,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong ,,by ,,franz ,,br5tano ,,engli% ,,translation ,,by ,,cecil ,,hague ,,=m]ly ,,lector ,,at ,,prague ,,univ]sity ,,) ,a ,,biographical ,,note ,,we/m9/] ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,co ,,ltd #b ,,:itehall ,,g>d5s #aijb ,,butl] ,,tann]1 ,,! ,,selwood ,,pr9t+ ,,works1 ,,frome1 ,,& ,,london4 ,! pres5t translation owes its orig9 to a desire on ! "p ( ! translator ( br++ to ! wid] notice ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 a "w :i* has prov$ b5eficial & /imulat+ to himself4 ,writt5 dur+ %ort int]vals ( leisure :ile /udy+ ) ,pr(essor ,anton ,m>ty ( ,prague ,univ]sity1 x has _h ! advantage ( 8 c>eful & con/ant sup]vision4 ,)\t 8 aid x w\ld sc>cely h se5 ! light4 ,! translator has especially to ?ank ,pr(essor ,s4 ,a4 ,alex&]1 ( ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]1 = 8 valuable help 9 ! g5]al revision & ! translation ( sev]al difficult passages4 ,x is n[1 alas1 too late to d m ?an record ! translator's debt to ! late ,pr(essor ,adamson1 ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 ^: revision & correction ( ?is essay 0 "o ( ! la/ s]vices r5d]$ to ! cause ( tru? by a life-long disciple4 ,we/ ,dulwi*1 #aijb4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,?is lecture1 :i* ,i n[ br+ be=e ! notice ( a l>g] public1 0 deliv]$ by me be=e ! ,vi5na ,law ,society on ,janu>y #bc1 #ahhi4 ,x !n bore ! title3 8,( ! ,natural ,sanction = ,law & ,morality40 ,?is title ,i h *ang$ 9 ord] to br+ its g5]al purport m cle>ly into prom95ce2 o!rwise ,i h made sc>cely any fur!r alt]ation4 ,num]\s notes h be5 add$1 & an already publi%$ essay3 8,miklosi* on ,subjectless ,propositions0 app5d$4 ,9 :at way x be>s ^u inquiries app>5tly s remote w be evid5t 9 ! sequel4 ,! occasion ( ! lecture 0 an invitation ext5d$ to me by ,b>on ,von ,hye1 ,presid5t ( ! ,society4 ,x 0 8 wi% t :at _h be5 said "h a few ye>s ago by ,ih]+1 z juri/1 9 8 address1 b] die ,ent/ehung des ,re*tsgefhls1 might 9 ! same ,society be illu/rat$ by me f ! philosophic po9t ( view4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to assume f ! incid5tal nature ( ! circum/ances to :i* x ow$ its fir/ appe>ance t ! ,essay 0 only a fugitive1 occasional /udy4 ,x embraces ! fruits ( _m ye>s' reflection4 ,! discussions x conta9s =m ! ripe/ product ( all t ,i h hi!rto publi%$4 ,^! ?\ghts =m a fragm5t ( a ,descriptive ,psy*ology1 :i*1 z ,i n[ v5ture to hope1 ,i may be enabl$ 9 ! ne> future to publi% 9 its complete =m4 ,9 its wide div]g5ce f all t has hi!rto be5 put =w>d1 & especially by reason ( its be+ an ess5tial /age 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( "s ( ! views advocat$ 9 my ,psy*ology f ! ,empirical ,/&po9t x w be suffici5tly evid5t t dur+ ! p]iod ( my long lit]>y retirem5t ,i h n be5 idle4 ,speciali/s 9 philosophy w f9d also 9 ?is lecture :at w be at once recogniz$ z new4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al read]1 ! rapidity ) :i* ,i pass f "o "q to ano!r might at fir/ completely conceal _m a sunk5 reef :i* requir$ to be circumnavigat$1 _m a precipice :i* _h to be avoid$4 ,surely ,i1 if any "o1 h reason1 ow+ to ! concis5ess ( /atem5t employ$1 to rememb] ! say+ ( ,leibnitz & pay little att5tion to refutation & mu* to demon/ration4 ,a glance at ! notes--:i*1 7 !y to d full ju/ice to ! subject1 w\ld ne$ to be multipli$ an hundr$fold--w give him a fur!r idea ( ^? bye-pa?s :i* h misl$ s _m1 & prev5t$ _! f9d+ an issue to ! labyr9?4 ,meantime ,i w\ld be well cont5t--nay1 ,i w\ld reg>d x z ! cr[n to all my ef=ts--%\ld all t has be5 said appe> s self-evid5t to him t he does n deem himself b\nd to ?ank me once 9 return4 ,no "o has det]m9$ ! pr9ciples ( e?ics z1 on ! basis ( new analyses1 ,i h f\nd x necess>y to det]m9e !m1 no "o1 especially among ^? :o hold t 9 ! f\ndation ( ^? pr9ciples ! feel+s mu/ f9d a place1 h s radically & completely brok5 ) ! subjective view ( e?ics4 ,i except only ,h]b>t4 ,b he lo/ himself 9 ! sph]e ( ae/hetic feel+1 until at la/ we f9d him s f> f ! track t he1 :o 9 ! !oretical philosophy is ! irreconcilable enemy ( contradiction1 nev]!less 9 practical philosophy 7i4e4 e?ics7 tol]ates x :5 8 pr9ciples--! highe/ univ]sally valid ideas--ru% into conflict ) "o ano!r4 ,/ill 8 tea*+ rema9s 9 a c]ta9 aspect truly relat$ ) m9e1 :ile1 on o!r sides1 o!r celebrat$ attempts to discov] a basis = e?ics f9d 9 x po9ts ( contact4 ,9 ! notes1 individual po9ts are m %>ply def9$1 a v detail$ exam9ation ( :i* w\ld h be5 too prolix 9 ! lecture4 ,_m an objection already urg$ has be5 met1 _m an expect$ rejo9d] anticipat$4 ,i also hope t "s w be int]e/$ 9 ! sev]al hi/orical contributions1 especially 9 ! inquiries conc]n+ ,desc>tes1 :]e ,i trace back ! doctr9e ( evid5ce to its causes & po9t out two fur!r ?\ghts1 "o ( :i* has be5 misund]/ood1 ! o!r sc>cely notic$1 nei!r treat$ ) ! consid]ation !y des]ve4 ,i ref] to 8 fundam5tal classification ( m5tal /ates & to 8 doctr9e ( ! relation ( love to joy1 & ( hate to sadness4 ,) sev]al highly hon\r$ inve/igators ( ! pres5t--assur$ly n lea/ hon\r$ by myself--,i h ent]$ into a polemical debate1 & inde$ mo/ vigor\sly ) ^? ^: previ\s attack has compell$ me to a def5ce4 ,i hope t !y d n reg>d x z a violation ( _! claims1 :5 ,i seek1 to ! utmo/ ( my p[]1 to help ! tru?1 :i* we 9 common s]ve1 to h] rights1 & ,i assure !m 9 turn1 t z ,i myself speak frankly1 s also none ! less d ,i welcome ) all my he>t e s9c]e ^w ( my oppon5t4 ,,franz ,,br5tano4 ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong ,a ,,lecture ,,page #a4 ,value ( ,hi/ory & ,philosophy = ,jurisprud5ce2 ! new proposals = ! re=m ( legal /udies 9 ,au/ria #a #b4 ,our !me2 ,relation to ,ih]+'s lecture be=e ! ,vi5na ,law ,society #b #c4 ,tw(old mean+ ( ! expression 8natural "r0 #b #d4 ,po9ts ( agreem5t ) ,ih]+2 rejection ( ! 8jus naturae0 & 8jus g5tium02 pre-e?ical political /atutes #c #e4 ,opposition to ,ih]+2 ,!re exi/s a univ]sally valid naturally recognizable moral law4 ,relative indep5d5ce ( ! "q #d #f4 ,! notion 8natural sanction0 #d #g4 ,manifold misconception ( ! same by philosoph]s #f #h4 ,habitually develop$ feel+ ( compulsion z su* is no sanction #f #i4 ,motives ( hope & fe> z su* n yet sanction #f #aj4 ,! ?\ght ( ! arbitr>y comm& ( a high] p[] is n ! natural sanction #g #aa4 ,! e?ical sanction is a comm& simil> to ! logical rule #h #ab4 ,! ae/hetic po9t ( view2 z little 9 e?ics z 9 logic ! "r "o #i #ac4 ,kant's ,categorical ,imp]ative an impracticable fiction #aj #ad4 ,necessity = prelim9>y psy*ological inquiries #aj #ae4 ,no will+ )\t a f9al end #aj #af4 ,! problem3 :i* end is "r8 ! *ief problem ( e?ics #aa #ag4 ,! "r end is ! be/ among atta9able ends2 obscur5ess ( ?is def9ition #aa #ah4 ,( ! orig9 ( ! conception ( ! good2 x has n its orig9 9 ! sph]e ( ! s-call$ ext]nal impression #ab #ai4 ,! common *>act]i/ic ( ev]y?+ psy*ical #ab #bj4 ,! ?ree fundam5tal classes ( psy*ical ph5om5a2 idea 7,vor/ellung71 judgm5t1 feel+ 7,gemtsbewegung7 #ac #ba4 ,! contra/s1 belief & d5ial1 love & hate #ae #bb4 ,( ^! oppos$ modes ( relation "o is always "r1 "o wrong #ae #bc4 ,! conception ( ! good #ae #bd4 ,di/9ction ( ! good 9 ! n>r[ s5se f :at is good = ! sake ( "s o!r good #af #be4 ,love is n always a pro( t an object is wor?y to be lov$ #af #bf4 8,bl9d0 & 8self-evid5t0 judgm5t #ag #bg4 ,analog\s di/9ction 9 ! sph]e ( pleasure & displeasure2 crit]ion ( ! good #ah #bh4 ,plurality ( ! good2 problems associat$ !re) #ba #bi4 ,:e!r by 8! bett]0 is to be und]/ood t :i* des]ves to be lov$ ) m int5sity #ba #cj4 ,"r det]m9ation ( ! conception #bb #ca4 ,:5 & h[ d we recognize t any?+ is 9 itself pref]able8 ,! case ( ! opposite1 ( abs5ce1 ( ! addition ( l to l #bc #cb4 ,cases :]e ! problem is insoluble #be #cc4 ,:e!r ! ,h$oni/s 9 ?is respect w\ld h ! advantage #bf #cd4 ,:y ^! failures prove less disadvantage\s ?an might be fe>$ #bg #ce4 ,! sph]e ( ! highe/ practical good #bh #cf4 ,! h>moni\s developm5t #bh #cg4 ,! natural sanction respect+ ! limits ( "r #bi #ch4 ,! natural sanction = positive e?ical laws #bi #ci4 ,! p[] ( ! natural sanction #cj #dj4 ,true & false relativity respect+ e?ical rules #cj #da4 ,d]ivation ( well kn[n special enactm5ts #cb #db4 ,:y o!r philosoph]s1 by o!r ways1 arrive at ! same goal #cb #dc4 ,:5ce arise ! univ]sally ext5d$ e?ical tru?s8 ,uncle>ness conc]n+ processes 9 "o's own consci\sness #cc #dd4 ,trace ( ! influ5ce ( ! mom5ts sev]ally m5tion$ #ce #de4 ,l[] curr5ts ex]cis+ an influ5ce #cg #df4 ,necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ ov]look+ ! di/9ction betwe5 e?ical & pseudo-e?ical developm5t #ci #dg4 ,value ( su* developm5ts 9 ! pre-e?ical "t2 e/abli%m5t ( ! social ord]2 =mation ( dispositions2 outl9es ( laws at ! disposal ( legislative e?ical au?ority2 security aga9/ doctr9aire t5d5cies #ci #dh4 ,b5efic5t influ5ces :i* /ill op]ate cont9ually f ?is side #da #di4 ,a fur!r ^w on ! re=m ( politico-legal /udies #db ,,notes4 ,,page #ac4 ,9 def5ce ( my *>act]ization ( ,h]b>t's e?ical crit]ion #dd #ad4 ,( ,kant's ,categorical ,imp]ative #dd #af4 ,! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics & ,ih]+'s 8fundam5tal idea0 9 8 "w2 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t #df #ag4 ,( ! cases ( small] *ances 9 ! ef=t aft] high] ends #df #ah4 ,( ! dep5d5ce ( ! conceptions ^u concrete p]ceptions #df #ai4 ,! t]m 8int5tional0 #dg #ba4 ,! fundam5tal classification ( m5tal /ates 9 ,desc>tes #dg #bb4 ,w9delb&'s error 9 respect ( ! fundam5tal classification ( m5tal /ates2 %ort def5ce ( v>i\s attacks ^u my ,psy*ology f ! ,empirical ,/&po9t2 ,l&1 on a suppos$ improvem5t on =mal logic2 ,/e9?al's criticism ( my doctr9e ( judgm5t #ej #bc4 ,9 criticism ( ,sigw>t's !ories ( ! exi/5tial & negative judgm5ts #ee #bd4 ,desc>tes on ! relation ( 8love0 to 8joy0 & ( 8hate0 to 8sadness0 #fi #be4 ,( ! notions ( tru? & exi/5ce #fi #bf4 ,( ! unity ( ! notion ( ! good #ga #bg4 ,( 8evid5ce40 ,desc>tes 8,cl>a et di/9cta p]ceptio40 ,sigw>t's doctr9e ( 8evid5ce0 & 8 8po/ulates0 #ga #bh4 ,( e?ical subjectivism4 ,ari/otle's ov]sight 9 respect ( ! s\rce ( our k ( ! good4 ,p>allels betwe5 8 error 9 respect ( ! feel+s 7,gemt/htigkeit71 & ,desc>tes' doctr9e ( ! 8,cl>a et di/9cta p]ceptio0 z a pre-condition ( ! logically ju/ifi$ judgm5t2 mod]n views :i* approa* to ?is doctr9e #gh #bi4 ,( ! expressions 8gut gefall50 & 8s*le*t gefall50 #hd #ca4 ,typical case ( a con/ant geometrical relation ( m5tal values #he #cb4 ,cases 9 :i* some?+ at ! same "t bo? pleases & displeases #he #cc4 ,e/abli%m5t ( univ]sal laws ( valuation on ! basis ( a s+le exp]i5ce #hf #cd4 ,c]ta9 mom5ts 9 ! !ory ( e?ical k are ( m importance = ! !odicy ?an = e?ics itself #hg #ce4 ,explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* any?+ 9 c]ta9 cases is recogniz$ z pref]able #hg #cf4 ,! two cases1 unique 9 _! k9d1 9 :i* pref]ability becomes cle> = u f a c]ta9 "* 9 ! act ( pref]5ce #hg #ci4 ,gauss on ! measurem5t ( int5sities #hi #dj4 ,aga9/ exagg]at$ expectations f ! s-call$ psy*o-physical law #hi #dj4 ,def5ce aga9/ ! objection ( a too great e?ical rig\r #ij #da4 ,love ( neighb\r 9 h>mony ) great] c>e ( "o's own good #ia #dc4 ,:y ! n>r[ness ( human =esight %\ld n d injury to moral c\rage #ib #dd4 ,9 criticism ( ,ih]+'s view ( ! notion ( "r & ( 8 criticism ( old] views #ic #de4 ,( ! provisional e?ical sanction ( objectionable laws #if #fj4 ,self-contradiction ( ,epicurus #ig #fd-fe4 ,pro( = ! law ( addition ( l to l2 te/imony = x 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,/oa1 ( ! !i/ic ,h$oni/s1 & 9 ! dem& = immortality2 ,helmholtz #ih #fg4 ,! great !ologians are oppon5ts ( ! arbitr>y "* ( ! div9e law ( morals #ii #fh4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill on ! doctr9e ( ! di/9ction betwe5 8bl9d0 & 8self-evid5t judgm5ts0 #ii 7,! numb]s miss+ 9 ! index conta9 only lit]>y ref]5ces47 ,,miklosi* ,,on ,,subjectless ,,propositions 7,app5dix to pages #ad & #ee74 ,i4 ,%ort sket* ( ! ess5tial features treat$ 9 ,miklosi*'s article #aje ,,ii4 ,critical rem>ks #aaj ,biographical ,note #aai ,a ,,lecture #a4 ,! invitation to lecture ext5d$ to me by ! ,law ,society 0 ! m b9d+ z x gave expression 9 /rong t]ms to a conviction :i*1 un=tunately1 seems on ! po9t ( fall+ into abeyance4 ,proposals = a re=m ( legal /udies h be5 he>d 7& !y are ev5 said to h proce$$ f univ]sity circles7 :i* c only mean t ! roots ( jurisprud5ce deeply implant$ z !y are 9 ! sph]es ( e?ics & national hi/ory may be sev]$1 )\t ! organism itself suff]+ any vital injury4 ,z reg>ds hi/ory1 ?is c\nsel is to me1 ,i confess1 utt]ly inexplicable2 9 respect ( philosophy1 ,i c excuse x only on ! gr\nd t ! m5 :o at pres5t occupy ! *airs 9 ! legal faculty h tak5 a deep & gloomy impression ( ! mi/akes ( a p]iod :i* has lately pass$ away4 ,a p]sonal reproa* may !re=e well be sp>$ !m4 ,yet inde$ su* sugge/ions 7 e bit z wise z w\ld be ! case if a m$ical faculty 7 to propose to erase f _! plan ( obligatory /udies zoology1 physics & *emi/ry4 ,if ,leibnitz 9 8 ,vita a se ipso l9eata1 speak+ ( himself1 says3 8,i f\nd t my e>li] /udies 9 hi/ory & philosophy light5$ mat]ially my /udy ( law10 & if1 z 9 8 ,specim5 difficultatis 9 jure1 deplor+ ! prejudices ( contempor>y juri/s1 he exclaims3 8,oh6 t ^? :o busy !mselves ) ! /udy ( law w\ld ?r[ aside _! contempt ( philosophy & see t )\t philosophy mo/ ( ! que/ions ( _! jus =m a labyr9? )\t issue60 :at inde$ w\ld he say 7 he to rise aga9 to-day1 to ^! retrograde re=m movem5ts8 #b4 ,! wor?y ,presid5t ( ! ,society1 :o has reta9$ su* a lively & wide s5se ( ! real sci5tific ne$s ( 8 pr(ession1 express$ to me 8 own special wi%es respect+ ! !me to be *os54 ,! "q z to ! exi/5ce ( a natural "r 01 he said1 a subject :i* enjoy$ an exceptional int]e/ ) ! memb]s ( ! ,law ,society2 & he himself 0 anxi\s to le>n :at attitude ,i w\ld adopt ) reg>d to ! views !re express$ by ,ih]+ "s ye>s ago4#a ,i cons5t$ gladly1 & h !re=e designat$ z ! subject ( my lecture ! natural sanction = law & morality1 wi%+ !reby1 at ! same "t1 to indicate 9 :at s5se alone ,i believe 9 a natural "r4 #c4 ,= a two-fold mean+ may be associat$ ) ! t]m 8natural03-- 7#a7 ,x may mean z mu* z 8giv5 by nature10 8innate10 9 contradi/9ction to :at has be5 acquir$ dur+ hi/orical developm5t ei!r by d$uction or by exp]i5ce4 7#b7 ,x may mean1 9 contradi/9ction to :at is det]m9$ by ! arbitr>y w ( a dictator1 ! rules :i*1 9 & = !mselves & 9 virtue ( _! nature are recogniz$ z "r & b9d+4 ,ih]+ rejects natural "r 9 ei!r ( ^! mean+s4#b ,i1 = my "p1 agree z ?or\ghly ) him reg>d+ ! "o mean+ z ,i diff] f him reg>d+ ! o!r4 #d4 ,i agree completely ) ,ih]+ :51 foll[+ ! example ( ,john ,locke1 he d5ies all innate moral pr9ciples4 ,fur!r1 l him1 ,i believe nei!r 9 ! grotesque jus naturae1 i4e4 quod natura ipsa omnia animalia docuit1 nor 9 a jus g5tium1 9 a "r :i*1 z ! ,roman juri/s def9$ x1 is recogniz$ z a natural law ( reason by ! univ]sal agreem5t ( all nations4 ,x is n necess>y to h gone deeply into zoology & physiology 9 ord] to see t we c no long] use ! animal _w z a crit]ion = ! sett+ up ( e?ical /&>ds1 ev5 if "o is n dispos$ to g s f> z ,rokitansky 9 pron\nc+ protoplasma1 ) its aggressive "*1 an unrighte\s & evil pr9ciple4 ,z to a common code ( "r = all nations1 su* a belief 0 a delusion :i* might hold good 9 ! antique _w2 9 mod]n times :5 ! e?nographical horizon has be5 ext5d$1 & ! cu/oms ( b>b>\s races drawn ^u = comp>ison1 ^! laws c no long] be recogniz$ z a product ( nature1 b only z a product ( culture common to ! m advanc$ nations4 ,z reg>ds all ?is1 !re=e1 ,i am 9 agreem5t ) ,ih]+2 ,i am also sub/antially 9 agreem5t ) him :5 he ass]ts t !re h be5 times )\t any trace ( e?ical k & e?ical feel+2 at any rate )\t any?+ ( ! k9d t 0 commonly accept$4 ,inde$ ,i ackn[l$ge unhesitat+ly t ?is /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ ev5 :5 l>g] communities "u /ate gov]nm5t _h be5 con/itut$4 ,:5 ,ih]+1 9 support ( ?is view1 po9ts to ,greek my?ology ) its gods & goddesses de/itute ( moral ?\ght & feel+1 & ma9ta9s t1 by ! lives ( ! gods1 ! life ( mank9d 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* ^! my?s took %ape may be int]pret$1#c he does b use a me?od ( pro( :i* ,ari/otle has already employ$ 9 a simil> mann] 9 8 ,politics4#d ,?is also mu/ !re=e be conc$$ him1 & we %all1 on ?is gr\nd1 no long] d5y t ! e>lie/ political laws support$ by p5al sanction 7 e/abli%$ )\t ! help ( any feel+ ( "r f\nd$ ^u moral insight4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 no natural moral laws & legal precepts 9 ! s5se t !y are giv5 by nature h]self1 t !y are innate2 9 ?is respect1 ,ih]+'s views h our entire approval4 #e4 ,we h n[ to meet ! second & f> m important "q3 ,d !re exi/ tru?s conc]n+ morality1 taught by nature h]self1 & is !re moral tru?1 indep5d5t ( all ecclesia/ical1 political1 9 fact e k9d ( social au?ority8 ,is !re a natural moral law :i*1 9 its nature1 is univ]sally & inconte/ably valid = m5 ( e place & "t1 valid inde$ = e k9d ( ?9k+ & s5ti5t be+2 & does ! k ( x lie )9 ! realm ( our m5tal faculties8 ,"h we are at ! po9t :]e ,i jo9 issue ) ,ih]+4 ,to ?is "q1 :i* ,ih]+ answ]s 9 ! negative1 ,i return a decid$ affirmative4 ,:i* ( u is "h 9 ! "r our pres5t inquiry into ! natural sanction = law & morality w1 ,i hope1 make cle>4 ,at any rate1 ! decision z to ! =m] "q1 :atev] ,ih]+#e himself may ?9k to ! contr>y1 does n 9 any way prejudge ! latt]4 ,innate prejudices d exi/2 ^! are natural 9 ! =m] s5se1 b !y lack natural sanction2 :e!r true or false1 !y possess no imm$iate validity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m propositions recogniz$ aft] a natural mann]1 :i* are inconte/ably c]ta9 & h univ]sal validity = all ?9k+ be+s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z1 = example1 ! ,py?agorean !orem are any?+ b innate1 else ! blissful fir/ discov]] _h nev] (f]$ 8 hecatomb to ! god4 #f4 ,9 :at has be5 said ,i h made x suffici5tly evid5t h[1 :5 ,i speak ( natural sanction1 ,i und]/& ! notion ( sanction4 ,yet x w be well to l+] a mom5t 9 ord] to exclude ano!r inadequate view4 8,sanction0 signifies 8mak+ fa/40 ,n[ a law may be fix$ 9 a d\ble s5se3 7#a7 ,x may be fix$ 9 ! s5se ( becom+ law1 z :5 a propos$ law receives validity by ratification on ! "p ( ! highe/ legislative au?ority4 7#b7 ,9 ! s5se ( be+ r5d]$ m effectual by atta*+ to x positive puni%m5ts1 p]haps also rew>ds4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] s5se t sanction 0 spok5 ( by writ]s ( antiquity1 z :5 ,cic]o#f says ( ! leges ,porciae3 8,neque quicquam praet] sanctionem attul]unt novi02 & ,ulpian3#g 8,int]dum 9 sanctionibus adijicitur1 ut qui ibi aliquid commisit1 capite puniatur40 ,x is 9 ! =m] s5se t ! expression is m usual 9 mod]n times2 a law is said to be 8sanction$0 :5 x secures validity by receiv+ confirmation at ! h&s ( ! highe/ au?ority4 ,manife/ly sanction 9 ! second s5se presupposes sanction 9 ! fir/1 :i* sanction is ! m ess5tial1 s9ce1 )\t x1 ! law w\ld n truly be law at all4 ,su* a natural sanction !re=e is ( ! la/ necessity if any?+ :atev] is to be> by nature ! /amp ( law or morality4 #g4 ,if we n[ comp>e ) su* a view :at has be5 said by philosoph]s conc]n+ ! natural sanction = morality1 x w be easily se5 h[ (t5 !y h ov]look$ its ess5tial "*4 #h4 ,_m ?9k t !y h discov]$ a natural sanction 9 respect ( a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct :5 !y h %[n t a c]ta9 feel+ ( compulsion s to act is develop$ )9 ! individual4 ,s9ce e "o1 = example1 r5d]s s]vices to o!rs 9 ord] to receive simil> s]vices 9 return1 !re at la/ arises a habit ( p]=m+ su* s]vices ev5 9 cases :]e !re has be5 no ?\ght ( recomp5se4#h ,?is x is :i* is ?\ght to con/itute ! sanction = love ( our neighb\r4 ,b ?is view is entirely errone\s4 ,su* a feel+ ( compulsion is c]ta9ly a =ce driv+ to action1 b x is assur$ly n a sanction conf]r+ validity4 ,besides1 ! incl9ation to vice develops accord+ to ! same law ( habit1 & ex]cises1 z an impulse1 ! mo/ unb\nd$ sway4 ,! mis]'s passion :i* leads him1 9 8 desire ( amass+ ri*es1 to submit to ! heavie/ sacrifices & to commit ! mo/ extreme cruelties1 c]ta9ly con/itutes no sanction = 8 conduct4 #i4 ,aga91 motives ( hope or fe> t a c]ta9 mann] ( behavi\r1 z1 = example1 reg>d = ! g5]al good1 w r5d] u agreeable or disagreeable to o!r & m p[]ful be+s1 ^! x has (t5 be5 s\ght to reg>d z a sanction = su* conduct4#i ,b x is manife/ t ! mo/ cr++ c[>dice1 ! mo/ s]vile flatt]y might !n boa/ a natural sanction4 ,z a matt] ( fact virtue %9es out mo/ brightly :]e nei!r ?reats nor entreaties are able to div]t h] f ! "r pa?4 #aj4 ,"s speak ( an education 9 :i* man1 z belong+ to an ord] ( liv+ be+s accu/om$ to live 9 society1 receives f ^? by :om he is surr\nd$4 ,an injunction is repeat$ly laid ^u him1 ! comm&3 8,y ought40 ,x lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s t c]ta9 actions are v frequ5tly & g5]ally requir$ ( him4 ,!re is ?us =m$ an association betwe5 8 mode ( action & ! ?\ght3 8,y ought40 ,& s x may happ5 t he may come to reg>d1 z ! s\rce ( ?is comm&1 ! society 9 :i* he lives1 or ev5 some?+ vaguely conceiv$ to be high] ?an an individual1 t is to say1 some?+ reg>d$ 9 a way z sup]human4 ,! 8ought0 associat$ by him ) su* a be+ w\ld !n con/itute ! sanction ( consci5ce4#aj ,9 ?is case ! natural sanction w\ld !n consi/ 9 ! naturally develop$ belief 9 ! comm& ( a m p[]ful w4 ,b x is manife/ t su* a belief 9 ! comm& ( a m p[]ful be+ conta9s1 z yet1 no?+ :i* des]ves ! "n ( a sanction4 ,su* a conviction is %>$ by "o :o kn[s himself to be at ! m]cy ( a tyrant or ( a robb] horde4 ,:e!r he obey1 or bid defiance1 ! comm& itself conta9s no?+ able to give to ! requir$ act a sanction simil> to t ( ! consci5ce4 ,ev5 if he obey he does s ?r\gh fe>1 n because he reg>ds ! comm& z "o bas$ on "r4 ,! ?\ght1 !re=e1 t an act is comm&$ by "s "o does n con/itute a natural sanction4 ,9 ! case ( e comm& issu$ by an ext]nal w ! "q arises3 ,is su* a comm& au?oriz$ or is x n8 ,nei!r is !re any ref]5ce "h to a comm& en=c$ by a /ill high] p[] enjo9+ ob$i5ce to ! =m]4 ,= !n ! "q w\ld aga9 reappe>1 & we %\ld proce$ f "o comm& to ano!r enjo9+ ob$i5ce to ! =m]1 & f t to a ?ird enjo9+ 9 l mann] ob$i5ce to ! second1 & s on ad inf94 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! feel+ ( compulsion1 & 9 t ( ! fe> or hope ( recomp5se1 s also ! ?\ght ( ! comm& ( an ext]nal w _c possibly be ! sanction = law & morality4 #aa4 ,b !re are also comm&s 9 an ess5tially diff]5t s5se2 comm&s 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( ! comm&s ( logic respect+ our judgm5ts & conclusions4 ,we are n "h conc]n$ ) ! w ( logic1 s9ce a w logic manife/ly has n1 nor ) ! w ( ! logician1 to :i* we h 9 no way sworn allegiance4 ,! laws ( logic are naturally valid rules ( judg+1 t is to say1 we are oblig$ to con=m to !m1 s9ce con=mity to ^! rules ensures c]ta9ty 9 our judgm5ts1 :]eas judgm5ts div]g+ f ^! rules are liable to error4 ,:at we !re=e mean is a natural sup]iority :i* ?\ght-processes 9 con=mity ) law h ov] su* z are contr>y to law4 ,s also 9 e?ics1 we are n conc]n$ ) ! comm& ( an ext]nal w b r ) a natural pref]5ce simil> to t 9 logic1 & ! law f\nd$ on t pref]5ce4 ,?is has be5 emphasiz$ n only by ,kant b also by ! majority ( great ?9k]s be=e him4 ,nev]!less !re are /ill _m--un=tunately ev5 among ! adh]5ts ( ! empirical s*ool to :i* ,i myself belong--by :om ?is fact has nei!r be5 rightly und]/ood nor appreciat$4 #ab4 ,9 :at !n lies ?is special sup]iority :i* gives to morality its natural sanction8 ,"s reg>d$ x z1 9 a s5se1 ext]nal1 !y believ$ its sup]iority to consi/ 9 beauty ( appe>ance4 ,! ,greeks call$ noble & virtu\s conduct 1 ! beautiful1 & ! p]fect man ( hon\r 2 ?\gh none ( ! philosoph]s ( antiquity set up ?is ae/hetic view z a crit]ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,david ,hume#aa1 among mod]n ?9k]s1 has spok5 ( a moral s5se ( ! beautiful :i* acts z arbit] betwe5 ! moral & ! immoral1 :ile /ill m rec5tly ! ,g]man philosoph]1 ,h]b>t1#ab has subord9at$ e?ics to ae/hetics4 ,n[ ,i d n d5y t ! aspect ( virtue is m agreeable ?an t ( moral p]v]sity4 ,b ,i _c conc$e t 9 ?is consi/s ! only & ess5tial sup]iority ( e?ical conduct4 ,x is r an inn] sup]iority :i* di/+ui%es ! moral f ! immoral w1 9 ! same way t x is an inn] sup]iority :i* di/+ui%es true & self evid5t judgm5ts & conclusions f prejudices & fallacies4 ,"h also x _c be d5i$ t a prejudice1 a fallacy has 9 x some?+ unbeautiful1 (t5 inde$ some?+ ridicul\sly n>r[-m9d$1 :i* makes ! p]son s scantily fav\r$ by ,m9]va appe> 9 a mo/ disadvantage\s attitude2 yet :o1 on ?is acc\nt1 w\ld class ! rules ( logic among ^? ( ae/hetics1 or make logic a bran* ( ae/hetics8#ac ,no1 ! real logical sup]iority is no m]e ae/hetic appe>ance b a c]ta9 inw>d rightness :i* !n c>ries ) x a c]ta9 sup]iority ( appe>ance4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be also a c]ta9 inw>d rightness :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial sup]iority ( "o p>ticul> act ( w ov] ano!r ( an opposite "*2 9 :i* consi/s ! sup]iority ( ! moral ov] ! immoral4 ,! belief 9 ?is sup]iority is an e?ical motive2 ! k ( x is ! "r e?ical motive1 ! sanction :i* gives to e?ical law p]man5ce & validity4 #ac4 ,b are we capable ( atta9+ to su* k8 ,"h lies ! difficulty :i* philosoph]s h = a long "t s\ght 9 va9 to solve4 ,ev5 to ,kant x seem$ z ?\gh none _h f\nd ! "r end ( ! ?read by means ( :i* to unravel ! ske94 ,?is ! ,categorical ,imp]ative 0 to d4 ,x resembl$ h[ev]1 r ! sword drawn by ,alex&] to cut ! ,gordian knot4 ,) su* a palpable fiction ! matt] is n to be set "r4#ad #ad4 ,9 ord] to ga9 an insight into ! true orig9 ( e?ical k x w be necess>y to take "s acc\nt ( ! results ( lat] rese>*es 9 ! sph]e ( descriptive psy*ology4 ,! limit$ "t at my disposal makes x necess>y = me to set =? my views v briefly1 & ,i h reason to fe> t by its concis5ess ! complet5ess ( ! /atem5t may suff]4 ,yet x is j "h t ,i ask y\r special att5tion1 9 ord] t :at is mo/ ess5tial to a "r und]/&+ ( ! problem be n ov]look$4 #ae4 ,! subject ( ! moral & immoral is t]m$ ! w4 ,:at we w is1 9 _m cases1 a means to an end4 ,9 t case we w ?is end also1 & ev5 9 a high] degree ?an ! means4 ,! end itself may (t5 be ! means to a fur!r end2 9 a f> rea*+ plan !re may (t5 appe> a :ole s]ies ( ends1 ! "o be+ always connect$ 9 subord9ation to ! o!r z a means4 ,!re mu/ be pres5t1 h[ev]1 "o end1 :i* is desir$ above all o!rs & = its own sake2 )\t ?is ess5tial & f9al end all inc5tive w\ld be lack+1 & ?is w\ld involve ! absurdity ( aim+ )\t a goal at :i* to aim4 #af4 ,! means we employ 9 ord] to ga9 an end may be manifold1 may be "r or wrong4 ,!y are "r :5 !y are really adapt$ to ! atta9m5t ( ! end4 ,! ends1 also1 ev5 ! mo/ ess5tial & f9al ends1 may be manifold4 ,x is a mi/ake :i* appe>$ especially 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 n[adays ! t5d5cy is m & m to ab&on x1 t e "o seeks ! same end1 namely1 8 own highe/ possible pleasure4#ae ,:oev] c believe t ! m>tyr fac+ ) full consci\sness ! mo/ t]rible tortures = ! sake ( 8 conviction--& !re 7 "s :o _h no hope ( recomp5se h]eaft]--0 ?us inspir$ by a desire aft] ! greate/ possible pleasure1 su* a man mu/ h ei!r a v defective s5se ( ! facts ( ! case1 or1 inde$1 h lo/ all measure ( ! int5sities ( pleasure & pa94 ,?is1 !re=e1 is c]ta93 ev5 f9al ends are manifold1 betwe5 !m hov]s ! *oice1 :i*1 s9ce ! f9al end is = ev]y?+ ! det]m9+ pr9ciple1 is ( ! mo/ importance4 ,:at ought ,i to /rive aft]8 ,:i* end is ! "r "o1 :i* wrong8 ,?is1 z ,ari/otle long ago decl>$1 is ! ess5tial1 ! c>d9al "q 9 e?ics4#af #ag4 ,:i* end is "r1 = :i* %\ld our *oice decl>e itself8 ,:]e ! end is fix$ & x is m]ely a "q z to ! *oice ( means1 we reply3 ,*oose means :i* w c]ta9ly atta9 ! end4 ,:]e x is a "q z to ! *oice ( ends we w\ld say3 ,*oose an end :i* reason reg>ds z really atta9able4 ,?is answ] is1 h[ev]1 insuffici5t1 _m a ?+ atta9able is r to be %unn$ ?an s\ght aft]2 *oose ! be/ among atta9able ends1 ?is alone is ! adequate answ]4#ag ,b ! answ] is obscure2 :at d we mean by 8! be/08 :at c be call$ 8good0 at all8 & h[ c we atta9 to ! k t "o ?+ is good & bett] ?an ano!r8 #ah4 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q satisfactorily1 we mu/1 above all1 inquire into ! orig9 ( ! conception ( ! good1 :i* lies1 l ! orig9 ( all our conceptions1 9 c]ta9 concrete impressions4#ah ,we possess impressions ) physical cont5t4 ,^! exhibit to u s5su\s qualities localiz$ 9 space4 ,out ( ?is sph]e arise ! conceptions ( col\r1 s\nd1 space & _m o!rs4 ,! conception ( ! good1 h[ev]1 has n "h its orig94 ,x is easily recognizable t ! conception ( ! good l t ( ! true1 :i*1 z hav+ aff9ity1 is rightly plac$ side by side ) x1 d]ives its orig9 f concrete impressions ) psy*ical cont5t4 #ai4 ,! common feature ( ev]y?+ psy*ical consi/s 9 :at has be5 call$ by a v un=tunate & ambigu\s t]m1 consci\sness2 i4e4 9 a subject-attitude2 9 :at has be5 t]m$ an int5tional relation to some?+ :i*1 ?\gh p]haps n real1 is none ! less an inn] object ( p]ception#ai ,no he>+ )\t ! he>d1 no believ+ )\t ! believ$1 no hop+ )\t ! hop$ =1 no /riv+ )\t ! /riv5 =1 no joy )\t ! enjoy$1 & s ) o!r m5tal ph5om5a4 #bj4 ,! s5su\s qualities :i* are giv5 9 our impressions ) physical cont5t exhibit manifold diff]5ces4 ,s also d ! int5tional relations giv5 9 our impressions ) psy*ical cont5t4 ,&1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ! numb] ( ! s5ses is det]m9$ by ref]5ce to ^? di/9ctions betwe5 s5su\s qualities :i* are mo/ fundam5tal 7call$ by ,helmholtz di/9ctions ( modality71 s 9 ! latt] case ! numb] ( fundam5tal classes ( m5tal ph5om5a is fix$ by ref]5ce to ! mo/ fundam5tal di/9ctions ( int5tional relation4#bj ,9 ?is way we di/+ui% ?ree fundam5tal classes4 ,desc>tes 9 8 ,m$itations#ba 0 ! fir/ to exhibit ^! rightly & completely2 b suffici5t att5tion has n be5 paid to 8 obs]vations1 & !y 7 soon q =gott51 until 9 rec5t times1 & indep5d5tly ( him1 ^! 7 aga9 discov]$4 ,n[adays !y may lay claim to suffici5t v]ification4#bb ,! fir/ fundam5tal class is t ( ideas 7,vor/ellung57 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m 7,desc>tes' ideae74 ,?is class embraces concrete impressions1 ^? = example :i* are giv5 to u ?r\gh ! s5ses1 z well z e ab/ract conception4 ,! second fundam5tal class is judgm5t 7,desc>tes' judicia74 ,previ\s to ,desc>tes ^! 7 ?\ght ( z =m+1 along ) ideas1 "o fundam5tal class1 & s9ce ,desc>tes' "t philosophy has fall5 once m into ?is error4 ,?is view reg>d$ judgm5t z consi/+ ess5tially 9 a comb9ation or relation ( ideas to "o ano!r4 ,?is 0 a gross misconception ( its true nature4 ,we may comb9e or relate ideas z we please1 z 9 speak+ ( a gold5 m\nta91 ! fa!r ( a hundr$ *ildr51 a fri5d ( sci5ce2 b z long z no?+ fur!r takes place !re c be no judgm5t4 ,equally true is x t an idea always =ms ! basis ( a judgm5t1 z also ( a desire2 b x is n true t1 9 a judgm5t1 !re are always sev]al ideas relat$ to "o ano!r z subject & pr$icate4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case :5 ,i say3 8,god is j10 ?\gh n :5 ,i say3 8,!re is a ,god40 ,:at1 !re=e1 di/+ui%es ^? cases :]e ,i h n only an idea b also a judgm5t8 ,!re is "h add$ to ! act ( pres5tation a second int5tional relation to ! object giv5 9 pres5tation1 a relation ei!r ( recognition or rejection4 ,:oev] says3 8,god10 gives expression to ! idea ( ,god2 :oev] says3 8,!re is a ,god10 gives expression to a belief 9 him4 ,i mu/ n l+] "h1 & c only assure y t ?is1 if any?+1 admits to-day ( no d5ial4 ,f ! philological /&po9t ,miklosi* confirms ! results ( psy*ological analysis4#bc ,! ?ird fundam5tal class consi/s ( ! emotions 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m1 f ! simple =ms ( incl9ation or dis9cl9ation 9 respect ( ! m]e idea1 to joy & sadness aris+ f conviction & to ! mo/ complicat$ ph5om5a z to ! *oice ( ends & means4 ,ari/otle long s9ce includ$ ^! "u ! t]m 4 ,desc>tes says ?is class embraces ! voluntates sive affectus4 ,z 9 ! second fundam5tal class ! int5tional relation 0 "o ( recognition or rejection1 s 9 ! ?ird class x is "o ( love or hate1 7or1 z x might be equally well express$17 a =m ( pleas+ or displeas+4 ,lov+1 pleas+1 hat+1 displeas+1 ^! are giv5 9 ! simple/ =ms ( incl9ation or dis9cl9ation1 9 victori\s joy z well z 9 despair+ sorr[1 9 hope & fe>1 & 9 e =m ( volunt>y activity4 8,plait-il80 asks ! ,fr5*man2 8es hat ,gott gefall510 "o reads 9 7,g]man7 ann\ncem5ts ( a dea?2 :ile ! 8,placet10 writt5 :5 confirm+ an act1 is ! expression ( ! det]m9+ fiat ( w4#bd #ba4 ,9 comp>+ ^! ?ree classes ( ph5om5a x is f\nd t ! two la/ m5tion$ %[ an analogy :i*1 9 ! fir/1 is abs5t4 ,!re exi/s1 t is1 an opposition ( int5tional relation2 9 ! case ( judgm5t1 recognition or rejection1 9 ! case ( ! emotions1 love or hate1 pleasure or displeasure4 ,! idea %[s no?+ ( a simil> nature4 ,i c1 x is true1 conceive ( opposites1 z = example :ite & black1 b :e!r ,i believe 9 ?is black or d5y x1 ,i c only repres5t x to myself 9 "o way2 ! repres5tation does n alt] ) ! opposite act ( judgm5t2 nor aga91 9 ! case ( ! feel+s1 :5 ,i *ange my attitude t[>ds x accord+ z x pleases or displeases me4 #bb4 ,f ?is fact foll[s an important conclusion4 ,conc]n+ acts ( ! fir/ class none c be call$ ei!r "r or wrong4 ,9 ! case ( ! second class on ! o!r h&1 "o ( ! two oppos$ modes ( relation1 affirmation & rejection1 is "r ! o!r wrong1 z logic has long affirm$4 ,! same naturally holds good ( ! ?ird class4 ,( ! two oppos$ modes ( relation1 love & hate1 pleasure & displeasure1 9 ea* case "o is "r ! o!r wrong4 #bc4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! place :]e ! notions ( good & bad1 along ) ! notions ( ! true & ! false :i* we h be5 seek+1 h _! s\rce4 ,we call any?+ true :5 ! recognition relat$ to x is "r4#be ,we call some?+ good :5 ! love relat+ to x is "r4 ,t :i* c be lov$ ) a "r love1 t :i* is wor?y ( love1 is good 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m4 #bd4 ,s9ce ev]y?+ :i* pleases does s1 ei!r = its own sake1 or = ! sake ( some?+ else :i* is !reby produc$1 cons]v$ or r5d]$ probable1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 a prim>y & a second>y good1 i4e4 :at is good 9 itself1 & :at is good on acc\nt ( some?+ else1 z is specially ! case 9 ! sph]e ( ! useful4 ,:at is good 9 itself is ! good 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,x alone c /& side by side ) ! true4 ,= ev]y?+ :i* is true is true 9 itself1 ev5 :5 only m$iately kn[n4 ,:5 we speak ( good lat] we %all !re=e mean1 :5ev] ! contr>y is n expressly ass]t$1 t :i* is good 9 itself4 ,9 ?is way we h1 ,i hope1 made cle> ! notion ( good4#bf #be4 ,!re foll[s n[ ! /ill m important "q3 ,h[ are we to "k t any?+ is good8 ,ought we to say t :atev] is lov$ & is capable ( be+ lov$ is wor?y ( love & is good8 ,?is is manife/ly untrue1 & x is almo/ inconceivable t "s h fall5 into ?is error4 ,"o loves :at ano!r hates1 &1 9 accordance ) a well kn[n psy*ological law already previ\sly ref]r$ to x (t5 happ5s t :at at fir/ 0 desir$ m]ely z a means to some?+ else1 comes at la/ f habit to be desir$ = its own sake4 ,9 su* a way ! mis] is irrationally l$ to heap up ri*es & ev5 to sacrifice himself = _! sake4 ,! actual pres5ce ( love1 !re=e1 by no means te/ifies unconditionally to ! wor?9ess ( ! object to be lov$1 j z affirmation is no unconditional pro( ( :at is true4 ,x might ev5 be said t ! fir/ /atem5t is ev5 m evid5t ?an ! second1 s9ce x c h>dly happ5 t he :o affirms any?+ at ! same "t holds x to be false1 :]eas x frequ5tly happ5s t a p]son1 ev5 :ile lov+ some?+1 confesses himself t x is unwor?y ( 8 love3 8,video meliora proboque1 ,det]iora sequor40 ,h[ !n are we to "k t any?+ is good8 #bf4 ,! matt] appe>s enigmatical1 b ! enigma f9ds a v easy solution4 ,z a prelim9>y /ep to answ]+ ! "q1 let u turn our glance f ! good to ! true4 ,n ev]y?+ :i* we affirm is on ?is acc\nt true4 ,our judgm5ts are frequ5tly q bl9d4 ,_m a prejudice :i* we drank 91 z x 71 ) our "m's milk pres5ts to u ! appe>ance ( an irrefutable pr9ciple4 ,to o!r equally bl9d judgm5ts all m5 h1 by nature1 a k9d ( in/9ctive impulsion1 z1 = example1 9 tru/+ bl9dly to ! s-call$ ext]nal impression1 or to a rec5t remembrance4 ,:at is s recogniz$ may (t5 be true1 b x may equally well be false s9ce ! affirm+ judgm5t conta9s no?+ :i* gives to x ! "* ( rightness4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! case 9 c]ta9 o!r judgm5ts1 :i* 9 contradi/9ction to ^! bl9d judgm5ts may be t]m$ 8obvi\s10 8self-evid5t0 judgm5ts2 z1 = example1 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,contradiction1 & e s-call$ inn] p]ception :i* in=ms me t ,i am n[ exp]i5c+ s5sations ( s\nd or col\r1 or ?9k & w ?is or t4 ,9 :at1 !n1 does ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! l[] & high] =ms ( judgm5t ess5tially consi/8 ,is x a di/9ction 9 ! degree ( belief1 or is x some?+ else8 ,x is n a di/9ction 9 ! degree ( belief2 ! in/9ctive bl9d assumptions aris+ f habit are (t5 n 9 ! slighte/ degree weak5$ by d\bts1 & we are unable to get rid ( "s ev5 :5 we h already se5 _! logical falsity4 ,b su* assumptions are ! results ( bl9d impulse1 !y h no?+ ( ! cle>ness peculi> to ! high] =ms ( judgm5t4 ,7 ! "q to be rais$3 8,:at is !n y\r reason = believ+ t80 no rational answ] w\ld be =?com+4 ,x is q true t if ! same inquiry 7 to be made respect+ ! imm$iately evid5t judgm5t "h also no reason c\ld be giv51 b 9 face ( ! cle>ness ( ! judgm5t ! inquiry w\ld appe> utt]ly beside ! po9t1 9 fact ridicul\s4 ,e "o exp]i5ces = himself ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two classes ( judgm5t1 & 9 ! ref]5ce to ?is exp]i5ce1 consi/s1 z 9 ! case ( e conception1 ! f9al explanation4 #bg4 ,all ?is is1 9 its ess5tials1 univ]sally kn[n1#bg & is conte/$ only by a few1 & !n n )\t great inconsi/5cy4 ,f> few] h notic$ an analog\s di/9ction betwe5 ! high] & l[] =ms ( ! feel+s ( pleasure & displeasure4 ,our pleasure or displeasure is (t5 q l bl9d judgm5t1 only an in/9ctive or habitual impulse4 ,?is is s 9 ! case ( ! mis]'s pleasure 9 pil+ up1 9 ^? p[]ful feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 connect$ 9 m5 & animals alike ) ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 s5su\s qualities1 moreov]1 z is especially noticeable 9 ta/es1 diff]5t species & ev5 diff]5t individuals1 are affect$ 9 a q contr>y mann]4 ,_m philosoph]s1 & among !m v consid]able ?9k]s1 h reg>d$ only t mode ( pleasure :i* is peculi> to ! l[] ph5om5a ( ! class1 & h entirely ov]look$ ! fact t !re exi/s a pleasure & a displeasure ( a high] k9d4 ,david ,hume1 = example1 betrays almo/ 9 e ^w t he has absolutely no idea ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is high] class4#bh ,h[ g5]al ?is ov]sight has be5 may be judg$ f ! fact t language has no common "n = x4#bi ,yet ! fact is und5iable & we propose n[ to elucidate x by a few examples4 ,we h already said t we are end[$ by nature ) a pleasure = "s ta/es & an antipa?y = o!rs1 bo? ( :i* are purely in/9ctive4 ,we also naturally take pleasure 9 cle> insight1 displeasure 9 error or ignorance4 8,all m510 says ,ari/otle 9 ! beautiful introductory words ( 8 ,metaphysics1#cj 8naturally desire k40 ,?is desire is an example :i* w s]ve our purpose4 ,x is a pleasure ( t high] =m :i* is analog\s to self-evid5ce 9 ! sph]e ( judgm5t4 ,9 our species x is univ]sal4 ,7 !re ano!r species :i*1 :ile hav+ diff]5t pref]5ces f u 9 respect ( s5sible qualities1 7 oppos$ to u 9 lov+ error = its own sake & hat+ insight1 !n assur$ly we %\ld n 9 ! latt] z 9 ! =m] case say3 t x 0 a matt] ( ta/e1 8de gu/ibus non e/ disput&um02 r we %\ld "h answ] decisively t su* love & hatr$ 7 fundam5tally absurd1 t su* a species hat$ :at 0 und5iably good1 & lov$ :at 0 und5iably bad 9 itself4 ,n[ :y1 :]e ! feel+ ( compulsion is equally /rong1 d we answ] diff]5tly 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,9 ! =m] case ! feel+ ( compulsion 0 an in/9ctive impulse2 9 ! latt] ! natural feel+ ( pleasure is a high] love1 hav+ ! "* ( rightness4#ca ,we !re=e notice :5 we ourselves h su* a feel+1 t its object is n m]ely lov$ & lovable1 its opposite hat$ & unlovable1 b also t ! "o is wor?y ( love1 ! o!r wor?y ( hatr$1 & !re=e t "o is good1 ! o!r bad4 ,ano!r example4 ,z we pref] insight to error1 s also1 g5]ally speak+1 we pref] joy 7unless inde$ x be joy 9 :at is bad7 to sadness4 ,7 !re be+s among :om ! rev]se held good1 we %\ld reg>d su* conduct z p]v]se1 & rightly s4 ,"h too x is because our love & our hatr$ are qualifi$ z "r4 ,a ?ird example is f\nd 9 feel+ itself s f> z x is "r & has ! "* ( rightness4 ,z 0 ! case ) ! rightness & evid5ce ( ! judgm5t1 s also ! rightness & high] "* ( ! feel+s are also reckon$ z good1 :ile love ( ! bad is itself bad4#cb ,9 ord] t1 9 ! sph]e ( ideas1 we may n leave ! correspond+ exp]i5ces unm5tion$3 "h 9 ! same way e idea is f\nd to be some?