,,dry-,,f>m+ ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,agriculture ,,= ,,c\ntries ,,"u ,,l[ ,,ra9fall ,,by ,,john ,a4 ,,widtsoe1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4 ,d ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,agricultural ,,college ,,( ,,utah ,,new ,,york #aibj ,,to ,,leah ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,inscrib$ ,,june #a1 #aiaj ,,preface ,ne>ly six t5?s ( ! e>?'s l& surface receive an annual ra9fall ( less ?an tw5ty in*es1 & c be reclaim$ = agricultural purposes only by irrigation & dry-f>m+4 ,a p]fect$ _w-sy/em ( irrigation w conv]t ab\t "o t5? ( ?is va/ area into an incomp>ably fruitful g>d51 leav+ ab\t "o half ( ! e>?'s l& surface to be reclaim$1 if at all1 by ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+4 ,! noble sy/em ( mod]n agriculture has be5 con/ruct$ almo/ :olly 9 c\ntries ( abundant ra9fall1 & its applications are ^? dem&$ = ! agricultural developm5t ( humid regions4 ,until rec5tly irrigation 0 giv5 scant att5tion1 & dry-f>m+1 ) its _w problem ( conqu]+ "o half ( ! e>?1 0 n consid]$4 ,^! facts furni% ! apology = ! writ+ ( ?is book4 ,"o volume1 only1 9 ?is _w ( _m books1 & t less ?an a ye> old1 is devot$ to ! exposition ( ! accept$ dry-f>m practices ( to-day4 ,! book n[ (f]$ is ! fir/ attempt to assemble & organize ! kn[n facts ( sci5ce 9 _! relation to ! production ( plants1 )\t irrigation1 9 regions ( limit$ ra9fall4 ,! ne$s ( ! actual f>m]1 :o mu/ und]/& ! pr9ciples be=e 8 practices c be :olly satisfactory1 h be5 kept 9 view prim>ily2 b x is hop$ t ! enl>g+ gr\p ( dry-f>m inve/igators w also be help$ by ?is pres5tation ( ! pr9ciples ( dry-f>m+4 ,! subject is n[ gr[+ s rapidly t !re w soon be room = two classes ( treatm5t3 "o = ! f>m]1 & "o = ! te*nical /ud5t4 ,?is book has be5 writt5 f> f l>ge libr>ies1 & ! mat]ial has be5 drawn f ! available s\rces4 ,specific ref]5ces are n giv5 9 ! text1 b ! names ( inve/igators or in/itutions are f\nd ) ne>ly all /atem5ts ( fact4 ,! files ( ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,record & ,d] ,jahresb]i*t d] ,agrikultur ,*emie h tak5 ! place ( ! m desirable orig9al publications4 ,free use has be5 made ( ! publications ( ! exp]im5t /ations & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,inspiration & sugge/ions h be5 s\ght & f\nd con/antly 9 ! works ( ! pr9ces ( ,am]ican soil inve/igation1 ,hilg>d ( ,cali=nia & ,k+ ( ,wiscons94 ,i am "u deep obligation1 = assi/ance r5d]$1 to num]\s fri5ds 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 especially to ,pr(essor ,l4 ,a4 ,m]rill1 ) :om ,i h collaborat$ = _m ye>s 9 ! /udy ( ! possibilities ( dry-f>m+ 9 ,we/]n ,am]ica4 ,! possibilities ( dry-f>m+ are /up5d\s4 ,9 ! /r5g? ( y\? we may h felt envi\s ( ! great ones ( old2 ( ,columbus look+ ^u ! %ad[ ( ! greate/ cont95t2 ( ,balboa %\t+ greet+s to ! re/+ ,pacific2 ( ,fa!r ,escalante1 pond]+ ^u ! my/]y ( ! _w1 alone1 ne> ! %ores ( ,am]ica's ,dead ,sea4 ,we ne$ h>bor no su* envy+s1 = 9 ! conque/ ( ! nonirrigat$ & nonirrigable des]t are (f]$ z f9e opportunities z ! _w has kn[n to ! mak]s & %ak]s ( empires4 ,we /& be=e an undiscov]$ l&2 ?r\gh ! re/less1 asc5d+ curr5ts ( heat$ des]t air ! vision comes & goes4 ,) /riv+ eyes ! des]t is se5 cov]$ ) blossom+ fields1 ) *ur*es & homes & s*ools1 &1 9 ! di/ance1 ) ! vision is he>d ! laught] ( happy *ildr54 ,! des]t w be conqu]$4 ,,john ,a4 ,,widtsoe4 ,june #a1 #aiaj4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,,dry-,,f>m+ ,,def9$ ,dry-f>m+1 z at pres5t und]/ood1 is ! pr(itable production ( useful crops1 )\t irrigation1 on l&s t receive annually a ra9fall ( #bj in*es or less4 ,9 di/ricts ( torr5tial ra9s1 high w9ds1 unfavorable di/ribution ( ! ra9fall1 or o!r wat]-dissipat+ factors1 ! t]m dry-f>m+ is also prop]ly appli$ to f>m+ )\t irrigation "u an annual precipitation ( #be or ev5 #cj in*es4 ,!re is no %>p dem>cation betwe5 dry-& humid-f>m+4 ,:5 ! annual precipitation is "u #bj in*es1 ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ are usually indisp5sable4 ,:5 x is ov] #cj in*es1 ! me?ods ( humid-f>m+ are employ$2 9 places :]e ! annual precipitation is betwe5 #bj & #cj in*es1 ! me?ods to be us$ dep5d *iefly on local conditions affect+ ! cons]vation ( soil moi/ure4 ,dry-f>m+1 h[ev]1 always implies f>m+ "u a comp>atively small annual ra9fall4 ,! t]m dry-f>m+ is1 ( c\rse1 a misnom]4 ,9 reality x is f>m+ "u dri] conditions ?an ^? prevail+ 9 ! c\ntries 9 :i* sci5tific agriculture orig9at$4 ,_m sugge/ions = a bett] "n h be5 made4 ,sci5tific agriculture has-be5 propos$1 b all agriculture %\ld be sci5tific1 & agriculture )\t irrigation 9 an arid c\ntry has no "r to lay sole claim to s g5]al a title4 ,dry-l& agriculture1 :i* has also be5 sugge/$1 is no improvem5t ov] dry-f>m+1 z x is long] & also c>ries ) x ! idea ( dryness4 ,in/ead ( ! "n dry-f>m+ x w\ld1 p]haps1 be bett] to use ! names1 arid-f>m+4 semi>id-f>m+1 humid-f>m+1 & irrigation-f>m+1 accord+ to ! climatic conditions prevail+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,h[ev]1 at ! pres5t "t ! "n dry-f>m+ is 9 su* g5]al use t x w\ld seem unwise to sugge/ any *ange4 ,x %\ld be us$ ) ! di/9ct und]/&+ t z f> z ! ^w dry is conc]n$ x is a misnom]4 ,:5 ! two words are hyph5at$1 h[ev]1 a comp\nd te*nical t]m--dry-f>m+--is secur$ :i* has a mean+ ( its own1 su* z we h j def9$ x to be2 & dry-f>m+1 !re=e1 becomes an addition to ! lexicon4 ,dry-v]sus humid-f>m+ ,dry-f>m+1 z a di/9ct bran* ( agriculture1 has = its purpose ! reclamation1 = ! use ( man1 ( ! va/ unirrigable des]t or semi-des]t areas ( ! _w1 :i* until rec5tly 7 consid]$ hopelessly b>r54 ,! great und]ly+ pr9ciples ( agriculture are ! same ! _w ov]1 yet ! emphasis to be plac$ on ! diff]5t agricultural !ories & practices mu/ be %ift$ 9 accordance ) regional conditions4 ,! agricultural problem ( fir/ importance 9 humid regions is ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility2 & s9ce mod]n agriculture 0 develop$ almo/ :olly "u humid conditions1 ! sy/em ( sci5tific agriculture has = its c5tral idea ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility4 ,9 arid regions1 on ! o!r h&1 ! cons]vation ( ! natural wat] precipitation = crop production is ! important problem2 & a new sy/em ( agriculture mu/ !re=e be con/ruct$1 on ! basis ( ! old pr9ciples1 b ) ! cons]vation ( ! natural precipitation z ! c5tral idea4 ,! sy/em ( dry-f>m+ mu/ m>%al & organize all ! e/abli%$ facts ( sci5ce = ! bett] utilization1 9 plant gr[?1 ( a limit$ ra9fall4 ,! excell5t tea*+s ( humid agriculture respect+ ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility w be ( high value 9 ! developm5t ( dry-f>m+1 & ! firm e/abli%m5t ( "r me?ods ( cons]v+ & us+ ! natural precipitation w und\bt$ly h a b5eficial effect ^u ! practice ( humid agriculture4 ,! problems ( dry-f>m+ ,! dry-f>m]1 at ! outset1 %\ld "k ) comp>ative accuracy ! annual ra9fall ov] ! area t he int5ds to cultivate4 ,he mu/ also h a good acqua9tance ) ! nature ( ! soil1 n only z reg>ds its plant-food cont5t1 b z to its p[] to receive & reta9 ! wat] f ra9 & sn[4 ,9 fact1 a k ( ! soil is indisp5sable 9 successful dry-f>m+4 ,only by su* k ( ! ra9fall & ! soil is he able to adapt ! pr9ciples outl9$ 9 ?is volume to 8 special ne$s4 ,s9ce1 "u dry-f>m conditions1 wat] is ! limit+ factor ( production1 ! prim>y problem ( dry-f>m+ is ! mo/ effective /orage 9 ! soil ( ! natural precipitation4 ,only ! wat]1 safely /or$ 9 ! soil )9 rea* ( ! roots1 c be us$ 9 crop production4 ,( ne>ly equal importance is ! problem ( keep+ ! wat] 9 ! soil until x is ne$$ by plants4 ,dur+ ! gr[+ season1 wat] may be lo/ f ! soil by d[nw>d dra9age or by evaporation f ! surface4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 to det]m9e "u :at conditions ! natural precipitation /or$ 9 ! soil moves d[nw>d & by :at means surface evaporation may be prev5t$ or regulat$4 ,! soil-wat]1 ( real use to plants1 is t tak5 up by ! roots & f9ally evaporat$ f ! leaves4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! wat] /or$ 9 ! soil is ?us us$4 ,! me?ods :]eby ?is direct draft ( plants on ! soil-moi/ure may be regulat$ are1 naturally1 ( ! utmo/ importance to ! dry-f>m]1 & !y con/itute ano!r vital problem ( ! sci5ce ( dry-f>m+4 ,! relation ( crops to ! prevail+ conditions ( arid l&s (f]s ano!r gr\p ( important dry-f>m problems4 ,"s plants use mu* less wat] ?an o!rs4 ,"s atta9 maturity quickly1 & 9 t way become desirable = dry-f>m+4 ,/ill o!r crops1 gr[n "u humid conditions1 may easily be adapt$ to dry-f>m+ conditions1 if ! correct me?ods are employ$1 & 9 a few seasons may be made valuable dry-f>m crops4 ,! individual *>act]i/ics ( ea* crop %\ld be kn[n z !y relate !mselves to a l[ ra9fall & arid soils4 ,aft] a crop has be5 *os51 skill & k are ne$$ 9 ! prop] se$+1 tillage1 & h>ve/+ ( ! crop4 ,failures frequ5tly result f ! want ( adapt+ ! crop treatm5t to arid conditions4 ,aft] ! crop has be5 ga!r$ & /or$1 its prop] use is ano!r problem = ! dry-f>m]4 ,! composition ( dry-f>m crops is diff]5t f t ( crops gr[n ) an abundance ( wat]4 ,usually1 dry-f>m crops are mu* m nutriti\s & !re=e %\ld comm& a high] price 9 ! m>kets1 or %\ld be f$ to /ock 9 correspond+ proportions & comb9ations4 ,! fundam5tal problems ( dry-f>m+ are1 !n1 ! /orage 9 ! soil ( a small annual ra9fall2 ! ret5tion 9 ! soil ( ! moi/ure until x is ne$$ by plants2 ! prev5tion ( ! direct evaporation ( soil-moi/ure dur+2 ! gr[+ season2 ! regulation ( ! am\nt ( wat] drawn f ! soil by plants2 ! *oice ( crops suitable = gr[? "u arid conditions2 ! application ( suitable crop treatm5ts1 & ! disposal ( dry-f>m products1 bas$ ^u ! sup]ior composition ( plants gr[n ) small am\nts ( wat]4 ,ar\nd ^! fundam5tal problems clu/] a ho/ ( m9or1 ?\gh also important1 problems4 ,:5 ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ are und]/ood & practic$1 ! practice is always successful2 b x requires m intellig5ce1 m implicit ob$i5ce to nature's laws1 & great] vigilance1 ?an f>m+ 9 c\ntries ( abundant ra9fall4 ,! *apt]s t foll[ w deal almo/ :olly ) ! problems above outl9$ z !y pres5t !mselves 9 ! con/ruction ( a rational sy/em ( f>m+ )\t irrigation 9 c\ntries ( limit$ ra9fall4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,!oretical ,,basis ,,( ,,dry-,,f>m+ ,! confid5ce ) :i* sci5tific inve/igators1 famili> ) ! arid regions1 h attack$ ! problems ( dry-f>m+ re/s l>gely on ! kn[n relation%ip ( ! wat] requirem5ts ( plants to ! natural precipitation ( ra9 & sn[4 ,x is a mo/ elem5t>y fact ( plant physiology t no plant c live & gr[ unless x has at its disposal a suffici5t am\nt ( wat]4 ,! wat] us$ by plants is almo/ entirely tak5 f ! soil by ! m9ute root-hairs radiat+ f ! roots4 ,! wat] ?us tak5 into ! plants is pass$ upw>d ?r\gh ! /em to ! leaves1 :]e x is f9ally evaporat$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a m or less con/ant /ream ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! plant f ! roots to ! leaves4 ,by v>i\s me?ods x is possible to measure ! wat] ?us tak5 f ! soil4 ,:ile ?is process ( tak+ wat] f ! soil is go+ on )9 ! plant1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( soil-moi/ure is also lo/ by direct evaporation f ! soil surface4 ,9 dry-f>m sections1 soil-moi/ure is lo/ only by ^! two me?ods2 = :]ev] ! ra9fall is suffici5t to cause dra9age f deep soils1 humid conditions prevail4 ,wat] = "o p\nd dry matt] ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( wat] us$ 9 ! production ( "o p\nd ( dry plant sub/ance4 ,g5]ally1 ! me?od ( ! exp]im5ts has be5 to gr[ plants 9 l>ge pots conta9+ weigh$ quantities ( soil4 ,z ne$$1 weigh$ am\nts ( wat] 7 add$ to ! pots4 ,to det]m9e ! loss ( wat]1 ! pots 7 weigh$ at regul> int]vals ( ?ree days to "o week4 ,at h>ve/ "t1 ! weight ( dry matt] 0 c>efully det]m9$ = ea* pot4 ,s9ce ! wat] lo/ by ! pots 0 also kn[n1 ! p\nds ( wat] us$ = ! production ( e p\nd ( dry matt] 7 readily calculat$4 ,! fir/ reliable exp]im5ts ( ! k9d 7 und]tak5 "u humid conditions 9 ,g]many & o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,f ! mass ( results1 "s h be5 select$ & pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,! "w 0 done by ! fam\s ,g]man inve/igators1 ,wollny1 ,hellriegel1 & ,sorau]1 9 ! e>ly eighties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 e case1 ! numb]s 9 ! table repres5t ! numb] ( p\nds ( wat] us$ = ! production ( "o p\nd ( rip5$ dry sub/ance3 ,p\nds ,( ,wat] ,= ,"o ,p\nd ,( ,dry ,matt] ,wollny ,hellreigel ,sorau] ,:eat #cch #dei ,oats #ffe #cgf #efi ,b>ley #caj #dca ,rye #ggd #cec #bcf ,corn #bcc ,buck:eat #fdf #cfc ,peas #daf #bgc ,horsebeans #bhb ,r$ clov] #caj ,sunfl[]s #dij ,millet #ddg ,x is cle> f ! above results1 obta9$ 9 ,g]many1 t ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ to produce a p\nd ( dry matt] is n ! same = all plants1 nor is x ! same "u all conditions = ! same plant4 ,9 fact1 z w be %[n 9 a lat] *apt]1 ! wat] requirem5ts ( any crop dep5d ^u num]\s factors1 m or less controllable4 ,! range ( ! above ,g]man results is f #bcc to #ggd p\nds1 ) an av]age ( ab\t #dai p\nds ( wat] = ea* p\nd ( dry matt] produc$4 ,dur+ ! late eighties & e>ly n9eties1 ,k+ conduct$ exp]im5ts simil> to ! e>li] ,g]man exp]im5ts1 to det]m9e ! wat] requirem5ts ( crops "u ,wiscons9 conditions4 ,a summ>y ( ! results ( ^! ext5sive & c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts is z foll[s3-- ,oats #che ,b>ley #dfd ,corn #bga ,peas #dgg ,clov] #egf ,potatoes #che ,! figures 9 ! above table1 av]ag+ ab\t #ddf p\nds1 indicate t v ne>ly ! same quantity ( wat] is requir$ = ! production ( crops 9 ,wiscons9 z 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,wiscons9 results t5d to be some:at high] ?an ^? obta9$ 9 ,europe1 b ! diff]5ce is small4 ,x is a settl$ pr9ciple ( sci5ce1 z w be m fully discuss$ lat]1 t ! am\nt ( wat] evaporat$ f ! soil & transpir$ by plant leaves increases mat]ially ) an increase 9 ! av]age temp]ature dur+ ! gr[+ season1 & is mu* high] "u a cle> sky & 9 di/ricts :]e ! atmosph]e is dry4 ,:]ev] dry-f>m+ is likely to be practic$1 a mod]ately high temp]ature1 a cl\dless sky1 & a dry atmosph]e are ! prevail+ conditions4 ,x appe>$ probable !re=e1 t 9 arid c\ntries ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ = ! production ( "o p\nd ( dry matt] w\ld be high] ?an 9 ! humid regions ( ,g]many & ,wiscons94 ,to secure in=mation on ?is subject1 ,widtsoe & ,m]rill und]took1 9 #aijj1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ,utah1 :i* 7 conduct$ ^u ! plan ( ! e>li] exp]im5t]s4 ,an av]age /atem5t ( ! results ( six ye>s' exp]im5tation is giv5 9 ! subjo9$ table1 %[+ ! numb] ( p\nds ( wat] requir$ = "o p\nd ( dry matt] on f]tile soils3-- ,:eat #ajdh ,corn #ehi ,peas #aaah ,sug> ,beets #fcj ,^! ,utah f9d+s support /rongly ! doctr9e t ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ = ! production ( ea* p\nd ( dry matt] is v mu* l>g] "u arid conditions1 z 9 ,utah1 ?an "u humid conditions1 z 9 ,g]many or ,wiscons94 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 all ( ^! exp]im5ts ! plants 7 suppli$ ) wat] 9 a some:at wa/eful mann]2 t is1 !y 7 giv5 an abundance ( wat]1 & us$ ! l>ge/ quantity possible "u ! prevail+ conditions4 ,no attempt ( any k9d 0 made to economize wat]4 ,! results1 !re=e1 repres5t maximum results & c be safely us$ z su*4 ,moreov]1 ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+1 involv+ ! /orage ( wat] 9 deep soils & sy/ematic cultivation1 7 n employ$4 ,! exp]im5ts1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 r repres5t irrigat$ conditions4 ,!re are good reasons = believ+ t 9 ,g]many1 ,wiscons91 & ,utah ! am\nts above giv5 c be mat]ially r$uc$ by ! employm5t ( prop] cultural me?ods4 ,! wat] 9 ! l>ge bottle w\ld be requir$ to produce ! gra9 9 ! small bottle4 ,9 view ( ^! f9d+s conc]n+ ! wat] requirem5ts ( crops1 x _c be f> f ! tru? to say t1 "u av]age cultural conditions1 approximately #gej p\nds ( wat] are requir$ 9 an arid di/rict = ! production ( "o p\nd ( dry matt]4 ,:]e ! aridity is int5se1 ?is figure may be some:at l[1 & 9 localities ( sub-humid conditions1 x w und\bt$ly be too high4 ,z a maximum av]age1 h[ev]1 = di/ricts int]e/$ 9 dry-f>m+1 x c be us$ ) safety4 ,crop-produc+ p[] ( ra9fall ,if ?is conclusion1 t n m ?an #gej p\nds ( wat] are requir$ "u ord9>y dry-f>m conditions = ! production ( "o p\nd ( dry matt]1 be accept$1 c]ta9 int]e/+ calculations c be made respect+ ! possibilities ( dry-f>m+4 ,= example1 ! production ( "o bu%el ( :eat w require #fj times #gej1 or #de1jjj p\nds ( wat]4 ,! :eat k]nels1 h[ev]1 _c be produc$ )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( /raw1 :i* "u conditions ( dry-f>m+ seldom =ms q "o half ( ! weight ( ! :ole plant4 ,let u say1 h[ev]1 t ! weights ( /raw & k]nels are equal4 ,!n1 to produce "o bu%el ( :eat1 ) ! correspond+ quantity ( /raw1 w\ld require #b times #de1jjj1 or #ij1jjj p\nds ( wat]4 ,?is is equal to #de tons ( wat] = ea* bu%el ( :eat4 ,:ile ?is is a l>ge figure1 yet1 9 _m localities1 x is und\bt$ly well )9 ! tru?4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! am\nts ( wat] t fall ^u ! l& z ra91 x does n seem extraord9>ily l>ge4 ,"o in* ( wat] ov] "o acre ( l& weighs approximately #bbf1hge p\nds4 or ov] #aac tons4 ,if ?is quantity ( wat] c\ld be /or$ 9 ! soil & us$ :olly = plant production1 x w\ld produce1 at ! rate ( #de tons ( wat] = ea* bu%el1 ab\t #b-a_/b bu%els ( :eat4 ,) #aj in*es ( ra9fall1 :i* up to ! pres5t seems to be ! l[] limit ( successful dry-f>m+1 !re is a maximum possibility ( produc+ #be bu%els ( :eat annually4 ,9 ! subjo9$ table1 con/ruct$ on ! basis ( ! discussion ( ?is *apt]1 ! :eat-produc+ p[]s ( v>i\s degrees ( annual precipitation are %[n3-- ,"o acre in* ( wat] w produce #b-a_/b bu%els ( :eat4 ,t5 acre in*es ( wat] w produce #be bu%els ( :eat4 ,fifte5 acre in*es ( wat] w produce #cg-a_/b bu%els ( :eat4 ,tw5ty acre in*es ( wat] w produce #ej bu%els ( :eat4 ,x mu/ be di/9ctly rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t "u no kn[n sy/em ( tillage c all ! wat] t falls ^u a soil be br\ght into ! soil & /or$ !re = plant use4 ,nei!r is x possible to treat a soil s t all ! /or$ soil-moi/ure may be us$ = plant production4 ,"s moi/ure1 ( necessity1 w evaporate directly f ! soil1 & "s may be lo/ 9 _m o!r ways4 ,yet1 ev5 "u a ra9fall ( #ab in*es1 if only "o half ( ! wat] c be cons]v$1 :i* exp]im5ts h %[n to be v feasible1 !re is a possibility ( produc+ #cj bu%els ( :eat p] acre e o!r ye>1 :i* insures an excell5t int]e/ on ! money & labor inve/$ 9 ! production ( ! crop4 ,x is on ! gr\nds outl9$ 9 ?is *apt] t /ud5ts ( ! subject believe t ultimately l>ge areas ( ! des]t may be reclaim$ by means ( dry-f>m+4 ,! real "q be=e ! dry-f>m] is n1 ,is ! ra9fall suffici5t8 b r1 ,is x possible s to cons]ve & use ! ra9fall z to make x available = ! production ( pr(itable crops8 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,dry-,,f>m ,,areas--,,ra9fall ,! annual precipitation ( ra9 & sn[ det]m9es prim>ily ! location ( dry-f>m areas4 ,z ! ra9fall v>ies1 ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ mu/ be v>i$ accord+ly4 ,ra9fall1 alone1 does n1 h[ev]1 furni% a complete index ( ! crop-produc+ possibilities ( a c\ntry4 ,! di/ribution ( ! ra9fall1 ! am\nt ( sn[1 ! wat]-hold+ p[] ( ! soil1 & ! v>i\s moi/ure-dissipat+ causes1 su* z w9ds1 high temp]ature1 abundant sun%9e1 & l[ humidity frequ5tly comb9e to (fset ! b5efits ( a l>ge annual precipitation4 ,nev]!less1 no "o climatic feature repres5ts1 on ! av]age1 s correctly dry-f>m+ possibilities z does ! annual ra9fall4 ,exp]i5ce has already demon/rat$ t :]ev] ! annual precipitation is above #ae in*es1 !re is no ne$ ( crop failures1 if ! soils are suitable & ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ are correctly employ$4 ,) an annual precipitation ( #aj to #ae in*es1 !re ne$ be v few failures1 if prop] cultural precautions are tak54 ,) our pres5t me?ods1 ! areas t receive less ?an #aj in*es ( atmosph]ic precipitation p] ye> are n safe = dry-f>m purposes4 ,:at ! future w %[ 9 ! reclamation ( ^! des]ts1 )\t irrigation1 is yet conjectural4 ,arid1 semi>id1 & sub-humid ,be=e proce$+ to an exam9ation ( ! areas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates subject to ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ x may be well to def9e some:at m cle>ly ! t]ms ord9>ily us$ 9 ! description ( ! great t]ritory involv$ 9 ! discussion4 ,! /ates ly+ we/ ( ! #ajj? m]idian are loosely spok5 ( z arid1 semi>id1 or sub-humid /ates4 ,= comm]cial purposes no /ate wants to be class$ z arid & to suff] "u ! h&icap ( adv]tis$ aridity4 ,! annual ra9fall ( ^! /ates ranges f ab\t #c to ov] #cj in*es4 ,9 ord] to arrive at great] def9it5ess1 x may be well to assign def9ite ra9fall values to ! ord9>ily us$ descriptive t]ms ( ! region 9 "q4 ,x is propos$1 !re=e1 t di/ricts receiv+ less ?an #aj in*es ( atmosph]ic precipitation annually1 be designat$ arid2 ^? receiv+ betwe5 #aj & #bj in*es1 semi>id2 ^? receiv+ betwe5 #bj & #cj in*es1 sub-humid1 & ^? receiv+ ov] #cj in*es1 humid4 ,x is admitt$ t ev5 su* a classification is arbitr>y1 s9ce aridity does n alone dep5d ^u ! ra9fall1 & ev5 "u su* a classification !re is an unavoidable ov]lapp+4 ,h[ev]1 no "o factor s fully repres5ts v>y+ degrees ( aridity z ! annual precipitation1 & !re is a great ne$ = concise def9itions ( ! t]ms us$ 9 describ+ ! p>ts ( ! c\ntry t come "u dry-f>m+ discussions4 ,9 ?is volume1 ! t]ms arid1 semi>id1 sub-humid & humid are us$ z above def9$4 ,precipitation ov] ! dry-f>m t]ritory ,ne>ly "o half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates receives #bj in*es or less ra9fall annually2 & t :5 ! /rip receiv+ betwe5 #bj & #cj in*es is add$1 ! :ole area directly subject to reclamation by irrigation or dry-f>m+ is consid]ably m ?an "o half 7#fc p] c5t7 ( ! :ole area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,eighte5 /ates are includ$ 9 ?is area ( l[ ra9fall4 ,! areas ( ^!1 z giv5 by ! ,c5sus ( #aijj1 gr\p$ accord+ to ! annual precipitation receiv$1 are %[n bel[3-- ,arid to ,semi-arid ,gr\p ,total ,area ,l& ,surface 7,sq4 ,miles7 ,arizona #aab1ibj ,cali=nia #aef1agb ,colorado #ajc1fde ,idaho #hd1bij ,nevada #aji1gdj ,utah #hb1aij ,wyom+ #ig1ede ,,total #gdf1ecb ,semi>id to ,sub-,humid ,gr\p ,montana #ade1caj ,nebraska #gf1hdj ,new ,mexico #aab1dfj ,nor? ,dakota #gj1aie ,oregon #id1efj ,s\? ,dakota #gf1hej ,wa%+ton #ff1hhj ,,total #fec1jie ,sub-,humid to ,humid ,gr\p ,kansas #ha1gjj ,m9nesota #gi1bje ,oklahoma #ch1hcj ,texas #bfb1bij ,,total #dfb1jbe ,,gr& ,,total #a1hfa1feb ,! t]ritory directly int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ =ms #fc p] c5t ( ! :ole ( ! cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates1 n includ+ ,alaska1 & cov]s an area ( #a1hfa1feb squ>e miles1 or #a1aia1deg1bhj acres4 ,if any excuse 7 ne$$ = ! lively int]e/ tak5 9 ! subject ( dry-f>m+1 x is amply furni%$ by ^! figures %[+ ! va/ ext5t ( ! c\ntry int]e/$ 9 ! reclamation ( l& by ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+4 ,z w be %[n bel[1 ne>ly e o!r l>ge c\ntry possesses simil> imm5se areas "u limit$ ra9fall4 ,( ! "o billion1 "o hundr$ & n9ety-"o million1 f\r hundr$ & fifty-sev5 ?\s&1 two hundr$ & eighty acres 7#a1aia1deg1bhj7 repres5t+ ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ab\t #bb p] c5t1 or a little m ?an "o fif?1 is sub-humid & receives betwe5 #bj & #cj in*es ( ra9fall1 annually2 #fa p] c5t1 or a little m ?an ?ree fif?s1 is semi>id & receives betwe5 #aj & #bj in*es1 annually1 & ab\t #ag p] c5t1 or a little less ?an "o fif?1 is arid & receives less ?an #aj in*es ( ra9fall1 annually4 ,^! calculations are bas$ ^u ! publi%$ av]age ra9fall maps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,9 ! f> ,we/1 & especially ov] ! s-call$ des]t regions1 ) _! sp>se population1 meteorological /ations are n num]\s1 nor is x easy to secure accurate data f !m4 ,x is /rongly probable t z m /ations are e/abli%$1 x w be f\nd t ! area receiv+ less ?an #aj in*es ( ra9fall annually is consid]ably small] ?an above e/imat$4 ,9 fact1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,reclamation ,s]vice /ates t !re are only #gj1jjj1jjj acres ( des]t-l l&2 t is1 l& :i* does n naturally support plants suitable = =age4 ,?is area is ab\t "o ?ird ( ! l&s :i*1 s f> z kn[n1 at pres5t receive less ?an #aj in*es ( ra9fall1 or only ab\t #f p] c5t ( ! total dry-f>m+ t]ritory4 ,9 any case1 ! semi>id area is at pres5t mo/ vitally int]e/$ 9 dry-f>m+4 ,! sub-humid area ne$ seldom suff] f dr\?1 if ord9>y well-kn[n me?ods are employ$2 ! arid area1 receiv+ less ?an #aj in*es ( ra9fall1 9 all probability1 c be reclaim$ )\t irrigation only by ! developm5t ( m suitable4 me?ods ?an are kn[n to-day4 ,! semi>id area1 :i* is ! special consid]ation ( pres5t-day dry-f>m+ repres5ts an area ( ov] #gbe1jjj1jjj acres ( l&4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! full c]ta9ty ( crops 9 ! sub-humid regions w come only ) ! adoption ( dry-f>m+ me?ods2 & t results already obta9$ on ! edge ( ! des]ts lead to ! belief t a l>ge portion ( ! area receiv+ less ?an #aj in*es ( ra9fall1 annually1 w ultimately be reclaim$ )\t irrigation4 ,naturally1 n ! :ole ( ! va/ area j discuss$ c\ld be br\ght "u cultivation1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions ( ra9fall4 ,a v l>ge portion ( ! t]ritory 9 "q is m\nta9\s & (t5 ( s rugg$ a nature t to f>m x w\ld be an impossibility4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! be/ dry-f>m l&s ( ! ,we/ are f\nd 9 ! small m\nta9 valleys1 :i* usually are pockets ( mo/ f]tile soil1 "u a good supply ( ra9fall4 ,! foo?ills ( ! m\nta9s are almo/ inv>iably excell5t dry-f>m l&s4 ,newell e/imates t #aie1jjj1jjj acres ( l& 9 ! arid to sub-humid sections are cov]$ ) a m or less d5se gr[? ( timb]4 ,?is timb]$ area r\ghly repres5ts ! m\nta9\s & !re=e ! non>able portions ( l&4 ,! same au?ority e/imates t ! des]t-l l&s cov] an area ( #gj1jjj1jjj acres4 ,mak+ ! mo/ lib]al e/imates = m\nta9\s & des]t-l l&s1 at lea/ "o half ( ! :ole area1 or ab\t #fjj1jjj1jjj acres1 is arable l& :i* by prop] me?ods may be reclaim$ = agricultural purposes4 ,irrigation :5 fully develop$ may reclaim n to exce$ #e p] c5t ( ?is area4 ,f any po9t ( view1 !re=e1 ! possibilities involv$ 9 dry-f>m+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are imm5se4 ,dry-f>m area ( ! _w ,dry-f>m+ is a _w problem4 ,aridity is a condition met & to be ov]come ^u e cont95t4 ,mc,coll e/imates t 9 ,au/ralia1 :i* is some:at l>g] ?an ! cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 only "o ?ird ( ! :ole surface receives above #bj in*es ( ra9fall annually2 "o ?ird receives f #aj to #bj in*es1 & "o ?ird receives less ?an l,o in*es4 ,t is1 ab\t #a1bfg1jjj1jjj acres 9 ,au/ralia are subject to reclamation by dry-f>m+ me?ods4 ,?is condition is n f> f t :i* prevails 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is repres5tative ( e cont95t ( ! _w4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! proportions ( ! e>?'s l& surface "u v>i\s degrees ( annual precipitations3-- ,annual ,precipitation ,proportion ( ,e>?'s ,l& ,surface ,"u #aj in*es #be4j p] c5t ,f #aj to #bj in*es #cj4j p] c5t ,f #bj to #dj in*es #bj4j p] c5t ,f #dj to #fj in*es #aa4j p] c5t ,f #fj to #hj in*es #i4j p] c5t ,f #ajj to #abj in*es #d4j p] c5t ,f #abj to #afj in*es #j4e p] c5t ,above #afj in*es #j4e p] c5t ,total #ajj p] c5t ,fifty-five p] c5t1 or m ?an "o half ( ! total l& surface ( ! e>?1 receives an annual precipitation ( less ?an #bj in*es1 & mu/ be reclaim$1 if at all1 by dry-f>m+4 ,at lea/ #aj p] c5t m receives f #bj to #cj in*es "u conditions t make dry-f>m+ me?ods necess>y4 ,a total ( ab\t #fe p] c5t ( ! e>?'s l& surface is1 !re=e1 directly int]e/$ 9 dry-f>m+4 ,) ! future p]fect$ developm5t ( irrigation sy/ems & practices1 n m ?an #aj p] c5t w be reclaim$ by irrigation4 ,dry-f>m+ is truly a problem to *all5ge ! att5tion ( ! race4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,dry-,,f>m ,,areas4--,,g5]al ,,climatic ,,features ,! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates /ret*es f ! ,pacific seabo>d to ! #if? p>allel ( longitude1 & f ! ,canadian to ! ,mexican b\nd>y1 mak+ a total area ( ne>ly #a1hjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,?is imm5se t]ritory is f> f be+ a va/ level pla94 ,on ! extreme ea/ is ! ,great ,pla9s region ( ! ,mississippi ,valley :i* is a comp>atively uni=m c\ntry ( roll+ hills1 b no m\nta9s4 ,at a po9t ab\t "o ?ird ( ! :ole di/ance we/w>d ! :ole l& is lift$ skyw>d by ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* cross ! c\ntry f s\? to nor?we/4 ,"h are innum]able peaks1 canons1 high table-l&s1 ro>+ torr5ts1 & quiet m\nta9 valleys4 ,we/ ( ! ,rockies is ! great depression kn[n z ! ,great ,bas91 :i* has no outlet to ! ocean4 ,x is ess5tially a gigantic level lake floor trav]s$ 9 _m directions by m\nta9 ranges t are (f%oots f ! backbone ( ! ,rockies4 ,s\? ( ! ,great ,bas9 are ! high plateaus1 into :i* _m great *asms are cut1 ! be/ kn[n & l>ge/ ( :i* is ! great ,canon ( ! ,colorado4 ,nor? & ea/ ( ! ,great ,bas9 is ! ,columbia ,riv] ,bas9 *>act]iz$ by basaltic roll+ pla9s & brok5 m\nta9 c\ntry4 ,to ! we/1 ! floor ( ! ,great ,bas9 is lift$ up into ! region ( et]nal sn[ by ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s1 :i* nor? ( ,nevada are kn[n z ! ,cascades4 ,on ! we/1 ! ,si]ra ,nevadas slope g5tly1 ?r\gh int]v5+ valleys & m9or m\nta9 ranges1 into ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,x w\ld be difficult to imag9e a m div]sifi$ topography ?an is possess$ by ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,uni=m climatic conditions are n to be expect$ ov] su* a brok5 c\ntry4 ,! *ief det]m9+ factors ( climate--latitude1 relative di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 elevation1 prevail+ w9ds--sw+ betwe5 su* l>ge extremes t ( necessity ! climatic conditions ( diff]5t sections are widely div]g5t4 ,dry-f>m+ is s intimately relat$ to climate t ! typical climatic v>iations mu/ be po9t$ out4 ,! total annual precipitation is directly influ5c$ by ! l& topography1 especially by ! great m\nta9 ranges4 ,on ! ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is ! sub-humid di/rict1 :i* receives f #bj to #cj in*es ( ra9fall annually2 ov] ! ,rockies !mselves1 semi>id conditions prevail2 9 ! ,great ,bas91 hemm$ 9 by ! ,rockies on ! ea/ & ! ,si]ra ,nevadas on ! we/1 m arid conditions pr$om9ate2 to ! we/1 ov] ! ,si]ras & d[n to ! seacoa/1 semi>id to sub-humid conditions are aga9 f\nd4 ,seasonal di/ribution ( ra9fall ,x is d\btless true t ! total annual precipitation is ! *ief factor 9 det]m9+ ! success ( dry-f>m+4 ,h[ev]1 ! di/ribution ( ! ra9fall ?r\gh\t ! ye> is also ( great importance1 & %\ld be kn[n by ! f>m]4 ,a small ra9fall1 com+ at ! mo/ desirable season1 w h great] crop-produc+ p[] ?an a v mu* l>g] ra9fall poorly di/ribut$4 ,moreov]1 ! me?ods ( tillage to be employ$ :]e mo/ ( ! precipitation comes 9 w9t] mu/ be consid]ably diff]5t f ^? us$ :]e ! bulk ( ! precipitation comes 9 ! summ]4 ,! successful dry-f>m] mu/ "k ! av]age annual precipitation1 & also ! av]age seasonal di/ribution ( ! ra9fall1 ov] ! l& :i* he int5ds to dry-f>m be=e he c safely *oose 8 cultural me?ods4 ,) ref]5ce to ! mon?ly di/ribution ( ! precipitation ov] ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,h5ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau recognizes five di/9ct types2 namely3 7#a7 ,pacific1 7#b7 ,sub-,pacific1 7#c7 ,arizona1 7#d7 ! ,nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 & ,ea/]n ,foo?ills1 & 7#e7 ! ,pla9s ,type3-- ,! ,pacific ,type4--,?is type is f\nd 9 all ( ! t]ritory we/ ( ! ,cascade & ,si]ra ,nevada ranges1 & also obta9s 9 a fr+e ( c\ntry to ! ea/w>d ( ! m\nta9 summits4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pacific type is a wet season1 ext5d+ f ,octob] to ,m>*1 & a practically ra9less summ]1 except 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia & p>ts ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton4 ,ab\t half ( ! ye>ly precipitation comes 9 ! mon?s ( ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y1 ! rema9+ half be+ di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! sev5 mon?s--,septemb]1 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june4 ,sub-,pacific ,type4--,! t]m ',sub-,pacific' has be5 giv5 to t type ( ra9fall :i* obta9s ov] ea/]n ,wa%+ton1 ,nevada1 & ,utah4 ,! influ5ces t control ! precipitation ( ?is region are mu* simil> to ^? t prevail we/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,cascade ranges4 ,!re is n1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! ea/]n type1 a /eady dim9ution 9 ! precipitation ) ! approa* ( spr+1 b r a culm9ation 9 ! precipitation4 ,arizona ,type4--,! ,arizona ,type1 s call$ because x is m fully develop$ 9 t t]ritory ?an else:]e1 prevails ov] ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 & a small portion ( ea/]n ,utah & ,nevada4 ,?is type diff]s f all o!rs 9 ! fact t ab\t #ce p] c5t ( ! ra9 falls 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,may & ,june are g5]ally ! mon?s ( lea/ ra9fall4 ,! ,nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 & ,ea/]n ,foo?ills ,type4--,?is type is closely alli$ to t ( ! pla9s to ! ea/w>d1 & ! bulk ( ! ra9 falls 9 ! foo?ills ( ! region 9 ,april & ,may2 9 ,montana1 9 ,may & ,june4 ,! ,pla9s ,type4--,?is type embraces ! great] "p ( ! ,dakotas1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas2 ,oklahoma1 ! ,panh&le ( ,texas1 & all ! great corn & :eat /ates ( ! int]ior valleys4 ,?is region is *>act]iz$ by a scant w9t] precipitation ov] ! nor!rn /ates & mod]ately heavy ra9s dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,!4 bulk ( ! ra9s comes 9 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july4 ,?is classification emphasizes ! great v>iation 9 di/ribution ( ra9fall ov] ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! c\ntry4 ,we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ! precipitation comes *iefly 9 w9t] & spr+1 leav+ ! summ]s ra9less2 :ile ea/ ( ! ,rockies1 ! w9t]s are some:at ra9less & ! precipitation comes *iefly 9 spr+ & summ]4 ,! ,arizona type /&s midway betwe5 ^! types4 ,?is v>iation 9 ! di/ribution ( ! ra9fall requires t diff]5t me?ods be employ$ 9 /or+ & cons]v+ ! ra9fall = crop production4 ,! adaptation ( cultural me?ods to ! seasonal di/ribution ( ra9fall w be discuss$ h]eaft]4 ,sn[fall ,closely relat$ to ! di/ribution ( ! ra9fall & ! av]age annual temp]ature is ! sn[fall4 ,:]ev] a relatively l>ge w9t] precipitation occurs1 ! dry-f>m] is b5efit$ if x comes 9 ! =m ( sn[4 ,! fall-plant$ se$s are bett] protect$ by ! sn[2 ! evaporation is l[] & x appe>s t ! soil is improv$ by ! annual cov]+ ( sn[4 ,9 any case1 ! me?ods ( culture are 9 a measure dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( sn[fall & ! l5g? ( "t t x lies ^u ! gr\nd4 ,sn[ falls ov] mo/ ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory1 except+ ! l[l&s ( ,cali=nia1 ! imm$iate ,pacific coa/1 & o!r di/ricts :]e ! av]age annual temp]ature is high4 ,! heavie/ sn[fall is 9 ! int]m\nta9 di/rict1 f ! we/ slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas to ! ea/ slope ( ! ,rockies4 ,! degree ( sn[fall on ! agricultural l&s is v v>iable & dep5d5t ^u local conditions4 ,sn[ falls ^u all ! high m\nta9 ranges4 ,temp]ature ,) ! exceptions ( portions ( ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 & ,texas ! av]age annual surface temp]ature ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ranges f #dj deg to #ee deg ,f4 ,! av]age is n f> f #de deg ,f4 ,?is places mo/ ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory 9 ! class ( cold regions1 ?\gh a small area on ! extreme ea/ bord] may be class$ z temp]ate1 & p>ts ( ,cali=nia & ,arizona z w>m4 ,! range 9 temp]ature f ! highe/ 9 summ] to ! l[e/ 9 w9t] is consid]able1 b n widely diff]5t f o!r simil> p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! range is greate/ 9 ! int]ior m\nta9\s di/ricts1 & l[e/ along ! seacoa/4 ,! daily range ( ! highe/ & l[e/ temp]atures = any "o day is g5]ally high] ov] dry-f>m sections ?an ov] humid di/ricts4 ,9 ! ,plateau regions ( ! semi>id c\ntry ! av]age daily v>iation is f #cj to #ce deg ,f41 :ile ea/ ( ! ,mississippi x is only ab\t #bj deg ,f4 ,?is great] daily range is *iefly due to ! cle> skies & scant vegetation :i* facilitate excessive w>m+ by day & cool+ by night4 ,! important temp]ature "q = ! dry-f>m] is :e!r ! gr[+ season is suffici5tly w>m & long to p]mit ! matur+ ( crops4 ,!re are few places1 ev5 at high altitudes 9 ! region consid]$1 :]e ! summ] temp]ature is s l[ z to ret>d ! gr[? ( plants4 ,likewise1 ! fir/ & la/ kill+ fro/s are ord9>ily s f> ap>t z to all[ an ample gr[+ season4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t fro/s are gov]n$ v l>gely by local topographic features1 & mu/ be kn[n f a local po9t ( view4 ,x is a g5]al law t fro/s are m likely to occur 9 valleys ?an on hillsides1 ow+ to ! d[nw>d dra9age ( ! cool$ air4 ,fur!r1 ! dang] ( fro/ increases ) ! altitude4 ,9 g5]al1 ! la/ kill+ fro/ 9 spr+ ov] ! dry-f>m t]ritory v>ies f ,m>* #ae to ,may #bi1 & ! fir/ kill+ fro/ 9 autumn f ,septemb] #ae to ,novemb] #ae4 ,^! limits p]mit ( ! matur+ ( all ord9>y f>m crops1 especially ! gra9 crops4 ,relative humidity ,at a def9ite temp]ature1 ! atmosph]e c hold only a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] vapor4 ,:5 ! air c hold no m1 x is said to be saturat$4 ,:5 x is n saturat$1 ! am\nt ( wat] vapor actually held by ! air is express$ 9 p]c5tages ( ! quantity requir$ = saturation4 ,a relative humidity ( #ajj p] c5t means t ! air is saturat$2 ( #ej p] c5t1 t x is only "o half saturat$4 ,! dri] ! air is1 ! m rapidly does ! wat] evaporate into x4 ,to ! dry-f>m]1 !re=e1 ! relative humidity or degree ( dryness ( ! air is ( v great importance4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! geographic di/ribution ( relative humidity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,along ! coa/s !re is a belt ( high humidity at all seasons1 ! p]c5tage ( saturation rang+ f #ge to #hj p] c5t4 7#b7 ,inl&1 f ab\t ! #gj? m]idian ea/w>d to ! ,atlantic coa/1 ! am\nt v>ies betwe5 #gj & #ge p] c5t4 7#c7 ,! dry region is 9 ! ,s\?we/1 :]e ! av]age annual value is n ov] #ej p] c5t4 ,9 ?is region are includ$ ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 we/]n ,colorado1 & ! great] portion ( bo? ,utah & ,nevada4 ,! am\nt ( annual relative humidity 9 ! rema9+ portion ( ! elevat$ di/rict1 betwe5 ! #ajj? m]idian on ! ea/ to ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ! ,cascades on ! we/1 v>ies betwe5 #ee & #fe p] c5t4 ,9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 ! mean values 9 ! ,s\?we/ s9k z l[ z #bj to #cj p] c5t1 :ile along ! ,pacific coa/ di/ricts !y cont9ue ab\t #hj p] c5t ! ye> r\nd4 ,9 ! ,atlantic coa/ di/ricts1 & g5]ally ea/ f ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 ! v>iation f mon? to mon? is n great4 ,april is probably ! drie/ mon? ( ! ye>4 ,! air ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory1 !re=e1 on ! :ole1 conta9s consid]ably less ?an two ?irds ! am\nt ( moi/ure c>ri$ by ! air ( ! humid /ates4 ,?is means t evaporation f plant leaves & soil surfaces w g on m rapidly 9 semi>id ?an 9 humid regions4 ,aga9/ ?is dang]1 :i* _c he controll$1 ! dry-f>m] mu/ take special precautions4 ,sun%9e ,! am\nt ( sun%9e 9 a dry-f>m section is also ( importance4 ,direct sun%9e promotes plant gr[?1 b at ! same "t x accel]ates ! evaporation ( wat] f ! soil4 ,! :ole dry-f>m t]ritory receives m sun%9e ?an d ! humid sections4 ,9 fact1 ! am\nt ( sun%9e may r\ghly be said to increase z ! annual ra9fall decreases4 ,ov] ! l>g] "p ( ! arid & semi>id sections ! sun %9es ov] #gj p] c5t ( ! "t4 ,w9ds ,! w9ds ( any locality1 ow+ to _! moi/ure-dissipat+ p[] play an important "p 9 ! success ( dry-f>m+4 ,a p]si/5t w9d w (fset mu* ( ! b5efit ( a heavy ra9fall & c>eful cultivation4 ,:ile great g5]al laws h be5 =mulat$ reg>d+ ! movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 !y are ( m9or value 9 judg+ ! effect ( w9d on any f>m+ di/rict4 ,local obs]vations1 h[ev]1 may enable ! f>m] to e/imate ! probable effect ( ! w9ds & ?us to =mulate prop] cultural means ( protection4 ,9 g5]al1 ^? liv+ 9 a di/rict are able to describe x )\t special obs]vations z w9dy or quiet4 ,9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! "o great region ( relatively high & p]si/5t w9ds is ! ,great ,pla9s region ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,dry-f>m]s 9 t section w ( necessity be oblig$ to adopt cultural me?ods t w prev5t ! excessive evaporation naturally induc$ by ! unh9d]$ w9d1 & ! possible bl[+ ( well-till$ fall[ l&4 ,summ>y ,! dry-f>m t]ritory is *>act]iz$ by a l[ ra9fall1 av]ag+ betwe5 #aj & #bj in*es1 ! di/ribution ( :i* falls into two di/9ct types3 a heavy w9t] & spr+ ) a light summ] precipitation1 & a heavy spr+ & summ] ) a light w9t] precipitation4 ,sn[ falls ov] mo/ ( ! t]ritory1 b does n lie long outside ( ! m\nta9 /ates4 ,! :ole dry-f>m t]ritory may be class$ z temp]ate to cold2 relatively high & p]si/5t w9ds bl[ only ov] ! ,great ,pla9s1 ?\gh local conditions cause /rong regul> w9ds 9 _m o!r places2 ! air is dry & ! sun%9e is v abundant4 ,9 brief1 little wat] falls ^u ! dry-f>m t]ritory1 & ! climatic factors are ( a nature to cause rapid evaporation4 ,9 view ( ?is k1 x is n surpris+ t ?\s&s ( f>m]s1 employ+1 (t5 c>elessly agricultural me?ods develop$ 9 humid sections1 h f\nd only h>d%ips & pov]ty on ! pres5t dry-f>m empire ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dr\? ,dr\? is said to be ! ar* enemy ( ! dry-f>m]1 b few agree ^u its mean+4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is volume1 dr\? may be def9$ z a condition "u :i* crops fail to mature because ( an insuffici5t supply ( wat]4 ,provid5ce has g5]ally be5 *>g$ ) caus+ dr\?s1 b "u ! above def9ition1 man is usually ! cause4 ,occasionally1 relatively dry ye>s occur1 b !y are seldom dry en\gh to cause crop failures if prop] me?ods ( f>m+ h be5 practic$4 ,!re are f\r *ief causes ( dr\?3 7#a7 ,improp] or c>eless prep>ation ( ! soil2 7#b7 failure to /ore ! natural precipitation 9 ! soil2 7#c7 failure to apply prop] cultural me?ods = keep+ ! moi/ure 9 ! soil until ne$$ by plants1 & 7#d7 s[+ too mu* se$ = ! available soil-moi/ure4 ,crop failures due to untimely fro/s1 blizz>ds1 cyclones1 tornadoes1 or hail may p]haps be *>g$ to ,provid5ce1 b ! dry-f>m] mu/ accept ! responsibility = any crop injury result+ f dr\?4 ,a fairly accurate k ( ! climatic conditions ( ! di/rict1 a good und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( agriculture )\t irrigation "u a l[ ra9fall1 & a vigor\s application ( ^! pr9ciples z adapt$ to ! local climatic conditions w make dry-f>m failures a r>ity4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,dry-,,f>m ,,soils ,important z is ! ra9fall 9 mak+ dry-f>m+ successful1 x is n m s ?an ! soils ( ! dry-f>ms4 ,on a %all[ soil1 or on "o p5etrat$ ) gravel /reaks1 crop failures are probable ev5 "u a l>ge ra9fall2 b a deep soil ( uni=m texture1 unbrok5 by gravel or h>dpan1 9 :i* mu* wat] may be /or$1 & :i* furni%es also an abundance ( fe$+ space = ! roots1 w yield l>ge crops ev5 "u a v small ra9fall4 ,likewise1 an inf]tile soil1 ?\gh x be deep1 & "u a l>ge precipitation1 _c be dep5d$ on = good crops2 b a f]tile soil1 ?\gh n q s deep1 nor "u s l>ge a ra9fall1 w almo/ inv>iably br+ l>ge crops to maturity4 ,a correct und]/&+ ( ! soil1 f ! surface to a dep? ( t5 feet1 is almo/ indisp5sable be=e a safe ,judgm5t c be pron\nc$ ^u ! full dry-f>m possibilities ( a di/rict4 ,especially is x necess>y to "k 7a7 ! dep?1 7b7 ! uni=mity ( /ructure1 & 7c7 ! relative f]tility ( ! soil1 9 ord] to plan an intellig5t sy/em ( f>m+ t w be rationally adapt$ to ! ra9fall & o!r climatic factors4 ,x is a matt] ( regret t s mu* ( our in=mation conc]n+ ! soils ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries has be5 obta9$ accord+ to ! me?ods & = ! ne$s ( humid c\ntries1 & t1 !re=e1 ! special k ( our arid & semi>id soils ne$$ = ! developm5t ( dry-f>m+ is small & fragm5t>y4 ,:at is kn[n to-day conc]n+ ! nature ( arid soils & _! relation to cultural processes "u a scanty ra9fall is due v l>gely to ! ext5sive rese>*es & volum9\s writ+s ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d1 :o = a g5]ation 0 9 *>ge ( ! agricultural "w ( ! /ate ( ,cali=nia4 ,future /ud5ts ( arid soils mu/ ( necessity re/ _! inve/igations ^u ! pione] "w done by ,dr4 ,hilg>d4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is *apt] are 9 a l>ge "p ga!r$ f ,hilg>d's writ+s4 ,! =mation ( soils ,soil is ! m or less loose & friable mat]ial 9 :i*1 by means ( _! roots1 plants may or d f9d a foo?old & n\ri%m5t1 z well z o!r conditions ( gr[?4 ,soil is =m$ by a complex process1 broadly kn[n z wea!r+1 f ! rocks :i* con/itute ! e>?'s cru/4 ,soil is 9 fact only pulv]iz$ & alt]$ rock4 ,! =ces t produce soil f rocks are ( two di/9ct classes1 physical & *emical4 ,! physical ag5cies ( soil production m]ely cause a pulv]ization ( ! rock2 ! *emical ag5cies1 on ! o!r h&1 s ?or\ghly *ange ! ess5tial nature ( ! soil p>ticles t !y are no long] l ! rock f :i* !y 7 =m$4 ,( ! physical ag5cies1 temp]ature *anges are fir/ 9 ord] ( "t1 & p]haps ( fir/ importance4 ,z ! heat ( ! day increases1 ! rock exp&s1 & z ! cold night approa*es1 contracts4 ,?is alt]nate expansion & contraction1 9 "t1 cracks ! surfaces ( ! rocks4 ,into ! t9y crevices ?us =m$ wat] ent]s f ! fall+ sn[ or ra94 ,:5 w9t] comes1 ! wat] 9 ^! cracks freezes to ice1 & 9 s do+ exp&s & wid5s ea* ( ! cracks4 ,z ^! processes are repeat$ f day to day1 f ye> to ye>1 & f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ! surfaces ( ! rocks crumble4 ,! small] rocks s =m$ are act$ ^u by ! same ag5cies1 9 ! same mann]1 & ?us ! process ( pulv]ization goes on4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! second great ag5cy ( soil =mation1 :i* always acts 9 conjunction ) temp]ature *anges1 is freez+ wat]4 ,! rock p>ticles =m$ 9 ?is mann] are (t5 wa%$ d[n into ! m\nta9 valleys1 !re caught by great riv]s1 gr\nd into f9] du/1 & at l5g? deposit$ 9 ! l[] valleys4 ,mov+ wat] ?us becomes ano!r physical ag5cy ( soil production4 ,mo/ ( ! soils cov]+ ! great dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries h be5 =m$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 places1 glaci]s mov+ sl[ly d[n ! canons cru% & gr9d into p[d] ! rock ov] :i* !y pass & deposit x l[] d[n z soils4 ,9 o!r places1 :]e /rong w9ds bl[ ) frequ5t regul>ity1 %>p soil gra9s are pick$ up by ! air & hurl$ aga9/ ! rocks1 :i*1 "u ?is action1 are c>v$ into fanta/ic =ms4 ,9 /ill o!r places1 ! /rong w9ds c>ry soil ov] long di/ances to be mix$ ) o!r soils4 ,f9ally1 on ! sea%ore ! great waves da%+ aga9/ ! rocks ( ! coa/ l9e1 & roll+ ! mass ( pebbles back & =?1 break & pulv]ize ! rock until soil is =m$4 ,glaci]s1 w9ds1 & waves are also1 !re=e1 physical ag5cies ( soil =mation4 ,x may be not$ t ! result ( ! action ( all ^! ag5cies is to =m a rock p[d]1 ea* p>ticle ( :i* pres]ves ! composition t x _h :ile x 0 a con/itu5t "p ( ! rock4 ,x may fur!r be not$ t ! *ief ( ^! soil-=m+ ag5cies act m vigor\sly 9 arid ?an 9 humid sections4 ,"u ! cl\dless sky & dry atmosph]e ( regions ( limit$ ra9fall1 ! daily & seasonal temp]ature *anges are mu* great] ?an 9 sections ( great] ra9fall4 ,consequ5tly ! pulv]ization ( rocks goes on mo/ rapidly 9 dry-f>m di/ricts4 ,con/ant heavy w9ds1 :i* z soil =m]s are second only to temp]ature *anges & freez+ wat]1 are also usually m common 9 arid ?an 9 humid c\ntries4 ,?is is /rik+ly %[n1 = in/ance1 on ! ,colorado des]t & ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,! rock p[d] =m$ by ! processes above describ$ is cont9ually be+ act$ ^u by ag5cies1 ! effect ( :i* is to *ange its *emical composition4 ,*ief ( ^! ag5cies is wat]1 :i* ex]ts a solv5t action on all kn[n sub/ances4 ,pure wat] ex]ts a /rong solv5t action1 b :5 x has be5 r5d]$ impure by a v>iety ( sub/ances1 naturally occurr+1 its solv5t action is greatly increas$4 ,! mo/ effective wat] impurity1 consid]+ soil =mation1 is ! gas1 c>bon dioxid4 ,?is gas is =m$ :5ev] plant or animal sub/ances decay1 & is !re=e f\nd1 normally1 9 ! atmosph]e & 9 soils4 ,ra9s or fl[+ wat] ga!r ! c>bon dioxid f ! atmosph]e & ! soil2 few natural wat]s are free f x4 ,! h>de/ rock p>ticles are dis9tegrat$ by c>bonat$ wat]1 :ile lime/ones1 or rocks conta9+ lime1 are readily dissolv$4 ,! result ( ! action ( c>bonat$ wat] ^u soil p>ticles is to r5d] soluble1 & !re=e m available to plants1 _m ( ! important plant-foods4 ,9 ?is way ! action ( wat]1 hold+ 9 solution c>bon dioxid & o!r sub/ances1 t5ds to make ! soil m f]tile4 ,! second great *emical ag5cy ( soil =mation is ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,oxidation is a process ( m or less rapid burn+1 :i* t5ds to accel]ate ! dis9tegration ( rocks4 ,f9ally1 ! plants gr[+ 9 soils are p[]ful ag5ts ( soil =mation4 ,fir/1 ! roots =c+ _! way into ! soil ex]t a /rong pressure :i* helps to pulv]ize ! soil gra9s2 secondly1 ! acids ( ! plant roots actually dissolve ! soil1 & ?ird1 9 ! mass ( decay+ plants1 sub/ances are =m$1 among !m c>bon dioxid1 t h ! p[] ( mak+ soils m soluble4 ,x may be not$ t moi/ure1 c>bon dioxid1 & vegetation1 ! ?ree *ief ag5ts induc+ *emical *anges 9 soils1 are mo/ active 9 humid di/ricts4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! physical ag5cies ( soil =mation are mo/ active 9 arid climates1 ! same _c be said ( ! *emical ag5cies4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r 9 arid or humid climates1 ! processes ( soil =mation1 above outl9$1 are ess5tially ^? ( ! fall[ or re/+-p]iod giv5 to dry-f>m l&s4 ,! fall[ la/s = a few mon?s or a ye>1 :ile ! process ( soil =mation is always go+ on & has gone on = ages2 ! result1 9 quality ?