbia074 ,report ,progress ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahge-gf1 pp4 #aaj-bcb4 ,montreal1 #ahgg4 ,,mac\n1 ,,pr(4 ,,john1 ,m4,a4--8,manitoba & ! ,great ,nor?we/40 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,,mac\n1 ,,pr(4 ,,john1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4,c4--8,! ,=e/s ( ,canada & _! ,di/ribution40 #ahie4 ,,mair1 ,,*>les4--8,?r\gh ! ,mack5zie ,bas91 a ,n>rative ( ! ,a?abaska & ,peace riv] ,treaty ,exp$ition ( #ahii40 ,simpk91 ,m>%all1 ,hamilton1 ,k5t ,co41 ,limit$1 ,toronto1 #aijh4 ,,mcconnell1 ,r4 ,g41 ,b4,a4--8,report on explorations 9 ! ,mack5zie ,bas940 7,"p ,d1 ,annual ,report1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,geol4 ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahhh-hi74 ,que5's ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa4 ,,mcconnell1 ,r4 ,g41 ,b4,a4--8,report on a ,portion ( ! ,di/rict ( ,a?abaska1 ,compris+ ! ,c\ntry ,betwe5 ,peace riv] & ,a?abaska riv]1 ,nor? ( ,less] ,slave lake40 7,app5dix ,d4 to annual report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahij-ahia74 ,ottawa4 ,,mc9nes1 ,,wm4--8,report on a ,"p ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritories ,dra9$ by ! ,w9isk & ,attawapiskat ,riv]s40 ,geol4 ,survey ,report ,no4 #ajjh4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa1 #aiaj4 ,,mck5na1 ,j4 ,a4 ,j4--8,! ,hudson ,bay ,r\te2 ,a ,compilation ( ,facts ) ,conclusions40 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa1 #aijh4 ,,mcleod1 ,,malcolm4--8,peace ,riv]4 ,a canoe voyage f ,hudson's ,bay to ,pacific4 ,by ! late ,sir ,george ,simpson1 ,gov]nor ,hudson's ,bay ,company 9 #ahbh4 ,j\rnal ( ! late ,*ief ,factor1 ,ar*ibald ,mc,donald 7,hudson's ,bay ,company7 :o accompani$ him40 ,edit$1 ) ,notes1 by ,malcolm ,mc,leod1 ,b>ri/]1 etc4 ,ottawa1 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,durie & ,son4 ,montreal1 ,dawson ,bro!rs4 ,toronto1 ,adam ,/ev9son & ,company4 #ahgb4 ,,meek1 ,f4 ,b4 7,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ces74--8,rem>ks on ! ,geology ( ! ,mack5zie riv]1 ) ,figures & ,descriptions ( ,fossils f ! ,region1 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 etc40 ,*icago1 #ahfh4 ,,milton ,,& ,,*eadle1 7,visc\nt ,milton1 ,m4,p41 & ,w4 ,b4 ,*eadle1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d474 8,! ,nor?we/ ,passage by ,l&2 a ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific40 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,m',,lean1 ,,john4--8,notes ( a ,tw5ty-five ye>s' ,s]vice 9 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,t]ritory40 ,two vols4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,,morgan1 ,,h5ry ,j4--8,sket*es ( ,celebrat$ ,canadians & ,p]sons connect$ ) ,canada f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,prov9ce ,d[n to ! ,pres5t ,"t40 ,hunt]1 ,rose ,co41 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,,mulvaney1 ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,p4--8,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,nor?we/ ,rebellion ( #ahhe40 ,a4 ,h4 ,hovey ,co41 ,toronto1 #ahhf4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,society ,,( ,,montreal4--8,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce40 ,v>i\s volumes1 p>ticul>ly t ( #ahij1 7,vol4 ,,iv74 ,montreal1 #ahia4 ,,ogilvie1 ,,william1 ,d4,l4,s4--8,exploratory ,survey ( ,"p ( ! ,lewes1 ,tat-,on-,duc1 ,porcup9e1 ,bell1 ,tr\t1 ,peel1 & ,mack5zie riv]s1 #ahhg-ahhh40 ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 #ahij4 ,sessional ,pap]s1 ,vol4 #aa1 #d? session ( ! #f? p>liam5t4 ,que5's ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa4 ,,ogilvie1 ,,william1 ,d4,l4,s4--8,report on ! ,peace riv] & ,tribut>ies1 9 #ahia40 ,annual report ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior = ! ,ye> #ahib4 ,sessional ,pap]s #ahic1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,que5's ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa4 ,,paget1 ,,amelia ,m4--8,! ,p ( ! ,pla9s40 ,toronto1 ,william ,briggs1 #aiji4 ,,pallis]1 ,,capta9 ,r4 ,a4--8,exploration--,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,j\rnals1 ,detail$ ,reports1 & ,obs]vances ,relative to ! ,exploration by ,capta9 ,pallis]1 ( ,t ,portion ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica :i* 9 latitude lies betwe5 ! ,briti% ,b\nd>y ,l9e & ,height ( ,l& or ,wat]%$ ( ! ,nor!rn or ,froz5 ,ocean ,respectively4 ,& 9 ,longitude1 betwe5 ! we/]n %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior & ! ,pacific ,ocean1 dur+ ! ye>s #aheg1 #aheh1 #ahei & #ahfj40 ,pres5t$ to bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t by ,comm& ( ,h] ,maje/y1 ,may #ai?1 #ahfc4 ,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,george ,edw>d ,eyre & ,william ,spottiswoode4 ,pr9t]s to ! ,que5's ,mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y1 = ,h] ,maje/y's ,/ation]y ,(fice4 ,,petitot1 ,,rev4 ,,emile4--8,gographie de l',a?abaska-,mack5zie et des ,gr&s ,lacs du ,bass9 ,artique1 p> l',abb ,e4 ,petitot40 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie1 ,p>is1 tome ,x1 #ahge4 ,,petitot1 ,,rev4 ,e4--8,aut\r du ,gr& ,lac des ,esclaves40 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,,petitot1 ,,rev4 ,e4--8,explorations de la ,rgion du ,gr& ,lac des ,ours1 etc40 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,,pike1 ,,w>burton4--8,! ,b>r5 ,gr\nds ( ,nor!rn ,canada40 ,london1 ,macmillan & ,co41 #ahib4 ,,preble1 ,,edw>d ,a41 7,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey47--8,nor? ,am]ican ,fauna1 ,no4 #bg4 ,a ,biological inve/igation ( ! ,a?abaska-,mack5zie ,region40 ,prep>$ "u ! ,direction ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam1 ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey4 ,wa%+/on1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,oct4 #bf1 #aijh4 ,,rae1 ,,dr4 ,,john4--8,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,%ores ( ! ,arctic ,sea 9 #ahdf-dg40 ,london1 #ahej4 ,,rae1 ,,dr4 ,,john4--8,j\rney f ,great ,be> ,lake to ,wolla/on ,lake1 & ,explorations along ! ,s\? & ,ea/ coa/ ( ,victoria ,l&40 ,j\rnals ( ! ,royal ,geog4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #gc to #hb4 #aheb4 ,,rae1 ,,dr4 ,,john4--8,rec5t ,explorations along ! ,s\? & ,ea/ ,coa/ ( ,victoria ,l&40 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,geog4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #hb-if4 ,be+ ,dr4 ,rea's (ficial report to ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 communicat$ by !m to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 conc]n+ 8 exp$ition by boat f ,copp]m9e ,riv] ea/w>d along ! ,arctic ,coa/ & on ! coa/ ( ,victoria ,l& 9 ! summ] ( #ahea4 ,,rattray1 ,j41 ,b4,a4--8,! ,scot 9 ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica40 ,toronto1 #ahhc4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,,sir ,,john4--8,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition1 a ,j\rnal ( a ,boat ,voyage ?r\gh ,rup]t's ,l& & ! ,arctic ,sea40 ,london1 #ahea4 ,,robson1 ,,joseph4--8,an ,acc\nt ( ,six ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ,hudson's ,bay f #agcc to #agcf1 & #agdd to #agdg40 ,london1 #ageb4 ,,robson1 ,w4 ,t4 7,g5]al ,adv]tis+ ,ag5t1 ,c4 ,p4 ,ry47--8,! value ( ,! ,t\ri/ ,sportsman z a means ( ,publicity = ,undevelop$ ,c\ntry40 ,montreal1 #aiaj4 ,,ross1 ,,sir ,,john4--8,a ,voyage ( ,discov]y1 = ! ,purpose ( ,explor+ ,baff9's ,bay1 etc40 ,london1 #ahai4 7,geological ,app5dix by ,dr4 ,mc,culloch47 ,,royal ,,nor?we/ ,,m\nt$ ,,police4--8,annual ,reports40 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa4 ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,canada4--8,transactions01 p>ticul>ly ,vol4 #aa1 ,section ,,iv4 ,ottawa4 ,,s*rot]1 ,c4--8,note on ! ,microscopic ,exam9ation ( "s ,fossil ,woods f ! ,mack5zie ,riv]10 by ,c4 ,s*rot]1 ,proc4 ,royal ,soc4 ,london1 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 #ahha4 ,,s5ate ,,( ,,canada4--8,app5dix to ! ,j\rnals = #ahgj 7#cc ,victoria740 ,report ( ,rup]t's ,l& ,select ,committee4 ,que5's ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #ahgj4 ,,s5ate ,,( ,,canada4--8,app5dices to ! ,j\rnals = #ahhg & #ahhh40 7evid5ce tak5 be=e select committees74 8,app5dix to ! ,j\rnals = #aijg10 7evid5ce tak5 be=e select committee74 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa4 ,,simpson1 ,,sir ,,george4--8,n>rative ( a ,j\rney ,r\nd ! ,_w dur+ ! ye>s #ahda & #ahdb40 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,,simpson1 ,,?omas4--8,n>rative ( ! ,discov]ies on ! ,nor? ,coa/ ( ,am]ica2 effect$ by ! (fic]s ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company dur+ ! ye>s #ahcf-ci40 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,,/range1 ,,"l4--,9 ! "n ( ?is nobleman 0 pres5t$ to ! ,p>liam5t ( ,great ,brita9 ! 