+ good 9 itself1 & t ) e enl>gem5t 9 ! realm ( our ideas1 q ap>t f :at ( good or bad may result !refrom1 ! good )9 u is increas$4#cc ,"h !n1 & f su* exp]i5ces ( love qualifi$ z "r1 arises )9 u ! k t any?+ is truly & unmi/akably good 9 ! full ext5t to :i* we are capable ( su* k4#cd ,?is la/ clause is add$ advis$ly2 = we mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 conceal f ourselves ! fact t we h no gu>antee t ev]y?+ :i* is good w ar\se )9 u a love ) ! "* ( rightness4 ,:]ev] ?is is n ! case our crit]ion fails1 & ! good !n1 s f> z our k & practical acc\nt ( x are conc]n$1 is z mu* z non-exi/5t4#ce #bh4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n "o b _m ?+s :i* we ?us recognize z good4 ,& s ! que/ions rema93 ,9 t :i* is good1 & especially 9 :at1 z good1 is atta9able1 :i* is ! bett]8 & fur!r1 :i* is ! highe/ practical good8 s t x may become ! /&>d = our actions4 #bi4 ,we mu/ fir/ inquire3 ,:5 is any?+ bett] ?an any?+ else & recogniz$ by u z bett]8 & :at is meant by 8! bett]0 at all8 ,! answ] n[ lies ready to h& ?\gh n 9 su* a way z to r5d] x unnecess>y to exclude a v possible error4 ,if by 8good0 is meant t :i* is wor?y ( be+ lov$ = its own sake1 !n by 8bett]0 appe>s to be meant t :i* is wor?y ( be+ lov$ ) a great] love4 ,b is ?is really s8 ,:at is meant by 8) great] love08 ,is x spatial magnitude8 ,h>dly2 no "o w\ld propose to measure pleasure or displeasure 9 feet & in*es4 8,! int5sity ( ! pleasure10 "s w p]haps say1 8is :at is meant 9 speak+ ( love z great40 ,accord+ to ?is 8bett]0 w\ld mean t :i* pleases ) a m int5se pleasure4 ,b su* a def9ition closely exam9$ w\ld involve ! greate/ absurdities4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ea* s+le case 9 :i* joy is felt 9 any?+ w\ld seem only to admit ( a c]ta9 measure ( joy1 :]eas "o w\ld naturally ?9k t x c\ld n possibly be repreh5sible to rejoice 9 :at is really good to ! fulle/ ext5t possible4 ,or1 z we say1 8) all "o's he>t40 ,desc>tes has already obs]v$ t ! act ( lov+ 7:5 direct$ t[>ds :at is good at all7 c nev] be too int5se4#cf ,& he is manife/ly "r4 ,7 x o!rwise :at cauti\sness %\ld we n be call$ ^u to ex]cise consid]+ ! limits ( our m5tal /r5g?6 ,e "t "o wi%$ to rejoice ov] some?+ good1 an anxi\s survey w\ld be necess>y respect+ o!r exi/+ goods 9 ord] t ! measure ( proportion to our total /r5g? might 9 no way be exce$$4 ,& if "o believes 9 a ,god1 und]/&+ !reby ! ,inf9ite ,good1 ! ,ideal ( all ideals1 !n1 s9ce a man1 ev5 ) 8 :ole s\l & /r5g? c only love ,god ) an act ( love ( f9ite int5sity he w !re=e be compell$ to love e o!r good ) an inf9itely small degree ( int5sity1 &1 s9ce ?is is impossible1 mu/ cease z a matt] ( fact to love x at all4 ,all ?is is manife/ly absurd4 #cj4 ,& yet x mu/ be said t ! bett] is t :i* is rightly lov$ ) a great] love1 :i* is rightly m pleas+1 ?\gh 9 q ano!r s5se4 ,! 8m0 ref]s n to ! relation ( int5sity betwe5 ! two acts1 b r to a peculi> species ( ph5om5a belong+ to ! g5]al class ( pleasure & displeasure1 i4e41 to ! ph5om5a ( *oice4 ,!reby are meant relat+ acts :i* 9 _! peculi> nature are kn[n to e "o 9 exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ideas !re is no?+ analog\s4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( judgm5t !re are1 x is true1 alongside ! simple1 subjectless propositions1 pr$icative judgm5ts :i* are acts ( a relative "*1 b ?is resemblance is v imp]fect4 ,! case "h :i* has mo/ simil>ity is t ( a decision respect+ a dialectically prop\nd$ "q3 8,is ?is true or false80 9 :i* a sort ( pref]5ce is giv5 to "o above ! o!r4 ,b ev5 "h x is always some?+ true :i* is1 s to speak1 pref]r$ to some?+ false1 nev] some?+ m true ov] some?+ less true4 ,:atev] is true is true 9 a l degree1 b :atev] is good is n good 9 equal degree1 & by 8bett]0 no?+ else is meant ?an :at1 :5 comp>$ ) ano!r good1 is pref]able1 i4e4 some?+ :i* = its own sake1 is pref]r$ ) a "r pref]5ce4 ,= ! re/ a some:at wid] usage ( language all[s u also to speak ( a good z 8bett]0 ov] aga9/ a bad or purely indiff]5t1 or ev5 to call some?+ bad ov] aga9/ some?+ /ill worse 8! bett]40 ,we !n say n ( c\rse t x is good1 b /ill bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is %ortly 9 explanation ( ! notion ( ! bett]4 #ca4 ,next ! "q3 ,h[ d we "k t any?+ is really ! bett]8 ,assum+ ! exi/5ce ( simple k ( ?+s z good & bad1 we appe>1 s analogy sugge/s1 to d]ive ?is insight f c]ta9 acts ( pref]r+ :i* h ! "* ( rightness4 ,=1 l ! simple ex]cise ( pleasure1 s also ! act ( pref]r+ is sometimes ( a l[] or impulsive1 & sometimes ( a high] k9d1 & l ! evid5t judgm5t1 is qualifi$ z "r4 ,! cases 9 po9t are1 h[ev]1 ( su* a nature t _m might say1 & p]haps ) a bett] "r1 t x is analytical judgm5ts :i* furni% u "h ) ! means ( progress1 & t in/ead ( our le>n+ ! pref]ability f ! actual pref]5ces1 ! pref]5ces h ! qualification ( rightness because !y already presume ! recognition ( ! /&>d ( pref]ability4#cg ,*iefly belong+ to ?is class are obvi\sly 7#a7 ! case :]e we pref] some?+ good1 & recogniz$ z good1 to some?+ bad1 & recogniz$ z bad4 ,also 7#b7 ! case :]e we pref] ! exi/5ce ( some?+ recogniz$ z good to its non-exi/5ce1 or ! non-exi/5ce ( some?+ recogniz$ z bad to its exi/5ce4 ,?is case embraces 9 itself a s]ies ( important cases1 z ! case :]e we pref] a good to ! same good ) an admixture ( ! bad2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e we pref] some?+ bad1 ) an admixture ( good1 to ! same bad purely = its own sake4 ,fur!r1 ! cases 9 :i* we pref] ! :ole ( a good to its "p1 & aga91 ! "p ( some?+ bad to its :ole4 ,ari/otle has already call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! case ( ! good ! sum is always bett] ?an ! sep>ate p>ts :i* toge!r make up its sum4 ,su* a case ( summation pres5ts itself :]ev] a /ate has a c]ta9 p]man5ce4 ,! same am\nt ( joy :i* endures an h\r is bett] ?an if x only la/$ = a mom5t4 ,:oev] d5ies ?is1 l ,epicurus :5 he w\ld console u on acc\nt ( ! mortality ( ! s\l1 may easily be l$ into /ill m /rik+ absurdities4 ,= !n an h\r's torture w\ld be no worse ?an t ( a mom5t4 ,&1 by comb9+ bo? ^! propositions1 we %\ld h to assume t an entire life full ( joy ) a s+le mom5t ( pa9 is 9 no way pref]able to an entire life full ( pa9 ) a s+le mom5t ( joy4 ,?is is a result at :i* n only e s\nd m9d 9 g5]al w\ld demur1 b also "o respect+ :i* ,epicurus 9 p>ticul>1 expressly ass]ts ! contr>y4 ,closely relat$ to ?is is ! case 7#c7 :]e "o good is pref]r$ to ano!r1 :i*1 :ile =m+ no "p ( ! fir/1 is yet simil> 9 e respect to "o ( its p>ts4 ,x is n m]ely by add+ a good to ! same good b also by add+ x to a good :i* is 9 e respect simil> t we get a bett] = total4 ,! case is analog\s :5 to a simil> bad ano!r bad is ?\ght ( z add$4 ,:5 !re=e1 = example1 a f9e picture is se51 ! fir/ "t z a :ole1 ! second "t only p>tially ?\gh exactly 9 ! same way1 we mu/ !n say t ! fir/ view1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is bett]3 ,or1 :5 "o imag9es some?+ t is good & a second "t n only imag9es x ev5 z p]fectly z be=e1 b also loves x1 ?is latt] sum ( psy*ical acts is !n some?+ bett]4 ,cases ( diff]5ce 9 degree belong also to ?is ?ird class1 & are especially wor?y ( m5tion4 ,if "o good1 e4g4 "o joy is 9 e respect q equal to ano!r1 only m int5se1 !n ! pref]5ce :i* is giv5 to ! m int5se is qualifi$ z "r1 ! m int5se is ! bett]4 ,conv]sely1 ! bad :i* is m int5se1 e4g4 a m int5se pa91 is worse4 ,t is to say3 ! degree ( int5sity corresponds ) ! di/ance f ! z]o po9t1 & ! di/ance ( ! great] degree ( int5sity f z]o is comp\nd$ ( its di/ance f ! weak] degree ( int5sity plus ! di/ance ( ?is f z]o4 ,we h1 !re=e1 really to d ) a k9d ( addition1 a view :i* has be5 disput$4 #cb4 ,_m a "o w1 p]haps1 ?9k to himself t ! ?ree cases :i* ,i h set =? are s self-evid5t & insignificant t x is a matt] = surprise t ,i h l+]$ ov] !m at all4 ,self-evid5t !y are ( c\rse1 & ?is mu/ be s1 s9ce we h "h to d ) :at has to s]ve z a fundam5tum4 ,! case w\ld be worse if !y 7 insignificant2 =1 ,i confess x frankly1 ,i h sc>cely ano!r fur!r case to add3 9 all1 or1 at any rate1 mo/ ( ! cases n "h includ$ a crit]ion fails u completely4#ch ,an example4 ,all insight is1 we h said1 some?+ good 9 itself1 & all noble love is likewise some?+ good 9 itself4 ,we recognize bo? ^! ?+s cle>ly4 ,b :o %all say :e!r ?is act ( insight or t act ( love is 9 itself1 ! bett]8 ,!re h1 ( c\rse1 n be5 want+ ^? :o h giv5 a v]dict on ?is po9t2 "s h ev5 ass]t$ t x is c]ta9 e act ( noble love = its own sake is a good s high t1 tak5 by itself1 x is bett] ?an all sci5tific insight tak5 toge!r4 ,9 my judgm5t ?is view is n only d\btful b altoge!r absurd4 ,= a s+le act ( noble love wor?y z x is1 is yet a c]ta9 f9ite good4 ,b e act ( insight is also a f9ite good & if ,i keep add+ ?is f9ite quantity to itself ad libitum1 its sum is b\nd "s "t to exce$ e giv5 f9ite measure ( good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 incl9$ to reg>d ! act ( kn[+ consid]$ 9 itself z high] ?an e?ically virtu\s acts1 ?is also q unju/ly1 & ,i only m5tion x s9ce ! opposition ( op9ions "h is a confirmatory pro( ( ! abs5ce ( any crit]ion4 ,z (t5 happ5s 9 ! sph]e ( ! psy*ical1#ci s also "h1 real measurem5ts are impossible4 ,n[ :]e ! inn] pref]5ce is n to be detect$ !re holds good "h :at 0 said 9 a simil> case ( simple goodness--z f> z our k & practical conc]n g x is z good z non-exi/5t4 #cc4 ,!re are "s :o1 9 opposition to ! cle> tea*+ ( exp]i5ce1 ass]t t only pleasure is good = its own sake1 & pleasure is ! good4 ,assum+ ?is view to be "r1 w\ld x h ! advantage1 z _m h believ$1 & z ,b5?am 9 p>ticul> ma9ta9$ 9 its fav\r1#dj t we %\ld at once atta9 to a det]m9ation ( ! relative value ( goods1 see+ t n[ we %\ld h only homog5e\s goods & ^! admit ( be+ measur$ side by side8 ,e m int5se pleasure w\ld !n be a great] good ?an "o less int5se1 & a good hav+ d\ble ! int5sity w\ld be equal to two ( half ! int5sity4 ,9 ?is way ev]y?+ w\ld become cle>4 ,a mom5t's reflection only is ne$$ to %att] an illusion born ( su* hope4 ,are we really able to f9d out t "o pleasure is twice z great z ano!r8 ,gauss#da himself1 :o knew some?+ ab\t measurem5ts1 has d5i$ ?is4 ,a m int5se pleasure is nev] really made up ( twelve less int5se pleasures di/+ui%able z equal p>ts )9 x1 z a foot is made up ( twelve in*es4 ,s ! matt] pres5ts itself ev5 9 simpl] cases4 ,b h[ fooli% w\ld any "o appe> 7 he to ass]t t ! pleasure he _h 9 smok+ a good cig> increas$ #abg1 or1 let u say1 #ajgg times 9 int5sity yield$ a measure ( ! pleasure exp]i5c$ by him 9 li/5+ to a symphony ( ,bee?ov5 or contemplat+ "o ( ,raphael's madonnas6#db ,i ?9k ,i h said en\gh1 & d n ne$ to allude to ! fur!r difficulty involv$ 9 comp>+ ! int5sity ( pleasure ) t ( pa94 #cd4 ,only !re=e to ?is v limit$ ext5t are we able to d]ive f exp]i5ce a k ( :at is bett] 9 itself4 ,i c well und]/& h[ any "o1 reflect+ ^u ?is = ! fir/ "t1 w be l$ to fe> t ! great gaps :i* rema9 mu/1 9 practice1 prove 9 ! highe/ degree emb>rass+4 ,yet z we proce$ & make a vigor\s use ( :at we d possess1 we %all f9d t ! mo/ s5sible defici5cies may =tunately turn out h>mless 9 practice4 #ce4 ,=1 f ! cases we adduc$ ( pref]5ce qualifi$ z "r1 ! important proposition foll[s t ! prov9ce ( ! highe/ practical good embraces ev]y?+ :i* is subject to our rational op]ation 9 s f> z a good c be realiz$ 9 su* matt]4 ,n m]ely ! self b also ! family1 ! t[n1 ! /ate1 ! :ole pres5t _w ( life1 ev5 di/ant future times1 may "h be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,all ?is foll[s f ! pr9ciple ( ! summation ( ! good4 ,to promote z f> z possible ! good ?r\gh\t ?is great :ole1 t is manife/ly ! "r end 9 life1 t[>ds :i* e act is to be ord]$2 t is ! "o1 ! highe/ comm& ^u :i* all ! re/ dep5d4#dc ,self-devotion &1 on occasion1 self-sacrifice are1 !re=e1 duties2 an equal good :]ev] x be1 & !re=e 9 ! p]son ( ano!r also1 is1 9 proportion to its value1 &1 !re=e1 ev]y:]e equally to be lov$1 & jeal\sy & malignant envy are exclud$4 #cf4 ,& n[1 s9ce all less] goods are to be made subs]vi5t to ! good ( ?is wide/ sph]e1 light may also be %$ f utilit>ian consid]ations ^u ^? d>k regions :]e be=e we f\nd a /&>d ( *oice want+4 ,if1 = example1 x 0 true t acts ( insight & acts ( noble love are n to be measur$ z to _! inn] wor? 9 t]ms ( "o ano!r1 x is n[ cle> t at any rate nei!r ( ^! two sides may be entirely neglect$ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,if "o p]son _h p]fect k )\t noble love1 & ano!r p]fect noble love )\t k1 nei!r w\ld be able to use 8 gifts 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ill great] collective good4 ,a c]ta9 h>moni\s developm5t & ex]cise ( all our noble/ p[]s seems1 !re=e1 f ?is po9t ( view to be1 at any rate1 :at we mu/ /rive aft]4#dd #cg4 ,& n[ aft] see+ h[ _m duties ( love t[>ds ! highe/ practical good come to light1 we proce$ to ! orig9 ( duties ( law4 ,t association :i* r5d]s possible a division ( lab\r is ! indisp5sable condition ( ! advancem5t ( ! highe/ good z we h le>nt to und]/& x4 ,man !re=e is morally de/9$ to live 9 society1 & x is easily demon/rable t limits mu/ exi/ 9 ord] t "o memb] ( society may n be m ( a h9drance ?an a help to ano!r1#de & t ^! limits 7?\gh mu* 9 ?is respect is settl$ by consid]ations ( natural common-s5se7 require to be m exactly m>k$ by positive laws1 & ne$ ! fur!r security & support ( public au?ority4 ,& :ile 9 ?is way our natural insight dem&s & sanctions positive law 9 g5]al1 x may1 9 p>ticul>1 raise dem&s on ! fulfillm5t ( :i* dep5ds ! measure ( ! bless+ :i* ! /ate ( law is to br+ ) x4 ,9 ?is way does tru?1 be>+ ! supreme cr[n1 give1 or refuse1 to ! products ( positive legislation its sanction1 & x is f ?is cr[n t !y d]ive _! true b9d+ =ce4#df ,= z ! old sage ( ,ephesus says 9 "o ( 8 pregnant ,sibyl-l utt]ances3 8,all human laws are f$ f ! "o div9e law40#dg #ch4 ,besides ! laws ref]r+ to ! limits ( "r1 9 e society !re are o!r positive enactm5ts z to ! way 9 :i* an individual is to act inside 8 own sph]e ( "r1 h[ he is to make use ( 8 lib]ty & 8 prop]ty4 ,public op9ion approves indu/ry1 g5]osity1 & economy ea* 9 its place1 :ile disapprov+ idl5ess1 gre$1 prodigality & mu* else4 ,9 ! /atutes no su* laws are to be f\nd1 b !y /& writt5 )9 ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,nor are rew>d & puni%m5t lack+ z reg>ds ?is k9d ( positive law4 ,^! consi/ 9 ! advantages & disadvantages ( good & bad reputation4 ,!re exi/s "h1 z x 71 a positive code ( morality1 ! complem5t ( ! positive code ( law4 ,?is positive code ( morality also may conta9 bo? "r & wrong enactm5ts4 ,to be truly b9d+ !y ne$ to be 9 accord ) ! rules :i*1 z we h already se51 are capable ( recognition by ! reason1 z a duty ( love t[>ds ! highe/ practical good4 ,& s we h really f\nd ! natural sanction ( morality :i* we s\ght4 #ci4 ,i d n l+] "h to %[ h[ ?is sanction op]ates4 ,e "o w\ld r say to himself3 8,i am act+ rightly10 ?an 8,i am act+ fooli%ly40 ,& to no "o capable ( recogniz+ :at is bett] is ?is fact entirely indiff]5t 9 *oos+4 ,9 ! case ( "s x is ne>ly s1 :]eas = o!rs x is ( ! v fir/ importance4 ,innate dispositions are !mselves div]se & mu* advance may be made by education & "o's own e?ical conduct4 ,en\gh1 tru? speaks1 & :oev] is ( ! tru? he>s h] voice4 #dj4 ,?r\gh\t ! multiplicity ( d]iv$ laws grav5 by nature h]self ^u ! tables ( ! law1 utilit>ian consid]ations1 z we h se51 =m ! /&>d4 ,z n[1 9 diff]5t situations1 we resort to diff]5t means1 s also ) reg>d to ^! diff]5t situations diff]5t special precepts mu/ hold good4 ,!y may be q conflict+ 9 _! t5\r )\t ( c\rse be+ really contradictory1 s9ce !y are int5d$ = diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 a relativity 9 e?ics is rightly ass]t$4 ,ih]+ has drawn att5tion to ?is1#dh b he is n z he seems to ?9k1 "o ( ! fir/4 ,on ! contr>y ! doctr9e 0 kn[n ( old & is insi/$ ^u by ,plato 9 8 ,republic4#di ,ari/otle 9 8 ,e?ics1 & ) special emphasis 9 8 ,politics has affirm$ x4#ej ,! s*ola/ic philosoph]s also held fa/ to ! doctr9e1 & 9 mod]n times m5 ev5 ( su* en]getic e?ical & political convictions z ,b5?am#ea h n d5i$ x4 ,if ! fanatics ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution fail$ to recognize x1 /ill ! cle>-head$ among _! fell[-citiz5s1 ev5 9 t "t1 did n fall into su* a delusion4 ,laplace1 = example1 9 8 ,essai philosophique sur les probabilits occasionally be>s witness to ! true tea*+ & raises 8 voice 9 w>n+4#eb ,?us x happ5s t ! di/+ui%$ inve/igator :o has disclos$ to u ! _s ( ,roman law & to :om1 z ! au?or ( ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 we also are b\nd 9 _m respects to t5d] our ?anks1 has yet "h1 z we see1 done no?+ else ?an r5d] ! doctr9e uncle> by conf\nd+ x ) an ess5tially diff]5t & false doctr9e ( relativity4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 no proposition 9 e?ics1 n ev5 ! proposition t ! be/ 9 ! wide/ sph]e ought to be ! det]m9+ /&>d ( action1 w\ld h unexceptional validity4 ,9 primitive times & ev5 lat]1 ?r\gh\t long c5turies1 su* a proc$ure w\ld1 he expressly says1 h be5 z immoral z1 9 lat] times1 ! opposite conduct4 ,we mu/1 he ?9ks1 on look+ back into ! times ( cannibalism sympa?ize r ) ! cannibals1 & n ) ^? :o p]haps1 9 advance ( _! "t1 prea*$ ev5 !n ! univ]sal love ( neighb\r4#ec ,^! are errors :i* h be5 cru%+ly refut$ n m]ely by philosophical reflection ^u ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( e?ics1 b also by ! successes ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 #da4 ,?us ! road lead+ to ! goal :i* we set be=e u has be5 trav]s$4 ,= a "t x l$ u ?r\gh /range & r>ely trodd5 di/ricts1 f9ally1 h[ev]1 ! results at :i* we h arriv$ smile ^u u l old acqua9tances4 ,9 decl>+ love ( neighb\r & self-sacrifice1 bo? = our c\ntry & = mank9d to be duties1 we are only e*o+ :at is proclaim$ all ar\nd u4 ,we %\ld also f9d by go+ fur!r into p>ticul>s t ly+1 trea*]y1 murd]1 debau*]y & mu* besides t is held to be morally base are1 measur$ by ! /&>d ( ! pr9ciples we h set up1 condemn$1 "o z unju/1 ano!r z immoral4 ,all ?is w\ld seem1 9 a measure1 famili> to u z ! %ores ( 8 native l& to ! sea-f>] :51 aft] a voyage happily consummat$1 he sees !m rise sudd5ly into view1 & ! smoke curl+ f ! old famili> *imney4 #db4 ,& c]ta9ly we are at lib]ty to rejoice ov] ?is4 ,! absolute cle>ness ) :i* all ?is foll[s is good om5 = ! success ( our und]tak+1 s9ce x is ! me?od by :i* we arriv$ at our result1 :i* is obvi\sly ! mo/ ess5tial feature 9 x4 ,)\t x :at advantage c our inquiry be said to h ov] t ( o!rs8 ,ev5 ,kant1 = example1 ^: doctr9es conc]n+ ! pr9ciples ( e?ics 7 q diff]5t1 arriv$1 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( 8 /atem5t1 pretty mu* to ! popul> view4 ,b :at we miss 9 him is /rict logical coh]5ce4 ,b5eke has %[n t ! ,categorical ,imp]ative z ,kant us$ x1 may be s employ$ z to prove1 9 ! same case1 contradictory /atem5ts & s ev]y?+ & no?+4#ed ,if1 none ! less1 ,kant is able to arrive s (t5 at "r conclusions1 ?is mu/ be attribut$ to ! fact t f ! outset he _h h>b\r$ su* op9ions4 ,ev5 ,hegel1 _h he n kn[n 9 o!r ways t ! sky 0 blue1 w\ld c]ta9ly nev] h succe$$ by means ( 8 dialectic 9 d$uc+ ?is priori4 ,did he n equally succe$ 9 demon/rat+ t !re 7 sev5 planets1 a numb] accept$ 9 8 day1 b :i* 9 our "t sci5ce has long left beh9d8 ,! causes ( ?is ph5om5on1 !re=e1 are easily und]/ood4 #dc4 ,b !re is ano!r po9t :i* appe>s enigmatical4 ,h[ does x happ5 t ! prevail+ public op9ion respect+ law & morality is itself1 9 s _m respects1 obvi\sly "r8 ,if a ?9k] l ,kant 0 unable to discov] ! s\rces f :i* e?ical k fl[s1 h[ c we believe t ! common folk succe$$ 9 draw+ !refrom8 ,& if ?is 7 n ! case1 h[ 7 !y able1 :ile ignorant ( ! premises1 /ill to rea* ! conclusions8 ,"h ! ph5om5on _c possibly be expla9$ f ! fact t ! "r view 0 long be=e e/abli%$4 ,?is difficulty also resolves itself 9 a v simple mann] :5 we reflect t mu* 9 our /ore ( k exi/s1 & contributes t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( new k1 )\t ! k ( ! process itself be+ cle>ly pres5t to consci\sness4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t 9 say+ ?is ,i am an adh]5t ( ! wond]ful philosophy ( ! unconsci\s4 ,i am speak+ "h only ( und5iable & well kn[n tru?s4 ,?us x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t = ?\s&s ( ye>s m5 h drawn "r conclusions )\t br++ ! proc$ure & ! pr9ciples :i* =m ! condition ( ! =mal validity ( ! inf]5ce into cle> consci\sness by means ( reflection4 ,inde$ :5 ,plato fir/ took ! /ep ( reflect+ ^u x1 he 0 l$ to set up an entirely false !ory :i* assum$ t e inf]5ce 0 a process ( rem9isc5ce4#ee ,:at 0 p]ceiv$ & exp]i5c$ on e>? recall$ to ! memory k acquir$ 9 a pre-mundane exi/5ce4 ,n[adays ?is error has disappe>$4 ,/ill1 false !ories conc]n+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( syllogism are cont9ually em]g+1 z1 = example1 :5 ,alb]t ,lange1#ef f9ds !m 9 space-p]ceptions & 9 syn!tic propositions priori1 or ,alex&] ,ba9#eg 9 ! exp]i5ce t ! moods ,b>b>a1 ,cel>5t1 etc41 h up to ! pres5t "t be5 f\nd to be valid 9 e case3 m]e crude errors :i* ov]look ! imm$iate intuitions =m+ ! conditions ( "r conclusions1 b :i* d n prev5t ,plato1 ,lange1 & ,ba9 f argu+ 9 g5]al exactly l o!r p4 ,9 spite ( _! false conception ( ! true fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ^! /ill cont9ue to op]ate 9 _! reason+4 ,b :y d ,i g s f> = examples8 ,let ! exp]im5t be made ) ! fir/ 8pla9 man0 :o has j drawn a "r conclusion1 & dem& ( him t he give y ! premises ( 8 conclusion4 ,?is he w usually be unable to d & may p]haps make entirely false /atem5ts ab\t x4 ,on requir+ ! same man to def9e a notion ) :i* he is famili>1 he w make ! mo/ gl>+ mi/akes & s %[ once aga9 t he is n able rightly to describe 8 own ?9k+4 #dd4 ,meantime1 h[ev] d>k ! road to e?ical k might appe>1 bo? to ! 8pla9 man0 & to ! philosoph]1 we mu/ /ill expect1 s9ce ! process is a complicat$ "o & _m comb9$ pr9ciples op]ate !re91 t ! traces ( ! op]ation ( ea* sep>ate pr9ciple w be evid5t 9 hi/ory1 & ?is fact1 ev5 m ?an agreem5t 9 respect ( ! f9al results1 is a confirmation ( ! "r !ory4 ,?is also1 if only ! "t p]mitt$1 9 :at fulness w\ld ,i n be able to lay be=e y6 ,:o is !re1 = example1 :o w\ld n1 z we h done1 reg>d joy z some?+ evid5tly good 9 itself1 if only x 7 n joy 9 :at is bad4 ,nor has !re be5 any lack ( writ]s on e?ics :o h ass]t$ t pleasure & ! good 7 /rictly id5tical conceptions4#eh ,oppos$ to ^! 7 o!rs :o bore witness to ! inn] wor? ( insight & su* w be support$ by all unprejudic$ m9ds4 ,_m philosoph]s h wi%$ to exalt k above all else z ! highe/ good4#ei ,!y recogniz$1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t1 a c]ta9 inn] wor? 9 ea* act ( virtue1 :ile o!rs h c>ri$ ?is view s f> z to recognize only 9 virtu\s action ! highe/ good4#fj ,on ! "o h&1 !re=e1 we h _h suffici5t confirmatory te/s 9 support ( our view4 ,next ) reg>d to ! pr9ciples ( *oice1 h[ (t5 d we n see ! pr9ciple ( summation appli$ z1 = example1 :5 x is said t ! measure ( ! happ9ess ( life z a :ole & n t ( ! pass+ mom5t is to be consid]$4#fa ,&1 aga91 pass+ beyond ! limits ( ! self1 :51 = example1 ,ari/otle says1 t ! happ9ess ( a nation seems to be a high] end ?an t ( an individual happ9ess1#fb & t 9 ! same way 9 a "w ( art1 or 9 an organism & simil>ly 9 ! case ( ! family1 ! "p always exi/s = ! sake ( ! :ole2 ev]y?+ is "h subord9ate to ! 8common0 78 074#fc ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! :ole creation he makes ! same pr9ciple hold good4 8,9 :at10 he asks1#fd 8reg>d+ all creat$ ?+s consi/s ! good1 & ! be/1 :i* is its f9al aim08 ,is x imman5t or transc5d5t8 ,& he answ]s3 8,bo?10 sett+ =? z ! transc5d5t aim ! div9e fir/ cause1 lik5ess to :i* ev]y?+ /rives aft]1 :ile ! imman5t aim is ! _w-ord] z a :ole4 ,! l te/imony to ! pr9ciple ( summation might be tak5 f ! lips ( ! ,/oics4#fe ,x reappe>s 9 e attempt to con/ruct a !odicy f ,plato d[n to ,leibnitz & ev5 lat]4#ff ,9 ! precepts ( our popul> religion1 aga91 ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple is also di/9ctly visible4 ,:5 x orda9s u to love our neighb\r z ourselves1 :at else is taught b t1 9 ! "r *oice1 equality 7be x our own or t ( o!rs7 %all fall ) equal weight into ! balance1 f :i* foll[s ! subord9ation ( ! s+le individual to ! good ( ! collective :ole2 j z ! e?ical ideal ( ,*ri/ianity--! ,savi\r--(f]s himself z a sacrifice = ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,& :5 x is said3 8,love ,god above all else0 7& ,ari/otle also says t ,god is mu* r to be call$ ! be/ ?an ! _w z a :ole71#fg "h also !re is a special application ( ! law ( summation4 ,= h[ else d we ?9k ( ,god ?an z ! sum ( all t is good rais$ to an inf9ite degree8 ,& s ! two propositions3 t we %\ld love our neighb\r z ourselves1 & love ,god above all else1 are manife/ly s closely relat$ t we are no long] surpris$ to f9d add$ ! words t ! "o law is l unto ! o!r4 ,! law t we are to love our neighb\r1 x %\ld be c>efully not$1 is n subord9at$ to t ( love ( ,god1 & d]iv$ f x1 x is1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian view1 n "r because ,god has requir$ x1 r he requires x because x is by nature "r2#fh & ?is rightness is made manife/ 9 ! same way1 & ) ! same cle>ness by means1 s to speak1 ( ! same ray ( natural k4 ,suffici5t te/imony has p]haps be5 (f]$ to ! %ap+ op]ation ( ^? factors :i* h be5 sep>ately set =? by u1 & s we h1 on ! "o h&1 a /r5g!n+ ( our !ory :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 we h 9 ess5tials ! explanation ( t p>adoxical anticipation ( philosophical results4 #de4 ,we are n to suppose1 h[ev]1 t all has n[ be5 said4 ,n e op9ion reg>d+ law & morality hold+ good 9 society to-day1 & :i* has also ! sanction ( e?ics1 fl[s f ^! pure & noble s\rces :i*1 ev5 :5 hid1 h none ! less dis*>g$ _! wat]s 9 ri* abundance4 ,_m su* views h aris5 9 a way q unju/ifiable f a logical po9t ( view1 & an inquiry into ! hi/ory ( _! orig9 %[s t !y take _! rise 9 l[] impulses1 9 egoi/ic desires ?r\gh a trans=mation due1 n to high] influ5ces1 b simply to ! in/9ctive =ce ( habit4 ,x is really true1 z s _m utilit>ians h po9t$ out1 t egoism prompts m5 to make !mselves agreeable to o!rs & t su* conduct cont9ually practis$1 develops f9ally into a habit :i* is bl9d to ! orig9al ends4 ,! *ief reason = ?is is ! limits ( our m9d1 ! s-call$ 8n>r[ness ( consci\sness10 :i* does n all[ ( our always keep+ cle>ly be=e u ! m remote & f9al ends side by side ) :at is imm$iately 9 "q4 ,9 su* a way _m a "o may be frequ5tly l$1 by ! bl9d =ce ( habit1 to h reg>d also = ! well-be+ ( o!rs ) a c]ta9 self-=getfulness4 ,fur!r1 x is true1 z "s h p>ticul>ly insi/$1 t 9 hi/ory x mu/ (t5 h happ5$ t a p[]ful p]son has selfi%ly r$uc$ to subjection a weak] individual1 & trans=m$ him by =ce ( habit m & m into a will+ slave4 ,& !n 9 ?is slave-s\l an comes 9 ! end to op]ate ) a bl9d1 b none ! less p[]ful =ce1 an impell+ 8y ought10 z ?\gh x 7 a revelation ( nature reg>d+ good & bad4 ,on e violation ( a comm& he feels himself1 l a well-tra9$ dog1 uneasy & inw>dly torm5t$4 ,:5 su* a tyrant _h1 9 ?is way1 r$uc$ _m to subjection 8 prud5t egoism w\ld cause him to give comm&s helpful to ! ma9t5ance ( 8 horde4 ,^! ord]s w\ld 9 ! same slavi% mann] become habitual1 & z x 71 natural to 8 subjects4 ,& s reg>d = ! :ole ( ?is community w\ld gradually become = ea* subject some?+ into :i* he felt himself driv5 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,at ! same "t1 we may easily recognize h[1 ow+ to ! con/ant c>e ex]cis$ t[>ds 8 subjects1 habits mu/ be =m$ 9 ! tyrant himself fav\rable to a reg>d = ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,x may ev5 happ5 at la/ t1 j z 9 ! case ( ! mis]1 :o sacrifices himself = ! sake ( 8 gold1 ! tyrant may be ready to die = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 p4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole process ?us describ$ e?ical pr9ciples d n ex]cise ! slighte/ influ5ce4 ,! compulsion :i* 9 ?is way arises1 & ! op9ions :i* z a result approve or disapprove ( a c]ta9 proc$ure h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! natural sanction & are devoid ( all e?ical wor?4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be easily und]/ood--especially if "o consid]s h[ "o tribe ent]s into relations ) ano!r & consid]ations ( fri5dl9ess beg9 "h too to prove advantage\s1--h[ ?is k9d ( tra9+ may lead1 inde$ "o may v5ture to say mu/1 soon] or lat]1 lead to op9ions 9 agreem5t ) ! pr9ciples spr++ f a true appreciation ( ! good4 #df4 ,?us also ! bl9d1 purely habitual expectation ( simil> ev5ts "u simil> circum/ances :i* animals1 & also we ourselves1 practise 9 c\ntless in/ances1 (t5 co9cide ) ! results :i* a complete induction accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! calculation ( probability w\ld1 9 ! same case1 h br\ght ab\t4 ,! v simil>ity ( result has l$ p ev5 ) a psy*ological education1#fi to reg>d ! two processes z exactly id5tical1 al?\gh !y /& wide z ! poles asund]1 ! "o complet+ itself by means ( a purely bl9d in/9ct1 :ile ! o!r is illum9$ by ma!matical evid5ce4 ,we ourselves %\ld1 !re=e1 be well on our gu>d aga9/ suppos+ 9 su* pseudo-e?ical developm5ts ! conceal$ influ5ce ( ! true e?ical sanction4 #dg4 ,great1 h[ev]1 z is ! contra/1 /ill ev5 ^! l[] processes h _! wor?4 ,nature--& ?is has be5 (t5 insi/$ on#gj--;frequ5tly does well 9 leav+ mu* :i* conc]ns our welf>e to in/9ctive impulses l hung] & ?ir/ r ?an leave ev]y?+ to our reason4 ,?is1 also1 is confirm$ 9 our case4 ,9 ^? v e>ly times 9 :i*1 z ,i conc$$ to ,ih]+1 7:y y w1 p]haps1 n[ be bett] able to see17 ne>ly e trace ( e?ical ?\ght & feel+ 0 abs5t1 mu* nev]!less 0 done :i* 0 a prep>ation = true virtue4 ,public laws1 h[ev] mu* 9 ! fir/ in/ance e/abli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( l[] motives1 7 yet prelim9>y conditions = ! free unfold+ ( our noble/ capacities4 ,nor is x a matt] ( no consequ5ce t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is tra9+1 c]ta9 passions became mod]at$ & c]ta9 dispositions implant$ :i* made x easi] to foll[ ! true moral law 9 ! same direction4 ,catil9e's c\rage 0 assur$ly n ! true virtue ( c\rage if ,ari/otle is "r :5 he says t !y only h su* :o g to dang] & to dea? 8 10 8= ! sake ( ! morally beautiful40#ga ,augu/9e might h made use ( ?is in/ance :5 he said3 8virtutes e?nicorum spl5dida vitia40 ,b :o w d5y t if su* a man z ,catil9e _h be5 conv]t$1 ! dispositions he _h acquir$ e>li] w\ld h made x easi] = him to v5ture to extremes 9 ! s]vice ( ! good too8 ,9 ?is way1 ! gr\nd 0 made receptive = ! admission ( truly e?ical impulses & !re9 lay a p[]ful enc\ragem5t to ! propagation ( tru? on ! "p ( ^? :o 7 =emo/ 9 ! discov]y ( e?ical k1 & fir/ to he> ! voice ( a natural sanction4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,ari/otle obs]v$ t x is n e "o :o c /udy e?ics4 ,he :o is to he> ab\t law & morality1 mu/ be already well conduct$ by d9t ( habit4 ,9 ! case ( o!rs1 he ?9ks1 x is b a wa/e ( pa9s4#gb ,inde$1 /ill m may be said 9 praise ( ! s]vices r5d]$ to ! recognition ( natural law & morality by ^! pre-e?ical1 ?\gh n pre-hi/orical1 times4 ,! legal ord9ances & cu/oms =m$ 9 ?is "t1 ow+ to ! reasons previ\sly assign$1 approa*$ s closely to :at e?ics dem&s1 t ?is peculi> k9d ( mimicry bl9d$ _m to ! abs5ce ( a m ?or\gh go+ aff9ity4 ,:at1 9 ! "o case1 a bl9d impulse & 9 ! o!r1 k ( ! good exalts into a law1 is (t5 completely ! same 9 sub/ance4 ,! legislative moral au?ority f\nd !re=e 9 ^! already codifi$ laws & cu/oms ! r\gh drafts1 z x 71 ( laws1 :i* ) a few *anges1 x c\ld sanction )\t m ado4 ,^! 7 ! m valuable because1 z seems requir$ f a utilit>ian po9t ( view1 !y 7 adapt$ to ! special circum/ances ( ! p4 ,a comp>ison ( ! "o con/itution ) ! o!r made ?is noticeable1 & e>ly help$ to lead to ! important k ( ! real relativity ( natural "r & ( natural morality4 ,:o kn[s :e!r o!rwise1 x w\ld h be5 possible1 ev5 = an ,ari/otle1 to succe$ to ! degree 9 :i* he did 9 /e]+ cle> ( all cut & dri$ doctr9aire !ories8 ,s mu*1 !re=e1 conc]n+ ! pre-e?ical times1 9 ord] t ^! may n be d5i$ ! ackn[l$gm5t :i* !y des]ve4 #dh4 ,nev]!less x 0 !n night2 ?\gh a night :i* h]ald$ ! com+ day1 & ! dawn ( t day witness$ assur$ly ! mo/ glori\s sunrise :i*1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w is yet to rise into full spl5d\r4 ,i say1 is to rise1 n has ris51 = we /ill see ! light /ruggl+ ) ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,true e?ical motives1 9 private z 9 public life1 are /ill f> f be+ ev]y:]e ! det]m9+ /&>d4 ,^! =ces--to use ! language ( ! poet,a--prove !mselves /ill too little develop$ to hold toge!r ! /ructure ( ! _w2 & s nature1--& we h ne$ to be ?ankful t x is s--keeps ! ma*9e go+ by hung] & love1 &1 we mu/ also add1 by all ^? o!r d>k /riv+s :i*1 z we h se51 may be develop$ f self-seek+ desires4 ,a ,s*ill]4 #di4 ,( ^!1 & _! psy*ological laws ! juri/ mu/1 !re=e1 if he w\ld truly und]/& 8 "t1 & influ5ce x b5eficially1 take cognizance1 z well z ( ! doctr9es ( natural "r & natural morality :i* our inquiry has %[n to be n ! fir/ b--9 s f> z hope 9 ! realization ( a complete ideal may be *]i%$ at all--w be ! la/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( law & morality4 ,?us ! ne> relation%ips ( jurisprud5ce & politics ( :i* ,leibnitz spoke1 become evid5t 9 _! full range4 ,plato has said3 8,x w nev] be well ) ! /ate until ! true philosoph] is k+1 or k+s philosophize rightly40 ,9 our con/itutional times we %\ld express ourselves bett] by say+ t !re w nev] be a *ange = ! bett] reg>d+ ! _m evils 9 our national life until ! au?orities1 in/ead ( aboli%+ ! limit$ philosophical culture requir$ = law /ud5ts by ! exi/+ regulations1 %all r /rive h>d to secure t = _! noble pr(ession !y %all really receive an adequate philosophical culture4 ,,notes #a 7p4 #b74 ,cf4 8b] die ,ent/ehung des ,re*tsgefhls40 ,lecture by ,dr4 ,rudolf von ,ih]+1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,vi5na ,law ,society1 ,m>* #ab1 #ahhd 7,allgem4 ,juri/5zeitung1 #g ,jahrg41 ,no4 #aa seq41 ,vi5na1 ,m>* #af-;,april #ac1 #ahhd74 ,cf4 fur!r1 v4 ,ih]+1 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 vol4 ii4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg-hc4 #b 7p4 #b74 ,= ! fir/ po9t1 cf4 ,allgem4 ,juri/5zeitung1 #g ,jahrg4 p4 #abb seq41 ,zweck im ,re*t1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aji seq4 ,= ! second po9t ,allgem4 ,juri/5zeitung1 #g ,jahrg4 p4 #aga1 ,zweck im ,re*t1 pp4 #aah-abc4 ,x is "h d5i$ t !re is any absolutely valid e?ical rule 7pp4 #aah1 #abb seq472 fur!r e 8psy*ological0 treatm5t ( e?ics1 accord+ to :i* e?ics is repres5t$ 8z tw9 si/] ( logic0 is conte/$4 #c 7p4 #d74 ,allgem4 ,juri/5zeitung1 #g ,jahrg41 p4 #adg2 cf4 ,zweck im ,re*t1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abd seq4 #d 7p4 #d74 ,ari/otle1 ,politics1 i4 #b1 p4 #abeb b4 #bd4 #e 7p4 #d74 ,cf4 e4g4 ,allgem4 ,juri/5zeitung1 #g ,jahrg4 p4 #adf4 #f 7p4 #e74 ,rep4 #b4 #ca4 #g 7p4 #e74 ,dig4 #a4 #h1 #i4 #h 7p4 #f74 ,among/ ! num]\s adh]5ts ( ?is view & "o ( its be/ advocates is ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 9 8 ,utilit>ianism1 *ap4 iii4 #i 7p4 #f74 ,"h also1 along ) _m o!rs1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill may be cit$4 ,! motives ( hope & fe> are1 accord+ to him1 ! ext]nal2 ! motives fir/ describ$1 ! feel+s develop$ by habit1 ! int]nal sanction4 ,utilit>ianism1 *ap4 iii4 #aj 7p4 #g74 ,cf4 espec4 "h a discussion 9 ,james ,mill's ,fragm5t on ,mack9to%1 pr9t$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( ! human m9d1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cji seq42 & ,grote's p[]ful essay publi%$ by ,a4 ,ba9 "u ! title1 8,fragm5ts on ,e?ical ,subjects1 by ! late ,george ,grote1 ,f4,r4,s410 be+ a selection f 8 po/hum\s pap]s1 ,london1 #ahgf2 ,espec4 ,essay #a1 ,on ! ,orig9 & ,nature ( ,e?ical ,s5tim5t4 #aa 7p4 #i74 ,d4 ,hume1 ,an ,enquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,london1 #agea4 #ab 7p4 #i74 ,h]b>t1 ,lehrbu* zur ,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie1 #ha seq4 ,collect$ ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #abd seq4 #ac 7p4 #i74 ,?is comp>ison ) logic %\ld be my be/ def5ce aga9/ ! *>ge ( plac+ ,h]b>t's doctr9e 9 a false light4 ,7 ! logical crit]ion to consi/ 9 judgm5ts ( ta/e exp]i5c$ on ! appe>ance ( ?\ght-processes 9 accordance ) or opposition to rule1 x w\ld !n1 9 comp>ison ) :at x actually is 7! int]nal self-evid5ce ( a process 9 accordance ) rule7 h to be call$ ext]nal4 ,simil>ly ,h]b>t's crit]ion ( e?ics is rightly *>act]iz$ z ext]nal1 h[ev] l\dly ,h]b>tians may insi/ t 9 ! judgm5t ( ta/e :i* arises spontane\sly on ! contemplation ( c]ta9 relations ( w1 an inn] sup]iority reg>d+ ^! relations is recognizable4 #ad 7p4 #aj74 ,9 8 ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 ,kant enunciates 8 ,categorical ,imp]ative 9 ! foll[+ =ms3 8,act only 9 accordance ) t maxim :i* y c at ! same "t w %\ld become a univ]sal law10 & 8,act z if ! maxim ( y\r action 7 by y\r w to be rais$ to a univ]sal law40 ,9 ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason x runs 8,act s t ! maxim ( y\r w c\ld on ea* occasion be valid z a univ]sal legislative pr9ciple10 i4e4 z ,kant himself expla9s1 9 su* a way t ! maxim1 :5 rais$ to a univ]sal law1 does n lead to contradictions & consequ5t self-abrogation4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is fundam5tal law 01 = ,kant1 a fact ( pure reason1 !reby proclaim+ itself to be legislative 7sic volo sic jubeo74 ,b5eke has already obs]v$ 7,grundl9i5 d] ,sitt5lehre1 vol4 ii4 p4 xviii41 #ahda2 cf4 8 ,grundlegung zur ,physik d] ,sitt51 a c\nt]p>t to ,kant's ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 #ahbb7 t x is no?+ m ?an a 8psy*ologis*e ,di*tung10 & to-day no "o able to judge is any long] 9 d\bt conc]n+ x4 ,x des]ves to be not$ t ev5 philosoph]s l ,mansel1 :o h ! highe/ rev]5ce = ,kant1 admit t ! ,categorical ,imp]ative is a fiction & absolutely unt5able4 ,! ,categorical ,imp]ative has at ! same "t ano!r & n less s]i\s defect1 i4e4 t ev5 :5 admitt$1 x leads to no e?ical conclusions4 ,kant fails1 z ,mill 7,utilit>ianism1 *ap4 i47 rightly says 89 an almo/ grotesque fa%ion0 to d$uce :at he seeks4 ,8 fav\rite example ( a d$uction1 by :i* he illu/rates 8 mann] ( proc$ure n only 9 8 ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt5 b also 9 ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason is z foll[s3 ,may a p]son1 he asks1 reta9 = himself a possession :i* has be5 entru/$ to him )\t a receipt or o!r ackn[l$gm5t8 ,he answ]s1 ,no4 ,= he ?9ks1 7 ! opposite maxim to be rais$ to a law1 nobody1 "u su* circum/ances1 w\ld entru/ any?