\gh n 9 quantity1 is ! same--! rock p>ticles are pulv]iz$ & ! plant-foods are lib]at$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection t climatic diff]5ces may & usually d influ5ce mat]ially ! "* ( soils =m$ f "o & ! same k9d ( rock4 ,*>act]i/ics ( arid soils ,! net result ( ! processes above describ$ ,is a rock p[d] conta9+ a great v>iety ( sizes ( soil gra9s int]m+l$ ) clay4 ,! l>g] soil gra9s are call$ s&2 ! small]1 silt1 & ^? t are s small t !y d n settle f quiet wat] aft] #bd h\rs are kn[n z clay4 ,clay diff]s mat]ially f s& & silt1 n only 9 size ( p>ticles1 b also 9 prop]ties & =mation4 ,x is said t clay p>ticles rea* a degree ( f95ess equal to #a_/bejj ( an in*4 ,clay itself1 :5 wet & knead$1 becomes pla/ic & adhesive & is ?us easily di/+ui%$ f s&4 ,because ( ^! prop]ties1 clay is ( great value 9 hold+ toge!r ! l>g] soil gra9s 9 relatively l>ge aggregates :i* give soils ! desir$ degree ( fil?4 ,moreov]1 clay is v ret5tive ( wat]1 gases1 & soluble plant-foods1 :i* are important factors 9 successful agriculture4 ,soils1 9 fact1 are classifi$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( clay t !y conta94 ,hilg>d sugge/s ! foll[+ classification3-- ,v s&y soils #j4e to #c p] c5t clay ,ord9>y s&y soils #c4j to #aj p] c5t clay ,s&y loams #aj4j to #ae p] c5t clay ,clay loams #ae4j to #be p] c5t clay ,clay soils #be4j to #ce p] c5t clay ,heavy clay soils #ce4j p] c5t & ov] ,clay may be =m$ f any rock conta9+ "s =m ( comb9$ silica 7qu>tz74 ,?us1 granites & cry/all9e rocks g5]ally1 volcanic rocks1 & %ales w produce clay if subject$ to ! prop] climatic conditions4 ,9 ! =mation ( clay1 ! extremely f9e soil p>ticles are attack$ by ! soil wat] & subject$ to deep-go+ *emical *anges4 ,9 fact1 clay repres5ts ! mo/ f9ely pulv]iz$ & mo/ highly decompos$ & h5ce 9 a measure ! mo/ valuable portion ( ! soil4 ,9 ! =mation ( clay1 wat] is ! mo/ active ag5t1 & "u humid conditions its =mation is mo/ rapid4 ,x foll[s t dry-f>m soils =m$ "u a m or less ra9less climate conta9 less clay ?an d humid soils4 ,?is diff]5ce is *>act]i/ic1 & acc\nts = ! /atem5t frequ5tly made t heavy clay soils are n ! be/ = dry-f>m purposes4 ,! fact is1 t heavy clay soils are v r>e 9 arid regions2 if f\nd at all1 !y h probably be5 =m$ "u abnormal conditions1 z 9 high m\nta9 valleys1 or "u prehi/oric humid climates4 ,s&4--,! s&-=m+ rocks t are n capable ( clay production usually consi/ ( uncomb9$ silica or qu>tz1 :i* :5 pulv]iz$ by ! soil-=m+ ag5cies give a comp>atively b>r5 soil4 ,?us x has come ab\t t ord9>ily a clayey soil is consid]$ /rong & a s&y soil weak4 ,?\gh ?is di/9ction is true 9 humid climates :]e clay =mation is rapid1 x is n true 9 arid climates1 :]e true clay is =m$ v sl[ly4 ,"u conditions ( defici5t ra9fall1 soils are naturally less clayey1 b z ! s& & silt p>ticles are produc$ f rocks :i* "u humid conditions w\ld yield clay1 arid soils are n necess>ily less f]tile4 ,exp]im5t has %[n t ! f]tility 9 ! s&y soils ( arid sections is z l>ge & z available to plants z 9 ! clayey soils ( humid regions4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! arid section ( ,am]ica1 9 ,egypt1 ,india1 & o!r des]t-l regions has fur!r prov$ t ! s&s ( ! des]ts produce excell5t crops :5ev] wat] is appli$ to !m4 ,! prospective dry-f>m]1 !re=e1 ne$ n be afraid ( a some:at s&y soil1 provid$ x has be5 =m$ "u arid conditions4 ,9 tru?1 a degree ( s&9ess is *>act]i/ic ( dry-f>m soils4 ,! humus cont5t =ms ano!r *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 arid & humid soils4 ,9 humid regions plants cov] ! soil ?ickly2 9 arid regions !y are bun*$ scantily ov] ! surface2 9 ! =m] case ! decay$ remnants ( g5]ations ( plants =m a l>ge p]c5tage ( humus 9 ! upp] soil2 9 ! latt]1 ! sc>city ( plant life makes ! humus cont5t l[4 ,fur!r1 "u an abundant ra9fall ! organic matt] 9 ! soil rots sl[ly2 :]eas 9 dry w>m climates ! decay is v complete4 ,! prevail+ =ces 9 all c\ntries ( defici5t ra9fall !re=e t5d to yield soils l[ 9 humus4 ,:ile ! total am\nt ( humus 9 arid soils is v mu* l[] ?an 9 humid soils1 repeat$ inve/igation has %[n t x conta9s ab\t #c-a_/b times m nitrog5 ?an is f\nd 9 humus =m$ "u an abundant ra9fall4 ,ow+ to ! prevail+ s&9ess ( dry-f>m soils1 humus is n ne$$ s mu* to give ! prop] fil? to ! soil z 9 ! humid c\ntries :]e ! cont5t ( clay is s mu* high]4 ,s9ce1 = dry-f>m purposes1 ! nitrog5 cont5t is ! mo/ important quality ( ! humus1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 arid & humid soils1 bas$ ^u ! humus cont5t1 is n s great z w\ld appe> at fir/ sight4 ,soil & subsoil4--,9 c\ntries ( abundant ra9fall1 a great di/9ction exi/s betwe5 ! soil & ! subsoil4 ,! soil is repres5t$ by ! upp] few in*es :i* are fill$ ) ! remnants ( decay$ vegetable matt] & modifi$ by pl[+1 h>r[+1 & o!r cultural op]ations4 ,! subsoil has be5 pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! action ( ! heavy ra9fall1 :i*1 9 soak+ ?r\gh ! soil1 has c>ri$ ) x ! f9e/ soil gra9s1 especially ! clay1 into ! l[] soil lay]s4 ,9 "t1 ! subsoil has become m di/9ctly clayey ?an ! topsoil4 ,lime & o!r soil +r$i5ts h likewise be5 c>ri$ d[n by ! ra9s & deposit$ at diff]5t dep?s 9 ! soil or :olly wa%$ away4 ,ultimately1 ?is results 9 ! removal f ! topsoil ( ! necess>y plant-foods & ! accumulation 9 ! subsoil ( ! f9e clay p>ticles :i* s compact ! subsoil z to make x difficult = roots & ev5 air to p5etrate x4 ,! normal process ( wea!r+ or soil dis9tegration w !n g on mo/ actively 9 ! topsoil & ! subsoil w rema9 unwea!r$ & raw4 ,?is acc\nts = ! well-kn[n fact t 9 humid c\ntries any subsoil t may h be5 pl[$ up is r$uc$ to a normal /ate ( f]tility & crop production only aft] sev]al ye>s ( exposure to ! elem5ts4 ,! humid f>m]1 kn[+ ?is1 is usually v c>eful n to let 8 pl[ ent] ! subsoil to any great dep?4 ,9 ! arid regions or :]ev] a defici5t ra9fall prevails1 ^! conditions are entirely rev]s$4 ,! light ra9fall seldom completely fills ! soil pores to any consid]able dep?1 b x r moves d[n sl[ly z a him1 envelop+ ! soil gra9s4 ,! soluble mat]ials ( ! soil are1 9 "p at lea/1 dissolv$ & c>ri$ d[n to ! l[] limit ( ! ra9 p5etration1 b ! clay & o!r f9e soil p>ticles are n mov$ d[nw>d to any great ext5t4 ,^! conditions leave ! soil & subsoil ( approximately equal porosity4 ,plant roots c !n p5etrate ! soil deeply1 & ! air c move up & d[n ?r\gh ! soil mass freely & to consid]able dep?s4 ,z a result1 arid soils are wea!r$ & made suitable = plant nutrition to v great dep?s4 ,9 fact1 9 dry-f>m regions !re ne$ be little talk ab\t soil & subsoil1 s9ce ! soil is uni=m 9 texture & usually ne>ly s 9 composition1 f ! top d[n to a di/ance ( _m feet4 ,_m soil sections #ej or m feet 9 dep? are expos$ 9 ! dry-f>m+ t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x has (t5 be5 demon/rat$ t ! subsoil to any dep? is capable ( produc+1 )\t fur!r wea!r+1 excell5t yields ( crops4 ,?is granul>1 p]meable /ructure1 *>act]i/ic ( arid soils1 is p]haps ! mo/ important s+le quality result+ f rock dis9tegration "u arid conditions4 ,z ,hilg>d rem>ks1 x w\ld seem t ! f>m] 9 ! arid region owns f ?ree to f\r f>ms1 "o above ! o!r1 z comp>$ ) ! same acreage 9 ! ea/]n /ates4 ,?is condition is ( ! greate/ importance 9 develop+ ! pr9ciples ^u :i* successful dry-f>m+ re/s4 ,fur!r1 x may be said t :ile 9 ! humid ,ea/ ! f>m] mu/ be extremely c>eful n to turn up ) 8 pl[ too mu* ( ! in]t subsoil1 no su* fe> ne$ possess ! we/]n f>m]4 ,on ! contr>y1 he %\ld use 8 utmo/ endeavor to pl[ z deeply z possible 9 ord] to prep>e ! v be/ res]voir = ! fall+ wat]s & a place = ! developm5t ( plant roots4 ,gravel seams4--,x ne$ be said1 h[ev]1 t 9 a numb] ( localities 9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory ! soils h be5 deposit$ by ! action ( runn+ wat] 9 su* a way t ! o!rwise uni=m /ructure ( ! soil is brok5 by occasional lay]s ( loose gravel4 ,:ile ?is is n a v s]i\s ob/acle to ! d[nw>d p5etration ( roots1 x is v s]i\s 9 dry-f>m+1 s9ce any break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! soil mass prev5ts ! upw>d movem5t ( wat] /or$ 9 ! l[] soil dep?s4 ,! dry-f>m] %\ld inve/igate ! soil :i* he int5ds to use to a dep? ( at lea/ #h to #aj feet to make sure1 fir/ ( all1 t he has a cont9u\s soil mass1 n too clayey 9 ! l[] dep?s1 nor brok5 by deposits ( gravel4 ,h>dpan4--,in/ead ( ! heavy clay subsoil ( humid regions1 ! s-call$ h>dpan occurs 9 regions ( limit$ ra9fall4 ,! annual ra9fall1 :i* is approximately con/ant1 p5etrates f ye> to ye> v ne>ly to ! same dep?4 ,"s ( ! lime f\nd s abundantly 9 arid soils is dissolv$ & work$ d[n ye>ly to ! l[] limit ( ! ra9fall & left !re to ent] into comb9ation ) o!r soil +r$i5ts4 ,cont9u$ ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t ?is results 9 ! =mation ( a lay] ( calc>e\s mat]ial at ! av]age dep? to :i* ! ra9fall has p5etrat$ ! soil4 ,n only is ! lime ?us c>ri$ d[n1 b ! f9] p>ticles are c>ri$ d[n 9 l mann]4 ,especially :]e ! soil is poor 9 lime is ! clay work$ d[n to =m a some:at clayey h>dpan4 ,a h>dpan =m$ 9 su* a mann] is frequ5tly a s]i\s ob/acle to ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! roots1 & also prev5ts ! annual precipitation f mov+ d[n f> en\gh to be beyond ! influ5ce ( ! sun%9e & w9ds4 ,x is =tunate1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! great majority ( in/ances ?is h>dpan gradually disappe>s "u ! influ5ce ( prop] me?ods ( dry-f>m tillage4 ,deep pl[+ & prop] tillage1 :i* all[ ! ra9 wat]s to p5etrate ! soil1 gradually break up & de/roy ! h>dpan1 ev5 :5 x is #aj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,nev]!less1 ! f>m] %\ld make sure :e!r or n ! h>dpan does exi/ 9 ! soil & plan 8 me?ods accord+ly4 ,if a h>dpan is pres5t1 ! l& mu/ be fall[$ m c>efully e o!r ye>1 s t a l>ge quantity ( wat] may be /or$ 9 ! soil to op5 & de/roy ! h>dpan4 ,( c\rse1 9 arid z 9 humid c\ntries1 x (t5 happ5s t a soil is und]laid1 m or less ne> ! surface1 by lay]s ( rock1 m>l deposits1 & simil> imp]vi\s or hurtful sub/ances4 ,su* deposits are n to be class$ ) ! h>dpans t occur normally :]ev] ! ra9fall is small4 ,lea*+4--,fully z important z any ( ! diff]5ces above outl9$ are ^? :i* dep5d def9itely ^u ! lea*+ p[] ( a heavy ra9fall4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! ra9fall is #cj in*es or ov]1 & 9 _m places :]e ! ra9fall is consid]ably less1 ! wat] dra9s ?r\gh ! soil into ! /&+ gr\nd wat]4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 9 humid c\ntries1 a cont9u\s dra9age ?r\gh ! soil aft] e ra91 & 9 g5]al !re is a /eady d[nw>d movem5t ( soil-wat] ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,z is cle>ly %[n by ! appe>ance1 ta/e1 & *emical composition ( dra9age wat]s1 ?is process lea*es out consid]able quantities ( ! soluble con/itu5ts ( ! soil4 ,:5 ! soil conta9s decompos+ organic matt]1 su* z roots1 leaves1 /alks1 ! gas c>bon dioxid is =m$1 :i*1 :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 =ms a solution ( great solv5t p[]4 ,wat] pass+ ?r\gh well-cultivat$ soils conta9+ mu* humus lea*es out v mu* m mat]ial ?an pure wat] c\ld d4 ,a /udy ( ! composition ( ! dra9age wat]s f soils & ! wat]s ( ! great riv]s %[s t imm5se quantities ( soluble soil con/itu5ts are tak5 out ( ! soil 9 c\ntries ( abundant ra9fall4 ,^! mat]ials ultimately rea* ! ocean1 :]e !y are & h be5 conc5trat$ ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,9 %ort1 ! salt9ess ( ! ocean is due to ! sub/ances t h be5 wa%$ f ! soils 9 c\ntries ( abundant ra9fall4 ,9 arid regions1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ra9fall p5etrates ! soil only a few feet4 ,9 "t1 x is return$ to ! surface by ! action ( plants or sun%9e & evaporat$ into ! air4 ,x is true t "u prop] me?ods ( tillage ev5 ! light ra9fall ( arid & semi>id regions may he made to pass to consid]able soil dep?s1 yet !re is little if any dra9age ( wat] ?r\gh ! soil into ! /&+ gr\nd wat]4 ,! arid regions ( ! _w1 !re=e1 contribute proportionately a small am\nt ( ! sub/ances :i* make up ! salt ( ! sea4 ,alkali soils4--,"u favorable conditions x sometimes happ5s t ! soluble mat]ials1 :i* w\ld normally be wa%$ out ( humid soils1 accumulate to s l>ge a degree 9 arid soils z to make ! l&s unfitt$ = agricultural purposes4 ,su* l&s are call$ alkali l&s4 ,unwise irrigation 9 arid climates frequ5tly produces alkali spots1 b _m occur naturally4 ,su* soils %\ld n be *os5 = dry-f>m purposes1 = !y are likely to give tr\ble4 ,plant-food cont5t4--,?is condition necess>ily leads at once to ! sugge/ion t ! soils f ! two regions mu/ diff] greatly 9 _! f]tility or p[] to produce & su/a9 plant life4 ,x _c be believ$ t ! wat]-wa%$ soils ( ! ,ea/ reta9 z mu* f]tility z ! dry soils ( ! ,we/4 ,hilg>d has made a long & elaborate /udy ( ?is some:at difficult "q & has con/ruct$ a table %[+ ! composition ( typical soils ( repres5tative /ates 9 ! arid & humid regions4 ,! foll[+ table %[s a few ( ! av]age results obta9$ by him3-- ,p>tial ,p]c5tage ,composition ,s\rce ( soil ,humid ,arid ,numb] ( samples analyz$ #fif #egc ,insoluble residue #hd4ag #fi4af ,soluble silica #d4jd #f4ga ,alum9a #c4ff #g4fa ,lime #j4ac #a4dc ,pota% #j4ba #j4fg ,phos4 ,acid #j4ab #j4af ,humus #a4bb #a4ac ,soil *emi/s h g5]ally attempt$ to arrive at a det]m9ation ( ! f]tility ( soil by treat+ a c>efully select$ & prep>$ sample ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( acid ( def9ite /r5g?4 ,! portion :i* dissolves "u ! influ5ce ( acids has be5 look$ ^u z a r\gh measure ( ! possible f]tility ( ! soil4 ,! column head$ ,insoluble ,residue %[s ! av]age proportions ( arid & humid soils :i* rema9 undissolv$ by acids4 ,x is evid5t at once t ! humid soils are mu* less soluble 9 acids ?an arid soils1 ! diff]5ce be+ #hd to #fi4 ,s9ce ! only plant-food 9 soils t may be us$ = plant production is t :i* is soluble1 x foll[s t x is safe to assume t arid soils are g5]ally m f]tile ?an humid soils4 ,?is is borne out by a /udy ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil4 ,= in/ance1 pota%1 "o ( ! ess5tial plant foods ord9>ily pres5t 9 suffici5t am\nt1 is f\nd 9 humid soils to ! ext5t ( #j4ba p] c5t1 :ile 9 arid soils ! quantity pres5t is #j4fg p] c5t1 or ov] ?ree times z mu*4 ,phosphoric acid1 ano!r ( ! v important plant-foods1 is pres5t 9 arid soils 9 only slightly high] quantities ?an 9 humid soils4 ,?is expla9s ! some:at well-kn[n fact t ! fir/ f]tiliz] ord9>ily requir$ by arid soils is "s =m ( phosphorus3 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! *emical composition ( arid & humid soils is p]haps %[n n[h]e bett] ?an 9 ! lime cont5t4 ,!re is ne>ly elev5 times m lime 9 arid ?an 9 humid soils4 ,conditions ( aridity favor /rongly ! =mation ( lime1 & s9ce !re is v little lea*+ ( ! soil by ra9fall1 ! lime accumulates 9 ! soil4 ,! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( lime 9 arid soils has a numb] ( di/9ct advantages1 among :i* ! foll[+ are mo/ important3 7#a7 ,x prev5ts ! s\r condition frequ5tly pres5t 9 humid climates1 :]e mu* organic mat]ial is incorporat$ ) ! soil4 7#b7 ,:5 o!r conditions are favorable1 x enc\rages bact]ial life :i*1 z is n[ a well-kn[n fact1 is an important factor 9 develop+ & ma9ta9+ soil f]tility4 7#c7 ,by some:at subtle *emical *anges x makes ! relatively small p]c5tages ( o!r plant-foods notably phosphoric acid & pota%1 m available = plant gr[?4 7#d7 ,x aids to conv]t rapidly organic matt] into humus :i* repres5ts ! ma9 portion ( ! nitrog5 cont5t ( ! soil4 ,( c\rse1 an excess ( lime 9 ! soil may be hurtful1 ?\gh less s 9 arid ?an 9 humid regions4 ,"s au?ors /ate t f #h to #bj p] c5t ( calcium c>bonate makes a soil unfitt$ = plant gr[?4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a great _m agricultural soils cov]+ l>ge areas & yield+ v abundant crops :i* conta9 v mu* l>g] quantities ( calcium c>bonate4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,sanpete ,valley ( ,utah1 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile sections ( ! ,great ,bas91 agricultural soils (t5 conta9 z high z #dj p] c5t ( calcium c>bonate1 )\t injury to _! crop-produc+ p[]4 ,9 ! table are two columns head$ ,soluble ,silica & ,alum9a1 9 bo? ( :i* x is evid5t t a v mu* l>g] p] c5t is f\nd 9 ! arid ?an 9 ! humid soils4 ,^! soil con/itu5ts indicate ! condition ( ! soil ) ref]5ce to ! availability ( its f]tility = plant use4 ,! high] ! p]c5tage ( soluble silica & alum9a1 ! m ?or\ghly decompos$1 9 all probability1 is ! soil z a :ole & ! m readily c plants secure _! nutrim5t f ! soil4 ,x w be obs]v$ f ! table1 z previ\sly /at$1 t m humus is f\nd 9 humid ?an 9 arid soils1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce is n s l>ge z might be expect$4 ,x %\ld be recall$1 h[ev]1 t ! nitrog5 cont5t ( humus =m$ "u ra9less conditions is _m times l>g] ?an t ( humus =m$ 9 ra9y c\ntries1 & t ! small] p] c5t ( humus 9 dry-f>m+ c\ntries is !reby (fset4 ,all 9 all1 ! composition ( arid soils is v mu* m favorable to plant gr[? ?an t ( humid soils4 ,z w be %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 ! great] f]tility ( arid soils is "o ( ! *ief reasons = dry-f>m+ success4 ,dep? ( ! soil alone does n suffice4 ,!re mu/ be a l>ge am\nt ( high f]tility available = plants 9 ord] t ! small am\nt ( wat] c be fully utiliz$ 9 plant gr[?4 ,summ>y ( *>act]i/ics4--,arid soils diff] f humid soils 9 t !y conta93 less clay2 m s&1 b ( f]tile nature because x is d]iv$ f rocks t 9 humid c\ntries w\ld produce clay2 less humus1 b t ( a k9d :i* conta9s ab\t #c-a_/b times m nitrog5 ?an ! humus ( humid soils2 m lime1 :i* helps 9 a v>iety ( ways to improve ! agricultural value ( soils2 m ( all ! ess5tial plant-foods1 because ! lea*+ by d[nw>d dra9age is v small 9 c\ntries ( limit$ ra9fall4 ,fur!r1 arid soils %[ no real diff]5ce betwe5 soil & subsoil2 !y are deep] & m p]meable2 !y are m uni=m 9 /ructure2 !y h h>dpans in/ead ( clay subsoil1 :i*1 h[ev]1 disappe> "u ! influ5ce ( cultivation2 _! subsoils to a dep? ( t5 feet or m are z f]tile z ! topsoil1 & ! availability ( ! f]tility is great]4 ,! failure to recognize ^! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 arid & humid soils has be5 ! *ief cause = _m crop failures 9 ! m or less ra9less regions ( ! _w4 ,?is brief review %[s t1 ev]y?+ consid]$1 arid soils are sup]ior to humid soils4 ,9 ease ( h&l+1 productivity1 c]ta9ty ( crop-la/+ quality1 !y f> surpass ! soils ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* sci5tific agriculture 0 f\nd$4 ,z ,hilg>d has sugge/$1 ! hi/orical datum t ! majority ( ! mo/ popul\s & p[]ful hi/orical peoples ( ! _w h be5 locat$ on soils t ?ir/ = wat]1 may f9d its explanation 9 ! intr9sic value ( arid soils4 ,f ,babylon to ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a f> cry2 b x is "o t %\ts to ! _w ! sup]lative m]its ( ! soil t begs = wat]4 ,to le>n h[ to use ! des]t is to make x blossom l ! rose4 ,soil divisions ,! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be divid$ r\ghly into five great soil di/ricts1 ea* ( :i* includes a great v>iety ( soil types1 mo/ ( :i* are poorly kn[n & mapp$4 ,^! di/ricts are3-- #a4 ,great ,pla9s di/rict4 #b4 ,columbia ,riv] di/rict #c4 ,great ,bas9 di/rict4 #d4 ,colorado ,riv] di/rict4 #e4 ,cali=nia di/rict4 ,great ,pla9s di/rict4--,on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ext5d+ ea/w>d to ! extreme b\nd>y ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory1 are ! soils ( ! ,high ,pla9s & ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,?is va/ soil di/rict belongs to ! dra9age bas9 ( ! ,miss\ri1 & includes ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,oklahoma1 & p>ts ( ,montana1 ,wyom+1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,texas1 & ,m9nesota4 ,! soils ( ?is di/rict are usually ( high f]tility4 ,!y h good la/+ p[]1 ?\gh ! effect ( ! high] ra9fall is evid5t 9 _! composition4 ,_m ( ! di/9ct types ( ! pla9s soils h be5 det]m9$ ) consid]able c>e by ,snyd] & ,lyon1 & may be f\nd describ$ 9 ,bailey's ,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,agriculture1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,columbia ,riv] di/rict4--,! second great soil di/rict ( ! dry-f>m+ t]ritory is locat$ 9 ! dra9age bas9 ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 & includes ,idaho & ! ea/]n two ?irds ( ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,! high pla9s ( ?is soil di/rict are (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,pal\se c\ntry4 ,! soils ( ! we/]n "p ( ?is di/rict are ( basaltic orig92 ov] ! s\!rn "p ( ,idaho ! soils h be5 made f a some:at rec5t lava fl[ :i* 9 _m places is only a few feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! soils ( ?is di/rict are g5]ally ( volcanic orig9 & v mu* alike4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by ! prop]ties :i* normally belong to volcanic soils2 some:at poor 9 lime1 b ri* 9 pota% & phosphoric acid4 ,!y la/ well "u ord9>y me?ods ( tillage4 ,! ,great ,bas94--,! ?ird great soil di/rict is includ$ 9 ! ,great ,bas91 :i* cov]s ne>ly all ( ,nevada1 half ( ,utah1 & takes small portions out ( ,idaho1 ,oregon1 & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,?is bas9 has no outlet to ! sea4 ,its riv]s empty into great sal9e inl& lakes1 ! *ief ( :i* is ! ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,! sizes ( ^! int]ior lakes are det]m9$ by ! am\nts ( wat] fl[+ into !m & ! rates ( evaporation ( ! wat] into ! dry air ( ! region4 ,9 rec5t geological times1 ! ,great ,bas9 0 fill$ ) wat]1 =m+ a va/ fre%-wat] lake kn[n z ,lake ,bonneville1 :i* dra9$ into ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is lake1 soil mat]ials 7 wa%$ f ! m\nta9s into ! lake & deposit$ on ! lake bottom4 ,:5 at l5g?1 ! lake disappe>$1 ! lake bottom 0 expos$ & is n[ ! f>m+ l&s ( ! ,great ,bas9 di/rict4 ,! soils ( ?is di/rict are *>act]iz$ by great dep? & uni=mity1 an abundance ( lime1 & all ! ess5tial plant-foods ) ! exception ( phosphoric acid1 :i*1 :ile pres5t 9 normal quantities1 is n unusually abundant4 ,! ,great ,bas9 soils are among ! mo/ f]tile on ! ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,colorado ,riv] di/rict4--,! f\r? soil di/rict lies 9 ! dra9age bas9 ( ! ,colorado ,riv] ,x includes mu* ( ! s\!rn "p ( ,utah1 ! ea/]n "p ( ,colorado1 "p ( ,new ,mexico1 ne>ly all ( ,arizona1 & "p ( s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,?is di/rict1 9 its nor!rn "p1 is (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,high ,plateaus4 ,! soils are =m$ f ! easily dis9tegrat$ rocks ( comp>atively rec5t geological orig91 :i* !mselves are said to h be5 =m$ f deposits 9 a %all[ int]ior sea :i* cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ! ,we/4 ,! riv]s runn+ ?r\gh ?is di/rict h cut imm5se canons ) p]p5dicul> walls :i* make mu* ( ?is c\ntry difficult to trav]se4 ,"s ( ! soils are ( an extremely f9e nature1 settl+ firmly & requir+ consid]able tillage be=e !y are br\ght to a prop] condition ( til?4 ,9 _m places ! soils are heavily *>g$ ) calcium sulfate1 or cry/als ( ! ord9>y l& pla/]4 ,! f]tility ( ! soils1 h[ev]1 is high1 & :5 !y are prop]ly cultivat$1 !y yield l>ge & excell5t crops4 ,cali=nia di/rict4--,! fif? soil di/rict lies 9 ,cali=nia 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 riv]s4 ,! soils are ( ! typical arid k9d ( high f]tility & great la/+ p[]s4 ,!y repres5t "s ( ! mo/ valuable dry-f>m di/ricts ( ! ,we/4 ,^! soils h be5 /udi$ 9 detail by ,hilg>d4 ,dry-f>m+ 9 ! five di/ricts4--,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 all ( ^! five great soil di/ricts dry-f>m+ has be5 tri$ ) great success4 ,ev5 9 ! ,great ,bas9 & ! ,colorado ,riv] di/ricts1 :]e extreme des]t conditions (t5 prevail & :]e ! ra9fall is slight1 x has be5 f\nd possible to produce pr(itable crops )\t irrigation4 ,x is un=tunate t ! /udy ( ! dry-f>m+ t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n progress$ f> en\gh to p]mit a compreh5sive & correct mapp+ ( its soils4 ,our k ( ?is subject is1 at ! be/1 fragm5t>y4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 ) c]ta9ty t ! prop]ties :i* *>act]ize arid soils1 z describ$ 9 ?is *apt]' are possess$ by ! soils ( ! dry-f>m+ t]ritory1 includ+ ! five great di/ricts j enum]at$4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( arid id soils increase z ! ra9fall decreases & o!r conditions ( aridity increase4 ,!y are less m>k$ z we g ea/w>d or we/w>d t[>d ! regions ( m abundant ra9fall2 t is to say1 ! mo/ highly develop$ arid soils are f\nd 9 ! ,great ,bas9 & ,colorado ,riv] di/ricts4 ,! lea/ develop$ are on ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,! judg+ ( soils ,a *emical analysis ( a soil1 unless accompani$ by a l>ge am\nt ( o!r in=mation1 is ( little value to ! f>m]4 ,! ma9 po9ts 9 judg+ a prospective dry-f>m are3 ! dep? ( ! soil1 ! uni=mity ( ! soil to a dep? ( at lea/ #aj feet1 ! native vegetation1 ! climatic conditions z relat+ to e>ly & late fro/s1 ! total annual ra9fall & its di/ribution1 & ! k9ds & yields ( crops t h be5 gr[n 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! dep? ( ! soil is be/ det]m9$ by ! use ( an aug]4 ,a simple soil aug] is made f ! ord9>y c>p5t]'s aug]1 #a-a_/b to #b in*es 9 diamet]1 by l5g!n+ its %aft to #c feet or m4 ,:]e x is n desirable to c>ry sectional aug]s1 x is (t5 advisable to h ?ree aug]s made3 "o #c feet1 ! o!r #f1 & ! ?ird #i or #aj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! %ort aug] is us$ fir/ & ! o!rs aft]w>ds z ! dep? ( ! bor+ increases4 ,! bor+ %\ld he made 9 a l>ge numb] ( av]age places--pref]ably "o bor+ or m on ea* acre if "t & circum/ances p]mit--& ! results ent]$ on a map ( ! f>m4 ,! uni=mity ( ! soil is obs]v$ z ! bor+ progresses4 ,if gravel lay]s exi/1 !y w necess>ily /op ! progress ( ! bor+4 ,h>dpans ( any k9d w also be reveal$ by su* an exam9ation4 ,! climatic in=mation mu/ be ga!r$ f ! local wea!r bureau & f old] resid5ts ( ! section4 ,! native vegetation is always an excell5t index ( dry-f>m possibilities4 ,if a good /& ( native grasses exi/s1 !re c sc>cely be any d\bt ab\t ! ultimate success ( dry-f>m+ "u prop] cultural me?ods4 ,a heal?y crop ( sagebru% is an almo/ absolutely c]ta9 indication t f>m+ )\t irrigation is feasible4 ,! rabbit bru% ( ! dri] regions is also usually a good indication1 ?\gh x frequ5tly indicates a soil n easily h&l$4 ,greasewood1 %adscale1 & o!r relat$ plants ord9>ily indicate heavy clay soils frequ5tly *>g$ ) alkali4 ,su* soils %\ld be ! la/ *oice = dry-f>m+ purposes1 ?\gh !y usually give good satisfaction "u sy/ems ( irrigation4 ,if ! native c$> or o!r native trees gr[ 9 pr(usion1 x is ano!r indication ( good dry-f>m possibilities4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,root ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,plants ,! great dep? & high f]tility ( ! soils ( arid & semi>id regions h made possible ! pr(itable production ( agricultural plants "u a ra9fall v mu* l[] ?an t ( humid regions4 ,to make ! pr9ciples ( ?is sy/em fully und]/ood1 x is necess>y to review briefly our k ( ! root sy/ems ( plants gr[+ "u arid conditions4 ,functions ( roots ,! roots s]ve at lea/ ?ree di/9ct uses or purposes3 ,fir/1 !y give ! plant a foo?old 9 ! e>?2 secondly1 !y enable ! plant to secure f ! soil ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] ne$$ 9 plant gr[?1 &1 ?irdly1 !y enable ! plant to secure ! indisp5sable m9]al foods :i* c be obta9$ only f ! soil4 ,s important is ! prop] supply ( wat] & food 9 ! gr[? ( a plant t1 9 a giv5 soil1 ! crop yield is usually 9 direct proportion to ! developm5t ( ! root sy/em4 ,:5ev] ! roots are h9d]$ 9 _! developm5t1 ! gr[? ( ! plant above gr\nd is likewise ret>d$1 & crop failure may result4 ,! importance ( roots is n fully appreciat$ because !y are hidd5 f direct view4 ,successful dry-f>m+ consi/s1 l>gely 9 ! adoption ( practices t facilitate a full & free developm5t-( plant roots4 ,7 x n t ! nature ( arid soils1 z expla9$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 is su* t full root developm5t is comp>atively easy1 x w\ld probably be useless to attempt to e/abli% a sy/em ( dry-f>m+4 ,k9ds ( roots ,! root is ! "p ( ! plant t is f\nd und]gr\nd4 ,x has num]\s bran*es1 twigs1 & filam5ts4 ,! root :i* fir/ =ms :5 ! se$ bur/s is kn[n z ! prim>y root4 ,f ?is prim>y root o!r roots develop1 :i* are kn[n z second>y roots4 ,:5 ! prim>y root gr[s m rapidly ?an ! second>y roots1 ! s-call$ taproot1 *>act]i/ic ( luc]ne1 clov]1 & simil> plants1 is =m$4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! taproot gr[s sl[ly or ceases its gr[?1 & ! num]\s second>y roots gr[ long1 a fibr\s root sy/em results1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! c]eals1 grasses1 corn1 & o!r simil> plants4 ,) any type ( root1 ! t5d5cy ( gr[? is d[nw>d2 ?\gh "u conditions t are n favorable = ! d[nw>d p5etration ( ! roots ! lat]al ext5sions may be v l>ge & ne> ! surface ,ext5t ( roots ,a numb] ( inve/igators h attempt$ to det]m9e ! weight ( ! roots z comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! plant above gr\nd1 hut ! subject1 because ( its great exp]im5tal difficulties1 has n be5 v accurately expla9$4 ,s*uma*]1 exp]im5t+ ab\t #ahfg1 f\nd t ! roots ( a well-e/abli%$ field ( clov] weigh$ z mu* z ! total weight ( ! /ems & leaves ( ! ye>'s crop1 & t ! weight ( roots ( an oat crop 0 #dc p] c5t ( ! total weight ( se$ & /raw4 ,nobbe1 a few ye>s lat]1 f\nd 9 "o ( 8 exp]im5ts t ! roots ( timo?y weigh$ #ca p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! hay4 ,hosaeus1 inve/igat+ ! same subject ab\t ! same "t1 f\nd t ! weight ( roots ( "o ( ! brome grasses 0 z great z ! weight ( ! "p above gr\nd2 ( s]radella1 #gg p] c5t2 ( flax1 #cd p] c5t2 ( oats1 #ad p] c5t2 ( b>ley1 #ac p] c5t1 & ( peas1 #i p] c5t4 ,sanborn1 work+ at ! ,utah ,/ation 9 #ahic1 f\nd results v mu* ! same ,al?\gh ^! results are n concordant1 !y %[ t ! weight ( ! roots is consid]able1 9 _m cases f> beyond ! belief ( ^? :o h giv5 ! subject little or no att5tion4 ,x may be not$ t on ! basis ( ! figures above obta9$1 x is v probable t ! roots 9 "o acre ( an av]age :eat crop w\ld weigh 9 ! neighborhood ( a ?\s& p\nds--possibly consid]ably m4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! inve/igations :i* yield$ ! prec$+ results 7 all conduct$ 9 humid climates & at a "t :5 ! me?ods = ! /udy ( ! root sy/ems 7 poorly develop$4 ,! data obta9$1 !re=e1 repres5t1 9 all probability1 m9imum results :i* w\ld be mat]ially increas$ %\ld ! "w be repeat$ n[4 ,! relative weights ( ! roots & ! /ems & ! leaves d n alone %[ ! l>ge quantity ( roots2 ! total l5g?s ( ! roots are ev5 m /rik+4 ,! ,g]man inve/igator1 ,nobbe1 9 a labori\s exp]im5t conduct$ ab\t #ahfg1 add$ ! l5g?s ( all ! f9e roots f ea* ( v>i\s plants4 ,he f\nd t ! total l5g? ( roots1 t is1 ! sum ( ! l5g?s ( all ! roots1 ( "o :eat plant 0 ab\t #bfh feet1 & t ! total l5g? ( ! roots ( "o plant ( rye 0 ab\t #che feet4 ,k+1 ( ,wiscons91 e/imates t 9 "o ( 8 exp]im5ts1 "o corn plant produc$ 9 ! upp] #c feet ( soil #adeb feet ( roots4 ,^! surpris+ly l>ge numb]s indicate ) emphasis ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! roots invade ! soil4 ,dep? ( root p5etration ,! e>li] root /udies did n pret5d to det]m9e ! dep? to :i* roots actually p5etrate ! e>?4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts 7 made by ! ,new ,york1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ,kansas1 ,colorado1 & especially ! ,nor? ,dakota /ations to obta9 accurate in=mation conc]n+ ! dep? to :i* agricultural plants p5etrate soils4 ,x is some:at regrettable1 = ! purpose ( dry-f>m+1 t ^! /ates1 ) ! exception ( ,colorado1 are all 9 ! humid or sub-humid area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,nev]!less1 ! conclusions drawn f ! "w are su* t !y may be safely appli$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! pr9ciples ( dry-f>m+4 ,!re is a g5]al belief among f>m]s t ! roots ( all cultivat$ crops are v ne> ! surface & t few rea* a great] dep? ?an "o or two feet4 ,! fir/ /rik+ result ( ! ,am]ican inve/igations 0 t e crop1 )\t exception1 p5etrates ! soil deep] ?an 0 ?\ght possible 9 e>li] days4 ,= example1 x 0 f\nd t corn roots p5etrat$ fully f\r feet into ! gr\nd & t !y fully occupi$ all ( ! soil to t dep?4 ,on deep] & some:at dri] soils1 corn roots w5t d[n z f> z eight feet4 ,! roots ( ! small gra9s1--:eat1 oats1 b>ley1--p5etrat$ ! soil f f\r to eight or t5 feet4 ,v>i\s p]5nial grasses root$ to a dep? ( f\r feet ! fir/ ye>2 ! next ye>1 five & "o half feet2 no det]m9ations 7 made ( ! dep? ( ! roots 9 lat] ye>s1 ?\gh x _h und\bt$ly increas$4 ,alfalfa 0 ! deepe/ root$ ( all ! crops /udi$ by ! ,am]ican /ations4 ,potato roots fill$ ! soil fully to a dep? ( ?ree feet2 sug> beets to a dep? ( ne>ly f\r feet4 ,sug> ,beet ,roots ,9 e case1 "u conditions prevail+ 9 ! exp]im5ts1 & :i* did n h 9 m9d ! =c+ ( ! roots d[n to extraord9>y dep?s1 x seem$ t ! normal dep? ( ! roots ( ord9>y field crops 0 f ?ree to eight feet4 ,sub-soil+ & deep pl[+ enable ! roots to g deep] into ! soil4 ,?is "w has be5 confirm$ 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce until !re c be little "q ab\t ! accuracy ( ! results4 ,almo/ all ( ^! results 7 obta9$ 9 humid climates on humid soils1 some:at %all[1 & und]la9 by a m or less inf]tile subsoil4 ,9 fact1 !y 7 obta9$ "u conditions really unfavorable to plant gr[?4 ,x has be5 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,v t soils =m$ "u arid or semi>id conditions are uni=mly deep & por\s & t ! f]tility ( ! subsoil is1 9 mo/ cases1 practically z great z ( ! topsoil4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 9 arid soils1 an excell5t opportunity = a comp>atively easy p5etration ( ! roots to great dep?s &1 because ( ! available f]tility1 a *ance ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! subsoil = ample root developm5t4 ,moreov]1 ! por\s condition ( ! soil p]mits ! entrance ( air1 :i* helps to purify ! soil atmosph]e & !reby to make ! conditions m favorable = root developm5t4 ,consequ5tly x is to be expect$ t1 9 arid regions1 roots w ord9>ily g to a mu* great] dep? ?an 9 humid regions4 ,x is fur!r to be rememb]$ t roots are 9 con/ant se>* ( food & wat] & are likely to develop 9 ! directions :]e !re is ! greate/ abundance ( ^! mat]ials4 ,"u sy/ems ( dry-f>m+ ! soil wat] is /or$ m or less uni=mly to consid]able dep?s--t5 feet or m--& 9 mo/ cases ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 ! spr+ & summ] is z l>ge or l>g] "s feet bel[ ! surface ?an 9 ! upp] two feet4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! root is1 !n1 to move d[nw>d to dep?s :]e !re is a l>g] supply ( wat]4 ,especially is ?is t5d5cy increas$ by ! available soil f]tility f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole dep? ( ! soil mass4 ,x has be5 argu$ t 9 _m ( ! irrigat$ sections ! roots d n p5etrate ! soil to great dep?s4 ,?is is true1 because by ! pres5t wa/eful me?ods ( irrigation ! plant receives s mu* wat] at su* untimely seasons t ! roots acquire ! habit ( fe$+ v ne> ! surface :]e ! wat] is s lavi%ly appli$4 ,?is means n only t ! plant suff]s m greatly 9 times ( dr\?1 b t1 s9ce ! fe$+ gr\nd ( ! roots is small]1 ! crop is likely to be small4 ,^! d$uctions z to ! dep? to :i* plant roots w p5etrate ! soil 9 arid regions are fully corroborat$ by exp]im5ts & g5]al obs]vation4 ,! work]s ( ! ,utah ,/ation h repeat$ly obs]v$ plant roots on dry-f>ms to a dep? ( t5 feet4 ,luc]ne roots f ?irty to fifty feet 9 l5g? are frequ5tly expos$ 9 ! gullies =m$ by ! m\nta9 torr5ts4 ,roots ( trees1 simil>ly1 g d[n to great dep?s4 ,hilg>d obs]ves t he has f\nd roots ( grapev9es at a dep? ( tw5ty-two feet bel[ ! surface1 & quotes ,aughey z hav+ f\nd roots ( ! native ,%eph]dia 9 ,nebraska to a dep? ( fifty feet4 ,hilg>d fur!r decl>es t 9 ,cali=nia fibr\s-root$ plants1 su* z :eat & b>ley1 may desc5d 9 s&y soils f f\r to sev5 feet4 ,or*>d trees 9 ! arid ,we/1 gr[n prop]ly1 are simil>ly obs]v$ to s5d _! roots d[n to great dep?s4 ,9 fact1 x has become a cu/om 9 _m arid regions :]e ! soils are easily p5etrable to say t ! root sy/em ( a tree corresponds 9 ext5t & bran*+ to ! "p ( ! tree above gr\nd4 ,n[1 x is to be obs]v$ t1 g5]ally1 plants gr[n 9 dry climates s5d _! roots /raight d[n into ! soil2 :]eas 9 humid climates1 :]e ! topsoil is q moi/ & ! subsoil is h>d1 roots bran* out lat]ally & fill ! upp] foot or two ( ! soil4 ,a great deal has be5 said & writt5 ab\t ! dang] ( deep cultivation1 because x t5ds to injure ! roots t fe$ ne> ! surface4 ,h[ev] true ?is may be 9 humid c\ntries1 x is n vital 9 ! di/ricts prim>ily int]e/$ 9 dry-f>m+2 & x is d\btful if ! objection is z valid 9 humid c\ntries z is (t5 decl>$4 ,true1 deep cultivation1 especially :5 p]=m$ ne> ! plant or tree1 de/roys ! surface-fe$+ roots1 b ?is only t5ds to compel ! deep] ly+ roots to make bett] use ( ! subsoil4 ,:51 z 9 arid regions1 ! subsoil is f]tile & furni%es a suffici5t am\nt ( wat]1 de/roy+ ! surface roots is no h&icap :atev]4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 times ( dr\?1 ! deep-ly+ roots fe$ & dr9k at _! leisure f> f ! hot sun or )]+ w9ds1 & ! plants survive & arrive at ri* maturity1 :ile ! plants ) %all[ roots )] & die or are s s]i\sly injur$ z to produce an inf]ior crop4 ,!re=e1 9 ! sy/em ( dry-f>m+ z develop$ 9 ?is volume1 x mu/ be und]/ood t s f> z ! f>m] has p[]1 ! roots mu/ be driv5 d[nw>d into ! soil1 & t no injury ne$s to be appreh5d$ f deep & vigor\s cultivation4 ,"o ( ! *ief attempts ( ! dry-f>m] mu/ be to see to x t ! plants root deeply4 ,?is c be done only by prep>+ ! "r k9d ( se$-b$ & by hav+ ! soil 9 its l[] dep?s well-/or$ ) moi/ure1 s t ! plants may be invit$ to desc5d4 ,= t reason1 an excess ( moi/ure 9 ! upp] soil :5 ! "y plants are root+ is really an injury to !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,/or+ ,,wat] ,,9 ,,! ,,soil ,! l>ge am\nt ( wat] requir$ = ! production ( plant sub/ance is tak5 f ! soil by ! roots4 ,leaves & /ems d n absorb appreciable quantities ( wat]4 ,! scanty ra9fall ( dry-f>m di/ricts or ! m abundant precipitation ( humid regions mu/1 !re=e1 be made to ent] ! soil 9 su* a mann] z to be readily available z soil-moi/ure to ! roots at ! "r p]iods ( plant gr[?4 ,9 humid c\ntries1 ! ra9 t falls dur+ ! gr[+ season is look$ ^u1 & v prop]ly1 z ! really effective factor 9 ! production ( l>ge crops4 ,! root sy/ems ( plants gr[n "u su* humid conditions are ne> ! surface1 ready to absorb imm$iately ! ra9s t fall1 ev5 if !y d n soak deeply into ! soil4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 x is only ov] a small portion ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory t ! bulk ( ! scanty precipitation occurs dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,ov] a l>ge portion ( ! arid & semi>id region ! summ]s are almo/ ra9less & ! bulk ( ! precipitation comes 9 ! w9t]1 late fall1 or e>ly spr+ :5 plants are n gr[+4 ,if ! ra9s t fall dur+ ! gr[+ season are indisp5sable 9 crop production1 ! possible area to be reclaim$ by dry-f>m+ w be greatly limit$4 ,ev5 :5 mu* ( ! total precipitation comes 9 summ]1 ! am\nt 9 dry-f>m di/ricts is seldom suffici5t = ! prop] matur+ ( crops4 ,9 fact1 successful dry-f>m+ dep5ds *iefly ^u ! success ) :i* ! ra9s t fall dur+ any season ( ! ye> may be /or$ & kept 9 ! soil until ne$$ by plants 9 _! gr[?4 ,! fundam5tal op]ations ( dry-f>m+ include a soil treatm5t :i* enables ! l>ge/ possible proportion ( ! annual precipitation to be /or$ 9 ! soil4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! deep1 some:at por\s soils1 *>act]i/ic ( arid regions1 are unusually well adapt$4 ,alway's demon/ration ,an important & unique demon/ration ( ! possibility ( br++ crops to maturity on ! moi/ure /or$ 9 ! soil at ! "t ( plant+ has be5 made by ,alway4 ,cyl9d]s ( galvaniz$ iron1 #f feet long1 7 fill$ ) soil z ne>ly z possible 9 its natural position & condition ,wat] 0 add$ until seepage began1 aft] :i* ! excess 0 all[$ to dra9 away4 ,:5 ! seepage _h clos$1 ! cyl9d]s 7 entirely clos$ except at ! surface4 ,spr\t$ gra9s ( spr+ :eat 7 plac$ 9 ! moi/ surface soil1 & #a in* ( dry soil add$ to ! surface to prev5t evaporation4 ,no m wat] 0 add$2 ! air ( ! gre5h\se 0 kept z dry z possible4 ,! :eat develop$ normally4 ,! fir/ e> 0 ripe 9 #acb days aft] plant+ & ! la/ 9 #adc days4 ,! ?ree cyl9d]s ( soil f semi>id we/]n ,nebraska produc$ #cg4h grams ( /raw & #bi e>s1 conta9+ #dae k]nels weigh+ #aa4ahh grams4 ,! ?ree cyl9d]s ( soil f humid ea/]n ,nebraska produc$ only #aa4b grams ( /raw & #ac e>s conta9+ #aad k]nels1 weigh+ #c grams4 ,?is exp]im5t %[s conclusively t ra9s are n ne$$ dur+ ! gr[+ season1 if ! soil is well fill$ ) moi/ure at se$time1 to br+ crops to maturity4 ,:at becomes ( ! ra9fall8 ,! wat] t falls on ! l& is dispos$ ( 9 ?ree ways3 ,fir/1 "u ord9>y conditions1 a l>ge portion runs (f )\t ent]+ ! soil2 secondly1 a portion ent]s ! soil1 b rema9s ne> ! surface1 & is rapidly evaporat$ back into ! air2 &1 ?irdly1 a portion ent]s ! l[] soil lay]s1 f :i* x is remov$ at lat] p]iods by sev]al di/9ct processes4 ,! run-(f is usually l>ge & is a s]i\s loss1 especially 9 dry-f>m+ regions1 :]e ! abs5ce ( luxuriant vegetation1 ! some:at h>d1 sun-bak$ soils1 & ! num]\s dra9age *annels1 =m$ by successive torr5ts1 comb9e to furni% ! ra9s ) an easy escape into ! torr5tial riv]s4 ,p]sons famili> ) arid conditions "k h[ quickly ! n>r[ box canyons1 :i* (t5 dra9 ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 are fill$ ) ro>+ wat] aft] a comp>atively light ra9fall4 ,! run-(f ,! prop] cultivation ( ! soil dim9i%es v greatly ! loss due to run-(f1 b ev5 on su* soils ! proportion may (t5 be v great4 ,f>rel obs]v$ at "o ( ! ,utah /ations t dur+ a torr5tial ra9--#b4f in*es 9 #d h\rs--! surface ( ! summ] fall[$ plats 0 pack$ s solid t only "o f\r? in*1 or less ?an "o t5? ( ! :ole am\nt1 soak$ into ! soil1 :ile on a neighbor+ /ubble field1 :i* (f]$ great] h9drance to ! run-(f1 #a-a_/b in*es or ab\t #fj p] c5t 7 absorb$4 ,x is n possible "u any condition to prev5t ! run-(f altoge!r1 al?\gh x c usually be r$uc$ exce$+ly4 ,x is a common dry-f>m cu/om to pl[ along ! slopes ( ! f>m in/ead ( pl[+ up & d[n !m4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! wat] :i* runs d[n ! slopes is caught by ! succession ( furr[s & 9 t way ! run(f is dim9i%$4 ,dur+ ! fall[ season ! disk & smoo?+ h>r[s are run along ! hillsides = ! same purpose & ) results t are ne>ly always advantage\s to ! dry-f>m]4 ,( necessity1 ea* man mu/ /udy 8 own f>m 9 ord] to devise me?ods t w prev5t ! run-(f4 ,! /ructure ( soils ,be=e exam9+ m closely ! possibility ( /or+ wat] 9 soils a brief review ( ! /ructure ( soils is desirable4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 soil is ess5tially a mixture ( dis9tegrat$ rock & ! decompos+ rema9s ( plants4 ,! rock p>ticles :i* con/itute ! major portion ( soils v>y greatly 9 size4 ,! l>ge/ ones are (t5 #ejj times ! sizes ( ! smalle/4 ,x w\ld take #ej ( ! co>se/ s& p>ticles1 & #be1jjj ( ! f9e/ silt p>ticles1 to =m "o l9eal in*4 ,! clay p>ticles are (t5 small] & ( su* a nature t !y _c be accurately measur$4 ,! total numb] ( soil p>ticles 9 ev5 a small quantity ( cultivat$ soil is f> beyond ! ord9>y limits ( ?\ght1 rang+ f #abe1jjj p>ticles ( co>se s& to #ae1fbe1jjj1jjj1jjj p>ticles ( ! f9e/ silt 9 "o cubic in*4 ,9 o!r words1 if all ! p>ticles 9 "o cubic in* ( soil consi/+ ( f9e silt 7 plac$ side by side1 !y w\ld =m a cont9u\s *a9 ov] a ?\s& miles long4 ,! f>m]1 :5 he tills ! soil1 deals ) c\ntless numb]s ( individual soil gra9s1 f> surpass+ ! und]/&+ ( ! human m9d4 ,x is ! imm5se numb] ( con/itu5t soil p>ticles t gives to ! soil _m ( its mo/ valuable prop]ties4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t no natural soil is made up ( p>ticles all ( :i* are ( ! same size2 all sizes1 f ! co>se/ s& to ! f9e/ clay1 are usually pres5t4 ,^! p>ticles ( all sizes are n arrang$ 9 ! soil 9 a regul>1 ord]ly way2 !y are n plac$ side by side ) geometrical regul>ity2 !y are r jumbl$ toge!r 9 e possible way4 ,! l>g] s& gra9s t\* & =m comp>atively l>ge int]/itial spaces into :i* ! f9] silt & clay gra9s filt]4 ,!n1 aga91 ! clay p>ticles1 :i* h cem5t+ prop]ties1 b9d1 z x 71 "o p>ticle to ano!r4 ,a s& gra9 may h atta*$ to x hundr$s1 or x may be ?\s&s1 ( ! small] silt gra9s2 or a regim5t ( small] soil gra9s may !mselves be clu/]$ into "o l>ge gra9 by cem5t+ p[] ( ! clay4 ,fur!r1 9 ! pres5ce ( lime & simil> sub/ances1 ^! complex soil gra9s are gr\p$ into yet l>g] & m complex gr\ps4 ,! b5eficial effect ( lime is usually due to ?is p[] ( gr\p+ untold numb]s ( soil p>ticles into l>g] gr\ps4 ,:5 by correct soil culture ! individual soil gra9s are ?us gr\p$ into l>ge clu/]s1 ! soil is said to be 9 good til?4 ,any?+ t t5ds to de/roy ^! complex soil gra9s1 z1 = in/ance1 pl[+ ! soil :5 x is too wet1 weak5s ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ! soil4 ,?is complexity ( /ructure is "o ( ! *ief reasons = ! difficulty ( und]/&+ cle>ly ! physical laws gov]n+ soils4 ,pore-space ( soils ,x foll[s f ?is description ( soil /ructure t ! soil gra9s d n fill ! :ole ( ! soil space4 ,! t5d5cy is r to =m clu/]s ( soil gra9s :i*1 ?\gh t\*+ at _m po9ts1 leave comp>atively l>ge empty spaces4 ,?is pore space 9 soils v>ies greatly1 b ) a maximum ( ab\t #ee p] c5t4 ,9 soils =m$ "u arid conditions ! p]c5tage ( pore-space is some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( #ej p] c5t4 ,!re are "s arid soils1 notably gypsum soils1 ! p>ticles ( :i* are s uni=m size t ! pore-space is exce$+ly small4 ,su* soils are always difficult to prep>e = agricultural purposes4 ,x is ! pore-space 9 soils t p]mits ! /orage ( soil-moi/ure2 & x is always important = ! f>m] s to ma9ta9 8 soil t ! pore-space is l>ge en\gh to give him ! be/ results1 n only = ! /orage ( moi/ure1 b = ! gr[? & developm5t ( roots1 & = ! entrance into ! soil ( air1 g]m life1 & o!r =ces t aid 9 mak+ ! soil fit = ! habitation ( plants4 ,?is c always be be/ accompli%$1 z w be %[n h]eaft]1 by deep pl[+1 :5 ! soil is n too wet1 ! exposure ( ! pl[$ soil to ! elem5ts1 ! frequ5t cultivation ( ! soil ?r\gh ! gr[+ season1 & ! admixture ( organic matt]4 ,! natural soil /ructure at dep?s n rea*$ by ! pl[ evid5tly _c be vitally *ang$ by ! f>m]4 ,hygroscopic soil-wat] ,"u normal conditions1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] is always f\nd 9 all ?+s occurr+ naturally1 soils includ$4 ,cl++ to e tree1 /one1 or animal tissue is a small quantity ( moi/ure v>y+ ) ! temp]ature1 ! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! air1 & ) o!r well-kn[n factors4 ,x is impossible to rid any natural sub/ance :olly ( wat] )\t heat+ x to a high temp]ature4 ,?is wat] :i*1 app>5tly1 belongs to all natural objects is commonly call$ hygroscopic wat]4 ,hilg>d /ates t ! soils ( ! arid regions conta91 "u a temp]ature ( #ae deg ,c4 & an atmosph]e saturat$ ) wat]1 approximately #e-a_/b p] c5t ( hygroscopic wat]4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 ! air ov] ! arid region is f> f be+ saturat$ ) wat] & ! temp]ature is ev5 high] ?an #ae deg ,c41 & ! hygroscopic moi/ure actually f\nd 9 ! soils ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory is consid]ably small] ?an ! av]age above giv54 ,"u ! conditions prevail+ 9 ! ,great ,bas9 ! hygroscopic wat] ( soils v>ies f 4#ge p] c5t to #c-a_/b p] c5t2 ! av]age am\nt is n f> f #ab p] c5t4 ,:e!r or n ! hygroscopic wat] ( soils is ( value 9 plant gr[? is a disput$ "q4 ,hilg>d believes t ! hygroscopic moi/ure c be ( consid]able help 9 c>ry+ plants ?r\gh ra9less summ]s1 & fur!r1 t its pres5ce prev5ts ! heat+ ( ! soil p>ticles to a po9t dang]\s to plant roots4 ,o!r au?orities ma9ta9 e>ne/ly t ! hygroscopic soil-wat] is practically useless to plants4 ,consid]+ ! fact t wilt+ occurs long be=e ! hygroscopic wat] conta9$ 9 ! soil is rea*$1 x is v unlikely t wat] s held is ( any real b5efit to plant gr[?4 ,gravitational wat] ,x (t5 happ5s t a portion ( ! wat] 9 ! soil is "u ! imm$iate influ5ce ( gravitation4 ,= in/ance1 a /one :i*1 normally1 is cov]$ ) hygroscopic wat] is dipp$ into wat] ,! hydroscopic wat] is n !reby affect$1 b z ! /one is drawn out ( ! wat] a good "p ( ! wat] runs (f4 ,?is is gravitational wat] ,t is1 ! gravitational wat] ( soils is t portion ( ! soil-wat] :i* fill+ ! soil pores1 fl[s d[nw>d ?r\gh ! soil "u ! influ5ce ( gravity4 ,:5 ! soil pores are completely fill$1 ! maximum am\nt ( gravitational wat] is f\nd !re4 ,9 ord9>y dry-f>m soils ?is total wat] capacity is betwe5 #ce & #dj p] c5t ( ! dry weight ( soil4 ,! gravitational soil-wat] _c long rema9 9 t condition2 =1 necess>ily1 ! pull ( gravity moves x d[nw>d ?r\gh ! soil pores & if conditions are favorable1 x f9ally rea*es ! /&+ wat]-table1 :5ce x is c>ri$ to ! great riv]s1 & f9ally to ! ocean4 ,9 humid soils1 "u a l>ge precipitation1 gravitational wat] moves d[n to ! /&+ wat]-table aft] e ra94 ,9 dry-f>m soils ! gravitational wat] seldom rea*es ! /&+ wat]-table2 =1 z x moves d[nw>d1 x wets ! soil gra9s & rema9s 9 ! capill>y condition z a ?9 film ar\nd ! soil gra9s4 ,to ! dry-f>m]1 ! full wat] capacity is ( importance only z x p]ta9s to ! upp] foot ( soil4 ,if1 by prop] pl[+ & cultivation1 ! upp] soil be loose & por\s1 ! precipitation is all[$ to soak quickly into ! soil1 away f ! action ( ! w9d & sun4 ,f ?is tempor>y res]voir1 ! wat]1 9 ob$i5ce to ! pull ( gravity1 w move sl[ly d[nw>d to ! great] soil dep?s1 :]e x w be /or$ p]man5tly until ne$$ by plants4 ,x is = ?is reason t dry-f>m]s f9d x pr(itable to pl[ 9 ! fall1 z soon z possible aft] h>ve/+4 ,9 fact1 ,campbell advocates t ! h>ve/] be foll[$ imm$iately by ! disk1 lat] to be foll[$ by ! pl[ ,! ess5tial ?+ is to keep ! topsoil op5 & receptive to a ra94 ,capill>y soil-wat] ,! s-call$ capill>y soil-wat] is ( greate/ importance to ! dry-f>m]4 ,?is is ! wat] t cl+s z a film ar\nd a m>ble t has be5 dipp$ into wat]4 ,!re is a natural attraction betwe5 wat] & ne>ly all kn[n sub/ances1 z is witness$ by ! fact t ne>ly all ?