8,report f ! ,committee appo9t$ to inquire into ! ,/ate & ,condition ( ! ,c\ntries ,adjo9+ to ,hudson's ,bay & ! ,trade c>ri$ on !re40 ,london1 #agdi4 ,,tuttle1 ,,*>les ,r4--8,a ,n>rative ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,exp$ition ( #ahhd40 ,toronto1 #ahhe4 ,,tyrrell1 ,,joseph ,,burr1 ,c4,e41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4--8,a ,brief ,n>rative ( ! ,j\rneys ( ,david ,?ompson40 ,proc4 ,canadian ,in/itute1 #ahhg-hh1 #crd s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,,tyrrell1 ,j4 ,,burr1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4--8,report on ! ,c\ntry betwe5 ,a?abaska riv] & ,*ur*ill riv]1 by ,j4 ,burr ,tyrrell1 assi/$ by ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+ 9 #ahib1 to :i* is add$ a survey ( ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,a?abaska1 made 9 ! summ] ( #ahic40 ,annual report1 ,geol4 ,survey1 = #ahic4 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #ahid4 ,,tyrrell1 ,j4 ,,burr1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4--8,report on ! ,dubawnt1 ,kazan & ,f]guson riv]s & ! ,nor?we/ ,coa/ ( ,hudson ,bay40 ,"p ,f41 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,reports ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahif4 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #ahig4 ,,tyrrell1 ,j4 ,,burr1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4--8,natural ,res\rces ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s40 ,pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 ,toronto1 #ahig4 ,publi%$ 9 full 9 ! ,scotti% ,geographical ,magaz9e1 #ahii4 ,,tyrrell1 ,j4 ,,burr1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4--8,report on ,explorations 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,portion ( ! ,di/rict ( ,saskat*ewan & ,adjac5t ,p>ts ( ! ,di/rict ( ,keewat940 ,"p ,f41 ,annual ,report 7,vol4 ,,xiii71 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #aijb4 ,,tyrrell1 ,,james ,w41 ,d4,l4,s4--8,exploratory ,survey betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ,hudson ,bay40 ,app5dix ,no4 #bf to ! ,report ( ! ,surveyor ,g5]al4 ,sessional ,pap]s1 #aijb1 ,vol4 #aj4 ,k+'s ,pr9t]1 ,ottawa1 #aijb4 ,,tyrrell1 ,,james ,w41 ,c4,e41 ,d4,l4,s4--8,across ! ,sub-,arctics ( ,canada40 ,william ,briggs4 ,toronto4 ,la/ 7revis$7 edition1 #aijh4 ,,we/m9/] ,,review4--,anonym\s ,article 9 ,july volume1 #ahfg1 entitl$ 8,! ,la/ ,great ,monopoly40 ,london4 ,,:ite1 ,,james1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 7,secret>y ( ,cons]vation ,commission74--8,place ,names ( ,nor!rn ,canada40 ,ottawa1 #aiaj4 ,,wilson1 ,,alfr$ ,w4 ,g4--8,report on a ,trav]se ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,"p ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritories f ,lac ,seul to ,cat ,lake 9 #aijb40 ,geol4 ,survey ,report ,no4 #ajjf4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa1 #aiaj4 ,,"y1 ,r4 ,e41 ,d4,l4,s4--8,evid5ce be=e ! ,select ,/&+ ,committee ( ,=e/s1 ,wat]ways & ,wat] ,p[]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons40 ,p>liam5t>y ,pap]4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa1 #aiji4 ,,"y1 ,r4 ,e41 ,d4,l4,s4--8,evid5ce on #8,canada's ,f]tile ,nor?l&' be=e ! ,select ,/&+ ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,agriculture & ,colonization40 ,p>liam5t>y ,pap]4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,bureau1 ,ottawa1 #aiji4 ,,"y1 ,r4 ,e41 ,d4,l4,s--8,! ,new ,nor? ,we/40 ,pamphlet1 #aiaj4 ,,index ,agnooski & ,w9isk riv]s1 description ( c\ntry betwe51 #ee ,agricultural c\ntry1 ri*1 nor? ( lake ,w9nipeg1 #dd-de ,agricultural ,exp]im5ts1 e>ly1 & _! success1 #cj ,agricultural l&1 good1 ar\nd head ( lake ,w9nipeg1 #eh ,agricultural possibilities ( ! c\ntry s\? ( ,re$ & ,wuskwatim lakes1 #ec ( ! c\ntry f ,pr9ce ,alb]t to ,=t ,pitt1 #ig-ih at ,ile la ,crosse1 #ih at ,lac la ,ronge1 #ajj-ajb ar\nd ,de] lake1 #ajf at ,me?ye lake1 #ajh-aji 9 ,gre5 lake di/rict1 #aab-aac at ,*ipewyan1 #acc at ,bapti/e lake1 #ace at ,call+ riv]1 #acf at ,mc,murray1 #acf at ,*ipewyan1 #acg ar\nd ,c[p> lake1 #acg-ach 9 c\ntry we/ ( ,me?ye & ,buffalo lakes & s\? ( ,cle>wat] riv]1 #acg-ach ar\nd ,he>t lake1 #ach ar\nd ,w9efr$ lake1 #ach 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #add at ,=t ,v]milion1 #adg-adh at ,r$ ,riv] =t1 #adh at ,=t ,/4 ,john1 #aej at ,dunvegan1 #aej-aed at ,gr& ,prairie1 #aee-aef at ,=t ,v]milion1 #aeg1 #afc-afd ar\nd ,edmonton1 #aff-afg ( ,mack5zie riv] region1 #bjh1 #bai ,alluvium on banks ( ,great ,slave lake1 #bhc ,alsop1 ,eno*1 te/imony (1 #cc ,&]son riv]1 bas9 (1 #bgg fairly well wood$1 #bgg ,animals1 fur-be>+1 9 ,keewat9 area1 #hh ab\t ,w9isk & ,attawapiskat riv]s1 #ia 9 ! area s\? ( ,cross lake1 #ib at ,*ur*ill1 #ic ( ,cle>wat] c\ntry1 #abg 9 ! f> nor?we/1 #abg-abh 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,*ur*ill riv] & lake ,a?abaska1 #abh-abi ,arable ,l& ( ,mack5zie riv] region1 #bjh ,arctic grayl+ 9 ,peace region1 #bif ,arm/rong1 ,mr4 ,john1 report (1 on ! prelim9>y survey ( #aijh & #aiji = ! propos$ railway to ,hudson ,bay1 #fj on ! prelim9>y surveys = ! ,hudson ,bay railway1 #hg ,artill]y lake1 #cji ,asp53--7#8,trembl+-leav$ ,popl>'71 #fe ,asphalt on ,great ,slave lake1 #bhc ,a?abaska lake1 #aaf timb] on ! %ores (1 #abc m9]als ne> lake1 #abd evid5ce ( ,ar*bi%op ,clut be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh z to m9]als 9 c\ntry nor?we/ (1 #abe-abf ,a?abaska riv] & tribut>ies1 #aca-acb bas91 ,sir ,john ,frankl9's report ( ! agricultural possibilities (1 #acc valley1 climate conditions 9 v>i\s p>ts (1 #ada-adb wat] p[] on1 #agg iron f\nd on1 #aha g5]al description1 #bde summ]s v hot on1 #bde timb]1 #bfa wat] p[] along riv]1 #bfb c\ntry has f9e balsam popl>1 #bfh petroleum1 #bhb moose1 #bij woodl& c>ib\1 #bia fi%1 #bii ,attawapiskat riv]1 #ff-fg ,attawapiskat & ,w9isk riv]s1 bas9s ( !1 #gj-ga ,attawapiskat & ,w9isk riv]s1 fi% (1 #ia ,aylm] lake1 #caa ,back1 ,capta91 explorations (1 #ac1 #ad impression ( ! view f ! heights above ! ,cle>wat] at ,me?ye portage1 #aah report on timb] ( ,re9de] lake1 #bfg ,back's grayl+ 9 ! tribut>ies ( ,peace riv] 9 ,rocky m\nta9s1 #bjd 8,balsam ,fir0 also call$ 8,s+le ,spruce0 & 8,silv] ,p9e01 #fe ,bapti/e lake1 agricultural possibilities (1 #ace ,b>ley & oats gr[n at ,*ipewyan settlem5t on ,buffalo riv]1 #ajh ,b>r5 ,l&s1 !1 area compris$ 91 #bi topography1 soil1 climate1 flora1 #cjc tree gr[? & timb] res\rces1 #cag ,battle riv]1 gold f\nd 9 ! b>s above ! m\? (1 #ahj ,be>s1 :ite1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,hudson bay & black 9 s\!rn "p1 #hi ,be> & ,moose along ,lockh>t riv]1 #bia ,be> riv]1 bir* on1 #bgg gypsum1 #bhb ,be> lake settlem5t1 #aga ,beav] pl5tiful along ,cle>wat] valley1 #acj ,bee*1 ,mr4 ,william1 description (1 ( ! c\ntry ar\nd ,hudson bay & at ,*ur*ill1 #fc ( ! timb] res\rces ( ,hudson bay region1 #gi-hj ( ! wat] p[] available 9 ,hudson bay region1 #hj ( fi% & animals at ,*ur*ill1 #ic-id ,bell1 ,doctor ,rob]t1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,c41 exploratory trips (1 #ag1 #ah report ( 8 exploratory trip f lake ,w9nipeg to ,hudson bay 9 #ahgh1 #cg1 #ch te/imony be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg1 #ch report ( 8 explorations 9 ! valleys ( ,nelson & ,*ur*ill riv]s 9 #ahgi1 #fe-ff #ahhf report1 #ff be=e ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg1 #hb description ( ! rocks ( ! ea/]n "p ( lake ,/4 ,joseph1 #hb #ahhf report z to fi%1 animals & game 9 ,keewat9 area1 #hh evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg z to fi%1 animals & game 9 ,keewat9 area1 #hh-hi evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg z to agriculture 9 ,a?abaska di/rict1 #acd-ace op9ion ( ! t> s&s 9 ,a?abaska riv] 9 8 pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,eng9e]s1 ,toronto1 9 #aijg1 #ahg ,bell1 ,james ,mac9to%1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 exploratory trips (1 #ba description ( c\ntry along ,m>t9 riv]1 #bff description ( ,great ,be> riv]1 #bga f9e timb] at ,kei? bay1 #bge ,bir*1 #abb canoe bir* at ,=t ,rae1 #bff gr[n )9 ,arctic circle1 #bgd on ,be> riv]1 #bgg ,bitum9\s ,spr+ on ,cree riv]1 #abf ,bitum5 f ,=t ,provid5ce to ,*ipewyan1 #bhe ,black bay on lake ,a?abaska1 gal5a f\nd at1 #aha ,bompas1 ! ,"r ,rev]5d1 op9ion (1 ( ! soil 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #ade-adf ,b\ld] riv]1 timb] along1 #ff ,br$91 ,w4 ,f41 ,esq41 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #ajd evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to t> s&s on ,buffalo lake1 #abf z to agriculture 9 ,a?abaska di/rict1 #acg z to agriculture 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afe-afg z to ! natural gas along ,a?abaska riv]1 #aic ,brick1 ,rev]5d ,j4 ,g\gh1 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee1 z to agriculture & climate 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afa-afb ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica ,act1 #a ,brock1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w41 op9ion (1 ( petroleum & natural gas 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #aid ( coal deposits1 #bhf ,br[ne1 ,alex&]1 evid5ce (1 on ! m9]al res\rces ( ! c\ntry ar\nd ,hudson bay1 #ha ,buffalo lake t> s&s1 #abf ,burntwood riv]1 timb] along1 #gb ,button1 ,capta9 ,?omas1 #g ,button bay1 timb] on1 #gf ,call+ riv]1 agricultural possibilities on1 #acf ,canoe lake1 good g>d5s at1 #ajh ,c>ib\ 9 c\ntry betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,owl riv]1 #ic s\? ( ,a?abaska1 #bia betwe5 ,=t ,rae & ,great ,be> lake1 #bia betwe5 ,a?abaska lake & ,*ur*ill riv]1 #bia we/ ( ! ,mack5zie1 #bib pass ,ramp>t ,h\se semi-annually1 #bic ( ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 #bib1 #cdc value (1 #cdi an exp]im5t by ,dr4 ,gr5fell1 #cej ,c]eals 9 ,mack5zie riv] region1 #bba ,*ampions ( ! nor?1 #e1 #f ,*e/]field inlet1 wat] r\tes via1 #cjg spr+ at1 #caj 8,*9ooks0 at ,arctic circle1 #bbd ,*ipewyan settlem5t1 #ajh adv5t ( spr+ at1 #acc agricultural possibilities at1 #acc1 #acg timb] 9 ! vic9ity (1 #age ,*ri/ie1 ,hon4 ,william1 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh z to ! agricultural possibilities ( ! c\ntry f ,pr9ce ,alb]t to ,=t ,pitt1 #ig1 #ih z to ! agricultural possibilities ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #aeg z to wood buffalo 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #aie1 #aif ,*ur*ill & ,owl riv]s1 timb] 9 ! c\ntry betwe51 #gf1 #gg ,*ur*ill1 fur-be>+ animals ne>1 #ic fi%1 #ic1 #id ,*ur*ill riv]1 #ii c\ntry nor? (1 #aae1 #aaf tribut>ies1 #aaf wat]p[]1 #abj timb] along ! banks1 #abj1 #abb timb] nor? (1 #abc ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s1 res\rces ( ! region s\? (1 #aje timb] nor? (1 #abb1 #abc ,clay ,belt1 !1 #fa ,clay1 ,corporal ,s4 ,g41 report (1 ( 8 patrol ?r\gh ,gr&e prairie c\ntry 9 #aiaa1 #bjg ,cle>wat] lake & ,pas1 timb] 9 ! c\ntry betwe51 #ge1 #gf ,mr4 ,mc,laggan's description ( ! wat]s betwe51 #ib ,cle>wat] riv]1 c\ntry good along1 #ajd1 #aje riv] & valley z describ$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,p4 ,crean1 #aji1 #aaj ,cle>wat] valley f ,me?ye portage1 description ( ! height ( l& ov]look+1 #aag1 #aah describ$ by ,bi%op ,ta*e1 #aah wat] p[]1 #aba sulphur spr+s on1 #abe1 #abf animals1 #abg beav] pl5tiful along1 #acj iron f\nd