+ to anybody4 ,! law w\ld !n be )\t possibility ( application1 !re=e impracticable & s self-abrogat$4 ,x may easily be se5 t ,kant's argum5tation is false1 inde$ absurd4 ,if1 9 consequ5ce ( ! law1 c]ta9 actions ceas$ to be practis$1 ! law ex]cises an influ5ce2 x !re=e /ill exi/s & has 9 no way annull$ itself4 ,h[ ridicul\s w\ld x appe> if ! foll[+ "q 7 treat$ aft] an analog\s fa%ion3 8,may ,i yield to a p]son :o desires to bribe me80 ,yes1 s9ce1 7 ,i to ?9k ( ! opposite maxim z rais$ to a univ]sal law1 !n nobody w\ld seek any long] to bribe ano!r2 !re=e ! law w\ld be )\t application1 !re=e1 impracticable1 & s self-abrogat$4 #ae 7p4 #aa74 ,cf4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,sy/em ( ,d$uctive & ,inductive ,logic1 vol4 iv4 *ap4 iv4 section vi4 7t[>ds ! end72 vol4 vi4 *ap4 ii4 section iv4 & else:]e1 e4g4 9 8 ,utilit>ianism1 ,essays on ,religion1 & 9 8 article on ,comte & ,positivism1 "p ii4 #af 7p4 #aa74 ,cf4 ) :at has be5 said 9 ! lecture ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,nicoma*ian ,e?ics1 & x w be se5 t ,ih]+'s 8fundam5tal ?\ght0 9 8 "w ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 vol4 i4 p4 vi41 viz43 8t no legal =mula exi/s :i* does n owe its orig9 to an end10 is z old z e?ics itself4 #ag 7p4 #ab74 ,cases may arise :]e ! consequ5ce ( c]ta9 ef=ts rema9s 9 d\bt1 & two c\rses are op53 "o pres5t+ ! prospect ( a great] good b ) less probability1 ! o!r a less] good b ) a great] probability4 ,9 *oos+ "h1 acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! degree ( probability4 ,if ,a is ?ree times bett] ?an ,b1 b ,b has t5 times z _m *ances ( be+ atta9$ z ,a1 !n practical wisdom w pref] c\rse ,b4 ,suppos+ t1 "u l circum/ances1 su* a proc$ure always takes place1 !n 79 accordance ) ! law ( great numb]s7 ! bett] w\ld1 g5]ally speak+1 be realiz$1 a suffici5t numb] ( cases be+ assum$1 & s su* a mann] ( *oos+ w\ld /ill obvi\sly correspond to ! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! text1 i4e4 8,*oose ! be/ t is atta9able40 ,! full significance ( ?is rem>k w be made /ill m evid5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! inquiry4 #ah 7p4 #ab74 ,?is tru? 0 famili> to ,ari/otle 7cf4 e4g4 ,de ,anima1 iii4 #h74 ,! ,middle ,ages ma9ta9$ x1 b express$ x un=tunately 9 ! proposition3 nihil e/ 9 intelluctu1 quod non prius fu]it 9 s5su4 ,! notions 8will+10 8conclud+0 are n ga9$ f s5su\s p]ception2 ! t]m 8s5su\s0 w\ld 9 t case h to be tak5 s g5]ally t all di/9ction betwe5 8s5su\s0 & 8sup]-s5su\s0 disappe>s4 ,^! notions h _! orig9 9 c]ta9 concrete impressions ) psy*ical cont5t 7,ans*auung5 psy*is*5 ,inhalts74 ,f ! same s\rce arise ! notions 8end10 8cause0 7we obs]ve1 = example1 a causal relation exi/+ betwe5 our belief 9 ! premises & 9 ! conclusion71 8impossibility0 & 8necessity0 7we ga9 ^! f judgm5ts :i* accept or reject n m]ely ass]torically1 b1 z x is usually express$1 apodictically17 & _m o!r notions :i* "s mod]n philosoph]s1 fail+ 9 detect+ ! true orig9 ( !m1 h s\ght to reg>d z categories giv5 priori4 ,i may m5tion1 by ! way1 t ,i am well aw>e ,sigw>t & o!rs influ5c$ by him h rec5tly que/ion$ ! peculi> nature ( apodictic z oppos$ to ass]torical judgm5ts4 ,b ?is is a psy*ological error :i* x is n ! place to discuss "h4 ,cf4 note #bg1 p4 #hc sub4 #ai 7p4 #ab74 ,?is doctr9e 9 g]m is also f\nd 9 ,ari/otle2 cf4 espec4 ,metaph43 #ae1 p4 #ajba a4 #bi4 ,?is t]m 8int5tional10 l _m o!r t]ms = important notions1 comes f ! s*ola/ics4 #bj 7p4 #ac74 ,! "q ( ! gr\nds ( ?is division is discuss$ 9 m detail 9 my ,psy*ologie vom empiris*5 ,/&punkte 7#ahgd1 ,bk4 ii4 *ap4 vi42 cf4 also *ap4 i4 section #e74 ,! /atem5ts !re made reg>d+ ?is division ,i /ill consid] to be sub/antially correct 9 spite ( _m modifications respect+ po9ts ( detail4 #ba 7p4 #ac74 ,m$itat4 iii4 8,nunc autem ordo videtur exig]e1 ut prius omnes meas cogitationes 7all psy*ical acts7 9 c]ta g5]a di/ribuam4444 ,qua$am ex 8 tanquam r]um imag9es sunt1 quibus solis proprie conv5it ideae nom51 ut cum hom9em1 vel *ima]am1 vel coelum1 vel angelum1 vel ,deum cogito2 aliae v]o alias quasdam praet]ea =mas hab5t1 ut cum volo cum timeo1 cum affirmo1 cum nego1 semp] quidem aliquam rem ut subjectum meae cogitationis appreh5do1 s$ aliquid etiam amplius quam i/ius rei similitud9em cogitatione complector2 et ex 8 aliae voluntates sive affectus aliae autem judicia appellantur40 ,/rangely en\gh ?is cle> passage has n prev5t$ ,w9delb& 7,/rassb4 philos4 ,abh&l4 p4 #aga7 f ascrib+ to ,desc>tes ! view t ! judgm5t is an act ( volition4 ,:at l$ him a/ray is a discussion 9 ! f\r? ,m$itation on ! influ5ce ( ! w 9 ! =mation ( judgm5t4 ,ev5 s*ola/ics l ,su>ez _h ascrib$ too mu* to ?is influ5ce1 & ,desc>tes goes s f> 9 exagg]ation ( ?is dep5d5ce t he consid]s e judgm5t 7ev5 ! self-evid5t judgm5ts7 z ! "w ( ! w4 ,b to 8produce ! judgm5t0 & 8to be ! judgm5t0 are yet manife/ly n "o & ! same4 ,&1 !re=e1 al?\gh ,desc>tes1 9 ! passage cit$1 all[s 8 view z to ! influ5ce ( ! w to appe>1 & probably x is only on ?is acc\nt t he assigns to ! judgm5t ! ?ird place 9 ! fundam5tal classification ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 yet none ! less he says )\t contradiction3 aliae voluntates--aliae judicia appellantur4 ,m illusive are a c\ple ( passages 9 8 lat] writ+s1 i4e4 9 8 ,pr9cipia ,philosophiae 7i4 #cb71 publi%$ ?ree ye>s aft] ! ,m$itations1 & 9 a "w also writt5 ?ree ye>s lat]3 ,notae 9 ,programma quoddam1 sub f9em ,anni #afdg 9 ,belgio editum1 cum hoc ,titulo3 ,explicatio m5tis humanae sive animae rationalis1 ubi explicatur quid sit1 et quid esse possit40 ,p>ticul>ly might ! passage 9 ! ,pr9ciples lead to ! op9ion t ,desc>tes mu/ h *ang$ 8 view1 & x is a/oni%+ t ,w9delb& has n appeal$ to ?is passage r ?an to t 9 ! ,m$itations4 ,we read "h3--,ord9es modi cognit&i quos 9 nobis exp]imur1 ad duos g5]ales ref]ri possunt2 quorum unus e/1 p]ceptio sive op]atio intellectus2 alius v]o volitio sive op]atio voluntatis4 ,nam s5tire1 imag9>i1 et pure intelleg]e1 sunt tantum div]si modi p]cipi5di2 ut et cup]e1 av]s>i1 affirm>e1 neg>e1 dubit>e1 sunt div]si modi vol5di4 ,at fir/ sight ?is passage appe>s to be s cle>ly 9 contradiction to ! "o 9 ! ?ird ,m$itation t1 z we h said1 x is sc>cely possible to avoid ! supposition t ,desc>tes _h meantime reject$ 8 !sis z to ! ?ree fundam5tal classes ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 s %unn+ ,scylla only to plunge into ,*>ybdis2 avoid+ ! old mi/ake ( confus+ ! judgm5t ) ! idea 7,vor/ellung71 he w\ld n[ seem to conf\nd x ) ! w4 ,b a m att5tive exam9ation ( all ! circum/ances w suffice to exon]ate ,desc>tes f su* a *>ge1 & ?is on ! foll[+ gr\nds3 7#a7 ,!re is n ! slighte/ sign t ,desc>tes 0 ev] consci\s ( hav+ become untrue to ! view express$ 9 ! ,m$itations4 7#b7 ,fur!r1 9 ! ye> #afdg 7?ree ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,m$itations & %ortly be=e writ+ ! ,notae to 8 ,programma7 ! ,m$itations appe>$ 9 a translation revis$ by ,desc>tes himself1 :]e1 rem>kably en\gh1 n ! slighte/ alt]ation is to be f\nd 9 ! decisive passage 9 ! ?ird ,m$itation4 8,entre mes p5ses10 x reads1 8quelques unes sont commes les images des *oses1 et c'e/ celles-l scules que convi5t proprem5t le nom d'ide4444 ,d'autres1 outre cela ont quelques autres =mes2 444 et de ce g5re de p5ses les unes sont appeles volonts ou affections1 et les autres jugem5ts40 7#c7 ,9 ! ,pr9ciples itself he says directly aft] 7i4 ,no4 #db7 t all our errors dep5d ^u our w 7a voluntate p5d]e72 b s f> is he f reg>d+ ! 8error0 z an act ( volition1 t he says !re is no "o :o errs volunt>ily 7nemo e/ qui velit falli74 ,/ill cle>] is x t he does n reg>d ! judgm5t l ! desires & dislikes z inn] activities ( ! w itself1 b only z a product ( ! w1 s9ce he at once adds3 s$ longe aliud e/ velle falli quam velle ass5tiri iis1 9 quibus cont+it errorem rep]iri10 etc4 ,he does n say ( ! w t x desires1 affirms1 ass5ts1 b t x wills ! ass5t2 s also1 n t x is true b t x desires ! tru? 7v]itatis assequ5dae cupiditas 444 efficit1 ut 444 judicium f]ant74 ,z to ,desc>tes' real view1 !re=e1 !re c be no d\bt2 8 doctr9e has n 9 ?is respect suff]$ ! slighte/ *ange4 ,x only rema9s1 !re=e1 to come to an und]/&+ ( 8 obvi\sly v>iable modes ( expression1 & ?is is1 ,i believe1 solv$ incontrov]tibly 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,desc>tes1 :ile reg>d+ w & judgm5t z two classes diff]+ fundam5tally1 none ! less f9ds t 9 contradi/9ction to ! fir/ fundam5tal class--t ( ideas--^! h some?+ 9 common4 ,9 ! ?ird ,m$itation he designates 7cf4 ! above passage7 z ! common elem5t ! fact t al?\gh ess5tially bas$ ^u an idea1 9 bo? alike !re is conta9$ a fur!r special =m4 ,9 ! f\r? ,m$itation a fur!r common "* appe>s1 i4e4 t ! w decides conc]n+ !m2 n only c x det]m9e & susp5d its own acts1 b also ^? ( ! judgm5t4 ,x is ?is common "* :i* he 0 b\nd to reg>d z especially1 inde$ all important1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,pr9ciples1 xxix4-xlii4 ,accord+ly1 he classes !m1 9 opposition to ! ideas 7:i* he calls op]ationes intellectus7 "u ! t]m op]ationes voluntatis4 ,9 ! ,notae to ! ,programma he calls !m di/9ctly 9 ! same s5se1 8det]m9ationes voluntatis40 8,ego enim1 cum vid]em1 praet] p]ceptionem1 quae pra]equiritur ut judicemus1 opus esse affirmatione vel negatione ad =mam judicii con/itu5dam1 nobisque saepe esse lib]um ut cohibeamus ass5sionem1 etiamsi rem p]cipiamus1 ipsum actum judic&i1 qui non nisi 9 ass5su1 hoc e/ 9 affirmatione vel negatione consi/it1 non retuli ad p]ceptionem intellectus s$ ad det]m9ationem voluntatis40 ,he does n ev5 hesitate 9 ! ,pr9ciples to t]m bo? ^! two classes ( modi cogit&i1 8modi vol5di0 ! context seem+ suffici5tly to indicate t he means only to express !reby ! fact t !y fall )9 ! doma9 ( ! w4 ,9 fur!r support ( ?is explanation we may comp>e ! s*ola/ic t]m9ology into :i* ,desc>tes z a "y man 0 initiat$4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to d5ote "u ! t]m actus voluntatis n m]ely ! movem5t ( ! w itself b also ! act p]=m$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! w4 ,9 accordance ) ?is cu/om1 ! actus voluntatis fell into two classes2 ! actus elicitus voluntatis & ! actus imp]atus voluntatis4 ,9 a simil> mann] ,desc>tes gr\ps ! class :i*1 accord+ to him1 0 only possible z an actus imp]atus ( ! w along ) 8 actus elicitus4 ,!re is "h1 !re=e1 no "q ( a common fundam5tal "* ( ! int5tional relation4 ,cle> z all ?is is to ^? :o c>efully atta* due weight to ! v>i\s mom5ts1 x w\ld yet appe> t ,sp9oza 7probably misl$ r by ! passage 9 ! ,pr9ciples ?an by t cit$ by ,w9delb&71 anticipates ,w9delb& 9 ?is misund]/&+ ( ! ,c>tesian doctr9e4 ,9 8 ,e?ics1 ii4 prop4 #di1 he actually1 & 9 ! mo/ real s5se1 reg>ds ! affirmatio & negatio z 8volitiones m5tis10 & by a fur!r confusion1 comes f9ally to oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes ideae & voluntates4 8,voluntas et intellectus unum et idem sunt0 8 !sis n[ reads1 s ov]?r[+ n only ! ?ree-fold classification ( ,desc>tes1 b also ! old ,ari/otelian dual classification4 ,sp9oza has "h1 z usual1 done no?+ else ?an corrupt ! tea*+ ( 8 great ma/]4 #bb 7p4 #ac74 ,i d n mean to say t ! classification is1 univ]sally recogniz$ to-day4 ,x w\ld n ev5 be possible to reg>d z c]ta9 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,contradiction if 9 ord] to d s we 7 to await univ]sal ass5t4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance x is n difficult to und]/& t old1 deeply-root$ prejudices _c all at once be bani%$4 ,b t ev5 "u su* circum/ances x has n be5 possible to urge a s+le important objection af=ds ! be/ confirmation ( our doctr9e4 ,"s1 z = in/ance1 ,w9delb&--:ile giv+ up ! attempt at includ+ judgm5t & idea 7,vor/ellung7 9 "o fundam5tal class1 on ! o!r h& believe x possible to subsume judgm5t "u feel+1 ?us fall+ back into ! error :i* ,hume committ$ e>li] 9 8 inquiry into ! nature ( belief4 ,accord+ to ^! writ]s1 to affirm implies an act ( approval1 an appreciation on ! "p ( ! feel+s1 :ile d5ial is an act ( disapproval1 a feel+ ( repugnance4 ,despite a c]ta9 analogy ! confusion is h>d to und]/&4 ,!re are p :o recognize bo? ! goodness ( ,god & ! wick$ness ( ! devil1 ! be+ ( ,ormuzd & ! be+ ( ,ahriman1 ) an equal degree ( conviction1 & yet1 :ile priz+ ! nature ( ! "o above all else1 !y feel !mselves absolutely repell$ by t ( ! o!r4 ,s9ce we love k & hate error x is1 ( c\rse1 prop] t ^? judgm5ts we hold to be "r 7& ?is is true ( all ^? judgm5ts :i* we ourselves make7 are = ?is v reason de> to u1 i4e4 we e/imate !m 9 "s way or o!r ?r\gh feel+4 ,b :o on ?is acc\nt w\ld be misl$ into reg>d+ ! judgm5ts !mselves :i* are lov$ z acts ( lov+84 ,! confusion w\ld be almo/ z gross z if we %\ld fail to di/+ui% wife & *ild1 money & possessions1 f ! activity :i* is direct$ t[>ds ^!1 inasmu* !y are ! objects ( affection4 ,cf4 also :at has be5 said 7note #ba7 ) reg>d to ,w9delb&1 :]e1 misund]/&+ ,desc>tes1 he ascribes to him ! same tea*+2 fur!r1 note #bf 7on ! unity ( ! idea ( ! good7 z well z :at is urg$ by ,sigw>t 9 ! note 79 "p mu* to ! po9t7 on ,w9delb& 7,logic1 vol4 i4 *ap4 ii4 p4 #aef seq474 ,to ^? :o1 despite all t has be5 said1 /ill wi% fur!r argum5ts = ! di/9ction betwe5 ! second & ?ird fundam5tal classes1 ,i may1 p]haps1 be all[$ to ref] !m1 by anticipation1 to my ,descriptive ,psy*ology1 :i* ,i h allud$ to 9 ! preface z an almo/ complet$ "w1 & :i* w appe> if n z a cont9uation1 yet /ill z a fur!r developm5t ( my ,psy*ology f ! ,empirical ,/&po9t4 ,z aga9/ ,w9delb&1 ,i "h add ! foll[+ obs]vations3 #a4 ,x is false & a s]i\s ov]sight1 z he himself w be conv9c$ on read+ aga9 9 my ,psy*ology1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfb1 :5 he 7p4 #agb7 makes me ass]t1 & t too z a quotation f my own "w1 t 8love & hate0 is n an appropriate t]m = ! ?ird fundam5tal class4 #b4 ,x is false1 & a q unju/ifiable supposition :5 7p4 #agh7 he ascribes to me ! op9ion t ! classification ( judgm5ts accord+ to quality is ! only ess5tial classification belong+ to ! act ( judgm5t itself4 ,i believe exactly ! contr>y4 ,i reg>d1 = example 7( c\rse 9 opposition to ,w9delb&71 ! di/9ction betwe5 ass]torical & apodictic judgm5ts 7cf4 "h note #bg1 p4 #hc71 z also ! di/9ction betwe5 self-evid5t & bl9d judgm5ts z belong+ & highly ess5tial1 to ! act ( judgm5t itself4 ,o!r diff]5ces1 aga91 especially ! di/9ction betwe5 simple & comp\nd acts ( judgm5t1 ,i might m5tion4 ,= x is n e comp\nd judgm5t t c be resolv$ into q simple elem5ts1 & some?+ simil> takes place also 9 ! case ( c]ta9 notions1 a fact kn[n to ,ari/otle4 ,:at is r$8--,r$ col\r4 ,:at is col\r8--,! quality ( col\r4 ,! diff]5ce1 x is se51 conta9s 9 bo? cases ! notion ( ! g5us4 ,! sep>at+ ( ! "o logical elem5t f ! o!r is only possible f ! "o side4 ,a simil> "o-sid$ capacity to sep>ate appe>s also 9 c]ta9 comp\nd judgm5ts4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill is1 !re=e1 q wrong :5 he 7,d$uctive & ,inductive ,logic1 vol4 i4 *ap4 iv4 section #c71 reg>ds z ridicul\s ! old classification ( judgm5ts into simple & comp\nd1 & ?9ks t ! proc$ure 9 su* a case is exactly z if "o %\ld wi% to divide horses into s+le horses & teams ( horses2 o!rwise ! same argum5t w\ld hold good aga9/ ! classification ( conceptions into simple & comp\nd4 #c4 ,x is false1 ?\gh an error :i* f9ds almo/ univ]sal acceptance1 & "o f :i* ,i myself at ! "t ( writ+ ! fir/ volume ( my ,psy*ology 0 n yet free1 t ! s-call$ degree ( conviction consi/s 9 a degree ( int5sity ( ! judgm5t :i* c be br\ght into analogy ) ! int5sity ( pleasure & pa94 ,_h ,w9delb& *>g$ me ) ?is error ,i w\ld h ackn[l$g$ ! complete ju/ice ( ! *>ge4 ,in/ead ( ?is he f9ds fault ) me because ,i recognize int5sity ) reg>d to ! judgm5t1 only 9 a s5se analog\s1 & n id5tical to t 9 ! case ( feel+1 & because ,i ass]t ! impossibility ( comp>+ 9 respect ( magnitude1 ! suppos$ int5sity ( ! belief & ! real int5sity ( feel+4 ,"h we h "o ( ! results ( 8 improv$ !ory ( judgm5t6 ,if ! degree ( conviction ( my belief t #b #a #c 7 "o ( int5sity h[ p[]ful w\ld ?is be6 ,& if ! said belief 7 to be id5tifi$1 z by ,w9delb& 7p4 #ahf71 ) feel+1 n m]ely reg>d$ z analog\s to feel+1 h[ de/ructive to our n]v\s sy/em w\ld ! viol5ce ( su* a %ock to ! feel+s prove6 ,e physician w\ld be compell$ to w>n ! public aga9/ ! /udy ( ma!matics z calculat$ to de/roy heal?4 7,cf4 ) reg>d to ?is s-call$ degree ( conviction ! view ( ,h5ry ,newman 9 8 int]e/+ "w3 ,an ,essay 9 ,aid ( a ,gramm> ( ,ass5t--a "w sc>cely notic$ 9 ,g]many47 #d4 ,:5 ,w9delb& 7p4 #ahc7 wond]s h[ ,i c reg>d ! ^w 8is0 9 su* propositions z 8,god is10 8,a man is0 7e9 ,m5s* i/71 8,a lack is0 7e9 ,mangel i/71 8,a possibility is10 8,a tru? is10 7i4e4 ,!re is a tru?71 etc41 z hav+ ! same mean+ & f9ds x extraord9>y 7#ahd1 note #a7 9 ! au?or ( ,von d] mannigfa*5 ,b$eutung des ,sei5d5 na* ,ari/oteles t he %\ld fail to recognize ! manifold significance ( 8to be10 ,i c only reply t he :o 9 ?is view does n p]ceive ! simple consequ5ce ( my !ory ( ! judgm5t c h>dly h und]/ood ?is doctr9e4 ,) reg>d to ,ari/otle x nev] occurs to him1 :ile divid+ ! 80 9 ! s5se ( reality into v>i\s categories1 & into an 8 & 01 to d ! same ) ! 80 trans=m+ :at is ! expression ( an idea into t ( a judgm5t & ! 8 0 z he calls x4 ,?is c\ld only be done by ^? :o1 l ,h]b>t & _m o!rs aft] him1 did n "k h[ to hold ap>t ! notion ( be+ 9 ! s5se ( absolute position & be+ 9 ! s5se ( reality 7cf4 ! foll[+ note74 #e4 ,i h j said t !re exi/ simple & comp\nd judgm5ts1 & t _m a comp\nd judgm5t is n1 )\t a residue1 resolvable into simple judgm5ts4 ,special att5tion mu/ be paid to ?is 9 seek+ to conv]t judgm5ts o!rwise express$ into ! exi/5tial =m4 ,x is self-evid5t t only simple judgm5ts1 i4e4 su* z are1 /rictly speak+1 )\t p>ts1 are s conv]tible4 ,i may !re=e be excus$ = n ?9k+ x necess>y to emphasize ?is expressly 9 my ,psy*ology4 ,if ?is re/riction hold good univ]sally x is1 ( c\rse1 valid also ( ! categorical =m4 ,9 ! propositions categorical 9 =m1 :i* ! =mal logicians h d5ot$ by ! signs ,a4,e4,i4 & ,o4 !y wi% to express /rictly simple judgm5ts4 ,^! are !re=e "o & all conv]tible into ! exi/5tial =m 7cf4 my ,psy*ology1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhc74 ,! same1 h[ev]1 w n hold good :5 propositions categorical 9 =m conta9 9 consequ5ce ( an ambiguity ( expression 7cf4 p4 #abj1 note to ,app5dix7 a plurality ( judgm5ts4 ,9 su* a case ! exi/5tial =m may c]ta9ly be ! expression ( a simple judgm5t equival5t to ! comp\nd "o1 b _c be ! expression ( ! judgm5t itself4 ,?is is a po9t :i* ,w9delb& ought to h consid]$ 9 exam9+ 7p4 #ahd7 ! proposition3 8,! rose is a fl[]0 ) respect to its conv]tibility into an exi/5tial proposition4 ,he is q "r 9 prote/+ aga9/ its conv]sion into ! proposition3 8,!re is no rose :i* is n a fl[]10 b he is n equally "r 9 ascrib+ ?is conv]sion to me4 ,nei!r 9 ! passage cit$ by him nor else:]e h ,i made su* a conv]sion1 & ,i consid] x j z false z t attempt$ by ,w9delb& & all su* z may be attempt$ by anybody else4 ,! judgm5t "h express$ 9 ! proposition is made up ( two judgm5ts ( :i* "o is ! recognition ( ! subject 7:e!r x be t !reby is meant 8rose0 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 or 8:at is call$ rose10 8:at is und]/ood by rose071 & ?is1 z we h j said1 is n always ! case :]e a proposition is giv5 ( ! =m3 ,all ,a is ,b4 ,un=tunately ,l& also has ov]look$ ?is1 ! only "o among my critics :o has succe$$ 9 compreh5d+1 9 _! necess>y connection ) ! pr9ciple1 :at ,w9delb& has t]m$ ! 8my/]i\s0 h9ts :i* ,i h ?r[n out t[>ds ! re=m ( elem5t>y logic1 & 9 d$uc+ !m correctly f x4 7,cf4 ,l&1 8,on a suppos$ improvem5t 9 ,=mal ,logic0 9 ! pap]s ( ! ,kgl4 ,ni$]lndis*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #ahgf47 ,i conclude ) a curiosity rec5tly furni%$ by ,/e9?al 9 8 ,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie 7*ap4 xviii4 p4 #age74 ,i !re read ) a/oni%m5t3 8,br5tano's confusion 9 completely sev]+ judgm5ts f idea & ?\ghts 767 & gr\p+ ! judgm5ts z acts ( recognition or rejection1 ) love & hate 7667 is in/antly remov$ if su* 787 a judgm5t1 z an ae/hetic judgm5t is t]m$ 8,beurteil50 7674 ,probably ,/e9?al has nev] once glanc$ into my ,psy*ology1 & has only read ,w9delb&'s /atem5t conc]n+ x2 ?is1 h[ev]1 s ha/ily t ,i hope he w n be ungrateful at my s5d+ 8 l9es to ,w9delb& = correction4 #bc 7p4 #ad74 ,miklosi*1 ,subjectlose ,stze1 second edition1 ,vi5na1 #ahhc4 ,9 ord] to make ! read] famili> ) ! cont5ts ( ?is valuable little book a notice writt5 at ! "t = ! ,vi5na ,ev5+ ,po/ may prove useful4 ,?r\gh an ov]sight x 0 pr9t$ z a feuilleton 9 ! ,vi5na newspap]4 ,z no "o c]ta9ly w\ld look = x !re1 ,i w include x "h by way ( an app5dix4 ,meantime1 ,sigw>t's monograph1 ,! ,imp]sonalia has appe>$1 9 :i* he opposes ,miklosi*4 ,m>ty has submitt$ ?is1 z well z 7%ortly be=e7 ! correspond+ section 9 ,sigw>t's ,logic to a tell+ criticism 9 ! ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,philosopie1 ) reg>d to :i* criticism ,sigw>t1 ?\gh )\t any reasonable gr\nd1 has %[n himself highly indignant4 8,il se fa*e10 ! ,fr5* say1 8donc il a tort40 ,t ,sigw>t's !ory 9 its ess5tial po9ts has n succe$$1 ev5 ,/e9?al really all[s1 ?\gh 9 8 ,zeits*rift 7*ap4 xviii4 p4 #agb seq47 he burns ?ick cl\ds ( inc5se to ! writ] ( ! monograph1 & ev5 9 8 preface to ! f\r? edition ( 8 ,orig9 ( ,language applauds a =m ( conduct :i* e true fri5d ( t des]v+ man 7,sigw>t7 mu/ regret4 ,aft] ! high praise aw>d$ to him at ! outset1 "o feels some:at disappo9t$ f9ally by ! criticism4 ,/e9?al rejects 7pp4 #agg-ahj7 ,sigw>t's !ory on its grammatical side4 ,!re w\ld only rema9 !re=e z really successful ,sigw>t's psy*ological !ory4 ,b ! psy*ological portion is n t conc]n+ :i* ,/e9?al's e/imate is au?oritative2 = 9 t case1 "o w\ld be b\nd to take s]i\sly ! foll[+ rem>k3 8,9 ! proposition3 8,da bckt si*'s h9unt] mit lieb5dem ,blick0 7a l9e f ,s*ill]'s ,div]71 x is obvi\s t ev]ybody mu/ ?9k ( ! k+'s daught]1 b x is n %e :i* /&s be=e me b a subjectless 8si* h9unt]-bck510 & n[ ,i h all ! m fell[-feel+ = h]4 ,accord+ to my 7,/e9?al's7 psy*ology1 ,i %\ld say ! idea ( ! k+'s daught] 8fluctuates0 7s*w+t7 b does n ent] into consci\sness40 ,?is calls = some?+ m ?an ! old say+3 ,sapi5ti sat4 ,i ,! psy*ological !ory ( ,sigw>t %[s itself 9 all its weakness :5 he seeks to give an acc\nt ( ! notion ( 8exi/5ce40 ,x has be5 already recogniz$ by ,ari/otle1 t ?is notion is ga9$ by reflection ^u ! affirmative judgm5t4 ,b ,sigw>t1 l mo/ mod]n logicians1 neglects to make use ( ?is h9t4 ,in/ead ( say+ t to ! exi/5t belongs ev]y?+ ( :i* ! affirmative judgm5t is true1 he becomes repeat$ly1 & once m 9 ! second edition ( 8 logic 7pp4 #hh-ie7 involv$ 9 diffuse discussions ^u ! notion ( be+ & ^u exi/5tial propositions1 :i* _c 9 any way conduce to cle>ness1 see+ t !y move 9 false directions4 8,to be10 accord+ to ,sigw>t1 expresses a relation 7pp4 #hh1 #ie72 if x be ask$3 ,:at k9d ( a relation8 ! answ] w\ld1 at fir/ sight 7#ib71 appe> to be1 a relation to me z ?9k+4 ,b no2 ! exi/5tial proposition ass]ts j ?is3 8t ! exi/+ also exi/s1 ap>t f its relation to me & to ano!r ?9k+ be+40 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be 8a relation to me z ?9k+40 ,b :at o!r relation c be meant8 ,n until p4 #id is ?is br\ght out m cle>ly4 ,! relation ought to mean 7( c\rse he adds 8zun*/01 provisionally7 ! agreem5t 78id5tity0 ib47 ( ! ?+ repres5t$ ) a possible impression 78e9em ,wahrnehmb>50 ib4 8some?+ :i* may be p]ceiv$ by me10 ib4 p4 #ij74 ,n[ x w be imm$iately recogniz$ t ?is notion ( exi/5ce is too n>r[2 = x might v well be ass]t$ t mu* exi/s :i* x is n possible to p]ceive1 e4g4 a pa/ & a future1 an empty space1 & any sort ( defici5cy1 a possibility or impossibility1 etc41 etc4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ,sigw>t himself seeks to wid5 ! notion4 ,b he does ?is 9 a mann] :i* ,i f9d x difficult to und]/&4 ,at fir/ sight he appe>s to say 9 ord] t some?+ may exi/ x is n necess>y t x c be p]ceiv$ by me2 x is en\gh if x c be p]ceiv$ by anybody4 ,or :at else c be meant :5 ,sigw>t1 aft] :at has j be5 said1 t exi/5ce 0 ! agreem5t ( ! ?+ repres5t$ ) a possible impression1 ?us cont9ues3 8,t :i* exi/s /&s n m]ely 9 ?is relation to me b to all o!r exi/+ be+s80 ,x _c surely mean t ,sigw>t is incl9$ to ascribe to e exi/+ be+ ! capacity to receive e impression4 ,x may be he only wi%es to say t ev]y?+ :i* exi/s /&s to e o!r exi/+ be+ 9 ! relation ( exi/5ce1 & !n x might be conclud$ f :at imm$iately foll[s t ?is r mean+less def9ition is int5d$ to express t exi/5ce is ! capacity to act or to be act$ ^u4 78,:at exi/s 444 /&s 9 causal relations to ! re/ ( ! _w02 simil> also is p4 #ia1 note3 ! exi/5t is some?+ :i* 8c ex]cise effects ^u me & o!rs407 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 !re is "s gr\nd = ?9k+ ,sigw>t w\ld say3 :at exi/s is t :i* c be p]ceiv$ or c be inf]r$ z p]ceivable1 = he adds3 8h5ce 7on acc\nt ( ?is causal relation7 f :at is p]ceivable also an exi/5ce :i* is m]ely inf]r$ may be ass]t$40 ,t all ?is is equally to be reject$ x is n difficult to recognize4 ,= 7#a7 ,to 8inf]0 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ does n mean s mu* z 8to inf] t x is capable ( be+ p]ceiv$40 ,if1 = example1 ! exi/5ce ( atoms & ( empty spaces c\ld be assur$ by inf]5ce1 we %\ld /ill be v f> f prov+ _! p]ceptibility ei!r to ourselves or to "s o!r be+4 ,if any "o 7 to conclude ! exi/5ce ( ,god :ile giv+ up ! attempt 8to give vividness0 to ! ?\ght by an?ropomorphic means1 he w\ld n on ?is acc\nt believe t ,god mu/ be p]ceptible to "o ( 8 creatures or ev5 t he is ! object ( 8 own p]ception4 #b4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x w\ld be absurd = any "o to say3 8,i am conv9c$ t !re is mu* ! exi/5ce ( :i* c nei!r be p]ceiv$ at any "t or ev5 inf]r$ by anybody40 ,= t w\ld mean3 8,i am conv9c$ t mu* c be p]ceiv$ or c be inf]r$ to be capable ( p]ception :i* yet c nev] be p]ceiv$ or inf]r$40 ,:o does n recognize "h h[ f> ,sigw>t has /ray$ f ! true notion ( exi/5ce6 #c4 ,%\ld ,sigw>t wi% 9 ?is passage to wid5 ! notion ( exi/5ce to su* a degree z to ?9k t exi/5ce is t :i* c ei!r be p]ceiv$ or inf]r$ f "s p]ceivable object1 or aga91 /&s 9 "s sort ( causal relation to :at is p]ceivable1 x might be repli$--if inde$ su* a mon/r\s notion ( exi/5ce /ill require refutation--t ev5 ?is notion is /ill too n>r[4 ,if1 = example1 ,i say3 ,x may be t an empty space exi/s b ?is c nev] ) c]ta9ty be kn[n by any "o1 ,i !reby confess t exi/5ce may p]haps belong to empty space2 b ,i d5y mo/ def9itely t x is p]ceptible1 or t x is to be inf]r$ f t :i* is p]ceptible4 ,9 reg>d to relations ( cause & effect on ! o!r h&1 x is ( c\rse impossible t empty space 7:i* is c]ta9ly no ?+7 c /& 9 su* a relation to any?+ p]ceivable4 ,we %\ld ?us once aga9 arrive at an absurd mean+ 9 int]pretation ( an ass]tion 9 no way absurd4 ,h[ wrongly ,sigw>t has analys$ ! notion ( exi/5ce is also prov$ v simply by means ( ! foll[+ proposition3 ,a real c5taur does n exi/2 a c5taur 9 idea1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly exi/s1 & t z (t5 z ,i imag9e x4 ,:oev] does n cle>ly recognize "h ! di/9ction ( ! 8 i4e4 9 ! s5se ( exi/+1 f 9 ! s5se ( real 7wes5haft7 w ,i fe> h>dly be br\ght to recognize x by ! fulle/ illu/rations :i* might be furni%$ by fur!r examples4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 also consid] briefly ! foll[+ po9t3 ,accord+ to ,sigw>t1 ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( any?+ consi/s 9 ! k ( ! agreem5t ( some?+ repres5t$ 9 idea )1 let u say1 1 s9ce ,i d n cle>ly und]/& ) :at4 ,:at n[ is necess>y 9 ord] to recognize ! agreem5t ( some?+ ) some?+ else8 ,manife/ly1 ! k ( ev]y?+ :i* is requir$ 9 ord] t ?is agreem5t %\ld really exi/4 ,b ?is requires 7#a7 t ! "o elem5t exi/1 7#b7 t ! o!r elem5t exi/1 & 7#c7 t betwe5 !m !re exi/ ! relation ( id5tity s9ce :at does n exi/ c be nei!r l some?+ nor diff]5t f x4 ,b ! k ( ! fir/ elem5t con/itutes already 9 itself a k ( exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! k ( ! two rema9+ elem5ts is no long] necess>y to ! recognition ( any exi/5ce1 & ,sigw>t's !ory leads to a contradiction4 7,cf4 ) :at has be5 said "h1 ,sigw>t's polemic aga9/ my ,psy*ology1 book ii4 *ap4 vii4 9 8 "w2 ,! ,imp]sonalia1 p4 #ej seq41 & ,logic1 vol4 i4 second edition1 p4 #hi seq4 note1 z well z ,m>ty's polemic aga9/ ,sigw>t 9 ! articles3 8b] ,subjectlose ,stze0 9 ! ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,philosophie1 viii4 i4 seq47,a ,a ,i _h already writt5 my ,critique ( ,sigw>t's notion ( exi/5ce :5 ,i became aw>e ( a note 9 8 ,logic1 second ed1 p4 #cij1 a passage :i*1 :ile x has n made x necess>y to alt] any?+ :i* ,i _h writt51 has l$ me to ins]t x = ! purpose ( comp>ison4 8,das ,sei5de b]haupt10 ,sigw>t writes1 8kann ni*t als wahr] ,gattungsbegriff zu dem e9zeln5 ,sei5d5 betra*tet w]d52 es i/1 begriffli* betra*tet1 nur e9 geme9s*aftli*] ,"n4 ,d5n1 da #8,se9' fr uns e9 ,relationsprdikat i/1 kann es ke9 geme9s*aftli*es ,m]kmal se91 es ms/e d5n gezeigt w]d51 dass dieses ,prdikat 9 e9] dem ,begriffe alles ,sei5d5 geme9sam5 ,be/immung wurzle40 ,i fe> t ! read] w1 j z little z myself1 atta9 by ?is explanation to cle>ness conc]n+ ,sigw>t's notion ( exi/5ce4 ,he w p]haps ! bett] und]/& :y all my ef=ts reg>d+ x h prov$ futile4 s ,sigw>t has fail$ to grasp ! nature ( judgm5t 9 g5]al he is n1 ( c\rse1 able to und]/& t ( ! negative judgm5t 9 p>ticul>4 ,he has gone s f> 9 error z to d5y to x an equal "r z species along ) ! positive judgm5t2 no negative judgm5t is1 he ?9ks1 a direct judgm5t1 its object is r always ano!r actual judgm5t or ! attempt to =m su* a judgm5t4 ,9 ?is ass]tion ,sigw>t is oppos$ to "s important psy*ological views :i* ,i h made good 9 my lecture4 ,x w\ld !re=e seem fitt+ to resi/ 8 attack4 ,= ?is purpose ,i %all %[3 7#a7 t ,sigw>t's doctr9e is badly f\nd$2 7#b7 t x leads to an irrem$iable confusion1 z 9 t case ,sigw>t's affirmative judgm5t is a negative judgm5t1 :ile 8 negative judgm5t if inde$ a judgm5t at all1 & n r ! abs5ce ( "o1 is a positive judgm5t1 & t moreov] 8 positive judgm5t really involves a negative "o1 along ) o!r simil> confusions4 7#c7 ,f9ally ,i ?9k x w be possible--?anks to ,sigw>t's detail$ explanations--to %[ ! g5esis ( 8 error4 #a4 ,! fir/ inquiry 9 ! case ( an ass]tion s novel & s widely div]g+ f ! g5]al view1 w be z to its f\ndation4 ,) reg>d to ?is1 he insi/s above all 7p4 #aej7 t ! negative judgm5t w\ld h no mean+ if ! ?\ght ( ! positive attribution ( a pr$icate _h n prec$$4 ,b :at c ?is mean8 ,ei!r !re is "h a cle> petitio pr9cipii1 or x _c mean any?+ m ?an t a connection ( ideas mu/ h prec$$4 ,n[ grant+ ?is = a mom5t 7al?\gh ,i h 9 my ,psy*ology %[n its falsity7 ?is w\ld by no means prove 8 proposition1 s9ce ,sigw>t himself recognizes 7p4 #hi note1 & else:]e7 t su* a 8subjective connexion ( ideas0 w\ld /ill n be a judgm5t2 t !re ne$s r to be add$ to x a c]ta9 feel+ ( con/ra9t4 ,an argum5t foll[s lat] 7p4 #aea7 ! logical connexion ( :i* ,i und]/& j z little4 ,x is rightly obs]v$ t 9 & = itself we h ! "r to d5y ( any?+ an inf9ite numb] ( pr$icates1 & x is ) equal "r add$ t 9 spite ( ?is1 we d n really pass all ^! negative judgm5ts4 ,& n[ :at conclusion is drawn f ^! premisses8 ,p]haps ?is1 t ! fact t a c]ta9 negative judgm5t is w>rant$ is n suffici5t 9 itself to expla9 ! entrance ( ! judgm5t4 ,?is we may )\t hesitation admit4 ,b ,sigw>t concludes q o!rwise2 he p]mits himself to ass]t1 x foll[s f ?is t ! fur!r condition :i* is "h lack+ is t ! correspond+ positive affirmation has n yet be5 attempt$4 ,?is is inde$ a bold leap1 & "o :i* my logic at lea/ is n able to foll[4 ,& :y1 if "o 7 to inquire fur!r1 are n all ! positive judgm5ts "h conc]n$ really attempt$8 ,! mo/ probable answ]1 judg+ by ! examples giv5 by ,sigw>t 7?is /one reads1 writes1 s+s1 composes2 ju/ice is blue1 gre51 heptagonal1 rotat+71 is1 t ?is has n be5 done because ! negative judgm5t has already be5 made ) evid5t c]ta9ty2 = ?is w\ld be/ expla9 :y !re is no 8dang] ( any "o attribut+ ^! pr$icates to ! /one or to ju/ice40 ,if1 h[ev]1 any "o pref] to answ] t 8! n>r[ness ( consci\sness0 makes x impossible to attempt at ! same "t an inf9ite numb] ( positive judgm5ts1 ,i am cont5t ) ?is exp$i5t also1 only x mu/ !n be ask$ if ?is appeal ought n to h be5 made directly & e>li]1 s9ce ,sigw>t himself calls ! possible negative judgm5ts an 8immeasurable quantity40 ,x is also a curi\s error 7,m>ty has already call$ att5tion to x71 :5 ,sigw>t ass]ts t 9 contradi/9ction to :at holds good ( ! negative judgm5t 8e subject admits only ( a limit$ numb] ( pr$icates be+ affirm$40 ,b :y8 ,c we n1 = example1 say a :ole h\r is great] ?an half an h\r1 great] ?an a ?ird1 great] ?an a f\r? & s on ad inf948444 ,if !n1 not)/&+1 ,i d n really make all ^! judgm5ts1 !re are evid5tly good reasons = ?is2 above all t ! 8n>r[ness ( consci\sness0 =bids x4 ,b !n ?is might also be appli$ mo/ successfully 9 reg>d to negative judgm5ts4 ,some:at lat] we meet a ?ird argum5t :i*1 z ,i h already by anticipation refut$ x 9 my ,psy*ology 7book ii4 *ap4 #g1 section v471 w be treat$ q %ortly "h4 ,if ! negative judgm5t 7 a direct "o1 co-ord9at$ ) ! affirmative judgm5t z species !n1 ?9ks ,sigw>t 7p4 #aee seq471 :oev] 9 an affirmative categorical proposition reg>ds ! affirmation ( ! subject z involv$ mu/1 to be consi/5t1 reg>d ! d5ial ( ! subject z involv$ 9 ! negative proposition1 :i* is n ! case4 ,! latt] obs]vation is correct1 ! =m] ass]tion1 h[ev]1 q unt5able1 z x involves 9 itself a contradiction4 ,= exactly because ! exi/5ce ( ea* "p 9 a :ole is involv$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole1 ! :ole no long] exi/s if b "o ( its p>ts is miss+4 ,x only rema9s n[ to consid] a po9t ( language by :i* ,sigw>t believes himself able to support 8 view4 ,a te/imony = x is1 he ?9ks1 to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! symbol = ! negative judgm5t is =m$ 9 e case by means ( a comb9ation ) ! symbol ( affirmation1 ! ^w 8n0 be+ add$ to ! copula4 ,9 ord] to judge :at is "h actually ! fact1 we w glance = a mom5t at ! sph]e ( feel+4 ,sigw>t agrees1 ,i ?9k1 ) me & ev]ybody else t pleas+ & displeas+1 rejoic+ & sorr[+1 lov+ & hat+1 etc41 are co-ord9ate ) ea* o!r4 ,yet a complete s]ies ( expressions d5ot+ a dis9cl9ation ( feel+ are f\nd 9 dep5d5ce ^u ! expression = ! correspond+ incl9ation4 ,= example1 incl9ation1 dis9cl9ation2 pleasure1 displeasure2 ease1 disease2 ,wille1 ,wid]wille2 froh1 unfroh2 happy1 unhappy2 beautiful1 unbeautiful2 pleasant1 unpleasant2--ev5 8ungut0 is us$4 ,! explanation ( ?is is1 ,i believe1 n difficult = ! psy*ologi/1 not)/&+ ! equally primordial "* ( ^! opposite modes ( feel+4 ,ought !n ! explanation ( ! ph5om5on ly+ be=e u 9 ! expression ( ! negative judgm5t1 closely relat$ z x is to ! be=e m5tion$ ph5om5on1 to be really s v difficult1 ev5 assum+ ! primordial "*8 ,z a matt] ( fact ! case mu/ be v bad :5 ?9k]s l ,sigw>t 9 mak+ /atem5ts s important 9 pr9ciple1 & at ! same "t s unusual1 h to resort to argum5ts s weak4 #b4 ,! gr\nds on :i* ,sigw>t's doctr9e conc]n+ ! negative judgm5t re/ h1 !re=e1 ea* & all prov$ unt5able4 ,?is mu/ be s2 = h[ c\ld ! tru? ( any doctr9e be %[n :i* w\ld plunge ev]y?+ into ! greate/ confusion8 ,sigw>t f9ds himself compell$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! positive & ! affirmative judgm5t1 & ! affirmative judgm5t--"o he>s & wond]s at ! new t]m9ology--is accord+ to him1 closely exam9$1 a negative judgm5t4 ,on page #aej he says lit]ally3 8,! primordial judgm5t c c]ta9ly n be t]m$ ! affirmative judgm5t1 b is bett] describ$ z ! positive judgm5t1 = only 9 opposition to ! negative judgm5t1 & 9 s f> z x rejects ! possibility ( a negation1 is ! simple /atem5t ,a is ,b an affirmation10 & s on4 ,inasmu* z x 8rejects40 ,:at else c t mean ?an 8s f> z x d5ies08 ,z a matt] ( fact only ^? negations c1 accord+ to ?is new & extraord9>y use ( language1 be call$ affirmations6 ,yet ?is w\ld really mean1 & p>ticul>ly :5 x is said t ! proposition ,a is ,b is (t5 su* a negation 7cf4 ! expressions j quot$71 t ! use ( language w\ld be r$uc$ to a confusion q unnecess>y & altoge!r un5durable4 ,n only is ! affirmation--z set =?--accord+ to ,sigw>t really a negation b also1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 ! negation1 on close consid]ation1 proves to be a positive judgm5t4 ,x is true1 ,sigw>t prote/s aga9/ ^? :o1 l ,hobbes1 w\ld reg>d all negatives z affirmative judgm5ts ) negative pr$icates4 ,b1 foll[+ ,sigw>t1 if ?is is n s1 !n ^! mu/ be affirmative judgm5ts ) affirmative pr$icates1 s9ce he tea*es t ! subject is 9 e case a judgm5t1 ! pr$icate be+ ! notion ( invalidity4 ,on p4 #afj he says 9 ! note ! negation does away ) a supposition1 d5ies ! validity1 & ?is expression1 consid]$ 9 itself1 might be tak5 to mean t ,sigw>t assumes "h a special function ( d5ial 7abspre*57 ! contr>y ( t ( affirmation 7zuspre*574 ,b no2 a negative copula 7cf4 p4 #aec7 accord+ to him !re is n4 ,n[ :at 9 ! _w is "o to und]/& by 8d5ial0 7abspre*578 ,does x mean ! simple suppression 7,aufhr5lass57 ( ! positive judgm5t ^u ! giv5 subject matt]1 t is1 accord+ to ,sigw>t1 ! fall+ away ( ! feel+ ( compulsion previ\sly giv5 9 a connexion betwe5 ideas8 ,?is is impossible1 s9ce ! removal ( ?is w\ld br+ ab\t a condition 9 :i* ! connexion ( ideas rema9s1 )\t be+ ei!r affirm$ or d5i$4 ,h[ (t5 does some?+ ( :i* we 7 previ\sly c]ta9 become unc]ta9 )\t our on ?is acc\nt d5y+ x4 ,:at !n is ?is d5y+8 ,may we p]haps say t accord+ to ,sigw>t x is a feel+ oneself compell$ 7si*-g5tigt-fhl57 to annul1 :]eas affirm+ is a feel+ oneself compell$ to posit8 ,we %\ld !n h to say t all ! :ile we are pass+ a negative judgm5t1 we are 9 reality always seek+ to pass a positive judgm5t1 b t we exp]i5ce a h9drance 9 s do+4 ,! same consci\sness1 h[ev]1 is felt by "o :o is cle>ly aw>e ( ! entire abs5ce ( a positive gr\nd4 ,= h[ c any "o succe$ 9 believ+ any?+ :i* he at ! same "t holds to be entirely ungr\nd$8 ,( no "o1 especially if ,sigw>t's def9ition ( ! judgm5t be appli$ z ! /&>d1 is ?is conceivable2 t is to say1 e "o 9 su* a case w exp]i5ce failure 9 su* an attempt4 ,accord+ly !re is1 z yet1 no negative judgm5t4 ,if !n ! rejection does n signify a negative copula x mu/ manife/ly be reg>d$ z an in/ance ( ! affirmation ( ! pr$icate 8false10 or 7to use ,sigw>t's t]m7 z its 8id5tification0 ) ! judgm5t :i* 9 ?is case %\ld be ! subject4 ,?is 8false0 also _c simply mean 8untrue10 = ,i c ass]t 8untrue0 ( ?\s&s ( ?+s ) reg>d to :i* ! pr$icate 8false10 :i* appe>s 9 c]ta9 judgm5ts1 w\ld n be 9 place4 ,if only judgm5ts are true1 !n ( ev]y?+ :i* is n a judgm5t ! pr$icate 8untrue0 mu/ be affirm$1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n on t acc\nt ! pr$icate 8false40 8,false0 mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z a positive pr$icate2 & s f ,sigw>t's po9t ( view absolutely false 9 pr9ciple1 c]ta9 z x is t ! m]ely n be+ conv9c$ 7ni*t-b]zeugt-se97 is no d5ial1 x is equally c]ta9 t we h actually no *oice2 we %\ld be compell$ to reg>d e negative judgm5t z a positive judgm5t ) a positive pr$icate4 ,s we arrive at a second & great] p>adox4 ,b "h a ?ird factor ent]s :i* completes ! confusion4 ,if we exam9e ,sigw>t's view z to ! nature ( judgm5t 9 g5]al1 x may be %[n 9 ! cle>e/ mann] possible t ! simple positive judgm5t itself involves 9 turn1 a negative judgm5t4 ,t is to say1 foll[+ ,sigw>t1 e judgm5t involves besides a c]ta9 comb9ation ( ideas1 a consci\sness ( ! necessity ( our 8id5tification0 7uns]es ,e9ssetz5s7 & ! impossibility ( its contradictory 7cf4 espec4 p4 #ajb71 ! consci\sness1 moreov]1 ( su* a necessity & impossibility valid = all ?9k+ be+s 7cf4 pp4 #ajb & #ajg71 :i*1 by ! way1 is ( c\rse q z false z ,sigw>t's :ole view ( ! nature ( judgm5t 9 g5]al4 ,all judgm5ts )\t exception are1 on acc\nt ( ?is peculi>ity1 call$ by ,sigw>t apodictic3 nor w he admit ! validity ( any di/9ction betwe5 ! ass]torical & apodictic =ms ( judgm5t 7cf4 p4 #bbi seq474 ,i n[ ask3 ,h we n "h a negative judgm5t di/9ctly involv$8 ,o!rwise :at mean+ c be giv5 to ! /atem5t :5 we he> ,sigw>t speak ( a 8consci\sness ( ! impossibility ( ! contradictory40 ,fur!r ,i h already %[n 9 my ,psy*ology h[ all univ]sal judgm5ts are negative1 s9ce to be consci\s ( univ]sality means no?