+s may be moi/5$4 ,! wat] is held ar\nd ! m>ble because ! attraction betwe5 ! m>ble & ! wat] is great] ?an ! pull ( gravity ^u ! wat]4 ,! great] ! attraction1 ! ?ick] ! film2 ! small] ! attraction1 ! ?9n] ! film w be4 ,! wat] t rises 9 a capill>y glass tube :5 plac$ 9 wat] does s by virtue ( ! attraction betwe5 wat] & glass4 ,frequ5tly1 ! =ce t makes capill>y wat] possible is call$ surface t5sion4 ,:5ev] !re is a suffici5t am\nt ( wat] available1 a ?9 film ( wat] is f\nd ar\nd e soil gra92 & :]e ! soil gra9s t\*1 or :]e !y are v ne> toge!r1 wat] is held pretty mu* z 9 capill>y tubes4 ,n only are ! soil p>ticles envelop$ by su* a film1 b ! plant roots =ag+ 9 ! soil are likewise cov]$2 t is1 ! :ole sy/em ( soil gra9s & roots is cov]$1 "u favorable conditions1 ) a ?9 film ( capill>y wat]4 ,x is ! wat] 9 ?is =m ^u :i* plants draw dur+ _! p]iods ( gr[?4 ,! hygroscopic wat] & ! gravitational wat] are ( comp>atively little value 9 plant gr[?4 ,field capacity ( soils = capill>y wat] ,! trem5d\sly l>ge numb] ( soil gra9s f\nd 9 ev5 a small am\nt ( soil makes x possible = ! soil to hold v l>ge quantities ( capill>y wat]4 ,to illu/rate3 ,9 "o cubic in* ( s& soil ! total surface expos$ by ! soil gra9s v>ies f #db squ>e in*es to #bg squ>e feet2 9 "o cubic in* ( silt soil1 f #bg squ>e feet to #gb squ>e feet1 & 9 "o cubic in* ( an ord9>y soil ! total surface expos$ by ! soil gra9s is ab\t #be squ>e feet4 ,?is means t ! total surface ( ! soil gra9s conta9$ 9 a column ( soil #a squ>e foot at ! top & #aj feet deep is approximately #aj acres4 ,:5 ev5 a ?9 film ( wat] is spread ov] su* a l>ge area1 x is cle> t ! total am\nt ( wat] involv$ mu/ be l>ge ,x is to be notic$1 !re=e1 t ! f95ess ( ! soil p>ticles previ\sly discuss$ has a direct be>+ ^u ! am\nt ( wat] t soils may reta9 = ! use ( plant gr[?4 ,z ! f95ess ( ! soil gra9s increases1 ! total surface increases' & ! wat]-hold+ capacity also increases4 ,naturally1 ! ?ickness ( a wat] film held ar\nd ! soil gra9s is v m9ute4 ,k+ has calculat$ t a film #bge million?s ( an in* ?ick1 cl++ ar\nd ! soil p>ticles1 is equival5t to #ad4bd p] c5t ( wat] 9 a heavy clay2 #g4b p] c5t 9 a loam2 #e4ba p] c5t 9 a s&y loam1 & #a4da p] c5t 9 a s&y soil4 ,x is important to "k ! l>ge/ am\nt ( wat] t soils c hold 9 a capill>y condition1 = ^u x dep5d1 9 a measure1 ! possibilities ( crop production "u dry-f>m+ conditions4 ,k+ /ates t ! l>ge/ am\nt ( capill>y wat] t c be held 9 s&y loams v>ies f #ag4fe p] c5t to #aj4fg p] c5t2 9 clay loams f #bb4fg p] c5t to #ah4af p] c5t1 & 9 humus soils 7:i* are practically unkn[n 9 dry-f>m sections7 f #dd4gb p] c5t to #ba4bi p] c5t4 ,^! results 7 n obta9$ "u dry-f>m conditions & mu/ be confirm$ by inve/igations ( arid soils4 ,! wat] t falls ^u dry-f>ms is v seldom suffici5t 9 quantity to rea* ! /&+ wat]-table1 & x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to det]m9e ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( wat] t a soil c hold "u ! influ5ce ( gravity d[n to a dep? ( #h or #aj feet--! dep? to :i* ! roots p5etrate & 9 :i* root action is di/9ctly felt4 ,?is is some:at difficult to det]m9e because ! _m conflict+ factors act+ ^u ! soil-wat] are seldom 9 equilibrium4 ,moreov]1 a consid]able "t mu/ usually elapse be=e ! ra9-wat] is ?or\ghly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! soil4 ,= in/ance1 9 s&y soils1 ! d[nw>d desc5t ( wat] is v rapid2 9 clay soils1 :]e ! prepond]ance ( f9e p>ticles makes m9ute soil pores1 !re is consid]able h9drance to ! desc5t ( wat]1 & x may take weeks or mon?s = equilibrium to be e/abli%$4 ,x is believ$ t 9 a dry-f>m di/rict1 :]e ! major "p ( ! precipitation comes dur+ w9t]1 ! e>ly spr+time1 be=e ! spr+ ra9s come1 is ! be/ "t = det]m9+ ! maximum wat] capacity ( a soil4 ,at t season ! wat]-dissipat+ influ5ces1 su* z sun%9e & high temp]ature1 are at a m9imum1 & a suffici5t "t has elaps$ to p]mit ! ra9s ( fall & w9t] to di/ribute !mselves uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! soil4 ,9 di/ricts ( high summ] precipitation1 ! late fall aft] a fall[ season w probably be ! be/ "t = ! det]m9ation ( ! field-wat] capacity4 ,exp]im5ts on ?is subject h be5 conduct$ at ! ,utah ,/ation4 ,z a result ( sev]al ?\s& trials x 0 f\nd t1 9 ! spr+1 a uni=m1 s&y loam soil ( true arid prop]ties conta9$1 f ye> to ye>1 an av]age ( ne>ly #af-a_/b p] c5t ( wat] to a dep? ( #h feet4 ,?is appe>$ to be practically ! maximum wat] capacity ( t soil "u field conditions1 & x may be call$ ! field capacity ( t soil = capill>y wat]4 ,o!r exp]im5ts on dry-f>ms %[$ ! field capacity ( a clay soil to a dep? ( #h feet to be #ai p] c5t2 ( a clay loam1 to be #ah p] c5t2 ( a loam1 #ag p] c5t2 ( ano!r loam some:at m s&y1 #af p] c5t2 ( a s&y loam1 #ad-a_/b p] c5t2 & ( a v s&y loam1 #ad p] c5t4 ,lea!r f\nd t 9 ! calc>e\s arid soil ( ,india ! upp] #e feet conta9$ #ah p] c5t ( wat] at ! close ( ! wet season4 ,x may be conclud$1 !re=e1 t ! field-wat] capacities ( ord9>y dry-f>m soils are n v high1 rang+ f #ae to #bj p] c5t1 ) an av]age = ord9>y dry-f>m soils 9 ! neighborhood ( #af or #ag p] c5t4 ,express$ 9 ano!r way ?is means t a lay] ( wat] f #b to #c in*es deep c be /or$ 9 ! soil to a dep? ( #ab in*es4 ,s&y soils w hold less wat] ?an clayey ones4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 ! dry-f>m region are num]\s types ( soils1 among !m "s consi/+ *iefly ( v f9e soil gra9s & :i* w\ld2 consequ5tly1 possess field-wat] capacities above ! av]age "h /at$4 ,! fir/ endeavor ( ! dry-f>m] %\ld be to h ! soil fill$ to its full field-wat] capacity be=e a crop is plant$4 ,d[nw>d movem5t ( soil-moi/ure ,"o ( ! *ief consid]ations 9 a discussion ( ! /or+ ( wat] 9 soils is ! dep? to :i* wat] may move "u ord9>y dry-f>m conditions4 ,9 humid regions1 :]e ! wat] table is ne> ! surface & :]e ! ra9fall is v abundant1 no "q has be5 rais$ conc]n+ ! possibility ( ! desc5t ( wat] ?r\gh ! soil to ! /&+ wat]4 ,consid]able objection1 h[ev]1 has be5 (f]$ to ! doctr9e t ! ra9fall ( arid di/ricts p5etrates ! soil to any great ext5t4 ,num]\s writ]s on ! subject intimate t ! ra9fall "u dry-f>m conditions rea*es at ! be/ ! upp] #c or #d feet ( soil4 ,?is _c be true1 = ! deep ri* soils ( ! arid region1 :i* nev] h be5 di/urb$ by ! husb&man1 are moi/ to v great dep?s4 ,9 ! des]ts ( ! ,great ,bas91 :]e vegetation is v scanty1 soil bor+s made almo/ any:]e w reveal ! fact t moi/ure exi/s 9 consid]able quantities to ! full dep? ( ! ord9>y soil aug]1 usually #aj feet4 ,! same is true = practically e di/rict ( ! arid region4 ,su* wat] has n come f bel[1 = 9 ! majority ( cases ! /&+ wat] is #ej to #ejj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,:itney made ?is obs]vation _m ye>s ago & report$ x z a /rik+ feature ( agriculture 9 arid regions1 wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,inve/igations made at ! ,utah ,/ation h %[n t undi/urb$ soils )9 ! ,great ,bas9 frequ5tly conta91 to a dep? ( #aj feet1 an am\nt ( wat] equival5t to #b or #c ye>s ( ! ra9fall :i* normally occurs 9 t locality4 ,^! quantities ( wat] c\ld n be f\nd 9 su* soils1 unless1 "u arid conditions1 wat] has ! p[] to move d[nw>d to consid]ably great] dep?s ?an is usually believ$ by dry-f>m]s4 ,9 a s]ies ( irrigation exp]im5ts conduct$ at ! ,utah ,/ation x 0 demon/rat$ t on a loam soil1 )9 a few h\rs aft] an irrigation1 "s ( ! wat] appli$ _h rea*$ ! eigh? foot1 or at lea/ _h increas$ ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! eigh? foot4 ,9 soil t 0 already well fill$ ) wat]1 ! addition ( wat] 0 felt di/9ctly to ! full dep? ( #h feet4 ,moreov]1 x 0 obs]v$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts t ev5 v small ra9s caus$ moi/ure *anges to consid]able dep?s a few h\rs aft] ! ra9 0 ov]4 ,= in/ance1 #j4ad ( an in* ( ra9fall 0 felt to a dep? ( #b feet )9 #c h\rs2 #j4ic ( an in* 0 felt to a dep? ( #c feet )9 ! same p]iod4 ,to det]m9e :e!r or n ! natural w9t] precipitation1 ^u :i* ! crops ( a l>ge portion ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory dep5d1 p5etrates ! soil to any great dep? a s]ies ( te/s 7 und]tak54 ,at ! close ( ! h>ve/ 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] ! soil 0 c>efully sampl$ to a dep? ( #h feet1 & 9 ! foll[+ spr+ simil> samples 7 tak5 on ! same soils to ! same dep?4 ,9 e case1 x 0 f\nd t ! w9t] precipitation _h caus$ moi/ure *anges to ! full dep? rea*$ by ! soil aug]4 ,moreov]1 ^! *anges 7 s great z to lead ! inve/igators to believe t moi/ure *anges _h occurr$ to great] dep?s4 ,9 di/ricts :]e ! major "p ( ! precipitation occurs dur+ ! summ] ! same law is und\bt$ly 9 op]ation2 b1 s9ce evaporation is mo/ active 9 ! summ]1 x is probable t a small] proportion rea*es ! great] soil dep?s4 ,9 ! ,great ,pla9s di/rict1 !re=e1 great] c>e w h to be ex]cis$ dur+ ! summ] 9 secur+ prop] wat] /orage ?an 9 ! ,great ,bas91 = in/ance4 ,! pr9ciple is1 nev]!less1 ! same4 ,burr1 work+ "u ,great ,pla9s conditions 9 ,nebraska1 has %[n t ! spr+ & summ] ra9s p5etrate ! soil to ! dep? ( #f feet1 ! av]age dep? ( ! bor+s1 & t x und\bt$ly affects ! soil-moi/ure to ! dep? ( #aj feet4 ,9 g5]al1 ! dry-f>m] may safely accept ! doctr9e t ! wat] t falls ^u 8 l& p5etrates ! soil f> beyond ! imm$iate rea* ( ! sun1 ?\gh n s f> away t plant roots _c make use ( x4 ,importance ( a moi/ subsoil ,9 ! consid]ation ( ! d[nw>d movem5t ( soil-wat] x is to be not$ t x is only :5 ! soil is tol]ably moi/ t ! natural precipitation moves rapidly & freely to ! deep] soil lay]s4 ,:5 ! soil is dry1 ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! wat] is mu* sl[] & ! bulk ( ! wat] is !n /or$ ne> ! surface :]e ! loss ( moi/ure goes on mo/ rapidly4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ repeat$ly 9 ! inve/igations at ! ,utah ,/ation t :5 des]t l& is brok5 = dry-f>m purposes & !n prop]ly cultivat$1 ! precipitation p5etrates f>!r & f>!r into ! soil ) e ye> ( cultivation4 ,= example1 on a dry-f>m1 ! soil ( :i* is clay loam1 & :i* 0 pl[$ 9 ! fall ( #aijd & f>m$ annually !reaft]1 ! eigh? foot conta9$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aije1 #f4ei p] c5t ( moi/ure2 9 ! spr+ ( #aijf1 #ac4aa p] c5t1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #aijg1 #ad4ge p] c5t ( moi/ure4 ,on ano!r f>m1 ) a v s&y soil & also pl[$ 9 ! fall ( #aijd1 !re 0 f\nd 9 ! eigh? foot 9 ! spr+ ( #aije1 #e4fc p] c5t ( moi/ure1 9 ! spr+ ( #aijf1 #aa4da p] c5t ( moi/ure1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #aijg1 #ae4di p] c5t ( moi/ure4 ,9 bo? ( ^! typical cases x is evid5t t z ! topsoil 0 loos5$1 ! full field wat] capacity ( ! soil 0 m ne>ly approa*$ to a great] dep?4 ,x w\ld seem t1 z ! l[] soil lay]s are moi/5$1 ! wat] is enabl$1 s to speak1 to slide d[n m easily into ! dep?s ( ! soil4 ,?is is a v important pr9ciple = ! dry f>m] to und]/&4 ,x is always dang]\s to p]mit ! soil ( a dry-f>m to become v dry1 especially bel[ ! fir/ foot4 ,dry-f>ms %\ld be s manipulat$ t ev5 at ! h>ve/+ season a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( wat] rema9s 9 ! soil to a dep? ( #h feet or m4 ,! l>g] ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! soil 9 ! fall1 ! m readily & quickly w ! wat] t falls on ! l& dur+ ! re/+ p]iod ( fall1 w9t]1 & e>ly spr+ s9k into ! soil & move away f ! topsoil4 ,! top or fir/ foot w always conta9 ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( wat] because x is ! *ief receptacle ( ! wat] t falls z ra9 or sn[ b :5 ! subsoil is prop]ly moi/1 ! wat] w m completely leave ! topsoil4 ,fur!r1 crops plant$ on a soil saturat$ ) wat] to a dep? ( #h feet are almo/ c]ta9 to mature & yield well4 ,if ! field-wat] capacity has n be5 fill$1 !re is always ! dang] t an unusually dry season or a s]ies ( hot w9ds or o!r l circum/ances may ei!r s]i\sly injure ! crop or cause a complete failure4 ,! dry-f>m] %\ld keep a surplus ( moi/ure 9 ! soil to be c>ri$ ov] f ye> to ye>1 j z ! wise bus9ess man ma9ta9s a suffici5t work+ capital = ! ne$s ( 8 bus9ess4 ,9 fact1 x is (t5 safe to advise ! prospective dry-f>m] to pl[ 8 newly cle>$ or brok5 l& c>efully & !n to gr[ no crop on x ! fir/ ye>1 s t1 :5 crop production beg9s1 ! soil w h /or$ 9 x an am\nt ( wat] suffici5t to c>ry a crop ov] p]iods ( dr\?4 ,especially 9 di/ricts ( v l[ ra9fall is ?is practice to be recomm5d$4 ,9 ! ,great ,pla9s area1 :]e ! summ] ra9s tempt ! f>m] to give less att5tion to ! soil-moi/ure problem ?an 9 ! dry di/ricts ) w9t] precipitation f>!r ,we/1 x is important t a fall[ season be occasionally giv5 ! l& to prev5t ! /ore ( soil moi/ure f becom+ dang]\sly l[4 ,to :at ext5t is ! ra9fall /or$ 9 soils8 ,:at proportion ( ! actual am\nt ( wat] fall+ ^u ! soil c be /or$ 9 ! soil & c>ri$ ov] f season to season8 ,?is "q naturally arises 9 view ( ! conclusion t wat] p5etrates ! soil to consid]able dep?s4 ,!re is comp>atively little available in=mation ) :i* to answ] ?is "q1 because ! great majority ( /ud5ts ( soil moi/ure h conc]n$ !mselves :olly ) ! upp] two1 ?ree1 or f\r feet ( soil4 ,! results ( su* inve/igations are practically useless 9 answ]+ ?is "q4 ,9 humid regions x may be v satisfactory to conf9e soil-moi/ure inve/igations to ! upp] few feet2 b 9 arid regions1 :]e dry-f>m+ is a liv+ "q1 su* a me?od leads to errone\s or incomplete conclusions4 ,s9ce ! av]age field capacity ( soils = wat] is ab\t #b4e in*es p] foot1 x foll[s t x is possible to /ore #be in*es ( wat] 9 #aj feet ( soil4 ,?is is f two to "o & a half times "o ye>'s ra9fall ov] ! bett] dry-f>m+ sections4 ,!oretically1 !re=e1 !re is no reason :y ! ra9fall ( "o season or m c\ld n be /or$ 9 ! soil4 ,c>eful inve/igations h borne out ?is !ory4 ,atk9son f\nd1 = example1 at ! ,montana ,/ation1 t soil1 :i* to a dep? ( #i feet conta9$ #g4g p] c5t ( moi/ure 9 ! fall conta9$ #aa4e p] c5t 9 ! spr+ &1 aft] c>ry+ x ?r\gh ! summ] by prop] me?ods ( cultivation1 #aa p] c5t4 ,x may c]ta9ly be conclud$ f ?is exp]im5t t x is possible to c>ry ov] ! soil moi/ure f season to season4 ,! elaborate inve/igations at ! ,utah ,/ation h demon/rat$ t ! w9t] precipitation1 t is1 ! precipitation t comes dur+ ! wette/ p]iod ( ! ye>1 may be reta9$ 9 a l>ge measure 9 ! soil4 ,naturally1 ! am\nt ( ! natural precipitation acc\nt$ = 9 ! upp] eight feet w dep5d ^u ! dryness ( ! soil at ! "t ! inve/igation comm5c$4 ,if at ! beg9n+ ( ! wet season ! upp] eight feet ( soil are fairly well /or$ ) moi/ure1 ! precipitation w move d[n to ev5 great] dep?s1 beyond ! rea* ( ! soil aug]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! soil is comp>atively dry at ! beg9n+ ( ! season1 ! natural precipitation w di/ribute itself ?r\gh ! upp] few feet1 & ?us be readily measur$ by ! soil aug]4 ,9 ! ,utah inve/igations x 0 f\nd t ( ! wat] :i* fell z ra9 & sn[ dur+ ! w9t]1 z high z #ie-a_/b p] c5t 0 f\nd /or$ 9 ! fir/ eight feet ( soil at ! beg9n+ ( ! gr[+ season4 ,naturally1 mu* small] p]c5tages 7 also f\nd1 b on an av]age1 9 soils some:at dry at ! beg9n+ ( ! dry season1 m ?an ?ree f\r?s ( ! natural precipitation 0 f\nd /or$ 9 ! soil 9 ! spr+4 ,! results 7 all obta9$ 9 a locality :]e ! bulk ( ! precipitation comes 9 ! w9t]1 yet simil> results w\ld und\bt$ly be obta9$ :]e ! precipitation occurs ma9ly 9 ! summ]4 ,! /orage ( wat] 9 ! soil _c be a :it less important on ! ,great ,pla9s ?an 9 ! ,great ,bas94 ,9 fact1 ,burr has cle>ly demon/rat$ = we/]n ,nebraska t ov] #ej p] c5t ( ! ra9fall ( ! spr+ & summ] may be /or$ 9 ! soil to ! dep? ( six feet4 ,)\t "q1 "s is /or$ also at great] dep?s4 ,all ! evid5ce at h& %[s t a l>ge portion ( ! precipitation fall+ ^u prop]ly prep>$ soil1 :e!r x be summ] or w9t]1 is /or$ 9 ! soil until evaporation is all[$ to )draw x ,:e!r or n wat] s /or$ may be made to rema9 9 ! soil ?r\gh\t ! season or ! ye> w be discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t ! possibility ( /or+ wat] 9 ! soil1 t is1 mak+ ! wat] desc5d to relatively great soil dep?s away f ! imm$iate & direct action ( ! sun%9e & w9ds1 is ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 successful dry-f>m+4 ,! fall[ ,x may be safely conclud$ t a l>ge portion ( ! wat] t falls z ra9 or sn[ may be /or$ 9 ! soil to consid]able dep?s 7eight feet or m74 ,h[ev]1 ! "q rema9s1 ,is x possible to /ore ! ra9fall ( successive ye>s 9 ! soil = ! use ( "o crop8 ,9 %ort1 ,does ! practice ( clean fall[+ or re/+ ! gr\nd ) prop] cultivation = "o season enable ! f>m] to /ore 9 ! soil ! l>g] portion ( ! ra9fall ( two ye>s1 to be us$ = "o crop8 ,x is unque/ionably true1 z w be %[n lat]1 t clean fall[+ or summ] tillage is "o ( ! olde/ & safe/ practices ( dry-f>m+ z practic$ 9 ! ,we/1 b x is n g5]ally und]/ood :y fall[+ is desirable4 ,consid]able d\bt has rec5tly be5 ca/ ^u ! doctr9e t "o ( ! b5eficial effects ( fall[+ 9 dry-f>m+ is to /ore ! ra9fall ( successive seasons 9 ! soil = ! use ( "o crop4 ,s9ce x has be5 %[n t a l>ge proportion ( ! w9t] precipitation c be /or$ 9 ! soil dur+ ! wet season1 x m]ely becomes a "q ( ! possibility ( prev5t+ ! evaporation ( ?is wat] dur+ ! dri] season4 ,z w be %[n 9 ! next *apt]1 ?is c well be effect$ by prop] cultivation4 ,!re is no good reason1 !re=e1 = believ+ t ! precipitation ( successive seasons may n be add$ to wat] already /or$ 9 ! soil4 ,k+ has %[n t fall[+ ! soil "o ye> c>ri$ ov] p] squ>e foot1 9 ! upp] f\r feet1 #i4ch p\nds ( wat] m ?an 0 f\nd 9 a cropp$ soil 9 a p>allel exp]im5t2 &1 moreov]1 ! b5eficial effect ( ?is4 wat] advantage 0 felt = a :ole succe$+ season4 ,k+ concludes1 !re=e1 t "o ( ! advantages ( fall[+ is to increase ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! soil4 ,! ,utah exp]im5ts %[ t ! t5d5cy ( fall[+ is always to increase ! soil-moi/ure cont5t4 ,9 dry-f>m+1 wat] is ! critical factor1 & any practice t helps to cons]ve wat] %\ld be adopt$4 ,= t reason1 fall[+1 :i* ga!rs soil-moi/ure1 %\ld be /rongly advocat$4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,ix ano!r important value ( ! fall[ w be discuss$4 ,9 view ( ! discussion 9 ?is *apt] x is easily und]/ood :y /ud5ts ( soil-moi/ure h n f\nd a mat]ial increase 9 soil-moi/ure due to fall[+4 ,usually su* inve/igations h be5 made to %all[ dep?s :i* already 7 fairly well fill$ ) moi/ure4 ,wat] fall+ ^u su* soils w\ld s9k beyond ! dep? rea*$ by ! soil aug]s1 & x became impossible to judge accurately ( ! moi/ure-/or+ advantage ( ! fall[4 ,a critical analysis ( ! lit]ature on ?is subject w reveal ! weakness ( mo/ exp]im5ts 9 ?is respect4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ! only fall[ t %\ld be practic$ by ! dry-f>m] is ! clean fall[4 ,wat] /orage is manife/ly impossible :5 crops are gr[+ ^u a soil4 ,a heal?y crop ( sagebru%1 sunfl[]s1 or o!r we$s consumes z mu* wat] z a fir/-class /& ( corn1 :eat1 or potatoes4 ,we$s %\ld be abhorr$ by ! f>m]4 ,a we$y fall[ is a sure =]unn] ( a crop failure4 ,h[ to ma9ta9 a good fall[ is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 "u ! head ( ,cultivation4 ,moreov]1 ! practice ( fall[+ %\ld be v>i$ ) ! climatic conditions4 ,9 di/ricts ( l[ ra9fall1 #aj-ae in*es1 ! l& %\ld be clean summ]-fall[$ e o!r ye>2 "u v l[ ra9fall p]haps ev5 two out ( ?ree ye>s2 9 di/ricts ( m abundant ra9fall1 #ae-bj in*es1 p]haps "o ye> out ( e ?ree or f\r is suffici5t4 ,:]e ! precipitation comes dur+ ! gr[+ season1 z 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area1 fall[+ = ! /orage ( wat] is less important ?an :]e ! major "p ( ! ra9fall comes dur+ ! fall & w9t]4 ,h[ev]1 any sy/em ( dry-f>m+ t omits fall[+ :olly f its practices is 9 dang] ( failure 9 dry ye>s4 ,deep pl[+ = wat] /orage ,x has be5 attempt$ 9 ?is *apt] to demon/rate t wat] fall+ ^u a soil may desc5d to great dep?s1 & may be /or$ 9 ! soil f ye> to ye>1 subject to ! ne$s ( ! crop t may be plant$4 ,by :at cultural treatm5t may ?is d[nw>d desc5t ( ! wat] be accel]at$ by ! f>m]8 ,fir/ & =emo/1 by pl[+ at ! "r "t & to ! "r dep?4 ,pl[+ %\ld be done deeply & ?or\ghly s t ! fall+ wat] may imm$iately be drawn d[n to ! full dep? ( ! loose1 spongy1 pl[$ soil1 away f ! action ( ! sun%9e or w9ds4 ,! moi/ure ?us caught w sl[ly "w its way d[n into ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil4 ,deep pl[+ is always to be recomm5d$ = successful dry-f>m+4 ,9 humid di/ricts :]e !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! soil & ! subsoil1 x is (t5 dang]\s to turn up ! lifeless subsoil1 b 9 arid di/ricts :]e !re is no real diff]5tiation betwe5 ! soil & ! subsoil1 deep pl[+ may safely be recomm5d$4 ,true1 occasionally1 soils are f\nd 9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory :i* are und]laid ne> ! surface by an in]t clay or inf]tile lay] ( lime or gypsum :i* =bids ! f>m] putt+ ! pl[ too deeply into ! soil4 ,su* soils1 h[ev]' are seldom wor? :ile try+ = dry-f>m purposes4 ,deep pl[+ mu/ be practic$ = ! be/ dry-f>m+ results4 ,x naturally foll[s t subsoil+ %\ld be a b5eficial practice on dry-f>ms4 ,:e!r or n ! great co/ ( subsoil+ is (fset by ! result+ increas$ yields is an op5 "q2 x is1 9 fact1 q d\btful4 ,deep pl[+ done at ! "r "t & frequ5tly en\gh is possibly suffici5t4 ,by deep pl[+ is meant /irr+ or turn+ ! soil to a dep? ( six to t5 in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! l&4 ,fall pl[+ f> wat] /orage ,x is n alone suffici5t to pl[ & to pl[ deeply2 x is also necess>y t ! pl[+ be done at ! "r "t4 ,9 ! v great majority ( cases ov] ! :ole dry-f>m t]ritory1 pl[+ %\ld be done 9 ! fall4 ,!re are ?ree reasons = ?is3 ,fir/1 aft] ! crop is h>ve/$1 ! soil %\ld be /irr$ imm$iately1 s t x c be expos$ to ! full action ( ! wea!r+ ag5cies1 :e!r ! w9t]s be op5 or clos$4 ,if = any reason pl[+ _c be done e>ly x is (t5 advantage\s to foll[ ! h>ve/] ) a disk & to pl[ lat] :5 conv5i5t4 ,! *emical effect on ! soil result+ f ! wea!r+1 made possible by fall pl[+1 z w be %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 is ( itself s great z to w>rant ! tea*+ ( ! g5]al practice ( fall pl[+4 ,secondly1 ! e>ly /irr+ ( ! soil prev5ts evaporation ( ! moi/ure 9 ! soil dur+ late summ] & ! fall4 ,?irdly1 9 ! p>ts ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory :]e mu* precipitation occurs 9 ! fall1 w9t]1 or e>ly spr+1 fall pl[+ p]mits mu* ( ?is precipitation to ent] ! soil & be /or$ !re until ne$$ by plants4 ,a numb] ( exp]im5t /ations h comp>$ pl[+ done 9 ! e>ly fall ) pl[+ done late 9 ! fall or 9 ! spr+1 & ) almo/ no exception x has be5 f\nd t e>ly fall pl[+ is wat]-cons]v+ & 9 o!r ways advantage\s4 ,x 0 obs]v$ on a ,utah dry-f>m t ! fall-pl[$ l& conta9$1 to a dep? ( #aj feet1 #g4dg acre-in*es m wat] ?an ! adjo9+ spr+-pl[$ l&--a sav+ ( ne>ly "o half ( a ye>'s precipitation4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be pl[$ 9 ! e>ly fall z soon z possible aft] ! crop is h>ve/$4 ,x %\ld !n be left 9 ! r\gh ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 s t x may be mell[$ & brok5 d[n by ! elem5ts4 ,! r\gh l5d fur!r has a t5d5cy to cat* & hold ! sn[ t may be bl[n by ! w9d1 ?us insur+ a m ev5 di/ribution ( ! wat] f ! melt+ sn[4 ,a common objection to fall pl[+ is t ! gr\nd is s dry 9 ! fall t x does n pl[ up well1 & t ! great dry clods ( e>? d mu* to injure ! physical condition ( ! soil4 ,x is v d\btful if su* an objection is g5]ally valid1 especially if ! soil is s cropp$ z to leave a fair m>g9 ( moi/ure 9 ! soil at h>ve/ "t4 ,! atmosph]ic ag5cies w usually break d[n ! clods1 & ! physical result ( ! treatm5t w be b5eficial4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! fall pl[+ ( dry l& is some:at difficult1 b ! good results m ?an pay ! f>m] = 8 tr\ble4 ,late fall pl[+1 aft] ! fall ra9s h s(t5$ ! l&1 is pref]able to spr+ pl[+4 ,if = any reason ! f>m] feels t he mu/ practice spr+ pl[+1 he %\ld d x z e>ly z possible 9 ! spr+4 ,( c\rse1 x is inadvisable to pl[ ! soil :5 x is s wet z to injure its til? s]i\sly1 b z soon z t dang] p]iod has pass$1 ! pl[ %\ld be plac$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! moi/ure 9 ! soil w !reby be cons]v$1 & :atev] wat] may fall dur+ ! spr+ mon?s w be cons]v$ also4 ,?is is ( especial importance 9 ! ,great ,pla9s region & 9 any di/rict :]e ! precipitation comes 9 ! spr+ & w9t] mon?s4 ,likewise1 aft] fall pl[+1 ! l& mu/ be well /irr$ 9 ! e>ly spr+ ) ! disk h>r[ or a simil> implem5t1 to enable ! spr+ ra9s to ent] ! soil easily & to prev5t ! evaporation ( ! wat] already /or$4 ,:]e ! ra9fall is q abundant & ! pl[$ l& has be5 beat5 d[n by ! frequ5t ra9s1 ! l& %\ld be pl[$ aga9 9 ! spr+4 ,:]e su* conditions d n exi/1 ! treatm5t ( ! soil ) ! disk & h>r[ 9 ! spr+ is usually suffici5t4 ,9 rec5t dry-f>m exp]i5ce x has be5 fairly completely demon/rat$ t1 provid+ ! soil is well /or$ ) wat]1 crops w mature ev5 if no ra9 falls dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,naturally1 "u mo/ circum/ances1 any ra9s t may fall on a well-prep>$ soil dur+ ! season ( crop gr[? w t5d to increase ! crop yield1 b "s pr(itable yield is assur$1 9 spite ( ! season1 if ! soil is well /or$ ) wat] at se$ "t4 ,?is is an important pr9ciple 9 ! sy/em ( dry-f>m+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,regulat+ ,,! ,,evaporation ,! demon/ration 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! wat] :i* falls z ra9 or sn[ may be /or$ 9 ! soil = ! use ( plants is ( fir/ importance 9 dry-f>m+1 = x makes ! f>m] indep5d5t1 9 a l>ge measure1 ( ! di/ribution ( ! ra9fall4 ,! dry-f>m] :o goes into ! summ] ) a soil well /or$ ) wat] c>es little :e!r summ] ra9s come or n1 = he kn[s t 8 crops w mature 9 spite ( ext]nal dr\?4 ,9 fact1 z w be %[n lat]1 9 _m dry-f>m sections :]e ! summ] ra9s are light !y are a positive detrim5t to ! f>m] :o by c>eful f>m+ has /or$ 8 deep soil ) an abundance ( wat]4 ,/or+ ! soil ) wat] is1 h[ev]1 only ! fir/ /ep 9 mak+ ! ra9s ( fall1 w9t]1 or ! prec$+ ye> available = plant gr[?4 ,z soon z w>m gr[+ wea!r comes1 wat]-dissipat+ =ces come into play1 & wat] is lo/ by evaporation4 ,! f>m] mu/1 !re=e1 use all precautions to keep ! moi/ure 9 ! soil until su* "t z ! roots ( ! crop may draw x into ! plants to be us$ 9 plant production4 ,t is1 z f> z possible1 direct evaporation ( wat] f ! soil mu/ be prev5t$4 ,few f>m]s really realize ! imm5se possible annual evaporation 9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory4 ,x is always mu* l>g] ?an ! total annual ra9fall4 ,9 fact1 an arid region may be def9$ z "o 9 :i* "u natural conditions sev]al times m wat] evaporates annually f a free wat] surface ?an falls z ra9 & sn[4 ,= t reason _m /ud5ts ( aridity pay little att5tion to temp]ature1 relative humidity1 or w9ds1 & simply measure ! evaporation f a free wat] surface 9 ! locality 9 "q4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a measure ( ! aridity1 ,mac,dougal has con/ruct$ ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! annual precipitation & ! annual evaporation at sev]al well-kn[n localities 9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory4 ,true1 ! localities includ$ 9 ! foll[+ table are extreme1 b !y illu/rate ! l>ge possible evaporation1 rang+ f ab\t six to ?irty-five times ! precipitation4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t :ile su* rates ( evaporation may occur f free wat] surfaces1 ! evaporation f agricultural soils "u l conditions is v mu* small]4 ,place ,annual ,precipitation ,annual ,evaporation ,ratio 7,9 ,in*es7 7,9 ,in*es7 ,el ,paso1 ,texas #i4bc #hj #h4g ,=t ,w+ate1 ,new ,mexico #ad4jj #hj #e4g ,=t ,yuma1 ,arizona #b4hd #ajj #ce4b ,tucson1 ,,az #aa4gd #ij #g4g ,mohave1 ,,ca #d4ig #ie #ai4a ,haw?orne1 ,nevada #d4ej #hj #ag4e ,w9nemucca1 ,nevada #i4ea #hj #i4f ,/4 ,george1 ,utah #f4df #ij #ac4i ,=t ,du*esne1 ,utah #f4di #ge #aa4f ,p9eville1 ,oregon #i4ja #gj #g4h ,lo/ ,riv]1 ,idaho #h4dg #gj #h4c ,l>amie1 ,wyom+ #i4ha #gj #g4a ,torres1 ,mexico #af4ig #ajj #f4j ,to und]/& ! me?ods employ$ = *eck+ evaporation f ! soil1 x is necess>y to review briefly ! conditions t det]m9e ! evaporation ( wat] into ! air1 & ! mann] 9 :i* wat] moves 9 ! soil4 ,! =mation ( wat] vapor ,:5ev] wat] is left freely expos$ to ! air1 x evaporates2 t is1 x passes into ! gase\s /ate & mixes ) ! gases ( ! air4 ,ev5 sn[ & ice give (f wat] vapor1 ?\gh 9 v small quantities4 ,! quantity ( wat] vapor :i* c ent] a giv5 volume ( air is def9itely limit$4 ,= in/ance1 at ! temp]ature ( freez+ wat] #b4abf gra9s ( wat] vapor c ent] "o cubic foot ( air1 b no m4 ,:5 air conta9s all ! wat] possible1 x is said to be saturat$1 & evaporation !n ceases4 ,! practical effect ( ?is is ! well-kn[n exp]i5ce t on ! sea%ore1 :]e ! air is (t5 v ne>ly fully saturat$ ) wat] vapor1 ! dry+ ( clo!s goes on v sl[ly1 :]eas 9 ! int]ior1 l ! dry-f>m+ t]ritory1 away f ! ocean1 :]e ! air is f> f be+ saturat$1 dry+ goes on v rapidly4 ,! am\nt ( wat] necess>y to saturate air v>ies greatly ) ! temp]ature4 ,x is to be not$ t z ! temp]ature increases1 ! am\nt ( wat] t may be held by ! air also increases2 & proportionately m rapidly ?an ! increase 9 temp]ature4 ,?is is g5]ally well und]/ood 9 common exp]i5ce1 z 9 dry+ clo!s rapidly by hang+ !m be=e a hot fire4 ,at a temp]ature ( #ajj deg ,f41 :i* is (t5 rea*$ 9 portions ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory dur+ ! gr[+ season1 a giv5 volume ( air c hold m ?an n9e times z mu* wat] vapor z at ! temp]ature ( freez+ wat]4 ,?is is an exce$+ly important pr9ciple 9 dry-f>m practices1 = x expla9s ! relatively easy possibility ( /or+ wat] dur+ ! fall & w9t] :5 ! temp]ature is l[ & ! moi/ure usually abundant1 & ! great] difficulty ( /or+ ! ra9 t falls l>gely1 z 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area1 9 ! summ] :5 wat]-dissipat+ =ces are v active4 ,?is law also emphasizes ! tru? t x is 9 times ( w>m wea!r t e precaution mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! evaporation ( wat] f ! soil surface4 ,temp]ature ,gra9s ( ,wat] held 9 9 ,degrees ,f4 ,"o ,cubic ,foot ( ,air #cb #b4abf #dj #b4hfb #ej #d4jhi #fj #e4gef #gj #g4iib #hj #aj4idi #ij #ad4haj #ajj #ai4gij ,x is ( c\rse well und]/ood t ! atmosph]e z a :ole is nev] saturat$ ) wat] vapor4 ,su* saturation is at ! be/ only local1 z1 = in/ance1 on ! sea%ore dur+ quiet days1 :5 ! lay] ( air ov] ! wat] may be fully saturat$1 or 9 a field conta9+ mu* wat] f :i*1 on quiet w>m days1 en\gh wat] may evaporate to saturate ! lay] ( air imm$iately ^u ! soil & ar\nd ! plants4 ,:5ev]1 9 su* cases1 ! air beg9s to move & ! w9d bl[s1 ! saturat$ air is mix$ ) ! l>g] portion ( unsaturat$ air1 & evaporation is aga9 increas$4 ,mean:ile1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t into a lay] ( saturat$ air re/+ ^u a field ( gr[+ plants v little wat] evaporates1 & t ! *ief wat]-dissipat+ p[] ( w9ds lies 9 ! removal ( ?is saturat$ lay]4 ,w9ds or air movem5ts ( any k9d1 !re=e1 become enemies ( ! f>m] :o dep5ds ^u a limit$ ra9fall4 ,! am\nt ( wat] actually f\nd 9 a giv5 volume ( air at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 comp>$ ) ! l>ge/ am\nt x c hold1 is call$ ! relative humidity ( ! air4 ,z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ! relative humidity becomes small] z ! ra9fall decreases4 ,! l[] ! relative humidity is at a giv5 temp]ature1 ! m rapidly w wat] evaporate into ! air4 ,!re is no m /rik+ confirmation ( ?is law ?an ! fact t at a temp]ature ( #ij deg sun/rokes & simil> ailm5ts are report$ 9 great numb] f ,new ,york1 :ile ! p ( ,salt ,lake ,city are p]fectly com=table4 ,9 ,new ,york ! relative humidity 9 summ] is ab\t #gc p] c5t2 9 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ab\t #ce p] c5t4 ,at a high summ] temp]ature evaporation f ! sk9 goes on sl[ly 9 ,new ,york & rapidly 9 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ) ! result+ discom=t or com=t4 ,simil>ly1 evaporation f soils goes on rapidly "u a l[ & sl[ly "u a high p]c5tage ( relative humidity4 ,evaporation f wat] surfaces is ha/5$1 !re=e1 by 7#a7 an increase 9 ! temp]ature1 7#b7 an increase 9 ! air movem5ts or w9ds1 & 7#c7 a decrease 9 ! relative humidity4 ,! temp]ature is high]2 ! relative humidity l[]1 & ! w9ds usually m abundant 9 arid ?an 9 humid regions4 ,! dry-f>m] mu/ consequ5tly use all possible precautions to prev5t evaporation f ! soil4 ,conditions ( evaporation f f soils ,evaporation does n alone occur f a surface ( free wat]4 ,all wet or moi/ sub/ances lose by evaporation mo/ ( ! wat] t !y hold1 provid+ ! conditions ( temp]ature & relative humidity are favorable4 ,?us1 f a wet soil1 evaporation is cont9ually remov+ wat]4 ,yet1 "u ord9>y conditions1 x is impossible to remove all ! wat]1 = a small quantity is attract$ s /rongly by ! soil p>ticles t only a temp]ature above ! boil+ po9t ( wat] w drive x out4 ,?is "p ( ! soil is ! hygroscopic moi/ure spok5 ( 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t evaporation does n occur z rapidly f wet soil z f a wat] surface1 unless all ! soil pores are s completely fill$ ) wat] t ! soil surface is practically a wat] surface4 ,! reason = ?is r$uc$ evaporation f a wet soil is almo/ self-evid5t4 ,!re is a comp>atively /rong attraction betwe5 soil & wat]1 :i* enables ! moi/ure to cl+ z a ?9 capill>y film ar\nd ! soil p>ticles1 aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity4 ,ord9>ily1 only capill>y wat] is f\nd 9 well-till$ soil1 & ! =ce caus+ evaporation mu/ be /rong en\gh to ov]come ?is attraction besides *ang+ ! wat] into vapor4 ,! less wat] !re is 9 a soil1 ! ?9n] ! wat] film1 & ! m firmly is ! wat] held4 ,h5ce1 ! rate ( evaporation decreases ) ! decrease 9 soil-moi/ure4 ,?is law is confirm$ by actual field te/s4 ,= in/ance1 z an av]age ( #bgd trials made at ! ,utah ,/ation1 x 0 f\nd t ?ree soils1 o!rwise alike1 t conta9$1 respectively1 #bb4fc p] c5t1 #ag4ad p] c5t1 & #ab4ge p] c5t ( wat] lo/ 9 two weeks1 to a dep? ( eight feet1 respectively #ba4j1 #ag4 #a1 & #aj4j p\nds ( wat] p] squ>e foot4 ,simil> exp]im5ts conduct$ else:]e also furni% pro( ( ! correctness ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! dry-f>m] does n want 8 soils to be unnecess>ily moi/4 ,! dry-f>m] c r$uce ! p] c5t ( wat] 9 ! soil )\t dim9i%+ ! total am\nt ( wat] by s treat+ ! soil t ! wat] w di/ribute itself to consid]able dep?s4 ,?is br+s into prom95ce aga9 ! practices ( fall pl[+1 deep pl[+1 subsoil+1 & ! *oice ( deep soils = dry-f>m+4 ,v mu* = ! same reasons1 evaporation goes on m sl[ly f wat] 9 :i* salt or o!r sub/ances h be5 dissolv$4 ,! attraction betwe5 ! wat] & ! dissolv$ salt seems to be /rong en\gh to resi/ p>tially ! =ce caus+ evaporation4 ,soil-wat] always conta9s "s ( ! soil +r$i5ts 9 solution1 & consequ5tly "u ! giv5 conditions evaporation occurs m sl[ly f soil-wat] ?an f pure wat]4 ,n[1 ! m f]tile a soil is1 t is1 ! m soluble plant-food x conta9s1 ! m mat]ial w be dissolv$ 9 ! soil-wat]1 & z a result ! m sl[ly w evaporation take place4 ,fall[+1 cultivation1 ?or\gh pl[+ & manur+1 :i* increase ! /ore ( soluble plant-food1 all t5d to dim9i% evaporation4 ,:ile ^! conditions may h little value 9 ! eyes ( ! f>m] :o is "u an abundant ra9fall1 !y are ( great importance to ! dry-f>m]4 ,x is only by utiliz+ e possibility ( cons]v+ wat] & f]tility t dry-f>m+ may be made a p]fectly safe practice4 ,loss by evaporation *iefly at ! surface ,evaporation goes on f e wet sub/ance4 ,wat] evaporates !re=e f ! wet soil gra9s "u ! surface z well z f ^? at ! surface4 ,9 develop+ a sy/em ( practice :i* w r$uce evaporation to a m9imum x mu/ be le>n$ :e!r ! wat] :i* evaporates f ! soil p>ticles f> bel[ ! surface is c>ri$ 9 l>ge quantities into ! atmosph]e & ?us lo/ to plant use4 ,ov] =ty ye>s ago1 ,nessl] subject$ ?is "q to exp]im5t & f\nd t ! loss by evaporation occurs almo/ :olly at ! soil surface1 & t v little if any is lo/ directly by evaporation f ! l[] soil lay]s4 ,o!r exp]im5t]s h confirm$ ?is conclusion1 & v rec5tly ,buck+ham1 exam9+ ! same subject1 f\nd t :ile !re is a v sl[ upw>d movem5t ( ! soil gases into ! atmosph]e1 ! total quantity ( ! wat] ?us lo/ by direct evaporation f soil1 a foot bel[ ! surface1 am\nt$ at mo/ to "o in* ( ra9fall 9 six ye>s4 ,?is is insignificant ev5 "u semi>id & arid conditions4 ,h[ev]1 ! rate ( loss ( wat] by direct evaporation f ! l[] soil lay]s increases ) ! porosity ( ! soil1 t is1 ) ! space n fill$ ) soil p>ticles or wat]4 ,f9e-gra9$ soils1 !re=e1 lose ! lea/ wat] 9 ?is mann]4 ,nev]!less1 if co>se-gra9$ soils are well fill$ ) wat]1 by deep fall pl[+ & by prop] summ] fall[+ = ! cons]vation ( moi/ure1 ! loss ( moi/ure by direct evaporation f ! l[] soil lay]s ne$ n be l>g] ?an f f9] gra9$ soils ,?us aga9 are emphasiz$ ! pr9ciples previ\sly laid d[n t1 = ! mo/ successful dry-f>m+1 ! soil %\ld always be kept well fill$ ) moi/ure1 ev5 if x means t ! l&1 aft] be+ brok51 mu/ lie fall[ = "o or two seasons1 until a suffici5t am\nt ( moi/ure has accumulat$4 ,fur!r1 ! correlative pr9ciple is emphasiz$ t ! moi/ure 9 dry-f>m l&s %\ld be /or$ deeply1 away f ! imm$iate action ( ! sun's rays ^u ! l& surface4 ,! necessity = deep soils is ?us aga9 br\ght out4 ,! great loss ( soil moi/ure due to an accumulation ( wat] 9 ! upp] twelve in*es is well br\ght out 9 ! exp]im5ts conduct$ by ! ,utah ,/ation4 ,! foll[+ is select$ f ! num]\s data on ! subject4 ,two soils1 almo/ id5tical 9 "*1 conta9$ respectively #ag4eg p] c5t & #af4ee p] c5t ( wat] on an av]age to a dep? ( eight feet2 t is1 ! total am\nt ( wat] held by ! two soils 0 practically id5tical4 ,ow+ to v>y+ cultural treatm5t1 ! di/ribution ( ! wat] 9 ! soil 0 n uni=m2 "o conta9$ #bc4bb p] c5t & ! o!r #af4fd p] c5t ( wat] 9 ! fir/ twelve in*es4 ,dur+ ! fir/ sev5 days ! soil t conta9$ ! highe/ p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! fir/ foot lo/ #ac4cj p\nds ( wat]1 :ile ! o!r lo/ only #h4dh p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,?is great diff]5ce 0 due no d\bt to ! fact t direct evaporation takes place 9 consid]able quantity only 9 ! upp] twelve in*es ( soil1 :]e ! sun's heat has a full *ance to act4 ,any practice :i* enables ! ra9s to s9k quickly to consid]able dep?s %\ld be adopt$ by ! dry-f>m]4 ,?is is p]haps "o ( ! great reasons = advocat+ ! exp5sive b usually effective subsoil pl[+ on dry-f>ms4 ,x is a v common exp]i5ce1 9 ! arid region1 t great1 deep cracks =m dur+ hot wea!r4 ,f ! walls ( ^! cracks evaporation goes on1 z f ! topsoil1 & ! pass+ w9ds r5ew ! air s t ! evaporation may g on rapidly4 ,! dry-f>m] mu/ g ov] ! l& z (t5 z ne$s be ) "s implem5t t w de/roy & fill up ! cracks t may h be5 =m$4 ,9 a field ( gr[+ crops ?is is (t5 difficult to d2 b x is n impossible t h& hoe+1 exp5sive z x is1 w\ld pay well 9 ! sav+ ( soil moi/ure & ! consequ5t increase 9 crop yield4 ,h[ soil wat] rea*es ! surface ,x may be accept$ z an e/abli%$ tru? t ! direct evaporation ( wat] f wet soils occurs almo/ :olly at ! surface4 ,yet x is well kn[n t evaporation f ! soil surface may cont9ue until ! soil-moi/ure to a dep? ( eight or t5 feet or m is deplet$4 ,?is is %[n by ! foll[+ analyses ( dry-f>m soil 9 e>ly spr+ & midsumm]4 ,no attempt 0 made to cons]ve ! moi/ure 9 ! soil3-- ,p] c5t ( wat] 9 ,e>ly spr+ ,midsumm] #a/ foot #bj4hd #h4hc #bnd foot #bj4jf #h4hg #crd foot #ai4fb #aa4jc #d? foot #ah4bh #i4ei #e? foot #ah4gj #aa4bg #f? foot #ad4bi #aa4jc #g? foot #ad4dh #h4ie #h? foot #ac4hc #i4dg ,avg #ag4ea #i4hh ,9 ?is case wat] _h und\bt$ly pass$ by capill>y movem5t f ! dep? ( eight feet to a po9t ne> ! surface :]e direct evaporation c\ld occur4 ,z expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 wat] :i* is held z a film ar\nd ! soil p>ticles is call$ capill>y wat]2 & x is 9 ! capill>y =m t wat] may be /or$ 9 dry-f>m soils4 ,moreov]1 x is ! capill>y soil-moi/ure alone :i* is ( real value 9 crop production4 ,?is capill>y wat] t5ds to di/ribute itself uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! soil1 9 accordance ) ! prevail+ conditions & =ces4 ,if no wat] is remov$ f ! soil1 9 c\rse ( "t ! di/ribution ( ! soil-wat] w be su* t ! ?ickness ( ! film at any po9t 9 ! soil mass is a direct resultant ( ! v>i\s =ces act+ at t p>ticul> po9t4 ,!re w !n be no appreciable movem5t ( ! soil-moi/ure4 ,su* a condition is approximat$ 9 late w9t] or e>ly spr+ be=e plant+ beg9s4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 h[ev]1 no su* quiesc5t /ate c occur1 = !re are num]\s di/urb+ elem5ts t normally are active1 among :i* ! ?ree mo/ effective are 7l7 ! addition ( wat] to ! soil by ra9s2 7#b7 ! evaporation ( wat] f ! topsoil1 due to ! m active meteorological factors dur+ spr+1 summ]1 & fall2 & 7#c7 ! ab/raction ( wat] f ! soil by plant roots4 ,wat]1 ent]+ ! soil1 moves d[nw>d "u ! influ5ce ( gravity z gravitational wat]1 until "u ! attractive influ5ce ( ! soil x has be5 conv]t$ into capill>y wat] & adh]es to ! soil p>ticles z a film4 ,if ! soil 7 dry1 & ! film !re=e ?91 ! ra9 wat] w\ld move d[nw>d only a %ort di/ance z gravitational wat]2 if ! soil 7 wet1 & ! film !re=e ?ick1 ! wat] w\ld move d[n to a great] di/ance be=e be+ exhau/$4 ,if1 z is (t5 ! case 9 humid di/ricts1 ! soil is saturat$1 t is1 ! film is z ?ick z ! p>ticles c hold1 ! wat] w\ld pass "r ?r\gh ! soil & connect ) ! /&+ wat] bel[4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is seldom ! case 9 dry-f>m di/ricts4 ,9 any soil1 except+ "o already saturat$1 ! addition ( wat] w produce a ?ick5+ ( ! soil-wat] film to ! full desc5t ( ! wat]4 ,?is imm$iately de/roys ! conditions ( equilibrium =m]ly exi/+1 = ! moi/ure is n n[ uni=mly di/ribut$4 ,consequ5tly a process ( r$i/ribution beg9s :i* cont9ues until ! ne>e/ approa* to equilibrium is re/or$4 ,9 ?is process wat] w pass 9 e direction f ! wet portion ( ! soil to ! dri]2 x does n necess>ily mean t wat] w actually pass f ! wet portion to ! dri] portion2 usually1 at ! drie/ po9t a little wat] is drawn f ! adjo9+ po9t1 :i* 9 turn draws f ! next1 & t f ! next1 until ! r$i/ribution is complete4 ,! process is v mu* l /uff+ wool into a sack :i* already is loosely fill$4 ,! new wool does n rea* ! bottom ( ! sack1 yet !re is m wool 9 ! bottom ?an !re 0 be=e4 ,if a plant-root is actively fe$+ "s di/ance "u ! soil surface1 ! rev]se process occurs4 ,at ! fe$+ po9t ! root cont9ually ab/racts wat] f ! soil gra9s & ?us makes ! film ?9n] 9 t locality4 ,?is causes a movem5t ( moi/ure simil> to ! "o above describ$1 f ! wett] portions ( ! soil to ! portion be+ dri$ out by ! action ( ! plant-root4 ,soil _m feet or ev5 rods di/ant may assi/ 9 supply+ su* an active root ) moi/ure4 ,:5 ! ?\s&s ( t9y roots s5t out by ea* plant are recall$4 x may well be und]/ood :at a confusion ( pulls & c\nt]-pulls ^u ! soil-moi/ure exi/s 9 any cultivat$ soil4 ,9 fact1 ! soil-wat] film may be view$ z be+ 9 a /ate ( trembl+ activity1 t5d+ to place itself 9 full equilibrium ) ! surr\nd+ cont5d+ =ces :i*1 !mselves1 con/antly *ange4 ,7 x n t ! wat] film held closely ar\nd ! soil p>ticles is possess$ ( extreme mobility1 x w\ld n be possible to meet ! dem&s ( ! plants ^u ! wat] at comp>atively great di/ances4 ,ev5 z x is1 x frequ5tly happ5s t :5 crops are plant$ too ?ickly on dry-f>ms1 ! soil-moi/ure _c move quickly en\gh to ! absorb+ roots to ma9ta9 plant gr[?1 & crop failure results4 ,incid5tally1 ?is po9ts to plant+ t %all be proportional to ! moi/ure conta9$ by ! soil4 ,see ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,z ! temp]ature rises 9 spr+1 ) a decrease 9 ! relative humidity1 & an increase 9 direct sun%9e1 evaporation f ! soil surface increases greatly4 ,h[ev]1 z ! topsoil becomes dri]1 t is1 z ! wat] fihn becomes ?9n]1 !re is an attempt at readju/m5t1 & wat] moves upw>d to take ! place ( t lo/ by evaporation4 ,z ?is cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! season1 ! moi/ure /or$ eight or t5 feet or m bel[ ! surface is gradually br\ght to ! top & evaporat$1 & ?us lo/ to plant use4 ,! effect ( rapid top dry+ ( soils ,z ! wat] held by soils dim9i%es1 & ! wat] film ar\nd ! soil gra9s becomes ?9n]1 ! capill>y movem5t ( ! soil-wat] is ret>d$4 ,?is is easily und]/ood by recall+ t ! soil p>ticles h an attraction = wat]1 :i* is ( def9ite value1 & may be measur$ by ! ?icke/ film t may be held aga9/ gravity4 ,:5 ! film is ?9n$1 x does n dim9i% ! attraction ( ! soil = wat]2 x simply results 9 a /rong] pull ^u ! wat] & a firm] hold+ ( ! film aga9/ ! surfaces ( ! soil gra9s4 ,to move soil-wat] "u su* conditions requires ! exp5diture ( m en]gy ?an is necess>y = mov+ wat] 9 a saturat$ or ne>ly saturat$ soil4 ,"u l conditions1 !re=e1 ! ?9n] ! soil-wat] film ! m difficult w be ! upw>d movem5t ( ! soil-wat] & ! sl[] ! evaporation f ! topsoil4 ,z dry+ goes on1 a po9t is rea*$ at :i* ! capill>y movem5t ( ! wat] :olly ceases4 ,?is is probably :5 little m ?an ! hygroscopic moi/ure rema9s4 ,9 fact1 v dry soil & wat] repel ea* o!r4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! common exp]i5ce ( driv+ along a road 9 summ]1 imm$iately aft] a light %[]4 ,! masses ( du/ are wett$ only on ! outside1 & z ! :eels pass ?r\gh !m ! dry du/ is reveal$4 ,x is an important fact t v dry soil furni%es a v effective protection aga9/ ! capill>y movem5t ( wat]4 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple above e/abli%$ if ! surface soil c\ld be dri$ to ! po9t :]e capill>ity is v sl[1 ! evaporation w\ld be dim9i%$ or almo/ :olly /opp$4 ,m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 ,es] %[$ exp]im5tally t soil-wat] may be sav$ by dry+ ! surface soil rapidly4 ,"u dry-f>m conditions x frequ5tly occurs t ! draft ^u ! wat] ( ! soil is s great t ne>ly all ! wat] is quickly & s completely ab/ract$ f ! upp] few in*es ( soil t !y are left z an effective protection aga9/ fur!r evaporation4 ,= in/ance1 9 localities :]e hot dry w9ds are ( common occurr5ce1 ! upp] lay] ( soil is sometimes completely dri$ be=e ! wat] 9 ! l[] lay]s c by sl[ capill>y movem5t rea* ! top4 ,! dry soil lay] !n prev5ts fur!r loss ( wat]1 & ! w9d because ( its int5sity has help$ to cons]ve ! soil-moi/ure4 ,simil>ly 9 localities :]e ! relative humidity is l[1 ! sun%9e abundant1 & ! temp]ature high1 evaporation may g on s rapidly t ! l[] soil lay]s _c supply ! dem&s made1 & ! topsoil !n dries out s completely z to =m a protective cov]+ aga9/ fur!r evaporation4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t ! native des]t soils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 unt\*$ by ! pl[1 & ! surfaces ( :i* are sun-bak$1 are (t5 f\nd to possess l>ge p]c5tages ( wat] at l[] dep?s4 ,:itney record$ ?is obs]vation ) consid]able surprise1 _m ye>s ago1 & o!r obs]v]s h f\nd ! same conditions at ne>ly all po9ts ( ! arid region4 ,?is matt] has be5 subject$ to fur!r /udy by ,buck+ham1 :o plac$ a v>iety ( soils "u artificially arid & humid conditions4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 e case t1 ! initial evaporation 0 great] "u arid conditions1 b z ! process w5t on & ! topsoil ( ! arid soil became dry1 m wat] 0 lo/ "u humid conditions4 ,= ! :ole exp]im5tal p]iod1 also1 m wat] 0 lo/ "u humid conditions4 ,x 0 notable t ! dry protective lay] 0 =m$ m sl[ly on alkali soils1 :i* w\ld po9t to ! inadvisability ( us+ alkali l&s = dry-f>m purposes4 ,all 9 all1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t "u v arid conditions a soil automatically protects itself f dry+ by ! =mation ( a natural mul* on ! surface4 ,naturally1 dry-f>m soils diff] greatly 9 _! p[] ( =m+ su* a mul*4 ,a heavy clay or a light s&y soil appe>s to h less p[] ( su* automatic protection ?an a loamy soil4 ,an admixture ( lime/one seems to favor ! =mation ( su* a natural protective mul*4 ,ord9>ily1 ! f>m] c fur!r ! =mation ( a dry topsoil lay] by /irr+ ! soil ?or\ghly4 ,?is assi/s ! sun%9e & ! air to evaporate ! wat] v quickly4 ,su* cultivation is v desirable = o!r reasons also1 z w soon be discuss$4 ,mean:ile1 ! wat]-dissipat+ =ces ( ! dry-f>m section are n :olly objectionable1 = :e!r ! l& be cultivat$ or n1 !y t5d to ha/5 ! =mation ( dry surface lay]s ( soil :i* gu>d aga9/ excessive evaporation4 ,x is 9 moi/ cl\dy wea!r1 :5 ! dry+ process is sl[1 t evaporation causes ! greate/ losses ( soil-moi/ure4 ,! effect ( %ad+ ,direct sun%9e is1 next to temp]ature1 ! mo/ active cause ( rapid evaporation f moi/ soil surfaces4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 evaporation is n rapid en\gh to =m a dry protective lay] ( topsoil1 %ad+ helps mat]ially 9 r$uc+ surface losses ( soil-wat]4 ,"u v arid conditions1 h[ev]1 x is que/ionable :e!r 9 all cases %ad+ has a really b5eficial effect1 ?