,this version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects4 ,italics are delimited with the #8' character as italic4 ,minor errors or inconsistencies in punctuation and formatting have been silently corrected4 ,please see the transcriber's note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any other textual issues encountered during its preparation4 ,the few ,hebrew words and phrases in the text cannot be correctly rendered in this media format4 ,the ,hebrew characters are therefore replaced with a direct transliteration rendered in a bold font4 ,each word is transliterated by the author as well4 ,there were no vowel marks in the text4 ,footnotes have been resequenced to be unique1 and were moved to the end of the chapter or section4 ,any references to those notes in the text have been amended as well4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,threshold ,,covenant ,,or ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,religious ,,rites ,,by ,h4 ,,clay ,,trumbull ,author of 8,kadesh-barnea10 8,the ,blood ,covenant10 8,studies in ,oriental ,social ,life10 etc4 ,,new ,,york ,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons #ahif ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,copyright1 #ahif ,,by ,h4 ,,clay ,,trumbull ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,this work does not treat of the origin of man's religious faculty1 or of the origin of the sentiment of religion2 nor does it enter the domain of theological discussion4 ,it simply attempts to show the beginning of religious rites1 by which man evidenced a belief1 however obtained1 in the possibility of covenant relations between ,god and man2 and the gradual development of those rites1 with the progress of the race toward a higher degree of civilization and enlightenment4 ,necessarily the volume is not addressed to a popular audience1 but to students in the lessons of primitive life and culture4 ,in a former volume1 8,the ,blood ,covenant10 ,i sought to show the origin of sacrifice1 and the significance of transferred or proffered blood or life4 ,the facts given in that work have been widely accepted as lying at the basis of fundamental doctrines declared in the ,hebrew and ,christian ,scriptures1 and have also been recognized as the source of perverted views which have had prominence in the principal ethnic religions of the world4 ,scholars of as divergent schools of thought as ,professors ,william ,henry ,green of ,princeton1 ,charles ,a4 ,briggs of ,new ,york1 ,george ,e4 ,day of ,yale1 ,john ,a4 ,broadus of ,louisville1 ,samuel ,ives ,curtiss of ,chicago1 ,president ,mark ,hopkins of ,williams1 ,rev4 ,drs4 ,alfred ,edersheim of ,oxford and ,cunningham ,geikie of ,bournemouth1 ,professor ,frderic ,godet of ,neuchatel1 and many others1 were agreed in recognizing the freshness and importance of its investigations1 and the value of its conclusions4 ,professor ,w4 ,robertson ,smith1 of ,cambridge1 in thanking me for that work1 expressed regret that he had not seen it before writing his 8,kinship and ,marriage in ,early ,arabia40 ,he afterwards made repeated mention of the work as an authority in its field1 in his ,burnett ,lectures on the 8,religion of the ,semites40 ,this volume grew out of that one4 ,it looks back to a still earlier date4 ,that began as it were with ,cain and ,abel1 while this begins with ,adam and ,eve4 ,it was while preparing a ,supplement for a second edition of that volume that the main idea of this work assumed such importance in my mind that ,i was led to make a separate study of it1 and present it independently4 ,the special theory here advanced is wholly a result of induction4 ,the theory came out of the gathered facts1 instead of the facts being gathered in support of the theory4 ,of course1 these facts are not new1 but it is believed that their synthetic arrangement is4 ,it has been a favorite method with students of primitive religions to point out widely different objects of primitive worship and their corresponding cults among different peoples1 and then to try to show how the ceremonials of the ,hebrew and ,christian ,scriptures were made up from these primitive cults4 ,but the course of investigation here pursued seems to show that the earlier cult was the simple one1 which has been developed in the line of the ,bible story1 and that the other cults1 even those baser and more degraded1 are only natural perversions of the original simple one4 ,this is a reversal of the usual order in studies of primitive religious rites4 ,here it is first the simple1 then the complex2 first the one germ1 then the many varieties of growth from that germ4 ,as this particular subject of investigation seems to be a hitherto untrodden field1 ,i am unable to refer to any published works as my principal sources of information4 ,but ,i have gathered important related facts from various directions1 giving full credit in explicit foot-notes1 page by page4 ,many added facts confirmatory of my position might1 undoubtedly1 have been found through yet wider and more discerning research1 and they will be brought to light by other gleaners in the same field4 ,indeed1 a chief value of this volume will be in the fresh study it provokes on the part of those whom it stimulates to more thorough investigation in the direction here pointed out4 ,and if such study shows an added agreement between some of the main facts of modern scientific investigation and those disclosed in the ,bible narrative1 that will not be a matter of regret to any fair-minded scholar4 ,in my earlier studies for this work1 ,i had valuable assistance from the late ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,napier2 and in my later researches ,i have been materially assisted by ,professors ,herman ,v4 ,hilprecht1 ,e4 ,washburn ,hopkins1 ,william ,r4 ,lamberton1 ,john ,henry ,wright1 ,robert ,ellis ,thompson1 ,morris ,jastrow1 ,jr41 ,d4,g4 ,brinton1 ,adolph ,erman1 ,w4 ,max ,mller1 ,w4 ,hayes ,ward1 ,m4,b4 ,riddle1 ,minton ,warren1 ,alfred ,gudeman1 ,john ,p4 ,peters1 ,m4,w4 ,easton1 and ,a4,l4 ,frothingham1 ,jr41 ,president ,george ,washburn1 ,rev4 ,drs4 ,marcus ,jastrow1 ,h4,h4 ,jessup1 ,george ,a4 ,ford1 ,william ,w4 ,eddy1 and ,benjamin ,labaree1 ,rev4 ,william ,ewing1 ,rev4 ,paulus ,moort1 ,dr4 ,talcott ,williams1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,solis ,cohen1 ,dr4 ,a4,t4 ,clay1 ,dr4 ,t4,h4 ,powers ,sailer1 ,judge ,mayer ,sulzberger1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,schecter1 ,mr4 ,frank ,hamilton ,cushing1 ,captain ,john ,g4 ,bourke1 ,mr4 ,khaleel ,sarkis1 ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,haddad1 ,mr4 ,montague ,cockle1 ,mr4 ,le ,roy ,bliss ,peckham1 the late ,mr4 ,william ,john ,potts1 and other specialists4 ,to all these ,i return my sincere thanks4 ,facts and suggestions that came to my notice after the main work was completed1 or that1 while known to me before1 did not seem to have a place in the direct presentation of the argument1 have been given a place in the ,appendix4 ,these may prove helpful to scholars who would pursue the investigation beyond my limits of treatment4 ,comments of eminent specialists in ,europe and ,america1 to whom the proof-sheets of the volume were submitted before publication1 are given in a ,supplement4 ,important additions are thus made to the results of my researches1 which are sure to be valued accordingly4 ,h4,c4,t4 ,,philadelphia1 ,passover ,week1 #ahif4 ,,contents4 ------------------ ,i4 ,,primitive ,,family ,,altar4 7#a47 ,a ,,blood ,,welcome ,,at ,,the ,,door1 #c4 7#b47 ,,reverence ,,for ,,the ,,threshold ,,altar1 #aj4 7#c47 ,,threshold ,,covenanting ,,in ,,the ,,marriage ,,ceremony1 #be4 7#d47 ,,stepping ,,or ,,being ,,lifted ,,across ,,the ,,threshold1 #cf4 7#e47 ,,laying ,,foundations ,,in ,,blood1 #de4 7#f47 ,,appeals ,,at ,,the ,,altar1 #eg4 7#g47 ,,covenant ,,tokens ,,on ,,the ,,doorway1 #ff4 7#h47 ,,symbol ,,of ,,the ,,red ,,hand1 #gd4 7#i47 ,,deities ,,of ,,the ,,doorway1 #id4 ,,ii4 ,,earliest ,,temple ,,altar4 7#a47 ,,from ,,house ,,to ,,temple1 #ii4 7#b47 ,,sacredness ,,of ,,the ,,door1 #ajb4 7#c47 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,asia1 #ajh4 7#d47 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,africa1 #abf4 7#e47 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,europe1 #acb4 7#f47 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,america1 #add4 7#g47 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,islands ,,of ,,the ,,sea1 #adh4 7#h47 ,,only ,,one ,,foundation1 #aec4 ,,iii4 ,,sacred ,,boundary ,,line4 7#a47 ,,from ,,temple ,,to ,,domain1 #afe4 7#b47 ,,local ,,landmarks1 #aff4 7#c47 ,,national ,,borders1 #agg4 7#d47 ,,border ,,sacrifices1 #ahd4 ,,iv4 ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,rite4 7#a47 ,a ,,natural ,,question1 #aic4 7#b47 ,,an ,,answer ,,by ,,induction1 #aid4 7#c47 ,,no ,,covenant ,,without ,,blood1 #aif4 7#d47 ,,confirmation ,,of ,,this ,,view1 #aig4 ,v4 ,,hebrew ,,pass-,,over1 ,,or ,,cross-,,over1 ,,sacrifice4 7#a47 ,,new ,,meaning ,,in ,,an ,,old ,,rite1 #bjc4 7#b47 ,a ,,welcome ,,with ,,blood1 #bjd4 7#c47 ,,bason1 ,,or ,,threshold1 #bjf4 7#d47 ,,pass-,,over ,,or ,,pass-,,by1 #bji4 7#e47 ,,marriage ,,of ,,jehovah ,,with ,,israel1 #bab4 ,,vi4 ,,christian ,,passover4 7#a47 ,,old ,,covenant ,,and ,,new1 #bae4 7#b47 ,,proffered ,,welcome ,,by ,,the ,,father1 #baf4 7#c47 ,,bridegroom ,,and ,,bride1 #bah4 7#d47 ,,survivals ,,of ,,the ,,rite1 #bba4 ,,vii4 ,,outgrowths ,,and ,,perversions ,,of ,,this ,,rite4 7#a47 ,,elemental ,,beginnings1 #bbc4 7#b47 ,,main ,,outgrowths1 #bbe4 7#c47 ,,chief ,,perversions1 #bbh4 ,,appendix4 ,,significance ,,of ,,blood ,,in ,,the ,,marriage ,,rite1 #bdc4 ,,exhibiting ,,the ,,evidences1 #bde4 ,,substitute ,,blood ,,for ,,deception1 #bdh4 ,,public ,,performance ,,of ,,the ,,rite1 #bej4 ,,bible ,,testimony1 #bea4 ,,woman ,,as ,a ,,door1 #beb4 ,,symbolism ,,of ,,the ,,two ,,sexes1 #beg4 ,,symbolism ,,of ,,tree ,,and ,,serpent1 #beh4 ,,covenant ,,of ,,threshold-,,crossing1 #bei4 ,,doorkeeper1 ,,and ,,carrier1 #bfc4 ,,passing ,,over ,,into ,a ,,covenant1 #bff4 ,,england',s ,,coronation ,,stone1 #bfh4 ,,indexes4 ,,topical ,,index1 #bgc4 ,,scriptural ,,index1 #cja4 ,,supplement4 ,,comments ,,of ,,specialists4 ,,from ,,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,marcus ,,jastrow1 #cjg4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,herman ,v4 ,,hilprecht1 #cji4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,fritz ,,hommel1 #cac4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,a4,h4 ,,sayce1 #cad4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,w4 ,,max ,m,,ller1 #cae4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,c4,p4 ,,tiele1 #cag4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,e4 ,,washburn ,,hopkins1 #cah4 ,,from ,,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,elliot ,,griffis1 #cai4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,john ,p4 ,,mahaffy1 #cbd4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,william ,a4 ,,lamberton1 #cbf4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,daniel ,g4 ,,brinton1 #cbh4 ,,from ,,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,edward ,t4 ,,bartlett1 #cbi4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,t4,k4 ,,cheyne1 #ccj4 ,,additional ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,fritz ,,hommel1 #ccc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,threshold ,,covenant4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 ,,primitive ,,family ,,altar4 ------------------ #a4 ,a ,,blood ,,welcome ,,at ,,the ,,door4 ,the primitive altar of the family would seem to have been the threshold1 or door-sill1 or entrance-way1 of the home dwelling-place4 ,this is indicated by surviving customs1 in the ,east and elsewhere among primitive peoples1 and by the earliest historic records of the human race4 ,it is obvious that houses preceded temples1 and that the house-father was the earliest priest4 ,sacrifices for the family were1 therefore1 within or at the entrance of the family domicile4 ,in ,syria and in ,egypt1 at the present time1 when a guest who is worthy of special honor is to be welcomed to a home1 the blood of a slaughtered1 or a 8sacrificed10 animal is shed on the threshold of that home1 as a means of adopting the new-comer into the family1 or of making a covenant union with him4 ,and every such primitive covenant in blood includes an appeal to the protecting ,deity to ratify it as between the two parties and himself4#a ,while the guest is still outside1 the host takes a lamb1 or a goat1 and1 tying its feet together1 lays it upon the threshold of his door4 ,resting his left knee upon the bound victim1 the host holds its head by his left hand1 while with his right he cuts its throat4 ,he retains his position until all the blood has flowed from the body upon the threshold4 ,then the victim is removed1 and the guest steps over the blood1 across the threshold2 and in this act he becomes1 as it were1 a member of the family by the ,threshold ,covenant4 ,the flesh of the slaughtered animal is usually given to the neighbors1 although in the case of humbler persons it is sometimes used for the meal of the guest in whose honor it is sacrificed4 ,it may be a larger offering than a lamb or a goat1 or it may be a smaller one4 ,sometimes several sheep are included in the sacrifice4 ,again1 the offering may be a bullock or a heifer1 or simply a fowl or a pair of pigeons4 ,the more costly the gift1 in proportion to the means of the host1 the greater the honor to him who is welcomed4 ,as illustrative of this idea1 a story is commonly told in ,syria of a large-hearted man who gave proof of his exceptional devotedness to an honored guest4 ,he had a horse which he prized as only an ,oriental can prize and love one4 ,this horse he sent to meet his guest1 in order that it might bring him to the home of its owner4 ,when the guest reached the house and dismounted1 he spoke warm words in praise of the noble animal4 ,at once the host led the horse to the house door1 and cut its throat over the threshold1 asking the guest to step over the blood of this costly offering1 in acceptance of the proffered ,threshold ,covenant4 8,if you know that one is coming whom you would honor and welcome1 you must make ready to have the blood on the threshold when he appears10 said a native ,syrian4 ,in case an honored guest arrives unexpectedly1 so that there is no time to prepare the customary sacrifice1 salt1 as representing blood1 may be sprinkled on the threshold1 for the guest to pass over2 or again coffee1 as the ,muhammadan substitute for the 8blood of the grape10#b may be poured on it4#c ,crossing the threshold1 or entering the door1 of a house1 is in itself an implied covenant with those who are within1 as shown by the earlier laws of ,india4 ,he who goes in by the door must count himself1 and must be recognized1 as a guest1 subject to the strictest laws of hospitality4 ,but if he enters the house in some other way1 not crossing the threshold1 there is no such implied covenant on his part4 ,he may then even despoil or kill the head of the house he has entered1 without any breach of the law of hospitality1 or of the moral law as there understood4#d ,illustrations of this truth are found in the ,mahabharata1 as applicable to both a house and a city4#e 8,it is in accordance with the strict law of all the law books10 of ancient ,india1 8that one may enter his foe's house by a-dvra1 #8not by door1' but his friend's house only #8by door4'0#f ,it would seem to have been in accordance with this primitive law of the ,east that ,jesus said3 8,he that entereth not by the door into the fold of the sheep1 but climbeth up some other way1 the same is a thief and a robber4 ,but he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep4444 ,i am the door3 by me if any man enter in1 he shall be saved1 and shall go in and go out1 and shall find pasture4 ,the thief cometh not1 but that he may steal1 and kill1 and destroy3 ,i came that they may have life1 and may have it abundantly40#g ,it is possible that there is an explanation1 in this law of the doorway1 or threshold1 of the common practice among primitive ,scandinavians of attacking the inmates of an enemy's house through the roof instead of by the door2#h also1 of the custom in ,greece of welcoming a victor in the ,olympian games into his city through a breach in the walls1 instead of causing him to enter by the gates1 with its implied subjection to all the laws of hospitality4#i 7,see ,appendix47 ,examples of the blood welcome at the threshold abound in modern ,egyptian customs4 ,when the new khedive came to his palace1 in #ahhb1 a threshold sacrifice was offered as his welcome4 8,at the entrance to the palace six buffaloes were slaughtered1 two being killed just as the khedive's carriage reached the gateway4 ,the blood of the animals was splashed across the entrance1 so that the horses' hoofs and wheels of the carriage passed through it4 ,the flesh was afterwards distributed among the poor40#aj ,when ,general ,grant was at ,assioot1 on the ,upper ,nile1 during his journey around the world1 he was doubly welcomed as a guest by the ,american vice-consul1 who was a native of ,egypt4 ,a bullock was sacrificed at the steamer landing1 and its head was laid on one side of the gang-plank1 and its body on the other4 ,the outpoured blood was between the head and the body1 under the gang-plank1 so that1 in stepping from the steamer to the shore1 ,general ,grant would cross over it4 ,when he reached the house of the vice-consul1 a sheep was similarly sacrificed at the threshold1 in such a way that ,general ,grant passed over the blood in entering4#aa ,it is also said in ,egypt3 8,if you buy a dahabiyeh10 and therefore are to cross its threshold for the occupancy of your new home on the water1 8you must kill a sheep1 letting the blood flow on the deck1 or side1 of the boat1 in order that it may be lucky4 ,your friends will afterwards have to dine on the sheep40#ab ,there seems1 indeed1 to be a survival of this idea in the custom of 8christening0 a ship at the time of its launching1 in ,england and ,america1 a bottle of wine-the 8blood of the grape0#ac-;being broken on the bow of the vessel as it crosses the threshold of the deep4 ,and a feast usually follows this ceremony also4#ad ,in ,zindero1 or ,gingiro1 or ,zinder1 in ,central ,africa1 a new king is welcomed at the royal residence with a bloody threshold offering4 8,before he enters his palace two men are to be slain2 one at the foot of the tree by which his house is chiefly supported2 the other at the threshold of his door1 which is besmeared with the blood of the victim4 ,and it is said 444 that the particular family1 whose privilege it is to be slaughtered1 so far from avoiding it1 glory in the occasion1 and offer themselves willingly to meet it40#ae ,among the ,arabs in ,central ,africa1 the blood welcome of a guest at the threshold of a home is a prevailing custom4 8,the usual welcome upon the arrival of a traveler1 who is well received in an ,arab camp1 is the sacrifice of a fat sheep1 that should be slaughtered at the door of the hut or tent1 so that the blood flows to the threshold40#af ,on the arrival of strangers among the primitive tribes of ,liberia1 in ,west ,africa1 a fowl is killed1 and its blood is sprinkled at the doorway4#ag ,receiving an honored guest with bread and salt1 at the threshold of the house he enters1 is common in ,russia4 ,bread and salt are symbolic1 in primitive thought1 of flesh and blood2 and this threshold welcome seems to be a survival of the threshold sacrifice4#ah ,to step over or across the blood1 or its substitute1 on the door-sill1 is to accept or ratify the proffered covenant2 but to trample upon the symbol of the covenant is to show contempt for the host who proffers it1 and no greater indignity than this is known in the realm of primitive social intercourse4 #b4 ,,reverence ,,for ,,the ,,threshold ,,altar4 ,the threshold1 as the family altar on which the sacrificial blood of a covenant welcome is poured out1 is counted sacred1 and is not to be stepped upon1 or passed over lightly2 but it is to be crossed over reverently1 as in recognition of ,him to whom all life belongs4 8,on passing the threshold10 in ,arabia1 8it is proper to say1 #8,bismillah1' that is1 #8,in the name of ,god4' ,not to do so would be looked upon as a bad augury1 alike for him who enters and for those within40#ai ,in ,syria the belief prevails 8that it is unlucky to tread on a threshold40 ,when they receive a new member to their sect1 the ,bektashi derwishes of ,syria bring him to the threshold1 and prayers and sacrifices are offered 8on the door-sill40#bj 8,the khaleefs of ,bagdad required all those who entered their palace to prostrate themselves on the threshold of the gate1 where they had inserted a fragment of the black stone of the temple at ,meccah1 in order to render it the threshold more venerable to those who had been accustomed to press their foreheads against it4 ,the threshold was of some height1 and it was a crime to set foot upon it40 ,in the advice which ,nurshivan gives to his son ,hormuz1 he recommends him to betake himself to the threshold of the ,lord2 that is1 to the 8presence of ,god1 in the same fashion in which the poor do1 at the gates of the rich4 #8,since you are his slave1' he says1 #8set your forehead on his threshold4'0#ba ,among the ,hindoos1 8the threshold is 444 sacred in private houses2 it is not propitious for a person to remain on it2 neither to eat1 sneeze1 yawn1 nor spit whilst there40#bb ,a double welcome is sometimes given to one who is in an official position4 ,thus1 a ,syrian1 who held a commission from the chief officer of customs in ,upper ,syria1 was surprised at having two sheep sacrificed before him as he approached the door of a house east of the ,sea of ,galilee2 and he graciously protested against the excessive honor shown him4 8,one sheep is to welcome yourself as a man1 and the other is to welcome you as an officer of the government10 was the answer4 ,loyalty as well as hospitality was indicated in these threshold sacrifices4 ,sacredness attaches to the threshold in ,persia4 ,it must not be trodden on2 but it is often kissed by those who would step over it4#bc ,a man should always cross himself when he steps over a threshold in ,russia2 and1 in some portions of the realm1 it is believed that he ought not to sit down on the threshold4#bd ,high sills1 or thresholds1 so that one must step over1 and not on1 them1 are in the houses of ,finland1 and in the houses of many ,finns in the ,united ,states4#be ,the same was true of many ,teutonic houses4#bf ,to shake hands across a threshold1 instead of crossing it1 is said1 in ,finland1 to ensure a quarrel4#bg ,to step over a threshold is1 in ,lapland1 to bring one under the protection of the family within1 and of its guardian deity4#bh ,the same is true among the ,magyars4#bi ,the ancient ,pythagoreans quoted various maxims1 supposed to be from the sayings of their great founder1 as teaching important lessons for all time4 ,in these maxims there were indications of a peculiar reverence for the threshold and doorway4 ,thus3 8,he who strikes his foot against the threshold should go back20 it were unsafe to pursue a movement so inauspiciously begun4 ,and1 again3 8,the doors should be kissed fondly by those who enter or depart40#cj 8,treading on the threshold was 444 tabooed by the ,tatars40#ca ,again1 on the other side of the globe1 in ,samoa1 to spill water on the door-step1 or threshold1 when food is brought in1 is a cause of anger to the protecting deity of the family4 ,it may drive him away4#cb ,in ,europe and in ,america it is by many counted an ill omen to tread upon the threshold of the door on entering a house4 ,to the present day1 in portions of ,scotland1 the idea popularly prevails1 that to tread directly upon the boundary lines of division between ordinary flagstones is to endanger one's soul2 hence the very children are careful to avoid stepping upon those lines1 in their walking across the courtyards or along the streets1 in their every-day passing4 ,many a person in the ,united ,states1 who knows nothing of any superstition connected with this1 avoids1 if possible1 stepping on1 instead of over1 the cracks or seams of a board walk1 or even the seams of a carpet4 ,all these customs seem to be a survival of the feeling that the threshold is sacred as the primitive altar4 ,apart from the reverence for the threshold demanded of those who pass over it1 there is an obvious sanctity of the threshold recognized in the placing of images and amulets underneath it1 and in the sacrifices and offerings placed on it1 as a means of guarding the dwelling within4 ,in the building of private houses1 as well as temples1 and city gateways1 in ancient ,assyria1 images of various kinds and sizes1 8in bronze1 red jasper1 yellow stone1 and baked earth1 444 are buried beneath the stones of the threshold1 so as to bar the entrance to all destructive spirits40 ,invocations are graven upon these figures4#cc ,herodotus mentions#cd that1 in the annual feast in honor of the god ,osiris1 8every ,egyptian sacrifices a hog before the door of his house0 on the evening before the festival4 ,osiris was the god who was the judge of the soul after death1 and who in a peculiar sense stood for the truth of the life to come4 ,every ,egyptian desired1 above all1 to be in loving covenant with ,osiris1 and when he would offer a welcoming sacrifice to him1 he did so before the door of his own house1 as before the primitive family altar4 ,that it was the blood poured out at the threshold which was the essential act of covenanting in this sacrifice to ,osiris1 is evidenced in the fact that the animal sacrificed was not eaten in the family of the sacrificer1 but was carried away by the swineherd who furnished it4 ,bunches of grass dipped in blood1 and touched by the king1 as if made representative of his dignity and power1 are to-day placed on the threshold1 as an offering1 and as averters of evil1 in ,equatorial ,africa4 ,this is known there as an ancient custom4 ,in ,uganda1 8every house has charms hung on the door1 and others laid on the threshold40 ,an offering to the lubare1 or local spirit1 must be thrown across the threshold1 from within the house1 before a native ventures to leave his home in the morning4#ce ,charms for this purpose are kept behind the door4 ,one of the requirements in the ,vedic law 7the sacred law of the ,hindoos7 was1 that 8on the door-sill 7a bali must be placed7 with a mantra addressed to ,antariksha 7the air710#cf by a house father1 in his home2#cg that is1 that an offering1 with an invocation to a deity1 should be a sacrifice at the threshold altar4 ,other references in the ,hindoo laws seem to demand bali offerings 8at all the doors1 as many as they are10 in a house1 and evidence the importance and sacredness attaching to the doorway4#ch ,the threshold seems to have special reverence in ,northwestern ,india1 in connection with the seasons of seedtime and harvest4 ,at seedtime 8a cake of cowdung formed into a cup0 is placed on the threshold of the householder2 it is filled with corn1 and then water is poured over it as a libation to the deities4 ,cowdung is not only a means of enrichment to the soil1 but it is a gift from the sacred cow1 and so1 in a sense1 represents or stands for the life of the cow4 ,it is laid on the threshold altar as an offering of life4 ,the libation of water is an accompaniment of that offering2 water is essential to life and growth1 and it is a gift of the gods accordingly4 ,seed-sowing is recognized as an act which needs the blessing of the gods1 and on which that blessing is sought in covenant relations4 ,at early harvest time the first-fruits of the grain-field are not taken to the threshing-floor1 but are brought home to be presented to the gods at the household altar1 and afterwards eaten by the family1 with a portion given to the ,brahmans4 ,the first bundle of corn is deposited at the threshold of the home1 and a libation of water is made as a completion of its offering4 ,the grain being taken from the ear1 of a portion of this first-fruits1 is mixed with milk and sugar1 and every member of the family tastes it seven times4#ci ,among the ,prabhus of ,bombay1 at the time of the birth of a child1 an iron crowbar is placed 8along the threshold of the room of confinement1 as a check against the crossing of any evil spirit40 ,this is in accordance with a ,hindoo belief that evil spirits keep aloof from iron1 8and even nowadays pieces of horseshoe can be seen nailed to the bottom sills of doors of native houses40#dj ,iron seems1 in various lands1 to be deemed of peculiar value as a guard against evil spirits1 and the threshold to be the place for its efficacious fixing4 ,similarly1 8in ,east ,bothnia1 when the cows are taken out of their winter quarters for the first time1 an iron bar is laid before the threshold1 over which all the cows must pass2 for1 if they do not1 there will be nothing but trouble with them all the following summer40#da ,among the folk customs in the line of exorcism and divination in ,italy1 the threshold has prominence4 8,in ,tuscany1 much taking of magical medicine is done on the threshold2 it also plays a part in other sorcery40#db ,a writer mentions a method of exorcism with incense1 where three pinches of the best incense1 and three of the second quality1 are put in a row on the threshold of the door1 and then1 after other incense is burned within the house in an earthen fire-dish1 these 8little piles of incense on the threshold of the door0 are lighted1 with words of invocation4 ,this process is repeated three times over4#dc ,a method of curing a disorder of the wrist prevalent in harvest time1 in ,north ,germany1 is by taking 8three pieces of three-jointed straw10 and so laying them 8side by side as to correspond joint by joint10 then chopping through the first joint into the block beneath4 ,this 8ceremony is performed on the threshold1 and ends with the sign of the cross40#dd ,observances with reference to the threshold are numerous in ,russia4 8,on it a cross is drawn to keep off maras 7hags74 ,under it the peasants bury stillborn children4 ,in ,lithuania1 when a new house is being built1 a wooden cross1 or some article which has been handed down from past generations1 is placed under the threshold4 ,there also when a newly baptized child is being brought back from church1 it is customary for its father to hold it for a while over the threshold1 #8so as to place the new member of the family under the protection of the domestic divinities' bringing it newly into the family covenant at the threshold altar4444 ,sick children1 who are supposed to have been afflicted by an evil eye1 are washed on the threshold of their cottage1 in order that1 with the help of the ,penates who reside there1 the malady may be driven out of doors40#de ,at the annual feast known as 8,death ,week10 among ,slavonic peoples1 marking the close of winter and the beginning of spring1 the peasants in rural ,russia combine for a sacrifice to appease the 8,vodyaoui10 or aroused water-spirit of the thawing streams4 ,they also prepare a sacrifice for the 8,domovoi0 or house-spirit4 ,a fat black pig is killed1 and cut into as many pieces as there are residents in the place4 8,each resident receives one piece1 which he straightway buries under the door-step at the entrance to his house4 ,in some parts1 it is said1 the country folk bury a few eggs beneath the threshold of the dwelling to propitiate the #8,domovoi4'0#df ,when a ,magyar maiden would win the love of a young man1 or would bring evil on him because of his reluctance1 she seeks influence over him by means of the sacred threshold4 8,she must steal something from the young man1 and take it to a witch1 who adds to it three beans1 three bulbs of garlic1 a few pieces of dry coal1 and a dead frog4 ,these are all put into an earthenware pot1 and placed under the threshold10 with a prayer for the object of her desire4#dg ,a superstition is prevalent in ,roumania1 that if a bat1 together with a gold coin1 be buried under the threshold1 there is 8good luck0 to the house4#dh ,various superstitions1 in connection with the bat are found among primitive peoples4#di ,in ,japan1 the threshold of the door is sprinkled with salt1 after a funeral1 and as a propitiatory sacrifice in time of danger4#ej ,salt represents blood4 ,among the ,dyaks of ,borneo1 a pig's blood is sprinkled at the doorway to atone for the sin of unchastity by a daughter of the family4 ,again1 the blood of a fowl is sprinkled there at the annual festival of seed-sowing1 with prayers for fecundity and fertility4#ea 8,on ,new ,year's morning1 along the coast in ,aberdeenshire where seaweed is gathered1 a small quantity is laid down at each door of the farm-steading the buildings of the homestead1 as a means of bringing good luck40 ,and fire and salt are put on the threshold of the byre-door before a cow leaves the building after giving birth to a calf4#eb ,of portions of ,ireland1 it was said1 early in this century3 8,on the #aath of ,november1 every family of a village kills an animal of some kind or other2 those who are rich kill a cow or sheep1 others a goose or a turkey2 while those who are poor 444 kill a hen or a cock1 and sprinkle the threshold with the blood1 and do the same in the four corners of the house2 444 to exclude every kind of evil spirit from the dwelling40#ec ,holes bored in the door-sill1 and plugged with pieces of paper on which are written incantations1 a broom laid across the door-sill1 or 8three horseshoes nailed on the door-step with toes up10 are supposed to be a guard against witches or evil spirits in portions of ,pennsylvania to-day4#ed ,many a ,pennsylvanian is unwilling to cross1 for the first time1 the threshold of a new home1 without carrying salt and a ,bible4 ,among the ,indians in ancient ,mexico there was an altar near the door of every house1 with instruments of sacrifice1 and accompanying idols4#ee 8,threshold0 and 8foundation0 are terms that are used interchangeably in primitive life4 ,the sacredness of the threshold-stone of a building pivots on its position as a foundation stone1 a beginning stone1 a boundary stone4 ,hence the foundation stone of any house1 or other structure was sacred as the threshold of that building4 ,according to ,dr4 ,h4,v4 ,hilprecht1 in the earlier buildings of ,babylonia the inscriptions and invocations and deposits were at the threshold1 and later under the four corners of the building2 but when they were at the threshold they were not under the corners1 and vice versa4 ,it would seem from this that the corner-stone was recognized as the beginning1 or the limit1 or the threshold1 of the building4 ,it may be1 therefore1 that the modern ceremonies at the laying of a 8corner-stone0 are a survival of the primitive sacredness of a threshold-laying4#ef ,it would seem1 moreover1 as if the sanctity of the threshold as the primitive altar were1 in many places1 in the course of time transferred to the family hearth4 ,in the primitive tent the household fire was at the entrance way1 as it is in the tents of the ,east to-day4 ,where ,arabs have camped on an ,eastern desert1 the place of the shaykh's tent can always be known by the blackened hearthstones at its entrance1 or threshold1 where he welcomed guests to the hospitality of his tribe and family by the sharing of bread and salt1 or by the outpouring of the blood of a slaughtered lamb or kid4 ,if1 indeed1 the earliest dwelling of man was a cave1 rather than a tent1 the household fire was still at its entrance2 and the threshold was the hearthstone4 ,when1 in the progress of building-changes1 the hearthstone was removed to the center of the building1 or of the inner court1 its sanctity went with it1 as the place of the family fire4 ,thus1 for example1 in ,russia1 the ,domovoi1 or household deity1 who is honored and invoked at the threshold1 8is supposed to live behind the stove now1 but in early times he1 or the spirits of the dead ancestors1 of whom he is now the chief representative1 were held to be in even more direct relations with the fire on the hearth2 as were the ,penates of the ,romans1 who were sometimes spoken of as at the threshold1 and again as at the hearth40#eg ,a recognition of the peculiar sacredness of the threshold is shown1 in different lands1 by the popular unwillingness to have the dead carried over it on the way to burial4 ,in ,india1 the body of one dying in certain phases of the moon can in no wise be carried over the threshold4 ,the house wall must be broken for its removal4#eh ,when ,chinese students are attending the competitive examinations for promotion1 they are shut up in rooms until their work is completed4 ,if one of them dies at such a time1 8the body is removed over the back wall1 as the taking out openly through the front door would be regarded as an evil omen40#ei ,in the capital of ,korea there is a small gate in the city wall known as the 8,gate of the ,dead10 through which alone a dead body can be carried out4 ,but no one can ever enter through that passage-way4#fj ,there is a recognition1 in ,russian folk-tales1 of safety to the spirit of one who dies in a house1 if his body be passed out under the threshold of the outer door4#fa ,it is not allowable to carry out a corpse through the main door of a house in ,italy4 ,there is a smaller door1 in the side wall1 known as the porta di morti1 which is kept closed except as it is opened for the removal of a body at the time of a funeral4#fb ,in ,alaska1 it is deemed an evil omen for the dead to be carried over the threshold4 8,therefore the dying one1 instead of being allowed to rest in peace in his last hours1 is hastily lifted from his couch and put out of doors or out of the house by a hole in the rear wall0 so as not to have a corpse pass the threshold4#fc ,in some communities1 in both ,europe and ,america1 the coffin is passed out of the house through the window1 instead of through the door1 at a funeral4 ,and again1 the front door is closed and a window is opened at the time of a death1 in order that the spirit may pass out of the house in some other way than over the threshold4#fd ,even though the dead may not be lifted over the threshold altar1 the dead may be buried underneath it4 ,in both the far ,east and the far ,west1 burials under the threshold are known4 ,and in ,christian churches of ,europe1 a grave underneath the altar is an honored grave for saint or ecclesiastic4 ,in the ,apocalypse the seer beheld 8underneath the altar the souls of them that had been slain for the word of ,god1 and for the testimony which they held3 and they cried with a great voice1 saying1 ,how long1 ,o ,master1 the holy and true1 dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth80#fe #c4 ,,threshold ,,covenanting ,,in ,,the ,,marriage ,,ceremony4 ,marriage customs in various parts of the world1 in ancient and modern times1 illustrate this idea of the sacredness of the threshold as the family altar4 ,in portions of ,syria1 when a bride is brought to her husband's home1 a lamb or a kid is sacrificed on the threshold1 and she must step across the outpoured blood4#ff ,this marks her adoption into that family4 ,among the wide-spreading ,anazeh ,bedween1 the most prominent and extensive tribe of desert ,arabs1 whose range is from the ,sinaitic ,peninsula to the upper ,desert of ,syria1 8when the marriage day is fixed1 the bridegroom comes with a lamb in his arms to the tent of the father of his bride1 and then1 before witnesses1 he cuts its throat4 ,as soon as the blood falls upon the earth and the earth is the only threshold of a tent1 the marriage ceremony is regarded as complete40#fg 8,in ,egypt1 the ,copts sacrifice a sheep as the bride steps into the bridegroom's house1 and she is compelled to step over the blood which flows upon the threshold in the doorway40#fh ,it is evident1 moreover1 that this custom is not confined to the ,copts4#fi ,blood on the threshold1 as an accompaniment of a marriage1 is still counted important among ,armenian ,christians in ,turkey4 ,after the formal marriage ceremony at the church1 the wedded pair1 with their friends1 proceed to the bridegroom's home4 8,at the moment of their arrival a sheep is sacrificed on the threshold1 over the blood of which the wedding party steps to enter the house40#gj ,in the island of ,cyprus1 a bridegroom is borne to the house of his bride on the wedding morning1 in a living chair formed by the crossed hands of his neighbor friends4 ,dismounting at her door1 8as he is about to pass in1 a fowl is brought and held down by head and feet upon the threshold of the door2 the bridegroom takes an axe1 cuts off the head1 and only then may he enter40#ga ,like customs are found among yet more primitive peoples4 ,thus1 for instance1 with the western ,somali tribes1 in east ,central ,africa3 8,on reaching the bridegroom's house a low-caste man sacrifices a goat or sheep on the threshold2 and the bride steps over it20 and again when the bridegroom returns from his devotions at a neighboring masjid 7a place of public prayer7 to claim his bride1 as he reaches his threshold1 8another goat is sacrificed1 and he steps over it in the same way as his bride40#gb ,again the bridegroom himself brings the bride from her father's hut to his own1 accompanied by young men and maidens dancing and singing4 8,on reaching the new hut1 the bride holds a goat or sheep in the doorway1 while the bridegroom cuts its throat in the orthodox manner with his jambia 7long knife74 ,the bride dips her finger in the blood1 smears it on her forehead1 444 and then enters the gr1 stepping over the blood4 ,the bridegroom follows her1 also stepping over the blood1 and is accompanied by some of his nearest male relatives40#gc ,there are traces of such customs1 also1 among the natives of ,south ,africa1#gd and elsewhere4 ,besides the bloody sacrifices at the threshold1 in the marriage ceremony1 there are1 in different countries1 various forms of making offerings at the threshold1 and of surmounting obstacles at that point1 as an accompaniment of the wedding covenant4 ,all these point to the importance and sanctity of the threshold and doorway in the primitive mind4 ,a bride1 in portions of ,upper ,syria1 on reaching her husband's house1 is lifted up so that she can press against the door-lintel a piece of dough1 prepared for the purpose1 and handed to her at the time4 ,this soft dough1 thus pressed against the plastered or clay wall1 adheres firmly1 and is left there as long as it will remain4 ,the open hand of the bride stamps the dough as it is fixed in place1 and in some cases the finger points are pricked before the stamping1 so that the blood will appear as a sign manual on the cake of dough4#ge ,when a bride reaches the door of her husband's house1 among the fellaheen of ,palestine1 a jar of water is placed on her head4 ,she must call on the name of ,god as she crosses the threshold2 and1 at the same moment1 her husband strikes the jar from her head1 and causes the water to flow as a libation4#gf ,among the ,wallachians there is a marriage rite1 said to be of ,latin origin1 because there was a similar rite among the old ,latins4 ,the ,wallachian bride is borne on horseback1 with an accompanying procession1 to the house of the bridegroom4 8,at the moment when the betrothed maiden dismounts from her steed1 and is about to cross the threshold1 they present to her butter1 or sometimes honey1 and with this she smears the door-posts40#gg ,an observer says of this rite3 8,for the same reason among the ,latins1 the word for wife1 uxor1 originally unxor1 was derived from the verb ungere1 #8to anoint1' because the maidens when they reached the threshold of their future husbands1 were similarly accustomed to anoint the door-posts40 ,in support of this fanciful etymology1 old-time commentators on ,terence and ,virgil are cited2#gh which shows1 at least1 that this ceremony at the threshold of the husband's home has long been recognized as of vital importance in the marriage contract and relation4 ,it is customary1 among the ,greeks in ,turkey1 for the mother of the bridegroom1 as he leaves his home to go for his bride on the morning of his wedding1 to lay across his pathway a girdle1 over which he steps1 and to pour a libation of water before him4#gi ,in the ,morea1 in the vicinity of ,sparta1 it is said that1 when the bride is brought to her new home1 the mother of the bridegroom 8stands waiting at the door1 holding a glass of honey and water in her hand4 ,from this glass the bride must drink2 444 while the lintel of the door is smeared with the remainder2 444 in the meantime one of the company breaks a pomegranate on the threshold40#hj ,in ,rhodes1 when the newly married couple enter the doorway of their new home1 the husband 8dips his finger in a cup of honey1 and traces a cross over the door4444 ,a pomegranate is placed on the threshold1 which the young husband crushes with his foot as he enters1 followed by his wife1 over whom the wedding guests throw corn and cotton seeds and orange flower water40#ha ,on ,skarpanto 7,carpathos71 an island lying between ,rhodes and ,crete1 when the bridegroom reaches the door of the bride's house 8he is greeted by the mother of the bride1 who touches the nape of his neck with a censer containing incense4444 ,she further gives him a present called embatikon1-that is to say1 #8the gift of in-going1'-and then places on the threshold a rug or blanket folded1 with a stick resting on one of the corners4 ,the bridegroom advances his right foot1 breaks the stick and passes in40#hb ,among the ,morlacchi1 in ,dalmatia1 it is1 or was1 a custom for a bride to kneel and kiss the threshold of her husband's home1 before crossing it for the first time4 ,her mother-in-law1 or some other near relative of her husband1 at the same time presented her with a sieve full of different kinds of grain1 nuts1 and small fruits1 which the bride scattered behind her back as she passed in4#hc ,it is a custom in portions of ,russia1 when the bride is about to leave her father's home to meet the bridegroom1 for the friends of the bridegroom to appear at the door1 and request that the bride be brought to them4 8,after their request has been many times repeated1 the #8princess' as the bride is called appears1 attended by her relatives and attendants1 but stops short at the door4 ,again the bridegroom's friends demand the bride1 but are told first to #8cleanse the threshold2 then will the young princess cross the threshold4'0 ,thereupon gifts are made by the bridegroom's friend1 and the bride crosses the threshold to go to the bridegroom4#hd ,among the ,mordvins 7or1 ,mordevins71 a ,finnish people on the ,volga1 there are various customs in connection with marriage1 tending to confirm the idea that the threshold is the household altar4 ,in a ceremony of betrothal1 with a conference over the terms of dowry1 a prayer is offered to the 8goddess of the homestead10 and the 8goddess of the dwelling-house20 8the girl's father then cuts off the corner of a loaf of bread with three slashes of a knife1 salts it1 and places it under the threshold1 where the ,penates are believed to frequent4 ,this is called the #8gods' portion4'0 ,bread and salt are factors in a sacred covenant1 and their proffer to the household gods1 at the threshold altar1 would seem to be an invitation to those gods to be a party to the new marriage covenant4 ,again1 after the terms of betrothal are agreed on1 there is the feast of 8hand-striking10 or ratification of the betrothal4 ,on that occasion also the 8gods' portion0 is offered2 and 8a little brandy is spilt under the threshold4 ,bread and salt are once more placed under the threshold by the bride's father1 who carries it from the table to the household altar 8on the point of the knife-under no circumstances in his hands40#he ,a custom of strewing the threshold of the home of a new-married couple prevailed in ,holland until recent times4#hf ,this was obviously a form of offering at the household altar4 ,on the evening before the marriage ceremony1 in the rural districts and smaller towns of ,northern ,germany1 the boys and girls1 and others in the neighborhood1 are accustomed to appear at the door of the bride's house1 and smash on the threshold earthen pots and jars1 with loud cries of joy4 8,sometimes1 whole car-loads of broken pottery have to be removed from the door the next morning40 ,and when the young couple return to their home1 after the ceremony at the church1 poor boys and girls are accustomed to stretch a colored cord across the door of the house1 to prevent a passage over the threshold1 unless the bridegroom throws a handful of small coins among those who bar the way4#hg ,traces of the sacredness of the threshold altar seem to exist in the wedding ceremonies in villages on the coast of ,aberdeenshire1 ,scotland4 8,after the marriage is solemnized1 444 the bride's guests are entertained at her home1 and the bridegroom's at his4444 ,when the bride returns to her father's house1 after the marriage1 broken bread of various sorts is thrown over her before she enters4 ,the same ceremony is gone through with the bridegroom at his father's door40#hh ,when a girl among the ,sea ,dyaks of ,borneo is married1 the wedding takes place at her house4 ,the marriage rite includes the erecting an altar before the door of the house1 and placing on it an offering of prepared areca-nut1 covered with a red cloth1 the color of blood4 ,the families of the bride and the groom then partake of that offering in covenant conclave4#hi ,a lover1 among the ,woolwas1 in ,central ,america1 when wooing a bride1 would bring a deer's carcass1 and a bundle of firewood1 and deposit it outside of her house door4 ,if she accepted these1 and took them over the threshold1 it was a betrothal4#ij ,the covenant seemed to consist in the reaching across the threshold and accepting a proffered offering in a spirit of loving agreement4 ,among the ,towkas1 in the same part of the world1 a bridegroom would go with his friends to the home of his bride1 carrying a bundle of gifts for her4 ,sitting down outside of the door1 he would call on her family to open to him4 ,there being no response1 music would then be tried by his friends4 ,at this the door would be opened just far enough for him to put a gift inside over the threshold4 ,one by one his gifts would be passed in1 in this way1 while the door opened wider and wider4 ,when the last gift was over the threshold1 the lover would spring within1 and1 seizing the bride1 would carry her across the threshold1 and take her to a temporary hut erected within a charmed circle near by1 while his friends guarded him from intrusion4#ia ,and thus1 in various ways1 among widely different primitive peoples1 the marriage customs go to show that the home threshold cannot be passed except by overcoming a barrier of some kind1 and making an offering1 bloody or bloodless1 at this primal family altar4 ,an essential part of the covenant of union is a halting at1 and then passing over1 the threshold of the new home1 with an accompanying sacrifice4 #d4 ,,stepping ,,or ,,being ,,lifted ,,across ,,the ,,threshold4 ,even more widespread and prominent than the custom of offering blood1 or of making a libation1 or of overcoming a special barrier1 at the threshold1 or of anointing or stamping the posts or lintel of the doorway as a sign of the covenant1 at the time of a marriage1 and as a part of the ceremony1 is the habit of causing the bride to cross the threshold with care1 without stepping upon it4 ,this custom is of well-nigh world-wide observance1 and it has attracted the attention of anthropologists and students of primitive customs4 ,a favorite method of explaining it has been by calling it a survival of the practice of 8marriage by capture20 but this is nothing more than an unscientific guess1 in defiance of the truth that persistent popular customs have their origin in a sentiment1 and not in a passing historic practice4 ,the earliest mentions of this custom1 of the bride's crossing the threshold without stepping on it1 show it as a voluntary religious rite2 and there are traces of its recognition in this light from the earliest times until now4 ,in the ,vedic ,sutras1 or the sacrificial rules of the ancient ,hindoo literature1 it is specifically declared that a bride1 on entering her husband's home1 shall step across the threshold1 and not upon it4 ,she is not lifted over the door-sill1 but she voluntarily crosses it4 ,thus it is said3 8,when 7the bridegroom with his bride7 has come to his house1 he says to her1 #8,cross 7the threshold7 with thy right foot first2 do not stand on the threshold4'0#ib ,in this ancient ceremony1 grains of rice are poured on the heads of the bridegroom and his bride4#ic ,this modern custom has1 therefore1 a very early origin4 ,and again3 8,he makes her enter the house 7which she does7 with her right foot4 ,and she does not stand on the threshold40#id ,putting the right foot forward seems to be a matter of importance in various primitive religions4 8,put your right foot first0 is a maxim ascribed to ,pythagoras4#ie ,in his description of the proportions of a temple1 the ,roman architect ,vitruvius said3 8,the number of steps in front should always be odd1 since1 in that case1 the right foot1 which begins the ascent1 will be that which first alights on the landing of the temple40#if ,a ,muhammadan is always careful to put his right foot first in crossing over the threshold of a mosk4#ig ,among the ,albanians1 when the bride is taken to the home of the bridegroom1 accompanied by the vlam1 or 8the friend of the bridegroom10 it is said that 8particular care is taken that the threshold should be crossed with the right foot foremost40#ih ,here1 as in ,india1 the crossing of the threshold is a voluntary act4 ,the bride is not lifted over1 but crosses of her own accord4 ,if she be veiled1 the lifting is a necessity4 ,in ,madagascar1 8on entering a house1 especially a royal house1 it is improper to use the left foot on first stepping into it4 ,one must #8put one's best 7or right7 foot foremost4'0#ii ,the bride1 in ,upper ,syria1 is sometimes carried across the threshold of the bridegroom's house by friends of the bridegroom4#ajj ,she1 of course1 is veiled4 ,when the bride reaches the outer gate of her husband's residence1 in ,egypt1 the bridegroom meets her1 enveloped as she is in her cashmere shawl1 clasps her in his arms1 and carries her across the threshold1 and up to the doorway of the female apartments4#aja ,in portions of ,abyssinia1 the bridegroom carries his bride from her home to his1 bearing her across the threshold as he enters his house4#ajb ,so1 also1 it is among the more primitive tribes in ,west ,africa4 ,the bride is carried over the threshold in a rude chair1 or on the shoulders of her friends1 into her new home4#ajc ,there are traces of a similar custom in the marriage ceremonies of ancient ,assyria4#ajd ,again1 it is said to be found among the ,khonds of ,orissa1#aje the ,tatars1#ajf and the ,eskimos4#ajg ,in ancient ,greece#ajh and in ancient ,rome#aji the lifting of the bride over the threshold of her new home was an important part of the marriage ceremony4 ,classic writers had their explanations of this custom1 as certain modern anthropologists have theirs1 but the origin of the ceremony was earlier than they imagined4 ,in unchanging ,china the use of fire on the threshold altar1 in connection with the marriage ceremony1 is continued to the present day4 ,the bride is borne in a sedan-chair to the house of the bridegroom1 accompanied by a procession of friends and musicians4 8,on arriving at the portal of the house1 the bridegroom taps the door of the sedan-chair with his fan1 and in response1 the instructress of matrimony1 who prompts every act of the bride1 opens the door and hands out the still enshrouded young lady1 who is carried bodily over a pan of lighted charcoal1 or a red-hot coulter laid on the threshold1 while at the same moment a servant offers for her acceptance some rice and preserved prunes40#aaj ,again1 it is burning straw that is thrown upon the door-sill1 and is half extinguished before the ,chinese bride is led to step across it4 ,the instructress says at this point3 8,now1 fair young bride1 the smoke bestride2 ,this year have joy1 next year a boy40#aaa ,fire1 like blood1 stands for life in the primitive mind2 and fire1 like blood1 has its place on the altar4 ,indeed1 as the first threshold altar was the hearthstone1 it was the place of the household fire4 ,the sacredness of the domestic fire is recognized in all the ,hindoo religious literature2 and a ,hindoo couple1 on beginning their married life1 must have a care to enter a new home bringing their sacred altar fire with them4#aab ,in ancient ,greece1 the mother of the bride accompanied her daughter to the threshold of her new home1 bearing a flaming torch 8kindled at the parental hearth1 according to custom immemorial40#aac ,a torch was similarly borne in the ,roman marriage ceremonies4#aad ,this custom is referred to in the term 8hymen's torch10 or the 8nuptial torch40 8,in ,cicero's time1 they did not distinguish the hearth-fire from the ,penates1 nor the ,penates from the ,lares40#aae ,the bride1 in ,india1 in ,china1 in ,greece1 and in ,rome1 worshiped at the altar-fire of her new home4 ,a connecting link between the altar fire and the nuptial torch is found in a marriage custom of the ,erza1 of the ,mordvins1 in ,russia4 ,on the eve of the wedding day the bridegroom's family make ready for the bride4 8,a thick candle1 and several thinner ones1 have 444 been made ready for the occasion4 ,the bridegroom's father lights the smaller ones before the holy pictures in use in families of the ,greek ,church1 but sets up the large one on the threshold4 ,it is called #8the house candle4'0 ,the father then prays for the new couple4#aaf ,a survival of an ancient ,slavic custom1 of covenanting together by crossing together an altar fire1 would also seem to exist in ,russia in the practices of young people at the 8,midsummer ,day0 festival4 ,a ,russian writer says of these festivals3 8,more than once have ,i had an opportunity of being present at these nightly meetings1 held at the end of ,june1 in commemoration of a heathen divinity4 ,they usually take place close to a river or pond2 large fires are lighted1 and over them young couples1 bachelors and unmarried girls1 jump barefoot40#aag ,there is a custom of wooing among the ,moksha1 of the ,mordvins1 that brings the threshold-altar idea into prominence4 ,the parents of the wooer first make gifts1 at their home1 to the household goddesses4 8,these gifts consist of dough figures of domestic animals1 which are placed under the threshold of the house and of the outside gate1 while prayer is made to the goddesses and to deceased ancestors4 ,the father of the bridegroom then cuts off a corner of a loaf placed on the table1 and at the time of the offering scoops out the inside and fills it with honey4 ,at midnight he drives in profound secrecy to the house of the bride elect1 places the honeyed bread on the gate-post of her house1 strikes the window with his whip1 and shouts3 #8,seta6 ,i1 ,veshnak ,mazakoff1 make a match between thy daughter and my son ,uru4 ,take the honeyed bread from thy gate-post1 and pray4'0#aah ,the images of domestic animals would here seem to stand for the slaughtered animals formerly offered at the threshold altar2 and the linking of the altars of the two homes by offerings and prayer would seem to indicate the desire for a sacred covenant4 ,when the bride is received at the bridegroom's house1 a notch is cut 8with an ax in the door-post to mark the arrival of a new addition to the family40 ,among the ,erza1 of the same province1 the bride1 on the day of 8the girl's feast10 preceding her marriage1 8takes mould earth from under the threshold of her parental home with her finger-tips1 and thrusts it into her bosom10 as she goes out to seek a farewell blessing from her friends4 ,in the bridegroom's home1 meanwhile1 a lighted candle is placed on the threshold of the door2 and1 in some regions1 when he and his friends go to the bride's house to bring her to his home1 he and they are met at the door by her parents with the covenanting bread and salt1 and the words1 8,be welcome1 come within40 ,as the bride is borne out of her old home to go to her new one1 she and her party 8all halt and bow to the gate1 for there1 or in the courtyard1 is the abode of the god that protects the dwelling-place4 ,the following prayer is made to him3 #8,kardas ,sarks1 the nourisher1 god of the house1 do not abandon her that is about to depart2 always be near her just as thou art here4#80 ,when she reaches her new home1 she is carried 7over the threshold71 in the arms of some of her party1 into the house of the bridegroom1 carrying a lighted candle4#aai ,the custom survived in portions of ,scotland1 as recently as the beginning of this century1 of lifting a bride over the threshold1 or the first step of the door4 ,a cake of bread1 prepared for the occasion1 was1 at the same time1 broken by the bridegroom's mother over the head of the bride4 ,the bride was then led directly to the hearth1 and the poker and tongs1 and sometimes the broom1 were put into her hands 8as symbols of her office and duty40 ,lifting the bride over the threshold has been practiced in recent times1 in ,england1 ,ireland1 and the ,united ,states4#abj ,both bride and bridegroom were carried1 on the shoulders of their elders1 across the threshold of their new home1 and laid on their bridal bed1 in the marriage ceremonies of some of the tribes of ,central ,america4 ,and again the