+ else ?an to be conv9c$ t !re exi/s no exception2 if ?is negative be n add$1 ! mo/ ext5sive li/ ( positive ass]tions w nev] con/itute a belief 9 univ]sality4 ,:5 !re=e1 a consci\sness t e "o mu/ s ?9k is "h spok5 (1 !re is 9 ?is fact a fur!r pro( ( :at ,i h ass]t$1 namely t accord+ to ,sigw>t's doctr9e ( judgm5t ! simple/ positive acts ( judgm5t mu/ involve a negative act ( judgm5t4 ,& yet we are call$ ^u at ! same "t to believe t ! negative judgm5t1 z set =? 7p4 #aei seq471 arose relatively late1 & t !re=e on ?is1 z well z on o!r gr\nds1 x is unwor?y ( be+ plac$ side by side1 ) ! positive judgm5t z a species equally primordial6 ,sigw>t w\ld surely n h expect$ ?is ( u _h he be5 consci\s ( all t ,i h "h set =? 9 detail1 & :i* is ! m cle>ly se5 to be involv$ 9 8 exposition1 (t5 s difficult to compreh5d ! m c>efully x is submitt$ to reflection4 ,( c\rse expressions may be f\nd :]e ,sigw>t1 respect+ ?is or t po9t ( detail1 ass]ts ! contr>y ( :at is "h d$uc$2 = :at else c be expect$ :]e ev]y?+ is left 9 su* ambiguity1 & :]e ! attempt to make ?+s cle> exhibits ! mo/ manifold contradictions8 #c4 ,f9ally1 we h /ill to %[ ! g5esis ( ! error 9 :i* ?is able logician has involv$ himself 9 a relatively simple "q aft] hav+ once mi/ak5 ! nature ( ! judgm5t4 ,! proton pseudos is to be s\ght 9 a delusion :i* has come d[n to u f ! old] logic t to ! ess5ce ( ! judgm5t !re belongs ! relation ( two ideas ) "o ano!r4 ,ari/otle has describ$ ?is relation z comb9ation & sep>ation 7 7 al?\gh he 0 well aw>e ( ! imp]fect propriety ( ! expressions1 add+ at ! same "t t 9 a c]ta9 s5se bo? relations might be describ$ z a comb9ation 71 cf4 de ,anima1 iii4 #f74 ,s*ola/ic & mod]n logic held fa/ to ! expressions 8comb9ation0 & 8sep>ation02 9 gramm>1 h[ev]1 bo? ^! relations 7 t]m$ 8comb9ation10 & ! symbol = ?is comb9ation ! 8copula40 ,sigw>t n[ takes s]i\sly ! expressions 8comb9ation0 & 8sep>ation10 & s a negative copula seems to him a contradiction 7cf4 p4 #aec71 ! positive judgm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s to be a presupposition ( ! negative judgm5t1 s9ce1 be=e a comb9ation has be5 set up1 x _c be sep>at$4 ,& s x appe>s to him t a negative judgm5t )\t a prec$+ positive judgm5t is q mean+less 7cf4 p4 #aej & above74 ,consequ5tly we f9d ?is celebrat$ inquir] 9 a position :i* compels him to put =? ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts all to no purpose--! negative judgm5t rema9s inexplicable4 ,9 a note 7p4 #aei7 he gives u1 z a result ( su* attempts1 a rem>kable description ( ! process by :i* we arrive at ! negative judgm5t--a result 9 :i* he believes himself f9ally able to re/ satisfi$4 ,9 ?is acc\nt ! false /eps :i* he successively makes become1 ea* 9 turn1 evid5t to ! att5tive obs]v]4 ,long be=e ! po9t is rea*$ :]e he believes himself to h come ^u ! negative judgm5t1 he has z a matt] ( fact already anticipat$ x4 ,he sets out ) ! correct obs]vation t ! fir/ judgm5ts :i* we make are all positive 9 "*4 ,^! judgm5ts are evid5t & made ) full confid5ce4 8,n[1 h[ev]10 he cont9ues1 8our ?\ght goes out beyond ! giv52 by ! aid ( recollections & associations1 judgm5ts arise :i* are at fir/ also =m$ 9 ! belief t !y express reality0 7:i* means1 accord+ to o!r expressions ( ,sigw>t1 t ! ideas are comb9$ ) ! consci\sness ( objective validity2 = ?is 7xiv4 p4 #ih7 belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! judgm5t7 8z1 = example1 :5 we expect to f9d some?+ ) :i* we are acqua9t$ 9 its usual place or pre-suppose respect+ a fl[] t x smells4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 a "p ( :at is ?us suppos$ contradicts our imm$iate k40 7,we leave ,sigw>t to %[ "h h[ we are able to recognize any?+ z 8contradictory0 :5 we are n z yet 9 possession ( negative judgm5ts & negative notions4 ,! difficulty becomes /ill m %>ply app>5t z he proce$s37 8:5 we d n f9d :at we expect$1 we become consci\s ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at exi/s m]ely 9 idea & :at is real40 7,:at does 8n f9d0 mean "h8 ,i _h n f\nd x previ\sly2 obvi\sly ,i n[ f9d t :at 0 errone\sly suppos$ to be associat$ ) ano!r object is )\t x1 & ?is ,i c only d by recogniz+ ! "o & d5y+ ! o!r1 i4e4 recognize x z n be+ ) x4 ,fur!r :at is meant "h by 8diff]5ce08 ,to recognize diff]5ce means to recognize t ( two ?+s ! "o is n ! o!r4 ,:at is meant by exi/+ 8m]ely 9 idea08 ,manife/ly1 8:at exi/s 9 idea :i* is n at ! same "t also real40 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ,sigw>t is /ill unaw>e t 9 :at he is describ+ ! negative function ( ! judgm5t is already m ?an once involv$4 ,he cont9ues37 8,t ( :i* we are imm$iately c]ta9 is ano!r ?an t0 7i4e4 x is n ! same1 x is inde$ absolutely incompatible ) t7 8:i* we h judg$ 9 anticipation1 & n[0 7i4e4 aft] & s9ce we h already pass$ all ^! negative judgm5ts7 8appe>s ! negation :i* annuls ! supposition & d5ies ( x validity4 ,& "h a new attitude is involv$ 9 s f> z ! subjective comb9ation is sep>at$ f ! consci\sness ( c]ta9ty4 ,! subjective comb9ation is comp>$ ) "o be>+ ! /amp ( c]ta9ty1 its di/9ction !refrom recogniz$1 & out ( ?is arises ! notion ( invalidity40 ,?is la/ w\ld almo/ seem to be a c>elessness ( expression1 = if invalid 7 to mean z mu* z 8false0 & n 8unc]ta90 x c\ld n be d]iv$ f ! di/9ction betwe5 a comb9ation ) & a comb9ation )\t c]ta9ty1 b only f ! opposition exi/+ betwe5 comb9ation :i* is d5i$ & "o :i* is affirm$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! opposite affirmative judgm5t is n at all necess>y to x4 ,! opposition1 ! incompatibility ( ! qualities 9 a real1 is already evid5t on ! gr\nd ( ! comb9ation ( ideas repres5t+ ! opposite qualities :i*1 z ,i repeat once m1 _c1 accord+ to ,sigw>t himself 7p4 #hi note2 & p4 #ih seq471 be call$ an attempt at positive judgm5t4 ,al?\gh ?is may n[ & aga9 happ5 9 ! case ( contradictory ideas1 x c]ta9ly does n happ5 always4 ,if1 = example1 ! "q is put to me3 ,does !re exi/ a regul> *iliagon ) #ajja sides8 !n--assum+ t ,i am n p]fectly cle> 9 my own m9d1 z w be ! case ) mo/ m51 t !re does exi/ a regul> *iliagon1 ,i c]ta9ly d n attempt to =m a judgm5t 7i4e4 accord+ to ,sigw>t1 confid5tly assume7 t !re exi/s a regul> *iliagon hav+ #ajja sides be=e =m+ ! negative judgm5t t no su* figure exi/s on ! gr\nd ( ! opposition betwe5 ! qualities4 ,sigw>t himself1 z 8 language frequ5tly betrays 7cf4 e4g4 pp4 #aeb & #aej7 recognizes at bottom1 z he is b\nd to recognize1 9 spite ( 8 attack ^u ! negative copula1 t negation & d5ial are j z mu* a special function ( ! judgm5t z affirmation & recognition4 ,if ?is be grant$1 !n ! range ( _! application is by no means s limit$ z he errone\sly ass]ts4 ,x is false t 9 e case :]e a d5ial takes place ! pr$icate d5i$ is ! notion 8valid40 ,ev5 ( a judgm5t we may d5y n[ its validity1 n[ its c]ta9ty1 n[ its priori "*4 ,& j 9 ! same way ! subject ( ! judgm5t c *ange mo/ frequ5tly4 ,( a judgm5t we may d5y c]ta9ty1 & validity2 ( a reque/1 mode/y2 & s 9 e case1 univ]sally express$1 we may d5y ,b ( ,a4 ,sigw>t himself1 ( c\rse1 does ?is j l any "o else4 ,inde$ he sometimes speaks un9t5tionally f> m correctly ?an 8 !ory w\ld admit1 & witnesses1 z x 71 in/9ctively to ! tru?2 z1 e4g4 p4 #aea1 :]e he decl>es n--z he else:]e tea*es--t ! subject ( a negative proposition is always a judgm5t1 & its pr$icate ! t]m 8valid10 b 8t ( e subject 444 a c\ntless numb] ( pr$icates may be d5i$40 ,?is is c]ta9ly true & j on ?is acc\nt ! old doctr9e holds t affirmation & d5ial are equally primordial species4 #bd 7p4 #ae74 ,! discov]y t e act ( love is a 8pleas+10 e act ( hate a 8displeas+10 0 v ne> to ,desc>tes :5 he wrote 8 valuable little "w on ,! ,affections4 ,9 ! second book1 ,des ,passions1 ii4 art4 #aci1 he says3 8,lorsque les *oses qu'elles 7l'am\r et la ha9e7 n\s port5t aim] sont vritablem5t bonnes1 et celles qu'elles n\s port5t har1 sont vritablem5t mauvaises1 l'am\r e/ incomp>ablem5t meilleure que la ha9e2 elle ne saurait tre trop gr&e et elle ne manque jamais de produire la joie02 & ?is agrees ) :at he says a little lat]3 8,la ha9e1 au contraire ne saurait tre si petite qu'elle ne nuise1 et elle n'e/ jamais sans tri/esse40 ,9 ord9>y life1 h[ev]1 ! expressions 8joy0 & 8sadness10 8pleasure0 & 8pa90 are only us$ :5 ! pleasure & displeasure h atta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( livel9ess4 ,a %>p b\nd>y 9 ?is unsci5tific division !re is n2 we may1 h[ev]1 be all[$ to make use ( x z x /&s4 ,x is en\gh t ! expressions1 8pleasure0 & 8displeasure0 are n n>r[$ d[n by any su* limit4 #be 7p4 #af74 ,! expressions 8true0 & 8false0 are employ$ 9 a manifold s5se2 9 "o s5se we employ !m 9 speak+ ( true & false judgm5ts2 aga9 7some:at modify+ ! mean+71 ( objects1 z :5 we say1 8a true fri5d10 8false money40 ,i ne$ sc>cely obs]ve t :]e ,i use ! expressions 8true0 & 8false0 9 ?is lecture1 ,i associate !re) n ! fir/ & prop] mean+1 b r a metaphorical "o hav+ ref]5ce to objects4 ,true1 is1 !re=e1 :at is2 false1 :at is n4 ,j z ,ari/otle spoke ( 8 0 s we might also say1 8 40 ,( tru? 9 its prop] s5se x has (t5 be5 said t x is ! agreem5t ( ! judgm5t ) ! object 7adequatio rei et intellectus1 z ! s*ola/ics said74 ,?is expression1 true 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 is yet 9 ! highe/ degree op5 to misund]/&+1 & has l$ to s]i\s errors4 ,! agreem5t is reg>d$ z a k9d ( id5tity betwe5 some?+ conta9$ 9 ! judgm5t1 or 9 ! idea ly+ at ! root ( ! judgm5t & some?+ situat$ )\t ! m9d4 ,b ?is _c be ! mean+ "h2 8to agree0 means "h r z mu* z 8to be appropriate10 8to be 9 h>mony )10 8suit10 8correspond40 ,x is z ?\gh 9 ! sph]e ( feel+ "o %\ld say1 ! rightness ( love & hate consi/s 9 ! agreem5t ( ! feel+s ) ! object4 ,prop]ly und]/ood ?is also w\ld be unque/ionably "r2 :oev] loves & hates rightly1 has 8 feel+s adequately relat$ to ! object1 i4e4 ! relation is appropriate1 suitable1 corresponds suitably1 :]eas x w\ld be manife/ly absurd 7 "o to believe t 9 a rightly direct$ love or hate !re 0 f\nd to be an id5tity betwe5 ^! feel+s or ! ideas ly+ at _! root on ! "o h&1 & some?+ ly+ outside ! feel+s on ! o!r1 an id5tity :i* is abs5t :]e ! attitude ( ! feel+s is unrightly direct$4 ,among o!r circum/ances ?is misund]/&+ has also conduc$ t[>ds br++ ! doctr9e ( judgm5t into t sad confusion f :i* to-day psy*ology & logic seek ) su* pa9ful ef=ts to set !mselves free4 ,! conceptions ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce are ! correlates ( ! conceptions ( ! tru? ( ! 7simple7 affirmative & negative judgm5ts4 ,j z to judgm5t belongs :at is judg$1 to ! affirmative judgm5t :at is judg$ ( affirmatively1 to ! negative judgm5t1 :at is judg$ ( negatively1 s to ! rightness ( ! affirmative judgm5t belongs ! exi/5ce ( :at is judg$ ( affirmatively1 to ! rightness ( ! negative judgm5t ! non-exi/5ce ( :at is judg$ ( negatively2 & :e!r ,i say an affirmative judgm5t is true1 or1 its object is exi/5t2 :e!r ,i say a negative judgm5t is true1 or its object is non-exi/5t2 9 bo? cases ,i am say+ "o & ! same ?+4 ,9 ! same way1 x is ess5tially "o & ! same logical pr9ciple :e!r ,i say1 9 ea* case ei!r ! 7simple7 affirmative or negative judgm5t is true1 or1 ea* is ei!r exi/5t or non-exi/5t4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ass]tion ( ! tru? ( ! judgm5t1 8a man is le>n$10 is ! correlate ( ! ass]tion ( ! exi/5ce ( ! object1 8a le>n$ man02 & ! ass]tion ( ! tru? ( ! judgm5t1 8no /one is alive10 is ! correlate ( ! ass]tion ( ! non-exi/5ce ( its object1 8a liv+ /one40 ,! correlative ass]tions are "h1 z ev]y:]e1 insep>able4 ,! case is exactly ! same z 9 ! ass]tions ,a ,b & t ,b ,a2 t ,a is ! cause ( ,b1 & t ,b is produc$ by ,a4 #bf 7p4 #af74 ,! notion ( ! good1 9 & = itself1 is accord+ly a unity 9 ! /rict s5se1 & n1 z ,ari/otle tea*es 79 consequ5ce ( a confusion :i* we %all h to speak ( lat]7 a unity 9 a m]ely analog\s s5se4 ,g]man philosoph]s also h fail$ to grasp ! unity ( ! conception4 ,?is is ! case ) ,kant1 &1 q rec5tly1 ) ,w9delb&4 ,!re is a defect 9 our ord9>y way ( speak+ :i* may prove v mislead+ to ,g]mans inasmu* z = ! opposite ( ! t]m 8good0 !re is no common expression curr5t1 b ?is is designat$ n[ z 8s*limm10 n[ z 8bel10 n[ z 8bse10 n[ z 8arg10 n[ z 8abs*euli*10 n[ z 8s*le*t10 etc4 ,x might v well1 z 9 simil> cases1 come to be ?\ght t n only ! common "n is want+1 b also ! common notion4 ,& if ! notion is want+ on ! "o side ( ! anti!sis1 x w\ld also be want+ on ! o!r1 & s ! expression 8good0 w\ld seem an equivocal t]m4 ,( all ! expressions quot$1 x seems to me 7& philologi/s also1 ^: advice ,i h ask$1 are ( ! same op9ion71 t ! expression 8s*le*t10 l ! ,lat9 8malum10 is mo/ applicable z ! opposite ( ! good 9 its full univ]sality1 & 9 ?is way ,i %all all[ myself to use ?is expression 9 :at foll[s4 ,! fact t ,i adh]e to ! view ( a c]ta9 common "* reg>d+ ! int5tional relation ( love & hate does n deb> my recogniz+ along ) ?is view1 special =ms = p>ticul> cases4 ,if1 !re=e1 8bad0 is a truly univ]sal simple class conception1 !re may yet be di/+ui%$ special classes )9 its doma9 ( :i* "o may be suitably t]m$ 8bse10 ano!r 8bel10 etc4 #bg 7p4 #ah74 ,! di/9ction betwe5 8self-evid5t0 & 8bl9d0 judgm5ts is some?+ too /rik+ to h altoge!r escap$ notice4 ,ev5 ! sceptical ,hume is v f> f d5y+ ! di/9ction4 ,self-evid5ce1 accord+ to him 7,enq4 conc]n+ ,hum4 ,und]/4 iv47 may be ascrib$1 on ! "o h&1 to analytic judgm5ts 7to :i* class belong also ! axioms ( ma!matics & ! ma!matical demon/rations71 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to c]ta9 impressions1 b n to ! s-call$ tru?s ( exp]i5ce4 ,reason does n lead u "h1 b r habit1 aft] a mann] entirely irrational2 belief1 9 ?is case is in/9ctive & me*anical 7ib4 v474 ,b to obs]ve a fact does n mean to set =? its nature cle>ly & di/9ctly4 ,z ! nature ( ! judgm5t has1 until rec5t times1 be5 almo/ univ]sally misund]/ood1 h[ c\ld x be possible rightly to und]/& its self-evid5ce8 ,x is j "h t ev5 ,desc>tes' disc]nm5t fails him4 ,h[ v closely ! ph5om5on occupi$ him a passage 9 ! ,m$itations be>s witness3 8,cum hic dico me ita doctum esse a natura 7he is speak+ ( ! s-call$ ext]nal impressions7 intelligo tantum spontaneo quodam impetu me f]ri ad hoc cr$5dum non lum9e aliquo naturali mihi o/5di esse v]um1 quae duo multum discrepant4 ,nam quaecunque lum9e naturali mihi o/5duntur 7ut quod ex eo quo dubitem sequatur me esse et similia7 nullo modo dubia esse possunt quia nulla alia facultas esse pote/1 cui aeque fidam ac lum9i i/i1 quaeque illa non v]a esse possit doc]e2 s$ quantum ad impetus naturales jam saepe olim judicavi me ab illis 9 det]iorem p>tem fuisse impulsum cum de bono elig5do ag]etur1 nec video cur iisdem 9 ulla alia re magis fidam40--7,m$it4 iii474 ,t ,desc>tes did n m>k ! fact ( self-evid5ce1 t he did n obs]ve ! di/9ction betwe5 intuition & bl9d judgm5t c]ta9ly _c be affirm$ f ! above4 ,b1 :ile sep>at+ ! judgm5t z a class f ! idea1 he /ill leaves beh9d 9 ! class ( ideas ! "* ( self-evid5ce :i* di/+ui%es ! judgm5ts ( intuition4 ,x consi/s1 accord+ to him1 9 a special m>k ( ! p]ception1 t is1 ( ! idea ly+ at ! root ( ! judgm5t4 ,desc>tes ev5 goes s f> z actually to call ?is act ( p]ception a 8cognosc]e10 a 8kn[+40 ,a 8kn[+10 t is1 & /ill n an act ( judgm5t6 ,^! are rudim5t>y organs :i* aft] ! progress made1 ow+ to ,desc>tes1 9 ! doctr9e ( judgm5t1 rem9d u ( a /age ( life 9 ,psy*ology :i* has be5 surm\nt$2 b ) ?is di/9ction1 9 opposition to simil> ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! species1 t ^! organs1 9 no way adapt$1 become 9 ! highe/ degree tr\blesome1 & r5d] all ,desc>tes' fur!r ef=ts = ! !ory ( k ineffective4 ,he rema9s1 to use ,leibnitz' phrase1 89 ! ante*amb] ( tru?0 7cf4 "h note #bh1 t[>ds ! end74 ,only 9 ?is way does ,desc>tes' cl>a et di/9cta p]ceptio--conc]n+ :i* t]m itself x is s difficult to ga9 a cle> & di/9ct idea--9 its curi\s dual nature become p]fectly intelligible4 ,! only means ( ov]com+ ?is confusion is to seek t :i* di/+ui%es insight 9 opposition to o!r judgm5ts z an inn] quality belong+ to ! act ( insight itself4 ,x is true t "s :o h s\ght "h h yet fail$ to f9d4 ,we saw 7cf4 note #bc7 h[ ,sigw>t conceives ! nature ( ! judgm5t4 ,to ?is1 he tea*es1 !re belongs a relation ( ideas to "o ano!r1 & along ) ?is a feel+ ( obligation respect+ ?is connexion4 7,cf4 sections #ad & #ca1 espec4 #d & #e47 ,su* a feel+ !re=e1 always exi/s ev5 9 ! case ( ! bl9de/ prejudice4 ,x is !n abnormal1 b is held 7z ,sigw>t expressly expla9s7 to be normal & ( univ]sal validity4 ,& :at n[ 9 contra/ to ?is case1 is giv5 9 ! case ( insight8 ,sigw>t replies t its evid5ce consi/s 9 ! same feel+ 7cf4 e4g4 section #c7 :i* n[1 h[ev]1 is n m]ely held to be normal & univ]sally valid1 b is really normal & univ]sally valid4 ,x seems to me t ! weakness ( ?is !ory is at once app>5t2 & x is on _m gr\nds to be reject$4 #a4 ,! peculi> nature ( insight1 ! cle>ness & evid5ce ( c]ta9 judgm5ts f :i* _! tru? is insep>able has little or no?+ to d ) any feel+ ( compulsion4 ,x may well happ5 t at a giv5 mom5t ,i _c refra9 f s judg+1 yet none ! less ! ess5ce ( its cle>ness does n consi/ 9 ! feel+ ( compulsion1 & no consci\sness ( an obligation s to judge c\ld1 z su*1 af=d security z to its tru?4 ,he :o disbelieves 9 e =m ( indet]m9ism 9 respect ( judg+1 reg>ds all judgm5ts "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 pass$ z necess>y1 b he does n--& ) indisputable "r--reg>d all ( !m z on t acc\nt true4 #b4 ,sigw>t1 9 seek+ ! consci\sness ( insight 9 a feel+ ( necessity s to ?9k1 ass]ts t ! consci\sness ( "o's be+ compell$ is1 at ! same "t1 a consci\sness ( a necessity = all ?9k+ be+s :5ev] ! same gr\nds are pres5t4 ,if he means1 h[ev]1 t ! "o conviction is d\btless connect$ ) ! o!r1 ?is is an error4 ,:y1 :5 a p]son feels b\nd to pass a judgm5t ^u c]ta9 data1 %\ld ! same compulsion hold good 9 respect ( e o!r ?9k+ be+ to :om ! same data are also giv58 ,x is obvi\s t only an appeal to ! law ( causality :i*1 "u l conditions dem&s l results1 c\ld be ! gr\nd ( ! logical connexion4 ,its application1 h[ev]1 to ! pres5t case w\ld be entirely errone\s1 s9ce ?is w\ld involve ! ignor+ ( ! special psy*ical dispositions1 :i*1 al?\gh !y d n directly ent] into consci\sness at all1 mu/ yet be reg>d$1 along ) ! consci\s data1 z pre-det]m9+ conditions1 & ^! are v diff]5t 9 ! case ( diff]5t p]sons4 ,hegel & 8 s*ool1 misl$ by p>alogisms1 h d5i$ ! pr9ciple ( contradiction2 ,tr5del5burg1 :o oppos$ ,hegel1 has at lea/ re/rict$ its validity 7cf4 8 ,abh&lung5 b] ,h]b>ts ,metaphysik74 ,! univ]sal impossibility ( inw>dly d5y+ ! pr9ciple :i* ,ari/otle ass]t$ _c !re=e1 to-day1 be any long] def5d$2 ,ari/otle himself1 h[ev]1 = :om ! pr9ciple 0 self-evid5t1 assur$ly f\nd its d5ial impossible4 ,:atev] is evid5t to any "o is ( c\rse c]ta9 n only = him1 b also = e "o else :o1 9 ! same way1 sees its evid5ce4 ,! judgm5t1 moreov]1 :i* is se5 to be evid5t by any "o has also univ]sal validity1 i4e4 ! contradictory ( :at is se5 to be evid5t by "o p]son1 _c be se5 to be evid5t by ano!r p]son1 & e "o :o believes 9 its contradictory is 9 error4 ,fur!r1 s9ce :at is "h said belongs to ! ess5ce ( tru?1 :oev] has evid5ce ( ! tru? ( any?+ may p]ceive t he is ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ x z true = all4 ,b he w\ld be guilty ( a flagrant confusion ( ideas :o %\ld reg>d su* a consci\sness t a tru? is true = all1 z equival5t to a consci\sness ( a univ]sal necessity ( ?9k+4 #c4 ,sigw>t involves himself 9 a multitude ( contradictions4 ,he ass]ts & mu/ ass]t--if he is n to yield to ! sceptics & rel9qui% 8 entire logical sy/em--t evid5t judgm5ts are n m]ely diff]5t f non-evid5t judgm5ts1 b t !y are also di/+ui%able 9 consci\sness4 ,! "o class mu/ !re=e appe> z normal & ( univ]sal validity1 ! o!r class z n s4 ,b if evid5t & non-evid5t judgm5ts alike c>ry ) !m ! consci\sness ( univ]sal validity1 !n ! two classes w\ld at fir/ sight exactly agree 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y pres5t !mselves1 & only z x 71 aft]w>ds 7or at ! same "t1 ?\gh z a m]e concomitant71 & by reflection ^u "s sort ( crit]ion :i* is appli$ to !m z a /&>d c\ld ! di/9ction be discov]$4 ,& passages are actually to be f\nd 9 ,sigw>t :]e he speaks ( a consci\sness ( agreem5t ) ! univ]sal rules :i* accompany ! fully evid5t judgm5t4 7,cf4 e4g4 ,logic1 #bnd ed41 #ci1 p4 #caa47 ,b ap>t f ! fact t ?is contradicts exp]i5ce--= long be=e ! discov]y ( ! syllogism1 conclusions 7 rea*$ syllogi/ically & ) complete evid5ce--x is also to be reject$ inasmu* z1 see+ t ! rule itself mu/ be assur$1 x w\ld lead ei!r to an inf9ite regress1 or to a circulus vitiosus4 #d4 ,ano!r contradiction ) :i* ,i h to *>ge ,sigw>t 7?\gh 9 my op9ion x might h be5 avoid$ ev5 aft] 8 errone\s view z to ! nature ( ! judgm5t & z to ! nature ( self-evid5ce71 we meet ) 9 8 doctr9e ( self-consci\sness4 ,! k t ,i am conta9s only self-evid5ce1 & ?is exi/s indep5d5t ( any consci\sness ( an obligation s to ?9k & ( a necessity :i* is common to all alike4 7,at lea/ ,i am n able o!rwise to und]/& ! passage1 ,logic1 #bnd ed41 p4 #caj3 8,! c]ta9ty t ,i am & ?9k is ! absolutely la/ & fundam5tal "o--! condition ( all ?9k+ & c]ta9ty at all2 "h1 only imm$iate evid5ce c be giv52 "o _c ev5 say t ?is ?\ght is necess>y1 s9ce x is previ\s to all necessity1 & j z imm$iate & evid5t is ! consci\s c]ta9ty t ,i ?9k ?is or t2 x is inextricably int]wov5 ) my self-consci\sness2 ! "o is giv5 ) ! o!r407 ,aft] ,sigw>t's doctr9e already exam9$1 ?is w\ld appe> to be a contradictio 9 adjecto &1 z su*1 q indef5sible4 #e4 ,fur!r contradictions appe> 9 ,sigw>t's v peculi> & d\btful doctr9e conc]n+ ! po/ulates1 :i* he opposes to ! axioms4 ,! latt] are to be reg>d$ z c]ta9 on ! gr\nd ( _! real intellectual necessity2 ! =m]1 n on ! gr\nd ( purely intellectual motives1 b on psy*ological motives ( ano!r k9d1 on ! gr\nd ( practical ne$s4 7,logic1 #bnd ed4 p4 #dab seq47 ,! law ( causality3 e4g4 is1 accord+ to him1 n an axiom1 b a m]e po/ulate2 we reg>d x z c]ta91 s9ce we f9d t )\t affirm+ x we %\ld n be able to inve/igate nature4 ,sigw>t1 by ?is mode ( accept+ ! law ( causality1 t is1 affirm+1 out ( m]e good-w1 t 9 nature "u l conditions1 ! same results w\ld con/antly be =?com+1 manife/ly takes x = grant$ )\t be+ consci\s ( its intellectual necessity4 ,b1 if all 8tak+-z-true0 7,frwahrhalt57 is an act ( judgm5t1 ?is is q incompatible ) 8 views z to ! nature ( ! judgm5t4 ,sigw>t has "h1 z f> z ,i c see1 b "o way ( escape1 i4e4 to confess t he does n believe 9 :at1 z a po/ulate1 he accepts z c]ta9 7z e4g4 ! law ( causality72 !n1 h[ev]1 he w be h>dly s]i\s 9 hop+ = x4 #f4 ,?is po9t becomes /ill m d\btful on reflection ^u :at 7#b7 has be5 previ\sly discuss$4 ,! consci\sness ( a univ]sal necessity ( ?\ght does n1 accord+ to ,sigw>t1 belong to ! po/ulates1 b r to ! axioms4 7,cf4 #e47 ,b ,sigw>t c\ld only ) any plausibility exhibit ! consci\sness ( ?is univ]sal necessity ( ?9k+ z op]at+ 9 ! consci\sness ( "o's p]sonal necessity ( ?9k+ by mak+ use ( ! univ]sal law ( causation4 ,b ?is causal law is itself m]ely a po/ulate2 x is de/itute ( self-evid5ce4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s t ! univ]sal ?\ght-necessity 9 ! case ( ! axioms is also a po/ulate1 & consequ5tly !y lose :at1 accord+ to ,sigw>t1 is _! mo/ ess5tial di/9ction f ! po/ulates4 ,x may p]haps be 9 accordance ) ?is t ,sigw>t calls ! belief 9 ! tru/wor?9ess ( 8self-evid5ce0 a po/ulate4 ,b h[ ! /atem5t s int]pret$1 c be br\ght into h>mony ) ! rema9+ p>ts ( 8 doctr9e ,i am at a loss to conceive4 #g4 ,sigw>t d5ies 7#ca7 ! di/9ction betwe5 ass]torical & apodictic judgm5ts1 s9ce 9 e judgm5t ! s5se ( necessity 9 respect ( its function is ess5tial4 ,consequ5tly ?is ass]tion likewise hangs toge!r ) 8 errone\s fundam5tal view ( ! judgm5t2 he w\ld appe> to id5tify ! feel+ :i* he sometimes calls ! feel+ ( evid5ce ) ! apodictic "* ( a judgm5t4 ,b x w\ld be q unju/ifiable to ov]look ! modal peculi>ity ( c]ta9 judgm5ts1 z = example1 ! law ( contradiction 9 di/9ction f o!r =ms ( judgm5t l t ( ! consci\sness t ,i am4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 we h to d ) :at is 8necess>ily true or false10 9 ! second in/ance only ) :at is 8true or false z a matt] ( fact10 ?\gh bo? are 9 ! same s5se evid5t & d n diff] 9 respect ( _! c]ta9ty4 ,only 9 ! case ( judgm5ts l ! =m]1 n1 h[ev]1 f su* z ! latt] d we draw ! notions ( impossibility & necessity4 ,t ,sigw>t1 9 oppos+ ! view :i* reg>ds ! apodictic judgm5t z a special class1 also occasionally be>s witness aga9/ himself is cle> f :at has be5 already said 7#d74 ,! k t ,i am1 he calls1 9 opposition to ! k ( an axiom1 ! k ( a simple actual tru? 7p4 #cab74 ,"h he speaks m s\ndly ?an 8 g5]al /atem5ts w\ld really all[4 ,sigw>t's !ory ( self-evid5ce is1 !re=e1 ess5tially false4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,desc>tes1 s "h x _c be said t ,sigw>t 0 n consci\s ( ! ph5om5on2 inde$1 we mu/ r say 9 8 praise1 t ) ! greate/ zeal he has s\ght to analyze x1 b z is ! case ) _m 9 psy*ological analysis1 x w\ld seem t 9 ! eag]ness ( analyz+ he did n /op at ! "r po9t1 & has s\ght to resolve into "o ano!r ph5om5a v di/9ct 9 nature4 ,x is obvi\s t an error respect+ ! nature ( evid5ce is fraught ) ! grave/ consequ5ce = ! logician4 ,x might well be said t we h "h t\*$ ^u ! deep-seat$ organic disease 9 ,sigw>t's logic1 if ?is may n r be said to consi/ 9 a misund]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! judgm5t 9 g5]al4 ,aga9 & aga9 its evil results become manife/1 z = example1 9 ,sigw>t's inability to und]/& ! mo/ ess5tial causes ( our errors1 ,cf4 ,logic1 vol4 i4 #bnd ed4 p4 #ajc1 note1 :]e1 ) /range p>tiality he assigns ! *ief blame to ! defective developm5t ( our language4 ,= ! re/1 _m ano!r celebrat$ logician 9 rec5t times c claim no sup]iority ov] ,sigw>t "h4 ,z a fur!r example we ne$ only obs]ve h[ ! doctr9e ( evid5ce f>es at ! h&s ( ! admirable ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,cf4 note #fi1 p4 #ii4 ,ow+ to ! great uncle>ness z to ! nature ( evid5ce1 almo/ univ]sal1 x becomes conceivable :y1 z (t5 happ5s1 we meet ) ! expression 8m or less self-evid5t40 ,ev5 ,desc>tes & ,pascal use su* expressions1 al?\gh x is cle>ly q unsuitable4 ,:atev] is self-evid5t is c]ta91 & c]ta9ty 9 ! real s5se kn[s no di/9ctions ( degree4 ,ev5 q rec5tly we f9d ! op9ion express$ 9 ! ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,philosophie 7& ! writ] is manife/ly q s]i\s71 t !re exi/ self-evid5t suppositions :i*1 9 spite ( _! self-evid5ce1 may q well be false4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t ,i hold ?is to be oppos$ to reason4 ,i may "h1 h[ev]1 express regret t lectures deliv]$ by me at a "t :5 ,i /ill reg>d$ degrees ( conviction z int5sities ( judgm5t1 seem to h giv5 an occasion = su* confusions4 #bh 7p4 #ai74 ,cf4 ,hume's ,essay1 already cit$3 ,an ,enquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals4 ,o!r philosoph]s1 :o h plac$ ! f\ndation ( e?ics 9 ! feel+s1 z e4g4 ,b5eke & ,ub]weg 7:o foll[s him7 h se5 fur!r ?an ,hume "h4 7,cf4 ! pres5tation ( ,b5eke's e?ics 9 8 ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 iii47 ,h]b>t comes /ill ne>] to ! tru? :5 he speaks ( self-evid5t judgm5ts ( ta/e 7^!1 h[ev]1 are really n judgm5ts at all1 b feel+s1 & z su* are n self-evid5t1 b c only be said to h some?+ analog\s to self-evid5t judgm5ts7 & :5 he fur!r opposes to ! m]ely pleasurable ! beautiful1 ascrib+ to ! latt] z di/9ct f ! =m]1 univ]sal validity & und5iable wor?4 ,un=tunately1 !re is always some?+ false mix$ up ) 8 view1 & ,h]b>t loses at once & = ev] ! "r pa?1 s t 8 e?ics 9 its c\rse div]ges mu* fur!r f ! tru? ?an ! doctr9e ( ,hume4 ,^? ?9k]s :o h completely ov]look$ ! di/9ction betwe5 pleasure ) ! "* ( rightness & pleasure :i* is n s qualifi$1 are 9 dang] ( fall+ into opposite errors4 ,! "o class view ! matt] z ?\gh all pleasure _h ! "* ( rightness1 ! o!r class z ?\gh no pleasure 7 s qualifi$4 ,by ! "o class ! notion ( ! good z t :i* rightly pleases1 is entirely giv5 up2 8wor?y ( desire0 7begehr5sw]t7 9 di/9ction f 8desirable0 7begehrb>71 is an unmean+ expression4 ,= ! o!r class1 8wor?y ( desire0 7begehr5sw]t7 rema9s z a sep>ate notion1 s t !re is no tautology 9 _! say+ no?+ is 9 itself desirable except 9 s f> z x is 9 itself wor?y ( desire1 is good 9 itself4 ,manife/ly !y mu/1 to be consi/5t1 ass]t ?is1 & ?is !y h really taught4 ,! extreme h$oni/s all belong to ?is class2 b1 along ) !m1 _m o!rs2 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 = example1 ! tea*+ is f\nd 9 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ^: greatness receives fre% appreciation f ,ih]+ 7cf4 ,summ4 !ol4 ,i4a4 qu4 #hj1 qu4 #hb1 art4 #b ad4 #a1 etc474 ,b ev5 !n su* a view _c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! light ( ! facts )\t expos+ ! nature ( good & bad to a falsification :i* involves a =m ( subjectivism simil> to t =m]ly committ$ by ,protagoras respect+ ! notions ( tru? & falsehood4 ,j z1 accord+ to ?is subjectivi/ 9 ! sph]e ( ! judgm5t1 man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 & (t5 :at is true = "o1 may at ! same "t be false = ano!r--s ! advocates ( ! view t only ! good c be lov$1 only ! bad hat$1 are really compell$ to assume t1 9 ?is sph]e1 ea* is himself ! measure ( all ?+s2 = ! good1 9 t x is good2 = ! bad1 t x is bad2 s t (t5 some?+ is1 9 itself & at ! same "t1 bo? good & bad3 good 9 itself1 9 ! case ( all :o love x = its own sake2 bad 9 itself1 9 ! case ( all :o hate x = its own sake4 ,?is is absurd1 & ! subjectivi/ic falsification ( ! notion ( ! good is to be reject$ equally ) ! subjectivi/ic falsification ( ! notions ( tru? & exi/5ce by ,protagoras1 b ) ?is diff]5ce3 t ! subjectivi/ic error 9 ! sph]e ( :at is rightly pleas+ & displeas+ takes root m easily & infects mo/ e?ical sy/ems ev5 to-day4 ,"s1 z rec5tly1 ,sigw>t 7,vorfrag5 d] ,e?ik1 p4 #f71 confess x op5ly2 o!rs fall into ?is error )\t !mselves becom+ cle>ly consci\s ( ! subjectivi/ic "* ( _! view4,a ,a ,^? especially :o tea* t g5]ally speak+ ! k1 pleasure1 & p]fection ( ea* individual is1 = him1 good1 _! opposites bad1 & t all else is 9 itself indiff]5t1 w p]haps prote/ aga9/ my class+ !m among ! subjectivi/s4 ,x might ev5 seem on a sup]ficial survey1 t !y h set up a doctr9e ( ! good equally valid = all4 ,b on a m c>eful exam9ation we f9d t ?is tea*+ does n ev5 9 a s+le in/ance1 hold "o & ! same object to be good univ]sally4 ,= example1 my own k is1 accord+ to ?is view1 = me wor?y ( love2 = e "o else indiff]5t 9 itself1 :ile ! k ( ano!r individual is 9 itself = me indiff]5t4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve !i/ic ?9k]s1 z (t5 happ5s1 sett+ up a subjectivi/ic view respect+ ! good1 valid ( all mortal lov+ & will+1 :ile1 at ! same "t assum+ t ,god1 )\t respect ( p]son1 e/imates e p]fection by a k9d ( objective /&>d4 ,?is exception ) reg>d to ! lov+ & will+ ( ,god & ! notion ( ,him z et]nal ,judge is !n meant to r5d] h>mless 9 respect ( its practical consequ5ces1 ! egoism :i* su* a pr9ciple implies4 elebrat$ controv]sy betwe5 ,bossuet & ,f5elon x may be said t ! great bi%op ( ,meaux advocat$ a k9d ( subjectivism4 ,f5elon's !ses1 ?\gh he advocat$ a sy/em ( morality nei!r ignoble nor un*ri/ian1 7 f9ally condemn$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ?\gh x did n g s f> z to reject 8 tea*+ z h]etical4 ,o!rwise "o w\ld really be compell$ to condemn also ^? f9e gl[+ l9es attribut$ by _m to ,/4 ,!resa1 t 9 a v imp]fect ,lat9 translation h f\nd _! way into _m ,ca?olic pray]-books :i* is mu* m ?an _! escap+ ! ecclesia/ical c5sor4 ,i give !m translat$ directly f ! ,spani% ,ni*t ,h(fnung auf des ,himmels sel'ge ,freud5 ,hat ,dir1 me9 ,gott1 zum ,di5/e mi* v]bund54 ,ni*t ,fur*t1 die i* vor ew'gem ,graus empfund51 ,hat mi* bewegt d] ,snd] ,pfad zu meid54 ,du ,h]r beweg/ mi*1 mi* bewegt ,de9 ,leid54 ,de9 ,anblick 9 d5 letzt51 bang5 ,/und54 ,d] ,geisseln ,wu?4 ,de9 ,haupt von ,dorn umwund54 ,de9 s*w]es ,kreuz und--a*6--,de9 bittres ,s*eid54 ,h]r1 ,du bewege/ mi* mit sol*em ,triebe1 ,das i* ,di* liebte1 wr' ke9 ,himmel (f54 ,di* fr*tete1 w5n au* ke9 ,abgrund s*reckte2 ,ni*ts kann/ ,du geb51 0 mir ,liebe weckte2 ,d5n wrd' i* au* ni*t1 wie i* h(fe1 h(f51 ,i* wrde d5no* lieb51 wie i* liebe40 ,! tea*+ ( ,?omas ,aqu9as has (t5 be5 s repres5t$ z ?\gh x 7 pure subjectivism4 ,x is true t mu* ( 8 tea*+ s\nds q subjectivi/ic 7cf4 e4g4 ,summ4 !ol4 #a;a4 q4 #hj1 art4 #a1 especially ! objections & replies z well z ! passages 9 :i* he decl>es t ! happ9ess ( ea* is ! highe/ & f9al end1 ass]t+ ev5 ( ! sa9ts 9 heav5 t ea* rightly desires m 8 own bless$ness ?an ! bless$ness ( all o!rs74 ,along ) ^!1 h[ev]1 are to be f\nd /atem5ts 9 :i* he so>s above ?is subjectivi/ic view z1 = example1 :5 he decl>es 7z ,plato & ,ari/otle be=e him & ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz aft]7 t ev]y?+ :i* exi/s is good z su*1 n good m]ely z a means b also--a po9t :i* pure subjectivi/s 7z rec5tly ,sigw>t1 ,vorfr4 d4 ,e?ik1 p4 #f7 expressly d5y--good 9 itself1 & aga91 :5 he affirms t 9 case any "o--an impossible case--_h at any "t to *oose betwe5 8 own et]nal ru9 & an injury to ! ,div9e love1 ! "r c\rse w\ld be to pref] 8 own et]nal unhapp9ess4 ,!re ! moral feel+ ( we/]n ,*ri/5dom t\*es ! feel+ ( ! hea!n ,h9du1 z is %[n 9 a some:at /range /ory ( a maid5 :o r5\nces h] own ev]la/+ bless$ness = ! salvation ( ! re/ ( ! _w2 z also t ( a positivi/ ?9k] l ,mill :5 he decl>es soon] ?an b[ 9 pray] be=e a be+ n truly good1 8to hell he w g40 ,i knew a ,ca?olic prie/ :o1 on acc\nt ( ?is utt]ance ( ,mill's1 vot$ = him at ! p>liam5t>y election4 ,:oev]1 z ,i h said1 has once accept$ ! view t no?+ c please except 9 s f> z x is really good1 no?+ displease1 except 9 s f> z x is really bad1 is on a way :i*1 if consi/5tly foll[$1 mu/ lead him to subjectivism4 ,?is is evid5t z soon z x is admitt$ 7& at fir/ sight1 x is true1 x may be d5i$7 t opposite ta/es1 "h desire1 !re dislike1 may be associat$ ) ! same s5se ph5om5on4 ,"o might1 9 def5ce1 argue t "h1 9 spite ( ! simil>ity ( ! ext]nal /imulus ! correspond+ subjective idea may h an ess5tially diff]5t cont5t4 ,b su* a view refutes itself 9 ^? cases :]e we ourselves repeat$ly exp]i5ce ! same ph5om5on1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( a fur!r developm5t 9 age or by reason ( a *ang$ habit 7cf4 text #be1 p4 #af7 !reby exp]i5ce a diff]5t feel+1 dislike = desire1 or desire = dislike4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 no d\bt1 t z a fact ! feel+s may take an oppos$ attitude t[>ds ! same ph5om5on3 & aga91 9 ! case :]e ideas in/9ctively repel u1 :ile at ! same "t ar\s+ )9 u a pleasure ( a high] k9d 7cf4 note #cb1 p4 #ib71 :at has be5 said is also cle>ly evid5t4 ,f9ally1 we %\ld expect f "o :o ?9ks t e act ( simple pleasure is "r1 & t "o act nev] contradicts ano!r1 a simil> doctr9e 9 respect ( ! act ( *oos+4 ,b ! rev]se is "h s obvi\s t ! advocates ( ?is view h 9 /rik+ contra/ always ass]t$ 9 ! mo/ def9ite mann] t diff]5t individuals h pref]5ces opposite 9 "*1 & t "o is "r1 ! o!r wrong4 ,glanc+ back f ! disciples ( ,ari/otle 9 ! ,middle ,ages to ! ma/] himself1 we f9d 8 tea*+ appe>s to be a diff]5t "o4 ,ari/otle recognizes a "r & a wrong k9d ( desire 7 7 & t :at is desir$ 77 is n always ! good4 7,de ,anima1 iii4 #aj47 ,9 ! same way he affirms 9 respect ( pleasure 77 9 ! ,nicoma*ian ,e?ics t n e pleasure is good2 !re is a pleasure 9 ! bad1 :i* is itself bad 7,nic4 ,e?4 x4 #b74 ,9 8 ,metaphysics he di/+ui%es betwe5 a l[] & a high] k9d ( desire 7 & 72 :atev] is desir$ by ! high] k9d = its own sake is truly good 7,metaph4 #g1 p4 #ajgb a4 #bh74 ,a c]ta9 approa* to ! "r view seems already to h be5 rea*$ "h4 ,x is ( special int]e/ 7a po9t ,i h only discov]$ lat]7 t ,ari/otle has sugge/$ an analogy betwe5 e?ical subjectivism & ! logical subjectivism ( ,protagoras1 & equally repudiates bo? 7,metaph4 #f1 p4 #ajfb b4 #af1 & #ajfc a4 #e74 ,on ! o!r h& x w\ld appe> f ! l9es imm$iately foll[+ z ?\gh ,ari/otle _h fall5 into ! v obvi\s temptation ( believ+ t we c "k ! good z good1 indep5d5t ( ! excitation ( ! emotions4 7,metaph4 #bi2 cf4 ,de ,anima1 iii4 #i & #aj47 ,9 close connection ) ?is appe>s to be ! passage 7,nic4 ,e?4 i4 #d7 :]e he d5ies t !re is any uni=m notion ( ! good 7und]/&+1 ( c\rse1 ! good 9 itself1 cf4 respect+ ?is1 note #bf1 p4 #gg71 ?9k+ r t only by way ( analogy does !re exi/ a unity 9 ! case ( ! good ( rational ?9k+ & see+1 joy1 etc41 & :51 9 ano!r passage 7,metaph4 #d1 p4 #ajbg b4 #be71 he says t ! true & ! false are n 9 ! ?+s1 :]e ! good & ! bad are1 i4e4 ! =m] pr$icates 7e4g4 true ,god1 false fri5d7 are ascrib$ to ! ?+s only 9 respect ( c]ta9 m5tal acts1 ! true & false judgm5ts1 :ile ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 are n 9 a simil> way ascrib$ to !m m]ely 9 respect ( a c]ta9 class ( m5tal activities3--all ( :i*1 incorrect z x is1 is /ill connect$ z a necess>y result ) ! a=esaid error4 ,he is m 9 agreem5t ) ! true doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( our notion & k ( ! good1 :5 7,nic4 ,e?ics1 x4 #b7 he adduces z an argum5t aga9/ ! assumption t joy does n belong to ! good1 ! fact t all desire x1 & adds3 8,= if only irrational be+s desir$ x1 ! opposition to ?is argum5t w\ld /ill conta9 a c]ta9 ju/ification2 b if e rational be+ also does s1 h[ c any?+ be said aga9/ x80 ,yet ev5 ?is utt]ance is reconcilable ) 8 errone\s view4 ,consid]$ 9 ?is aspect1 ! morali/ ( s5tim5t 7,gefhls-morali/71 ,hume1 has "h ! advantage ( him1 = ,hume rightly urges1 h[ is any "o to recognize t any?+ is to be lov$ )\t exp]i5c+ ! love8 ,i h said t ! temptation into :i* ,ari/otle has fall5 appe>s q conceivable4 ,x arises f ! fact t1 along ) ! exp]i5ce ( an emotion qualifi$ z "r !re is giv5 at ! same "t ! k t ! object itself is good4 ,?us x may easily happ5 t ! relation is !n p]v]t$ & ! love is ?\ght to foll[ z a consequ5ce ( ! k1 & recogniz$ z "r by reason ( its agreem5t ) ?is its rule4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to comp>e ! error "h made by ,ari/otle 9 respect ( emotion qualifi$ z "r ) t :i* we h se5 0 committ$ by ,desc>tes 9 respect ( ! simil>ly qualifi$ judgm5t 7cf4 note #bg1 p4 #gh74 ,! cases are ess5tially analog\s2 9 bo? cases ! di/+ui%+ m>k is s\ght 9 ! special "* ( ! idea :i* =ms ! basis ( ! act r ?an 9 ! act itself qualifi$ z "r4 ,9 fact x seems to me evid5t f v>i\s passages 9 8 treatise ,des ,passions1 t ,desc>tes himself has treat$ ! matt] 9 a way q simil> to t ( ,ari/otle1 & 9 a mann] ess5tially analog\s to 8 doctr9e ( ! self-evid5t judgm5t4 ,at ! pres5t "t _m approa* v ne> to ,desc>tes' error 9 respect ( ! m>ks ( self-evid5ce 7if we are n r to say t ! error is really implicitly conta9$ 9 _! /atem5ts7 :5 !y reg>d ! matt] z ?\gh 9 ! case ( e self-evid5t judgm5t a crit]ion 7 ref]r$ to4 ,9 ?is case x mu/ h be5 previ\sly giv5 some:]e1 ei!r z recogniz$--& ?is w\ld lead to inf9ity--or 7& ?is is ! only alt]native71 x is giv5 9 ! idea4 ,x may be said t "h also ! temptation to su* a misconception lies ready to h& & ?is may well h ex]cis$ a mislead+ influ5ce ^u ,desc>tes4 ,ari/otle's error is less g5]al1 ?\gh only because ! ph5om5on ( ! emotion qualifi$ z "r has1 g5]ally speak+1 come less frequ5tly "u consid]ation ?an t ( ! simil>ly qualifi$ judgm5t4 ,if ! nature ( ! =m] has be5 misund]/ood1 ! latt] has (t5 be5 s ov]look$ z n ev5 to admit ( its ess5tial nature be+ mis9t]pret$4 #bi 7p4 #ai74 ,:5 ,i affirm$ t ! language ( common life (f]s no suitable t]ms = activities ( feel+ qualifi$ z "r1 ,i did n mean !reby to d5y t c]ta9 expressions are1 9 !mselves1 well suit$1 inde$ !y w\ld seem to h be5 creat$ = ?is purpose1 p>ticul>ly1 = example1 ! expressions 8to be well pleas+10 & 8to be ill pleas+0 7gut gefall5 & s*le*t gefall571 z di/9ct f ! simple 8to be pleas+0 & 8to be mis-pleas+40 ,?\gh1 h[ev]1 x might seem advisable to limit ^! t]ms 9 ?is way & s to make !m s]ve z sci5tific t]ms1 sc>cely any trace ( su* a limitation is to be f\nd 9 ord9>y language4 ,"o does n1 ( c\rse1 c>e to say3 8! good pleases him ill10 8! bad pleases him well10 ?