\gh "u semi>id or sub-humid conditions ! b5efits d]iv$ f %ad+ are increas$ l>gely4 ,eb]may] %[$ 9 #ahgc t ! %ad+ due to ! =e/ cov] r$uc$ evaporation #fb p] c5t1 & _m exp]im5ts s9ce t day h confirm$ ?is conclusion4 ,at ! ,utah ,/ation1 "u arid conditions1 x 0 f\nd t %ad+ a pot ( soil1 :i* o!rwise 0 subject$ to wat]-dissipat+ influ5ces1 sav$ #bi p] c5t ( ! loss due to evaporation f a pot :i* 0 n %ad$4 ,?is pr9ciple _c be appli$ v greatly 9 practice1 b x po9ts to a some:at ?ick plant+1 proportion$ to ! wat] held by ! soil4 ,x also %[s a possible b5efit to be d]iv$ f ! high head] /raw :i* is all[$ to /& = sev]al weeks 9 dry-f>m sections :]e ! h>ve/ comes e>ly & ! fall pl[+ is done late1 z 9 ! m\nta9 /ates4 ,! high head] /ubble %ades ! gr\nd v ?or\ghly4 ,?us ! /ubble may be made to cons]ve ! soil-moi/ure 9 dry-f>m sections1 :]e gra9 is h>ve/$ by ! head] me?od4 ,a special case ( %ad+ is ! mul*+ ( l& ) /raw or o!r b>ny>d litt]1 or ) leaves1 z 9 ! =e/4 ,su* mul*+ r$uces evaporation1 b only 9 "p1 because ( its %ad+ action1 s9ce x acts also z a loose top lay] ( soil matt] break+ communication ) ! l[] soil lay]s4 ,:5ev] ! soil is c>efully /irr$1 z w be describ$1 ! value ( %ad+ z a means or *eck+ evaporation disappe>s almo/ entirely4 ,x is only ) soils :i* are tol]ably moi/ at ! surface t %ad+ acts b5eficially4 ,alfalfa 9 cultivat$ r[s4 ,?is practice is employ$ to make possible ! gr[? ( alfalfa & o!r p]5nial crops on arid l&s )\t irrigation4 ,! effect ( tillage ,capill>y soil-moi/ure moves f p>ticle to p>ticle until ! surface is rea*$4 ,! clos] ! soil gra9s are pack$ toge!r1 ! great] ! numb] ( po9ts or contact1 & ! m easily w ! movem5t ( ! soil-moi/ure proce$4 ,if by any means a lay] ( ! soil is s loos5$ z to r$uce ! numb] ( po9ts ( contact1 ! movem5t ( ! soil-moi/ure is correspond+ly h9d]$4 ,! process is some:at simil> to ! exp]i5ce 9 l>ge r airway /ations4 ,j be=e tra9 "t a great cr[d ( p is ga!r$ outside or ! gates ready to %[ _! tickets4 ,if "o gate is op5$1 a c]ta9 numb] ( pass5g]s c pass ?r\gh ea* m9ute2 if two are op5$1 ne>ly twice z _m may be admitt$ 9 ! same "t2 if m gates are op5$1 ! pass5g]s w be able to ent] ! tra9 m rapidly4 ,! wat] 9 ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil is ready to move upw>d :5ev] a call is made ^u x4 ,to rea* ! surface x mu/ pass f soil gra9 to soil gra91 & ! l>g] ! numb] ( gra9s t t\*1 ! m quickly & easily w ! wat] rea* ! surface1 = ! po9ts ( contact ( ! soil p>ticles may be lik5$ to ! gates ( ! railway /ation4 ,n[ if1 by a ?or\gh /irr+ & loos5+ ( ! topsoil1 ! numb] ( po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! top & subsoil is greatly r$uc$1 ! upw>d fl[ ( wat] is !reby l>gely *eck$4 ,su* a loos5+ ( ! topsoil = ! purpose ( r$uc+ evaporation f ! topsoil has come to be call$ cultivation1 & includes pl[+1 h>r[+1 disk+1 hoe+1 & o!r cultural op]ations by :i* ! topsoil is /irr$4 ,! break+ ( ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! top & subsoil is und\bt$ly ! ma9 reason = ! effici5cy ( cultivation1 b x is also to be rememb]$ t su* /irr+ helps to dry ! top soil v ?or\ghly1 & z has be5 expla9$ a lay] ( dry soil ( itself is a v effective *eck ^u surface evaporation4 ,t ! /irr+ or cultivation ( ! topsoil really does dim9i% evaporation ( wat] f ! soil has be5 %[n by num]\s inve/igations4 ,9 #ahfh1 ,nessl] f\nd t dur+ six weeks ( an ord9>y ,g]man summ] a /irr$ soil lo/ #eaj grams ( wat] p] squ>e foot1 :ile ! adjo9+ compact$ soil lo/ #afhj grams1--a sav+ due to cultivation ( ne>ly #fj p] c5t4 ,wagn]1 te/+ ! correctness ( ,nessl]'s "w1 f\nd1 9 #ahgd1 t cultivation r$uc$ ! evaporation a little m ?an #fj p] c5t2 ,johnson1 9 #ahgh1 confirm$ ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple on ,am]ican soils1 & ,levi ,/ockbridge1 work+ ab\t ! same "t1 also on ,am]ican soils1 f\nd t cultivation dim9i%$ evaporation on a clay soil ab\t #bc p] c5t1 on a s&y loam #ee p] c5t1 & on a heavy loam ne>ly #ac p] c5t4 ,all ! e>ly "w done on ?is subject 0 done "u humid conditions1 & x is only 9 rec5t ye>s t confirmation ( ?is important pr9ciple has be5 obta9$ = ! soils ( ! dry-f>m region4 ,=ti]1 work+ "u ,cali=nia conditions1 det]m9$ t cultivation r$uc$ ! evaporation f ! soil surface ov] #ee p] c5t4 ,at ! ,utah ,/ation simil> exp]im5ts h %[n t ! sav+ ( soil-moi/ure by cultivation 0 #fc p] c5t = a clay soil1 #cd p] c5t = a co>se s&1 & #ac p] c5t = a clay loam4 ,fur!r1 practical exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ "t & "t aga9 t 9 cultivation ! dry-f>m] has a p[]ful means ( prev5t+ evaporation f agricultural soils4 ,closely connect$ ) cultivation is ! practice ( scatt]+ /raw or o!r litt] ov] ! gr\nd4 ,su* artificial mul*es are v effective 9 r$uc+ evaporation4 ,eb]may] f\nd t by spread+ /raw on ! l&1 ! evaporation 0 r$uc$ #bb p] c5t2 ,wagn] f\nd "u simil> conditions a sav+ ( #ch p] c5t1 & ^! results h be5 confirm$ by _m o!r inve/igators4 ,on ! mod]n dry-f>ms1 :i* are l>ge 9 area1 ! artificial mul*+ ( soils _c become a v ext5sive practice1 yet x is well to be> ! pr9ciple 9 m9d4 ,! practice ( h>ve/+ dry-f>m gra9 ) ! head] & pl[+ "u ! high /ubble 9 ! fall is a phase ( cultivation = wat] cons]vation t des]ves special notice4 ,! /raw1 ?us incorporat$ into ! soil1 decomposes q readily 9 spite ( ! popul> notion to ! contr>y1 & makes ! soil m por\s1 &1 !re=e1 m effectively work$ = ! prev5tion ( evaporation4 ,:5 ?is practice is cont9u$ = consid]able p]iods1 ! topsoil becomes ri* 9 organic matt]1 :i* assi/s 9 ret>d+ evaporation1 besides increas+ ! f]tility ( ! l&4 ,:5 /raw _c be f$ to advantage1 z is yet ! case on _m ( ! we/]n dry-f>ms1 x w\ld be bett] to scatt] x ov] ! l& ?an to burn x1 z is (t5 done4 ,any?+ t cov]s ! gr\nd or loos5s ! topsoil prev5ts 9 a measure ! evaporation ( ! wat] /or$ 9 l[] soil dep?s = ! use ( crops4 ,dep? ( cultivation ,! all-important practice = ! dry-f>m] :o is ent]+ ^u ! gr[+ season is cultivation4 ,! soil mu/ be cov]$ cont9ually ) a deep lay] ( dry loose soil1 :i* because ( its loos5ess & dryness makes evaporation difficult4 ,a lead+ "q 9 connection ) cultivation is ! dep? to :i* ! soil %\ld be /irr$ = ! be/ results4 ,_m ( ! e>ly /ud5ts ( ! subject f\nd t a soil mul* only "o half in* 9 dep? 0 effective 9 reta9+ a l>ge "p ( ! soil-moi/ure :i* noncultivat$ soils w\ld lose by evaporation4 ,soils diff] greatly 9 ! rate ( evaporation f _! surfaces4 ,"s =m a natural mul* :5 dri$1 :i* prev5ts fur!r wat] loss4 ,o!rs =m only a ?9 h>d cru/1 bel[ :i* lies an active evaporat+ surface ( wet soil4 ,soils :i* dry out readily & crumble on top into a natural mul* %\ld be cultivat$ deeply1 = a %all[ cultivation does n ext5d beyond ! naturally =m$ mul*4 ,9 fact1 on c]ta9 calc>e\s soils1 ! surfaces ( :i* dry out quickly & =m a good protection aga9/ evaporation1 %all[ cultivations (t5 cause a great] evaporation by di/urb+ ! almo/ p]fect natural mul*4 ,clay or s& soils1 :i* d n s well =m a natural mul*1 w respond mu* bett] to %all[ cultivations4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! deep] ! cultivation1 ! m effective x is 9 r$uc+ evaporation4 ,=ti]1 9 ! exp]im5ts 9 ,cali=nia to :i* allusion has already be5 made1 %[$ ! great] value ( deep cultivation4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( fifte5 days1 beg9n+ imm$iately aft] an irrigation1 ! soil :i* _h n be5 mul*$ lo/ by evaporation ne>ly "o f\r? ( ! total am\nt ( wat] t _h be5 add$4 ,a mul* #d in*es deep sav$ ab\t #gb p] c5t ( ! evaporation2 a mul* #h in*es deep sav$ ab\t #hh p] c5t1 & a mul* #aj in*es deep /opp$ evaporation almo/ :olly4 ,x is a mo/ s]i\s mi/ake = ! dry-f>m]1 :o attempts cultivation = soil-moi/ure cons]vation1 to fail to get ! be/ results simply to save a few c5ts p] acre 9 add$ labor4 ,:5 to cultivate or till ,x has already be5 %[n t ! rate ( evaporation is great] f a wet ?an f a dry surface4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! critical "t = prev5t+ evaporation is :5 ! soil is wette/4 ,aft] ! soil is tol]ably dry1 a v l>ge portion ( ! soil-moi/ure has be5 lo/1 :i* possibly might h be5 sav$ by e>li] cultivation4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t is well %[n by exp]im5ts conduct$ by ! ,utah ,/ation4 ,9 "o case on a soil well fill$ ) wat]1 dur+ a ?ree weeks' p]iod1 ne>ly "o half ( ! total loss occurr$ ! fir/1 :ile only "o fif? fell on ! ?ird week4 ,( ! am\nt lo/ dur+ ! fir/ week1 ov] #fj p] c5t occurr$ dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days4 ,cultivation %\ld1 !re=e1 be practic$ z soon z possible aft] conditions favorable = evaporation h be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is means1 fir/1 t 9 e>ly spr+1 j z soon z ! l& is dry en\gh to be work$ )\t caus+ puddl+1 ! soil %\ld be deeply & ?or\ghly /irr$4 ,spr+ pl[+1 done z e>ly z possible1 is an excell5t practice = =m+ a mul* aga9/ evaporation4 ,ev5 :5 ! l& has be5 fall-pl[$1 spr+ pl[+ is v b5eficial1 ?\gh on fall-pl[$ l& ! disk h>r[ is usually us$ 9 e>ly spr+1 & if x is set at r a %>p angle1 & prop]ly weight$1 s t x cuts deeply into ! gr\nd1 x is practically z effective z spr+ pl[+4 ,! *ief dang] to ! dry-f>m] is t he w p]mit ! e>ly spr+ days to slip by until1 :5 at la/ he beg9s spr+ cultivation1 a l>ge portion ( ! /or$ soil-wat] has be5 evaporat$4 ,x may be said t deep fall pl[+1 by p]mitt+ ! moi/ure to s9k quickly into ! l[] lay]s ( soil1 makes x possible to get ^u ! gr\nd e>li] 9 ! spr+4 ,9 fact1 unpl[$ l& _c be cultivat$ z e>ly z t :i* has gone ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 a pl[$ condition ,if ! l& c>ries a fall-s[n crop1 e>ly spr+ cultivation is d\bly important4 ,z soon z ! plants are well up 9 spr+ ! l& %\ld be gone ov] ?or\ghly sev]al times if necess>y1 ) an iron too? h>r[1 ! tee? ( :i* are set to slant backw>d 9 ord] n to te> up ! plants4 ,! loose e>? mul* ?us =m$ is v effective 9 cons]v+ moi/ure2 & ! few plants torn up are m ?an paid = by ! increas$ wat] supply = ! rema9+ plants4 ,! wise dry-fann] cultivates 8 l&1 :e!r fall[ or cropp$1 z e>ly z possible 9 ! spr+4 ,foll[+ ! fir/ spr+ pl[+1 disk+1 or cultivation1 mu/ come m cultivation4 ,soon aft] ! spr+ pl[+1 ! l& %\ld be disk$ &4 !n h>r[$4 ,e device %\ld be us$ to secure ! =mation ( a lay] ( loose dry+ soil ov] ! l& surface4 ,! season's crop w dep5d l>gely ^u ! effectiv5ess ( ?is spr+ treatm5t4 ,z ! season advances1 ?ree causes comb9e to p]mit ! evaporation ( soil-moi/ure4 ,fir/1 !re is a natural t5d5cy1 "u ! some:at moi/ conditions ( spr+1 = ! soil to settle compactly & ?us to re/ore ! num]\s capill>y connections ) ! l[] soil lay]s ?r\gh :i* wat] escapes4 ,c>eful wat* %\ld !re=e be kept ^u ! soil surface1 & :5ev] ! mul* is n loose1 ! disk or h>r[ %\ld be run ov] ! l&4 ,secondly1 e ra9 ( spr+ or summ] t5ds to e/abli% connections ) ! /ore ( moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,9 fact1 late spr+ & summ] ra9s are (t5 a disadvantage on dry-f>ms1 :i* by cultural treatm5t h be5 made to conta9 a l>ge /ore ( moi/ure4 ,x has be5 %[n repeat$ly t light ra9s draw moi/ure v quickly f soil lay]s _m feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! ra9less summ] is n fe>$ by ! dry-f>m] ^: soils are f]tile & ri* 9 moi/ure4 ,x is imp]ative t at ! v e>lie/ mom5t aft] a spr+ or summ] ra9 ! topsoil be well /irr$ to prev5t evaporation4 ,x ?us happ5s t 9 sections ( frequ5t summ] ra9s1 z 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area1 ! f>m] has to h>r[ 8 l& _m times 9 succession1 b ! increas$ crop yields inv>iably ju/ify ! add$ exp5diture ( ef=t4 ,?irdly1 on ! summ]-fall[$ gr\nd we$s />t vigor\sly 9 ! spr+ & draw ^u ! soil-moi/ure1 if all[$ to gr[1 fully z heavily z a crop ( :eat or corn4 ,! dry-f>m] mu/ n all[ a we$ ^u 8 l&4 ,cultivation mu/ he s cont9u\s z to make we$s an impossibility4 ,! belief t ! elem5ts add$ to ! soil by we$s (fset ! loss ( soil-moi/ure is :olly errone\s4 ,! gr[? ( we$s on a fall[ dry-f>m is m dang]\s ?an ! pack$ unc>$-= topsoil4 ,_m implem5ts h be5 devis$ = ! easy kill+ ( we$s1 b none appe> to be bett] ?an ! pl[ & ! disk :i* are f\nd on e f>m4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xv47 ,:5 crops are gr[+ on ! l&1 ?or\gh summ] cultivation is some:at m difficult1 b mu/ be practic$ = ! greate/ c]ta9ty ( crop yields4 ,potatoes1 corn1 & simil> crops may be cultivat$ ) comp>ative ease1 by ! use ( ord9>y cultivators4 ,) :eat & ! o!r small gra9s1 g5]ally1 ! damage done to ! crop by h>r[+ late 9 ! season is too great1 & reliance is !re=e plac$ on ! %ad+ p[] ( ! plants to prev5t undue evaporation4 ,h[ev]1 until ! :eat & o!r gra9s are t5 to twelve in*es high1 x is p]fectly safe to h>r[ !m4 ,! tee? %\ld be set backw>d to dim9i% ! te>+ up ( ! plants1 & ! implem5t weight$ en\gh to break ! soil cru/ ?or\ghly4 ,?is practice has be5 fully tri$ out ov] ! l>g] "p ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory & f\nd satisfactory4 ,s vitally important is a p]man5t soil mul* = ! cons]vation = plant use ( ! wat] /or$ 9 ! soil t _m attempts h be5 made to devise means = ! effective cultivation ( l& on :i* small gra9s & grasses are gr[+4 ,9 _m places plants h be5 gr[n 9 r[s s f> ap>t t a man ) a hoe c\ld pass betwe5 !m4 ,sc(ield has describ$ ?is me?od z practic$ successfully 9 ,tunis4 ,campbell & o!rs 9 ,am]ica h propos$ t a drill hole be clos$ e ?ree feet to =m a pa? wide en\gh = a horse to travel 9 & to pull a l>ge spr+ too? cultivator' ) tee? s spac$ z to /rike betwe5 ! r[s ( :eat4 ,x is yet d\btful :e!r1 "u av]age conditions1 su* c>eful cultivation1 at lea/ ( gra9 crops1 is ju/ifi$ by ! returns4 ,"u conditions ( high aridity1 or :]e ! /ore ( soil-moi/ure is l[1 su* treatm5t frequ5tly /&s betwe5 crop success & failure1 & x is n unlikely t me?ods w be devis$ :i* w p]mit ( ! *eap & rapid cultivation betwe5 ! r[s ( gr[+ :eat4 ,mean:ile1 ! dry-f>m] mu/ always rememb] t ! m>g9 "u :i* he works is small1 & t 8 success dep5ds ^u ! degree to :i* he prev5ts small wa/es4 ,dry-f>m potatoes1 ,rosebud ,co41 ,montana1 #aiji4 ,yield1 #bhb bu%els p] acre4 ,! cons]vation ( soil-moi/ure dep5ds ^u ! vigor\s1 unremitt+1 cont9u\s /irr+ ( ! topsoil4 ,cultivation6 cultivation6 & m cultivation6 mu/ be ! w>-cry ( ! dry-f>m] :o battles aga9/ ! wat] ?ieves ( an arid climate4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,regulat+ ,,! ,,transpiration ,wat] t has ent]$ ! soil may be lo/ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 x may escape by d[nw>d seepage1 :]eby x passes beyond ! rea* ( plant roots & (t5 rea*es ! /&+ wat]4 ,9 dry-f>m di/ricts su* loss is a r>e occurr5ce1 = ! natural precipitation is n suffici5tly l>ge to connect ) ! c\ntry dra9age1 & x may1 !re=e1 be elim9at$ f consid]ation4 ,second1 soil-wat] may be lo/ by direct evaporation f ! surface soil4 ,! conditions prevail+ 9 arid di/ricts favor /rongly ?is mann] ( loss ( soil-moi/ure4 ,x has be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t ! f>m]1 by prop] & p]si/5t cultivation ( ! topsoil1 has x 9 8 p[] to r$uce ?is loss en\gh to be almo/ negligible 9 ! f>m]'s consid]ation4 ,?ird1 soil-wat] may be lo/ by evaporation f ! plants !mselves4 ,:ile x is n g5]ally und]/ood1 ?is s\rce ( loss is1 9 di/ricts :]e dry-f>m+ is prop]ly c>ri$ on1 v mu* l>g] ?an t result+ ei!r f seepage or f direct evaporation4 ,:ile plants are gr[+1 evaporation f plants1 ord9>ily call$ transpiration1 cont9ues4 ,exp]im5ts p]=m$ 9 v>i\s arid di/ricts h %[n t "o & a half to ?ree times m wat] evaporates f ! plant ?an directly f well-till$ soil4 ,to ! pres5t v little has be5 le>n$ conc]n+ ! mo/ effective me?ods ( *eck+ or controll+ ?is cont9ual loss ( wat]4 ,transpiration1 or ! evaporation ( wat] f ! plants !mselves & ! means ( controll+ ?is loss1 are subjects ( ! deepe/ importance to ! dry-f>m]4 ,absorption ,to und]/& ! me?ods = r$uc+ transpiration1 z propos$ 9 ?is *apt]1 x is necess>y to review briefly ! mann] 9 :i* plants take wat] f ! soil4 ,! roots are ! organs ( wat] absorption4 ,practically no wat] is tak5 into ! plants by ! /ems or leaves1 ev5 "u conditions ( heavy ra9fall4 ,su* small quantities z may ent] ! plant ?r\gh ! /ems & leaves are ( v little value 9 fur!r+ ! life & gr[? ( ! plant4 ,! roots alone are ( real consequ5ce 9 wat] absorption4 ,all p>ts ( ! roots d n possess equal p[] ( tak+ up soil-wat]4 ,9 ! process ( wat] absorption ! y\ng] roots are mo/ active & effective4 ,ev5 ( ! "y roots1 h[ev]1 only c]ta9 p>ts are actively engag$ 9 wat] absorption4 ,at ! v tips ( ! "y gr[+ roots are num]\s f9e hairs4 ,^! root-hairs1 :i* clu/] ab\t ! gr[+ po9t ( ! "y roots1 are ! organs ( ! plant t absorb soil-wat]4 ,!y are ( value only = limit$ p]iods ( "t1 = z !y gr[ old]1 !y lose _! p[] ( wat] absorption4 ,9 fact1 !y are active only :5 !y are 9 actual process ( gr[?4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t wat] absorption occurs ne> ! tips ( ! gr[+ roots1 & :5ev] a plant ceases to gr[ ! wat] absorption ceases also4 ,! root-hairs are fill$ ) a dilute solution ( v>i\s sub/ances1 z yet poorly und]/ood1 :i* plays an important t5t "p 9 ! ab sorption ( wat] & plant-food f ! soil4 ,ow+ to _! m9ut5ess1 ! root-hairs are 9 mo/ cases imm]s$ 9 ! wat] film t surr\nds ! soil p>ticles1 & ! soil-wat] is tak5 directly into ! roots f ! soil-wat] film by ! process kn[n z osmosis4 ,! explanation ( ?is inw>d movem5t is complicat$ & ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! conc5tration or /r5g? ( ! solution )9 ! root-hair is ( diff]5t degree f ! soil-wat] solution4 ,! wat] t5ds1 !re=e1 to move f ! soil into ! root1 9 ord] to make ! solutions inside & outside ( ! root ( ! same conc5tration4 ,if x %\ld ev] occur t ! soil-wat] & ! wat] )9 ! root-hair became ! same conc5tration1 t is to say1 conta9$ ! same sub/ances 9 ! same proportional am\nts1 !re w\ld be no fur!r inw>d movem5t ( wat]4 ,moreov]1 if x %\ld happ5 t ! soil-wat] is /rong] ?an ! wat] )9 ! root-hair1 ! wat] w\ld t5d to pass f ! plant into ! soil4 ,?is is ! condition t prevails 9 _m alkali l&s ( ! ,we/1 & is ! cause ( ! dea? ( plants gr[+ on su* l&s4 ,x is cle> t "u ^! circum/ances n only wat] ent]s ! root-hairs1 b _m ( ! sub/ances f\nd 9 solution 9 ! soil-wat] ent] ! plant also4 ,among ^! are ! m9]al sub/ances :i* are indisp5sable = ! prop] life & gr[? ( plants4 ,^! plant nutri5ts are s indisp5sable t if any "o ( !m is abs5t1 x is absolutely impossible = ! plant to cont9ue its life functions4 ,! indisp5sable plant-foods ga!r$ f ! soil by ! root-hairs1 9 addition to wat]1 are3 potassium1 calcium1 magnesium1 iron1 nitrog51 & phosphorus1--all 9 _! prop] comb9ations4 ,h[ ! plant uses ^! sub/ances is yet poorly und]/ood1 b we are fairly c]ta9 t ea* "o has "s p>ticul> function 9 ! life ( ! plant4 ,= in/ance1 nitrog5 & phosphorus are probably necess>y 9 ! =mation ( ! prote9 or ! fle%-=m+ portions ( ! plant1 :ile pota% is especially valuable 9 ! =mation ( />*4 ,!re is a con/ant movem5t ( ! indisp5sable plant nutri5ts aft] !y h ent]$ ! root-hairs1 ?r\gh ! /ems & into ! leaves4 ,?is con/ant movem5t ( ! plant-foods dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! plant consumes 9 its gr[? consid]able quantities ( ^! sub/ances1 & z ! plant juices are dim9i%$ 9 _! cont5t ( p>ticul> plant-foods1 m ent]s f ! soil solution4 ,! necess>y plant-foods d n alone ent] ! plant b :atev] may be 9 solution 9 ! soil-wat] ent]s ! plant 9 v>iable quantities4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce ! plant uses only a few def9ite sub/ances & leaves ! unnecess>y ones 9 solution1 !re is soon a cessation ( ! inw>d movem5t ( ! unimportant con/itu5ts ( ! soil solution4 ,?is process is (t5 spok5 ( z selective absorption2 t is1 ! plant1 because ( its vital activity1 appe>s to h ! p[] ( select+ f ! soil c]ta9 sub/ances & reject+ o!rs4 ,movem5t ( wat] ?r\gh plant ,! soil-wat]1 hold+ 9 solution a great v>iety ( plant nutri5ts1 passes f ! root-hairs into ! adjo9+ cells & gradually moves f cell to cell ?r\gh\t ! :ole plant4 ,9 _m plants ?is /ream ( wat] does n simply pass f cell to cell1 b moves ?r\gh tubes t app>5tly h be5 =m$ = ! specific purpose ( aid+ ! movem5t ( wat] ?r\gh ! plant4 ,! rapidity ( ?is curr5t is (t5 consid]able4 ,ord9>ily1 x v>ies f "o foot to six feet p] h\r1 ?\gh obs]vations are on record %[+ t ! movem5t (t5 rea*es ! rate ( eighte5 feet p] h\r4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t 9 an actively gr[+ plant x does n take long = ! wat] :i* is 9 ! soil to f9d its way to ! upp]mo/ p>ts ( ! plant4 ,! "w ( leaves ,:e!r wat] passes upw>d f cell to cell or ?r\gh especially provid$ tubes1 x rea*es at la/ ! leaves1 :]e evaporation takes place4 ,x is necess>y to consid] 9 great] detail :at takes place 9 leaves 9 ord] t we may m cle>ly und]/& ! loss due to transpiration4 ,"o half or m ( e plant is made up ( ! elem5t c>bon4 ,! rema9d] ( ! plant consi/s ( ! m9]al sub/ances tak5 f ! soil 7n m ?an two to #aj p] c5t ( ! dry plant7 & wat] :i* has be5 comb9$ ) ! c>bon & ^! m9]al sub/ances to =m ! *>act]i/ic products ( plant life4 ,! c>bon :i* =ms ov] half ( ! plant sub/ance is ga!r$ f ! air by ! leaves & x is evid5t t ! leaves are v active ag5ts ( plant gr[?4 ,! atmosph]e consi/s *iefly ( ! gases oxyg5 & nitrog5 9 ! proportion ( "o to f\r1 b associat$ ) !m are small quantities ( v>i\s o!r sub/ances4 ,*ief among ! second>y con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e is ! gas c>bon dioxid1 :i* is =m$ :5 c>bon burns1 t is1 :5 c>bon unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,:5ev] coal or wood or any c>bonace\s sub/ance burns1 c>bon dioxid is =m$4 ,leaves h ! p[] ( absorb+ ! gas c>bon dioxid f ! air & sep>at+ ! c>bon f ! oxyg54 ,! oxyg5 is return$ to ! atmosph]e :ile ! c>bon is reta9$ to be us$ z ! fundam5tal sub/ance 9 ! con/ruction by ! plant ( oils1 fats1 />*es1 sug>s1 prote91 & all ! o!r products ( plant gr[?4 ,?is important process kn[n z c>bon assimilation is made possible by ! aid ( c\ntless small op5+s :i* exi/ *icfly on ! surfaces ( leaves & kn[n z /omata4 ,! /omata are delicately balanc$ valves1 exce$+ly s5sitive to ext]nal influ5ces4 ,!y are m num]\s on ! l[] side ?an on ! upp] side ( plants4 ,9 fact1 !re is (t5 five times m on ! "u side ?an on ! upp] side ( a leaf4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t #aej1jjj /omata or m are (t5 f\nd p] squ>e in* on ! "u side ( ! leaves ( ord9>y cultivat$ plants4 ,! /omata or brea?+-pores are s con/ruct$ t !y may op5 & close v readily4 ,9 wilt$ leaves !y are practically clos$2 (t5 !y also close imm$iately aft] a ra92 b 9 /rong sunlight !y are usually wide op54 ,x is ?r\gh ! /omata t ! gases ( ! air ent] ! plant ?r\gh :i* ! disc>d$ oxyg5 returns to ! atmosph]e4 ,x is also ?r\gh ! /omata t ! wat] :i* is drawn f ! soil by ! roots ?r\gh ! /ems is evaporat$ into ! air4 ,!re is "s evaporation ( wat] f ! /ems & bran*es ( plants1 b x is seldom m ?an a ?irtie? or a =tie? ( ! total transpiration4 ,! evaporation ( wat] f ! leaves ?r\gh ! brea?+-pores is ! s-call$ transpiration1 :i* is ! greate/ cause ( ! loss ( soil-wat] "u dry-f>m conditions4 ,x is to ! prev5tion ( ?is transpiration t mu* inve/igation mu/ be giv5 by future /ud5ts ( dry-f>m+4 ,transpiration ,z wat] evaporates ?r\gh ! brea?+-pores f ! leaves x necess>ily foll[s t a dem& is made ^u ! l[] portions ( ! plant = m wat]4 ,! effect ( ! loss ( wat] is felt ?r\gh\t ! :ole plant & is1 und\bt$ly1 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! absorption ( wat] f ! soil4 ,z evaporation is dim9i%$ ! am\nt ( wat] t ent]s ! plants is also dim9i%$4 ,yet transpiration appe>s to be a process :olly necess>y = plant life4 ,! "q is1 simply1 to :at ext5t x may be dim9i%$ )\t injur+ plant gr[?4 ,_m /ud5ts believe t ! c>bon assimilation ( ! plant1 :i* is fundam5tally important 9 plant gr[?1 _c be cont9u$ unless !re is a /eady /ream ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! plant & !n evaporat+ f ! leaves4 ,( "o ?+ we are fairly sure3 if ! upw>d /ream ( wat] is :olly /opp$ = ev5 a few h\rs1 ! plant is likely to be s sev]ely injur$ z to be greatly h&icapp$ 9 its future gr[?4 ,botanical au?orities agree t transpiration is ( value to plant gr[?1 fir/1 because x helps to di/ribute ! m9]al nutri5ts necess>y = plant gr[? uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! plant2 secondly1 because x p]mits an active assimilation ( ! c>bon by ! leaves2 ?irdly1 because x is n unlikely t ! heat requir$ to evaporate wat]1 9 l>ge "p tak5 f ! plant itself1 prev5ts ! plant f be+ ov]heat$4 ,?is la/ m5tion$ value ( transpiration is especially important 9 dry-f>m di/ricts1 :]e1 dur+ ! summ]1 ! heat is (t5 int5se4 ,f\r?ly1 transpiration app>5tly influ5ces plant gr[? & developm5t 9 a numb] ( ways n yet cle>ly und]/ood4 ,conditions influ5c+ transpiration ,9 g5]al1 ! conditions t det]m9e ! evaporation ( wat] f ! leaves are ! same z ^? t favor ! direct evaporation ( wat] f soils1 al?\gh !re seems to be some?+ 9 ! life process ( ! plant1 a physiological factor1 :i* p]mits or prev5ts ! ord9>y wat]-dissipat+ factors f ex]cis+ _! full p[]s4 ,t ! evaporation ( wat] f ! soil or f a free wat] surface is n ! same z t f plant leaves may be %[n 9 a g5]al way f ! fact t ! am\nt ( wat] transpir$ f a giv5 area ( leaf surface may be v mu* l>g] or v mu* small] ?an t evaporat$ f an equal surface ( free wat] expos$ to ! same conditions4 ,x is fur!r %[n by ! fact t :]eas evaporation f a free wat] surface goes on ) little or no int]ruption ?r\gh\t ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! day1 transpiration is virtually at a /&/ill at night ev5 ?\gh ! conditions = ! rapid evaporation f a free wat] surface are pres5t4 ,"s ( ! conditions influ5c+ ! transpiration may be enum]at$ z foll[s3-- ,fir/1 transpiration is influ5c$ by ! relative humidity4 ,9 dry air1 "u o!rwise simil> conditions1 plants transpire m wat] ?an 9 moi/ air ?\gh x is to be not$ t ev5 :5 ! atmosph]e is fully saturat$1 s t no wat] evaporates f a free wat] surface1 ! transpiration ( plants /ill cont9ues 9 a small degree4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! obs]vation t s9ce ! life process ( a plant produces a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 ! plant is always w>m] ?an ! surr\nd+ air & t transpiration into an atmosph]e fully *>g$ ) wat] vapor is consequ5tly made possible4 ,! fact t transpiration is great] "u a l[ relative humidity is ( greate/ importance to ! dry-f>m] :o has to cont5d ) ! dry atmosph]e4 ,second1 transpiration increases ) ! increase 9 temp]ature2 t is1 "u conditions o!rwise ! same1 transpiration is m rapid on a w>m day ?an on a cold "o4 ,! temp]ature increase ( itself1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t to cause transpiration4 ,?ird1 transpiration increases ) ! increase ( air curr5ts1 :i* is to say1 t on a w9dy day transpiration is mu* m rapid ?an on a quiet day4 ,f\r?1 transpiration increases ) ! increase ( direct sunlight4 ,x is an int]e/+ obs]vation t ev5 ) ! same relative humidity1 temp]ature1 & w9d1 transpiration is r$uc$ to a m9imum dur+ ! night & increases manyfold dur+ ! day :5 direct sunlight is available4 ,?is condition is aga9 to be not$ by ! dry-f>m]1 = ! dry-f>m di/ricts are *>act]iz$ by an abundance ( sun%9e4 ,fif?1 transpiration is decreas$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! soil-wat] ( l>ge quantities ( ! sub/ances :i* ! plant ne$s = its food mat]ial4 ,?is w be discuss$ m fully 9 ! next section4 ,six?1 any me*anical vibration ( ! plant seems to h "s effect ^u ! transpiration4 ,at times x is increas$ & at times x is decreas$ by su* me*anical di/urbance4 ,sev5?1 transpiration v>ies also ) ! age ( ! plant4 ,9 ! "y plant x is comp>atively small4 ,j be=e bloom+ x is v mu* l>g] & 9 "t ( bloom x is ! l>ge/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! plant4 ,z ! plant gr[s old] transpiration dim9i%es1 & f9ally at ! rip5+ /age x almo/ ceases4 ,eigh?1 transpiration v>ies greatly ) ! crop4 ,n all plants take wat] f ! soil at ! same rate4 ,v little is z yet kn[n ab\t ! relative wat] requirem5ts ( crops on ! basis ( transpiration4 ,z an illu/ration1 ,mac,dougall has report$ t sagebru% uses ab\t "o f\r? z mu* wat] z a tomato plant4 ,ev5 great] diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 o!r plants4 ,?is is "o ( ! int]e/+ subjects yet to be inve/igat$ by ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! reclamation ( dry-f>m di/ricts4 ,moreov]1 ! same crop gr[n "u diff]5t conditions v>ies 9 its rate ( transpiration4 ,= in/ance1 plants gr[n = "s "t "u arid conditions greatly modify _! rate ( transpiration1 z %[n by ,spald+1 :o reports t a plant re>$ "u humid conditions gave (f #c4g times z mu* wat] z ! same plant re>$ "u arid conditions4 ,?is v int]e/+ obs]vation t5ds to confirm ! view commonly held t plants gr[n "u arid conditions w gradually adapt !mselves to ! prevail+ conditions1 & 9 spite ( ! great] wat] dissipat+ conditions w live ) ! exp5diture ( less wat] ?an w\ld be ! case "u humid conditions4 ,fur!r1 ,sorau] f\nd1 _m ye>s ago1 t diff]5t v>ieties ( ! same crop possess v diff]5t rates ( transpiration4 ,?is also is an int]e/+ subject t %\ld be m fully inve/igat$ 9 ! future4 ,n9?1 ! vigor ( gr[? ( a crop appe>s to h a /rong influ5ce on transpiration4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t ! m vigor\sly a crop gr[s1 ! m rapidly does x transpire wat]1 = x is well kn[n t ! mo/ luxuriant plant gr[? occurs 9 ! tropics1 :]e ! transpiration is exce$+ly l[4 ,x seems to be true t "u ! same conditions1 plants t gr[ mo/ vigor\sly t5d to use proportionately ! smalle/ am\nt ( wat]4 ,t5?1 ! root sy/em--its dep? & mann] ( gr[?--influ5ces ! rate ( transpiration4 ,! m vigor\s & ext5sive ! root sy/em1 ! m rapidly c wat] be secur$ f ! soil by ! plant4 ,! conditions above enum]at$ z influ5c+ transpiration are ne>ly all ( a physical "*1 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t !y may all be annull$ or *ang$ by a physiological regulation4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! subject ( transpiration is yet poorly und]/ood1 ?\gh x is "o ( ! mo/ important subjects 9 its applications to plant production 9 localities :]e wat] is sc>ee4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t ne>ly all ( ! above conditions influ5c+ transpiration are beyond ! control ( ! f>m]4 ,! "o t seems mo/ readily controll$ 9 ord9>y agricultural practice w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,plant-food & transpiration ,x has be5 obs]v$ repeat$ly by /ud5ts ( transpiration t ! am\nt ( wat] :i* actually evaporates f ! leaves is v>i$ mat]ially by ! sub/ances held 9 solution by ! soil-wat]4 ,t is1 transpiration dep5ds ^u ! nature & conc5tration ( soil solution4 ,?is fact1 ?\gh n commonly appli$ ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 has really be5 kn[n = a v long "t4 ,woodw>d1 9 #afii1 obs]v$ t ! am\nt ( wat] transpir$ by a plant gr[+ 9 ra9 wat] 0 #aib4c grams2 9 spr+ wat]1 #afc4f grams1 & 9 wat] f ! ,riv] ,?ames1 #aei4e grams2 t is1 ! am\nt ( wat] transpir$ by ! plant 9 ! comp>atively pure ra9 wat] 0 ne>ly #bj p] c5t high] ?an t us$ by ! plant gr[+ 9 ! notori\sly impure wat] ( ! ,riv] ,?ames4 ,sa*s1 9 #ahei1 c>ri$ on an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts on transpiration 9 :i* he %[$ t ! addition ( potassium nitrate1 ammonium sulphate or common salt to ! solution 9 :i* plants grew r$uc$ ! transpiration2 9 fact1 ! r$uction 0 l>ge1 v>y+ f #aj to #ge p] c5t4 ,?is 0 confirm$ by a numb] ( lat] work]s1 among !m1 = in/ance1 ,bu]g]/e91 :o1 9 #ahge1 %[$ t :5ev] acids 7 add$ to a soil or to wat] 9 :i* plants are gr[+1 ! transpiration is increas$ greatly2 b :5 alkalies ( any k9d are add$1 transpiration decreases4 ,?is is ( special int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( dry-f>m+1 s9ce dry-f>m soils1 z a rule1 conta9 m sub/ances t may be class$ z alkalies ?an d soils ma9ta9$ "u humid conditions4 ,s\r soils are v *>act]i/ic ( di/ricts :]e ! ra9fall is abundant2 ! vegetation gr[+ on su* soils transpires excessively & ! crops are consequ5tly m subject to dr\?4 ,! inve/igators ( almo/ a g5]ation ago also det]m9$ beyond "q t :5ev] a complete nutri5t solution is pres5t$ to plants1 t is1 a solution conta9+ all ! necess>y plant-foods 9 ! prop] proportions1 ! transpiration is r$uc$ imm5sely4 ,x is n necess>y t ! plant-foods %\ld be pres5t$ 9 a wat] solution 9 ord] to effect ?is r$uction 9 transpiration2 if !y are add$ to ! soil on :i* plants are gr[+1 ! same effect w result4 ,! addition ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s to ! soil w !re=e dim9i% transpiration4 ,x 0 fur!r discov]$ ne>ly half a c5tury ago t simil> plants gr[+ on diff]5t soils evaporate diff]5t am\nts ( wat] f _! leaves2 ?is diff]5ce1 und\bt$ly1 is due to ! conditions 9 ! f]tility ( ! soils1 = ! m f]tile a soil is1 ! ri*] w ! soil-wat] be 9 ! necess>y plant-foods4 ,! pr9ciple t transpiration or ! evaporation ( wat] f ! plants dep5ds on ! nature & conc5tration ( ! soil solution is ( f>-rea*+ importance 9 ! developm5t ( a rational practice ( dry-f>m+4 ,transpiration = a p\nd ( dry matt] ,is plant gr[? proportional to transpiration8 ,d plants t evaporate mu* wat] gr[ m rapidly ?an ^? t evaporate less8 ,^! que/ions arose v e>ly 9 ! p]iod *>act]iz$ by an active /udy ( transpiration4 ,if v>y+ ! transpiration v>ies ! gr[?1 !re w\ld be no special advantage 9 r$uc+ ! transpiration4 ,f an economic po9t ( view ! important "q is ?is3 ,does ! plant :5 its rate ( transpiration is r$uc$ /ill gr[ ) ! same vigor8 ,if t be ! case1 !n e ef=t %\ld be made by ! f>m] to control & to dim9i% ! rate ( transpiration4 ,"o ( ! v e>lie/ exp]im5ts on transpiration1 conduct$ by ,woodw>d 9 #afii1 %[$ t x requir$ less wat] to produce a p\nd ( dry matt] if ! soil solution 7 ( ! prop] conc5tration & conta9$ ! elem5ts necess>y = plant gr[?4 ,little m 0 done to answ] ! above que/ions = ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,p]haps ! "q 0 n ev5 ask$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 = sci5tific agriculture 0 j com+ into be+ 9 c\ntries :]e ! ra9fall 0 abundant4 ,h[ev]1 ,ts*apl[itz1 9 #ahgh1 inve/igat$ ! subject & f\nd t ! increase 9 dry matt] is greate/ :5 ! transpiration is ! smalle/4 ,sorau]1 9 rese>*es conduct$ f #ahhj to #ahhb1 det]m9$ ) almo/ absolute c]ta9ty t less wat] is requir$ to produce a p\nd ( dry matt] :5 ! soil is f]tiliz$ ?an :5 x is n f]tiliz$4 ,moreov]1 he obs]v$ t ! enri*+ ( ! soil solution by ! addition ( artificial f]tiliz]s enabl$ ! plant to produce dry matt] ) less wat]4 ,he fur!r f\nd t if a soil is prop]ly till$ s z to set free plant-food & 9 t way to enri* ! soil solution ! wat]-co/ ( dry plant sub/ance is decreas$4 ,hellriegel1 9 #ahhc1 confirm$ ?is law & laid d[n ! law t poor plant nutrition increases ! wat]-co/ ( e p\nd ( dry matt] produc$4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5t ,/ation report$ t its exp]im5ts _h %[n t dur+ p]iods ( dr\? ! well-till$ & well-f]tiliz$ fields yield$ good crops1 :ile ! unf]tiliz$ fields yield$ poor crops or crop failures--indicat+ !reby1 s9ce ra9fall 0 ! critical factor1 t ! f]tility ( ! soil is important 9 det]m9+ :e!r or n ) a small am\nt ( wat] a good crop c be produc$4 ,pagn\l1 work+ 9 #ahie ) fescue grass1 arriv$ at ! same conclusion4 ,on a poor clay soil x requir$ #aaji p\nds ( wat] to produce "o p\nd ( dry matt]1 :ile on a ri* calc>e\s soil only #egd p\nds 7 requir$4 ,g>dn] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 work+ 9 #aijh1 on ! manur+ ( soils1 came to ! conclusion t ! m f]tile ! soil ! less wat] is requir$ to produce a p\nd ( dry matt]4 ,he incid5tally call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 c\ntries ( limit$ ra9fall ?is might be a v important pr9ciple to apply 9 crop production4 ,hopk9s 9 8 /udy ( ! soils ( ,ill9ois has repeat$ly obs]v$1 9 connection ) c]ta9 soils1 t :]e ! l& is kept f]tile1 injury f dr\? is n common1 imply+ !reby t f]tile soils w produce dry matt] at a l[] wat]-co/4 ,! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 conduct$ by ! ,utah ,/ation1 confirm ^! conclusions4 ,! exp]im5ts1 :i* cov]$ sev]al ye>s1 7 conduct$ 9 pots fill$ ) diff]5t soils4 ,on a soil1 naturally f]tile1 #ijh p\nds ( wat] 7 transpir$ = ea* p\nd ( dry matt] 7corn7 produc$2 by add+ to ?is soil an ord9>y dress+ ( manure' ?is 0 r$uc$ to #fac p\nds1 & by add+ a small am\nt ( sodium nitrate x 0 r$uc$ to #ehe p\nds4 ,if s l>ge a r$uction c\ld be secur$ 9 practice1 x w\ld seem to ju/ify ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s 9 ye>s :5 ! dry-f>m ye> op5s ) little wat] /or$ 9 ! soil4 ,simil> results1 z w be %[n bel[1 7 obta9$ by ! use ( v>i\s cultural me?ods4 ,x may !re=e1 be /at$ z a law1 t any cultural treatm5t :i* enables ! soil-wat] to acquire l>g] quantities ( plant-food also enables ! plant to produce dry matt] ) ! use ( a small] am\nt ( wat]4 ,9 dry-f>m+1 :]e ! limit+ factor is wat]1 ?is pr9ciple mu/ he emphasiz$ 9 e cultural op]ation4 ,me?ods ( controll+ transpiration ,x w\ld appe> t at pres5t ! only means possess$ by ! f>m] = controll+ transpiration & mak+ possible maximum crops ) ! m9imum am\nt ( wat] 9 a prop]ly till$ soil is to keep ! soil z f]tile z is possible4 ,9 ! light ( ?is pr9ciple ! practices already recomm5d$ = ! /or+ ( wat] & = ! prev5tion ( ! direct evaporation ( wat] f ! soil are aga9 emphasiz$4 ,deep & frequ5t pl[+1 pref]ably 9 ! fall s t ! wea!r+ ( ! w9t] may be felt deeply & /rongly1 is ( fir/ importance 9 lib]at+ plant-food4 ,cultivation :i* has be5 recomm5d$ = ! prev5tion ( ! direct evaporation ( wat] is ( itself an effective factor 9 sett+ free plant-food & ?us 9 r$uc+ ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ by plants4 ,! exp]im5ts at ! ,utah ,/ation1 already ref]r$ to1 br+ out v /rik+ly ! value ( cultivation 9 r$uc+ ! transpiration4 ,= in/ance1 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$4 ,on a s&y loam1 n cultivat$1 #fjc p\nds ( wat] 7 transpir$ to produce "o p\nd ( dry matt] ( corn2 on ! same soil1 cultivat$1 only #beb p\nds 7 requir$4 ,on a clay loam1 n cultivat$1 #ece p\nds ( wat] 7 transpir$ = ea* p\nd ( dry matt]1 :]eas on ! cultivat$ soil only #dbh p\nds 7 necess>y4 ,on a clay soil1 n cultivat$1 #gec p\nds ( wat] 7 transpir$ = ea* p\nd ( dry matt]2 on ! cultivat$ soil1 only #ehb p\nds4 ,! f>m] :o fai?fully cultivates ! soil ?r\gh\t ! summ] & aft] e ra9 has !re=e ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t he is accompli%+ two v important ?+s3 he is keep+ ! moi/ure 9 ! soil1 & he is mak+ x possible = good crops to be gr[n ) mu* less wat] ?an w\ld o!rwise be requir$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( a peculi> soil on :i* ord9>y cultivation did n r$uce ! direct evaporation1 ! effect ^u ! transpiration 0 v m>k$4 ,on ! soil :i* 0 n cultivat$1 #dea p\nds ( wat] 7 requir$ to produce "o p\nd ( dry matt] 7corn71 :ile on ! cultivat$ soils1 ?\gh ! direct evaporation 0 no small]1 ! numb] ( p\nds ( wat] = ea* p\nd ( dry sub/ance 0 z l[ z #bfe4 ,"o ( ! *ief values ( fall[+ lies 9 ! lib]ation ( ! plant-food dur+ ! fall[ ye>1 :i* r$uces ! quantity ( wat] requir$ ! next ye> = ! full gr[? ( crops4 ,! ,utah exp]im5ts to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made %[ ! effect ( ! previ\s soil treatm5t ^u ! wat] requirem5ts ( crops4 ,"o half ( ! ?ree types ( soil _h be5 cropp$ = ?ree successive ye>s1 :ile ! o!r half _h be5 left b>e4 ,dur+ ! f\r? ye> bo? halves 7 plant$ to corn4 ,= ! s&y loam x 0 f\nd t1 on ! "p t _h be5 cropp$ previ\sly1 #fei p\nds ( wat] 7 requir$ = ea* p\nd ( dry matt] produc$1 :ile on ! "p t _h be5 b>e only #egc p\nds 7 requir$4 ,= ! clay loam #hhi p\nds on ! cropp$ "p & #eej on ! previ\sly b>e "p 7 requir$ = ea* p\nd ( dry matt]4 ,= ! clay #gdff p\nds on ! cropp$ "p & #agci p\nds on ! previ\sly b>e "p 7 requir$ = ea* p\nd ( dry matt]4 ,^! results tea* cle>ly & emphatically t ! f]tile condition ( ! soil induc$ by fall[+ makes x possible to produce dry matt] ) a small] am\nt ( wat] ?an c be done on soils t are cropp$ cont9u\sly4 ,! b5eficial effects ( fall[+ are !re=e cle>ly tw(old3 to /ore ! moi/ure ( two seasons = ! use ( "o crop2 & to set free f]tility to enable ! plant to gr[ ) ! lea/ am\nt ( wat]4 ,x is n yet fully und]/ood :at *anges occur 9 fall[+ to give ! soil ! f]tility :i* r$uces ! wat] ne$s ( ! plant4 ,! rese>*es ( ,atk9son 9 ,montana1 ,/ew>t & ,graves 9 ,utah1 & ,j5s5 9 ,s\? ,dakota make x seem probable t ! =mation ( nitrates plays an important "p 9 ! :ole process4 ,if a soil is ( su* a nature t nei!r c>eful1 deep pl[+ at ! "r "t nor con/ant cru/ cultivation are suffici5t to set free an abundance ( plant-food1 x may be necess>y to apply manures or comm]cial f]tiliz]s to ! soil4 ,:ile ! "q ( re/or+ soil f]tility has n yet come to be a lead+ "o 9 dry-f>m+1 yet 9 view ( :at has be5 said 9 ?is *apt] x is n impossible t ! "t w come :5 ! f>m]s mu/ give prim>y att5tion to soil f]tility 9 addition to ! /or+ & cons]vation ( soil-moi/ure4 ,! f]tiliz+ ( l&s ) prop] plant-foods1 z %[n 9 ! la/ sections1 t5ds to *eck transpiration & makes possible ! production ( dry matt] at ! l[e/ wat]-co/4 ,! rec5t practice 9 practically all dry-f>m di/ricts1 at lea/ 9 ! int]m\nta9 & f> ,we/1 to use ! head] = h>ve/+ be>s directly ^u ! subject consid]$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! high /ubble :i* rema9s conta9s mu* valuable plant-food1 (t5 ga!r$ _m feet bel[ ! surface by ! plant roots4 ,:5 ?is /ubble is pl[$ "u !re is a valuable addition ( ! plant-food to ! upp] soil4 ,fur!r1 z ! /ubble decays1 acid sub/ances are produc$ t act ^u ! soil gra9s to set free ! plant-food lock$ up 9 !m4 ,! pl[+ "u ( /ubble is !re=e ( great value to ! dry-f>m]4 ,! pl[+ "u ( any o!r organic sub/ance has ! same effect4 ,9 bo? cases f]tility is conc5trat$ ne> ! surface1 :i* dissolves 9 ! soil-wat] & enables ! crop to mature ) ! ,iea/ quantity ( wat]4 ,! lesson !n to be le>n$ f ?is *apt] is1 t x is n auffici5t = ! dry-f>m] to /ore an abundance ( wat] 9 ! soil & to prev5t t wat] f evaporat+ directly f ! soil2 b ! soil mu/ be kept 9 su* a /ate ( high f]tility t plants are enabl$ to utilize ! /or$ moi/ure 9 ! mo/ economical mann]4 ,wat] /orage1 ! prev5tion ( evaporation1 & ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility g h& 9 h& 9 ! developm5t ( a successful sy/em ( f>m+ )\t irrigation4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,pl[+ ,,& ,,fall[+ ,! soil treatm5t prescrib$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s re/s ^u 7#a7 deep & ?or\gh pl[+1 done pref]ably 9 ! fall2 7#b7 ?or\gh cultivation to =m a mul* ov] ! surface ( ! l&1 & 7#c7 clean summ] fall[+ e o!r ye> "u l[ ra9fall or e ?ird or f\r? ye> "u abundant ra9fall4 ,/ud5ts ( dry-f>m+ all agree t ?or\gh cultivation ( ! topsoil prev5ts ! evaporation ( soil-moi/ure1 b "s h que/ion$ ! value ( deep & fall pl[+ & ! occasional clean summ] fall[4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to /ate ! f9d+s ( practical m5 ) ref]5ce to ! value ( pl[+ & fall[+ 9 produc+ l>ge crop yields "u dry-f>m conditions4 ,x w be %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii t ! fir/ attempts to produce crops )\t irrigation "u a limit$ ra9fall 7 made indep5d5tly 9 _m div]se places4 ,cali=nia1 ,utah1 & ! ,columbia ,bas91 z f> z c n[ be le>n$1 z well z ! ,great ,pla9s area1 7 all indep5d5t pione]s 9 ! art ( dry-f>m+4 ,x is a mo/ significant fact t ^! div]se localities1 op]at+ "u diff]5t conditions z to soil & climate1 h develop$ practically ! same sy/em ( dry-f>m+4 ,9 all ^! places ! be/ dry-f>m]s practice deep pl[+ :]ev] ! subsoil w p]mit x2 fall pl[+ :]ev] ! climate w p]mit x2 ! s[+ ( fall gra9 :]ev] ! w9t]s w p]mit x1 & ! clean summ] fall[ e o!r ye>1 or e ?ird or f\r? ye>4 ,h4 ,w4 ,campbell1 :o has be5 ! lead+ expon5t ( dry-f>m+ 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area1 began 8 "w )\t ! clean summ] fall[ z a "p ( 8 sy/em1 b has long s9ce adopt$ x = t section ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is sc>cely to be believ$ t ^! practices1 develop$ labori\sly ?r\gh a long succession ( ye>s 9 widely sep>at$ localities1 d n re/ ^u correct sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,9 any case1 ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! dry-f>m]s 9 ?is c\ntry confirms ! doctr9es ( soil tillage = dry-f>ms laid d[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,at ! ,dry-,f>m+ ,congresses l>ge numb]s ( practical f>m]s assemble = ! purpose ( ex*ang+ exp]i5ces & views4 ,! reports ( ! ,congress %[ a great diff]5ce ( op9ion on m9or matt]s & a wond]ful unanimity ( op9ion on ! m fundam5tal que/ions4 ,= in/ance1 deep pl[+ 0 recomm5d$ by all :o t\*$ ^u ! subject 9 _! rem>ks2 ?\gh "o f>m]1 :o liv$ 9 a locality ! subsoil ( :i* 0 v in]t1 recomm5d$ t ! dep? ( pl[+ %\ld be increas$ gradually until ! full dep? is rea*$1 to avoid a succession ( poor crop ye>s :ile ! lifeless soil 0 be+ vivifi$4 ,! /ates ( ,utah1 ,montana1 ,wyom+1 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,colorado1 ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 & ! prov9ces ( ,alb]ta & ,saskat*ewan ( ,canada all specifically decl>$ ?r\gh "o to eight repres5tatives f ea* /ate 9 favor ( deep pl[+ z a fundam5tal practice 9 dry-f>m+4 ,fall pl[+1 :]ev] ! climatic conditions make x possible1 0 simil>ly advocat$ by all ! speak]s4 ,f>m]s 9 c]ta9 localities _h f\nd ! soil s dry 9 ! fall t pl[+ 0 difficult1 b ,campbell insi/$ t ev5 9 su* places x w\ld be pr(itable to use p[] en\gh to break up ! l& be=e ! w9t] season set 94 ,num]\s speak]s f ! /ates ( ,utah1 ,wyom+1 ,montana1 ,nebraska1 & a numb] ( ! ,great ,pla9s /ates1 z well z f ! ,*9ese ,empire1 decl>$ !mselves z favor+ fall pl[+4 ,sc>eely a diss5t+ voice 0 rais$4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! clean summ] fall[ z a vital pr9ciple ( dry-f>m+ a slight diff]5ce ( op9ion 0 discov]$4 ,f>m]s f "s ( ! localities insi/$ t ! clean summ] fall[ e o!r ye> 0 indisp5sable2 o!rs t "o 9 ?ree ye>s 0 suffici5t2 & o!rs "o 9 f\r ye>s1 & a few d\btful ! wisdom ( x altoge!r4 ,h[ev]1 all ! speak]s agre$ t clean & ?or\gh cultivation %\ld be practic$ fai?fully dur+ ! spr+1 & fall ( ! fall[ ye>4 ,! appreciation ( ! fact t we$s consume preci\s moi/ure & f]tility seem$ to be g5]al among ! dry-f>m]s f all sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ /ates1 prov9ces1 & c\ntries decl>$ !mselves z be+ def9itely & emphatically 9 favor ( clean summ] fall[+3 ,cali=nia1 ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,wa%+ton1 ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 ,alb]ta1 ,saskat*ewan1 ,russia1 ,turkey1 ! ,transvaal1 ,brazil1 & ,au/ralia4 ,ea* ( ^! _m di/ricts 0 repres5t$ by "o to t5 or m repres5tatives4 ,! only /ate to decl>e some:at vigor\sly aga9/ x 0 f ! ,great ,pla9s area1 & a w>n+ voice 0 he>d f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! record$ practical exp]i5ce ( ! f>m]s ov] ! :ole ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates leads to ! conviction t fall[+ mu/ he accept$ z a practice :i* result$ 9 successful dry-f>m+4 ,fur!r1 ! exp]im5tal lead]s 9 ! dry-f>m movem5t1 :e!r work+ "u private1 /ate1 or gov]nm5tal direction1 are1 ) v few exceptions1 /rongly 9 favor ( deep fall pl[+ & clean summ] fall[+ z p>ts ( ! dry-f>m sy/em4 ,! *ief reluctance to accept clean summ] fall[+ z a pr9ciple ( dry-f>m+ appe>s *icfly among /ud5ts ( ! ,great ,pla9s area4 ,ev5 !re x is admitt$ by all t a :eat crop foll[+ a fall[ ye> is l>g] & bett] ?an "o foll[+ :eat4 ,!re seem1 h[ev]1 to be two s]i\s reasons = object+ to x4 ,fir/1 a fe> t a clean summ] fall[1 practic$ e second1 ?ird1 or f\r? ye>1 w cause a l>ge dim9ution ( ! organic matt] 9 ! soil1 result+ f9ally 9 complete crop failure2 & second1 a belief t a ho$ crop1 l corn or potatoes1 ex]ts ! same b5eficial effect4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t ! ?or\gh tillage involv$ 9 dry-f>m+ exposes to ! action ( ! elem5ts ! organic matt] ( ! soil & !reby favors rapid oxidation4 ,= t reason ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* organic matt] may be suppli$ regul>ly to dry-f>ms are po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,x may also be obs]v$ t ! head] h>ve/+ sy/em employ$ ov] a l>ge "p ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory leaves ! l>ge head] /ubble to be pl[$ "u1 & x is probable t "u su* me?ods m organic matt] is add$ to ! soil dur+ ! ye> ( cropp+ ?an is lo/ dur+ ! ye> ( fall[+4 ,x may1 moreov]1 be obs]v$ t ?or\gh tillage ( a crop l corn or potatoes t5ds to cause a loss ( ! organic matt] ( ! soil to a degree ne>ly z l>ge z is ! case :5 a fall[ field is well cultivat$4 ,! ?or\gh /irr+ ( ! soil "u an arid or semi>id climate1 :i* is an ess5tial feature ( dry-f>m+1 w always result 9 a decrease 9 organic matt]4 ,x matt]s little :e!r ! soil is fall[ or 9 crop dur+ ! process ( cultivation1 s f> z ! result is conc]n$4 ,a s]i\s matt] connect$ ) fall[+ 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area is ! bl[+ ( ! loose well-till$ soil ( ! fall[ fields1 :i* results f ! heavy w9ds t bl[ s /eadily ov] a l>ge "p ( ! we/]n slope ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,?is is l>gely avoid$ :5 crops are gr[n on ! l&1 ev5 :5 x is well till$4 ,! !ory1 rec5tly propos$1 t 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area1 :]e ! ra9s come *icfly 9 summ]1 ! gr[+ ( ho$ crops may take ! place ( ! summ] fall[1 is said to be bas$ on exp]im5tal data n yet publi%$4 ,c>eful & consci5ti\s exp]im5t]s1 z ,*ilcott & 8 co-labor]s1 indicate 9 _! /atem5ts t 9 _m cases ! yields ( :eat1 aft] a ho$ crop1 h be5 l>g] ?an aft] a fall[ ye>4 ,! doctr9e has1 !re=e1 be5 r widely dissem9at$ t fall[+ has no place 9 ! dry-f>m+ ( ! ,great ,pla9s area & %\ld be replac$ by ! gr[+ ( ho$ crops4 ,*ilcott1 :o is ! *ief expon5t ( ?is doctr9e1 decl>es1 h[ev]1 t x is only ) spr+-gr[n crops & = a succession ( normal ye>s t fall[+ may be omitt$1 & t fall[+ mu/ be resort$ to z a safegu>d or tempor>y exp$i5t to gu>d aga9/ total loss ( crop :]e extreme dr\? is anticipat$2 t is1 :]e ! ra9fall falls bel[ ! av]age4 ,he fur!r expla9s t cont9u\s gra9 cropp+1 ev5 ) c>eful pl[+ & spr+ & fall tillage1 is unsuccessful2 b holds t c]ta9 rotations ( crops1 includ+ gra9 & a ho$ crop e o!r ye>1 are (t5 m pr(itable ?an gra9 alt]nat+ ) clean summ] fall[4 ,he fur!r believes t ! fall[ ye> e ?ird or f\r? ye> is suffici5t = ,great ,pla9s conditions4 ,j>d9e expla9s t :5ev] fall gra9 is gr[n 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area1 ! fall[ is rem>kably helpful1 & 9 fact because ( ! dry w9t]s is practically indisp5sable4 ,?is latt] view is confirm$ by ! exp]im5tal results obta9$ by ,atk9son & o!rs at ! ,montana ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 :i* are conduct$ "u approximately ,great ,pla9s conditions4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ also t 9 ,saskat*ewan1 9 ! nor? end ( ! ,great ,pla9s area1 & :i* is *>act]i/ic1 except = a l[] annual temp]ature1 ( ! :ole area1 & :]e dry-f>m+ has be5 practic$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ! clean summ] fall[ has come to be an e/abli%$ practice4 ,?is rec5t discussion ( ! place ( fall[+ 9 ! agriculture ( ! ,great ,pla9s area illu/rates :at has be5 said s (t5 9 ?is volume ab\t ! adapt+ ( pr9ciples to local conditions4 ,:]ev] ! summ] ra9fall is suffici5t to mature a crop1 fall[+ = ! purpose ( /or+ moi/ure 9 ! soil is unnecess>y2 ! only value ( ! fall[ ye> "u su* conditions w\ld be to set free f]tility4 ,9 ! ,great ,pla9s area ! ra9fall is some:at high] ?an else:]e 9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory & mo/ ( x comes 9 summ]2 & ! summ] precipitation is probably en\gh 9 av]age ye>s to mature crops1 provid+ soil conditions are favorable4 ,! ma9 consid]ations1 !n1 are to keep ! soils op5 = ! reception ( wat] & to ma9ta9 ! soils 9 a suffici5tly f]tile condition to produce1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 plants ) a m9imum am\nt ( wat]4 ,?is is accompli%$ v l>gely by ! ye> ( ho$ crop1 :5 ! soil is z well /irr$ z "u a clean fall[4 ,! dry-f>m] mu/ nev] =get t ! critical elem5t 9 dry-f>m+ is wat] & t ! annual ra9fall w 9 ! v nature ( ?