bridegroom carried his bride in this way4#aba ,in either case1 it was the crossing of the threshold without stepping on it that was the thing aimed at4 #e4 ,,laying ,,foundations ,,in ,,blood4 ,in the building of a house1 as a new home1 the prominence given to the laying of the threshold1 or to its dedicating by blood1 is another indication1 or outcome1 of its altar-like sacredness4 ,in ,upper ,syria a sacrifice is often made at the beginning of the building of a new house1 and again at the first crossing of its threshold4 8,when a new house is built10 among the ,metwileh1 8the owner will not reside in it until1 with certain formalities1 a black hen has been carried several times round the house and slaughtered within the door10 as if in covenant dedication of the house4#abb ,among the ,copts in ,egypt1 when the threshold of a new house is laid1 the owner slaughters a sheep or a goat on the threshold1 and steps over the blood1 as if in covenant for himself and his household with ,him to whom all blood1 as life1 belongs4 ,then he divides the sacrificed victim among his neighbors2 and they in turn come and step across the blood on the threshold1 invoking as they do so a blessing on the new house and its owner1 while coming into covenant with him4#abc ,the foundation-stone of a new building is1 in a sense1 the threshold of that structure4 ,hence to lay the foundations in blood is to proffer blood at the threshold4 ,traces of this custom are to be found in the practices or the legends of peoples wellnigh all the world over4#abd ,apparently the earlier sacrifices were of human beings4#abe ,later they were of animals substituted for persons4 ,the idea seems to have been that he who covenanted by blood with ,god1 or with the gods1 when his house1 or his city1 was builded1 was guarded1 together with his household1 while he and they were dwellers there2 but1 if he failed to proffer a threshold sacrifice1 his first-born1 or the first person who crossed the bloodless threshold1 would be claimed by the ignored or defied deity4 ,there is1 indeed1 a suggestion of this idea in the curse pronounced by ,joshua1 when he destroyed the doomed city of ,jericho1 against him who should rebuild its walls1 he not being in covenant with and obedient to the ,lord4 8,cursed be the man before the ,lord1 that riseth up and buildeth this city ,jericho3 with the loss of his firstborn shall he lay the foundation thereof1 and with the loss of his youngest son shall he set up the gates of it40#abf ,a later record tells of the fulfilment of this curse4 ,it says of the reign of ,ahab3 8,in his days did ,hiel the ,bethel-ite build ,jericho3 he laid the foundation thereof with the loss of ,abiram his firstborn1 and set up the gates thereof with the loss of his youngest son ,segub2 according to the word of the ,lord1 which he spake by the hand of ,joshua the son of ,nun40#abg ,human sacrifices1 in order to furnish blood at the foundations of a house1 or of a public structure1 have been continued down to recent times1 or to the present1 in some portions of the world2 and there are indications in popular tradition that they were frequent in a not remote past4 ,it is said that at the building of ,scutari1 in ,asia ,minor1 8the workmen were engaged on its fortifications for three years1 but the walls would not stand4 ,then they protested that the only possible way to succeed was to lay under or in them a living human being4 ,they accordingly laid hold of a young woman who brought them dinner1 and immured her40#abh ,according to a story in ,china1 when the bridge leading to the site of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 in ,shanghai1 was in process of building1 an official present took off his shoes1 as indicating his rank1 and threw them into the stream1 in order to stay the current1 and enable the workmen to lay the foundations4 ,finding this unavailing1 he took off his garments and threw them in4 ,finally he threw himself in1 and as his life went out the workmen were enabled to go on with their building4 ,to this day the belief is general that that structure stands fast because of this sacrifice4#abi 8,when the walls of ,algiers were built of blocks of concrete by ,muhammadans1 in the sixteenth century1 a ,christian captive named ,geronimo was placed in one of the blocks and the rampart built over and about him4 ,since the ,french occupation of ,algiers a subsidence in the wall led to an examination of the blocks1 and one was found to have given way4 ,it was removed1 and the cast of ,geronimo was discovered in the block4 ,the body had gone to dust1 and the superincumbent weight had crushed in the stone sarcophagus40#acj ,a story told among the ,danes is1 that 8many years ago1 when the ramparts were being raised round ,copenhagen1 the wall always sank1 so that it was not possible to get it to stand firm4 ,they therefore took a little innocent girl1 placed her in a chair by a table1 and gave her playthings and sweetmeats4 ,while she thus sat enjoying herself1 twelve masons built an arch over her1 which1 when completed1 they covered with earth to the sound of drums and trumpets4 ,by this process the walls were made solid40#aca 8,thuringian legend declares that to make the castle of ,liebenstein fast and impregnable1 a child was bought for hard money of its mother1 and walled in4 ,it was eating a cake while the masons were at work1 the story goes1 and it cried1 #8,mother1 ,i see thee still2' then later1 #8,mother1 ,i see thee a little still2' and as they put in the last stone1 #8,mother1 now ,i see thee no more4'0#acb ,a similar story is told of a ,slavic town on the ,danube4 ,a plague devastated it1 and it was determined to build it anew1 with a new citadel4 8,acting on the advice of their wisest men1 they sent out messengers before sunrise one morning in all directions1 with orders to seize upon the first living creature they should meet4 ,the victim proved to be a child 7,dyetina1 archaic form of ,ditya71 who was buried alive under the foundation-stone of the new citadel4 ,the city was on that account called ,dyetinets or ,detinetz1 a name since applied to any citadel40#acc ,it is even said that 8when1 a few years ago1 the ,bridge ,gate of the ,bremen city walls was demolished1 the skeleton of a child was found imbedded in the foundations40#acd ,a ,scottish legend tells that ,st4 ,columba found himself unable to build a cathedral on the island of ,iona unless he would secure its stability and safety by the blood of a human sacrifice4 ,thereupon he took his companion1 ,oran1 and buried him alive at the foundations of the structure1 having no trouble after that4#ace ,and it is said that under the walls of the only two round towers of the ancient ,irish examined1 human skeletons were found buried4#acf ,until the transfer of ,alaska to the ,united ,states1 in #ahfg1 by the ,russian government1 human sacrifices at the foundation of a new house were common in that portion of ,america4 ,the ceremonies are thus described by one familiar with them3 8,the rectangular space for the building is 444 cleared1 a spot for the fireplace designated1 and four holes dug1 wherein the corner posts are to be set4444 ,a slave1 either man or woman who has been captured in war or is even a descendant of such a slave1 is blindfolded and compelled to lie down face uppermost1 in the place selected for the fireplace the site of the domestic altar4 ,a sapling is then cut1 laid across the throat of the slave1 and1 at a given signal1 the two nearest relatives of the host sit upon the respective ends of the sapling1 thereby choking the unhappy wretch to death4 ,but the corner posts must receive their baptism2 so four slaves are blindfolded1 and one is forced to stand in each post-hole1 when1 at a given signal1 a blow on the forehead is dealt with a peculiar club ornamented with the host's coat of arms40 ,it is said that even to the present time1 on the building of a house in ,alaska1 8the same ceremonies are enacted1 with the exception of the sacrifices1 which are prevented by the ,united ,states authorities40#acg ,in ,hindoostan1 ,burmah1 ,tennasserin1 ,borneo1 ,japan1 ,galam1 ,yarriba1 ,polynesia1 and elsewhere1 there are modern survivals of this foundation-laying in blood4#ach ,it would seem1 indeed1 to have been wellnigh universal as a primitive usage4 ,popular ballads give other indications of such customs1 in various lands4 8,in a song1 of which there are several versions1 of the building of the bridge of ,arta1 it is told how the bridge fell down as fast as it was built1 until at last the master-builder dreamed a dream that it would only stand if his own wife were buried alive in the foundations4 ,he therefore sends for her1 bidding her dress in festival attire1 and then finds an excuse to make her descend into the central pile1 whereupon they heap the earth over her1 and thus the bridge stands fast40#aci 8,in another song the same story is told of the ,bridge of ,tricha1 with the difference only that it is a little bird that whispers in the architect's ear how the pile may be made to stand4 ,a similar superstition connected with the building of the monastery ,curtea de ,argest1 in ,wallachia1 forms the subject of a fine poem by the ,roumanian poet ,alexandri40#adj ,there is an indication of a like custom among the ,vlachs in ,turkey1 as shown in their folk-poetry4 ,the ballad of the 8,monastery of ,argis0 tells of such an incident1 in which the master-builder ,manoli plays a part4#ada ,various substitutes for human offerings at the laying of a foundation-stone1 or a threshold1 have been adopted in different countries4 ,thus1 in modern ,greece1 8after the ground has been cleared for the foundations of a new house1 the future owner1 his family1 and the workmen attend1 together with the pappas the priest in full canonicals1 accompanied by incense1 holy water1 and all due accessories4 ,a prayer is said1 and those present are aspersed1 and the site is sprinkled with the consecrated water4 ,then a fowl or a lamb1 which you have noticed lying near with the feet tied together1 is taken by one of the workmen1 killed and decapitated1 the pappas standing by all the while1 and even giving directions2 the blood is then smeared on the foundation-stone1 in the fulfilment of the popular adage that #8there must be blood in the foundation4'0#adb ,the modern ,greek term for this ceremony1 stoicheionein1 would seem to indicate a sacrifice to the deity of the threshold1 or the foundation4 8,the ,bulgarians1 it is said1 when laying a house foundation1 take a thread1 and measure the shadow of some casual passer-by4 ,the measure is then buried under the foundation-stone1 and it is expected that the man whose shadow has been thus treated will soon become but a shade himself4444 ,sometimes a victim is put to death on the occasion2 the foundations being sprinkled with the blood of a fowl1 or a lamb1 or some other species of scapegoat40#adc ,among the ,russian peasants the idea prevails that the building of a new house 8is apt to be followed by the death of the head of the family for which the new dwelling is constructed1 or that the member of the family who is the first to enter it will soon die4 ,in accordance with a custom of great antiquity1 the oldest member of a migrating household enters the new house first2 and in many places1 as1 for instance1 in the ,government of ,archangel1 some animal is killed and buried on the spot on which the first log or stone is laid40#add ,the 8upper corner0 of a house1 in ,russia1 is peculiarly sacred1 having even more honor than the doorway threshold in the ordinary home4 ,yet this upper corner seems to be in a sense the real threshold1 or foundation corner1 of the building4 ,a cock is the ordinary victim sacrificed 8on the spot which a projected house is to cover40 ,the head of this cock is buried 8exactly where the #8upper corner' of the building is to stand40 ,and this corner is thenceforward a sacred corner4 ,opposite to it is the stove4 ,it is called the 8great0 and the 8beautiful0 corner4 ,the family meal is eaten before it1 and every one who enters the cottage makes obeisance toward it4 ,formerly ancestral images are supposed to have been in that corner1 and now holy pictures are there4#ade ,it would seem to be in accordance with this idea that the foundation-stone1 or threshold1 of a new building1 which in civilized lands is now laid with imposing ceremonies1 is known as the 8corner-stone40 ,yet the 8corner-stone0 of a modern building is sometimes at the corner of the central doorway4#adf ,it is worthy of note that in ancient ,egypt the one door of an ordinary dwelling-house was placed at one side1 or end1 of the front wall1 and not in the center2 so that the corner-stone of the building was literally a portion of the threshold4#adg ,the same was true of many an old-time ,new ,england house2 the 8front door0 was at the left-hand side 7as one approached the house7 of the gable end4 ,thus the threshold of the door was often the corner-stone4 ,ancient ,romans were accustomed to place statues and images1 instead of living persons1 under the foundations of their buildings1 as has been shown by recent researches in and about ,rome4#adh ,in one instance1 where a fine statue of colossal size and in perfect preservation was unearthed1 at the foundations of a convent which was being enlarged1 8by order of the monks1 it was buried again10 as if in deference to the primitive belief that it was essential to the stability of the structure4#adi ,there is a ,swedish tradition 8that under the altar in the first ,christian churches a lamb was usually buried1 which imparted security and duration to the edifice40#aej ,and1 8according to ,danish accounts1 a lamb was buried under every altar1 and a living horse was laid in every churchyard before a human corpse was laid in it4 ,both lamb and horse are to be seen occasionally in the church- or grave-yard1 and betoken death4 ,under other houses pigs and hens were buried alive40#aea ,a new sacrificial stone1 or altar of sacrifice1 laid on the summit of a ,mexican temple1 in #aeab1 was consecrated by ,montezuma by the blood of more than twelve thousand captives4#aeb ,when the new railroad was built between ,jaffa and ,jerusalem1 a few years ago1 there were sacrifices of sheep at its beginning4 ,and there were similar sacrifices at the foundations of the ,turkish building1 at the ,columbian ,exposition at ,chicago4 ,in all these facts or legends1 blood on the threshold of the building1 in the foundation-stones of the structure1 is shown to have been deemed an essential factor in a covenant with1 or in propitiation of1 the deity of the place4 #f4 ,,appeals ,,at ,,the ,,altar4 ,because the threshold is recognized as an altar1 nearness to the altar is nearness to ,god1 or to the gods worshiped at that altar4 ,hence appeals are made and justice is sought at the gate1 or at the threshold1 as in the presence of deity4 ,to present one's self at the tent doorway1 or to lay hold of the supports1 or cords1 at the entrance of an ,arab's 8house of hair10 is recognized as an ever-effective appeal for hospitality in the ,east4 ,even an enemy can thus secure the protection of the home sanctuary4#aec ,in the excavation of ,tell-el-,hesy1 in ,southwestern ,palestine1 supposed to cover the remains of ancient ,lachish1#aed ,dr4 ,petrie discovered various ornamented door-jambs4 ,in one case a simple volute on a pilaster slab suggested to ,dr4 ,petrie 8a ram's horn nailed up against a wooden post20 and 8he sees in this the origin of the type of the #8horns of the altar1'#aee so often mentioned in temple architecture40#aef ,if ,dr4 ,petrie be correct in this thought1 the horns of the altar were first of all at the house doorway1 above the threshold altar4 ,one of the fundamental laws of the ,afghans makes it incumbent on a host to 8shelter and protect any one who in extremity may flee to his threshold1 and seek an asylum under his roof40 ,property or life must be sacrificed in his behalf1 if need be4 8,as soon as you have crossed the threshold of an ,afghan you are sacred to him1 though you were his deadly foe1 and he will give up his own life to save yours40 ,a favorite poem of the ,afghan1 entitled1 8,adam ,khan and ,durkhani10 tells of a son who killed his father because that father had betrayed a refugee who sought the sanctuary of his threshold4 ,and all ,afghans honor the memory of that son4#aeg ,among the ,arabs of the ,syrian desert1 when a man would leave his own tribe and join himself to another1 he takes a lamb or a goat with him1 and presents himself at the entrance of the tent of the shaykh of the tribe he would find a home in4 ,slaying the animal there1 and allowing its blood to run out on the ground at the threshold of the tent1 he makes his appeal to the shaykh to accept him as a member of his tribe1 or as a son by adoption4 ,and this appeal has peculiar force1 as a voice by blood4#aeh ,when a man among these tribes is in peril of his life1 pursued by an enemy1 he can similarly make an appeal for sanctuary at the threshold altar of a shaykh's tent1 with a like outpouring of the blood of an animal brought by him2 and protection must be granted him by the shaykh4 ,it is as though he had laid hold of the 8horns of the altar40 ,so1 again1 when a man would be reconciled with an enemy who has cause for bitter hostility1 he goes to the tent of that enemy and sacrifices an animal at the threshold1 with an appeal for forgiveness4 ,this offering of a threshold sacrifice secures his safety4 ,in other portions of ,arabia this same idea finds a different but similar expression4 8,with bare and shaven head the offender appears at the door of the injured person1 holding a knife in each hand1 and1 reciting a formula provided for the purpose1 strikes his head several times with the sharp blades4 ,then drawing his hands over his bloody scalp1 he wipes them on the door-post4 ,the other must then come out and cover the suppliant's head with a shawl covering the offense1 in covering the offender1 after which he kills a sheep1 and they sit down together at a feast of reconciliation40#aei ,a record on a ,babylonian clay tablet1 of the twenty-eighth year of ,nebuchadrezzar1 affirms that 8on the second day of the month of ,ab0 a certain 8,imbia shall bring his witness to the gate of the house of the chief ,bel-iddin1 and let him testify0 as to a certain matter4#afj ,the gate of the chief man1 or local magistrate1 would here seem to have been the recognized court of justice4 ,in the palace ruins at ,persepolis and ,susa1 the great doorways show1 in their architecture1 the influence of ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 and ,egypt4 ,and in the relief sculpture of those doorways there is seen a representation of 8the king sitting on his throne rendering justice at his palace gate40#afa ,at one of the gates of modern ,cairo1 the writer has seen a venerable ,arab sitting in judgment on a case submitted to him by the contestants4 ,and such a scene may be often witnessed at the gates of an ,oriental city4 ,in accordance with this primitive idea1 it became a custom in ,india for one who would obtain justice from another to seat himself at the door of a house1 or a tent1 and refuse to move from that position until he starved to death1 unless his claim were heeded4 ,if the suitor died at the door1 or the household altar1 the sin of his death rested upon the householder4 ,the suitor's blood cried out against the evil-doer4 ,even to the present time appeals at the household altar are made in blood1 in portions of ,india4 ,a case recently before the ,british court in ,kathiawar involved an illustration of such an appeal4 ,one of the ,charaus1 a caste of heralds1 had become responsible with his life1 according to custom1 for the repayment of a loan made to a land owner4 ,the land owner delayed payment1 and seemed disposed to avoid it4 8,the herald and his brother1 with their old mother for a sacrifice1 went to the door of the debtor's house and demanded payment1 as their family honor was at stake4 ,when the land owner would not pay1 the herald struck off the head of his mother with his sword before the door1 the brother at the same time wounded 7intending to kill7 the debtor1 and the two brothers sprinkled the mingled blood of the sacrifice on the householder's door-posts4 ,the land owner1 smitten by public infamy and the guilt of the matricide1 starved himself to death40#afb ,references to this responsibility of the heralds are found in the ,mahabharata4#afc ,even where the primitive custom of sacrificing at the doorway has died out1 there sometimes seems to be a survival of it in popular phraseology4 ,talcott ,williams1 of ,philadelphia1 relates an incident of his experiences in ,morocco1 which illustrates this4 ,he says3 8,as ,i was riding through the ,soko at ,tangier on a morning in ,june1 #ahhi1 a servant stopped me1 and said3 #8,four men1 from near ,azila 7a town on the seacoast of ,morocco1 about thirty miles away71 are waiting for you at the gate of the house of ,mr4 ,perdicarus1 and they have killed a sheep4' #8,what have they killed a sheep for8' said ,i4 #8,oh6' said the servant1 #8,i don't mean that they have actually killed a sheep1 but they are sitting at the gate1 asking for your help1 and expect you to aid them in their trouble1 because they have heard that you have influence with the ,american consul1 and are a man of importance in your own country1 and we call that 8killing a sheep40' ,i think he added #8at the gate1' but my memory is not perfectly clear at this point4 ,i rode on to the house of my friend1 where ,i was stopping1 and found there the kinsman of a sheikh1 who had been imprisoned by the ,american consul4 ,they seized my horse's bridle1 and1 with the usual ,oriental signs of respect1 refused to let me dismount until ,i had heard them and their plea for help4 8,i was told by my own servant and the other ,orientals there1 that this plea #8at the gate1' accompanied as it was by the readiness to #8kill a sheep1' was one which no man in ,morocco would dream of disregarding4 ,i made some inquiry on the subject afterwards1 and found that the habit of sitting at the gate waiting for a man of supposed influence or authority1 while absent1 to return to his house1 often actually accompanied1 though less frequently at present1 by the slaughter of a sheep1 whose blood is poured across the road over which he must pass1 was a form used only in cases of dire necessity1 and one to which a man with whom other pleas would avail nothing1 felt compelled to give attention4 ,i am glad to add that in my own case this ancient rite was not without its fruits to those who had used it40#afd ,see the ,bible references to this idea4 ,moses stood 8in the gate of the camp10 at a crisis hour in ,israel's history1 when he would execute judgment in the ,lord's cause4#afe ,all ,israel was aroused to do judgment against the sinning ,benjamites because of the appeal of the dying woman who fell at the door of the house1 8with her hands upon the threshold40#aff ,boaz 8went up to the gate10 to meet the elders there1 when he would covenant to do justice by ,ruth and the kinsman of ,naomi4#afg ,absalom sat in 8the way of the gate0 when he would show favor to those who came there with their appeals for justice4#afh ,and when ,absalom was dead1 ,david as king was again sitting in the gate4#afi ,zedekiah1 the king of ,judah1 was sitting in the gate of ,benjamin when ,ebed-melech appealed to him in behalf of ,jeremiah4#agj ,daniel's post of honor in ,babylon was 8in the gate of the king10 as a judge in the king's name4#aga ,wisdom1 personified1 says of him who would seek help where it is to be obtained3 8,blessed is the man that heareth me1 ,watching daily at my gates1 ,waiting at the posts of my doors40#agb ,the ,lord's call to ,israel1 through the prophets1 was3 8,establish judgment in the gate10#agc and 8,execute the judgment of truth and peace in your gates40#agd ,a reference to a just and righteous man is to 8him that reproveth in the gate40#age ,lazarus in his need is laid daily at the gate of the rich ,dives1 seeking help4#agf ,so1 again1 the poor man who was a cripple from his birth was 8laid daily at the door of the temple 444 called ,beautiful1 to ask alms of them that entered into the temple40#agg ,it is written in the ,mosaic law1 that1 when a bondman would bind himself and his family in permanent servitude to his loved master1 8his master shall bring him unto ,god or to the place of judgment and of covenant1 and shall bring him to the door1 or unto the door-post2 and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl2 and he shall thenceforward serve him forever20#agh or1 as it is elsewhere said1 the master shall thrust the awl 8through his ear1 unto or into the door40#agi ,here1 apparently1 the master and servant appeal together at the household altar1 in witness of their sacred covenant4 ,the high court of ,turkey is still called the 8,sublime ,porte10 the 8,exalted ,gateway20 and the subjects of the ,sultan seek imperial favor at his palace door4 ,he1 or his representative1 administers justice there1 to those who are waiting at his gate4 ,a promise to ,abraham was3 8,thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies40#ahj ,and again ,jesus says of his ,church1 that 8the gates of ,hades shall not prevail against it40#aha ,in both these cases 8gates0 are obviously equivalent to the power of those who are within the gates4 ,thus1 also1 when the overthrow of a city is foretold in prophecy1 it is said1 that 8the gate is smitten with destruction40#ahb #g4 ,,covenant ,,tokens ,,on ,,the ,,doorway4 ,because the threshold of the doorway is the primitive altar of the household1 the doorway itself is1 as it were1 a framework above the altar2 and the side-posts and lintel of the doorway fittingly bear tokens or inscriptions in testimony to the sacredness of the passage into the home sanctuary4 ,it would seem that originally the blood poured out in sacrifice on the threshold was made use of for marking the door-posts and lintel with proofs of the covenant entered into between the in-comer and the host2 and that afterwards other symbols of life1 and appropriate inscriptions1 were substituted for the blood itself4 ,there are survivals in the ,east1 at the present time1 of the original method of blood-marking the frame of the doorway2 and there are traces of its practice in ancient times in both the ,east and the ,west4 ,president ,washburn1 of ,robert ,college1 ,constantinople1 says3#ahc 8,i remember1 after the great fire in ,stamboul1 in #ahfe1 going over the ruins1 and coming to a house that the fire had spared2 a sheep had been sacrificed on the threshold1 and a hand dipped in the blood and struck upon the two door-posts40 ,this appears1 also1 in the installing of a ,chief ,rabbi in modern ,jerusalem4 ,in the welcome to the ,hakham ,bshi1 or the 8,first in ,zion10#ahd 8the multitude of those gathered together accompany him to his house1 but before he sets the sole of his foot upon the threshold of the outer gate or court one of the shokheteem or official slaughterers slays a perfect beast1 and pronounces the sacrificial blessing1 and all those present answer1 ,amen4 ,then the rabbi1 the ,hakham ,bshi1 steps over the beast which has been slain1 and the shokhet dips the two palms of his hands into the blood1 and marks first the vessels of the rabbi's house4 ,and1 with his hands stained with blood1 he forms the semblance of a hand above the lintel of the door2-in their trust that this thing is good the proper thing for the evil eye2-and the flesh of the beast they distribute to the poor40#ahe ,a custom in this same line is noted among the ,jews in ,morocco1 in connection with wedding observances4 8,whilst the bullock1 or other animal1 is being slaughtered for the evening's festivities1 a number of boys dip their hands in the blood1 and make an impression of an outspread hand on the door-posts and walls of the bride's house20 supposedly 8for the purpose of keeping off the #8evil eye1' and thus ensuring good luck to the newly married couple40#ahf ,there are indications of such a custom in ancient times4 ,layard says of his researches in ,assyria3 8,on all the slabs forming entrances in the oldest palaces of ,nimroud1 were marks of a black fluid resembling blood1 which appeared to be daubed on the stone4 ,i have not been able to ascertain the nature of this fluid2 but its appearance cannot fail to call to mind the ,jewish ceremony of placing the blood of the sacrifice on the lintel of the doorway40#ahg ,in ancient ,egypt there were inscriptions1 together with the name of the owner1 on the side-posts and lintels of the dwellings4 8,besides the owner's name10 says ,wilkinson1#ahh 8they sometimes wrote a lucky sentence over the entrance of the house1 for a favorable omen1 as #8,the ,good ,abode1' the mnzel mobrak of the modern ,arabs1 or something similar2 and the lintels and imposts of the doors in the royal mansions were frequently covered with hieroglyphics1 containing the ovals and titles of the monarch4 ,it was1 perhaps1 at the dedication of the house1 that these sentences were affixed2 and we may infer1 from the early mention of this custom among the ,jews1 that it was derived from ,egypt40#ahi ,when it is understood that the inscribing1 on the doorways1 of dedications to protecting deities1 was common among primitive peoples1 it would seem to be in accordance with that custom that the ,hebrews were commanded to dedicate their doorways to the one living ,god4 ,it is said of the words of the covenant of ,god with his people1 as recorded in ,deuteronomy #f 3 #d-i and #aa 3 #ac-ba1 8,thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thy house1 and upon thy gates40 ,to this day1 among stricter ,jews1 these covenant words inscribed on parchment1 and enclosed in a cylinder of glass1 or a case of metal or of wood1 are affixed to the side-posts of every principal door in the house4 ,this case and inscription are called the 8mezuza40 ,on the outside of the written scroll1 the divine name1 ,shaddai1-8the ,almighty10-is so inscribed that it may be in sight through an opening in the case or cylinder4 ,this name stands for 8the ,guardian of the dwellings of ,israel10 whose protection is thus invoked above the primitive altar of the household on the threshold of the entrance way4#aij 8,every pious ,jew1 as often as he passes the mezuza1 touches the divine name with the finger of his right hand1 puts it to his mouth and kisses it1 saying in ,hebrew1 #8,the ,lord shall preserve thy going out and thy coming in1 from this time forth1 and for evermore2'#aia and when leaving on a business expedition he says1 after touching it1 #8,in thy name1 kuzu bemuchsaz kuzu 7,god71 ,i go out and shall prosper4'0#aib ,in some cases the covenant words are inscribed directly upon the door-posts1 instead of being written on parchment and enclosed in a case4 ,on the lintels of the ancient synagogues in ,palestine there were sculptured symbolic figures1 such as the paschal lamb1 a pot of manna1 a vine1 or a bunch of grapes1 together with inscriptions2 and the door-posts were ornamented more or less richly4#aic ,evidences of this are still abundant4 ,speaking of the writing over the door and all round the room at the office of the consul in ,sidon1 ,dr4 ,thomson says that ,muhammadans 8never set up a gate1 cover a fountain1 build a bridge1 or erect a house1 without writing on it choice sentences from the ,koran1 or from their best poets4 ,christians also do the same40#aid ,these writings are deemed a protection against harm from evil spirits4 ,in ,persia1 both the ,muhammadans and the ,armenians inscribe passages from their sacred books above their doorways1 with ornamental adornings1 in 8strange1 fantastic patterns40#aie ,the palace doorways in ancient ,persia were inscribed and ornamented in a high degree4#aif ,at the present time1 in ,china1 coins are put under the door-sill at the time of its laying1 and charms are fastened above the door2#aig the gods of the threshold are invoked at the doorway by shrines and inscriptions1 while sentences1 as in ancient ,egypt1 are written on the side-posts and lintel4#aih ,at the festival of the fifth month of the ,chinese year1 8charms1 consisting of yellow paper of various sizes1 on which are printed images of idols1 or of animals1 or ,chinese characters1 are pasted upon the doors and door-posts of houses1 in order to expel evil spirits40 ,in times of pestilence1 sentences written in human blood are fastened on the door-posts for protection from disease4#aii ,describing a ceremony on a large ,chinese junk when starting out on a long voyage1 an observer tells of the sacrifice of a fowl in honor of the divinity called ,loong-moo1 or the ,dragon's ,mother4 ,a temporary altar was erected at the bow of the vessel1 as its beginning1 or threshold1 and the blood of the sacrificed fowl was shed there4 ,pieces of silver paper were 8sprinkled with the blood of the fowl1 and then fastened to the door-posts and lintels of the cabin40#bjj ,the cabin door is the home door of the voyager4 ,above the house door of almost every home1 in large portions of ,japan1 there is suspended the shimenawa1 or a thin rope of rice straw1 which is one of the sacred symbols of ancient ,shintoism4 ,above the doors of high ,shinto officials1 this symbol is of great size and prominence4 ,its presence is as a sign of a covenant with the gods4#bja ,the ,greeks certainly recognized the entrance of the house as the place for an altar to the protecting deity4 8,before each house stood1 usually1 its own peculiar altar of ,apollo ,agyieus1 or an obelisk rudely representing the god himself20 and that over the house door1 8for good luck10 or as a talisman1 8an inscription was often placed40#bjb ,and on occasions1 as when a bride entered her husband's house1 the doorway was 8ornamented with festive garlands40#bjc ,theocritus refers to a ,greek custom of smearing the side-posts of the gateway with the juice of magic herbs1 as a method of appeal to the guardian deity to influence the heart of the dweller within toward the suppliant at the door4#bjd ,roman householders affixed to the lintels and side-posts of their doors the spoils and trophies taken by them in battle4 ,branches1 and wreaths of bay and laurel1 were hung by them in the doorway on a marriage occasion2 and lamps and torches were displayed at their doors at other times of rejoicing2 while cypresses were shown there at the time of a death4#bje ,texts of ,scripture1 and other inscriptions1 as a means of invoking a blessing at the doorway1 are frequently found at the present time above the entrance of houses in ,south ,germany4 ,in ,central ,america and in ,south ,america the blood of sacrificial offerings was smeared on the doorways of houses as well as of temples1 as a means of covenanting with the local deities4 ,illustrations of this are found in the records and remains of ,peru#bjf and ,guatemala4#bjg ,in both ,europe and ,america1 the practice of nailing horseshoes on the side-posts of a doorway1 for 8good luck10 or as a means of guarding the inmates of the house from evil1 is very common4 ,so lately as the seventeenth century it was said3 8,most houses of the ,west ,end of ,london have the horseshoe on the threshold40#bjh ,even at the threshold of ,christian churches1 in recent years1 the symbol of the horseshoe was to be found as a means of protection4#bji ,the horseshoe is often to be found on a ship's mast4 ,at the present time1 horseshoes of various sizes1 for use as doorway guards against evil1 are found on sale in ,philadelphia1 and other centers of civilization4 #h4 ,,symbol ,,of ,,the ,,red ,,hand4 ,it would seem that1 in primitive practice1 the hand of the covenanter dipped in the sacrificial blood on the threshold1 and stamped on the door-posts and lintel1 was the sign-manual of the covenant between the contracting party or parties1 and ,god1 or the gods1 invoked in the sacrifice4 ,illustrations of this custom1 as still surviving in the ,east1 have been given1 from ,constantinople1 ,jerusalem1 and ,morocco4#baj ,naturally1 therefore1 the sign-manual by itself came to stand for1 or to symbolize1 the covenant of the threshold altar2 and the stamp of the red hand became a token of trust in ,god or the gods covenanted with in sacrifice1 and of power or might resulting from this covenant relation4 ,wherever the red hand was shown1 or found1 it was a symbol of covenant favor with ,deity1 and it came to be known1 accordingly1 as the 8hand of might40 ,in the region of ancient ,babylonia1 also1 the red-hand stamp is still to be seen on houses and on animals1 apparently as the symbol of their covenant consecration by their owner4 ,dr4 ,hilprecht says3 8,over all the doors of the rooms in the large khan of ,hillah1 on the ,euphrates1 partly built upon the ruins of ancient ,babylon1 ,i noticed the red impression of an outspread hand1 when ,i was there in ,january1 #ahhi4 ,several white horses in our caravan from ,bagdd to ,nippur had the stamp of a red hand on their haunches40 ,this symbol is much used in ,jerusalem4 ,referring to its frequency1 ,major ,conder says3 8,the #8hand of might' is another ,jewish belief which may be supposed to have an ,aryan origin4 ,this hand is drawn on the lintel or above the arch of the door4 ,sometimes it is carved in relief1 and before one house in the ,jews' quarter1 in ,jerusalem1 there is an elaborate specimen1 carefully sculptured and colored with vermilion4 ,small glass charms1 in the form of the hand1 are also worn1 and the symbol is supposed to bring good luck4 ,the ,jewish and ,arab masons paint the same mark on houses in course of construction2 and1 next to the seven-branched candlestick1 it is probably the commonest house-mark in ,jerusalem40#baa ,a ,jerusalem ,jew thus tells of its use among a portion of his co-religionists in that city3 8,our brethren the ,sephardeem the ,spanish ,jews1 like all the remnant of the sons of the ,east1 consider the semblance of a hand as good against the power of the evil eye in a man4 ,and they draw this shape upon the doors of their houses with a red finger4 ,so1 too1 they place upon the heads of their children a hand wrought in silver1 saying that this hand-or this picture of the five fingers-is noxious to the man who delights to bring the evil upon the child1 or upon those dwelling in the house4 ,so1 again1 when men quarrel1 the one sets his five fingers before the other's evil eye1 saying that this sign neutralizes the evil40#bab ,this sign of the hand is 8found on the houses of ,jews1 ,muslims1 and ,christians1 in various parts of ,palestine40 ,it is generally painted on or above the door1 often in blue2 but frequently1 especially when a ,jew or a ,muhammadan enters a new house1 a lamb is sacrificed at the door1 and the stamp of the hand in the fresh blood is affixed to the post or to the walls4#bac ,no one claims to know the origin of this symbol1 but all recognize its importance4 ,in its ruder form the figure of the hand is much like a five-branched candlestick4 ,indeed1 it has sometimes been mistaken for that symbol4 ,this was the case when such a figure was noticed1 not long ago1 by ,dr4 ,noetling1 on ,jewish houses in ,safed1 and reported to a ,european journal4 ,this symbol is sometimes called the 8,hand of ,moses40 ,a similar figure on ,muslim houses is said to represent the 8,hand of the ,prophet20 while in ,syria1 among ,christians1 it is called the ,kef ,miryam1 the 8,virgin ,mary's ,hand40#bad ,obviously these terms suggest the idea of power through divinely derived strength4 ,one of the sights in the ,mosk of ,st4 ,sophia1 in ,constantinople1 is the stamp of a red hand4 ,it is said that when ,sultan ,muhammad ,,ii4 entered this sanctuary as a conqueror1 he dipped his right hand in the blood of the slaughtered ,christians1 and stamped it on the wall1 as if to seal his victory1 and to pledge his covenant devotion to his ,god4#bae ,whether this story be fact or legend1 it is a witness to the idea of such a custom in the minds of ,oriental peoples4 ,an open hand is1 or was1 a common symbol on a banner1 as also on a prayer-rug1 in both ,turkey#baf and ,persia4 ,at the annual festival in ,persia in commemoration of the death of ,hossein1 son of ,alee1 two large banners1 each surmounted with an open hand1 are borne in front of the representation of the tomb of ,hossein2 and the same symbol appears in various ways during the celebration4#bag 8,in the ,east ,indies1 to this day1 the figure of a hand is the emblem of power and governmental sway4 ,when the ,nabob of ,arcot was the viceroy of five provinces1 if he appeared in public there were carried before him certain little banners1 each with a hand painted on it1 and a larger banner with five hands40#bah ,siva1 the destroyer1 in the ,hindoo triad1 is also the re-creator2 since death is only the entrance into a new life4 ,one of ,siva's well-known symbols is a hand1 which is a token of might and life4 ,the uplifted open hand was prominent on or above the doors in ancient ,carthage4#bai ,and a traveler in ,northern ,africa1 writing of the ,jews in ,tunis1 near the site of ,carthage1 says3 8,what struck me most in all the houses was the impression of an open bleeding hand on every wall of each floor4 ,however white the walls1 this repulsive sign was to be seen everywhere4 ,a ,jewess never goes out here without taking with her a hand carved in coral or ivory-she thinks it a talisman against the #8evil eye1' or #8mal occhio4'444 ,when his children's pictures or horses are praised1 the ,tunisian ,jew extends his five fingers1 or pronounces the number #8five2' he tries by this means to prevent the praise doing damage40#bbj ,this symbol of the open hand is frequently found above the graves in the vicinity of ,tunis4 ,it is also seen in old ,jewish cemeteries in ,europe1 as1 for instance1 in ,prague4#bba ,an open hand1 in stone1 or metal1 or enamel1 or bone1 used as a talisman or an amulet1 to guard the wearer against evil1 was in common use in ancient ,egypt4 ,specimens of these can be seen in museums in ,europe and ,america to-day4 ,it is a noteworthy fact that the uplifted hand is prominent in the representation of the deities of ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,phenicia1 and ,egypt1 especially of the gods of life1 or of fertility1 who have covenant relations with men4 ,and the same is true of the representations of sovereigns1 in the ancient ,east1 who are supposed to be in peculiar covenant relations with the gods4 ,thus1 on the seal of ,ur-,gur1 the earliest ruler of 8,ur of the ,chaldees10#bbb the ruler and his attendants appear with uplifted hands before the moon-god ,sin1 who in turn is represented with his hand uplifted1 as if he were making covenant with them4#bbc ,it is the same with the sun-god ,shamash and his worshipers4#bbd ,when a king of ancient ,babylon was recognized as having a right to the throne1 he must lift up his hand and clasp the hand of the image of ,bel-,merodach1 in order to show that he had 8become the adopted son of the true ruler of the city40 ,this giving and taking of the hand was a symbol of covenanting in ,babylonia4 ,in this way a child was adopted into a family1 and a husband and a wife covenanted to become one4#bbe ,the god ,asshur1 and his worshipers1 kings or princes1 are similarly represented in ,assyria with the hand uplifted4 ,and it is the same there with other deities and their worshipers4#bbf ,in ,phenicia1 and its colonies1 the same idea has prominence4#bbg ,deities of ancient ,egypt are frequently represented with the uplifted hand1 and their accepted worshipers appear before them with the right hand uplifted4#bbh ,as showing that this is not the attitude of supplication or of adoration1 like the bowed form1 the crossed arms1 or the upturned palms1 it is to be noted that in the representation of ,amenophis ,,iv41 or ,khuen-aten1 with his family1 before the aten-ra or the solar disk1 the worshipers stand with their right hands uplifted1 while the sun-god reaches down a series of open hands1 as if in covenant proffer to the uplifted hands below4#bbi ,in the county of ,roscommon1 in ,ireland1 there is a stone known as 8a druidical altar10 which the common people say was thrown there by the giant ,fin-mac-,coole1 8the print of whose five fingers1 they say1 is to be seen on it40 ,the hand-print is pointed to confidently as the proof of authenticity1 as if it were the veritable signature of the giant4#bcj ,among the ruins in ,central ,america1 there were found at the doorways and on the walls of many of the ruined buildings of ,yucatan the stamp of a red hand on the plaster or on the stone4 8,they were the prints of a red hand1 with the thumb and fingers extended1 not drawn or painted1 but stamped by the living hand1 the pressure of the palm upon the stone4 ,he who made it had stood before it alive1 444 and pressed his hand1 moistened with red paint1 hard against the stone4 ,the seams and creases of the palm were clear and distinct in the impression40 ,as showing the idea prevalent among the natives of that region with reference to the source and meaning of these signs-manual1 the ,indians of ,yucatan said that the stamp was of 8the hand of the owner of the building10 as if he had affixed it to his dwelling in token of his covenant with its guardian deity2 and1 again1 it was thought that 8these impressions were placed there in a formal act of consecration to the gods40#bca ,there is a clear recognition of this idea in many ,bible references to the lifting up of the hands unto ,god1 as if in covenant relations with him4 ,thus1 ,abraham says to the king of ,sodom1 8,i have lift up my hand unto the ,lord20#bcb as if he would say1 ,i have pledged myself to him4 ,i have given him my hand4 ,and the ,psalmist says3 8,i will lift up my hands in thy name40#bcc ,god himself says1 by his prophet3 8,i will lift up mine hand to the nations20#bcd that is1 ,i will covenant with them4#bce ,and so in many another case4 ,indeed1 the ,assyrian word for swearing 7nish7 is literally 8lifting up the hand20#bcf and the ,hebrew word nasa means to lift up the hand or to swear4#bcg ,the uplifted hand in a judicial oath seems to be a survival of the same thought1 that an appeal is thus made to ,god1 as one's covenant ,god4 ,again1 there may be a reference to the 8hand of might0 in a covenant relation1 in those passages where ,god is spoken of as bringing his people out of ,egypt by 8a strong hand10 or 8a mighty hand10 and as dealing with them afterwards in the same way4#bch ,an uplifted hand is a symbol found also on the stepped pyramid temples of ,polynesia4#bci ,this sign of the red hand is still a familiar one among the aborigines of ,america4 ,it is stamped on robes and skins1 and on ,indian tents4#bdj ,schoolcraft says of it3 8,the figure of the human hand is used by the ,north ,american ,indians to denote supplication to the ,deity or ,great ,spirit1 and it stands in the system of picture-writing as the symbol for strength1 power1 or mastery1 thus derived through a covenant relation4 ,in a great number of instances which ,i have met with of its being employed1 both in the ceremonial of their dances and in their pictorial records1 ,i do not recollect a single one in which this sacred character is not assigned to it40#bda ,a frequent use of the hand-print among the ,american ,indians is as 8a symbol applied to the naked body after its preparation and decoration for sacred and festive dances40 ,these preparations are 8generally made in the arcanum of the medicine1 or secret lodge1 or some private place1 and with all the skill of the priest's1 the medicine-man's1 or the juggler's art4 ,the mode of applying it in these cases is by smearing the hand of the operator with white or colored clay1 and impressing it on the breast1 the shoulder1 or other part of the body4 ,the idea is thus conveyed that a secret influence1 a charm1 a mystic power1 is given to the dancer1 arising from his sanctity1 or his proficiency in the occult arts40 ,schoolcraft1 speaking of this custom1 says3 8,the use of the hand is not confined to a single tribe or people4 ,i have noticed it alike among the ,dacotah1 the ,winnebagoes1 and other ,western tribes1 as among the numerous branches of the red race still located east of the ,mississippi ,river1 above the latitude of #db1 who speak dialects of the ,algonquin language40#bdb ,is there possibly any connection with this idea in the custom of 8the laying on of hands10 as a symbol of imparting virtue or power to one newly in covenant relations with those who are ,god's representatives1 so frequently referred to in the ,bible8#bdc ,this would seem to be indicated by the power imparted to an ,egyptian king by the touch of the uplifted hand of the deity1 as shown in the representations on the monuments of ,egypt4 ,it was known as 8the imposition of the ,sa10 or increased vitality4#bdd ,a remarkable illustration of the use of the red-hand print among ,american ,indians is given in the story of a famous ,omaha chief1 who1 when dying1 enjoined it upon his followers to carry his body to a prominent look-out bluff above the ,missouri ,river1 and bury him there1 full armed1 on the back of his favorite war-horse1 who was to be buried alive1 that he might watch from that place the passing of the whites up and down the river4 ,it would seem as if he wanted to be known as dying in the faith of his covenant relations with the ,great ,spirit1 for himself and for his people4 ,because of this request1 in the presence of his assembled tribe 8he was placed astride his horse's back1 with his bow in his hand1 and his shield and quiver slung2 with his pipe and his medicine bag2 with his supply of dried meat1 and his tobacco pouch replenished2 444 with his flint and steel1 and his tinder1 to light his pipe by the way4 ,the scalps that he had taken 444 were hung to the bridle of his horse4 ,he was in full dress and equipped2 and on his head waved 444 his beautiful head-dress of the war-eagle's plumes40 ,as he stood thus on the threshold of the life beyond1 when the last funeral honors were performed by the medicine-men1 8every warrior of his band painted the palm and fingers of his right hand with vermilion1 which was stamped and perfectly impressed on the milk-white sides of his devoted horse10-as if in covenant pledge of fidelity to their chief in the sight of the ,great ,spirit4#bde ,there is another phase of the red-hand symbolism among the ,american ,indians1 which has been noted by ,frank ,h4 ,cushing1 who is so experienced and careful an observer of their customs and ceremonies4 ,this phase connects the symbol directly with the idea of life and its transmission4 ,mr4 ,cushing says3#bdf 8,by reference to the paintings 7and writings1 to some extent7 of such men as ,catlin and ,stanley1 and to the works of ,schoolcraft1 ,matthews1 ,bourke1 and others1 you will find that the red-hand symbol was painted on the lodges1 sometimes on the clothing and person1 and sometimes on the shields of various of the hunter tribes of the plains1-as1 for example1 of the ,ioways1 ,sauks and ,foxes1 ,sioux1 ,arickarees1 ,cheyennes1 ,arapahos1 and ,comanches4 ,precisely what the significance of the symbol was1 with these peoples and others like them1 ,i am not able to say1 save that in some cases it was connected with war1 in others with treaties1 and in yet others as expressive of power4 ,there were yet other meanings attached to the sign2 but neither the former significances nor these latter were1 ,i take it1 as definite or fixed with the hunter tribes as with the more advanced and settled tribes of the farther south4 8,of these tribes1 the typical ,pueblos and the peoples more or less directly influenced by them-such as the ,jicarillas on the north and east1 and the ,apaches to the south and west#bdg-made frequent use of not only the red-hand symbol1 but also of the black-hand symbol4 ,i have seen both1 not only in the modern but also in the very ancient pueblos-as those of the ,pecos1 and those of the great cliff-dweller towns in the ,chelly and other canyons4 ,in the ,pecos ruins1 to give a special example1 ,i copied beautiful hand-paintings and prints from the rafters1 as well as from the walls of ordinary dwelling-rooms4 ,sometimes these paintings were in red1 but more often in black4 ,they invariably represented the hands of women1 as could be seen by their delicacy and smallness of outline and by their shapeliness4 ,there was1 ,i think1 a reason for this1 which the following facts will explain4 8,it was my good fortune to witness1 early in the eighties1 a ceremonial celebrating the attainment to puberty1 or womanhood1 of a young girl of the ,jicarilla ,apaches4 ,the latter people are not to be confounded with the ,apaches proper4 ,they are a mixed people1 descended not only from the ,apaches1 but also the ,comanches1 and in large part also from the ,pueblos of the north1 the so-called ,taoans of whom the ,pecos people were a branch4 ,it was clear from the character of the masks and other paraphernalia used in the ceremonials ,i witnessed1 that the latter were almost1 if not quite1 wholly derived from the pueblo1 rather than from the wilder1 ancestry of the ,jicarillas who performed them4 8,the ceremonial in question was performed by four medicine-men1 or priests1 as one might call them1 within and around a rectangular enclosure of evergreen boughs set in the plain near to the village4 ,inside of this enclosure1 which was designed to screen from view the more secret operations of the priest dancers in question1 stood a little conical skin lodge1 the snow-white top of which appeared above the screen of evergreen1 and within which the young girl1 over whom these rites were being enacted1 was ensconced1 together with one or two old women of the tribe4 ,as ,i have said before1 each of the priests1 on appearing 7and this they did successively2 that is1 the first on the first day1 the second on the second day1 and so on71 wore a conical mask or helmet1 which entirely concealed1 not only the face1 but also the head4 ,this mask was painted black or red1 and upon the face of it appeared one of these hand symbols4 ,unfortunately1 ,i did not see the mask as worn by the first priest1 but1 as worn by the second priest on the morning of the second day1 it bore upon its face the symbol of the red hand2 and as worn upon the third day1 this symbol recurred1 but1 if ,i remember aright1 was surrounded by an outline of another color1 either black or yellow1 whilst the hand painted on the mask as worn on the fourth day was black surrounded by white1 that it might stand out more conspicuously2 and in turn1 below it1 were two or more dots alternating with dotted circles4 8,my means of communicating with these people were but limited1 but on learning that the ceremonials they were performing were designed to celebrate the attainment to maturity1 or womanhood1 of a virgin1 ,i had little difficulty in understanding the significance of the succession of these various hand symbols4 ,i recognized in the ceremonial as a whole the dramatic epitomization1 to state it briefly1 of the four ages of a woman's life4 ,thus the white hand 7which ,i was told had been painted on the mask of the first day7 symbolized her infancy and girlhood1 the consummation of which was effected by the first day's ceremonial performed by the medicine-man of the white hand4 8,the red hand was obviously significant of this girl's attainment to young womanhood1 the color in this case symbolizing the blood of her perfected life4 ,i imagine that the black hand painted on the mask as worn during the third day's ceremonial was significant of not only the betrothal of the girl1 which was said to have taken place during that day of the ceremonial1 but also of her prospective maternity2 the change of color1 in the hand1 from red to black1 being naturally a symbolic representation of the change from red to black in blood that has been exposed to the sunlight and dried1 and has thus become black1 and is no longer virgin4 ,likewise the hand painted on the mask as worn during the fourth day's ceremonial1 which was wholly black1 doubtless represented the fuller life of not only a matron but a grandmother4 ,from this ,i would infer that the signs of the red and black hands found in the ruined pueblos like those of ,pecos1 and on the cliffs at the mouths of caves1 or in the houses of the cliff villages1 symbolized respectively virginity1 and maternity or betrothal4 8,what would seem to indicate the correctness of this conclusion is the fact that1 as ,i have mentioned before1 there were below the signs of the black hand of the last day's ceremonial of the ,jicarillas dots and dotted circles4 ,it is well known that these dots and dotted circles represent1 primarily1 grains of corn1 male and female2 and1 secondarily1 children1 male and female4 ,their occurrence1 then1 below the painted black hand or symbol of maternity1 would indicate that in this case they represented the children and perhaps grandchildren1 male and female1 of the matron it was hoped this young girl might become4 8,the hand symbol as occurring amongst the ,zui1 with whom1 of course1 ,i am much more familiar1 has not only some such significances as these1 but also many others1-the significance of a given symbol depending upon the ceremonial with which it is associated1 and particularly upon the coloring which is given to it1 the colors being as various as are the well-known seven sacramental colors employed to symbolize the seven regions of the world by the priesthood of these people4 8,i will only add1 that the hand symbol painted upon the walls of the estufas1 or ,kiva temples1 or upon the little sacred sand mounds1 which are made to symbolize mythic mountains of the six regions during the ceremonials of initiation performed once every four years over the new children of the pueblo1 are designed to signify the various ritualistic precepts which are taught to the children according as they are held to pertain to one or another of these little sand mounds or so-called mountains of generation4 8,in the case above described ,i was told1 although ,i did not myself see it1 that the symbol of the red hand was painted by the side of the entrance to the little tent in which the girl sat through the ceremonials1 and that later the same symbol in black was added to the other side of the entrance to this tent4 ,in the case of the ,pueblos the position of the hand symbols depends1 as1 no doubt1 you have already inferred1 upon the sort of ceremonial which is being performed in connection with them4 8,it would seem1 however1 that the placing of these symbols at the entrance of the cave villages would correspond to such usages as ,i have above described as pertaining to the ,jicarilla ceremonial1 and that the painting of them on the rafters of rooms in ancient pueblos had a like connection2 for it must be remembered that in the older pueblos there were no doorways proper hence no thresholds4 ,the rooms were entered by means of ladders through scuttles in the roof40#bdh ,a hand-print is a signature4 ,a hand-print in blood is a pledge of life in a sacred covenant4 ,a hand-print in the blood of life is symbolic of a covenant of life with a view to the transmission of life4 ,when a woman of ,korea is married1 she affixes her sign manual to the covenanting contract by placing her hand on the paper and having 8the outline drawn round the fingers and wrist with a fine brush dipped in ,chinese ink10 or again she employs 8the simpler process of smearing her hand with black paint1 and hitting the document with it4#bdi ,formal documents have often been signed by a hand stamp1 or a finger stamp1 in blood or in ink4 ,the monks of the convent of ,st4 ,catharine at ,mt4 ,sinai1 for instance1 show a copy of the certificate of protection given to them by the ,prophet of ,islam1 the signature to which is an impression of ,muhammad's open hand4 ,a letter to ,muhammad ,issoof1 from the king of ,mysore1 in #aged1 was sealed with the king's seal1 8and on the back was stamped the print of a hand1 a form equivalent1 with the ,mysoreans1 to an oath40#bej ,the very term 8sign manual10 employed for a veritable signature1 may point to an origin in this custom4 ,indeed1 may it not be that the large red seal attached to important documents1 at the present time1 is a survival of the signature and seal of the bloody hand8 #i4 ,,deities ,,of ,,the ,,doorway4 ,originally the covenant sacrifice at the threshold was with the one ,god of life4 ,but as monotheism degenerated into polytheism1 the idea came to prevail of different deities in different portions of the door1 or of different deities in different districts of country or in different offices of life4 ,each gate of an ,assyrian city was dedicated to a special god1 and named after it1-as the gate of ,bel1 the gate of ,beltis1 the gate of ,anu1 the gate of ,ishtar4 ,at the entrance-way of every gate gigantic winged bulls with human heads stood on guard1 accompanied by winged genii4#bea ,and the central doorway to the king's palace was similarly guarded4#beb ,in every house a special deity was appealed to at different portions of the doorway2 ,nergal on the top of the wall and beneath the threshold2 ,ea and ,merodach in the passage to the right and left of the gate4#bec ,the idea of an offering1 or of a dedication1 to the local divinity1 at the time the threshold is laid1 is of wide acceptance4 ,in ,india1 8the god ,vttu1 or ,vttuma a son of ,vishnoo1 is said to recline and live in the threshold1 changing his position every month4444 ,on the day when the door-frame and threshold of a new house or temple are fixed1 the ,vttuma santhe the tribute to ,vttuma is offered40#bed ,in ,china1 8,shintu and ,yuhlui are named as two tutelar gods to whom the guardianship