on1 #aha ,climate ( ! c\ntry ly+ s\? ( ,re$ & ,wuskwatim lakes1 #ed ( di/rict explor$ by ,mr4 ,crean 9 #aijh1 #aaa 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,a?abaska valley1 #ada1 #adb 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #adi at ,dunvegan1 #aea1 #aeb at ,=t ,v]milion1 #afe 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike1 9 8 book1 #agc1 #agd ( ,peace riv] c\ntry exceptionally heal?y1 #agd ,clut1 ,ar*bi%op1 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh z to m9]als 9 c\ntry nor!a/ ( lake ,a?abaska1 #abe1 #abf z to gold 9 ,peace & ,li>d riv]s1 #aha z to timb]1 #bfe1 #bfi on fea!r$ game1 #bid ,coal f\nd s\? ( ,saskat*ewan & ,*ur*ill riv]s1 #abd on ,saskat*ewan riv]1 #abd along ei!r side ( ,cree riv]1 #abf at ,lac la ,ronge1 #abf at ,mc,kay1 #ahb along ,mack5zie riv]1 #bha two hundr$ squ>e miles1 #bhf ,cobalt f\nd on we/ %ore ( ,re9de] lake1 #abe ,cold ,spr+s settlem5t1 #aga ,conroy1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a41 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to agricultural possibilities 9 ,a?abaska di/rict1 #acf1 #acg z to ! climate conditions 9 ,a?abaska-,peace riv] c\ntry1 #adb z to ! agricultural res\rces ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afh1 #afi z to timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #agf 8 report to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,=e/ry1 ,janu>y #ag1 #aiaj1 z to timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #agf ,cook1 ,ri*>d ,s41 ,esq41 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #ajb1 #ajd z to m9]al 9 region nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #abf z to ! fi% 9 c\ntry nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #abi ,copp] ar\nd ,file lake1 #he f\nd at ,wekusko lake1 #hf at ! junction ( ,nahanni & ,li>d riv]s1 #bhb 9 ,b>r5 ,l&s1 #cbe deposits rival ^? ar\nd lake ,sup]ior1 #cbh ,c[p> lake1 agricultural possibilities ar\nd1 #acg1 #ach ,crean1 ,frank1 ,j4 ,p41 ,c4,e41 explorations (1 #be1 #bg natural res\rces ( di/rict s\? ( ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s1 #aje1 #aae description ( ,cle>wat] riv] & valley1 #aji1 #aaj report on wat] p[]s1 #abj1 #aba reports on timb] areas1 #abj1 #abb z to m9]als 9 c\ntry nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #abf z to fi% & game 9 c\ntry nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #abi1 #acj z to agriculture 9 ! c\ntry we/ ( ,me?ye & ,buffalo lakes & s\? ( ,cle>wat] riv]1 #acg1 #ach z to ! t> s&s on ,a?abaska riv]1 #ahg1 #ahh fi% & game 9 di/rict explor$ by him 9 #aiji1 #bjd1 #bje ,cree lake1 #aaf ,cree riv]1 timb] on ! %ores (1 #abc bitum9\s spr+s on1 #abf coal along ei!r side (1 #abf m9]als report$ by ,*ief ,factor ,a4 ,mc,donald on1 #abf ,cross lake & ,pas1 timb] ( ! di/rict betwe51 #gh1 #gi ,dawson-,h9d exp$itions1 #b ,dawson1 ,doctor ,g4 ,m41 exploration (1 #ag report ( #ahgi-hj z to agriculture 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #aeg-afa evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh z to timb] 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #agg-agi description ( petroleum along ! ,a?abaska 9 8 ,summ>y ,report = #ahid1 #ahi reports spruce z f> nor? z ,be> lake riv]1 #bga on ,back's grayl+1 #bie ,dease1 ,pet] ,w>r5 & ,?omas ,simpson1 ,exploration (1 #ad ,dease riv]1 #bgh ,de] lake1 timb] ar\nd1 #fh agricultural possibilities good1 #ajf ,de] at ,=t ,resolution1 #bic-bid ,dickson1 ,j4 ,r41 ,b4,s4,a41 ,m4,s4,f41 inspection by1 9 #aiaj1 ( ! timb] along ! l9e ( ! propos$ ,hudson ,bay railway f ,pas to ,split lake1 #fj-fa report z to climate & soil conditions ( ! area betwe5 ,pas & ,split lake1 #fb-fc report on ! timb] ( ! di/rict betwe5 ,pas & ,cross lake1 explor$ by him 9 #aiaj1 #gh-gi report ( ! m9]al deposits ( ! area explor$ by him s\? ( ,cross lake1 #hf report ( ! area s\? ( ,cross lake z to fi%1 animals1 & game1 #ib ,di/ances e/imat$ on ! patrol ( ,inspector ,e4 ,a4 ,pelleti] ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 #bd ,d[l+1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b41 explorations (1 9 #ahii1 #ba report ( 8 explorations 9 #ahic1 #df-dg report ( 8 explorations 9 #ahii1 #fi report ( #aija on ,ekwan di/rict1 #fi-gj report ( 8 #ahic explorations1 #gj explorations ( ,sev]n di/rict 9 #aija1 #hc-hd report 9 #aija ( ! game1 animals & fi% 9 ,ekwan di/rict1 #ij-ia report on ! timb] 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd ,gre5 & ,ile la ,crosse lakes & ,lac la ,ronge1 #aai-abj ,dubawnt lake1 #cjg ,dunvegan1 agricultural possibilities at1 #aej-aed ,economic m9]als1 report ( ,mr4 ,wm4 ,ogilvie on1 #bhd ,edmonton1 agricultural possibilities ar\nd1 #aff-afg ,ekwan di/rict1 timb] 91 #fi game1 animals & fi%1 #ij-ia ,ells1 ,r4 ,w41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,c41 op9ion (1 on ! t> s&s ( ,a?abaska riv] z /at$ 9 ! ,geological ,survey report1 #ahf-ahg ,explorations1 ,dawson-,h9d1 #b ,explorations ( ,doctor ,john ,ri*>dson & ,doctor ,rae1 #ae ,explorations ( ,doctor ,selwyn1 ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 & ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n1 #ag ,explorations ( ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 #ag ,explorations ( ,capta9 ,back1 #ac1 #ad ,explorations ( ,?omas ,simpson & ,pet] ,w>r5 ,dease1 #ad ,explorations ( ,arctic ,regions by ,sir ,john ,frankl91 #ad ,explorations conduct$ by ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t1 #af ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[ ( ! ,geological ,survey1 #ah ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 ,b4,a41 #ah1 #ai ,explorations ( ,doctor ,bell1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,c41 #ag1 #ah ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie1 ,d4,l4,s41 9 #ahhd & #ahhh1 #ah ,explorations ( ,great ,slave lake di/rict by ,mr4 ,w>burton ,pike1 #ai ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,burr ,tyrrell1 #ai1 #bj ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+ ( ! ,geological ,survey 9 #ahii1 #ba ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,david ,t4 ,hanbury1 #ba1 #bb ,explorations ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ,*e/]field inlet on ,hudson bay1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,tyrrell1 ,c4,e41 #ba ,explorations ( ,james ,mac9to% ,bell1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #ba ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,edw>d ,a4 ,preble ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,biological ,survey1 #bb ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,william ,mc,innes1 #bc ,explorations ( ,w4 ,?ibaudeau1 ,c4,e41 9 ,*ur*ill di/rict1 #bc ,explorations ( ,frank ,j4 ,p4 ,crean1 ,c4,e41 ( ! ,railway ,l&s ,bran* ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 #be1 #bf1 #bg ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,laggan ( ,/ra?cona1 ,alb]ta1 9 #aijg1 #eh1 #ei ,explorations ( ,w4 ,?ibaudeau1 ,c4,e41 9 #aijf1 ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,owl riv]s1 #gf1 #gg ,explorations ( ,mr4 ,wm4 ,mc,innes 9 #aijf ( ! bas9s ( ,re$ & ,wekusko lakes & ,grass riv]1 #hd1 #he ,explorations = m9]als ( ! di/rict nor? ( ,lac ,seul by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,g4 ,wilson1 #he1 #hf ,european di/ricts comp>$ ) nor?we/]n ,canada1 #bda ,evid5ce be=e ! ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( #agdi1 #cj1 #ca ,evid5ce ( ,doctor ,bell be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg1 #fg ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,l[ be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #fh ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,mc,innes be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #gc ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,ow5 ,o',sullivan be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijf1 #gd ,evid5ce conta9$ 9 ! report ( ! ,briti% p>liam5t>y inve/igation ( #agdi1 #ha ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,wm4 ,mc,innes be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #he ,evid5ce ( ,doctor ,bell be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg1 z to fi%1 animals & game 9 ,keewat9 area1 #hh1 #hi ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[ be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to fi% 9 inl& wat]s ( ,keewat91 #hi1 #ij ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,mc,innes be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to fi% 9 region ly+ we/ ( ,hudson bay1 #ia1 #ib ,evid5ce ( ,ri*>d ,k+1 ,m4,d41 be=e ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( #aheg1 z to ! agricultural possibilities ( nor!rn ,saskat*ewan1 #if1 #ig ,evid5ce ( ,hon4 ,william ,*ri/ie be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh z to ! c\ntry f ,pr9ce ,alb]t to ,=t ,pitt1 #ig1 #ih ,evid5ce ( ! ,v5]able ,ar*deacon ,j4 ,mc,kay1 ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,mission>y ( ! ,canadian ,we/1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #ii1 #ajj ,evid5ce ( ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,esq41 memb] ( ! ,legislative ,assembly ( ,alb]ta = ! ,division ( ,a?abaska1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #ajd ,evid5ce ( ! ,v5]able ,ar*deacon ,mc,kay1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to ! timb] 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd ,lac la ,ronge1 #aai ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to ! =e/s ( ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,*ur*ill1 #abc ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to m9]als along ,saskat*ewan riv]1 #abd ,evid5ce ( ,ar*bi%op ,clut1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to m9]als 9 c\ntry nor!a/ ( lake ,a?abaska1 #abe1 #abf ,evid5ce ( ,mayor ,cook1 ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to m9]als 9 ! region nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #abf ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ von ,ham]/e91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to m$ic9al spr+s on ,cle>wat] riv]1 #abf ,evid5ce ( ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,m4,l4,a41 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to t> s&s ( ,buffalo lake1 #abf ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,mob]ly1 *ief trad] ( ,hudson's ,bay ,company at ,rapid riv]1 ,cumb]l& di/rict1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg1 #abg1 #abh ,evid5ce ( ,mayor ,cook1 ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #agij1 z to ! fi% 9 c\ntry nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #abi ,evid5ce ( ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 be=e ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t>y ,select ,committee ( #aheg1 z to ! capabilities ( ! c\ntry trav]s$ by him1 = ! purpose ( settlem5t & colonisation1 #acc ,evid5ce ( ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg1 z to agriculture 9 ,a?abaska di/rict1 #acd1 #ace ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ von ,ham]/e91 be=e ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,s5ate ( ,canada 9 #aijg1 z to ! agricultural res\rces ( ,a?abaska di/rict1 #ace1 #acf ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to agriculture 9 ,a?abaska di/rict1 #acf ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy ( ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to agriculture 9 ,a?abaska di/rict1 #acf1 #acg ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to ! c\ntry imm$iately nor? ( lake ,a?abaska1 #acg ,evid5ce ( ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,m4,l4,a41 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to agriculture 9 ,a?abaska di/rict1 #acg ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to ! climatic conditions 9 ,a?abaska-,peace riv] c\ntry1 #adb ,evid5ce ( ,pr(essor ,mac\n1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to ! "* ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #adg-adi ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to agriculture 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #aee-aef ,evid5ce ( ,hon4 ,william ,*ri/ie1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to ! agricultural possibilities ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #aeg ,evid5ce ( ,rev]5d ,j4 ,c\gh ,brick1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to agriculture & climate 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afa1 #afb ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,frank ,oliv]1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to agriculture 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afb ,evid5ce ( ,fr$ ,lawr5ce1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace1 ( ,=t ,v]milion1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to agriculture & climate 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afb1 #afe ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to agriculture 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afe-afg ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,elihu ,/ew>t ( ,ottawa1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to agriculture 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afg1 #afh ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,a4 ,conroy1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee1 z to ! agricultural res\rces ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afh1 #afi ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,mair z to ! agricultural res\rces ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #agj ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,mair 9 8 book 8,?r\gh ! ,mack5zie ,bas901 z to ! climate ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #agd ,evid5ce ( ,pr(essor ,mac\n1 ,botani/ to ! ,geological ,survey1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #age ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ von ,ham]/e91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #age ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy ( ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #agf ,evid5ce ( ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to timb] 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #agg-agi ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,fr$ ,s4 ,lawr5ce1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to timb] 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #agi ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ von ,ham]/e91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to gold 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahj1 #aha ,evid5ce ( ,bi%op ,clut1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to gold 9 ,peace & ,li>d riv]s1 #aha ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ von ,ham]/e91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to iron & coal 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahb ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 von ,ham]/e91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to m9]als 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahc-ahf ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to ! t> s&s on ,a?abaska riv]1 #ahf ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 von ,ham]/e91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to petroleum 9 c\ntry f ,a?abaska riv] to ,peace riv]1 #aib ,evid5ce ( ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 ,m4,l4,a41 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to ! natural gas along ,a?abaska riv]1 #aic ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 von ,ham]/e91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to natural gas 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #aic ,evid5ce ( ,hon4 ,wm4 ,*ri/ie1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to wood buffalo 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #aie1 #aif ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,conroy ( ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to wood buffalo 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #bjb1 #bjc ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,mob]ly1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg1 z to game & fi% 9 ! nor?1 #bjc1 #bjd ,evid5ce ( ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 z to fi% 9 ! nor?1 #bjd ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,mc,connell be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #bfh ,evid5ce ( ,bi%op ,clut be=e ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 #bfi ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 von ,ham]/e91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #bhf ,evid5ce ( ,ex-,judge ,mac,leod1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 #bia ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,br$91 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #bii ,extracts f ,mr4 ,robson's book 8,an ,acc\nt ( ,six ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ,hudson's ,bay01 publi%$ 9 #ageb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf ,extract f ,mr4 ,ed4 ,umfreville's volume 8,elev5 ,ye>s 9 ! ,s]vice ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company & ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ! ,canada ,fur ,trade01 publi%$ 9 #agij1 #cf ,extract f ! writ+s ( ! ,rev]5d ,john ,semm5s1 #cf1 #cg ,extract f ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,j4 ,mc,kenna's report on ! ,hudson bay r\te1 #cg ,extract f ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell's report ( 8 exploratory trip 9 #ahhf ( ! c\ntry 9 lake ,/4 ,joseph section1 #ch ,extract f ! ,annual ,report1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 #ahhe2 :at ,mr4 ,fawcett says ( 8 desc5t ( ! ,w5assago to ,lac ,seul1 #ch1 #ci ,extract f ,mr4 ,john ,arm/rong's report ( ! prelim9>y survey 9 #aijh-i = ! propos$ railway to ,hudson bay1 #fj ,extracts f ! report ( ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! bor+ op]ations at ,pelican riv]1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,fras]1 #aij-aib ,fa!rs ( ,conf$]ation1 !1 #a ,fav\rable lake1 #ci vegetation ar\nd1 #fg /urgeon1 #ij 8,f]tile ,belt01 !1 #a ,fir trees 7spl5did7 ne> ,great ,slave lake1 & 9 ! c\ntry ea/ to ,slave riv]1 #bfe ,fi% 9 ,/urgeon lake1 #hh 9 ,keewat9 area1 #hh 9 lake ,/4 ,joseph1 #hh 9 ,hudson bay1 #hi 9 ,james bay1 #hi & game 9 region explor$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell 9 #ahif1 #ij 9 ,w9isk & ,attawapiskat riv]s1 #ia 9 region ly+ we/ ( ,hudson bay1 #ia-ib 9 ! area s\? ( ,cross lake1 #ib 9 ! wat]s betwe5 ,pas & ,cle>wat] lake1 #ib betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,pas1 #ib-ic /aple food ( inhabitants ( c\ntry nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #abg 9 ! lakes & /reams 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,*ur*ill riv] & lake ,a?abaska1 #abi 9 ,tor* riv]1 #abi 9 ,saskat*ewan riv]1 #abi 9 ,re9de] lake1 #abi 9 ,me?ye lake1 #abi 9 ! nor? 9 g5]al1 #bjc-bjd 9 ,big ,buffalo riv]1 #bje & game ( ,mack5zie region1 #bhh ( ! ,mack5zie c\ntry1 #bie 9 ,a?abaska riv] & ,great ,slave lake1 #big ( ,mack5zie riv]1 report$ on by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,ogilvie1 #cjj 9 ! 