+s v>y f ye> to ye>1 ) ! result t ! dry ye>1 or ! ye> ) a precipitation bel[ ! av]age1 is sure to come4 ,9 some:at wet ye>s ! moi/ure /or$ 9 ! soil is ( comp>atively little consequ5ce1 b 9 a ye> ( dr\? x w be ! ma9 dep5d5ce ( ! f>m]4 ,n[1 :e!r a crop be ho$ or n1 x requires wat] = its gr[?1 & l& :i* is cont9u\sly cropp$ ev5 ) a v>iety ( crops is likely to be s l>gely deplet$ ( its moi/ure t1 :5 ! ye> ( dr\? comes1 failure w probably result4 ,! prec>i\sness ( dry-f>m+ mu/ be done away )4 ,! ye> ( dr\? mu/ be expect$ e ye>4 ,only z c]ta9ty ( crop yield is assur$ w dry-f>m+ rise to a respect$ place by ! side ( o!r bran*es ( agriculture4 ,to atta9 su* c]ta9ty & respect clean summ] fall[+ e second1 ?ird1 or f\r? ye>1 accord+ to ! av]age ra9fall1 is probably indisp5sable2 & future inve/igations1 long en\gh cont9u$1 w d\btless confirm ?is pr$iction4 ,und\bt$ly1 a rotation ( crops1 includ+ ho$ crops1 w f9d an important place 9 dry-f>m+1 b probably n to ! complete exclusion ( ! clean summ] fall[4 ,je?ro ,tull1 two hundr$ ye>s ago1 discov]$ t ?or\gh tillage ( ! soil gave crops t 9 "s cases c\ld n be produc$ by ! addition ( manure1 & he came to ! errone\s conclusion t tillage is manure4 ,9 rec5t days we h le>n$ ! value ( tillage 9 cons]v+ moi/ure & 9 enabl+ plants to rea* maturity ) ! lea/ am\nt ( wat]1 & we may be tempt$ to believe t tillage is moi/ure4 ,?is1 l ,tull's /atem5t1 is a fallacy & mu/ be avoid$4 ,tillage c take ! place ( moi/ure only to a limit$ degree4 ,wat] is ! ess5tial consid]ation 9 dry-f>m+1 else !re w\ld be no dry-f>m+4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,s[+ ,,& ,,h>ve/+ ,! c>eful application ( ! pr9ciples ( soil treatm5t discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s w leave ! soil 9 good condition = s[+1 ei!r 9 ! fall or spr+4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh prop] dry-f>m+ insures a fir/-class se$-b$1 ! problem ( s[+ is "o ( ! mo/ difficult 9 ! successful production ( crops )\t irrigation4 ,?is is *iefly due to ! difficulty ( *oos+1 "u some:at ra9less conditions1 a "t = s[+ t w insure rapid & complete g]m9ation & ! e/abli%mcnt ( a root sy/em capable ( produc+ good plants4 ,9 "s respects few] def9ite1 reliable pr9ciples c be laid d[n conc]n+ s[+ ?an any o!r pr9ciple ( important application 9 ! practice ( dry-f>m+4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ fifte5 ye>s has taught t ! occasional failures to :i* ev5 good dry-f>m]s h be5 subject$ h be5 caus$ almo/ :olly by uncontrollable unfavorable conditions prevail+ at ! "t ( s[+4 ,conditions ( g]m9ation ,?ree conditions det]m9e g]m9ation3 7#a7 heat1 7#b7 oxyg51 & 7#c7 wat]4 ,unless ^! ?ree conditions are all favorable1 se$s _c g]m9ate prop]ly4 ,! fir/ requisite = successful se$ g]m9ation is a prop] degree ( heat4 ,= e k9d ( se$ !re is a temp]ature bel[ :i* g]m9ation does n occur2 ano!r1 above :i* x does n occur1 & ano!r1 ! be/1 at :i*1 provid+ ! o!r factors are favorable1 g]m9ation w g on mo/ rapidly4 ,! foll[+ table1 con/ruct$ by ,goodale1 %[s ! late/1 highe/1 & be/ g]m9ation temp]atures = :eat1 b>ley1 & corn4 ,o!r se$s g]m9ate approximately )9 ! same ranges ( temp]ature3-- ,g]m9ation ,temp]atures 7,degrees ,f>5heit7 ,l[e/ ,highe/ ,be/ ,:eat #da #ajh #hd ,b>ley #da #ajj #hd ,corn #di #aae #ia ,g]m9ation occurs )9 ! consid]able range betwe5 ! highe/ & l[e/ temp]atures ( ?is table1 ?\gh ! rapidity ( g]m9ation decreases z ! temp]ature rec$es f ! be/4 ,?is expla9s ! e>ly spr+ & late fall g]m9ation :5 ! temp]ature is comp>atively l[4 ,if ! temp]ature falls bel[ ! l[e/ requir$ = g]m9ation1 dry se$s are n injur$1 & ev5 a temp]ature f> bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat] w n affect se$s unfavorably if !y are n too moi/4 ,! w>m? ( ! soil1 ess5tial to g]m9ation1 _c well be controll$ by ! f>m]2 & plant+ mu/1 !re=e1 be done 9 seasons :51 f pa/ exp]i5ce1 x is probable t ! temp]ature is & w rema9 9 ! neighborhood ( ! be/ degree = g]m9ation4 ,m heat is requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( wet soils2 !re=e1 se$s w g5]ally g]m9ate m sl[ly 9 wet ?an 9 dry soils1 z is illu/rat$ 9 ! rapid g]m9ation (t5 obs]v$ 9 well-till$ dry-f>m soils4 ,consequ5tly1 x is saf] at a l[ temp]ature to s[ 9 dry soils ?an 9 wet ones4 ,d>k soils absorb heat m rapidly ?an light] color$ ones1 & "u ! same conditions ( temp]ature g]m9ation is !re=e m likely to g on rapidly 9 d>k color$ soils4 ,ov] ! dry-f>m t]ritory ! soils are g5]ally light color$1 :i* w\ld t5d to delay g]m9ation4 ,! incorporation ( organic matt] ) ! soil1 :i* t5ds to d>k5 ! soil1 has a slight ?\gh important be>+ on g]m9ation z well z on ! g5]al f]tility ( ! soil1 & %\ld be made an important dry-f>m practice4 ,mean:ile1 ! temp]ature ( ! soil dep5ds almo/ :olly ^u ! prevail+ temp]ature conditions 9 ! di/rict & is n to any mat]ial degree "u ! control ( ! f>m]4 ,a suffici5t supply ( oxyg5 9 ! soil is indisp5sable to g]m9ation4 ,oxyg51 z is well kn[n1 =ms ab\t "o fif? ( ! atmosph]e & is ! active pr9ciple 9 combu/ion & 9 tile *anges 9 ! animal body occasion$ by respiration4 ,oxyg5 %\ld be pres5t 9 ! soil air 9 approximately ! proportion 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,g]m9ation is h9d]$ by a l>g] or small] proportion ?an is f\nd 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! soil mu/ be 9 su* a condition t ! air c easily ent] or leave ! upp] soil lay]2 t is1 ! soil mu/ be some:at loose4 ,9 ord] t ! se$s may h access to ! necess>y oxyg51 !n1 s[+ %\ld n be done 9 wet or pack$ soils1 nor %\ld ! s[+ implem5ts be su* z to press ! soil too closely ar\nd ! se$s4 ,well-fall[$ soil is 9 an ideal condition = admitt+ oxyg54 ,if ! temp]ature is "r1 g]m9ation beg9s by ! =cible absorption ( wat] by ! se$ f ! surr\nd+ soil4 ,! =ce ( ?is absorption is v great1 rang+ f f\r hundr$ to five hundr$ p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & cont9ues until ! se$ is completely saturat$4 ,! great vigor ) :i* wat] is ?us absorb$ f ! soil expla9s h[ se$s are able to secure ! necess>y wat] f ! ?9 wat] film surr\nd+ ! soil gra9s4 ,! foll[+ table1 bas$ ^u num]\s inve/igations conduct$ 9 ,g]many & 9 ,utah1 %[s ! maximum p]c5tages ( wat] conta9$ by se$s :5 ! absorption is complete4 ,^! quantities are rea*$ only :5 wat] is easily accessible3-- ,p]c5tage ( ,wat] conta9$ by ,se$s at ,saturation ,g]man ,utah ,rye #eh -- ,:eat #eg #eb ,oats #eh #dc ,b>ley #ef #dd ,corn #dd #eg ,beans #ie #hh ,luc]n #gh #fg ,g]m9ation itself does n g on freely until ?is maximum saturation has be5 rea*$4 ,!re=e1 if ! moi/ure 9 ! soil is l[1 ! absorption ( wat] is made difficult & g]m9ation is ret>d$4 ,?is %[s itself 9 a decreas$ p]c5tage ( g]m9ation4 ,! effect ^u g]m9ation ( ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! soil is well %[n by "s ( ! ,utah exp]im5ts1 z foll[s3-- ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,am\nts ( ,wat] on ,p]c5tage ( ,g]m9ation ,p]c5t wat] 9 soil #g4e #aj #ab4e #ae #ag4e #bj #bb4e #be ,:eat 9 s&y loam #j4j #ih #id #hf #hb #hb #hb #f ,:eat 9 clay #cj #dh #hd #id #hd #hb #hf #eh ,beans 9 s&y loam #j #j #bj #df #ff #ah #h #i ,beans 9 clay #j #j #f #bj #bb #cb #cj #cf ,luc]n 9 ,s&y loam #j #ah #fh #ed #ed #h #h #i ,luc]n 9 clay #h #h #ed #dh #ej #cb #ae #ad ,9 a s&y soil a small p]c5tage ( wat] w cause bett] g]m9ation ?an 9 a clay soil4 ,:ile diff]5t se$s v>y 9 _! p[] to ab/ract wat] f soils1 yet x seems t = ! majority ( plants1 ! be/ p]c5tage ( soil-wat] = g]m9ation purposes is t :i* is 9 ! neighborhood ( ! maximum field capacity ( soils = wat]1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,bogdan(f has e/imat$ t ! be/ am\nt ( wat] 9 ! soil = g]m9ation purposes is ab\t twice ! maximum p]c5tage ( hygroscopic wat]4 ,?is w\ld n be f> f ! field-wat] capacity z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,dur+ ! absorption ( wat]1 se$s swell consid]ably1 9 _m cases f two to ?ree times _! normal size4 ,?is has ! v desirable effect ( cr[d+ ! se$ walls aga9/ ! soil p>ticles & ?us1 by e/abli%+ m po9ts ( contact1 enabl+ ! se$ to absorb moi/ure ) great] facility4 ,z se$s beg9 to absorb wat]1 heat is also produc$4 ,9 _m cases ! temp]ature surr\nd+ ! se$s is increas$ "o degree on ! ,c5tigrade scale by ! m]e process ( wat] absorption4 ,?is favors rapid g]m9ation4 ,moreov]1 ! f]tility ( ! soil has a direct influ5ce ^u g]m9ation4 ,9 f]tile soils ! g]m9ation is m rapid & m complete ?an 9 inf]tile soils4 ,especially active 9 favor+ direct g]m9ation are ! nitrates4 ,:5 x is recall$ t ! con/ant cultivation & well-kept summ] fall[ ( dry-f>m+ develop l>ge quantities ( nitrates 9 ! soil1 x w be und]/ood t ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ z already outl9$ accel]ate g]m9ation v greatly4 ,x sc>eely ne$ be said t ! soil ( ! se$-b$ %\ld be f9e1 mell[1 & uni=m 9 physical texture s t ! se$s c be plant$ ev5ly & 9 close contact ) ! soil p>ticles4 ,all ! requisite conditions = g]m9ation are be/ met by ! conditions prevail+ 9 a well-kept summ] fall[$ soil4 ,"t to s[ ,9 ! consid]ation ( ! "t to s[1 ! fir/ "q to be dispos$ ( by ! dry-f>m] is t ( fall z aga9/ spr+ s[+4 ,! small gra9s occur z fall & spr+ v>ieties1 & x is vitally important to det]m9e :i* season1 "u dry-f>m conditions1 is ! be/ = s[+4 ,! advantages ( fall s[+ are _m4 ,z /at$1 successful g]m9ation is favor$ by ! pres5ce ( an abundance ( f]tility1 especially ( nitrates1 9 ! soil4 ,9 summ]-fall[$ l& nitrates are always f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! fall1 ready to /imulate ! se$ into rapid g]m9ation & ! "y plants into vigor\s gr[?4 ,dur+ ! late fall & w9t] mon?s ! nitrates disappe>1 at lea/ 9 "p1 anti f ! po9t ( view ( f]tility ! spr+ is n s desirable z ! fall = g]m9ation4 ,m important1 gra9 s[n 9 ! fall "u favorable conditions w e/abli% a good root sy/em :i* is ready = use & 9 action 9 ! e>ly spr+ z soon z ! temp]ature is "r & long be=e ! f>m] c g out on ! gr\nd ) 8 implem5ts4 ,z a result1 ! crop has ! use ( ! e>ly spr+ moi/ure1 :i* "u ! conditions ( spr+ s[+ is evaporat$ into ! air4 ,:]e ! natural precipitation is light & ! am\nt ( wat] /or$ 9 ! soil is n l>ge1 ! ga9 result+ f ! use ( ! e>ly spr+ moi/ure4 (t5 decides ! "q 9 favor ( fall s[+4 ,! disadvantages ( fall s[+ are also _m4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! fall ra9s mu/ fir/ be consid]$4 ,9 ord9>y practice1 se$ s[n 9 ! fall does n g]m9ate until a ra9 comes1 unless inde$ s[+ is done imm$iately aft] a ra94 ,! fall ra9s are unc]ta9 z to quantity4 ,9 _m cases !y are s light t !y suffice only to />t g]m9ation & n to complete x & give ! plants ! prop] />t4 ,su* incomplete g]m9ation frequ5tly causes ! total loss ( ! crop4 ,ev5 if ! /& ( ! fall crop is satisfactory1 !re is always ! dang] ( w9t]-kill+ to be reckon$ )4 ,! real cause ( w9t]-kill+ is n yet cle>ly und]/ood1 ?\gh x seems t repeat$ ?aw+ & freez+1 dry+ w9t] w9ds1 accompani$ by dry cold or protract$ p]iods ( int5se cold1 de/roy ! vitality ( ! se$ & "y root sy/em4 ,cont9u\s b mod]ate cold is n ord9>ily v injuri\s4 ,! liability to w9t]-kill+ is1 !re=e1 v mu* great] :]ev] ! w9t]s are op5 ?an 9 places :]e ! sn[ cov]s ! gr\nd ! l>g] "p ( ! w9t]4 ,x is also to be kept 9 m9d t "s v>ieties are v resi/ant to w9t]-kill+1 :ile o!rs require well-cov]$ w9t]s4 ,fall s[+ is pref]able :]ev] ! bulk ( ! precipitation comes 9 w9t] & spr+ & :]e ! w9t]s are cov]$ = "s "t ) sn[ & ! summ]s are dry4 ,"u su* conditions x is v important t ! crop make use ( ! moi/ure /or$ 9 ! soil 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,:]ev] ! precipitation comes l>gely 9 late spr+ & summ]1 ! argum5ts 9 favor ( fall s[+ are n s /rong1 & 9 su* localities spr+ s[+ is (t5 m desirable ?an fall s[+4 ,9 ! ,great ,pla9s di/rict1 !re=e1 spr+ s[+ is usually recomm5d$1 ?\gh fall-s[n crops ne>ly always1 ev5 !re1 yield ! l>g] crops4 ,9 ! int]m\nta9 /ates1 ) wet w9t]s & dry summ]s1 fall s[+ has almo/ :olly replac$ spr+ s[+4 ,9 fact1 ,f>rell reports t ^u ! ,nephi 7,utah7 sub/ation ! av]age ( six ye>s %[s ab\t tw5ty bu%els ( :eat f fall-s[n se$ z aga9/ ab\t ?irte5 bu%els f spr+-s[n se$4 ,"u ! ,cali=nia climate1 ) wet w9t]s & a w9t] temp]ature high en\gh = plant gr[?1 fall s[+ is also a g5]al practice4 ,:]ev] ! conditions are favorable1 fall s[+ %\ld be practic$1 = x is 9 h>mony ) ! be/ pr9ciples ( wat] cons]vation4 ,ev5 9 di/ricts :]e ! precipitation comes *iefly 9 ! summ]1 x may be f\nd t fall s[+1 aft] all1 is pref]able4 ,! "r "t to s[ 9 ! fall c be fix$ only ) great difficulty1 = s mu* dep5ds ^u ! climatic conditions4 ,9 fact ! practice v>ies 9 accordance ) diff]5ces 9 fall precipitation & e>ly fall fro/s4 ,:]e num]\s fall ra9s ma9ta9 ! soil 9 a fairly moi/ condition & ! temp]ature is n too l[1 ! problem is comp>atively simple4 ,9 su* di/ricts1 = latitudes repres5t$ by ! dry-f>m sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a good "t = fall plant+ is ord9>ily f ! fir/ ( ,septemb] to ! middle ( ,octob]4 ,if s[n mu* e>li] 9 su* di/ricts1 ! gr[? is likely to be too rank & subject to dang]\s injury by fro/s1 & z sugge/$ by ,f>rell ! v l>ge developm5t ( ! root sy/em 9 ! fall may cause1 ! foll[+ summ]1 a dang]\sly l>ge gr[? ( foliage2 t is1 ! crop may run to /raw at ! exp5se ( ! gra94 ,if s[n mu* lat]1 ! *ances are t ! crop w n possess suffici5t vitality to )/& ! cold ( late fall & w9t]4 ,9 localities :]e ! late summ] & ! e>ly fall are ra9less1 x is mu* m difficult to lay d[n a def9ite rule cov]+ ! "t ( fall s[+4 ,! dry-f>m]s 9 su* places usually s[ at any conv5i5t "t 9 ! hope t an e>ly ra9 w />t ! process ( g]m9ation & gr[?4 ,9 o!r cases plant+ is delay$ until ! arrival ( ! fir/ fall ra94 ,?is is an c]ta9 & usually unsatisfactory practice1 s9ce x (t5 happ5s t ! s[+ is delay$ until too late 9 ! fall = ! be/ results4 ,9 di/ricts ( dry late summ] & fall1 ! greate/ dang] 9 dep5d+ ^u ! fall ra9s = g]m9ation lies 9 ! fact t ! precipitation is (t5 s small t x initiates g]m9ation )\t be+ suffici5t to complete x4 ,?is means t :5 ! se$ is well />t$ 9 g]m9ation1 ! moi/ure gives out4 ,:5 ano!r slight ra9 comes a little lat]1 g]m9ation is aga9 />t$ & possibly aga9 /opp$4 ,9 "s seasons ?is may occur sev]al times1 to ! p]man5t injury ( ! crop4 ,dry-f>m]s try to provide aga9/ ?is dang] by us+ an unusually l>ge am\nt ( se$1 assum+ t a c]ta9 am\nt w fail to come up because ( ! repeat$ p>tial g]m9ations4 ,a numb] ( inve/igators h demon/rat$ t a se$ may />t to g]m9ate1 !n be dri$1 & aga9 be />t$ to g]m9ate sev]al times 9 succession )\t :olly de/roy+ ! vitality ( ! se$4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts :eat & o!r se$s 7 all[$ to g]m9ate & dry sev5 times 9 succession4 ,) ea* p>tial g]m9ation ! p]c5tage ( total g]m9ation decreas$ until at ! sev5? g]m9ation only a few se$s ( :eat1 b>ley1 & oats reta9$ _! p[]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is practically ! condition 9 dry-f>m di/ricts ) ra9less summ]s & falls1 :]e fall se$+ is practic$4 ,9 su* localities little dep5d5ce %\ld be plac$ on ! fall ra9s & great] reliance plac$ on a me?od ( soil treatm5t t w insure good g]m9ation4 ,= ?is purpose ! summ] fall[ has be5 demon/rat$ to be ! mo/ desirable practice4 ,if ! soil has be5 treat$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 e>li] *apt]s1 ! fall[$ l& w1 9 ! fall1 conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( moi/ure to produce complete g]m9ation ?\gh no ra9s may fall4 ,"u su* conditions ! ma9 consid]ation is to plant ! se$ s deep t x may draw freely ^u ! /or$ soil-moi/ure4 ,?is me?od makes fall g]m9ation sure 9 di/ricts :]e ! natural precipitation is n to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,:5 s[+ is done 9 ! spr+1 !re are few factors to consid]4 ,:5ev] ! temp]ature is "r & ! soil has dri$ out suffici5tly s t agricultural implem5ts may be us$ prop]ly1 x is usually safe to beg9 s[+4 ,! cu/oms :i* prevail g5]ally ) reg>d to ! "t ( spr+ s[+ may be adopt$ 9 dry-f>m practices also4 ,dep? ( se$+ ,! dep? to :i* se$ %\ld be plant$ 9 ! soil is ( importance 9 a sy/em ( dry-f>m+4 ,! res]ve mat]ials 9 se$s are us$ to produce ! fir/ roots & ! "y plants4 ,no new nutrim5t beyond t /or$ 9 ! soil c be obta9$ by ! plant until ! leaves are above ! gr\nd able to ga!r ,c>leton f ! atmosph]e4 ,! dang] ( deep plant+ lies1 !re=e1 9 exhau/+ ! res]ve mat]ials ( ! se$s be=e ! plant has be5 able to pu% its leaves above ! gr\nd4 ,%\ld ?is occur1 ! plant w probably die 9 ! soil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! se$ is n plant$ deeply en\gh1 x may happ5 t ! roots _c be s5t d[n f> en\gh to connect ) ! soil-wat] res]voir bel[4 ,!n1 ! root sy/em w n be /rong & deep1 b w h to dep5d = its developm5t ^u ! surface wat]1 :i* is always a dang]\s practice 9 dry-f>m+4 ,! rule z to ! dep? ( se$+ is simply3 ,plant z deeply z is safe4 ,! dep? to :i* se$s may be safely plac$ dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! soil1 its f]tility1 its physical condition1 & ! wat] t x conta9s4 ,9 s&y soils1 plant+ may be deep] ?an 9 clay soils1 = x requires less en]gy = a plant to pu% roots1 /ems1 & leaves ?r\gh ! loose s&y soil ?an ?r\gh ! m compact clay soil2 9 a dry soil plant+ may be deep] ?an 9 wet soils2 likewise1 deep plant+ is saf] 9 a loose soil ?an 9 "o firmly compact$2 f9ally1 :]e ! moi/ soil is consid]able di/ance bel[ ! surface1 deep] plant+ may be practic$ ?an :5 ! moi/ soil is ne> ! surface4 ,c\ntless exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ on ! subject ( dep? ( se$+4 ,9 a few cases1 ord9>y agricultural se$s plant$ eight in*es deep h come up & produc$ satisfactory plants4 ,h[ev]1 ! cons5sus ( op9ion is t f "o to ?ree in*es are be/ 9 humid di/ricts1 b t1 ev]y?+ consid]$1 f\r in*es is ! be/ dep? "u dry-f>m conditions4 ,"u a l[ natural precipitation1 :]e ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ are practic$1 x is always safe to plant deeply1 = su* a practice w develop & /r5g!n ! root sy/em1 :i* is "o big /ep t[>d successful dry-f>m+4 ,quantity to s[ ,num]\s dry-f>m failures may be *>g$ :olly to ignorance conc]n+ ! quantity ( se$ to s[4 ,9 no o!r practice has ! cu/om ( humid c\ntries be5 foll[$ m religi\sly by dry-f>m]s1 & failure has ne>ly always result$4 ,! discussions 9 ?is volume h br\ght out ! fact t e plant ( :atev] "* requires a l>ge am\nt ( wat] = its gr[?4 ,f ! fir/ day ( its gr[? to ! day ( its maturity1 l>ge am\nts ( wat] are tak5 f ! soil ?r\gh ! plant & evaporat$ into ! air ?r\gh ! leaves4 ,:5 ! l>ge quantities ( se$ employ$ 9 humid c\ntries h be5 s[n on dry l&s1 ! result has usually be5 an excell5t /& e>ly 9 ! season1 ) a crop spl5did 9 appe>ance up to e>ly summ]4 4,a luxuriant spr+ crop r$uces1 h[ev]1 ! wat] cont5t ( ! soil s greatly t :5 ! heat ( ! summ] arrives1 !re is n suffici5t wat] left 9 ! soil to support ! f9al developm5t & rip5+4 ,a ?ick /& 9 e>ly spr+ is no assurance to ! dry-f>m] ( a good h>ve/4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is usually ! field ) a ?9 /& 9 spr+ t /&s up be/ ?r\gh ! summ] & yields mo/ at ! "t ( h>ve/4 ,! quantity ( se$ s[n %\ld v>y ) ! soil conditions3 ! m f]tile ! soil is1 ! m se$ may be us$2 ! m wat] 9 ! soil1 ! m se$ may be s[n2 z ! f]tility or ! wat] cont5t dim9i%es1 ! am\nt ( se$ %\ld likewise be dim9i%$4 ,"u dry-f>m conditions ! f]tility is good1 b ! moi/ure is l[4 ,z a g5]al pr9ciple1 !re=e1 light se$+ %\ld be practic$ on dry-f>ms1 ?\gh x %\ld be suffici5t to yield a crop t w %ade ! gr\nd well4 ,if ! s[+ is done e>ly1 9 fall or spr+1 less se$ may be us$ ?an if ! s[+ is late1 because ! e>ly s[+ gives a bett] *ance = root developm5t1 :i* results1 ord9>ily1 9 m vigor\s plants t consume m moi/ure ?an ! small] & weak] plants ( lat] s[+4 ,if ! w9t]s are mild & well cov]$ ) sn[1 less se$ may be us$ ?an 9 di/ricts :]e sev]e or op5 w9t]s cause a c]ta9 am\nt ( w9t]-kill+4 ,on a good se$-b$ ( fall[$ soil less se$ may be us$ ?an :]e ! soil has n be5 c>efully till$ & is some:at r\gh & lumpy & unfavorable = complete g]m9ation4 ,! yield ( any crop is n directly proportional to ! am\nt s[n1 unless all factors contribut+ to g]m9ation are alike4 ,9 ! case ( :eat & o!r gra9s1 ?9 se$+ also gives a plant a bett] *ance = /ool+1 :i* is ,nature's me?od ( adapt+ ! plant to ! prevail+ moi/ure & f]tility conditions4 ,:5 plants are cr[d$1 /ool+ _c occur to any m>k$ degree1 & ! crop is r5d]$ helpless 9 attempts to adapt itself to surr\nd+ conditions4 ,9 g5]al ! rule may be laid d[n t a little m ?an "o half z mu* se$ %\ld be us$ 9 dry-f>m di/ricts ) an annual ra9fall ( ab\t fifte5 in*es ?an is us$ 9 humid di/ricts4 ,t is1 z aga9/ ! cu/om>y five pecks ( :eat us$ p] acre 9 humid c\ntries ab\t ?ree pecks or ev5 two pecks %\ld be us$ on dry-f>ms4 ,m]rill recomm5ds ! se$+ ( oats at ! rate ( ab\t ?ree pecks p] acre2 ( b>ley1 ab\t ?ree pecks2 ( rye1 two pecks2 ( alfalfa1 six p\nds2 ( corn1 two k]nels to ! hill1 & o!r crops 9 ! same proportion4 ,no inv>iable rule c be laid d[n = p]fect g]m9ation4 ,a small quantity ( se$ is usually suffici5t2 b :]e g]m9ation frequ5tly fails 9 "p1 m se$ mu/ be us$4 ,if ! /& is too ?ick at ! beg9n+ ( ! gr[+ season1 x mu/ be h>r[$ out4 ,naturally1 ! quantity ( se$ to be us$ %\ld be bas$ on ! numb] ( k]nels z well z on ! weight4 ,= in/ance1 s9ce ! l>g] ! individual :eat k]nels ! few] 9 a bu%el1 few] plants w\ld be produc$ f a bu%el ( l>ge ?an f a bu%el ( small se$ :eat4 ,! size ( ! se$ 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt = s[+ is (t5 important & %\ld be det]m9$ by "s simple me?od1 su* z c\nt+ ! se$s requir$ to fill a small bottle4 ,me?od ( s[+ ,!re %\ld really be no ne$ ( discuss+ ! me?od ( s[+ 7 x n t ev5 at ?is day !re are f>m]s 9 ! dry-f>m di/rict :o s[ by broadca/+ & insi/ ^u ! sup]iority ( ?is me?od4 ,! broadca/+ ( se$ has no place 9 any sy/em ( sci5tific agriculture1 lea/ ( all 9 dry-f>m+1 :]e success dep5ds ^u ! degree ) :i* all conditions are controll$4 ,9 all good dry-f>m practice se$ %\ld be plac$ 9 r[s1 pref]ably by means ( "o ( ! num]\s =ms ( drill se$]s f\nd ^u ! m>ket4 ,! advantages ( ! drill are almo/ self-evid5t4 ,x p]mits uni=m di/ribution ( ! se$1 :i* is indisp5sable = success on soils t receive limit$ ra9fall4 ,! se$ may be plac$ at an ev5 dep?1 :i* is v necess>y1 especially 9 fall s[+1 :]e ! se$ dep5ds = prop] g]m9ation ^u ! moi/ure already /or$ 9 ! soil4 ,! deep se$+ (t5 necess>y "u dry-f>m conditions makes ! drill indisp5sable4 ,moreov]1 ,hunt has expla9$ t ! drill furr[s !mselves h def9ite advantages4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! furr[s cat* ! sn[1 & because ( ! protection ?us r5d]$1 ! se$ is less likely to be heav$ out by repeat$ freez+ & ?aw+4 ,! drill furr[ also protects to a c]ta9 ext5t aga9/ ! dry+ action ( w9ds & 9 t way1 ?\gh ! furr[s are small1 !y aid mat]ially 9 enabl+ ! "y plant to pass ?r\gh ! w9t] successfully4 ,! ra9s ( fall & spr+ are accumulat$ 9 ! furr[s & made easily accessible to plants4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! drills h atta*m5ts :]eby ! soil is press$ ar\nd ! se$ & ! topsoil aft]w>ds /irr$ to prev5t evaporation4 ,?is p]mits ( a mu* m rapid & complete g]m9ation4 ,! drill1 ! advantages ( :i* 7 taught two hundr$ ye>s ago by ,je?ro ,tull1 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable implem5ts ( mod]n agriculture4 ,on dry-f>ms x is indisp5sable4 ,! dry-f>m] %\ld make a c>eful /udy ( ! drills on ! m>ket & *oose su* z comply ) ! pr9ciples ( ! successful prosecution ( dry-f>m+4 ,drill culture is ! only me?od ( s[+ t c be p]mitt$ if uni=m success is desir$4 ,! c>e ( ! crop ,except+ ! special treatm5t = soil-moi/ure cons]vation1 dry-f>m crops %\ld receive ! treatm5t usually giv5 crops gr[+ "u humid conditions4 ,! light ra9s t frequ5tly fall 9 autumn sometimes =m a cru/ on ! top ( ! soil1 :i* h9d]s ! prop] g]m9ation & gr[? ( ! fall-s[n crop4 ,x may be necess>y1 !re=e1 = ! f>m] to g ov] ! l& 9 ! fall ) a disk or m pref]ably ) a corrugat$ roll]4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 aft] fall s[+ !re is no fur!r ne$ ( treatm5t until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! spr+ treatm5t is ( consid]ably m importance1 = :5 ! w>m? ( spr+ & e>ly summ] beg9s to make itself felt1 a cru/ =ms ov] _m k9ds ( dry-f>m soils4 ,?is is especially true :]e ! soil is ( ! di/9ctively arid k9d & poor 9 organic matt]4 ,su* a cru/ %\ld be brok5 e>ly 9 ord] to give ! "y plants a *ance to develop freely4 ,?is may be accompli%$1 z above /at$1 by ! use ( a disk1 corrugat$ roll]1 or ord9>y smoo?+ h>r[4 ,:5 ! "y gra9 is well "u way1 x may be f\nd to be too ?ick4 ,if s1 ! crop may be ?9n$ by go+ ov] ! field ) a good irontoo? h>r[ ) ! tee? s set z to te> out a portion ( ! plants4 ,?is treatm5t may enable ! rema9+ plants to mature ) ! limit$ am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,p>adoxically1 if ! crop seems to be too ?9 9 ! spr+1 h>r[+ may also be ( s]vice4 ,9 su* a case ! tee? %\ld be slant$ backw>ds & ! h>r[+ done simply = ! purpose ( /irr+ ! soil )\t injury to ! plant1 to cons]ve ! moi/ure /or$ 9 ! soil & to accel]ate ! =mation ( nitrates4--,! cons]v$ moi/ure & add$ f]tility w /r5g!n ! gr[? & dim9i% ! wat] requirem5ts ( ! plants1 & ?us yield a l>g] crop4 ,! iron-too? h>r[ is a v useful implem5t on ! dry-f>m :5 ! crops are "y4 ,aft] ! plants are up s high t ! h>r[ _c be us$ on !m no special c>e ne$ be giv5 !m1 unless inde$ !y are cultivat$ crops l corn or potatoes :i*1 ( c\rse1 z expla9$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 %\ld receive cont9ual cultivation4 ,h>ve/+ ,! me?ods ( h>ve/+ crops on dry-f>ms are practically ^? = f>ms 9 humid di/ricts4 ,! "o great exception may be ! use ( ! head] on ! gra9 f>ms ( ! dry-f>m sections4 ,! head] has n[ become well-nigh g5]al 9 its use4 ,in/ead ( cutt+ & b9d+ ! gra91 z 9 ! old me?od1 ! heads are simply cut (f & pil$ 9 l>ge /acks :i* lat] are ?re%$4 ,! high /raw :i* rema9s is pl[$ "u 9 ! fall & helps to supply ! soil ) organic matt]4 ,! ma9t5ance ( dry-f>ms = ov] a g5]ation )\t ! addition ( manures has be5 made possible by ! organic matt] add$ to ! soil 9 ! decay ( ! high vigor\s /raw rema9+ aft] ! head]4 ,9 fact1 ! *anges occurr+ 9 ! soil 9 connection ) ! decay+ ( ! head] /ubble appe> to h actually increas$ ! available f]tility4 ,hundr$s ( ,utah dry :eat f>ms dur+ ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s h increas$ 9 f]tility1 or at lea/ 9 productive p[]1 due und\bt$ly to ! introduction ( ! head] sy/em ( h>ve/+4 ,?is sy/em ( h>ve/+ also makes ! practice ( fall[+ mu* m effective1 = x helps ma9ta9 ! organic matt] :i* is drawn ^u by ! fall[ seasons4 ,! head] %\ld be us$ :]ev] practicable4 ,! fe> has be5 express$ t ! high head] /raw pl[$ "u w make ! soil s loose z to r5d] prop] s[+ difficult & also1 because ( ! easy circulation ( air 9 ! upp] soil lay]s1 cause a l>ge loss ( soil-moi/ure4 ,?is fe> has be5 f\nd to be gr\ndless1 = :]ev] ! head] /raw has be5 pl[$ "u2 especially 9 connection ) fall[+1 ! soil has be5 b5efit$4 ,rapidity & economy 9 h>ve/+ are vital factors 9 dry-f>m+1 & new devices are con/antly be+ (f]$ to exp$ite ! "w4 ,( rec5t ye>s ! comb9$ h>ve/] & ?re%] has come into g5]al use4 ,x is a l>ge head] comb9$ ) an ord9>y ?re%+ ma*9e4 ,! gra9 is head$ & ?re%$ 9 "o op]ation & ! sacks dropp$ along ! pa? ( ! ma*9e4 ,! /raw is scatt]$ ov] ! field :]e x belongs4 ,all 9 all1 ! "q ( s[+1 c>e ( crop1 & h>ve/+ may be answ]$ by ! me?ods t h be5 s well develop$ 9 c\ntries ( abundant ra9fall1 except z new me?ods may be requir$ to (fset ! defici5cy 9 ! ra9fall :i* is ! det]m9+ condition ( dry-f>m+4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,crops ,,= ,,dry-,,f>m+ ,! "w ( ! dry-f>m] is only half done :5 ! soil has be5 prop]ly prep>$1 by deep pl[+1 cultivation1 fall[+1 = ! plant+ ( ! crop4 ,! *oice ( ! crop1 its prop] se$+1 & its correct c>e & h>ve/+ are z important z rational soil treatm5t 9 ! successful pursuit ( dry-f>m+4 ,x is true t 9 g5]al ! k9ds ( crops ord9>ily cultivat$ 9 humid regions are gr[n also on arid l&s1 b v>ieties especially adapt$ to ! prevail+ dry-f>m conditions mu/ be us$ if any c]ta9ty ( h>ve/ is desir$4 ,plants possess a m>vel\s p[] ( adaptation to environm5t1 & ?is p[] becomes /rong] z successive g5]ations ( plants are gr[n "u ! giv5 conditions4 ,?us1 plants :i* h be5 gr[n = long p]iods ( "t 9 c\ntries ( abundant ra9fall & *>act]i/ic humid climate & soil yield well "u su* conditions1 b usually suff] & die or at be/ yield scantily if plant$ 9 hot ra9less c\ntries ) deep soils4 ,yet1 su* plants1 if gr[n ye> aft] ye> "u arid conditions1 become accu/om$ to w>m? & dryness & 9 "t w yield p]haps ne>ly z well or x may be bett] 9 _! new surr\nd+s4 ,! dry-f>m] :o looks = l>ge h>ve/s mu/ use e c>e to secure v>ieties ( crops t ?r\gh g5]ations ( bre$+ h become adapt$ to ! conditions prevail+ on 8 f>m4 ,home-gr[n se$s1 if gr[n prop]ly1 are !re=e ( ! highe/ value4 ,9 fact1 9 ! di/ricts :]e dry-f>m+ has be5 practic$ longe/ ! be/ yield+ v>ieties are1 ) v few exceptions1 ^? t h be5 gr[n = _m successive ye>s on ! same l&s4 ,! comp>ative newness ( ! attempts to produce pr(itable crops 9 ! pres5t dry-f>m+ t]ritory & ! consequ5t abs5ce ( home-gr[n se$ has r5d]$ x wise to explore o!r regions ( ! _w1 ) simil> climatic conditions1 b long inhabit$1 = suitable crop v>ieties4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has accompli%$ mu* good "w 9 ?is direction4 ,! bre$+ ( new v>ieties by sci5tific me?ods is also important1 ?\gh really valuable results _c be expect$ = _m ye>s to come4 ,:5 results d come f bre$+ exp]im5ts1 !y w probably be ( ! greate/ value to ! dry-f>m]4 ,mean:ile1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t at ! pres5t1 our k ( dry-f>m crops is extremely limit$4 ,e ye> w probably br+ new additions to ! li/ & great improvem5ts ( ! crops & v>ieties n[ recomm5d$4 ,! progressive dry-f>m] %\ld !re=e keep 9 close t\* ) /ate & gov]nm5t work]s conc]n+ ! be/ v>ieties to use4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! v>i\s sections ( ! dry-f>m+ t]ritory are alike 9 receiv+ a small am\nt ( ra9fall1 !y are widely diff]5t 9 o!r conditions affect+ plant gr[?1 su* z soils1 w9ds1 av]age temp]ature1 & "* & sev]ity ( ! w9t]s4 ,until trials h be5 made 9 all ^! v>y+ localities1 x is n safe to make unqualifi$ recomm5dations ( any crop or crop v>iety4 ,at ! pres5t we c only say t = dry-f>m purposes we mu/ h plants t w produce ! maximum quantity ( dry matt] ) ! m9imum quantity ( wat]2 & t _! p]iods ( gr[? mu/ be ! %orte/ possible4 ,h[ev]1 en\gh "w has be5 done to e/abli% "s g5]al rules = ! guidance ( ! dry-f>m] 9 ! selection ( crops4 ,und\bt$ly1 we h z yet _h only a glimpse ( ! va/ crop possibilities ( ! dry-f>m+ t]ritory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,:eat ,:eat is ! lead+ dry-f>m crop4 ,e prospect indicates t x w reta9 its prem95ce4 ,n only is x ! mo/ g5]ally us$ c]eal1 b ! _w is rapidly le>n+ to dep5d m & m ^u ! dry-f>m+ areas ( ! _w = :eat production4 ,9 ! arid & semi>id regions x is n[ a commonly accept$ doctr9e t ^u ! exp5sive irrigat$ l&s %\ld be gr[n fruits1 vegetables1 sug> beets1 & o!r int5sive crops1 :ile :eat1 corn1 & o!r gra9s & ev5 mu* ( ! =age %\ld be gr[n z ext5sive crops ^u ! non-irrigat$ or dry-f>m l&s4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! "t is ne> at h& :5 x w be a r>ity to see gra9 gr[n ^u irrigat$ soil1 provid+ ! climatic conditions p]mit ! rais+ ( m ext5sive crops4 ,9 view ( ! pres5t & future greatness ( ! :eat crop on semi>id l&s1 x is v important to secure ! v>ieties t w be/ meet ! v>y+ dry-f>m conditions4 ,mu* has be5 done to ?is end1 b m ne$s to be done4 ,our k ( ! be/ :eats is /ill fragm5t>y4 ,?is is ev5 m true ( o!r dry-f>m crops4 ,accord+ to ,j>d9e1 ! dry-f>m :eats gr[n at pres5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be classificd z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,h>d spr+ :eats3 7a7 ,common 7b7 ,durum ,,ii4 ,w9t] :eats3 7a7 ,h>d :eats 7,crimean7 7b7 ,semih>d :eats 7,int]m\nta97 7c7 ,s(t :eats 7,pactfic7 ,! common v>ieties ( h>d spr+ :eats are gr[n pr9cipally 9 di/ricts :]e w9t] :eats h n z yet be5 successful2 t is1 9 ! ,dakotas1 nor?we/]n ,nebraska1 & o!r localities ) long w9t]s & p]iods ( alt]nate ?aw+ & sev]e freez+4 ,! sup]ior value ( w9t] :eat has be5 s cle>ly demon/rat$ t attempts are be+ made to develop 9 e locality w9t] :eats t c endure ! prevail+ climatic conditions4 ,spr+ :eats are also gr[n 9 a scatt]+ way & 9 small quantities ov] ! :ole dry-f>m t]ritory4 ,! two mo/ valuable v>ieties ( ! common h>d spr+ :eat are ,blue ,/em & ,r$ ,fife1 bo? well-e/abli%$ v>ieties ( excell5t mill+ qualities1 gr[n 9 imm5se quantities 9 ! ,nor!a/]n corn] ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & comm&+ ! be/ prices on ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,x is notable t ,r$ ,fife orig9at$ 9 ,russia1 ! c\ntry :i* has giv5 u s _m good dry-f>m crops4 ,! durum :eats or mac>oni :eats1 z !y are (t5 call$1 are also spr+ :eats :i* promise to displace all o!r spr+ v>ieties because ( _! excell5t yields "u extreme dry-f>m conditions4 ,^! :eats1 ?\gh kn[n = m ?an a g5]ation ?r\gh occasional %ipm5ts f ,russia1 ,alg]ia1 & ,*ile1 7 introduc$ to ! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates only 9 #aijj1 ?r\gh ! explorations & en?usia/ic advocacy ( ,c>leton ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,s9ce t "t !y h be5 gr[n 9 ne>ly all ! dryf>m /ates & especially 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area4 ,:]ev] tri$ !y h yield$ well1 9 "s cases z mu* z ! old e/abli%$ w9t] v>ieties4 ,! extreme h>dness ( ^! :eats made x difficult to induce ! mill]s op]at+ mills fitt$ = gr9d+ s(t] :eats to accept !m = fl\rmak+ purposes4 ,?is prejudice has1 h[ev]1 gradually vani%$1 & to-day ! durum :eats are 9 great dem&1 especially = bl5d+ ) ! s(t] :eats & = ! mak+ ( mac>oni4 ,rec5tly ! popul>ity ( ! durum :eats among ! f>m]s has be5 enhanc$1 ow+ to ! discov]y t !y are /rongly ru/ resi/ant4 ,! w9t] :eats1 z has be5 repeat$ly sugge/$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 are mo/ desirable = dry-f>m purposes1 :]ev] !y c be gr[n1 & especially 9 localities :]e a fair precipitation occurs 9 ! w9t] & spr+4 ,! h>d w9t] :eats are repres5t$ ma9ly by ! ,crimean gr\p1 ! *ief memb]s ( :i* are ,turkey1 ,kh>k[1 & ,crimean4 ,^! :eats also orig9at$ 9 ,russia & are said to h be5 br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates a g5]ation ago by ,m5nonite coloni/s4 ,at pres5t ^! :eats are gr[n *iefly 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,great ,pla9s area & 9 ,canada1 ?\gh !y are rapidly spread+ ov] ! int]m\nta9 c\ntry4 ,^! are good mill+ :eats ( high glut5 cont5t & yield+ abundantly "u dry-f>m conditions4 ,x is q cle> t ^! :eats w soon displace ! old] w9t] :eats =m]ly gr[n on dry-f>ms4 ,turkey :eat promises to become ! lead+ dry-f>m :eat4 ,! semis(t w9t] :eats are gr[n *iefly 9 ! int]m\nta9 c\ntry4 ,!y are repres5t$ by a v l>ge numb] ( v>ieties1 all t5d+ t[>d s(tness & />*9ess4 ,?is may 9 "p be due to climatic1 soil1 & irrigation conditions1 b is m likely a result ( inh]5t qualities 9 ! v>ieties us$4 ,!y are rapidly be+ displac$ by h>d v>ieties4 ,! gr\p ( s(t w9t] :eats includes num]\s v>ieties gr[n ext5sively 9 ! fam\s :eat di/ricts ( ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & nor!rn ,idaho4 ,! ma9 v>ieties are ,r$ ,russian & ,pal\se ,blue ,/em1 9 ,wa%+ton & ,idaho1 ,r$ ,*aff & ,foise 9 ,oregon1 & ,defiance1 ,little ,club1 ,sonora1 & ,:ite ,au/ralian 9 ,cali=nia4 ,^! are all s(t1 :ite1 & r poor 9 glut54 ,x is believ$ t "u giv5 climatic1 soil1 & cultural conditions1 all :eat v>ieties w approa* "o type1 di/9ctive ( ! conditions 9 "q1 & t ! ,cali=nia :eat type is a result ( prevail+ un*angeable conditions4 ,m rese>eh is ne$$1 h[ev]1 be=e def9ite pr9ciples c be laid d[n conc]n+ ! =mation ( di/9ctive :eat types 9 ! v>i\s dry-f>m sections4 ,"u any condition1 a *ange ( se$1 keep+ improvem5t always 9 view1 %\ld be baneficial4 ,j>d9e has rem9d$ ! dry-f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t be=e ! production ( :eat on ! dry-f>ms c rea* its full possibilities "u any acreage1 suffici5t quantities mu/ be gr[n ( a few v>ieties to affect ! l>ge m>kets4 ,?is is especially important 9 ! int]m\nta9 c\ntry :]e no uni=mity exi/s1 b ! w>n+ %\ld be he$$ also by ! ,pacific coa/ & ,great ,pla9s :eat areas4 ,z soon z ! be/ v>ieties are f\nd !y %\ld displace ! miscellane\s collection ( :eat v>ieties n[ gr[n4 ,! individual f>m] c be a law unto himself no m 9 :eat gr[+ ?an 9 fruit gr[+1 if he desires to reap ! l>ge/ rew>d ( 8 ef=ts4 ,only by uni=mity ( k9d & quality & l>ge production w any "o locality impress itself ^u ! m>kets & create a dem&4 ,! *anges n[ 9 progress by ! dry-f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates indicate t ?is lesson has be5 tak5 to he>t4 ,! pr9ciple is equally important = all c\ntries :]e dry-f>m+ is practic$4 ,o!r small gra9s ,oats is und\bt$ly a com+ dry-f>m crop4 ,sev]al v>ieties h be5 f\nd :i* yield well on l&s t receive an av]age annual ra9fall ( less ?an fifte5 in*es4 ,o!rs w no d\bt be discov]$ or develop$ z special att5tion is giv5 to dry-f>m oats4 ,oats occurs z spr+ & w9t] v>ieties1 b only "o w9t] v>iety has z yet f\nd place 9 ! li/ ( dry-f>m crops4 ,! lead+2 spr+ v>ieties ( oats are ! ,sixty-,day1 ,kh]son1 ,burt1 & ,sw$i% ,select4 ,! "o w9t] v>iety1 :i* is gr[n *iefly 9 ,utah1 is ! ,boswell1 a black v>iety orig9ally br\ght f ,engl& ab\t #aija4 ,b>ley1 l ! o!r common gra9s1 occurs 9 v>ieties t gr[ well on dry-f>ms4 ,9 comp>ison ) :eat v little se>eh has be5 made = dry-f>m b>leys1 &1 naturally1 ! li/ ( te/$ v>ieties is v small4 ,l :eat & oats1 b>ley occurs 9 spr+ & w9t] v>ieties1 b z 9 ! case ( oats only "o w9t] v>iety has z yet f\nd its way into ! approv$ li/ ( dry-f>m crops4 ,! be/ dry-f>m spr+ b>leys are ^? belong+ to ! be>dless & hull-less types1 ?\gh ! m common v>ieties also yield well1 especially ! six-r[$ be>dless b>ley4 ,! w9t] v>iety is ! ,t5nessee ,w9t]1 :i* is already well di/ribut$ ov] ! ,great ,pla9s di/rict4 ,rye is "o ( ! sure/ dry-f>m crops4 ,x yields good crops ( /raw & gra91 bo? ( :i* are valuable /ock foods4 ,9 fact1 ! great p[] ( rye to survive & gr[ luxuriantly "u ! mo/ try+ dry-f>m conditions is ! *ief objection to x4 ,once />t$1 x is h>d to eradicate4 ,prop]ly cultivat$ & us$ ei!r z a /ock fe$ or z gre5 manure1 x is v valuable4 ,rye occurs z bo? spr+ & w9t] v>ieties4 ,! w9t] v>ieties are usually mo/ satisfactory4 ,c>leton has recomm5d$ emm] z a crop peculi>ly adapt$ to semi>id conditions4 ,emm] is a species ( :eat to ! b]ries ( :i* ! *aff adh]es v closely4 ,x is highly priz$ z a /ock fe$4 ,9 ,russia & ,g]many x is gr[n 9 v l>ge quantities4 ,x is especially adapt$ to arid & semi>id conditions1 b w probably ?rive be/ :]e ! w9t]s are dry & summ]s wet4 ,x exi/s z spr+ & w9t] v>ieties4 is ) ! o!r small gra9s1 ! success ( emm] w dep5d l>gely ^u ! satisfactory developm5t ( w9t] v>ieties4 ,corn ,( all crops yet tri$ on dry-f>ms1 corn is p]haps ! mo/ uni=mly successful "u extreme dry conditions4 ,if ! soil treatm5t & plant+ h be5 "r1 ! failures t h be5 report$ may inv>iably be trac$ to ! use ( se$ :i* _h n be5 acclimat$4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians gr[ corn :i* is excell5t = dry-f>m purposes2 _m ( ! we/]n f>m]s h likewise produc$ /ra9s t use ! m9imum ( moi/ure1 &1 moreov]1 corn br\ght f humid sections adapts itself to arid conditions 9 a v few ye>s4 ,escob> reports a native corn gr[n 9 ,mexico ) l[ /alks & small e>s t well endures des]t conditions4 ,9 extremely dry ye>s corn does n always produce a pr(itable crop ( se$1 b ! crop z a :ole1 = =age purposes1 seldom fails to pay exp5ses & leave a m>g9 = pr(it4 ,9 wett] ye>s !re is a correspond+ increase ( ! corn crop4 ,! dryf>m+ t]ritory does n yet realize ! value ( corn z a dry-f>m crop4 ,! kn[n facts conc]n+ corn make x safe to pr$ict1 h[ev]1 t its dry f>m acreage w increase rapidly1 & t 9 "t x w cr[d ! :eat crop = prem95ce4 ,sorghums ,among dry-f>m crops n popul>ly kn[n are ! sorghums1 :i* promise to become excell5t yield]s "u arid conditions4 ,! sorghums are suppos$ to h come gr[n ! tropical sections ( ! globe1 b !y are n[ scatt]$ ov] ! e>? 9 all climes4 ,! sorghums h be5 kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ov] half a c5tury1 b x 0 only :5 dry-f>m+ began to develop s trem5d\sly t ! dr\?-resi/+ p[] ( ! sorghums 0 recall$4 ,accord+ to ,ball1 ! sorghums fall into ! foll[+ classes3-- ,,! ,,sorghums #a4 ,broom corns #b4 ,sorgas or sweet sorghums #c4 ,kafirs #d4 ,durras ,! broom corns are gr[n only = _! bru%1 & are n consid]$ 9 dry-f>m+2 ! sorgas = =age & sirups1 & are especially adapt$ = irrigation or humid conditions1 ?\gh !y are said to endure dry-f>m conditions bett] ?an corn4 ,! ,kafirs are dry-f>m crops & are gr[n = gra9 & =age4 ,?is gr\p includes ,r$ ,kafir1 ,:ite ,kafir1 ,black-hull$ ,:ite ,kafir1 & ,:ite ,milo1 all ( :i* are valuable = dry-f>m+4 ,! ,durras are gr[n almo/ exclusively = se$ & include ,j]usalem corn1 ,br[n ,durra1 & ,milo4 ,! "w ( ,ball has made ,milo "o ( ! mo/ important dry-f>m crops4 ,z improv$1 ! crop is f f\r to f\r & a half feet high1 ) mo/ly erect heads1 c>ry+ a l>ge quantity ( se$s4 ,milo is already a /aple crop 9 p>ts ( ,texas1 ,oklahoma1 ,kansas1 & ,new ,mexico4 ,x has fur!r be5 %[n to be adapt$ to conditions 9 ! ,dakotas1 ,nebraska1 ,colorado1 ,arizona1 ,utah1 & ,idaho4 ,x w probably be f\nd1 9 "s v>ietal =m1 valuable ov] ! :ole dry-f>m t]ritory :]e ! altitude is n too high & ! av]age temp]ature n too l[4 ,x has yield$ an av]age ( =ty bu%els ( se$ to ! acre4 ,luc]n or alfalfa ,next to human intellig5ce & indu/ry1 alfalfa has probably be5 ! *ief factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! irrigat$ ,we/4 ,x has made possible a rational sy/em ( agriculture1 ) ! live-/ock indu/ry & ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility z ! c5tral consid]ations4 ,alfalfa is n[ be+ recogniz$ z a desirable crop 9 humid z well z 9 irrigat$ sections1 & x is probable t alfalfa w soon become ! *ief hay crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,orig9ally1 luc]n came f ! hot dry c\ntries ( ,asia1 :]e x suppli$ fe$ to ! animals ( ! fir/ hi/orical peoples4 ,moreov]1 its long2 tap roots1 p5etrat+ sometimes =ty or fifty feet into ! gr\nd1 sugge/ t luc]n may make ready use ( deeply /or$ soil-moi/ure4 ,on ^! consid]ations1 alone1 luc]n %\ld prove itself a crop well suit$ = dry-f>m+4 ,9 fact1 x has be5 demon/rat$ t :]e conditions are favorable1 luc]n may be made to yield pr(itable crops "u a ra9fall betwe5 twelve & fifte5 in*es4 ,alfalfa pref]s calc>e\s loamy soils2 s&y & heavy clay soils are n s well adapt$ = successful alfalfa production4 ,"u dry-f>m conditions ! utmo/ c>e mu/ be us$ to prev5t too ?ick se$+4 ,! va/ majority ( alfalfa failures on dry-f>ms h result$ f an insuffici5t supply ( moi/ure = ! ?ickly plant$ crop4 ,! alfalfa field does n atta9 its maturity until aft] ! second ye>1 & a crop :i* looks j "r ! second ye> w probably be mu* too ?ick ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s4 ,f f\r to six p\nds ( se$ p] acre are usually ample4 ,ano!r ma9 cause ( failure is ! common idea t ! luc]n field ne$s little or no cultivation1 :51 9 fact1 ! alfalfa field %\ld receive z c>eful soil treatm5t z ! :eat field4 ,heavy1 ?or\gh disk+ 9 spr+ or fall1 or bo?1 is advisable1 = x leaves ! topsoil 9 a condition to prev5t evaporation & admit air4 ,9 ,asiatic & ,nor? ,african c\ntries1 luc]n is frequ5tly cultivat$ betwe5 r[s ?r\gh\t ! hot season4 ,?is has be5 tri$ by ,br& 9 ?is c\ntry & ) v good results4 ,s9ce ! crop %\ld always be s[n ) a drill1 x is comp>atively easy to regulate ! di/ance betwe5 ! r[s s t cultivat+ implem5ts may be us$4 ,if ?9 se$+ & ?or\gh soil /irr+ are practic$1 luc]n usually gr[s well1 & ) su* treatm5t %\ld become "o ( ! great dry-f>m crops4 ,! yield ( hay is n l>ge1 b suffici5t to leave a com=table m>g9 ( pr(it4 ,_m f>m]s f9d x m pr(itable to gr[ dry-f>m luc]n = se$4 ,9 good ye>s f fifty to "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s may be tak5 f an acre ( luc]n se$4 ,h[ev]1 at ! pres5t1 ! pr9ciples ( luc]n se$ production are n well e/abli%$1 & ! se$ crop is unc]ta94 ,alfalfa is a legum9\s crop & ga!rs nitrog5 f ! air4 ,x is !re=e a good f]tiliz]4 ,! "q ( soil f]tility w become m important ) ! pass+ ( ! ye>s1 & ! value ( luc]n z a l& improv] w !n be m evid5t ?an x is to-day4 ,o!r legum9\s crops ,! gr\p ( legum9\s or pod-be>+ crops is ( great importance2 fir/1 because x is ri* 9 nitrog5\s sub/ances :i* are valuable animal foods1 &1 secondly1 because x has ! p[] ( ga!r+ nitrog5 f ! air1 :i* c be us$ = ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,dry-f>m+ w n be a :olly safe practice ( agriculture until suitable legum9\s crops are f\nd & made "p ( ! crop sy/em4 ,x is notable t ov] ! :ole ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ?is & o!r c\ntries wild legum9\s plants fl\ri%4 ,t is1 nitrog5-ga!r+ plants are at "w on ! des]ts4 ,! f>m] upsets ?is natural ord] ( ?+s by cropp+ ! l& ) :eat & :eat only1 s long z ! l& w produce pr(itably4 ,! legum9\s plants native to dry-f>m areas h n z yet be5 subject$ to ext5sive economic /udy1 & 9 tru? v little is kn[n conc]n+ legum9\s plants adapt$ to dry-f>m+4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ,colorado1 & o!r dry-f>m /ates ! field pea has be5 gr[n ) great pr(it4 ,inde$ x has be5 f\nd mu* m pr(itable ?an :eat production4 ,! field bean1 likewise1 has be5 gr[n successfully "u dry-f>m conditions1 "u a great v>iety ( climates4 ,9 ,mexico & o!r s\!rn climates1 ! native population produce l>ge quantities ( beans ^u _! dry l&s4 ,%aw sugge/s t sanfo91 long fam\s = its s]vice to ,european agriculture1 may be f\nd to be a pr(itable dry-f>m crop1 & t s& vet* promises to become an excell5t dry-f>m crop4 ,x is v likely1 h[ev]1 t _m ( ! legum9\s crops :i* h be5 develop$ "u conditions ( abundant ra9fall w be valueless on dry-f>m l&s4 ,e ye> w furni% new & m complete in=mation on ?is subject4 ,legum9\s plants w surely become important memb]s ( ! association ( dry-f>m crops4 ,trees & %rubs ,s f>1 trees _c be said to be dry-f>m crops1 ?\gh facts are on record t indicate t by ! application ( correct dry-f>m pr9ciples trees may be made to gr[ & yield pr(itably on dry-f>m l&s4 ,( c\rse1 x is a well-kn[n fact t native trees ( v>i\s k9ds are occasionally f\nd gr[+ on ! des]ts1 :]e ! ra9fall is v light & ! soil has be5 giv5 no c>e4 ,examples ( su* vegetation are ! native c$>s f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,great ,bas9 region & ! mesquite tree 9 ,arizona & ! ,s\?we/4 ,few f>m]s 9 ! arid region h z yet und]tak5 tree culture )\t ! aid ( irrigation4 ,at lea/ "o pea* or*>d is kn[n 9 ,utah :i* gr[s "u a ra9fall ( ab\t fifte5 in*es )\t irrigation & produces regul>ly a small crop ( mo/ delici\s fruit4 ,p>sons describes 8 ,colorado dry-f>m or*>d 9 :i*1 "u a ra9fall ( almo/ f\rte5 in*es1 he gr[s1 ) great pr(it1 *]ries1 plums1 & apples4 ,a numb] ( prosp]+ "y or*>ds are gr[+ )\t irrigation 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area4 ,mason discov]$ a few ye>s ago two olive or*>ds 9 ,arizona & ! ,colorado des]t :i*1 plant$ ab\t f\rte5 ye>s previ\sly1 7 ?riv+ "u an annual ra9fall ( eight & a half & f\r & a half in*es1 respectively4 ,^! olive or*>ds _h be5 set out "u canals :i* lat] fail$4 ,su* atte/$ facts lead to ! ?\ght t trees may yet take _! place z dry-f>m crops4 ,?is hope is /r5g!n$ :5 x is recall$ t ! great nations ( antiquity1 liv+ 9 c\ntries ( l[ ra9fall1 grew pr(itably & )\t irrigation _m valuable trees1 "s ( :i* are /ill cultivat$ 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,! olive indu/ry1 = example1 is ev5 n[ be+ successfully develop$ by mod]n me?ods 9 ,asiatic & ,african sections1 :]e ! av]age annual ra9fall is "u t5 in*es4 ,s9ce #ahha1 "u ,fr5* managem5t1 ! dry-f>m olive trees ar\nd ,tunis h increas$ f #de1jjj to #djj1jjj individuals4 ,mason & also ,a>onsohn sugge/ z trees t d well 9 ! arid p>ts ( ! old _w ! s-call$ ,*9ese date or ,ju,jube tree1 ! sycamore fig1 & ! ,c>ob tree1 :i* yields ! ,/4 ,john's ,bread s de> to *ildhood4 ,( ?is la/ tree1 ,a>onsolm says t tw5ty trees to ! acre1 "u a ra9fall ( twelve in*es1 w produce #hjjj p\nds ( fruit conta9+ #dj p] c5t ( sug> & #g to #h p] c5t ( prote94 ,?is surpasses ! be/ h>ve/ ( alfalfa4 ,ke>nley1 :o has made a special /udy ( dry-l& olive culture 9 nor!rn ,africa1 /ates t 9 8 belief a l>ge v>iety ( fruit trees may be f\nd :i* w d well "u arid & semi>id conditions1 & may ev5 yield m pr(it ?an ! gra9s4 ,x is also said t _m %ade & ornam5tal & o!r useful plants c be gr[n on dry-f>ms2 z1 = in/ance1 locu/1 elm1 black walnut1 silv]popl>1 catalpa1 live oak1 black oak1 yell[ p9e1 r$ spruce1 ,d\glas fir1 & c$>4 ,! secret ( success 9 tree gr[+ on dry-f>ms seems to lie1 fir/1 9 plant+ a few trees p] acre1--! di/ance ap>t %\ld be twice ! ord9>y di/ance1--&1 secondly1 9 apply+ vigor\sly & unceas+ly ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( soil cultivation4 ,9 a soil /or$ deeply ) moi/ure & prop]ly cultivat$1 mo/ plants w gr[4 ,if ! soil has n be5 c>efully fall[$ be=e plant+1 x may be necess>y to wat] ! "y trees slightly dur+ ! fir/ two seasons4 ,small fruits h be5 tri$ on _m f>ms ) great success4 ,plums1 currants1 & gooseb]ries h all be5 successful4 ,grapes gr[ & yield well 9 _m dry-f>m di/ricts1 especially along ! w>m foo?ills ( ! ,great ,bas94 ,tree gr[+ on dry-f>m l&s is n yet well e/abli%$ &1 !re=e1 %\ld be und]tak5 ) great c>e4 ,v>ieties accu/om$ to ! climatic environm5t %\ld be *os51 & ! pr9ciples outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ pages %\ld be c>efully us$4 ,potatoes ,9 rec5t ye>s1 potatoes h become "o ( ! be/ dry-f>m crops4 ,almo/ :]ev] tri$ on l&s "u a ra9fall ( twelve in*es or m potatoes h giv5 comp>atively l>ge yields4 ,to-day1 ! gr[+ ( dry-f>m potatoes is becom+ an important indu/ry4 ,! pr9ciples ( light se$+ & ?or\gh cultivation are indisp5sable = success4 ,potatoes are well adapt$ = use 9 rotations1 :]e summ] fall[+ is n ?