of the house is entrusted2 and either the names or grotesque representations of these #8gods of the threshold' are at the gate of the house1 with shrines to them upon the left of the entrance way40#bee ,it is said of these 8,chinese gods of the threshold10 that 8in full stature1 and presumably in primeval strength1 they flank the doors of monasteries and the entrances to the halls of justice4 ,much reduced in size and perched high on shelves1 they face each other in the vestibules of the ,chinese home2 and in their most diminutive aspect they become little images1 occasionally two-headed1 which are carried about the person as charms1 or hang from the eaves of ,chinese houses40#bef ,over the doors of almost all the houses of ,japan are to be seen small prints of the 8gigantic ,ni-o1 the ,booddhist ,gog and ,magog10 who are supposed to guard the entrance way of the holy places4#beg ,private buildings as well as public need this spiritual protection4 ,the inscriptions at the doorways of the houses of ancient ,egypt showed that every building was 8placed under the protection of a tutelary deity40 ,this custom 8is retained by the modern ,egyptians in the protecting genius said to preside over the different quarters of ,cairo40#beh ,tertullian1 a ,christian ,father who wrote before the close of the second century1 in warning believers against the seducements of idolatry1 emphasized the clustering of deities at the doors and gates in the religions of ,greece and ,rome4#bei ,he says that 8among the ,greeks 444 we read of ,apollo ,thyrus 7that is1 of the door71 and the ,antelii 7or1 ,anthelii7 demons1 as presiders over entrances20 while among the ,romans there are other 8gods of entrances2 ,cardea 7,hinge-goddess71 called after hinges2 and ,forculus 7,door-god7 after doors2 and ,limentinus 7,threshold-god7 after the threshold2 and ,janus 7,gate-god7 himself after the gate40 ,although a ,christian might not recognize these gods as gods1 he is told to beware lest he seem to give them honor by adorning his gates with lamps or wreaths4 8,indeed1 a ,christian will not even dishonor his own gate with laurel crowns10 says ,tertullian1 8if so be he knows how many gods the devil has attached to doors40 ,and his words of warning are3 8,since there are beings who are adored in entrances doorways1 it is to them that both the lamps and laurels will pertain4 ,to an idol you will have done whatever you shall have done to an entrance or doorway40 8,if you have renounced heathen temples1 make not your own gate a heathen temple40 ,yet1 in proof of the prevalence of this heathen custom among ,christians1 ,tertullian testifies3 8#8,let your works shine1' says ,he2 but now all our shops and gates shine6 ,you will now-a-days find more doors of heathens without lamps and laurel-wreaths than of ,christians40 ,in ,guatemala1 in ,central ,america1 8the god of houses0 is called ,chahalka2 and the blood of sacrifices to him is sprinkled on the door of the houses as an assurance of his protection4#bfj ,it was much the same in the ,old ,world as in the ,new4 ,in ancient and in modern times1 and in widely different portions of the world1 there are indications that the threshold of the home was the primitive altar2 and that the side-posts and lintel of the doorway above the threshold bore symbols or inscriptions in proof of the sacredness of the entrance to the family home1 and in token of an accomplished covenant with its guardian ,god1 or gods4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,see ,trumbull's ,blood ,covenant1 passim4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,trumbull's ,blood ,covenant1 pp4 #aia f41 #cgj2 also ,frazer's ,golden ,bough1 ,i41 #ahc-ahe4 ,footnote #c3 ,these facts ,i have obtained at different times in personal conversations with intelligent natives of ,syria and of ,egypt4 ,it will be seen1 later1 how they are verified in the record of similar customs elsewhere4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,hopkins's ,religions of ,india1 p4 #cfb f4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid41 with references to ,mahabharata1 ,,ii41 #ba1 #ad1 #ec2 ,x41 #h1 #aj4 ,footnote #f3 ,ibid41 with references to ,laws of ,manu1 ,,iv41 #gc1 and to ,gaut4 #i 3 #cb4 ,footnote #g3 ,john #aj 3 #a1 #b1 #i1 #aj4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,lund's ,every-day ,life in ,scandinavia in the ,sixteenth ,century1 p4 #af1 with note #cf2 also1 the ,njals ,saga4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,smith's ,dict4 of ,greek and ,roman ,antiq41 s4 vv4 8,athletae0 and 8,olympic ,games20 also ,gardner's ,new ,chapters in ,greek ,history1 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,london ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,i41 #ib4 ,footnote #aa3 ,these facts were given me by a member of the vice-consul's family1 who witnessed the ceremony4 ,the preparations were made before the arrival of ,general ,grant2 and they were not prominent in the sight of himself or party4 ,they were simply the customs of the country4 ,footnote #ab3 ,prof4 ,a4,h4 ,sayce1 in ,london ,folk-,lore1 ,i41 #ebc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,comp4 with p4 #e1 supra4 ,footnote #ad3 ,comp4 with p4 #ga f41 infra4 ,footnote #ae3 ,bruce's ,travels1 ,bk4 ,,ii41 p4 #ead4 ,footnote #af3 ,baker's ,nile ,tributaries of ,abyssinia1 p4 #acg2 comp4 #abf f4 ,footnote #ag3 ,on the testimony of a ,liberian colored clergyman4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see1 for example1 ,sir ,robert ,ker ,porter's ,travels1 p4 #cf f4 ,footnote #ai3 ,palgrave's ,personal ,narrative of a ,journey through ,central and ,eastern ,arabia1 ,i41 #ea4 ,footnote #bj3 ,conder's ,heth and ,moab1 pp4 #bij1 #bic4 ,footnote #ba3 ,d',herbelot's ,bibliothque ,orientale1 s4 v4 8,bab10 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #bb3 ,roberts's ,oriental ,illus4 of ,scrip41 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #bc3 ,morier's ,second ,journey through ,persia1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ralston's ,songs of the ,russian ,people1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #be3 ,on the testimony of a ,finnish ,american4 ,footnote #bf3 ,lund's ,every-day ,life in ,scandinavia in the ,sixteenth ,century1 p4 #ab f4 ,footnote #bg3 ,jones and ,kropf's ,folk-,tales of ,magyars1 p4 #daj1 note4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ibid41 p4 #daj f4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ibid41 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #cj3 ,fragmenta ,philosophorum ,grcorum 7ed4 ,mullach71 ,i41 #eaj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see 8,marriage ,customs of the ,mordvins10 in ,london ,folk-,lore1 ,i41 #dei1 note2 also1 ,bergeron's 8,voyage de ,calpin10 cap4 #aj1 cited in ,burder's ,oriental ,customs 7#b;d ed471 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #cb3 ,turner's ,samoa1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,maspero's ,life in ,ancient ,egypt and ,assyria1 pp4 #aie1 #bai4 ,footnote #cd3 ,rawlinson's ,history of ,herodotus1 ,,ii41 #dg1 #dh4 ,footnote #ce3 ,mackay's ,mackay of ,uganda1 pp4 #aab f41 #agg4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see 8,sacred ,laws of the ,aryas10 ,,ii41 #b1 #d1 in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,,ii41 #ajg4 ,footnote #cg3 8,a bali is an offering of any sort1 such as a handful of rice1 flung to birds or spirits or waters1 or to any supernatural beings4 ,a mantra is a ,vedic text1 a verse muttered during a religious ceremony2 often used in incantations1 or in legitimate services to a god40-,,prof4 ,,dr4 ,e4,w4 ,,hopkins4 ,footnote #ch3 ,see 8,sacred ,laws of the ,aryas10 ,v41 #ab1 in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,,ii41 #bjj1 #bcc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see ,sir ,henry ,m4 ,elliot's ,races of the ,northwestern ,provinces of ,india 7,beames's ed471 ,i41 #aig4 ,footnote #dj3 ,see report of a meeting of the ,bombay ,anthropological ,society1 in ,london ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,,vi41 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #da3 ,jones and ,kropf's ,folk-,tales of ,magyars1 p4 #daj f41 note4 ,footnote #db3 ,leland's ,etruscan ,roman ,remains in ,popular ,tradition1 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #dc3 ,ibid41 p4 #cba f4 ,footnote #dd3 ,jones and ,kropf's ,folk-,tales of ,magyars1 p4 #ccb f4 ,footnote #de3 ,ralston's ,songs of the ,russian ,people1 p4 #acf f4 ,footnote #df3 ,see 8,death ,week in ,russia10 in ,the ,spectator 7,london71 for ,june #ah1 #ahib4 ,footnote #dg3 ,jones and ,kropf's ,folk-,tales of ,magyars1 p4 #ccb4 ,footnote #dh3 ,on the testimony of a native ,roumanian4 ,footnote #di3 ,see1 for example1 ,turner's ,samoa1 pp4 #ba1 #ef f41 #gd f41 #baf1 #bda2 also ,strack's ,der ,blutaberglaube 7#dth ed471 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #ej3 ,griffis's ,mikado's ,empire1 pp4 #dfg1 #dgj2 also1 ,isabella ,bird's ,untrodden ,tracks in ,japan1 ,i41 #cib4 ,footnote #ea3 ,st4 ,john's ,life in the ,far ,east1 ,i41 #fd1 #aeg f4 ,footnote #eb3 ,see ,london ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,,ii41 #ccj f4 ,footnote #ec3 ,dr4 ,strean in ,mason's ,statistical ,account1 or ,parochial ,survey of ,ireland1 ,,ii41 #ge4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see ,j4,g4 ,owens on 8,folk-,lore from ,buffalo ,valley1 ,central ,pennsylvania10 in ,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore1 ,,iv41 #abf4 ,footnote #ee3 ,b4 ,biaz's 8,memoirs30 cited in ,spencer's ,descriptive ,sociology1 ,,ii41 #bc4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see pp4 #ea1 #ee1 infra4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see ,ralston's ,songs of the ,russian ,people1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,see ,du ,bois's ,description of the ,character1 ,manners1 and ,customs of the ,peoples of ,india1 ,,ii41 #bg4 ,compare pp4 #e-g1 supra4 ,footnote #ei3 ,nevius's ,china and the ,chinese1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,landor's ,corea or ,cho-sen1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see ,ralston's ,russian ,folk-,tales1 p4 #bh f4 ,footnote #fb3 ,on the testimony of ,professor ,dr4 ,a4,l4 ,frothingham1 ,jr4 ,footnote #fc3 ,julia ,mc,nair ,wright's ,among the ,alaskans1 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #fd3 ,comp4 ,plutarch's ,roman ,questions1 ,q4 #e4 ,footnote #fe3 ,rev4 #f 3 #i-aj4 ,footnote #ff3 ,on the testimony of an eye-witness4 ,footnote #fg3 ,palmer's ,desert of the ,exodus1 ,i41 #ij4 ,footnote #fh3 ,burckhardt's ,bed4 u4 ,wahaby1 p4 #bad1 note4 ,footnote #fi3 ,lane's ,modern ,egyptians1 ,,ii41 #bic4 ,footnote #gj3 ,garnett's ,women of ,turkey and their ,folk-,lore 78,christian ,women071 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #ga3 ,rodd's ,customs and ,lore of ,modern ,greece1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #gb3 ,capt4 ,king's 8,notes0 in ,london ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,,vi41 #aba1 #abc4 ,footnote #gc3 ,capt4 ,king's 8,notes0 in ,london ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,,vi41 #aba1 #abc4 ,footnote #gd3 ,shooter's ,kafirs of ,natal1 pp4 #ga-gh2 and ,andersson's ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bbj f4 ,footnote #ge3 ,on the testimony of a native eye-witness4 ,see1 also1 ,conder's ,heth and ,moab1 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #gf3 ,see article by ,p4,j4 ,baldensperger1 in ,quarterly ,statement of ,palestine ,exploration ,fund for ,april1 #ahid1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #gg3 ,heuzey's ,le ,monte ,olympe et ,l',acarnanie1 p4 #bgh4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see citations from ,donatus1 on the 8,hecyra0 of ,terence1 ,i41 #b1 #fj1 and ,servius on ,virgil's 8,aeneid10 ,,iv41 #dei1 in ,heuzey's ,le ,monte ,olympe et ,acarnanie1 p4 #bgh2 also1 ,marquardt's ,privatleben der ,rmer1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #gi3 ,garnett's ,women of ,turkey 78,christian ,women071 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #hj3 ,rodd's ,customs and ,lore of ,modern ,greece1 p4 #ie f4 ,footnote #ha3 ,rodd's ,customs and ,love of ,modern ,greece1 p4 #ii f4 ,footnote #hb3 ,ibid41 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #hc3 ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #df4 ,footnote #hd3 ,see ,ralston's ,songs of the ,russian ,people1 p4 #bgg f4 ,footnote #he3 ,see 8,marriage ,customs of the ,mordvins10 in ,london ,folk-,lore1 ,i41 #dbb-dbg2 also ,p4 von ,stenin1 in ,globus1 ,,lxv41 #aha-ahc4 ,footnote #hf3 ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #ac4 ,footnote #hg3 ,on the testimony of ,dr4 ,h4,v4 ,hilprecht4 ,footnote #hh3 ,walter ,gregor in ,london ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,i41 #aai f4 ,footnote #hi3 ,st4 ,john's ,life in the ,forests of the ,far ,east1 ,i41 #fb4 ,footnote #ij3 ,see ,bancroft's ,native ,races1 ,i41 #ffc4 ,footnote #ia3 ,see ,bancroft's ,native ,races1 ,i41 #gcb-gcd4 ,footnote #ib3 8,grihya-,sutras10 or ,rules of ,vedic ,domestic ,ceremonies1 in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,,xxx41 #aic4 ,footnote #ic3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #id3 ,ibid41 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #ie3 ,fragmenta ,philosophorum ,grcorum 7ed4 ,mullach71 ,i41 #eaj4 ,footnote #if3 ,gwilt's ,architecture of ,marcus ,vitruvius ,pollio1 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #ig3 ,see ,hughes's ,dictionary of ,islam1 art4 8,masjid20 also ,lane's ,modern ,egyptians1 ,i41 #aje2 and ,conder's ,heth and ,moab1 p4 #bic f4 ,footnote #ih3 ,rodd's ,customs and ,lore of ,modern ,greece1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #ii3 ,sibree1 on 8,malagasy ,folk-,lore and ,popular ,superstition0 in ,london ,folk-,lore ,record1 ,,ii41 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,as told me by a native eye-witness4 ,footnote #aja3 ,burckhardt's ,arabic ,proverbs1 p4 #acg f4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,bruce's 8,travels10 ,,vii41 #fg 7ed4 #ahjd72 cited in ,mc,lennan's ,studies in ,ancient ,history1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,on the testimony of a colored clergyman from ,liberia4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,see ,maspero's ,life in ,ancient ,egypt and ,assyria1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #aje3 ,campbell's 8,personal ,narrative20 cited in ,mc,lennan's ,studies in ,ancient ,history1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,pinkerton's 8,collection10 ,,vi41 #ahc2 cited in ,ibid41 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,hayes's 8,open ,polar ,sea10 p4 #dcb2 cited in ,lubbock's ,origin of ,civilization 7,am4 ed471 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,rous's ,archologia ,attica1 ,lib4 ,,iv41 cap4 #g4 ,footnote #aji3 ,see 8,roman ,questions10 ,q4 #bi1 in ,goodwin's ,plutarch's ,morals1 ,,ii41 #bbj f42 also ,godwyn's ,rom4 ,hist4 ,anthol41 ,lib4 ,,ii41 #b2 citation of authorities in ,becker's ,gallus1 p4 #afa1 and in ,marquardt's ,privatleben der ,rmer1 ,i41 #ec f4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,douglas's ,society in ,china1 p4 #bja4 ,see1 also1 ,williams's ,middle ,kingdom1 ,i41 #gij2 ,gray's ,china1 ,i41 #bje2 and 8,marriage ,ceremonies of the ,manchus10 in ,london ,folk-,lore1 ,i41 #dhg4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,adele ,m4 ,fielde's ,corner of ,cathay1 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #aab3 8,grihya-,sutras10 or ,rules of ,vedic ,domestic ,ceremonies1 in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,,xxx41 #aic1 #bja4 ,footnote #aac3 ,guhl and ,koner's ,life of the ,greeks and ,romans1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #aad3 ,see 8,roman ,questions10 ,q4 #a1 #b1 in ,goodwin's ,plutarch's ,morals1 ,i41 #bjd2 also authorities cited in ,becker's ,gallus1 p4 #afb f41 and ,marquardt's ,privatleben der ,rmer1 ,i41 #ec f4 ,footnote #aae3 ,see ,coulange's ,ancient ,city1 pp4 #bi-da1 #ee-eh1 with citations4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see 8,marriage ,customs of the ,mordvins10 in ,london ,folk-,lore1 ,i41 #dcg4 ,see1 also1 the reference to burning incense on the threshold in ,tuscany1 at p4 #ag f41 supra4 ,footnote #aag3 ,see ,kowalewsky's 8,marriage among the ,early ,slavs10 in ,london ,folk-,lore1 ,i41 #dfg4 ,footnote #aah3 ,from 8,marriage ,customs of the ,mordvins10 in ,london ,folk-,lore1 ,i41 #dbc1 #ddg4 ,footnote #aai3 ,from 8,marriage ,customs of the ,mordvins10 in ,london ,folk-,lore1 ,i41 #dcd-ddc4 ,footnote #abj3 ,napier's ,folk-,lore in the ,west of ,scotland1 p4 #ea2 also ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #ei f4 ,footnote #aba3 ,see ,bancroft's ,native ,races1 ,i41 #ffb1 #gjc1 #gcj-gcd4 ,footnote #abb3 ,on the testimony of the ,rev4 ,william ,ewing1 a missionary in ,palestine4 ,footnote #abc3 ,a daughter of a native ,copt described to me this ceremony1 as she witnessed it at the building of her father's house in #ahgh4 ,he was formerly a ,coptic priest1 but was now a ,protestant ,christian4 ,footnote #abd3 ,see ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 ,i41 #ajd-ajh4 ,footnote #abe3 ,strack's ,der ,blutaberglaube1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #abf3 ,josh4 #f 3 #bf4 ,footnote #abg3 #a ,kings #af 3 #cd4 ,footnote #abh3 ,see article 8,on ,kirk-,grims0 in ,the ,cornhill ,magazine for ,february1 #ahhg1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #abi3 ,on the testimony of a native ,chinese clergyman4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see article 8,on ,kirk-,grims0 in ,the ,cornhill ,magazine for ,february1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #aca3 ,see article 8,on ,kirk ,grims0 in ,the ,cornhill ,magazine1 for ,february1 #ahhg1 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #acb3 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 ,i41 #ajd f4 ,footnote #acc3 ,ralston's ,songs of the ,russian ,people1 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #acd3 ,see article 8,on ,kirk-,grims0 in ,the ,cornhill ,magazine for ,february1 #ahhg1 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #ace3 ,see ,gomme's article on 8,traditions ,connected with ,buildings10 in ,the ,antiquary1 ,,iii41 #aa4 ,footnote #acf3 ,see ,coote's 8,a ,building ,superstition10 in ,london ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,i41 #bb f4 ,footnote #acg3 ,see ,w4,g4 ,chase's 8,notes from ,alaska10 in ,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore1 ,,vi41 #ea4 ,footnote #ach3 ,see ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 ,i41 #ajd-ajh4 ,footnote #aci3 ,rodd's ,customs and ,lore of ,modern ,greece1 p4 #afh f4 ,footnote #adj3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ada3 ,garnett's ,women of ,turkey 78,christian ,women071 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #adb3 ,rodd's ,customs and ,lore of ,modern ,greece1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #adc3 ,see ,ralston's ,songs of the ,russian ,people1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #add3 ,ibid41 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #ade3 ,ralston's ,songs of the ,russian ,people1 p4 #ace f4 ,footnote #adf3 ,this is the case with the ,church ,house in ,philadelphia1-the 8corner-stone0 of which was laid while this page was writing4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see ,erman's ,life in ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #adh3 ,see ,coote's 8,a ,building ,superstition10 in ,london ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,i41 #bb4 ,footnote #adi3 ,lanciani's ,ancient ,rome in the ,light of ,recent ,discoveries1 p4 #bbe f4 ,footnote #aej3 ,see article 8,on ,kirk-,grims0 in ,the ,cornhill ,magazine for ,february1 #ahhg1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #aea3 ,ibid41 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,see ,bancroft's ,native ,races1 ,v41 #dga4 ,footnote #aec3 ,see ,trumbull's ,studies in ,oriental ,social ,life1 pp4 #ih1 #aab-aca4 ,footnote #aed3 ,see ,josh4 #aj 3 #c-ce2 #ab 3 #aa2 #ae 3 #ci2 #b ,kings #ad 3 #ai2 #ah 3 #ad-ai1 etc4 ,footnote #aee3 ,see1 for example1 #a ,kings #b 3 #bh4 ,footnote #aef3 ,see ,bliss's ,mound of ,many ,cities1 p4 #gg f4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,see 8,afghan ,life in ,afghan ,songs10 in ,darmesteter's ,selected ,essays1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,on the testimony of a native ,syrian of wide experience in the region referred to4 ,footnote #aei3 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith's ,religion of the ,semites1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #afj3 ,strassmaier ,nabuchodonosor1 ,no4 #ahc4 ,footnote #afa3 ,dieulafoy's 8,l'art antique de la ,perse20 cited in ,babelon's ,manual of ,oriental ,antiquities1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #afb3 ,see ,the ,times 7,london7 for ,july #ab1 #ahid4 ,footnote #afc3 ,see ,hopkins's ,religions of ,india1 p4 #cfa1 note4 ,footnote #afd3 ,in a personal letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #afe3 ,exod4 #cb 3 #bf4 ,footnote #aff3 ,judg4 #ai 3 #be-cj4 ,footnote #afg3 ,ruth #d 3 #a-aj4 ,footnote #afh3 #b ,sam4 #ae 3 #b-d4 ,footnote #afi3 #b ,sam4 #ai 3 #h4 ,footnote #agj3 ,jer4 #ch 3 #g-i4 ,footnote #aga3 ,dan4 #b 3 #di4 ,footnote #agb3 ,prov4 #h 3 #cd4 ,footnote #agc3 ,amos #e 3 #ae4 ,footnote #agd3 ,zech4 #h 3 #af4 ,footnote #age3 ,isa4 #bi 3 #ba4 ,footnote #agf3 ,luke #af 3 #ai1 #bj4 ,footnote #agg3 ,acts #c 3 #c1 #aj4 ,footnote #agh3 ,exod4 #ba 3 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #agi3 ,deut4 #ad 3 #ag4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,gen4 #bb 3 #ag4 ,footnote #aha3 ,matt4 #af 3 #ah4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,isa4 #bd 3 #ab4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,in a personal letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,see ,finn's ,stirring ,times1 ,i41 #ajb f4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,a4,m4 ,luncz1 in ,jerushalayim1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,home and ,synagogue of the ,modern ,jew1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,nineveh and its ,remains 7,am4 ed471 ,,ii41 #bjb4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,ancient ,egyptians1 ,i41 #cdf1 #cfa f4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,comp4 ,deut4 #f 3 #i and #bj 3 #e4 ,footnote #aij3 ,see art4 8,mezuza10 by ,ginsburg1 in ,kitto's ,cycl4 of ,bib4 ,lit4 ,footnote #aia3 ,psa4 #aba 3 #h4 ,footnote #aib3 ,see art4 8,mezuza10 by ,ginsburg1 in ,kitto's ,cycl4 of ,bib4 ,lit4 ,footnote #aic3 ,see1 for example1 ,memoirs of ,survey of ,western ,palestine1 ,i41 #bcj-bcd1 #beg f41 #cih-djb1 #djg f41 #daf f4 ,footnote #aid3 ,the ,land and the ,book1 ,i41 #adj f4 ,footnote #aie3 ,see ,sir ,robert ,ker ,porter's ,travels1 ,i41 #ddj4 ,footnote #aif3 ,see1 for example1 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,persia1 pp4 #abg1 #abi1 #bid1 #ceg2 also1 ,benjamin's ,persia and the ,persians1 pp4 #ag1 #eh1 #fa4 ,footnote #aig3 ,doolittle's ,social ,life of the ,chinese1 ,,ii41 #ge1 #caj f4 ,footnote #aih3 ,williams's ,middle ,kingdom1 ,i41 #gca4 ,footnote #aii3 ,adele ,m4 ,fielde's ,pagoda ,shadows1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,gray's ,china1 ,,ii41 #bga4 ,comp4 with p4 #h4 ,footnote #bja3 ,hearn's ,glimpses of ,unfamiliar ,japan1 ,,ii41 #cig2 also1 ,isabella ,bird's ,unbeaten ,tracks in ,japan1 ,,ii41 #bhg4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,see ,becker's ,charicles1 p4 #bfj1 with citations2 also1 ,guhl and ,koner's ,life of the ,greeks and ,romans1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,becker's ,charicles1 p4 #dhg4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,,ii41 #fc4 ,footnote #bje3 ,see articles 8,ara0 and 8,janua10 in ,smith's ,dict4 of ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities1 with reference to classical authorities4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,see ,rville's ,native ,religions of ,mexico and ,peru1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,see ,rowan in 8,ximenes10 p4 #ahc2 cited in ,spencer's ,des4 ,soc41 ,,ii41 #bb4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,aubrey's 8,miscellanies20 cited in ,gentleman's ,magazine for #ahbc1 ,pt4 ,,ii41 p4 #dab4 ,footnote #bji3 ,see ,gentleman's ,magazine for #ahfg1 ,pt4 ,i41 pp4 #cjg-cbb4 ,footnote #baj3 ,see p4 #fb f41 supra4 ,footnote #baa3 ,heth and ,moab1 p4 #bge f4 ,footnote #bab3 ,a4,m4 ,luncz1 in ,jerushalayim1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #bac3 ,on the testimony of the ,rev4 ,w4 ,ewing1 a missionary in ,palestine4 ,footnote #bad3 ,in ,zeitschrift des ,deutschen ,palstina ,vereins1 ,,viii41 #cce ff4 ,footnote #bae3 ,see ,de ,amicis's ,constantinople1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #baf3 ,one of these old-time prayer-rugs with the open hand embroidered on it1 is in the possession of ,dr4 ,hilprecht4 ,footnote #bag3 ,see ,morier's ,second ,journey through ,persia1 pp4 #ge-ahd4 ,footnote #bah3 ,rosenmller's ,das ,alte und ,neue ,morgenland1 ,,ii41 #ib f4 ,footnote #bai3 ,see1 for example1 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,history of ,art in ,phnicia1 ,i41 #ed1 #bfc4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,de ,hesse-,wartegg's ,tunis3 ,the ,land and the ,people1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #bba3 ,on the testimony of ,professor ,dr4 ,morris ,jastrow1 ,jr4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,gen4 #aa 3 #ca2 #ae 3 #g4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,chald4 and ,assy41 ,i41 #ch2 see1 also1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,ibid41 ,i41 #bjc4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,sayce's ,social ,life among the ,assyrians and ,babylonians1 p4 #eb f4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art4 in ,chald4 and ,assy41 ,i41 p4 #aif4 ,see1 also1 pp4 #hg1 #adc1 #bab2 ,,ii41 #ii1 #aaa1 #afi1 #baa1 #bae1 #bbg1 #bca1 #beg1 #bfa1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bgc1 #bge1 #bgi4 ,see1 also1 ,collection de ,clercq1 passim4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,phnicia1 ,i41 #ec1 #ed1 #fi1 #cbj2 ,,ii41 #fa1 #aac1 #afa1 #bbh1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bee1 #beg4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,wilkinson's ,anc4 ,egypt1 ,,iii41 #c1 #h1 #bd1 #dh1 #ec1 #ajj1 #aib1 #bjh1 #bah1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bdj1 #cfb1 #cgj1 #dbe4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,ibid41 ,,iii41 #ec4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,mason's ,statistical ,account or ,parochial ,survey of ,ireland1 ,,ii41 #cbb4 ,footnote #bca3 ,stephens's ,incidents of ,travel in ,yucatan1 ,i41 #agg f4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,gen4 #ad 3 #bb4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,psa4 #fc 3 #d4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,isa4 #di 3 #bb4 ,footnote #bce3 ,comp4 ,exod4 #f 3 #h2 ,num4 #ad 3 #cj2 ,neh4 #i 3 #ae4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,see ,tallquist's ,die ,sprache ,contracte ,nab-,n'ido1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,see ,gesenius's ,heb4 ,lex41 s4 v4 8,nasa40 ,footnote #bch3 ,see1 for example1 ,exod4 #c 3 #ai2 #ac 3 #c1 #ad1 #af2 #cb 3 #aa2 ,deut4 #c 3 #bd2 #d 3 #cd2 #e 3 #ae2 #f 3 #ba2 #g 3 #h1 #ai2 #i 3 #bf2 #aa 3 #b1 etc42 #b ,chron4 #f 3 #cb2 ,ezek4 #bj 3 #cd2 ,dan4 #i 3 #ae4 ,footnote #bci3 ,ellis's ,polynesian ,researches1 ,,ii41 #bjg1 illustration4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,stephens's ,incidents of ,travels in ,yucatan1 ,,ii41 #df f4 ,footnote #bda3 ,stephens's ,incidents of ,travel in ,yucatan1 ,appendix1 ,,ii41 #dgf-dgh4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,ibid41 ,,ii41 #dgg4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,see ,gen4 #di 3 #h-ag2 ,num4 #bg 3 #bb f42 ,acts #d 3 #d2 #f 3 #f2 #h 3 #ah2 #ac 3 #c2 #ai 3 #f2 ,heb4 #f 3 #b2 #a ,tim4 #d 3 #ad4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,see1 for example1 8a scene in the hypostyle hall at ,lxor10 in ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 p4 #aaa42 also1 illustration in ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,anc4 ,egypt1 ,i41 #de4 ,footnote #bde3 ,catlin's 8,eight ,years amongst the ,north ,american ,indians10 ,,ii41 pp4 #e-g2 cited in ,donaldson's ,george ,catlin ,indian ,gallery1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,in a personal letter to the ,author4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,see ,bourke's ,medicine ,men of the ,apaches1 ,ninth ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,variae nationes1 inter quas ,americ aborigines sunt1 sanguinem menstrualem sacrissimum atque in eo boni malique vim esse putant1 quia non solum modo omnis sanguinis vita ipsa sit1 sed vitae humanae germina vel ova quibus species hominum transmittuntur in se contineat4 ,quod quam verum sit quantamque vim ad foedieris liminis notionem principalem intellegendam habeat infra videtur4 ,for illustrations of this truth see ,h4 ,ploss's ,das ,weib in der ,natur4 und ,vlkerkunde 7#b;d ed471 ,i41 chap4 #ci2 ,strack's ,der ,blutaberglaube 7#dth ed471 pp4 #ad-ah2 ,spivak's ,menstruation1 pp4 #f-ab2 and ,frazer's ,golden ,bough1 ,i41 #agj2 ,,ii41 #bbe-bdj4 ,these illustrations are gathered from ,asia1 ,africa1 ,europe1 ,america1 and the ,islands of the ,sea2 and they include citations from ,pliny1 the ,talmud1 the ,christian ,fathers1 medieval writers1 and down to writers of this century4 8,apud populum ,nov ,zeland creditur sanguinem utero sub tempus menstruale effusum continere germina hominis2 et secundum prcepta veteris superstitionis panniculus sanguine menstruali imbutus habebatur sacer 7tapu71 haud aliter quam si formam humanam accepisset4 ,mulierum autem mos est hos panniculos intra juncos parietum abdere3 et hc de caus paries est doms pars adeo sacra ut nemo illi innixus sedere audeat4 ,opinio animis ,n4 ,zelandorum insita-nempe sanguinem menstruum germina human speciei continere-opinionibus hodiernis convenit3 multi enim physiologi scientissimi credunt rumpi vesiculam grafianam1 et ex ill ova delabi circa tempora menstrualia40-,shortland's ,traditions and ,superstitions of the ,new ,zealanders1 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,landor's ,corea or ,cho-sen1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #bej3 ,orme's ,hist4 of ,milit4 ,trans4 of ,british in ,indostan1 ,v41 #cdh4 ,footnote #bea3 ,maspero's ,life in ,anc4 ,egypt and ,assyria1 pp4 #aih-bjj4 ,footnote #beb3 ,ibid41 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #bec3 ,ibid41 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #bed3 ,roberts's ,oriental ,illustrations of the ,scriptures1 p4 #adh f4 ,footnote #bee3 ,williams's ,middle ,kingdom1 ,i41 #gca4 ,footnote #bef3 ,see ,mc,dowell's 8,a ,new ,light on the ,chinese10 in ,harper's ,magazine for ,dec41 #ahic1 with illustration of 8,the ,gods of the ,threshold40 ,footnote #beg3 ,isabella ,bird's ,unbeaten ,tracks in ,japan1 ,i41 #aag1 #bgc4 ,footnote #beh3 ,wilkinson's ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,egyptians1 ,i41 #cfb f41 and note4 ,footnote #bei3 ,see ,tertullian 8,on ,idolatry10 and 8,on the ,soldier's ,chaplet10 in ,ante-,nicene ,christian ,library1 ,,xi41 #afd f41 #cec4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,tr4 ,rowan1 in 8,ximenes10 p4 #ahc2 cited in ,spencer's ,descrip4 ,soc41 ,,ii41 #bb4 ----- ,,ii4 ,,earliest ,,temple ,,altar4 #a4 ,,from ,,house ,,to ,,temple4 ,a temple is only a more prominent house4 ,as a house was the dwelling of the earlier priest of his household1 who was in covenant for himself and his family with the guardian deity of that household2 so1 afterwards1 a temple was a dwelling for the deity guarding an aggregation of families1 and for the priests who stood between him and the community4 ,this is no new or strange truth2 it is obvious4 8,in the ,vedas1 ,yama1 as the first man1 is the first priest too2 he brought worship here below as well as life1 and #8first he stretched out the thread of sacrifice4'0#bfa ,the fire-altar of the home was first the center of worship in the family in ,india2#bfb as later the fire-altar was the center of the worship of the community4 ,the same cuneiform characters in old ,babylonian stand for great house1 for palace1 and for temple2#bfc as similarly1 in ancient ,egypt1 the same hieroglyph represented house or temple1-a simple quadrangular enclosure1 with its one doorway4#bfd ,the oldest form of an ,egyptian temple known to us through the inscriptions of the ,ancient ,empire indicates that the prehistoric houses of worship in that land were mere hovels of wood and lattice-work1 over the doors of which was a barbaric ornamentation of bent pieces of wood4#bfe ,the private house became the public temple4 8,the design of the ,greek temple in its highest perfection was 444 a gradual development of the dwelling-house40#bff ,palace and temple were1 indeed1 often identical in ancient ,greece4#bfg ,strictly speaking1 there were no temples in ancient ,persia1 any more than in early ,india4 ,but the fire-altars that were first on the home hearth1 or threshold1 were made more and more prominent on their uplifted stepped bases1 until they towered loftily in the sight of their worshipers4#bfh ,it is the same ,hebrew word1 ohel1 that stands for the 8tent0 of ,abraham1 and for the 8,tent0 or ,tabernacle of the congregation of ,israel4#bfi ,in ,china 8temple architecture differs little from that of the houses40#bgj ,the house of a god is as the house of a man1 only grander and more richly ornamented4 ,and ,japanese antiquaries say that the architecture of ,shinto temples is on the model of the primeval ,japanese hut4 ,the temples of ,ise1 the most sacred of the ,shinto sanctuaries1 are said to represent this primitive architecture in its purest form4#bga ,the father of the family was the primitive priest in the ,samoan ,islands1 and his house was the first place of worship4 ,then 8the great house of the village10 or the place of popular assembling1 was used as a temple2 and afterwards there were special temple structures with attendant priests4#bgb ,the transition from house to temple seems to have been a gradual one in the primitive world4 ,the fire-altar of the family came to be the fire-altar of the community of families4 ,the house of a king became both palace and temple1 and so again the house of a priest2 for the offices of king and of priest were in early times claimed by the same person4#bgc #b4 ,,sacredness ,,of ,,the ,,door4 ,in all stages of the transition from house to temple1 the sacredness of the threshold1 of the door1 of the entrance-way1 of the gate1 was recognized in architecture and in ceremonial4 ,often the door1 or the gate1 stood for the temple1 and frequently the threshold was an altar1 or an altar was at the threshold4 ,there are1 indeed1 reasons for supposing that the very earliest form of a primitive temple1 or sanctuary1 or place of worship1 was a rude doorway1 as covering or as localizing the threshold altar4 ,this would seem to be indicated by prehistoric remains in different parts of the world1 as well as in the later development of the idea in the earlier historic ages4 ,the only exception to this was where1 as in ,india or ,persia1 the fire-altar on an uplifted threshold stood alone as a place of worship4 ,two upright stone posts1 with or without an overlaying stone across them1 and with or without an altar stone between or before them1 are among the most ancient remains of primitive man's handiwork2 and a similar design is to be recognized1 all the way along in the course of history1 down to the elaborate doorway standing by itself as a memorial of the revered dead1#bgd or to the monumental triumphal arch as an accompaniment of the highest civilization4 ,and the very name of door1 or gate1 attaches persistently to the loftiest temple and to the most exalted personage4 ,as the earliest altar was the threshold1 the earliest temple was a doorway above the altar at the threshold4 ,when the first dwellers on the plains of ,chaldea1 after the ,deluge1 gathered themselves for the building of a common structure reaching ,god-ward1#bge they1 in their phraseology1 called that structure ,bab-el1 or ,bb-ilu1 or ,bbi-ilu1 the ,door of ,god4#bgf ,ancient ,egyptians called the sovereign head of their national family 8,per-ao0 7,pharaoh71 the exalted ,house1 or ,gate1 or ,door2#bgg as to-day the ,sultan1 who is spiritual father of the faithful ,muhammadans1 and autocrat of his realm1 is widely known as the 8,sublime ,porte10 or the ,exalted ,door4#bgh ,the modern ,babists1 in ,persia and beyond1 look up to their spiritual head as the 8,bab10 or the 8,door40#bgi 8,throughout the ,east this word #8,bab' signifies the court of a prince as a ruler by divine right4444 ,the threshold of the gate is used in the same sense1 and frequently it is qualified by some epithet of nobility1 loftiness1 or goodness40#bhj ,jesus ,christ did not hesitate to say of himself as the ,way to ,god3 8,i am the ,door3 by me if any man enter in he shall be saved40#bha ,in ,china1 ,japan1 ,korea1 ,siam1 and ,india1 a gate1 or doorway1 usually stands before ,confucian and ,booddhist and ,shinto temples1 but apart from the temple1 and always recognized as of peculiar sacredness4 ,these doorways1 in many places1 are painted blood-color4#bhb ,they stand 8at the entrance of temple grounds1 in front of shrines and sacred trees1 and in every place associated with the native kami0-or gods4#bhc ,yet1 again1 in all these countries1 the temple gateway is a main feature1 or a prominent one1 in the chief sanctuaries4#bhd ,swinging doors1 or gates1 are represented1 in the religious symbolism of ancient ,babylonia1 as opening to permit the god ,shamash1 or the sun1 to start out on his daily circuit of the heavens4#bhe ,a door1 or a doorway1 appears as a shrine for a god in various cylinders from this region2 and the god is shown standing within it1 just beyond the threshold4#bhf ,indeed1 the doorway shrine is a common form on the ,babylonian and the ,assyrian monuments1 as a standing-place for the gods1 and for the kings as representative of the gods4#bhg ,illustrations of this are found on the ,balawat gates1#bhh and the sculptures on the rocks at ,nahr-el-,kelb#bhi-which is itself a gateway of the nations1 between the mountains and the sea1 on the route between ,egypt and ,canaan1 and both the ,east and the ,west4 ,in ancient ,egypt the doorway shrine of the gods was prominent1 as in ,babylonia4#bij ,moreover1 a false door was represented in the earlier mastabahs1 or tombs1 of the ,old ,empire of ,egypt4 ,this representation of a door was toward the west1 in which direction ,osiris1 the god of the under-world1 was supposed to enter his realm as the sun went down4 ,on or around this false door were memorial inscriptions1 and prayers for the dead2 and before it was a table1 or altar1 for offerings to the ka1 or soul1 of the dead4#bia ,gradually this false door came to be recognized as the monumental slab1 tablet1 or stele1 on which were inscribed the memorials of the deceased4 ,as a doorway or a niche1 square-topped1 or arched1 it was the shrine of the one worshiped2 and as a panel1 or independent stele1 it was the place of record of the object of reverence4 8,even at the beginning of the ,middle ,empire the door form disappeared completely1 and the whole space of the stone was taken up with the representation of the deceased sitting before a table of offerings1 receiving gifts from his relatives and servants4 ,soon afterwards it became the custom to round off the stone at the top1 and when1 under the ,new ,empire1 pictures of a purely religious character took the place of the former representations1 no one looking at the tomb stele could have guessed that it originated from the false door40#bib ,a 8false door0 was1 in ancient ,egypt1 a valued gift from a sovereign to an honored subject4 ,doors of this kind were sometimes richly carved and painted1 and were deemed of priceless value by the recipient4#bic ,in ,phenicia1#bid ,carthage1#bie ,cyprus1#bif ,sardinia1#big ,sicily1#bih and in ,abyssinia1#bii a like prominence was given to the door as a door1 in temple and in tomb1 and as a niche for the figure of a deity or for the representation of one who had crossed the threshold of the new life4 ,and the door-form is a sacred memorial of the dead in primitive lands in various parts of the world1 from the rudest trilithon to the more finished structures of a high civilization4#cjj ,in primitive ,new ,zealand the gateway1 or doorway1 of a village1 a cemetery1 or a public building1 is both a sacred image and a sacred passage-way4 ,it is in the form of a superhuman personage1 and it has its guardians on either hand4#cja ,a doorway with an altar between its posts was a symbol of religious worship in ancient ,mexico1 as in the far ,east4#cjb ,it would seem that the 8mihrab10 or prayer niche1 pointing toward ,meccah1 in ,muhammadan lands1 and the ,chinese honorary portals and ancestral tablets1#cjc as well as the niches for images of saints in churches or at wayside shrines1 or for heroes in public halls1 in ,christian lands1 are a survival of the primitive doorway in a tomb4 ,and wherever the door is prominent as a door1 the threshold is recognized and honored as the floor of the door1 and as the primitive altar above which the door is erected4 ,to pass through the door is to cross over the threshold of the door4 #c4 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,asia4 ,in all the modern excavations in the region of ,babylonia and ,assyria1 including ,tello1 ,nippur1 ,sippara1 ,borsippa1 ,khorsabad1 and ,nineveh1 it has been found that the threshold1 or foundation-stone1 of the temple doorway is marked with inscriptions that show its peculiar sanctity2 while underneath it1 or near it1 are frequently buried images and symbols and other treasures in evidence of its altar-like sacredness4 ,on this point evidence has been furnished by ,botta1#cjd ,bonomi1#cje ,layard1#cjf ,george ,smith1#cjg ,lenormant1#cjh and yet more fully by ,dr4 ,hilprecht1 in his later and current researches4 ,bonomi suggests that the word 8teraphim10 as an image of a household divinity1 has its connection with the threshold or the boundary limit2 and that the phrase 8thy going out1 and thy coming in10 which is common in ,egyptian1 ,babylonian1 and ,hebrew#cji literature1 has reference to the threshold and its protecting deities4#caj ,the outgoing and the incoming are clearly across the threshold and through the door4 ,the inscriptions of ,nebuchadrezzar ,,ii41 concerning his building of the walls of ,babylon1 comprise various references to the foundations1 to the thresholds1 and to their guardians4 ,he says3 8,on the thresholds of the gates ,i set up mighty bulls of bronze1 and mighty snakes standing upright40#caa ,again of the gates of ,imgur-,bl and ,nimitti-,bel1 of these walls of ,babylon1 he says3 8,their foundations ,i laid at the surface 7down at7 the water1 with pitch and bricks4 ,with blue enameled tiles which were adorned with bulls and large snakes1 ,i built their interior cleverly4 ,strong cedars ,i laid over them as their covering 7or roof74 ,doors of cedarwood with a covering of copper1 a threshold 7askuppu7 and hinges of bronze1 ,i set up in their gates4 ,strong bulls of bronze1 and powerful snakes standing upright1 ,i set upon 7or at7 their threshold 7sippu74 ,those gates ,i filled with splendor for the astonishment of all mankind40#cab ,in a similar manner ,nebuchadrezzar describes his work at the gates of 8the royal castle of all mankind10 at ,babylon1#cac and of his palace4#cad ,in connection with the shrine or chapel of ,nebo 7,ezida71 within the walls of the temple of ,merodach1 in ,babylon1 he says3 8,its threshold 7sippu71 its lock and its key1 ,i plated with gold1 and made the temple shine daylike40#cae ,when he built ,ezida 7the 8eternal house071 the temple of ,borsippa1 ,nebuchadrezzar says3 8,the bulls and the doors of the gate of the sanctuary1 the threshold 7sippu71 the lock1 the hinge1 ,i plated with zarru0#caf 7an unknown metal1 a kind of bronze74 ,references to the foundations1 to the thresholds1 to the gates and doorways1 and to bulls and upright serpents1 as the guardians of the threshold of the temples and palaces of ,babylonia and ,assyria1 are numerous on unearthed cylinders and tablets1 and always in such a way as to indicate their peculiar sacredness4 ,in the recent unearthing1 at ,nippur1 of a small building or shrine1 between two great temples1 an altar was found in the eastern doorway4 ,it is to be borne in mind that many early temples in ,babylonia1 as in ,mesopotamia1 in ,egypt1 in ,mexico1 ,central ,america1 and ,peru1 and in the ,south ,sea ,islands1 were in the form of a stepped pyramid1 or a staged tower1 with either inclined planes or stairways from each lower stage to the next higher1 and with an altar1 or a sanctuary or shrine1 at the summit4#cag ,herodotus1 describing one of these temples in ,babylon1 says that the altars1 larger and smaller1 were outside the temple4#cah ,light is thrown on the dream of ,jacob at ,bethel by the shape of the ancient temple in the ,east4 ,in his vision it was probably not a ladder1 but a conventional stepped-temple structure1 with its stairways rising heavenward1 and its sanctuary1 that ,jacob saw4#cai ,the angel ministers were passing up and down the steps1 in the service of the ,most ,high ,god1 who himself appeared above the structure4 ,when ,jacob waked he said3 8,surely the ,lord is in this place or sanctuary2 and ,i knew it not4444 ,how dreadful is this place6 this is none other but the house of ,god1 and this is the gate of heaven20 and he took the stone which had been his pillow at the threshold of that sanctuary1 and set it up for an altar pillar4#cbj ,in the literature and legends of ,babylonia1 as of other portions of the ancient world1 there is prominent the idea that an entrance into the life beyond this1 as in the entrance into this life1 the crossing of a threshold from the one world to the other1 from the earlier state and the passing of a door1 or gate1 marks the change to the later1 from the sacred to the more sacred4 ,this is peculiarly illustrated in the famous legend of ,ishtar's descent into the under-world in order to bring back to earth her lover ,dumuzi4 ,the ,hades of the ,babylonians was surrounded by seven high walls1 and was approached through seven gates1 each of which was guarded by a pitiless warder4 ,two deities ruled within it-,nergal1 8the lord of the great city10 and ,beltis-,allat1 8the lady of the great land10-whither everything which had breathed in this world descended after death4 ,allat was the actual sovereign of the country2 and even the gods themselves could enter her realm only on the condition of submitting to death1 like mortals1 and of humbly avowing themselves her slaves4#cba 8,the threshold of ,allat's palace stood upon a spring1 which had the property of restoring to life all who bathed in it or drank of its waters40 ,yet it was needful that another life should be given for one who would be reborn into this life1 after crossing the threshold of the regions beyond4#cbb ,in the descent of the goddess ,ishtar into ,allat's realm1 in pursuit of her lover ,dumuzi1 ,ishtar was gradually stripped of her garments and adornings at the successive gates1 until she appeared naked1 as at birth1 at the final threshold of the new state4#cbc ,but she was held captive by ,allat until ,ea1 chief among the gods1 exerted himself in her behalf1 and sent his messenger to secure for both ,ishtar and ,dumuzi the waters of life which were underneath the threshold of ,allat's realm1-which must be broken in order to their outflowing4#cbd ,there would seem to be a reference to this primitive idea of the waters of life flowing from under the threshold of the temple1 in the vision of the prophet ,ezekiel1 writing in ,babylonia1 concerning restored ,jerusalem and its holy temple4 8,behold1 waters issued out from under the threshold of the house eastward1 for the forefront of the house was toward the east3 and the waters came down from under1 from the right side of the house1 on the south of the altar40 7,evidently the altar in this temple was near the threshold47 ,these flowing waters from under the threshold were life-giving4 8,upon the bank of the river10 as it swelled in its progress1 8were very many trees on the one side and on the other20 and it was said of this stream3 8,it shall come to pass1 that every living creature which swarmeth1 in every place whither the rivers come1 shall live2 and there shall be a very great multitude of fish3 for these waters are come thither1 444 and every thing shall live whithersoever the river cometh40#cbe ,in a curse pronounced against ,assyria by the prophet ,zephaniah1 it was declared that 8drought shall be in the thresholds10#cbf instead of life-giving waters4 ,so1 again1 the waters of the life-giving ,jordan flow out from the threshold of the grotto of ,pan1 a god of life4#cbg ,and both at the beginning of the ,old ,testament1 and at the close of the ,new1 the waters of life start from the sanctuary of the ,author of life4#cbh ,this ,dumuzi of ,babylonia has linkings with ,tammuz of ,syria1 with ,osiris of ,egypt1 and with ,adonis of ,greece1 and there are correspondences in all these legends in the references to the door and the threshold of the under-world and the life beyond4 ,thus1 for instance1 the ,lord's prophet counts as most heinous of all idolatries the transfer of the weeping worship of ,tammuz from the door in the hole of the temple wall to the door of the temple sanctuary4#cbi ,at the right hand of the entrance of the larger temple unearthed at ,nineveh by ,layard1 a sculptured image of the ,assyrian king1 with his arm uplifted1 was on a doorway stele just outside4 ,and an altar for offerings was in front of that image4 ,altars were found similarly situated1 just outside the doorway1 in a smaller temple in the same region4#ccj ,an exceptional reverence is shown to the doorway and threshold of their sanctuary1 or temple1 by the sect of the ,yezidis1 in the neighborhood of ancient ,nineveh1 at the present time4 ,describing an evening service which he attended1 ,layard says3 8,when the prayers were ended1 those who marched in procession kissed1 as they passed by1 the right side of the doorway leading into the temple1 where a serpent is figured on the wall40 ,again1 8,soon after sunrise1 on the following morning1 the sheikhs and cawals offered up a short prayer in the court of the temple4444 ,some prayed in the sanctuary1 frequently kissing the threshold and holy places within the building40#cca ,when the sacred ark of the ,hebrews was captured by the ,philistines1 and brought into the house of the god ,dagon1 the record is3 8,when they of ,ashdod arose early on the morrow1 behold1 ,dagon was fallen upon his face to the ground before the ark of the ,lord4 ,and they took ,dagon1 and set him in his place again4 ,and when they arose early on the morrow morning1 behold1 ,dagon was fallen upon his face to the ground before the ark of the ,lord2 and the head of ,dagon and both the palms of his hands lay cut off upon the threshold40 ,it is added1 in our present ,bible text3 8,therefore neither the priests of ,dagon1 nor any that come into ,dagon's house1 tread on the threshold of ,dagon in ,ashdod1 unto this day40#ccb ,it would seem1 from the words 8unto this day10 that this added statement was a gloss by a later writer or copyist4 ,the original force of the wonder was in ,dagon's being overthrown at his very shrine1 falling maimed on the threshold altar of his temple4 ,but the suggestion of the gloss is that the unwillingness of the ,philistines to tread on the threshold of the temple 7which appears to have been of primitive origin7 did not exist among the worshipers of ,dagon prior to this incident4 ,the ,septuagint adds1#ccc concerning the later practice of the ,philistines at the threshold1 8because leaping they leap over it40 ,leaping over the threshold is at times spoken of in the ,bible as if it had a taint of idolatry4 ,thus ,zephaniah1 foretelling1 in the name of the ,lord1 the divine judgments on idolaters1 says3 8,in that day ,i will punish all those that leap over the threshold40#ccd ,this is explained in the ,targum as 8those that walk in the customs of the ,philistines40 ,yet the ,bible sometimes refers to the temple threshold as a fitting place of worship1 and its recognition as a holy altar as commendable4 ,ezekiel prophesies that the restored ,prince of ,israel 8shall worship at the threshold of the gate0#cce of the ,lord's house2 and he sees1 in vision1 8the glory of the ,lord 444 over the threshold of the house40#ccf ,again the ,lord complains of the profanation of his temple by idolaters 8in their setting of their threshold by my threshold1 and their door-post beside my door-post1 and there was but the wall between me and them40#ccg ,that it was the threshold or doorway of the tabernacle which was counted sacred1 is evident from the wording of the ,levitical laws concerning the offering of blood in sacrifices4 8,this is the thing which the ,lord hath commanded1 saying1 ,what man soever there be of the house of ,israel1 that killeth an ox1 or lamb1 or goat1 in the camp1 or that killeth it without the camp1 and hath not brought it unto the door of the tent of meeting1 to offer it as an oblation unto the ,lord before the tabernacle of the ,lord3 blood shall be imputed unto that man2 he hath shed blood2 and that man shall be cut off from among his people3 to the end that the children of ,israel may bring their sacrifices1 which they sacrifice in the open field1 even that they may bring them unto the ,lord1 unto the door of the tent of meeting1 unto the priest1 and sacrifice them for sacrifices of peace offerings unto the ,lord4 ,and the priest shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar of the ,lord at the door of the tent of meeting1 and burn the fat for a sweet savour unto the ,lord4444 ,whatsoever man there be of the house of ,israel1 or of the strangers that sojourn among them1 that offereth a burnt offering or sacrifice1 and bringeth it not unto the door of the tent of meeting1 to sacrifice it unto the ,lord2 even that man shall be cut off from his people40#cch ,it was at the doorway of the tent of meeting that ,aaron and his sons were consecrated to the holy priesthood2#cci and it was there that the bullock was sacrificed1 and its blood was poured out as an offering at the base of the altar4#cdj ,it was at the doorway of that tent1 above the threshold1 that the pillar of cloud descended in token of the ,lord's presence1 when ,moses met the ,lord there in loving communion1 while the people stood watching from the doorways of their own tents4#cda ,the altar of burnt offering1 at the base or foundation of which the blood of the offerings was outpoured1 was itself at the doorway of the tent of meeting1 and he who offered a sacrifice to the ,lord offered it at that threshold4#cdb ,a post of honor in the temple was as a guardian of the threshold1 as was also the place of a keeper of the gate4 ,in the assignment of the priests and ,levites to service1 by ,jehoiada the priest1 in the days of ,athaliah1 a third part of them were in attendance at the 8threshold10 and a third part 8at the gate of the foundation40#cdc ,later1 in the days of ,josiah and ,hilkiah1 the guardians of the threshold had the care of the money collected for the repairs of the ,lord's house4#cdd ,and a keeper of the threshold1 or of the door1 of the house of ,god1 was always mentioned with honor4#cde ,when the ,psalmist contrasts the house of ,god with the tents of wickedness1 he speaks of the honor of a post at the temple threshold1 not of the humble place of a temple janitor1 when he says3 8,for a day in thy courts is better than a thousand elsewhere4 ,i had rather stand at the threshold of the house of my ,god1 ,than to dwell in the tents of wickedness40#cdf ,in the ,temple at ,jerusalem1 the altar of burnt offering was before the threshold of the ,holy ,place2 and those who came with sacrifices must stop at that threshold1 and proffer the blood of their offering to the priests1 who then reverently poured it out at the altar-threshold's base4#cdg ,when offerings were accepted for the repairs of the temple1 in the days of ,jehoash1 king of ,judah1 it is said that 8,jehoiada the priest took a chest1 and bored a hole in the lid of it1 and set it beside the altar1 on the right side as one cometh into the house of the ,lord4 ,and the priests that kept or guarded the threshold put therein all the money that was brought into the house of the ,lord40#cdh ,this would seem to decide the position of the altar as at the threshold1 where 8one cometh into the house of the ,lord40 ,an altar stood at the doorway1 or before the door1 of temples of later date in ,phenicia and ,phrygia1 as shown on contemporary medals and coins4#cdi ,and so in temples in other lands4 ,among the early ,christian remains unearthed in ,asia ,minor are indications of the former position of an altar on the threshold of a sanctuary4 ,at the site of ancient ,aphrodisias1 8some of the sarcophagi of the ,byzantine age are richly wrought1 and although many are of ,christian date1 they appear to have retained the pagan devices40 ,at the end of one of these sarcophagi 8appears an altar burning in front of a door10 standing indeed on the very threshold4#cej ,an oath of peculiar sacredness among ,hindoos is at the threshold of a temple1 as at its primal altar4 8,is a man accused of a great crime8 ,he goes to the temple threshold1 makes his prostrations2 he pauses1 then steps over it1 declaring at the same time that he is not guilty of the crime laid to his charge4 ,it is therefore very common to ask a person who denies anything that he is suspected to have done1 #8,will you step over the threshold of the temple8'0#cea ,among the stories told in ,india of judgments at the temple threshold1 is one of a thieving goldsmith1 who had secreted himself in a pagoda of ,vishnoo1 in order to take from the sacred image one of its jewel eyes4 ,having obtained the precious stone1 he waited for the opening of the pagoda doors in the morning1 in order to escape with his booty4 ,but as he attempted to cross the threshold1 when the door was opened1 he was stricken with death by ,vishnoo 8at the very threshold40#ceb ,justice was administered at the very seat of justice4 ,bloody sacrifices are still known at the temple thresholds in ,india1 notwithstanding the prejudice of ,hindoos against the shedding of blood4 ,within recent times an ,english gentleman1 in an official position in ,india1 discovered a decapitated child at the very door of a celebrated pagoda2 and an investigation showed that a father had there sacrificed his son to avert an impending evil4#cec ,when a famous idol was destroyed in the temple of ,somnauth1 during the ,muhammadan conquest of ,india1 pieces of the shattered image were sent by the conquerors to the mosks of ,meccah1 ,medina1 and ,ghuznee1 to be thrown down at the thresholds of their gates1 there to be trodden under foot by devout and zealous ,mussulmans4#ced ,the accursed idol fragments might be trampled on at the threshold1 even while the threshold itself was counted sacred4 ,in ,muhammadan mosks generally the threshold is counted sacred4 ,across the threshold proper1 at the beginning of the sacred portion of the interior1 8is a low barrier1 a few inches high40#cee ,before this barrier the worshiper stops1 removes his shoes1 and steps over it1 with the right foot first4 ,in some smaller mosks a rod above the outer door-sill stands for this barrier4 ,describing his visit to one of the mosks in ,persia1 ,morier says3 8,here we remarked the veneration of the ,persians for the threshold of a holy place4444 ,before they ventured to cross it1 they knelt down and kissed it1 whilst they were very careful not to touch it with their feet40#cef ,on the tomb of the kings of ,persia1 at ,com1 the inscription appears3 8,happy and glorious the believing one who in reverence bows his head upon the threshold of this gate1 in imitation of the sun and moon4#ceg ,all that he will ask with faith in this gate1 shall be as the arrow that reaches the mark40#ceh ,and on the tomb of ,alee1 son-in-law of ,muhammad and one of his successors1 there stands the declaration3 8,the angel messenger of the truth1 ,gabriel1 kisses every day the threshold of thy gate2 for that is the only way by which one can come to the throne of ,muhammad40#cei ,even among ,christians in this primitive region1 this reverence for the threshold as the earliest altar of the temple and the church manifests itself in various ways4 ,dr4 ,grant1 an ,american missionary1 tells of seeing the ,nestorian ,christians kissing the threshold of the church on entering the sanctuary for the ,lord's ,day service4#cfj ,at ,baveddeen1 near ,bokhara1 is the tomb of ,baha-ed-deen ,nakishbend1 the national saint of ,turkestan1 which is a place of pilgrimage second only to the tomb of ,muhammad4 8,in the front of the tomb10 as a threshold1 8is the famous senghi murad10 the 8stone of desire10 8which has been tolerably ground away1 and made smooth1 by the numerous foreheads of pious pilgrims that have been rubbed upon it40#cfa ,a peculiar sacrifice in ,tibet is the disemboweling of a devotee in the presence of a great multitude1 as an act of worship4 ,an altar on which this act is performed is erected for the