8,b>r5 ,l&s01 #ceg ! arctic salmon1 #ceh 9 ! ,dubawnt & ! ,kazan1 #cei 9 ! ,!lon1 #cfj ,fl\r manufactur$ at ,=t ,v]milion1 #afi-agj ,footpr9t lake1 #ea1 #eb ,=t ,ent]prise1 description ( c\ntry surr\nd+1 #bfg ,=t ,frankl91 #ac trees a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s old1 #bge c\ntry is well wood$1 #bgf ,=t ,good ,hope1 #bag f9e tam>ack1 #bfh f9e jackp9e accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,connell's report ( #ahhh1 #bga t> spr+s report$ by ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 #bhb ,=t ,li>d1 #bba1 #bbf1 #bcc1 #bda ,=t ,norman1 #bae1 #bch f9e tam>ack1 #bfh f9e spruce1 #bgj soil1 #bhc ,=t ,provid5ce1 bitum5 ne>1 #bhe ,=t ,nelson is all prairie l&1 #bfi ,=t ,rae & surr\nd+ c\ntry1 canoe bir* at1 #bff ,=t ,resolution1 #bdj de]1 #bic1 #bid ,=t ,/4 ,john1 agriculture at1 #aej ,=t ,simpson1 #bbj 9 #aijd1 ! sap 0 runn+ freely f ,april #bj to ,may #a1 #bff to ,great ,slave lake is all =e/ accord+ to ,mr4 ,ogilvie's report1 #bfg f9e tam>ack1 #bfh moose1 #bij ,=t ,smi?1 salmon up ,mack5zie to1 #bii ,=t ,v]milion1 agriculture at1 #adg-adh1 #aeg1 #afc-afd climate at1 #afe fl\r manufactur$1 #afi-agj ,=t ,wrigley1 #bci ,foxe1 ,capta9 ,luke1 #g ,frankl91 ,sir ,john1 #ab exploration ( ,arctic regions1 #ad impression ( ! view f ! heights above ! ,cle>wat] at ,me?ye portage1 #aah report ( ! agricultural possibilities ( ,a?abaska bas91 #acc 9 8 j\rnal ( ,augu/ #ai1 #ahbj1 on ,=t ,ent]prise1 #bfg reports on ,yell[knife riv]1 description ( soil & timb]1 #bfg ,frankl9 riv]1 granite along1 #bhc ,gal5a f\nd at ,black bay on lake ,a?abaska1 #aha ,game 9 ,keewat9 area1 #hh pl5tiful ne> =ks ( ! ,muhigan1 #ij betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,pas1 #ib1 #ic pl5tiful 9 ,mead[ lake di/rict1 #acj 9 ! f> nor?1 #bjc1 #bjd at ,=t ,confid5ce1 #bic fea!r$1 on ,mack5zie1 ,a?abaska1 ,peace1 ,salt & ,great ,slave lake riv]s1 #bid & fur-be>+ animals 9 f> nor?we/]n ,canada z giv5 by ,mr4 ,mob]ly1 #bjc1 #bjd ,geikie riv]1 #aaf timb] on ! %ores (1 #abb1 #abc ,gillam1 ,capta91 #g ,gold f\nd 9 a b> on ,loon riv]1 #ahj 9 ! b>s above ! m\? ( ,battle riv]1 #ahj 9 ! b>s 9 ,peace riv]1 #ahj 9 ,repulse bay1 #cdj ,gr&e ,prairie1 agricultural possibilities at1 #aee1 #aef 8,gr& ,view0 on ,mack5zie riv]1 #bag ,gravel riv]1 timb] along1 #bgj pl5ty ( moose1 #bij fi%1 #bie1 #bif ,great ,be> lake1 black spruce ar\nd1 #bga timb]1 #bgf1 #cbc soil ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 #bfe fi%1 #cjj ,great ,be> riv]1 description (1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,bell1 #bga ,great ,slave lake to ,=t ,simpson is all =e/ accord+ to ,mr4 ,ogilvie's report1 #bfg t> spr+s1 #bha soil1 #bhc asphalt1 #bhc moose1 #bhh woodl& c>ib\1 #bia fi%]ies1 #bif timb]1 #cbj ,great ,slave riv] well timb]$ l t ( l[] ,a?abaska & ,peace riv]s1 #bfb ,gre5 lake di/rict1 agricultural possibilities (1 #aab1 #aac timb]1 #aai fi%1 #abi ,griff91 ,mr4 ,rob]t1 te/imony (1 #cc1 #cd ,gr\>d1 #agj ,gypsum 9 vic9ity ( ,nomansl&1 #hd ne> ,peace riv] & ,slave riv]1 #ahc at ! m\? ( ,be> riv]1 #bhb ,hanbury1 ,mr4 ,david ,t41 explorations (1 #ba1 #bb on ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 #cjc on copp] deposits ( ! nor?1 #ccj ,h>mon1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,williams1 impression (1 ( ! view f ! heights above ! ,cle>wat] at ,me?ye portage1 #aag1 #aah on ! agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #add ,h>rison1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,h41 trip ( exploration (1 d[n ,slave & ,mack5zie riv]s1 #bb on ,mack5zie bas91 #bdj ,hayt]1 ,mr4 ,john1 te/imony (1 on ,hudson bay region1 #cc ,hayes1 ,mr4 ,w41 op9ion (1 ( timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #agf ,he>ne1 ,mr4 ,samuel1 hi/orical trip (1 #i1 #aj1 #aa f9e timb] on ,copp]m9e & 9 o!r nor!rn p>ts1 #bfd ,he>t lake1 agricultural possibilities ar\nd1 #ach ,h9d1 ,pr(essor1 report (1 #b1 #c ,horetzky1 ,*>les1 ,c4,e41 reconnaissance survey (1 ?r\gh ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #ag report z to agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #add1 #ade ,h[>d1 ,inspector ,d4 ,m41 #aiji report (1 z to agricultural possibilities 9 nor!rn "p ( ! di/rict1 ,*ipewyan & ,smi? ,l&+1 #ach1 #aci z to agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #agj-agc ,hudson1 ,h5ry1 #f1 #g ,hudson bay1 timb] on ! %ores (1 #fg fi%1 #hi seal1 #hi ,hudson bay & ,norway ,h\se1 timb] betwe51 #fh ,hudson bay region1 timb] res\rces (1 #gi-hj wat] p[]s available 91 #hj ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 #g1 #h ,ile la ,crosse1 agricultural possibilities at1 #ih g>d5 at1 #ajh timb] 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd1 #aai 8,inconnu01 !1 #cja ,indu/ries & transportation 9 ,peace riv] di/rict1 #aga1 #agb ,inve/igations by ! ,canadian ,p>liam5t1 #af ,iron ore on ,taylor & ,gillis isl&s1 #hd at ,sipiwesk lake1 #hf s\? ( ,saskat*ewan & ,*ur*ill riv]s #abd f\nd by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell 9 ,*ur*ill riv] di/rict & also nor? ( lake ,a?abaska1 #aha f\nd on ,peace1 ,cle>wat] & ,a?abaska riv]s1 #aha f\nd along ,cle>wat] riv]1 #ahb on ,mack5zie riv]1 #bhc ,iron1 gold1 silv]1 nor? ( lake ,a?abaska1 #cci ,jackp9e1 #abb ,james1 ,capta9 ,?omas1 #g ,james bay1 we/ coa/ (1 #eg timb] on ! %ores (1 #fg fi%1 #hi ,j>vis1 ,inspector ,a4 ,m41 ,c4,m4,g41 report (1 z to wood buffalo 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #aig1 #bjb ,j5n+s1 ,inspector1 reports (1 #cjb ,keele1 ,mr4 ,joseph1 reconnaissance across ,mack5zie m\nta9s on ,pelly1 ,ross & ,gravel riv]s1 #bc reports on timb] ( ,gravel riv]1 #bgj on 8 explorations1 #bhf on moose 9 ,gravel riv] valley1 #bij fi% 9 ,gravel riv]1 #bie ,keewat9 region1 !1 #bh1 #bi fir/ "p ( ! /ill unexploit$ nor?we/ ) :i* :ite m5 came into t\*1 #cj diamet] & ages ( trees gr[+ 9 diff]5t localities ?r\gh\t1 #ga timb] 9 ! s\!rn "p (1 #fh1 #fi timb] 9 ! we/]n "p (1 #gc m9]al res\rces1 #hb geological =mations1 #hc game1 fur-be>+ animals & fi%1 #hh ,kei? bay1 timb] ar\nd1 #bge ,kelsey1 ,h5ry1 #h ,k+1 ,doctor ,ri*>d1 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( #aheg z to ! agricultural possibilities ( nor!rn ,saskat*ewan1 #if1 #ig ,lac la ,ronge & ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 c\ntry betwe51 #ajj ,lac la ,ronge di/rict1 agricultural possibilities (1 #ajj m9]al possibilities1 #abf coal1 #abf g5]al1 #aje1 #ajf ,lac ,seul1 timb] 9 ! c\ntry ab\t1 #gj ,lansd[ne1 lake1 timb] ar\nd1 #ff ,lawr5ce1 ,mr4 ,fr$1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 z to agricultural possibilities & climate 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afb1 #afe evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to timb] 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #agi ,li>d valley f ! ,mack5zie has f9e l>ge spruce1 #bfi ,lignite f\nd inl& 9 c\ntry s\? & we/ ( ,james bay1 #hb 9 its crude =m1 #bhc ,little ,prairie settlem5t1 #aga ,lockh>t riv] well timb]$1 #bgg be> & moose1 #bia ,l[1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p41 exploration (1 #ah p]sonal acc\nt ( 8 trip 9 #ahhf1 #ci evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #ci1 #dj1 #da 8 report ( #ahhf1 #ci evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #fh report ( 8 exam9ation ( c\ntry betwe5 lake ,w9nipeg & ,hudson bay1 #hb exam9ation be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #hb evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to fi% 9 inl& wat]s ( ,keewat91 #hi1 #ij ,lumb] = build+1 f9e1 along ,mack5zie1 #bgd ,mac,farlane1 ,mr4 ,r41 ,hudson's ,bay ,(fic]1 report on ,&]son riv] by1 #bgg timb]1 #bgh on woodl& c>ib\ betwe5 lakes ,w9nipeg & ,a?abaska1 #bia ,mair1 ,mr4 ,*>les1 evid5ce (1 on agricultural res\rces ( ,peace riv] di/rict1 #agj climate ( same1 #agd timb] 9 same1 #agi ,mack5zie1 ,mr4 ,alex&]1 trips ( exploration (1 #aa ov]look+ ! ,cle>wat] f ,me?ye portage1 #aag c\ntry nor? ( ! ,mack5zie aft] leav+ ,slave lake1 #bfg ,mack5zie riv] region1 area compris$ 91 #bi agricultural possibilities1 arable l& & topography1 #bjh ext5t ( wat]%$ (1 #bji table ( di/ances1 #baj navigation1 #baj op5 season on ,mack5zie riv]1 #bac tribut>ies ( ,mack5zie1 #bad ramp>ts ( caon ( ,mack5zie1 #baf ! 8,gr& ,view01 #bag cattle1 #bai re9de]1 #bba c]eals1 #bba root crops1 #bba ,pr(essor ,mac\n's te/imony1 #bbg /ock-rais+1 #bbh ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 #bbi ,william ,ogilvie1 #bcd timb]1 #bfa1 #bfb muskeg & rocky areas1 #bfa f9e balsam popl>1 #bfh wat]p[]1 #bga timb]1 #bgd coal1 #bha salt spr+s1 #bha salt1 #bhb iron1 #bhc fi% & game1 #bhh c>ib\1 #bib fea!r$ game1 #bid fi%1 #bie ,macleod1 ,s]gt4 ,r4 ,w41 report (1 on c\ntry betwe5 ,=t ,v]milion & ,hay riv]1 #aci-adj on buffalo 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,=t ,v]milion & ! m\? ( ,hay riv] 9 ,great ,slave lake1 #bjc reports ( 8 patrols 9 #aiji & #aiaj f ,=t ,v]milion to ,hay riv]1 #bje-bjf ,macleod1 ,mr4 ,malcolm1 be=e ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 #bgd1 #bge ,mac\n1 ,pr(essor ,john1 report (1 on ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritories1 #af & ,doctor ,selwyn1 exp$ition (1 #ag ref]5ce (1 to nor!rn portion ( ,saskat*ewan z an agricultural c\ntry 9 8 book 8,manitoba & ! ,great ,nor?we/01 #ih op9ion ( ! agricultural possibilities ( ,peace riv] c\ntry z /at$ 9 8 book 8,manitoba & ! ,great ,nor?we/01 #adf-adg evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh z to ! "* ( ! ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #adg-adi evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh z to ! timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #age evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh z to fi% 9 ! nor?1 #bjd on ,mack5zie bas91 #bbh ,manasan falls1 #ea ,m>ble f\nd on ,m>ble isl& 9 ,hudson bay & also at ,*ur*ill1 #hg ,mc,connell1 ,r4 ,g41 ,b4,a41 explorations (1 #ah1 #ai report on agricultural possibilities ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #aed-aee evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg on agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #aee-aef report on gold 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahj on iron 9 ,peace region1 #aha on m9]als 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahe on petroleum 9 ! t> s&s1 #ahh-ahi op9ion ( ! natural gas along ! ,a?abaska riv]1 #aic-aid report on ,mack5zie bas91 #bbi on ! ,mack5zie1 #bfe f ,=t ,provid5ce along ,beav] riv] to lake ,bis-t*o1 #bfg-bfh timb] ab\t ,=t ,simpson1 #bfh timb] along ,li>d riv]1 #bfi1 #bgj jackp9e gr[s z f> nor? z ,=t ,good ,hope1 #bga timb] bel[ ,=t ,good ,hope1 #bga1 #bgb t> spr+s ab\t ,great ,slave lake1 #bha indications ( oil ?r\gh\t ,mack5zie valley1 #bhb fi% 9 ,great ,slave lake di/rict1 #big ,mc,donald1 ,*ief ,factor ,a41 report (1 on m9]als ( ,cree riv]1 #abf ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,rev]5d ,doctor ,john1 op9ion (1 ( ! region to ! s\? ( ,split lake1 #cg ,mc,innes1 ,mr4 ,william1 explorations (1 #bc description ( ! c\ntry ab\t ,w9isk & ,attawapiskat riv]s1 #dg-ed report 9 #aijc1 #aijd & #aije ( 8 survey ( ! region dra9$ by ! ,w9isk & ! ,attawapiskat1 #gj-ga report on region explor$ by him 9 #aijf1 #ga-gc evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #gc explorations 9 #aijf ( ! bas9s ( ,re$ & ,wekusko lakes & ,grass riv]1 #hd-he fur!r evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #he report ( 8 explorations ab\t ,w9isk& ,attawapiskat riv]s1 z to game1 fi% & animals1 #ia evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to ! fi% 9 region ly+ we/ ( ,hudson bay1 #ia-ib ,mc,kay1 ,! ,v5]able ,ar*deacon ,j41 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 on ,lac la ,ronge di/rict1 #ii-ajj evid5ce giv5 on ! timb] 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd ,lac la ,ronge1 #aai ,mc,kay1 coal f\nd at1 #ahb ,mc,laggan1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w41 exploratory trip (1 #aijg1 #eh-ei acc\nt ( 8 trip 9 #aijg1 #ge-gf explorations = m9]als1 #hf-hg description ( ! wat]s betwe5 ,pas & ,cle>wat] lake1 #ib ,mc,murray1 agriculture at1 #acf ,mead[ lake di/rict1 #aac-aad game pl5tiful1 #acj ,m$ic9al spr+s on ,cle>wat] riv]1 #abf ,mellor1 ,corporal1 report (1 on ! c\ntry s\? we/ ( ,smi? l&+1 #adj ! buffalo c\ntry 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #bjb fi% 9 ,big ,buffalo riv]1 #bje ,me?ye lake1 di/rict1 agricultural possibilities1 #ajh-aji fam\s sc5]y1 #aag timb]1 #abj fi%1 #abi ,m9]al res\rces ( ! c\ntry ar\nd ,hudson bay1 #ha obs]vations ( ,rev4 ,john ,semm5s 9 ,burntwood di/rict1 #ha-hb ext5sive ri* deposits 9 s\!rn "p ( ,keewat91 #hb ,missions1 ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 #ajj1 #ajf ,mob]ly1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j41 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg reg>d+ animal life 9 ! f> nor?we/1 #abg-abh /atem5t 9 writ+ to ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg z to wood buffalo 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #aif evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg z to game1 fur-be>+ animals & fi% 9 ! nor?1 #bjc-bjd ,monkman1 ,mr4 ,joseph1 te/imony (1 #af ,moose nor? ( prairies & ea/ ( ,rocky m\nta9s1 #abh on ,snake lake at ! m\? ( ,s&y riv]1 #acj a moose c\ntry1 #bje-bjf ,great ,slave lake1 #bhh ,mack5zie region1 #bhi ,a?abaska & ,slave riv]s1 #bij ar\nd ,=t ,simpson1 #bij ,b>r5 ,l&s1 #cee ,m\nt$ ,police1 ,royal ,nor?we/1 reports on ,mack5zie bas91 #bea ,mudjatik riv]1 timb] along1 #abb-abc ,musk-,ox1 !1 #cea ,natural gas on ! ,a?abaska at m\? ( ,little ,buffalo riv]1 #aic1 #aid ,navigation on ,mack5zie riv]1 #bji op5 season on ,mack5zie1 #bac ,nelson ,h\se1 potatoes gr[n z f> nor? z1 #ef ,nelson riv] c\ntry1 #ef ,nickel f\nd on we/ %ore ( ,re9de] lake1 #abe may possibly be f\nd on ,upp] ,w9isk riv]1 #he ,nor!rn ,alb]ta region1 area compris$ 91 #bi ,nor!rn ,saskat*ewan region1 area compris$ 91 #bi ,nor?l&'s fir/ *ampions1 !1 #f ,norway ,h\se & ,cross lake1 :eat gr[n successfully at1 #ef ,norway ,h\se & ,hudson bay1 timb] betwe51 #fh ,ogilvie1 ,william1 ,d4,l4,s41 exploratory trips (1 9 #ahhd & 9 #ahhh1 #ah report on agricultural possibilities 9 ! ,a?abaska bas91 #acd on soil & climate 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #adi-aed on wat]p[] on ,a?abaska riv]1 #agg on wat]p[] on ,slave riv]1 #agg on wood buffalo 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #aif1 #aig on fi% 9 lake ,a?abaska1 #bjd on ,mack5zie bas91 #bcd mu* =e/ betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ,=t ,simpson1 #bfg d5se =e/ ar\nd ,=t ,nelson1 #bfi on timb] on l[] ,mack5zie1 #bgb on deposits ( economic m9]als 9 ,mack5zie valley1 #bhd on fi% ( ! ,mack5zie1 #cjj ,oil spr+s ( ,a?abaska region1 #ai ,oil ?r\gh\t ,mack5zie valley1 #bhb ,oliv]1 ,hon4 ,frank1 trip (1 made 9 #aiaj1 #bg 8 op9ion ( ! agricultural possibilities ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,edmonton & ! ,mack5zie1 #ada evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee z to agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afb op9ion ( timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #agg ,o',sullivan1 ,ow51 ,c4,e41 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,james bay1 #eg te/imony be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #eg1 #eh #aijf report1 #gc1 #gd fur!r evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #gd ,owl & ,*ur*ill riv]s1 timb] 9 ! c\ntry betwe51 #gf1 #gg ,palli/]1 ,capta9 ,john1 report (1 #b1 #c ,p>liam5t>y inquiry1 an e>ly1 #h1 #i ,p>liam5t>y inquiries ( rec5t date1 #af1 #bg ,pas & ,cross lake1 timb] ( ! di/rict betwe51 #gh1 #gi ,pas & ,cle>wat] lake1 ,mr4 ,mc,laggan's description ( ! wat]s betwe51 #ib ,patrol ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ,hudson bay by ,inspector ,e4 ,a4 ,pelleti] ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 #bc1 #bd ,peace riv] di/rict1 #aca riv] & tribut>ies1 #adc-add climatic conditions1 #adi settlem5ts1 #agj1 #aga transportation & indu/ries1 #aga1 #agb climate exceptionally heal?y1 #agd timb]1 #agg-agi gold f\nd 9 ! b>s 9 riv]1 #ahj iron1 #aha timb]1 etc41 #bfa1 #bfb f9e balsam popl>1 #bfh woodl& c>ib\1 #bia fea!r$ game1 #bid arctic grayl+1 #bif ,peat deposits 9 ! area nor? ( lake ,w9nipeg1 #hd ,pelleti]1 ,inspector ,e4 ,a41 patrol (1 ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ,hudson bay1 #bc1 #bd ,petitot1 ,rev4 ,fa!r1 ,o4,m4,i41 ( ,=t ,good ,hope1 evid5ce (1 be=e ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 #bhc ,petroleum1 indications (1 9 ! t> s&s f\nd along ,a?abaska riv]1 #ahh bor+s =1 9 ,a?abaska region1 #ahi-aid all ov] ,a?abaska di/rict1 #bhb ,pike1 ,mr4 ,w>burton1 explorations (1 ( ,great ,slave lake di/rict1 #ai description ( ! climate 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 9 8 book1 #agc1 #agd ,p9e 7,banksian71 #fg ,mr4 ,preble's report1 #bfh ,po9t ,sep>ation & c\ntry surr\nd+ is well wood$1 #bgc1 #bgd ,pol> be>1 !1 #cef ,popl>1 ,balsam1 ,r\gh-b>k$ popl>1 ,cotton ,tree1 ,balm ( ,gilead1 etc41 #fe asp5 or :ite popl>1 #abb balsam or black1 #abb ar\nd ,a?abaska1 ,slave & ,peace riv]s1 #bfh ,potatoes gr[n z f> nor? z ,nelson ,h\se1 #ef fifty miles nor? ( ,pas1 #ef at ,split lake1 #eh ,prairie l& ar\nd ,=t ,nelson1 #bfi ,prairie ,riv] settlem5t1 #aga ,preble1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,a41 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,biological ,survey1 exploratory trips (1 #bb report on climatic conditions ( v>i\s p>ts ( ,a?abaska valley1 #ada1 #adb on ,mack5zie bas91 #bdg on ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 #cjc description ( ,slave riv]1 #bfc report on ,great ,slave lake1 & its afflu5ts1 #bfe on timb] along ,a?abaska1 ,slave1 ,mack5zie & ,peace riv]s1 #bfh on ,banksian p9e1 #bfh on tam>ack & its uses1 #bfh black spruce f\nd up to ,great ,be> lake1 #bga describes ,lockh>t riv] & its banks1 #bgh reports on game & fi%]ies1 #bhh on fi% ( ,mack5zie bas91 #bie ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 settlem5t nor? (1 #ajc1 #ajd ,pulpwood belt1 a1 #gg ,qu>tz ve9s pl5tiful ?r\gh\t ! ,keewat9 belts1 #he ,rae1 ,doctor1 & ,doctor ,john ,ri*>dson1 exp$itions (1 #ae ,range ( gr[? ( v>i\s trees 9 we/]n ,canada1 #fe ,r$ lake riv] & ,r$ lake1 timb] on ! banks (1 #gj ,re9de] lake1 #aaf cobalt f\nd on %ore (1 #abe ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+'s report on m9]als1 #abe nickel f\nd on %ore (1 #abe fi%1 #abi ,re9de] 9 ,mack5zie region1 #bba ,report on ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritories by ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n1 #af ,reports ( ,mr4 ,frank ,j4 ,p4 ,crean1 ,c4,e41 on nor!rn ,saskat*ewan1 #bf1 #bg ,report ( ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell ( 8 exploratory trip f lake ,w9nipeg to ,hudson bay 9 #ahgh1 #cg1 #ch ,report on ! c\ntry nor? ( ! m\? ( ,saskat*ewan riv] by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell1 #da1 #db1 #dc ,report ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+ on upp] ,b]5s riv] di/rict1 #df1 #dg ,report ( ,w4 ,?ibaudeau on agricultural possibilities 9 ,*ur*ill di/rict1 #ei ,report ( ,mr4 ,john ,arm/rong ( ! prelim9>y survey ( #aijh & #aiji = ! propos$ railway to ,hudson bay1 #fj ,report ( ,j4 ,r4 ,dickson1 ,b4,s4,a41 ,m4,s4,f41 on ! rocks & soil ( ! area betwe5 ,pas & ,split lake1 #fj1 #fa ,report ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,dickson on ! climate & soil conditions ( ! area betwe5 ,pas & ,split lake1 #fb1 #fc ,report ( ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell ( 8 explorations 9 ! valleys ( ,nelson & ,*ur*ill riv]s 9 #ahgi1 #fe1 #ff ,report ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,l[1 on timb] 9 ,fav\rable lake di/rict1 #fg1 #fh ,report ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell ( 8 explorations 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,keewat9 9 #ahif1 #fh1 #fi ,report ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+ on timb] nor? ( lake ,w9nipeg1 #fi ,report ( #aija ( ,mr4 ,d[l+ on ,ekwan di/rict1 #fi1 #gj ,report ( ,mr4 ,d[l+ on 8 #ahic explorations 9 ,r$ lake di/rict1 #gj ,report ( ,mr4 ,mc,innes ( 8 survey ( ! region dra9$ by ! ,w9isk & ! ,attawapiskat 9 #aijc1 #aijd & #aije1 #gj1 #ga ,report ( ,mr4 ,mc,innes on region explor$ by him 9 ,cross lake di/rict1 #ga1 #gc ,report ( ,mr4 ,mc,innes on 8 explorations 9 #aijf1 ) ref]5ce to wat]p[]s1 #gc ,report ( #aijf ( ,mr4 ,ow5 ,o',sullivan1 on timb] 9 ,keewat9 area1 #gc1 #gd ,report ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,w4 ,g4 ,wilson 9 #aijb ( a reconnaissance trav]se across ! s\!rn "p ( ! unexplor$ area ly+ to ! nor? ( ,lac ,seul & ea/ ( ,tr\t lake1 #gd1 #ge ,report ( ,w4 ,?ibaudeau1 ,c4,e41 on ,*ur*ill di/rict1 #gf1 #gh ,report ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,dickson on ! timb] ( ! di/rict betwe5 ,pas & ,cross lake1 explor$ by him 9 #aiaj1 #gh1 #gi ,report ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t>y