\ght desirable4 ,macdonald enum]ates ! foll[+ z ! be/ v>ieties at pres5t us$ on dry-f>ms3 ,ohio1 ,mammo?1 ,pe>l1 ,rural ,new ,york]1 & ,burbank4 ,miscellane\s ,a fur!r li/ ( dry-f>m crops w\ld include repres5tatives ( ne>ly all economic plants1 mo/ ( !m tri$ 9 small quantity 9 v>i\s localities4 ,sug> beets1 vegetables1 bulb\s plants1 etc41 h all be5 gr[n )\t irrigation "u dry-f>m conditions4 ,"s ( ^! w no d\bt be f\nd to be pr(itable & w !n be br\ght into ! comm]cial s*eme ( dry-f>m+4 ,mean:ile1 ! crop problems ( dry-f>m+ dem& t mu* c>eful "w be done 9 ! imm$iate future by ! ag5cies hav+ su* "w 9 *>ge4 ,! be/ v>ieties ( crops already 9 pr(itable use ne$ to be det]m9$4 ,m new plants f all p>ts ( ! _w ne$ to be br\ght to ?is new dry-f>m t]ritory & tri$ out4 ,_m ( ! native plants ne$ exam9ation ) a view to _! economic use4 ,= in/ance1 ! sego lily bulbs1 ^u :i* ! ,utah pione]s subsi/$ = sev]al seasons ( fam9e1 may possibly be made a cultivat$ crop4 ,f9ally1 x rema9s to be said t x is d\btful wisdom to attempt to gr[ ! m int5sive crops on dry-f>ms4 ,irrigation & dry-f>m+ w always g toge!r4 ,!y are supplem5t>y sy/ems ( agriculture 9 arid & semi>id regions4 ,on ! irrigat$ l&s %\ld be gr[n ! crops t require mu* labor p] acre & t 9 return yield l>gely p] acre4 ,new crops & v>ieties %\ld bes\ght = ! irrigat$ f>ms4 ,on ! dry-f>ms %\ld be gr[n ! crops t c be h&l$ 9 a l>ge way & at a small co/ p] acre1 & t yield only mod]ate acre returns4 ,by su* coop]ation betwe5 irrigation & dry-f>m+ w ! regions ( ! _w ) a scanty ra9fall become ! heal?ie/1 weal?ie/1 happie/1 & mo/ popul\s on e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,dry-,,f>m ,,crops ,! acre-yields ( crops on dry-f>ms1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable me?ods ( culture1 are likely to be mu* small] ?an 9 humid sections ) f]tile soils4 ,! necessity = frequ5t fall[+ or re/+ p]iods ov] a l>ge portion ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory fur!r decreases ! av]age annual yield4 ,x does n foll[ f ?is condition t dry-f>m+ is less pr(itable ?an humid-or irrigation-f>m+1 = x has be5 fully demon/rat$ t ! pr(it on ! inve/m5t is z high "u prop] dry-f>m+ z "u any o!r simil> g5]ally adopt$ sy/em ( f>m+ 9 any "p ( ! _w4 ,yet ! practice ( dry-f>m+ w\ld appe> to be1 & inde$ w\ld be1 mu* m desirable c\ld ! crop yield be increas$4 ,! discov]y ( any condition :i* w (fset ! small annual yields is1 !re=e1 ( ! highe/ importance to ! advancem5t ( dry-f>m+4 ,! recognition ( ! sup]ior quality ( practically all crops gr[n )\t irrigation "u a limit$ ra9fall has done mu* to /imulate fai? 9 ! great pr(itabl5ess ( dry-f>m+4 ,z ! v>y+ nature ( ! mat]ials us$ by man = food1 clo?+1 & %elt] has become m cle>ly und]/ood1 m att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! valuation ( comm]cial products on ! basis ( quality z well z ( quantity4 ,sug> beets1 = in/ance1 are b\ght by ! sug> factories "u a gu>antee ( a m9imum sug> cont5t2 & _m factories ( ,europe v>y ! price paid accord+ to ! sug> conta9$ by ! beets4 ,! mill]s1 especially 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e :eat has det]iorat$1 di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 ! fl\r-produc+ qualities ( :eats f v>i\s sections & fix ! price accord+ly4 ,ev5 9 ! h\sehold1 in=mation conc]n+ ! real nutritive value ( v>i\s foods is be+ s\ght eag]ly1 & foods let d[n to possess ! highe/ value 9 ! ma9t5ance ( life are displac+1 ev5 at a high] co/1 ! inf]ior products4 ,! quality valuation is1 9 fact1 be+ ext5d$ z rapidly z ! gr[? ( k w p]mit to ! *ief food mat]ials ( comm]ce4 ,z ?is practice becomes fix$ ! dry-f>m] w be able to comm& ! be/ m>ket prices = 8 products1 = x is und\bt$ly true t f ! po9t ( view ( quality1 dry-f>m food products may be plac$ safely 9 competition ) any f>m products on ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,proportion ( plant p>ts ,x ne$ h>dly be said1 aft] ! discussions 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 t ! nature ( plant gr[? is deeply modifi$ by ! arid conditions prevail+ 9 dry-f>m+4 ,?is %[s itself fir/ 9 ! proportion ( ! v>i\s plant p>ts1 su* z roots1 /ems1 leaves1 & se$s4 ,! root sy/ems ( dry-f>m crops are g5]ally greatly develop$1 & x is a common obs]vation t 9 adv]se seasons ! plants t possess ! l>ge/ & mo/ vigor\s roots endure be/ ! dr\? & burn+ heat4 ,! fir/ function ( ! leaves is to ga!r mat]ials = ! build+ & /r5g!n+ ( ! roots1 & only aft] ?is has be5 done d ! /ems l5g!n & ! leaves ?ick54 ,usually1 ! %ort season is l>gely gone be=e ! /em & leaf gr[? beg9s1 &1 consequ5tly1 a some:at dw>f$ appe>ance is *>act]i/ic ( dry-f>m crops4 ,! size ( sug> beets1 potato tub]s1 & su* und]gr\nd p>ts dep5ds ^u ! available wat] & food supply :5 ! plant has e/abli%$ a satisfactory root & leaf sy/em4 ,if ! wat] & food are sc>ce1 a ?9 beet results2 if abundant1 a well-fill$ beet may result4 ,dry-f>m+ is *>act]iz$ by a some:at %ort season4 ,ev5 if good gr[+ wea!r prevails1 ! decrease ( wat] 9 ! soil has ! effect ( ha/5+ maturity4 ,! =mation ( fl[]s & se$ beg9s1 !re=e1 e>li] & is complet$ m quickly "u arid ?an "u humid conditions4 ,moreov]1 & result+ probably f ! great] abundance ( mat]ials /or$ 9 ! root sy/em1 ! proportion ( heads to leaves & /ems is highe/ 9 dry-f>m crops4 ,9 fact1 x is a g5]al law t ! proportion ( heads to /raw 9 gra9 crops increases z ! wat] supply decreases4 ,?is is %[n v well ev5 "u humid or irrigation conditions :5 diff]5t seasons or diff]5t applications ( irrigation wat] are comp>$4 ,= in/ance1 ,hall quotes f ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts to ! effect t 9 #ahgi1 :i* 0 a wet ye> 7#da in*es71 ! :eat crop yield$ #ch p\nds ( gra9 = e #ajj p\nds ( /raw2 :]eas1 9 #ahic1 :i* 0 a dry ye> 7#bc in*es71 ! :eat crop yield$ #ie p\nds ( gra9 to e #ajj p\nds ( /raw4 ,! ,utah /ation likewise has e/abli%$ ! same law "u arid conditions4 ,9 "o s]ies ( exp]im5ts x 0 %[n z an av]age ( ?ree ye>s' trial t a field :i* _h receiv$ #bb4e in*es ( irrigation wat] produc$ a :eat crop t gave #fg p\nds ( gra9 to e #ajj p\nds ( /raw2 :ile ano!r field :i* receiv$ only #g4e in*es ( irrigation wat] produc$ a crop t gave #ajj p\nds ( gra9 = e #ajj p\nds ( /raw4 ,s9ce :eat is gr[n ess5tially = ! gra91 su* a v>iation is ( trem5d\s importance4 ,! am\nt ( available wat] affects e "p ( ! plant4 ,?us1 z an illu/ration1 ,c>leton /ates t ! p] c5t ( meat 9 oats gr[n 9 ,wiscons9 "u humid conditions 0 #fg4bd1 :ile 9 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,kansas1 & ,montana1 "u arid & semi>id conditions1 x 0 #ga4ea4 ,simil> v>iations ( plant p>ts may be obs]v$ z a direct result ( v>y+ ! am\nt ( available wat]4 ,9 g5]al !n1 x may be said t ! roots ( dry-f>m crops are well develop$2 ! p>ts above gr\nd some:at dw>f$2 ! proportion ( se$ to /raw high1 & ! proportion ( meat or nutritive mat]ials 9 ! plant p>ts likewise high4 ,! wat] 9 dry-f>m crops ,"o ( ! con/ant con/itu5ts ( all plants & plant p>ts is wat]4 ,hay1 fl\r1 & />* conta9 comp>atively l>ge quantities ( wat]1 :i* c be remov$ only by heat4 ,! wat] 9 gre5 plants is (t5 v l>ge4 ,9 "y luc]n1 = in/ance1 x rea*es #he p] c5t1 & 9 "y peas ne>ly #ij p] c5t1 or m ?an is f\nd 9 good c['s milk4 ,! wat] s held by plants has no nutritive value above ord9>y wat]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 pr(itable = ! consum] to buy dry foods4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 aga91 dry-f>m crops h a di/9ct advantage3 ,dur+ gr[? !re is n p]haps a great diff]5ce 9 ! wat] cont5t ( plants1 due to climatic diff]5ces1 b aft] h>ve/ ! dry+-out process goes on mu* m completely 9 dry-f>m ?an 9 humid di/ricts4 ,hay1 cur$ 9 humid regions1 (t5 conta9s f #ab to #bj p] c5t ( wat]2 9 arid climates x conta9s z little z #e p] c5t & seldom m ?an #ab p] c5t4 ,! dri] hay is naturally m valuable p\nd = p\nd ?an ! moi/] hay1 & a diff]5ce 9 price1 bas$ ^u ! diff]5ce 9 wat] cont5t1 is already be+ felt 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! ,we/4 ,! moi/ure cont5t ( dry-f>m :eat1 ! *ief dry-f>m crop1 is ev5 m important4 ,accord+ to ,wiley ! av]age wat] cont5t ( :eat = ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #aj4fb p] c5t1 rang+ f #ae to #g p] c5t4 ,/ew>t & ,greaves exam9$ a l>ge numb] ( :eats gr[n on ! dry-f>ms ( ,utah & f\nd t ! av]age p] c5t ( wat] 9 ! common bread v>ieties 0 #h4df & 9 ! durum v>ieties #h4hi4 ,?is means t ! ,utah dry-f>m :eats transport$ to ord9>y humid conditions w\ld take up en\gh wat] f ! air to increase _! weight "o =tie?1 or #b4b p] c5t1 be=e !y rea*$ ! av]age wat] cont5t ( ,am]ican :eats4 ,9 o!r words1 #a1jjj1jjj bu%els ( ,utah dry-f>m :eat conta9 z mu* nutritive matt] z #a1jbe1jjj bu%els ( :eat gr[n & kept "u humid conditions4 ,?is diff]5ce %\ld be & n[ is recogniz$ 9 ! prices paid4 ,9 fact1 %rewd deal]s1 acqua9t$ ) ! dryness ( dry-f>m :eat1 h = "s ye>s b\ght :eat f ! dry-f>ms at a slightly increas$ price1 & tru/$ to ! increase 9 weight due to wat] absorption 9 m humid climates = _! pr(its4 ,! "t %\ld be ne> at h& :5 gra9s & simil> products %\ld be pur*as$ ^u ! basis ( a moi/ure te/4 ,:ile x is und\bt$ly true t dry-f>m crops are naturally dri] ?an ^? ( humid c\ntries1 yet x mu/ also be kept 9 m9d t ! drie/ dry-f>m crops are always obta9$ :]e ! summ]s are hot & ra9less4 ,9 sections :]e ! precipitation comes *iefly 9 ! spr+ & summ] ! diff]5ce w\ld n be s great4 ,!re=e1 ! crops rais$ on ! ,great ,pla9s w\ld n be s dry z ^? rais$ 9 ,cali=nia or 9 ! ,great ,bas94 ,yet1 :]ev] ! annual ra9fall is s small z to e/abli% dry-f>m conditions1 :e!r x comes 9 ! w9t] or summ]1 ! cur$ crops are dri] ?an ^? produc$ "u conditions ( a mu* high] ra9fall1 & dry f>m]s %\ld insi/ t1 s f> z possible 9 ! future1 sales be bas$ on dry matt]4 ,! nutritive sub/ances 9 crops ,! dry matt] ( all plants & plant p>ts consi/s ( ?ree v di/9ct classes ( sub/ances3 ,fir/1 a% or ! m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,a% is us$ by ! body 9 build+ bones & 9 supply+ ! blood ) comp\nds ess5tial to ! v>i\s life processes4 ,second1 prote9 or ! sub/ances conta9+ ! elem5t nitrog54 ,prote9 is us$ by ! body 9 mak+ blood1 muscle1 t5dons1 hair1 & nails1 & "u c]ta9 conditions x is burn$ )9 ! body = ! production ( heat4 ,prote9 is p]haps ! mo/ important food con/itu5t4 ,?ird1 non-nitrog5\s sub/ances1 includ+ fats1 woody fib]1 & nitrog5-free extract1 a "n giv5 to ! gr\p ( sug>s1 />ehes1 & relat$ sub/ances4 ,^! sub/ances are us$ by ! body 9 ! production ( fat1 & are also burn$ = ! production ( heat4 ,( ^! valuable food con/itu5ts prote9 is probably ! mo/ important1 fir/1 because x =ms ! mo/ important tissues ( ! body &1 secondly1 because x is less abundant ?an ! fats1 />*es1 & sug>s4 ,inde$1 plants ri* 9 prote9 ne>ly always comm& ! highe/ prices4 ,! composition ( any class ( plants v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t localities & 9 diff]5t seasons4 ,?is may be due to ! nature ( ! soil1 or to ! f]tiliz] appli$1 ?\gh v>iations 9 plant composition result+ f soil conditions are comp>atively small4 ,! great] v>iations are almo/ :olly ! result ( v>y+ climate & wat] supply4 ,z f> z x is n[ kn[n ! /ronge/ s+le factor 9 *ang+ ! composition ( plants is ! am\nt ( wat] available to ! gr[+ plant4 ,v>iations due to v>y+ wat] supply ,! ,utah /ation has conduct$ num]\s exp]im5ts ^u ! effect ( wat] ^u plant composition4 ,! me?od 9 e case has be5 to apply diff]5t am\nts ( wat] ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season on contigu\s plats ( uni=m l&4 ,l5g?y table deleat$ f ?is edition4 ,ev5 a casual /udy ( 4 4 4 ! results %[ t ! quantity ( wat] us$ influ5c$ ! composition ( ! plant p>ts4 ,! a% & ! fib] d n appe> to be greatly influ5c$1 b ! o!r con/itu5ts v>y ) consid]able regul>ity ) ! v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( irrigation wat]4 ,! prote9 %[s ! greate/ v>iation4 ,z ! irrigation wat] is increas$1 ! p]c5tage ( prote9 decreases4 ,9 ! case ( :eat ! v>iation 0 ov] #i p] c5t4 ,! p]c5tage ( fat & nitrog5-free extract1 on ! o!r h&1 becomes l>g] z ! wat] increases4 ,t is1 crops gr[n ) little wat]1 z 9 dry-f>m+1 are ri* 9 ! important fle%-& blood-=m+ sub/ance prote91 & comp>atively poor 9 fat1 sug>1 />eh1 & o!r ( ! m abundant heat & fat-produc+ sub/ances4 ,?is diff]5ce is ( trem5d\s importance 9 plac+ dry-f>m+ products on ! food m>kets ( ! _w4 ,n only se$s1 tub]s1 & roots %[ ?is v>iation1 b ! /ems & leaves ( plants gr[n ) little wat] are f\nd to conta9 a high] p]c5tage ( prote9 ?an ^? gr[n 9 m humid climates4 ,! direct effect ( wat] ^u ! composition ( plants has be5 obs]v$ by _m /ud5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ,may]1 work+ 9 ,holl&1 f\nd t1 9 a soil conta9+ ?r\gh\t ! season #aj p] c5t ( wat]1 oats 0 produc$ conta9+ #aj4f p] c5t ( prote92 9 soil conta9+ #cj p] c5t ( wat]1 ! prote9 p]c5tage 0 only #e4f p] c5t1 & 9 soil conta9+ #gj p] c5t ( wat]1 x 0 only #e4b p] c5t4 ,c>leton1 9 a /udy ( analyses ( ! same v>ieties ( :eat gr[n 9 humid & semi-arid di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f\nd t ! p]c5tage ( prote9 9 :eat f ! semi>id area 0 #ad4d p] c5t z aga9/ #aa4id p] c5t 9 ! :eat f ! humid area4 ,! av]age prote9 cont5t ( ! :eat ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a little m ?an #ab p] c5t2 ,/ew>t & ,greaves f\nd an av]age ( #af4gf p] c5t ( prote9 9 ,utah dry-f>m :eats ( ! common bread v>ieties & #ag4ad p] c5t 9 ! durum v>ieties4 ,! exp]im5ts conduct$ at ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&1 z giv5 by ,hall1 confirm ^! results4 ,= example1 dur+ #ahic1 a v dry ye>1 b>ley k]nels conta9$ #ab4ii p] c5t ( prote91 :ile 9 #ahid1 a wet1 ?\gh free-gr[+ ye>1 ! b>ley conta9$ only #i4ha p] c5t ( prote94 ,quotations might be multipli$ confirm+ ! pr9ciple t crops gr[n ) little wat] conta9 mu* prote9 & little heat-& fat-produc+ sub/ances4 ,climate & composition ,! g5]al climate1 especially z reg>ds ! l5g? ( ! gr[+ season & naturally includ+ ! wat] supply1 has a /rong effect ^u ! composition ( plants4 ,c>leton obs]v$ t ! same v>ieties ( :eat gr[n at ,nephi1 ,utah1 conta9$ #af4fa p] c5t prote92 at ,am>illo1 ,texas1 #ae4be p] c5t2 & at ,mc,pherson1 ,kansas1 a humid /ation1 #ac4jd p] c5t4 ,?is v>iation is und\bt$ly due 9 "p to ! v>y+ annual precipitation b1 also1 & 9 l>ge "p1 to ! v>y+ g5]al climatic conditions at ! ?ree /ations4 ,an extremely int]e/+ & important exp]im5t1 %[+ ! effect ( locality ^u ! composition ( :eat k]nels1 is report$ by ,le,clerc & ,leavitt4 ,:eat gr[n 9 #aije 9 ,kansas 0 plant$ 9 #aijf 9 ,kansas1 ,cali=nia1 & ,texas ,9 #aijg samples ( ! se$s gr[n at ^! ?ree po9ts 7 plant$ side by side at ea* ( ! ?ree /ates ,all ! crops f ! ?ree localities 7 analyz$ sep>ately ea* ye>4 ,! results are /rik+ & conv9c+4 ,! orig9al se$ gr[n 9 ,kansas 9 #aije conta9$ #af4bb p] c5t ( prote94 ,! #aijf crop gr[n f ?is se$ 9 ,kansas conta9$ #ai4ac p] c5t prote92 9 ,cali=nia1 #aj4ch p]c5t2 & 9 ,texas1 #ab4ah p]c5t4 ,9 #aijg ! crop h>ve/$ 9 ,kansas f ! #aijf se$ f ^! widely sep>at$ places & ( v diff]5t composition conta9$ uni=mly some:at m ?an #bb p] c5t ( prote92 h>ve/$ 9 ,cali=nia1 some:at m ?an #aa p] c5t2 & h>ve/$ 9 ,texas1 ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! composition ( :eat k]nels is indep5d5t ( ! composition ( ! se$ or ! nature ( ! soil1 b dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! prevail+ climatic conditions1 includ+ ! wat] supply4 ,! weight ( ! :eat p] bu%el1 t is1 ! av]age size & weight ( ! :eat k]nel1 & also ! h>dness or fl9ty "* ( ! k]nels1 7 /rongly affect$ by ! v>y+ climatic conditions4 ,x is g5]ally true t dry-f>m gra9 weighs m p] bu%el ?an gra9 gr[n "u humid conditions2 h>dness usually accompanies a high prote9 cont5t & is !re=e *>act]i/ic ( dry-f>m :eat4 ,^! notable lessons tea* ! futility ( br++ 9 new se$ f f> di/ant places 9 ! hope t bett] & l>g] crops may be secur$4 ,! conditions "u :i* gr[? occurs det]m9e *iefly ! nature ( ! crop4 ,x is a common exp]i5ce 9 ! ,we/ t f>m]s :o d n und]/& ?is pr9ciple s5d to ! ,middle ,we/ = se$ corn1 ) ! result t great crops ( /alks & leaves ) no e>s are obta9$4 ,! only safe rule = ! dry-f>m] to foll[ is to use se$ :i* has be5 gr[n = _m ye>s "u dry-f>m conditions4 ,a reason = v>iation 9 composition ,x is possible to sugge/ a reason = ! high prote9 cont5t ( dry-f>m crops4 ,x is well kn[n t all plants secure mo/ ( _! nitrog5 e>ly 9 ! gr[+ p]iod4 ,f ! nitrog51 prote9 is =m$1 & all "y plants are1 !re=e1 v ri* 9 prote94 ,z ! plant becomes old]1 little m prote9 is add$1 b m & m c>bon is tak5 f ! air to =m ! fats1 />*es1 sug>s1 & o!r non-nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,consequ5tly1 ! proportion or p]c5tage ( prote9 becomes small] z ! plant becomes old]4 ,! impell+ purpose ( ! plant is to produce se$4 ,:5ev] ! wat] supply beg9s to give out1 or ! season %ort5s 9 any o!r way1 ! plant imm$iately beg9s to rip54 ,n[1 ! ess5tial effect ( dry-f>m conditions is to %ort5 ! season2 ! comp>atively "y plants1 yet ri* 9 prote91 beg9 to produce se$2 & at h>ve/1 se$1 & leaves1 & /alks are ri* 9 ! fle%-& blood-=m+ elem5t ( plants4 ,9 m humid c\ntries plants delay ! "t ( se$ production & ?us enable ! plants to /ore up m c>bon & ?us r$uce ! p]c5t ( prote94 ,! %ort gr[+ season1 induc$ by ! %ortness ( wat]1 is und\bt$ly ! ma9 reason = ! high] prote9 cont5t & consequ5tly high] nutritive value ( all dry-f>m crops4 ,nutritive value ( dry-f>m hay1 /raw1 & fl\r ,all ! p>ts ( dry-f>m crops are highly nutriti\s4 ,?is ne$s to be m cle>ly und]/ood by ! dry-f>m]s4 ,dry-f>m hay1 = in/ance1 because ( its high prote9 cont5t1 may be f$ ) crops n s ri* 9 ?is elem5t1 !reby mak+ a l>g] pr(it = ! f>m]4 ,dry-f>m /raw (t5 has ! fe$+ value ( good hay1 z has be5 demon/rat$ by analyses & by fe$+ te/s conduct$ 9 times ( hay sc>city4 ,especially is ! head] /raw ( high fe$+ value1 = x repres5ts ! upp] & m nutriti\s ends ( ! /alks4 ,dry-f>m /raw1 !re=e1 %\ld be c>efully kept & f$ to animals in/ead ( be+ scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd or ev5 burn$ z is too (t5 ! case4 ,only few fe$+ exp]im5ts hav+ 9 view ! relative fe$+ value ( dry-f>m crops h z yet be5 made1 b ! few on record agree 9 %[+ ! sup]ior value ( dry-f>m crops1 :e!r f$ s+ly or 9 comb9ation4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! *emical composition ( plants & plant products induc$ by diff]5ces 9 ! wat]-supply & climatic environm5t appe> 9 ! manufactur$ products1 su* z fl\r1 bran1 & %orts4 ,fl\r made f ,fife :eat gr[n on ! dry-f>ms ( ,utah conta9$ practically #af p] c5t ( prote91 :ile fl\r made f ,fife :eat gr[n 9 ,lorra9e & ! ,middle ,we/ is report$ by ! ,ma9e ,/ation z conta9+ f #ac4jc to #ac4ge p] c5t ( prote94 ,fl\r made f ,blue ,/em :eat gr[n on ! ,utah dry-f>ms conta9$ #ae4eb p] c5t ( prote92 f ! same v>iety gr[n 9 ,ma9e & 9 ! ,middle ,we/ #aa4fi & #aa4ea p] c5t ( prote9 respectively4 ,! moi/ & dry glut51 ! gliad9 & ! glut591 all ( :i* make possible ! be/ & mo/ n\ri%+ k9ds ( bread1 are pres5t 9 l>ge/ quantity & be/ proportion 9 fl\rs made f :eats gr[n "u typical dry-f>m conditions4 ,! by-products ( ! mill+ process1 likewise1 are ri* 9 nutritive elem5ts4 ,future ,ne$s ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to pur*ase food mat]ials on ! basis ( composition4 ,new discov]ies 9 ! doma9s ( plant composition & animal nutrition & ! improv$ me?ods ( rapid & accurate valuation w accel]ate ?is t5d5cy4 ,ev5 n[1 manufactur]s ( food products pr9t on c>tons & 9 adv]tis+ matt] quality reasons = ! sup]ior food values ( c]ta9 articles4 ,at lea/ "o firm produces two p>allel sets ( its manufactur$ foods1 "o = ! man :o does h>d physical labor1 & ! o!r = ! bra9 work]4 ,quality1 z relat$ to ! ne$s ( ! body1 :e!r ( bea/ or man1 is rapidly becom+ ! fir/ "q 9 judg+ any food mat]ial4 ,! pres5t era ( high prices makes ?is matt] ev5 m important4 ,9 view ( ?is condition & t5d5cy1 ! fact t dry-f>m products are unusually ri* 9 ! mo/ valuable nutritive mat]ials is ( trem5d\s importance to ! developm5t ( dry-f>m+4 ,! small av]age yields ( dry-f>m crops d n look s small :5 x is kn[n t !y comm& high] prices p] p\nd 9 competition ) ! l>g] crops ( m humid climates4 ,m elaborate inve/igations %\ld be und]tak5 to det]m9e ! quality ( crops gr[n 9 diff]5t dry-f>m di/ricts4 ,z f> z possible ea* section1 great or small1 %\ld conf9e itself to ! gr[+ ( a v>iety ( ea* crop yield+ well & possess+ ! highe/ nutritive value4 ,9 t mann] ea* section ( ! great dry-f>m t]ritory w\ld soon come to /& = "s dep5dable special quality t w\ld compel a fir/-class m>ket4 ,fur!r1 ! sup]ior fe$+ value ( dry-f>m products %\ld be ?or\ghly adv]tis$ among ! consum]s 9 ord] to create a dem& on ! m>kets = a quality valuation4 ,a few ye>s ( su* sy/ematic hone/ "w w\ld d mu* to improve ! f9ancial basis ( dry-f>m+4 ,,*ap] ,,xiv ,,ma9ta9+ ,,! ,,soil ,,f]tility ,all plants :5 c>efully burn$ leave a portion ( a%1 rang+ widely 9 quantity1 av]ag+ ab\t #e p] c5t1 & (t5 exce$+ #aj p] c5t ( ! dry weight ( ! plant4 ,?is plant a% repres5ts inorganic sub/ances tak5 f ! soil by ! roots4 ,9 addition1 ! nitrog5 ( plants1 av]ag+ ab\t #b p] c5t & (t5 am\nt+ to #d p] c5t1 :i*1 9 burn+1 passes (f 9 gase\s =m1 is also usually tak5 f ! soil by ! plant roots4 ,a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( ! plant is1 !re=e1 drawn directly f ! soil4 ,among ! a% +r$i5ts are _m :i* are tak5 up by ! plant simply because !y are pres5t 9 ! soil2 o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 z has be5 %[n by num]\s classical inve/igations1 are indisp5sable to plant gr[?4 ,if any "o ( ^! indisp5sable a% +r$i5ts be abs5t1 x is impossible = a plant to mature on su* a soil4 ,9 fact1 x is pretty well e/abli%$ t1 provid+ ! physical conditions & ! wat] supply are satisfactory1 ! f]tility ( a soil dep5ds l>gely ^u ! am\nt ( available a% +r$i5ts1 or plant-food4 ,a cle> di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 ! total & available plant-food4 ,! ess5tial plant-foods (t5 occur 9 insoluble comb9ations1 valueless to plants2 only ! plant-foods t are soluble 9 ! soil-wat] or 9 ! juices ( plant roots are ( value to plants4 ,x is true t practically all soils conta9 all ! indisp5sable plant-foods2 x is also true1 h[ev]1 t 9 mo/ soils !y are pres5t1 z available plant-foods1 9 comp>atively small quantities4 ,:5 crops are remov$ f ! l& ye> aft] ye>1 )\t any return be+ made1 x naturally foll[s t "u ord9>y conditions ! am\nt ( available plant-food is dim9i%$1 ) a /rong probability ( a correspond+ dim9ution 9 crop-produc+ p[]4 ,9 fact1 ! soils ( _m ( ! old] c\ntries h be5 p]man5tly injur$ by cont9u\s cropp+1 ) no?+ return$1 practic$ ?r\gh c5turies4 ,ev5 9 _m ( ! y\ng] /ates1 cont9u\s cropp+ to :eat or o!r crops = a g5]ation or less has result$ 9 a l>ge decrease 9 ! crop yield4 ,practice & exp]im5t h %[n t su* dim9i%+ f]tility may be ret>d$ or :olly avoid$1 fir/1 by s work+ or cultivat+ ! soil z to set free mu* ( ! insoluble plant-food &1 secondly1 by return+ to ! soil all or "p ( ! plant-food tak5 away4 ,! rec5t developm5t ( ! comm]cial f]tiliz] indu/ry is a response to ?is tru?4 ,x may be said t1 s f> z ! agricultural soils ( ! _w are n[ kn[n1 only ?ree ( ! ess5tial plant-foods are likely to be abs5t1 namely1 pota%1 phosphoric acid1 & nitrog52 ( ^!1 by f> ! mo/ important is nitrog54 ,! :ole "q ( ma9ta9+ ! supply ( plant-foods 9 ! soil conc]ns itself 9 ! ma9 ) ! supply ( ^! ?ree sub/ances4 ,! p]si/5t f]tility ( dry-f>ms ,9 rec5t ye>s1 num]\s f>m]s & "s inve/igators h /at$ t "u dry-f>m conditions ! f]tility ( soils is n impair$ by cropp+ )\t manur+4 ,?is view has be5 tak5 because ( ! well-kn[n fact t 9 localities :]e dry-f>m+ has be5 practic$ on ! same soils f tw5ty-five to =ty-five ye>s1 )\t ! addition ( manures1 ! av]age crop yield has n only fail$ to dim9i%1 b 9 mo/ cases has increas$4 ,9 fact1 x is ! almo/ unanim\s te/imony ( ! olde/ dry-f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 op]at+ "u a ra9fall f twelve to tw5ty in*es1 t ! crop yields h increas$ z ! cultural me?ods h be5 p]fect$4 ,if any adv]se effect ( ! /eady removal ( plant-foods has occurr$1 x has be5 :olly ov]%ad[$ by o!r factors4 ,! old] dry-f>ms 9 ,utah1 = in/ance1 :i* are among ! olde/ ( ! c\ntry1 h nev] be5 manur$1 yet are yield+ bett] to-day ?an !y did a g5]ation ago4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is is n true ( ! irrigat$ f>ms1 op]at+ "u l soil & climatic conditions4 ,?is behavior ( crop production "u dry-f>m conditions has l$ to ! belief t ! "q ( soil f]tility is n an important "o to dry-f>m]s4 ,nev]!less1 if our pres5t !ories ( plant nutrition are correct1 x is also true t1 if cont9u\s cropp+ is practic$ on our dry-f>m soils )\t "s =m ( manur+1 ! "t mu/ come :5 ! productive p[] ( ! soils w be injur$ & ! only rec\rse ( ! f>m] w be to return to ! soils "s ( ! plant-food tak5 f x4 ,! view t soil f]tility is n dim9i%$ by dry-f>m+ appe>s at fir/ sight to be /r5g!n$ by ! results obta9$ by inve/igators :o h made det]m9ations ( ! actual plant-food 9 soils t h long be5 dry-f>m$4 ,! sp>sely settl$ condition ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory furni%es z yet an excell5t opportunity to comp>e virg9 & dry-f>m$ l&s & :i* frequ5tly may be f\nd side by side 9 ev5 ! old] dry-f>m sections4 ,/ew>t f\nd t ,utah dry-f>m soils1 cultivat$ = fifte5 to =ty ye>s & nev] manur$1 7 9 _m cases ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an neighbor+ virg9 l&s4 ,bradley f\nd t ! soils ( ! great dry-f>m :eat belt ( ,ea/]n ,oregon conta9$1 aft] hav+ be5 f>m$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 practically z mu* nitrog5 z ! adjo9+ virg9 l&s4 ,^! det]m9ations 7 made to a dep? ( eighte5 in*es4 ,alway & ,trumbull1 on ! o!r h&1 f\nd 9 a soil f ,indian ,head1 ,saskat*ewan1 t 9 tw5ty-five ye>s ( cultivation ! total am\nt ( nitrog5 _h be5 r$uc$ ab\t "o ?ird1 ?\gh ! alt]nation ( fall[ & crop1 commonly practic$ 9 dry-f>m+1 did n %[ a great] loss ( soil nitrog5 ?an o!r me?ods ( cultivation4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t ! soil ( ,indian ,head conta9s f two to ?ree times z mu* nitrog5 z is ord9>ily f\nd 9 ! soils ( ! ,great ,pla9s & f ?ree to f\r times z mu* z is f\nd 9 ! soils ( ! ,great ,bas9 & ! ,high ,plateaus4 ,x may be assum$1 !re=e1 t ! ,indian ,head soil 0 peculi>ly liable to nitrog5 losses4 ,headd51 9 an inve/igation ( ! nitrog5 cont5t ( ,colorado soils1 has come to ! conclusion t arid conditions1 l ^? ( ,colorado1 favor ! direct accumulation ( nitrog5 9 soils4 ,all 9 all1 ! undim9i%$ crop yield & ! composition ( ! cultivat$ fields lead to ! belief t soil-f]tility problems "u dry-f>m conditions are widely diff]5t f ! old well-kn[n problems "u humid conditions4 ,reasons = dry-f>m+ f]tility ,x is n really difficult to und]/& :y ! yields &1 app>5tly1 ! f]tility ( dry-f>ms h cont9u$ to increase dur+ ! p]iod ( record$ dry-f>m hi/ory--ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,fir/1 ! intr9sic f]tility ( arid z comp>$ ) humid soils is v high4 7,see ,*apt] ,v47 ,! production & removal ( _m successive b\ntiful crops w\ld n h z m>k$ an effect on arid z on humid soils1 = bo? yield & composition *ange m sl[ly on f]tile soils4 ,! natural extraord9>ily high f]tility ( dry-f>m soils expla9s1 !re=e1 prim>ily & *iefly1 ! increas+ yields on dry-f>m soils t receive prop] cultivation4 ,! intr9sic f]tility ( arid soils is n alone suffici5t to expla9 ! increase 9 plant-food :i* und\bt$ly occurs 9 ! upp] foot or two ( cultivat$ dry-f>m l&s4 ,9 seek+ a suitable explanation ( ?is ph5om5on x mu/ be recall$ t ! proportion ( available plant-food 9 arid soils is v uni=m to great dep?s1 & t plants gr[n "u prop] dry-f>m conditions are deep root$ & ga!r mu* n\ri%m5t f ! l[] soil lay]s4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! dra9 ( a heavy crop does n fall ^u ! upp] few feet z is usually ! case 9 humid soils4 ,! dry-f>m] has sev]al f>ms1 "o ^u ! o!r1 :i* p]mit ev5 improp] me?ods ( f>m+ to g on long] ?an w\ld be ! case on %all[] soils4 ,! great dep? ( arid soils fur!r p]mits ! /orage ( ra9 & sn[ wat]1 z has be5 expla9$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 to dep?s ( f t5 to fifte5 feet4 ,z ! gr[+ season proce$s1 ?is wat] is gradually drawn t[>ds ! surface1 & ) x mu* ( ! plant-food dissolv$ by ! wat] 9 ! l[] soil lay]s4 ,?is process repeat$ ye> aft] ye> results 9 a conc5tration 9 ! upp] soil lay]s ( f]tility normally di/ribut$ 9 ! soil to ! full dep? rea* by ! soil-moi/ure4 ,at c]ta9 seasons1 especially 9 ! fall1 ?is conc5tration may be detect$ ) greate/ c]ta9ty4 ,9 g5]al1 ! same action occurs 9 virg9 l&s1 b ! me?ods ( dry-f>m cultivation & cropp+ :i* p]mit a deep] p5etration ( ! natural precipitation & a fre] movem5t ( ! soil-wat] result 9 a l>g] quantity ( plant-food rea*+ ! upp] two or ?ree feet f ! l[] soil dep?s4 ,su* conc5tration ne> ! surface1 :5 x is n excessive1 favors ! production ( increas$ yields ( crops4 ,! *>act]i/ic high f]tility & great dep? ( arid soils are probably ! two ma9 factors expla9+ ! app>5t increase ( ! f]tility ( dry-f>ms "u a sy/em ( agriculture :i* does n include ! practice ( manur+4 ,yet1 !re are o!r conditions t contribute l>gely to ! result4 ,= in/ance1 e cultural me?od accept$ 9 dry-f>m+1 su* z deep pl[+1 fall[+1 & frequ5t cultivation1 enables ! wea!r+ =ces to act ^u ! soil p>ticles4 ,especially is x made easy = ! air to ent] ! soil4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! plant-food unavailable to plants because ( its insoluble condition is lib]at$ & made available4 ,! practice ( dry-f>m+ is ( itself m conducive to su* accumulation ( available plant food ?an are ! me?ods ( humid agriculture4 ,fur!r1 ! annual yield ( any crop "u conditions ( dry-f>m+ is small] ?an "u conditions ( high ra9fall4 ,less f]tility is1 !re=e1 remov$ by ea* crop & a giv5 am\nt ( available f]tility is suffici5t to produce a l>ge numb] ( crops )\t %[+ signs ( defici5cy4 ,! comp>atively small annual yield ( dry-f>m crops is emphasiz$ 9 view ( ! common practice ( summ] fall[+1 :i* means t ! l& is cropp$ only e o!r ye> or possibly two ye>s out ( ?ree4 ,"u su* conditions ! yield 9 any "o ye> is cut 9 two to give an annual yield4 ,! use ( ! head] :]ev] possible 9 h>ve/+ dry-f>m gra9 also aids mat]ially 9 ma9ta9+ soil f]tility4 ,by means ( ! head] only ! heads ( ! gra9 are clipp$ (f3 ! /alks are left /&+4 ,9 ! fall1 usually1 ?is /ubble is pl[$ "u & gradually decays4 ,9 ! e>li] dry-f>m days f>m]s fe>$ t "u conditions ( l[ ra9fall1 ! /ubble or /raw pl[$ "u w\ld n decay1 b w\ld leave ! soil 9 a loose dry condition unfavorable = ! gr[? ( plants4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s x has be5 abundantly demon/rat$ t if ! correct me?ods ( dry f>m+ are foll[$1 s t a fair balance ( wat] is always f\nd 9 ! soil1 ev5 9 ! fall1 ! heavy1 ?ick head] /ubble may be pl[$ into ! soil ) ! c]ta9ty t x w decay & ?us enri* ! soil4 ,! head] /ubble conta9s a v l>ge proportion ( ! nitrog5 t ! crop has tak5 f ! soil & m ?an half ( ! pota% & phosphoric acid4 ,pl[+ "u ! head] /ubble returns all ?is mat]ial to ! soil4 ,moreov]1 ! bulk ( ! /ubble is c>bon tak5 f ! air4 ,?is decays1 =m+ v>i\s acid sub/ances :i* act on ! soil gra9s to set free ! f]tility :i* !y conta94 ,at ! end ( ! process ( decay humus is =m$1 :i* is n only a /oreh\se ( plant-food1 b effective 9 ma9ta9+ a good physical condition ( ! soil4 ,! introduction ( ! head] 9 dry-f>m+ 0 "o ( ! big /eps 9 mak+ ! practice c]ta9 & pr(itable4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re are a great _m m or less poorly und]/ood or unkn[n =ces at "w 9 all soils :i* aid 9 ! ma9t5ance ( soil-f]tility4 ,*ief among ^! are ! l[ =ms ( life kn[n z bact]ia4 ,_m ( ^!1 "u favorable conditions1 appe> to h ! p[] ( lib]at+ food f ! insoluble soil gra9s4 ,o!rs h ! p[] :5 settl$ on ! roots ( legum9\s or pod-be>+ plants to fix nitrog5 f ! air & conv]t x into a =m suitable = ! ne$ ( plants4 ,9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 f\nd t o!r =ms ( bact]ia1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* is azotobact]1 h ! p[] ( ga!r+ nitrog5 f ! air & comb9+ x = ! plant ne$s )\t ! pres5ce ( legum9\s plants4 ,^! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia utilize = _! life processes ! organic matt] 9 ! soil1 su* z ! decay+ head] /ubble1 & at ! same "t enri* ! soil by ! addition ( comb9$ nitrog54 ,n[1 x s happ5s t ^! important bact]ia require a soil some:at ri* 9 lime1 well a]at$ & fairly dry & w>m4 ,^! conditions are all met on ! va/ majority ( our dry-f>m soils1 "u ! sy/em ( culture outl9$ 9 ?is volume4 ,hall ma9ta9s t to ! activity ( ^! bact]ia mu/ be ascrib$ ! l>ge quantities ( nitrog5 f\nd 9 _m virg9 soils & probably ! f9al explanation ( ! /eady nitrog5 supply = dry f>ms is to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ! azatobact] & relat$ =ms ( l[ life4 ,! pota% & phosphoric acid supply c probably be ma9ta9$ = ages by prop] me?ods ( cultivation1 ?\gh ! phosphoric acid w become exhau/$ long be=e ! pota%4 ,! nitrog5 supply1 h[ev]1 mu/ come f )\t4 ,! nitrog5 "q w und\bt$ly soon be ! "o be=e ! /ud5ts ( dry-f>m f]tility4 ,a lib]al supply ( organic matt] ,9 ! soil ) cultural me?ods favor+ ! gr[? ( ! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia appe>s at pres5t to be ! fir/ solution ( ! nitrog5 "q4 ,mean:ile1 ! activity ( ! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia1 l azotobact]1 is "o ( our be/ explanations ( ! l>ge pres5ce ( nitrog5 9 cultivat$ dry-f>m soils4 ,to summ>ize1 ! app>5t increase 9 productivity & plant-food cont5t ( dry-f>m soils c be/ be expla9$ by a consid]ation ( ^! factors3 7#a7 ! intr9sically high f]tility ( ! arid soils2 7#b7 ! deep fe$+ gr\nd = ! deep root sy/ems ( dry-f>m crops2 7#c7 ! conc5tration ( ! plant food di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! soil by ! upw>d movem5t ( ! natural precipitation /or$ 9 ! soil2 7#d7 ! cultural me?ods ( dry-f>m+ :i* enable ! wea!r+ ag5cies to lib]ate freely & vigor\sly ! plant-food ( ! soil gra9s2 7#e7 ! small annual crops2 7#f7 ! pl[+ "u ( ! head] /raw1 & 7#g7 ! activity ( bact]ia t ga!r nitrog5 directly f ! air4 ,me?ods ( cons]v+ soil-f]tility ,9 view ( ! comp>atively small annual crops t *>act]ize dry-f>m+ x is n :olly impossible t ! factors above discuss$1 if prop]ly appli$1 c\ld lib]ate ! lat5t plant-food ( ! soil & ga!r all necess>y nitrog5 = ! plants4 ,su* an equilibrium1 c\ld x once be e/abli%$1 w\ld possibly cont9ue = long p]iods ( "t1 b 9 ! end w\ld no d\bt lead to disa/]2 =1 unless ! v corn]/one ( mod]n agricultural sci5ce is uns\nd1 !re w be ultimately a dim9ution ( crop produc+ p[] if cont9u\s cropp+ is practic$ )\t return+ to ! soil a goodly portion ( ! elem5ts ( soil f]tility tak5 f x4 ,! real purpose ( mod]n agricultural rese>eh is to ma9ta9 or increase ! productivity ( our l&s2 if ?is _c be done1 mod]n agriculture is ess5tially a failure4 ,dry-f>m+1 z ! newe/ & probably 9 ! future "o ( ! greate/ divisions ( mod]n agriculture1 mu/ f ! beg9n+ seek & apply processes t w insure /ead9ess 9 ! productive p[] ( its l&s4 ,!re=e1 f ! v beg9n+ dry-f>m]s mu/ look t[>ds ! cons]vation ( ! f]tility ( _! soils4 ,! fir/ & mo/ rational me?od ( ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil indef9itely is to return to ! soil ev]y?+ t is tak5 f x4 ,9 practice ?is c be done only by fe$+ ! products ( ! f>m to live /ock & return+ to ! soil ! manure1 bo? solid & liquid1 produc$ by ! animals4 ,?is br+s up at once ! mu* discuss$ "q ( ! relation betwe5 ! live /ock indu/ry & dry-f>m+4 ,:ile x is und\bt$ly true t no sy/em ( agriculture w be :olly satisfactory to ! f>m] & truly b5eficial to ! /ate1 unless x is connect$ def9itely ) ! production ( live /ock1 yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ! pres5t prevail+ dry-f>m conditions d n always favor com=table animal life4 ,= in/ance1 ov] a l>ge portion ( ! c5tral area ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory ! dry-f>ms are at consid]able di/ances f runn+ or well wat]4 ,9 _m cases1 wat] is haul$ eight or t5 miles = ! supply ( ! m5 & horses engag$ 9 f>m+4 ,moreov]1 9 ^! dri] di/ricts1 only c]ta9 crops1 c>efully cultivat$1 w yield pr(itably1 & ! pa/ure & ! kit*5 g>d5 are practical impossibilities f an economic po9t ( view4 ,su* conditions1 ?\gh pr(itable dry-f>m+ is feasible1 preclude ! exi/5ce ( ! home & ! b>n on or ev5 ne> ! f>m4 ,:5 fe$ mu/ be haul$ _m miles1 ! pr(its ( ! live /ock indu/ry are mat]ially r$uc$ & ! dry-f>m] usually pref]s to gr[ a crop ( :eat1 ! /raw ( :i* may be pl[$ "u ! soil to ! great advantage ( ! foll[+ crop4 ,9 dry-f>m di/ricts :]e ! ra9fall is high] or bett] di/ribut$1 or :]e ! gr\nd wat] is ne> ! surface1 !re %\ld be no reason :y dry-f>m+ & live /ock %\ld n g h& 9 h&4 ,:]ev] wat] is )9 rea*1 ! home/ead is also possible4 ,! rec5t developm5t ( ! gasol9e motor = pump+ purposes makes possible a small home g>d5 :]ev] a little wat] is available4 ,! lack ( wat] = cul9>y purposes is really ! problem t has /ood betwe5 ! jo9t developm5t ( dry-f>m+ & ! live /ock indu/ry4 ,! :ole matt]1 h[ev]1 looks mu* m favorable to-day1 = ! ef=ts ( ! ,f$]al & /ate gov]nm5ts h succe$$ 9 discov]+ num]\s subt]ranean s\rces ( wat] 9 dry-f>m di/ricts4 ,9 addition1 ! developm5t ( small irrigation sy/ems 9 ! neighborhood ( dry-f>m di/ricts is help+ ! cause ( ! live /ock indu/ry4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 dry-f>m+ & ! live /ock indu/ry are r f> ap>t1 ?\gh und\bt$ly z ! des]t is conqu]$ !y w become m closely associat$4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! be/ ma9t5ance ( soil-f]tility rema9s ! same2 & ! ideal way ( ma9ta9+ f]tility is to return to ! soil z mu* z is possible ( ! plant-food tak5 f x by ! crops1 :i* c be/ be accompli%$ by ! developm5t ( ! bus9ess ( keep+ live /ock 9 connection ) dry-f>m+4 ,if live /ock _c be kept on a dry-f>m1 ! mo/ direct me?od ( ma9ta9+ soil-f]tility is by ! application ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,?is practice is foll[$ ext5sively 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates & 9 ,europe4 ,! l>ge areas ( dry-f>ms & ! high prices ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s w make ?is me?od ( manur+ impracticable on dry-f>ms1 & x may be dismiss$ f ?\ght until su* a day z conditions1 especially ) respect to price ( nitrates & pota%1 are mat]ially *ang$4 ,nitrog51 :i* is ! mo/ important plant-food t may be abs5t f dry-f>m soils1 may be secur$ by ! prop] use ( legum9\s crops4 ,all ! pod-be>+ plants commonly cultivat$1 su* z peas1 beans1 vet*1 clov]1 & luc]n1 are able to secure l>ge quantities ( nitrog5 f ! air ?r\gh ! activity ( bact]ia t live & gr[ on ! roots ( su* plants4 ,! legum9\s crop %\ld be s[n 9 ! usual way1 & :5 x is well pa/ ! fl[]+ /age %\ld be pl[$ into ! gr\nd4 ,naturally1 annual legumes1 su* z peas & beans1 %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! crop ?us pl[$ "u conta9s mu* nitrog51 :i* is gradually *ang$ into a =m suitable = plant assimilation4 ,9 addition1 ! acid sub/ances produc$ 9 ! decay ( ! plants t5d to lib]ate ! insoluble plant-foods & ! organic matt] is f9ally *ang$ into humus4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 a prop] supply ( nitrog5 9 ! soil ! dry-f>m] w probably soon f9d himself oblig$ to gr[1 e five ye>s or (t5]1 a crop ( legumes to be pl[$ "u4 ,non-legum9\s crops may also be pl[$ "u = ! purpose ( add+ organic matt] & humus to ! soil1 ?\gh ?is has little advantage ov] ! pres5t me?od ( head+ ! gra9 & pl[+ "u ! high /ubble4 ,! head] sy/em %\ld be g5]ally adopt$ on :eat dry-f>ms4 ,on f>ms :]e corn is ! *ief crop1 p]haps m importance ne$s to be giv5 to ! supply ( organic matt] & humus ?an on :eat f>ms4 ,! occasional pl[+ "u ( legum9\s crops w\ld he ! mo/ satisfactory me?od4 ,! p]si/5t application ( ! prop] cultural me?ods ( dry-f>m+ w set free ! mo/ important plant-foods1 & on well-cultivat$ f>ms nitrog5 is ! only elem5t likely to be abs5t 9 s]i\s am\nts4 ,! rotation ( crops on dry-f>ms is usually advocat$ 9 di/ricts l ! ,great ,pla9s area1 :]e ! annual ra9fall is ov] fifte5 in*es & ! major "p ( ! precipitation comes 9 spr+ & summ]4 ,! v>i\s rotations ord9>ily include "o or m crops ( small gra9s1 a ho$ crop l corn or potatoes1 a legum9\s crop1 & sometimes a fall[ ye>4 ,! legum9\s crop is gr[n to secure a fre% supply ( nitrog52 ! ho$ crop1 to enable ! air & sun%9e to act ?or\ghly on ! soil gra9s & to lib]ate plant-food1 su* z pota% & phosphoric acid2 & ! gra9 crops to take up plant-food n rea*$ by ! root sy/ems ( ! o!r plants4 ,! subject ( prop] rotation ( crops has always be5 a difficult "o1 & v little in=mation exi/s on x z practic$ on dry-f>ms4 ,*ilcott has done consid]able "w on rotations 9 ! ,great ,pla9s di/rict1 hut he frankly admits t _m ye>s ( trial w he necess>y = ! elucidation ( tru/wor?y pr9ciples4 ,"s ( ! be/ rotations f\nd by ,*ilcott up to ! pres5t are3-- ,corn--,:eat--,oats ,b>ley--,oats--,corn ,fall[--,:eat--,oats ,ros5 /ates t rotation is v commonly practic$ 9 ! dry sections ( s\!rn ,russia1 usually includ+ an occasional ,summ] fall[4 ,z a type ( an eight-ye> rotation practic$ at ! ,poltava ,/ation1 ! foll[+ is giv53 7#a7 ,summ] till$ & manur$2 7#b7 w9t] :eat2 7#c7 ho$ crop2 7#d7 spr+ :eat2 7#e7 summ] fall[2 7#f7 w9t] rye2 7#g7 buck:eat or an annual legume2 7#h7 oats4 ,?is rotation1 x may be obs]v$1 includes ! gra9 crop1 ho$ crop1 legume1 & fall[ e f\r ye>s4 ,z has be5 /at$ else:]e1 any rotation 9 dry-f>m+ :i* does n include ! summ] fall[ at lea/ e ?ird or f\r? ye> is likely to be dang]\s ,9 ye>s ( defici5t ra9fall4 ,?is review ( ! "q ( dry-f>m f]tility is int5d$ m]ely z a =eca/ ( com+ developm5ts4 ,at ! pres5t "t soil-f]tility is n giv+ ! dry-f>m]s great conc]n1 b z 9 ! c\ntries ( abundant ra9fall ! "t w come :5 x w be equal to t ( wat] cons]vation1 unless inde$ ! dry-f>m]s he$ ! lessons ( ! pa/ & adopt f ! />t prop] practices = ! ma9t5ance ( ! plant-food /or$ 9 ! soil4 ,! pr9ciple expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 t ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ = ! production ( "o p\nd ( wat] dim9i%es z ! f]tility increases1 %[s ! intimate relation%ip t exi/s betwe5 ! soil-f]tility & ! soil-wat] & ! importance ( ma9ta9+ dry-f>m soils at a high /ate ( f]tility4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,implem5ts ,,= ,,dry-,,f>m+ ,*eap l& & relatively small acre yields *>act]ize dry-f>m+4 ,consequ5tly ,i>g] areas mu/ be f>m$ = a giv5 return ?an 9 humid f>m+1 & ! successful pursuit ( dry-f>m+ compels ! adoption ( me?ods t enable a man to d ! l>ge/ am\nt ( effective "w ) ! smalle/ exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,! c>eful obs]vations made by ,grace1 9 ,utah1 lead to ! belief t1 "u ! conditions prevail+ 9 ! int]m\nta9 c\ntry1 "o man ) f\r horses & a suffici5t supply ( ma*9]y c f>m #afj acres1 half ( :i* is summ]-fall[$ e ye>2 & "o man may1 9 favorable seasons "u a c>efully plann$ sy/em1 f>m z mu* z #bjj acres4 ,if "o man attempts to h&le a l>g] f>m1 ! "w is likely to be done 9 s slip%od a mann] t ! crop yield decreases & ! total returns are no l>g] ?an if #bjj acres _h be5 well till$4 ,"o man ) f\r horses w\ld be unable to h&le ev5 #afj acres 7 x n = ! possession ( mod]n ma*9]y2 & dry-f>m+1 m ?an any o!r sy/em ( agriculture1 is dep5d5t = its success ^u ! use ( prop] implem5ts ( tillage4 ,9 fact1 x is v d\btful if ! reclamation ( ! great arid & semi>id regions ( ! _w w\ld h be5 possible a few decades ago1 be=e ! inv5tion & introduction ( labor-sav+ f>m ma*9]y4 ,x is und\bt$ly fur!r a fact t ! future ( dry-f>m+ is closely b\nd up ) ! improvem5ts t may be made 9 f>m ma*9]y4 ,few ( ! agricultural implem5ts on ! m>ket to-day h be5 made prim>ily = dry-f>m conditions4 ,! be/ t ! dry-f>m] c d is to adapt ! implem5ts on ! m>ket to 8 special ne$s4 ,possibly ! be/ field ( inve/igation = ! exp]im5t /ations & inv5tive m9ds 9 ! arid region is f>m me*anics z appli$ to ! special ne$s ( dry-f>m+4 ,cle>+ & break+ ,a l>ge portion ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is cov]$ ) sagebru% & relat$ plants4 ,x is always a difficult & usually an exp5sive problem to cle> sagebru% l&1 = ! %rubs are frequ5tly f two to six feet high1 correspond+ly deep-root$1 ) v t\gh wood4 ,:5 ! soil is dry1 x is extremely difficult to pull out sagebru%1 & ( necessity mu* ( ! cle>+ mu/ be done dur+ ! dry season4 ,num]\s devices h be5 sugge/$ & tri$ = ! purpose ( cle>+ sagebru% l&4 ,"o ( ! olde/ & also "o ( ! mo/ effective devices is two p>allel railroad rails connect$ ) heavy iron *a9s & us$ z a drag ov] ! sagebru% l&4 ,! sage is caught by ! two rails & torn out ( ! gr\nd4 ,! cle>+ is fairly complete1 ?\gh x is g5]ally necess>y to g ov] ! gr\nd two or ?ree times be=e ! "w is complet$4 ,ev5 aft] su* treatm5t a l>ge numb] ( sagebru% clumps1 f\nd /&+ ov] ! field1 mu/ be grubb$ up ) ! hoe4 ,ano!r & effective device is ! s-call$ mankill]4 ,?is implem5t pulls up ! sage v successfully & drops x at c]ta9 def9ite int]vals4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v dang]\s implem5t & frequ5tly results 9 injury to ! m5 :o "w x4 ,( rec5t ye>s ano!r device has be5 tri$ ) a great deal ( success4 ,x is made l a sn[ pl[ ( heavy railroad irons to :i* a numb] ( l>ge /eel knives h be5 bolt$4 ,nei!r ( ^! implem5ts is :olly satisfactory1 & an acceptable ma*9e = grubb+ sagebru% is yet to be devis$4 ,9 view ( ! l>ge exp5se atta*$ to ! cle>+ ( sagebru% l& su* a ma*9e w\ld be ( great help 9 ! advancem5t ( dry-f>m+4 ,away f ! sagebru% c\ntry ! virg9 dry-f>m l& is usually cov]$ ) a m or less d5se gr[? ( grass1 ?\gh true sod is seldom f\nd "u dry-f>m conditions4 ,! ord9>y break+ pl[1 *>act]iz$ by a long slop+ moldbo>d1 is ! be/ kn[n implem5t = break+ all k9ds ( sod4 7,see ,fig4 #g;a a47 ,:]e ! sod is v light1 z on ! f> we/]n prairies1 ! m ord9>y =ms ( pl[s may be us$4 ,9 /ill o!r sections1 ! dry-f>m l& is cov]$ ) a scatt]$ gr[? ( trees1 frequ5tly p9ion p9e & c$>s1 & 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico ! mesquite tree & cacti are to be remov$4 ,su* cle>+ has to be done 9 accordance ) ! special ne$s ( ! locality4 ,pl[+ ,pl[+1 or ! turn+ ov] ( ! soil to a dep? ( f sev5 to t5 in*es = e crop1 is a fundam5tal op]ation ( dry-f>m+4 ,! pl[1 !re=e1 becomes "o ( ! mo/ important implem5ts on ! dry-f>m4 ,?\gh ! pl[ z an agricultural implem5t is ( great antiquity1 x is only )9 ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s t x has atta9$ its pres5t p]fection4 ,x is a "q ev5 to-day1 9 ! m9ds ( a great _m /ud5ts1 :e!r ! mod]n pl[ %\ld n be replac$ by "s ma*9e ev5 m suitable = ! prop] turn+ & /irr+ ( ! soil4 ,! moldbo>d pl[ is1 ev]y?+ consid]$1 ! mo/ satisfactory pl[ = dry-f>m purposes4 ,a pl[ ) a moldbo>d possess+ a %ort abrupt curvature is g5]ally held to be ! mo/ valuable = dry-f>m purposes1 s9ce x pulv]izes ! soil mo/ ?or\ghly1 & 9 dry-f>m+ x is n s important to turn ! soil ov] z to crumble & loos5 x ?or\ghly4 ,naturally1 s9ce ! areas ( dry-f>ms are v l>ge1 ! sulky or rid+ pl[ is ! only k9d to be us$4 ,! same may be said ( all o!r dry-f>m implem5ts4 ,z f> z possible1 !y %\ld be ( ! rid+ k9d s9ce 9 ! end x means economy f ! result+ sav+ ( en]gy4 ,! disk pl[ has rec5tly come into prom95t use ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,x consi/s1 z is well kn[n1 ( "o or m l>ge disks :i* are believ$ to cause a small] draft1 z !y cut into ! gr\nd1 ?an ! draft due to ! slid+ friction ^u ! moldbo>d4 ,davidson & ,*ase say1 h[ev]1 t ! draft ( a disk pl[ is (t5 heavi] 9 proportion to ! "w done & ! pl[ itself is m clumsy ?an ! moldbo>d pl[4 ,= ord9>y dry-f>m purposes ! disk pl[ has no advantage ov] ! mod]n moldbo>d pl[4 ,_m ( ! dry-f>m soils are ( a heavy clay & become v /icky dur+ c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,9 su* soils ! disk pl[ is v useful4 ,x is also true t dry-f>m soils1 subject$ to ! int5se heat ( ! we/]n sun become v h>d4 ,9 ! h&l+ ( su* soils ! disk pl[ has be5 f\nd to be mo/ useful4 ,! common exp]i5ce ( dry-f>m]s is t :5 sagebru% l&s h be5 ! fir/ pl[+ c be mo/ successfully done ) ! disk pl[1 b t aft]4 ! fir/ crop has be5 h>ve/$1 ! /ubble l& c be be/ h&l$ ) ! moldbo>d pl[4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is yet to be subject$ to fur!r te/s4 ,:ile subsoil+ results 9 a bett] /orage res]voir = wat] & consequ5tly makes dry-f>m+ m secure1 yet ! high co/ ( ! practice w probably nev] make x popul>4 ,subsoil+ is accompli%$ 9 two ways3 ei!r by an ord9>y moldbo>d pl[ :i* foll[s ! pl[ 9 ! pl[ furr[ & ?us turns ! soil to a great] dep?1 or by "s =m ( ! ord9>y subsoil pl[4 ,9 g5]al1 ! subsoil pl[ is simply a v]tical piece ( cutt+ iron1 d[n to a dep? ( t5 to eighte5 in*es1 at ! bottom ( :i* is fa/5$ a triangul> piece ( iron l a %ovel1 :i*1 :5 pull$ ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 t5ds to loos5 ! soil to ! full dep? ( ! pl[4 ,! subsoil pl[ does n turn ! soil2 x simply loos5s ! soil s t ! air & plant roots c p5etrate to great] dep?s4 ,9 ! *oice ( pl[s & _! prop] use ! dryf>m] mu/ be guid$ :olly by ! conditions "u :i* he is work+4 ,x is impossible at ! pres5t "t to lay d[n def9ite laws /at+ :at pl[s are be/ = c]ta9 soils4 ,! soils ( ! arid region are n well en\gh kn[n1 nor has ! relation%ip betwe5 ! pl[ & ! soil be5 suffici5tly well e/abli%$4 ,z above rem>k$1 "h is "o ( ! great fields = inve/igation = bo? sci5tific & practical m5 = ye>s to come4 ,mak+ & ma9ta9+ a soil-mul* ,aft] ! l& has be5 s well pl[$ t ! ra9s c ent] easily1 ! next op]ation ( importance 9 dry-f>m+ is ! mak+ & ma9ta9+ ( a soil-mul* ov] ! gr\nd to prev5t ! evaporation ( wat] f ! soil4 ,= ?is purpose "s =m ( h>r[ is mo/ commonly us$4 ,! olde/ & be/-kn[n h>r[ is ! ord9>y smoo?+ h>r[1 :i* is compos$ ( iron or /eel tee? ( v>i\s %apes set 9 a suitable frame4 7,see ,fig4 #gi47 ,= dry-f>m purposes ! implem5t mu/ be s made z to enable ! f>m] to set ! h>r[ tee? to slant backw>d or =w>d4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t 9 ! spr+ ! gra9 is too ?ick = ! moi/ure 9 ! soil1 & x !n becomes necess>y to te> out "s ( ! "y plants4 ,= ?is purpose ! h>r[ tee? are set /raight or =w>d & ! crop c !n be ?9n$ effectively4 ,at o!r times x may be obs]v$ 9 ! spr+ t ! ra9s & w9ds h l$ to ! =mation ( a cru/ ov] ! soil1 :i* mu/ be brok5 to let ! plants h full fre$om ( gr[? & developm5t4 ,?is is accompli%$ by slant+ ! h>r[ tee? backw>d1 & ! cru/ may !n be brok5 )\t s]i\s injury to ! plants4 ,! smoo?+ h>r[ is a v useful implem5t on ! dry-f>m4 ,= foll[+ ! pl[1 h[ev]1 a m useful implem5t is ! disk h>r[1 :i* is a comp>atively rec5t inv5tion4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( disks :i* may be set at v>i\s angles ) ! l9e ( traction & ?us be made to turn ov] ! soil :ile at ! same "t pulv]iz+ x4 ,! be/ dry-f>m practice is to pl[ 9 ! fall & let ! soil lie 9 ! r\gh dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,9 ! spr+ ! l& is ?or\ghly disk$ & r$uc$ to a f9e condition4 ,foll[+ ?is ! smoo?+ h>r[ is occasionally us$ to =m a m p]fect mul*4 ,:5 se$+ is to be done imm$iately aft] pl[+1 ! pl[ is foll[$ by ! disk h>r[1 & t 9 turn is foll[$ by ! smoo?+ h>r[4 ,! gr\nd is !n ready = se$+4 ,! disk h>r[ is also us$ ext5sively ?r\gh\t ! summ] 9 ma9ta9+ a prop] mul*4 ,x does its "w m effectively ?an ! ord9>y smoo?+ h>r[ & is1 !re=e1 rapidly displac+ all o!r =ms ( h>r[s = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ a lay] ( loose soil ov] ! dry-f>m4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( disk h>r[s us$ by dry-f>m]s4 ,! full disk is1 ev]y?