occasion 8in front of the temple gate40#cfb ,in the more sacred shrines of ,japan and ,korea1 ,shinto or ,booddhist temples1 pilgrim worshipers are permitted to go no farther than the threshold of the inner sanctuary4 ,there they may deposit their offerings and may prostrate themselves in prayer1 but they cannot pass beyond4 ,at ,kitzuki1 8the most ancient shrine of ,japan10 multitudes of pilgrims gather for worship4 ,they are coming and going ceaselessly1 but all pause before the threshold of the inner sanctuary4 8,none enter there3 all stand before the dragon-swarming doorway1 and cast their offerings into the money-chest placed before the threshold2 many making contributions of small coin1 the very poorest throwing only a handful of rice into the box4 ,then they clap their hands1 and bow their heads before the threshold1 and reverently gaze through the hall of prayer at the loftier edifice1 the holy of holies beyond it4 ,each pilgrim remains but a little while1 and claps his hands but four times2 yet so many are coming and going that the sound of the clapping is like the sound of a cataract40#cfc ,the same is true of 8the great ,shrines of ,is1 chief ,mecca of the ,shint faith10#cfd of those of famous ,nikk1 and of other centers of worship4#cfe #d4 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,africa4 ,the oldest temple discovered in ,egypt is little more than a doorway with an altar at its threshold1 and with a stele on either side of the altar4 ,this temple is near the base of the stepped pyramid of ,meydoom1 dating back probably to the beginning of the fourth dynasty4#cff ,later1 in ,egypt1 as in early ,babylonia1 the doorway1 above the threshold1 had peculiar sacredness1 in the temples and in the approaches to the under-world4 ,the pylon1 or propylon1 of an ,egyptian temple1 was a monumental gateway before the temple1 and exalted honor attached to it4 ,it frequently gave its name to the entire temple4#cfg ,the side towers of this gateway are said to have represented ,isis and ,nephthys1 and the door itself between these towers stood for ,osiris1 the judge of the living and the dead4#cfh ,there was indeed a temple in ,thebes which bore the name of 8,silver ,threshold40 ,this temple 8is mentioned in the time of the twenty-first dynasty2 and it cannot have been earlier than the eighteenth dynasty1 when silver was growing cheaper in ,egypt40#cfi ,but the prominence of the 8threshold0 in the designation of the 8temple0 is aside from the question of the time of the use of silver4 8,the winged sun disk was placed above all the doors into the temples1 that the image of ,horus might drive away all unclean spirits from the sacred building40#cgj ,these overshadowing wings marked the special sacredness of the doors beneath them4 ,when an ,egyptian priest opened the door of the shrine-the holy of holies of the temple-he must prostrate himself at the threshold in reverent worship4 8,according to the ,theban rite1 444 as soon as he saw the image of the god he had to #8kiss the ground1 throw himself on his face1 throw himself entirely on his face1 kiss the ground with his face turned downward1 offer incense1' and then greet the god with a short petition40#cga ,this priestly worship was at the threshold of the shrine4 ,the ,egyptian idea of the future life1 and of the world beyond this1 had marked correspondences with the ,babylonian4 ,osiris presided over the under-world1 as1 indeed1 he was the chief object of worship in this4#cgb ,he had been slain in a conflict with evil1 and in his new life he was the friend and helper of those who struggled against evil4#cgc ,he was in a peculiar sense the door of the life beyond this1 8,osiris1 opening the ways of the two worlds20#cgd and those who passed that door safely were identified with himself in the under-world4#cge ,a closed door toward the west1 in a tomb1 represented the deceased on his way to ,osiris4#cgf ,and as shown in the 8,book of the ,dead0 the approach to ,osiris was by a series of doors1 which could be passed only by one who showed his identification with ,osiris1 and his worthiness as such4#cgg ,at the entrance to the ,hall of the ,two ,truths1 or of the ,two-fold ,mat1#cgh as the place of final judgment1 the deceased was challenged by the threshold of the door1 by the two side-posts1 by the lock1 by the key1 and by the door itself2 and he could not pass these unless he proved his oneness with ,osiris by his knowledge of their names severally4#cgi ,a saint's tomb1 called a wely1 is a common place of worship in ,egypt4 ,sometimes a mosk is built over it1 and sometimes it serves as a substitute for a mosk1 where no mosk is near4 8,at least one such building forms a conspicuous object close by1 or within1 almost every ,arab village20 and these tombs are frequently visited by those who would make supplication for themselves1 or intercession for others1 or who would do a worthy act1 and merit a correspondent blessing4 8,many a visitor1 on entering the tomb1 kisses the threshold1 or touches it with his right hand1 which he then kisses40#chj ,similar customs prevail in ,arabia and ,syria4 ,at ,carthage1 which was a ,phenician colony but which impressed its character on northern ,africa1 the chief temple gave prominence to the threshold1 rising in steps as an altar before a statue of the ,queen of ,heaven4 ,virgil1 describing the arrival of neas at the court of ,queen ,dido1 says3 8,there stood a grove within the city's midst1 ,delicious for its shade2 where when they came ,first to this place1 by waves and tempest tossed1 ,the ,carthaginians from the earth dug up ,an omen royal ,juno had foretold ,that they should find1 a noble horse's head2 ,thus intimating that this race would shine1 ,famous in war1 and furnished with supplies ,for ages4 ,here the great ,sidonian queen ,a temple built to ,juno1 rich in gifts1 ,and in the presence of the goddess blessed4 ,a brazen threshold rose above the steps1#cha ,with brazen posts connecting1 and the hinge ,creaked upon brazen doors40#chb ,the churches of ,abyssinia always stand on a hill1 and in a grove-like the temple at ,carthage4 8,when you go to the church you put off your shoes before your first entering the outer precinct4444 ,at entry1 you kiss the threshold and two door-posts1 go in and say what prayer you please2 that finished you come out again1 and your duty is over40#chc ,the yard of an ,abyssinian church has been compared to 8the lucus or sacred grove of the pagan temple40 8,the church itself is square1 and built of stone with beams stuck in to support them4 ,at the porch1 the wooden lintels1 which the pious kiss with intense earnestness1-in fact1 kissing the walls and lintels of a church is a great feature in ,abyssinian devotion1 so much so that1 instead of speaking of #8going to church1' they say #8kissing the church1'-are carved with quaint and elaborate devices40#chd ,at ,yeha1 near ,aksum1 are the remains of a ruined temple1 within the area of which a church was at one time built4 8,in front of the vestibule stood two rude monoliths1 at the base of one of which is an altar with a circular disk on it1 presumably1 from the analogy of those at ,aksum1 for receiving the blood of slaughtered victims40 ,obviously1 the altar of this temple was at its threshold4 ,marriages are said to be celebrated in ,abyssinia at the church door-the wedding covenant being thus made before the threshold altar4#che ,and so in the earlier temples of ,egypt1 of ,carthage1 and of ,abyssinia1 and in ,christian and ,muhammadan places of worship1 the doorway is held sacred1 and1 most of all1 the threshold1 or 8floor of the door40 #e4 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,europe4 ,traces of the primitive sacredness of the doorway and the threshold1 in places of worship1 are to be found in ,europe1 ancient and modern1 as in ,asia and ,africa4 ,the term 8threshold0 occurs in such prominence in connection with temples1 in the earliest ,greek literature1 as to show that its primitive meaning included the idea of altar1 or of sanctuary foundation4 ,thus the ,house of ,zeus on ,olympus is repeatedly spoken of as the 8,house of the ,bronze ,threshold40#chf ,in these references1 8the nature of the occurrences1 the uniformity of the phrase1 the position of the words in the verse1 all point to this as an old hieratic phrase1 and the meaning evidently is1 #8the house that is stablished forever4'0#chg ,this term 8bronze threshold0 occurs more than once in reference to the temple-palace of ,alcinos4#chh ,tartarus is described as having gates of iron and a 8bronze threshold40#chi ,night and day meet as they cross the 8great threshold of bronze20 and ,atlas upholds heaven at the threshold of the under-world4#cij ,the treasures of ,delphi are described as 8within the stone threshold of the archer god1 ,phoebus ,apollo1 in ,rocky ,pytho40#cia ,and he who seeks counsel at that oracle is spoken of as one who crosses 8the stone threshold40#cib ,in ,sophocles' 8,oedipus at ,colonus0 the ,athenian warns the stranger ,oedipus that he is on holy ground1 in the realm of ,poseidon1 and that the spot where he now treads is 8called the brazen threshold of the land1 the stay of ,athens40#cic ,in other words1 the bronze threshold is an archaic synonym for the enduring border1 or outer limit1 of spiritual domain4 ,this prominence given to the threshold in earlier ,greek literature is not1 it is true1 continued in later writings2 yet there are traces of it still in occasional poetic references to the 8threshold of life10 and the 8threshold of the year10 and the 8threshold of old age40 ,when ,homer refers 8to houses1 to rooms in houses1 or to courtyards1 the #8threshold' is constantly spoken of3 a man steps over a threshold1 stands at a threshold1 sits at a threshold1 etc4 ,and so important is the threshold that its material is almost regularly mentioned2 it is ash1 oak1 stone1 bronze1 etc4 ,in later times all these locutions disappear2 men go through doorways1 enter1 stand in porches1 etc41 instead40#cid ,yet it is the archaic use that points to the primitive prominence of the threshold4 ,in historic times1 however1 as in earlier1 the altar of sacrifice was to be found1 in ,grecian and ,roman temples1 near the threshold of the door4 ,while there were smaller altars1 for the offering of incense and bloodless sacrifices1 in the interior of temples1 the larger and more important altars1 for the offering of animal sacrifices1 whether of beasts or of men1 were before the temple1 in front of the threshold1-bomoi pronaoi4#cie ,a ruined temple of ,artemis ,propyla1 at ,eleusis1 shows the main altar immediately before the threshold1 between the ant4 ,the altar of the temple of ,apollo at ,delphi was in a like position2 as shown in the fact that 8when ,neoptolemus is attacked by ,orestes in the vestibule of the temple at ,delphi1 he seizes the arms which were suspended by means of nails or pins from one of the ant1 takes his station upon the altar1 and addresses the people in his own defense40#cif ,when the 8priest of ,jupiter1 whose temple was before the city0 of ,lystra1 would have given divine honors to ,paul and ,barnabas1 he brought the garlanded oxen 8unto the gates10 to sacrifice them there4 ,at the gate of the city1 within which the supposed gods were to be found1 seemed the proper place of sacrifice4#cig ,there are references in classic story1 as in ,babylonian legends1 in ,phenician and ,syrian beliefs1 and in the ,hebrew prophetic visions1 to life-giving waters flowing out from under the threshold of the sanctuary4 ,in the garden of the palace-temple of ,alcinos 8are two springs1 the one ripples through the whole garden1 the other opposite it gushes under the threshold of the courtyard to the lofty house1 and from it the citizens draw their water40#cih ,on 8the apple-growing shores of the ,hesperides10 where ,atlas upholds 8the holy threshold of heaven10 according to the poets1 8springs of ambrosia pour from the chamber of ,zeus1 from his bedside10 and give a rich blessing to the life-giving earth4#cii ,and of ,delphi it is said3 8,going toward the temple we come upon the spring ,cassotis3 there is a low wall about it1 and you ascend to the spring through the walls4 ,the water of this ,cassotis they say sinks underground1 and in the shrine of the god ,apollo makes the woman prophetic is inspiration to her40#djj ,in the early churches of ,europe1 the threshold marked a sacred boundary of the edifice1 to cross which indicated a certain covenant right to participate in the privileges of the house of ,god4 ,as the structure of the churches changed1 in the progress of the centuries1 the threshold of the sanctuary came to be in a different portion of the building1 or series of buildings2 but its sacredness remained1 wherever it was supposed to be4 ,the term 8altar0 also changed1 from the border line of the place of worship1 to the holy table within the sanctuary4 ,speaking of the growth of the early church buildings1 ,bingham says3 8,in the strictest sense1 including only the buildings within the walls1 they were commonly divided into three parts3 7#a47 ,the narthex or ante-temple1 where the penitents and catechumens stood4 7#b47 ,the naos or temple1 where the communicants had their respective places4 ,and 7#c47 the bma or sanctuary1 where the clergy stood to officiate at the altar4 ,but in a larger sense there was another ante-temple or narthex without the walls1 under which was comprised the propyla1 or vestibulum1 the outward porch2 then the atrium or area1 the court leading from that to the temple1 surrounded with porticos or cloisters4444 ,there were also several exedr1 such as the baptistery1 the diaconicum1 the pastophoria1 and other adjacent buildings1 which were reckoned to be either without or within the church1 according as it was taken in a stricter or a larger acceptation40#dja ,in the early churches1 the place of baptism was outside of the church proper1 or the naos1 it is said4 8,there is nothing more certain than that for many ages the baptistery was a distinct place from the body of the church1 and reckoned among the exedr1 or places adjoining to the church40#djb 8,the first ages all agreed in this1 that1 whether they had baptisteries or not1 the place of baptism was always without the church40#djc ,even in medival times1 in the churches of ,england1 baptisms were on the outer side of the threshold of the church proper1 8the child being held without the doors of the church0#djd until baptized4 ,in many churches of ,europe at the present time the baptismal font is at or near the door of the church4 ,in #affa1 a formal reply of the ,church of ,england bishops to a request of the ,presbyterians that the font might be placed before the congregation1 that all might see it1 was3 8,the font usually stands1 as it did in primitive times1 at or near the church door1 to signify that baptism was the entrance into the church mystical40#dje ,marriages1 like baptisms1 were at the church porch or outside of the threshold4 8,the old missals direct the placing of the man and the woman at the church door during the service1 and that at the end of it they shall proceed within up to the altar40#djf ,the idea would seem to be that a holy covenant like marriage1 which is the foundation of a new family1 must be solemnized at the primitive family altar1-the threshold4 ,describing the marriage rites of ,germany in the middle ages1 ,baring-,gould says3 8,in a ,ritual of ,rennes1 of the eleventh century1 we find a rubric to this effect3 #8,the priest shall go before the door of the church in surplice and stole1 and ask the bridegroom and bride prudently whether they desire to be legally united2 and then he shall make the parents give her away1 according to the usual custom1 and the bridegroom shall fix the dower1 announcing before all present what 7witthum7 he intends to give the bride4 ,then the priest shall make him betroth her with a ring1 and give her an honorarium of gold or silver according to his means4 ,then let him give the prescribed benediction4 ,after which1 entering into the church1 let him begin mass2 and let the bridegroom and bride hold lighted candles1 and make an oblation at the offertory2 and before the ,pax let the priest bless them before the altar under a pall or other covering the wedding canopy1 according to custom2 and lastly1 let the bridegroom receive the kiss of peace from the priest1 and pass it on to his bride4'0#djg 8,in ancient times the people of ,france were married1 not within the church at the altar as now1 but at the outer door4 ,this was the case in #aeii1 in which year ,elizabeth1 the daughter of ,henry ,,ii41 was married to ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain2 and the ,bishop of ,paris performed the ceremony at the door of the cathedral of ,notre ,dame4 ,another instance of this kind occurred in #aeii in ,france4 ,henrietta ,maria was married to ,king ,charles by proxy at the door of ,notre ,dame1 and the bride1 as soon as the ceremony was over entered the church1 and assisted at attended mass40#djh 8,the pre-,reformation rule was to begin the marriage service at the door of the church4 ,in his #8,wyf of ,bathe1' ,chaucer in the days of ,edward ,,iii4 refers to this custom3- #8,housbandes atte chirche dore ,i have had fyve4' ,this old usage was abandoned by authority in the time of ,edward ,,vi4 ,yet there is reason for thinking that it was not entirely given up4 8,there is a poem of ,herrick's1 written about #afdj1 which is entitled1 #8,the ,entertainment or ,porch ,verse at the ,marriage of ,mr4 ,hen4 ,northly4'0#dji 8,when ,edward ,i4 married ,marguerite of ,france1 in #abii1 he endowed her at the door of ,canterbury ,cathedral40 ,selden declares that 8dower could be lawfully assigned only at the door20 and ,littleton affirms to the same effect4#daj 8,at ,witham in ,essex it is1 or was1 the custom to perform the first part of the marriage service at the font near the door4 ,when the ,rev4 ,a4 ,snell was appointed to the benefice in #ahgc1 he spoke to a bridegroom about this usage1 and he 7the bridegroom7 particularly requested that he might be married at the font1 as he liked old customs40#daa ,another survival of the primitive rite of threshold covenanting seems to be shown in certain customs observed in various parts of ,europe1 which look like the substitution of an altar-stone for a threshold altar1 in the marriage ceremony4 8,thus in the old temple of ,upsal in ,sweden1 wedding couples stood upon a broad stone which was believed to cover the tomb of ,st4 ,eric40#dab ,corresponding customs in other regions would go to show that the earlier practice was to leap over the stone1 as a mode of threshold covenanting1 instead of standing on it4 ,the latter was a change without a reason for it4 ,for instance1 just outside 8the ruined church1 or abbey1 of ,lindisfarne1 is the socket or foot-stone1 in which was mortised a ponderous stone cross1 erected by ,ethelwold1 and broken down by the ,danes4 ,this socket stone is now called the 8petting stone10 and whenever a marriage is solemnized in the neighborhood1 after the ceremony the bride is obliged to step upon it2 and if she cannot stride to the end thereof1 the marriage is deemed likely to prove unfortunate and fruitless40 ,while this would seem to point to the custom of standing upon the stone1 in the modern marriage customs of the same region1 a barrier is 8erected at the churchyard gate1 consisting of a large paving-stone which was placed on its edge and supported by two smaller stones4 ,on either side stood a villager1 who made the couple and every one else jump over it40#dac 8,in ,lantevit ,major ,church was a stone called the #8marriage stone1' with many knots and flourishes1 and the head of a person upon it1 and this inscription3 #8,ne ,petra calcetur ,quae subjacet ista tuetur1' ,brides usually stood upon this stone at their marriages40#dad ,yet the inscription itself3 8,let not the stone be trodden upon2 ,what it lies under1 it guards10 forbids standing upon this threshold altar2 and it is probable that in earlier times it was stepped over in marriage covenant1 and not upon4 ,at ,belford1 in ,northumberland1 it is still the custom to make the bridal pair1 with their attendants1 leap over a stone placed in their path outside the church porch4 ,this stone also is called the 8petting stone10 or the 8louping stone40 ,at the neighboring village of ,embleton1 in the same county1 two stout young lads place a wooden bench across the door of the church porch1 and assist the bride and groom and their attendants to surmount the obstacle2 for which assistance a gift of money is expected4 ,in some places a stick has been held by the groomsmen at the church door for the bride to jump over4 ,and again a stool has been placed at the churchyard gate1 over which the whole bridal party must jump one by one2 and this stool has been called the 8parting-stool40#dae ,a 8mode of marriage0 current in ,ireland1 until recent times1 was that of jumping over a form of the cross2#daf and jumping over a broomstick as a form of marriage would seem to be a survival of this custom of leaping across the threshold-stone1 in token of a covenant4 8,jumping the broomstick0 is sometimes spoken of as an equivalent of marriage4 ,these various obstacles to progress1 at wedding time1 would seem to be as suggestions of the threshold altar1 which must be passed in the marriage covenant4 ,the church threshold1 like the home threshold1 is a temporary hindrance to an advance4 ,unless it is stepped across1 the covenant is incomplete4 ,an illustration of the popular idea of the sacredness of the church threshold1 and of the impropriety of stepping on it1 in its passing1 is found in a ,finnish mode of judging a clergyman4 8,in ,finland1 it is regarded as unlucky if a clergyman steps on the threshold1 when he comes to preach at a church40 ,a writer on this subject says3 8,a ,finnish friend told me of one of his relations going to preach at a church1 a few years ago1-he being a candidate for the vacant living1-and the people most anxiously watched if he stepped on the threshold as he came in4 ,had he done so1 ,i fear a sermon never so eloquent would have counted but little against so dire an omen40#dag ,here is a new peril for pulpit candidates1 if this primitive test becomes widely popular6 ,even to the present time1 it is customary1 in portions of ,europe1 for ,jews to rub their fingers on the posts of a synagogue doorway1 and then kiss their fingers4 ,quite an indentation in the stone at the door of the synagogue in ,worms is to be seen1 as due to this constant sacred rubbing4#dah #f4 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,america4 ,in the ,west1 as in the ,east1 traces of the primitive sacredness of the threshold and the doorway are to be found4 ,the stepped pyramid1 or uplifted threshold1 with the sanctuary at its summit1 was the earliest form of temple or place of worship in ,mexico1 and in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,in the later and more elaborate temples there was no altar within the building1 although an image of the god was there4 ,the altar1 or stone of sacrifice1 was without1 before the door of the sanctuary4#dai ,when a sacrifice was offered on the altar1 the blood of that sacrifice was smeared on the doors of the temple of the god4#dbj ,human sacrifices were included in these offerings1 in earlier times4#dba ,even when larger temples were erected1 and altars were enclosed within them1 human victims were brought to the temple entrance into the hands of the priests2 and from the threshold they were borne by the priests themselves1 to be laid on the altar4#dbb ,among the ,pipiles1 a ,maya people1 in ,central ,america1 there were 8two principal and very solemn sacrifices2 one at the commencement of summer1 and the other at the beginning of winter40 ,little boys1 from six to twelve years old1 were the victims of sacrifice4 ,at the sound of trumpets and drums1 which assembled the people1 four priests came out of the temple with braziers of coals on which incense was burning1 and after various ceremonies and religious exercises they proceeded to the house of the high-priest1 near the temple1 and took from it the boy victim of the sacrifice4 ,he was then conducted four times round the court of the temple1 with dancing and singing4 ,when this ceremony was finished1 the high-priest came out of his house with the second priest and his major-domo1 and they proceeded to the temple steps1 accompanied by the principal men of the locality1 who1 however1 stopped at the threshold of the temple4 ,then and there the four priests 8seized the victim by his extremities1 and the major-domo coming out1 with little bells on his wrists and ankles1 opened the left breast of the boy1 tore out his heart1 and handed it to the high-priest1 who put it into a little embroidered purse1 which he closed40 ,the blood of the victim was received by the priests in a vessel made of a gourd1 and was by them sprinkled in the direction of the four cardinal points4 ,then the heart1 in its purse1 was put back into the body of the victim1 and the body itself was interred inside of the temple4 ,this sacrifice1 at the threshold altar1 was performed at the threshold1 or the beginning1 of each of the two chief seasons of the year4#dbc ,in the temples of ,central ,america1 generally1 the doorway was hardly less prominent than in the temples of ,egypt4 ,there were massive decorations on and above the lintels2 the door jams were richly sculptured2 and there were male and female figures1 or figures of animals1 as guardians on either side of the entrance4 ,in some instances a winged globe was above the door2 and the uplifted hand was found over the doorway or at the sides4#dbd ,among the ,natchez ,indians1 along the lower ,mississippi1 there was an annual 8,harvest ,festival10 or 8,festival of ,new ,fire10 which was celebrated with great ceremony4 ,an altar was in front of the temple1 just before the door4 ,on this occasion the priest of the sun stood on the threshold of the temple in the early morning1 watching for the first rays of the rising sun4 ,the chiefs1 and braves old and young1 stood near the altar4 ,the women with infants in their arms stood in a semicircle facing the priest4 ,when he gave the signal of his recognition of the sun1 by rubbing two pieces of wood to start a new fire for the altar1 they faced about to the east and held up their infants to the sun4 ,other exercises of worship followed4 ,the priest's place in this ceremony was on the threshold1 before the altar of that temple4#dbe ,in ,america1 as in the other continents1 there are survivals of the primal sacredness of the threshold of a place of public worship1 in the formal ceremonies attending the laying of the corner-stone1 or threshold-stone1 of a new church building of any denomination2 and in the use of holy water at the doorway on entering ,roman ,catholic churches4 ,more or less importance is attached in ,protestant ,episcopal churches to the location of the baptismal font near the door1 and to the beginning of the marriage service before the bridal party approaches the threshold of the sanctuary proper4 ,if indeed1 there be found no trace of the fountain of life flowing from under the threshold sanctuary of the gods worshiped by the aborigines of ,america1 such a fountain was searched for in this land by ,ponce de ,leon and his followers4 #g4 ,,temple ,,thresholds ,,in ,,islands ,,of ,,the ,,sea4 ,there is a certain resemblance in the plan of some of the temples of the ,south ,sea ,islands to those of ,central ,america4 ,a stepped pyramid in a large court was the central shrine2 8in front of which the images were kept1 and the altars fixed40#dbf ,in both cases the altars were outside of the shrine1-at its threshold1 as it were4 ,a method of sacrificing was by bleeding a pig to death before the altar1 8washing the carcass with the blood1 and then placing it in a crouching position on the altar40#dbg ,an uplifted hand was one of the symbols on these stepped pyramid shrines4#dbh ,the temple foundation1 or the threshold of the sacred building1 was formerly laid in human blood4#dbi ,a recognition of the threshold1 in a sacred service1 and in a form of covenanting1 is found in the ceremonies of circumcision as observed in ,madagascar4 ,this rite is not at infancy1 as among the ,jews1 but is at the threshold of young manhood4 ,its period is fixed by the king1 who1 on 8an application from the parents or the friends of any number of children in a given province1 appoints a time1 and orders the observance of the rite40 ,he is the 8high-priest on this occasion40 ,the rite marks the transition of the boy from his dependence on his parents to his personal service of the king1 as a member of the community4 ,holy water is brought from a distance to the house of the master of ceremonies1 as the sanctuary for the occasion4 ,a sheep is killed immediately before this house1 and the boys are caused to step across its blood4 ,this sacrifice is called 8fahazza10 or 8causing fruitfulness10 and it is supposed to be the means of causing fruitfulness in all the women who obtain a share of it4 ,a tree is planted at the northeast corner of the house1 and a lamp is fixed on it4 ,honey and water are poured upon the tree1 and the boys partake of this mixture4 ,the next day the persons present walk three times round the house1 with various ceremonies1 and then stop at the doorway4 ,the rite of circumcision is performed on each boy as he sits on a drum at 8the threshold of the door10 held firmly by several men4 ,the knife with which it is performed is previously dipped in the blood of a young bullock1 an ear of which is slit by the operator4 ,a covenant of fealty to the king is entered into by the youth on this occasion4 ,sacrifices and feasting follow this ceremony4#dcj ,one of the ancient gods of ,maui1 an island of ,hawaii1 was ,keoroeva4 8,in all the temples dedicated to its worship1 the image was placed within the inner apartment1 on the left-hand side of the door2 and immediately before it stood the altar1 on which the offerings of every kind were usually placed40#dca ,the altar was at the doorway1 in this case1 as so generally elsewhere4 ,tiha was a female idol1 as ,keoroeva was a male1 and much 8the same homage and offerings0 were given to her as to him4#dcb ,in ,kohala1 one of the large divisions of ,hawaii1 stood a prominent temple called ,bukohla1 built by ,king ,kamehameha1 at the time of his conquest of the ,sandwich ,islands4 8,at the south end of this great edifice was a kind of inner court1 which might be called the sanctum sanctorum of the temple1 where the principal idol used to stand1 surrounded by a number of images of inferior deities40 8,on the outside1 near the entrance to the inner court at the threshold of the sanctum sanctorum was the place of the rere or ll 7altar71 on which human and other sacrifices were offered40#dcc ,human victims were ordinarily slain in sacrifice outside of the sanctuary proper1 and then their bodies1 carefully preserved whole1 were taken within to be presented to the idol4#dcd ,there were ,hawaiian cities of refuge1 or puhonuas1 as sanctuaries for guilty fugitives4 ,a thief1 or a murderer1 might be pursued to the very gateway of one of those cities1 but as soon as he crossed the threshold of that gate1 even though the gate were open1 and no barrier hindered pursuit1 he was safe1 as at the city altar4 ,when once within the sacred city1 the fugitive's first duty was to present himself before the idol1 and return thanks for his protection4#dce ,this was substantially the ,hebrew law as to the cities of refuge4#dcf ,safety was only within the threshold4 ,there are traces of the primitive idea of a spring of life-giving waters flowing from under the threshold of the goddess of life1 in the ,islands of the ,sea4 ,according to the myths of that region1 ,vari1 or 8,the-very-beginning0 of life was a woman4 ,she plucked off a piece of her right side and it became a man1 or part man and part fish1 known as ,vtea1 or ,avatea4 ,from the under-world there came to ,vtea a supernatural woman called ,papa1 or ,foundation4 ,from this union the human race began4 ,rongo was the first-born son4 ,the ,hades of ,polynesia is ,avaika1 or ,hawaika4 ,in the days of ,rongo1 and later1 there was an opening from earth to ,avaika2 but because of the misdoings of the denizens of that realm1 coming up through that passage-way1 ,tiki1 a lovely woman1 a descendant of ,rongo1 8rolled herself alive down into the gloomy opening1 which immediately closed upon her40 ,she was the first to die4 ,and now 8,tiki sits at the threshold0 of her home below1 to welcome the descendants of ,rongo1 who bring her an offering4 ,a sacred stream of water1 8,vairorongo10 comes up from below into the sacred grove devoted to the worship of ,rongo1 and near that stream it is possible for a spirit to be returned to life and to a home on earth again4#dcg ,it is obvious that the idea of the sacredness of the threshold1 in home1 in temple1 or in sanctuary1 is not of any one time or of any one people1 but is of human nature as human nature everywhere4 ,it shows itself all the world over1 and always4 ,and it has to do with life1 and its perpetuation or reproduction4 #h4 ,,only ,,one ,,foundation4 ,an idea tangent to1 rather than identical with1 the thought of the altar sacredness of the temple threshold1 as found among primitive peoples1 is that the first temple foundation is the foundation for all subsequent temple building at that place4 ,and it has already been shown that the threshold1 or hearthstone1 or corner-stone1 is considered the foundation4#dch ,in ancient ,babylonia a temple1 however grand and extensive1 was supposed to be built on the foundation of an earlier temple2 the one threshold being the first threshold and the latest4 ,if1 indeed1 there was a variation from the original foundation in the construction of a new temple1 there was confusion and imperfectness in consequence1 and the only hope of reformation was in finding the first temple threshold and rebuilding on it4 ,there is an illustration of this in an inscription discovered in the foundation of a temple at 8,ur of the ,chaldees40#dci ,nabonidus 7#eef-ech ,b4,c471 the last ,babylonian king1 tells with interest of his search for the old foundation1 or outline plan1 of the ancient temple1 ,eulbar1 or1 more properly1 ,eulmash1 of the goddess ,istar of ,agade1 as follows3#ddj ,the foundation of ,eulmash in ,agade had not been found from ,sargon1 king of ,babylon 7#chjj ,b4,c471 and ,narm-,sin1 his son1 kings living formerly1 until the government of ,nabunaid king of ,babylon4 ,king ,kurigalzu 7,,ii471 about #acjj ,b4,c41 had1 in his reign1 searched for this foundation1 but had failed to find it1 and he had left this record3 8,the foundation of ,eulmash ,i sought1 but did not find it40 ,later on1 ,esarhaddon1 king of ,assyria and ,babylonia 7#fha-ffi ,b4,c471 searched for it1 but without success4 ,again1 ,nebuchadrezzar 7#fje-efa ,b4,c47 mobilized his large armies1 and ordered them to search for the foundation stone1 or threshold1 but all his efforts were in vain4 ,finally ,nabunaid1 the last king of ,babylon before its fall under ,cyrus1 gathered his many soldiers1 and ordered them to search for the foundation stone4 ,for 8three years in the tracks of ,nebuchadrezzar king of ,babylon10 says ,nabunaid1 8,i sought right and left1 before and behind1 but did not find it40 ,encouraged by a prompting from the moon-god ,sin1 ,nabunaid tried at another time and in another place1 and this time with success4 ,he found the inscription of ,king ,shagarakti-,buriash 7#acej ,b4,c471 which tells that he had laid a new foundation exactly upon the old one of ,king ,zab 7about #bcjj ,b4,c474 ,then ,nabunaid made sure to preserve the exact outline of the old shrine4 ,he laid the foundation1 and restored the ancient temple1 so that 8it did not deviate an inch to the outside or the inside40#dda ,there are indications of the same high value set upon the primal foundation of a temple in the records of ancient ,egypt4 ,a temple at its highest grandeur is in the location of a prehistoric sanctuary4 8,the site on which it is built is generally holy ground1#ddb that is1 a spot on which since the memory of man an older sanctuary of the god had stood4 ,even those ,egyptian temples which seem most modern have usually a long history1-the edifice may have seemed very insignificant1 but as the prestige of the god increased larger buildings were erected1 which again1 in the course of centuries1 were enlarged and rebuilt in such a way that the original plan could no longer be traced4 ,this is the history of nearly all ,egyptian temples1 and explains the fact that we know so little of the temples of the ,old and of the ,middle ,empire2 they have all been metamorphosed into the vast buildings of the ,new ,empire40#ddc ,while early ,vedic and ,brahmanic religion makes no mention of temples as such1 fire from an ancestral altar was borne to a newly erected altar1 in order to secure a continuance of the sacred influences issuing from that original family threshold4#ddd ,and ,vishnooism takes old temples from ,booddhism for its centers of worship1 prizing the old sacred foundation4 8,buddha-,gaya10 or 8,bodhi-,gaya10 in ,upper ,india1 is famous as the locality of the holy pipal tree1 or the ,booddha-drum 78,tree of ,knowledge071 under which for six years sat ,sakya ,sinha1 in meditation1 before he attained to ,booddha-hood4 ,a temple still standing on that site is supposed to have been rebuilt ,a4,d4 #acjf1 on the remains of one visited by ,hwen ,thsang1 a ,chinese traveler1 in the seventh century of our era1 which1 in turn1 had been built by ,amara ,sinha1 or ,amara ,deva1 about ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,this earlier temple is said to have been built by a command of ,booddha himself conveyed in a vision1 or by a command of the ,brahmanical ,mahdeva1 on the site of a still earlier sanctuary1 or monastery1 erected by ,asoka between #bei and #bda ,b4,c41 on the site of ,booddha's meditations1 about #cjj ,b4,c4#dde ,the existing temple has been called at different times 8,buddha-pad0 and 8,vishnu-pad10 8,booddha's foot0 and 8,vishnoo's foot40 ,kuru-,kshetra1 or the 8,plain of ,kuru10 near ,delhi1 ,india1 has been deemed holy ground from time immemorial4 ,at ,thvesar1 on this plain1 a temple of ,siva was built on a site that was sacred long before ,sivaism was known4 ,it is even believed that the sacredness of this site runs back to the ancient times of the ,rig ,veda4 ,the boundaries of this 8,holy ,land0 are given in the great ,hindoo epic1 the ,mahabharata4 ,this plain is said to comprise three hundred and sixty holy shrines1 each of which is erected on a foundation sacred from the times of the gods themselves4#ddf ,so general1 in ,india1 is this habit of building a sanctuary on an old sacred foundation1 that it is said that 8the erection of a mosk by a ,muhammadan conqueror always implies the previous destruction of a ,hindu temple40#ddg ,thus a mosk erected by the emperor ,altamash1 ,a ,d4 #abcb1 is supposed to have been on the foundation of a temple of the sun1 built for ,raja ,pasupati about ,a4,d4 #cjj4ddh ,not a new foundation1 but an old one1 was sought1 in ,india1 for a new temple1 even to a god newly worshiped there4 ,fourteen centuries before ,christ1 ,pan-,kng1 an emperor of ,china1 moved his capital from north of the ,ho to south of it because he had ascertained that the original foundation was attempted to be laid there by his ancestor ,thang in the ,shing dynasty1 seventeen reigns before him2 hence the removal back to that first foundation would renew the blessing of ,thang upon his descendants4#ddi ,a temple has added sacredness in ,china according as its foundation is on a spot originally chosen or honored by a representative of ,heaven as a threshold of a place of worship4 ,thus ,tai ,shan1 or the 8,great ,mount10 in the province of ,shantung1 ,china1 is mentioned in the ,shoo ,king1 or ,book of ,records1 as the site of the great ,emperor ,shun's altar of sacrifice to ,heaven1 #bbed ,b4,c41 or1 say1 three centuries before the time of ,abraham4 ,on this holy mountain1 as the earliest historic foundation of ,chinese worship1 8is the great rendezvous of devotees1 every sect has there its temples and idols1 scattered up and down its sides20 and great multitudes come thither to worship from near and far4#dej ,this idea shows itself in modern discoveries among the ruins of ancient ,greece4 ,it appears that when ,pericles 7#dcg ,b4,c47 began his building of the new ,propyla on the ,acropolis1 he would have cleared away the remains of such ancient sacred structures as stood within its outline4 8,the plan of ,mnesikles the architect was very simple1 and is still clear enough1 though it was never fully carried out40 8,that the original plan of ,mnesikles had undergone modifications was long ago seen by every architect who made the ,propyla matter of serious study40 ,dr4 ,drpfeld thinks he has discovered how the plan was modified1 and why4 ,the enforced departure from the original plan seems to have been because that plan involved the destruction of shrines on an earlier foundation1 with a threshold that might not be moved4 ,the gate of ,cimon1 with its 8statue of some guardian god of the gate1-it may be ,hermes ,propylaios himself10-was within that outline1 and also other sacred sites4 8,against such intrusion it is very likely the priesthood rose and protested1 and1 before even the foundations were laid1 he had to give up1 at least for the time1 the whole of the southeast hall1 and a part of the southwest wing40 ,this conclusion is the result of recent investigation by careful scholars1 and it is in accordance with the ascertained fact that in primitive thought an original foundation for a temple or shrine is counted sacred for all time as the foundation there for such a place of worship1 not to be swept away or ignored in any rebuilding or new building4#dea ,when from any reason1 in early ,europe1 an ancient shrine must be removed from its primitive foundation1 it was deemed desirable to remove to the new site a portion of the foundation itself1 as well as the sanctuary or altar above that foundation4 ,thus1 for example1 when ,thorolf of ,norway1 who had charge of the temple of ,thor in ,mostur1 removed to ,iceland in ,a4,d4 #hcc1 he took with him the temple posts and furniture 8and the very earth on which the altar of that idol had been erected40 ,and when he landed in ,iceland1 ,thorolf built a new temple of ,thor1 with an altar on the foundation which he had brought from the earlier shrine4 ,a thousand years after this the foundation-site of that second temple was still pointed out near ,hofstad1 in ,iceland4#deb ,bible language and narrative abound with incidental evidence of the commonness of this primitive idea4 ,when ,jacob1 on his way to ,haran1 came to ,beth-el-a ,house of ,god-he lighted on 8the place0 7hammaqm7 where1#dec long before1 his ancestor ,abraham had worshiped1 as he came from ,egypt by way of the ,negeb4#ded ,and yet earlier ,abraham himself1 as he came a pilgrim from ,haran and ,ur1 had there 8builded an altar unto the ,lord1 and called upon the name of the ,lord40#dee ,and if that place were already known as ,beth-el it must have been a sanctuary before ,abraham's day4 ,moses1 in the wilderness of ,sinai1 is told that the ground whereon he stands is 8holy ground10 and that he is to bring the ,hebrews out of ,egypt to worship ,god in that mountain4#def ,and the ,egyptian records give reason for supposing that that region of ,mt4 ,sinai1 perhaps of the moon-god 8,sin10 was known as holy ground1 and as the 8land of ,god10 or of the gods1 before the days of ,moses4#deg ,at ,jerusalem the ,temple was built on ,mt4 ,moriah1 where the ark of the covenant rested after its return from ,philistia1#deh and where ,david erected an altar to the ,lord after the staying of the pestilence from ,israel4#dei ,and it is supposed that this same ,mt4 ,moriah was where ,abraham offered a sacrifice to ,god on an altar he had built for the sacrifice of his son4#dfj ,and this site of the ,temple at ,jerusalem is held sacred to-day1 in view of its being deemed by multitudes a holy place from the beginning of the world4#dfa ,when ,naaman the ,syrian was healed of leprosy by ,elisha1 the prophet of ,israel1 he desired thenceforth to worship ,jehovah in his ,syrian home4 ,to this end he asked of ,elisha the gift of 8two mules' burden of earth0 from ,samaria1 in order that he might on that sacred foundation erect in ,syria an altar to ,jehovah4#dfb ,in a prophecy of the ,messiah as the foundation1 or threshold1 of a new temple1 it was declared by the ,lord3 8,behold1 ,i lay or1 ,i have laid in ,zion for a foundation a stone1 a tried stone1 a precious corner-stone of sure foundation40#dfc ,again1 it was the promise of ,god to the ,israelites that they should be restorers of worship on former foundations4 8,they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places3 thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations2 and thou shalt be called ,the repairer of the breach1 ,the restorer of paths to dwell in40#dfd ,new ,testament phraseology makes frequent reference to this same idea4 8,according to the grace which was given unto me1 as a wise master-builder1 ,i laid a foundation10 says ,paul4 8,but let each man take heed how he buildeth thereon4 ,for other foundation can no man lay than that is laid1 which is ,christ ,jesus40#dfe ,the ,christian saints of the 8household of ,god10 as 8living stones10#dff are 8built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets1 ,christ ,jesus himself being the chief corner stone2 in whom each several building1 fitly framed together1 groweth into a holy temple in the ,lord40#dfg ,muhammadanism1 which shows many survivals of primitive ideas and primitive customs1 emphasizes the importance of the first foundation as the only foundation1 in the traditions and legends of the holy places of its most sacred city4 ,every masjid1 or 8place of prostration10 in that vicinity is on a site counted holy long centuries before the days of the ,prophet of ,islam4 ,the ,kabah1 or ,holy ,house1 in the mosk at ,meccah is said to have been built by ,adam himself1 on the model of a similar structure in heaven4 ,it would seem as if no earthly foundation1 or threshold1 could have been earlier than that2 indeed1 the ,qurn declares3 8,the first house appointed unto men to worship in was that which was in ,beccah or ,meccah20#dfh yet there is a tradition that ,adam erected a place of prayer even before he built the ,kabah4 ,in the ,deluge the ,holy ,house was destroyed2 but ,abraham was directed to rebuild it1 and on digging beneath the surface of its site he discovered the original foundation1 and the ,kabah was newly built up on that4 ,according to ,muhammadan traditions1 it was while ,hagar was near the site of the ,holy ,house1 with her famishing son ,ishmael1 that a spring of water gushed forth with its life-giving stream from beneath that holy site4 ,and that spring is the well ,zemzem1 or ,zamzam1 whose waters are deemed sacred and life-giving to-day4 ,mount ,arafat1 a holy hill near ,meccah1 is another place of pilgrimage1 and its sacredness dates from even an earlier day than the laying of the first foundation of the ,holy ,house at ,meccah by ,adam4 ,when our first parents were cast out of their heavenly paradise1 ,adam lighted in ,ceylon1 and ,eve in ,arabia4 ,seeking each other1 they met on ,mount ,arafat1 or the ,mount of ,recognition1 and therefore that spot of their reunion and new covenanting is a place of pilgrimage and worship for the faithful of all the world at this time4#dfi ,adam is said to have built a madaa1 a place of prayer1 on ,mount ,arafat1 before he built the ,kabah4#dgj ,the religion of ,islam thus teaches its subjects to worship at the earliest threshold laid by our first parents in their primal covenanting1 and all other religions recognize the importance of a similar idea4 ----- ,footnote #bfa3 ,darmesteter's translation of ,zend ,avesta1 in 8,sacred ,books of the ,east10 ,,iv41 #ab1 note4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,de ,coulange's ,ancient ,city1 pp4 #cb-ce1 #df f4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,compare ,friedrich ,delitzsch's ,assyrisches ,handwrterbuch1 s4 v4 8kallu40 ,footnote #bfd3 ,wilkinson's ,egyptians in the ,times of the ,pharaohs1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,erman's ,life in ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #bgi f4 ,footnote #bff3 ,guhl and ,koner's ,life of the ,greeks and ,romans1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,see1 for example1 ,odyssey1 ,,vii41 #hj4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,persia1 pp4 #bdj-bed4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,comp4 ,gen4 #ah 3 #a-i1 and ,exod4 #bf 3 #a-ad2 #ci 3 #cb1 etc4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,douglas's ,society in ,china1 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #bga3 ,see ,chamberlain's ,things ,japanese1 pp4 #cg1 #bbf f41 #cgh2 ,griffis's ,mikado's ,empire1 p4 #ij2 ,isabella ,bird's ,unbeaten ,tracks in ,japan1 ,,ii41 #bhb4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,turner's ,samoa1 pp4 #ah-bj4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 p4 #gjc f4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,see ,fergusson's ,rude ,stone ,monuments1 pp4 #ajj1 #daa-dac4 ,footnote #bge3 ,gen4 #aa 3 #a-i4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,see ,mhlau and ,volck's ,gesenius's ,heb4 und ,aram4 ,handwrterbuch 7#abth ed471 s4 v4 8,babel20 also ,schrader1 in ,richon's ,dict4 of ,bib4 ,antiq4 7#b;d ed474 ,footnote #bgg3 ,see ,brugsch's ,egypt under the ,pharaohs1 ,i41 #fc2 also1 ,erman's ,life in ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,see ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,history of ,art in ,chal4 and ,assy41 ,,ii41 #gb4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,see ,count de ,gobineau's ,les ,religions et les ,philosophies dans l',asie ,centrale2 also ,browne's ,year among the ,persians1 and ,traveller's ,narrative to ,illustrate the ,episode of the ,bab4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,bibliothque ,orientale1 s4 v4 8,bab40 ,footnote #bha3 ,john #aj 3 #i4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,see1 for example1 ,griffis's ,mikado's ,empire1 p4 #dai2 ,isabella ,bird's ,unbeaten ,tracks in ,japan1 ,i41 #bie f42 ,,ii41 #cfg f42 ,gray's ,china1 ,i41 #ij2 ,fergusson's ,rude ,stone ,monuments1 p4 #dac4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,see ,chamberlain's ,things ,japanese1 p4 #dbi f42 and1 ,lowell's ,chosn1 pp4 #bfb-bff1 for a fuller explanation of the origin and signification of this primitive entrance way4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,see1 for example1 ,douglas's ,society in ,china1 p4 #daa2 ,isabella ,bird's ,unbeaten ,tracks in ,japan1 ,i41 #fd2 ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 frontispiece1 plates iv-ix1 xxi4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,see ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 p4 #fef4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,ibid41 p4 #efi4 ,the doorway in the engraving from the intaglio is clearly one of the doorway shrines1 with the guardians of the doorway on either side1 and not1 as has been supposed1 an opening into the ark4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 pp4 #feg1 #ffb1 #gei1 #gfb2 also ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,chal4 and ,assy41 ,i41 #bjc1 #bab2 ,,ii41 #ie1 #afc1 #baj1 #baa4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,ibid41 ,,ii41 facing p4 #bab4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,chal4 and ,assy41 ,,ii41 #bca2 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,phnicia and ,cyprus1 ,i41 #i4 ,see1 also1 note in ,rawlinson's ,herodotus1 ,,ii41 pp4 #adh-aea4 ,footnote #bij3 ,wilkinson's ,anc4 ,egypt1 ,,iii41 #cdi2 ,erman's ,life in ,anc4 ,egypt1 pp4 #bgd1 #bhc2 and ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 pp4 #ahi1 #bci4 ,footnote #bia3 ,erman's ,life in ,anc4 ,egypt1 p4 #caa2 ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 pp4 #bcg1 #bej1 #bec1 #bfb1 #caf1 #dac4 ,footnote #bib3 ,erman's ,life in ,anc4 ,egypt1 p4 #cad4 ,see1 also1 illustrations in ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,anc4 ,egypt1 ,i41 #aca1 #adj1 #age4 ,footnote #bic3 ,erman's ,life in ,anc4 ,egypt1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #bid3 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,phnicia and ,cyprus1 ,i41 #bef2 ,,ii41 #ca1 #eg1 #adg1 #agh4 ,footnote #bie3 ,ibid41 ,i41 #ec1 #ed4 ,footnote #bif3 ,ibid41 ,i41 #bhg2 ,,ii41 #adg4 ,footnote #big3 ,ibid41 ,i41 #bfd1 #cba4 ,footnote #bih3 ,ibid41 ,i41 #cbj4 ,footnote #bii3 ,bent's ,sacred ,city of the ,ethiopians1 pp4 #ahe-aic4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,see1 for example1 ,fergusson's ,rude ,stone ,monuments1 pp4 #ajj1 #afh f41 #bag1 #bcc1 #cce1 #ccg1 #cdd1 #che1 #chh1 #cih-dja1 #daa-dac1 #dda1 #dfd1 #dfh1 #dhd1 #ecb4 ,footnote #cja3 ,see illustrations in ,sherrin's ,early ,history of ,new ,zealand1 pp4 #djf1 #ead1 #fdh4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,bancroft's ,native ,races1 ,,iv41 #dha4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,see1 for example1 ,williams's ,middle ,kingdom1 ,i41 frontispiece2 ,gray's ,china1 ,i41 #aa f4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,see citation in ,bonomi's ,nineveh and its ,palaces 7#b;d ed471 pp4 #aeg-afj1 #agd4 ,footnote #cje3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,nineveh and its ,remains 7,am4 ed471 ,,ii41 #bjb4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,assyrian ,discoveries1 pp4 #ge1 #gh1 #dbi4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,chaldean ,magic1 pp4 #dg1 #dh1 #ed4 ,footnote #cji3 ,see1 for example1 #a ,sam4 #bi 3 #f2 #b ,sam4 #c 3 #be2 #b ,kings #ai 3 #bg2 ,psa4 #aba 3 #g1 #h2 ,isa4 #cg 3 #bh2 ,ezek4 #dc 3 #aa4 ,footnote #caj3 ,see references to the ,mezuza of the ,hebrews at page #fi f41 supra4 ,footnote #caa3 ,grotefend ,cylinder1 ,col4 ,i41 ll4 #dd-df4 ,see1 also1 ,rawlinson's ,cuneiform ,inscriptions of ,western ,asia1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #fe1 ,col4 ,i41 ll4 #ai-ba4 ,footnote #cab3 ,east ,india ,house ,inscription1 ,col4 ,,iii41 ll4 #dh-ej4 ,footnote #cac3 ,ibid41 ,col4 ,,viii41 ll4 #e-i4 ,footnote #cad3 ,ibid41 ,col4 ,,ix41 ll4 #i-af4 ,footnote #cae3 ,grotefend ,cylinder1 ,col4 ,i41 ll4 #cf-ch4 ,footnote #caf3 ,east ,india ,house ,inscr41 col4 ,,ii41 ll4 #dh-ej4 ,footnote #cag3 ,see ,layard's ,nineveh and ,babylon 7,am4 ed471 p4 #dbd2 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,chald4 and ,assy41 ,i41 #cff-cib2 ,rawlinson's ,herodotus1 ,bk4 ,,ii41 ,chap4 #ii1 #abe2 ,sayce's ,religion of the ,ancient ,babylonians1 p4 #if2 ,mariette ,bey's ,monuments of ,upper ,egypt1 p4 #gi f42 ,bunsen's ,egypt's ,place in ,universal ,history1 ,,ii41 #cgh-chf2 ,rawlinson's ,history of ,ancient ,egypt1 ,i41 #ahh-aid2 ,rville's ,religions of ,mexico and ,peru1 pp4 #da f41 #agi f41 ,ellis's ,polynesian ,researches1 ,,ii41 #bjg4 ,footnote #cah3 ,rawlinson's ,herodotus1 ,bk4 ,i41 ,chap4 #aha-ahc4 ,footnote #cai3 ,the word 8sullam10 here translated 8ladder10 is a derivative from 8salal10 8to raise up in a pile1 to exalt by heaping up as in the construction of a mound or highway40 ,comp4 ,isa4 #eg 3 #ad2 #fb 3 #aj2 ,jer4 #ej 3 #bf4 ,see ,bush's ,notes on ,genesis1 in loco4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,gen4 #bh 3 #aj-bb4 ,footnote #cba3 ,see ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 pp4 #fia-fif1 with citation of authorities at foot of p4 #fic1 and note at p4 #fie4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,ibid42 also1 ,sayce's ,relig4 of the ,anc4 ,babyl41 pp4 #bba-bgh2 #bhf1 note #c4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,comp4 ,job #a 3 #ba2 ,eccl4 #e 3 #ae2 #a ,tim4 #f 3 #g4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 p4 #fif4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,ezek4 #dg 3 #a-i4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,zeph4 #b 3 #ac1 #ad1 with margin4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,see ,survey of ,western ,palestine1 8,memoirs10 ,i41 #ajg4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,see ,gen4 #b 3 #h-aj2 ,rev4 #bb 3 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,ezek4 #h 3 #h-af4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,layard's ,nineveh and ,babylon 7,am4 ed471 pp4 #cjb-caa4 ,footnote #cca3 ,ibid41 p4 #fi f4 ,footnote #ccb3 #a ,sam4 #e 3 #a-e4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,in loco4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,zeph4 #a 3 #i4 ,footnote #cce3 ,ezek4 #df 3 #b4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,ibid41 #aj 3 #d2 #i 3 #c4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,ibid41 #dc 3 #h4 ,footnote #cch3 ,lev4 #ag 3 #b-i4 ,footnote #cci3 ,exod4 #bi 3 #d4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,ibid41 #bi 3 #aj-ab4 ,footnote #cda3 ,exod4 #cc 3 #h-aj2 see1 also1 ,num4 #ab 3 #e2 #bj 3 #f2 ,deut4 #ca 3 #ae4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,see1 for example1 ,exod4 #dj 3 #f1 #bi2 ,lev4 #a 3 #c1 #e2 #c 3 #b2 #d 3 #d1 #g2 #h 3 #a-cf2 #ab 3 #f2 #ad 3 #aa1 #bc2 #ae 3 #ad1 #bi2 #af 3 #g2 #ag 3 #d-i2 #ai 3 #ba2 ,num4 #f 3 #aj-ah4 ,footnote #cdc3 #b ,chron4 #bc 3 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,ibid41 #cd 3 #h1 #i 7see margin74 ,footnote #cde3 #a ,chron4 #ae 3 #bc1 #bd2 ,jer4 #ce 3 #d2 #eb 3 #bd1 etc4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,psa4 #hd 3 #aj 7see margin74 ,footnote #cdg3 ,see ,edersheim's ,the ,temple3 ,its ,ministry and ,services1 p4 #aia2 also1 ,ginsburg's art4 8,passover10 in ,kitto's ,cycl4 of ,bib4 ,lit41 p4 #dbf4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,see #b ,kings #ab 3 #i2 #bb 3 #d2 #bc 3 #d2 #be 3 #ah4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,see1 for example1 representation and description of temples at ,byblus and ,baalbec1 in ,donaldson's ,architectura ,numismatica1 pp4 #aje f41 #abb-abh4 ,footnote #cej3 ,fellows's ,travels and ,researches in ,asia ,minor1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #cea3 ,roberts's ,oriental ,illus4 of ,scrip41 p4 #adh f4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,maurice's ,indian ,antiquities1 ,v41 #hi4 ,footnote #cec3 ,maurice's ,indian ,antiquities1 ,v41 #gi f41 note4 ,compare ,trumbull's ,blood ,covenant1 pp4 #aeg-afd4 ,footnote #ced3 ,maurice's ,modern ,hist4 of ,hindostan1 ,pt4 ,i41 ,bk4 #b1 chap4 #c1 p4 #bif f4 ,footnote #cee3 ,hughes's ,dictionary of ,islam1 art4 8,masjid20 also ,conder's ,heth and ,moab1 p4 #bic f42 also ,lane's ,the ,modern ,egyptians1 ,i41 #aje4 ,footnote #cef3 ,morier's ,second ,journey through ,persia1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,the moon is said to have thus bowed before ,muhammad1 at the threshold of the ,kaabeh at ,meccah4 ,anecdotes ,arabes et ,mussulmans1 p4 #bb f4 7,by ,j4,f4 de la ,croix1 ,paris1 #aggb47 ,footnote #ceh3 ,chardin's ,voyage1 ,i41 #bhb4 ,footnote #cei3 ,ibid41 ,i41 #bib4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,laurie's ,dr4 ,grant and the ,mountain ,nestorians1 p4 #acd f4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,vambry's ,travels in ,central ,asia1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,huc's ,travels in ,tartary1 ,thibet1 and ,china1 ,i41 #aia4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,hearn's ,glimpses of ,unfamiliar ,japan1 ,i41 #ahh4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,lowell's ,occult ,japan1 pp4 #bgj-bgc2 also1 ,isabella ,bird's ,unbeaten ,tracks in ,japan1 ,,ii41 #bgh-bhe4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,ibid41 ,i41 #aaa-aai2 ,,ii41 #bhf-bhh4 ,footnote #cff3 ,see ,petrie's ,ten ,years' ,digging in ,egypt1 pp4 #ach-adb2 also1 ,mariette's ,monuments of ,upper ,egypt1 p4 #ajg f41 and ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 pp4 #ceh-cfa4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,brugsch's ,egypt under the ,pharaohs1 ,i41 #fg4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,see ,wilkinson's ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,egyptians1 ,i41 xiv4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,this is on the testimony of ,prof4 ,w4 ,max ,mller1 who adds that 8so far the ,egyptologists have not paid any attention to the threshold20 hence there is a lack of material yet available as showing its peculiar sacredness4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,erman's ,life in ,anc4 ,egypt1 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #cga3 ,lemm's 8,ritual ,book10 p4 #bi ff41 #dg2 cited in ,erman's ,life in ,anc4 ,egypt1 p4 #bgd f4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,erman's ,life in ,anc4 ,egypt1 pp4 #bfj1 #cjh f42 ,mariette ,bey's ,monuments of ,upper ,egypt1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,wilkinson's ,ancient ,egyptians1 ,,iii41 #fe-hf4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,book of the ,dead1 ,,cxlii4 ,footnote #cge3 ,renouf's ,relig4 of ,anc4 ,egypt1 p4 #aia f4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,see p4 #ajf1 supra4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,book of the ,dead1 ,,cxlv41 ,,cxlvi4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,renouf's ,religion of ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #bjb f4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,book of the ,dead1 ,,cxxv4 ,footnote #chj3 ,lane's ,thousand and ,one ,nights4 ,notes