\gh "o /ill says t to "o ?is ta/es good1 to ano!r t1 & s on1 i4e4 ! expression 8to be well pleas+0 is appli$ unhesitat+ly ev5 9 ! case :]e pleasure is giv5 9 ! l[e/ in/9ctive =m4 ,inde$ ! t]m-8impression0 7,wahrnehmung7 has deg5]at$ 9 an almo/ simil> way4 ,only really appropriate 9 respect ( k1 x came to be appli$ 9 ! case ( ! s-call$ ext]nal impression 7uss]e ,wahrnehmung71 i4e4 9 cases ( a belief1 bl9d1 & 9 its ess5tial relations1 errone\s1 & consequ5tly w\ld require1 9 ord]1 z a t]m9us te*nicus to h sci5tific application1 an important re=m ( ! usual t]m9ology & "o :i* w\ld ess5tially n>r[ ! range ( ! t]m4 #cj 7p4 #ai74 ,metaph41 #a1 p4 #ihj a4 #bb4 #ca 7p4 #bj7 i4e41 8,als ri*tig *>act]isi]t40 ,?is phrase1 :i* occurs frequ5tly1 ,i h translat$ sometimes z above1 sometimes by 8qualifi$ z "r40 ,by ?is phrase & its equival5ts is meant t ! act 7sc4 ( lov+1 hat+1 or pref]r+17 is at once p]ceiv$ by u to be a "r "o1 be>s ! m>k or "* ( rightness4 #cb 7p4 #bj74 ,9 ord] to exclude a misund]/&+ & ! d\bts necess>ily connect$ !re)1 ,i add ! foll[+ rem>k to :at has be5 sugge/$ %ortly 9 ! text4 ,9 ord] t an act ( feel+ may be call$ purely good 9 itself x is requisite3 7#a7 t x be "r2 7#b7 t x be an act ( pleas+ & n an act ( displeas+4 ,if ei!r condition be abs5t1 x is already1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 bad 9 itself2 pleasure at ! mis=tunes ( o!rs 7,s*ad5freude7 is bad on ! fir/ gr\nd2 pa9 at ! sight ( inju/ice1 on ! second gr\nd4 ,if bo? conditions are lack+1 ! act is /ill worse1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( summation ( :i* we %all speak lat] 9 ! lecture4 ,accord+ to ?is same pr9ciple1 :]e a feel+ is good1 its increase increases also ! goodness ( ! act1 :ile1 simil>ly1 :]e an act is purely bad1 or at lea/ p>ticipates 9 any respect 9 ! bad1 ) ! int5sity ( ! feel+ increases ! badness ( ! act4 ,:5 ! act is a mix$ "o1 good & bad manife/ly increase1 or dim9i%1 9 simple proportion to "o ano!r4 ,! 8plus0 belong+ to ! "o or ! o!r side1 mu/ !re=e1 ) ! increase 9 int5sity ( ! act become ev] great]1 ) its decrease ev] small]4 ,& s ! surplus ( good 9 ! act may1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances 9 spite ( its impurity1 be describ$ z a v great good1 :ile conv]sely1 ! surplus ( ! bad may1 despite ! admixture ( ! good1 be describ$ z some?+ v bad 7cf4 note #cf74 #cc 7p4 #bj74 ,x may happ5 t1 at ! same "t1 "o & ! same ?+ is bo? pleas+ & displeas+4 ,fir/1 some?+ 9 itself displeas+ may yet be pleas+ z a means to some?+ else1 & vice v]sa2 !n a case may arise :]e some?+ in/9ctively repels u1 :ile at ! same "t x is lov$ by u ) a high] love4 ,we may ?us h an in/9ctive repugnance to a s5sation1 :i* is yet at ! same "t 7& e idea1 qua idea1 is good71 a welcome enri*m5t ( our _w ( ideas4 ,ari/otle has said3 8,x happ5s t desires ent] into conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! reason 77 & ! l[] desires 77 are 9 opposition 7,de ,anima iii4 #aj74 ,& aga93 8,n[ ! l[] desires 77 ga9 a victory ov] ! high]1 n[ ! high] ov] ! l[]1 & z0 7accord+ to ! anci5t a/ronomy7 8"o cele/ial sph]e ! o!r1 s "o desire draws (f ! o!r ) x :5 ! individual has lo/ ! firm rule ov] himself0 7,de ,anima ii474 #cd 7p4 #ba74 ,j z love & hate may be direct$ t[>ds s+le individuals1 s also !y may be direct$ to :ole classes4 ,?is ,ari/otle has already obs]v$4 ,we are1 he ?9ks1 8n only angry ) ! individual ?ief :o has robb$ u1 & ) ! individual sycophant :o deceives our confid+ nature1 b we hate ?ieves & sycophants 9 g5]al0 7,rhet4 ii4 #d74 ,acts ( lov+ & hat+1 :]e 9 ?is way !re is an und]ly+ g5]al conception1 also possess frequ5tly ! "* ( rightness4 ,& s q naturally along ) ! exp]i5ce ( ?is giv5 act ( love or hate1 ! goodness or badness ( ! entire class becomes manife/ at "o /roke1 & ap>t f e induction f special cases4 ,9 ?is way1 = example1 we atta9 to ! g5]al k t insight z su* is good4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ ne> ! temptation lies1 9 ! case ( su* k ( a g5]al tru? )\t any induction f s+le cases o!rwise dem&$ 9 tru?s ( exp]i5ce1 entirely to ov]look ! prep>atory exp]i5ce ( a feel+ hav+ ! "* ( rightness1 & to reg>d ! univ]sal judgm5t z an imm$iate syn!tic priori =m ( k4 ,h]b>t's v rem>kable doctr9e ( a sudd5 elevation to g5]al e?ical pr9ciples seems to me to po9t to ! fact t he _h obs]v$ some?+ ( ?is peculi> process )\t at ! same "t becom+ q cle> ab\t x4 #ce 7p4 #ba74 ,x is easy to see h[ important ?is proposition may become = a !odicy4 ,z reg>ds e?ics x might be fe>$ t its security becomes !reby s]i\sly endang]$1 p]haps1 inde$1 completely de/roy$4 ,to see h[ unf\nd$ su* a fe> is1 cf4 note #dc1 p4 #ii4 #cf 7p4 #bb74 ,x seems to me evid5t ev5 f analysis ( ! notion ( *oice 7#a7 t ev]y?+ :i* is good is to be pref]r$1 i4e4 t 9 an act ( *oice x %all fall z a reasonable mom5t into ! balance2 7#b7 t ev]y?+ bad =ms a reasonable anti-mom5t1 & !re=e also t 7#c7 9 su* cases--p>tly by direct means1 p>tly by an addition 9 :i* ! good & ! bad are to be tak5 into acc\nt z quantities ) opposite signs--! prepond]ance 9 :i* "r *oice is to be gr\nd$ may become evid5t1 i4e4 ! pref]ability or sup]iority ( ! "o z oppos$ to ! o!r4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 x does n1 closely exam9$1 require ! special exp]i5ce ( an act ( pref]5ce hav+ ! "* ( rightness1 b only ! exp]i5ce ( simple simil>ly qualifi$ acts ( pleas+ & displeas+1 9 ord] to atta9 9 ! above-m5tion$ cases to ! k ( ! bett]4 ,& !re=e ,i h said t we d]iv$ our k ( pref]ability1 n f ! fact t our exp]i5ce has ! "* ( rightness1 b t ! said pref]5ces possess ! "* ( rightness because ! k ( pref]ability has "h be5 made ! det]m9+ /&>d4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 mean to say t ! same di/+ui%+ "* :i* 0 previ\sly insi/$ ^u 9 ! case ( c]ta9 simple acts ( pleas+ is n also "h really pres5t4 #cg 7p4 #bd74 ,9 ord] t ! proc$ure "h might h be5 r5d]$ q exact & really exhau/ive1 two o!r v important cases w\ld /ill ne$ to h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! lecture4 ,! "o case is t ( pleasure 9 ! bad1 ! o!r t ( displeasure 9 ! bad4 ,if we enquire3 ,is pleasure 9 ! bad good8 ! answ] has already be5 giv5 9 a measure q rightly by ,ari/otle3 ,no4 8,no "o10 he says 9 ! ,nicoma*ian ,e?ics 7x4 #b1 p4 #aagd a4 #a71 8w\ld wi% to feel joy 9 :at is %ameful ev5 if x 7 made c]ta9 to him t no h>m w\ld result !refrom40 ,! h$oni/s1 to :i* class belong$ su* noble m5 z ,fe*n] 7cf4 8 "w on ,! ,highe/ ,good7 contradict$ ?is view4 ,_! tea*+ is to be reject$2 9 practice z ,hume has obs]v$1 !y =tunately prov$ mu* bett] ?an 9 !ory4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 a gra9 ( tru? 9 _! view4 ,! pleasure 9 ! bad is1 qua pleasure1 good1 & only at ! same "t bad z a wrong activity ( feel+1 & ?\gh1 by reason ( ?is p]v]sion1 x may be describ$ z a prepond]ance ( ! bad1 x _c be reg>d$ z some?+ purely bad4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 abhorr+ x z bad1 we are really mak+ an act ( *oice 9 :i* fre$om f :at 9 ! object is bad is pref]r$ to ! possession ( :at is good4 ,& :5 we recognize ! av]sion z "r1 ?is is possible only because ! pref]5ce has ! "* ( rightness4 ,! case is simil> :5 we inquire if a simil>ly qualifi$ displeasure 9 ! bad is good1 z e4g4 :]e a noble he>t feels pa9 on see+ ! innoc5t oppress$1 or :]e "s "o1 look+ back ^u 8 pa/ life1 feels remorse at ! consci\sness ( a bad action4 ,"h ! case is 9 e respect ! rev]se ( ! "o prec$+4 ,su* a feel+ ar\ses a /ate 9 :i* pleasure prepond]ates1 b ?is pleasure is n pure2 x _c be call$ a pure good l ! joy :i* w\ld h aris5 7 ! opposite ( t ov] :i* we n[ m\rn a fact1 h5ce ,desc>tes' advice 7cf4 #bd1 p4 #ge7--to turn ! att5tion & feel+ 9 an equal degree r to ! good--w\ld really n lose its significance4 ,we recognize all ?is cle>ly1 & h !re=e1 once m a pref]5ce ) ! "* ( rightness z ! s\rce ( our k ( :at is wor?y ( pref]5ce4 ,9 ord] n to introduce too _m complications1 ,i omitt$ 9 my lecture :5 discuss+ pref]5ces to m5tion ^! cases4 ,& ?is seem$ to me ! m admissible1 because x w\ld practically lead to ! same result1 if 7l ,ari/otle 9 ! case ( disgraceful pleasure7 "o 7 to treat hate qualifi$ z "r on ! "o h& & love qualifi$ z "r on ! o!r1 z ph5om5a ( simple dis9cl9ation & incl9ation4 ,x may be easily se5 t f ^! special cases ( a possible det]m9ation ( a quantitative relation betwe5 good & bad pleasure & displeasure1 on ! "o h&1 & ( rightness & unrightness on ! o!r h& 7cf4 = ^! also ,note #ca1 p4 #ia7 !re is no hope ( fill+ 9 ! great gaps ref]r$ to 9 ! lecture 9 a way valid = all cases4 #ch 7p4 #bf74 ,cf4 my ,psy*4 f ! ,empirical ,/&po9t1 book ii4 *ap4 iv4 #ci 7p4 #bf74 ,e4 ,dumont4 ,traits de lgislation civile et pnale1 extraits des manuscrits de ,j4 ,b5?am2 espec4 9 ! section be>+ ! title3 8,pr9cipes des lgislation10 *ap4 iii4 section #a t[>ds ! end2 *ap4 vi4 section #b t[>ds ! end2 & *aps4 viii4 & ix4 #dj 7p4 #bg74 ,s4 ,rudolph ,wagn]4 ,d] ,kampf um die ,seele1 vom ,/&punkt d] ,wiss5s*aft4 7,s5ds*reib5 an ,h]rn ,leib>zt ,dr4 ,b5eke 9 ,old5burg47 ,gtt+51 #aheg1 p4 #id note4 8,gauss said1 ! au?or 7( a c]ta9 psy*ological "w7 spoke ( a want ( exact measurem5ts 9 ! case ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 b x w\ld be good if we only _h clumsy ones1 "o c\ld !n make a beg9n+2 b we h none4 ,!re is "h want+ ! conditio s9e qu non ( all ma!matical treatm5t1 i4e4 :e!r & h[ f> ! *ang+ ( an int5sive into an ext5sive quantity is possible4 ,yet ?is is ! fir/ & indisp5sable condition2 !n !re 7 also o!rs4 ,on ?is occasion ,gauss spoke also ab\t ! usual incorrect def9ition ( quantity z an #8ens' :i* is capable ( be+ increas$ or dim9i%$2 "o ought r to say1 an #8ens' t admits ( be+ divid$ into equal p>ts44440 #da 7p4 #bg74 ,fe*n]'s psy*o-physical law1 ev5 7 x assur$1 :]eas x awak5s cont9ually increas+ d\bt & opposition1 c\ld only be us$ z a means ( measur+ ! int5sity ( ! cont5t ( c]ta9 concrete p]ceptions1 n1 h[ev]1 = measur+ ! /r5g? ( ! emotions l joy & sorr[4 ,attempts h be5 made at det]m9+ ! measure ( feel+s by means ( ! involunt>y movem5ts & o!r ext]nally visible *anges accompany+ !m4 ,to me1 ?is seems v mu* z if "o 7 to seek to reckon ! exact date ( ! day ( ! mon? by means ( ! wea!r4 ,! direct inn] consci\sness1 h[ev] imp]fect its te/imony may be1 nev]!less (f]s "h f> m4 ,at lea/ "o draws f ! spr+ itself1 :]eas 9 ! o!r case "o has to d ) wat] r5d]$ impure by a v>iety ( influ5ces4 #db 3 7p4 #bg74 ,sigw>t1 9 8 ,vorfrag5 d] ,e?ik 7p4 #db71 emphasizes ! fact t no m mu/ be requir$ f ! human w ?an :at x is able to p]=m4 ,?is utt]ance1 :i* com+ f ! lips ( s decid$ an indet]m9i/ 7cf4 ,logic1 ii4 p4 #eib7 may especially excite surprise1 hangs toge!r ) 8 subjective view ( ! good1 f :i* view1 9 my op9ion1 !re is (f]$ no logical1 normal pa? to ! peace ( all :o possess a good w4 7,cf4 e4g4 ! way 9 :i* ,sigw>t1 p4 #ae1 passes ov] f egoism to reg>d = ! g5]al good47 ,b simil> expressions are also he>d f o!rs4 ,& x might really appe> d\btful :e!r ! sublime comm& :i* bids u to subord9ate all our actions to ! highe/ practical good is really ! "r e?ical pr9ciple4 ,=1 putt+ aside cases ( want ( reflection1 :i* d n1 ( c\rse1 ent] "h into consid]ation1 ! dem& = su* complete self-devotion /ill seems too /r+5t1 s9ce !re is no "o1 h[ev] c>efully he may conduct himself1 :o1 look+ s9c]ely into 8 he>t1 w n frequ5tly be compell$ to say ) ,horace3-- 8,nunc 9 ,ari/ippi furtim praecepta relabor1 ,et mihi res1 non me rebus subjung]e conor40 ,& yet ! d\bt is unf\nd$1 & a comp>ison may s]ve to make ?is cle>4 ,x is c]ta9 t no "o c entirely avoid error2 /ill1 avoidable or unavoidable1 e error rema9s a judgm5t1 :i* is :at x %\ld n be1 & is oppos$ to ! indisp5sable dem&s ( logic4 ,:at applies to logic 9 respect ( weakness ( ?\ght applies to e?ics on ! gr\nd ( weakness ( w4 ,e?ics _c cease to dem& f a man t he %\ld love ! ackn[l$g$ good & pref] t :i* is recogniz$ to be bett]1 n putt+ any?+ else be=e ! highe/ practical good4 ,ev5 7 x prov$ 7:i* is n ! case71 t 9 a def9ite class ( cases all m5 )\t exception 9 respect ( ^! 7 nev] able to rema9 true to ! highe/ practical good1 ?is w\ld /ill n af=d ! slighte/ ju/ification = sett+ aside ! fundam5tal e?ical dem&4 ,ev5 !n x w\ld /ill rema9 an evid5t & un*angeable tru?1 ! sole & only "r rule1 "h z ev]y:]e1 to give ! pref]5ce to ! bett] ov] :at is less good4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill fe>s t ?is w\ld lead to endless self-reproa*es & t ^! con/ant reproa*es w\ld embitt] ! life ( ea* individual4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is s little impli$ by ! rule t x is easily demon/rable t su* a result is exclud$4 ,goe! well und]/ood ?is1-- 8,ni*ts taugt ,ung$uld0 i4e4 impati5ce 9 respect ( "o's own imp]fections1 he says 9 "o ( 8 by no means lax say+s1-- 8,no* w5ig] ,reue10 --giv+ way to ! /+s ( consci5ce1 :5 fre% joy\s resolve is alone available1-- 8,j5e v]mehrt die ,s*uld1 ,diese s*afft neue40,a ,a 8,impati5ce naught avails ,nor m availe? rue1 ,"o adde? to ! fault1 ,! o!r make? new40--,tr4 ,9 an album ,i once f\nd 9 ! h& ( ! pi\s ,abbot ,haneb]g1 aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,spires1 ! foll[+ l9es1 writt5 to ! same effect3-- 8,sonne di* mit ,lu/ an ,gottes ,huld1 ,hab' mit all5--au* mit dir1 ,g$uld40,b ,b 8,ba! ?yself ) delight 9 ! sun%9e ( heav5ly grace1 ,let pati5ce t[>d all m5 ab\nd--e'en ) ?yself f9d a place40--,tr4 #dc 7p4 #bh74 ,x is necess>y to be on "o's gu>d aga9/ draw+ f ! pr9ciple ( love ( our neighb\r ! conclusion t ea* has to c>e = e o!r individual 9 ! same degree z = himself1 :i*1 f> f conduc+ t[>ds ! univ]sal good1 w\ld r ess5tially prejudice x4 ,?is is se5 by reflect+ on ! circum/ance t to ourselves we /& 9 a position diff]5t f t 9 :i* we /& to ev]ybody else1 :ile aga9 9 respect ( ^! o!rs we are 9 a position to help1 or to injure1 "o m1 ! o!r less4 ,if !re are human be+s 9 ,m>s ! inhabitants ( ! e>? c & ought to wi% !m good also1 n h[ev] to /rive aft] _! good 9 ! same mann] z = himself & 8 fell[-m54 ,x is 9 ?is connexion t ! injunction to take ?\ght 9 ! fir/ in/ance = oneself1 a precept to be f\nd 9 e sy/em ( morality1 is ju/ifiable3 8 10 8,sweep be=e y\r own door/ep10 etc4 ,! dem& to seek fir/ ( all ! welf>e ( wife & *ild1 home & fa!rl&1 is also univ]sal4 ,! comm&3 8,take no ?\ght = ! morr[10 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x really (f]s wise c\nsel1 also fl[s z a result f ! same s\rce4 ,t my future happ9ess ought n to be s de> to me z my pres5t happ9ess is n "h impli$4 ,s reg>d$1 ! communi/ic doctr9es :i* illogical impetuosity w\ld seek to d]ive f ! l(ty pr9ciple ( univ]sal bro!rhood are %[n to be unju/ifiable4 #dd 7p4 #bi74 ,! fact t we are (t5 unable to measure ! m remote results ( our actions (f]s a m s]i\s difficulty4 ,b ev5 ?is ?\ght w n disc\rage u if we love ! univ]sal good4 ,x may be said ( all results :i* are unrecognizable 9 an exactly equal degree1 t "o has j z _m *ances 9 its fav\r z ! o!rs4 ,accord+ to ! law ( great numb]s a comp5sation w on ! :ole result1 & s :atev] calculable good we create w /& z a plus on ! "o side &1 j z ?\gh x /ood alone1 w ju/ify our *oice4 ,f ! same po9t ( view1 z ,i h already sugge/$ 9 ! lecture 7p4 #bb71 ! d\bt is remov$ :i* 9 a simil> mann] might arise ?r\gh unc]ta9ty z to :e!r ev]y?+ t is good draws f u a love hav+ ! qualification ( rightness1 & :e!r1 !re=e1 we are able to recognize x z good & to take due acc\nt ( x4 #de 7p4 #bi74 ,t 9 ! case ( ! limits ( "r 7,re*tsgr5z57 we h ess5tially to d ) sph]es :i* lie at ! disposal ( ! individual w has be5 frequ5tly emphasiz$ bo? by philosoph]s 7cf4 9 ?is respect e4g4 ,h]b>t's ,idea ( ,"r7 & by able juri/s4 ,ih]+ 9 8 ,gei/ des rmis*5 ,re*ts1 iii4 #a 7p4 #cbj note71 demon/rates ?is ) num]\s citations4 ,arndt e4g4 9 8 ,h&bu* d] ,p&ekt5 def9es law z 8supremacy ( ! w reg>d+ an object02 = ,s9t5is x is1 8! w ( "o p]son rais$ to ! univ]sal w40 ,w9ds*eid def9es x z 8a c]ta9 volition 7,will5s9halt7 ( :i* ! legal code 9 a concrete case affirms t x may be made valid z aga9/ e o!r w40 ,pu*ta1 :o has p]haps express$ ! ?\ght 9 ! mo/ manifold ways1 says 9 8 dige/ ( ,roman law1 section #bb1 8z ! subjects ( su* a w ?\ght ( pot5tially m5 are call$ p]sons1 444 p]sonality is !re=e ! subjective possibility ( ! legaliz$ w1 ( a legal p[]40 ,9 ! same "w 7section #aah1 note b7 he obs]ves 9 reg>d to a want ( p]sonality3 8,! pr9ciple ( mod]n law is inability to dispose ( prop]ty02 _m o!r ( 8 expressions convey ! same mean+4 ,z h[ev] ^! legal au?orities h conc5trat$ _! att5tion exclusively ^u legal duties1 & d n t\* ^u ! problem z to ! way 9 :i* ! individual w has to rule 9 its legal sph]e1 ,ih]+ has int]pret$ !m z mean+ t !y consid]$ ! true & highe/ good1 & ! mo/ intr9sic & f9al end1 t[>ds :i* ! legal code /rives1 to be ! ex]cise ( ! w z w1 ! joy ( ! individual 9 8 volitional activity2 8! f9al end ( all law is1 = !m1 will+0 7pp4 #cbj1 #cbe72 8! end ( law 7accord+ to !m7 consi/s once = all 9 ! p[] ( ! w1 9 its supremacy0 7p4 #cbf74 ,"o c well und]/& h[ he comes to condemn a !ory s int]pret$ 7p4 #cbg71 & ev5 t he succe$s 9 mak+ x appe> ridicul\s4 8,accord+ to ?is view10 he says1 7p4 #cbj7 8all private "r is no?+ less ?an an ar5a 9 :i* ! w moves & ex]cises itself2 ! w is ! organ by :i* ! individual enjoys 8 "r1 ! pr(it obta9$ f legal "r consi/s 9 feel+ ! joy & glory ( p[]1 9 ! satisfaction ( hav+ realiz$ an act ( w1 e4g4 ( hav+ effect$ a mortgage1 transf]r$ a title1 & s prov$ oneself to be a legal p]sonality4 ,:at a poor ?+ w\ld ! w be if ! b>e & l[ regions ( law 7 ! prop] 8sph]e ( its activity60 ,c]ta9ly ! heavie/ *>ges ( absurdity & ridicul\sness w\ld be well des]v$ if ^? s*ol>s :o reg>d ! imm$iate aim ( law z consi/+ 9 a limitation ( ! sph]es at ! disposal ( ! w _h int5d$ 9 s do+ to disav[ all reg>d = ! f9al e?ical end1 i4e4 ! advancem5t ( ! highe/ practical good4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 absolutely no?+ to ju/ify ?is ins9uation1 & !re=e "o c\ld p]haps ) m "r smile at ! zeal ( an attack :i* is really levell$ m]ely aga9/ w9dmills4 ,moreov]1 :at ,ih]+ proposes to set 9 its place is c]ta9ly a bad sub/itute4 ,=1 9 reg>d+ ! sph]e ascrib$ by ! legal au?ority to ! individual simply z a sph]e consign$ to _! egoism 7a view :i*1 z ! au?or ( ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 he p]haps no long] holds71 he is ?us l$ to 8 def9ition3 8,law 7,re*t7 is legal security = enjoym5t10 :]eas he w\ld h be5 m correct 9 say+3 8,law is legal security = ! undi/urb$ disposal ( individual p[] 9 ! advancem5t ( ! highe/ good40 ,is !n inju/ice some?+ :i* exhau/s bad conduct8 ,by no means2 legal duties h limits2 duty 9 g5]al gov]ns all our actions1 & ?is our popul> religion expressly emphasizes1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 x ass]ts t = e idle ^w ! individual mu/ r5d] an acc\nt4 ,besides ?is fir/ objection1 :i* re/s ^u a simple misund]/&+ ( ! int5tion1 ,ih]+ has also rais$ sev]al o!rs :i* are ess5tially due to imp]fections 9 ! use ( language4 ,if ! legal code ess5tially consi/s 9 sett+ c]ta9 limits to ! activity ( ! individual w 9 ord] t "o p]son may n di/urb ! o!r 9 /riv+ aft] ! good1 x foll[s t he :o has1 or _h1 or w h no w has also no legal sph]e4 ,i say1 8has1 or _h1 or w h10 = obvi\sly reg>d mu/ be paid to ! pa/ & to ! future4 ,a dead man (t5 ex]cises an influ5ce ext5d+ into ! f> di/ant future1 s t ,comte well says3 ! liv+ are m & m dom9at$ by ! dead4 ,9 l mann]1 ! situation w entail t1 9 respect ( _m problems1 we leave ! decision to ! future1 i4e4 r5\nce ! sov]eignty 9 fav\r ( a future w4 ,?is consid]ation resolves _m a p>adox urg$ by ,ih]+ 7pp4 #cbj-cbe72 n h[ev]1 all4 ,9 ! case ( "o :o f bir? has be5 an incurable imbecile1 x is obvi\s t no p[] ( w :atev] c be f\nd1 to :i* reg>d = ! highe/ practical good might all[ a sph]e2 !re rema9s !re=e to him1 accord+ to our view1 really no legal sph]e1 & yet on e h& we he> ( a "r :i* he possesses 9 8 own life2 ev5 "u "s circum/ances1 we ref] to him z ! own] ( a great e/ate1 or ascribe to him ! "r ( a cr[n or k+ly rule4 ,on exam9+ ! relations closely1 we f9d t we are nev] conc]n$ "h ) a true legal sph]e respect+ a subject incapable ( be+ held responsible1 b r ) ! legal sph]es ( o!r individuals1 z1 = example1 t ( a fa!r :o1 9 provid+ = 8 imbecile *ild1 gives in/ructions 9 8 w conc]n+ 8 prop]ty1 ! dom9ion ( ^: w is safegu>d$ aft] 8 dea? by ! law ( ! l&2 or 7z1 = example1 ! case :]e ! imbecile's life is held to be sacr$71 q ap>t f ! injury done to ! simple duty ( affection :i* ?is w\ld involve1 !re is also 9 "q ! ,/ate's legal sph]e1 :i* p]mits no "o else to commit a fatal attack1 & accord+ly (t5 imposes a puni%m5t1 ev5 9 ! case ( an attempt at suicide4 ,a ?ird objection ( ,ih]+'s1 i4e4 t by a limitation ( rights z affect+ sph]es ( w1 ev5 ! mo/ s5seless dispositions ( w mu/ be all[$ legal validity 7p4 #cbe71 ?is (f]s1 aft] :at has be5 said1 h>dly any fur!r difficulty4 ,c]ta9ly _m a fooli% disposition ( w mu/ be all[$4 ,7 ! ,/ate n to admit ?is1 !n x alone w\ld possess a def9itive "r ( disposal2 all private "r w\ld be at an end4 ,s long z n m]ely subjects1 b also gov]nm5ts1 are liable to commit acts ( fooli%ness1 su* an ext5sion ( ! p[] ( ! ,/ate _c be recomm5d$4 ,= ! re/1 j z second>y e?ical rules 9 g5]al suff] exceptions1 & 9 p>ticul> expropriations 9 ! case ( private own]s are frequ5tly necess>y1 s also x is cle> & to be admitt$ )\t contradiction1 t s5seless dispositions or dispositions :i* h evid5tly lo/ all mean+ & ref]5ce to ! highe/ practical good c be annull$ by ! ,/ate4 ,reg>d = ! highe/ practical good is "h1 z is ! case ( e o!r s-call$ collision ( duties1 decisive4 #df 7p4 #bi74 ,t a law1 :i* 9 & = itself is bad & contr>y to nature1 h[ev] condemnable f an e?ical po9t ( view1 & its modification urg5tly necess>y1 may yet 9 _m cases receive a provisional sanction f ! reason1 ?is has long be5 recogniz$ & made cle>1 z e4g4 by ,b5?am 9 8 ,traits de ,lgislation civ4 et pn4 ,9 antiquity ,socrates1 :o deem$ himself wor?y to be fea/$ 9 ! ,prytaneum1 di$ = ! sake ( ?is conviction4 ,! positive legal code1 despite all its defects1 creates a condition ( ?+s :i* is bett] ?an an>*y1 & s9ce ea* act ( insubord9ation to ! law ?reat5s to injure its =ce 9 g5]al1 s 9 ^? circum/ances br\ght ab\t by ! law itself1 x may be t provisionally & = ! individual a mode ( action ev5 f ! rational /&po9t is "r1 :i*1 ap>t f ?is1 w\ld be 9 no way ju/ifiable4 ,all ?is results )\t d\bt f ! relativity ( ! second>y e?ical rules1 :i* w be treat$ lat]4 ,x may be add$ t errors respect+ ! laws ( positive morality 7a po9t %ortly to be discuss$ 9 ! lecture7 9 a simil> way dem&1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x d>e n1 on ! o!r h&1 be ov]look$ t !re are "h limits1 & t ! say+3 8,we ought to obey ,god r ?an man10 may n1 9 its free & sublime range1 be all[$ to suff] injury4 #dg 7p4 #bi74 ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus 7,b4,c4 #ejj71 ! olde/ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 ( ^: philosophy we possess r ext5sive fragm5ts4 #dh 7p4 #ca74 ,ih]+1 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aai1 & o!r passages4 #di 7p4 #ca74 ,politics1 vol4 i4 *ap4 #e4 #ej 7p4 #ca74 ,nic4 ,e?ics1 v4 #ad1 p4 #aacg b4 #ac4 ,politics1 iii4 & iv4 #ea 7p4 #ca74 ,cf4 ,disc\rs prlim9aire to ! ,traits de ,lgislation1 also ! section 8,de l'influ5ce des temps et des lieux en matire de lgislation0 ( t "w4 #eb 7p4 #ca74 ,philos4 ,v]su* b] die ,wahrs*e9li*keit5 von ,laplace1 translat$ f ! six? edition ( ! orig9al text by ,n4 ,s*waig]1 ,leipzig1 #ahhf1 p4 #ic seq4 7,application ( ! calculation ( probabilities to moral sci5ce47 #ec 7p4 #cb74 ,cf4 ,allg4 ,juri/5zeitung1 vii4 p4 #aga2 ,zweck im ,re*t1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aah2 #abb seq4 #ed 7p4 #cc74 ,grundlegung zur ,physik d] ,sitt54 ,cf4 above note #ad1 p4 #di4 #ee 7p4 #cd74 ,cf4 e4g4 ! ,m5o dialogue4 #ef 7p4 #cd74 ,fri$r4 ,alb4 ,lange1 ,logis*e ,/udi51 e9 ,beitrag zur ,neubegrndung d] =mal5 ,logik und d] ,erk5ntnislehre4 ,is]lohn1 #ahgg4 #eg 7p4 #cd74 ,alex4 ,ba91 ,logic1 pt4 #a4 ,d$uction4 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #aei seq4 #eh 7p4 #ce74 e4g4 ,b5?am1 also1 9 antiquity1 ,epicurus4 #ei 7p4 #ce74 e4g4 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & foll[+ !m ,?omas ,aqu9as4 #fj 7p4 #ce74 ,! ,/oics1 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! foll[]s ( ,scotus4 #fa 7p4 #cf74 ,?is ev5 ,epicurus did n d5y 7little 9 h>mony z x is ) 8 utt]ance quot$ p4 #ed74 #fb 7p4 #cf74 ,nic4 ,e?ics1 ,i4 i4 #fc 7p4 #cf74 ,metaph4 #aj4 #fd 7p4 #cf74 ,metaph4 #aj4 #fe 7p4 #cf74 ,!y made ! relation to ! great] :ole s]ve z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! practical life 7( ! politician7 /&s high] ?an t ( ! !ori/4 #ff 7p4 #cf74 ,?is te/imony to ! pr9ciple ( summation likewise reappe>s z (t5 z 9 a !ory bas$ ^u egoi/ic & utilit>ian gr\nds1 ! notion ( ,god is employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( e?ics 7e4g4 ,locke2 ,fe*n] 9 8 "w on ! highe/ good2 cf4 also = ,leibnitz1 ,tr5del5burg1 ,hi/or4 ,beitrge1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bde74 ,god1 s runs _! argum5t1 loves ea* ( ,8 creatures1 & !re=e _! totality m ?an ! s+le individual2 ,he !re=e approves & rew>ds ! sacrifice ( ! individual to ! :ole1 :ile disapprov+ & puni%+ self-seek+ injury4 ,9 ! desire aft] immortality also1 ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( summation is manife/4 ,?us ,helmholtz1 7b] die ,ent/ehung des ,planet5sy/ems1 lecture deliv]$ at ,heidelb]g & ,cologne1 #ahga71 9 seek+ to (f] a hopeful prospect to ^? :o *]i% ?is desire1 says3 8,! individual 7if t :i* we a*ieve c ennoble ! lives ( ^? :o succe$ u7 may face fe>lessly ! ?\ght t ! ?read ( 8 own consci\sness w "o day be brok54 ,b to ! ?\ght ( a f9al annihilation ( ! race ( liv+ mortals1 & ) !m1 ! fruits ( ! /riv+ ( all pa/ g5]ations1 ev5 m5 ( m9ds s unfett]$ & great z ,less+ & ,david ,/rauss c\ld sc>cely reconcile !mselves40 ,:5 x is sci5tifically %[n t ! e>? w "o day be incapable ( support+ liv+ be+s1 !n1 he ?9ks1 ! ne$ ( immortality w irresi/ibly return1 & we %all feel b\nd to ca/ ab\t = some?+ :i* w af=d u ! possibility ( assum+ x4 #fg 7p4 #cd74 ,metaph4 #aj4 #fh 7p4 #cg74 ,?is is ! /&+ doctr9e ( ! great !ologians1 z e4g4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 9 8 ,summa ,!ologica4 ,only c]ta9 nom9ali/s1 l ,rob]t ,holcot1 tea* ! complete arbitr>9ess ( ! div9e comm&s4 ,cf4 my essay on ! ,ges*i*te d] kir*li*5 ,wiss5s*aft5 im ,mittelalt]1 9 ,mhl]'s ,*ur* ,hi/ory 7publi%$ by ,gams1 #ahfg7 vol4 ii4 #ebf seq41 respect+ :i*1 h[ev]1 ! read] is ask$ n to ov]look ! revision ( ! pr9t]'s errors 9 ! 8errata10 p4 #ajc seq41 at ! end ( t "w4 #fi 7p4 #ci74 ,at a "t :5 psy*ology 0 f> less advanc$ & inquiries into ! prov9ce ( ! calculation ( probability _h n br\ght suffici5t cle>ness into ! process ( rational induction1 x 0 possible ev5 = a ,hume to fall a victim to ?is gross confusion4 ,cf4 8 ,enq4 conc]n4 ,hum4 ,und]/41 *aps4 v4 & vi4 ,m /rik+ is x t ,james ,mill & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] h /ill n advanc$ 9 ! slighte/ degree beyond ,hume2 7,cf4 ,anal4 ( ! ,ph54 ( ! ,hum4 ,m9d1 vol4 ii4 *ap4 ix4 & note #ajh71 & t ev5 ! acute ?9k]1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 al?\gh ,laplace's ,essai ,philosophique sur les ,probabilits lay at 8 disposal1 nev] arriv$ at a cle> di/9ction ( ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two =ms ( proc$ure4 ,?is hangs toge!r ) 8 failure to appreciate ! purely analytic "* ( ma!matics & ! import ( ! d$uctive proc$ure 9 g5]al4 ,inde$ he has absolutely d5i$ t ! syllogism leads to new k4 ,:oev] bases ! :ole ( ma!matics ^u induction _c possibly ju/ify ma!matically ! inductive proc$ure4 ,x w\ld be = him a circulus vitiosus4 ,x is "h beyond "q t ,jevon's ,logic takes a tru] view4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ,mill1 x sometimes appe>s z if an inkl+ ( ! imm5se diff]5ce _h begun to dawn ^u him1 z :51 9 a note to 8 ,analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d 7vol4 i41 *ap4 xi4 p4 #djg71 9 criticiz+ 8 fa!r's !ory1 he says3 8,if belief is only an insep>able association1 belief is a matt] ( habit & accid5t & n ( reason4 ,assur$ly an association1 h[ev] close1 betwe5 two ideas is n a suffici5t gr\nd 7! italics are 8 own7 ( belief2 x is n evid5ce t ! correspond+ facts are unit$ 9 ext]nal nature4 ,! !ory seems to annihilate all di/9ction betwe5 ! belief ( ! wise1 :i* is regulat$ by evid5ce & con=ms to ! real successions & co-exi/5ces ( ! facts ( ! univ]se1 & ! belief ( fools :i* is me*anically produc$ by any accid5tal association t sugge/s ! idea ( a succession or co-exi/5ce to ! m9d2 a belief aptly *>act]iz$ by ! popul> expression1 believ+ a ?+ because !y h tak5 x into _! heads40 ,?is is all excell5t4 ,b x is robb$ ( its mo/ ess5tial wor?1 :51 9 a lat] note 7vol4 i4 p4 #dch4 note #aaj7 we he> ,j4 ,s4 ,mill say3 8,x mu/ be conc$$ to him 7! au?or ( ! ,analysis7 t an association suffici5tly /rong to exclude all ideas t w\ld exclude itself1 produces a k9d ( me*anical belief1 & t ! processes by :i* ! belief is correct$1 or r$uc$ to rational b\nds1 all consi/ 9 ! gr[? ( a c\nt]-association t5d+ to raise ! idea ( a disappo9tm5t ( ! fir/ expectation1 & z ! "o or ! o!r prevails 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ! belief or expectation exi/s or does n exi/ exactly z if ! belief 7 ! same ?+ ) ! association10 & s on4 ,!re is mu* "h t calls = criticism4 ,:5 ideas are m5tion$ :i* mutually exclude "o ano!r x may well be ask$ :at k9d ( ideas ^! are8 ,accord+ to ano!r utt]ance ( ,mill's 7vol4 i4 p4 #ih seq4 note #cj & else:]e71 he kn[s 8no case ( absolute incompatibility ( ?\ght except betwe5 ! ?\ght ( ! pres5ce ( some?+ & t ( its abs5ce40 ,b are ev5 ^! incompatible8 ,mill himself tea*es else:]e ! v opposite :5 he ?9ks t along ) ! idea ( exi/5ce !re is always giv5 at ! same "t ! idea ( non-exi/5ce 7p4 #abf1 note #ci2 8we are only consci\s10 he says1 8( ! pres5ce ( an object by comp>ison ) its abs5ce074 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f all ?is1 h[ /range is x t ,mill "h ov]looks ! fact t he ab&ons entirely ! di/9ctive "* ( self-evid5ce1 & reta9s only t bl9d & me*anical =mation ( judgm5t1 :i* he rightly treats ) contempt4 ,! sceptic ,hume /&s 9 ?is respect f> high]1 s9ce he at lea/ sees t su* an empirical 7empiri/is*7 view ( ! process ( induction does n satisfy ! requirem5ts ( our reason4 ,sigw>t's criticism ( ,mill's !ory ( ,induction 7,logic1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cga7 conta9s "h mu* t is true1 ?\gh 9 appeal+ to 8 po/ulates he has c]ta9ly n sub/itut$ any?+ truly satisfactory 9 ! place ( :at is defective 9 ,mill4 #gj 7p4 #dj74 ,cf4 ,hume1 ,enquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 vol4 ii4 t[>ds ! end4 #ga 7p4 #dj74 ,nic4 ,e?ics1 iii4 #aj4 ,cf4 ! subtle discussions 9 ! subsequ5t *apt] on ! five k9ds ( false c\rage4 #gb 7p4 #da74 ,nic4 ,e?ics1 i4 #b4 ,,app5dix ,i ,i 8,subjectless propositions0 s ! celebrat$ philolog] has entitl$ a little "w :i*1 on its fir/ appe>ance1 bore ! title1 ,! ,v]ba ,imp]sonalia 9 ! ,slav ,languages4 ,! *ange ( "n may well be connect$ ) consid]able additions 9 ! second edition4 ,! new designation w\ld1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! e>li] =m1 h be5 ! m suitable title4 ,=1 f> f treat+ ! special nature ( m]ely "o family ( languages1 ! au?or sets up a !ory ( wide-rea*+ significance1 :i*1 :ile contradict+ ! prevail+ view1 only des]ves all ! m on ?is acc\nt g5]al att5tion4 ,n only philology1 b also psy*ology & metaphysics h an int]e/ 9 ! problem4 ,moreov]1 ! new doctr9e promis$ to br+ pr(it n only to ! inquir] 9 ^! l(ty sph]es b also to ! s*oolboy at pres5t tortur$ by ! s*ool-ma/] ) impossible & incompreh5sible !ories 7cf4 p4 #bc seq474 ,su* an influ5ce1 h[ev]1 ! treatise has n ex]cis$4 ,! e>li] views /ill hold unbrok5 sway ev5 to-day1 & al?\gh ! appe>ance ( ! monograph 9 a new edition be>s te/imony to a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 wid] circles1 ?is is manife/ly n due to ! circum/ance t ! "w 0 believ$ to h ?r[n light ^u old d\bts & errors4 ,d>w9's epo*-mak+ "w1 q ap>t f ! tru? ( its hypo!sis1 _h1 ev5 = its oppon5ts1 an indisputable wor?2 ! weal? ( important obs]vations & +5i\s comb9ations e "o _h to ackn[l$ge ) admiration4 ,s also 9 ! case ( ,miklosi*1 :o has compress$ into a few pages a ri* /ore ( le>n+ & int]sp]s$ ! mo/ subtle obs]vations4 ,_m :o h )held _! ass5t to 8 pr9cipal !sis may /ill feel indebt$ to him = _m po9ts ( detail4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we wi% *iefly to consid] ! ma9 problem &1 v briefly1 to make ourselves cle> respect+ t ) :i* x really deals4 ,x is an old ass]tion ( logic t ! judgm5t consi/s ess5tially 9 a b9d+ or sep>at+1 9 a relation ( ideas to "o ano!r4 ,?is view1 almo/ unanim\sly ma9ta9$ = two ?\s& ye>s1 has ex]cis$ an influ5ce ^u o!r discipl9es4 ,& s we f9d gramm>ians f v e>ly times tea*+ t no m simple =m ( expression 9 ! case ( ! judgm5t exi/s1 or c exi/1 ?an ! categorical1 :i* comb9es a subject ) a pr$icate4 ,t ! c>ry+ out ( ?is doctr9e br+s ) x difficulties c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be p]man5tly conceal$4 ,propositions l3 x ra9s1 x light5s1 appe> z ?\gh !y _h no wi% to con=m to ?is view4 ,yet none ! less ! majority ( inquir]s 7 s firmly conv9c$1 t 9 su* cases !y felt compell$1 n s mu* to d\bt ! univ]sal validity ( _! !ory z r to se>* = ! subjects1 :i* 9 _! view 7 only app>5tly miss+4 ,_m really believ$ !mselves to be 9 possession ( ! same4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! unity :i* _h hi!rto prevail$1 !y bran*$ (f 9 ! mo/ v>i$ directions4 ,& if we exam9e some:at closely & 9 detail ! v>i\s attempts at an explanation1 we %all easily be able to und]/&1 :y none ( ^! 7 able to give p]man5t satisfaction1 or ev5 = a "t to br+ ab\t unanimity4 ,sci5ce expla9s by reason ( its compreh5d+ a multiplicity z a unity4 ,"h also1 ( c\rse1 e ef=t has be5 made to accompli% ?is1 b e attempt has prov$ futile4 ,:5 we say3 x ra9s1 _m h suppos$ t ! unnam$ subject d5ot$ by ! indef9ite 8x0 is 8,zeus03 ,zeus ra9s4 ,b :5 we say3 8es raus*t10 x is obvi\s t ,zeus _c be ! subject4 ,o!rs aga9 h ?\ght t ! subject is "h 8das ,raus*502 consequ5tly ! mean+ ( ! proposition w\ld be3 8das ,raus*5 raus*t40 ,! previ\s example !y also complet$ 9 ! same mann]3 8,ra9+1 7or ! ra97 ra9s40 ,:51 h[ev]1 we n[ say3 8es fehlt an ,geld10 ! mean+ mu/ !re=e be3 8das ,fehl5 an ,geld fehlt an ,geld40 ,b ?is is absurd4 ,x 0 !re=e expla9$ t ! subject "h is 8,geld10 & ! mean+ ( ! proposition is3 8,geld fehlt an ,geld40 ,closely exam9$1 ?is w\ld seem to /rike a bl[ at ! wi%$-= unity ( explanation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by clos+ "o eye1 ! failure "h may be p>tially ignor$1 ev5 ?is is useless :5 we /umble ^u propositions l3 8es giebt e95 ,gott10 respect+ :i* we arrive at no satisfactory mean+ ei!r 9 ! proposition3 8das e95 ,gott geb5 giebt e95 ,gott2 das ,geb5 giebt e95 ,gott10 or 9 ! proposition1 8,gott giebt e95 ,gott40 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to look = an explanation ( an entirely diff]5t "*4 ,b :]e 0 su* an explanation to be f\nd8 ,& ev5 if +5uity 7 "h able to hit ^u "s exp$i5t1 :at avail$ su* leap+ f case to case1 :i* c\ld only be call$ ! c>icature ( a truly sci5tific explanation8 ,n a s+le designation ( ! subject :i* has be5 s f> sugge/$1 c be t]m$ suitable1 unless inde$ x be a say+ ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s4 ,= if ?is philosoph] 7cf4 p4 #af7 has really ass]t$ t ! subject 9 su* cases is *aos1 ?is utt]ance mu/ be reg>d$1 n s mu* z an attempt at explanation z r a satire ^u ! hypo!ses hi!rto set up by philologi/s4 ,_m inquir]s are !re=e ( op9ion t ! real subjects ( su* propositions z3 x ra9s1 x light5s1 h1 up to ! pres5t "t1 n be5 discov]$1 & t ev5 at ! pres5t "t x is ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to f9d !m4 ,b1 w\ld x n be /range if ! trac+ ( a subject1 :i* is ?\ght ( by ev]yone1 & :i*1 ?\gh unexpress$1 =ms ! basis ( ! judgm5t1 %\ld yet (f] su* extraord9>y difficulties8 ,/e9?al seeks to expla9 ?is by say+ t by ! grammatical subject some?+ is sugge/$1 :i* is yet un?9kable4 ,b _m w reply ) ,miklosi* 7p4 #bc73 8,we w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 be go+ too f> 9 ass]t+ t gramm> is n conc]n$ ) ! un?9kable40 ,! totality ( ! ph5om5a & ! absolutely grotesque failure ( e attempt to det]m9e ! nature ( ! subject1 h[ev] (t5 & h[ev] +5i\sly ?is has be5 attempt$1 are ! *ief gr\nds on :i* ,miklosi* bases 8 ass]tion t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! suppos$ subject 9 ! case ( su* propositions is a delusion1 t ! proposition is no comb9ation ( subject & pr$icate1 t1 z ,miklosi* expresses x1 ! proposition is subjectless4 ,fur!r reflections g to confirm ?is view1 & among ^! "o consid]ation z to ! nature ( ! judgm5t requires to be emphasiz$ on acc\nt ( its special importance4 ,miklosi* combats ^? :o1 l ,/e9?al1 d5y t !re is any reciprocal relation betwe5 gramm> & logic1 at ! same "t repell+ ! attacks :i*1 on ! gr\nd ( su* a reciprocal relation1 might be made aga9/ 8 doctr9e by psy*ologi/s & logicians4 ,inde$ he arrives at ! result t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! special peculi>ity ( c]ta9 judgm5ts1 subjectless propositions mu/ f ! v fir/ be expect$ 9 language4 ,accord+ to 8 view x is wrong to suppose t e judgm5t is a relation exi/+ betwe5 ideas4 ,x (t5 happ5s t 9 a proposition only "o fact is affirm$ or d5i$4 ,9 su* cases a mode ( expression is also necess>y1 & x is obvi\s t ?is _c well consi/ 9 a comb9ation ( subject & pr$icate4 ,miklosi* %[s h[ philosoph]s h be5 repeat$ly l$ to ?is k1 ?\gh1 z a rule1 !y h n appreciat$ suffici5tly ! significance ( _! discov]y4 ,n suffici5tly cle> !mselves z to ! new tru? to :i* !y gave expression1 &1 at ! same "t1 cl++ ) /range indecision to c]ta9 residues ( ! old] view1 x came ab\t t :at at fir/ !y affirm$ !y at la/ ess5tially d5y4 ,?us ,tr5del5burg *ose to f9d express$ 9 ! proposition1 8x light5s10 9 ! la/ resort1 no real judgm5t1 b only ! rudim5ts ( a judgm5t :i* prec$es ! notion ( lightn+ & settles d[n into x1 !reby =m+ ! basis = ! complete judgm5t1 8lightn+ is conduct$ by iron40 ,h]b>t f9ally decl>$ su* judgm5ts z 8es raus*t10 to be no judgm5ts 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 n1 he ?\ght1 :at 9 logic is1 /rictly speak+1 t]m$ a judgm5t4 ,! passage 9 :i* our au?or c5sures ! inconsi/5cy ( ^! philosoph]s1 & %[s t ! s\rce ( _! confusion lies 9 _! misund]/&+ ( ! nature ( judgm5t & 9 _! errone\s def9ition ( x 7p4 #ba seq471 is excell5t4 ,f all ?is ,miklosi* draws ! conclusion t 8 subjectless propositions are completely assur$4 ,& n only does he consid] _! exi/5ce beyond d\bt1 he fur!r %[s t _! appe>ance is by no means s r>e z might be suppos$ f ! controv]sy into :i* x has be5 necess>y to ent] conc]n+ !m4 ,_! great v>iety _h l$ him1 9 ! second "p ( 8 treatise 7pp4 #cc-gb7 to set =? _! *ief classes1 & !re we f9d subjectless propositions ) ! ,active ,v]b1 ! ,reflexive ,v]b1 ! ,passive ,v]b & ! v]b 8to be10 ea* ( ^! f\r classes be+ illu/rat$ by means ( num]\s examples f ! mo/ v>i\s languages4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! fir/ class1 :]e he makes an eightfold division ) ! object ( gr\p+ ! propositions accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 _! cont5t4 ,he m5tions z univ]sally true 7p4 #f7 t ! f9ite v]b ( ! subjectless propositions always /&s 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 &1 :]e ! =m admits a diff]5ce ( g5d]1 9 ! neut]4 ,9 o!r directions also he traces ! matt] fur!r4 ,he %[s h[ ^! propositions did n arise lat] ?an ^? :i* pr$icate some?