+ consid]$1 ! mo/ useful4 ,! cutaway h>r[ is (t5 us$ 9 cultivat+ old alfalfa l&2 ! spade disk h>r[ has a v limit$ application 9 dry-f>m+2 & ! or*>d disk h>r[ is simply a modlfication ( ! full disk h>r[ :]eby ! f>m] is able to travel betwe5 ! r[s ( trees & s to cultivate ! soil "u ! bran*es ( ! trees )\t injur+ ! leaves or fruit4 ,"o ( ! great difficulties 9 dry-f>m+ conc]ns itself ) ! prev5tion ( ! gr[? ( we$s or volunte] crops4 ,z has be5 expla9$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 we$s require z mu* wat] = _! gr[? z :eat or o!r useful crops4 ,dur+ ! fall[ season1 ! f>m] is likely to be ov]tak5 by ! we$s & lose mu* ( ! value ( ! fall[ by los+ soil-moi/ure ?r\gh ! gr[? ( we$s4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions we$s are difficult to h&le4 ,! disk h>r[ itself is n effective4 ,! smoo?+ h>r[ is ( less value4 ,!re is at ! pres5t "t great ne$ = "s implem5t t w effectively de/roy "y we$s & prev5t _! fur!r gr[?4 ,attempts are be+ made to inv5t su* implem5ts1 b up to ! pres5t )\t great success4 ,hog5son reports ! f9d+ ( an implem5t on a we/]n dry-f>m con/ruct$ by ! f>m] himself :i* = a numb] ( ye>s has %[n itself ( high effici5cy 9 keep+ ! dry-f>m free f we$s4 ,sev]al improv$ modifications ( ?is implem5t h be5 made & tri$ out on ! fam\s dry-f>m di/rict at ,nephi1 ,utah1 & ) ! greate/ success4 ,hunt] reports a simil> implem5t 9 common use on ! dry-f>ms ( ! ,columbia ,bas94 ,spr+ too? h>r[s are also us$ 9 a small way on ! dry-f>ms4 ,!y h no special advantage ov] ! smoo?+ h>r[ or ! disk h>r[1 except 9 places :]e ! attempt is made to cultivate ! soil betwe5 ! r[s ( :eat4 ,! curv$ knife too? h>r[ is sc>eely ev] us$ on dry-f>ms4 ,x has "s value z a pulv]iz]1 b does n seem to h any real advantage ov] ! ord9>y disk h>r[4 ,cultivators = /irr+ ! l& on :i* crops are gr[+ are n us$ ext5sively on dry-f>ms4 ,usually ! spr+ too? h>r[ is employ$ = ?is "w4 ,9 dry-f>m sections1 :]e corn is gr[n1 ! cultivator is frequ5tly us$ ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,potatoes gr[n on dry-f>ms %\ld be cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! season1 & z ! potato indu/ry gr[s 9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory !re w be a great] dem& = suitable cultivators4 ,! cultivators to be us$ on dry-f>ms are all ( ! rid+ k9d4 ,!y %\ld be s arrang$ t ! horse walk+ betwe5 two r[s c>ries a cultivator t /raddles sev]al r[s ( plants & cultivates ! soil betwe54 ,disks1 %ovels1 or spr+ tee? may be us$ on cultivators4 ,!re is a great v>iety on ! m>ket1 & ea* f>m] w h to *oose su* z meet mo/ def9itely 8 ne$s4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( h>r[s & cultivators are ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! developm5t ( dry-f>m+4 ,unless a prop] mul* c be kept ov] ! soil dur+ ! fall[ season1 & z f> z possible dur+ ! gr[+ season1 fir/-class crops _c be fully respect$4 ,! roll] is occasionally us$ 9 dry-f>m+1 especially 9 ! upl&s ( ! ,columbia ,bas94 ,x is a some:at dang]\s implem5t to use :]e wat] cons]vation is important1 s9ce ! pack+ result+ f ! roll] t5ds to draw wat] upw>d f ! l[] soil lay]s to be evaporat$ into ! air4 ,:]ev] ! roll] is us$1 !re=e1 x %\ld be foll[$ imm$iately by a h>r[4 ,x is valuable *iefly 9 ! localities :]e ! soil is v loose & light & ne$s pack+ ar\nd ! se$s to p]mit p]fect g]m9ation4 ,subsurface pack+ ,! subsurface pack] inv5t$ by ,campbell is %[n 9 ,figure #hc--n %[n--ed44 ,! :eels ( ?is ma*9e eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ) rims "o in* ?ick at ! inn] "p1 bevel$ two & a half in*es to a %>p out] edge1 are plac$ on a %aft1 five in*es ap>t4 ,9 practice ab\t five hundr$ p\nds ( weight are add$4 ,?is ma*9e1 accord+ to ,campbell1 cr[ds a "o-in* w$ge into e five in*es ( soil ) a lat]al & a d[nw>d pressure & ?us packs firmly ! soil ne> ! bottom ( ! pl[-furr[4 ,subsurface pack+ aims to e/abli% full capill>y connection betwe5 ! pl[$ upp] soil & ! undi/urb$ l[] soil-lay]2 to br+ ! moi/ soil 9 close contact ) ! /raw or organic litt] pl[$ "u & ?us to ha/5 decomposition1 & to provide a firm se$ b$4 ,! subsurface pack] probably has "s value :]e ! pl[$ soil conta9+ ! /ubble is some:at loose2 or on soils :i* d n p]mit ( a rapid decay ( /ubble & o!r organic matt] t may be pl[$ "u f season to season4 ,on su* soils ! pack+ t5d5cy ( ! subsurface pack] may help prev5t loss ( soil wat]1 & may also assi/ 9 furni%+ a m uni=m m$ium ?r\gh :i* plant roots may =ce _! way4 ,= all ^! purposes1 ! disk is usually equally effici5t4 ,s[+ ,x has already be5 indicat$ 9 previ\s *apt]s t prop] s[+ is "o ( ! mo/ important op]ations ( ! dry-f>m1 q comp>able 9 importance ) pl[+ or ! ma9ta9+ ( a mul* = reta9+ soil-moi/ure4 ,! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( broadca/+ has absolutely no place on a dry-f>m4 ,! success ( dry-f>m+ dep5ds entirely ^u ! control t ! f>m] has ( all ! op]ations ( ! f>m4 ,by broadca/+1 nei!r ! quantity ( se$ us$ nor ! mann] ( plac+ ! se$ 9 ! gr\nd c be regulat$4 ,drill culture1 !re=e1 introduc$ by ,je?ro ,tull two hundr$ ye>s ago1 :i* gives ! f>m] full control ov] ! process ( se$+1 is ! only sy/em to be us$4 ,! num]\s se$ drills on ! m>ket all employ ! same pr9ciples4 ,_! v>iations are few & simple4 ,9 all se$ drills ! se$ is =c$ into tubes s plac$ z to enable ! se$ to fall into ! furr[s 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! drills !mselves are di/+ui%$ almo/ :olly by ! type ( ! furr[ op5] & ! cov]+ devices :i* are us$4 ,! se$ furr[ is op5$ ei!r by a small hoe or a s-call$ %oe or disk4 ,at ! pres5t "t x appe>s t ! s+le disk is ! com+ me?od ( op5+ ! se$ furr[ & t ! o!r me?ods w gradually disappe>4 ,z ! se$ is dropp$ into ! furr[ ?us made x is cov]$ by "s device at ! re> ( ! ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! olde/ me?ods z well z "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory is a s]ies ( *a9s dragg+ beh9d ! drill & cov]+ ! furr[ q completely4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v desirable t ! soil %\ld be press$ c>efully ar\nd ! se$ s t g]m9ation may beg9 ) ! lea/ difficulty :5ev] ! temp]ature conditions are "r4 ,mo/ ( ! drills ( ! day are1 !re=e1 provid$ ) l>ge light :eels1 "o = ea* furr[1 :i* press lightly ^u ! soil & =ce ! soil into intimate contact ) ! se$ ,! weakness ( su* an arrangem5t is t ! soil along ! drill furr[s is left some:at pack$1 :i* leads to a ready escape ( ! soil-moi/ure4 ,_m ( ! drills are s arrang$ t press :eels may be us$ at ! pleasure ( ! f>m]4 ,! se$ drill is already a v useful implem5t & is rapidly be+ made to meet ! special requirem5ts ( ! dry-f>m]4 ,corn plant]s are us$ almo/ exclusively on dry-f>ms :]e corn is ! lead+ crop4 ,9 pr9ciple !y are v mu* ! same z ! press drills4 ,potatoes are also g5]ally plant$ by ma*9]y4 ,:]ev] se$+ ma*9]y has be5 con/ruct$ bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( dry-f>m+1 x is a v advantage\s adjunct to ! dry-f>m4 ,h>ve/+ ,! imm5se areas ( dry-f>ms are h>ve/$ almo/ :olly by ! mo/ mod]n ma*9]y4 ,= gra91 ! h>ve/] is us$ almo/ exclusively 9 ! di/ricts :]e ! head] _c be us$1 b :]ev] conditions p]mit1 ! head] is & %\ld be us$4 ,x has be5 expla9$ 9 previ\s *apt]s h[ valuable ! tall head] /ubble is :5 pl[$ "u z a means ( ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,besides1 !re is an ease 9 h&l+ ! head] :i* is n kn[n ) ! h>ve/]4 ,!re are times :5 ! head] leads to "s wa/e z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! :eat is v l[ & heads are miss$ z ! ma*9e passes ov] ! gr\nd4 ,9 _m sections ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory ! climatic conditions are su* t ! :eat cures p]fectly :ile /ill /&+4 ,9 su* places ! comb9$ h>ve/] & ?re%] is us$4 ,! head] cuts (f ! heads ( ! gra91 :i* are pass$ up into ! ?re%]1 & bags fill$ ) ?re%$ gra9 are dropp$ along ! pa? ( ! ma*9e1 :ile ! /raw is scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,:]ev] su* a ma*9e c be us$1 x has be5 f\nd to be economical & satisfactory4 ,( rec5t ye>s corn /alks h be5 us$ to bett] advantage ?an 9 ! pa/1 = n f> f "o half ( ! fe$+ value ( ! corn crop is 9 ! /alks1 :i* up to a few ye>s ago 7 v l>gely wa/$4 ,corn h>ve/]s are likewise on ! m>ket & are q g5]ally us$4 ,x 0 manife/ly impossible on l>ge places to h>ve/ corn by h& & l>ge corn h>ve/]s h1 !re=e1 be5 made = ?is purpose4 ,/eam & o!r motive p[] ,rec5tly num]\s p]sons h sugge/$ t ! exp5se ( runn+ a dry-f>m c\ld be mat]ially r$uc$ by us+ "s motive p[] o!r ?an horses4 ,/eam1 gasol9e1 & electricity h all be5 sugge/$4 ,! /eam traction eng9e is already a fairly well-develop$ ma*9e & x has be5 us$ = pl[+ purposes on _m dry-f>ms 9 ne>ly all ! sections ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory4 ,un=tunately1 up to ! pres5t x has n %[n itself to be v satisfactory4 ,fir/ ( all x is to be rememb]$ t ! pr9ciples ( dry-f>m+ require t ! topsoil be kept v loose & spongy4 ,! great traction eng9es h v wide :eels ( su* trem5d\s weight t !y press d[n ! soil v compactly along _! pa? & 9 t way defeat "o ( ! important purposes ( tillage4 ,ano!r objection to !m is t at pres5t _! con/ruction is su* z to result 9 cont9ual breakages4 ,:ile ^! breakages 9 !mselves are small & inexp5sive1 !y mean ! cessation ( all f>m+ op]ations dur+ ! h\r or day requir$ = repairs4 ,a l>ge crew ( m5 is ?us left m or less idle1 to ! s]i\s injury ( ! "w & to ! great exp5se ( ! own]4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! traction eng9e has a place 9 dry-f>m+1 b x has n yet be5 p]fect$ to su* a degree z to make x satisfactory4 ,on heavy soils x is mu* m useful ?an on light soils4 ,:5 ! traction eng9e works satisfactorily1 pl[+ may be done at a co/ consid]ably l[] ?an :5 horses are employ$4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & o!r ,european c\ntries "s ( ! difficulties connect$ ) pl[+ h be5 ov]come by us+ two eng9es on ! two opposite sides ( a field4 ,^! eng9es move syn*ron\sly toge!r &1 by means ( l>ge cables1 pl[s1 h>r[s1 or se$]s1 are pull$ back & =? ov] ! field4 ,?is me?od seems to give good satisfaction on _m l>ge e/ates ( ! old _w4 ,macdonald reports t su* a sy/em is 9 successful op]ation 9 ! ,transvaal 9 ,s\? ,africa & is do+ "w !re at a v knew co/4 ,! l>ge initial co/ ( su* a sy/em w1 ( c\rse1 prohibit its use except on ! v l>ge f>ms t are be+ e/abli%$ 9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory4 ,gasol9e eng9es are also be+ tri$ out1 b up to date !y h n %[n !mselves z possess+ sup]ior advantages ov] ! /eam eng9es4 ,! two objections to !m are ! same z to ! /eam eng9e3 fir/1 _! great weight1 :i* compresses 9 a dang]\s degree ! topsoil &1 secondly1 ! frequ5t breakages1 :i* make ! op]ation sl[ & exp5sive4 ,ov] a great "p ( ! ,we/1 wat] p[] is v abundant & ! sugge/ion has be5 made t ! electric en]gy :i* c be develop$ by means ( wat] p[] c\ld be us$ 9 ! cultural op]ations ( ! dry-f>m4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! trolley c> :i* does n run on rails x w\ld n seem impossible t 9 favorable localities electricity c\ld be made to s]ve ! f>m] 9 ! me*anical tillage ( ! dry-f>m4 ,! sub/itution ( /eam & o!r en]gy = horse p[] is yet 9 ! future4 ,und\bt$ly1 x w come1 b only z improvem5ts are made 9 ! ma*9es4 ,!re is "h also a great field = be+ ( high s]vice to ! f>m]s :o are attempt+ to reclaim ! great des]ts ( ! _w4 ,z /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 dry-f>m+ w\ld probably h be5 an impossibilityfifty or a hundr$ ye>s ago because ( ! abs5ce ( suitable ma*9]y4 ,! future ( dry-f>m+ re/s almo/ :olly1 s f> z its pr(its are conc]n$1 ^u ! developm5t ( new & m suitable ma*9]y = ! tillage ( ! soil 9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( dry-f>m+4 ,f9ally1 ! recomm5dations made by ,m]rill may "h be ins]t$4 ,a dry-f>m] = be/ "w %\ld be suppli$ ) ! foll[+ implem5ts 9 addition to ! necess>y wagons & h& tools3-- ,"o ,pl[4 ,"o ,disk4 ,"o ,smoo?+ ,h>r[4 ,"o ,drill ,se$]4 ,"o ,h>ve/] or ,head]4 ,"o ,m[+ ,ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,irrigation ,,& ,,dry-,,f>m+ ,irrigation-f>m+ & dry-f>m+ are bo? sy/ems ( agriculture devis$ = ! reclamation ( c\ntries t ord9>ily receive an annual ra9fall ( tw5ty in*es or less4 ,irrigation-f>m+ _c ( itself reclaim ! arid regions ( ! _w1 = ! available wat] supply ( arid c\ntries :5 x %all h be5 cons]v$ 9 ! be/ possible way _c be made to irrigate m ?an "o fif? ( ! ?ir/y l&4 ,?is means t "u ! highe/ possible developm5t ( irrigation1 at lea/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re w be five or six acres ( unirrigat$ or dry-f>m l& = e acre ( irrigat$ l&4 ,irrigation developm5t _c possibly1 !re=e1 r5d] ! dry-f>m movem5t valueless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dry-f>m+ is fur!r$ by ! developm5t ( irrigation f>m+1 = bo? ^! sy/ems ( agriculture are *>act]iz$ by advantages t make irrigation & dry-f>m+ supplem5t>y to ea* o!r 9 ! successful developm5t ( any arid region4 ,"u irrigation1 small] areas ne$ to be cultivat$ = ! same crop returns1 = x has be5 amply demon/rat$ t ! acre yields "u prop] irrigation are v mu* l>g] ?an ! be/ yields "u ! mo/ c>eful sy/em ( dry-f>m+4 ,secondly1 a great] v>iety ( crops may be gr[n on ! irrigat$ f>m ?an on ! dry-f>m4 ,z has already be5 %[n 9 ?is volume1 only c]ta9 dr\? resi/ant crops c be gr[n pr(itably ^u dry-f>ms1 & ^! mu/ be gr[n "u ! me?ods ( ext5sive f>m+4 ,! long] gr[+ crops1 includ+ trees1 succul5t vegetables1 & a v>iety ( small fruits1 h n z yet be5 made to yield pr(itably "u arid conditions )\t ! artificial application ( wat]4 ,fur!r1 ! irrigation-f>m] is n l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! wea!r &1 !re=e1 c>ries on ?is "w ) a feel+ ( great] security4 ,( c\rse1 x is true t ! dry ye>s affect ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! canals & t ! frequ5t break+ ( dams & canal walls leaves ! f>m] helpless 9 ! face ( ! bli/]+ heat4 ,yet1 all 9 all1 a great] feel+ ( security is possess$ by ! irrigation f>m] ?an by ! dry-f>m]4 ,mo/ important1 h[ev]1 are ! temp]am5tal diff]5ces 9 m5 :i* make "s desir\s ( giv+ !mselves to ! cultivation ( a small area ( irrigat$ l& "u int5sive conditions & o!rs to dry-f>m+ "u ext5sive conditions4 ,9 fact1 x is be+ obs]v$ 9 ! arid region t m51 because ( _! temp]am5tal diff]5ces1 are gradually sep>at+ into ! two classes ( irrigation-f>m]s & dry-f>m]s4 ,! dry-f>ms ( necessity cov] mu* l>g] areas ?an ! irrigat$ f>ms4 ,! l& is *eap] & ! crops are small]4 ,! me?ods to be appli$ are ^? ( ext5sive f>m+4 ,! pr(its on ! inve/m5t also appe> to be some:at l>g]4 ,! v necessity ( pitt+ intellect aga9/ ! fi]c5ess ( ! dr\? appe>s to h attract$ _m-m5 to ! dry-f>ms4 ,gradually ! c]ta9ty ( produc+ crops on dry-f>ms f season to season is becom+ e/abli%$1 & ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( f>m+ 9 ! arid di/ricts w !n he ! diff]5ce betwe5 int5sive & ext5sive me?ods ( culture4 ,m5 w be attract$ to "o or o!r ( ^! sy/ems ( agriculture accord+ to _! p]sonal incl9ations4 ,! sc>city ( wat] ,= ! developm5t ( a well-r\nd$ commonweal? 9 an arid region x is1 ( c\rse1 indisp5sable t irrigation be practic$1 = dry-f>m+ ( itself w f9d x difficult to build up popul\s cities & to supply ! great v>iety ( crops dem&$ by ! mod]n family4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! great problems be=e ^? engag$ 9 ! developm5t ( dry-f>m+ at pres5t is ! developm5t ( home/eads 9 ! dry-f>ms4 ,a home/ead is possible only :]e !re is a suffici5t am\nt ( free wat] available = h\sehold & /ock purposes4 ,9 ! portion ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory :]e ! ra9fall approximates tw5ty in*es1 ?is problem is n s v difficult1 s9ce gr\nd wat] may be rea*$ easily4 ,9 ! dri] portions1 h[ev]1 :]e ! ra9fall is betwe5 t5 & fifte5 in*es1 ! problem is mu* m important4 ,! conditions t br+ ! di/rict "u ! dry-f>m designation imply a sc>city ( wat]4 ,on few dry-f>ms is wat] available = ! ne$s ( ! h\sehold & ! b>ns4 ,9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 /ates num]\s dry-f>ms h be5 develop$ f sev5 to fifte5 miles f ! ne>e/ s\rce ( wat]1 & ! ma9 exp5se ( develop+ ^! f>ms has be5 ! haul+ ( wat] to ! f>ms to supply ! ne$s ( ! m5 & bea/s at "w on !m4 ,naturally1 x is impossible to e/abli% home/eads on ! dry-f>ms unless at lea/ a small supply ( wat] is available2 & dry-f>m+ w nev] he :at x might be unless happy homes c be e/abli%$ ^u ! f>ms 9 ! arid regions t gr[ crops )\t irrigation4 ,to make a dry-f>m home/ead possible en\gh wat] mu/ be available1 fir/ ( all1 to supply ! cul9>y ne$s ( ! h\sehold4 ,?is ( itself is n l>ge &1 z w be %[n h]eaft]1 may 9 mo/ cases be obta9$4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] t ! family may possess prop] com=ts1 !re %\ld be ar\nd ! home/ead trees1 & %rubs1 & grasses1 & ! family g>d54 ,to secure ^! ?+s a c]ta9 am\nt ( irrigation wat] is requir$4 ,x may be add$ t dry-f>ms on :i* su* home/eads are f\nd z a result ( ! exi/5ce ( a small supply ( irrigation wat] are mu* m valuable1 9 case ( sale1 ?an equally good f>ms )\t ! possibility ( ma9ta9+ home/eads4 ,moreov]1 ! di/9ct value ( irrigation 9 produc+ a l>ge acre yield makes x desirable = ! f>m] to use all ! wat] at 8 disposal = irrigation purposes4 ,no available wat] %\ld be all[$ to fl[ away unus$4 ,available surface wat] ,! s\rces ( wat] = dry-f>ms fall readily into classes3 surface wat]s & subt]ranean wat]s4 ,! surface wat]s1 :]ev] !y may be obta9$1 are g5]ally ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,! simple/ me?od ( obta9+ wat] 9 an irrigat$ region is f "s irrigation canal4 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ! int]m\nta9 region :]e ! dry f>ms lie above ! irrigation canals & ! irrigat$ l&s bel[1 x is comp>atively easy = ! f>m]s to secure a small b suffici5t am\nt ( wat] f ! canal by ! use ( "s pump+ device t w =ce ! wat] ?r\gh ! pipes to ! home/ead4 ,! dry-f>m area t may be s suppli$ by irrigation canals is1 h[ev]1 v limit$ & is n to be consid]$ s]i\sly 9 connection ) ! problem4 ,a mu* m important me?od1 especially 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts1 is ! utilization ( ! spr+s t occur 9 great numb]s ov] ! :ole dry-f>m t]ritory4 ,sometimes ^! spr+s are v small inde$1 & (t51 aft] developm5t by tunnel+ into ! side ( ! hill1 yield only a trifl+ fl[4 ,yet1 :5 ?is wat] is pip$ to ! home/ead & all[$ to accumulate 9 small res]voirs or ci/]ns1 x may be amply suffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! family & ! live /ock1 besides hav+ a surplus = ! ma9t5ance ( ! lawn1 ! %ade trees1 & ! family g>d54 ,_m dry-f>m]s 9 ! int]m\nta9 c\ntry h pip$ wat] sev5 or eight miles f small spr+s t 7 consid]$ practically wor?less & !reby h =m$ ! f\ndations = small village communities4 ,( p]haps equal importance ) ! utilization ( ! naturally occurr+ spr+s is ! prop] cons]vation ( ! flood wat]s4 ,z has be5 /at$ be=e1 arid conditions all[ a v l>ge loss ( ! natural precipitation z run-(f4 ,! num]\s gullies t *>act]ize s _m p>ts ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory are evid5ces ( ! numb] & vigor ( ! flood wat]s4 ,! con/ruction ( small res]voirs 9 prop] places = ! purpose ( cat*+ ! flood wat]s w usually enable ! f>m] to supply himself ) all ! wat] ne$$ = ! home/ead4 ,su* res]voirs may already be f\nd 9 great numb]s scatt]$ ov] ! :ole we/]n ,am]ica4 ,z dry-f>m+ increases _! numb]s w also increase4 ,:5 nei!r canals1 nor spr+s1 nor flood wat]s are available = ! supply ( wat]1 x is yet possible to obta9 a limit$ supply by s arrang+ ! ro( gutt]s on ! f>m build+s t all ! wat] t falls on ! ro(s is conduct$ ?r\gh ! sp\ts into c>efully protect$ ci/]ns or res]voirs4 ,a h\se ?irty by ?irty feet1 ! ro( ( :i* is s con/ruct$ t all t wat] t falls ^u x is c>ri$ into a ci/]n w yield annually "u a a ra9fall ( fifte5 in*es a maximum am\nt ( wat] equival5t to ab\t #hhjj gallons4 ,all[+ = ! unavoidable wa/e due to evaporation1 ?is w yield en\gh to supply a h\sehold & "s live /ock ) ! necess>y wat]4 ,9 extreme cases ?is has be5 f\nd to be a v satisfactory practice1 ?\gh x is ! "o to be resort$ to only 9 case no o!r me?od is available4 ,x is indisp5sable t "s res]voir be provid$ to hold ! surface wat] t may be obta9$ until ! "t x may be ne$$4 ,! wat] com+ con/antly f a spr+ 9 summ] %\ld be appli$ to crops only at c]ta9 def9ite seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! flood wat]s usually come at a "t :5 plant gr[? is n active & irrigation is n ne$$4 ,! ra9fall also 9 _m di/ricts comes mo/ l>gely at seasons ( no or little plant gr[?4 ,res]voirs mu/1 !re=e1 be provid$ = ! /or+ ( ! wat] until ! p]iods :5 x is dem&$ by crops4 ,cem5t-l9$ ci/]ns are q common1 & 9 _m places cem5t res]voirs h be5 f\nd pr(itable4 ,9 o!r places ! occurr5ce ( imp]vi\s clay has made possible ! e/abli%m5t & con/ruction ( *eap res]voirs4 ,! skillful & p]man5t con/ruction ( res]voirs is a v important subject4 ,res]voir build+ %\ld be und]tak5 only aft] a c>eful /udy ( ! prevail+ conditions & "u ! advice ( ! /ate or gov]nm5t (ficials hav+ su* "w 9 *>ge4 ,9 g5]al1 ! fir/ co/ ( small res]voirs is usually some:at high1 b 9 view ( _! p]man5t s]vice & ! value ( ! wat] to ! dry-f>m !y pay a v h&some int]e/ on ! inve/m5t4 ,x is always a mi/ake = ! dry-f>m] to po/pone ! con/ruction ( a res]voir = ! /or+ ( ! small quantities ( wat] t he may possess1 9 ord] to save a little money4 ,p]haps ! greate/ objection to ! use ( ! res]voirs is n _! relatively high co/1 b ! fact t s9ce !y are usually small & ! wat] %all[1 too l>ge a proportion ( ! wat]1 ev5 "u favorable conditions1 is lo/ by evaporation4 ,x is ord9>ily assum$ t "o half ( ! wat] /or$ 9 small res]voirs ?r\gh\t ! ye> is lo/ by direct evaporation4 ,available subt]ranean wat] ,:]e surface wat]s are n readily available1 ! subt]ranean wat] is ( fir/ importance4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t1 und]ly+ ! e>?'s surface at v>i\s dep?s1 !re is a l>ge quantity ( free wat]4 ,^? liv+ 9 humid climates (t5 ov]e/imate ! am\nt ( wat] s held 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & x is probably true t ^? liv+ 9 arid regions und]e/imate ! quantity ( wat] s f\nd4 ,! fact ( ! matt] seems to be t free wat] is f\nd ev]y:]e "u ! e>?'s surface4 ,^? famili> ) ! arid ,we/ h frequ5tly be5 surpris$ by ! frequ5cy ) :i* wat] has be5 f\nd at comp>atively %all[ dep?s 9 ! mo/ des]t locations4 ,v>i\s e/imates h be5 made z to ! quantity ( und]ly+ wat]4 ,! late/ calculation & p]haps ! mo/ reliable is t made by ,full]1 :o1 aft] a c>eful analysis ( ! factors involv$1 concludes t ! total free wat] held 9 ! e>?'s cru/ is equival5t to a uni=m %eet ( wat] ov] ! entire surface ( ! e>? n9ety-six feet 9 dep?4 ,a quantity ( wat] ?us held w\ld be equival5t to ab\t "o hundr$? "p ( ! :ole volume ( ! ocean4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ?ickness ( ! wat] %eet "u arid soils is only half ?is figure !re is an am\nt1 if x c\ld be rea*$1 t w\ld make possible ! e/abli%m5t ( home/eads ov] ! :ole dry-f>m t]ritory4 ,"o ( ! ma9 ef=ts ( ! day is ! det]m9ation ( ! occurr5ce ( ! subt]ranean wat]s 9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory4 ,ord9>y dug wells frequ5tly rea* wat] at comp>atively %all[ dep?s4 ,ov] ! cultivat$ ,utah des]ts wat] is (t5 f\nd at a dep? ( tw5ty-five or ?irty feet1 ?\gh _m wells dug to a dep? ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five & two hundr$ feet h fail$ to rea* wat]4 ,x may be rem>k$ 9 ?is connection t ev5 :]e ! di/ance to ! wat] is small1 ! pip$ well has be5 f\nd to be sup]ior to ! dug well4 ,usually1 wat] is obta9$ 9 ! dry-f>m t]ritory by driv+ pipes to comp>atively great dep?s1 rang+ f "o hundr$ feet to ov] "o ?\s& feet4 ,at su* dep?s wat] is ne>ly always f\nd4 ,(t5 ! geological conditions are su* z to =ce ! wat] up above ! surface z artesian wells1 ?\gh m (t5 ! pressure is simply suffici5t to br+ ! wat] )9 easy pump+ di/ance ( ! surface4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject x mu/ be said t _m ( ! subt]ranean wat]s ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory are ( a sal9e "*4 ,! am\nt ( sub/ances held 9 solution v>ies l>gely1 b frequ5tly is f> above ! limits ( safety = ! use ( man or bea/ or plants4 ,! dry-f>m] :o secures a well ( ?is type %\ld1 !re=e1 be c>eful to h a prop] exam9ation made ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! wat] be=e ord9>y use is made ( x4 ,n[1 z has be5 said1 ! utilization ( ! subt]ranean wat]s ( ! l& is "o ( ! liv+ problems ( dry-f>m+4 ,! trac+ out ( ?is lay] ( wat] is v difficult to accompli% & _c be done by individuals4 ,x is a "w t prop]ly belongs to ! /ate & national gov]nm5t4 ,! /ate ( ,utah1 :i* 0 ! pione] 9 appropriat+ money = dry-f>m exp]im5ts1 also l$ ! way 9 appropriat+ money = ! secur+ ( wat] = ! dry-f>ms f subt]ranean s\rces4 ,! _w has be5 progress+ 9 ,utah s9ce #aije1 & wat] has be5 secur$ 9 ! mo/ unpromis+ localities4 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance is p]haps ! f9d+ ( wat] at a dep? ( ab\t five hundr$ & fifty feet 9 ! unusually dry ,dog ,valley locat$ "s fifte5 miles we/ ( ,nephi4 ,pump+ wat] ,! use ( small quantities ( wat] on ! dry-f>ms c>ries ) x1 9 mo/ cases1 ! use ( small pump+ plants to /ore & to di/ribute ! wat] prop]ly4 ,especially1 :5ev] subt]ranean s\rces ( wat] are us$ & ! wat] pressure is n suffici5t to ?r[ ! wat] above ! gr\nd1 pump+ mu/ be resort$ to4 ,! pump+ ( wat] = agricultural purposes is n at all new4 ,accord+ to ,=ti]1 two hundr$ ?\s& acres ( l& are irrigat$ ) wat] pump$ f driv5 wells 9 ! /ate ( ,cali=nia alone4 ,sev5 hundr$ & fifty ?\s& acres are irrigat$ by pump+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,mead /ates t !re are ?irte5 million acres ( l& 9 ,india :i* are irrigat$ by wat] pump$ f subt]ranean s\rces4 ,! dry-f>m] has a *oice among sev]al s\rces ( p[] = ! op]ation ( 8 pump+ plant4 ,9 localities :]e w9ds are frequ5t & ( suffici5t /r5g? w9dmills furni% *eap & effective p[]1 especially :]e ! lift is n v great4 ,! gasol9e eng9e is 9 a /ate ( consid]able p]fection & may be us$ economically :]e ! price ( gasol9e is reasonable4 ,eng9es us+ crude oil may be mo/ desirable 9 ! localities :]e oil wells h be5 f\nd4 ,z ! manufacture ( alcohol f ! wa/e products ( ! f>ms becomes e/abli%$1 ! alcohol-burn+ eng9e c\ld become a v important "o4 ,ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory coal is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities1 & ! /eam eng9e f$ by coal is an important factor 9 ! pump+ ( wat] = irrigation purposes4 ,fur!r1 9 ! m\nta9\s "p ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory wat] ,p[] is v abundant4 ,only ! smalle/ fraction ( x has z yet be5 h>ness$ = ! g5]ation ( ! electric curr5t4 ,z electric g5]ation increases1 x %\ld be comp>atively easy = ! f>m] to secure suffici5t electric p[] to run ! pump4 ,?is has already become an e/abli%$ practice 9 di/ricts :]e electric p[] is available4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s consid]able "w has be5 done to det]m9e ! feasibility ( rais+ wat] = irrigation by pump+4 ,=ti] reports t successful results h be5 obta9$ 9 ,colorado1 ,wyom+1 & ,montana4 ,he decl>es t a good type ( w9dmill locat$ 9 a di/rict :]e ! av]age w9d movem5t is t5 miles p] h\r c lift en\gh wat] tw5ty feet to irrigate five acres ( l&4 ,:]ev] ! wat] is ne> ! surface ?is %\ld be easy ( accompli%m5t4 ,v]non1 ,lovett1 & ,scott1 :o work$ "u ,new ,mexico conditions1 h report$ t crops c be produc$ pr(itably by ! use ( wat] rais$ to ! surface = irrigation4 ,flem+ & ,/onek+1 :o conduct$ v c>eful exp]im5ts on ! subject 9 ,new ,mexico1 f\nd t ! co/ ( rais+ ?r\gh "o foot a quantity ( wat] correspond+ to a dep? ( "o foot ov] "o acre ( l& v>i$ f a c5t & an eigh? to ne>ly tw5ty-n9e c5ts1 ) an av]age ( a little m ?an t5 c5ts4 ,?is means t ! co/ ( rais+ en\gh wat] to cov] "o acre to a dep? ( "o foot ?r\gh a di/ance ( =ty feet w\ld av]age #d4cf4 ,?is includes n only ! co/ ( ! fuel & sup]vision ( ! pump b ! actual det]ioration ( ! plant4 ,smi? inve/igat$ ! same problem "u ,arizona conditions & f\nd t x co/ approximately sev5te5 c5ts to raise "o acre foot ( wat] to a height ( "o foot4 ,a v elaborate inve/igation ( ?is nature 0 conduct$ 9 ,cali=nia by ,le ,conte & ,tait4 ,!y /udi$ a l>ge numb] ( pump+ plants 9 actual op]ation "u ,cali=nia conditions1 & det]m9$ t ! total co/ ( rais+ "o acre foot ( wat] "o foot 01 = gasol9e p[]1 f\r c5ts & upw>d2 = electric p[]1 sev5 to sixte5 c5ts1 & = /eam1 f\r c5ts & upw>d4 ,mead has report$ obs]vations on sev5ty-two w9dmills ne> ,g>d5 ,city1 ,kansas1 :i* irrigat$ f "o f\r? to sev5 acres ea* at a co/ ( sev5ty-five c5ts to #f p] acre4 ,all 9 all1 ^! results ju/ify ! belief t wat] may be rais$ pr(itably by pump+ = ! purpose ( irrigat+ crops4 ,:5 ! v great value ( a little wat] on a dry-f>m is consid]$1 ! figures "h giv5 d n seem at all excessive4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ aga9 t a res]voir ( "s sort is practically indisp5sable 9 connection ) a pump+ plant if ! irrigation wat] is to be us$ 9 ! be/ way4 ,! use ( small quantities ( wat] 9 irrigation ,n[1 x is und\bt$ly true t ! acre co/ ( wat] on dry-f>ms1 :]e pump+ plants or simil> devices mu/ be us$ ) exp5sive res]voirs1 is mu* high] ?an :5 wat] is obta9$ f gravity canals4 ,x is1 !re=e1 important t ! co/ly wat] s obta9$ be us$ 9 ! mo/ economical mann]4 ,?is is d\bly important 9 view ( ! fact t ! wat] supply obta9$ on dry-f>ms is always small & insuffici5t = all t ! f>m] w\ld l to d4 ,inde$1 ! pr(it 9 /or+ & pump+ wat] re/s l>gely ^u ! economical application ( wat] to crops4 ,?is necessitates ! /atem5t ( "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( sci5tific irrigation practices1 namely1 t ! yield ( a crop "u irrigation is n proportional to ! am\nt ( wat] appli$ 9 ! =m ( irrigation wat]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! wat] /or$ 9 ! soil by ! natural precipitation & ! wat] t falls dur+ ! spr+ & summ] c ei!r mature a small crop or br+ a crop ne> maturity4 ,a small am\nt ( wat] add$ 9 ! =m ( irrigation wat] at ! "r "t w usually complete ! "w & produce a well-matur$ crop ( l>ge yield4 ,irrigation %\ld only be supplem5t$ to ! natural precipitation4 ,z m irrigation wat] is add$1 ! increase 9 yield becomes small] 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( wat] employ$4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n by ! foll[+ table1 :i* is tak5 f "s ( ! irrigation exp]im5ts c>ri$ on at ! ,utah ,/ation3-- ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,irrigations on ,crop ,yields ,p] ,acre ,dep? ( ,wat] ,:eat ,corn ,alfalfa ,potatoes ,sug> ,beets ,appli$ 7,in*es7 7,bu%els7 7,bu%els7 7,p\nds7 7,bu%els7 7,tons7 #e4j #dj #aid #be #g4e #da #fe #aj4j #da #hj #bac #bf #ae4j #df #gh #bec #bg #be4j #di #gg #aj1jef #beh #ce4j #ee #i1adb #bia #bf #ej #fj #hd #ac1jfa ,! soil 0 a typical arid soil ( great dep? & _h be5 s cultivat$ z to conta9 a l>ge quantity ( ! natural precipitation4 ,! fir/ five in*es ( wat] add$ to ! precipitation already /or$ 9 ! soil produc$ =ty bu%els ( :eat4 ,d\bl+ ?is am\nt ( irrigation wat] produc$ only =ty-"o bu%els ( :eat4 ,ev5 ) an irrigation ( fifty in*es1 or t5 times t :i* produc$ =ty bu%els1 only sixty bu%els ( :eat1 or an increase ( "o half1 7 produc$4 ,a simil> v>iation may be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! o!r crops4 ,! fir/ lesson to be drawn f ?is important pr9ciple ( irrigation is t if ! soil be s treat$ z to conta9 at plant+ "t ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! natural precipitation1--t is1 if ! ord9>y me?ods ( dry-f>m+ be employ$1--crops w be produc$ ) a v small am\nt ( irrigation wat]4 ,secondly1 x foll[s t x w\ld be a great deal bett] = ! f>m] :o raises :eat1 = in/ance1 to cov] t5 acres ( l& ) wat] to a dep? ( five in*es ?an to cov] "o acre to a dep? ( fifty in*es1 = 9 ! =m] case f\r hundr$ bu%els & 9 ! second sixty bu%els ( :eat w\ld be produc$4 ,! f>m] :o desires to utilize 9 ! mo/ economical mann] ! small am\nt ( wat] at 8 disposal mu/ prep>e ! l& accord+ to dry-f>m me?ods & !n mu/ spread ! wat] at 8 disposal ov] a l>g] area ( l&4 ,! l& mu/ be pl[$ 9 ! fall if ! conditions p]mit1 & fall[+ %\ld be practic$ :]ev] possible4 ,if ! f>m] does n wi% to fall[ 8 family g>d5 he c a*ieve equally good results by plant+ ! r[s twice z f> ap>t z is ord9>ily ! case & by br++ ! irrigation furr[s ne> ! r[s ( plants4 ,!n1 to make ! be/ use ( ! wat]1 he mu/ c>efully cov] ! irrigation furr[ ) dry dirt imm$iately aft] ! wat] has be5 appli$ & keep ! :ole surface well /irr$ s t evaporation w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! beg9n+ ( irrigation wisdom is always ! /orage ( ! natural precipitation4 ,:5 t is done correctly1 x is really rem>kable h[ f> a small am\nt ( irrigation wat] may be made to g4 ,"u conditions ( wat] sc>city x is (t5 f\nd pr(itable to c>ry wat] to ! g>d5 9 cem5t or iron pipes s t no wat] may be lo/ by seepage or evaporation dur+ ! conveyance ( ! wat] f ! res]voir to ! g>d54 ,x is also (t5 desirable to convey wat] to plants ?r\gh pipes laid "u ! gr\nd1 p]=at$ at v>i\s int]vals to all[ ! wat] to escape & soak into ! soil 9 ! neighborhood ( ! plant roots4 ,all su* ref9$ me?ods ( irrigation %\ld be c>efully inve/igat$ by ! :o wants ! l>ge/ results f 8 limit$ wat] supply4 ,?\gh su* me?ods may seem cumb]some & exp5sive at fir/1 yet !y w be f\nd1 if prop]ly arrang$1 to be almo/ automatic 9 _! op]ation & also v pr(itable4 ,=bes has report$ a mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5t deal+ ) ! economical use ( a small wat] supply "u ! long season & int5se wat] dissipat+ conditions ( ,arizona4 ,! s\rce ( supply 0 a well1 #ij feet deep4 ,a #c by #ad-;in* pump cyl9d] op]at$ by a #ab-;foot ge>$ w9dmill lift$ ! wat] into a #ejjj-;gallon /orage res]voir /&+ on a support #ah feet high4 ,! wat] 0 convey$ f ?is res]voir ?r\gh black iron pipes buri$ #a or #b feet f ! trees to be wat]$4 ,small holes 9 ! pipe #ccb in* 9 diamet] all[$ ! wat] to escape at desirable int]vals4 ,?is irrigation plant 0 "u exp]t obs]vation = consid]able "t1 & x 0 f\nd to furni% suffici5t wat] = dome/ic use = "o h\sehold1 & irrigat$ 9 addition #fa olive trees1 #b cottonwoods1 #h pepp] trees1 #a date palm1 #ai pomegranates1 #d grapev9es1 #a fig tree1 #i eucalyptus trees1 #a a%1 & #ac miscellanc\s1 mak+ a total ( #hg useful trees1 ma9ly fruit-be>+1 & #cb v9es & bu%es4 7,see ,fig4 #ie47 ,if su* a result c be obta9$ ) a w9dmill & ) wat] n9ety feet bel[ ! surface "u ! arid conditions ( ,arizona1 !re %\ld be little difficulty 9 secur+ suffici5t wat] ov] ! l>g] portions ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory to make possible beautiful home/eads4 ,! dry-f>m] %\ld c>efully avoid ! temptation to decry irrigation practices4 ,irrigation & dry-f>m+ ( necessity mu/ g h& 9 h& 9 ! developm5t ( ! great arid regions ( ! _w4 ,nei!r c well /& alone 9 ! build+ ( great commonweal?s on ! des]ts ( ! e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,dry-,,f>m+ ,! great nations ( antiquity liv$ & prosp]$ 9 arid & semi>id c\ntries4 ,9 ! m or less ra9less regions ( ,*9a1 ,mesopotamia1 ,pale/9e1 ,egypt1 ,mexico1 & ,p]u1 ! greate/ cities & ! mightie/ peoples fl\ri%$ 9 anci5t days4 ,( ! great civilizations ( hi/ory only t ( ,europe has root$ 9 a humid climate4 ,z ,hilg>d has sugge/$1 hi/ory tea*es t a high civilization goes h& 9 h& ) a soil t ?ir/s = wat]4 ,to-day1 curr5t ev5ts po9t to ! arid & semi>id regions z ! *ief dep5d5ce ( our mod]n civilization4 ,9 view ( ^! facts x may be inf]r$ t dry-f>m+ is an anci5t practice4 ,x is improbable t intellig5t m5 & wom5 c\ld live 9 ,mesopotamia1 = example1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s )\t discov]+ me?ods :]eby ! f]tile soils c\ld be made to produce crops 9 a small degree at lea/ )\t irrigation4 ,true1 ! l[ developm5t ( implem5ts = soil culture makes x fairly c]ta9 t dry-f>m+ 9 ^? days 0 practic$ only ) inf9ite labor & pati5ce2 & t ! great anci5t nations f\nd x mu* easi] to con/ruct great irrigation sy/ems :i* w\ld make crops c]ta9 ) a m9imum ( soil tillage1 ?an s ?or\ghly to till ! soil ) imp]fect implem5ts z to produce c]ta9 yields )\t irrigation4 ,?us is expla9$ ! fact t ! hi/orians ( antiquity speak at l5g? ( ! wond]ful irrigation sy/ems1 b ref] to o!r =ms ( agriculture 9 a mo/ casual mann]4 ,:ile ! abs5ce ( agricultural ma*9]y makes x v d\btful :e!r dry-f>m+ 0 practic$ ext5sively 9 old5 days1 yet !re c be little d\bt ( ! high antiquity ( ! practice4 ,ke>ney quotes ,tunis z an example ( ! possible ext5t ( dry-f>m+ 9 e>ly hi/orical days4 ,tunis is "u an av]age ra9fall ( ab\t n9e in*es1 & !re are no evid5ces ( irrigation hav+ be5 practic$ !re1 yet at ,el ,djem are ! ru9s ( an amphi!at] l>ge en\gh to accommodate sixty ?\s& p]sons1 & 9 an area ( "o hundr$ squ>e miles !re 7 fifte5 t[ns & =ty-five villages4 ,! c\ntry1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 d5sely populat$4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury1 accord+ to ! ,roman records1 !re 7 two million five hundr$ ?\s& acres ( olive trees gr[+ 9 ,tunis & cultivat$ )\t irrigation4 ,t ^! /up5d\s groves yield$ well is indicat$ by ! /atem5t t1 "u ! ,caes>'s ,tunis 0 tax$ ?ree hundr$ ?\s& gallons ( olive oil annually4 ,! production ( oil 0 s great t f "o t[n x 0 pip$ to ! ne>e/ %ipp+ port4 ,?is hi/orical fact is borne out by ! pres5t revival ( olive culture 9 ,tunis1 m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! primitive peoples ( to-day1 ! ,*9ese1 ,h9dus1 ,mexicans1 & ! ,am]ican ,indians1 are cultivat+ l>ge areas ( l& by dry-f>m me?ods1 (t5 highly p]fect$1 :i* h be5 develop$ g5]ations ago1 & h be5 h&$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,m>t9 relates t ! ,t>ahum>i ,indians ( nor!rn ,*ihuahua1 :o are among ! mo/ ?riv+ aborig9al tribes ( nor!rn ,mexico1 till ! soil by dry-f>m me?ods & succe$ 9 rais+ annually l>ge quantities ( corn & o!r crops4 ,a crop failure among !m is v uncommon4 ,! e>ly ,am]ican explor]s1 especially ! ,ca?olic fa!rs1 f\nd occasional tribes 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,am]ica cultivat+ ! soil successfully )\t irrigation4 ,all ?is po9ts to ! high antiquity ( agriculture )\t irrigation 9 arid & semi>id c\ntries4 ,mod]n dry-f>m+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,! honor ( hav+ orig9at$ mod]n dry-f>m+ belongs to ! p ( ,utah4 ,on ,july #bd?1 #ahdg1 ,brigham ,"y ) 8 b& ( pione]s ent]$ ,great ,salt ,lake ,valley1 & on t day gr\nd 0 pl[$1 potatoes plant$1 & a t9y /ream ( wat] l$ f ,city ,creek to cov] ?is fir/ f>m4 ,! e>ly endeavors ( ! ,utah pione]s 7 devot$ almo/ :olly to ! con/ruction ( irrigation sy/ems4 ,! p>*$ des]t gr\nd appe>$ s diff]5t f ! moi/ soils ( ,ill9ois & ,i[a1 :i* ! pione]s _h cultivat$1 z to make x seem impossible to produce crops )\t irrigation4 ,/ill1 z "t wore on1 inquir+ m9ds consid]$ ! possibility ( gr[+ crops )\t irrigation2 & occasionally :5 a f>m] 0 depriv$ ( 8 supply ( irrigation wat] ?r\gh ! break+ ( a canal or res]voir x 0 notic$ by ! community t 9 spite ( ! int5se heat ! plants grew & produc$ small yields4 ,gradually ! conviction grew ^u ! ,utah pione]s t f>m+ )\t irrigation 0 n an impossibility2 b ! small population 7 kept s busy ) _! small irrigat$ f>ms t no s]i\s attempts at dry-f>m+ 7 made dur+ ! fir/ sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,! publications ( ^? days indicate t dry-f>m+ mu/ h be5 practic$ occasionally z e>ly z #ahed or #ahee4 ,ab\t #ahfc ! fir/ dry-f>m exp]im5t ( any consequ5ce occurr$ 9 ,utah4 ,a numb] ( emigrants ( ,sc&9avian desc5t _h settl$ 9 :at is n[ kn[n z ,be> ,riv] ,city1 & _h turn$ ^u _! f>ms ! alkali wat] ( ,malad ,creek1 & naturally ! crops fail$4 ,9 desp]ation ! />v+ settl]s pl[$ up ! sagebru% l&1 plant$ gra91 & await$ results4 ,to _! surprise1 fair yields ( gra9 7 obta9$1 & s9ce t day dry-f>m+ has be5 an e/abli%$ practice 9 t portion ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake ,valley4 ,a ye> or two lat]1 ,*ri/oph] ,layton1 a pione] :o help$ to build bo? ,utah & ,arizona1 pl[$ up l& on ! fam\s ,s& ,ridge betwe5 ,salt ,lake ,city & ,ogd5 & demon/rat$ t dry-f>m :eat c\ld be gr[n successfully on ! deep s&y soil :i* ! pione]s _h held to be wor?less = agricultural purposes4 ,s9ce t day ! ,s& ,ridge has be5 fam\s z a dry-f>m di/rict1 & ,major ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 :o saw ! rip5$ fields ( gra9 9 ! hot dry s&1 0 mov$ ^u to make special m5tion ( !m 9 8 volume on ! ,arid ,l&s ( ,utah1 publi%$ 9 #ahgi4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 p]haps a ye> or two lat]1 ,jo%ua ,salisbury & ,george ,l4 ,f>rell began dry-f>m exp]im5ts 9 ! fam\s ,ca*e ,valley1 "o hundr$ miles nor? ( ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,aft] "s ye>s ( exp]im5tation1 ) num]\s failures ^! & o!r pione]s e/abli%$ ! practice ( dry-f>m+ 9 ,ca*e ,valley1 :i* at pres5t is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s dry-f>m sections 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,tooele ,c\nty1 ,j s\? ( ,salt ,lake ,city1 dry-f>m+ 0 practic$ 9 #ahgg--;h[ mu* e>li] is n kn[n4 ,9 ! nor!rn ,utah c\nties dry-f>m+ assum$ proportions ( consequ5ce only 9 ! lat] '#gj's & e>ly '#hj's4 ,dur+ ! '#hj's x became a ?or\ghly e/abli%$ & ext5sive bus9ess practice 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,cali=nia1 :i* 0 settl$ soon aft] ,utah1 began dry-f>m exp]im5ts a little lat] ?an ,utah4 ,! available in=mation indicates t ! fir/ f>m+ )\t irrigation 9 ,cali=nia began 9 ! di/ricts ( some:at high precipitation4 ,z ! population increas$1 ! practice 0 pu%$ away f ! m\nta9s t[>ds ! regions ( m limit$ ra9fall4 ,accord+ to ,hilg>d1 successful dry-f>m+ on an ext5sive scale has be5 practic$ 9 ,cali=nia s9ce ab\t #ahfh4 ,ol9 reports t moi/ure-sav+ me?ods 7 us$ on ! ,cali=nian f>ms z e>ly z #ahfa4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,cali=nia 0 a close second 9 orig9at+ dry-f>m+4 ,! ,columbia ,bas9 0 settl$ by ,m>eus ,:itman ne> ,walla ,walla 9 #ahcf1 b f>m+ did n ga9 mu* headway until ! railroad pu%$ ?r\gh ! great ,nor?we/ ab\t #ahhj4 ,^? famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton decl>e t dry-f>m+ 0 9 successful op]ation 9 isolat$ di/ricts 9 ! late '#gj's4 ,by #ahij x 0 a well-e/abli%$ practice1 b receiv$ a s]i\s setback by ! f9ancial panic ( #ahib-ahic4 ,really successful & ext5sive dry-f>m+ 9 ! ,columbia ,bas9 began ab\t #ahig4 ,! practice ( summ] fall[ _h begun a ye> or two be=e4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t bo? 9 ,cali=nia & ,wa%+ton !re are di/ricts 9 :i* dry-f>m+ has be5 practic$ successfully "u a precipitation ( ab\t t5 in*es :]eas 9 ,utah ! limit has be5 m ne>ly twelve in*es4 ,9 ! ,great ,pla9s area ! hi/ory ( dry-f>m+ ,is hopelessly lo/ 9 ! great] hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ea/]n & m humid p>ts ( t section ( ! c\ntry4 ,! great influx ( settl]s on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,great ,pla9s area occurr$ 9 ! e>ly '#hj's & ov]fl[$ into ea/]n ,colorado & ,wyom+ a few ye>s lat]4 ,! settl]s ( ?is region br\ght ) !m ! me?ods ( humid agriculture & because ( ! relatively high precipitation 7 n =c$ into ! c>eful me?ods ( moi/ure cons]vation t _h be5 =c$ ^u ,utah1 ,cali=nia1 & ! ,columbia ,bas94 ,consequ5tly1 m failures 9 dry-f>m+ are report$ f ^? e>ly days 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area ?an f ! dri] sections ( ! f> ,we/ ,dry-f>m+ 0 practic$ v successfully 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area dur+ ! lat] '#hj's4 ,accord+ to ,payne1 ! crops ( #ahhi 7 v good2 9 #ahij1 less s2 9 #ahia1 bett]2 9 #ahib su* imm5se crops 7 rais$ t ! settl]s spoke ( ! section z ,god's c\ntry2 9 #ahic1 !re 0 a p>tial failure1 & 9 #ahid ! fam\s complete failure1 :i* 0 foll[$ 9 #ahie by a p>tial failure4 ,s9ce t "t fair crops h be5 produc$ annually4 ,! dry ye>s ( #ahic-ahie drove mo/ ( ! disc\rag$ settl]s back to humid sections & delay$1 by _m ye>s1 ! settlem5t & developm5t ( ! we/]n side ( ! ,great ,pla9s area4 ,t ^! failures & disc\ragem5ts 7 due almo/ entirely to improp] me?ods ( soil culture is v evid5t to ! pres5t day /ud5t ( dry-f>m+4 ,9 fact1 f ! v he>t ( ! section :i* 0 ab&on$ 9 #ahic-ahie come reliable records1 dat+ back to #ahhf1 :i* %[ successful crop production e ye>4 ,! fam\s ,indian ,head exp]im5tal f>m ( ,saskat*ewan1 at ! nor? end ( ! ,great ,pla9s area1 has an unbrok5 record ( good crop yields f #ahhh1 & ! e>ly '#ij's 7 q z dry !re z f>!r s\?4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! vicissitudes ( ! section1 dry-f>m+ has tak5 a firm hold ^u ! ,great ,pla9s area & is n[ a well-e/abli%$ practice4 ,! curi\s ?+ ab\t ! developm5t ( dry-f>m+ 9 ,utah1 ,cali=nia1 ,wa%+ton1 & ! ,great ,pla9s is t ^! f\r sections appe> to h orig9at$ dry-f>m+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,true1 !re 0 consid]able communication f #ahdi onw>d betwe5 ,utah & ,cali=nia1 & !re is a possibility t "s ( ! _m ,utah settl]s :o locat$ 9 ,cali=nia br\ght ) !m acc\nts ( ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ z practic$ 9 ,utah4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be au!nticat$4 ,x is v unlikely t ! f>m]s ( ,wa%+ton le>n$ dry-f>m+ f _! ,cali=nia or ,utah neighbors1 = until #ahhj communication betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ! colonies 9 ,cali=nia & ,utah 0 v difficult1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 always ! possibility ( acc\nts ( agricultural me?ods be+ c>ri$ f place to place by ! mov+ emigrants4 ,x is fairly c]ta9 t ! ,great ,pla9s area did n draw ^u ! f> ,we/ = dry-f>m me?ods4 ,! climatic conditions are consid]ably diff]5t & ! ,great ,pla9s p always consid]$ !mselves z liv+ 9 a v humid c\ntry z comp>$ ) ! /ates ( ! f> ,we/4 ,x may be conclud$1 !re=e1 t !re 7 f\r indep5d5t pione]s 9 dry-f>m+ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,moreov]1 hundr$s1 probably ?\s&s1 ( individual f>m]s ov] ! semi>id region h practic$ dry-f>m+ ?irty to fifty ye>s ) me?ods by !mselves4 ,al?\gh ^! diff]5t dry-f>m sections 7 develop$ indep5d5tly1 yet ! me?ods :i* !y h f9ally adopt$ are practically id5tical & include deep pl[+1 unless ! subsoil is v lifeless2 fall pl[+2 ! plant+ ( fall gra9 :]ev] fall pl[+ is possible2 & clean summ] fall[+4 ,ab\t #ahie ! ^w began to pass f m\? to m\? t probably ne>ly all ! l&s 9 ! great arid & semi>id sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld be made to produce pr(itable crops )\t irrigation4 ,at fir/ x 0 m]ely a :isp]2 !n x 0 talk$ al\d1 & be=e long became ! great topic ( conv]sation among ! ?\s&s :o love ! ,we/ & wi% = its developm5t4 ,soon x became a ,national subject ( discussion4 ,imm$iately aft] ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! new awak5+ _h be5 accompli%$ & dry-f>m+ 0 mov+ onw>d to conqu] ! wa/e places ( ! e>?4 ,h4 ,w4 ,campbell ,! hi/ory ( ! new awak5+ 9 dry-f>m+ _c well be writt5 )\t a brief acc\nt ( ! "w ( ,h4 ,w4 ,campbell :o1 9 ! public m9d1 has become intimately id5tifi$ ) ! dry-f>m movem5t4 ,h4 ,w4 ,campbell came f ,v]mont to nor!rn ,s\? ,dakota 9 #ahgi1 :]e 9 #ahhb he h>ve/$ a bann] crop1--twelve ?\s& bu%els ( :eat f ?ree hundr$ acres4 ,9 #ahhc1 on ! same f>m he fail$ completely4 ,?is exp]i5ce l$ him to a /udy ( ! conditions "u :i* :eat & o!r crops may be produc$ 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area4 ,a natural love = inve/igation & a dogg$ p]si/5ce h l$ him to give 8 life to a /udy ( ! agricultural problems ( ! ,great ,pla9s area4 ,he admits t 8 direct inspiration came f ! "w ( ,je?ro ,tull1 :o labor$ two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & 8 disciples4 ,he conceiv$ e>ly ! idea t if ! soil 7 pack$ ne> ! bottom ( ! pl[ furr[1 ! moi/ure w\ld be reta9$ bett] & great] crop c]ta9ty w\ld result4 ,= ?is purpose ! fir/ subsurface pack] 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahhe4 ,lat]1 ab\t #ahie1 :5 8 ideas _h cry/alliz$ into !ories1 he appe>$ z ! publi%] ( ,campbell's ,soil ,culture & ,f>m ,j\rnal4 ,"o page ( ea* issue 0 devot$ to a succ9ct /atem5t ( ! ,campbell ,me?od4 ,x 0 9 #ahih t ! doctr9e ( summ] tillage 0 begun to be inve/igat$ by him4 ,9 view ( ! crop failures ( ! e>ly '#ij's & ! gradual dry-f>m awak5+ ( ! lat] '#ij's1 ,campbell's "w 0 receiv$ ) mu* int]e/4 ,he soon became id5tifi$ ) ! ef=ts ( ! railroads to ma9ta9 demon/ration f>ms = ! b5efit ( int5d+ settl]s4 ,:ile ,campbell has long be5 9 ! s]vice ( ! railroads ( ! semi>id region1 yet x %\ld be said 9 all fairness t ! railroads & ,mr4 ,campbell h _h = _! prim>y object ! det]m9ation ( me?ods :]eby ! f>m]s c\ld be made sure ( successful crops4 ,mr4 ,campbell's doctr9es ( soil culture1 bas$ on 8 accumulat$ exp]i5ce1 are pres5t$ 9 ,campbell's ,soil ,culture ,manual1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* appe>$ ab\t #aijd & ! late/ edition1 consid]ably ext5d$1 0 publi%$ 9 #aijg4 ,! #aijg manual is ! late/ (ficial ^w by ,mr4 ,campbell on ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( ! ,campbell sy/em4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! sy/em may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! /orage ( wat] 9 ! soil is imp]ative = ! production ( crops 9 dry ye>s4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by prop] tillage4 ,disk ! l& imm$iately aft] h>ve/2 foll[ z soon z possible ) ! pl[2 foll[ ! pl[ ) ! subsurface pack]2 & foll[ ! pack] ) ! smoo?+ h>r[4 ,disk ! l& aga9 z e>ly z possible 9 ! spr+ & /ir ! soil deeply & c>efully aft] e ra94 ,s[ ?9ly 9 ! fall ) a drill4 ,if ! gra9 is too ?ick 9 ! spr+1 h>r[ x out4 ,to make sure ( a crop1 ! l& %\ld be summ] till$1 :i* means t clean summ] fall[ %\ld be practic$ e o!r ye>1 or z (t5 z may be necess>y4 ,^! me?ods1 ) ! exception ( ! subsurface pack+1 are s\nd & 9 h>mony ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! great dry-f>m sections & ) ! pr9ciples t are be+ develop$ by sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! ,campbell sy/em z x /&s to-day is n ! sy/em fir/ advocat$ by him4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w he advocat$ s[+ gra9 9 ,april & 9 r[s s f> ap>t t spr+ too? h>r[s c\ld be us$ = cultivat+ betwe5 ! r[s4 ,?is me?od1 ?