inve/igation ( #agdi1 #ha ,report ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+ on ! survey ( ,burntwood-,nelson lake ,w9nipeg di/rict 9 #ahii1 #hc ,report ( ,mr4 ,wm4 ,mc,innes1 :o explor$ ! bas9s ( ,re$ & ,wekusko lakes & ,grass riv] 9 #aijf1 #hd1 #he ,report ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,dickson on ! m9]al deposits ( ! area explor$ by him s\? ( ,cross lake1 #hf ,report on ! prelim9>y surveys = ! ,hudson bay railway by ,john ,arm/rong1 ,c4,e41 #hg ,report ( ,doctor ,bell 9 #ahhf on fi%1 animals & game 9 ,keewat9 area1 #hh ,report ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell on ! fi% & game 9 ! s\? we/ ( region explor$ by him 9 #ahif1 #ij ,report ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+1 9 #aija1 on ! game1 animals & fi% 9 ,ekwan di/rict1 #ij1 #ia ,report ( ,mr4 ,mc,innes on ! game1 fi% & animals ab\t ,w9isk & ,attawapiskat riv]s1 #ia ,report ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,dickson on ! fi%1 animals & game 9 ! area s\? ( ,cross lake1 #ib ,report ( ,w4 ,?ibaudeau4 ,c4,e41 on fi% & game betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,pas1 #ib1 #ic ,reports ( ,frank ,j4 ,p4 ,crean1 ,c4,e41 on region s\? ( ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s1 #aje1 #aae ,report ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell on 8 explorations ( #ahib1 #aae1 #aaf ,reports ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,p4 ,crean on timb] areas1 9 nor!rn ,saskat*ewan1 #abj-abb ,reports ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell ( 8 explorations ( #ahib & #ahic1 m9]als ne> lake ,a?abaska ref]r$ to 91 #abd ,report ( ,mr4 ,d[l+ ( 8 survey ( ! we/ %ore ( ,re9de] lake1 ref]5ce to m9]als 91 #abe ,report ( ,mr4 ,crean 9 #aijh on m9]als 9 c\ntry nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #abf ,report ( ,*ief ,factor ,a4 ,mc,donald ( m9]als on ,cree riv]1 #abf ,report ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell ( 8 explorations ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,*ur*ill riv] & lake ,a?abaska 9 #ahib z to animal life1 #abh1 #abi ,report ( ,mr4 ,crean 9 #aijh on fi% & game 9 c\ntry nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #abi1 #acj ,report ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 on ! agricultural possibilities ( ,a?abaska bas91 #acc ,report ( ,dom9ion ,gov]nm5t survey p>ties s5t out 9 advance ( ! ,canadian ,pacific railway ) ref]5ce to agricultural possibilities ( ! c\ntry1 #acd ,report ( ,william ,ogilvie1 ,d4,l4,s41 ( 8 trip 9 #ahhd1 ) ref]5ce to agricultural possibilities 9 ,a?abaska bas91 #acd ,report ( ,mr4 ,frank ,crean 9 #aiji on agriculture 9 c\ntry we/ ( ,me?ye & ,buffalo lakes & s\? ( ,cle>wat] riv]1 #acg1 #ach ,report 9 #aiji ( ,inspector ,d4 ,m4 ,h[>d ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police on agriculture 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! di/rict ab\t ,*ipewyan & ,smi? ,l&+1 #ach1 #aci ,report 9 #aiji ( ,s]gt4 ,r4 ,w4 ,macleod ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police on ! c\ntry betwe5 ,=t ,v]milion & ,hay riv]1 #aci1 #adj ,report 9 #aiji ( ,corporal ,mellor1 ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 on ! c\ntry s\?we/ ( ,smi? ,l&+1 #adj ,report ( #aiaa ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,g4 ,e4 ,s&]s1 ,d4,s4,o41 on agricultural possibilities 9 ! c\ntry f ,a?abaska riv] to ,great ,slave lake & we/ to ! ,rockies1 #adj ,report ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,biological ,survey on ! climatic conditions ( v>i\s p>ts ( ,a?abaska valley1 #ada1 #adb ,report ( ,*>les ,horetzky1 ,c4,e41 on agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #add1 #ade ,reports ( ,william ,ogilvie1 ,d4,l4,s41 on soil & climate ( ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #adi-aed ,report 9 #ahhh ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell ( ! ,geological ,survey on agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #aed1 #aee ,report ( ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 9 #ahgi-hj on agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #aeg-afa ,report 9 #aiji ( ,inspector ,d4 ,m4 ,h[>d ( ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police on agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #agj-agc ,report ( ,mr4 ,conroy to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,=e/ry1 ,janu>y #ag1 #aiaj1 on timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #agf ,report ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell ( ! ,geological ,survey1 9 #ahhh on gold 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahj ,report ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell 9 #ahhh on iron 9 ,peace riv] region1 #aha ,report ( ,mr4 ,mc,connell 9 #ahhh on m9]als 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahc-ahe ,report ( ,mr4 ,mc,connell on petroleum 9 ! t> s&s ( ,a?abaska di/rict1 #ahh1 #ahi ,report ( ,doctor ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson on petroleum along ! ,a?abaska 9 8 ,summ>y ,report = #ahid1 #ahi ,report 9 #aiaj ( ,corporal ,a4 ,h4 ,s*ur]1 ( ! ,royal ,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police z to m9]als 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,a?abaska & ,mc,murray1 #aib ,report ( ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie 9 #ahhh z to wood buffalo 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #aif1 #aig ,report ( ,inspector ,a4 ,m4 ,j>vis1 ,c4,m4,g41 on wood buffalo 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #aig-bjb ,report ( ,s]geant ,r4 ,w4 ,macleod 9 #aiaj on buffalo 9 c\ntry f ,=t ,v]milion to ! m\? ( ,hay riv] 9 ,great ,slave lake1 #bjc ,report ( ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie on fi% 9 lake ,a?abaska1 #bjd ,report ( ,mr4 ,frank ,crean on fi% & game 9 ! di/rict explor$ by him 9 #aiji1 #bjd1 #bje ,reports ( ,s]geant ,r4 ,w4 ,macleod ( 8 patrols 9 #aiji & #aiaj f ,=t ,v]milion to ,hay riv]1 #bje1 #bjf ,report ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,s&]s 9 #aiaa on fur-be>+ animals 9 ! f> nor?1 #bjf1 #bjg ,report ( ,corporal ,s4 ,g4 ,clay1 ( 8 patrol ?r\gh ,gr&e ,prairie c\ntry 9 #aiaa1 #bjg ,reports ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,preble1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,biological ,survey1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfh1 #bgh ,reports ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,"y1 ,d4,l4,s41 on timb] ( ,mack5zie region1 #bfd ,reports ( ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 #bfe1 #bfg-bfh1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bha1 #bhb ,report ( ,sir ,george ,back on timb] ar\nd ,re9de] lake1 #bfg ,report ( ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie on timb] & coal ( ,mack5zie riv] region1 #bfg1 #bhd ,report ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 on timb] along ,mack5zie riv]1 #bfg ,report ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,/ew>t 9 #aijf on timb] ( ,mack5zie region1 #bfh1 #bgd ,report ( ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 #bfh ,report ( ,mr4 ,ogilvie1 on c\ntry ar\nd ,=t ,nelson1 #bfi ,report ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,keele on timb] on ,gravel riv] 9 #aijh1 #bgj ,report ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,bell on timb] along ,m>t9 & ,great ,be> riv]s1 #bff1 #bga ,report ( ,dr4 ,dawson be=e ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 #bga ,report ( ,mr4 ,macleod be=e ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhh1 #bgd1 #bge ,report ( ,mr4 ,brock on coal area ( ,mack5zie di/rict1 #bhf ,report ( ,supt4 ,saund]s on ,a?abaska1 ,peace & ,mack5zie riv]s1 #bhg ,report ( ,mr4 ,keele on moose1 #bij ,reports ( ,bi%op ,clut1 ,o4,m4,i41 be=e ,s5ate ,committee1 #bfe1 #bfi ,res\rces ( nor!rn ,saskat*ewan1 #ie1 #if ,res\rces ( ! region s\? ( ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s1 #aje ,ri*>dson1 ,doctor ,john1 & ,doctor ,rae1 exp$ition (1 #ae ,robson1 ,mr4 ,joseph1 te/imony (1 #cc1 #cd ,ross1 ,capta9 ,john1 #ac ,ross riv] p>tially timb]$1 #bgh ,russian prov9ces1 comp>ison )1 #bee ,/4 ,joseph1 lake1 section1 #ch ,salmon at ,=t ,provid5ce1 #bih up ,mack5zie to ,=t ,smi?1 #bii ,salt f\nd at ,salt riv]1 #ahc salt spr+s on ,mack5zie riv]1 #bha 9 ,mack5zie riv] di/rict1 #bhb at ,salt riv] ne> ,=t ,smi?1 #bhb ,salt ,prairie & ,he>t ,riv] settlem5t1 #agj ,salt riv]1 fea!r$ game along1 #bid ,s&]s1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,d4,s4,o41 report (1 on agriculture 9 ! c\ntry f ,a?abaska riv] to ,great ,slave lake & we/ to ! ,rockies1 #adj fur-be>+ animals 9 ! f> nor?1 #bjf1 #bjg report on ,a?abaska1 ,peace & ,mack5zie c\ntries1 #bhg ,s&y lake1 timb] ar\nd1 #fg-fh ,sans ,sault rapid1 #baf ,saskat*ewan1 res\rces ( ! nor!rn "p (1 #ie1 #if ,saskat*ewan & ,*ur*ill riv]s1 description ( c\ntry betwe51 #ih1 #ii ,saskat*ewan riv]1 coal f\nd on1 #abd fi%1 #abi ,sc5]y ( ,me?ye portage1 #aag ,sc5ic beauty ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,saskat*ewan & ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s1 #aag ,s*ultz ,committee reports ( #ahhg & #ahhh1 compilation ( a summ>y ( !1 #bh ,s*ur]1 ,corporal ,a4 ,h41 report (1 on ! m9]als 9 c\ntry betwe5 ,a?abaska & ,mc,murray1 #aib ,sci5tific inve/igation ( ! c\ntry1 #af ,seal1 six species (1 9 ,hudson bay1 #hi ,se>* exp$itions1 s5t out by ,engl&1 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 que/ ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 & p>ty1 #ad1 #ae ,select ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #agdi1 ma9 object ( !1 #cj ,selwyn1 ,doctor1 ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 & ,pr(essor ,john ,mac\n1 exp$ition (1 #ag ,semm5s1 ,rev4 ,john1 op9ion (1 ( ! timb] 9 ,burntwood riv] di/rict1 #fd m9]al obs]vations 9 ,burntwood riv] di/rict1 #ha1 #hb ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #bdd ,s5ate report ( #ahhh ab\t ,=t ,simpson1 #bfh ,s]geant1 ,mr4 ,mat!w1 te/imony (1 #ca1 #cb ,seton1 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,?ompson1 on ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 #cjc ,sev]n di/rict1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,d[l+'s explorations (1 9 #aija1 #hc1 #hd ,sev]n lake & ,fav\rable lake1 #ci ,simpson1 ,?omas1 & ,pet] ,w>r5 ,dease1 explorations (1 #ad ,cle>wat] c\ntry animals1 #abg moose ar\nd ,great ,be> lake1 #bhi ,silv] ,spr+s settlem5t1 #aga ,slave riv]1 wat] p[] on1 #agg spl5did =e/s1 #bfa timb] betwe5 ,peace & ,slave riv]s1 #bfb c\ntry has f9e balsam popl>1 #bfh moose1 #bij ,smi? bay to ,kei? bay1 timb] f1 #bge ,split lake region1 #cg description ( ! c\ntry f ,split lake to a l9e ab\t =ty miles nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #ed1 #ee betwe5 ,split lake & ,big ,*ur*ill riv]1 #eg1 #eh potatoes1 #eh betwe5 ,split lake & ,pas1 #gg ,spruce1 :ite1 #aba black1 #aba1 #abb f9e timb] on ,be> lake riv]1 #bga ,li>d valley1 #bfi z f> nor? z ,be> lake riv]1 #bga on ! ,mack5zie above ,=t ,norman1 #bgj ,great ,be> lake1 #bgf ,dease riv]1 #bgh ,mac,farlane riv]1 #bgh 8,spruce be>s ! palm01 #bgi1 #bhj ,/anley or ,/anley mission1 #ajf ,/ew>t1 ,mr4 ,elihu1 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg on agriculture 9 ,a?abaska di/rict1 #acf agricultural possibilities 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #afg1 #afh timb] ( upp] wat]s ( ,saskat*ewan1 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv]s1 #bfa timb] along ,mack5zie to ,=t ,simpson1 #bfg good timb] ab\t ,=t ,simpson1 #bfh ,/up>t1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,f41 tables compil$ by1 comp>+ ! temp]ature conditions ( ! di/rict betwe5 lake ,w9nipeg & ,split lake 9 ! mon?s ,may to ,septemb]1 ) ,european c\ntries1 #de1 #df ,/urgeon lake fi%1 #hh ,/urgeon lake settlem5t1 #aga ,/urgeon pl5tiful 9 ,fav\rable lake1 #ij ,sulphur spr+s on ,cle>wat] riv]1 #abe betwe5 ,mc,murray & lake ,a?abaska1 #ahc1 #ahd ab\t ,great ,slave lake1 #bha1 #bhb ,ta*e1 ,bi%op1 description (1 ( ! ,cle>wat] valley1 #aah ,tam>ack1 range (1 #fe1 #abb ar\nd ,=t ,simpson1 #bfh ,=t ,nelson1 #bfi ,=t ,good ,hope1 #bfi 8,t> s&s01 ! fam\s1 #abf1 #ahd1 #bha1 #bhe ,temp]ature & sunlight 9 ,mack5zie riv] region1 #bce ,temp]ature conditions ( ! di/rict betwe5 lake ,w9nipeg & ,split lake 9 ! mon?s ,may to ,septemb] comp>$ ) ,european c\ntries1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,/up>t1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,dom9ion ,meteorological ,s]vice1 #de ,tessi]1 ,rev4 ,mr41 exp]i5ces (1 9 agriculture at ,dunvegan1 #aei1 #afj ,te/imony ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,monkman1 #af ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,:ite1 #cj1 #ca ,mr4 ,mat!w ,s]geant1 #ca1 #cb ,mr4 ,john ,hayt]1 #cc ,mr4 ,edw>d ,?ompson1 #cc ,mr4 ,eno* ,alsop1 #cc ,mr4 ,rob]t ,griff91 #cc1 #cd ,mr4 ,joseph ,robson1 #cd1 #ce ,doctor ,rob]t ,bell be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #ahhg1 #ch ,mr4 ,l[ be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #ci-da ,mr4 ,tyrrell be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #dc-de ,ow5 ,o',sullivan1 ,c4,e41 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #eg1 #eh ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,:ite be=e ! ,hudson bay ,inve/igation ,committee ( #agdi1 #fd ,!lon riv]1 #cjh1 #cad timb]1 #cah ph5om5al gr[?1 #cbj ,?ibaudeau1 ,w41 ,c4,e41 explorations (1 9 ,*ur*ill di/rict1 #bc agriculture at ,*ur*ill1 #ei f ,*ur*ill to ,pas1 #fj betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,owl riv]s1 #gf1 #gg timb] ar\nd ,button bay1 #gf description ( ! c\ntry f ,split lake to ,pas1 #gg fi% & game betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,pas #ib1 #ic ,?ompson1 ,mr4 ,edw>d1 te/imony (1 on soil1 climate1 etc41 ( ,moose riv]1 #cc ,timb]1 inspection (1 9 #aiaj1 along ! l9e ( ! propos$ ,hudson bay railway1 f ,pas to ,split lake1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,dickson1 ,b4,s4,a41 ,m4,s4,f41 #fj1 #fa 9 ! valleys & on ! isl&s & lakes ( ,burntwood riv] c\rse1 ,rev4 ,john ,semm5s' op9ion ( !1 #fd areas good s\? & we/ ( ,hudson bay1 #fd ar\nd lake ,/4 ,joseph1 #ff along ,b\ld] riv]1 #ff ar\nd lake ,l&sd[ne1 #ff along ! ,attawapiskat1 #ff1 #fg on ! %ores ( ,james bay & ,hudson bay1 #fg ar\nd ,fav\rable lake1 #fg ar\nd ,s&y lake1 #fg betwe5 ,norway ,h\se & ,hudson bay1 #fh ar\nd ,de] lake1 #fh 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,keewat91 #fh1 #fi 9 ,ekwan di/rict1 #fi along ,tr\t ,lake riv]1 #gj on ,r$ ,lake riv] & ,r$ lake1 #gj ab\t ,lac ,seul1 #gj diamet]s & ages 9 ,keewat9 area1 #ga along ,burntwood riv]1 #gb 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,keewat91 #gc nor? ( ,lac ,seul & ea/ ( ,tr\t lake1 #gd1 #ge betwe5 ,pas & ,cle>wat] lake1 #ge1 #gf on ! ea/ side ( ,button bay1 #gf betwe5 ,*ur*ill & ,owl riv]s1 #gf1 #gg betwe5 ,pas & ,cross lake1 #gh1 #gi ,hudson bay region1 #gi1 #hj betwe5 ! ,saskat*ewan & ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s1 #aag ab\t ,lac la ,ronge1 #aai imm$iately nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #aai ar\nd ,gre5 lake1 #aai ar\nd ,ile la ,crosse lake1 #aai along ,*ur*ill riv]1 #abj ar\nd ,me?ye portage1 #abj along ,:itefi% riv]1 #abj1 #aba 9 nor!rn ,saskat*ewan1 #abj-abb nor? ( ,wat]h5 riv] & lake1 #aba nor? ( ,*ur*ill & ,cle>wat] riv]s1 #abb1 #abc on ,*ur*ill riv] f ,me?ye portage to nor? ( ,re9de] riv]1 #abb ar\nd ,walla/on lake1 #abb on ,mudjatik riv]1 #abb1 #abc on ,geikie riv]1 #abb-abc on ,cree riv]1 #abc on nor!a/ %ore ( lake ,a?abaska1 #abc nor? ( ! ,*ur*ill1 #abc 9 ,a?abaska riv] valley1 #acb 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*ipewyan1 #age 9 ,peace riv] c\ntry1 #agg-agi ,mack5zie riv] region1 #bfa betwe5 ,a?abaska & ,peace riv]s1 #bfa along ,slave riv]1 #bfb ar\nd ,great ,slave lake1 #bfe ar\nd ,re9de] lake1 #bfg along ,mack5zie riv] to ,=t ,simpson1 #bfg ab\t ,=t ,simpson1 #bfh along ,li>d riv]1 #bfi along ,gravel riv]1 #bgj on ,mack5zie riv] bel[ ,=t ,good ,hope1 #bgb f ,kei? bay to ,smi? bay1 #bge ar\nd ,=t ,frankl91 #bge timb] gr[?1 h[ to increase nor!rn1 #bgh ,tor* riv]1 #abi ,transportation & indu/ries 9 ,peace riv] di/rict1 #aga1 #agb ,trees1 range ( ! mo/ important1 #fe1 #ff ,tr\t ,lake riv]1 #gj ,tyrrell1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,burr1 exploratory trips (1 #ai1 #bj report on ! c\ntry nor? ( ,saskat*ewan riv]1 #da-dc te/imony be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #dc-de report ( 8 explorations 9 s\!rn "p ( ,keewat9 9 #ahif1 #fh1 #fi m9]al report1 #hb1 #hc evid5ce be=e ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg1 #hc report ( ! fi% & game 9 ! s\?we/ ( region explor$ by him 9 #ahif1 #ij report ( 8 explorations 9 #ahic & #ahid ( c\ntry betwe5 ,saskat*ewan & ,*ur*ill riv]s1 #ih1 #ii report on 8 explorations ( #ahib1 #aae1 #aaf description ( c\ntry imm$iately nor? ( ! ,saskat*ewan1 #aai evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to =e/s ( c\ntry nor? ( ,*ur*ill1 #abc report ( 8 explorations ( #ahib & #ahic z to m9]als ne> lake ,a?abaska1 #abd evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to m9]als along ,saskat*ewan riv]1 #abd report ( 8 explorations ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,*ur*ill riv] & lake ,a?abaska 9 #ahib z to animal life1 #abh1 #abi evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to c\ntry imm$iately nor? ( lake ,a?abaska1 #acg evid5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg z to t> s&s on ,a?abaska riv]1 #ahf on ! ,b>r5 ,l&s1 #cjd ,tyrrell1 ,j4 ,b41 ,c4,e41 ,d4,l4,s41 exploration (1 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,great ,slave lake & ,*e/]field inlet on ,hudson bay1 #ba von ,ham]/e91 ,mr4 ,alfr$1 evid5ce (1 be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee ( #aijg on m$ic9al spr+s along ,cle>wat] riv]1 #abf on agricultural res\rces ( ,a?abaska di/rict1 #ace1 #acf on timb] 9 ,a?abaska c\ntry1 #age on gold 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahj1 #aha on iron & coal 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahb on deposits ( gypsum & salt 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahc on m9]als 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #ahc-ahf on petroleum 9 c\ntry f ,a?abaska riv] to ,peace riv]1 #aib on natural gas 9 nor!rn ,alb]ta1 #aic on salt 9 ,mack5zie bas91 #bhf ,wat]h5 lake di/rict1 #aae wat]p[]1 #abj-aba ,wat]h5 riv] & lake1 timb] nor? (1 #aba ,wat]p[] ( ,nelson riv] di/rict1 #gc nor!rn ,manitoba1 #gh ,hudson bay region1 g5]ally1 #hj on ,*ur*ill riv]1 #abj nor!rn ,saskat*ewan1 #abj-aba on ,wat]h5 riv]1 #abj-aba on ,cle>wat] riv]1 #aba on ,a?abaska riv]1 #agg on ,slave riv]1 #agg along ,a?abaska riv]1 #bfb :al+ indu/ry1 #cja ,:ite ,bir* 7canoe bir*71 #fe ,:itefi% lake di/rict1 #aad-aae ,:itefi% riv]1 timb] along1 #abj-aba ,:ite1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d1 te/imony (1 #cj1 #ca te/imony be=e ! ,hudson ,bay ,inve/igation ,committee 9 #agdi1 #fd ,:ite spruce1 #fe1 #aba ,wild geese1 #cef ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,w4 ,g41 report (1 on a reconnaissance trav]se across ! s\!rn "p ( ! unexplor$ area ly+ to ! nor? ( ,lac ,seul & ea/ ( ,tr\t lake1 #gd-ge ,yell[knife riv]1 soil & timb] (1 #bfg ,york ,factory & ,cape ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 survey ( ! coa/ betwe51 #eg ,"y1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,e41 report on ! timb] res\rces ( ! ,mack5zie by1 #bfd ,,transcrib] ,,notes --,misspell$ words & pr9t] errors h be5 correct$4 --,illu/rations 7 mov$ to facilitate page lay\t4 --,inconsi/5cies 9 punctuation h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,! use ( p]iods & c5t]$ p]iods v>i$ ?r\gh\t ! orig9al text4 ,9 ?is edition weights1 measurem5ts & "t h be5 /&>diz$ z foll[s3 -,"t3 colon 7e4g4 #a3cj p4m47 -,temp]atures3 p]iod 7e4g4 #cb4e7 -,p] c5t43 c5t]$ p]iod 7e4g4 #aje p] c5t47 -,p\nd_/lbs3 c5t]$ p]iod 7e4g4 #aje lbs47 -,miles3 c5t]$ p]iod 7e4g4 #de cubic miles7 -,latitude3 c5t]$ p]iod 7e4g4 #ehd1 #ef #ce #aa7 ,! end ( ,! ,unexploit$ ,we/1 by ,erne/ ,j4 7,john7 ,*amb]s4