to ,chapter #c1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bae f4 ,see1 also1 ,stanley ,lane's ,arabian ,society in the ,middle ,ages1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #cha3 ,or1 8by steps10-8gradibus40 ,footnote #chb3 ,cranch's neid of ,virgil1 ,i41 #egb-ehe2 neis1 ,i41 #dda-ddi4 ,footnote #chc3 ,bruce's ,travels 7,dublin ed471 ,,iii41 #fdd1 ,bk4 ,,iv41 chap4 #ab4 ,footnote #chd3 ,bent's ,sacred ,city of the ,ethiopians1 p4 #dj f4 ,footnote #che3 ,see ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #ag4 ,footnote #chf3 ,see1 for example1 ,iliad1 ,i41 #dbf2 ,,xiv41 #agc2 ,,xxi41 #dbg1 #eje2 ,odyssey1 ,,viii41 #cba4 ,footnote #chg3 ,professor ,w4,a4 ,lamberton1 in a personal note to the author4 ,footnote #chh3 ,odyssey1 ,,xiii41 #d2 ,,vii41 #hc1 #hg1 #hi4 ,footnote #chi3 ,iliad1 ,,viii41 #ae4 ,footnote #cij3 ,see ,hesiod's ,theogony1 ,v41 #gdi4 ,footnote #cia3 ,iliad1 ,,ix41 #djd4 ,footnote #cib3 ,odyssey1 ,,viii41 #hj4 ,footnote #cic3 ,oedipus at ,colonus1 #ed ff4 ,see1 also1 #aeia4 ,comp4 ,hesiod's ,theogony1 #haa4 ,footnote #cid3 ,prof4 ,w4,a4 ,lamberton4 ,footnote #cie3 schylus's 8,suppliants10 p4 #dig2 cited in ,smith's ,dict4 of ,greek and ,roman ,antiq41 s4 v4 8,ara40 ,see1 also1 ,donaldson's ,architectura ,numismatica1 pp4 xvi1 xvii1 #cc1 #ed4 ,footnote #cif3 ,euripides1 ,androm41 #ajih4 ,smith's ,dict4 of ,greek and ,rom4 ,antiq41 s4 v4 8,ant40 ,footnote #cig3 ,acts #ad 3 #h-ad4 ,footnote #cih3 ,odyssey1 ,,vii41 #acj4 ,footnote #cii3 ,euripides1 ,hippolytus1 #gda4 ,footnote #djj3 ,pausanias1 ,bk4 ,x41 #bd1 #e4 ,footnote #dja3 ,bingham's ,antiquities of the ,christian ,church1 ,bk4 ,,viii41 chap4 #c4 ,footnote #djb3 ,ibid41 ,bk4 ,,viii41 chap4 #d4 ,footnote #djc3 ,ibid41 ,bk4 ,,viii41 chap4 #g4 ,footnote #djd3 ,blunt's ,annotated ,book of ,common ,prayer1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #dje3 ,ibid41 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #djf3 ,see ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #ae f4 ,footnote #djg3 ,baring-,gould's ,germany1 ,present and ,past 7,am4 ed471 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #djh3 ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #ad f4 ,footnote #dji3 ,vaux's ,church ,folk-,lore1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #daj3 ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #af4 ,footnote #daa3 ,vaux's ,church ,folk-,lore1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #dab3 ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #ag4 ,footnote #dac3 ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #bed4 ,footnote #dad3 ,wood's ,wedding ,day in all ,ages and ,countries1 ,,ii41 #bee4 ,footnote #dae3 ,see ,henderson's ,folk-,lore of the ,northern ,counties of ,england and the ,borders1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #daf3 ,curtin's ,myths and ,folk-,lore of ,ireland1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #dag3 ,see ,jones's and ,kropf's ,folk-,tales of the ,magyars1 p4 #daj4 ,footnote #dah3 ,on the eye-witness testimony of ,prof4 ,dr4 ,morris ,jastrow1 ,jr4 ,footnote #dai3 ,rville's ,nat4 ,relig4 of ,mex4 and ,peru1 pp4 #da1 #agi f41 #bjg2 also ,bancroft's ,mex41 ,i41 #bif4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,rville's ,nat4 ,relig4 of ,mex4 and ,peru1 p4 #ahc2 ,bancroft's ,mex41 ,i41 #afb4 ,footnote #dba3 ,rville's ,nat4 ,relig4 of ,mex4 and ,peru1 pp4 #ca1 #ahd1 #bjg f4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,ibid41 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,bancroft's ,native ,races1 8,civilized ,nations10 ,,ii41 #gjf f4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,see ,bancroft's ,native ,races and ,antiquities1 ,,iv41 #bji f41 #cad1 #cba1 #cbc1 #ccb1 #cch1 #cea1 #eca1 #hja1 #hjc1 #hje4 ,see also1 ,stephens's ,incidents of ,travels in ,yucatan1 ,i41 #acg1 #afg-agf1 #cjc1 #cjf1 #djc-djg1 #daa-dac2 ,,ii41 #db1 #ed1 #ef1 #gb1 #abb4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,chateaubraud's ,voyage en ,amrique1 pp4 #acj-acf2 cited in ,frazer's ,golden ,bough1 ,,ii41 #chc4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,ellis's ,polynesian ,researches1 ,,ii41 #bjf4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,ibid41 ,,ii41 #baa f4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,ibid41 ,,ii41 #bjg1 illustration4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,ibid41 ,,ii41 #bab f4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,ellis's ,hist4 of ,madagascar1 ,i41 #agf-ahg4 ,footnote #dca3 ,ellis's ,through ,hawaii1 p4 #gc f4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,ibid41 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,ellis's ,through ,hawaii1 p4 #ha f4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,ibid41 p4 #ace f42 also1 ,isabella ,bird's ,six ,months in the ,sandwich ,islands1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #dce3 ,ellis's ,through ,hawaii1 p4 #aec f4 ,see1 also1 ,isabella ,bird's ,six ,months in the ,sandwich ,islands1 p4 #ace f4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,num4 #ce 3 #f-cb2 ,deut4 #d 3 #da-dc2 #ai 3 #a-ac2 ,josh4 #bj 3 #a-i4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,comp4 ,gill's ,myths and ,songs from the ,south ,pacific1 pp4 #c1 #d1 #g1 #ad1 #ah1 #bj1 #bf1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aeh1 #afj1 #agj2 also ,turner's ,samoa1 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #dch3 ,see pp4 #ba-bc1 #de f41 #ee1 supra4 ,footnote #dci3 ,gen4 #aa 3 #bh2 ,neh4 #i 3 #g4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,rawlinson's ,inscript4 of ,w4 ,asia1 ,vol4 ,i41 pl4 #fi1 ,col4 ,,ii41 l4 #bi ff4 ,footnote #dda3 ,see ,hilprecht's ,assyriaca1 pp4 #ed1 #ee1 #ig4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,inscription in the temple of ,rameses ,,iii4 at ,karnak4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,erman's ,life in ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,see 8,grihya-,sutras10 in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,,xxx41 #aic-bja2 also ,de ,coulange's ,ancient ,city1 pp4 #cf1 #dg f4 ,footnote #dde3 ,see ,julien's ,mmoires de ,hionen-,thsang1 ,i41 #dei-dff2 ,cunningham's ,archological ,survey of ,india1 ,i41 #a-ab2 ,sir ,monier ,monier-,williams's ,buddhism1 pp4 #cij-dja4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,cunningham's ,archological ,survey of ,india1 ,,ii41 #bab1 #bac4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,ibid41 ,,ii41 #cec f4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ddi3 8,the ,shih ,king10 ,bk4 #g1 #c1 in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,,iii41 #aaa4 ,footnote #dej3 ,williams's ,middle ,kingdom1 ,i41 #ij f4 ,footnote #dea3 ,harrison and ,verrall's ,myth4 and ,monu4 of ,anc4 ,athens1 pp4 #cec-cfa4 ,footnote #deb3 ,henderson's ,iceland1 ,,ii41 #fd-fg2 also ibid41 ,i41 xiv4 ,footnote #dec3 ,gen4 #bh 3 #aj-bb4 ,footnote #ded3 ,ibid41 #ac 3 #a-c4 ,footnote #dee3 ,ibid41 #ab 3 #a-h4 ,footnote #def3 ,exod4 #c 3 #a-ab4 ,footnote #deg3 ,brugsch's ,egypt under the ,pharaohs1 ,i41 #daa4 ,footnote #deh3 #b ,sam4 #f 3 #a-ai4 ,footnote #dei3 ,ibid41 #bd 3 #ae-be4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,gen4 #bb 3 #a-ac4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,as evidenced in the traditional claim that the grave of ,adam was under the cross4 ,footnote #dfb3 #b ,kings #e 3 #ag4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,isa4 #bh 3 #af2 #a ,pet4 #b 3 #f4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,isa4 #eh 3 #ab4 ,footnote #dfe3 #a ,cor4 #c 3 #aj1 #aa4 ,footnote #dff3 #a ,pet4 #b 3 #e4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,eph4 #b 3 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,sura #c 3 #ij4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,see ,sale's ,koran1 8,preliminary ,discourse10 ,sect4 ,,iv42 ,burton's ,pilgrimage to ,el-,medinah and ,meccah1 ,,iii41 #adi-bbb2 ,hughes's ,dictionary of ,islam1 s4 vv4 8,abraham10 8,adam10 8,araft10 8,hagar10 8,ishmael10 8,kabah10 8,masjidu l-,harm10 8,zamzam20 ,sprenger's ,life of ,mohammad1 pp4 #df-fb2 ,muir's ,mahomet and ,islam1 pp4 #ab-ag1 #bae-bai4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,burton's ,pilgrimage1 ,,iii41 #bfj4 ----- ,,iii4 ,,sacred ,,boundary ,,line4 #a4 ,,from ,,temple ,,to ,,domain4 ,man's first dwelling-place was the cave1 or the tent1 or the hut1 in which he made a home with his family4 ,the threshold and hearth of that dwelling-place was the boundary of his earthly possessions4 ,it was the sacred border or limit of the portion of the earth's surface over which he claimed control1 and where he and his were under the special protection of the deity with whom he was in covenant4 ,therefore the threshold hearth was hallowed as a place of covenant worship4 ,as families were formed into tribes and communities1 they came to have a common ruler or priest1 and his dwelling-place was counted by all as the common center of covenant with their common deity2 and when they would worship that deity there1 they worshiped at the threshold altar of his sanctuary4 ,so it was that the threshold was the place of the hearth-fire and altar1 in both house and temple4 ,when man acquired property rights beyond his dwelling-place1 and communities and peoples gained control over portions of country more or less extensive1 the boundary limits of their possessions were extended1 but were no less real and positive than before4 ,the protecting deity of the region thus bounded was recognized as having sway in that domain2 and those who were dwellers there were in covenant relations with him4 ,therefore it was that the boundary line of such domain was deemed its threshold1 and as such was held sacred as a place of worship and of sacrifice4 #b4 ,,local ,,landmarks4 ,a private landmark was a sacred boundary1 and was a threshold altar for its possessor4 ,to remove or to disregard such a local threshold1 was an offense not only against its owner1 but against the deity in whose name it had been set up4 ,among the earliest remains from unearthed ,babylonia are local landmarks1 or threshold boundary stones1 inscribed1 severally1 with a dedication and an appeal to the deity honored by him who erected the stone4 ,these local landmarks were ordinarily in the form of a phallus2 as phallic forms were numerous under ,babylonian temple thresholds4 ,among the records of those peoples are writings1 showing the importance attached to such threshold stones1 in the contracts accompanying their setting up1 and in the sacred ceremonies on that occasion4 ,illustrations of the importance attached by the ancient ,babylonians to a boundary stone1 or threshold landmark1 are found in the records of the imprecations inscribed on these phallic pillars1 as directed against the violator of their sacredness4#dga ,for example1 a ,babylonian1 ,sir-usur 8,o snake-god protect01 a descendant of the house of ,habban1 presented a valuable tract of land to his daughter on her betrothal to ,tbashp-,marduk4 ,the withering curse inscribed on the conventional boundary-stone pillar is as follows3 8,for all future time3 ,whosoever1 of the brothers1 sons1 family1 relatives1 descendants1 servants purchased or house-born1 of the house of ,habban1 be he a prefect1 or an overseer1 or anybody else1 shall rise and stand up to take this field away1 or to remove this boundary stone1 and causes this field to be presented to a god1 or sends some one to take it away for the state1 or brings it into his own possession2 who changes the area1 the limit1 or the boundary stone1 divides it into pieces1 or takes a piece from it1 saying1 #8,the field and mulugi#dgb have not been presented2' or who on account of the dire curse written on this boundary stone1 sends a fool1 a deaf man1 a blind man1 a reckless man1 an enemy1 an alien1 an ignorant man1 and causes this inscribed stone to be removed1 throws it into the water1 hides it in the earth1 crushes it with a stone1 burns it with fire1 effaces it and writes something else on it1 or puts it into a place where nobody can see it1-upon this man may the great gods ,anu1 ,bl1 ,ea1 and ,nusku1 look wrathfully1 uproot his foundation1 and destroy his offspring4 ,may ,marduk1 the great lord1 cause him to carry dropsy as an ever-entangling net2 may ,shamash the judge1 greatest of heaven and earth1 decide all his lawsuits1 standing relentlessly against him2 may ,sin1 the light dwelling in the brilliant heavens1 cover him with leprosy as a garment2 like a wild ass may he lie down at the wall surrounding his city2 may ,ishtar1 mistress of heaven and earth1 lead him into evil daily before the god and the king2 may ,ninib1 born in the temple ,ekura1 the sublime son of ,bl1 uproot his area1 his limit1 and his boundary stone2 may ,gula1 the great physician1 consort of the god ,ninib1 put never-ceasing poison into his body till he urinates blood and pus like water2 may ,rammn1 first of heaven and earth1 the strong son of the god ,anu1 inundate his field1 and destroy the corn1 that thorns may shoot up1 and may his feet tread down vegetation and pasturage2 may ,nab1 the sublime messenger1 bring want and famine upon him1 and whatsoever he desires for the hole of his mouth may he not obtain2 and may the great gods1 as many names as are mentioned on this inscribed stone1 curse him with a dire curse that cannot be removed1 and destroy his seed for ever and ever40#dgc ,prominence is given1 in the ancient laws of ,india1 to the manner in which disputed boundaries between villages1 and between land owners1 shall be settled2 and it is made evident that a peculiar sacredness attaches to these landmarks4 ,the king was to decide the dispute1 after hearing testimony and examining evidence4 ,trees1 and mounds1 or heaps of earth1 were preferred as landmarks2 and tanks1 wells1 cisterns1 and fountains1 as also temples1 were desired on boundary lines4#dgd ,emphasis was laid on the sacredness of the local landmark1 in the laws of the ,hebrews2 and a curse was pronounced against him who dared remove this threshold altar4 8,thou shalt not remove thy neighbor's landmark1 which they of old time have set1 in thine inheritance which thou shalt inherit1 in the land that the ,lord thy ,god giveth thee10 was an injunction in the fundamental law of the ,promised ,land4#dge ,and it passed into a proverb of duty3 8,remove not the ancient landmark1 which thy fathers have set40#dgf ,it was a reproach to a people that there were those among them who would 8remove the landmarks0 and disregard sacred property rights4#dgg ,and among the curses which were to be spoken from the summit of ,ebal1 when ,israel took possession of ,canaan1 was this3 8,cursed be he that removeth his neighbor's landmark4 ,and10 it was added1 8all the people shall say1 ,amen40#dgh ,abraham and ,abimelech found that their followers were quarreling over the boundary line between their respective domains on the borders of the ,negeb4 ,abraham claimed the well at ,beer-sheba as his by right1 but the servants of ,abimelech forcibly took possession of it4 ,so the two chieftains met and agreed upon a border line1 and made a covenant with accompanying sacrifices4 8,and ,abraham planted a tamarisk tree in ,beer-sheba0 as his border landmark1 8and called there on the name of the ,lord1 the ,everlasting ,god40#dgi ,border landmarks were in the form of a pillar1 a tree1 a heap1 or a stele1 in ,oriental countries generally4 ,when ,jacob and ,laban agreed to part in peace after their stormy meeting in ,gilead1 they set up a heap of stones and a stone pillar as a monument of witness of their mutual covenant1 and as a landmark of their agreed territorial boundary4 ,this memorial of their covenant was called 8,galeed10 or 8,witness ,heap10 and 8,mizpah10 or 8,watch ,tower40 8,and ,laban said to ,jacob1 ,behold this heap1 and behold the pillar1 which ,i have set betwixt me and thee4 ,this heap be witness1 and the pillar be witness1 that ,i will not pass over this heap to thee1 and that thou shalt not pass over this heap and this pillar unto me1 for harm4 ,the ,god of ,abraham1 and the ,god of ,nahor1 the ,god or1 gods of their father1 judge betwixt us40#dhj ,the new boundary mark was a token of a sacred covenant4 ,in classic literature and customs the sacred boundary landmark is prominent as devoted to1 or as representing1 various deities1 at different times4 ,zeus and ,hermes among the ,greeks2 ,jupiter1 ,mercury1 ,silvanus1 and ,terminus1 among the ,romans1 are sometimes interchangeably referred to in this connection4 ,the legends and symbols employed seem to indicate that life and its transmission took their start at the threshold boundary1 and therefore a pillar or a phallus marked every new beginning along a road or at a territorial boundary4 ,an image of ,zeus1 or ,jupiter1 was sometimes employed as a boundary landmark1 and an image of ,hermes1 or ,mercury1 was at the starting-point of a road1 and again at various points along the road4 ,zeus1 or ,jupiter1 was chief of gods as the arbiter of life4 ,hermes1 or ,mercury1 was earliest known as the fertilizing god of earth1 and hence was the promoter of all forms of life1 as guardian of flocks1 fish1 fields1 and fruits4 ,he also guarded those who went out from the threshold4 ,sacrifices were offered to him by ,athenian generals as they started on their expeditions4 ,he was even spoken of as the inventor of sacrifices and the promoter of commerce and of enrichment4#dha ,of ,terminus1 ,ovid say3 8,when the night shall have passed away and the threshold of a new day is to be crossed1 let the god who by his landmark divides the fields be worshiped with the accustomed honors4 ,terminus1#dhb whether thou art a stone1 or whether a stock sunk deep in the field by the ancients1 yet even in this form thou dost possess divinity40#dhc ,this symbol of ,terminus was regularly 8sprinkled with the blood of a slain lamb10 in recognition of its sacredness4 ,it is said that ,numa1 the second king of ,rome1 who was revered by the ,romans as the author of their whole system of religious worship1 directed that every one should mark the boundaries of his landed property by stones consecrated to ,jupiter1 and that yearly sacrifices should be offered at these boundary stones1 at the festival of the ,terminalia4#dhd ,at this festival the two owners of adjacent property crowned the statue or stone pillar with garlands1 and raised a rude altar1 on which they offered up corn1 honeycombs1 and wine1 and sacrificed a lamb or a sucking pig1 with accompanying praises to the god4#dhe ,silvanus also was a god of the boundary4 ,he was represented by a tree grove1 as ,terminus was by a pillar1 and offerings of fruit1 grain1 and milk1 and of pigs1 were made to him4 ,when he would be guarded against as a source of evil in a home1 the protectors of the inmates would perform certain ceremonies at the threshold of the house4 ,a tree1 and sometimes a grove1 was the sacred landmark of a village boundary in primitive lands4 ,such trees and groves are still to be found in ,equatorial ,africa4 ,describing some of these in ,zinga and its vicinity1 ,stanley expresses surprise that they have so long remained untouched in 8a country left to the haphazard care of patriarchal chiefs ignorant of written laws40#dhf ,but reverence for a threshold landmark seems to be in the very nature of a primitive people1 as truly as any primitive sentiment2 and sentiment is in itself a dominant law4 ,at the boundary line between two villages in ,samoa1 in olden time1 there were two stones said to have been two living beings4 ,when any quarrel arose1 those engaged in it were told1 8,go and settle it at the stones20 and they went to those boundary line stones and fought out their contest4#dhg ,trees and stone pillars are still known as boundary landmarks between parishes and townships in ,europe and ,america1 as in ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,polynesia in more primitive days2 and their importance is recognized as peculiar1 even if not always absolutely sacred4 ,the annual custom of 8beating the bounds0 of a parish by the parish authorities survives in some parts of ,england to-day4 ,a procession makes the circuit of the parish boundary1 under the care of a 8select vestryman10 or other parish official1 halting at every landmark to identify it and carefully to observe its location4 ,in former times it was customary to take the boys of the parish on this round1 and beat them at every landmark1 in order to impress upon their memories its precise position4 ,more recently the boys are permitted to carry willow wands peeled white1 and with these to beat the landmarks4 ,the later plan is certainly more satisfactory to the boys1 and it is quite as likely to impress their memories4 ,formerly this ceremony was accompanied by religious services1 in which the clergyman invoked curses on him who 8transgresseth the bounds and doles of his neighbor10 and blessings on him who regarded the landmarks4#dhh ,it has been suggested that this fixing and honoring of the landmarks by an annual festival goes back to the ,roman ,terminalia1 in the days of ,numa1 but there is reason to believe that it was far earlier than that4 ,there are traces of it in primitive times1 among various primitive peoples4 ,in ,russia1 the ,cossacks long had a custom somewhat like this1 in the case of a disputed boundary line4 ,when the boundary had been formally determined1 all the boys of the two contiguous stanitsas1 or land divisions1 were collected1 and driven by the people along the frontier line4 8,at each landmark a number of boys were soundly whipped and allowed to run home10 in order that in later years they might be able to testify as to the spot where that landmark stood4 ,in cases where the boys' memory failed to be accurate1 an arbiter was chosen from the older inhabitants1 and sworn to act honestly to the best of his knowledge2 and his decision was accepted as final4#dhi ,a similar custom of beating the bounds under a 8selectman0 of the town has existed in portions of ,new ,england until recently1 and perhaps it has not yet died out there4 ,thus ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson speaks of the selectmen of ,concord perambulating the bounds of its township 8once in five years10 up to #aheh4dij ,is there not a survival of this old custom in the habit of striking a child on his birthday as many blows as he has passed years1 when he comes to the threshold of another year of his life8 ,mile-posts would seem to have been originally landmarks separating the public way from private lands1 being placed at regular distances along the road for convenience of measurement and locating4 ,they marked the threshold of the 8king's highway0 to and from his capital in the ,roman empire1 as trees marked the border-lines of the principal roads in ,greece4 #c4 ,,national ,,borders4 ,stone pillars marking the exact boundaries of states or nations1 whether settled by a joint commission or by a conqueror's fiat1 are not a modern invention1 although they are in use to-day4 ,they are of old time1 and of primitive ages4 ,and these boundaries of a country are by their very nature its thresholds4 ,in ,babylonia1 the name of ,nebuchadrezzar meant literally1 8,nebo protect the boundary60 ,the threshold of the empire was sacred2 and the deity1 with whom the ,babylonian king was in covenant1 was the protector of that boundary1 and of those who dwelt within it4 ,from the earliest times onward an ,oriental sovereign would set up a pillar1 or pillars1 or stele1 at the extreme limits of his newly extended dominion1 as the outer threshold or doorway of his empire4 ,from ,tiglath-,pileser ,i4 to ,esarhaddon1 from about #aajj ,b4,c4 to #ffi ,b4,c41 the great ,assyrian kings tell us1 in their inscriptions1 that whenever they restored an old boundary of their predecessors that had been lost to them1 or extended their boundary beyond its former limits1 they had set up a large stele bearing their image at this threshold of their empire4#dia ,frequently these stele doorways1#dib with the king represented on the threshold1 had inscriptions on them giving the story of the new conquests1 with an ascription of honor to the covenant god by whose power they had been wrought4 ,prominent mountain peaks1 sources of rivers1 the temples or market-places of conquered cities1 the banks of lakes1 or the shores of the sea1 are chosen as conspicuous places for such steles4 ,national boundary marks of this character are still to be seen on the rocks of ,nahr-el-,kelb1 above ,beyroot1 on the shores of the ,mediterranean1 and at the sources of the ,tigris and the ,euphrates4#dic ,ashurnsirapli 7king of ,assyria1 #hhe-hfj ,b4,c47 tells of such a new boundary mark set up by him at the farthest point of his conquests1 8whither nobody of my royal ancestors had advanced4444 ,at that time ,i made a picture a stele of my person4 ,the glory of my power ,i wrote upon it4 ,on the mountain ,eki1 in the city ,ashurnsirapli named after the king1 at a spring ,i set it up40#did ,a similar custom would seem to have prevailed with the rulers of ancient ,egypt4 ,sneferu1 a king of the fourth dynasty1 greatest among the very early names of the ,old ,empire 7say1 about #djjj ,b4,c471 went down as a conqueror into the ,peninsula of ,sinai1 and left there inscribed a mammoth figure of himself1 on the granite hills above the famous copper and turquoise mines of ,wady ,magharah4 ,he is styled in the accompanying inscription the 8vanquisher of a foreign people40#die ,as early as the twelfth dynasty of ancient ,egypt1 before the days of ,abraham1 stone thresholds marked the upper border of that mighty empire4 8,two huge pillars of stone1 covered with long inscriptions1 served formerly as boundary marks between the ,egyptian empire and the negro-land called ,heh40#dif ,king ,usurtasen ,,iii41 who set up these landmarks1 says in an inscription on the second of them3 8,every one of my sons who maintains this boundary which ,i have fixed1 he shall be called my son who was born of me4 ,my son is like the protector of his father 7that is ,horus71 like the preserver of the boundary of his father 7that is ,osiris47 ,but if he abandons it1 so that he does not fight upon it1 he is not my son1 he is not then born of me4 ,i have caused my own image to be set up1 on this boundary which ,i have fixed1 not that ye may 7only7 worship it 7the image of the founder71 but that ye may fight upon it40 ,on the oldest map in the world1 a map of the gold districts in ,nubia1 in the nineteenth dynasty of ,egypt1 there is a mention of the 8memorial stone of ,king ,mineptah ,i4 ,seti ,i40 ,and that memorial stone1 of this new threshold of domain1 marked the boundary line of empire in that direction4#dig ,rameses ,,ii4 had it recorded on the walls of the rock grotto of ,bayt-el-,walli concerning his threshold extensions3 8,the deeds of victory are inscribed a hundred thousand times on the glorious ,persea4 ,as the chastiser of the foreigners1 who has placed his boundary-marks according to his pleasure in the land of the ,ruthennu1 he is in truth the son of ,ra1 and his very image40#dih ,on the eastern border of ,lower ,egypt1 the main passage way from the ,delta into ,arabia1 the great gateway of the empire toward the north and the east1 is still known as ,el ,gisr1 or 8,the ,threshold40#dii ,this point is near ,lake ,timsah1 on the line of the modern ,suez ,canal4 ,in ancient ,greece1 ,theseus 8set up a pillar10 as a threshold stone between ,peloponnesus and ,attica1-then called ,ionia1-8writing upon it an epigram in two trimeters1 bounding the land4 ,of these inscriptions the one toward the east side said1 #8,this is not ,pelopennesus1 but ,ionia1' and that toward the west1 #8,this is ,pelopennesus1 not ,ionia4'0#ejj ,even the term1 the 8,pillars of ,hercules10 as the boundaries of the ,grecian empire and the then known world1 is an indication of this idea in the classic age1 as well as in the primitive mind4 ,calp and ,abyla were the door-posts of the great outer passage way1 and the threshold between those pillars was founded upon the seas1 and established upon the floods4#eja ,as showing that the term 8threshold0 is not applied to these boundary stones merely by accommodation1 it is sufficient to quote from ,justinian in the case4 ,he declares specifically that 8as the threshold makes a certain boundary in a house1 so also the ancients designed that the boundary of the empire should be its threshold2 hence it is called the #8threshold1' as if it were a certain bound and term40#ejb ,speaking of one who has been in foreign captivity1 and who desires a resumption1 or a restoration1 of his civil rights1 on his coming back to his country1 ,justinian says that such a return 8is called postliminium a recrossing of the threshold1 because at that same threshold the thing which he has lost is restored to him40#ejc ,when the old ,portuguese navigators started out on their voyages of discovery1 they were accustomed to take with them stone pillars to set up in a prominent place at the farthest limits of their newly claimed territory as the national door-posts or threshold in that direction4 ,such a pillar was erected at the mouth of the ,congo ,river1 at the time of its discovery by ,diego ,co1 or ,cam1 in #adhd-he4 ,on this account1 the river was known for a time as the 8,rio de ,padro10 or 8,pillar ,river40#ejd ,it might1 indeed1 have been called the 8,river of the ,threshold40 ,this custom of setting up stone pillars as boundary marks along the borders of countries1 nations1 and states1 has been continued down to the present day4 ,such landmarks are still to be seen along the borders of the great divisions of ,europe1 and they are on the lines of the several states of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the line between the ,english grants in ,america1 originally made to the ,duke of ,york and to ,lord ,baltimore1 was1 after much dispute1 run by two ,english surveyors1 ,charles ,mason and ,jeremiah ,dixon1 in #agfc-fg1 and marked by stone pillars at intervals of five miles4 ,this was generally known as 8,mason and ,dixon's line20 it separated ,pennsylvania from ,delaware1 ,maryland1 and ,virginia1 and was the dividing line between the free and the slave states before the ,civil ,war of #ahfa-fe4 ,one of those early stone landmarks on that line is still to be seen near ,oxford1 in ,chester ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 as an illustration of a practice beginning in ,babylonia as far back as #djjj ,b4,c41 and continued in ,america down to ,a4,d4 #ahie4eje ,european titles of rank bear traces of the importance formerly attached to national boundary lines and their preservation4 ,the old ,german title of 8markgraf10 the 8graf0 or count or warden of the marches1 designated a representative or servant of the king who was in charge of the 8marches10 or 8marks10 or 8border lines10 which guarded the thresholds of the empire in different directions4 ,it was under 8,henry the ,fowler10 early in the tenth century1 that this title1 as a title1 first gained prominence4 ,afterwards it became hereditary2 8and hence have come the innumerable margraves1 marquises1 and such like of modern times40#ejf 8,letters of marque0 were letters of commission1 or permission1 granted by the government to individuals1 in time of war1 to pass over the boundary mark1 or national threshold1 for purposes of seizure or reprisal4 ,and a 8marquee0 is primarily a tent over1 or before1 the threshold of a military commander's tent4 #d4 ,,border ,,sacrifices4 ,an altar would have no meaning unless sacrifices were offered at it4 ,if1 therefore1 the boundary threshold of an empire were an altar for that empire1 sacrifices would surely be offered there2 and the records of history1 and the customs of old times and later1 show this to have been the case4 ,sacrifices were offered at the new boundary of an empire1 by ancient ,assyrian and ,egyptian kings1 when they set up a pillar1 or stele1 at the freshly acquired threshold in that direction4 ,thus1 for example1 ,ashurnsirapli 7king of ,assyria1 #hhe-hfj ,b4,c471 telling of his far-reaching conquests1 says that he marched with his armies to the slopes of the ,lebanon1 and to the great sea of the ,westland1 and that at the mountains of ,ammanus he made and set up a stele of victory1 and offered sacrifices unto his gods4#ejg ,at the ,egyptian boundary line in the ,sinaitic ,peninsula1 there was a temple with its sacrifices to 8the sublime ,hathor1 queen of heaven and earth and the dark depths below1 whom the ,egyptians worshiped as the protectress of the land of ,mafkat40 ,there were other temples with their sacrifices at that point4#ejh ,on the southern boundary of ,egypt1 in the gold district of ,nubia1 there was 8the temple of ,amon in the holy mountain10 where threshold sacrifices were offered4#eji ,one of the most ancient of ,chinese classics is the ,shih ,king4 ,its age is not known1 but it is certain that it was a classic in the days of ,confucius1 five centuries before the ,christian era4 ,this work contains frequent references to sacrifices at the border altars1 or the altars of the boundary4 ,there were public sacrifices at the 8border altar0 in the beginning of every new year2 and again when a ruler crossed his border line on a warlike mission4#eaj ,when1 in ancient times1 a ,chinese emperor passed over the outer threshold of his empire1 he offered a sacrifice of a dog1 by running over it with the wheels of his chariot4 ,this is supposed to have been a propitiatory offering to the dog-shaped guardians of the roadway threshold1 known also among the ,indo-,aryans and the ,assyro-,babylonians4#eaa ,from what is known of modern customs in this line1 and from occasional historical references to the matter1 it would seem that where there were no gateways1 or double columns to stand for door-posts1 or doorway stele1 it was the practice to divide or separate the animals offered in sacrifice1 so as to make a passage-way between them1 as through a door or gate1 and to pour out the blood of the victims on the earth between the two portions1 so that the offerer1 or the one welcomed1 might pass over1 or step across1 that blood1 as in a threshold covenant4 ,it has already been noted that when ,general ,grant came to the border line of ,assioot1 in ,upper ,egypt1 as he landed from his ,nile boat1 a bullock was sacrificed in covenant welcome1 its head being put on one side of the gang-plank1 and its body on the other2 while its blood was between the two1 so that it should be stepped over in the act of landing4#eab ,and every year1 when the great ,hajj procession returns from ,meccah to ,syria1 it is welcomed1 as it approaches ,damascus1 by just such sacrifices as this4 ,sheep and oxen are sacrificed before the caravan1 their blood being poured out in the middle of the road1 and their bodies being divided and placed on either side of the way4 ,then those who approach by this 8new and living way10#eac on the boundary line of their country1 renew their covenant with those within1 by passing over the blood4#ead ,there seems to be a reference to such a mode of boundary sacrifices1 in the description of the ,lord's covenant welcome to ,abraham1 on the border of the land promised to him for a possession4#eae ,abraham was near the southern boundary of ,canaan4 ,he had the promise of the ,lord1 that he and his seed should possess that land2 but as yet he was childless1 and he had no control over any portion of the land4 ,he naturally desired some tangible assurance1 in accordance with the customs of mankind1 that the ,lord's promises to him would be made good4 ,therefore when the ,lord said to him1 8,i am the ,lord that brought thee out of ,ur of the ,chaldees1 to give thee this land to inherit it10 ,abraham replied with the question1 8,o ,lord ,god1 whereby shall ,i know that ,i shall inherit it80 ,then the ,lord responded with these directions1 apparently in accordance with a well-known mode of covenanting among men3 8,take me an heifer of three years old1 and a she-goat of three years old1 and a ram of three years old1 and a turtledove1 and a young pigeon40 ,abraham seems to have understood what was to be done with these victims for sacrifice4 8,and he took him all these1 and divided them in the midst1 and laid each half over against the other3 but the birds divided he not40 ,the blood of the victims was doubtless poured out on the earth where they were sacrificed1 midway between the places of the divided portions1 as is the present custom4 8,and it came to pass1 that1 when the sun went down1 and it was dark1 behold a smoking furnace or brazier1 or censer1 and a flaming torch a fire and a light as a symbol of the ,divine presence that passed covenant-crossed the blood on the threshold between these pieces40 ,and the record adds3 8,in that day the ,lord made a covenant a border-altar covenant with ,abram1 saying1 ,unto thy seed have ,i given this land1 from the river of ,egypt unto the great river1 the river ,euphrates3 the ,kenite1 and the ,kenizzite1 and the ,kadmonite1 and the ,hittite1 and the ,perizzite1 and the ,rephaim1 and the ,amorite1 and the ,canaanite1 and the ,girgashite1 and the ,jebusite40 ,thus ,abram was assured that the ,lord had covenanted to protect his boundaries2 as ,nebuchadrezzar long afterward desired that his god ,nebo would protect his empire boundary or threshold4 ,as to the fact of boundary sacrifices in these lands and elsewhere1 in those days and earlier1 there would seem to be no room for question4 ,it is not to be expected that border sacrifices would at all times1 and in all places1 be just alike2 but a common primitive symbolism would be likely to show itself in them all4 ,in ,persia1 these sacrifices are still common1 when one is to be received with honors at the border of a new territory or jurisdiction4#eaf ,morier1 describing his journey through ,persia1 in the early part of this century1 speaks of the first entrance of a new ruler into the territory he was to govern4 8,the khan1 with all his attendants1 accompanied us about two miles4 ,he was preparing to enter ,bushire1 his new government1 with all splendor4 ,from the town to the swamps from the territorial border to the border of the capital were erected stages on which bullocks were to be sacrificed1 and from which their heads were to be thrown under his horse's feet as he advanced2 a ceremony1 indeed1 appropriated to princes alone1 and to them only on particular occasions40#eag ,on another occasion1 when the ,british envoy approached ,kauzeroon1 on a visit of ceremony1 he was welcomed at the threshold of the town by a corresponding ceremony4 8,a bottle which contained sugar candy was broken under the feet of the envoy's horse1 a ceremony never practiced in ,persia to any but to royal personages40#eah the gates 8oxen and sheep in great numbers were sacrificed just as he passed1 and their heads thrown under his horse's feet40 ,and 8glass vases filled with sugar were broken before him40 ,on this occasion the ,shah frequently looked at a watch1 8anxious that he should enter the gates exactly at the time prescribed by the astrologers0 for his crossing the threshold4#eai ,more recently1 ,layard has testified to the prevalence of such customs4 ,speaking of his reception among the ,yezidis1 he tells of his approach to the village of ,guzelder1 and of his welcome there3 8,the head of the village of ,guzelder1 with the principal inhabitants1 had come to invite me to eat bread in his house1 and we followed him4444 ,before we reached ,guzelder1 the procession had swollen to many hundreds4444 ,as ,i approached1 sheep were brought into the road and slain before my horse's feet1 and as we entered the yard of ,akko's house the women and men joined in the loud and piercing #8tahlel4'0#ebj ,again1 as ,layard entered the village of ,redwan1 he was similarly welcomed4 8,i alighted10 he says1 8amidst the din of music and the #8tahlel' at the house of ,nazi1 the chief of the whole ,yezidi district2 two sheep being slain before me as ,i took my feet from the stirrups40#eba ,when1 some twenty years ago1 a ,european prince visited the ,mt4 ,lebanon region1#ebb a generous host killed a valuable cow on the road by which the prince must come into his region4 ,then the royal visitor and his retinue were requested to step over1 not upon1 the blood of the slaughtered cow1 at the threshold of that host's domain4 ,on the occasion of a caravan starting out from the boundary line of a country in the ,east1 there are border sacrifices offered1 even in recent times4 ,thus ,burckhardt tells of this ceremony1 when he went from ,egypt to ,nubia4 ,the various traders going with this caravan assembled at the starting-point1 having their goods with them4 8,at noon the camels were watered1 and knelt down by the side of their respective loads4 ,just before the lading commenced1 the ,ababde women appeared with earth vessels in their hands1 filled with burning coals4 ,they set them before the several loads1 and threw salt upon them40 ,it has already been shown that salt stands for blood1 in the minds of primitive peoples4 8,at the rising of the bluish flame produced by the burning of the salt1 they exclaimed1 #8,may you be blessed in going and in coming6'0#ebc ,and this sacrifice was supposed to secure safety against evil spirits encountered in crossing the boundary line4 ,thus it would seem that1 from the beginning1 on the national threshold1 as on the threshold of the temple and of the home1 sacrifices were offered1 and boundary marks were set up1 in recognition of a peculiar sacredness of the border line1-which is in itself a foundation and a limit4 ,these boundary marks were commonly a pillar or a tree1 in apparent symbolism of a fructifying or a fruit-bearing agency1 of the transmission or the continuance of life4 ,and the establishment and protection of these boundary marks was deemed well pleasing to ,god or to the gods1 and in the nature of a holy covenant service4 ----- ,footnote #dga3 ,see1 for example1 ,rawlinson's ,cuneiform ,inscriptions of ,western ,asia1 ,,iii41 #da1 #dc2 ,,iv41 #da2 ,hilprecht's ,freibrief ,nebukadnezar's1 ,i41 col4 ,,ii41 #bf-fj2 ,beitraege zur ,assyriologie1 ,,ii41 #afe-bjc1 #beh ff4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,an unknown product of the field4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,from the ,michaux ,stone1 columns ,,ii4-,,iv4 in ,rawlinson's ,cuneiform ,inscriptions of ,western ,asia1 ,i41 pl4 #gj2 translated for this work by ,prof4 ,dr4 ,h4,v4 ,hilprecht4 ,see illustrations in ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 pp4 #gfb1 #gfc4 ,see ,sayce's ,religion of the ,ancient ,babylonians1 p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,bhler's 8,laws of ,manu10 in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,,xxv41 #bih1 #cja4 ,footnote #dge3 ,deut4 #ai 3 #ad4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,prov4 #bb 3 #bh2 #bc 3 #aj4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,job #bd 3 #b4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,deut4 #bg 3 #ag4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,gen4 #ba 3 #bb-cc4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,gen4 #ca 3 #dc-ec4 ,footnote #dha3 ,see ,smith's ,classical ,dictionary1 and ,keightley's ,class4 ,dict41 s4 vv4 8,hermes10 8,jupiter10 8,mercury10 8,silvanus10 8,terminus10 8,zeus40 ,comp4 ,stengel's ,die griechischen ,sacralalterthm4 in ,iwan v4 ,mller's ,handbuch der ,klassischen ,alterthumswissenschaft1 ,v41 part #c1 p4 #ac2 ,k4,f4 ,hermann's ,lehrbuch der gottesdienstlichen ,alterthmer der ,griechen1 pp4 #gc1 #ajh1 note #b4 ,footnote #dhb3 8,this god was represented by a stone or a stump1 and not with human features40 ,this would seem to have been a rude phallic form4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,ovid's ,fasti1 ,bk4 ,,ii41 vs4 #fda ff4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,smith's ,classical ,dictionary1 s4 vv4 8,numa10 8,terminus40 ,footnote #dhe3 ,smith's ,dict4 of ,greek and ,rom4 ,antiq41 s4 v4 8,terminalia40 ,footnote #dhf3 ,stanley's ,congo1 ,i41 #cae-cag4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,turner's ,samoa1 p4 #de f4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,see 8,beating the ,bounds10 in ,chambers's ,edinburgh ,journal for ,july #bc1 #ahec1 pp4 #di-eb2 also ,american ,architect1 ,vol4 ,x41 ,no4 #bic1 p4 #fd f4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,wallace's ,russia1 p4 #cff f4 ,footnote #dij3 ,cited in ,thompson's ,elements of ,political ,economy1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #dia3 ,schrader's ,keilinschriftliche ,bibliothek1 ,i41 #fc1 #fi1 #hg1 #ii1 #aji1 #aca1 #acc1 #ace1 #ada1 #adc1 #adg1 #aee1 #aei1 #afa1 #afe1 #afg1 #afi1 #aha2 ,,ii41 #ai1 #ce1 #ed1 #hi4 ,footnote #dib3 ,see pp4 #aje-ajh1 supra4 ,footnote #dic3 ,see1 for example1 ,schrader's ,keilinshriftliche ,bibliothek1 ,i41 #fi4 ,footnote #did3 ,rawlinson's ,inscriptions of ,western ,asia1 ,i41 #ag-bf1 col4 #a1 lines #fc-fi4 ,footnote #die3 ,brugsch's ,egypt under the ,pharaohs1 ,i41 #h f42 ,villiers ,stuart's ,nile ,gleanings1 ,pl4 xlv41 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #dif3 ,brugsch's ,egypt under the ,pharaohs1 ,i41 #ahb f4 ,footnote #dig3 ,brugsch's ,egypt under the ,pharaohs1 ,,ii41 #ha f4 ,footnote #dih3 ,ibid41 ,,ii41 #gh f4 ,footnote #dii3 ,trumbull's ,kadesh-barnea1 p4 #cda1 note4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,plutarch's ,lives1 ,theseus1 #be4 ,footnote #eja3 ,psa4 #bd 3 #b4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,justinian1 ,inst41 ,lib4 ,i41 #ab1 #e4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,stanley's ,congo1 ,i41 #a-aa4 ,footnote #eje3 ,see ,penn4 ,mag4 of ,hist4 and ,biog41 ,,vi41 #dab-dcd4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,carlyle's ,history of ,frederick1 ,,ii41 ,i41 #ga-gd4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,rawlinson's ,inscriptions of ,western ,asia1 ,i41 #ag-bf1 ,col4 ,,iii41 ll4 #hd-hi4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,brugsch's ,egypt under the ,pharaohs1 ,i41 #ha4 ,footnote #eji3 ,brugsch's ,egypt under the ,pharaohs1 ,,ii41 #hb4 ,footnote #eaj3 8,the ,shih ,king10 in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,,iii41 #cdc1 #cib1 #cii1 note1 #dbj1 #dbb note4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,lacouperie's ,western ,origin of the ,early ,chinese ,civilization1 pp4 #gi4 #ha4 ,footnote #eab3 ,see p4 #g f41 ante4 ,footnote #eac3 ,heb4 #aj 3 #bj4 ,footnote #ead3 ,i have this on the testimony of those who have often witnessed it4 ,footnote #eae3 ,see ,gen4 #ae 3 #a-ba4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,on this point ,i am assured by missionaries and other dwellers in ,persia4 ,footnote #eag3 ,morier's ,journey to ,constantinople1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #eah3 ,ibid41 p4 #hd f4 ,see1 also1 ,morier's ,second ,journey through ,persia1 p4 #ic f4 ,again1 when the ,shah of ,persia was to enter ,teheran1 he was received outside of the walls1 by prominent officials1 with much ceremony4 ,as he approached ,footnote #eai3 ,morier's ,second ,journey through ,persia1 p4 #chg f4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,layard's ,nineveh and ,babylon 7,am4 ed471 p4 #ce f4 ,footnote #eba3 ,ibid41 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,my informant1 an eye-witness of this incident1 was not sure whether it was a ,prussian1 an ,austrian1 or a ,russian prince4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,burckhardt's ,travels in ,nubia1 p4 #aeg4 ----- ,,iv4 ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,rite4 #a4 ,a ,,natural ,,question4 ,a question that forces itself on the mind1 in connection with the study of a world-wide primitive rite like this of the ,threshold ,covenant1 is1 ,what was its origin8 ,how came it to pass1 that primitive peoples1 in all parts of the world1 were brought to attach such exceptionally sacred significance to the threshold of a hut1 or tent1 or cave1 or house2 of a palace or temple2 of a domain1 local or national2 and to count its crossing by blood a form of holy covenanting between the parties engaged in it1 and the deity invoked in the ceremony8 ,this question goes back to the origin of religious rites among human beings1 and its answer must1 in order to commend itself to all1 be in accordance with the natural outgrowths and the abnormal perversions of religious rites1 in the main line of human development all the world over4 ,however simple and elemental were man's earliest religious ideas1 they must have been from the beginning pure and uplifting1 or they would not have been religious4 ,nothing impure or debasing in itself would have raised man's thoughts ,godward1 even though man might subsequently come to degrade his best conceptions of ,god and his worship4 ,hence the answer to this question must include only such facts as were capable of being viewed reverently by primitive man1 as worthy of ,god's creatures in the loving service and worship of ,god4 #b4 ,,an ,,answer ,,by ,,induction4 ,this threshold rite clearly goes back to the beginning of family life4 ,the facts already presented are proof of this4 ,the rite includes the proffer of blood at the foundation of the family as a family4 ,it is a part of the marriage ceremonial among primitive peoples4 ,it is also the means by which one is adopted from without into a family circle or group4 ,it marks every stage of the progress of family life1 from one pair to a community and to an empire1 in its civil and religious relations4 ,it is a form of covenanting between its participants1 and between them and ,god2 and thus it has sanctity as a religious rite4 ,a fair induction from these recognized facts1 in their sweep and significance1 would seem to indicate1 as the origin of this primitive rite1 the covenant union between the first pair in their instituting of the family relation4 ,when was the first covenant made between two human beings8 ,when was the first outpouring of blood in loving sacrifice8 ,by what act was the first appeal made to the ,author and ,source of life for power for the transmission of life1 by two persons who thereby entered into covenant with each other and with him8 ,the obvious answer to these questions is an answer to the question1 ,what was the origin of the rite of the ,threshold ,covenant8 ,life and its transmission must have been a sacred mystery to the first thinkers about ,god and his human workers4 ,blood was early recognized as life1 its outpouring as the pledge and gift of life1 and its interchange as a life covenant between those who shared its substance4 ,in view of this truth1 a covenant union by blood that looked to the transmission of life must have been in itself1 to a thoughtful and reverent person1 an appeal to the ,author of life to be a party to that covenant union1 in order to give it efficiency4 ,when first a twain were made one in a covenant of blood1 the threshold altar of the race was hallowed as a place where the ,author of life met and blessed the loving union4 ,and from this beginning there was the natural development of religious rites and ceremonies1 in the family1 in the temple1 and in the domain1 as shown alike in the history of the human race and in the main teachings of both the ,old ,testament and the ,new4 #c4 ,,no ,,covenant ,,without ,,blood4 ,flowing blood is widely deemed essential to the covenant by which two are made one in the marriage relation4 ,this is peculiarly the case among those primitive peoples where young maidens are guarded with jealous care1 and are given in marriage at a very early age4 ,in the thought of such peoples there is no binding covenant without blood1 in the family relation4#ebd ,and a bloody hand stamp on the cloth of testimony is the primitive certificate of the marriage covenant4 ,facts in illustration of this truth are numerous in the nuptial customs of ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,china1 ,dahomey1 ,liberia1 ,europe1 ,central ,america1 ,samoa1 and other widely different regions4 ,a few of these facts are given in the ,appendix for the benefit of scientific students1 in a language better suited than ,english for the presentation of such details4#ebe #d4 ,,confirmation ,,of ,,this ,,view4 ,if the view here given of the origin of this rite of the ,threshold ,covenant be correct1 there will be found traces of the truth in the different religions of mankind4 ,and this is the case1 as shown in religious literatures1 in history1 and in primitive customs and beliefs4 ,the most ancient expression of the religious thought and feeling of the ,aryan races is found in the ,vedas and their accompanying literature4 ,the ,brahmanas1 in this literature1 deal with the sacrificial element in public and family worship1 and with the rites and ceremonies pertaining to religion4 ,in the description of the construction of the household altars and the high altars1 there is abundant evidence that the woman is recognized as the primitive altar1 and that the form of the woman is made the pattern of the altar form4 ,it is distinctly declared as to the shape of the altar1 standing east and west1 that it 8should be broader on the west side1 contracted on the middle1 and broad again on the east side2 for thus shaped they praise a woman3 #8broad about the hips1 somewhat narrower between the shoulders1 and contracted in the middle or about the waist4'0 ,again1 it is said1 in explanation1 that 8the altar 7vedi1 feminine7 is female1 and the fire 7agni1 masculine7 is male40#ebf ,this identifying of the altar with the woman1 of the offering with the man1 and of their union with worship and covenanting1 is repeatedly found in the ,brahmanas4#ebg ,even as far back as the ,vedas themselves the term yoni1 or doorway of physical life1 is used as synonymous with altar4#ebh ,and the production of sacred fire1 for purposes of worship1 by twisting a stick in softened wood1 is described in the ,rig-,vedas as a form of this covenant rite4 ,these facts point to this origin of the threshold altar of covenant and sacrifice4 ,at present in ,india the most widely recognized visible aid in worship is the representation of the linga and the yoni combined4 ,this symbol nominally stands for ,siva2 but that seems to be only because ,saivism predominates in modern ,hindooism4 ,the idea of this symbolic combination long antedates this prominence of ,siva worship4#ebi ,a form of ,booddhist prayer in ,tibet1 said to be repeated more frequently than any other known among men1 is 8the six-syllabled sentence1 #8,om mani padme ,hm1'-#8,om6 the ,jewel in the ,lotus6 ,hum6'0 ,this prayer is simply a euphemism for the primitive ,threshold ,covenant1 as here explained1 with an ejaculatory invocation and ascription before and after it4#ecj ,it seems to be a survival of the thought that here was the beginning of religious rites1 and that all covenant worship must continue in its spirit and power4 ,every repetition of that prayer1 by speech or by mechanism1 is supposed to affect the progress of a soul in its crossing the threshold of one of the stages of being in the universe4 ,it is a help to a new birth for some soul somewhere4 ,there would thus appear to be no room for doubt in this matter in the language and customs of the primitive ,aryan peoples1 and there are also confirmations of the idea among the ,semites4 ,a legend that has a place among the ,jews and the ,muhammadans1 tells of a visit of ,abraham to the home of ,hagar and ,ishmael in ,arabia4#eca ,an ,amalekite wife of ,ishmael refused hospitality to ,abraham1 and in consequence ,abraham left a message to ,ishmael to 8change his threshold40 ,this message ,ishmael understood to mean the putting away of his wife and the taking of another1 and he acted accordingly4 ,in the ,arabic 8a wife0 is one of the meanings of the term 8threshold40#ecb ,and the term 8gate10 or 8door10 had among the rabbis a specific application to the altar of family covenanting4 ,thus ,buxtorf1 in his definings of 8janua0 and 8ostium10 says plainly3 8,apud rabbinos etiam est #8ostium ventris muliebris4'0 ,and he quotes the saying of a disappointed bridegroom 3 8,ostium apertum inveni40#ecc ,among the early ,babylonians and ,egyptians1 as among other primitive peoples1 the twofold symbols of sex are counted the sacred emblem of life1 and as such are borne by the gods of life1 and by those who have the power of life and death from those gods4 ,the circle and rod1 or ring and bolt1 conjoined1 are in the right hand of the ,babylonian sun-god ,shamash2#ecd as1 in the ankh1 or crux ansata1 they are in the right hand of every principal deity of ancient ,egypt4#ece ,it is much the same with the ,phnicians and others4#ecf ,in the innermost shrine of the most sacred ,shinto temples of ,japan1 the circular mirror1 and the straight dagger1 with the same meaning as the circle and rod in ,babylonia and ,egypt and ,phnicia1 are the only indications of the presence of deity2 and the worshipers in those temples can come no farther than the threshold of the shrine containing these emblems4#ecg ,wherever1 among the primitive peoples in ,america1 as elsewhere1 the red hand is found as a symbol of covenant1 and of life and strength through covenant1 it would seem to point to this primal meaning of the hand stamp of blood at the doorway of life in a sacred covenant4 ,there are indications in ,central ,american sculptures of the sacredness attaching to the covenant rite between the first pair2 and the combined symbols of sex are represented there as in the ,east4#ech ,it is a well-known fact that the public exhibit of the primitive ,threshold ,covenant1 as here explained1 has been continued as a mode of reverent worship among primitive peoples in the ,south ,sea ,islands1 down to modern times4 ,the testimony of ,captain ,cook1 the famous navigator1 is specific on this point4#eci ,it is also to be noted that in these islands the two supports of the altar1 or table of sacrifice1 are seemingly symbols of the two sexes1 similar to those used in the far ,east4#edj ,all of the gathered facts concerning the ,threshold ,covenant in different lands and in different times1 as presented in the foregoing pages1 would seem to be in accordance with this view of the origin of the rite1 as with no other that can be suggested4 ,the main symbolism of both the ,old and the ,new ,testament also seem to indicate the same beginning4 ,v4 ,,hebrew ,,pass-,,over1 ,,or ,,cross-,,over1 ,,sacrifice4 #a4 ,,new ,,meaning ,,in ,,an ,,old ,,rite4 ,how the significance of the ,hebrew passover rite stands out in the light of this primitive custom6 ,it is not that this rite had its origin in the days of the ,hebrew exodus from ,egypt1 but that ,jehovah then and there emphasized the meaning and sacredness of a rite already familiar to ,orientals4 ,in dealing with his chosen people1 ,god did not invent a new rite or ceremonial at every stage of his progressive revelation to them2 but he took a rite with which they were already familiar1 and gave to it a new and deeper significance in its new use and relations4 ,long before that day1 a covenant welcome was given to a guest who was to become as one of the family1 or to a bride or bridegroom in marriage1 by the outpouring of blood on the threshold of the door1 and by staining the doorway itself with the blood of the covenant4 ,and now ,jehovah announced that he was to visit ,egypt on a designated night1 and that those who would welcome him should prepare a threshold covenant1 or a pass-over sacrifice1 as a proof of that welcome2 for where no such welcome was made ready for him by a family1 he must count the household as his enemy4#eda ,in announcing this desire for a welcoming sacrifice by the ,hebrews1 ,god spoke of it as 8,jehovah's passover10 as if the pass-over rite was a familiar one1 which was now to be observed as a welcome to ,jehovah4#edb ,moses1 in reporting the ,lord's message to the ,hebrews1 did not speak of the proposed sacrifice as something of which they knew nothing until now1 but he first said to them1 8,draw out1 and take you lambs according to your families1 and kill the passover0-or the threshold cross-over2#edc and then he added details of special instruction for this new use of the old rite4 #b4 ,a ,,welcome ,,with ,,blood4 ,a lamb was the chosen sacrifice in the welcome to ,jehovah4 ,each household1 or family1 was to take one lamb for this offering4 ,no directions were given as to the place or manner of its sacrifice2 for that seems to have been understood by all1 because of the very term 8pass-over10 or threshold cross-over4 ,this is implied1 indeed1 in the directions for the use of the blood when it was poured out3 8,kill the passover10 in the usual place2 8and ye shall take a bunch of hyssop1 and dip it in the blood that is at the threshold ,hebrew1 saph1 and strike the lintel and the two side posts with the blood that is at the threshold40#edd ,in that welcome with blood there was covenant protection from ,jehovah as he came into ,egypt to execute judgment on his enemies4 ,the ,egyptians had already refused him allegiance1 and put themselves in open defiance of his authority4 ,they were now to be visited in judgment4#ede ,but in order to the distinguishing of the ,lord's people from his enemies1 the ,hebrews were to prepare a blood welcome at their doorway1 and the ,lord would honor this welcome by covenanting with those who proffered it4 8,and ,moses said1 ,thus saith the ,lord1 ,about midnight will ,i go out into the midst of ,egypt3 and all the firstborn in the land of ,egypt shall die1 from the firstborn of ,pharaoh that sitteth upon his throne1 even unto the firstborn of the maidservant that is behind the mill2 and all the firstborn of cattle4444 ,but against any of the children of ,israel