\gh successful 9 cons]v+ moi/ure1 is too exp5sive & is !re=e sup]s$$ by ! pres5t me?ods4 ,moreov]1 8 f>m pap] ( #ahif1 conta9+ a full /atem5t ( ! ,campbell me?od1 makes absolutely no m5tion ( summ] tillage1 :i* is n[ ! v key/one ( ! sy/em4 ,^! & o!r facts make x evid5t t ,mr4 ,campbell has v prop]ly modifi$ 8 me?ods to h>monize ) ! be/ exp]i5ce1 b also invalidate ! claim t he is ! au?or ( ! dry-f>m sy/em4 ,a weakness ( ! ,campbell sy/em is ! cont9ual insi/5ce ^u ! use ( ! subsurface pack]4 ,z has already be5 %[n1 subsurface pack+ is ( que/ionable value = successful crop production1 & if valuable1 ! results may be mu* m easily & successfully obta9$ by ! use ( ! disk & h>r[ & o!r simil> implem5ts n[ on ! m>ket4 ,p]haps ! "o great weakness 9 ! "w ( ,campbell is t he has n expla9$ ! pr9ciples und]ly+ 8 practices4 ,8 publications only h9t at ! reasons4 ,h4 ,w4 ,campbell1 h[ev]1 has done mu* to popul>ize ! subject ( dry-f>m+ & to prep>e ! way = o!rs4 ,8 p]si/5ce 9 8 "w ( ga!r+ facts1 writ+1 & speak+ has done mu* to awak5 int]e/ 9 dry-f>m+4 ,he has be5 z a voice 9 ! wild]ness :o has done mu* to make possible ! lat] & m sy/ematic /udy ( dry-f>m+4 ,high honor %\ld be %[n him = 8 fai? 9 ! semi>id region1 = 8 ke5 obs]vation1 & 8 p]si/5ce 9 ! face ( difficulties4 ,he is ju/ly entitl$ to be rank$ z "o ( ! great work]s 9 behalf ( ! reclamation1 )\t irrigation1 ( ! ra9less sections ( ! _w4 ,! exp]im5t /ations ,! brave pione]s :o f\ght ! rel5tless dryness ( ! ,great ,am]ican ,des]t f ! memorable entrance ( ! ,mormon pione]s into ! valley ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake 9 #ahdg 7 n ! only ones engag$ 9 prep>+ ! way = ! pres5t day ( great agricultural endeavor4 ,o!r1 ?\gh p]haps m indirect1 =ces 7 also at "w = ! future developm5t ( ! semi>id section4 ,! ,morrill ,bill ( #ahfb1 mak+ x possible = agricultural colleges to be creat$ 9 ! v>i\s /ates & t]ritories1 indicat$ ! beg9n+ ( a public feel+ t mod]n me?ods %\ld be appli$ to ! "w ( ! f>m4 ,! passage 9 #ahhg ( ! ,hat* ,act1 creat+ agricultural exp]im5t /ations 9 all ( ! /ates & t]ritories1 f9ally initiat$ a new agricultural era 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) ! passage ( ?is bill1 /ations = ! application ( mod]n sci5ce to crop production 7 = ! fir/ "t au?oriz$ 9 ! regions ( limit$ ra9fall1 ) ! exception ( ! /ation connect$ ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 :]e ,hilg>d f #ahgb _h be5 labor+ 9 ! face ( great difficulties ^u ! agricultural problems ( ! /ate ( ,cali=nia4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ( _! exi/5ce1 ! /ations 7 busy f9d+ m5 & problems4 ,! problems ne>e/ at h& 7 ^? t _h be5 attack$ by ! old] /ations f\nd$ "u an abundant ra9fall & :i* c\ld n be ( vital int]e/ to arid c\ntries4 ,! we/]n /ations soon began to attack _! m imm$iate problems1 & x 0 n long be=e ! "q ( produc+ crops )\t irrigation on ! great unirrigat$ /ret*es ( ! ,we/ 0 discuss$ among ! /ation /affs & plans 7 project$ = a /udy ( ! me?ods ( conqu]+ ! des]t4 ,! ,colorado ,/ation 0 ! fir/ to decl>e its good int5tions 9 ! matt] ( dry-f>m+1 by inaugurat+ def9ite exp]im5ts4 ,by ! action ( ! ,/ate ,legislature ( #ahic1 dur+ ! "t ( ! great dr\?1 a sub/ation 0 e/abli%$ at ,*ey5ne ,wells1 ne> ! we/ bord] ( ! /ate & )9 ! foo?ills ( ! ,great ,pla9s area4 ,f ! summ] ( #ahid until #aijj exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ on ?is f>m4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 n bas$ ^u any def9ite !ory ( reclamation1 & consequ5tly ! "w consi/$ l>gely ( ! comp>ison ( v>ieties1 :5 soil treatm5t 0 ! all-important problem to be inve/igat$4 ,true 9 #ahih1 a trial ( ! ,campbell me?od 0 und]tak54 ,by ! "t ?is ,/ation _h pass$ its pione] p]iod & 0 ready to ent] ^u m sy/ematic inve/igation1 x 0 clos$4 ,bullet9 #ei ( ! ,colorado ,/ation1 publi%$ 9 #aijj by ,j4 ,e4 ,payne1 gives a summ>y ( obs]vations made on ! ,*ey5ne ,wells sub/ation dur+ sev5 ye>s4 ,?is bullet9 is ! fir/ to deal prim>ily ) ! exp]im5tal "w relat+ to dry-f>m+ 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area4 ,x does n propose or outl9e any sy/em ( reclamation4 ,sev]al lat] publications ( ! ,colorado ,/ation deal ) ! problems peculi> to ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,at ! ,utah ,/ation ! possible conque/ ( ! sagebru% des]ts ( ! ,great ,bas9 )\t irrigation 0 a topic ( common conv]sation dur+ ! ye>s #ahid & #ahie4 ,9 #ahif plans 7 pres5t$ = exp]im5ts on ! pr9ciples ( dry-f>m+4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ^! plans 7 c>ri$ into effect4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aija1 ! au?or & ,l4 ,a4 ,m]rill inve/igat$ c>efully ! practices ( ! dry-f>ms ( ! /ate4 ,on ! basis ( ^! obs]vations & by ! use ( ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ! relation ( wat] to soils & plants1 a !ory ( dry-f>m+ 0 work$ out :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,bullet9 #ge ( ! ,utah ,/ation 9 ,janu>y1 #aijb4 ,?is is probably ! fir/ sy/ematic pres5tation ( ! pr9ciples ( dry-f>m+4 ,a ye> lat] ! ,legislature ( ! /ate ( ,utah made provision = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( six exp]im5tal dry-f>ms to inve/igate 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! /ate ! possibility ( dry-f>m+ & ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! art4 ,^! /ations1 :i* are /ill ma9ta9$1 h done mu* to /imulate ! gr[? ( dry-f>m+ 9 ,utah4 ,! cr$it ( fir/ und]tak+ & ma9ta9+ sy/ematic exp]im5tal "w 9 behalf ( dry-f>m+ %\ld be assign$ to ! /ate ( ,utah4 ,s9ce dry-f>m exp]im5ts began 9 ,utah 9 #aija1 ! subject has be5 a lead+ "o 9 ! ,/ation & ! ,college4 ,a l>ge numb] ( m5 tra9$ at ! ,utah ,/ation & ,college h gone out z inve/igators ( dry-f>m+ "u /ate & ,f$]al direction4 ,! o!r exp]im5t /ations 9 ! arid & semi-arid region 7 n sl[ to take up ! "w = _! respective /ates4 ,=ti] & ,l9field1 :o _h sp5t a numb] ( ye>s 9 ,utah & _h become some:at famili> ) ! dry-f>m practices ( t /ate1 initiat$ dry-f>m inve/igations 9 ,montana1 :i* h be5 prosecut$ ) great vigor s9ce t "t4 ,v]non1 "u ! direction ( ,fo/]1 :o _h sp5t f\r ye>s 9 ,utah z ,director ( ! ,utah ,/ation1 initiat$ ! "w 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,9 ,wyom+ ! exp]im5tal /udy ( dry-f>m l&s began by ! private ent]prise ( ,h4 ,b4 ,h5d]son & 8 associates4 ,lat] ,v4 ,t4 ,cooke 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! "w "u /ate auspices1 & ! demon/ration ( ! feasibility ( dry-f>m+ 9 ,wyom+ has be5 go+ on s9ce ab\t #aijg4 ,idaho has also rec5tly und]tak5 dry-f>m inve/igations4 ,nevada1 once look$ ^u z ! only /ate 9 ! ,union incapable ( produc+ crops )\t irrigation1 is demon/rat+ by means ( /ate appropriations t l>ge areas !re are suitable = dry-f>m+4 ,9 ,arizona1 small tracts 9 ?is sun-bak$ /ate are %[n to be suitable = dry-f>m l&s4 ,! ,wa%+ton ,/ation is inve/igat+ ! problems ( dry-f>m+ peculi> to ! ,columbia ,bas91 & ! /aff ( ! ,oregon ,/ation is c>ry+ on simil> "w4 ,9 ,nebraska1 "s v important exp]im5ts dry-f>m+ are be+ conduct$4 ,9 ,nor? ,dakota !re 7 9 #aiaj tw5ty-"o dry-f>m demon/ration f>ms4 ,9 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,kansas1 & ,texas1 provisions are simil>ly made = dry-f>m inve/igations4 ,9 fact1 up & d[n ! ,great ,pla9s area !re are /ations ma9ta9$ by ! /ate or ,f$]al gov]nm5t = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! me?ods "u :i* crops c be produc$ )\t irrigation4 ,at ! head ( ! ,great ,pla9s area at ,saskat*ewan "o ( ! olde/ dry-f>m /ations 9 ,am]ica is locat$ 7s9ce #ahhh74 ,9 ,russia sev]al /ations are devot$ v l>gely to ! problems ( dry l& agriculture4 ,to be especially m5tion$ = ! excell5ce ( ! "w done are ! /ations at ,odessa1 ,*]son1 & ,poltava4 ,?is la/-nam$ ,/ation has be5 e/abli%$ s9ce #ahhf4 ,9 connection ) ! "w done by ! exp]im5t /ations %\ld be m5tion$ ! assi/ance giv5 by ! railroads4 ,_m ( ! railroads own+ l& along _! respective l9es are greatly b5efit$ 9 ! sell+ ( ^! l&s by a k ( ! me?ods :]eby ! l&s may be made productive4 ,h[ev]1 ! railroads dep5d *iefly = _! success ^u ! increas$ prosp]ity ( ! population along _! l9es & = ! purpose ( assi/+ ! settl]s 9 ! arid ,we/ consid]able sums h be5 exp5d$ by ! railroads 9 coop]ation ) ! /ations = ! ga!r+ ( in=mation ( value 9 ! reclamation ( arid l&s )\t irrigation4 ,x is ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! exp]im5t /ations t ! k ( ! day has be5 r$uc$ to a sci5ce ( dry-f>m+4 ,e /ud5t ( ! subject admits t mu* is yet to be le>n$ be=e ! la/ ^w has be5 said conc]n+ ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ 9 reclaim+ ! wa/e places ( ! e>?4 ,! future ( dry-f>m+ re/s almo/ :olly ^u ! en]gy & intellig5ce ) :i* ! exp]im5t /ations 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries ( ! _w %all attack ! special problems connect$ ) ?is bran* ( agriculture4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,! ,commission] ( ,agriculture ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 giv5 a secret>y%ip 9 ! ,presid5t's ,cab9et 9 #ahhi4 ,) ?is add$ dignity1 new life 0 giv5 to ! dep>tm5t4 ,"u ! direction ( ,j4 ,/]l+ ,morton prelim9>y "w ( great importance 0 done4 ,^u ! appo9tm5t ( ,james ,wilson z ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 ! dep>tm5t fairly leap$ into a fullness ( organization = ! inve/igation ( ! agricultural problems ( ! c\ntry4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( its new gr[? ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has giv5 "s ?\ght to ! special problems ( ! semi>id region1 especially t "p )9 ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,little consid]ation 0 at fir/ giv5 to ! f> ,we/4 ,! fir/ me?od adopt$ to assi/ ! f>m]s ( ! pla9s 0 to f9d plants ) dr\? resi/ant prop]ties4 ,= t purpose explor]s 7 s5t ov] ! e>?1 :o return$ ) great numb]s ( new plants or v>ieties ( old plants1 "s ( :i*1 su* z ! durum :eats1 h %[n !mselves ( great value 9 ,am]ican agriculture4 ,! ,bureaus ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 ,wea!r1 & ,*emi/ry h all f ! fir/ giv5 consid]able att5tion to ! problems ( ! arid region4 ,! ,wea!r ,bureau1 long e/abli%$ & ) p]fect$ me?ods1 has be5 invaluable 9 guid+ inve/igators into regions :]e exp]im5ts c\ld be und]tak5 ) "s hope ( success4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 0 some:at sl[1 h[ev]1 9 recogniz+ dry-f>m+ z a sy/em ( agriculture requir+ special inve/igation4 ,! f9al recognition ( ! subject came ) ! appo9tm5t1 9 #aije1 ( ,*ilcott z exp]t 9 *>ge ( dry-l& inve/igations4 ,at ! pres5t "t an (fice ( dry-l& inve/igations has be5 e/abli%$ "u ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 :i* coop]ates ) a numb] ( o!r divisions ( ! ,bureau 9 ! inve/igation ( ! conditions & me?ods ( dry-f>m+4 ,a l>ge numb] ( /ations are ma9ta9$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ov] ! arid & semi>id area = ! purpose ( /udy+ special problems1 _m ( :i* are ma9ta9$ 9 connection ) ! /ate exp]im5t /ations4 ,ne>ly all ! dep>tm5tal exp]ts engag$ 9 dry-f>m inve/igation h be5 drawn f ! s]vice ( ! /ate /ations & 9 ^! /ations _h receiv$ _! special tra9+ = _! "w4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has *os5 to adopt a /rong cons]vatism 9 ! matt] ( dry-f>m+4 ,x may be wise = ! ,dep>tm5t1 z ! (ficial head ( ! agricultural int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 to use extreme c>e 9 advocat+ ! settlem5t ( a region 9 :i*1 9 ! pa/1 f>m]s _h fail$ to make a liv+1 yet ?is cons]vatism has t5d$ to h9d] ! advancem5t ( dry-f>m+ & has plac$ ! dep>tm5tal inve/igations ( dry-f>m+ 9 po9t ( "t beh9d ! pione] inve/igations ( ! subject4 ,! ,dry-f>m+ ,congress ,z ! great dry-f>m wave swept ov] ! c\ntry1 ! ne$ 0 felt on ! "p ( exp]ts & laym5 ( "s means :]eby dry-f>m ideas f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry c\ld be ex*ang$4 ,private individuals by ! ?\s&s & num]\s /ate & gov]nm5tal /ations 7 work+ sep>ately & seldom _h a *ance ( comp>+ notes & discuss+ problems4 ,a ne$ 0 felt = "s c5tral dry-f>m organization4 ,an attempt to fill ?is ne$ 0 made by ! p ( ,d5v]1 ,colorado1 :5 ,gov]nor ,jesse ,f4 ,mc,donald ( ,colorado issu$ a call = ! fir/ ,dry-f>m+ ,congress to be held 9 ,d5v]1 ,janu>y #bd1 #be1 & #bf1 #aijg4 ,^! dates 7 ^? ( ! annual /ock %[ :i* _h become a p]man5t in/itution ( ,d5v] &1 9 fact1 "s ( ^? :o 7 in/rum5tal 9 ! call+ ( ! ,dry-f>m+ ,congress ?\ght t x 0 a good s*eme to br+ m p to ! /ock %[4 ,to ! surprise ( _m ! ,dry-f>m+ ,congress became ! lead+ feature ( ! week4 ,repres5tatives 7 pres5t f practically all ! /ates int]e/$ 9 dry-f>m+ & f "s ( ! humid /ates4 ,utah1 ! pione] dry-f>m /ate1 0 repres5t$ by a delegation second 9 size only to t ( ,colorado1 :]e ! ,congress 0 held4 ,! call = ?is ,congress 0 inspir$1 9 "p at lea/1 by real e/ate m51 :o saw 9 ! dry-f>m movem5t an opportunity to relieve !mselves ( l>ge areas ( *eap l& at fairly good prices4 ,! ,congress prov$1 h[ev]1 to be a bus9esslike meet+ :i* took hold ( ! que/ions 9 e>ne/1 & f ! v fir/ made x cle> t ! real e/ate ag5t 0 n a welcome memb] unless he came ) p]fectly hone/ me?ods4 ,! second ,dry-f>m+ ,congress 0 held ,janu>y #bb to #be1 #aijh1 9 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,fi%] ,h>ris4 ,x 0 ev5 bett] att5d$ ?an ! fir/4 ,! proce$+s %[ t x 0 a ,congress at :i* ! dry-f>m exp]ts ( ! c\ntry /at$ _! f9d+s4 ,a l>ge exhibit ( dry-f>m products 0 held 9 connection ) ?is ,congress1 :]e ocul> demon/rations ( ! possibility ( dry-f>m+ 7 giv5 any d\bt+ ,?omas4 ,! ?ird ,dry-f>m+ ,congress 0 held ,febru>y #bc to #be1 #aiji1 at ,*ey5ne1 ,wyom+1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,gov]nor ,w4 ,w4 ,brooks ( ,wyom+4 ,an unusually sev]e sn[/orm prec$$ ! ,congress1 :i* prev5t$ _m f att5d+1 yet ! numb] pres5t exce$$ t at any ( ! prec$+ ,congresses4 ,?is ,congress 0 made notable by ! numb] ( =eign delegates :o _h be5 s5t by _! respective c\ntries to inve/igate ! me?ods pursu$ 9 ,am]ica = ! reclamation ( ! arid di/ricts4 ,among ^! delegates 7 repres5tatives f ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 ,! ,transvaal1 ,brazil1 & ,russia4 ,! f\r? ,congress 0 held ,octob] #bf to #bh1 #aiji1 9 ,bill+s1 ,montana1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,gov]nor ,edw9 ,l4 ,morris ( ,montana4 ,! unc]ta9 wea!r ( ! w9t] mon?s _h l$ ! previ\s ,congress to adopt a "t 9 ! autumn z ! date ( ! annual meet+4 ,?is ,congress became a session at :i* _m ( ! pr9ciples discuss$ dur+ ! ?ree prec$+ ,congresses 7 cry/alliz$ into def9ite /atem5ts & agre$ ^u by work]s f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,a numb] ( =eign repres5tatives 7 pres5t aga94 ,! problems ( ! ,nor?we/ & ,canada 7 giv5 special att5tion4 ,! att5dance 0 l>g] ?an at any ( ! prec$+ ,congresses4 ,! fif? ,congress w be held "u ! presid5cy ( ,hon4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mondell ( ,wyom+ at ,spokane1 ,wa%+ton1 dur+ ,octob]1 #aiaj4 ,x promises to exce$ any prec$+ ,congress 9 att5dance & int]e/4 ,! ,dry-f>m+ ,congress has made itself "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! developm5t ( me?ods = ! reclamation ( ! des]t4 ,its publi%$ reports are ! mo/ valuable publications deal+ ) dry-l& agriculture4 ,only simple ju/ice is done :5 x is /at$ t ! success ( ! ,dry-f>m+ ,congress is due 9 a l>ge measure to ! untir+ & intellig5t ef=ts ( ,john ,t4 ,burns1 :o is ! p]man5t secret>y ( ! ,congress1 & :o 0 a memb] ( ! fir/ executive committee4 ,ne>ly all ! arid & semi>id /ates h organiz$ /ate dry-f>m+ congresses4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! ,utah ,dry-f>m+ ,congress1 organiz$ ab\t two mon?s aft] ! fir/ ,congress held 9 ,d5v]4 ,! presid5t is ,l4 ,a4 ,m]rill1 "o ( ! pione] dry-f>m inve/igators ( ! ,rockies4 ,je?ro ,tull 7see frontispiece7 ,a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( dry-f>m+ w\ld be incomplete )\t a m5tion ( ! life & "w ( ,je?ro ,tull4 ,! agricultural doctr9es ( ?is man1 int]pret$ 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce1 are ^? :i* und]lie mod]n dry-f>m+4 ,je?ro ,tull 0 born 9 ,b]k%ire1 ,engl&1 #afgd1 & di$ 9 #agda4 ,he 0 a lawy] by pr(ession1 b 8 heal? 0 s poor t he c\ld n practice 8 pr(ession & !re=e sp5t mo/ ( 8 life 9 ! seclusion ( a quiet f>m4 ,8 life "w 0 done 9 ! face ( great physical suff]+s4 ,9 spite ( physical infirmities1 he produc$ a sy/em ( agriculture :i*1 view$ 9 ! light ( our mod]n k1 is little %ort ( m>vel\s4 ,! *ief inspiration ( 8 sy/em came f a visit paid to s\? ( ,france1 :]e he obs]v$ ne> ,frontignan & ,setts1 ,langu$oc t ! v9ey>ds 7 c>efully pl[$ & till$ 9 ord] to produce ! l>ge/ crops ( ! be/ grapes4 ,^u ! basis ( ?is obs]vation he in/itut$ exp]im5ts ^u 8 own f>m & f9ally develop$ 8 sy/em1 :i* may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! am\nt ( se$ to be us$ %\ld be proportional to ! condition ( ! l&1 especially to ! moi/ure t is 9 x4 ,to make ! g]m9ation c]ta91 ! se$ %\ld be s[n by drill me?ods4 ,tull1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 0 ! inv5tor ( ! se$ drill :i* is n[ a feature ( all mod]n agriculture4 ,pl[+ %\ld be done deeply & frequ5tly2 two pl[+s = "o crop w\ld d no injury & frequ5tly w\ld result 9 an increas$ yield4 ,f9ally1 z ! mo/ important pr9ciple ( ! sy/em1 ! soil %\ld be cultivat$ cont9ually1 ! argum5t be+ t by cont9u\s cultivation ! f]tility ( ! soil w\ld be increas$1 ! wat] w\ld be cons]v$1 & z ! soil became m f]tile less wat] w\ld be us$4 ,to accompli% su* cultivation1 all crops %\ld be plac$ 9 r[s r f> ap>t1 s f> inde$ t a horse c>ry+ a cultivator c\ld walk betwe5 !m4 ,! horse-hoe+ idea ( ! sy/em became fundam5tal & gave ! "n to 8 fam\s book1 ,! ,horse ,hoe+ ,husb&ry1 by ,je?ro ,tull1 publi%$ 9 p>ts f #agca to #agda4 ,tull held t ! soil betwe5 ! r[s 0 ess5tially be+ fall[$ & t ! next ye> ! se$ c\ld be plant$ betwe5 ! r[s ( ! prec$+ ye> & 9 t way ! f]tility c\ld be ma9ta9$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,if ?is me?od 7 n foll[$1 half ( ! soil c\ld lie fall[ e o!r ye> & be subject$ to cont9u\s cultivation4 ,we$s consume wat] & f]tility &1 !re=e1 fall[+ & all ! culture mu/ be p]fectly clean4 ,to ma9ta9 f]tility a rotation ( crops %\ld be practic$4 ,:eat %\ld be ! ma9 gra9 crop2 turnips ! root crop2 & alfalfa a v desirable crop4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ^! tea*+s are s\nd & 9 h>mony ) ! be/ k ( to-day & t !y are ! v practices :i* are n[ be+ advocat$ 9 all dry-f>m sections4 ,?is is d\bly curi\s because ,tull liv$ 9 a humid c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 x may be m5tion$ t 8 f>m consi/$ ( a v poor *alk soil1 s t ! conditions "u :i* he labor$ 7 m ne>ly ^? ( an arid c\ntry ?an c\ld ord9>ily be f\nd 9 a c\ntry ( abundant ra9fall4 ,:ile ! practices ( ,je?ro ,tull 7 9 !mselves v good & 9 g5]al c be adopt$ to-day1 yet 8 int]pretation ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 0 wrong4 ,9 view ( ! limit$ k ( 8 day1 ?is 0 only to be expect$4 ,= in/ance1 he believ$ s ?or\ghly 9 ! value ( cultivation ( ! soil1 t he ?\ght x w\ld take ! place ( all o!r me?ods ( ma9ta9+ soil-f]tility4 ,9 fact1 he decl>$ di/9ctly t tillage is manure1 :i* we are v c]ta9 at ?is "t is fallaci\s4 ,je?ro ,tull is "o ( ! great inve/igators ( ! _w4 ,9 recognition ( ! fact t1 ?\gh liv+ two hundr$ ye>s ago 9 a humid c\ntry1 he 0 able to develop ! fundam5tal practices ( soil culture n[ us$ 9 dry-f>m+1 ! honor has be5 done 8 memory ( plac+ 8 portrait z ! frontispiece ( ?is volume4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,dry-,,f>m+ ,,9 ,a ,,nut%ell ,locate ! dry-f>m 9 a section ) an annual precipitation ( m ?an t5 in*es &1 if possible1 ) small w9d movem5t4 ,"o man ) f\r horses & pl5ty ( ma*9]y _c h&le m ?an f #afj to #bjj acres4 ,f>m few] acres & f>m !m bett]4 ,select a clay loam soil4 ,o!r soils may be equally productive1 b are cultivat$ prop]ly ) some:at m difficulty4 ,make sure1 ) ! help ( ! soil aug]1 t ! soil is ( uni=m /ructure to a dep? ( at lea/ eight feet4 ,if /reaks ( loose gravel or lay]s ( h>dpan are ne> ! surface1 wat] may be lo/ to ! plant roots4 ,aft] ! l& has be5 cle>$ & brok5 let x lie fall[ ) clean cultivation1 = "o ye>4 ,! increase 9 ! fir/ & lat] crops w pay = ! wait+4 ,always pl[ ! l& e>ly 9 ! fall1 unless abundant exp]i5ce %[s t fall pl[+ is an unwise practice 9 ! locality4 ,always pl[ deeply unless ! subsoil is inf]tile1 9 :i* case pl[ a little deep] ea* ye> until eight or t5 in*es are rea*$ ,pl[ at lea/ once = ea* crop4 ,spr+ pl[+2 if practic$1 %\ld be done z e>ly z possible 9 ! season4 ,foll[ ! pl[1 :e!r 9 ! fall or spr+1 ) ! disk & t ) ! smoo?+ h>r[1 if crops are to be s[n soon aft]w>d4 ,if ! l& pl[$ 9 ! fall is to lie fall[ = ! w9t]1 leave x 9 ! r\gh condition1 except 9 localities :]e !re is little or no sn[ & ! w9t] temp]ature is high4 ,always disk ! l& 9 e>ly spr+1 to prev5t evaporation4 ,foll[ ! disk ) ! h>r[4 ,h>r[1 or 9 "s o!r way /ir ! surface ( ! soil aft] e ra94 ,if crops are on ! l&1 h>r[ z long z ! plants w /& x4 ,if ho$ crops1 l corn or potatoes1 are gr[n1 use ! cultivator ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,a deep mul* or dry soil %\ld cov] ! l& z f> z possible ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,imm$iately aft] h>ve/ disk ! soil ?or\ghly4 ,de/roy we$s z soon z !y %[ !mselves4 ,a we$y dry-f>m is doom$ to failure4 ,give ! l& an occasional re/1 t is1 a clean summ] fall[4 ,"u a ra9fall ( less ?an fifte5 in*es1 ! l& %\ld be summ] fall[$ e o!r ye>2 "u an annual ra9fall ( fifte5 to tw5ty in*es1 ! summ] fall[ %\ld occur e ?ird or f\r? ye>4 ,:]e ! ra9fall comes *iefly 9 ! summ]1 ! summ] fall[ is less important 9 ord9>y ye>s ?an :]e ! summ]s are dry & ! w9t]s wet4 ,only an absolutely clean fall[ %\ld be p]mitt$4 ,! f]tility ( dry-f>m soils mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,return ! manure2 pl[ "u gre5 legum9\s crops occasionally & practice rotation4 ,on f]tile soils plants mature ) ! lea/ wat]4 ,s[ only by ! drill me?od4 ,:]ev] possible use fall v>ieties ( crops4 ,plant deeply--?ree or f\r in*es = gra94 ,plant e>ly 9 ! fall1 especially if ! l& has be5 summ] fall[$4 ,use only ab\t "o half z mu* se$ z is recomm5d$ = humid-f>m+4 ,all ! ord9>y crops may be gr[n by dry-f>m+4 ,secure se$ t has be5 rais$ on dry-f>ms4 ,look out = new v>ieties1 especially adapt$ = dry-f>m+1 t may be br\ght 94 ,:eat is k+ 9 dry-f>m+2 corn a close second4 ,turkey :eat promises ! be/4 ,/ock ! dry-f>m ) ! be/ mod]n ma*9]y4 ,dry-f>m+ is possible only because ( ! mod]n pl[1 ! disk1 ! drill se$]1 ! h>ve/]1 ! head]1 & ! ?re%]4 ,make a home on ! dry-f>m4 ,/ore ! flood wat]s 9 a res]voir2 or pump ! und]gr\nd wat]s1 = irrigat+ ! family g>d54 ,set out trees1 plant fl[]s1 & keep "s live /ock4 ,le>n to und]/& ! reasons back ( ! pr9ciples ( dry-f>m+1 apply ! k vigor\sly1 & ! crop _c fail4 ,always f>m z if a ye> ( dr\? 7 com+4 ,man1 by 8 intellig5ce1 compels ! laws ( nature to d 8 bidd+1 & ?us he a*ieves joy4 ,& ,god bless$ !m--& ,god said unto !m1 ,be fruitful & multiply & repl5i% ! e>?1 & subdue x4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,ye> ,,( ,,dr\? ,! ,%ad[ ( ! ,ye> ( ,dr\? /ill obscures ! hope ( _m a dry-f>m]4 ,f ! magaz9e page & ! public plat=m ! prophet ( evil1 ?9k+ himself a fri5d ( humanity1 solemnly w>ns aga9/ ! arid region & dry-f>m+1 = ! ye> ( dr\?1 he says1 is sure to come aga9 & !n w be repeat$ ! disa/]s ( #ahic-ahie4 ,bew>e ( ! ye> ( dr\?4 ,ev5 successful dry-f>m]s :o h obta9$ good crops e ye> = a g5]ation or m are half l$ to expect a dry ye> or "o s dry t crops w fail 9 spite ( all human ef=t4 ,! "q is cont9ually ask$1 ,c crop yields reasonably be expect$ e ye>1 ?r\gh a succession ( dry ye>s1 "u semi>id conditions1 if ! be/ me?ods ( dry-f>m+ be practic$8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 x may be said at ! v beg9n+1 t :5 ! ye> ( dr\? is m5tion$ 9 connection ) dry-f>m+1 sad ref]5ce is always made to ! exp]i5ce on ! ,great ,pla9s 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! '#ij's4 ,n[ ! fact ( ! matt] is1 t :ile ! ye>s ( #ahic1ahid1 & #ahie 7 dry ye>s1 ! only complete failure came 9 #ahid4 ,9 spite ( ! improp] me?ods practic$ by ! settl]s1 ! will+ soil fail$ to yield a crop only "o ye>4 ,moreov]1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t hundr$s ( f>m]s 9 ! drie/ section dur+ ?is dry p]iod1 :o in/9ctively or o!rwise f>m$ m ne>ly "r1 obta9$ good crops ev5 9 #ahid4 ,! simple practice ( summ] fall[+1 _h x be5 practic$ ! ye> be=e1 w\ld h insur$ satisfactory crops 9 ! drie/ ye>4 ,fur!r1 ! settl]s :o did n take to _! heels ^u ! arrival ( ! dry ye> are /ill liv+ 9 l>ge numb]s on _! home/eads & 9 num]\s in/ances h accumulat$ com=table =tunes f ! l& :i* has be5 held up s long z a w>n+ aga9/ settlem5t beyond a humid climate4 ,! failure ( #ahid 0 due z mu* to a lack ( prop] agricultural in=mation & practice z to ! occurr5ce ( a dry ye>4 ,next1 ! /atem5t is c>elessly made t ! rec5t success 9 dry-f>m+ is due to ! fact t we are n[ liv+ 9 a cycle ( wet ye>s1 b t z soon z ! cycle ( dry ye>s /rikes ! c\ntry dry-f>m+ w vani% z a dismal failure4 ,!n1 aga91 ! !ory is propos$ t ! climate is p]man5tly *ang+ t[>d wetness or dryness & ! pa/ has no mean+ 9 read+ ! riddle ( ! future4 ,x is d\btless true t no man may safely pr$ict ! wea!r = future g5]ations2 yet1 s f> z human k goes1 !re is no p]ceptible av]age *ange 9 ! climate f p]iod to p]iod )9 hi/orical "t2 nei!r are !re protract$ dry p]iods foll[$ by protract$ wet p]iods4 ,! fact is1 dry & wet ye>s alt]nate4 ,a succession ( some:at wet ye>s may alt]nate ) a succession ( some:at dry ye>s1 b ! av]age precipitation f decade to decade is v ne>ly ! same4 ,true1 !re w always be a dry ye>1 t is1 ! drie/ ye> ( a s]ies ( ye>s1 & ?is is ! suppos$ly fe>ful & fateful ye> ( dr\?4 ,! bus9ess ( ! dry-f>m] is always to f>m s z to be prep>$ = ?is drie/ ye> :5ev] x comes4 ,if ?is be done1 ! f>m] w always h a crop3 9 ! wet ye>s 8 crop w be l>ge2 9 ! drie/ ye> x w be suffici5t to su/a9 him4 ,s p]si/5t is ! half-express$ fe> t ?is drie/ ye> makes x impossible to rely ^u dry-f>m+ z a p]man5t sy/em ( agriculture t a se>* has be5 made = reliable long records ( ! production ( crops 9 arid & semi>id regions4 ,public /atem5ts h be5 made by _m p]fectly reliable m5 to ! effect t crops h be5 produc$ 9 div]se sections ov] long p]iods ( ye>s1 "s z long z ?irty-five or =ty ye>'s1 )\t "o failure hav+ occurr$4 ,mo/ ( ^! /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 h be5 g5]al 9 _! nature & n accompani$ by ! exact yields f ye> to ye>4 ,only ?ree satisfactory records h be5 f\nd 9 a some:at c>eful se>*4 ,o!rs no d\bt exi/4 ,! fir/ record 0 made by ,s5ator ,j4 ,g4 ,m4 ,b>nes ( ,kaysville1 ,utah4 ,kaysville is locat$ 9 ! ,great ,salt ,lake ,valley1 ab\t fifte5 miles nor? ( ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,! climate is semi>id2 ! precipitation comes ma9ly 9 ! w9t] & e>ly spr+2 ! summ]s are dry1 & ! evaporation is l>ge4 ,s5ator ,b>nes pur*as$ n9ety acres ( l& 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhg & _h x f>m$ "u 8 own sup]vision until #aijf4 ,he is engag$ 9 comm]cial ent]prises & did n1 himself1 d any ( ! "w on ! f>m1 b employ$ m5 to d ! necess>y labor4 ,h[ev]1 he kept a close sup]vision ( ! f>m & decid$ ^u ! practices :i* %\ld be foll[$4 ,f sev5ty-eight to eighty-n9e acres 7 h>ve/$ = ea* crop1 ) ! exception ( #aijb1 :5 all b ab\t tw5ty acres 0 fir$ by sp>ks f ! pass+ railroad tra94 ,! pl[+1 h>r[+1 & we$+ 7 done v c>efully4 ,! complete record ( ! ,b>nes dry-f>m f #ahhg to #aije is %[n 9 ! table on ! foll[+ page4 ,record ( ! ,b>nes ,dry-f>m1 ,salt ,lake ,valley1 ,utah 7#ij acres7 ,ye> ,annual ,yield ,:5 ,:5 ,ra9fall p] ,acre ,pl[$ ,s[n 7,in*es7 7,bu47 #ahhg #aa4ff --- ,may ,sept4 #ahhh #ac4fb ,failure ,may ,sept4 #ahhi #ah4df #bb4e --- ,volunte] #ahij #aj4ch #ae4e --- --- #ahia #ae4ib ,fall[ ,may ,fall #ahib #ad4jh #ai4c --- --- #ahic #ag4ce ,fall[ ,may ,fall #ahid #ae4bg #bf4j --- --- #ahie #aa4ie ,fall[ ,may ,aug4 #ahif #ah4db #bb4j --- --- #ahig #af4gd ,fall[ ,spr+ ,fall #ahih #af4ji #bf4j --- --- #ahii #ag4eg ,fall[ ,may ,fall #aijj #aa4ec #bc4e --- --- #aija #af4jh ,fall[ ,spr+ ,fall #aijb #aa4da #bh4i ,sept4 ,fall #aijc #ad4fb #ab4e --- --- #aijd #af4ca ,fall[ ,spr+ ,fall #aije #ad4bc #be4h --- --- ,ab\t f\r acres 7 s[n on /ubble4 ,! fir/ pl[+ 0 giv5 ! f>m 9 ,may ( #ahhg1 &1 ) ! exception ( #aijb1 ! l& 0 inv>iably pl[$ 9 ! spr+4 ,) fall pl[+ ! yields w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 bett]4 ,! fir/ s[+ 0 made 9 ! fall ( #ahhg1 & fall gra9 0 gr[n dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( obs]vation4 ,! se$ s[n 9 ! fall ( #ahhg came up well1 b 0 w9t]-kill$4 ,?is is ascrib$ by ,s5ator ,b>nes to ! v dry w9t]1 ?\gh x is probable t ! soil 0 n suffici5tly well /or$ ) moi/ure to c>ry ! crop ?r\gh4 ,! f>m 0 pl[$ aga9 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhh1 & ano!r crop s[n 9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye>4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahhi1 #bb-a_/b bu%els ( :eat 7 h>ve/$ to ! acre4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is good crop ,mr4 ,b>nes all[$ a volunte] crop to gr[ t fall & ! next summ] h>ve/$ z a result #ae-a_/b bu%els ( :eat to ! acre4 ,! table %[s t only "o crop small] ?an ?is 0 h>ve/$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( n9ete5 ye>s1 namely1 9 #aijc1 :5 ! same ?+ 0 done1 & "o crop 0 made to foll[ ano!r )\t an int]v5+ fall[ p]iod4 ,?is obs]vation is an evid5ce 9 favor ( clean summ] fall[+4 ,! l>ge/ crop obta9$1 #bh4i bu%els p] acre 9 #aijb1 0 ga!r$ 9 a ye> :5 ! next to ! l[e/ ra9fall ( ! :ole p]iod occurr$1 namely1 #aa4da in*es4 ,! precipitation v>i$ dur+ ! n9ete5 ye>s f #aj4cc in*es to #ah4df in*es4 ,! v>iation 9 yield p] acre 0 consid]ably less ?an ?is1 n c\nt+ ! two crops t 7 gr[n imm$iately aft] ano!r crop4 ,all 9 all1 ! unique record ( ! ,b>nes dry-f>m %[s t ?r\gh a p]iod ( n9ete5 ye>s1 includ+ dry & comp>atively wet ye>s1 !re 0 absolutely no sign ( failure1 except 9 ! fir/ ye>1 :5 probably ! soil _h n be5 put 9 prop] condition to support crops4 ,9 pass+ x maybe m5tion$ t1 accord+ to ! records furni%$ by ,s5ator ,b>nes1 ! total co/ ( op]at+ ! f>m dur+ ! n9ete5 ye>s 0 #dhhg4fi2 ! total income 0 #aj1add4hc4 ,! diff]5ce1 #ebeg4ad1 is a v fair pr(it on ! inve/m5t ( #ahjj--! orig9al co/ ( ! f>m4 ,! ,indian ,head f>m ,an equally in/ructive record is furni%$ by ! exp]im5tal f>m locat$ at ,indian ,head 9 ,saskat*ewan1 ,canada1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,great ,pla9s area4 ,accord+ to ,alway1 ! c\ntry is 9 appe>ance v mu* l we/]n ,nebraska & ,kansas2 ! climate is di/9ctly arid1 & ! precipitation comes ma9ly 9 ! spr+ & summ]4 ,x is ! only exp]im5tal dry-f>m 9 ! ,great ,pla9s area ) records t g back be=e ! dry ye>s ( ! e>ly '#ij's4 ,9 #ahhb ! soil ( ?is f>m 0 brok51 & x 0 f>m$ cont9u\sly until #ahhh1 :5 x 0 made an exp]im5tal f>m "u gov]nm5t sup]vision4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! yields obta9$ f ! ye> #ahia1 :5 ! precipitation records 7 fir/ kept1 to #aiji3-- ,,record ,,( ,,indian ,,head ,,exp]im5tal ,,f>m ,,& ,,mo!rwell',s ,,f>m1 ,,saskat*ewan1 ,,canada ,ye> ,annual ,bu%els ( ,:eat ,bu%els ( ,:eat ,bu%els ( ,:eat ,ra9fall p] ,acre p] ,acre p] ,acre 7,in*es7 ,exp]im5tal ,exp]im5tal ,mo!rwell's ,f>m ,f>m--,fall[ ,f>m--,/ubble #ahia #ad4jc #ce #cb #cj #ahib #f4ib #bh #ba #bh #ahic #aj4aa #ce #bb #cd #ahid #c4ij #ag #i #bd #ahie #ab4bh #da #bb #bf #ahif #aj4ei #ci #bi #ca #ahig #ad4fb #cc #bf #ce #ahih #ah4jc #cb --- #bg #ahii #i4dd #cc --- #cc #aijj #aa4gd #ag #e #be #aija #bj4bb #di #ch #ea #aijb #aj4gc #ch #bb #bh #aijc #ae4ee #ce #ae #ca #aijd #aa4if #dj #bi #ce #aije #ai4ag #db #ah #cf #aijf #ac4ba #bf #ac #ch #aijg #ae4jc #ah #ah #ae #aijh #ac4ag #bi #ad #af #aiji #ac4if #bh #ae #bc ,sn[fall n includ$4 ,?is has v>i$ f #b4c to #a4c in*es ( wat]4 ,! annual ra9fall %[n 9 ! second column does n include ! wat] :i* fell 9 ! =m ( sn[4 ,accord+ to ! records at h&1 ! annual sn[ fall v>i$ f #b4c to #a4c in*es ( wat]1 :i* %\ld be add$ to ! ra9fall giv5 9 ! table4 ,ev5 ) ?is addition ! ra9fall %[s ! di/rict to be ( a di/9ctly semi>id "*4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! precipitation v>i$ f #c4i to #bj4bb in*es1 & t dur+ ! e>ly '#ij's sev]al r dry ye>s occurr$4 ,9 spite ( ?is l>ge v>iation good crops h be5 obta9$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( n9ete5 ye>s4 ,n "o failure is record$4 ,! l[e/ yield ( #ag bu%els p] acre came dur+ ! v dry ye> ( #ahid & dur+ ! some:at dry ye> ( #aijj4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ yields 7 obta9$ 9 seasons :5 ! ra9fall 0 only ne> ! av]age4 ,z a record %[+ t ! ye> ( dr\? ne$ n be fe>$ :5 dry-f>m+ is done "r1 ?is table is ( v high int]e/4 ,x may be not$1 incid5tally1 t ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod :eat foll[+ a fall[ always yield$ high] ?an :eat foll[+ ! /ubble4 ,= ! n9ete5 ye>s1 ! diff]5ce 0 z #cb4d bu%els is to #bj4e bu%els4 ,! ,"m well f>m ,9 ! la/ column ( ! table are %[n ! annual yields ( :eat obta9$ on ! f>m ( ,commission] ,mo!rwell ( ! prov9ce ( ,saskat*ewan4 ,?is private f>m is locat$ "s tw5ty-five miles away f ,indian ,head1 & ! ra9fall records ( ! exp]im5tal f>m are1 !re=e1 only approximately accurate = ! ,mo!rwell f>m4 ,! results on ?is f>m may well be comp>$ to ! ,b>nes results ( ,utah1 s9ce !y 7 obta9$ on a private f>m4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( n9ete5 ye>s good crops 7 inv>iably obta9$2 ev5 dur+ ! v dry ye> ( #ahid1 a yield ( tw5ty-f\r bu%els ( :eat to ! acre 0 obta9$4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! l[e/ yields ( fifte5 & sixte5 bu%els to ! acre 7 obta9$ 9 #aijg & #aijh :5 ! precipitation 0 fairly good1 & mu/ be ascrib$ to "s o!r factor ?an t ( precipitation4 ,! record ( ?is f>m %[s conclusively t ) prop] f>m+ !re is no ne$ to fe> ! ye> ( dr\?4 ,! ,utah dr\? ( #aiaj ,dur+ ! ye> ( #aiaj only #b4g in*es ( ra9 fell 9 ,salt ,lake ,city f ,m>* #a to ! ,july h>ve/1 & all ( ?is 9 ,m>*1 z aga9/ #g4ah in*es dur+ ! same p]iod ! prec$+ ye>4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! /ate mu* less ra9 fell2 9 fact1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate ! la/ ra9 fell dur+ ! la/ week ( ,decemb]1 #aiji4 ,! dr\? rema9$ unbrok5 until long aft] ! :eat h>ve/s4 ,great fe> 0 express$ t ! dry-f>ms c\ld n survive s protract$ a p]iod ( dr\?4 ,ag5ts1 s5t out ov] ! v>i\s dry-f>m di/ricts1 report$ late 9 ,june t :]ev] clean summ] fall[+ _h be5 practic$ ! crops 7 9 excell5t condition2 b t :]ev] c>eless me?ods _h be5 practic$1 ! crops 7 poor or kill$4 ,! reports ( ! h>ve/ 9 ,july ( #aiaj %[$ t fully #he p] c5t ( an av]age crop 0 obta9$ 9 spite ( ! protract$ dr\? :]ev] ! soil came into ! spr+ well /or$ ) moi/ure1 & 9 _m in/ances full crops 7 obta9$4 ,ov] ! :ole ( ! dry-f>m t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates simil> conditions ( dr\? occurr$4 ,aft] ! h>ve/1 h[ev]1 e /ate report$ t ! crops 7 well up to ! av]age :]ev] correct me?ods ( culture _h be5 employ$4 ,^! well-au!nticat$ records f true semi-arid di/ricts1 cov]+ ! two *ief types ( w9t] & summ] precipitation1 prove t ! ye> ( dr\?1 or ! drie/ ye> 9 a tw5ty-ye> p]iod1 does n di/urb agricultural conditions s]i\sly 9 localities :]e ! av]age annual precipitation is n too l[1 & :]e prop] cultural me?ods arc foll[$4 ,t dry-f>m+ is a sy/em ( agricultural practice :i* requires ! application ( high skill & intellig5ce is admitt$2 t x is prec>i\s is d5i$4 ,! ye> ( dr\? is ord9>ily ! ye> 9 :i* ! man fail$ to d prop]ly 8 %>e ( ! "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,pres5t ,,/atus ,,( ,,dry-,,f>m+ ,x is difficult to obta9 a correct view ( ! pres5t /atus ( dry-f>m+1 fir/1 because dry-f>m surveys are only beg9n+ to be made &1 secondly1 because ! area "u dry-f>m cultivation is increas+ daily by leaps & b\nds4 ,all arid & semi>id p>ts ( ! _w are rea*+ out aft] me?ods ( soil culture :]eby pr(itable crops may be produc$ )\t irrigation1 & ! practice ( dry-f>m+1 accord+ to mod]n me?ods1 is n[ foll[$ 9 _m div]se c\ntries4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates und\bt$ly leads at pres5t 9 ! area actually "u dry-f>m+1 b1 9 view ( ! imm5se dry-f>m di/ricts 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 x is d\btful if ! ,unit$ ,/ates w always ma9ta9 its supremacy 9 dry-f>m acreage4 ,! lead]%ip 9 ! developm5t ( a sci5ce ( dry-f>m+ w probably rema9 ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ye>s1 s9ce ! num]\s exp]im5t /ations e/abli%$ = ! /udy ( ! problems ( f>m+ )\t irrigation h _! "w well "u way1 :ile1 ) ! exception ( "o or two /ations 9 ,russia & ,canada1 no o!r c\ntries h exp]im5t /ations = ! /udy ( dry-f>m+ 9 full op]ation4 ,! reports ( ! ,dry-f>m+ ,congress furni% practically ! only g5]al in=mation z to ! /atus ( dry-f>m+ 9 ! /ates & t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ! c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,cali=nia ,9 ! /ate ( ,cali=nia dry-f>m+ has be5 firmly e/abli%$ = m ?an a g5]ation4 ,! *ief crop ( ! ,cali=nia dry-f>ms is :eat1 ?\gh ! o!r gra9s1 root crops1 & vegetables are also gr[n )\t irrigation "u a comp>atively small ra9fall4 ,! *ief dry-f>m areas are f\nd 9 ! ,sacram5to & ! ,san ,joaqu9 valleys4 ,9 ! ,sacram5to ,valley ! precipitation is fairly l>ge1 b 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley x is v small4 ,"s ( ! mo/ successful dry-f>ms ( ,cali=nia h produc$ well = a long succession ( ye>s "u a ra9fall ( t5 in*es & less4 ,cali=nia (f]s a spl5did example ( ! great dang] t besets all dry-f>m sections4 ,= a g5]ation :eat has be5 produc$ on ! f]tile ,cali=nian soils )\t manur+ ( any k9d4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! f]tility ( ! soils has be5 s f> deplet$ t at pres5t x is difficult to obta9 pay+ crops )\t irrigation on soils t =m]ly yield$ b\ntifully4 ,! liv+ problem ( ! dry-f>ms 9 ,cali=nia is ! re/oration ( ! f]tility :i* has be5 remov$ f ! soils by unwise cropp+4 ,all o!r dry-f>m di/ricts %\ld take to he>t ?is lesson1 =1 ?\gh crops may be produc$ on f]tile soils = "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree g5]ations )\t manur+1 yet ! "t w come :5 plant-food mu/ be add$ to ! soil 9 return = t :i* has be5 remov$ by ! crops4 ,mean:ile1 ,cali=nia (f]s1 also1 an excell5t example ( ! possibility ( successful dry-f>m+ ?r\gh long p]iods & "u v>y+ climatic conditions4 ,9 ! ,gold5 ,/ate dry-f>m+ is a fully e/abli%$ practice2 x has long s9ce pass$ ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,columbia ,riv] ,bas9 ,! ,columbia ,riv] ,bas9 includes ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton1 mo/ ( ,oregon1 ! nor!rn & c5tral "p ( ,idaho1 we/]n ,montana1 & ext5ds into ,briti% ,columbia4 ,x includes ! section (t5 call$ ! ,inl& ,empire1 :i* alone cov]s "s "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,! *ief dry-f>m crop ( ?is region is :eat2 9 fact1 we/]n ,wa%+ton or ! ,pal\se c\ntry is fam\s = its :eat-produc+ p[]s4 ,! o!r gra9s1 potatoes1 roots1 & vegetables are also gr[n )\t irrigation4 ,9 ! p>ts ( ?is dry-f>m di/rict :]e ! ra9fall is ! highe/1 fruits ( _m k9ds & ( a high quality are gr[n )\t irrigation4 ,x is e/imat$ t at lea/ two million acres are be+ dry-f>m$ 9 ?is di/rict4 ,dry-f>m+ is fully e/abli%$ 9 ! ,columbia ,riv] ,bas94 ,"o f>m] is report$ to h rais$ 9 "o ye> on 8 own f>m two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& bu%els ( :eat4 ,9 "o section ( ! di/rict :]e ! ra9fall = ! la/ few ye>s has be5 only ab\t t5 or elev5 in*es1 :eat has be5 produc$ successfully4 ,?is corroborates ! exp]i5ce ( ,cali=nia1 t :eat may really be gr[n 9 localities :]e ! annual ra9fall is n above t5 in*es4 ,! mo/ mod]n me?ods ( dry-f>m+ are foll[$ by ! f>m]s ( ! ,columbia ,riv] ,bas91 b little att5tion has be5 giv5 to soil-f]tility1 s9ce soils t h be5 f>m$ = a g5]ation /ill appe> to reta9 _! high productive p[]s4 ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev]1 9 ?is di/rict1 z 9 ,cali=nia1 ! "q ( soil-f]tility w be an important "o 9 ! ne> future4 ,?is is "o ( ! great dry-f>m di/ricts ( ! _w4 ,! ,great ,bas9 ,! ,great ,bas9 includes ,nevada1 ! we/]n half ( ,utah1 a small "p ( s\!rn ,oregon & ,idaho1 & also a "p ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is a great int]ior bas9 ) all its riv]s dra9+ into salt lakes or dry s9ks4 ,9 rec5t geological times ! ,great ,bas9 0 fill$ ) wat]1 =m+ ! great ,lake ,bonneville :i* dra9$ into ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,9 fact1 ! ,great ,bas9 is made up ( a s]ies ( great valleys1 ) v level floors1 repres5t+ ! old lake bottom4 ,on ! b5* l&s are se51 9 _m places1 ! effects ( ! wave action ( ! anci5t lake4 ,! *ief dry-f>m crop ( ?is di/rict is :eat1 b ! o!r gra9s1 includ+ corn1 are also produc$ successfully4 ,o!r crops h be5 tri$ ) fair success1 b n on a comm]cial scale4 ,grapev9es h be5 made to gr[ q successfully )\t irrigation on ! b5* l&s4 ,sev]al small or*>ds be>+ lusci\s fruit are gr[+ on ! deep soils ( ! ,great ,bas9 )\t ! artificial application ( wat]4 ,?\gh ! fir/ dry-f>m+ by mod]n peoples 0 probably practic$ 9 ! ,great ,bas91 yet ! area at pres5t "u cultivation is n l>ge1 possibly a little m ?an f\r hundr$ ?\s& acres4 ,dry-f>m+1 h[ev]1 is well e/abli%$4 ,!re are l>ge areas1 especially 9 ,nevada1 t receive less ?an t5 in*es ( ra9fall annually1 & "o ( ! lead+ problems be=e ! dry-f>m]s ( ?is di/rict is ! det]m9ation ( ! possibility ( produc+ crops ^u su* l&s )\t irrigation4 ,on ! old] dry-f>ms1 :i* h exi/$ 9 "s cases f =ty to fifty ye>s1 !re are no signs ( dim9ution ( soil-f]tility4 ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev]1 ev5 "u ! conditions ( extremely high f]tility prevail+ 9 ! ,great ,bas91 ! "t w soon come :5 ! dry-f>m] mu/ make provision = re/or+ to ! soil "s ( ! f]tility tak5 away by crops4 ,!re are millions ( acres 9 ! ,great ,bas9 yet to be tak5 up & subject$ to ! w ( ! dry-f>m]4 ,colorado & ,rio ,gr&e ,riv] ,bas9s ,! ,colorado & ,rio ,gr&e ,riv] ,bas9s include ,arizona & ! we/]n "p ( ,new ,mexico4 ,! *ief dry-f>m crops ( ?is dry di/rict are :eat1 corn1 & beans4 ,o!r crops h also be5 gr[n 9 small quantities & ) "s success4 ,! area suitable = dry-f>m+ 9 ?is di/rict has n yet be5 fully det]m9$ &1 !re=e1 ! ,arizona & ,new ,mexico /ations are und]tak+ dry-f>m surveys ( _! respective /ates4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ,arizona is g5]ally look$ ^u z "o ( ! drie/ /ates ( ! ,union1 dry-f>m+ is mak+ consid]able headway !re4 ,9 ,new ,mexico1 five six?s ( all ! home/ead applications dur+ ! la/ ye> 7 = dry-f>m l&s2 &1 9 fact1 !re are sev]al prosp]\s communities 9 ,new ,mexico :i* are subsi/+ almo/ :olly on dry-f>m+4 ,x is only fair to say1 h[ev]1 t dry-f>m+ is n yet well e/abli%$ 9 ?is di/rict1 b t ! prospects are t ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples w soon make x possible to produce pr(itable crops )\t irrigation 9 l>ge p>ts ( ! ,colorado & ,rio ,gr&e ,riv] ,bas9s4 ,! m\nta9 /ates ,?is di/rict includes a "p ( ,montana1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ,wyom+ & ,colorado1 & "p ( ea/]n ,idaho4 ,x is locat$ along ! backbone ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! f>ms are locat$ *iefly 9 valleys & on l>ge roll+ table-l&s4 ,! *ief dry-f>m crop is :eat1 ?\gh ! o!r crops :i* are gr[n else:]e on dry-f>ms may be gr[n "h also4 ,9 ,montana !re is a v l>ge area ( l& :i* has be5 demon/rat$ to be well adapt$ = dry-f>m purposes4 ,9 ,wyom+1 especially on ! ea/]n z well z on ! f> we/]n side1 dry-f>m+ has be5 %[n to be successful1 b ! area cov]$ at ! pres5t "t is comp>atively small4 ,9 ,idaho1 dry-f>m+ is fairly well e/abli%$4 ,9 ,colorado1 likewise1 ! practice is v well e/abli%$ & ! area is tol]ably l>ge4 ,all 9 all1 ?r\gh\t ! m\nta9 /ates dry-f>m+ may be said to be well e/abli%$1 ?\gh !re is a great opportunity = ! ext5sion ( ! practice4 ,! sp>se population ( ! we/]n /ates naturally makes x impossible = m ?an a small fraction ( ! l& to be prop]ly cultivat$4 ,! ,great ,pla9s ,area ,?is area includes p>ts ( ,montana1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,wyom+1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,oklahoma1 & ,texas4 ,x is ! l>ge/ area ( dry-f>m l& "u approximately uni=m conditions4 ,its dra9age is into ! ,mississippi1 & x cov]s an area ( n less ?an f\r hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,dry-f>m crops gr[ well ov] ! :ole area2 9 fact1 dry-f>m+ is well e/abli%$ 9 ?is di/rict4 ,9 spite ( ! failures s widely adv]tis$ dur+ ! dry season ( #ahid1 ! f>m]s :o rema9$ on _! f>ms & s9ce t "t h employ$ mod]n me?ods h secur$ weal? f _! labors4 ,! important "q be=e ! f>m]s ( ?is di/rict is t ( me?ods = secur+ ! be/ results4 ,f ! ,dakotas to ,texas ! f>m]s be> ! te/imony t :]ev] ! soil has be5 treat$ "r1 accord+ to approv$ me?ods1 !re h be5 no crop failures4 ,canada ,dry-f>m+ has be5 pu%$ vigor\sly 9 ! semi>id portions ( ,canada1 & ) great success4 ,dry-f>m+ is n[ reclaim+ l>ge areas ( =m]ly wor?less l&1 especially 9 ,alb]ta1 ,saskat*ewan1 & ! adjo9+ prov9ces4 ,dry-f>m+ is comp>atively rec5t 9 ,canada1 yet "h & !re are semi>id localities :]e crops h be5 rais$ )\t irrigation = upw>ds ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,9 ,alb]ta & o!r places x has be5 n[ practic$ successfully = eight or t5 ye>s1 & x may be said t dry-f>m+ is a well-e/abli%$ practice 9 ! semi>id regions ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4 ,mexico ,9 ,mexico1 likewise1 dry-f>m+ has be5 tri$ & f\nd to be successful4 ,! natives ( ,mexico h practic$ f>m+ )\t irrigation = c5turies--& mod]n me?ods are n[ be+ appli$ 9 ! zone midway betwe5 ! extremely dry & ! extremely humid portions4 ,! irregul> di/ribution ( ! precipitation1 ! late spr+ & e>ly fall fro/s1 & ! fi]ce w9ds comb9e to make ! dry-f>m problem some:at difficult1 yet ! prospects are t1 ) gov]nm5t assi/ance1 dry-f>m+ 9 ! ne> future w become an e/abli%$ practice 9 ,mexico4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! be/ /ud5ts ( ,mexico x is ! only me?od ( agriculture t c be made to reclaim a v l>ge portion ( ! c\ntry4 ,brazil ,brazil1 :i* is great] 9 area ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 also has a l>ge arid & semi>id t]ritory :i* c be reclaim$ only by dry-f>m me?ods4 ,?r\gh ! activity ( lead+ citiz5s exp]im5ts 9 behalf ( ! dry-f>m movem5t h already be5 ord]$4 ,! dry-f>m di/rict ( ,brazil receives an annual precipitation ( ab\t tw5ty-five in*es1 b irregul>ly di/ribut$ & "u a tropical sun4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o are famili> ) ! conditions ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ may be s adapt$ z to make dry-f>m+ successful 9 ,brazil4 ,au/ralia ,au/ralia1 l>g] ?an ! cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates1 is vitally int]e/$ 9 dry-f>m+1 = "o ?ird ( its va/ area is "u a ra9fall ( less ?an t5 in*es1 & ano!r ?ird is "u a ra9fall ( betwe5 t5 & tw5ty in*es4 ,two ?irds ( ! area ( ,au/ralia1 if reclaim$ at all1 mu/ be reclaim$ by dry-f>m+4 ,! realization ( ?is condition has l$ sev]al ,au/ralians to visit ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! purpose ( le>n+ ! me?ods employ$ 9 dry-f>m+4 ,! reports on dry-f>m+ 9 ,am]ica by ,surveyor-,g5]al ,/rawbridge & ,s5ator ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,coll h done mu* to initiate a vigor\s propag&a 9 behalf ( dry-f>m+ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,inve/igation has %[n t occasional f>m]s are f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 z 9 ,am]ica1 :o h discov]$ = !mselves _m ( ! me?ods ( dry-f>m+ & h succe$$ 9 produc+ crops pr(itably4 ,und\bt$ly1 9 "t1 ,au/ralia w be "o ( ! great dry-f>m+ c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,africa ,up to ! pres5t1 ,s\? ,africa only has tak5 an active int]e/ 9 ! dry-f>m movem5t1 due to ! en?usia/ic labors ( ,dr4 ,william ,macdonald ( ! ,transvaal4 ,! ,transvaal has an av]age annual precipitation ( tw5ty-?ree in*es1 ) a l>ge di/rict t receives betwe5 ?irte5 & tw5ty in*es4 ,! ra9 comes 9 ! summ]1 mak+ ! conditions simil> to ^? ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,! success ( dry-f>m+ has already be5 practically demon/rat$4 ,! "q be=e ! ,transvaal f>m]s is ! det]m9ation ( ! be/ application ( wat] cons]v+ me?ods "u ! prevail+ conditions4 ,"u prop] lead]%ip ! ,transvaal & o!r portions ( ,africa w probably jo9 ! ranks ( ! l>g] dry-f>m+ c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,russia ,m ?an "o f\r? ( ! :ole ( ,russia is s dry z to be reclaimable only by dry-f>m+4 ,! arid area ( s\!rn ,european ,russia has a climate v mu* l t ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,turke/an & middle ,asiatic ,russia h a climate m l t ( ! ,great ,bas94 ,9 a great numb] ( localities 9 bo? ,european & ,asiatic ,russia dry-f>m+ has be5 practic$ = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! me?ods employ$ h n be5 ( ! mo/ ref9$ k9d1 due1 possibly1 to ! condition ( ! p con/itut+ ! f>m+ class4 ,! gov]nm5t is n[ becom+ int]e/$ 9 ! matt] & !re is no d\bt t dry-f>m+ w also be practic$ on a v l>ge scale 9 ,russia4 ,turkey ,turkey has also a l>ge area ( arid l& &1 due to ,am]ican assi/ance1 exp]im5ts 9 dry-f>m+ are be+ c>ri$ on 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is int]e/+ to le>n t ! exp]im5ts !re1 up to date1 h be5 em95tly successful & t ! prospects n[ are t mod]n dry-f>m+ w soon be conduct$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,pale/9e ,! :ole ( ,pale/9e is ess5tially arid & semi-arid & dry-f>m+ !re has be5 practic$ = c5turies4 ,) ! application ( mod]n me?ods x %\ld be m successful ?an ev] be=e4 ,dr4 ,a>onsohn /ates t ! orig9al wild :eat f :i* ! pres5t v>ieties ( :eat h desc5d$ has be5 discov]$ to be a native ( ,pale/9e4 ,*9a ,*9a is also int]e/$ 9 dry-f>m+4 ,! climate ( ! dri] portions ( ,*9a is mu* l t ( ! ,dakotas4 ,dry-f>m+ !re is ( high antiquity1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! me?ods are n ^? t h be5 develop$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! m mod]n me?ods dry-f>m+ %\ld spread ext5sively ?r\gh\t ,*9a & become a great s\rce ( pr(it to ! empire4 ,! results ( dry-f>m+ 9 ,*9a are among ! be/4 ,^! c\ntries h be5 m5tion$ simply because !y h be5 repres5t$ at ! rec5t ,dry-f>m+ ,congresses4 ,ne>ly all ( ! great c\ntries ( ! _w hav+ ext5sive semi>id areas are directly int]e/$ 9 dry-f>m+4 ,! map on pages #cj & #ca %[s t m ?an #ee p] c5t ( ! _w's surface receives an annual ra9fall ( less ?an tw5ty in*es4 ,dry-f>m+ is a _w problem & z su* is be+ receiv$ by ! nations4