+ ( a subject1 b appe> f ! v outset among ! v>i\s =ms ( propositions 7p4 #ac seq41 p4 #ai71 & h[1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 !y h disappe>$ f sev]al languages 7p4 #bf74 ,he proves t ! languages 9 :i* !y are pres]v$ enjoy an advantage1 inasmu* z _! application l5ds to ! language a special livel9ess 7#bf71 & he %[s h[ 9 o!r respects also x is n always possible to sub/itute = ! subjectless proposition ! categorical =m1 ) :i* x is suppos$ to be id5tical4 8,i* fri]e0 is1 = in/ance1 n fully id5tical ) 8mi* fri]t40 ,in/ead (1 0 fri]/ du drauss58 ,komme do* h]e96 we _c say3 0 fri]t di*'s drauss58 etc4 8,mi* fri]t0 _c be appli$ if ,i expose myself volunt>ily to ! cold 7p4 #cg74 ,,ii ,?is1 %ortly1 is ! sub/ance ( 8 book1 reg>d+ :i* ,i v5ture to make a few critical obs]vations4 ,i h suffici5tly express$ 9 ?is summ>y1 my approval ( ! treatise 9 g5]al1 especially 9 respect ( ! ma9 argum5t4 ,! pro(s appe> to me to be ( s cog5t a nature1 t ev5 ! unwill+ w sc>cely be able to escape f ! tru?4 ,q indep5d5t ( ^! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 ,i _h myself1 long ago1 arriv$ at ! same view1 by way ( a purely psy*ological analysis1 & gave1 9 ! mo/ decisive mann]1 public expression to x1 :5 9 #ahgd ,i publi%$ my ,psy*ology4 ,great1 h[ev]1 z 7 ! pa9s ,i !n took to set ! tea*+ 9 a cle> light & to %[ e =m] view unt5able1 my success s f> has be5 slight4 ,ap>t f isolat$ individuals1 ,i h be5 j z little able to conv9ce ! philosoph]1 z ,miklosi*1 9 8 fir/ edition1 0 able to conv9ce philologi/s4 ,:]e a prejudice has1 dur+ c5turies1 become ev] m & m firmly root$1 :]e a doctr9e has p5etrat$ ev5 to ! prim>y s*ool1 :5 a !ory has come to be reg>d$ z fundam5tal ^u :i* mu* else re/s1 & s1 z x 71 by its weight r5d]$ ! f\ndation immovable1 9 su* a case1 x is n to be expect$ t ! error w imm$iately disappe> z soon z its refutation is e/abli%$2 on ! contr>y1 x is to be fe>$ t di/ru/ ( ! new view w be s great1 z n ev5 to admit ( a clos] exam9ation be+ made reg>d+ ! gr\nds on :i* x re/s4 ,& yet :5 two inve/igators completely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r agree 9 _! te/imony1 :5 by q diff]5t pa?s !y arrive at ! same goal1 x may be hop$ t ?is concurr5ce w n be reg>d$ z a m]e co9cid5ce1 b t a m c>eful att5tion w be be/[$ ^u ! argum5ts on ei!r side4 ,i hope t ?is w be s 9 ! case ( ! new edition ( ,miklosi*1 9 :i* ,i am glad to see reg>d paid to my own "w4 ,! agreem5t ) reg>d to ! ma9 po9ts makes subord9ate po9ts1 9 respect ( :i* we diff]1 ( less mom5t4 ,i %all1 not)/&+1 briefly t\* on ^!4 ,miklosi* has t]m$ ^? simple propositions1 9 :i* !re is conta9$ no comb9ation ( subject & pr$icate1 & 9 ! recognition ( :i* ,i am 9 agreem5t ) him1 8subjectless propositions40 ,i am n able entirely to approve 8 use ( ! t]m & ! gr\nds :i* he has giv5 = its use4 ,subject & pr$icate are correlative conceptions & /& or fall toge!r4 ,a proposition :i* is truly )\t a subject mu/ ) equal "r be reg>d$ z )\t a pr$icate4 ,x does n !re=e seem to me q fitt+ t ,miklosi* %\ld always t]m su* propositions subjectless1 & x is q incorrect :5 he calls !m m]e pr$icative propositions4 7,cf4 pp4 #c1 #be1 #bf1 & else:]e47 ,?is might sugge/ ! view t he likewise believes a second conception 7! subject7 is und]/ood ?\gh n express$1 _h he n 9 ! mo/ decid$ mann] d5i$ ?is 7p4 #c seq4 & else:]e72 or t he reg>d$ su* propositions z /unt$ =ms ( categorical propositions1 & ! latt] =m z ! orig9al1 _h he n expressly refut$ ?is also 7p4 #ac seq474 ,8 view r seems to be1 t ! natural developm5t f ! simple to ! categorical =m 9 ?9k+ & speak+ is g5]ally accompli%$ 9 su* a way t ! notion :i* /&s alone 9 ! =m] proposition is comb9$ ) a second z subject4 8,! subjectless propositions10 he says1 p4 #be1 8are propositions :i* consi/ only ( a pr$icate1 ( :at1 9 ! natural process ( ?\ght-=mation mu/1 9 a great numb] ( propositions1 be reg>d$ z ! prius1 = :i* a subject may1 b n necess>ily mu/ be s\ght40 ,b ?is also c h>dly be "r1 & ! expression 8subject0 sc>cely seems to fav\r ?is view4 ,t :i* =ms ! basis is1 ( c\rse1 c]ta9ly t :i* 9 ! con/ruction ( ! judgm5t /&s fir/4 ,! temporal succession ( ! words also agrees ill ) su* a view1 s9ce1 9 ! categorical proposition1 we usually beg9 ) ! subject4 ,9 opposition to su* a view x may also be cont5d$ t ! emphasis usually falls ^u ! pr$icate 7& ,tr5del5burg has made use ( ?is to indicate t ! pr$icate is ! ma9 conception1 & ev5 ) exagg]ation goes on to say3 8,we ?9k 9 pr$icates10 cf4 p4 #ai74 ,if ! pr$icative conception is :at is newly add$1 x w1 accord+ly1 be ! object ( great] int]e/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we w\ld be compell$ to expect exactly ! opposite if ! notion ( ! subject conta9$ ! newly add$ mom5t4 ,x may j z truly be said1 8a bird is black10 z1 8some?+ black is a bird02 8,socrates is a man10 z1 8a man is ,socrates02 b ,ari/otle has already obs]v$ t only ! =m] pr$ication is natural1 ! latt] =m is oppos$ to ! natural ord]4 ,& ?is is really s f> true1 t we naturally make t t]m ! subject to :i* we fir/ pay reg>d 9 =m+ a judgm5t1 or to :i* ! he>] mu/ fir/ att5d 9 ord] to und]/& ! proposition1 or to ga9 k z to its tru? or falsity4 ,we c be assur$ ( ! exi/5ce ( a black bird by seek+ x among birds or among black objects1 m easily1 h[ev]1 among ! =m]4 ,9 ! same way we may be m easily assur$ t an individual belongs to a p>ticul> species or g5us by analys+ its nature ?an by runn+ ov] ! entire range ( ! correspond+ g5]al notion4 ,! cases ( exceptions cle>ly confirm ! rule & ! gr\nds on :i* x re/s1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ,i say3 8,!re is some?+ black2 ?is some?+ black is a bird10 9 :i* case x is j because ,i h fir/ recogniz$ ! col\r t ,i accord+ly make x ! subject 9 ! categorical proposition s =m$4 ,( ! two categorical ,sorites1 ! ,ari/otelian & ! ,gocl5ian1 ! =m] 9 e succe$+ l9k makes t t]m ! subject :i* is common to x & to ! "o prec$+1 ! latt] =m makes x ! pr$icate4 ,x is j on ?is acc\nt t ! =m] appe>s ! m natural1 & z su* is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! regul>1 ! latt] z ! rev]s$ =m4 ,9 l mann] :]e1 to a proposition n consi/+ ( a comb9ation ( ideas1 we add a categorical proposition hav+ "o t]m 9 common ) ! =m]1 we usually apply ?is n z a pr$icate b z a subject1 & we %\ld !re=e pref] to say t a pr$icate has be5 s\ght = a subject r ?an t a subject has be5 s\ght = a pr$icate4 ,= example3 es raus*t2 das ,raus*5 kommt von e9em ,ba*e 7!re is a s\nd ( runn+ wat]2 ! s\nd comes f ! brook74 ,es donn]t2 d] ,donn] v]kndet e9 nah5des ,gewitt] 7x ?und]s2 ! ?und] h]alds an approa*+ /orm74 ,es rie*t na* ,ros52 dies] ,ros5g]u* kommt aus dem ,na*b>g>t5 7!re is a smell ( roses2 ! rose-sc5t comes f a neighb\r's g>d574 ,es wird gela*t2 das ,gel*t] gilt dem ,hanswur/e 7!re is laught]2 ! laught] is due to ! cl[n74 ,es fehlt an ,geld2 dies] ,geldmangel i/ die ,ursa*e d] ,/ockung d] ,ges*fte 7!re is a lack ( money2 ?is de>? ( money is ! cause ( ! depression 9 trade74 ,es giebt e95 ,gott2 dies] ,gott i/ d] ,s*pf] des ,himmels und d] ,erde 7!re is a ,god2 ?is ,god is ! mak] ( heav5 & e>?71 etc41 etc4 ,only 9 "o s5se1 !re=e1 does ! t]m 8subjectless proposition0 appe> to me ju/ifiable1 & ev5 p]haps des]v+ ( recomm5dation1 9 s f> z reg>d is paid to ! fact1 t ! notion :i* is conta9$ !reby is ! only1 & !re=e1 ( c\rse1 ! ma9 conception2 a pref]5ce :i* 9 ! categorical proposition belongs1 z we h se51 to ! pr$icate4 ,simil>ly also 9 respect ( categorical 9 relation to hypo!tical propositions we w\ld mu* r say t !y are propositions )\t an antec$5t1 ?an propositions )\t a consequ5t proposition2 n z ?\gh we meant t :]e !re is no antec$5t !re may /ill be a consequ5t proposition1 b t 9 ! hypo!tical con/ruction ! consequ5t is ! ma9 proposition4 ,9 ?is way !n ,i might p]haps agree ) ! au?or respect+ ! t]m 8subjectless proposition40 ,ano!r po9t1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ,i am unable fully to agree ) him is ! "q z to :at ext5t subjectless propositions are applicable4 ,miklosi* rightly emphasizes ! fact t ! limits are on no acc\nt to be drawn too tightly4 ,b he ?9ks su* limits at any rate exi/1 & ?is is j :at is %[n mo/ cle>ly 9 8 attempt to classify & divide ! v>i$ nature ( ! matt] capable ( be+ express$ by subjectless s5t5ces4 ,b ?is appe>s to me incorrect4 ,! applicability ( ! subjectless =m may1 /rictly speak+1 be r reg>d$ z unlimit$1 s9ce--z ,i believe ,i h already %[n 9 my ,psy*ology--e judgm5t1 :e!r express$ 9 categorical1 hypo!tical or disjunctive =m admits1 )\t ! slighte/ alt]ation 9 ! s5se1 ( be+ express$ 9 ! =m ( a subjectless proposition or1 z ,i express$ x1 ( an exi/5tial proposition4 ,?us ! proposition1 8,a man is ill10 is synonym\s ) 8,!re is a sick man02 & ! proposition1 8,all m5 are mortal10 ) ! proposition1 8,!re is no immortal man10 & ! l4,a ,a ,supplem5t>y note4 ,:at is "h said ( ! g5]al applicability ( ! exi/5tial =m holds good only ) ! "o manife/ limitation1 9 respect ( judgm5ts :i* are really completely simple4 ,9 express+ su* judgm5t logic has always made use ( ! categorical =m2 9 common life !y are (t5 appli$ z ! expression ( a plurality ( judgm5ts bas$ ^u ea* o!r4 ,?is is cle>ly ! case 9 ! proposition1 8?is is a man40 ,9 ! demon/rative 8?is0 ! belief 9 exi/5ce is already includ$2 a second judgm5t !n ascribes to him ! pr$icate 8man40 ,simil> cases are frequ5t else:]e4 ,9 my op9ion x 0 ! orig9al purpose ( ! categorical =m to s]ve z a means ( express+ su* d\ble judgm5ts 7,doppelurteile71 :i* recognize some?+ :ile affirm+ or d5y+ some?+ else ( x4 ,i also believe t ! exi/5tial & imp]sonal =ms h1 by a *ange 9 function1 proce$$ f ?is =m4 ,?is does n alt] its ess5tial nature3 a lung is n a swim-bladd] 7,fis*-blase7 ev5 ?\gh x has develop$ !refrom1 & ! ^w 8kraft0 is none ! less a m]ely syncategorematic ^w 7,cf4 ,mill1 ,logic1 i4 #b1 #b71 ev5 ?\gh its orig9 may be trac$ to a sub/antive4 ,9 yet ano!r direction ,miklosi* appe>s to me to h limit$ too n>r[ly ! applicability ( 8 subjectless propositions4 ,we h he>d t su* propositions con/itute 8an excell5ce 9 a language10 8respect+ :i* all languages are v f> f be+ able to boa/0 7p4 #bf74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s sc>cely cr$ible if x be true1 z 9 ano!r passage he has s conv9c+ly %[n1 t !re are & always h be5 judgm5ts :i* d n consi/ 9 any comb9ation ( two ideas ) ea* o!r1 & :i* !re=e x is impossible to express by means ( a connexion ( a subject ) a pr$icate 7p4 #af74 ,f ?is mu/ foll[1 n m]ely1 z ,miklosi* affirms1 ! necess>y exi/5ce ( subjectless propositions g5]ally1 b fur!r 7:i* he d5ies7 ! exi/5ce ( su* propositions 9 all languages4 ,t ! au?or has "h fall5 into error seems to me p>tly explicable f ! fact t 9 ord] to proce$ ) ! utmo/ caution & lay claim to no unw>rantable example1 he has n v5tur$ to reg>d c]ta9 propositions z subjectless1 :i*1 9 tru?1 really are s4 ,we saw t ,miklosi* express$ ! view t ! f9ite v]b ( subjectless propositions always /&s 9 ! ?ird p]son ( ! s+ul>1 &1 :5 ! =m admits a diff]5ce ( g5d]1 9 ! neut]4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly too n>r[ a limit1 a limit :i* he himself transgresses1 ?\gh ?is appe>s 9 a mu* lat] passage4 ,9 ! second "p ( 8 treatise he says3 8,9 #8es i/ e9 ,gott1' ! notion #8,gott' is affirm$ absolutely )\t a subject1 & ?is is also ! case 9 ! proposition #8es s9d ,gtt]'02 & he adds3 ,! 8i/0 ( ! exi/5tial proposition takes ! place ( ! s-call$ copula 8i/10 :i* 9 _m1 ?\gh by no means 9 all1 languages1 is indisp5sable to ! expression ( ! judgm5t1 & has ! same significance z ! t]m9ation ( p]son 9 ! f9ite v]b z is cle>ly %[n 9 ! proposition 8es i/ ,somm]1 es i/ ,na*t0 alongside ! propositions1 8es somm]t1 es na*tet40 8,i/0 is accord+ly n a pr$icate 7p4 #cd2 cf4 also p4 #ba above74 ,z a matt] ( fact1 if ! proposition1 8es giebt e95 ,gott10 is to be consid]$ subjectless1 s also mu/ ! proposition1 8es i/ e9 ,gott10 & !re=e also1 8es s9d ,gtt]02 & ?us ! rule previ\sly laid d[n has prov$ to be too n>r[4 ,t ! exi/5tial propositions & o!r analog\s =ms1 :i* may be f\nd1 are all to be reckon$ z subjectless propositions may s]ve to confirm :at we h s\ght to %[ above1 i4e4 t no language exi/s1 or c exi/1 :i* entirely disp5ses ) ^! simple/ =ms ( propositions4 ,only c]ta9 special k9ds ( subjectless propositions !re=e1 am ,i able1 ) ,miklosi*1 to recognize z ! peculi> advantage ( c]ta9 languages4 ,^! are ! criticisms :i* ,i h ?\ght x necess>y to make4 ,x w be se5 t1 if f\nd to be ju/ifi$1 !y d n 9 ! slighte/ degree prejudice ei!r ! correctness or ! value ( ! au?or's ma9 argum5t1 b r l5d to x a /ill wid] significance4 ,& s ,i conclude by express+ once aga9 ! wi% t ?is sugge/ive little "w1 :i*1 on its fir/ appe>ance did n meet ) suffici5t g5]al recognition1 may 9 its second edition--:]e individual po9ts h be5 correct$1 mu* ext5d$1 & p>ticul>ly ! critical objections ( s*ol>s l ,b5fey1 ,/e9?al & o!rs1 refut$ ) a laconic brevity1 yet r>e dialectical p[]--f9d t int]e/ :i* ! importance ( ! inquiry & its excell5t treatm5t des]ve4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,franz ,br5tano1 son ( ,*ri/ian ,br5tano1 & nephew ( ,clem5s ,br5tano & ,bett9a von ,arnim1 0 born on ,janu>y #af1 #ahch1 at ,m>i5b]g1 ne> ,bopp>d on ! ,rh9e4 ,he e>ly embrac$ ! /udy ( philosophy & !ology1 bo? at ,b]l91 "u ,tr5del5burg1 & also at ,muni*4 ,9 #ahfd he 0 orda9$ prie/1 & two ye>s lat] became privat doc5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wrzburg4 ,9 #ahgc he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor !re1 b 9 ! same ye> resign$ 8 (fice 9 consequ5ce ( 8 *ang$ attitude t[>ds ! ,*ur*1 & z an oppon5t ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil4 ,some:at lat]1 9 response to ?is *ange 9 8 convictions1 he sep>at$ himself def9itely f ! ,*ur*4 ,9 #ahgd ,br5tano receiv$ a call to ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na1 & cont9u$ !re tea*+ ,philosophy until #ahie1 fir/ z ord9>y pr(essor1 & aft]w>ds1 hav+ meantime r5\nc$ 8 pr(essor%ip1 z privat doc5t4 ,! reasons :i* l$ him to retire f ?is po/ also1 are set =? 9 8 "w1 ,my ,la/ ,wi%es = ,au/ria 7,/uttg>t1 #ahie74 ,aft] )draw+ f 8 po/ z tea*] he took up 8 resid5ce at ,flor5ce4 ,br5tano reg>ds ,ari/otle z 8 real tea*] 9 philosophy1 & 8 two e>lie/ publications1 ,von d] mannigfa*5 ,b$eutung des ,sei5d5 na* ,ari/oteles 7,freiburg1 i4 ,br4 #ahfb71 & ,die ,psy*ologie des ,ari/oteles insbesond]e se9e ,lehre vom 7,ma9z1 #ahfg71 are a te/imony to 8 compreh5sive /udy & ?or\gh k ( ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,especially is he 9 agreem5t ) ! ,/agirite reg>d+ ! high position he w\ld assign to ! application ( ! empirical me?od z ! only "o :i*1 9 reg>d alike to sci5tific & philosophical problems1 is able by cauti\s & gradual advance1 to atta9 to k4 ,^! fir/ pr9ciples ( me?od1 especially 9 _! relation to psy*ological rese>*1 he has set =? & practis$ 9 8 fir/ sy/ematic "w1 ,psy*ologie vom ,empiris*5 ,/&punkte 7vol4 i41 ,leipzig1 #ahgd74 ,x 0 also 8 reg>d = ?is me?od ( inquiry :i* e>ly imbu$ him ) a special int]e/ = ! works ( ! mo/ em95t ,engli% philosoph]s ( mod]n times1 n only ,john ,locke & ,david ,hume1 b also ,b5?am1 ! two ,mills1 ,jevons & o!rs4 ,a /udy ( ^! writ]s l$ ,br5tano to ent] at l5g? 9 8 ,wrzburg lectures into a critical & explanatory treatm5t ( ,engli% psy*ology & logic1 *>act]iz+ x z a s\rce ( in/ruction & inspiration at a "t :5 o!r di/+ui%$ advocates ( ,g]man philosophy look$ askance at ?is attitude t[>ds ,engli% ?\ght1 believ+ t by its contact ) ,engli% writ]s ! peculi> "* ( ,g]man ?\ght might suff]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t only ! fir/ volume ( ! ,psy*ology f ! ,empirical ,/&po9t has hi!rto appe>$1 & x seems h>dly likely t ! "w 9 its pres5t =m w be cont9u$1 = fur!r reflection conv9c$ ,br5tano t descriptive,a psy*ology1 or ,psy*ognosy1 z ( mo/ importance 9 ! exam9ation & pres5tation ( psy*ological problems1 mu/ be sep>at$ f g5etic psy*ology1,b a /udy necess>ily half physiological 9 "*2 & t ! =m] problem z ! naturally e>li] & lea/ difficult /udy %\ld fir/ be z f> z possible complet$4 ,a i4e4 ! close/ possible description & analysis ( psy*ical ev5ts & _! cont5ts1 on ! basis ( inn] obs]vation4 ,b i4e4 ! m difficult inquiry into ! laws und]ly+ ! orig9 ( ph5om5a4 ,su* psy*ogno/ical inquiries1 al?\gh n yet 9 pr9ciple sep>at$ f g5etic inquiry1 occupy by f> ! great] "p ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,psy*ology f ! ,empirical ,/&po9t4 ,among ! subjects !re treat$ are3 #a1 ! fundam5tal revision ( ! classification ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 & _! division into ! ?ree ma9 classes3 ideas1 judgm5ts1 & ph5om5a ( love & hate2 #b1 & 9 p>ticul>1 a new & m appropriate *>act]ization ( ! judgm5t4 ,! insuffici5cy ( ! old doctr9e accord+ to :i* judgm5t consi/s ess5tially 9 a connexion ( ideas1 _h already be5 %[n by ,hume1 & m rec5tly 0 /rongly emphasiz$ by ,mill1 ?\gh nei!r 0 able to arrive at p]fect cle>ness respect+ its real nature4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! aff9ity ( ,br5tano's doctr9e ( ! judgm5t ) t ( ,mill1 l$ to a sci5tific correspond5ce1 & lat] to arrangem5ts = a p]sonal int]view1 :51 at ! la/ mom5t1 ! plan 0 fru/rat$ by ! dea? ( ! great ,engli% inve/igator4 ,! new description ( ! judgm5t & its ess5tial qualities =m ! basis = a re=m ( logic ev5 9 its mo/ elem5t>y /ages1 a re=m :i*1 9 its ess5tial features1 is sugge/$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ "w1 & also t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,essay "h translat$2 b ?is tru] description ( ! ph5om5on ( judgm5t also ?r[s light ^u ! description & classification ( ! modes ( spee* f ! po9t ( view ( _! function or mean+1--a classification bas$ ^u true & mo/ ess5tial di/9ctions4 ,9 comp>ison ) phonetics ?is bran* is /ill little develop$4 ,:at is "h said1 0 se5 by em95t philologi/s l ,fr4 von ,miklosi*1 ! pione] 9 ! sph]e ( ,slav comp>ative philology4 ,9 ! app5dix w be f\nd an article be>+ ^u ?is view4 ,:ile engag$ 9 a pr(\nd /udy ( ! descriptive peculi>ities connect$ ) ! ?ird fundam5tal class ( psy*ical /ates above ref]r$ to--a /udy analog\s to t previ\sly und]tak5 by him ) reg>d to ! judgm5t--,br5tano 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciples ( e?ical k :i* =m ! subject ( ?is lecture4 ,! au?or1 9 8 lectures deliv]$ be=e /ud5ts ( all faculties1 b especially to /ud5ts 9 ! faculty ( law1 dur+ ea* w9t] session ?r\gh\t _m ye>s1 pres5t$ a complete & fully develop$ sy/em ( e?ical tea*+ bas$ ^u ^! pr9ciples4,a ,un=tunately1 ?is lecture /ill rema9s unpubli%$4 ,! same holds good ( _m ( 8 inquiries into 8descriptive psy*ology10 or psy*ognosie1 e4g4 inquiries into ! nature ( s5se p]ceptions accord+ to _! qualitative & spatial nature1 ! nature ( ! cont9uum1 ! "t ph5om5on1 etc41 ! results ( :i* are hi!rto famili> only to ^? :o h ei!r att5d$ 8 lectures1 or h be5 pres5t dur+ private conv]sations4 ,a ,s9ce ?is essay 0 writt5 ! /atem5ts z to ! pr9ciples "h develop$ h be5 modifi$ only 9 respect ( two po9ts :i*1 if n practically important1 are /ill !oretically s1 & ^!1 ) ! au?or's p]mission1 may be "h %ortly ref]r$ to3-- #a4 ,9 ! lecture 7p4 #ae7 x is said t any?+ may be ei!r affirm$ or d5i$1 & t if ! affirmation is "r its d5ial mu/ be consid]$ wrong1 & vice v]s4 ,x is also /at$ t ?is is true analog\sly 9 respect ( love & hate4 ,?is ,br5tano no long] ass]ts1 b r obs]ves t :]eas ! :ole mu/ be d5i$1 if b a "p is untrue1 a sum ( good & bad1 on ! o!r h&1 may be ( su* a nature z nev]!less z a :ole to be wor?y ( love4 ,x may be also s con/itut$ t good & bad rema9 9 equilibrium4 #b4 ,9 ! lecture 7p4 #bd71 & 9 ! correspond+ note #cg 7p4 #hg71 x is said t our pref]5ce qualifi$ z "r 9 ! case :]e1 = in/ance1 to "o good ano!r is add$1 is drawn1 n f our k ( ! pref]ability ( ! sum z oppos$ to ! p>ts1 b t analytic judgm5ts "h yield ! means ( our advance 9 k1 & t ! correspond+ pref]5ces are !re=e qualifi$ z "r1 s9ce ! k 7giv5 analytically7 is "h ! crit]ion4 ,"h x is ov]look$ t )\t ! exp]i5ce ( acts ( pref]r+ we nei!r h nor c\ld h ! conception1 & !re=e also our notion ( pref]ability4 ,& s x is also true t x is by no means evid5t f analysis t "o good plus ano!r is pref]able to ea* ( ^! goods tak5 s+ly4 ,"h also a complete analogy to ! sph]e ( ! true is want+4 ,"o tru? add$ to ano!r does n yield some?+ m true4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o good plus ano!r good yields a bett]4 ,b t ?is is s c only be und]/ood by means ( a special exp]i5ce belong+ peculi>ly to ?is sph]e1 i4e4 by means ( ! exp]i5ce ( acts ( pref]r+ :i* are qualifi$ z "r4 ,z to ! o!r bran*es ( philosophy1 ! "w ( ,br5tano already publi%$ =ms b a portion--(t5 b ! small] portion--( inve/igations1 :i*1 9 ! mann] above describ$1 h become kn[n to a l>g] or small] circle ( disciples4 ,?is expla9s ! /rik+ fact t1 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( :at has be5 publi%$1 an unusually l>ge numb] ( inve/igators & s*ol>s appe> 9 a great] or less] degree to h be5 influ5c$ by ,br5tano4 7b]weg-,he9ze1 9 ! eigh? edition ( ! ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 reckons1 z belong+ to 8 s*ool1 six names ( m5 at pres5t occupy+ important positions z tea*]s ( philosophy47 ,"o section ( ,br5tano's doctr9e ( s5se-p]ception =ms ! sub/ance ( a lecture1 ,zur ,lehre von d] ,empf9dung1 deliv]$ at ! ,?ird ,int]national ,psy*ological ,congress held 9 ,muni* 7#ahif71 & publi%$ 9 ! report ( its proce$+s 7#ahig74 ,a fragm5t ( ! above sy/em ( e?ical inquiry1 b] das ,s*le*te als ,geg5/& di*t]is*] ,d>/ellung 7,leipzig1 #ahib71 treats ( ! wor? & pref]ability ( ! ideas employ$ by ! arti/4 ,) reg>d to psy*o-g5etic problems1 ap>t f ! "q z to ! mean+ & validity ( ,fe*n]'s psy*o-physical law1 a "q discuss$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,psy*ology & else:]e1 & t ( ! spirituality & immortality ( ! s\l1 :i* =m$ repeat$ly ! sub/ance ( lectures at ,vi5na ,univ]sity1 ,br5tano has especially occupi$ himself ) ! laws ( ! association ( ideas4 ,"o result ( ?is /udy is 8 lecture1 ,das ,g5ie1 publi%$ 9 #ahib1 :i* seeks to expla9 ! arti/ic productions ( m5 ( g5ius--(t5 reg>d$ z some?+ q unique & inexplicable--z a developm5t ( psy*ical ev5ts :i* univ]sally control our imag9ative life4 ,( ,br5tano's rese>*es 9 metaphysics & 9 ! !ory ( k x mu/ also be said t hi!rto !y rema9 /ill unpubli%$1 ?\gh !y are famili> to a great] or small] circle ( disciples4 ,9 ?is latt] sph]e are to be m5tion$ p>ticul>ly 8 inquiries respect+ ! nature ( our insight into ! law ( causality1 ! logical ju/ification ( induction1 ! a priori nature ( ma!matics1 & ! nature ( analytic judgm5ts4 ,9 ontological que/ions also psy*ognosie has prov$ fruitful to ! inve/igator 9 lead+ him to an und]/&+ & to an analysis bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 ( ! mo/ important metaphysical notions1 z1 = in/ance1 causality1 sub/ance1 necessity1 impossibility1 etc41 notions :i* "s1 despair+ ( ! task rightly insi/$ ^u by ,hume1 ( %[+ _! orig9 to be bas$ ^u p]ception & exp]i5ce1 h s\ght to expla9 /raight away z a priori categories4 ,= ! re/1 ,br5tano1 9 reg>d to metaphysics1 is a decid$ !i/4 ,he is an adh]5t ( ! !ory ( evolution1 :ile d5y+ t accid5tal v>iations & natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce r5d] explicable ! ph5om5a ( evolution & ! teleological "* ( ! organism1 bas+ 8 objections1 among o!r ?+s1 ^u ! fact t ?is attempt at a solution n only leaves unexpla9$ ! fir/ beg9n+s ( an organism1 b also takes too little acc\nt ( ! fact t ) ! increas+ p]fection & complication ( ! organism x becomes m & m improbable t an accid5tal v>iation w lead to an improvem5t ^u t :i* already exi/s4 ,& yet if !re is to be progress1 ! organisms :i*1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 survive mu/ n only be m p]fect ?an ^? :i* p]i%1 b also m p]fect ?an ! organisms ?r\gh :i* !y !mselves are desc5d$4 ,br5tano's views on ! hi/orical developm5t ( philosophical inquiry & ! causes det]m9+ t developm5t1 ! pres5t /ate ( philosophy & its views reg>d+ ! future1 he has set =? 9 v>i\s publications3 ,die ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie im ,mittelalt] 7,mhl]'s ,kir*5ges*i*te1 vol4 ii4 #ahfh72 b] die ,grnde d] ,entmutigung auf philosophis*em ,gebiete 7,vi5na1 #ahgd71 deliv]$ z an inaugural address on ent]+ ^u 8 "w at ,vi5na ,univ]sity2 ,0 fr e9 ,philosoph man*mal ,epo*e ma*t 7,vi5na1 #ahgf72 b] die ,zukunft d] ,philosophie 7,vi5na1 #ahic72 & ,die vi] ,phas5 d] ,philosophie und ihr aug5blickli*] ,/& 7,/uttg>t1 #ahie74 ,9 ! la/ "w a concise survey is made ( ! entire c\rse ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 & x is !re %[n h[ 9 ! ?ree p]iods1 rightly reg>d$ z di/9ct 7,greek ,philosophy1 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ,mod]n ,philosophy71 !re is ea* "t an analog\s *ange1 a ris+ or blossom+ p]iod1 & ?ree p]iods ( decad5ce1 ( :i* ^? :i* succe$ are always ! psy*ologically necess>y result ( ! prec$+4 ,t 9 s do+ ,br5tano has *>act]iz$ ! late/ phase ( ,g]man philosophy1 ! s-call$ ideali/ic direction f ,kant to ,hegel z ! ?ird or my/ic p]iod ( decad5ce 7h[beit ) all due recognition ( ! tal5ts ( ^! writ]s7 has naturally ar\s$ viol5t opposition1 ?\gh x has n f\nd any real refutation4 ,x has be5 already said t ,br5tano's e>lie/ ef=ts 7 direct$ to hi/orical inquiries & especially to a pres5tation ( ! ,ari/otelian psy*ology & to important sections ( 8 ,metaphysics4 ,! results ( ^! rese>*es1 div]g+ z !y did 9 _m respects f ! traditional view1 did n fail to awak5 ! att5tion ( o!r inve/igators4 ,_! attitude1 h[ev] 7) a few exceptions l ,tr5del5burg1 & 9 "p also ,grote71 01 on ! :ole1 ho/ile & polemic4 ,?is 0 especially s 9 ! case ( ,e4 ,zell]1 9 ! lat] edition ( 8 ,greek ,philosophy1 & 9 view ( ! reputation :i* ?is "w enjoys1 ,br5tano ?\ght x necess>y to (f]1 z aga9/ ,zell]'s attacks1 at lea/ ) reg>d to "o po9t1 an apology = 8 own view1 a po9t :]e ! ?reads ( metaphysics & psy*ology become mo/ intimately relat$1 & :]e at ! same "t1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! oppos+ views ( ^! two writ]s 9 ! psy*ological & metaphysical sph]es alike culm9ate4 ,& s !re appe>$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,vi5na 7#ahhb7 ,br5tano's article3 8b] d5 ,creatianismus des ,ari/oteles1 9 reg>d to :i* ,e4 ,zell] 9 ! same ye>1 9 ! ,report ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,prussian ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,b]l91 7vol4 #di71 publi%$ a detail$ reply "u ! title3 8b] die ,lehre des ,ari/oteles von d] ,ewigkeit des ,gei/es40 ,! *>ge :i* is !re made by ,zell] aga9/ ,br5tano ( int]pret+ ,ari/otle )\t suffici5t confirmation & ) ov]-confid5ce1 ,br5tano has suffici5tly repell$ 9 8 ,(f5] ,brief an ,h]rn ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,zell] 7,leipzig1 #ahhc71 & ! pro(s :i* are "h (f]$ ( ! way 9 :i* ,zell]1 on 8 "p1 bases 8 own attempts at explanation & 8 *>ges aga9/ ,br5tano %[ di/9ctly t1 if "h "o ( ! two oppon5ts is really op5 to ! *>ge ( ov]-confid5ce1 x is at any rate n ,br5tano4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dante & ,giovanni del ,v]gilio ,by ,,philip ,h4 ,,wick/e$1 ,m4,a41 & ,,edmund ,g4 ,,g>dn]1 ,m4,a4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 ,! ,m9d ( ,t5nyson ,,8 ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,god1 ,,fre$om1 ,,& ,,immortality ,by ,e4 ,,h]%ey ,,snea?1 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,?ird ,edition4 8,admirably sums up = u ,t5nyson's philosophic ideas & ! cre$ he _h ultimately arriv$ at4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,/op=d ,brooke's compreh5sive survey ( ,t5nyson1 no?+ s excell5t has be5 writt5 on ! poet's ideas40--,spectator4 ,! ,tea*+s ( ,dante ,by ,,*>les ,,all5 ,,d9smore ,) ,frontispiece4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 8,! au?or ( ?is delightful volume takes 8 read]1 z x 71 beh9d ! sc5es & %[s him ( ! inn] life & ?\ght ( ! ma/]4444 ,mr4 ,d9smore has a grip ( ! religi\s tea*+ ( ,dante :i* few m5 h atta9$1 & ! :ole volume is wondr\sly sugge/ive ( ! deep tru?s t und]lie ! m>vell\s imag]y ( ! poet40--,! ,rock4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,villani ,translat$ by ,,rose ,e4 ,,selfe4 ,edit$ by ,rev4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,wick/e$ ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 8,p]haps no "o book is s important to ! /ud5t ( ,dante z ! *ronicle ( 8 contempor>y ,villani40--,a!num4 ,tib]ius ! ,tyrant ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,t>v]1 ,au?or ( 8,gu/ave ,flaub]t10 etc4 ,) a ,portrait4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 8,mr4 ,t>v] has drawn a lifelike portrait1 amid a gr\p ( o!rs vigor\s1 real1 & liv+2 especially ! wom540--,cambridge ,review4 8,n = a long "t has a hi/orical volume s deeply int]e/$ me z ,mr4 ,t>v]'s #8,tib]ius ! ,tyrant1' :i* has ! dramatic movem5t ( a romance at ! same "t t x lights up & gives life to a /ory wor? tell+4444 ,8 /yle has ! transc5d5t virtue ( cle>ness1 & he happily selects ! mod]n analogies by :i* he illu/rates ! conditions & ! problems ( ! age ( :i* he treats4 ,! comp>ison ( anci5t ) mod]n conditions gives ! "w a second int]e/ z a criticism ( contempor>y ideas & movem5ts4444 ,! au?or is to be congratulat$ on a volume :i* w attract _m read]s to a subject t is j n[ exceptionally wor?y ( att5tion40--,mr4 ,,sp5s] ,,wilk9son 9 ! ,morn+ ,po/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,maximilian ,i41 ,holy ,roman ,emp]or 7,/anhope ,prize ,essay47 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,seton ,,watson ,illu/rat$4 #es4 net4 8,a s\nd & well-consid]$ piece ( hi/orical criticism40--,daily ,news4 8,a notable essay40--,morn+ ,po/4 ,by ,g4 ,s4 ,,/reet1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,trials ( ! ,bantocks10 8,! ,autobiography ( a ,boy10 8,a ,book ( ,/ories10 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo? ,gilt4 #fs4 ,a volume ( essays divid$ "u ?ree head+s3 7#a7 ,london2 7#b7 ,books & ,m52 7#c7 ,v>i\s4 ,/udies 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts ,by ,,edw>d ,,hutton1 ,au?or ( 8,fr$]ic ,uv$ale40 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ephem]a ,critica ,,pla9 ,,tru?s ,,ab\t ,,curr5t ,,lit]ature ,by ,,john ,,*urton ,,coll9s ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 8,a book ( uncommon int]e/ & importance4 ,a collection ( essays unit$ 9 a common aim1 & inspir$ by a g5u9e en?usiasm = lit]ature2 x has some?+ to say & says x )\t fe> or fav\r40--,lit]ature4 ,*alm]s on ,*>ity ,a ,selection ( ,passages & ,sc5es to illu/rate ! ,social ,tea*+ & ,practical ,"w ( ,,?omas ,,*alm]s1 ,d4,d4 ,arrang$ & ,edit$ by ,n4 ,,ma/]man1 ,m4,a4 ,eighte5 ye>s ,memb] ( ! ,london ,*>ity ,organization ,society1 & "s "t ,gu>dian 9 ! ,p>i% ( ,k5s+ton4 #dad pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,) a ,frontispiece4 8,we %\ld advise su* ( our read]s z c>e to "k ! argum5ts aga9/ public poor relief to look at a book :i* has j be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,n4 ,ma/]man4444 ,he has succe$$ 9 mak+ ! unpopul> side ( a dry subject ke5ly int]e/+40--,spectator4 ,human ,immortality ,by ,,william ,,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 8,pr(essor ,james is well kn[n z "o ( ! mo/ sugge/ive & orig9al writ]s1 & z c]ta9ly ! mo/ brilliant psy*ologi/ liv+4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 he has to say on ?is subject is wor? li/5+ to2 = he ?9ks freely1 & he kn[s all t ! sci5ti/ kn[s1 & m too40--,spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,catalogue ,,( ,,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,ar*ibald ,con/able ,co ,ltd #b ,,:itehall ,,g>d5s ,,we/m9/] ,,page ,,hi/ory1 ,,biography1 ,,& ,,criticism #c ,,travel #ad ,,sport #ag ,,naval ,,& ,,milit>y #ah ,,f9e ,,art #bj ,,educational ,,& ,,te*nical #bb ,,religi\s #ca ,,fiction #cc ,,poetry #db ,,books ,,= ,,! ,,"y #dg ,,index #di ,,books ,,arrang$ ,,9 ,,ord] ,,( ,,prices #ec 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ance/or ,a ,qu>t]ly ,review ( ,c\nty & ,family ,hi/ory1 ,h]aldry & ,antiquities ,,edit$ ,,by ,,oswald ,,b>ron1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,l>ge ,sup] ,royal1 9 pap] bo>ds ) num]\s ,illu/rations #es4 net ,qu>t]ly 8,?or\ghly orig9al 9 scope & /yle1 ! publi%]s are to be congratulat$ on its effective appe>ance4 ,! ,ance/or int5ds to apply ! _s ( a new & consci5ti\s criticism to ! reviv$ int]e/ 9 g5ealogy & family hi/ory40--,,! ,,a!n,,um4 8,su* a new dep>ture is c]ta9ly design$ to fill a want :i* has long be5 felt1 & ! names ( its contributors gu>antee ! accuracy & importance ( its cont5ts40--,,! ,,times4 8,pr9t$ 9 old-fac$ type1 & neatly b\nd 9 /udi\s-look+ bo>ds1 ! new p]iodical makes a v h&some appe>ance4 ,! pages ( ,! ,ance/or are bright5$ by portraits1 illu/rations ( old armorial glass1 & s on4 ,x is edit$ c>efully & ) k1 & %\ld comm& popul>ity among ! l>ge numb] ( read]s to :om x appeals40--,,! ,,/&>d4 8,cle>ly pr9t$ on good pap]1 & freely & excell5tly illu/rat$4 ,! lit]>y cont5ts ( ! numb] are ( solid & v>i$ int]e/4 ,altoge!r ,! ,ance/or is q admirable 9 its aims1 :i* x seems det]m9$ to a*ieve 9 s*ol>ly & attractive fa%ion40--,,! ,,globe4 8,! promise ( a really au?oritative p]iodical ( ,engli% g5ealogy & family hi/ory w be receiv$ ) g5]al satisfaction4 ,?is is giv5 u 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( ,! ,ance/or1 a qu>t]ly to be edit$ by ,mr4 ,oswald ,b>ron & publi%$ by ,ar*ibald ,con/able ,co41 ,london4 ,mr4 ,b>ron's unusual k 9 ! field to be cov]$ is well kn[n to _m :o are int]e/$ 9 x4 ,! li/ ( contributors1 includ+ among o!rs ,sir ,george ,sitwell1 ,sir ,h4 ,maxwell-,lyte1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,horace ,r\nd1 & ,mr4 ,/4 ,john ,hope1 besides ! editor1 c]ta9ly supports ! promise ( accuracy & au?ority40--,,! ,,nation1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hi/ory1 ,biography1 & ,criticism4 ,,anit*k[1 ,,mi*ael4 ,w> & ,lab\r4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,anon4 ,reg5]ation4 ,a ,reply to ,max ,nordau4 ,demy #hvo4 #ads4 ,,arnold1 ,t4 ,w41 ,b4,a4 ,! ,prea*+ ( ,islam4 ,a ,"w on ! ,spread ( ! ,mohamm$an ,religion by ,mission>y ,me?ods4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 ,,ba91 ,r4 ,,nisbet4 ,! ,daught] ( ,pet] ! ,great 7,! ,empress ,elisabe?74 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,russian ,diplomacy & ( ! ,russian ,c\rt1 #agda-agfb4 ,) ,photogravure ,frontispiece & sev]al ,portraits4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 ---- ,pet] ,,iii4 ,emp]or ( ,russia4 ,! ,/ory ( a ,crisis & a ,crime4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,photogravure & ,collotype reproductions4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,beatty1 ,,william1 ,m4,d4 7,surgeon ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,victory74 ,an ,au!ntic ,n>rative ( ! ,dea? ( ,nelson4 ,) two ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,,b]tram1 ,,james4 ,"s ,memories ( ,books1 ,au?ors & ,ev5ts4 ,recollections ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,john ,gibson ,lockh>t1 etc4 ,) ,photogravure ,frontispiece4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,birrell1 ,,augu/9e1 ,q4,c4 ,see ,boswell4 ,,boswell4 ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson4 ,edit$ by ,augu/9e ,birrell1 ,q4,c4 ,) ,frontispiece 9 ,photogravure to ea* volume by ,alex&] ,an/$4 #f vols4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo? gilt1 design$ by ,gleeson ,:ite1 or pap] label uncut4 #abs4 net ! set4 ,also half lea!r4 #ahs4 net ! set4 ,limit$ ,edition4 ,illu/rat$ ) #ajj ,portraits select$ by ,erne/ ,rad=d4 #f ,volumes4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,b\nd 9 r$ buckram1 pap] label1 gilt top4 ,sold only 9 sets4 ,price #cfs4 net4 ---- ,boswell's ,acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,johnson's ,t\r to ! ,hebrides4 ,) ,photogravure ,frontispieces4 ,uni=m ) #8,boswell's ,johnson4' ,clo? gilt or pap] label4 #ds4 net ! two vols4 ,also 9 half lea!r4 #fs4 net ! two vols4 ,,bradley1 ,a4 ,g4 ,! ,fight ) ,france = ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,new ,illu/rat$ ,edition4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,bright1 ,,*>les1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,sci5ce & ,eng9e]+1 #ahcg-ahig4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 ,pap] wrapp]4 #as4 ,,bright1 ,e4 ,b41 & ,,*>les1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,! ,life ( ,sir ,*>les ,til/on ,bright4 ,) _m ,illu/rations1 ,portraits1 & ,maps4 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 #c #cs4 net4 ,,br[n',s ,,lett]s4 ,edit$ by ,sidney ,t4 ,irw94 ,see page #h4 ,,burr\ghs1 ,,john4 ,:itman3 ,a ,/udy4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo? gilt4 #fs4 net4 ,,campbell1 ,,"l ,,ar*ibald4 ,highl& ,dress1 ,arms1 & ,ornam5t4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #bes4 net4 #8,,c5turion4' ,army ,adm9i/ration4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,pap]4 #as4 ,,*ailley-,,b]t1 ,j4 ,! ,colonisation ( ,indo-,*9a4 ,) ,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,*amb]la91 ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,joseph1 ,m4,p41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,patriotism4 ,b\nd 9 buckram4 ,demy #hvo4 #bs4 ,,coll9s1 ,j4 ,,*urton4 ,ephem]a ,critica3 ,pla9 ,tru?s ab\t ,curr5t ,lit]ature4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,second ,edition4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,c\rtney1 ,w4 ,l4 ,! ,idea ( ,trag$y4 ,) a ,prefatory ,note by ,a4 ,w4 ,,p9]o4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,currie1 ,,major-,,g5]al ,,f5dall4 ,bel[ ! ,surface4 ,sket*es ( ,civil & ,native ,life 9 ,india4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,curzon1 ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,george ,n4 7,"l ,curzon ( ,k$le/on1 ,vic]oy ( ,india74 ,problems ( ! ,f> ,ea/--,*9a1 ,japan1 ,korea4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,maps4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,dale1 ,t4 ,f41 ,m4,a4 7,/onecl9k74 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,belvoir ,hunt f ! ,ye> #agbj4 ,see page #ag4 ---- ,! ,eigh? ,duke ( ,beau=t & ! ,badm9ton ,hunt4 ,see page #ag4 ,,davidson1 ,,?omas4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,de ,,bury1 ,,mlle4 ,,blaze4 ,fr5* ,lit]ature ( ,to-day4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,deighton1 ,,k5ne?4 ,conjectural ,read+s 9 ! ,old ,dramati/s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,d9smore1 ,,*>les ,a4 ,! ,tea*+s ( ,dante4 ,) illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,duff1 ,c4 ,,mabel4 ,! ,*ronology ( ,india4 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,dutt1 ,,rome% ,,*und]1 ,c4,i4,e4 ,! ,lit]ature ( ,b5gal4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,fox1 ,,ar?ur ,w41 ,m4,a4 ,a ,book ( ,ba*elors4 ,essays on ,t5 ,celebrat$ ,ba*elors4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 ,,gairdn]1 ,,james4 ,! ,pa/on ,lett]s1 #adbb-aeji4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #d vols4 ,vol4 ,i41 ,h5ry ,,vi41 #adbb-adfa4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,edw>d ,,iv41 #adfa-adga4 ,vol4 ,,iii41 #adga-aeji4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,introductory & ,supplem5t>y4 ,edit$ by ,,james ,,gairdn]1 ( ! ,public ,record ,(fice4 ,photogravure ,frontispiece to ea* vol4 #bas4 net4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 sold sep>ately1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,godk91 ,e4 ,l4 ,problems ( ,mod]n ,democracy4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,reflections & ,comm5ts4 #ahfe-ahie4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,godk91 ,e4 ,l4 ,un=ese5 ,t5d5cies ( ,democracy4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,gomme1 ,g4 ,,laur5ce1 ,f4,s4,a4 7,/ati/ical ,(fic] to ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil74 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,local ,gov]nm5t4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 ,,gribble1 ,,francis4 ,lake ,g5eva & its ,lit]>y ,l&m>ks4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,photogravure & ,collotype reproductions4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,haileybury ,,college1 ,,memorials ,,( ,,old4 ,by ,,br& ,,sapte1 ,sir ,,moni] ,,moni]-,,williams1 ,,fr$]ick ,,*>les ,,danv]s1 ,,p]cy ,,wigram1 ,sir ,,/eu>t ,,colv9 ,,bayley1 & o!rs4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,plans4 ,fcap4 #dto4 #bas4 net4 ,,hake1 ,a4 ,,egmont1 & ,,wesslau1 ,o4 ,e4 ,! ,com+ ,individualism4 ,demy #hvo4 #ads4 ,,hanna1 ,,col4 ,h4 ,b4 ,! ,second ,afghan ,w>4 ,demy #hvo4 ,vol4 ,i4 n[ ready1 #ajs4 net4 ,backw>ds or ,=w>ds8 ,c ,russia ,invade ,india8 ,see page #ah4 ,india's ,sci5tific ,fronti]4 ,,hayd51 ,,eleanor ,g4 ,travels ,r\nd our ,village4 ,a ,b]k%ire ,book4 7,d$icat$ by p]mission to ,lady ,wantage47 ,) num]\s illu/rations by ,l4 ,,leslie ,,brooke4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,hewitt1 ,j4 ,f4 ,! ,rul+ ,races ( ,prehi/oric ,times 9 ,india1 ,s\?