shall not a dog move his tongue1 against man or beast3 that ye may know how that the ,lord doth put a difference between the ,egyptians and ,israel40#edf ,in furtherance of this purpose1 the ,lord asked for the sacrifice of the threshold cross-over by the ,hebrews3 8,for the ,lord will pass through the land to smite the ,egyptians2 and when he seeth the blood upon the lintel1 and on the two side posts of the ,hebrew homes1 the ,lord will pass over cross-over or through the door1 and will not suffer the destroyer to come in unto your houses to smite you40#edg ,obviously the figure here employed is of a sovereign accompanied by his executioner1 a familiar figure in the ancient ,east4 ,when he comes to a house marked by tokens of the welcoming covenant1 the sovereign will covenant-cross that threshold1 and enter the home as a guest1 or as a member of the family2 but where no such preparation has been made for him1 his executioner will enter on his mission of judgment4#edh #c4 ,,bason1 ,,or ,,threshold4 ,it is strange that the ,hebrew word for 8threshold0 7saph7 in this narrative is translated 8bason0 in our ,english ,bible4 ,it is because of this that the identity of the passover sacrifice with the primitive ,threshold ,covenant is so generally lost sight of4 ,this word saph occurs many times in the ,old ,testament text1 and in nine cases out of ten it is translated 8threshold10 or 8door10 or 8door-post10 or the like4#edi ,it would seem that it should be so translated in this instance4 ,in some cases where saph is translated 8bason10 or 8cup10 the term 8threshold0 would be more appropriate1 as when included in an enumeration of the temple furniture4#eej ,bronze and silver thresholds were often mentioned in the furniture of ,babylonian and ,assyrian temples2#eea and they might well have had mention among the ,hebrews4 ,it is possible1 however1 that there was a cavity1 as a blood receptacle1 in the threshold of houses or temples where sacrifices were so frequent2 and this would account for the use of the word saph as 8bason10 even where it referred to the threshold of the door4 ,the translators of the ,septuagint1 living in ,egypt and familiar with the customs of that land1 rendered saph by thyra1 8doorway10#eeb in the story of the exodus4 ,jerome1 with his understanding of ,oriental life1 gives limen1 8threshold10 for saph1 at this point4#eec ,philo ,judus1 out of his ,egyptian ,jewish experiences1 describing the ,jewish passover festival1 speaks of it as 8the feast diabateria1 which the ,jews called paskha40#eed 8,diabateria0 are 8offerings before crossing a border10#eee or threshold sacrifices4 ,rabbi ,ishmael1 a ,talmudist1 in explaining the passage descriptive of the institution of the passover in ,egypt1 says3 8,one dug a hole in the earthen threshold1 and slaughtered into that10 8for saph signifies here nothing else than threshold40#eef ,a striking illustration of the error of translating saph 8a bason0 or 8a cup10 is shown in the rendering of ,zechariah #ab 3 #a-c in our ,english ,bible4 ,the ,lord is there promising to protect the borders of ,jerusalem against all besiegers4 8,thus saith the ,lord1 which 444 layeth the foundation of the earth3444 ,behold1 ,i will make ,jerusalem a threshold or1 boundary stone1 ,hebrew1 saph of reeling unto all the peoples round about4444 ,i will make ,jerusalem a burdensome stone for all the peoples40 ,the figure seems to be that of the besiegers staggering as they come against that foundation1 or threshold stone1 which the ,lord has established4 ,yet saph is here translated 8cup10 and the passage thereby rendered meaningless4 ,there would seem1 indeed1 to be little room for doubt that saph should be translated 8threshold0 in the description of the pass-over sacrifice4 ,in ,assyrian1 the word sippu1 from the same root as the ,hebrew saph1 means only threshold1 not bason or cup4#eeg #d4 ,,pass-,,over ,,or ,,pass-,,by4 ,the common understanding of the term 8passover10 in connection with the ,hebrew exodus from ,egypt1 is that it was1 on the ,lord's part1 a passing by those homes where the doorways were blood-stained1 without entering them4 ,yet this meaning is not justified by the term itself1 nor by the significance of the primitive rite4 ,jehovah did not merely spare his people when he visited judgment on the ,egyptians4 ,he covenanted anew with them by passing over1 or crossing over1 the blood-stained threshold into their homes1 while his messenger of death went into the houses of the ,lord's enemies and claimed the first-born as belonging to ,jehovah4#eeh ,this word pesakh1 translated 8passover10 is a peculiar one4 ,its etymology and root meaning have been much in discussion4 ,it is derived from the root pskh 8to cross over10 a meaning which is still preserved in the ,hebrew word ,tiphsakh1 the name of a city on the banks of the ,euphrates1#eei the ,hebrew equivalent of the classical ,thapsacus4#efj ,tiphsakh means 8crossing10 apparently so called from the ford of the ,euphrates at that place4 ,later ,jewish traditions and customs point to the meaning of the original passover rite as a crossing over the threshold of the ,hebrew homes by ,jehovah1 and not of his passing by his people in order to their sparing4 ,a custom by which a ,hebrew slave became one of the family in a ,hebrew household1 through having his ear bored with an awl at the door-post of the house1 and thereby blood staining the doorway1#efa is connected with the passover rite by the rabbis4 8,the ,deity said3 ,the door and the side-posts were my witnesses in ,egypt1 in the hour when ,i passed-over the lintel and the two side-posts1 and ,i said that to ,me the children of ,israel shall be slaves1 and not slaves to slaves2 ,i brought them out from bondage to freedom2 and this man who goeth and taketh a lord to himself shall be bored through before these witnesses40#efb ,according to ,jewish traditions1 it was on a passover night when ,jehovah entered into a cross-over covenant with ,abraham on the boundary of his new possessions in ,canaan4#efc ,it was on a passover night that ,lot welcomed the angel visitors to his home in ,sodom4#efd ,it was at the passover season that the ,israelites crossed the threshold of their new home in ,canaan1 when the walls of ,jericho fell down1 and the blood-colored thread on the house of ,rahab was a symbol of the covenant of the ,hebrew spies with her and her household4#efe ,the protection of the ,israelites against the ,midianites1#eff and the ,assyrians1#efg and the ,medes and the ,persians1#efh and again the final overthrow of ,babylon1#efi all these events were said to have been at the passover season4#egj ,these traditions would seem to show that the pass-over covenant was deemed a cross-over covenant1 and a covenant of welcome at the family and the national threshold4 ,in the passover rite as observed by modern ,jews1 at a certain stage of the feast the outer door is opened1 and an extra cup and chair are arranged at the table1 in the hope that ,god's messenger will cross the threshold1 and enter the home as a welcome guest4#ega ,all this points to the meaning of 8cross-over10 and not of 8pass-by40 ,in some parts of northern and eastern ,europe there is a custom still preserved among the ,jews of jumping over a tub of water on passover night1 which is said to be symbolic of crossing the ,red ,sea1 but which shows that the passover feast was a feast of crossing over4#egb #e4 ,,marriage ,,of ,,jehovah ,,with ,,israel4 ,it seems clear that the ,egyptian passover rite was a rite of threshold covenanting1 as ordered of ,god and as understood by the ,israelites4 ,its sacrifice was on the threshold of the homes of the ,hebrews on the threshold of a new year1#egc and on the threshold of a new nationality4 ,then ,israel began anew in all things4 ,moreover1 it was recognized as the rite of marriage between ,jehovah and ,israel2 as the very ,threshold ,covenant had its origin in the rite of primitive marriage4 ,that first passover night was the night when ,jehovah took to himself in covenant union the 8,virgin of ,israel10 and became a ,husband unto her4 ,from that time forward any recognition of1 or affiliation with1 another ,god1 is called 8whoredom10 8adultery10 or 8fornication40#egd ,in this light it is that the prophets always speak of idolatry4 ,jeremiah recognizes the first passover night as the time of this marriage covenant1 when he says3 8,behold1 the days come1 saith ,jehovah1 ,that ,i will make a new covenant ,with the house of ,israel1 and with the house of ,judah3 ,not according to the covenant that ,i made with their fathers ,in the day that ,i took them by the hand ,to bring them out of the land of ,egypt2 ,which my covenant they brake1 ,although ,i was an husband unto them1 saith ,jehovah40#ege ,and ,jehovah1 speaking through ,ezekiel of his loving choice of the ,hebrew daughter of the ,amorite and the ,hittite1 says3 8,now when ,i passed by thee1 and looked upon thee1 behold1 thy time was the time of love2 and ,i spread my skirt over thee1 and covered thy nakedness3 yea1 ,i sware unto thee1 and entered into a covenant with thee1 saith the ,lord ,god1 and thou becamest mine40#egf ,it seems to be in recognition of the truth that the ,egyptian passover was the rite of marriage between ,jehovah and ,israel1 that the ,song of ,songs1 the epithalamium of the ,hebrew ,scriptures1 is always read in the synagogue at the passover service4 ,this idea of the relation of ,jehovah and ,israel runs through the entire ,old ,testament1 and shows itself in the ,jewish ritual of to-day4 ,in the primitive marriage rite the stamp of the red hand of the bridegroom is the certification of the covenant union1 at the doorway of the family4 ,but in the ,egyptian passover it was the virgin of ,israel who certified to the marriage covenant by the bloody stamp on the doorway4 ,hence it was a feminine symbol1 in a bush of hyssop1 that was dipped in the blood and used for this stamping4#egg ,the tree1 or bush1 is a universal symbol of the feminine in nature4 ,this is shown1 for example1 in the tree or brush-topped pole as the symbol of ,ashtaroth1 8wife10#egh as over against the pillar or obelisk as the symbol of ,baal1 or 8lord10 or 8husband40#egi ----- ,footnote #ebd3 ,the recognition of this truth is a reason for the infibulation of female children among primitive peoples4 7,see1 for example1 ,captain ,j4,s4 ,king's 8,notes on the ,folk-,lore1 and some ,social ,customs of the ,western ,somali ,tribes10 in the ,london ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,,vi41 #abd2 also ,dr4 ,remondino's ,history of ,circumcision1 p4 #ea47 ,footnote #ebe3 ,see ,appendix4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,see 8,satapatha ,brhmana10 #a4 ,knda1 #b ,adhyya1 #e ,brhmana1 #ad-af1 in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,,xii41 #fb f42 also 8,satapatha ,brhmana10 ,,iii41 #e1 #a1 #aa1 in ,sac4 ,bks4 of ,east1 ,,xxvi41 #aac4 ,footnote #ebg3 8,satapatha ,brhmana10 ,i41 #c1 #a1 #ah2 ,i41 #i1 #b1 #e-aa1 #ba-bd2 ,,ii41 #a1 #a1 #d1 in ,sac4 ,bks4 of ,east1 ,,xii41 #gd1 #beg1 #bfb1 #bgg2 also 8,satapatha ,brhmana10 ,,iii41 #c1 #a1 #aa2 ,,iii41 #h1 #d1 #g-ah1 in ,sac4 ,bks4 of ,east1 ,,xxvi41 #fa1 #baa-bad4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,see ,rig-,veda1 ,,ii41 #cf1 #d2 ,x41 #ah1 #g4 ,comp4 8,satapatha ,brhmana10 ,i41 #g1 #b1 #ad1 in ,sac4 ,bks4 of ,east1 ,,xii41 #aid2 also 8,satapatha ,brhmana10 ,,iv41 #a1 #b1 #i2 ,,iv41 #a1 #c1 #ai1 with note1 in ,sac4 ,bks4 of ,east1 ,,xxvi41 #bfj1 #bfi4 ,see1 also1 ,hopkins's ,religions of ,india1 p4 #dij1 and note4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,compare ,sir ,monier ,monier-,williams's ,brahmanism and ,hinduism1 pp4 #cc1 #ed f41 #bbc f41 and ,wilkins's ,hindu ,mythology1 p4 #bcc f4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,sir ,monier ,monier-,williams's ,buddhism1 pp4 #cga-cgc4 ,this writer1 speaking of the prominence in ,india of the symbolism of the linga and yoni combined1 ascribes it to the theory of the two essences1 8,spirit regarded as a male principle1 and ,matter1 or the germ of the external world1 regarded as a female40 ,he says3 8,without the union of the two no creation takes place4 ,to any one imbued with these dualistic conceptions the linga and the yoni are suggestive of no improper ideas4 ,they are either types of the two mysterious creative forces 444 or symbols of one divine power delegating procreative energy to male and female organisms4 ,they are mystical representatives1 and perhaps the best impersonal representatives1 of the abstract expressions #8paternity' and #8maternity1'0 and their conjunction in marital union4 7,brahmanism and ,hinduism1 p4 #bbd f47 ,footnote #eca3 ,this legend is found in ,pirqe de ,r4 ,eliezer1 ,chap4 ,,xxx4 ,the ,hebrew words saph and miphtan are here employed for 8threshold40 ,it is also given in ,maoudi's ,les ,prairies d',or1 chap4 #ci1 p4 #id4 ,here the ,arabic is atabah1 for 8threshold40 ,see1 also1 ,sprenger's ,life of ,mohammad1 p4 #ec f4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,see ,lane's ,arabic-,english ,lexicon1 s4 v4 8,atabah40 and ,dozy's ,supplment aux ,dictionnaires ,arabes1 s4 v4 8,atabah40 ,footnote #ecc3 ,buxtorf's ,lex4 ,chald4 ,tal4 et ,rabb41 s4 v4 8,pethakh40 ,see1 also1 the ,talmudic treatise ,nidd1 8,mishna10 #b1 #e4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,see1 for example1 illustration in ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civil41 p4 #feg2 also ,sayce's ,relig4 of ,anc4 ,babyl41 p4 #bhe4 ,footnote #ece3 ,wilkinson's ,ancient ,egyptians1 ,,iii41 #c1 #h1 #ad1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #ca1 #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #da1 #de1 #df1 #fj1 #fc1 #ff1 #hg1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aae1 #aah1 #abb1 #abi1 #acc1 #ace1 #acg1 #adf1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afc1 #agj1 #agb1 #age1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj1 etc4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,see ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,hist4 of ,art in ,phnicia and ,cyprus1 ,i41 #hj1 #cbj4 ,see1 also1 ,layard's ,nineveh and its ,remains1 ,,ii41 #afh-agj 7,am4 ed472 and an article by ,hommel1 in 8,proceedings of the ,society of ,biblical ,archology0 for ,january1 #ahic4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,hearn's ,glimpses of ,unfamiliar ,japan1 ,,ii41 #cig1 note2 ,lowell's ,occult ,japan1 pp4 #bgj-bgc4 ,footnote #ech3 ,see ,bancroft's ,native ,races and ,antiq41 ,,iii41 #ejd-ejf4 ,footnote #eci3 ,voyages of ,capt4 ,james ,cook1 8,first ,voyage0 at ,may #ad1 #agfi4 ,also ,voltaire's ,les ,oreilles du ,comte de ,chesterfield1 ,ch4 ,,vi4 ,see ,appendix4 ,footnote #edj3 ,see ,cook's ,voyage to ,pacific ,ocean1 volume of plates2 also ,ellis's ,poly4 ,res41 ,,ii41 #bag4 ,footnote #eda3 ,see ,exod4 #ab 3 #a-bj4 ,footnote #edb3 ,exod4 #ab 3 #aa4 ,footnote #edc3 ,exod4 #ab 3 #ba1 #bg4 ,footnote #edd3 ,exod4 #ab 3 #bb4 ,footnote #ede3 ,exod4 #b 3 #bc-be2 #c 3 #g-aj2 #e 3 #a1 #b2 #f 3 #a-g2 #aj 3 #ba-bi4 ,footnote #edf3 ,exod4 #aa 3 #d-g4 ,footnote #edg3 ,exod4 #ab 3 #bc4 ,footnote #edh3 ,compare ,josh4 #b 3 #a-ba2 #f 3 #af-be4 ,footnote #edi3 ,see1 for example1 ,judg4 #ai 3 #bg2 #a ,kings #ad 3 #ag2 #b ,kings #ab 3 #i1 #ac2 #bb 3 #d2 #bc 3 #d2 #be 3 #ah2 #a ,chron4 #i 3 #ai1 #bb2 #b ,chron4 #c 3 #g2 #bc 3 #d2 #cd 3 #i2 ,esther #b 3 #ba2 #f 3 #b2 ,isa4 #f 3 #d2 ,jer4 #ce 3 #d2 #eb 3 #ai1 #bd2 ,ezek4 #dj 3 #f1 #g2 #da 3 #af2 #dc 3 #h2 ,amos #i 3 #a2 ,zeph4 #b 3 #ad2 ,zech4 #ab 3 #b4 ,footnote #eej3 ,see1 for example1 ,jer4 #eb 3 #ai4 ,footnote #eea3 ,see pp4 #aji-aaa1 supra4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,see ,septuagint1 in loco4 ,footnote #eec3 ,see ,vulgate1 in loco4 ,footnote #eed3 ,philo's ,opera1 ,mangey1 #b 3 #bib4 ,footnote #eee3 ,liddell and ,scott's ,greek-,english ,lexicon1 s4 v4 ,footnote #eef3 ,cited in ,levy's ,neuheb4 ,wrterb41 s4 v4 8,saph40 ,footnote #eeg3 ,this on the authority of ,prof4 ,dr4 ,h4,v4 ,hilprecht4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,among primitive peoples it was a common thought that the first fruits of life in any sphere belonged of right to ,god1 or the gods4 ,this was true of the fields1 of the flocks and herds1 and of the family4 7,see1 for example1 ,frazer's ,golden ,bough1 ,,ii41 #fh-gh1 #cgc-chd2 also ,w4 ,robertson ,smith's ,religion of the ,semites1 pp4 #ddc-ddf47 ,as in ,egypt particular gods were supposed to have power over men and beasts in special localities1 the first-born belonged to them1 and stood as representing their power and protection2 yet ,jehovah claimed to be ,lord over all4 ,and now1 at the close of the contest between ,god and the gods1 ,jehovah took to himself out of the homes of his enemies the devoted first-born of man and of beast1 in evidence of the truth that the gods of ,egypt could not protect them4 ,footnote #eei3 #a ,kings #d 3 #bd1 8,tiphsah40 ,footnote #efj3 ,see ,gesenius's ,hebr4 und ,aram4 ,handwrterbuch 7#abth ed471 s4 v4 8,tiphsakh40 ,footnote #efa3 ,exod4 #ba 3 #b-f4 ,footnote #efb3 ,talmud ,babyl41 ,qiddusheen1 fol4 #bb1 b4 ,footnote #efc3 ,gen4 #ae 3 #a-ba4 ,see pp4 #ahf-ahh1 supra4 ,footnote #efd3 ,gen4 #ai 3 #a-be4 ,footnote #efe3 ,compare ,josh4 #b 3 #a-bj2 #e 3 #aj-ab2 #f 3 #ab-ag4 ,footnote #eff3 ,judg4 #g 3 #a-be4 ,footnote #efg3 #b ,kings #ai 3 #bj-cf2 #b ,chron4 #cb 3 #a-bb4 ,footnote #efh3 ,esther #i 3 #ab-ai4 ,footnote #efi3 ,dan4 #e 3 #a-cj4 ,footnote #egj3 ,edersheim's ,temple3 ,its ,ministry and ,services1 p4 #aif f4 ,footnote #ega3 ,edersheim's ,the ,temple3 ,its ,ministry and ,services1 p4 #aig2 ,home and ,synagogue of ,modern ,jew1 pp4 #aei-afa2 ,ginsburg's art4 8,passover10 in ,kitto's ,cycl4 of ,bib4 ,lit4 ,footnote #egb3 ,on the testimony of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,marcus ,jastrow4 ,footnote #egc3 ,exod4 #ab 3 #a1 #b2 ,lev4 #bc 3 #e2 #i 3 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #egd3 ,see1 for example1 ,exod4 #cd 3 #ab-af2 ,lev4 #ag 3 #g2 #bj 3 #e-h2 ,num4 #ae 3 #ci1 #dj2 ,deut4 #ca 3 #af2 ,judg4 #b 3 #ag2 #h 3 #bg1 #cc2 #b ,kings #i 3 #bb1 #bc2 #a ,chron4 #e 3 #be2 #b ,chron4 #ba 3 #aa2 ,psa4 #gc 3 #bg2 #ajf 3 #ch1 #ci2 ,isa4 #eg 3 #c2 ,jer4 #c 3 #a-ae1 #bj2 #ac 3 #bg2 ,ezek4 #f 3 #i2 #af 3 #a-fc2 #bj 3 #cj2 #bc 3 #a-di2 ,hos4 #a 3 #b2 #b 3 #b2 #c 3 #a2 #d 3 #ab-ai2 #e 3 #c1 #d2 #f 3 #f1 #g1 #aj4 ,footnote #ege3 ,jer4 #ca 3 #ca1 #cb2 also ,heb4 #h 3 #h1 #i4 ,footnote #egf3 ,ezek4 #af 3 #h4 ,footnote #egg3 ,exod4 #ab 3 #bb4 ,footnote #egh3 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith's ,religion of the ,semites1 pp4 #afi-agf1 and ,stade's ,geschichte1 p4 #dfj4 ,footnote #egi3 ,compare ,exod4 #cd 3 #ab-af2 ,deut4 #g 3 #e2 #ab 3 #c2 ,judg4 #c 3 #g2 #b ,kings #bc 3 #d2 #b ,chron4 #cc 3 #c1 etc4 ----- ,,vi4 ,,christian ,,passover4 #a4 ,,old ,,covenant ,,and ,,new4 ,in the ,new ,testament the rites and symbols of the ,old ,testament find recognition and explanation4 ,this is peculiarly true of the passover service4 ,it was a central fact in the gospel story4 ,the sacrifice1 or offering1 of ,jesus ,christ as the ,saviour1 was made at that season2#ehj and it was evident that he himself felt that it was essential that this be so4 ,he held back from ,jerusalem until the approach of the passover feast1 when he knew that his death was at hand4#eha ,and his last passover meal was made the basis of the new memorial and symbolic covenant meal with his disciples4#ehb ,the passover sacrifice is as prominent in the ,new ,testament as in the ,old4 ,paul1 familiar with ,jewish customs by study and experience1 writing to ,corinthian ,christians of their duty and privileges as members of the household of faith1 urges them to make a new beginning in their lives1 as the ,israelites made a new beginning on the threshold of every year at the passover festival1 with its accompanying feast of unleavened bread1 when all the lay-over leaven from a former state was put away4 8,purge out the old leaven10 he says1 8that ye may be a new lump1 even as ye are unleavened4 ,for our passover also hath been sacrificed1 even ,christ40#ehc #b4 ,,proffered ,,welcome ,,by ,,the ,,father4 ,the primitive passover sacrifice was an offering of blood by the head of the household on the threshold of his home1 as a token of his welcome to the guest who would cross over that blood and thereby become one with the family within4 ,it was not an outsider or a stranger who proffered a threshold sacrifice1 but it was the house-father who thus extended a welcome to one who was yet outside4 ,the welcoming love was measured by the preciousness of the sacrifice4 ,the richer the offering1 the heartier the welcome4#ehd ,in the ,egyptian passover the threshold sacrifice was a proffer of welcome to ,jehovah by the collective family in each ,hebrew home4 ,in the ,christian passover it was the sacrifice of the ,son of ,god on the threshold of the ,father's home1 the home of the family of the redeemed1 as a proffer of welcome to whoever outside would cross the outpoured blood1 and become a member of the family within4 ,therefore it is written3 8,god so loved the world1 that he gave his only begotten ,son1 that whosoever believeth on him should not perish1 but have eternal life40#ehe ,and 8for this cause10 says ,paul1 8,i bow my knees unto the ,father1 from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named40#ehf ,among primitive peoples1 as among the ,jews1 no indignity could equal the refusal of a proffered guest-welcome1 in a rude trampling on the blood of the threshold sacrifice1 instead of crossing over it reverently as a mode of its acceptance4 ,hence the peculiar force of the words of the ,jewish-,christian writer of the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 concerning the mistreatment of ,god's threshold sacrifice1 in the ,son of ,god offered as our passover3 8,a man that hath set at nought ,moses' law dieth without compassion on the word of two or three witnesses3 of how much sorer punishment1 think ye1 shall he be judged worthy1 who hath trodden under foot the ,son of ,god1 and hath counted the blood of the covenant1 wherewith he was sanctified separated from the outside world1 an unholy a common thing1 and hath done despite unto the ,spirit of grace80#ehg #c4 ,,bridegroom ,,and ,,bride4 ,all through the ,new ,testament1 ,jesus1 the outpouring of whose blood is 8our passover0 welcome from the ,father1 is spoken of as the ,bridegroom1 and his church as the ,bride4 ,his coming to earth is referred to as the coming of the ,bridegroom-as was the coming of ,jehovah to the ,virgin of ,israel in ,egypt4 ,he likened himself to a bridegroom4 ,and his coming again to his church is foretold as the meeting of the ,bridegroom and the ,bride4 ,john the ,baptist1 forerunner of ,jesus1 speaking of his mission as closing1 and that of ,jesus as opening out gloriously1 says3 8,ye yourselves bear me witness1 that ,i said1 ,i am not the ,christ1 but1 that ,i am sent before him4 ,he that hath the bride is the bridegroom3 but the friend of the bridegroom1 which standeth and heareth him1 rejoiceth greatly because of the bridegroom's voice3 this my joy therefore is fulfilled4 ,he must increase1 but ,i must decrease40#ehh ,jesus1 referring to the charge against his disciples1 that they did not fast1 as did the disciples of ,john1 said3 8,can the sons of the bride-chamber mourn1 as long as the bridegroom is with them8 but the days will come1 when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them1 and then will they fast40#ehi ,paul repeatedly refers to this relation between ,christ and his church3 8,the head of every man is ,christ2 and the head of the woman is the man2 and the head of ,christ is ,god40#eij 8,the husband is the head of the wife1 as ,christ also is the head of the church4444 ,husbands1 love your wives1 even as ,christ also loved the church1 and gave himself up for it4444 ,he that loveth his own wife loveth himself3 for no man ever hated his own flesh2 but nourisheth and cherisheth it1 even as ,christ also the church2 because we are members of his body4 ,for this cause shall a man leave his father and mother1 and shall cleave to his wife2 and the twain shall become one flesh4 ,this mystery is great3 but ,i speak in regard of ,christ and of the church40#eia ,in the ,apocalypse1 the inspired seer looking into the future1 at the consummation of the present age1 tells of the glorious vision before him1 when ,christ shall come to claim his own3 8,i heard as it were the voice of a great multitude1 and as the voice of many waters1 and as the voice of mighty thunders1 saying1 ,hallelujah3 for the ,lord our ,god1 the ,almighty1 reigneth4 ,let us rejoice and be exceeding glad1 and let us give the glory unto him3 for the marriage of the ,lamb is come1 and his wife hath made herself ready4 ,and it was given unto her that she should array herself in fine linen1 bright and pure3 for the fine linen is the righteous acts of the saints4 ,and he saith unto me1 ,write1 ,blessed are they which are bidden to the marriage supper of the ,lamb40#eib ,and again he says3 8,i saw the holy city1 new ,jerusalem1 coming down out of heaven from ,god1 made ready as a bride adorned for her husband4444 ,and there came one of the seven angels2 444 and he spake with me1 saying1 ,come hither1 ,i will shew thee the bride1 the wife of the ,lamb4 ,and he carried me away in the ,spirit to a mountain great and high1 and shewed me the holy city ,jerusalem1 coming down out of heaven from ,god1 having the glory of ,god3 444 having a wall great and high2 having twelve gates4 ,and ,i saw no temple therein3 for the ,lord ,god the ,almighty1 and the ,lamb1 are the temple thereof4444 ,and the gates thereof shall in no wise be shut by day 7for there shall be no night there73 and they shall bring the glory and the honor of the nations into it3 and there shall in no wise enter into it anything unclean1 or he that maketh an abomination and a lie3 but only they which are written in the ,lamb's book of life40#eic ,a closing declaration of the seer is1 that the church as the ,bride1 with the representative of the ,bridegroom until his coming1 waits and calls for his return3 8,the ,spirit and the bride say1 ,come4444 ,come1 ,lord ,jesus40#eid ,and so1 from the ,pentateuch to the ,apocalypse1 the ,scriptures1 ,hebrew and ,christian1 recognize and emphasize the primitive ,threshold ,covenant as the beginning of religious rites1 and as symbolic of the spirit of all true covenant worship4 #d4 ,,survivals ,,of ,,the ,,rite4 ,survivals of the primitive ,threshold ,covenant are found in various customs among ,oriental ,christians1 and ,christians the world over4 ,thus ,easter is still looked at in some regions as the continuance of ,passover1 and the blood on the threshold is an accompaniment of the feast4 ,among the modern ,greeks1 each family1 as a rule1 buys a lamb1 kills it1 and eats it on ,easter ,sunday4 8,in some country districts the blood of the lamb is sometimes smeared on the threshold of the house40#eie ,easter1 like the ,jewish ,passover1 is the threshold of the new ecclesiastical year4 ,at the ,church of the ,holy ,sepulcher1 in ,jerusalem1 a principal incident in the ,easter festivities is the bringing down of fire from heaven at the opening of the new ecclesiastical year4#eif ,this ceremony seems to be a survival of the primitive custom of seeking new life1 in its symbol of fire1 at the threshold of the home and of the new year1 in the ,east and in the ,west4#eig ,in the sacredness of the rite of the primitive ,threshold ,covenant there is added emphasis to the thought which causes both the ,roman ,catholic ,church and the ,greek ,church to count marriage itself a sacrament4 ,and thus again to the claim that a virgin who is devoted to a religious life is a 8spouse of ,christ10 and that her marriage to an earthly husband is adultery4#eih ,many another religious custom points in the same direction4 ----- ,footnote #ehj3 ,matt4 #bf 3 #a-e2 ,john #ac 3 #a4 ,footnote #eha3 ,matt4 #af 3 #ba2 #bf 3 #ag1 #ah2 ,john #b 3 #ac2 #g 3 #a-i4 ,footnote #ehb3 ,matt4 #bf 3 #ag-cj2 ,mark #ad 3 #ab-bh2 ,luke #bb 3 #g-bj4 ,footnote #ehc3 #a ,cor4 #e 3 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,see pp4 #c-e1 supra4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,john #c 3 #af4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,eph4 #c 3 #ad1 #ae4 ,footnote #ehg3 ,heb4 #aj 3 #bh1 #bi4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,john #c 3 #bh-cj4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,matt4 #i 3 #ad1 #ae2 ,mark #b 3 #ai1 #bj2 ,luke #e 3 #cd1 #ce4 ,footnote #eij3 #a ,cor4 #aa 3 #c4 ,footnote #eia3 ,eph4 #e 3 #bc-cc4 ,footnote #eib3 ,rev4 #ai 3 #f-i4 ,footnote #eic3 ,rev4 #ba 3 #a1 #b-i1 #ab1 #bb-bg4 ,footnote #eid3 ,ibid41 #bb 3 #ag1 #bj4 ,footnote #eie3 ,j4,g4 ,frazer in ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,i41 #bge4 ,footnote #eif3 ,see ,maundrell's ,journey1 pp4 #abg-aca2 ,hasselquist's ,voyages and ,travels1 pp4 #acf-ach2 ,thomson's ,land and ,book1 ,,ii41 #eef f42 ,stanley's ,sinai and ,palestine1 pp4 #dfd-dfi4 ,footnote #eig3 ,see pp4 #bb f41 #ci-dd1 supra4 ,footnote #eih3 ,see ,smith and ,cheetham's ,dict4 of ,christian ,antiq41 art4 8,nun40 ----- ,,vii4 ,,outgrowths ,,and ,,perversions ,,of ,,this ,,rite4 #a4 ,,elemental ,,beginnings4 ,apart from the mooted question of the origin and development of man as man1-whether it be held that he came into being as an incident in the evolutionary progress of the ages1 or that his creation was by a special fiat of the ,author of all things1-it is obvious that there was a beginning1 when man first appeared as a higher order of being than the lower animals then in existence4 ,the distinguishing attribute of man1 as distinct from the lower animals at their best1 is the capacity to conceive of spiritual facts and forces4 ,even at his lowest estate man is never without an apprehension of immaterial and supernatural personalities1 intangible yet real and potent4 ,the lower animals at their highest1 and under the most effective training1 give no indication of the possibility of such a conception on their part4 ,both the ,bible record and the disclosed facts of science show man at the start in a primitive state1 with only elemental beginnings of knowledge or thought or skill4 ,no claim is made for him1 by any advocate of his pre-eminence in creation1 that he then had skill in the arts1 or attainment in civilization1 or that he was possessed of a religious theory or ritual of even the simplest character4 ,it is a matter of interest and importance to trace the course of man's progress from the first to the present time1 and to see how the good and the evil showed themselves along the line1 from the same germs of thought and conduct rightly used or misused4 ,the primitive rite of the ,threshold ,covenant1 here brought out as initial and germinative1 seems to present a reasonable solution of the observed course in religious development and in religious perversions in the history of mankind from the beginning until now4 ,before primitive man could have concerned himself seriously with the course of the heavenly bodies1 or the changes of the seasons1 or the points of compass and the correspondent shifting of the winds1 he must have recognized the sacred mystery of life and its transmission4 ,it would seem that a covenant involved in the union of twain made one over outpoured blood1 with power from the ,author of life for the transmission of life1 must have been the primal religious rite that brought man's personal action into the clear light of a covenant relation with his ,creator4 ,every subsequent development of the religious idea1 good and bad1 pure and impure1 would seem to be traceable as an outgrowth1 or as a perversion1 of this elemental religious rite4 #b4 ,,main ,,outgrowths ,it would seem clear that the primal idea of a covenant union between two persons1 and between those persons and their ,god1 was found in the initial and primitive rite of marriage1 with its outpoured blood1 or gift of life1 on the threshold of being2 and that this rite contained in itself the germs of covenanting and of sacrifice1 and the idea of an altar and a sacrament1 where1 and by which1 man and ,god were brought into loving communion and union4 ,thus the beginning of religious rites was found in the primal ,threshold ,covenant as here portrayed4 ,out of this beginning came all that is best and holiest in the thought of sacrifice and sacrament and spiritual communion4 ,the very highest development of religious truth1 under the guidance of progressive revelation from ,god1 and of man's growth in thought and knowledge with the passing ages1 is directly in the line of this simple and germinal idea4 ,both the ,bible record and the record of outside history tend to confirm this view of religious rites in their beginning and progress4 ,new life as a consequence of blood1 or life1 surrendered in holy covenanting1 is a natural inference or outgrowth of the truth of the primal ,threshold ,covenant4 ,thus the thought of life after death1 in the resurrection or in metempsychosis1 comes with the recognition of the simple fact of the results of covenant union in the sight1 and with the blessing1 of the ,author of life1 in the rite of the ,threshold ,covenant4#eii ,the transference of the altar of threshold covenanting1 from the persons of the primary pair in the family to the hearthstone or entrance threshold of the home or family doorway1 with the accompaniment of fire as a means of giving and sustaining life to those who sat at the common table or altar1 in the covenant meal or sacrament of hospitality1 brought about the custom of sacramental communion feasts with guests human and divine4 ,and so1 also1 there came the rites of worship1 with the altar of burnt sacrifice or of incense1 and the marriage torch1 and the doorway fire1 and the threshold or hearthstone covenant at a wedding4 ,out of this thought there came gradually and naturally the prominence of the altar and the altar fire in private and public worship1 as it obtains both in the simpler and in the more gorgeous ecclesiastical rituals4#fjj ,in conjunction with the place of fire on the family altar in the ,threshold ,covenant1 there came naturally the recognition of fire and warmth and light as gifts of ,god for the promotion and preservation of life to those who were dependent on him4 ,thus the sun as the life-giving fire of the universe came to be recognized as a manifestation of ,god's power and love4 ,its agency in bringing new life after death1 in the course of the changing seasons1 led men to connect the movements of the heavenly bodies with ,god's dealings with man in the line of his covenant love4 ,the too common mistake has been of thinking of this view of celestial nature as the origin of man's religious rites1 instead of as an outgrowth of the primal religious rite1 which antedated man's study of1 or wonder over1 the workings of the elements and the course of the heavenly bodies4 ,in summing up the results of such a study as this1 of primitive customs and their outgrowth1 it is necessary only to suggest a few of the more prominent lines of progress from the elemental beginning1 leaving it to the student and thinker to follow out these1 and to find others1 in his more careful and further consideration of the subject in its varied ramifications4 ,it is sufficient now to affirm that the ,old ,testament and the ,new point to this primitive rite of the ,threshold ,covenant as a basis of their common religious ritual2 and that gleams of the same germinal idea show themselves in the best features of all the sacred books of the ages4 ,it would be easy1 did time and space allow1 to follow out in detail the indications that all modes of worship in sacrifice1 in oblation1 in praise1 and prayer1 in act and in word1 are but natural expressions of desire for covenant union with ,deity1 and of joy in the thought of its possession1 as based on the fact of such covenanting sought and found in the primal religious rite of the human race4 #c4 ,,chief ,,perversions4 ,with the world as it is1 and with man as he is1 every possibility of good has a corresponding possibility of evil4 ,good perverted becomes evil4 ,truth which1 rightly used1 proves a savor of life1 will1 when misused1 prove a savor of death4#fja ,and that which is a symbol of truth becomes a means of misleading when looked at as if it were in itself the truth4 ,the primitive ,threshold ,covenant as an elemental religious rite was holy and pure1 and had possibilities of outgrowth in the direction of high spiritual attainment and aspiring4 ,but the temptation to uplift the agencies in this rite into objects deemed of themselves worthy of worship resulted in impurity and deterioration1 by causing the symbol to hide the truth instead of disclosing it4 ,among the earliest forms of a temple as a place of worship was the ziggurat1 or stepped pyramid1 erected as a mighty altar1 with its shrine1 or holy of holies1 at the summit1 wherein a bride of the gods awaited the coming of the deity to solemnize the primal ,threshold ,covenant in expression of his readiness to enter into loving communion with the children of men4#fjb ,from this custom the practice of ,threshold ,covenanting at the temple doorways became incumbent on women of all conditions of society at certain times1 and under certain circumstances1 in certain portions of the world1 as a proof of their religious devotion1#fjc and thus there grew up all the excesses of sacred prostitution in different portions of the world4#fjd ,the prominence given to the two factors in the primitive ,threshold ,covenant as a sacred religious act1 led to the perversion of the original idea by making the factors themselves objects of reverence and worship2 and separately1 or together1 they came to be worshiped with impure and degrading accompaniments4 ,reverence for the phallus1 or for phallic emblems1 shows itself in the earliest historic remains of ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,india1 ,china1 ,japan1 ,persia1 ,phrygia1 ,phoenicia1 ,egypt1 ,abyssinia1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,germany1 ,scandinavia1 ,france1 ,spain1 ,great ,britain1 ,north and ,south ,america1 and the ,islands of the ,sea4 ,it were needless to attempt detailed proof of this statement1 in view of all that has been written on the subject by historians1 archologists1 and students of comparative religions4#fje ,it is enough to suggest that the mistake has too often been made of supposing that this 8phallic worship0 was a primitive conception of a religious truth1 instead of a perversion of the earlier and purer idea which is at the basis of the highest religious conceptions1 from the beginning until now4 ,quite as widely extended1 in both time and space1 as the worship of the phallus as the symbol of masculine potency1 is the recognition of the tree of life as the symbol of feminine nature in its fruit-bearing capacity4 ,a single tree1 or a grove of trees1 or the lotus flower1 the fig1 or the pomegranate1 with the peculiar form of their seed capsules1 appear in all the earlier religious symbolisms1 over against the phallus in its realistic or its conventional forms1 as representative of reproductive life4#fjf ,in ancient ,assyrian sculpture the most familiar representation of spiritual blessing was of a winged deity with a basket and a palm cone1 touching with the cone a sacred tree1 or again the person of a sovereign1 as if imparting thereby some special benefit or power4 ,this representation was long a mystery to the archeologist1 but a recent scholar has shown that it is an illustration of a practice common in the ,east to-day1 of carrying a cone of the male palm to a female palm tree1 in order to vitalize it by the pollen4#fjg ,the cone is one of the conventional forms of the phallus1 worshiped as a symbol in the temples of the goddesses of the ,east in earlier days and later4#fjh ,hence this ancient ,assyrian representation is an illustration of the truth that the primitive threshold covenant was recognized as the type of divine power1 and covenant blessing1 imparted to ,god's representative1 under the figure of the phallus and the tree4 ,it would seem1 indeed1 that the pillar and the tree came to be the conventional symbols of the male and female elements erected in front of an altar of worship1#fji and that1 in the deterioration of the ages1 these symbols themselves were worshiped1 and their symbolism was an incentive to varied forms of impurity1 instead of to holy covenanting with ,god and in ,god's service4 ,therefore these symbols were deemed by true worshipers a perversion of an originally sacred rite1 and their destruction was a duty with those who would restore ,god's worship to its pristine purity4 ,thus the command to ,jehovah's people as to their treatment of the people of ,canaan was3 8,take heed to thyself1 lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land whither thou goest1 lest it be for a snare in the midst of thee3 but ye shall break down their altars1 and dash in pieces their pillars or male symbols1 and ye shall cut down their ,asherim or trees as a female symbol3 for thou shalt worship no other god3 for the ,lord ,jehovah1 whose name is ,jealous1 is a jealous ,god3 lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land1 and they go a whoring after their gods40#faj ,here is a distinct reference to the primitive ,threshold ,covenant in its purity and sacredness1 and to its perversion in the misuse of the phallus and tree in their symbolism4 ,again the command was explicit to the ,israelites3 8,thou shalt not plant thee an ,asherah of any kind of tree beside the altar of the ,lord thy ,god1 which thou shalt make thee4 ,neither shalt thou set thee up a pillar2 which the ,lord thy ,god hateth40#faa ,from the earliest historic times the serpent seems to have been accepted as a symbol of the nexus of union between the two sexes1 and to be associated1 therefore1 with the pillar and the tree1 as suggestive of the desire that may be good or evil1 according to its right or wrong direction and use4 ,its place as a symbol has been at the threshold of palace and temple and home1 with limitless powers of evil in its misuse4#fab 8,mighty snakes standing upright10 together with 8mighty bulls of bronze0 were 8on the threshold of the gates0 in ancient ,babylon4#fac ,a serpent wreathed the phallus boundary stone 7as if suggestive of its being a thing of life7 on the threshold of ,babylonian domains4#fad ,as a symbol of life and life-giving power the serpent stood erect above the head of the mightiest kings of ,egypt1 who gave and took life at their pleasure1#fae and it even accompanied the winged sun-orb in its manifestation of light and warmth and life over the grandest temples of ancient ,thebes4#faf ,the ,egyptian goddess ,ket1 or ,kadesh1 8,mistress of ,heaven10 a divinity borrowed from the ,semites1 was represented as standing on a lioness1 with lotus flowers1 their stems coiled in circular form1 in her right hand1 and two serpents in her left hand1 as she came with her offering to ,min1 or ,khem1 the god of generative force4#fag ,a similar representation of a goddess of life is found in ancient ,assyrian remains4 ,in the representation of ,nergal1 the lord of the under world1 in the ancient ,babylonian mythology1 the phallus and the serpent were identical4#fah ,beltis-,allat1 consort of ,nergal1 and lady of the under world1 brandished a serpent in either hand4 ,she was guardian of the waters of life which were under the threshold of the entrance of her realm4#fai ,that which was primarily a holy instinct became1 in its perversion1 a source of evil and a cause of dread2 hence the serpent became a representative of evil itself1 and the conflict with it was the conflict between good and evil1 between light and darkness4 ,this is shown in the religions of ancient ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 and ,india1 and ,phnicia and ,greece1 and ,mexico and ,peru1 and various other countries4#fbj ,vishnoo and his wife ,lakshmi1 from whom1 according to ,hindoo teachings1 the world was produced1 and by whom it continues or must cease1 are represented as seated on a serpent1 as the basis of their life and power4#fba ,siva1 also1 giver and destroyer of life1 is crowned with a serpent1 and a serpent is his necklace1 while the symbol of his worship is the linga in yoni4#fbb ,a mode of ,hindoo worship includes the placing of a stone linga between two serpents1 and under two trees1 the one a male tree and the other a female tree4#fbc ,and in various ways the serpent appears1 in connection with different ,hindoo deities1 as the agent of life-giving or of life-destroying4#fbd ,a suggestive representation of ,booddha as the conqueror of desire shows him seated restfully on a coiled serpent1 the hooded head of which is a screen or canopy above his head4#fbe ,apollo1 son of ,zeus1 was the slayer of the man-destroying serpent at ,delphi2 yet the serpent1 when conquered1 became a means of life and inspiration to others4#fbf sculapius1 the god of healing1 a son of ,apollo1 was represented by the serpent because he gave new life to those who were dying4 ,serpents were everywhere connected with his worship as a means of healing4#fbg ,the female oracle who represented ,apollo at ,delphi sat on a tripod formed of entwined serpents4#fbh ,serpents on the head of ,medusa were a means of death to the beholder2 and these serpents were given to ,medusa instead of hair because of her faithlessness and sacrilege in the matter of the ,threshold ,covenant4#fbi ,thus the good and the evil in that which the serpent symbolized were shown in the religions of the nations of antiquity1 and serpent worship became one of the grossest perversions of the idea of the primitive ,threshold ,covenant4 ,as in the matter of phallic worship and tree worship1 so in this of the worship of the serpent1 it would seem unnecessary to multiply illustrations of its prominence in various lands1 when so many special treatises on the subject are already available4#fcj ,it is only necessary to emphasize anew the fact that the evident thought of the symbol is an outgrowth or a perversion of the idea of the primitive ,threshold ,covenant4 ,the form of the ,bible narrative1 portraying the first temptation and the first sin1 seems to show how early the symbolism of the tree and the serpent was accepted in popular speech4 ,from that narrative as it stands it would appear that the first act of human disobedience was incontinence1 in transgression of a specific command to abstain1 at least for a time1 from carnal intercourse4 ,desire1 as indicated by the serpent1 prompted to an untimely partaking of the fruit of the forbidden tree1 and the consequences of sin followed4 ,the results of this act of disobedience1 as recorded in the sacred text1#fca make evident the correctness of this view of the case4 ,when the ,bible narrative was first written1 whenever that was1 the terms 8tree10#fcb 8fruit0 of the tree1#fcc 8knowledge10#fcd 8serpent10 were familiar figures of speech or euphemisms1 and their use in the ,bible narrative would not have been misunderstood by readers generally4 ,probably there was no question as to this for many centuries4 ,it was not until the dull prosaic literalism of the ,western mind obscured the meaning of ,oriental figures of speech that there was any general doubt as to what was affirmed in the ,bible story of the first temptation and disobedience4#fce ,philo ,judus at the beginning of the ,christian era1 seems to understand this as the meaning of the narrative in ,genesis1 and he applies the teachings of that narrative accordingly4#fcf ,there are indications that the rabbis looked similarly at the meaning of the ,bible text4 ,there are traces of this traditional view in different ,jewish writings4#fcg ,evidently the original meaning was still familiar in the early ,christian ages4 ,but its becoming connected with false doctrines and heresies1 as taught by the ,ophites and other ,gnostic sects1 seems to have brought the truth itself into disrepute1 and finally led to its repudiation in favor of a dead literalism4#fch ,the curse resting on the serpent1 in consequence of the first sin of incontinence1 was the degradation of the primitive impulse1#fci unless uplifted again by divine inspiration4#fdj ,because of their breach of the covenant of divine love our first parents were expelled from their home of happiness1 and the guardians of the threshold forbade their return to it4#fda ,in the closing chapters of the ,new ,testament1 as in the opening chapters of the ,old1 the symbolism of the tree and the serpent1 and the covenant relations involved in crossing the threshold1 appear as familiar and well-understood figures of speech4 8,the dragon1 the old serpent1 which is the ,devil and ,satan10#fdb representing unholy desire1 is shut out from the precincts of the ,new ,jerusalem4 ,within the gates of that city is there the tree of life watered by the stream that flows from under the throne of power4#fdc ,the city threshold is the dividing line between light and darkness1 good and evil1 life and death4 8,blessed are they that wash their robes1 that they may have the right to come to the tree of life1 and may enter in by the gates into the city4 ,without are the dogs1 and the sorcerers1 and the fornicators1 and the murderers1 and the idolators1 and every one that loveth and maketh a lie40#fdd ,thus it is in the ,hebrew and ,christian ,scriptures1 at their beginning and at their close4 ,and there are traces of the same truth in the teachings of the various religions1 and of the more primitive customs and symbolisms4 ,the all-dividing threshold separates the within from the without2 and a covenant welcome there gives one a right to enter in through the gates into the eternal home1 to be a partaker of the tree of life1 with its ever-renewing and revivifying fruits4 ----- ,footnote #eii3 ,see 8,blood ,covenant10 pp4 #caj-cac4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,see pp4 #bb f41 #ci-dd1 #ii-afd1 supra4 ,footnote #fja3 #b ,cor4 #b 3 #af4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,see1 for example1 ,herodotus's ,history1 ,bk4 ,i41 chaps4 #aha1 #ahb4 ,see pp4 #aaa f41 supra4 ,footnote #fjc3 ,herodotus's ,history1 ,bk4 ,i41 chap4 #aii4 ,footnote #fjd3 ,see ,deut4 #be 3 #a-i4 ,see1 also1 chapter on 8,sacred ,prostitution0 in ,wake's ,serpent ,worship2 and ,professor ,w4,m4 ,ramsay's 8,holy ,city of ,phrygia10 in ,contemporary ,review for ,october1 #ahic4 ,footnote #fje3 ,see1 for example1 ,squier's ,serpent ,symbol2 ,forling's ,rivers of ,life2 ,westropp's and ,wake's ,ancient ,symbol ,worship2 ,knight's ,worship of ,priapus2 ,jennings's ,phallicism2 ,frazer's ,golden ,bough2 ,monier-,williams's ,brahmanism and ,hinduism1 and his ,buddhism2 ,griffis's ,religions of ,japan1 etc4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,see1 for example1 in addition to the books just cited1 ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship2 ,ohnefalach-,richter's ,kypros1 die ,bibel und ,homer2 ,hopkins's ,religions of ,india1 pp4 #ebg f41 #ecc1 #edj1 #edb4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,see ,dr4 ,e4,b4 ,tyler's article on 8,the ,winged ,figures of the ,assyrian and other ,ancient ,monuments10 in ,proceedings of the ,soc4 of ,bib4 ,arch41 ,,xii41 ,part #h1 pp4 #chc-cic2 ,dr4 ,bonavia's articles on 8,sacred ,trees10 in ,babylonian and ,oriental ,record1 ,,iii41 ,nos4 #a-d2 ,,iv41 ,nos4 #d1 #e2 and ,de ,lacouperie's articles on ,trees1 ibid41 ,,iv41 ,nos4 #e1 #aj1 #aa4 ,footnote #fjh3 ,see1 for example1 ,ohnefalach-,richter's ,kypros1 ,tafel-,band1 pl4 lxxxii41 figures #g1 #h2 ,donaldson's ,architectural ,medals of ,classic ,antiquity1 pp4 #aje-aji2 ,von ,lher and ,joyner's ,cyprus3 ,historical and ,descriptive1 p4 #aec f41 ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,history of ,art in ,phnicia and ,cyprus1 ,i41 #abc1 #bgf f41 #bha1 #bhd1 #cca f42 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith's ,religion of the ,semites1 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #fji3 ,compare ,w4 ,robertson's ,smith's ,religion of the ,semites1 p4 #dcg f4 ,footnote #faj3 ,exod4 #cd 3 #ab-ae2 ,deut4 #g 3 #e4 ,footnote #faa3 ,deut4 #af 3 #ba1 #bb4 ,footnote #fab3 ,there seems1 indeed1 to be a connection between the ,hebrew words1 miphtan1 8threshold10 and pethen1 8asp10 8adder10 or 8serpent10 as first pointed out to me by ,mr4 ,montague ,cockle4 ,although the verbal root is not preserved in the ,hebrew1 there is no valid reason for doubting that they go back to the same root4 ,in ,arabic1 the verb is preserved as pathana1 8to tempt40 ,its derivatives indicate the same meaning4 ,this would seem to confirm the connection of the primitive threshold1 the serpent1 and temptation4 ,in ,leland's ,etruscan ,roman ,remains 7p4 #aca f47 are citations from several ancient works1 and references to current ,italian traditions1 showing the supposed connection of the serpent with the threshold1 the phallus1 and married life1 that are in obvious confirmation of the views here expressed4 ,footnote #fac3 ,see p4 #aji f41 supra2 also1 ,schrader's ,keilinschriftliche ,bibliothek1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,pt4 #b1 p4 #gb f4 ,footnote #fad3 ,see1 for example1 ,rawlinson's ,cuneiform ,inscriptions of ,western ,asia1 ,,iii41 p4 #de4 ,footnote #fae3 ,see ,erman's ,life in ,anc4 ,egypt1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #faf3 ,ibid41 p4 #bei1 vignette illustration4 ,footnote #fag3 ,see ,wilkinson's ,anc4 ,egypt41 ,,iii41 #bce1 pl4 lv41 fig4 #b4 ,prisse's ,mon4 ,egypt1 pl4 xxxvii42 also ,layard's ,nineveh and its ,remains1 p4 #afi 7,am4 ed471 and ,w4 ,max ,mller's ,asien und ,europa1 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #fah3 ,see ,perrot and ,chipiez's ,history of ,art in ,chaldea and ,assyria1 ,i41 #cdi f4 ,see1 also1 ,layard's ,monuments1 ,series ii41 pl4 #e1 for representation of the conflict between ,marduk and ,tiamat4 ,the serpent is there shown on the feminine ,tiamat where it appears on the masculine ,nergal4 ,footnote #fai3 ,see ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 pp4 #fij-fif2 ,sayce's ,relig4 of ,anc4 ,babylonia1 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #fbj3 ,see ,sayce's ,relig4 of ,anc4 ,babylonia1 pp4 #bha-bhc2 ,wilkinson's ,anc4 ,egypt41 ,,iii41 #ada-aee2 ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 pp4 #e-gb2 ,squier's ,serpent ,symbol1 pp4 #acg-bed2 ,rville's ,native ,religions of ,mexico and ,peru1 pp4 #bi-cb1 #ec1 #aff4 ,footnote #fba3 ,see ,wilkins's ,hindu ,mythology1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,see ,wilkins's ,hindu ,mythology1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,maurice's ,indian ,antiq41 ,v4 #ahb f4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,ibid41 ,v4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,see frontispiece of ,sir ,monier ,monier-,williams's ,buddhism2 see1 also1 ,fergusson's article on 8,the ,amravati ,tope0 in 8,journal of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society10 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,pt4 #a1 pp4 #acb-aff4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,see ,keightley's ,mythology1 art4 8,phbus-,apollo40 ,footnote #fbg3 ,see 8sculapius10 in ,smith's ,classical ,dictionary4 ,footnote #fbh3 ,see ,herodotus's ,history1 ,bk4 ,,ix41 chap4 #ha4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,see 8,gorgones10 in ,smith's ,classical ,dictionary4 ,footnote #fcj3 ,see1 for example1 ,maurice's ,indian ,antiquities2 ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship2 ,forlong's ,rivers of ,life1 ,i41 #ic-cbb2 ,wake's ,serpent ,worship1 pp4 #ha-ajf4 ,footnote #fca3 ,gen4 #c 3 #g1 #aj-ac1 #af4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,see1 for example1 ,psa4 #abh 3 #c2 ,prov4 #c 3 #ah2 #aa 3 #cj2 ,ezek4 #ai 3 #aj4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,see1 for example1 ,gen4 #cj 3 #b2 ,deut4 #g 3 #ac2 #bh 3 #d1 #ah1 #ec2 #cj 3 #i2 ,psa4 #abg 3 #c2 #acb 3 #aa2 ,song of ,songs #d 3 #af2 ,isa4 #ac 3 #ah2 ,micah #f 3 #g2 ,acts #b 3 #cj4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,see1 for example1 ,gen4 #d 3 #a1 #ag1 #be2 #ch 3 #bf2 ,judg4 #aa 3 #ci2 #ai 3 #be2 #a ,sam4 #a 3 #ai2 #a ,kings #a 3 #d2 ,matt4 #a 3 #be4 ,footnote #fce3 ,gen4 #c 3 #a-ac4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,see1 for example1 ,philo ,judus's ,works1 8,on the ,creation10 ,i41 #ec-fj2 8,on the ,allegories of the ,sacred ,laws10 ,i41 #ae-bj2 8,questions and ,solutions10 ,i41 #ca-da4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,see1 for example1 ,midrasch ,bereschit ,rabba1 pararshah #ah1 #f1 in comments on ,gen4 #b 3 #be2 ,weber's ,die ,lehren d4 ,talmud 7ed4 #ahff71 pp4 #baj-bac4 ,footnote #fch3 ,see ,clement of ,alexandria's ,miscellanies1 ,,iii41 #ag2 also ,irenus's ,against ,heresies1 ,i41 #cj4 ,footnote #fci3 ,gen4 #c 3 #ad1 #ae4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,compare ,num4 #ba 3 #d-i2 #b ,kings #ah 3 #d2 ,john #c 3 #ad1 #ae4 ,footnote #fda3 ,gen4 #c 3 #bb-bd4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,rev4 #bj 3 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,ibid41 #ba 3 #a-bg2 #bb 3 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,ibid41 #bb 3 #ad1 #ae4 ----- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,appendix4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,appendix4 ,,significance ,,of ,,blood ,,in ,,the ,,marriage ,,rite4#fde ,in gypto ,superiori1 quemadmodum in aliis regionibus1 ubi mores prisci praeservati vigent1 matrimonium eousque non consummatur1 donec1 examine instituto1 sponsus sanguinem1 ceu testimonium virginitatis sponsae elicuerit4 ,linteolum quoddam singulare1 mucinii vel mappae speciem prae se ferens1 a parentibus sponsae ad obryssam hanc praeparatur4 ,quum sponsus vigilia nuptiarum sponsam convenit1 linteolum istud digito circumvolvit1 atque periculum virginitatis instituit4 ,sanguis linteolum maculis cruentans fit insigne ac testimonium sponsi autographum virginitatis sponsae intemeratae atque comprobatae1 necnon tessera eius in uxorem accitae4 ,ipsum linteolum1 manu sua cruenta quasi sigillo signatum1 parentibus1 qui illud1 tamquam indubitatum castitatis filiae suae virginalis servatae testimonium1 insimul et pignus sacri foederis sui connubii custodiant1 thesauri instar recondendum redditur4 ,receptio pignoris evidentiaeque tarn castitatis illibatae quam matrimonii iuncti1 inter amicos1 qui prae foribus cubiculi nuptialis adventum linteoli praestolantur1 causa exsistit gaudii laetitiaeque exsultantis4 ,verumenimvero si nec manamen sanguinis1 nec rubrum manus cruentatae vestigium occasione istiusmodi se prodiderint1 turba amicorum in limine conclavis nuptialis praestolantium1 loco exsultationis laetae moerore tristi luget atque plangorem eiulatumque saevum ciet2 aut vero silentium1 eloquens luctus indicium1 inter eos regnat1 nam dolor est illatus domui decore honoris orbatae1 cuius parem ne mors ipsa quidem gignere possit4 ,si res sic se habent1 sponsa libello repudii1 absque vinculo connubii1 a sponso dimittitur4 ,ast si digitus suus tactu cruore manante contaminetur1 ab ipso eo momento sua fit uxor1 etiamsi consummatio coniugii1 ut moris est1 ad usque triduum aut hebdomadem differatur4#fdf ,id quod foedus inter se suamque sponsam figit atque sancit1 est cruoris tactu sponsi eliciti profluvium4 ,meatum in penetralia suae essentiae incisione aperiens1 sponsus 8caedit foedus0 cum ea in conspectu sui ,creatoris1 ad litteram4#fdg ,sponsus 8nocte nuptiarum sanguinem virginalem offerens10 fit sponsus sanguineus1 8khatan damim40#fdh ,in hoc rerum statu divulsio est quod coniungit1 atque vestigium manus cruentum est quod instrumentum foederis subministrat4 ,sponsus1 loco proprii digiti ansa interdum clavis ianuae ligneae pristinae1 specie digito simili1 quae linteolo hoc obvolvitur1 examen instituit1 eo quod haec1 aperiendo penetralia intemerata1 quae penetrare#fdi praeter se liceat nemini1 actum reseratus imagine quadam symbolica significet4 ,signaculum tamen cruentum in linteolo utroque in casu eiusdem omnino est momenti4 ,pari modo camisia sponsae communis1 loco mucinii vel telae1 soluit notam manus cruentae recipere1 quae ut testimonium matrimonii identidem custodiri consuevit4 ,caeterum hae sunt moris vigentis variationes exiliores1 nec quae referantur dignae1 nisi ut declarent1 quam sint testimonia variorum1 qui haec perhibuerint1 secum pugnantia4#fej ----- ,footnote #fde3 ,see p4 #aif1 supra4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,vide ,lane's ,mod4 ,egypt41 ,,ii1 #bda2 item ,skertchley's ,dahomey ,as ,it ,is1 p4 #dii4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,foedus pangere ,hebraice ,karath idem sonat ac 8caedere40 ,vide ,gen4 #ae 3 #ag-ai2 #ba 3 #bb-bd1 etc4 ,vide etiam ,trumbull's ,blood ,covenant1 pp4 #bfe-bfg1 #cbb et seq41 ,lane's ,arab4 ,eng4 ,lex41 et ,freytag's ,lex4 ,arab4 ,latin1 s4 vv4 8,khatan10 8,khatana40 ,footnote #fdh3 ,vide ,fuerst's ,heb4 ,lex41 s4 v4 8,khatan20 etiam ,exod4 #d 3 #be1 #bf4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,burckhardt1 in suis ,proverbiis ,arabicis 7pp4 #aci seqq471 moris huius meminit2 ,lane autem in suo ,modern ,egyptians 7,i1 #bah7 idem perhibet4 ,verum ego loquar de quaestione e fontibus fide dignis testium integerrimorum4 ,burckhardt enim asserit 8clavim0 magis idoneam putari a plebecula in gypto ,superiori in examine hoc instituendo quam digitum4 ,footnote #fej3 ,burckhardt meminit differentiae cuiusdam huiusmodi2 constat tamen eum morem camisiam sponsae adhibendi nonnisi cognovisse4 ----- ,,exhibiting ,,the ,,evidences4 ,in ,syria1 veluti in gypto1 tela cruenta1 vel indusium sanguine