-,we/]n ,asia1 & ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,) ,diagrams & ,maps4 ,demy #hvo4 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahs42 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #abs4 ,,hold51 ,,edw>d ,s4 ,! ,mogul ,emp]ors ( ,h9du/an1 ,a4,d4 #acih-agjg4 ,) a *apt] by ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,,hunt]4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,h\fe1 ,c4 ,a4 ,! ,"q ( ! ,h\ses4 ,small #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,irw91 ,,sidney ,t4 ,lett]s ( ,t4 ,e4 ,br[n1 ,au?or ( #8,betsy ,lee' & #8,foc's'le ,y>ns4' #b vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abs4 ,,james1 ,,william 7,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity74 ,human ,immortality4 ,two ,suppos$ ,objections to ! ,doctr9e4 #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,krehbiel1 ,,h5ry ,,edw>d1 ,au?or ( #8,h[ to ,li/5 to ,music4' ,music & ,mann]s 9 ! ,classical ,p]iod4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,lane-,,poole1 ,,/anley4 ,! ,mohamm$an ,dyna/ies4 ,conta9+ ,*ronological ,tables ( all ! ,dyna/ies ( ! ,mohamm$an ,empire f ! ,f\ndation ( ! ,caliphate to ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abs4 net4 ,,lea*1 ,a4 ,f41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,engli% ,s*ools at ! ,re=mation--#aedf-dh4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 net4 ,,legg1 ,l4 ,g4 ,,wickham1 & ,,hope1 ,w4 ,h4 ,,/4 ,,john4 ,inv5tories ( ,*ri/*ur*1 ,cant]bury4 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,mc,c,r,i,n,d,l,e1 ,j4 ,w4 ,anci5t ,india z describ$ 9 ,classical ,lit]ature4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,macgeorge1 ,g4 ,w4 ,ways & ,works 9 ,india4 ,be+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,public ,works 9 t ,c\ntry f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,fully ,illu/rat$ & ,five ,maps4 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 ,mc,n,a,i,r1 ,,major ,j4 ,f4 ,a4 ,prison]s _! own ,w>d]s4 ,a ,record ( ! ,convict ,prison at ,s+apore4 ,) _m ,illu/rations & ,maps4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,man*e/] ,,/age1 #ahhj-aijj4 ,criticisms repr9t$ f ,! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,ma/]man1 ,n41 ,m4,a4 ,*alm]s on ,*>ity4 ,a ,selection ( ,passages & ,sc5es to ,illu/rate ! ,social ,tea*+ & ,practical ,"w ( ,?omas ,*alm]s1 ,d4,d4 ,arrang$ & ,edit$ by ,n4 ,,ma/]man1 ,m4,a4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,m]$i?4 ,bir?day ,book4 ,compil$ & arrang$ by ,d4 ,m4 ,clo? gilt4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,metcalfe1 ,,*>les ,,!ophilus1 ,c4,s4,i4 ,two ,native ,n>ratives ( ! ,mut9y 9 ,delhi4 ,translat$ f ! ,orig9als by ! late ,c4 ,t4 ,,metcalfe1 ,c4,s4,i4 ,) ,map & ,two ,illu/rations4 #abs4 ,,mit*ell1 ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,g4 ,! ,_w be=e ,abraham1 accord+ to ,g5esis i4-xi4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,morison1 ,m4 ,"t ,table ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,a4,d4 #djj-ahgj4 ,oblong ,folio4 ,clo?4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,cont5ts4--,p>allel ,tables1 ,g5ealogical ,tables4--,rul+ ,mon>*s4--,g5]al ,*>t ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,hi/ory4--,index4--,maps %[+ ,europe at v>i\s ,p]iods4 ,,morison1 ,,!odore1 ,m4,a4 ,imp]ial ,rule 9 ,india4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,m,,n/]b]g1 ,,pr(essor ,,hugo4 ,psy*ology & ,life4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,national ,,wor?ies4 ,see page #ba4 ,,newb]ry1 ,,p]cy ,e4 ,! ,life ( ,rekhm>a1 ,vzir ( ,upp] ,egypt "u ,?o?mes ,,iii4 & ,am5hetep ,,ii4 7circa ,b4,c4 #adga-addh74 ,) #bb ,plates4 #bas4 net4 ,only #bej pr9t$4 ---- ,! ,g>d5s ( ! ,anci5t ,_w4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,nisbet1 ,,john4 ,burma ,"u ,briti% ,rule4 #b ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo1 ) ,frontispiece to ea* volume4 ,maps & ,plans4 ,price #cbs4 net4 ,,opp]t1 ,,gu/av1 ,ph4,d4 7,pr(essor ( ,sanscrit 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,madras74 ,! ,orig9al ,inhabitants ( ,india4 ,demy #hvo4 #bjs4 ,,palm]1 ,,walt]1 ,m4,p4 ,p\ltry ,managem5t on a ,f>m4 ,an acc\nt ( ?ree ye>s' "w ) practical results & balance %eets4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #as4 ,,pop[ski1 ,,joseph4 ,translat$ by ,,ar?ur ,,b>+ ,,brabant1 & edit$ by ,,*as4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,black4 ,! ,rival ,p[]s 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,) a l>ge ,map ( ! ,pamir ,region4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,rait1 ,,rob]t ,s4 ,five ,/u>t ,pr9cesses4 ,) ,photogravure & full-page ,portraits4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ---- ,lusus ,regius4 ,a ,volume ( hi!rto unpubli%$ autograph works by ,k+ ,james ,i4 ,edit$ by ,,rob]t ,s4 ,,rait1 ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,illu/rat$ by ,photogravure & ,collotype reproductions4 ,only #bge copies ( ?is "w h be5 pr9t$1 #bej numb]$ copies be+ = sale4 ,price #dbs4 net4 ,,rice1 ,,l\is4 ,! ,mysore ,gazette]4 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 #cjs4 net4 ,,roosevelt1 ,,!odore4 ,oliv] ,cromwell4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,r\nd1 ,j4 ,,horace1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,commune ( ,london1 & o!r ,/udies4 ,) a ,prefatory ,lett] by ,sir ,,walt] ,,besant4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,ryley1 ,g4 ,,bu*anan1 & ,j4 ,m4 ,m',,c&li%4 ,scotl&'s ,free ,*ur*4 ,) an ,et*$ ,portrait & a ,photogravure & num]\s o!r ,illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #dto4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,s*weitz]1 ,,georg4 ,em9 ,pa%a3 ,8 ,life & ,"w4 ,) an ,introduction by ,r4 ,w4 ,,felk91 ,m4,d4 ,) ,portrait1 ,facsimiles1 & ,map4 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 #cbs4 ,,scott1 ,,eva 7late ,s*ol> ( ,som]ville ,college1 ,ox=d74 ,rup]t1 ,pr9ce ,palat9e4 ,) ,photogravure ,frontispiece4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ,,seton-,,watson1 ,r4 ,w4 ,maximilian4 ,/anhope ,essay4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,siborne1 ,,capta9 ,,william4 ,! ,wat]loo ,campaign1 #ahae4 ,) #ac ,portraits ( ,g5]als1 & #ae ,maps & ,plans4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #hcb pages4 ,new ,edition4 #fs4 ,,si*el1 ,,edi?4 ,! ,h\sehold ( ! ,lafayettes4 ,) ,photogravure ,frontispiece4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ,,si*el1 ,,edi?4 ,wom5 & ,m5 ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #afs4 net4 ,,smi?1 ,,edw>d4 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,a ,%ort ,exam9ation ( _! ,int]national ,int]c\rse4 #aghc-ahgb4 ,demy #hvo4 #ads4 ,,smy!1 ,a4 ,j4 ,! ,life ( ,william ,t]riss1 ,actor4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,snea?1 ,e4 ,,h]%ey 7,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,yale ,univ]sity74 ,! ,m9d ( ,t5nyson4 ,8 ,?\ghts on ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,spald+1 ,,?omas ,,alfr$4 ,! ,life & ,times ( ,ri*>d ,badiley1 ,vice-,admiral ( ! ,fleet4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 ,,/e91 ,m4 ,a4 ,kalhana's ,rajat>ang9i4 ,a ,*ronicle ( ! ,k+s ( ,ka%mir1 ) #c ,maps4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction1 ,comm5t>y & ,app5dices4 #b ,volumes4 #c #cs4 net4 ,,/reet1 ,g4 ,s4 ,a ,book ( ,essays4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,/u>t1 ,,john4 ,pictures ( ,w>4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,maps & ,plans4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,?ornton1 ,,surgeon-,,g5]al1 ,c4,b4 ,memories ( ,sev5 ,campaigns4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,george & ,kate ,?ornton4 ,l>ge ,demy #hvo4 #ags4 #f;d4 net4 ,,t[ns5d1 ,,m]$i?4 ,asia & ,europe4 ,be+ ,/udies pres5t+ ! conclusions =m$ by ! ,au?or 9 a long life devot$ to ! subject ( ! relations betwe5 ,asia & ,europe4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,traill1 ,h4 ,d4 ,engl&1 ,egypt1 & ! ,sudan4 ,) ,maps4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 ,,vall]y-,,radot1 ,,r54 ,! ,life ( ,pa/eur4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,mrs4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,devon%ire4 #b ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) ,frontispiece ,portrait ( ,pa/eur4 ,price #cbs4 ,,vib>t1 ,,colonel ,,h5ry ,m4 ,addiscombe3 ,its ,h]oes & ,m5 ( ,note4 ,) a ,preface by ,,"l ,,rob]ts ( ,k&ah>4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #dto4 #bas4 net4 ,,:iteway1 ,r4 ,s4 7,b5gal ,civil ,s]vice1 retir$74 ,! ,rise ( ,portuguese ,p[] 9 ,india1 #adig-aeej4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,wick/e$1 ,,rev4 ,p4 ,h4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,villani4 ,translat$ by ,,rose ,e4 ,,selfe & edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,wick/e$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,wick/e$1 ,,philip ,h41 ,m4,a41 & ,,g>dn]1 ,,edmund ,g41 ,m4,a4 ,dante & ,giovanni del ,virgilio4 ,includ+ a ,critical ,edition ( ! text ( ,dante's #8,eclogae ,lat9ae1' & ( ! ,poetic ,rema9s ( ,giovanni del ,virgilio4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 ,,wilk9son1 ,,sp5s]4 ,w> & ,policy4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 ---- ,! ,nation's ,awak5+4 ,essays ,t[>ds a ,briti% ,policy4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,w9sl[1 ,,anna ,,gre54 ,di>y ( a ,bo/on ,s*ool ,girl4 ,edit$ by ,,alice ,,morse ,,e>le4 ,) #g ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,wood1 ,,walt]4 ,) ! ,flag at ,sea4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s full-page plates by ,h4 ,c4 ,,sepp+s ,,wright4 ,clo? gilt4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,travel4 ,,battye1 ,,aubyn ,,trevor-1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,z4,s4 ,au?or ( #8,iceb\nd on ,kolguev4' ,a ,nor!rn ,highway ( ! ,cz>4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,con/able',s ,h& ,atlas ( ,india4 ,a new s]ies ( ,sixty ,maps & ,plans prep>$ f ,ordnance & o!r ,surveys "u ! direction ( ,j4 ,g4 ,,b>?olomew1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,/rongly b\nd 9 ,half ,morocco4 ,price #ads4 ,?is ,atlas w be f\nd ( great use n only to t\ri/s & travell]s1 b also to read]s ( ,indian hi/ory2 x conta9s tw5ty-two plans ( ! pr9cipal t[ns ( our ,indian ,empire1 bas$ on ! mo/ rec5t surveys & (ficially revis$ to date 9 ,india4 ,con/able's ,h& ,gazette] ( ,india4 ,compil$ "u ! direction ( ,j4 ,g4 ,,b>?olomew1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 & ,edit$ ) ,additions by ,,jas4 ,,burgess1 ,c4,i4,e41 ,,ll4,d41 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,half ,morocco4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,! ,h& ,gazette] ( ,india is bas$ on ! ,index to ,con/able's ,h& ,atlas ( ,india1 :i* conta9s ne>ly #ab1jjj place-names4 ,to ^! h be5 add$ v l>gely f v>i\s s\rces1 br++ ! numb] ( entries to close ^u #bj1jjj4 ,! populations ( di/ricts1 t[ns1 & villages1 & ! position ( ea* place are cle>ly indicat$1 ?us =m+ )9 a small compass a g5]al ref]5ce book to ! topography ( ,india1 & a companion volume to ! ,h& ,atlas ( ,india4 ,,conway1 ,,sir ,,william ,,m>t94 ,! ,alps f ,end to ,end4 ,) ov] #ej full page ,illu/rations by ,a4 ,d4 ,m',,cormick4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,new ,edition4 ,,dur&1 ,,lad4 ,an ,autumn ,t\r 9 ,we/]n ,p]sia4 ,demy #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,,elliott1 ,,rob]t ,h4 ,gold1 ,sport1 & ,c(fee ,plant+ 9 ,mysore4 ,be+ ! ,?irty-eight ,ye>s' ,exp]i5ce ( a ,mysore ,plant]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,engelh>dt1 ,,alex&] ,,platonovi*1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,ar*angel4 ,a ,russian ,prov9ce ( ! ,nor? 7,ar*angel74 ,translat$ f ! ,russian by ,,h5ry ,,cooke4 ,) #ij ,illu/rations & #c ,maps4 ,royal #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,filippi1 ,,filippo ,de4 ,! ,asc5t ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias 7,alaska74 ,by ,h4,r4,h4 ,pr9ce ,,luigi ,,am$eo ,,di ,,savoia1 ,duke ( ! ,abruzzi4 ,n>rat$ by ,,filippo ,,de ,,filippi4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,vittoria ,,sella1 & ,translat$ by ,,signora ,,l9da ,,vill>i4 #dto4 #cas4 #f;d4 net4 ,edition de ,luxe1 #c #cs4 net4 ,,hodgson1 ,,r&olph ,,llewellyn4 ,on ,pla9 & ,peak4 ,sport 9 ,bohemia & ,tyrol4 ,illu/rat$ by ,h4,s4,h4 ,,pr9cess ,,m>y ,,( ,,?urn ,,& ,,taxis1 & f ,photographs4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,la*ambre1 ,,h5ri1 & ,,ma*uron1 ,,alexis4 ,&re & ,8 ,balloon4 ,) a ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & #dj ,full-page ,plates aft] ,photographs tak5 by ! ,au?ors dur+ ! "t ( prep>ation & at ! "t ( />t4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,meak91 ,,annette ,m4 ,b4 ,a ,ribbon ( ,iron4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #fs4 ,?is is an acc\nt ( a j\rney ov] ! ,great ,sib]ian ,railway & d[n to ! l[] "p ( ! ,amur ,riv] to ,blagove/*5sk & !nce to ,vladivo/ok4 ,! au?or relates h] adv5tures 9 a novel field 7:i* j at pres5t has a special int]e/7 9 pla9 & natural language4 ,! acc\nt ( ! outbreak ( ho/ilities at ,blagove/*5sk w be f\nd p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,,nans51 ,,fridtj(4 ,f>!/ ,nor?4 ,a ,new ,edition4 ,) #bj full-page ,illu/rations & #b ,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,ookhtomsky1 ,,pr9ce ,e4 ,travels 9 ! ,ea/ ( ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ,cz> ,ni*olas ,,ii ( ,russia3 :5 ,ces>ewit*4 ,writt5 by ord] ( ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y & translat$ by ,,rob]t ,,goodlet4 ,9 #b vols41 ) ab\t #ejj ,illu/rations engrav$ on wood & num]\s ,heliogravure ,plates4 ,edit$ by ,,sir ,,george ,,birdwood1 ,m4,d41 ,k4,c4,i4,e4 ,imp]ial #dto4 #e #es4 net4 ,also a ,h&-made ,pap] ,edition4 ,limit$ to #cj copies = ,engl& & ,am]ica4 #be gu9eas net4 ,,pri*>d1 ,,heske?4 ,:]e ,black ,rules ,:ite4 ,across & ab\t ! ,black ,republic ( ,hayti4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 ,,rob]ts1 ,,morley4 ,! ,we/]n ,av]nus4 ,a new edition1 ) ,illu/rations by ,a4 ,d4 ,m',,cormick1 & f ,photographs4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,sang]mano1 ,,fa!r4 ,burma a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago4 ,edit$ ) ,notes & ,introduction by ! ,,hon4 ,,mr4 ,,ju/ice ,,j>d9e4 ,) a ,map4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,/adl+1 ,j4 ,?r\gh ,sib]ia4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,guillem>d4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 ,,waddell1 ,surg4-,maj4 ,l4 ,a4 ,among ! ,himalayas4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,a4 ,d4 ,m',,cormick1 ! ,au?or1 & f ,photographs4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ,,"y1 ,,erne/ 7,late ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t1 ,siam74 ,! ,k+dom ( ! ,yell[ ,robe4 ,be+ ,sket*es ( ! ,dome/ic & ,religi\s ,rites & ,c]emonies ( ! ,siamese4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,e4 ,a4 ,,norbury1 ,r4,c4,a41 & f ,photographs4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ,sport4 ,,dale1 ,t4 ,f4 7,/onecl9k47 ,hi/ory ( ! ,belvoir ,hunt4 ,) ,map & _m ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ---- ,! ,eigh? ,duke ( ,beau=t & ! ,badm9ton ,hunt4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #bas4 ,,elliott1 ,,rob]t ,h4 ,gold1 ,sport1 & ,c(fee ,plant+ 9 ,mysore4 ,be+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,exp]i5ce ( a ,mysore ,plant]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,hodgson1 ,,r&olph ,,llewellyn4 ,on ,pla9 & ,peak4 ,sport 9 ,bohemia & ,tyrol4 ,illu/rat$ by ,h4,s4,h4 ,,pr9cess ,,m>y ,,( ,,?urn ,,& ,,taxis1 & f ,photographs4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,k5n$y1 ,,admiral4 ,sport 9 ! ,navy4 ,,walk]1 ,,*>les4 ,%oot+ on a ,small ,income4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ---- ,amateur ,fi% ,culture4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,naval & ,milit>y4 ,,anit*k[1 ,,mi*ael4 ,w> & ,lab\r4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahs4 #8,,c5turion4' ,army ,adm9i/ration4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,pap]1 #as4 ,,hanna1 ,,col4 ,h4 ,b4 ,c ,russia ,invade ,india8 7,indian ,problems ,no4 #a47 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,india's ,sci5tific ,fronti]4 ,:]e is x8 ,:at is x8 7,indian ,problems ,no4 #b47 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,backw>ds or ,=w>ds8 7,indian ,problems ,no4 #c47 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,second ,afghan ,w>4 #ahgh-hj4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,mayo1 ,,john ,,horsley4 ,m$als & ,decorations ( ! ,briti% ,army & ,navy4 ,) num]\s ,col\r$ ,plates & o!r ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 #c #cs4 net4 ,,siborne1 ,,capta9 ,,william4 ,! ,wat]loo ,campaign1 #ahae4 ,) #ac ,portraits ( ,g5]als1 & #ae ,maps & ,plans4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #hcb pages4 #fs4 ,,spald+1 ,,?omas ,,alfr$4 ,! ,life & ,times ( ,ri*>d ,badiley1 ,vice-,admiral ( ! ,fleet4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 ,,vib>t1 ,,colonel ,h4 ,m4 ,addiscombe4 ,see page #ac4 ,,wilk9son1 ,,sp5s]4 ,! ,bra9 ( an ,army4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,g]man ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,) ,lett]s f ,c\nt ,moltke & ,"l ,rob]ts1 & #c ,plans4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,comm& ( ! ,sea1 & ,! ,bra9 ( ! ,navy4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lessons ( ! ,w>4 ,a ,weekly ,comm5t to ! ,relief ( ,ladysmi?4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,nation's ,awak5+4 ,essays t[>ds a ,briti% ,policy4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,cont5ts4 ,our ,pa/ ,apa?y4 ,! ,aims ( ! ,great ,p[]s4 ,! ,def5ce ( ,briti% ,int]e/s4 ,! ,organization ( ,gov]nm5t = ! ,def5ce ( ,briti% ,int]e/s4 ,! ,idea ( ! ,nation4 ---- ,! ,volunte]s & ! ,national ,def5ce4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,w> & ,policy4 ,essays4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f9e ,art4 ,,br[nell1 ,w4 ,c4 ,fr5* ,art4 ,classic & ,contempor>y ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture4 ,) #dh ,illu/rations4 ,small ,imp]ial #hvo4 ,,cole1 ,,alan ,s4 ,ornam5t 9 ,european ,silks4 ,) #afg ,illu/rations4 ,b\nd 9 half vellum4 ,cr[n #dto4 #cbs4 net4 ,,cunynghame1 ,,h5ry4 ,art-,enamell+ ^u ,metals4 ,conta9+ bo? a ,hi/ory ( ! ,art & an ,acc\nt ( ! ,manufacture ( ! same4 #b ,col\r$ ,plates & #bj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,,daniell1 ,a4 ,e4 ,london ,city ,*ur*es4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,,leon>d ,,m>t91 & a ,map4 ,imp]ial #afmo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ---- ,london ,riv]side ,*ur*es4 ,) #hd ,illu/rations & a ,photogravure ,frontispiece by ,,alex&] ,,an/$4 ,imp]ial #afmo4 #fs4 ,,granby1 ,,m>*ioness ,,(4 ,portraits ( ,m5 & ,wom54 ,a s]ies ( #ea reproductions ( ! ,m>*ioness ( ,granby's ,p5cil ,portraits ( well-kn[n ,m5 & ,wom5 ( ! ,day4 ,half vellum4 ,royal ,qu>to4 #b #bs4 net4 ,,hope1 ,w4 ,h4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,! ,/all ,plates ( ! ,knights ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]1 #acdh-adhe4 ,imp]ial #hvo4 ,) #ij full-page col\r$ plates pr9t$ ^u ,japan vellum4 ,edition limit$ to #ejj copies4 ,complete 9 ,"o ,volume4 ,b\nd 9 half lea!r gilt1 price #f net2 plates & %eets loose 9 a portfolio1 #e #ajs4 net2 )\t b9d+ or portfolio1 #e net4 ,,hyde1 ,,william4 ,! ,nature ,poems ( ,george ,m]$i?4 ,) #bj ,full-page ,pictures 9 ,photogravure by ,,william ,,hyde4 ,edition limit$ to #cej copies4 ,b\nd 9 clo?4 #b #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,also a l>ge pap] edition ( #aej copies1 #e #es4 net4 ,,hyde1 ,,william1 & ,,meynell1 ,,alice4 ,london ,impressions4 ,pictures 9 ,photogravure & ,et*+s by ,,william ,,hyde1 & ,essays by ,,alice ,,meynell4 ,royal ,qu>to4 ,edition limit$ to #bej copies on h&-made pap]1 b\nd 9 vellum gilt4 #h #hs4 net4 ,,legg 7,,leopold ,g4 ,,wickham1 ,b4,a47 ,engli% ,coronation ,records4 ,illu/rat$ ,edition limit$ to #ejj copies4 ,imp4 #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 net4 ,,mayo1 ,,john ,,horsley4 ,m$als & ,decorations ( ! ,briti% ,army & ,navy4 ,) a l>ge numb] ( ,col\r$ ,plates & o!r ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 #c #cs4 net4 ,,national ,,wor?ies4 ,a selection ( ,portraits f ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y ( ,london4 #adj ,illu/rations & ,biographical ,notes to ea*4 ,b\nd 9 full lea!r gilt1 tool$4 ,cr[n #dto4 #b #bs4 net4 ,,newb]ry1 ,,p]cy ,e4 ,! ,life ( ,rekhm>a4 ,see page #aj4 ---- ,! ,g>d5s ( ! ,anci5t ,_w4 ,see page #aj4 ,,! ,,/4 ,,george',s ,,cal5d> = #aijb4 ,illu/rat$1 ) #ab ,col\r$ ,plates ( ! ,arms ( a ,family ( ,di/9ction1 ) a %ort note ( its orig94 ,price #as4 net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,educational & ,te*nical4 ,,arb]1 ,,pr(4 ,,edw>d1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,works ,edit$ by4 ,engli% ,repr9ts4 ,edit$ by ,pr(4 ,,edw>d ,,arb]1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 late ,engli% ,exam9] at ! ,london ,univ]sity1 & also at ! ,victoria ,univ]sity1 ,man*e/]4 ,clo?1 gilt4 #a4 ,,milton--,areopagitica4 #afdd4 #as4 net4 #b4 ,,latim]--,! ,pl\gh]s4 #aedi4 #as4 net4 #c4 ,,gosson--,! ,s*ool ( ,abuse4 #aegi4 #as4 net4 #d4 ,,sidney--,an ,apology = ,poetry4 8#aehj4 #as4 net4 #e4 ,,webbe1 ,e4--,travels4 #aeij4 #as4 net4 #f4 ,,seld5--,table ,talk4 #afcd-ed4 #as4 net4 #g4 ,,as*am--,toxophilus4 #aedd4 #as4 net4 #h4 ,,addison--,criticism on #8,p>adise ,lo/4' #agaa-ab4 #as4 net4 #i4 ,,lyly--,euphues4 #aegi-hj4 #ds4 net4 #aj4 ,,villi]s--,! ,rehe>sal4 #afga4 #as4 net4 #aa4 ,,gascoigne--,! ,/eel ,glass1 etc4 #aegf4 #as4 net4 #ab4 ,,e>le--,micro-cosmographie4 #afbh4 #as4 net4 #ac4 ,,latim]--#g ,s]mons be=e ,edw>d ,,vi4 #aedi4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #ad4 ,,m--,utopia4 #aeaf-eg4 #as4 net4 #ae4 ,,putt5ham--,! ,art ( ,engli% ,poesy4 #aehi4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 #af4 ,,h[ell--,in/ructions = ,=eign ,travel4 #afdb4 #as4 net4 #ag4 ,,udall--,roi/] ,doi/]4 #aeec-ff4 #as4 net4 #ah4 ,,monk ,,( ,,eve%am--,! ,revelation1 etc4 #aahf-adaj4 #as4 net4 #ai4 ,,james ,i4--,a ,c\nt]bla/ to ,tobacco1 etc4 #afjd4 #as4 net4 #bj4 ,,naunton--,fragm5ta ,regalia4 #afec4 #as4 net4 #ba4 ,,watson--,poems4 #aehb-ic4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #bb4 ,,hab+ton--,ca/>a4 #afdj4 #as4 net4 #bc4 ,,as*am--,! ,s*oolma/]4 #aegj4 #as4 net4 #bd4 ,,tottel',s ,,miscellany--,songs & ,sonnets4 #aeeg4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 #be4 ,,lev]--,s]mons4 #aeej4 #as4 net4 #bf4 ,,webbe1 ,w4--,a ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetry4 #aehf4 #as4 net4 #bg4 ,,"l ,,bacon--,a ,h>mony ( ! #8,essays4' #aeig-afbf4 #es4 net4 #bh4 ,,roy1 ,etc4--,read me1 & be n ,wro?6 #aebh4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #bi4 ,,raleigh1 ,etc4--,la/ ,fight ( ! #8,rev5ge4' #aeia4 #as4 net4 #cj4 ,,googe--,eclogues1 ,epitaphs1 & ,sonnets4 #aefc4 #as4 net4 ,engli% ,s*ol>'s ,libr>y1 ,!4 ,edit$ by ,pr(4 ,,edw>d ,,arb]4 #hvo1 clo?1 gilt4 #a4 ,,william ,,caxton--,reyn>d ! ,fox4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #b4 ,,john ,,knox--,! ,fir/ ,bla/ ( ! ,trumpet4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #c4 ,,clem5t ,,rob9son & ,o!rs--,a ,h&ful ( ,pleasant ,delights4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #d4 ,,simon ,,fi%--,a ,supplication = ! ,begg>s4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #e4 ,,rev4 ,,john ,,udall--,diotrephes4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #f4 8--,! ,return f ,p>nassus4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #g4 ,,?omas ,,deck]--,! ,sev5 ,deadly ,s9s ( ,london4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #h4 ,,edw>d ,,arb]--,an ,introductory ,sket* to ! #8,m>t9 ,m>prelate' ,controv]sy4 #aehh-aeij4 #cs4 net4 #i4 ,,rev4 ,,john ,,udall--,a ,demon/ration ( ,discipl9e4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #aj4 ,,ri*>d ,,/anihur/--neid ,i4-,,iv41 9 ,engli% ,hexamet]s4 #cs4 net4 #aa4 ,,m>t9 ,,m>prelate--,! ,epi/le4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #ab4 ,,rob]t ,,gre5e--,m5aphon4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #ac4 ,,george ,,joy--,an ,apology to ,william ,tyndale4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #ad4 ,,ri*>d ,,b>nfield---,poems4 #cs4 net4 #ae4 ,,bi%op ,,?omas ,,coop]--,an ,admonition to ! ,p ( ,engl&4 #cs4 net4 #af4 ,,capta9 ,,john ,,smi?--,works4 #aabj pp4 ,six ,facsimile ,maps4 #b vols4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,g>n]1 ,an ,engli%4 ,new ,edition 9 prep>ation4 ,?is ,miscellany embodies ! results ( m ?an fifte5 ye>s' p]si/5t se>* aft] ! r>e/ & mo/ valuable ,tracts & ,poems 9 our ,lit]ature t are n g5]ally kn[n4 ,only "o copy n[ survives ( ! orig9al edition ( _m ( ^! ,texts2 & t copy is (t5 n to be f\nd 9 any ,public ,libr>y4 ,^! volumes con/itute a *>m+ ,pleasure ,s]ies ( ,engli% ,lit]ature2 full ( mo/ v>i$ & graphic ,n>ratives1 & ( mo/ delightful & div]sifi$ ,poetry4 ,b a mu* high] use ?an t c be made ( ?is ,engli% ,g>n]4 ,all ,hi/ory is ultimately bas$ ^u eye-witness te/imony1 or ^u writt5 docum5ts4 ,?is ,s]ies w ?r[ floods ( light ^u _m little-kn[n facts1 or p]iods1 ( ,engl&'s pa/ /ory4 ,an ,engli% ,g>n] also conta9s _m hundr$s ( ,poems1 _m ( !m writt5 9 ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,engli% ,song4 ,?is ,poetry repres5ts almo/ e conceivable =m ( ,engli% v]sification2 & its topics range #8,f grave to gay1 f lively to sev]e2' or1 to put x 9 ano!r way1 f ,sir ,j4 ,,davies' poem on ! #8,immortality ( ! ,s\l1' d[n to #8,old ,k+ ,cole4' ,,ball91 ,,mrs4 ,,ada4 ,f ,cradle to ,s*ool4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,bankes1 ,,rod54 ,a ,/ory ,book = ,lesson ,"t4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #as4 ,,beaumont1 ,w4 ,,worby1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,motor ,vehicles & ,motors4 ,_! ,design1 ,con/ruction1 & ,work+ by ,/eam1 ,oil1 & ,electricity4 ,) ov] #cjj ,illu/rations & ,work+ ,draw+s4 #dto4 #dbs4 net4 ,,bl\nt1 ,,b]tram4 ,practical ,electro-,*emi/ry4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,bonavia1 ,,emmanuel1 ,m4,d4 ,! ,flora ( ! ,assyrian ,monum5ts4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ---- ,/udies 9 ! ,evolution ( ,animals4 ,) ov] #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #dto4 #bas4 net4 ,,bright1 ,,*>les1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,sci5ce & ,eng9e]+1 #ahcg-ahig4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 ,pap] wrapp]4 #as4 ,,cold/ream1 ,j4 ,p4 ,! ,in/itutions ( ,au/ria4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #bs4 ---- ,! ,in/itutions ( ,italy4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #bs4 ,,con/able',s ,,h& ,,atlas ,,( ,,india4 ,see page #ad4 ,,con/able',s ,,h& ,,gazette] ,,( ,,india4 ,see page #ad4 ,,cunynghame1 ,,h5ry1 ,c4,b41 ,m4,a4 ,art-,enamell+ ^u ,metals4 ,) _m col\r$ & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,,davidson1 ,,?omas 7,au?or ( #8,ari/otle & ! ,anci5t ,educational ,ideals1' #8,r\sseau & ,education accord+ to ,nature1' etc474 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,gall1 ,,john1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b4 7,late ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics & ,physics1 ,cann+ ,college1 ,luckn[71 & ,,rob]tson1 ,,david1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b41 ,b4,sc4 ,popul> ,read+s 9 ,sci5ce4 ,) _m ,diagrams1 a ,gloss>y ( ,te*nical ,t]ms1 & an ,index4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #dfh4 #ds4 ,new ,edition4 ,,hackel1 ,,edu>d4 ,! ,true ,grasses4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation4 ,) ov] #ij ,illu/rations & ,diagrams1 & a volum9\s ,gloss>y ( ,te*nical ,t]ms4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,holl&1 ,,clive4 ,! ,use ( ! ,h& ,cam]a4 ,) an ,introduction by ,a4 ,,horsley ,,h9ton1 & #bb ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,james1 ,,william4 ,human ,immortality4 #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,,lea*1 ,a4 ,f41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,engli% ,s*ools at ! ,re=mation4 #aedf-h4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 net4 ,,leaf1 ,,cecil ,h41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,! ,surgical ,anatomy ( ! ,lymphatic ,gl&s4 ,) num]\s ,col\r$ ,plates4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,leaf1 ,h4 ,m41 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,! ,int]nal ,wir+ ( ,build+s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition 9 prep>ation4 ,,lewes1 ,,vivian ,b4 ,acetyl5e4 ,a ,h&book = ! ,/ud5t & ,manufactur]4 ,) ov] #bjj ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #cas4 #f;d4 net4 ---- 7,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,royal ,naval ,college71 & ,,brame1 ,j4 ,s4 ,s4 7,demon/rator 9 ,*emi/ry1 ,royal ,naval ,college1 & ,assi/ant ,exam9] 9 ,*emi/ry1 ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t74 ,laboratory ,note ,book = ,*emical ,/ud5ts4 #ds4 ,,morison1 ,m4 ,"t ,table ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,a4,d4 #djj-ahgj4 ,see page #i4 ,m,,n/]b]g1 ,,pr(essor ,,hugo4 ,psy*ology & ,life4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,peel1 ,,mrs4 ,c4 ,s4 ,! ,new ,home4 ,h[ to ,furni% on ,small ,incomes4 ,) _m ,illu/rations by ,,agnes ,,walk]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,t5 ,%ill+s a ,head p] ,week = ,h\se ,books4 ,a ,manual = ! ,economical ,h\sekeep]4 ,conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( ,new ,recipes4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,rog]s1 ,c4 ,j4 ,co9 ,collect+ 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,scrutton1 ,,p]cy ,e4 ,electricity 9 ,t[n & ,c\ntry ,h\ses4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,sp5s]4 ,! ,fa]ie ,que5e4 ,edit$ by ,,kate ,m4 ,,w>r54 ,) a ,gloss>y & ,notes to ea* volume4 ,9 #f vols4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 net p] vol4 ,clo? gilt1 ) ,photogravure ,frontispiece1 #bs4 #f;d4 net p] vol4 ,ea* vol4 sold sep>ately4 ,,t>v]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,"s ,obs]vations ( a ,fo/] ,p>5t4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ---- ,debateable ,claims4 ,essays on ,second>y ,education4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ---- ,tib]ius ! ,tyrant4 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 net4 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,disease4 ,prophylaxis 9 ,surg]y ,op]ations1 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,fractures & ,dislocation1 ,w\nds1 ,de=mities & ,tum\rs1 ,m$ic9e & ,insanity4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,b+1 ,vi5na2 ,,dr4 ,,e9horn1 ,new ,york2 ,,dr4 ,,fis*l1 ,prague2 ,,dr4 ,,flatau1 ,b]l92 ,,dr4 ,,fu*s1 ,ernm5d+52 ,,dr4 ,,golds*midt1 ,rei*5hall2 ,,dr4 ,,greve1 ,magdeburg2 ,,dr4 ,,h(fa1 ,wrzburg2 ,,dr4 ,,max ,,joseph1 ,b]l92 ,,dr4 ,k,,nig%,,f]1 ,/uttg>t2 ,,dr4 ,,kollmann1 ,leipzig2 ,,dr4 ,,lili5feld1 ,wrzburg2 ,,dr4 ,,m>tius1 ,ro/ock2 ,,dr4 ,,m5delsohn1 ,b]l92 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,v4 ,,not!fft1 ,mn*52 ,,dr4 ,,ros51 ,b]l92 ,,dr4 ,o4 ,,s*aeff]1 ,heidelb]g2 ,,dr4 ,,w9ds*eid1 ,leipzic4 ,) an ,introduction by ,h4 ,,timbrell ,,bul/rode1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,p4,h4 ,royal ,college ( ,physicians & ,surgeons1 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 ,eng41 ,l4,r4,c4,p4 ,london4 ,m$ical ,inspector ,h4,m4 ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d4 ,demy #hvo4 ,,?omson1 ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,j41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ,dis*>ge ( ,electricity ?r\gh ,gases4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,torrey1 ,,joseph4 ,elem5t>y ,/udies 9 ,*emi/ry4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,turn]1 ,h4 ,h41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,mod]n ,a/ronomy4 ,be+ "s ,acc\nt ( ! ,revolution ( ! ,la/ ,qu>t] ( ! ,c5tury4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,w>r51 ,,kate ,m4 ,see ,sp5s]1 ,fa]ie ,que5e4 ,,webb1 ,,surgeon-,,capta9 ,w4 ,w4 ,! ,co9s ( ! ,h9du ,/ates ( ,rajputana4 ,) #ab ,plates1 & a ,map 9 col\rs4 ,royal #hvo4 #afs4 net4 ,,zimm]mann1 ,,dr4 ,a4 ,botanical ,microte*nique4 ,by ,,dr4 ,a4 ,,zimm]mann4 ,) ,sixty ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,religi\s ,books4 ,,arnold1 ,t4 ,w4 ,! ,prea*+ ( ,islam4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,bible4 ,! ,psalms4 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,/4 ,m>k4 ,/4 ,luke4 ,/4 ,john4 ,pr9t$ 9 r$ & black by ,t4 ,a4 ,con/able4 ,b\nd 9 clo? label1 #as4 net p] vol42 clo? gilt1 #as4 #f;d4 net p] vol42 lea!r gilt1 #bs4 #f;d4 net p] vol4 ,also ,! ,f\r ,gospels4 ,9 "o volume4 ,pap] label1 #bs4 #f;d4 net2 gilt clo?1 #cs4 net2 lea!r1 #es4 net4 ,,daniell1 ,a4 ,e4 ,london ,city ,*ur*es4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,,leon>d ,,m>t91 & a ,map4 ,imp]ial #afmo4 #fs4 ---- ,london ,riv]side ,*ur*es4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,,alex&] ,,an/$4 ,imp]ial #afmo4 #fs4 ,,f\r ,,gospels4 ,see #8,books ( ! ,bible4' ,,h>ald1 ,j4 ,h4 ,! ,k ( ,life4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,james1 ,,william 7,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity74 ,human ,immortality4 ,two suppos$ ,objections to ! ,doctr9e4 #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,madge1 ,h4 ,d4 ,leaves f ! ,gold5 ,leg5d4 ,*os5 by ,h4 ,d4 ,,madge1 ,,ll4,m4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,h4 ,m4 ,,watts4 ,pott #hvo4 ,half l951 gilt top1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,,mit*ell1 ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,g4 ,! ,_w be=e ,abraham4 ,accord+ to ,g5esis i4-xi4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,psalms4 ,see #8,books ( ! ,bible4' ,,ryley1 ,g4 ,,bu*anan1 & ,j4 ,m4 ,m',,c&li%4 ,scotl&'s ,free ,*ur*4 ,see page #aa4 ,,/4 ,,john4 ,,/4 ,,luke4 ,see #8,books ( ! ,bible4' ,,/4 ,,m>k4 ,,/4 ,,mat!w4 ,,s9clair1 ,,v54 ,,ar*deacon1 ,d4,d4 ,simplicity 9 ,*ri/4 ,s]mons prea*$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral & else:]e4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,skr9e1 ,j4 ,,huntley4 ,a ,goodly ,h]itage4 ,s]mons4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,snea?1 ,e4 ,,h]%ey1 ,ph4,d4 7,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,yale ,univ]sity74 ,! ,m9d ( ,t5nyson4 ,8 ,?\ghts on ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,wilson1 ,j4 ,m41 ,m4,a4 7,ar*deacon ( ,man*e/]74 ,tru?s ,new & ,old4 ,s]mons4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,wilson1 ,,s>ah4 ,! ,romance ( our ,anci5t ,*ur*es4 ,) ab\t #bjj ,illu/rations by ,,alex&] ,,an/$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fiction4 #8,,ali51' ,au?or ( #8,daught] ( ! ,k+1' etc41 etc4 ,ano!r ,woman's ,t]ritory4 #bnd ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,&om1 ,r4 7,au?or ( #8,we ,?ree & ,troddles'71 & ,,h>ewood1 ,,fr$4 ,! ,=tune ( a ,sp5d?rift & o!r ,items4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,anon4 ,all ,exp5ses ,paid4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ---- ,muggleton ,college3 ,its ,rise & ,fall4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,pap]1 #as4 ,,argyll1 ,,duke ,,(4 ,adv5tures 9 ,leg5d4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,fairfax ,,muckley & ,,h>rison ,,mill]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,bates1 ,,arlo4 ,! ,puritans4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,b]!t1 ,e4 ,! ,catacombs ( ,p>is4 ,a ,?rill+ ,/ory ( ,life 9 ,p>is dur+ ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,bidd]1 ,m4 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,cr[n4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,maurice ,,hewlett4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ,,b[]1 ,,m>ian4 ,! ,puppet ,%[4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,bryd51 ,h4 ,a41 ,au?or ( #8,gun & ,cam]a 9 ,s\? ,africa4' ,tales ( ,s\? ,africa4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,cairnes1 ,,capta9 ,w4 ,e4 ,! ,com+ ,wat]loo4 #d? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,describes an imag9>y campaign aga9/ a ,cont95tal ,p[]1 & gives an exposition ( ! use ( mod]n arms & appliances 9 w>f>e4 ,a sket* map ( ! sc5e ( op]ations is includ$ 9 ! volume4 ,,capes1 ,,b]n>d4 ,au?or ( #8,! ,lake ( ,w9e1' etc4 ,love l a ,gipsy4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ,,c>mi*ael1 ,m4 ,sket*es & ,/ories1 ,grave & ,gay4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,*amb]s1 ,r4 ,w41 ,au?or ( #8,a%es ( ,empire1' #8,! ,k+ 9 ,yell[1' etc4 ,c>digan4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ,,*>les1 ,,joseph ,f4 ,a ,/atesman's ,*ance4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,*>r+ton1 ,,*>les4 ,a ,/urdy ,begg> & ,lady ,bramb]'s ,gho/4 ,two ,/ories4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,coop]1 ,e4 ,h41 ,au?or ( #8,mr4 ,blake ( ,newm>ket4' ,! ,enemies4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,corni%1 ,f4 ,,w>re4 ,sunn+well4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ,,coxon1 ,,e!l4 ,)9 ,b\nds4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,dale1 ,t4 ,f4 7,/onecl9k71 & ,,slaught]1 ,f4 ,e4 7,trant74 ,two ,=tunes & ,old ,pat*4 ,a ,sport+ ,novel4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,d>nley1 ,,! ,,c\ntess ,,(1 & ,r4 ,ll4 ,,hodgson4 ,elma ,trevor4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,d5ny1 ,,*>les ,e4 ,! ,failure ( ! ,w&]]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,doyle1 ,c4 ,w4 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,jungle4 ,b\nd 9 a cov] specially design$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,,nettle%ip4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,%ad[ ( ,quong ,lung4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,fl[]dew1 ,,h]b]t1 ,au?or ( #8,! ,celibate's ,wife1' & #8,! ,reali/4' ,retaliation4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,=bes-,,rob]tson1 ,,frances4 ,! ,pot5tate4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ---- ,odd ,/ories4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,=d1 ,,paul ,,leice/]4 ,janice ,m]$i?4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ---- ,! ,/ory ( an ,untold ,love4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,?ird ,edition4 ---- ,tattle ,tales ( ,cupid4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,glasg[1 ,,ell51 ,au?or ( #8,! ,voice ( a ,p1' etc4 ,! ,battle ,gr\nd4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,gwynn1 ,,paul4 ,m>ta4 ,a ,novel4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,hannan1 ,,*>les1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,*9-,*9-,wa4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,h>ris1 ,,joel ,,*&l] 7,uncle ,remus74 ,si/] ,jane4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,hewlett1 ,,maurice4 ,au?or ( #8,! ,=e/ ,lov]s1' #8,ri*>d ,yea or ,nay4' ,new ,cant]bury ,tales4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ,,hutt51 ,,b>oness ,,von4 ,m>r'd 9 ,mak+4 ,photogravure ,frontispiece4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,james1 ,,h5ry4 ,! ,w+s ( ! ,dove4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,john/on1 ,,m>y4 ,by ,ord] ( ! ,company4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,t5? ,edition4 ,,john/on1 ,,m>y4 ,! ,old ,dom9ion4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ---- ,audrey4 ,) ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r by ,f4 ,c4 ,,yohn4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,k+sley1 ,,*>les4 ,we/w>d ,ho6 ,fully ,illu/rat$ & ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,g4 ,,laur5ce ,,gomme1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,laf>gue1 ,,philip4 ,/eph5 ,br5t4 #b vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #abs4 ---- ,! ,salt ( ! ,e>?4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,le ,,g(fic1 ,,*>les4 ,! ,d>k ,way ( ,love4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,,w+ate ,,r9d]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,loti1 ,,pi]re4 ,impressions4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,h5ry ,,james4 ,fcap4 #dto4 ,half vellum1 gilt4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,love ,,( ,,an ,,obsolete ,,woman4 ,*ronicl$ by ,h]self4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo? gilt1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,lov]1 ,,samuel4 ,! ,/ories (4 ,c5t5>y ,edition4 ,edit$ ) ,introduction & ,notes by ,j4 ,t4 ,o',,donoghue4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 p] vol4 ,vol4 #a4 ,h&y ,&y4 8 #b4 ,rory ,o',m4 8 #c4 ,treasure ,trove2 or1 #8,he w\ld be a ,g5tleman4' 8 #d4 ,leg5ds & ,/ories ( ,irel& 7#a/ ,s]ies74 8 #e4 ,leg5ds & ,/ories ( ,irel& 7#bnd ,s]ies74 8 #f4 ,fur!r ,/ories ( ,irel&4 ,! la/ volume includes ,/ories :i* h nev] be5 previ\sly collect$1 complet+ ! issue4 ,,lytton1 ,,"l4 ,h>old1 ! ,la/ ( ! ,saxons4 ,fully ,illu/rat$ & edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,g4 ,,laur5ce ,,gomme1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,macf>lane1 ,,*>les4 ,! ,camp ( ,refuge4 ,fully ,illu/rat$ & edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,g4 ,,laur5ce ,,gomme1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,read+ ,abbey4 ,fully ,illu/rat$ & edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,g4 ,,laur5ce ,,gomme1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ma*ray1 ,,rob]t1 ,au?or ( #8,! ,vision ,spl5did1' ,sir ,hector3 ,! ,/ory ( a ,scots ,g5tleman4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ,,macilwa9e1 ,,h]b]t ,c4 ,fate ! ,fiddl]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ---- ,d9k9b>4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ,,macleod1 ,,fiona4 ,! ,dom9ion ( ,dreams4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ---- ,! ,laught] ( ,pet]k94 ,illu/rat$ by ,,sund]l& ,,roll9son4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ---- ,gre5 ,fire4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,mc,i,l,w,r,a,i,t,h1 ,,jean1 "p ,au?or ( #8,! ,span ( ,life4' ,! ,curi\s ,c>e] ( ,rob]t ,campbell4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,frank ,,s*oonov]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,mc,l,a,w,s1 ,,lafayette4 ,:5 ! ,l& 0 ,"y4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,w ,,crau=d4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ,,mason1 ,a4 ,e4 ,w41 ,au?or ( #8,mir&a ( ! ,balcony1' etc4 ,ensign ,knightley1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,m]$i?1 ,,george4 ,! ,novels (4 ,libr>y ,edition4 ,complete 9 #ae vols41 ) ,photogravure ,frontispiece to ea*4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ea*4 ,,m]$i?1 ,,george4 ,! ,novels (4 ,9 #ae ,volumes4 ,pocket ,edition4 ,pr9t$ on ?9 opaque pap]1 specially manufactur$ = ?is edition1 b\nd 9 r$ clo?1 gilt lett]$ on back & side1 gilt top4 #bs4 #f;d4 net p] volume1 or #cs4 #f;d4 net 9 full lea!r p] volume4 ,,! ,,ordeal ,,( ,,ri*>d ,,fev]el4 ,,rhoda ,,flem+4 ,,s&ra ,,belloni4 ,,vittoria4 ,,diana ,,( ,,! ,,crossways4 ,,! ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,h>ry ,,ri*mond4 ,,beau*amp',s ,,c>e]4 ,,! ,,egoi/4 ,,! ,,tragic ,,com$ians4 ,,evan ,,h>r+ton4 ,,%ort ,,/ories3--,! ,tale ( ,*loe4 ,! ,h\se on ! ,bea*4 ,f>9a4 ,! ,case ( ,g5]al ,ople & ,lady ,camp]4 ,,! ,,%av+ ,,( ,,%agpat4 ,,! ,,amaz+ ,,m>riage4 ,,"o ,,( ,,our ,,conqu]ors4 ,,"l ,,ormont ,,& ,,8 ,,am9ta4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,com$y4 ,uni=m ) ! ,libr>y ,edition ( ! ,novels ( ,,george ,,m]$i?4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,tale ,,( ,,*loe4 ,pocket ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,bhanav>4 ,pocket ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,m]ejk[ski1 ,,dmitri4 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,gods4 ,translat$ by ,,h]b]t ,,tr5*1 late ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ---- ,! ,resurrection ( ! ,gods4 ,translat$ by ,,h]b]t ,,tr5*4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ,,montague1 ,,*>les4 ,! ,vigil4 ,a ,romance ( ,zulu ,life4 ,) #ad full-page ,illu/rations by ,a4 ,d4 ,m',,cormick4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,m[bray1 ,j4 ,p4 ,a ,j\rney to ,nature4 ,col\r$ end pap]s1 & specially design$ head & tail pieces4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ---- ,! ,mak+ ( a ,c\ntry ,home4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,*>les ,e4 ,,hoop]4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,newman1 ,,mrs4 ,8 ,v9dication4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,p>k]1 ,,nella4 ,dramas ( ,to-day4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,payne1 ,,w1 ,au?or ( #8,j]ry ! ,dream]1' etc4 ,! ,/ory ( ,eva4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,p5rose1 ,,mrs4 ,h4 ,h4 ,! ,mod]n ,gospel4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,p]ks1 ,,mrs4 ,,h>tley1 ,au?or ( #8,f ,hea!r ,hills4' ,among ! ,brack54 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,pick]+1 ,,sidney4 ,! ,romance ( 8 ,picture4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,pri*>d1 ,k4 ,,heske?1 ,jo9t ,au?ors ( #8,a ,mod]n ,m]c5>y4' ,k>adac4 ,) ,photogravure ,frontispiece4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,re$1 ,,m>cus4 #8,pride ( ,engl&4' ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 #8,,rita1' ,au?or ( #8,peg ! ,rake1' #8,petticoat ,loose1' etc4 ,! ,s9 ( ,jasp] ,/&i%4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,russell1 ,w4 ,,cl>k1 ,au?or ( #8,john ,holdswor?1 ,*ief ,mate1' #8,wreck ( ! ,grosv5or1' etc4 ,! ,%ip's ,adv5ture4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,scott1 ,,sir ,,walt]4 ,! ,wav]ley ,novels4 ,! fav\rite ,edition ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,a ,facsimile ( ! ,edition ( #ahbi publi%$ by ,cadell ,co4 ,) all ! orig9al ,plates aft] ,sir ,,david ,,wilkie1 ,r4,a42 ,sir ,,edw9 ,,l&se]1 ,r4,a42 ,c4 ,r4 ,,leslie1 ,r4,a42 ,,cl>kson ,,/anfield1 ,r4,a41 etc4 7re-engrav$74 ,9 #dh vols4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 pap] label title1 #as4 #f;d4 net p] volume1 or #c #abs4 net ! set4 ,also clo? gilt1 gilt top1 #bs4 net p] volume1 or #d #afs4 net ! set2 & half lea!r1 gilt1 #bs4 #f;d4 net p] volume1 or #f net ! set4 ,,set\n1 ,,gabriel1 ,au?or ( #8,rob]t ,urquh>t1' #8,b>ncraig1' etc4 ,! ,skipp] ( ,b>ncraig4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ,,%>p1 ,,william4 ,madge o' ! ,pool4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,s9clair1 ,,may1 ,au?or ( #8,audrey ,crav5' & #8,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,nevill ,tyson4' ,two ,sides ( a ,"q4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,smi?1 ,f4 ,,hopk9son1 ,au?or ( #8,tom ,grogan1' etc4 ,caleb ,we/1 ,ma/] ,div]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,edition4 ,,soane1 ,,john4 ,! ,que/ ( ,mr4 ,ea/4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,/eel1 ,,flora ,,annie4 ,9 ! ,tideway4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,/ok]1 ,,bram4 ,dracula4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,six? ,edition4 ,,/ok]1 ,,bram4 ,! ,%\ld] ( ,%a/a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,/reet1 ,g4 ,s41 ,au?or ( #8,! ,autobiography ( a ,boy1' etc4 ,a ,book ( ,/ories4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,/urgis1 ,,julian4 ,! ,folly ( ,p5 ,h>r+ton4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,/eph5 ,cal9>i4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,?orburn1 ,s4 ,s4 ,8 ,maje/y's ,greate/ ,subject4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,tynan1 ,,ka?>9e1 ,au?or ( #8,! ,de> ,iri% ,girl1' etc41 etc4 ,t ,sweet ,enemy4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,:ite1 ,,p]cy4 ,! ,we/ ,end4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,:ite1 ,,/ew>t ,e4 ,! ,we/]n]s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ---- ,! ,blaz$ ,trail4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 #8,,zack1' ,au?or ( #8,life is ,life' & #8,on ,trial4' ,! ,:ite ,cottage4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,poetry4 ,,all51 ,,rev4 ,g4 ,c4 ,tales f ,t5nyson4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,arm/rong1 ,,ar?ur ,,coles4 ,a ,tale f ,boccaccio1 & o!r ,poems4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,b>mby1 ,,beatrice ,,hel54 ,gisli ,sursson4 ,a ,drama4 ,ballads & ,poems ( ! ,old ,norse ,days1 ) "s ,translations4 ,) an ,introduction by ,f4 ,,york ,,p[ell4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,batt]sby1 ,,c>yl4 ,! ,song ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,baughan1 ,b4 ,e4 ,v]ses4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,bidd]1 ,,george4 ,by ,s\!rn ,%ore4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ---- ,m]l9's ,y\?4 ,pap]1 #as4 ,also clo?1 #es4 ,,br[n+1 ,,rob]t4 ,m5 & ,wom54 ,a limit$ ,edition1 pr9t$ on h&-made pap]1 & b\nd 9 half vellum4 ,9 #b vols41 #afmo1 ) ,photogravure ,frontispiece to ea*4 #fs4 net ! #b vols4 ,,campbell1 ,,james ,,dykes4 ,col]idge's ,poems4 ,a ,facsimile ,reproduction ( ! ,pro(s & ,,mss4 ( "s ( ! ,poems4 ,edit$ by ,,james ,,dykes ,,campbell4 ,) ,preface & ,notes by ,w4 ,,hale ,,:ite4 ,edition limit$ to #bej copies1 #fs4 net4 ,l>ge ,pap] edition ( #ej copies1 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,d\ghty1 ,,*>les4 ,"u ,arms1 #aijj4 ,price #as4 net4 ,,dryd51 ,,john4 ,aur5g-,zebe3 ,a ,trag$y4 ,,som]ville1 ,,william4 ,! ,*ace3 ,a ,poem4 ,edit$ by ,,k5ne? ,,deighton4 ,9 "o volume4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,gale1 ,,norman4 ,a ,c\ntry ,muse4 ,fir/ & ,second ,s]ies4 ,a new ,edition conta9+ additional ,poems4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ea* volume4 ---- ,cricket ,songs4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,pap]1 #as4 ,,g>dn]1 ,,edmund4 ,dante's ,t5 ,heav5s4 ,a ,/udy 9 ! #8,p>adiso4' ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 ,second ,edition4 ---- & ,,philip ,h4 ,,wick/e$1 ,m4,a4 ,dante & ,giovanni del ,v]gilio4 ,includ+ a ,critical ,edition ( ! text ( ,dante's #8,eclog ,lat91' & ( ! poetic rema9s ( ,giovanni del ,v]gilio4 ,demy #hvo4 ,,gemm]1 ,c4 ,m4 ,fidelis & o!r ,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,graham1 ,,david4 ,rizzio4 ,an ,hi/orical ,trag$y4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ---- ,d>nley4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,m]$i?1 ,,george4 ,a ,read+ ( ,life & o!r ,poems4 ,buckram4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 net4 ---- ,poems4 #b vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ea*4 ,uni=m ) ! ,libr>y ,edition ( ! ,works ( ,,george ,,m]$i?4 ,,m]$i?1 ,,george4 ,select$ ,poems4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,buckram1 #fs4 net4 ---- ,select$ ,poems4 ,pocket ,edition4 ,b\nd 9 half vellum4 #afmo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ---- ,odes 9 ,contribution to ! ,song ( ,fr5* ,hi/ory4 ,! ,revolution1 ,napolon1 ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,buckram1 #fs4 net4 ---- ,! ,nature ,poems (4 ,) #bj full-page ,photogravure ,draw+s by ,,william ,,hyde4 ,pr9t$ on h&made pap]4 ,edition limit$ to #cej copies4 #b #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,also #aej copies on l>ge pap]1 #e #es4 net4 ,,mills1 ,e4 ,j4 ,my ,only ,*ild4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,nesbit1 ,e4 ,songs ( ,love & ,empire4 ,clo? gilt4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,piatt1 ,,john ,,james4 ,! ,gho/'s ,entry1 & o!r ,poems4 ,clo? gilt4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,piatt1 ,,mrs4 ,*ild ,_w ,ballads4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,prema-,,sag>a2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,ocean ,,( ,,love4 ,translat$ f ! ,h9di by ,f4 ,,p9cott4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,rait1 ,,rob]t ,s4 ,a ,royal ,rhetorician4 ,a ,treatise on ,scottis ,poesie4 ,a ,c\nt]bla/e to ,tobacco1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,k+ ,,james ,,vi4 & ,i4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,,rob]t ,s4 ,,rait1 ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,rait1 ,,rob]t ,s4 ,poems ( ,montrose & ,m>vell4 ,edit$ by ,,rob]t ,s4 ,,rait4 #afmo1 half p>*m5t4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,rog]s1 ,,alex&]4 ,! ,wid[$ ,que52 or1 ,! ,rhani ( ,jhansi4 ,a ,play4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,sir ,,edw9 ,,arnold4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,%akespe>e1 ,,william4 ,illu/rat$ ,edition ( ! ,works (4 ,9 #bj ,imp]ial #afmo ,volumes ) col\r$ title-page & end-pap]s design$ by ,,lewis ,f4 ,,day1 & a specially design$ col\r$ illu/ration to ea* ,play1 ! arti/s be+3 ,l4 ,,leslie ,,brooke1 ,,byam ,,%aw1 ,,h5ry ,j4 ,,=d1 ,g4 ,p4 ,,jacomb ,,hood1 ,w4 ,d4 ,,ed51 ,,e/elle ,,na?an1 ,,eleanor ,f4 ,,brickdale1 ,,patt5 ,,wilson1 ,,rob]t ,,saub]1 ,,john ,d4 ,,batt51 ,,g]ald ,,moira1 & ,,frank ,c4 ,,c[p]4 ,! title-page & illu/rations pr9t$ on ,japanese vellum4 ,clo? gilt1 extra1 gilt top1 gilt back1 ) headb& & bookm>k]1 #bs4 #f;d4 net p] volume1 or #b #ajs4 ! set4 ,ea* volume sold sep>ately4 ,,skr9e1 ,j4 ,,huntley4 ,songs ( ! ,maid4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,sp5s]1 ,,edmund4 ,! ,fa]ie ,que5e4 ,complete 9 ,six ,volumes4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #is4 net4 ,edit$ by ,,kate ,m4 ,,w>r54 #as4 #f;d4 net ea*4 ,also ,art ,canvas1 gilt extra1 ) ,photogravure ,frontispiece1 #bs4 #f;d4 net p] vol42 complete 9 case1 #aes4 net4 ,,/anton1 ,,frank ,l4 ,songs ( ! ,soil4 ,) a ,preface by ,,joel ,,*&l] ,,h>ris 7,,uncle ,,remus74 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,/ev5son1 ,,wallace4 ,"s ,songs & ,v]ses4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,?ompson1 ,,francis4 ,new ,poems4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,?omson1 ,,james4 ,poems4 ,by ,,james ,,?omson1 ,weav] ( ,k5lei?4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,vialls1 ,m4 ,a4 ,music ,fancies4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,wick/e$1 ,,philip ,h41 ,m4,a41 & ,,edmund ,g4 ,,g>dn]1 ,m4,a4 ,dante & ,giovanni del ,v]gilio4 ,includ+ a ,critical ,edition ( ! text ( ,dante's #8,eclog ,lat91' & ( ! poetic rema9s ( ,giovanni del ,v]gilio4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 ,,wilson1 ,,rob]t4 ,laurel ,leaves4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,books = ! ,"y4 ,,all51 ,,rev4 ,g4 ,c41 ,m4,a4 7,head ,ma/] ( ,cranleigh ,s*ool74 ,tales f ,t5nyson4 ,) two ,photogravures4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,argyll1 ,,duke ,,(4 ,adv5tures 9 ,leg5d4 ,tales ( ! ,we/ ,highl&s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,,h>rison ,,mill] & ,,fairfax ,,muckley4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,bankes1 ,,rod54 ,a ,/ory ,book = ,lesson ,"t4 ,clo?1 cr[n #hvo4 #as4 ,,gale1 ,,norman4 ,cricket ,songs4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,pap]1 #as4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,gomme1 ,g4 ,,laur5ce4 ,books edit$ by4 ---- ,! ,k+'s ,/ory ,book4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,h>rison ,,mill]4 ---- ,! ,que5's ,/ory ,book4 ,illu/rat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,,rob9son4 ---- ,! ,pr9ce's ,/ory ,book4 ,illu/rat$ by ,h4 ,s4 ,,banks4 ---- ,! ,pr9cess's ,/ory ,book4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,hel5 ,,/ratton4 ,hi/orical ,/ories collect$ out ( ,engli% ,romantic ,lit]ature1 9 illu/ration ( ! ,reigns ( ,engli% ,mon>*s f ! ,conque/ to ,que5 ,victoria4 ,new ,editions ( ea* ( ^! ,/ory ,books are 9 prep>ation4 ,h>old3 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,saxons4 ,by ,,"l ,,lytton4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,camp ( ,refuge4 ,by ,,*>les ,,macf>lane4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,we/w>d ,ho6 ,by ,,*>les ,,k+sley4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,read+ ,abbey4 ,by ,,*>les ,,macf>lane4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,h>ris1 ,,joel ,,*&l] 7,uncle ,remus74 ,si/] ,jane1 ,h] ,fri5ds & ,acqua9tances4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,macleod1 ,,fiona4 ,! ,laught] ( ,pet]k94 ,a ,re-tell+ ( ,old ,/ories ( ! ,celtic ,wond]-,_w4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,sund]l& ,,roll9son4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,pa9e1 ,,alb]t ,,bigel[4 ,! ,holl[ ,tree4 ,illu/rat$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,,cond4 ,b\nd 9 col\r$ bo>ds4 #dto4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,s++ ,,"t4 ,a ,*ild's ,song ,book4 ,music by ,,ar?ur ,,som]vell4 ,draw+s by ,l4 ,,leslie ,,brooke4 ,squ>e #dto4 #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,to ,,au?ors ,addison1 ,joseph1 #bb4 #8,ali51' #cc4 ,all51 ,rev4 ,g4 ,c41 #db4 ,&om1 ,r41 #cc4 ,anit*k[1 ,mi*ael1 #c4 ,anon41 #c1 #cc4 ,arb]1 ,pr(essor ,edw>d1 #bb-be4 ,argyll1 ,duke (1 #cc4 ,arm/rong1 ,ar?ur ,coles1 #db4 ,arnold1 ,t4 ,w41 #c4 ,arnold1 ,sir ,edw91 #de4 ,as*am1 ,rog]1 #bb1 #bc4 ,bacon1 ,"l1 #bc4 ,ba91 ,r4 ,nisbet1 #c4 ,ball91 ,mrs4 ,a41 #bf4 ,bankes1 ,rod51 #bf4 ,b>mby1 ,beatrice ,hel51 #db4 ,b>nfield1 ,ri*>d1 #be4 ,b>?olomew1 ,j4 ,g41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 #ad4 ,bates1 ,arlo1 #cc4 ,batt]sby1 ,c>yl1 #db4 ,battye1 ,a4 ,trevor-1 ,f4,l4,s41 #ad4 ,baughan1 ,b4 ,e41 #db4 ,bayley1 ,sir ,/eu>t ,colv91 #g4 ,beatty1 ,william1 ,m4,d41 #c4 ,beaumont1 ,worby1 #bf4 ,b]!t1 ,e41 #cc4 ,b]tram1 ,james1 #d4 ,bidd]1 ,george1 #db4 ,bidd]1 ,m41 #cc4 ,birdwood1 ,sir ,george1 ,m4,d41 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 ,c4,s4,i41 ,,ll4,d41 #ae4 ,birrell1 ,augu/9e1 ,q4,c41 ,m4,p41 #d4 ,black1 ,c4 ,e4 ,d41 #aj4 ,bl\nt1 ,b]tram1 #bf4 ,bonavia1 ,emmanuel1 ,m4,d41 #bf4 ,boswell1 ,james1 #d4 ,b[]1 ,m>ian1 #cc4 ,brabant1 ,ar?ur ,b>+1 #aj4 ,bradley1 ,a4 ,g41 #d4 ,brame1 ,j4 ,s4 ,s41 #bh4 ,bright1 ,*>les1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 #d4 ,bright1 ,edw>d ,brail/on1 ,c4,e41 #d4 ,br[nell1 ,w4 ,c41 #bj4 ,br[n+1 ,rob]t1 #db4 ,bryd51 ,h4 ,a41 #cc4 ,burr\ghs1 ,john1 #e4 ,cairnes1 ,capt4 ,w4 ,e41 #cc4 ,campbell1 ,james ,dykes1 #db4 ,campbell1 ,"l ,ar*ibald1 #e4 ,capes1 ,b]n>d1 #cc4 ,c>mi*ael1 ,m41 #cd4 ,caxton1 ,william1 #bd4 #8,c5turion1' #e4 ,*ailley-,b]t1 ,j41 #e4 ,*amb]la91 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,joseph1 ,m4,p41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 #e4 ,*amb]s1 ,r4 ,w41 #cd4 ,*>les1 ,joseph ,f41 #cd4 ,*>r+ton1 ,*>les1 #cd4 ,cold/ream1 ,j4 ,p41 #bf4 ,cole1 ,alan ,s41 #bj4 ,coll9s1 ,j4 ,*urton1 #e4 ,conway1 ,sir ,william ,m>t91 #ad4 ,coop]1 ,bi%op ,?omas1 #be4 ,coop]1 ,e4 ,h41 #cd4 ,corni%1 ,f4 ,w>re1 #cd4 ,c\rtney1 ,w4 ,l41 #e4 ,coxon1 ,e!l1 #cd4 ,cunynghame1 ,h5ry1 #bj4 ,currie1 ,maj4-,g54 ,f5dall1 #e4 ,curzon1 ,! ,"r ,hon4 ,george ,n4 7,"l ,curzon ( ,k$le/on71 #e4 ,dale1 ,t4 ,f4 7,/onecl9k71 #ag1 #cd4 ,daniell1 ,a4 ,e41 #bj1 #ca4 ,danv]s1 ,fr$4 ,*>les1 #g4 ,d>nley1 ,c\ntess (1 #cd4 ,davidson1 ,?omas1 #f4 ,deck]1 ,?omas1 #bd4 ,deighton1 ,k5ne?1 #f4 ,de ,bury1 ,mlle4 ,blaze1 #f4 ,d5ny1 ,*>les ,e41 #cd4 ,d9smore1 ,*>les ,a41 #f4 ,d\ghty1 ,*>les1 #dc4 ,doyle1 ,c4 ,w41 #cd4 ,dryd51 ,john1 #dc4 ,duff1 ,c4 ,m41 #f4 ,dur&1 ,lady1 #ae4 ,dutt1 ,r4 ,c41 ,c4,i4,e41 #f4 ,e>le1 ,alice ,morse1 #ab4 ,e>le1 ,john1 #bb4 ,elliott1 ,rob]t ,h41 #ae4 ,engleh>dt1 ,a4 ,p41 #ae4 ,filippi1 ,filippo de1 #ae4 ,fi%1 ,simon1 #bd4 ,fl[]dew1 ,h]b]t1 #ce4 ,=bes-,rob]tson1 ,frances1 #ce4 ,=d1 ,paul ,leice/]1 #ce4 ,fox1 ,ar?ur ,w41 #f4 ,gairdn]1 ,james1 #f4 ,gale1 ,norman1 #dc4 ,gall1 ,john1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b41 #bg4 ,g>dn]1 ,edmund1 #dc4 ,gascoigne1 ,george1 #bb4 ,gemm]1 ,c4 ,m41 #dc4 ,glasg[1 ,ell51 #ce4 ,godk91 ,e4 ,l41 #f1 #g4 ,g(fic1 ,*>les le1 #cf4 ,gomme1 ,g4 ,laur5ce1 #g1 #cf1 #cg1 #dg4 ,googe1 ,b>nabe1 #bc4 ,gosson1 ,/eph51 #bb4 ,graham1 ,david1 #dc4 ,granby1 ,m>*ioness (1 #bj4 ,gre5e1 ,rob]t1 ,m4,a41 #bd4 ,gribble1 ,francis1 #g4 ,guillem>d1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,h41 #af4 ,gwynn1 ,paul1 #ce4 ,hab+ton1 ,william1 #bc4 ,hackel1 ,edu>d1 #bg4 ,hake1 ,a4 ,egmont1 #g4 ,hanna1 ,col4 ,h4 ,b41 #g1 #ah4 ,hannan1 ,*>les1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 #ce4 ,h>ald1 ,j4 ,h41 #ca4 ,h>ewood1 ,fr$41 #cc4 ,h>ris1 ,joel ,*&l] 7,uncle ,remus71 #ce4 ,hayd51 ,e4 ,g41 #g4 ,hewitt1 ,j4 ,f41 #g4 ,hewlett1 ,maurice1 #ce4 ,hodgson1 ,r4 ,ll41 #ae1 #cd4 ,hold51 ,ed4 ,s41 ,,ll4,d41 #h4 ,holl&1 ,clive1 #bg4 ,hope1 ,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john1 #h1 #bj4 ,h\fe1 ,c4 ,a41 #h4 ,h[ell1 ,james1 #bc4 ,hunt]1 ,sir ,w4 ,w41 #h4 ,hutt51 ,b>oness von1 #ce4 ,hyde1 ,william1 #ba4 ,irw91 ,sidney ,t41 #h4 ,james1 ,h5ry1 #ce1 #cf4 ,james1 ,k+1 ! 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( ,nelson4 ,f\r ,gospels4 ,clo?4 ,pap] label4 ,m]$i? 7,george7 ,! ,novels (4 ,pocket ,edition4 #ae vols4 ,ea*4 ,rait 7,r4 ,s47 ,poems ( ,montrose & ,m>vell4 ,scott 7,sir ,walt]7 ,! ,wav]ley ,novels4 #dh vols4 ,lea!r4 ,p] vol4 ,%akespe>e4 ,! ,works (4 ,illu/rat$4 #bj vols4 ,ea*4 ,! ,books ( ! ,bible--,psalms1 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,luke1 ,/4 ,john4 ,lea!r gilt4 ,walk] 7,c47 ,amateur ,fi% ,culture4 ,w>r5 7,kate ,m47 ,sp5s]'s ,fa]ie ,que5e4 ,clo? gilt4 #f vols4 ,ea*4 ,sid5ote3 #cs4 ,net4 ,f\r ,gospels4 ,clo? gilt4 ,sid5ote3 #cs4 #f;d4 ,&om 7,r47 & ,h>ewood 7,f47 ,! ,=tune ( a ,sp5d?rift4 ,anon4 ,muggleton ,college4 ,clo?4 ,ball9 7,mrs4 ,ada7 ,f ,cradle to ,s*ool4 ,bryd5 7,h4 ,a47 ,tales ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,c>mi*ael 7,montgom]y7 ,sket*es & ,/ories1 ,grave & ,gay4 ,*>r+ton 7,*>les7 ,a ,/urdy ,begg>1 & ,lady ,bramb]'s ,gho/4 ,two ,/ories4 ,doyle 7,c4 ,w47 ,! ,%ad[ ( ,quong ,lung4 ---- ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,jungle4 ,g(fic 7,c4 ,le7 ,! ,d>k ,way ( ,love4 ,hannan 7,*>les1 ,f4,r4,g4,s47 ,*9-,*9-,wa4 ,k+sley 7,*>les7 ,we/w>d ,ho6 ,lytton 7,"l7 ,h>old4 ,macf>lane 7,*>les7 ,! ,camp ( ,refuge4 ---- ,read+ ,abbey4 ,macleod 7,fiona7 ,gre5 ,fire4 ,morison 7,!odore7 ,imp]ial ,rule 9 ,india4 ,p>k] 7,nella7 ,dramas ( ,to-,day4 ,peel 7,mrs4 ,c4 ,s47 ,! ,new ,home4 ---- ,t5 ,%ill+s a ,head p] ,week = ,h\se-books4 ,p]ks 7,mrs4 ,h>tley7 ,among ! ,brack54 ,s9clair 7,v54 ,ar*deacon1 ,d4,d47 ,simplicity 9 ,*ri/4 ,/eele 7,f4 ,a47 ,9 ! ,tideway4 ,/ok] 7,bram7 ,! ,%\ld] ( ,%a/a4 ,/urgis 7,julian7 ,! ,folly ( ,p5 ,h>r+ton4 ,?orburn 7,s4 ,s47 ,8 ,maje/y's ,greate/ ,subject4 ,w>d 7,pr(4 ,a4 ,w47 ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton4 ,sid5ote3 #cs4 #f;d4 ,net ,all5 7,g4 ,c47 ,tales f ,t5nyson4 ,b>mby 7,b4 ,h47 ,gisli ,sursson4 ,a ,drama4 ,batt]sby 7,c>yl7 ,! ,song ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,c\rtney 7,w4 ,l47 ,! ,idea ( ,trag$y4 ,deighton 7,k5ne?7 ,conjectural ,read+s 9 ! ,old ,dramati/s4 ,gemm] 7,c4 ,m47 ,fidelis & o!r ,poems4 ,madge 7,h4 ,d47 ,leaves f ! ,gold5 ,leg5d4 ,m]$i? 7,george7 ,select$ ,poems4 ,pocket ,edition4 ---- ,tale ( ,*loe4 ,pocket ,edition4 ---- ,! ,/ory ( ,bhanav>4 ,pocket ,edn4 ,rait 7,r4 ,s47 ,a ,royal ,rhetorician4 ,! ,man*e/] ,/age1 #ahhj-aijj4 ,sid5ote3 #ds4 ,gall 7,john1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,b47 & ,rob]tson 7,david1 ,b4,sc47 ,popul> ,read+s 9 ,sci5ce4 ,lewes 7,vivian ,b47 & ,brame 7,j4 ,s4 ,s47 ,laboratory ,note ,book = ,*emical ,/ud5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #ds4 ,net4 ,boswell's ,acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,johnson's ,t\r 9 ! ,hebrides4 #b volumes4 ,clo?4 ,sid5ote3 #ds4 #f;d4 ,m]$i? ,bir?day ,book4 ,sid5ote3 #ds4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,?omson 7,j4 ,j47 ,! ,dis*>ge ( ,electricity ?r\gh ,gases4 ,sid5ote3 #es4 ,baughan 7,b4 ,e47 ,v]ses4 ,bidd] 7,george7 ,by ,s\!rn ,%ore4 ---- ,m]l9's ,y\?4 ,clo?4 ,f\r ,gospels4 ,lea!r4 ,gale 7,norman7 ,a ,c\ntry ,muse4 #a/ ,s]ies4 ---- #bnd ,s]ies4 ,mills 7,e4 ,j47 ,my ,only ,*ild4 ,nesbit 7,e47 ,songs ( ,love & ,empire4 ,piatt 7,j4 ,j47 ,! ,gho/'s ,entry4 ,piatt 7,mrs47 ,*ild ,_w ,ballads4 ,rog]s 7,alex&]7 ,! ,wid[$ ,que54 ,skr9e 7,j4 ,h47 ,songs ( ! ,maid4 ,som]vell 7,a47 & ,brooke 7,leslie7 ,s++ ,"t4 ,a ,*ild's ,song ,book4 ,walk] 7,*>les7 ,%oot+ on a ,small ,income4 ,wilk9son 7,sp5s]7 ,! ,nation's ,awak5+4 ,wilson 7,rob]t7 ,laurel ,leaves4 ,sid5ote3 #es4 ,net4 ,arm/rong 7,ar?ur ,coles7 ,a ,tale f ,boccaccio4 ,davidson 7,?omas7 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,d9smore 7,*>les ,a47 ,! ,tea*+s ( ,dante4 ,dryd5 7,john7 ,aur5g-,zebe1 ,som]ville 7,william7 ,! ,*ace4 ,edit$ by ,k5ne? ,deighton4 ,graham 7,david7 ,rizzio4 ---- ,d>nley4 ,mit*ell 7,h4 ,g47 ,! ,_w ,be=e ,abraham4 ,seton-,watson 7,r4 ,w47 ,maximilian4 ,snea? 7,e4 ,h]%ey7 ,! ,m9d ( ,t5nyson4 ,/anton 7,frank ,l47 ,songs ( ! ,soil4 ,sid5ote3 #fs4 #8,ali5' ,ano!r ,woman's ,t]ritory4 ,argyll 7,duke (7 ,adv5tures 9 ,leg5d4 ,bates 7,arlo7 ,! ,puritans4 ,b]!t 7,e47 ,! ,catacombs ( ,p>is4 ,bidd] 7,m47 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,cr[n4 ,b[] 7,m>ian7 ,! ,puppet ,%[4 ,bradley 7,a4 ,g47 ,! ,fight ) ,france = ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,cairnes 7,capta9 ,w4 ,e47 ,! ,com+ ,wat]loo4 ,capes 7,b]n>d7 ,love ,l a ,gipsy4 ,*amb]s 7,r4 ,w47 ,c>digan4 ,*>les 7,joseph ,f47 ,a ,/atesman's ,*ance4 ,conway 7,sir ,william ,m>t97 ,! ,alps f ,end to ,end4 ,coop] 7,e4 ,h47 ,! ,enemies4 ,corni% 7,f4 ,w>re7 ,sunn+well4 ,coxon 7,e!l7 ,)9 ,b\nds4 ,currie 7,major-,g54 ,f5dall7 ,bel[ ! ,surface4 ,dale 7,t4 ,f47 & ,slaught] 7,f4 ,e47 ,two ,=tunes & ,old ,pat*4 ,daniell 7,a4 ,e47 ,london ,city ,*ur*es4 ---- ,london ,riv]side ,*ur*es4 ,d>nley 7,c\ntess (7 & ,hodgson 7,r4 ,ll47 ,elma ,trevor4 ,de ,bury 7,yetta ,blaze7 ,fr5* ,lit]ature ( ,to-day4 ,d5ny 7,*>les ,e47 ,! ,failure ( ! ,w&]]4 ,dutt 7,r4 ,c47 ,! ,lit]ature ( ,b5gal4 ,fl[]dew 7,h47 ,retaliation4 ,=bes-,rob]tson 7,francis7 ,odd ,/ories4 ---- ,! ,pot5tate4 ,=d 7,paul ,leice/]7 ,! ,/ory ( an ,untold ,love4 ---- ,tattle ,tales ( ,cupid4 ---- ,janice ,m]$i?4 ,gallon 7,tom7 ,! ,man :o ,knew ,bett]4 ,glasg[ 7,ell57 ,! ,battle ,gr\nd4 ,gwynn 7,paul7 ,m>ta4 ,h>ald 7,h4 ,j47 ,! ,k ( ,life4 ,h>ris 7,joel ,*&l]7 ,si/] ,jane4 ,hewlett 7,maurice7 ,new ,cant]bury ,tales4 ,hutt5 7,b>oness von7 ,m>r'd 9 ,mak+4 ,james 7,h5ry7 ,! ,w+s ( ! ,dove4 ,john/on 7,m>y7 ,! ,old ,dom9ion4 ---- ,by ,ord] ( ! ,company4 ---- ,audrey4 ,krehbiel 7,h5ry ,e47 ,music & ,mann]s 9 ! ,classical ,p]iod4 ,la*ambre & ,ma*uron4 ,&re & 8 ,balloon4 ,lov] 7,samuel7 ,h&y ,&y4 ---- ,treasure ,trove4 ---- ,rory ,o',m4 ---- ,leg5ds & ,/ories ( ,irel&4 ,vol4 ,i4 -------- ,vol4 ,,ii4 ----,fur!r ,/ories4 ,ma*ray 7,rob]t7 ,sir ,hector4 ,mac,ilwaine 7,h]b]t ,c47 ,d9k9b>4 ----,fate ! ,fiddl]4 ,mc,ilwraith 7,jean ,n47 ,curi\s ,c>e] ( ,rob]t ,campbell4 ,mc,laws 7,lafayette7 ,:5 ! ,l& 0 ,"y4 ,macleod 7,fiona7 ,! ,laught] ( ,pet]k94 ---- ,! ,dom9ion ( ,dreams4 ,mason 7,a4 ,e4 ,w47 ,ensign ,knightley1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,meak9 7,a4 ,m4 ,b47 ,a ,ribbon ( ,iron4 ,m]$i? 7,george7 ,! ,ordeal ( ,ri*>d ,fev]el4 ---- ,rhoda ,flem+4 ---- ,s&ra ,belloni4 ---- ,vittoria4 ---- ,diana ( ! ,crossways4 ---- ,beau*amp's ,c>e]4 ---- ,! ,adv5tures ( ,h>ry ,ri*mond4 ,m]$i? 7,george7 ,! ,egoi/4 ---- ,! ,tragic ,com$ians4 ---- ,evan ,h>r+ton4 ---- ,! ,tale ( ,*loe & o!r ,/ories4 ---- ,! ,%av+ ( ,%agpat4 ---- ,! ,amaz+ ,m>riage4 ---- ,"o ( ,our ,conqu]ors4 ---- ,poems4 #b vols4 ,ea*4 ---- ,"l ,ormont & 8 ,am9ta4 ---- ,an ,essay on ,com$y4 ,m]ejk[ski 7,dmitri7 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,gods4 ---- ,! ,resurrection ( ! ,gods4 ,montague 7,*>les7 ,! ,vigil4 ,nans5 7,fridtj(7 ,f>!/ ,nor?4 ,newman 7,mrs47 ,8 ,v9dication4 ,payne 7,w7 ,! ,/ory ( ,eva4 ,p5rose 7,mrs4 ,h4 ,h47 ,! ,mod]n ,gospel4 ,pri*>d 7,k4 ,h47 ,k>adac4 ,re$ 7,m>cus7 #8,pride ( ,engl&4' #8,rita' ,! ,s9 ( ,jasp] ,/&i%4 ,russell 7,w4 ,cl>k7 ,! ,%ip's ,adv5ture4 ,scott 7,eva7 ,rup]t1 ,pr9ce ,palat9e4 ,set\n 7,gabriel7 ,! ,skipp] ( ,b>ncraig4 ,siborne 7,capta9 ,william7 ,! ,wat]loo ,campaign1 #ahae4 ,si*el 7,edi?7 ,! ,h\sehold ( ! ,lafayettes4 ,s9clair 7,may7 ,two ,sides ( a ,"q4 ,smi? 7,f4 ,hopk9son7 ,caleb ,we/3 ,ma/] ,div]4 ,soane 7,john7 ,! ,que/ ( ,mr4 ,ea/4 ,/ok] 7,bram7 ,dracula4 ,/reet 7,g4 ,s47 ,a ,book ( ,/ories4 ,/urgis 7,julian7 ,/eph5 ,cal9>i4 ,t>v] 7,j4 ,c47 ,"s ,obs]vations ( a ,fo/] ,p>5t4 ---- ,debateable ,claims4 ,trevor-,battye 7,aubyn7 ,a ,nor!rn ,highway ( ! ,cz>4 ,tynan 7,ka?>9e7 ,t ,sweet ,enemy4 ,waddell 7,major ,l4 ,a47 ,among ! ,himalayas4 ,:ite 7,/ew>t ,e47 ,! ,we/]n]s4 ---- ,! ,blaz$ ,trail4 ,wick/e$ 7,rev4 ,p4 ,h47 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,villani4 ,wilson 7,ar*deacon ,j4 ,m47 ,tru?s ,new & ,old4 ,wilson 7,s>ah7 ,! ,romance ( our ,anci5t ,*ur*es4 ,w9sl[ 7,mrs4 ,anna ,gre57 ,di>y ( a ,bo/on ,s*ool ,girl4 ,"y 7,erne/7 ,! ,k+dom ( ! ,yell[ ,robe4 #8,zack' ,! ,:ite ,cottage4 ,sid5ote3 #fs4 ,net4 ,boswell's ,acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,johnson's ,t\r 9 ! ,hebrides4 ,half lea!r4 #b vols4 ,! set4 ,br[n+ 7,rob]t7 ,m5 & ,wom54 #b vols4 ,! set4 ,burr\ghs 7,john7 ,:itman4 ,campbell 7,james ,dykes7 ,col]idge's ,poems4 ,cunynghame 7,h4 ,h47 ,art ,enamell+ on ,metals4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,godk9 7,e4 ,l47 ,un=ese5 ,t5d5cies ( ,democracy4 ,m]$i? 7,george7 ,odes 9 ,contribution to ! ,song ( ,fr5* ,hi/ory4 ---- ,select$ ,poems4 ---- ,a ,read+ ( ,life4 ,m[bray 7,j4 ,p47 ,! ,mak+ ( a ,c\ntry ,home4 ,mn/]b]g 7,hugo7 ,psy*ology & ,life4 ,?ompson 7,francis7 ,new ,poems4 ,torrey 7,joseph7 ,elem5t>y ,/udies 9 ,*emi/ry4 ,turn] 7,h4 ,h41 ,f4,r4,s47 ,mod]n ,a/ronomy4 ,sid5ote3 #gs4 #f;d4 ,b]tram 7,james7 ,"s ,memories ( ,books1 ,au?ors & ,ev5ts4 ,*ailley-,b]t 7,j47 ,colonisation ( ,indo-,*9a4 ,coll9s 7,*urton7 ,ephem]a ,critica4 ,curzon 7,"l1 ( ,k$le/on7 ,problems ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,elliott 7,rob]t7 ,gold1 ,sport1 & ,c(fee-,plant+ 9 ,mysore4 ,godk9 7,e4 ,l47 ,reflections & ,comm5ts4 ---- ,problems ( ,mod]n ,democracy4 ,hodgson 7,r4 ,ll47 ,on ,pla9 & ,peak4 ,/u>t 7,john7 ,pictures ( ,w>4 ,?omson 7,james7 ,poems4 ,sid5ote3 #gs4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,hayd5 7,e4 ,g47 ,travels ,r\nd our ,village4 ,ma/]man 7,n47 ,*alm]s on ,*>ity4 ,mc,crindle 7,j4 ,w47 ,anci5t ,india z describ$ 9 ,classical ,lit]ature4 ,m[bray 7,j4 ,p47 ,a ,j\rney to ,nature4 ,rob]ts 7,morley7 ,! ,we/]n ,av]nus4 ,sid5ote3 #is4 ,net4 ,sp5s] 7,edmund7 ,! ,fa]ie ,que5e4 #f vols4 ,clo?4 ,sid5ote3 #ajs4 ,net4 ,bonavia 7,emmanuel7 ,flora ( ! ,assyrian ,monum5ts4 ,hanna 7,col4 ,h4 ,b47 ,! ,second ,afghan ,w>4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,sid5ote3 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,con/able's ,h& ,gazette] ( ,india4 ,hold5 7,ed4 ,s47 ,mogul ,emp]ors ( ,h9du/an4 ,j>d9e 7,hon4 ,ju/ice7 ,burma a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago4 ,loti 7,pi]re7 ,impressions4 ,mc,nair 7,major ,j4 ,f4 ,a47 ,prison]s _! ,own ,w>d]s4 ,ryley & ,m',c&li%1 ,scotl&'s ,free ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,ba9 7,r4 ,nisbet7 ,pet] ,,iii4 ,gairdn] 7,james7 ,! ,pa/on ,lett]s4 ,supplem5t>y ,volume4 ,hackel 7,edu>d7 ,! ,true ,grasses4 ,leaf 7,cecil ,h47 ,! ,surgical ,anatomy ( ! ,lymphatic ,gl&s4 ,li/ ( #hcg ,london ,publi%]s4 ,rog]s 7,c4 ,j47 ,co9 ,collect+ 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,roosevelt 7,!odore7 ,oliv] ,cromwell4 ,t[ns5d 7,m]$i?7 ,asia & ,europe4 ,sid5ote3 #abs4 ,arnold 7,t4 ,w47 ,! ,prea*+ ( ,islam4 ,g>dn] 7,e4 ,g47 ,dante's ,t5 ,heav5s4 ,g>dn] 7,e4 ,g47 & ,wick/e$ 7,p4 ,h47 ,dante & ,giovanni del ,virgilio4 ,gomme 7,g4 ,laur5ce7 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,local ,gov]nm5t4 ,hewitt 7,j4 ,f47 ,rul+ ,races ( ,prehi/oric ,times4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,irw9 7,s4 ,t47 ,lett]s ( ,t4 ,e4 ,br[n4 #b vols4 ,laf>gue 7,philip7 ,/eph5 ,br5t4 #b vols4 ,metcalfe 7,c4 ,t47 ,two ,native ,n>ratives ( ! ,mut9y 9 ,delhi4 ,pri*>d 7,heske?7 ,:]e ,black ,rules ,:ite4 ,traill 7,h4 ,d47 ,engl&1 ,egypt & ! ,sudan4 ,sid5ote3 #abs4 ,net4 ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson4 ,edit$ by ,augu/9e ,birrell4 #f vols41 fcap4 #hvo4 ,lane ,poole 7,/anley7 ,mohamm$an ,dyna/ies4 ,lea* 7,a4 ,f41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a47 ,engli% ,s*ools at ! ,re=mation1 #aedf-dh4 ,zimm]mann 7,dr4 ,a47 ,botanical ,microte*nique4 ,sid5ote3 #abs4 #f;d4 ,pop[ski 7,joseph7 ,! ,rival ,p[]s 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,smy! 7,a4 ,j47 ,william ,t]riss1 ,actor4 ,sid5ote3 #abs4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,campbell 7,james ,dykes7 ,col]idge's ,poems4 ,l>ge pap]4 ,morison 7,m47 ,"t ,table ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,rait 7,rob]t ,s47 ,five ,/u>t ,pr9cesses4 ,r\nd 7,j4 ,horace7 ,! ,commune ( ,london4 ,sid5ote3 #ads4 ,anon4 ,reg5]ation4 ,con/able's ,h& ,atlas ( ,india4 ,hake 7,a4 ,e47 & ,wesslau 7,o4 ,e47 ,! ,com+ ,individualism4 ,smi? 7,edw>d7 ,engl& & ,am]ica aft] ,indep5d5ce4 ,sid5ote3 #aes4 ,ba9 7,r4 ,nisbet7 ,! ,daught] ( ,pet] ! ,great4 ,spald+ 7,t4 ,a47 ,! ,life & ,times ( ,ri*>d ,badiley1 ,vice-,admiral ( ! ,fleet4 ,wilk9son 7,sp5s]7 ,w> & ,policy4 ,sid5ote3 #aes4 ,net4 ,bl\nt 7,b]tram7 ,practical ,electro-,*emi/ry4 ,duff 7,c4 ,m47 ,! ,*ronology ( ,india4 ,p9cott 7,f47 ,! ,prema ,sag>a4 ,sp5s] 7,edmund7 ,! ,fa]ie ,que5e4 #f volumes4 ,canvas gilt4 ,:iteway 7,r4 ,s47 ,! ,rise ( ,portuguese ,p[] 9 ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #afs4 ,fox 7,ar?ur ,w47 ,a ,book ( ,ba*elors4 ,mac,george 7,g4 ,w47 ,ways & ,works 9 ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #afs4 ,net4 ,si*el 7,edi?7 ,wom5 & ,m5 ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,webb 7,w4 ,w47 ,co9s ( ! ,h9du ,/ates ( ,rajputana4 ,sid5ote3 #ags4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,?ornton 7,surgeon-,g5]al7 ,memories ( ,sev5 ,campaigns4 ,sid5ote3 #ahs4 ,anit*k[ 7,mi*ael7 ,w> & ,lab\r4 ,engelh>dt 7,h47 ,a ,russian ,prov9ce ( ! ,nor?4 ,gribble 7,francis7 ,lake ,g5eva1 & its ,lit]>y ,l&m>ks4 ,hewitt 7,j4 ,f47 ,rul+ ,races ( ,prehi/oric ,times4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,/adl+ 7,j47 ,?r\gh ,sib]ia4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,guillem>d4 ,sid5ote3 #ahs4 ,net4 ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson4 ,edit$ by ,a4 ,birrell1 ,k4,c4 #f vols41 fcap4 #hvo1 half lea!r4 ,sid5ote3 #bjs4 ,opp]t 7,gu/av7 ,! ,orig9al ,inhabitants ( ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #bas4 ,dale 7,t4 ,f47 ,! ,eigh? ,duke ( ,beau=t & ! ,badm9ton ,hunt4 ,sid5ote3 #bas4 ,net4 ,bonavia 7,e47 ,! ,evolution ( ,animals4 ,dale 7,t4 ,f47 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,belvoir ,hunt4 ,gairdn] 7,james7 ,! ,pa/on ,lett]s4 #d vols4 ,legg 7,l4 ,g4 ,wickham71 & ,hope 7,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john7 ,inv5tories ( ,*ri/*ur*1 ,cant]bury4 ,newb]ry 7,p]cy ,e47 ,! ,life ( ,rekhm>a4 ,sapte 7,br&7 ,memorials ( ,haileybury ,college4 ,vib>t 7,col4 ,h4 ,m47 ,addiscombe4 ,sid5ote3 #bes4 ,net4 ,campbell 7,"l ,ar*ibald7 ,highl& ,dress1 ,arms1 & ,ornam5t4 ,sid5ote3 #cjs4 ,net4 ,rice 7,l\is7 ,! ,mysore ,gazette]4 ,sid5ote3 #cas4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,filippi 7,dr47 ,! ,asc5t ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,legg 7,wickham7 ,engli% ,coronation ,records4 ,lewes 7,vivian ,b47 ,acetyl5e4 ,sid5ote3 #cbs4 ,s*weitz] 7,georg7 ,em9 ,pa%a3 ,8 ,life & ,"w4 ,vall]y-,radot 7,r5e7 ,! ,life ( ,pa/eur4 #b vols4 ,sid5ote3 #cbs4 ,net4 ,cole 7,alan7 ,ornam5t 9 ,european ,silks4 ,nisbet 7,john7 ,burma "u ,briti% ,rule4 #b vols4 ,sid5ote3 #cfs4 ,net4 ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson4 #f vols4 ,limit$ ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,opp]t 7,gu/av7 ,! ,orig9al ,inhabitants ( ,india4 ,l>ge pap]4 ,sid5ote3 #b ,net4 ,g>n]1 ,an ,engli%4 #h vols4 ,clo? or ,buckram4 ,sid5ote3 #b #bs4 ,net4 ,beaumont 7,worby7 ,motor ,vehicles & ,motors4 ,granby 7,m>*ioness (7 ,portraits ( ,m5 & ,wom54 ,national ,wor?ies4 ,rait 7,r4 ,s47 ,lusus ,regius4 ,sid5ote3 #b #abs4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,m]$i? 7,george7 ,nature ,poems4 ,sid5ote3 #c #cs4 ,net4 ,bright 7,e4 ,b4 & ,c47 ,life ( ,sir ,*>les ,til/on ,bright4 ,filippi 7,dr47 ,! ,asc5t ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,edition de ,luxe4 ,mayo 7,j4 ,h47 ,m$als & ,decorations ( ! ,briti% ,army & ,navy4 ,/e9 7,m4 ,a47 ,kalhana's ,rajat>ang9i4 ,sid5ote3 #c #abs4 ,net4 ,! ,wav]ley ,novels4 ,! ,au?or's ,fav\rite ,edition4 ,repr9t1 #dh vols41 fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 pap] label4 ,sid5ote3 #d #afs4 ,net4 ,! ,wav]ley ,novels4 ,! ,au?or's ,fav\rite ,edition4 ,repr9t1 #dh vols41 fcap4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 gilt extra1 gilt top4 ,sid5ote3 #e #es4 ,net4 ,m]$i? 7,george7 ,nature ,poems4 ,l>ge pap]4 ,travels ( ,h4,i4,m4 ,cz> ,ni*olas ,,ii4 7:5 ,ces>ewit*7 9 ! ,ea/4 #b vols4 ,sid5ote3 #f ,net4 ,! ,wav]ley ,novels4 ,! ,au?or's ,fav\rite ,edition4 ,repr9t1 #dh vols41 fcap4 #hvo4 ,half lea!r1 gilt top4 ,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john ,hope4 ,! ,/all ,plates ( ! ,knights ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]1 #acdh-adhe4 ,sid5ote3 #h #hs4 ,net4 ,hyde 7,william7 & ,meynell 7,alice7 ,london ,impressions4 ,sid5ote3 #bf #es4 ,travels ( ,h4,i4,m4 ,cz> ,ni*olas ,,ii4 7:5 ,ces>ewit*7 9 ! ,ea/4 ,l>ge pap]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wav]ley ,,novels4 ,facsimile ,repr9t ( ! ,fav\rite ,edition ( ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott4 ,) all ! ,orig9al ,plates & ,vignettes4 ,r$ clo?1 pap] back title4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 p] vol4 net4 ,clo? 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