maculatum loco probae castitatis testimoniique matrimonii habetur4 ,in ,sinis 8linteolum0 ferculo a famulo offertur sponso1 ubi is cubiculum nuptiale primum intrat1 quod his thalamo insternit1 parentibus sponsae1 sanguine inquinatum ad praeservandum traditurus4#fea ,apud ,dahomeanos thalamus1 nocte nuptiarum gossypina nova impressa 7vulgo 8calico07 consternitur1 postero autem die1 si cuncta e sententia successerint1 godo 7ligatura1 quae ,anglis 8,t bandage0 sonat7 ad amicos sponsae cum triumpho deportatur 444 dum sponsus lodiculam thalami exhibet4#feb ,in gypto indumenta nuptialia1 vestigiis manus cruentae notata1 8erant post nuptias supra fores domus rustici suspensa40#fec ,alias sponsa poterat postridie nuptiarum amicis se sistere indusio sanguine maculato supra alias vestes induta1 atque in responsum coram eis congratulantibus saltare rogata4#fed ,soluit1 porro1 indusium hoc amicis visum venientibus exhiberi1 aut vero ad examinandum a vicinis in domos circumferri4#fee ,mores consimiles in quibusdam etiam ,syriae partibus usuvenerunt4 ,ubi mappa vel pannus specialis in gypto ,superiori adhibetur1 haec1 quamprimum madere cruore contingat1 a sponso mulieribus praestolantibus foras exporrigitur4 ,mater sponsae1 eam obtentam marito tradit1 hic autem tiarae 7,turcis turban7 suae apponit1 seque primoribus senioribusque populi in aedibus suis ut hospites congregatis sistit4 ,hi1 testimonium istud illibatae filiae suae castitatis servatae intelligentes1 atque insimul eam nunc foedere matrimonii in uxorem accitam1 inclinatione reverenter facta1 ei apprecantes aiunt3 8,fidem facio40#fef ,in oris ,africae occiduis1 apud populos magis primaevos1 indumentum sanguine commaculatum vicinis exhiberi consuevit4 ,quinimo et apud humaniores ,christianorum gentes mos viget vestem hanc die ,solis post nuptias in fana1 ut a cunctis cernatur1 deferendi atque exhibendi4#feg ,siquidem absque veste hac cruentata indicium matrimonii est nullum4 ,ritus nuptiales apud veteres ,aztec atque ,nahuas1 gentes ,americae ,centralis1 a ritibus ,ariorum priscorum haud fuerunt absimiles4 ,quum enim sponsa a suis amicis ad novum deduceretur domicilium1 ibidem a sponso excipiebatur4 ,utrisque erat thuribulum thusque cremabant1 in matta coram focum domesticum simul sedentes4 ,tum sacerdos accessit1 atque eos ritu sacro in matrimonium coniugavit4 ,hinc se in fanum contulerunt1 in limine cuius sacerdotes praestolantes eos exceperunt4 ,in cubiculo proprio in fano morantes1 triduum tresque noctes exercitiis pietatis dediti1 secum ipsis transigere debebant1 tribus vetulis custoditi atque invigilati4 ,nocte quarta1 quum connubium consummandum erat1 sacerdotes duo thalamum suum praepararunt1 tumque relicti sunt secum ipsi soli4 8,nonnullis in locis proba virginitatis iuvencae postridie nuptiarum postulabatur4 ,in quibuslibet nuptiis moris erat ut sponsores cubiculum1 ubi nupturientes pernoctassent1 intrarent1 atque camisiam sponsae tradi postularent2 quam1 si cruore infectam reperissent1 foras proferrent1 perticae appenderent1 atque ceu testimonium1 sponsam virginem fuisse1 visui exhiberent2 tum choreae institutae totaque loca peragrata saltando1 debacchando summaque laetitia exsultando2 quae omnia #8camisiam saltare' appellari consueverunt4 ,si quando camisiam sanguine non maculari contigerit1 gaudia lacrymis ac plangori cesserunt locum1 non secus ac maledicta1 sugillationes dicteriaque soluerunt in sponsam iactari1 insimul vero et marito ius erat eam libello repudii donare40#feh 8,si ,muhammadanus puellam in uxorem ducit1 atque lege pacti connubialis eam virginem castam esse oportere stipulaverit1 indicia eiusdem interdum exigere consuevit4 ,quandoquidem familia eam1 casu quo indicio hoc caruerit1 repudio remittendam exspectare debeat1 pater sollicita cura cavebit ut habeat quo se1 si forte filia sua iacturam indicii virginitatis fecisset1 purgare possit4 ,halebii versanti mihi audire contigit ,arabem quemdam a ,cadi documentum impetrasse1 atque a testibus subsignari curasse1 quo ostenderetur filiam camelo delapsam detrimentum tulisse4 8,muhammadani1 de foeminis suis interrogati1 aegre invitique respondent4 ,attamen post longam diuturnamque cum iis consuetudinem1 data occasione1 contigit mihi hac de re cum quibusdam eorum disseruisse1 ex quo intellexi ,arabes humaniores linteaminibus sordidatis parum fidei praestare4444 ,viri interdum deliquium cruoris1 velut testimonium debilitatis propriae1 vulgo innotescere abnuunt4 8,muhammadanis in ,iemen atque in ,india persuasum est aiuntque lintea infecta visui offerre viro perquam dedecere4 ,nec profecto1 nisi curiositas muliebris atque agnati1 res huiusmodi insectantur4 ,a mente sana neminem tam alienum existimandum arbitrantur quam quibus haec praeservanda videantur4 ,proinde linteum hoc apud eos eluitur traditurque ut usui consueto inter linteamina domestica restituatur4 ,percontanti mihi ,iudaeus quidam de ,iudaeis et ,muhammadanis ,muscatensibus1 ,christianus vero aliquis de ,christianis et ,muhammadanis ,halebitis idem significaverat4 ,busrae tamen audisse mihi licuit dari mulieres ordinis plebeii1 quae tesseram hanc pristinae suae castitatis velut vindicias praeservare solitae sint1 nequis ganeo protervus de eius post pubertatem moribus quasi ambiguis sermocinari sibi praesumpserit40#fei ----- ,footnote #fea3 ,gray's ,china1 ,i1 #bjg4 ,footnote #feb3 ,skertchley's ,dahomey ,as ,it ,is1 p4 #dii4 ,footnote #fec3 ,lane's ,modern ,egyptians1 ,i1 #bba1 nota4 ,footnote #fed3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #fee3 ,burckhardt's ,arabic ,proverbs1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #fef3 ,facta haec a testibus fide dignis teneo4 ,footnote #feg3 ,haec testimonio sacerdotis thiopici in ,liberia nituntur4 ,footnote #feh3 ,bancroft's ,native ,races 78,civilized ,nations071 ,,ii1 #bef-bfa4 ,footnote #fei3 ,niebuhr's ,beschreibung von ,arabien1 pp4 #ce-ci4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,vide1 exempli causa1 ,burtonii ,alf ,laila va ,laila1 ,,ii1 #ej2 ,,iii1 #bhi4 ----- ,,substitute ,,blood ,,for ,,deception4 ,quum in ,arabia sponsa quaedam virginitatis orba sponso a parentibus imponitur1 mater sponsae turturillam clam iugulat1 eiusque sanguine camisiam sponsae1 antequam illa amicis visui exhibeatur1 tingit atque commaculat4 ,ad mores hos in fabulis 8,noctium ,mille et ,unius0 haud tam infrequenter referimur4#ffj ,burton haec interpretans ait3 8,vetus ac venerabilis consuetudo linteum nuptiale visendi in plurimis ,orientis regionibus pietate quadam religiosa adhuc praeservata viget2 in familiis enim ,muhammedanis1 moribus priscis addictis1 linteum hoc in gynaeceo1 ut cernatur1 expositum prostat1 ut 444 filiam marito illibatam se obtulisse ostendat testeturque4444 ,opinio popularis praevalet nullam sanguinem posse peritos1 h4 e4 matronas iuratrices1 fallere1 praeterquam sanguis turturillae1 utpote qui sanguini hymenaeo existimetur esse simillimus1 nisi indages adminiculo microscopii instituatur4 ,fides haec apud ,europae ,australis populos bene universa est1 tum etiam de re eadem in ,anglia quoque me audisse memini40#ffa ,burton porro subiungit3 8,arabes atque ,indi in diebus nostris linteum nuptiale indagare1 quemadmodum apud ,iudaeos ,persasque usuvenit1 raro sinunt4 ,sponsa mucinium candidum secum in lectum sumit1 ut habeat quo cruorem manantem sopiat1 postridie autem mane maculae in gynaeceo propalantur4 ,in ,darfuria vero1 regione ,africae1 hoc ipsum a sponso perficitur40#ffb ,apud ,morduinos1 gentem ,fennicam1 accolas ,rha1 mores prisci vigent4#ffc ,consuetudinem testimonium virginitatis exhibendi1 vel in eius locum sanguinem pulli gallinacei substituendi1 velut in partibus ,asiae atque ,africae1 in his ,europae ,septemtrione-,orientalis plagis ad usque modo reperiri licet4 8,in comitatu ,crasnaslobodsceno1 ,provinciae ,pensae1 mulier neo-nupta e thalamo arcessitur1 atque in camisia sua cruore commaculata 7si opus sit1 etiam sanguine pulli gallinacei7 a duabus amicis labrum vacuum secum baiulantibus1 vetulaque panem secum portante1 ad fluvium proximum deducitur4 ,in iis autem regionibus1 ubi ,morduini ,russorum moribus sunt magis imbuti1 hospites nuptiales1 quamprimum virginitas sit comprobata1 quidquid ipsis sub manus cadat1 ut suum gaudium reverentiamque rite significent1 confringunt atque comminuunt40#ffd ----- ,footnote #ffa3 ,vide1 exempli causa1 ,burtonii ,alf ,laila va ,laila1 ,,ii1 #ej1 nota4 ,footnote #ffb3 ,ibid41 ,,iii1 #bhi1 nota4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,vide p4 #cb-;dam supra4 ,footnote #ffd3 ,p4 von ,stenin3 8,die ,ehe bei den ,mordwinen10 in ,globus1 ,vol4 ,,lxv1 ,no4 #aa 7#ahid71 p4 #ahc4 ----- ,,public ,,performance ,,of ,,the ,,rite4 ,navarchus ,cook1 in ,chronico sui primi circum orbem itineris de ,fdere ,liminari1 ceu modo cultus publici in ,otaheita1 seu ,tahiti1 sequentia refert3 8,die #ad-mo 7,maii71 qui erat ,solis1 in castris cultum divinum celebrandum iussi2 maximopere desiderabamus ut principes ,indorum huic interessent1 at hi1 quum hora appropinquasset1 domum discesserunt4 ,verumtamen ,dus ,banks1 traiecto flumine1 ,tuburai ,tamaide suamque uxorem ,tomio1 secum reduxit1 fore enim sperabat1 ut cultus noster ab iis percontationes quasdam eliceret1 non secus ac nobis instrui liceret3 quum eos discumbere iussisset1 ipse in medio eorum discubuit1 qui durantibus ceremoniis suum agendi modum summa animadversione sunt prosecuti actionesque imitati2 stantes1 considentes1 genua flectentes1 prout eum facere videbant3 haud erant nimirum ignari apud nos quiddam solemnis agi atque serii1 ut hoc vel inde concludi potuerit1 quod hi suos populares praeter castra tripudiantes clamando ad silentiam servandum cohortati fuissent2 attamen cultu absoluto1 neuter percontabatur quid rei gestum esset1 nec ullis volebant tentaminibus res gestas explicandi aures praebere4 8,talia erant nostra officia matutina2 ,indi vero nostri vesperas toto coelo diversas iudicarunt esse offerendas4 ,vir quidam iuvenis1 procerus1 fere sex pedes1 ritus ,veneris cum pupula vix undenorum vel duodenorum annorum1 pluribus nostrum magnoque popularium numero coram intuentibus1 perfecit1 quin actum dedecere1 vel bonis adversari moribus senserit2 verum1 ut concludere licuit1 moribus illius regionis omnino congruenter4 ,erant autem in turba inspectante non paucae mulieres ordinum superiorum1 in specie autem ,oberea 7mulier principalis illius ,insulae1 quae primum regina esse reputabatur71 quae ad ceremonias ministrasse iure dici potest2 nam mulieres hae puellam monendo instituebant quemadmodum vidl4 sibi sua parte muneris obeundum esset40#ffe ,quum apud ,samoanos nuptiae cuiusdam optimatum in diebus primaevis celebrabantur1 partes agnatique sponsae in maroe1 seu foro publico congregabantur1 ubi sponsus1 cunctis intuentibus1 primam virginitatis sponsae obryssam instituit4 ,si documentum virginitatis ab eo exhiberi potuerat1 coetus omnis exsurrexit complosisque manibus sponsae gratulabundus acclamavit2 at1 si quo casu proba haec defuerit1 eam probris scommatibusque lacessiverant4 ,apud plebem humilem ritus his in aedibus privatis1 nec tanta pompa celebrabatur4#fff ----- ,footnote #ffe3 ,voyages of ,capt4 ,james ,cook1 ,i1 #ef4 ,footnote #fff3 ,turner's ,samoa a ,hundred ,years ,ago1 pp4 #ic-ie4 ----- ,,bible ,,testimony4 ,a distinct reference to the proofs of chastity1 in the blood-stamped cloth1 is found in the ,bible record of the ancient law of ,israel4 8,if any man take a wife1 and go in unto her1 and hate her1 and lay shameful things to her charge1 and bring up an evil name upon her1 and say1 ,i took this woman1 and when ,i came nigh to her1 ,i found not in her the tokens of virginity3 then shall the father of the damsel1 and her mother1 take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate3 and the damsel's father shall say unto the elders1 ,i gave my daughter unto this man to wife1 and he hateth her2 and1 lo1 he hath laid shameful things to her charge1 saying1 ,i found not in thy daughter the tokens of virginity2 and yet these are the tokens of my daughter's virginity4 ,and they shall spread the garment or cloth1 ,hebrew simlah before the elders of the city4 8,and the elders of that city shall take the man and chastise him2 and they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of silver1 and give them unto the father of the damsel1 because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of ,israel3 and she shall be his wife2 he may not put her away all his days4 ,but if this thing be true1 that the tokens of virginity were not found in the damsel3 then they shall bring out the damsel to the doors of her father's house1 and the men of the city shall stone her with stones that she die3 because she hath wrought folly in ,israel1 to play the harlot in her father's house40#ffg ----- ,footnote #ffg3 ,deut4 #bb 3 #ac-ba4 ----- ,,woman ,,as ,a ,,door4 ,in different languages and among various peoples there is1 as already suggested1#ffh an apparent connection between the terms1 and the corresponding ideas1 of 8woman0 and 8door10 that would seem to be a confirmation of the fact that the earliest altar was at the threshold of the woman1 and of the door4 ,thus1 in the ,song of ,songs #h 3 #h1 #i3- 8,we have a little sister1 ,and she hath no breasts3 ,what shall we do for our sister ,in the day when she shall be spoken for8 ,if she be a wall1 ,we will build upon her a turret of silver3 ,and if she be a door1 ,we will inclose her with boards of cedar40 ,job1 cursing the day of his birth1 says 7,job #c 3 #a-aj73 8,let the day perish wherein ,i was born1 ,and the night which said1 ,there is a man child conceived4444 ,neither let it behold the eyelids of the morning3 ,because it shut not up the doors of my mother's womb1 ,nor hid trouble from mine eyes40 ,referring to this passage1 the ,babylonian ,talmud 7,treatise ,bechoroth1 #de a7 quotes ,rabbi ,eliezer as saying1 8,just as a house has doors1 so also a woman has doors40 ,others say3 8,just as a house has keys miphteakh1 literally #8opener'1 so the woman has a key2 for it is said 7,gen4 #cj 3 #bb7 #8,god hearkened to her1 and opened a play upon patakh1 #8to open1' and miphteakh1 #8key' her womb4'0 ,the famous ,rabbi ,akibah says3 8,just as a house has hinges1 so there are hinges to a wife2 for it is written 7#a ,sam4 #d 3 #ai71 #8,she kneeled and gave birth1 for her hinges had turned' translating rm 7or tseereem7 as #8hinges' instead of #8pains'2 the word has the former meaning in ,proverbs #bf 3 #ad1 #8,as the door turneth upon its hinges1 so doth the sluggard upon his bed4'0 ,the ,talmudic treatise ,midd 7,mishna #b1 #e7 explains the different parts of the womb under the metaphors khdr1 8interior chamber20 prosdr1 8vestibule20 alyy1 8upper story40#ffi ,professor ,dr4 ,morris ,jastrow1 ,jr41 in citing these metaphors1 suggests that they coincide with the ,arabic and ,egyptian custom of using a key in the marriage rite1 as described at page #bdd4 ,critics have long puzzled over the seemingly contradictory uses of the ,hebrew word pth in two places in the ,old ,testament2 and the connection of 8woman0 and 8door0 with the parts thereof1 above suggested1 may aid in resolving the difficulty4 ,at #a ,kings #g 3 #ej1 in a list of the holy vessels of the house of the ,lord1 there are mentioned 8the hinges 7,heb41 pthth71 both for the doors of the inner house1 the most holy place1 and for the doors of the house1 to wit1 of the temple1 of gold40 ,at ,isaiah #c 3 #ag the same word poth is translated 8their secret parts10 in a reference to the humiliation of 8the daughters of ,zion40 ,it has been suggested by some that there was a corruption of the text in ,isaiah4 7,see ,delitzsch and ,dillmann1 in their commentaries at this place47 ,yet in view of the rabbinical uses of language1 the text would seem to be trustworthy4 ,pth is an 8opening10 of a woman or of a door4 ,additional light is thrown on the use of the term pth as 8opening0 and as 8hinge10 or 8socket10 when we bear in mind that the hinge of an ,oriental door was a hole1 or cavity1 or door socket1 on which the door turned1 in order to give an opening or entrance4 ,often these door sockets were made of metal1-bronze1 silver1 or gold4#fgj ,sometimes the entire thresholds1 in which were these sockets or 8basons10 were of metal4 ,if1 however1 the threshold was of stone or wood1 the socket1 or a plate with a depression in it1 was of metal4 ,the pth1 therefore1 when referring to a door1 was the metal plate or socket in the threshold on which the door turned as on a hinge4 ,it is1 indeed1 possible that the opening or cavity in the ancient stone or metal threshold was sometimes the bason1 or vessel1 into which the covenanting blood was poured4#fga ,in that case1 the correspondence of the opening of the woman1 and the socket of the threshold1 would be more obvious4 ,important inscriptions are usually found at or around these so-called 8door sockets10 in ,babylonian relics2 and there is still doubt in many minds whether these cavities were always hinge sockets4 ,the word 8hinges10 or 8hangers10 is at the best an inaccurate and misleading term1 as applied to the pivots or knuckles on which an ancient door swung in its socket4 ,ancient doors were not hung on hinges1 but they swung on pivots4 ,instead of a hinge1 there was a knuckle or pintle1 with a corresponding socket1 or cavity1 or opening1 in the threshold or door-sill4 ,both ,gesenius#fgb and ,stade#fgc give 8socket0 as one of the meanings of pth4 ,the plural1 pthoth1 of course1 refers to the sockets of two leaves of a double door on one threshold4 ,when ,samson was shut in at ,gaza by the ,philistines1 the double leaves of the city gate were held together by a bar1 without the lifting of which the doors could not be opened4 8,and ,samson lay till midnight1 and arose at midnight1 and laid hold of the doors of the gate of the city1 and the two posts the upright stiles1 at the bottom of which were the knuckles that turned in the threshold sockets1 and plucked them up1 bar cross-bar or latch and all1 and put them upon his shoulders1 and carried them up to the top of the mountain that is before ,hebron40#fgd ,i have in my possession a bronze door-socket and knuckle of an ancient gate or door1 unearthed from a mound in the vicinity of ,ghuzzeh1 the site of ancient ,gaza1 that meets this description4 ,illustration ,in primitive symbolism1 as shown in ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 and ,india1 the circle or ring1 like this socket1 represents woman4 ,it would be interesting1 in this connection1 to follow out the meanings and uses of the ,greek words 7puthmn71 root 7phu72 and 7phli71 doorpost1 root 7phli72 compare 7phle71 7philos74 ,it is evident that the twofold idea of the threshold of life1 and the threshold1 or sockets1 of the door1 is in the uses of these terms and their derivatives in earlier and later ,greek4 ,but only this suggestion can be made here4 ,the correspondence of 8woman0 and 8door10 or of 8wife0 and 8threshold10 in the ,arabic1 has already been pointed out4#fge ,a similar suggestion is in ,sanskrit terms4#fgf ,in ,germany1 even at the present time1 a common term for 8woman0 is 8woman chamber0 7frauenzimmer71 as in ,arabic hareema is a woman1 while hareem is the women's apartment4 ,a remark attributed to a prominent ,american clergyman1 as showing the naturalness of the figure of woman as a door1 is3 8,he who marries a wife opens a door1 through which unborn generations shall troop40 ,a ,chinese character is the representation of 8threshold10 of 8door10 and also of 8woman40#fgg ,it is suggested by the lexicographer that the origin of this character was a small door in a large gate1 as the inner door to the hareem or women's apartments2 but it seems probable1 from the correspondence of this twofold idea with the primitive thought of woman as the door of humanity1 that the ,chinese character must have had an origin prior to that degree of civilization which recognized such a classification in household apartments4 ,the combination of 8door0 and 8border0 is another ,chinese character#fgh that stands for 8threshold0 or 8door-sill40#fgi ,confucius said that this threshold 8should not be trodden on when walking through0 the door4 ----- ,footnote #ffh3 ,see1 for example1 #aig f41 supra4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,see also citations from ,buxtorf at p4 #bjj1 supra4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,see pp4 #abg1 #acb f41 #bjg f41 supra4 ,footnote #fga3 ,see p4 #bjg f41 supra4 ,footnote #fgb3 ,handwrterbuch1 ,mlhan and ,volck1 #aath ed41 s4 v4 ,footnote #fgc3 ,woerterbuch u4 ,alt4 ,test41 s4 v4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,judges #af 3 #c4 ,footnote #fge3 ,see p4 #bjj1 supra4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,see p4 #aig f41 supra4 ,footnote #fgg3 'kw' un ,footnote #fgh3 y ,footnote #fgi3 ,see ,s4 ,wells ,williams's ,syllabic ,dictionary of the ,chinese ,language1 pp4 #dif1 #aada4 ----- ,,symbolism ,,of ,,the ,,two ,,sexes4 ,as showing the antiquity1 as well as the universality1 of the symbolism of the two sexes as the source of life1 in connection with reverent worship1 an illustration of the ancient ,egyptian ,book of the ,dead is noteworthy4 ,in a vignette on ,chapter ,,cxxv1 in the ,papyrus ,ani1 a worshiper1 is represented before the throne of ,osiris1 in the ,hall of ,righteousness1 with uplifted hands1 in token of covenant worship1 while his offering is a lotus flower1 the symbol of fecundity1 laid on the conventional phallus1 the symbol of virility4#fhj ,this vignette is reproduced on the cover of this volume4 ,the lotus flower has the same signification in ,assyria and ,india as in ,egypt4#fha ,the pine cone1 which1 as the symbol of virility and vitalizing force1 was prominent in the ancient ,assyrian sculptures1 as also in the ,phenician and ,grecian cults1#fhb was likewise to be found in ancient ,rome4 ,an enormous bronze pine cone1 eleven feet high1 probably older than the ,christian era1 still ornaments a fountain in the gardens of the ,vatican4 ,lanciani says3 8,pope ,symmachus1 who did so much toward the embellishment of sacred edifices in ,rome 7between #dih and #ead71 removed the pine cone from its ancient place1 most probably from ,agrippa's artificial lake in the ,campus ,martius1 and used it for adorning the magnificent fountain which he had built in the center of the so-called #8,paradise' of ,s4 ,peter's1 viz41 in the center of the square portico in front of the basilica40#fhc ,among the ,pompeian relics in the ,royal ,museum at ,naples is a representation of a woman making an offering to ,priapus in order to be cured of sterility4 ,she brings a pine cone1 while her husband is near her4#fhd ,evidences of the fact that boundary posts1 landmarks1 and milestones were intended to represent the phallus at the threshold in the ,roman empire1 as in the far ,east1 abound among the same relics in the ,neapolitan ,museum4#fhe ----- ,footnote #fhj3 ,le ,page ,renouf's ,book of the ,dead in ,proceedings of the ,society of ,biblical ,archaeology1 for ,november1 #ahie4 ,plate xxxi4 ,footnote #fha3 ,see pp4 #aii1 #bcd1 supra4 ,footnote #fhb3 ,see ,barker's ,lares and ,penates2 ,or1 ,cilicia and its ,governors1 p4 #bag f42 also see p4 #bca f41 supra4 ,footnote #fhc3 ,lanciani's ,ancient ,rome1 p4 #bhf f4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,ain's ,herculaneum et ,pompi1 ,tome ,,viii1 ,planche #ef1 facing p4 #bba4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,ibid41 ,pl4 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #cj1 #ci1 #da1 #dd1 #dh1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #ei4 ----- ,,symbolism ,,of ,,tree ,,and ,,serpent4 ,a striking confirmation of the view taken in this work of the symbolism of the serpent1 as the nexus between the two sexes1 the female being represented by the fig-tree1 and the male by the upright stone1 or pole1#fhf is found in an ancient religious custom in ,mysore1 ,india4 ,captain ,j4,s4,f4 ,mackenzie contributed an interesting paper on this subject to the 8,indian ,antiquary40#fhg 8,round about ,bangalore1 more especially towards the ,lal ,bagh and ,petta1-as the native town is called1-three or more stones are to be found together1 having representations of serpents carved upon them4 ,these stones are erected always under the sacred fig-tree by some pious person1 whose means and piety determine the care and finish with which they are executed4 ,judging from the number of the stones1 the worship of the serpent appears to be more prevalent in the ,bangalore district than in other parts of the province4 ,no priest is ever in charge of them4 ,there is no objection to men doing so1 but from custom1 or for some reason1-perhaps because the serpent is supposed to confer fertility on barren women1-the worshiping of the stones1 which takes place during the ,gauri feast1 is confined to women of all ,hindu classes and creeds4 ,the stones1 when properly erected1 ought to be on a built-up stone platform facing the rising sun1 and under the shade of two peepul 7,ficus religiosa7 trees1-a male and female growing together1 and wedded by ceremonies1 in every respect the same as in the case of human beings1-close by1 and growing in the same platform a nimb 7margosa7 and bipatra 7a kind of wood-apple71 which are supposed to be living witnesses of the marriage4 ,the expense of performing the marriage ceremony is too heavy for ordinary persons1 and so we generally find only one peepul and a nimb on the platform4 ,by the common people these two are supposed to represent man and wife40 ----- ,footnote #fhf3 ,see pp4 #bcj-bdj1 supra4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,cited in ,notes and ,queries1 fifth series1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #dfc4 ----- ,,covenant ,,of ,,threshold-,,crossing4 ,an ,american gentleman traveling among the ,scandinavian immigrants in ,wisconsin and ,minnesota1 was surprised to see their house doors quite generally standing open1 as if they had no need of locks and bolts4 ,he argued from this that they were an exceptionally honest people1 and that they had no fear of thieves and robbers4 ,a ,scandinavian clergyman1 being asked about this1 said that they had thieves in that region1 but that thieves would not cross a threshold1 or enter a door1 with evil intent1 being held back by a superstitious fear of the consequences of such a violation of the covenant obligation incurred in passing over the threshold4 ,i asked a native ,syrian woman1 8,if a thief wanted to get into your house to steal from you1 would he come in at the door1 if he saw that open80 8,oh1 no60 she answered1 8he would come in at the window1 or would dig in from behind40 8,why wouldn't he come in at the door80 ,i asked4 8,because his reverence would keep him from that10 she said1 in evident reference to the superstitious dread of crossing a threshold with evil intent1-a dread growing out of an inborn survival of reverence for the primitive altar1 with the sacredness of a covenant entered into by its crossing4 ,the very term commonly employed in the ,new ,testament for thieving indicates the 8digging through0 a building1 instead of entering by the door4 8,lay not up for yourselves treasures upon the earth1 where moth and rust doth consume1 and where thieves break through literally1 dig through2 ,greek1 dioruss and steal40#fhh 8,if the master of the house had known in what hour the thief was coming1 he would have watched1 and not have left his house to be digged through40#fhi ,canon ,tristram tells of an ,adwan shaykh who was proud of being a 8robber10 a 8highwayman10 but who resented the idea that he was a 8thief10-a 8sneak thief40 8,i am not a thief10 he said2 8,i do not dig into the houses of fellaheen in the night4 ,i would scorn it4 ,i only take by force in the day time4 ,and1 if ,god gives me strength1 shall ,i not use it80 ,canon ,tristram adds3 8,a #8thief1' as distinguished from a #8robber1' would never think of attempting to force the door1 but would noiselessly dig through a wall in the rear1-a work of no great labor1 as the walls are generally of earth1 or sun-dried bricks1 or1 at best1 of stone imbedded in turf instead of in mortar40#fij ,a former missionary in ,palestine#fia says3 8,digging through the wall is the common method pursued by housebreakers in ,palestine1 and1 save in the cities1 the operation is not one of great difficulty4 ,windows1 in our sense1 do not exist in the houses of the villagers2 444 but the walls1 built of roughly broken stones and mud1 are easily1 and by a skilled hand almost noiselessly1 penetrated4 ,one night1 about midnight1 ,i was driven from my resting-place under a stunted olive-tree in the plain of ,sharon by a terrific thunderstorm1 and took refuge in the miserable fellahy village of ,kalansaweh4 ,a good woman unbarred her door and admitted me to a single apartment1 in which1 on the ground level1 were several sheep and cattle1 with an ass1 and on the higher level a pretty large family asleep1 all dimly discerned by the light of a little oil lamp stuck in a crevice of the wall4 ,the atmosphere was awful4 ,i asked why they did not have a window or opening in the wall4 ,the woman held up her hands in amazement4 #8,what6' she exclaimed1 #8and assist the robbers 8thieves08'444 ,the robbers #8thieves'1 she explained1 were the ,arabs in the plain4 ,greater rascals do not exist4 ,they were great experts1 she explained1 in #8digging through' the houses2 to put a window in the wall would only tempt them1 and facilitate their work40 ,now1 as of old1 among the more primitive pastoral people of ,palestine1 8,he that entereth not by the door into the fold of the sheep1 but climbeth up some other way1 the same is a thief and a robber4444 ,the thief cometh not1 but that he may steal1 and kill1 and destroy40#fib ,i remember now1 what ,i did not realize the meaning of at the time1 that while ,i was journeying in ,arabia we did not set a watch before the entrance of our tents1 when we were near a village2 but the guards were at the rear of the tents1 to watch against thieves1 who would crawl underneath the canvas to steal what they might4 ,it seems to have been a custom in medieval times1 and probably earlier1 for the besiegers in war time to endeavor to enter a city which they would sack through a breach in the walls1 or by scaling the walls1 rather than by entering the gates4 ,on the other hand1 if a conqueror would protect the inhabitants of a captured city1 he would pass in through the opened gates4 ,to deliver up the keys of the city gates to a hostile commander was equivalent to capitulating or making formal terms of surrender4 ,in the military museum at ,berlin are preserved the keys of cities captured by the emperors of ,germany at various times along the centuries4 ,there is a trace of this custom of besiegers1 even in ,old ,testament times1 in the injunctions to ,israel with reference to its warfares3 8,when thou drawest nigh unto a city to fight against it1 then proclaim peace unto it proffer quarter4 ,and it shall be1 if it make thee answer of peace1 and open the gates unto thee1 then it shall be1 that all the people that is found therein shall become tributary unto thee1 and shall serve thee4 ,and if it will make no peace with thee1 but will make war against thee1 then thou shalt besiege it3 and when the ,lord thy ,god delivereth it into thine hand1 thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword40#fic ,it has been suggested on a former page1#fid but perhaps not sufficiently explained1 that this idea of subjecting one's self to the covenant obligations of citizenship by passing through the city gates1 over the threshold1 had to do with the ,grecian custom of welcoming back to his own city the victor in the ,olympian games through a breach in the walls1 instead of through the gate4 ,the meaning of this ,greek custom 7continued in ,rome7 was not clear in the days of ,plutarch1 and he1 in seeking to account for it1 suggests that it may have been intended to show that a city having such men among its citizens needed no walls of defense4#fie ,but1 as they rebuilt their walls after the entrance of the victor1 this explanation is not satisfactory4 ,the world-wide recognition of the covenant obligations of a passage through a gate over the threshold is a more satisfactory explanation4 ,if the victor1 on returning in triumph from the games1 were to enter his city through the gates1 like any other citizen1 he would be subject to the laws of the city as a citizen or a guest2 but if the city would recognize him as a conqueror1 at home as well as at ,olympia1 they would let him come in through a breach in the walls4 ,in this act the citizens nominally submitted themselves to him2 and a city thus entered1 and1 as it were1 captured1 often felt that it received more honor from its victor than it could confer upon him4#fif ----- ,footnote #fhh3 ,matt4 #f 3 #ai2 also ,matt4 #f 3 #bj4 ,footnote #fhi3 ,luke #ab 3 #ci2 also ,matt4 #bd 3 #dc2 ,exod4 #bb 3 #b2 ,ezek4 #ab 3 #b-g4 ,footnote #fij3 ,see ,the ,sunday ,school ,times for ,march #g1 #ahif4 ,footnote #fia3 ,the ,rev4 ,william ,ewing1 in ,the ,sunday ,school ,times for ,march #g1 #ahif4 ,footnote #fib3 ,john #aj 3 #a1 #aj4 ,footnote #fic3 ,deut4 #bj 3 #aj-ac4 ,footnote #fid3 ,see pp4 #e-g1 supra4 ,footnote #fie3 ,plutarch1 ,symp41 ,bk4 ii1 ,quest4 #e1 #b4 ,footnote #fif3 ,see ,smith's ,dict4 of ,greek and ,roman ,antiq41 s4 vv4 8,athlet10 and 8,olympic ,games20 ,gardner's ,new ,chapters in ,greek ,history1 pp4 #big-cjb4 ----- ,,doorkeeper1 ,,and ,,carrier4 ,a 8porter0 and a 8porter0 are two very different persons1 as the terms are employed in both ,europe and ,america4 ,we speak of a porter as a menial who carries burdens1 such as parcels or baggage1 a mere carrier for hire4 ,again1 we speak of a porter as the attendant at1 or the custodian of1 the entrance gate of a mansion or public building4 ,in the one case the porter is a very humble personage1 in the other case he is a person of responsibility and importance4 ,how it came about that the same term is applied to both these personages is worth considering1 in view of its bearing on the importance of the door and the gate4 ,it is said to have been a custom of the ancient ,etruscans and ,romans1 and perhaps of older peoples1 in laying out the foundations of a city1 to mark first the compass of the whole city with a plow4 ,when they came to those places where they were to have the gates of the city1 they took up the plow and carried it across the gateway1 8transported0 the plow at that space4 ,it is said that from this custom the ,latin word porta came to apply to 8a gate10 8a portando aratrum10 8from carrying the plow10-porta1 in ,latin1 meaning 8to carry40 ,whether or not the traditional custom referred to had a historical basis1 it will be seen that the mere fact of the tradition will account for the twofold use1 in languages derived from the ,latin1 of the word 8porter0 as a carrier1 and again as a doorkeeper1 or a gate watcher1 or a guardian of the threshold4 ,apart from the question of the origin of the terms1 we find that the porter or carrier is one who goes through the gate as the place of entrance or exit in his carryings2 or1 again1 the porter or guardian of the gate is one who watches the place of carryings1 and of outgoing and incoming4 ,among the stories told of the founding of ,rome by ,romulus1 it is said that at the threshold of this enterprise the people kindled fires before their tents1 and then leaped through or over the flames4#fig ,in connection with this ceremony sacrifices were offered1 and offerings of the first-fruits of forest and field were made to the gods4#fih ,a heifer and a bull were yoked to the plow1 as in symbol of marriage1 and afterwards were offered in sacrifice1 thus supplying the symbolic blood on the threshold of the new city4#fii ,plutarch1 it is true1 thinks that1 in consequence of this custom of laying out a city1 the walls of a city1 except the gates1 were counted sacred2 but in this1 as in other matters relating to the threshold1#gjj it is evident that ,plutarch was not sure to be correct as to the meaning of archaic customs4 ,there seems to be force in the suggestion that the two ,latin words1 porta and porto1 like the ,greek poros1 were derived from the common ,aryan root par or por1 8to go10 8to bring over10 8to pass through40#gja ,however this may be1 we have the common ,english use of the term 8port0 in words meaning a door or entrance1 and again a carrying or a place of carriage1 as 8export10 8import10 8transport10 8portico10 8porthole10 8portfolio10 etc4 ,an illustration of the twofold use of the word is found in the word 8a portage0 or 8a carry0 as the designation of 8a break in a chain of water communication over which goods1 boats1 etc41 have to be carried1 as from one lake or river to another40 ,it is not merely that this is a place where a canoe1 or other luggage1 must be carried1 but it is the definite 8carry0 or 8portage10 the bridge1 or isthmus1 or door1 or threshold1#gjb by which they enter another region4 ,this is the common ,american use of the term in pioneer life4#gjc ----- ,footnote #fig3 ,a primitive wedding ceremony4 ,see pp4 #ci-db1 #adb f41 #bab1 supra4 ,footnote #fih3 ,see1 again1 pp4 #af f41 #df f41 supra4 ,footnote #fii3 ,see ,plutarch's ,lives1 8,romulus20 also references to ,strabo1 and ,dionysius of ,halicarnassus1 in ,hooke's ,roman ,history1 ,i41 #db4 ,footnote #gjj3 ,see references at pp4 #ci1 #bfc1 supra4 ,footnote #gja3 ,see ,skeat's ,etymological ,dictionary and the ,century ,dictionary1 s4 v4 ,footnote #gjb3 ,see p4 #ahj f41 supra4 ,footnote #gjc3 ,see 8portage0 in ,the ,century ,dictionary1 with examples of usage4 ----- ,,passing ,,over ,,into ,a ,,covenant4 ,as these pages are going to press1 ,dr4 ,sailer calls my attention to the phrase laabhor bibereeth1 to enter1 or pass over1 into a covenant4 ,this phrase1 as ,dr4 ,driver#gjd points out1 is found only in one place1 at ,deuteronomy #bi 3 #ab4 8,that thou shouldest enter or pass into the covenant of the ,lord thy ,god1 and into his oath1 which the ,lord thy ,god maketh with thee this day40 ,it is evident that here is the idea of passing over a line or boundary1 or threshold limit1 into another region1 or state or condition4 ,until that threshold is crossed1 the person is outside of the covenant with its privileges and benefits2 but when it is crossed1 or passed1 the person is a partaker of all that is within4 ,this word abhar corresponds with1 while it differs from1 the word pasakh4 ,the two words have1 indeed1 been counted by some lexicographers as practically equivalents4 ,thus ,frst#gje gives 8pasakhabhar40 ,in the covenant which ,jehovah makes with ,abraham1 for himself and his posterity 7,gen4 #ae 3 #a-ba71 when the heifer and the she goat and the ram had been slaughtered and divided1 and the pieces laid over against each other as two walls1 or sides of a door1 with the blood probably poured out on the earth as a threshold between1 8a smoking furnace and a flaming torch10-representing the divine presence-8passed10 or covenant-crossed1 the blood on the threshold 8between these pieces10 between these fleshly walls or door-posts of the sacrifice4#gjf ,in ,jeremiah #cd 3 #ah1 the word appears in its twofold signification1 in conjunction with a similar double use of the word karath 78to cut074 ,jehovah says1 8,i will give the men that have transgressed abhar1 crossed or passed my covenant1 444 which they made cut before me when they cut the calf in twain and passed over its blood between the parts thereof40 ,again1 in ,amos #g 3 #h1 ,jehovah says of his reprobate people1 8,i will not again pass by abhar them covenant-cross them any more40 ,there seems to be a trace of this cross-over1 or pass-over1 covenant idea in the references to the passing through the fire in the worship of false gods1 as at #b ,kings #af 3 #c1 where ,king ,ahaz is said to have 8walked in the way of the kings of ,israel1 yea1 and made his son to pass through abhar the fire1 according to the abominations of the heathen40#gjg ,it is evident that this passing through the fire in honor of a false god was not the being thrown into the fire as a burnt offering2 for such sacrifices are referred to by themselves1 as at ,deuteronomy #ab 3 #ca1 where it is said of the people of ,jehovah that 8even their sons and their daughters do they burn saraph in the fire to their gods40#gjh ,in the same chapter of #b ,kings 7#ag 3 #ag1 #ca7 the two phrases of causing children to 8pass through0 the fire1 and of 8burning0 children in the fire1 are separately referred to1 in illustration of the fact that they are not one and the same thing4 ,it has already been shown#gji that jumping across1 or being lifted over1 a fire1 at the threshold1 is an ancient mode of covenanting1 still surviving in many marriage or other customs2 and that the blood of both human and substitute sacrifices has often been poured out at the same primitive altar4 ,under the figure of a marriage covenant ,jehovah speaks1 in ,ezekiel #af 3 #h1 of entering into a covenant1 when he takes the virgin ,israel as his bride3 8,yea1 ,i sware unto thee1 and entered into a covenant with thee1 saith the ,lord ,god1 and thou becamest mine40 ,here the more common word bo is used for the idea of entering2 but its connection with the covenant of marriage would seem to connect it1 like the other words1 pasach and abhar1 with the thought of crossing over the threshold or barrier into a new state4 ,,england',s ,,coronation ,,stone4 ,a notable survival of the primitive reverence for the one foundation1 or the original threshold1 as the earliest place of sacrifice and covenanting1#gaj is shown in the famous 8,coronation ,stone0 in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,this stone is under the chair in which all the sovereigns of ,england from ,edward ,i4 to ,victoria have been crowned4 ,it was brought by ,edward ,i4 to ,england from ,scone1 the coronation seat of the kings of ,scotland4 ,the legend attached to it was that it was the stone pillar on which ,jacob rested at ,bethel1-the ,house of ,god where ,abraham worshiped1 and where ,jacob covenanted with ,god for all his generations4#gaa 8,in it1 or upon it1 the ,kings of ,scotland were placed by the ,earls of ,fife4 ,from it ,scone became the #8sedis principalis' of ,scotland1 and the kingdom of ,scotland the kingdom of ,scone40 ,since the days of ,edward ,i41 it has never been removed from ,westminster ,abbey1 except when ,cromwell was installed as ,lord ,protector in ,westminster ,hall1 on which occasion it was brought out in order that he might be placed on it4 ,as in ancient ,babylonia1 in ,egypt1 in ,syria1 in ,india1 in ,china1 in ,arabia1 in ,greece1 in ,scandinavia1 the one primitive foundation was deemed the only foundation on which to build securely with ,divine approval1 so in the very center of the highest modern civilization the reputed foundation stone of the kingdom of the 8,father of the ,faithful0 is deemed the only secure coronation1 or installation1 seat of ,king1 ,queen1 or ,lord ,protector4 ,is it not reasonable to suppose that this feeling has a basis in primitive religious convictions and customs8 ,dean ,stanley1 referring to this ,coronation ,stone as 8probably the chief object of attraction to the innumerable visitors to the ,abbey10 says of it3 8,it is the one primeval monument which binds together the whole ,empire4 ,the iron rings1 the battered surface1 the crack which has all but rent its solid mass asunder1 bear witness to its long migrations4 ,it is thus embedded in the heart of the ,english monarchy-an element of poetic1 patriarchal1 heathen times1 which1 like ,araunah's rocky threshing-floor in the midst of the ,temple of ,solomon1 carries back our thoughts to races and customs now almost extinct2 a link which unites the ,throne of ,england to the traditions of ,tara and ,iona1 and connects the charm of our complex civilization with the forces of our mother earth1-the stocks and stones of savage nature40#gab ----- ,footnote #gjd3 ,driver's ,deuteronomy1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #gje3 ,heb4 ,chald4 ,lex41 s4 v4 ,footnote #gjf3 ,see p4 #ahg f41 supra4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,see1 also1 #b ,kings #ba 3 #f2 #bc 3 #aj2 #b ,chron4 #cc 3 #f2 ,ezek4 #af 3 #ba2 #bj 3 #bf1 #ca2 #bc 3 #cg4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,see1 also1 ,jer4 #g 3 #ca2 #ai 3 #e4 ,footnote #gji3 ,see pp4 #ci-db1 #adb f41 #bab1 supra4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,see pp4 #aec-afd1 supra4 ,footnote #gaa3 ,see ,dean ,stanley's ,historical ,memorials of ,westminster ,abbey1 first edition1 pp4 #ei-fg2 also1 ,appendices1 pp4 #dib-ejb4 ,footnote #gab3 ,see ,dean ,stanley's ,historical ,memorials of ,westminster ,abbey1 first edition1 pp4 #fd-ff4 ----- ,,indexes4 ,,topical ,,index4 ,aaron and his sons consecrated at doorway1 #aai4 ,aberdeenshire3 ,new ,year's custom in1 #bj f42 sacredness of threshold in1 #cd4 ,abimelech and ,abraham settling disputed boundary1 #agj4 ,abiram1 ,jericho's foundation laid in blood of1 #dg4 ,aborigines of ,america1 worship of1 #adh4 ,abraham3 promise that his seed should possess gate of enemies1 #fe2 lifting up his hand to ,god1 #hb2 coming from ,haran and ,ur1 #afj2 his offering on ,mt4 ,moriah1 #afa2 directed to rebuild holy house at ,meccah1 #afc2 and ,abimelech settling disputed boundary1 #agj2 the ,lord's covenant welcome to1 #ahg2 his visit to home of ,ishmael in ,arabia1 #bjj2 covenant with1 #baa4 ,absalom in 8way of the gate0 to do judgment1 #fd4 ,abyla and ,calp as boundary marks1 #aha4 ,abyssinia3 bride carried to her new home in1 #ch2 prominence of door in1 #ajg2 churches of1 on hill or in grove1 #acj f42 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,acropolis1 ,propyla built by ,pericles on1 #aeh4 ,adam as builder of ,holy ,house at ,meccah1 #afc4 8,adam ,khan and ,durkhani10 poem of ,afghans1 #eh4 ,adonis of ,greece1 reference to1 #aae4 ,adoption3 of guest in ,egypt and ,syria1 #c2 of bride by stepping over blood at threshold1 #bf2 among ,arabs accompanied by sacrifice at door1 #ei4 8,adultery10 affiliation with any but true ,god called1 #bac4 neas at court of ,queen ,dido1 #acj4 schylus1 reference to1 #acd4 sculapius represented by serpent1 #bcf4 ,afghans1 protection for all at threshold among1 #eh4 ,africa3 human sacrifice in ,central1 #h f42 fowl sacrificed for guest in ,west1 #i2 sheep sacrificed for guest in ,central1 #i2 bloody grass on threshold in ,equatorial1 #ae2 sacrifices at threshold among ,somalis of1 #bg2 threshold customs in ,south1 #bh2 bride carried over threshold in ,west1 #ci2 bloody hand in ,north1 #gh f42 bloody hand in1 #ic2 primitive sacredness of doorway in1 #acb2 boundary lines in1 #agd2 trees as boundaries in ,equatorial1 #agd2 exhibit of blood stains in western1 #bdf4 ,agade1 ,istar of1 #aec4 ,agni1 masculine1 #aih4 ,ahab1 reference to time of1 #dg4 ,ain's ,herc4 at ,pomp43 cited1 #beh4 ,akibah1 ,rabbi3 cited1 #bec4 ,alaska3 dead not carried over threshold in1 #bd2 human sacrifices at foundation of houses in1 #ej f4 ,albanians1 crossing threshold right foot foremost1 #cg f4 ,alcinos1 temple palace of1 #acb1 #ace4 ,alee1 kissing threshold of tomb of1 #abd4 ,alexandri1 poem by1 regarding foundation sacrifice1 #eb4 ,algiers1 walls of1 laid in blood of ,christian captive1 #dh4 ,algonquins1 prominence of hand among1 #hd4 ,alyy1 symbolic meaning of1 #bec4 ,allat1 sovereign of ,hades1 life restored at threshold of1 #aac f4 ,altamash1 emperor of ,india1 building mosk1 #aeg4 ,altar3 primitive family1 #c2 reverence for threshold1 #aj-be2 offering of life on threshold1 #af2 near door in ,mexico1 #ba2 sanctity of threshold as primitive1 #bb2 reference to souls under1 #be2 saint or ecclesiastic buried under1 in ,europe1 #be2 threshold1 in ,russia1 #ca f42 offerings at threshold1 in ,holland1 #cc2 before door at marriage in ,borneo1 #cd2 sacredness of threshold in ,scotland1 #cd2 fire taken over threshold among ,hindoos1 #dj f42 lamb buried under1 in ,swedish tradition1 #ef2 before ,greek houses1 #gb2 at or before threshold1 #ajb1 #acf2 in doorway of temple at ,nippur1 #aaa2 of burnt offering1 blood poured out at1 #aai2 at doorway1 in ,jerusalem1 ,phenicia1 ,phrygia1 ,aphrodisias1 #aba2 at threshold in ,egyptian temple1 #abf2 at ,yeha1 #aca2 ll1 name for1 #aej f4 ,altar-fire3 connecting link between nuptial torch and1 #da2 crossing1 in ,russia1 #db2 references to1 #ci f41 #ii-ajb1 #bbf4 ,amara ,deva1 temple builder1 #aef4 ,amara ,sinha1 temple builder1 #aef4 ,amenophis ,,iv4 before ,aten-ra1 #ha4 ,america1 ,central3 bridal couple carried over threshold in1 #de2 blood of sacrificial offerings smeared on doorways in1 #gc2 earliest form of temple in1 #add2 boys sacrificed in1 #ade2 temples of1 #ade1 #adh2 nuptial customs of1 #aif2 sculptures indicating covenant rite between first pair in1 #bjb2 marriage ceremonies in1 #bdf4 ,america1 ,north3 survival of sacrifice in1 #h2 treading on threshold in1 #ac2 coffin passed out window of house in1 #be2 window opened and door closed at death in1 #be2 nailing horseshoes on side-posts of doorway in1 #gc f42 symbol of open hands in museums of1 #gi2 red hand among aborigines of1 #hc f41 #ic2 laying of corner-stones in1 #adg2 survival of primitive sacredness of threshold in1 #adg2 aborigines of1 religious worship of1 #adh2 boundary lines in1 #agd2 symbol of covenant among primitive peoples in1 #bja2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,america1 ,south3 blood smeared on doorway in1 #gc2 earliest form of temple in1 #add2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 serpent as religious symbol in1 #bce4 ,america1 ,united ,states of3 vice-consul of1 in ,egypt1 reference to1 #g f42 boundary marks in1 #abf1 #ahb f4 ,american ,architect1 reference to the1 #age4 ,american ,indians1 red-hand symbolism among1 #he-ic4 ,amon1 temple of1 reference to1 #ahe4 ,amorite1 daughter of1 #bac4 ,anazeh ,bedween1 sacrifice at threshold among1 #bf4 ,andersson1 ,charles ,john3 cited1 #bh4 ,ani before throne of ,osiris1 #beg4 ,animals3 images of1 on ,mordvin door-posts1 #db f42 substituted for human beings in sacrifice1 #df2 lower1 as distinguished from man1 #bbc4 ,animals sacrificed4 ,see ,sacrifice4 ,ankh1 or crux ansata1 #bja4 ,anointing door-posts among ,latins1 #bi f4 ,antariksha invoked on door-sill1 #ae4 ,antelii presiding over entrance1 #ig4 ,antiquary1 ,the1 reference to1 #ej4 ,anu1 gate of1 reference to1 #ie ,apaches3 prominence of red hand among1 #hg2 reference to1 #hh4 ,aphrodisias1 altar on threshold in ancient1 #aba4 ,apollo3 temple of1 at ,delphi1 #acd2 represented by female oracle1 #bcf2 slayer of serpent1 #bcf4 ,apollo ,agyieus1 altar of1 placed before house among ,greeks1 #gb4 ,apollo ,thyrus1 at entrance1 #ig4 ,arabia3 crossing threshold in1 #aj2 blood at door-post to secure protection in1 #ei f42 kissing threshold in1 #abi2 ,eve settling in1 #afd2 ,abraham's visit to ,ishmael in1 #bjj2 use of pigeon poult's blood in1 #bdh4 ,arabic term for woman1 #bef4 ,arabs3 of ,central ,africa1 blood welcome among1 #i2 sacrifice at threshold among1 #bf2 8house of hair0 of1 #eg2 of ,syrian ,desert1 doorway sacrifice in joining another tribe1 #eh f42 red hand on houses of1 in ,jerusalem1 #gf2 wely common as place of worship for1 in ,egypt1 #abi2 exhibit of evidences among1 #bdi4 ,arafat near ,meccah1 #afc f4 ,arapahoes1 red hand among1 #hg4 ,arch1 memorial1 meaning of1 #ajc4 ,archangel1 foundation sacrifice in1 #ed4 ,architecture3 influence of ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 and ,egypt in doorway1 #fj2 of temples in ,china and ,japan1 #aja2 sacredness of threshold recognized in1 #ajb4 ,arcot1 ,nabob of1 banners with painted hands carried before1 #gh4 ,areca-nut eaten in marriage covenant in ,borneo1 #cd4 ,arickarees1 red hand among1 #hg4 ,ark of ,hebrews in house of ,dagon1 #aaf4 ,armenian ,christians1 blood on threshold among1 #bf4 ,armenians1 sacred inscriptions above doorway of1 #ga4 ,arta1 bridge of1 story of burying women alive to secure1 #eb4 ,artemis ,propyla at ,eleusis1 #acd4 ,aryan origin of red hand1 #ge4 ,aryan races3 reference to1 #aig2 language and customs of1 #aii4 ,asherah1 command to ,israelites concerning1 #bcc4 ,ashtaroth1 symbol of1 #bad4 ,ashurnsirapli1 references to1 #agh1 #ahd4 ,asia3 bloody hand in marriage in1 #ic2 traces of primitive sacredness of doorway found in1 #acb2 boundary lines in1 #agd4 ,see1 also1 ,china1 ,india1 ,japan4 ,asia ,minor3 human sacrifice in1 #dg f42 references to1 #ic1 #acb1 #agd2 altar on threshold in early ,christian remains in1 #aba4 ,askuppu1 word for threshold1 #aaj4 ,asshur and his worshipers represented with uplifted hands1 #hj4 ,assioot3 threshold sacrifice at1 #g f42 ,general ,grant at border line of1 #ahf4 ,assyria3 images buried under threshold in1 #ad2 crossing threshold in marriage in ancient1 #ci2 influence of1 shown in architecture of doorways1 #fj2 uplifted hand in representing deities of1 #gi2 inscriptions at doorway in1 #ajh f42 guardians of threshold in1 #aaa2 ,zephaniah's curse on1 #aae2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,assyrian3 word nish-lifting up hand1 #hc2 city gates named after special god1 #ie2 god ,nergal beneath threshold1 #ie2 gods ,ea and ,merodach at gate of house1 #ie2 monuments on doorway shrine1 #aje2 king1 sculptured image of1 with arms uplifted1 #aae2 kings and boundary lines1 #agg2 kings offering sacrifices at boundaries of empire1 #ahd2 temples1 furniture of1 #bjg2 sculpture1 testimony of1 #bca1 #beg4 ,assyro-,babylonians and boundary lines1 #ahe4 ,athaliah1 priests assigned to service at threshold in days of1 #abj4 ,athenian generals offering sacrifices to ,mercury1 #agb4 ,atlas upholding heaven1 #acb4 ,attica and ,peloponnesus1 boundary between1 #ahj4 ,aubrey1 ,john3 cited1 #gd4 ,avaika1 or under world1 #aeb4 ,avatea1 part man and part fish1 #aeb4 ,azila1 reference to1 #fb4 ,aztecs1 marriage ceremonies among1 #bdf4 ,baal1 symbol of1 #bad4 8,bab10 or ,door1 spiritual head of ,babists1 #ajc4 ,babel1 tower of1 or door of ,god1 #ajc4 ,babelon1 ,ernest1 reference to1 #fj4 ,bb-ilu1 ,bbi-ilu1 ,bab-el1 ,door of ,god1 #ajc4 ,babist sect in ,persia1 #ajc f4 ,babylon3 ,daniel as judge in1 #fd2 reference to1 #ge2 king of1 recognized by uplifted hand1 #hj2 building of walls of1 #aji f42 gates dedicated to gods in1 #aaj2 temples with altars outside in1 #aaa f42 kings of1 #aed2 final overthrow of1 #baa2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 ancient1 in religious symbolism1 #bcd4 ,babylonia3 inscriptions placed at threshold in1 #bb2 influence shown in architecture of doorways1 #fj2 red hand on houses and animals in1 #ge2 uplifted hand in representing deities of1 #gi2 swinging doors in religious symbolism of1 #aje2 sanctity of doorway in1 #ajh f42 guardians of threshold in1 #aaa2 crossing threshold in death in literature and legends of1 #aab f42 sacredness of doorway above threshold in1 #abf f42 temple building in1 #aec2 boundaries in1 #agg2 indications of presence of deity in1 #bja2 ancient1 religions of1 and serpent as symbol1 #bce4 ,babylonian3 tablet of ,nebuchadrezzar on gate as place of justice1 #fj2 character for house1 palace1 and temple identical1 #ii f42 monuments on doorway shrine1 #aje2 literature1 reference to1 #aji2 ,hades surrounded by seven walls with seven gates1 #aac2 idea of future life1 #abh2 king1 reference to last1 #aec2 sun-god ,shamash1 #bja2 temples1 furniture of1 #bjg4 ,babylonian and ,oriental ,record1 reference to1 #bca4 ,babylonian ,talmud1 reference to1 #bec4 ,babylonians1 twofold symbols among1 #bjj4 ,bagdad1 khaleefs of1 threshold custom of1 #aj4 ,baker1 ,sir ,samuel ,w41 quotation from1 #i4 ,balawat gates1 gods and kings at1 #aje4 ,baldensperger1 ,p4,j43 cited1 #bi4 ,bali3 meaning of word1 #ae2 placed on door-sill among ,hindoos1 #ae2 offering demanded at all doors1 #ae4 ,ballads1 popular1 on human sacrifice in foundation building1 #eb4 ,baltimore1 ,lord1 boundary lines reported to1 #ahb4 ,bancroft1 ,h4,h43 cited1 #cd f41 #de1 #ef1 #add1 #adf1 #bjb1 #bdg2 reference to1 #ajh4 ,bangalore1 serpent worship in1 #beh f4 ,banks of lakes as boundaries1 #agh4 ,banners inscribed with open hand in ,turkey and ,persia1 #gh4 ,baptism1 place of1 in early churches1 #acg4 ,baptismal custom with reference to threshold1 #ah f4 ,baptismal font1 location of1 in ,protestant ,episcopal churches1 #adg4 ,baptist1 ,john the1 mission of1 #bah4 ,baring-,gould1 ,rev4 ,s43 quotation from1 #ach f4 ,barker1 ,w4,b41 reference to1 #beg4 ,barnabas and ,paul at ,lystra1 #ace4 8,bason0 word for saph in ,english ,bible1 #bjf4 ,bat3 under threshold in ,roumania1 #bj2 superstitions among primitive peoples regarding1 #bj4 ,baveddeen1 famous threshold stone at1 #abd4 ,bay and laurel in doorway at marriage among ,romans1 #gc4 ,bayt-el-,walli1 rock grotto of1 #ahj4 ,beans under threshold1 among ,magyars1 #ai f4 8,beating the bounds30 in ,england1 #agd2 in ,new ,england1 #agf4 ,beccah4 ,see ,meccah4 ,becker1 ,w4,a43 cited1 #cg1 #da1 #gb f4 ,beer-sheba1 well at1 in dispute1 #agj4 ,beginning of religious rites1 #aii1 #bbe4 ,beirut4 ,see ,beyroot4 ,bektashi derwishes of ,syria1 threshold custom of1 #aj4 ,bel1 gate of1 reference to1 #ie4 ,bel-,merodach1 new king of ancient ,babylon adopted by1 #hj4 ,belford1 marriage customs at1 #adb4 ,beltis1 gate of1 reference to1 #ie4 ,beltis-,allat3 8lady of the great hand10 #aac2 brandishing serpent in either hand1 #bce4 ,benjamin1 ,s4,g4,w43 cited1 #ga4 ,bent1 ,j4 ,theodore3 cited1 #ajg1 #aca4 ,bergeron1 ,pierre3 cited1 #ac4 ,berlin1 keys of captured cities in museum of1 #bfb4 ,beth-el3 ,jacob at1 #afj2 meaning of1 #afj4 ,betrothal3 ceremony in ,russia1 #cb2 threshold custom in ,central ,america1 #cd4 ,beyroot1 boundary marks near1 #agh4 ,biaz1 ,b43 cited1 #ba4 ,bible3 carried into new home in ,pennsylvania1 #ba2 references to lifting up hands unto ,god1 #hb f42 references to leaping over threshold1 #aag2 reference to temple threshold as fitting place of worship1 #aag2 its record of man1 #bbd4 ,bingham1 ,joseph3 cited1 #acf2 quotation from1 #acf f4 ,bird1 ,isabella3 cited1 #bj1 #gb1 #if1 #aja1 #ajd f41 #abf1 #aea4 ,birth3 custom in ,bombay1 #ag2 new1 help to1 #aii4 ,birthday1 striking child on his1 #agf4 ,bishop1 ,isabella ,bird4 ,see ,isabella ,bird4 ,bishop of ,paris1 reference to1 #aci4 8,bismillah10 use of word1 on passing threshold1 #aj4 ,black hand3 among ,pecos1 #hg f41 ,jicarilla ,apaches1 #hi f42 in ,korea1 #ic f4 ,black stone of ,meccah1 reference to1 #aj4 ,blessing1 spiritual1 represented in ,assyrian sculpture1 #bca4 ,bliss1 ,dr4 ,frederick ,j43 cited1 #eh4 ,blood3 welcome at door in ,syria and ,egypt1 #c-aj2 stepping over1 in ,east1 #d f41 #g f41 #bf2 coffee as substitute for1 #e2 salt as substitute for1 #e1 #i1 #bj2 in threshold in ,central ,africa1 #h f42 poured out on threshold in covenanting1 #ad f42 threshold sprinkled with1 in ,ireland1 #ba2 hospitality in outpoured1 among ,arabs1 #bc2 at threshold in marriage ceremony in desert of ,sinai1 in ,egypt1 in ,turkey1 #bf2 stepping over1 in marriage in ,cyprus1 #bg2 wedding-party to step over1 among ,armenians1 #bg2 stepping over in ,central ,africa1 #bh2 and fire1 significance of1 #dj2 world-wide custom of laying foundations in1 #df2 foundation-laying in1 in ,hindostan1 ,burmah1 ,tennasserin1 ,borneo1 ,japan1 ,galam1 ,yarriba1 ,polynesia1 #ea f42 on foundation-stone in ,greece1 #ec2 of thousands of captives at consecration of altar in ,mexico1 #ef2 on threshold deemed essential factor in covenant with deity1 #eg2 voice of1 among ,arabs1 #ei2 poured across road to secure help in necessity in ,morocco1 #fc2 hand dipped in1 struck upon door-posts in ,stamboul1 #ff f42 on lintel and door-posts1 #ff2 of wedding sacrifice placed on door-posts1 #fg f42 sentences in1 on door-posts as protection from disease in ,china1 #ga2 on bow1 or threshold1 of ,chinese junk1 #gb2 affixed to post or walls of new house in ,palestine1 #gf f42 of ,christians1 hand dipped in1 stamped on wall to seal victory over them1 #gg2 or ink used in hand or finger stamp1 #ic f42 of sacrifice sprinkled on door in ,guatemala1 #ih2 of sacrifice at base of altar at ,yeha1 #aca2 proffer of1 foundation of family1 #aid2 stains exhibited in ,western ,africa1 #bdf4 8,blood of the grape10 in covenant1 #e1 #h4 ,blood-color1 doorways painted1 #ajd4 ,bloody grass representing dignity and power1 #ae4 ,bloody hand3 stamped in dough placed on lintel1 #bh f42 on lintel of temple at ,jerusalem1 #fg2 on walls among ,jews in ,tunis1 #gh f42 red seal on modern documents probably survival of1 #id2 in testimony to covenant1 #bdd f4 ,see1 also1 ,red hand4 ,bloody sacrifices at temple thresholds in ,india1 #abb4 ,blue hands on houses in ,palestine1 #gf4 ,blunt1 ,j4,h43 cited1 #acg4 ,boaz meeting elders at gate in justice to ,ruth and ,naomi1 #fd4 8,bodhi-,gaya10 reference to1 #aef4 ,body1 not to cross threshold1 #bc-be4 ,bombay ,anthropological ,society1 reference to1 #ag4 ,bombay1 birth custom at1 #ag4 ,bomoi pronaioi1 #acd4 ,bonavia1 ,dr41 reference to1 #bca4 ,bonomi1 ,joseph3 his suggestion regarding word 8teraphim10 #aji4 ,booddha3 commanding temple to be built1 #aef2 and serpent1 #bcf4 ,booddha-drum1 reference to1 #aef4 ,booddha-hood1 ,sakya ,sinha attaining to1 #aef4 8,booddha's foot10 #aef4 ,booddhism concerning temple1 #aef4 ,booddhist3 ,gog and ,magog of1 #if2 temples1 doorways apart from1 #ajd2 temples1 pilgrims at threshold of1 #abe2 prayer in ,tibet1 #aii4 ,book of ,records1 ,chinese1 reference to1 #aeh4 8,book of the ,dead10 ,egyptian1 references to1 #abh f41 #beg4 ,border landmarks1 form of1 #agj f4 ,border lines referred to1 #ahc4 ,borneo3 pig's blood sprinkled at door in1 #bj2 marriage custom in1 #cd2 survival of foundation-laying in blood in1 #ea f4 ,borsippa3 sanctity of doorway in1 #ajh f42 temple of1 threshold plated with zarru1 #aaa4 ,bothnia1 ,east1 iron bar on threshold for cows to cross1 #ag4 ,botta1 ,p4,e43 cited1 #aji4 ,boundary3 references to1 #ac1 #ag1 #aed1 #afe-aib1 #bcd2 as place of worship and sacrifice1 #aff2 stones1 importance of1 #afg2 ,nebo protector of1 #agg4 ,bourke1 ,capt4 ,j4,g43 cited1 #hg4 ,bowing3 to gate on leaving bride's home in ,russia1 #dd2 before threshold1 #abf4 ,boys sacrificed in ,central ,america1 #ade4 ,brahmanas1 reference to1 #aig4 ,brahmanic religion concerning temples1 #aee f4 ,brahmanical ,mahdeva1 commanding temple to be built1 #aef4 ,brandy offered to threshold gods in ,russia1 #cb f41 #dc f4 ,bread3 placed under threshold as 8gods'0 portion1 #cb2 thrown over bride at door in ,scotland1 #cd1 #dd2 and honey placed on bride's gate-post in ,russia1 #db f4 ,bread and salt3 at threshold in ,russia1 #i2 in hospitality among ,arabs1 #bb2 as factors in sacred covenant1 #cb4 8,breaking the stick0 at threshold in ,skarpanto1 #ca4 ,bremen1 skeleton of child found in walls of ,bridge ,gate of1 #ej4 ,bridal couple carried across threshold in ,central ,america1 #de4 ,bride3 made to step over blood of sacrifice in ,syria1 #bf2 in ,central ,africa1 #bg f42 called 8princess0 at wedding in ,russia1 #cb2 bread thrown over1 at door in ,scotland1 #cd1 #dd2 carried over threshold among ,towkas1 #ce1 in ,abyssinia1 ,egypt1 and ,upper ,syria1 #ch1 in ,west ,africa1 #ci1 in ,russia1 #dd2 to step over threshold among ,hindoos1 #cf f42 not lifted over threshold in ,india1 #ch2 borne in sedan-chair to new home1 #ci f42 carried over fire in ,china1 #dj2 worshiping at altar-fire of new home in ,india1 ,china1 ,greece1 and ,rome1 #da2 inducted into household office at hearth1 #dd2 represented by the ,church1 #bah1 #bba4 ,bridegroom3 to step over blood at threshold in ,central ,africa1 #bg f42 bread thrown over1 at door1 #cd2 ,jesus called1 #bah2 of blood1 #bdd4 ,british envoy welcomed at threshold of ,kauzeroon1 #ahi4 ,bronze bulls on gates of ,babylon1 #aji f4 8,bronze threshold10 reference to1 #acb4 ,broom laid across door-sill in ,pennsylvania1 #ba4 ,browne1 ,edward ,g41 reference to1 #ajd4 ,bruce1 ,james3 quotation from1 #i2 cited1 #ch1 #acj4 ,brugsch ,bey3 references to1 #ajc1 #abg1 #afa1 #agi f41 #ahd f4 ,brush-topped pole as symbol1 #bad4 8,buddha-,gaya10 reference to1 #aef4 8,buddha-pad10 reference to1 #aef4 ,buffaloes sacrificed in ,egypt1 #g4 ,bhler1 ,g43 cited1 #afi4 ,bukohla temple in ,sandwich ,islands1 #aej4 ,bulgarian foundation custom1 #ec4 ,bullock3 sacrificed at door for guest1 #d2 sacrifice of1 #g f4 ,bulls3 winged1 with human heads to guard entrance way1 #ie2 of bronze on gates of ,babylon1 #aji f42 as guardians of threshold in ,babylonia1 #aaj f42 of bronze1 in ,babylon1 #bcd4 ,bunsen1 ,chevalier1 reference to1 #aaa4 ,burckhardt1 ,john ,lewis3 cited1 #bf1 #ch1 #aia1 #bdd-bdf4 ,burder1 ,samuel3 cited1 #ac4 ,burials made under threshold in ,east and ,west1 #be4 ,buried images1 symbols and treasures under temple doorways1 #aji4 ,burmah1 survival of foundation laying in blood in1 #ea f4 ,burton1 ,richard ,f43 cited1 #afd2 quotation from1 #bdh f4 ,burying women and children in foundation1 #ah1 #ej4 ,bush as symbol of feminine in nature1 #bad4 ,bush1 ,george1 reference to1 #aab4 ,busrah1 women exhibiting evidences at1 #bdh4 ,butter or honey smeared on door-posts among ,wallachians1 #bi4 ,buxtorf1 ,john3 cited1 #bjj1 #bec4 8,by door10 entering house1 #f4 ,byzantine age1 sarcophagi of1 showing altar at threshold1 #aba4 ,cairo3 ,arab sitting in judgment at gate of1 #fj2 protecting genius of different quarters of1 #if f4 ,calling on name of ,god at threshold1 #bi4 ,calp and ,abyla as boundary marks1 #aha4 ,cam1 ,diego1 discoverer of ,congo ,river1 #ahb4 ,campbell1 ,john3 cited1 #ci4 ,canaan3 gateway between ,egypt and1 #aje2 ,israelites entering into1 #baa2 people of1 treatment of1 #bcb4 ,candle on threshold in ,russia1 #da-dd4 ,candlestick1 five branched1 similar to sign of hand1 #gg4 ,co1 ,diego1 reference to1 #ahb4 ,cardea1 ,hinge-goddess of ,romans1 #ig4 ,carlyle1 ,thomas3 cited1 #ahc4 ,carpathos4 ,see ,skarpanto4 ,carthage3 uplifted hand above door in1 #gh2 prominence of door in1 #ajg2 prominence of temple threshold in1 #acj4 ,cassotis spring1 reference to1 #ace4 ,catholic ,church1 ,roman3 holy water in1 #adg2 on marriage1 #bbb4 ,catlin1 ,george3 quotation from1 and reference to1 #hf4 ,cave1 fire at entrance of1 #bc4 ,central ,america3 threshold custom in1 #cd2 blood smeared on doorways in1 #gb2 red hand stamped on doorways and walls in1 #ha f42 8the god of houses0 in1 #ih2 sacrifice of boys in1 #ade4 ,ceremony3 wedding threshold in ,north ,germany1 #ah2 of laying threshold in ,india1 #ie4 ,ceylon1 ,adam settling in1 #afd4 ,chahalka1 8the god of houses10 in ,central ,america1 #ih4 ,chamberlain1 ,basil ,hall3 cited1 #aja1 #ajd4 ,chambers's ,journal1 reference to1 #age4 ,charans1 appeal at threshold for justice among1 #fa4 ,chardin1 ,sir ,john3 cited1 #abd4 ,charms3 on threshold and door in ,uganda1 #ae2 under door-step in ,russia1 #ai2 fastened above door in ,china1 #ga2 on doors and door-posts in ,china1 #ga1 #ie2 worn in ,jerusalem1 #ge f4 ,chase1 ,w4,g41 quotation from1 #ea4 ,chateaubraud1 ,viscount de3 cited1 #adg4 ,chaucer1 ,geoffrey1 quotation from1 #aci4 ,cheetham1 ,samuel4 ,see ,smith and ,cheetham4 ,chelly canyon1 red-hand symbol in1 #hg4 ,cheyennes1 red hand among1 #hg4 ,chicago1 ,columbian ,exposition at1 reference to1 #eg4 ,chief rabbi1 in ,jerusalem1 sacrifice at threshold in installing1 #fg4 ,child3 held over threshold after baptism1 #ah f42 buried in ramparts of ,copenhagen1 #di2 buried under citadel of ,dyetinets1 #ej2 adopted into family by clasping hands in ,babylonia1 #hj2 striking1 on birthday1 #agf4 ,children3 custom of1 relative to boundary lines1 #ac2 buried under threshold in ,russia1 #ah2 buried in foundations1 #di f42 sacrifice of1 in ,central ,america1 #ade4 ,china3 body to be removed over wall1 #bc2 fire on threshold in marriage in1 #ci2 bride worshiping at altar-fire in1 #da2 human sacrifice to make sure foundations in1 #dh2 coins and charms under door-sill in1 #ga2 sacred inscriptions on side-posts and lintel in1 #ga2 tutelar gods of threshold in1 #ie f42 temple and house in architecture1 #aja2 doorways apart from temples in1 #ajd2 sacredness of temple in1 #aeh2 nuptial customs of1 #aif2 phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 marriage customs in1 #bde4 ,chinese3 custom of avoiding threshold1 #bc f42 native clergyman1 testimony of1 #dh2 year1 festival of fifth month of1 #ga2 junk1 sacrifice on bow of1 #ga f42 honorary portals and ancestral tablets1 #ajh2 classics1 most ancient of1 #ahe2 emperor passing boundary line of empire1 #ahe2 characters for threshold1 door1 border1 and woman1 #bef4 8,chinese gods of the threshold10 #if4 ,chipiez1 ,charles4 ,see ,perrot and ,chipiez4 8,christ1 spouse of10 #bbb4 8,christening0 ship1 custom of1 #h4 ,christian3 lands1 niches for heroes in1 survival primitive doorway in tomb in1 #ajh2 passover1 reference to1 #baf4 ,christian churches3 of ,europe1 burials under altar of1 #be2 tradition of burial of lamb under altar of1 #ef2 symbol of horseshoe at threshold of1 #gd4 ,christian ,fathers1 reference to1 #ig4 ,christians3 inscribed gates of1 in ,east1 #gj2 in ,syria1 sign of hand among1 #gf f42 warned not to dishonor their gates with laurel crowns1 #ig2 admonished not to make their gates heathen temples1 #ih2 kissing threshold of church in ,persia1 #abd4 ,church ,house in ,philadelphia1 reference to1 #ee4 ,church of ,england bishops replying to ,presbyterians on position of baptismal font1 #acg4 ,churches always on hill or in grove in ,abyssinia1 #acj f4 ,cicero1 hearth-fire and ,penates in time of1 #da4 ,cimon1 gate of1 in ,propyla1 #aei4 ,circumcision as practiced in ,madagascar1 #adi4 ,cities of refuge3 ,hebrew law as to1 #aea2 in ,hawaii1 #aea4 ,clapping of hands at threshold in ,japan1 #abf4 ,classic writers3 their explanation of threshold custom1 #ci4 8,cleansing the threshold0 at wedding in ,russia1 #cb4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 reference to1 #bci4 ,clothing stamped with red hand1 #hg4 ,coal under threshold among ,magyars1 #ai f4 ,cock sacrificed3 in ,ireland1 #ba2 at foundation in ,russia1 #ed f4 ,cockle1 ,montague1 reference to1 #bcc4 ,coffee as ,muhammadan substitute for blood1 #e4 ,columbian ,exposition1 reference to1 #eg4 ,com1 tomb of kings of ,persia at1 #abd4 ,comanches3 prominence of red hand among1 #hg2 reference to1 #hh4 ,communion feasts1 origin of1 #bbf4 ,concord1 beating bounds in1 #agf4 ,conder1 ,maj4 ,c4,r43 quotation from1 #aj1 #bh f43 cited1 #abc4 ,confucius1 reference to1 #bef f4 ,confucian temple1 doorways apart from1 #ajd4 ,congo ,river1 boundary pillar erected in mouth of1 #ahb4 ,constantinople1 red hand stamp in1 #gg4 ,contemporary ,review1 reference to1 #bbi4 ,convent1 trace of foundation sacrifice in rebuilding1 #ef4 ,cook1 ,capt4 ,james3 cited1 #bjb2 quotation from1 #bej f4 ,coote1 ,h4,c43 cited1 #ej1 #ee f4 ,copenhagen1 immuring of child in ramparts of1 #di4 ,copts1 sacrifice of sheep at threshold among1 #bf1 #de4 ,coral hand as talisman among ,jews at ,tunis1 #gi4 ,cord stretched across door to prevent bridal couple entering1 #cc f4 ,corn3 and water used in threshold ceremony1 #af f42 mixed with milk and sugar as offering1 #ag2 thrown on bride at threshold in ,rhodes1 #ca4 ,corner-stone3 laying as survival of primitive sacredness1 #bb2 recognized as beginning or limit of threshold of ,babylonian buildings1 #bb2 ceremonies in civilized lands1 #ee2 laying of1 in ,america1 #ee1 #adg4 ,cornhill ,magazine1 reference to1 #dh-ej1 #ef4 ,corinthian ,christians1 ,paul to1 #baf4 ,corpse3 not to cross threshold in ,india1 ,china1 and ,italy1 #bc f41 in ,alaska1 #bd2 passed out under threshold in ,russia1 #bd4 ,correspondences of legends of ,babylonia1 ,syria1 ,egypt and ,greece as to door and threshold1 #aae4 ,cossacks1 disputes over boundary lines among1 #age4 ,cotton seeds thrown on bride at threshold in ,rhodes1 #ca4 ,coulanges1 ,numa ,d4,f4 de3 cited1 #da1 #ii1 #aef4 ,covenant3 through blood in ,egypt1 #c2 ,syria1 #c-e2 symbolized by uplifted hand1 #ha2 sacrifice at threshold with ,god of life1 #id2 worship place of1 #afe4 ,covenanting3 by crossing threshold1 #e-aj2 by stepping over blood on door-sill1 #i4 ,cow3 gift from sacred1 in ,india1 #af2 driven over iron bar on threshold1 #ag2 sacrifice of1 in ,ireland1 #ba4 ,cowdung cake at seed-time in ,india1 #af4 ,cranch1 ,c4,p41 quotation from1 #acj4 ,croix1 de la1 ,j4,f41 reference to1 #abd4 ,cross3 sign of1 in curing disorder1 #ah2 drawn on threshold to keep off hags1 #ah2 under threshold of new house in ,lithuania1 #ah4 ,crowbar at threshold1 #ag4 ,crux ansata or ankh1 #bja4 ,cunningham1 ,alexander3 reference to1 #aef f4 ,curse3 for removing threshold altar1 #afi f42 for removal of neighbor's landmark1 #agj4 ,curtea de ,argest1 superstition regarding sacrifice at building of1 #eb4 ,curtin1 ,jeremiah3 cited1 #adb f4 ,cushing1 ,frank ,h41 communication from1 #hf-ic4 ,cyprus3 fowl sacrificed at door in1 #bg2 prominence of door in1 #ajg4 ,cyrus1 reference to1 #aed4 ,dacotahs1 symbol of hand among1 #hd4 ,dagon1 his overthrow1 #aaf f4 ,dahabiyeh1 threshold custom on purchasing1 #h4 ,dahomey1 nuptial customs of1 #bde4 ,dalmatia1 kissing threshold in1 #ca4 ,damascus1 ,hajj procession approaching1 #ahf4 ,dances of ,american ,indians1 prominence of hand in1 #hc f4 ,dancing custom in ,central ,america1 #bdg4 ,danes3 immuring of girl in city walls among1 #di2 lamb buried under every altar of1 #ef4 ,daniel in gate of king1 #fd4 ,darfour1 marriage ceremonies in1 #bdi4 ,darmesteter1 ,james3 cited1 #eh2 reference to1 #ii4 ,david3 sitting in gate1 #fd2 erecting altar to ,lord1 #afa4 ,de ,amicis1 ,edmondo3 cited1 #gg4 ,de ,coulanges1 ,numa ,d4,f4 de3 cited1 #da1 #aef2 reference to1 #ii4 ,de ,hesse-,wartegg1 ,chevalier3 cited1 #gi4 ,dead3 not to cross threshold in ,india1 ,china1 #bc f41 ,korea1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,alaska1 #bd2 taken over wall in ,china1 #bc f42 taken under threshold in ,russia1 #bd2 prayers for1 inscribed on false door of tombs of ,egypt1 #ajf4 8,dead1 ,book of the10 references to1 #abh f41 #beg4 8,dead1 ,gate of the10 in ,korea1 #bd4 ,death following building of new house1 #ed4 8,death ,week0 among ,slavonic peoples1 #ai4 ,dedications on doorways by primitive peoples1 #fi4 ,deer carried over threshold in betrothal in ,central ,america1 #cd4 ,deity3 appeal to1 in ,east1 #c f42 of ancient ,egypt with uplifted hands1 #ha2 of threshold1 reference to1 #aji2 of gates of ,hades1 #aac4 ,delhi and serpent1 #bcf4 ,delitzsch1 ,franz1 reference to1 #bed4 ,delitzsch1 ,friedrich1 reference to1 #ajj4 ,delphi3 treasures of1 described1 #acc2 ,neoptolemus attacking ,orestes in1 #acd2 temple of ,apollo at1 #acd f42 ,apollo at1 represented by female oracle1 #bcf4 ,deluge3 reference to1 #ajc2 destruction of ,holy ,house in1 #afc4 ,detinetz1 burial in foundations in1 #ej4 ,development and origin of man1 #bbc4 ,d',herbelot1 quotation from1 #aj f4 ,diabateria1 meaning of1 #bjh4 ,dido1 ,queen1 neas at court of1 #acj4 ,dieulafoy1 ,m43 cited1 #fj4 8,digging through0 in ,new ,testament1 #bfj4 ,dillmann1 ,christian ,f4,a41 reference to1 #bed4 ,ditya1 reference to1 #ej4 ,dives1 ,lazarus at gate of1 #fd4 ,divination and exorcism in ,italy1 #ag4 ,documents signed in blood or ink1 #id4 ,domestic divinities1 protection from1 in ,lithuania1 #ah f4 8,domovoi30 household deity of ,russia1 sacrifice for1 #ai2 invoked at threshold1 #bc4 ,donaldson1 ,t41 reference to1 #hf4 ,donaldson1 ,t4,l41 references to1 #aba1 #acd1 #bca4 ,donatus3 cited1 #bi f4 ,doolittle1 ,rev4 ,justus3 cited1 #ga4 ,door3 animal sacrifices at house-door in ,egypt1 #c1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #ad1 #ae1 among ,pythagoreans1 #ab f41 among ,slavonic peoples1 #ai1 among ,dyaks of ,borneo1 #bj1 in ,ireland1 #ba1 among ,arabs1 #bb f41 in ,syria1 #bf1 #de1 in ,turkey1 ,cyprus1 and ,central ,africa1 #bg1 in ,egypt1 #de1 all over world1 #df1 in ,greece1 #ec1 in ,russia1 #ed1 in ,arabia1 #eh-fj1 in ,morocco1 #fc1 #fg1 in ,turkey1 #ff f41 in ,jerusalem1 #fg1 in ,china1 #gb1 in ,palestine1 #gf1 in tabernacle in ,wilderness1 #aah f41 in ,south ,sea ,islands1 #adh2 blood welcome at1 in ,syria and ,egypt1 #c-aj1 ,central ,africa1 #h f41 ,west ,africa1 #i1 ,egypt1 #g1 #bje2 charms placed at1 in ,uganda1 #ae1 in ,russia1 #ai1 in ,china1 #ga1 in ,jerusalem1 #ge f42 dead not to pass out of1 #bc-be2 human sacrifice at1 in ,central ,africa1 #h f41 references to1 #df-dh1 #ea f41 #add f41 in ,china and ,algiers1 #dh1 in ,denmark and ,thuringia1 #di1 on ,danube and in ,alaska1 #di f41 in ,bremen1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 #ej1 in ,arta1 ,tricha1 and ,wallachia1 #eb1 in ,turkey1 #eb f41 in ,india1 #fa1 #abb f41 in ,tibet1 #abe1 in ,central ,america1 #ade f42 kissing right hand at1 #fi f41 #add1 serpent at1 in ,yezidis temple1 #aaf1 of holy places1 #aaf1 at mosk in ,persia1 #abc f41 at tomb of ,alee1 #abd2 sacredness of1 #aj-be1 #ajb1 #agd1 #bfj1 in ,persia1 #ab1 #abc f41 references to1 #be-cf1 among ,nestorians1 #abd1 among ,scandinavians in ,america1 #bei f41 in ,bible times1 #bfa2 stepping over blood at1 in ,syria and ,egypt1 #d f41 #g f41 #bf1 #de f41 in ,west ,africa1 #i1 in marriage in ,cyprus1 #bg1 among ,armenians1 #bg1 in ,central ,africa1 #bh2 reference to1 #bed1 #bef4 ,door-key1 finger-shaped1 symbolic use of1 #bdd4 ,drpfeld1 ,dr41 reference to1 #aei4 ,dough3 on door-lintel in ,upper ,syria1 #bh f42 under threshold among ,moksha1 #db4 ,douglas1 ,robert ,k43 cited1 #dj2 reference to1 #aje4 ,dozy1 ,reinhart1 reference to1 #bjj4 ,dragon representing unholy desire1 #bdj4 ,du ,bois1 ,abb ,j4,a43 cited1 #bc4 ,dumuzi and ,ishtar1 legend of1 #aac1 #aae4 ,dwelling-place1 man's first1 #afe4 ,dyaks of ,borneo3 blood sprinkled at door among1 #bj2 marriage custom among1 #cd4 ,dyetina1 reference to1 #ej4 ,dyetinets1 burial in foundations in1 #ej4 ,dying person passed through hole in wall in ,alaska1 #bd4 ,ea1 god of right side of gate1 #ie4 ,early churches1 position of altar in1 #acf4 ,easter3 continuance of ,passover1 #bba2 festivities in ,jerusalem1 #bba2 threshold of new ,ecclesiastical ,year1 #bba4 ,ebed-melech3 his appeal in behalf of ,jeremiah1 #fd4 ,edersheim1 ,dr4 ,alfred1 references to1 #abj1 #baa f4 ,edward ,i41 marriage of1 at door1 #adj4 ,eggs under threshold in ,russia1 #ai4 ,egypt3 blood welcome at door in1 #c2 sacrifice of buffaloes in1 #g2 threshold sacrifice of sheep in1 #g f42 sacrifice at threshold in1 #bf2 bride met at gate of husband's residence in1 #ch2 door at one side of dwelling in1 #ee2 its influence shown in architecture of doorways1 #fj2 inscribed doors in1 #fh1 #if2 uplifted hand in representing deities of1 #gi1 #ha1 #he2 ,god bringing out of1 with strong hand1 #hc2 and ,canaan1 gateway between1 #aje2 prominence of doorway shrine in1 #ajf2 false door as gift in1 #ajg2 literature of1 #aji2 oldest temple in1 #abf2 sacredness of doorway in1 #abf2 saints' tomb as place of worship in1 #abi2 temples of1 #ade2 concerning temple foundations of1 #aee2 boundary customs among1 #agh2 ancient stone thresholds in1 #agi2 ,lower1 boundary of1 #ahj2 southern boundary of1 #ahd2 nuptial customs of1 #aif2 ancient deities of1 #bja2 presence of deity in1 #bja2 ,virgin of ,israel in1 #bah2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 kings of1 and serpent1 #bcd2 and serpent as symbol1 #bce2 bloody cloth in marriage in ,upper1 #bdc2 marriage customs in1 #bdc1 #bde4 ,egyptian3 sacrifice before door1 #ad2 king1 power imparted to1 by touch1 #he2 hieroglyph for house or temple identical1 #ajj2 temple1 oldest form of1 #ajj1 monumental temple gateway1 #abg1 history of1 #aee2 priest1 prostrations of1 at threshold of shrine1 #abg f42 idea of future life1 #abh2 8,book of the ,dead10 #abh f41 #beg2 empire and ,heh1 boundary marks between1 #agi2 sacrifices at boundaries of empire1 #ahd2 twofold sex symbols1 #bjj2 attitude towards ,jehovah1 #bje2 passover rite1 #bab1 #bad1 #baf4 ,eki as boundary mark1 #agh4 ,el ,gisr or threshold1 #ahj4 ,eleusis1 temple of ,artemis ,propyla at1 #acd4 ,eliezer1 ,rabbi1 references to1 #bjj1 #bec4 ,elisha and ,naaman1 ,syrian1 #afa4 ,elliot1 ,sir ,henry ,m43 cited1 #af f4 ,ellis1 ,rev4 ,william3 cited1 #hc1 #aaa1 #adh1 #aej f41 #bjb4 ,embatikon1 gift of in-going1 #ca4 ,embleton1 wedding custom at1 #adb4 ,emerson1 ,ralph ,waldo3 cited1 #agf4 ,enemy1 appeal of1 for protection among ,arabs1 #ei4 ,entering 8not by door10 #f4 ,entrance-way1 importance of1 #c4 ,episcopal1 ,protestant1 churches1 location of baptismal font in1 #adg4 ,epithalamium of ,hebrew ,scriptures1 #bad4 ,erman1 ,adolf3 cited1 #ee1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #abg1 #bcd2 quotation from1 #ajf f41 #aee2 reference to1 #abh4 ,erzas3 marriage custom of1 #da2 earth from under threshold for bride1 #dc4 ,esarhaddon1 his search for boundary lines1 #aed1 #agg4 ,eskimos1 importance of threshold among1 #ci4 ,eulmash1 ancient ,babylonian temple1 #aec4 ,eulbar1 ancient ,babylonian temple1 #aec4 ,euphrates1 boundary marks at1 #agh4 ,euripides3 cited1 #acd f4 ,europe3 treading on threshold in1 #ac2 burials under altar in ,christian churches in1 #be2 coffin passed out window of house in1 #be2 window opened and door closed at death in1 #be2 horseshoes on side-posts in1 #gc f42 symbols of open hand found in museums and ,jewish cemeteries of1 #gi2 hand-print in marriage in1 #ic2 traces of primitive sacredness of doorway found in1 #abb2 ancient shrines in1 #aej2 boundary lines in1 #agd2 great divisions of landmarks along borders of1 #ahb2 nuptial customs of1 #aif2 ,jews of1 observing passover1 #bab4 ,evil eye3 references to1 #ai1 #fg2 averted by bloody hand1 #fg f42 by five fingers held up to1 #gf2 image of hand as talisman against1 #gi4 ,evil spirits in ,pennsylvania1 guard against1 #ba4 ,ewing1 ,rev4 ,william3 testimony of1 #de1 #bfa2 cited1 #gg4 8,exalted ,gateway10 high court of ,turkey called1 #fe1 #ajc4 ,exalted ,house1 ,gate1 or ,door1 meaning of ,pharaoh1 #ajc4 ,exorcism and divination in ,italy1 #ag f4 ,eye1 evil4 ,see ,evil eye4 ,ezekiel3 his reference to waters from under threshold of temple1 #aad2 his prophecy that ,prince of ,israel should worship at threshold of gate1 #aah2 his vision of glory of ,lord over threshold1 #aah2 ,jehovah speaking through1 #bac4 ,ezida 7,nebo7 shrine of1 #aaj4 8,fahazza0 in ,madagascar1 #adi4 ,false door3 of tombs in ancient ,egypt1 #ajf f42 as gift from sovereign to subject in ,egypt1 #ajg4 ,family3 altar and sacrifices for1 in primitive times1 #c2 offering itself for sacrifice in ,central ,africa1 #h f42 life1 beginning of1 in threshold rite1 #aid4 ,fathers1 ,christian1 reference to1 #ic4 ,feast after sacrifice3 #d1 #g2 at beginning of spring among ,slavonic peoples1 #ai2 of 8hand-striking0 at betrothal1 #cb f4 ,fecundity1 lotus flower symbol of1 #beg4 ,fellaheen threshold custom in ,palestine1 #bi4 ,fellows1 ,sir ,charles3 cited1 #aba4 ,feminine in nature1 symbol of1 #bad1 #bcj1 #beh4 ,fergusson1 ,dr4 ,james3 references to1 #ajc-aje1 #ajg1 #bca1 #bce-bcg4 8,festival1 ,harvest10 among ,indians of lower ,mississippi1 #adg4 8,festival of ,new ,fire10 #adg4 ,ficus religiosa1 reference to1 #bei4 ,fielde1 ,adele ,m43 cited1 #dj1 #ga4 ,fig3 in religious symbolisms1 #bcj2 tree representing female1 #beh4 ,figures of speech1 ,oriental1 obscured by literalism of ,western mind1 #bch4 ,finger-shaped door-key used in wedding ceremony1 #bdd4 ,finland3 shaking hands across threshold in1 #ab2 high thresholds in1 #ab2 threshold as altar in1 #cb2 clergyman to step over threshold in1 #adc4 ,finmac-,coole1 print of hand of1 #ha4 ,finn1 ,james3 cited1 #fg4 ,fire3 and salt on threshold1 #ba2 at entrance to cave or tent1 in primitive times1 #bb f42 on threshold altar in ,china1 #ci2 and blood1 significance of1 #dj2 reference to1 #da f42 references to1 #ed-ef1 #aeh2 masculine symbol1 #aih2 production of sacred1 #aih2 doorway1 origin of1 #bbf2 as gift of ,god1 #bbg4 ,fire-altar3 center of public worship1 #ii2 in ,persia1 #ajj1 in ,india1 #ajb2 of family developed into that of community1 #aja2 origin of1 #bbf4 ,first-fruits of grain-field offered at threshold1 #af f4 ,five3 fingers held before evil eye1 #gf1 extended on receiving praise1 #gi2 pronouncing word1 in response to praise1 #gi4 ,flaming torch in ,roman marriage ceremonies1 #da4 ,flesh3 of sacrificed animal distributed1 #d2 and blood symbolized by bread and salt1 #i4 8,floor of the door0 held sacred in ,abyssinia1 #aca4 ,folk-,lore1 ,london1 references to1 #h1 #dj1 #db-dd4 ,folk-,lore ,journal1 reference to1 #bba4 ,folk-,lore ,journal1 ,london1 references to1 #ba1 #bg f41 #cd1 #ej1 #ef1 #aif4 ,folk-,lore ,record1 ,london1 reference to1 #ch4 ,foot3 against threshold1 8unlucky0 to strike1 #ab f42 importance placed on use of right1 #cf-ch4 ,forculus1 door-god of ,romans1 #ig4 ,forlong1 ,gen4 ,j4,g4,r43 references to1 #bcj1 #bcg4 8,fornication10 idolatry called1 #bac4 8,foundation30 and 8threshold0 interchangeable terms1 #ba f42 references to1 #dg1 #ej1 #ec1 #aeh2 laying in blood in ,galam1 #ea f42 sacrifice in ,algiers1 #dh1 among ,vlachs in ,turkey1 #eb f42 in ,archangel1 #ed2 in inscriptions of ,nebuchadrezzar ,,ii41 #aji f42 or ,papa1 #aeb4 ,foundation-stone as threshold of building1 #df4 ,fountain of life sought for1 #adh4 ,fowl3 sacrificed at door1 #d1 #i1 #ba1 #bg1 #de1 #ed f42 sacrificed at foundation-laying in ,greece1 #ec1 in ,bulgaria1 #ed2 sacrificed on ,chinese junk starting on long voyage1 #ga f4 ,foxes1 tribe of1 red hand among1 #hg4 ,france3 marriages in ancient times in1 #aci2 ,marguerite of1 married to ,edward ,i4 at door in1 #adj2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,frazer1 ,j4,g43 references to1 #e1 #ic1 #bji1 #bcj2 cited1 #adg1 #bba4 ,freytag1 ,g4,w41 reference to1 #bdd4 ,friend of bridegroom3 gifts made at threshold by1 in ,russia1 #cb2 among ,albanians1 #cg f4 ,frog under threshold among ,magyars1 #ai f4 ,frothingham1 ,prof4 ,a4,l41 ,jr41 testimony of1 #bd4 ,fruit3 presented to bride at threshold in ,dalmatia1 #ca2 in ,bible narrative1 #bch4 ,fuerst1 ,julius3 cited1 #bdd4 ,funeral3 salt on threshold in ,japan after1 #bj2 coffin passed out window at1 in ,europe and ,america1 #be4 ,gabriel kissing threshold of gate1 #abd4 ,galam1 survival of foundation-laying in blood in1 #ea f4 8,galeed10 memorial of covenant between ,jacob and ,laban1 #aga4 ,galilee1 ,sea of1 reference to1 #aa4 ,gardner1 ,dr4 ,percy3 cited1 #g2 reference to1 #bfc4 ,garlic placed under threshold among ,magyars1 #ai f4 ,garnett1 ,l4,m4,j43 cited1 #bg1 #cj2 quotation from1 #ec4 ,gate3 justice at palace1 in ,persepolis1 #fj2 of camp of ,israel1 ,moses at1 #fc2 inscribed1 among ,muhammadans1 #gj2 dishonoring1 among ,greeks1 #ig2 image as gate in ,new ,zealand1 #ajg f42 gods of1 #ie1 #aaj1 #aac1 #abg-abi2 of ,beltis1 #ie1 at ,medina1 at ,ghuznee1 of mosk at ,meccah1 images trodden upon at1 #abc2 keys of captured cities preserved in ,germany1 #bfb4 8,gate of the ,dead0 in ,korea1 #bd4 ,gate-god of ,romans1 #ig4 8,gate of heaven0 in ,jacob's dream at ,bethel1 #aab4 ,gateway3 sacredness of1 among ,greeks1 #g2 of city1 images buried under1 #ad4 ,gauri feast1 worship of serpent at1 #bei4 ,gaza1 gates of1 carried off by ,samson1 #bee4 ,genesis1 the temptation in narrative of3 as understood by ,philo ,judus1 #bch2 teaching of ,gnostic sects on1 #bci4 ,genii1 winged1 and winged bulls at entrance1 #ie4 ,gentleman's ,magazine1 reference to1 #gd4 ,germany3 threshold cure in ,north1 #ah2 pottery broken on threshold on marriage eve in ,north1 #cc2 ,south1 ,scripture inscriptions above entrance of houses in1 #gc2 marriage rites of1 #ach2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 term for women in1 #bef2 emperors of1 preserving keys of captured cities1 #bfb4 ,geronimo sacrificed in building walls of ,algiers1 #dh4 ,gesenius1 ,wilhelm3 cited1 #hc2 references to1 #ajc1 #baj1 #bee4 ,ghuzzeh1 ancient site of ,gaza1 #bee4 8,gift of in-going0 for bridegroom in ,skarpanto1 #ca4 ,gifts at threshold3 at wedding in ,russia1 #cb2 at marriage among ,towkas1 #ce4 ,gilead1 ,jacob and ,laban in1 #aga4 ,gill1 ,rev4 ,w4,w43 cited1 #aeb4 ,gingiro1 bloody threshold offering in1 #h f4 ,ginsburg1 ,dr4 ,christian ,d43 cited1 #fi4;f#aij f42 references to1 #abj1 #bab4 ,gnostic sects1 teaching of1 on narrative in ,genesis1 #bci4 ,goat sacrificed3 at threshold for guest1 #d2 in ,central ,africa1 #bg f42 among ,copts in ,egypt1 #de2 on ,arab joining new tribe1 #ei4 ,gobineau1 ,count de3 reference to1 #ajd4 ,god3 of household party to marriage covenant1 #cb2 of life and fertility1 #gi2 of threshold in ,china1 #ga1 #ie f41 in ,india1 #ie1 in ,japan1 #if1 in ,egypt1 #if f41 in ,greece and ,rome1 #ig1 in ,guatemala1 #ih2 of doorways in ,china1 ,japan1 ,korea1 ,siam1 ,india1 #ajd2 ,asshur and his worshipers with uplifted hands1 #hi2 doorway shrine as standing-place for1 #aje2 of under-world1 false door of tomb for1 #ajf2 of gates in ,babylonia1 #aac2 ,ea in legend of ,ishtar and ,dumuzi1 #aad2 ,isis1 guardian of gateway1 #abg2 ,nephthys1 guardian of gateway1 #abg2 ,osiris-judge of living and dead1 at door of gateway1 #abg-abi4 8,goddess of the homestead10 prayer to1 in betrothal in ,russia1 #cb4 8,goddess of the dwelling-house10 reference to1 #cb4 ,goddess ,ishtar1 descent of1 into ,allat's realm1 #aac f4 ,godo preserved from wedding night in ,dahomey1 #bde4 8,gods of entrances0 among ,romans1 #ig4 8,gods' portion30 salted bread under threshold in betrothal in ,russia1 #cb2 of brandy spilt under threshold in ,russia1 #cc4 ,godwyn1 ,thomas3 cited1 #ci4 8,going out and coming in10 reference to threshold and deities1 #aji4 ,gold3 under threshold in ,roumania1 #bj2 threshold plated with1 #aaj4 ,goldsmith struck dead at threshold1 #abb4 ,gomme1 ,george ,l41 #ej4 8,good ,abode1 ,the10 inscribed on door-posts of dwelling1 #fh4 8,good luck0 from horseshoes on side-posts of doorway1 #gc f4 ,goodwin1 ,william ,w43 cited1 #ci1 #da4 ,goose sacrificed in ,ireland1 #ba4 8,graf10 meaning of1 #ahc4 ,grain1 nuts1 and fruit presented to bride at threshold in ,dalmatia1 #ca4 ,grant1 ,general3 threshold sacrifice in honor of1 #g f42 at border line of ,assioot1 #ahf4 ,grant-,bey1 ,dr4 ,j4,a4,s41 reference to1 #abd4 8,grape1 blood of the10 among ,muhammadans1 #e4 ,grass dipped in blood representing dignity and power1 #ae4 ,graves1 symbol of open hand above1 #gi4 ,gray1 ,archdeacon3 cited1 #dj1 #gb2 references to1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #bde4 ,great ,britain1 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,greece3 lifting bride over threshold in1 #ci2 bride worshiping at altar-fire in1 #da2 flaming torch to accompany foundation sacrifice in1 #ec2 reference to religion of1 #ig2 palace and temple often identical in1 #ajj2 position of altar in temples of1 #acd2 ancient ruins on sacred foundations of1 #aeh2 trees marking border lines in1 #agf2 boundaries in ancient1 #ahj2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 religions of1 and serpent as symbol1 #bce2 prominence of pine-cone in ancient1 #beg4 ,greek ,church1 marriage sacrament in1 #bbb4 ,greeks3 sacredness of city gates among1 #g2 in ,turkey1 wedding custom among1 #cj2 altars before houses among1 #gb2 doorway ornamented for bride among1 #gb f42 appealing to guardian deity at gateway among1 #gc2 smearing side-posts of gateway with magic herbs among1 #gc2 deities of doors and gates among1 #ig2 temple of1 developed from dwelling-house1 #ajj2 earliest literature of1 in reference to threshold1 #acb2 modern ,easter observance among1 #bba4 ,gregor1 ,walter1 quotation from1 #cd4 ,griffis1 ,william ,elliot3 cited1 #bj2 references to1 #aja1 #ajd1 #bcj4 ,grove of trees3 sacred landmark of boundary in primitive times1 #agc f42 in religious symbolisms1 #bcj4 ,guardian deity's protection secured by stepping over threshold1 #ab4 8,guardian of the dwellings of ,israel1 the10 #fi4 ,guardian of threshold as post of honor1 #aai f4 ,guarding dwelling by placing sacrifices on threshold1 #ad4 ,guatemala3 blood smeared on doorway in1 #gc2 8the god of houses0 in1 #ih4 ,guest3 adopted by bloody sacrifice at door in ,syria and ,egypt1 #c2 welcomed by stepping over blood at door of host1 #d2 by blood among ,arabs of ,central ,africa1 #i2 by sacrifice of fowl in ,liberia1 #i2 refusal of welcome to1 #bag4 ,guhl and ,koner3 cited1 #dj f41 #gb1 #ajj4 ,guzelder1 reference to1 #aij4 ,gwilt1 ,joseph3 cited1 #cf4 ,hades1 ,babylonian conception of1 #aac4 ,hagar3 and ,holy ,house1 tradition of1 #afc2 ,abraham's visit to home of1 #bjj4 ,hags kept off by cross drawn on threshold1 #ah4 ,hajj procession returning from ,meccah1 #ahf4 ,hakham ,bshi1 welcome to1 #fg4 ,haleb3 reference to1 #bdg2 marriage customs among ,christians at1 #bdh4 ,hall of the ,two ,truths1 deceased challenged at entrance to1 #abi4 ,hall of ,two-fold ,maat1 place of final judgment1 #abi4 ,hammaqm or place of worship1 #afj4 ,hand3 stamped on door-lintel in ,upper ,syria1 #bh f42 wrought in silver placed on children's necks1 #gf2 figure of1 similar to five-branched candlestick1 #gg2 as symbol on banner and prayer-rug in ,turkey and ,persia1 #gh2 as symbol of ,siva1 the destroyer1 #gh2 as emblem of power in ,east ,indies1 #gh2 inscribed on or above door in ancient ,carthage1 #gh2 carved in coral or ivory carried by ,jewess1 #gi2 open1 made in stone1 metal1 enamel1 or bone1 common in ancient ,egypt1 #gi2 symbol of open1 found above graves near ,tunis1 #gi2 symbol of uplifted1 in ,babylonia1 #gi f41 ,assyria and ,phenicia1 #hj1 ,egypt1 #ha1 #he1 ,polynesia1 #hc1 #adh1 ,central ,america1 #adh2 clasping in covenant in ,babylonia1 #hj2 print of1 giant ,finmac-,coole as signature1 #ha2 of clay impressed on human body among ,american ,indians1 #hd2 print of1 as symbol on naked body1 #hd2 of bride traced in ink in covenant in ,korea1 #ic f42 print of1 as signature1 #ic f42 of ,muhammad signed to certificate of protection1 #id4 8,hand of might10 red hand as1 #ge4 8,hand of ,moses10 red hand called1 #gg4 8,hand-striking0 feast at betrothal1 #cb f4 ,haran1 reference to1 #afj4 ,hareema1 ,arabic term for woman1 #bef4 ,harper's ,magazine1 reference to1 #if4 ,harrison and ,verrall1 reference to1 #aei4 ,harvest threshold ceremony in ,india1 #af f4 8,harvest ,festival0 among ,indians of lower ,mississippi1 #adg4 ,hasselquist1 ,f41 reference to1 #bbb4 ,hathor1 ,queen1 reference to1 #ahd4 ,hawaii3 ancient gods of1 #aej2 cities of refuge in1 #aea4 ,hayes1 ,isaac ,i43 cited1 #ci4 ,hearth3 as primitive altar1 #bb2 ,penates of ,romans at1 #bc2 bride taken to1 in ,scotland1 #dd4 ,hearthstone3 of ,arab shaykh's tent1 #bb2 as first threshold altar1 #dj4 ,hearn1 ,lafcadio3 cited1 #gb1 #bja2 quotation from1 #abe f4 ,hebrew3 word nasa-to lift up or to swear1 #hc2 word for tent and tabernacle1 #aja2 literature1 reference to1 #aji2 law as to cities of refuge1 #aea1 as to local landmarks1 #afi2 new year1 #bab4 ,hebrews3 commanded to dedicate doorways to living ,god1 #fi2 sacred ark of1 in house of god ,dagon1 #aaf f4 ,hebrews1 ,epistle to1 on threshold sacrifice1 #bag4 ,hebron1 reference to1 #bee4 ,heh and ,egyptian empire1 boundary marks between1 #agi4 ,heifer sacrificed at door for guest1 #d4 ,hen3 sacrificed in ,ireland1 #ba2 sacrificed at new houses among ,metwileh1 #de2 buried alive under house1 #ef4 ,henderson1 ,william3 cited1 #adb1 #afj4 ,herald in ,india responsible with life for repayment of debt1 #fa f4 ,herbs1 juice of magic1 smeared on door-posts among ,greeks1 #gc4 8,hercules1 ,pillars of10 #aha4 ,hermann1 ,k4,f43 cited1 #agb4 ,hermes1 reference to1 concerning boundary lines1 #aga f4 ,hermes ,propylaios1 reference to1 #aei4 ,herodotus3 quotation from1 #ad2 cited1 #aaa2 references to1 #bbi1 #bcf4 ,herrick1 ,r43 his poem on marriage1 #aci f4 ,hesiod1 reference to1 #acb f4 ,hesperides1 shores of1 #ace4 ,heuzey1 ,lon3 cited1 #bi f4 ,hiel1 ,jericho's foundation laid in blood of son of1 #dg4 ,hieroglyphics placed on door-posts and lintels in ,egypt1 #fh f4 ,high thresholds in houses of ,finland and ,united ,states1 and in ,teutonic houses1 #ab4 ,highway1 king's1 reference to1 #agf4 ,hilkiah1 duties of guardians of threshold in days of1 #abj4 ,hillah1 red hand over doors of large khan of1 #ge4 ,hilprecht1 ,dr4 ,h4,v43 cited1 #bb1 #gh1 #aji1 #aee1 #bji2 testimony of1 #cc f42 on use of red hand over doors in ,babylonia1 #ge2 quotation from1 #afg-afi4 ,hindooism1 modern1 ,saivism predominating in1 #aih4 ,hindoos3 sacredness of threshold among1 #aa2 law regarding door-sill1 #ae2 belief that evil spirits keep aloof from iron1 #ag2 rules requiring right foot to cross threshold first1 #cf f42 sacredness of fire recognized by1 #dj2 sacredness of oath taken at threshold of temple among1 #aba f42 prejudice against shedding blood1 sacrifices in spite of1 #abb f42 worship of1 #bcf2 exhibit of evidence among1 #bdi4 ,hindoostan1 survivals of foundation-laying in blood1 #ej4 ,hinge-goddess of ,romans1 #ig4 ,hinges1 reference to1 #bed4 ,hittite1 reference to1 #bac4 ,hofstad1 temple in1 #afj4 ,hog sacrificed before door in ,egypt1 #ad4 ,holland1 strewing of threshold in1 #cc4 ,holy water at doorway of ,roman ,catholic churches in ,america1 #adg4 ,holy ,sepulcher1 ,church of1 #bba4 ,homer3 cited1 #ajj2;f#bfg1 #acb f41 #ace4 ,hommel1 ,prof4 ,fritz3 cited1 #bja4 ,honey3 smeared on door-posts among ,wallachians1 #bi2 and water for bride at threshold in ,morea1 #cj2 and bread placed on bride's gate-post1 #db f4 ,hooke1 ,n41 reference to1 #bfe4 ,hopkins1 ,prof4 ,dr4 ,e4,w43 cited1 #f1 #fb1 #aih1 #bca2 quotation from1 #ae4 ,hormuz1 son of ,nurshivan1 reference to1 #aa4 8,horns of the altar10 meaning of1 #eh4 ,horus1 image of1 over temple door to drive away unclean spirits1 #abg2 reference to1 #agi4 ,horse3 sacrificed at threshold in ,syria1 #d f42 passing through blood of sacrifice1 #g2 laid in churchyard before burial in ,sweden1 #ef2 stamped with red hand in ,babylonia1 #ge2 covered with red hands buried with ,indian chief1 #he f4 ,horseshoe3 nailed to door-sills in ,bombay1 #ag1 on door-step in ,pennsylvania1 #ba1 to side-posts for 8good luck0 in ,europe and ,america1 #gc f42 often found on ship's mast1 #gd4 ,hospitality3 law of1 in ,india1 #e f42 among ,arabs1 #bb4 ,hossein1 banners with open hand at commemoration of death of1 #gh4 ,house3 preceding temple1 #c2 corners of1 sprinkled with blood1 in ,ireland1 #ba2 wall broken for removal of body1 in ,india1 #bc2 earliest form of ,egyptian temple1 #ajj2 of king both palace and temple1 #aja f42 to temple1 gradual transition from1 #aja f4 ,house-father3 as earliest priest1 #c2 among ,hindoos1 #ae4 ,house of the ,bronze ,threshold1 #acb4 ,household 8teraphim10 #aji4 ,hovel earliest form of ,egyptian temple1 #ajj4 ,huc1 ,abb3 cited1 #abe4 ,hughes1 ,thomas ,p43 cited1 #cg1 #abc2 reference to1 #afd4 ,human nature and sacredness of threshold1 #aeb4 ,human sacrifice3 in ,zindero and ,central ,africa1 #h f41 in ,china1 #dh1 in ,alaska1 #ej f41 in ,mexico1 #ef1 at pagoda door in ,india1 #abb f41 on altar at temple gate in ,tibet1 #abe2 in modern times1 #dg2 various substitutes for1 #ec f42 reference to1 #add4 ,human skeletons found under towers of ancient ,irish1 #ej f4 ,hut earliest form of ,japanese temple1 #aja4 ,hwen ,thsang1 reference to1 #aef4 8,hymen's torch0 in marriage ceremony1 #da4 ,hyssop1 significance of1 #bad4 ,iceland1 ,thorolf of ,norway in1 #afj4 ,idolaters1 threshold and door-post of1 beside ,lord's1 #aah4 ,idols3 at door-altar in ,mexico1 #ba2 destroyed at gate in ,meccah1 ,medina1 and ,ghuznee1 #abc4 ,image as gateway of village or cemetery in ,new ,zealand1 #ajg f4 ,images3 buried under threshold of houses1 temples1 and city gates1 #ad2 in sacred 8upper corner0 of building in ,russia1 #ee2 under foundations in ancient ,rome1 #ee f42 of gods of threshold in ,china1 #if4 ,imbia1 reference to1 #fj4 ,imgur-,bl gate in walls of ,babylon1 #aaj4 8,imposition of the ,sa1 the10 touch of uplifted hand of deity1 #he4 ,incantations3 mantra used in1 #ae2 on paper placed in door-sill in ,pennsylvania1 #ba4 ,incense3 placed on threshold1 #ah2 exorcism with1 #ah2 burned on threshold in ,tuscany1 #db2 origin of1 #bbf4 ,india3 law of threshold in1 #e f42 sacredness of threshold in1 #af2 body not to cross threshold1 #bc2 body removed through wall1 #bc2 crossing threshold by bride in1 #ch2 bride at altar-fire in1 #da2 appeals in blood at household altar in1 #fa2 refusal to move from threshold until claim is heeded in1 #fa2 offering to threshold god ,vttu in1 #ie2 fire-altar center of worship in1 #ii2 no temples in early1 #ajj2 fire-altar on threshold as place of worship in1 #ajb2 doorways apart from temples in1 #ajd2 judgments at temple threshold in1 #abb2 bloody sacrifices at temple threshold in1 #abb2 holy trees in ,upper1 #aef2 habit of building sanctuary in1 #aeg2 landmarks in1 #afi2 laws of1 regarding disputed boundaries1 #afi2 visible aid of worship in1 #aih2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 serpent as religious symbol in1 #bce2 marriage ceremonies in1 #bdh2 lotus symbol in1 #beg2 religious custom in1 #beh4 ,indian ,antiquary1 reference to1 #beh4 ,indians3 of ,mexico1 reference to1 #ba2 of ,yucatan1 reference to1 #hb2 red hand among ,american1 #he-ic2 ,natchez1 religious ceremonies among1 #adg4 ,indies1 ,east1 hand as emblem of power in1 #gh4 ,indo-,aryans and boundary lines1 #ahe4 ,inscription3 and invocation placed at corner of building in ,babylonia1 #bb2 on gates and houses deemed protection against evil spirits1 #gj2 at doorway in ,china1 #ga2 among ,greeks1 #gb2 on tomb of kings of ,persia1 #abd2 showing sanctity of temple doorways in ,asia1 #aji4 ,instructress in matrimony in ,china1 #dj4 ,invocations3 on images buried under threshold1 #ad2 and deposits at threshold in ,babylonia1 #bb4 ,iona cathedral built in human blood1 #ej4 ,ionia1 pillar as threshold stone in1 #ahj4 ,ioways1 red hand among1 #hg4 ,ireland3 sacrifice in1 #ba2 lifting bride over threshold in1 #dd2 human skeletons in round towers in1 #ej2 print of five fingers on 8druidical altar0 in1 #ha2 mode of marriage in1 #adb f4 ,irenus3 cited1 #bci4 ,iron as guard against evil spirits1 #ag4 ,is3 temples of1 modeled on primeval hut1 #aja2 great shrines of1 chief ,meccah of ,shint faith1 #abf4 ,ishmael3 and ,holy ,house1 tradition of1 #afc2 and ,hagar1 ,abraham's visit to home of1 #bjj4 ,ishmael1 ,rabbi3 cited1 #bjh4 ,ishtar3 gate of1 #ie2 legend of1 #aac4 ,isis1 guardian of ,egyptian temple1 #abg4 ,islands1 ,south ,sea1 temples of1 #adh4 ,israel3 executing judgment against ,benjamites for disregard of appeal at door1 #fc f42 called to 8establish judgment at the gate10 #fd4 ,israelites3 protected against ,medes1 ,persians1 ,midianites1 and ,assyrians1 #baa2 reference to1 #baf2 command to1 concerning ,asherah and pillar1 #bcc2 exhibiting evidences among1 #bdi4 ,istar of ,agade1 #aec4 ,see1 also1 ,ishtar4 ,italy3 prominence of threshold in folk customs of1 #ag f42 corpse not to pass main door of house in1 #bd4 ,ivory hand as talisman among ,jews at ,tunis1 #gi4 ,jacob3 at ,bethel1 #afj2 and ,laban agreeing on landmark1 #aga2 his pillar1 #bfh f4 8,jacob's ladder0 probably stepped-temple structure1 #aab4 ,jaffa1 sacrifices of sheep at beginning of railroad at1 #ef4 8,janua10 reference to1 #bjj4 ,janus1 ,gate-god of ,romans1 #ig4 ,japan3 salt sprinkled on threshold in1 #bj2 survival of foundation-laying in blood in1 #ea f42 shimenawa suspended above door in1 #gb2 gods of ,ni-o guarding threshold in1 #if2 temples of1 on model of primeval huts1 #aja2 doorways apart from temples in1 #ajd2 pilgrims at threshold of sacred shrines of1 #abe2 ,shinto temples of1 #bja2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,jastrow1 ,prof4 ,dr4 ,morris1 ,jr43 cited1 #gi1 #add1 #bec4 ,jastrow1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,marcus1 testimony of1 #bab4 ,jehoash1 altar at threshold in days of1 #aba4 ,jehoiada3 chest for offerings placed at temple door and altar1 #aba2 his assignment of priests to threshold1 #abj4 ,jennings1 ,hargrave3 cited1 #bcj4 ,jeremiah1 references to1 #fd1 #bac4 ,jericho3 curse of ,joshua on rebuilder of walls of1 #df f42 walls of1 falling down1 #baa4 ,jerome3 his translation of saph1 #bjg4 ,jerusalem3 and ,jaffa railroad1 sacrifice at beginning of1 #eg2 blood placed on lintel of temple at1 #fg2 red hand in ,jews' quarter of1 #ge2 waters issuing from under threshold of temple at1 #aad2 altar of burnt offering at threshold of temple at1 #abj2 temple site at1 #afa2 presence of ,christ at1 #bae2 ,church of ,holy ,sepulcher at1 #bba4 ,jesus3 reference of1 to door1 #f1 to gates of ,hades1 #fe2 the ,door1 #ajd4 ,jews3 red hand on houses of1 in ,jerusalem1 #gf1 on houses at ,safed1 #gg2 open hand found over graves of1 in ,europe1 #gi2 in ,morocco1 bloody hand on door-posts among1 #fg f42 sign of hand found in houses of1 #gf2 sacrifice of lamb at door of new house of1 #gf f42 in ,tunis1 bloody hand among1 #gh f42 hand as talisman against evil eye among1 #gi2 rubbing fingers on synagogue door-posts among1 #add2 modern1 observing passover1 #baa f4 ,jicarilla ,apaches3 prominence of red hand among1 #hg2 celebration of attainment to puberty among1 #hh-ib4 ,john the ,baptist1 reference to1 #bah f4 ,jones and ,kropf3 cited1 #ab1 #ah1 #bj f41 #adc2 quotation from1 #ag4 ,jordan1 source of1 at threshold of grotto of ,pan1 #aae4 ,joshua3 his curse on rebuilder of ,jericho1 #df f42 guardians of threshold in days of1 #abj4 ,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore1 references to1 #e1 #ba4 ,journal of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 reference to1 #bcf4 ,joyner4 ,see ,von ,lher and ,joyner4 ,judicial oath1 uplifted hand in1 #hc4 ,julien1 ,stanislas3 cited1 #aef4 8,jumping the broomstick10 #adc4 ,juno1 ,virgil's reference to brazen threshold in temple of1 #acj4 ,jupiter3 priest of1 at ,lystra1 #acd f42 reference to boundary lines1 #aga2 image of1 as boundary mark1 #agb4 ,justice sought at gate3 among ,arabs1 #eg-ei2 in ,arabia1 #ei f42 in ,babylonia and ,elam1 #fj2 in ,egypt1 #fj f42 in ,india1 #fa2 in ,morocco1 #fb f42 among ,israelites1 #fc f42 in ,turkey1 #fe4 ,justinian1 ,emperor3 cited1 #aha4 ,ka1 or soul1 of dead1 offerings to1 #ajf4 ,kabah in mosk at ,meccah1 #afc4 ,kadesh1 ,egyptian goddess1 #bcd4 ,kadi1 reference to1 #bdg4 ,kamehameha1 king of ,sandwich ,islands1 #aej4 ,kami1 gods of doorways1 #ajd4 ,kardas ,sarks1 god of house1 prayer to1 #dd4 ,kathiawar1 human sacrifice at threshold at1 #fa4 ,kauzeroon1 ,british envoy approaching1 #ahi4 ,keeper of gate1 honorable position1 #aai f4 ,kef ,miryam1 name of sign of hand1 #gg4 ,keightley1 ,thomas1 references to1 #agb1 #bcf4 ,keoroeva1 ancient gods of ,maui1 #aej4 ,ket1 uses of the ,egyptian goddess1 #bcd4 ,key1 uses of the ,hebrew word for1 #bec4 ,khaleefs of ,bagdad1 threshold custom of1 #aj4 ,khedive1 threshold sacrifice to welcome new1 #g4 ,khem1 god of generative force1 #bcd4 ,khonds of ,orissa1 crossing threshold in wedding among1 #ci4 ,khorsabad1 sanctity of doorway in1 #ajh f4 ,kid3 outpoured blood of1 in hospitality among ,arabs1 #bc2 sacrificed on threshold in ,syria1 #bf4 ,king1 ,capt4 ,j4,s43 quotations from1 #bg;f#gb f42 cited1 #aif4 ,king3 human sacrifice to welcome1 #h f42 and priest1 offices claimed by same person1 #aja f4 ,kings of ,scotland crowned on ,coronation ,stone1 #bfh4 ,king's highway1 #agf4 ,kissing3 threshold in ,persia1 #ab2 doors among ,pythagoreans1 #ac2 threshold among ,morlacchi in ,dalmatia1 #ca2 doorway serpent in ,yezidis' temple1 #aaf2 threshold of mosk in ,persia1 #abc f42 threshold of gate of tomb of ,alee1 #abd2 threshold of wely1 #abi2 threshold and door-posts of church in ,abyssinia1 #acj f4 8,kissing the church0 in ,abyssinia1 #aca4 ,kitto1 ,john1 references to1 #abj1 #bab4 ,kitzuki1 sacredness of threshold among pilgrims at1 #abe f4 ,kiva temples1 hand on walls of1 #ib4 ,knight1 ,richard ,payne3 cited1 #bcj4 8,knowledge1 ,tree of10 reference to1 #aef4 8,knowledge10 in ,bible narrative1 #bch4 ,kohala1 temple in1 #aej4 ,koner4 ,see ,guhl and ,koner4 ,koran1 ,see ,quran4 ,korea3 dead taken through hole in city wall in1 #bd2 marriage covenant made by tracing woman's hand on contract1 #ic2 doorways apart from temples in1 #ajd2 pilgrims at threshold in sacred shrines of1 #abe4 ,kowalewsky1 ,m43 cited1 #db4 ,krasnoslobodsk1 marriage customs in1 #bdi4 ,kropf1 ,lewis ,l43 cited1 #ab1 #ah1 #bj4 ,see1 also1 ,jones and ,kropf4 ,kurigalzu ,,ii41 king of ,babylon1 #aed4 ,kuru-,kshetra1 holy ground1 #aef4 8,kuza bemuchsaz ,kuzu0-name of ,god1 #gj4 ,laban and ,jacob agreeing about landmark1 #aga4 ,lachish1 ,tell el-,hesy1 site of ancient1 #eh4 ,lacouperie1 ,terrien de3 cited1 #ahe1 #bca4 ,ladder1 ,jacob's1 probably stepped-temple structure1 #aab4 8,lady of the great land10-,beltis ,allat1 #aac4 ,lakshmi1 wife of ,vishnoo1 represented as seated on serpent1 #bce4 ,lamb3 sacrificed at door for guest1 in ,egypt1 #d1 in ,syria1 #d1 #bf2 outpoured blood of1 in hospitality among ,arabs1 #bc2 sacrificed at foundation-laying in ,greece1 #ec2 buried under altar in first ,christian churches in ,swedish tradition1 #ef2 sacrificed on ,arab joining another tribe1 #eh f42 sacrificed at door of new house of ,jew or ,muhammadan in ,palestine1 #gf f4 ,lamberton1 ,prof4 ,w4,a43 cited1 #acb1 #acd4 ,lamps and laurels on gates in ,tertullian's time1 #ig f4 ,lanciani1 ,dr4 ,rodolfo3 cited1 #ef1 #beg f4 ,landmark3 sacred boundary of private1 #aff2 local1 in form of phallus1 #aff2 in ,babylonia1 #aff2 in laws of ,hebrews1 #afi2 in ,india1 #afi2 fixing and honoring of1 origin of1 #age4 ,landor1 ,a4 ,henry ,savage-3 cited1 #bd1 #id4 ,lane1 ,edward ,william3 cited1 #bf1 #cg1 #abi1 #bde2 references to1 #abc1 #bdd4 ,lane-,poole1 ,stanley3 cited1 #abi1 #bjj4 ,lantevit ,major ,church1 wedding customs at1 #ada4 ,lapland1 significance of stepping over threshold in1 #ab4 ,lares and ,penates in ,cicero's time1 #da4 ,latins1 marriage custom among1 #bi4 ,launching custom of 8christening0 in ,england and ,america1 #h4 ,laurel3 wreaths hung in doorway at marriage among ,romans1 #gc2 ,christians warned against placing1 on their gates1 #ig4 ,laurie1 ,dr4 ,thomas3 cited1 #abd4 ,law of doorway1 #e-aj4 ,laws of ,manu1 reference to1 #f4 ,layard1 ,sir ,austen ,h43 cited1 #fh1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aij1 #bja1 #bcd f42 his discovery of sculptured image of ,assyrian king1 #aae f4 8,laying on of hands1 the10 as symbol of imparting power1 #he4 ,lazarus at gate of ,dives1 #fd4 ,leaping over threshold1 #aag4 ,lebanon1 ,mt41 region receiving ,european prince1 #aia4 ,legend and fact as contributors to proof of custom among ,orientals1 #gg4 ,legends3 of ,dumuzi1 ,tammuz1 ,osiris1 and ,adonis1 correspondences in1 #aae2 and symbols employed concerning boundary lines1 #aga f4 ,leland1 ,charles ,godfrey3 cited1 #ag f41 #bcc4 ,ll1 name for altar1 #aej f4 ,lemm1 ,oscar von3 cited1 #abh4 ,lenormant1 ,franois3 cited1 #aji4 ,levites and priests assigned to threshold and foundation1 #abj4 ,levitical laws concerning sacrifice not made at 8door of tent of meeting10 #aah f4 ,levy1 ,rabbi ,jacob3 cited1 #bjh4 ,libation of water offered on threshold1 #af f41 #bi4 ,liberia3 fowl sacrificed to welcome guest in1 #i2 nuptial customs of1 #aif4 ,liberian clergyman's testimony regarding threshold custom1 #ci4 ,liddell and ,scott3 cited1 #bjh4 ,liebenstein1 castle of1 made fast by burying child1 #di4 ,life3 new1 outgrowth of truth of primal threshold covenant1 #bbf2 tree of1 symbol of feminine nature1 #bcj2 goddess of1 in ,egypt and ,assyria1 #bcd4 ,lifting bride over threshold3 among ,towkas1 #ce2 in ,abyssinia1 ,egypt1 ,syria1 #ch2 in ,greece1 ,rome1 and ,west ,africa4 #ci2 in ,russia1 ,england1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 and ,united ,states1 #dd2 in ,central ,america1 #de4 ,limen1 ,jerome's word for saph1 #bjg4 ,limentinus1 threshold god of ,romans1 #ig4 ,lindisfarne ,abbey1 marriage customs at1 #ada4 ,linga in yoni1 symbol of ,siva's worship1 #aih1 #bcf4 ,lintel3 hand in dough impressed on1 in ,upper ,syria1 #bh f42 smeared with honey and water1 #cj2 blood on1 #ff1 #fh2 inscriptions as to sacredness of1 #ff1 #fh2 blood stains above1 #fg2 symbolic figures on1 #gj2 sentences written on1 in ,china1 #ga2 ,romans affixing spoils of battle on1 #gc2 red hand on1 #gd2 red hand on1 in ,babylonia1 #ge2 ornamentation of1 in ancient ,egypt1 #ajj2 image of ,horus on1 #abg2 kissed by pious in ,abyssinia1 #aca2 decorations on1 and above1 #adf2 blood on1 as protection for house1 #bjf2 and two side-posts1 ,god passing over1 #baj4 ,lithuania1 wooden cross placed under threshold in1 #ah4 ,littleton1 ,sir ,thomas3 cited1 #adj4 ,london1 horseshoes on threshold of houses in ancient1 #gd4 ,loong-moo1 sacrifice of fowl in honor of divinity1 among ,chinese1 #ga f4 8,lord of the great city10 god ,nergal as1 #aac4 ,lot welcoming angels1 #baa4 ,lotus flower3 in religious symbolisms1 #bcj2 reference to1 #bcd2 symbol of fecundity1 #beg4 8,louping stone10 #adb4 ,lowell1 ,percival3 cited1 #ajd1 #abf1 #bja4 ,lubare1 offering to1 in ,uganda1 #ae4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,john3 cited1 #ci4 ,luncz1 ,a4,m41 quotations from1 #fg1 #gf4 ,lund's ,every-day ,life in ,scandinavia3 reference to1 #g1 #ab4 ,lystra1 temple of ,jupiter at1 reference to1 #ace4 ,mc,dowell1 ,henry ,b43 cited1 #if4 ,mc,lennan1 ,dr4 ,john ,f43 cited1 #ci4 ,mackay1 ,alexander3 cited1 #ae4 ,mackenzie1 ,capt4 ,j4,s4,f41 quotation from1 #beh f4 ,maoudi's ,les ,prairies d',or1 reference to1 #bjj4 ,madaa1 place of prayer1 #afd4 ,madagascar1 importance of right foot in1 #ch2 circumcision in1 #adi4 ,mafkat1 land of1 #ahd4 ,magharah1 ,wady1 boundary marks in1 #agi4 ,magyars3 stepping over threshold among1 #ab2 custom to win love1 #ai f4 ,mahabharata3 cited1 #f2 on responsibility of heralds1 #fb2 ,hindoo epic1 #aeg4 ,mal occhis1 or evil eye1 #gi4 ,male represented by stone or pole1 #beh4 ,man1 origin and development of1 #bbc4 ,manoli in 8,monastery of ,argis10 story of1 #eb f4 ,mantra1 meaning of word1 #ae4 ,manu1 ,laws of1 reference to1 #f4 ,maras kept off by cross on threshold1 #ah4 8,marches10 reference to1 #ahc4 ,marduk1 reference to1 #bce4 ,margosa1 reference to1 #bei4 ,margrave1 origin of1 #ahc4 ,mariette ,bey1 references to1 #aaa1 #abf1 #abh4 ,market-places as boundaries1 #agh4 8,markgraf10 meaning of1 #ahc4 8,marks10 reference to1 #ahc4 ,marquardt1 ,joachim3 cited1 #cj1 #ci1 #da4 8,marque1 ,letters of10 meaning of1 #ahc4 8,marquee10 meaning of1 #ahc4 ,marquises1 origin of1 #ahc4 ,marriage3 threshold covenanting in1 #be-ce2 by outpoured blood at threshold1 #bf2 customs among ,somalis in ,central ,africa1 #bg1 among ,wallachians1 #bi1 in ,egypt1 #bdc1 #bde1 in ,china1 ,dahomey1 #bde1 in ,syria1 #bdf1 in ,asia and ,africa1 in ,krasnoslobodsk1 among ,mordvins1 in ,pensa1 #bdi1 in ,samoa1 #bea2 not 8by capture10 #cf2 celebrated at church door in ,abyssinia1 #aca2 where solemnized1 #ach2 ,pre-,reformation rule of1 #aci2 services in ,protestant ,episcopal churches1 #adh2 covenant1 primitive certificate of1 #aif2 primitive rite of1 #bad1 #bbe2 sacrament of1 in ,roman ,catholic ,church1 #bbb2 torch1 origin of1 #bbf2 certificate in ,syria1 #bde1 in ,upper ,egypt1 #bde2 ceremonies among ,muhammedans1 #bdg2 ceremonies among ,christians at ,haleb1 #bdh2 ceremonies in ,darfour1 #bdi4 ,see1 also1 ,wedding ceremonies4 8,mary's ,hand1 ,virgin10 among ,christians of ,syria1 #gg4 ,masjid3 bridegroom's visit to1 in ,central ,africa1 #bg2 place of prostration1 #afc4 ,mask marked with hand among ,jicarilla ,apaches1 #hi4 ,mason1 ,william ,shaw3 cited1 #ba1 #ha4 8,mason and ,dixon's line10 #ahb4 ,maspero1 ,prof4 ,g43 cited1 #ad1 #ci1 #he2 references to1 #ie1 #ajb1 #aje f41 #aac f41 #abf1 #afi1 #bja1 #bce4 ,massachusetts1 beating bounds in1 #agf4 ,mastabahs1 false doors in ancient ,egypt1 #ajf f4 ,matthews1 ,washington1 reference to1 #hg4 ,maundrell1 ,henry1 reference to1 #bbb4 ,maui1 ,island of1 ancient god of1 #aej4 ,maurice1 ,thomas3 cited1 #abb2 references to1 #abc1 #bcf f4 ,maya people1 sacrifices among1 #ade4 ,meccah3 black stone of1 reference to1 #aj2 prayer niche toward1 #ajh2 mosk of1 image thrown down at gate of1 #abc2 mosk at1 reference to1 #afc2 ,hajj procession from1 #ahf4 ,medals showing altar at threshold1 #aba4 ,medicine taken on threshold in ,tuscany1 #ag f4 ,medina1 mosk of1 pieces of idol thrown down at gate of1 #abc4 ,mediterranean1 boundary marks on shores of1 #agh4 ,medusa and serpents1 #bcg4 ,memorials in door form1 in various lands1 #ajg4 ,mercury3 reference to1 concerning boundary lines1 #aga2 image of1 as boundary landmark1 #agb4 ,merodach3 god of left side of gate1 #ie2 temple of1 threshold plated with gold1 #aaj4 ,metwileh1 hen sacrificed at building of house among1 #de4 ,metempsychosis connected with threshold covenant1 #bbf4 ,mexico3 ,indians of ancient1 reference to1 #ba2 sacrificial stone of temple of1 #ef2 ancient1 altar in doorway1 #ajh2 earliest form of temple in1 #add2 religions of1 and serpent as symbol1 #bce4 ,meydoom1 stepped pyramid of1 in ,egypt1 #abf4 8,mezuza10 covenant record at door-way1 #fi f4 ,middle ,empire of ,egypt3 disappearance of door form in1 #ajf2 temples of1 #aee4 8,midsummer ,day0 festival in ,russia1 #db4 8,mihrab10 or prayer niche1 probable origin of its form1 #ajh4 ,mile-posts as landmarks1 #agf4 ,min1 ,egyptian god of generative force1 #bcd4 ,mineptah ,i41 memorial stone of1 #ahj4 ,minnesota1 threshold custom among ,scandinavians in1 #bei4 ,mississippi1 lower1 religious ceremonies among ,indians along1 #adg4 8,mizpah10 memorial of covenant1 #aga4 ,mnesikles1 architect1 plan of1 #aeh4 ,moksha1 wooing custom among1 #db4 8,monastery of ,argis10 foundation sacrifice in1 #eb f4 ,monier-,williams1 ,sir ,monier3 cited1 #aef1 #aih f41 #bcj1 #bcf4 ,monoliths in front of door of temple at ,yeha1 #aca4 ,montezuma3 his consecration of altar by blood of captives1 #ef4 ,moon-god ,sin3 ,ur-,gur with uplifted hands before1 #hj2 reference to1 #afa4 ,mordevins4 ,see ,mordvins4 ,mordvins3 threshold as altar among1 #cb2 marriage customs of1 #da1 #bdi4 ,morea1 threshold custom in1 #cj4 ,morier1 ,james3 cited1 #aa f41 #gh1 #abc2 quotation from1 #ahi f4 ,morlacchi custom of kissing threshold1 #ca4 ,morocco1 survival of sacrificing at door-way in1 #fb4 ,mosaic law1 appeal to altar in covenant in1 #fe4 ,moses3 at gate of camp1 #fc2 meeting ,jehovah at doorway1 #aai2 in wilderness of ,sinai1 #afj f4 8,moses1 ,hand of10 red hand called1 #gg4 ,mosk of ,st4 ,sophia1 stamp of red hand in1 #gg4 ,mostur1 temple of ,thor in1 #afj4 ,mt4 ,lebanon region1 ,european prince received in1 #aia4 ,mt4 ,moriah3 temple on1 reference to1 #afa2 and ,abraham's offering1 #afa4 ,mt4 ,sinai1 reference to1 #id4 ,mountain peaks as boundaries1 #agh4 ,muhammad3 certificate of protection signed with impression of open hand of1 #id2 throne of1 reached only by kissing threshold1 #abd4 ,muhammad ,,ii43 his victory over ,christians sealed by bloody hand1 #gg4 ,muhammad ,issoof1 letter from king of ,mysore to1 #id4 ,muhammadan3 substitute for 8blood of the grape10 #e2 conquest of ,india1 reference to1 #abc4 ,muhammadans3 to place right foot first in crossing threshold1 #cf2 inscribe gates1 fountains1 bridges1 and houses1 #gj2 sacred inscriptions placed above doorways by1 #ga2 sign of hand among1 #gf2 lamb sacrificed at door of new house of1 #gf f42 8,hand of the ,prophet0 on houses of1 #gg2 sultan as father of faithful1 #ajc2 prayer niche among1 #ajh2 treading on idol at gate1 #abc2 threshold of mosks counted sacred among1 #abc2 their estimate of first foundations1 #afb2 marriage customs of1 #bdg2 reticent on matters concerning women1 #bdg f4 ,muir1 ,sir ,william1 reference to1 #afd4 ,mlhau and ,volck1 reference to1 #bee4 ,mller1 ,ivan ,v41 reference to1 #agb4 ,mller1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,max3 cited1 #abg1 #bcd4 ,muslims4 ,see ,muhammadans4 ,mussulmans4 ,see ,muhammadans4 ,mysore3 king of1 hand-print on back of letter written by1 #id2 ancient religious custom at1 #beh4 ,mysoreans1 hand-print equivalent to oath among1 #id4 ,naaman1 reference to1 #afa4 ,nabob of ,arcot1 banners of1 inscribed with hand1 #gh4 ,nabonidus1 king of ,babylon1 #aec4 ,nabunaid1 king of ,babylon1 #aed4 ,nahr-el-,kelb3 as gateway of nations1 #aje2 boundary marks at1 #agh4 ,nahuas1 marriage ceremonies of1 #bdf4 ,nakishbend1 tomb of1 threshold stone at1 #abd f4 ,naomi1 reference to1 #fd4 ,napier1 ,james3 cited1 #dd4 ,naples1 pine cone among ,pompeian relics at1 #beg4 ,narm-,sin1 reference to1 #aed4 ,nasa1 meaning of ,hebrew word1 #hc4 ,natchez ,indians1 religious ceremonies among1 #adg4 ,nations or states1 boundaries of1 #agg4 ,neapolitan ,museum1 information concerning threshold at1 #beh4 ,nebo3 shrine of1 #aaj2 references to1 #agg1 #ahh4 ,nebuchadrezzar ,i43 meaning of name1 #agg2 his empire boundary1 #ahh4 ,nebuchadrezzar ,,ii43 inscriptions of1 #aji2 his description of building walls of ,babylon1 #aji-aaa2 reference to1 #aed4 ,negeb3 reference to1 #afj2 boundary dispute on borders of1 #agj4 ,neoptolemus and ,orestes in temple at ,delphi1 #acd4 ,nephthys1 guardian of gateway of ,egyptian temple1 #abg4 ,nergal1 threshold god among ,assyrians1 #ie1 #aac1 #bce4 ,nestorians kissing threshold on entering church1 #abd4 ,nevius1 ,rev4 ,j4,w43 cited1 #bd4 ,new ,empire of ,egypt3 religious pictures on stele in tombs of1 #ajg2 buildings of1 #aee4 ,new ,england3 door at corner of house in1 #ee2 8beating the bounds0 in1 #agf4 8,new ,fire1 ,festival of10 #adg4 ,new ,testament1 symbols of ,old ,testament explained in1 #bae4 ,new ,year3 threshold custom in ,aberdeenshire1 #bj f42 of ,hebrews1 #bab2 ,easter beginning new ,ecclesiastical1 #bba4 ,new ,zealand1 sacred image as gateway in1 #ajg f4 ,niche3 as shrine in ,egypt1 #ajf2 survival of tomb doorways1 #ajh2 prominence of1 in ,egypt1 #ajf f41 in ,new ,zealand1 #ajg f41 in ,muhammadan and ,christian lands and in ,china1 #ajh4 ,niebuhr1 ,c43 cited1 #bdh4 ,nikk1 shrines of1 #abf4 ,nile1 ,gen ,grant on ,upper1 #g f4 ,nimb tree1 reference to1 #bei4 ,nimitti-,bel1 gate of1 in walls of ,babylon1 #aaj4 ,nimroud1 blood-stained slabs at entrance to palace of1 #fh4 ,nineveh3 sanctity of doorway in1 #ajh f42 sculpture of ,assyrian king with uplifted arm found at1 #aae4 ,ni-o1 prints of gods placed over doors in ,japan1 #ie4 ,nippur3 sanctity of doorway in1 #ajh f42 altar found between temples in1 #aaa4 ,nish1 ,assyrian word for swearing1 #hc4 ,noetling1 ,dr41 reference to1 #gg4 ,northly1 ,hen41 reference to1 #adj4 ,norway1 ,thorolf of1 removing to ,iceland1 #afj4 8,not by door10 entering house1 #f4 ,notre ,dame1 marriage at door of church of1 #acj4 ,november #aa as sacrifice day in ,ireland1 #ba4 ,nubia3 ancient map of gold districts in1 #ahj2 reference to1 #ahe4 ,numa1 directions of1 concerning boundaries1 #agc4 ,nuptial torch in marriage ceremony1 #da4 ,nurshivan and ,hormuz1 reference to1 #aa4 ,nuts presented to bride at threshold in ,dalmatia1 #ca4 ,oath1 uplifted hand in judicial1 #hc4 ,obelisk1 symbol of ,baal1 #bad4 ,oberea1 queen of ,otaheite1 #bej f4 ,offerings3 at threshold1 #bh1 #aah f42 to local divinity at threshold-laying1 #ie2 for dead pictured on stele of ,middle ,empire of ,egypt1 #ajf4 ,ohel1 applied to private tent and to sacred tabernacle1 #aja4 ,ohnefalach-,richter1 reference to1 #bca4 ,old ,empire of ,egypt3 false door in early tombs of1 #ajf2 temples of1 #aee4 ,old ,testament and ,new3 waters of life in1 #aae2 rites and symbols of1 #bae4 ,oldest member of household first to enter new house1 #ed4 ,olympian games1 references to1 #g1 #bfc4 ,olympus1 ,house of ,zeus1 #acb4 ,om mani padme ,hm1 #aii4 ,omaha chief1 burial of1 #he f4 ,ophites1 teaching of1 #bci4 ,oracle at ,delphi1 #bcf4 ,oran buried alive in foundation of cathedral in ,iona1 #ej4 ,orestes and ,neoptolemus at ,delphi1 #acd4 ,oriental3 sovereigns and boundaries1 #agg2 ,christians1 covenanting at threshold among1 #bba2 figures of speech obscured by literalism of ,western mind1 #bch4 ,orissa1 importance of threshold in marriage in1 #ci4 ,orme1 ,r43 cited1 #id4 ,osiris3 annual feast in honor of1 #ad f42 references to1 #ajf1 #aae1 #abh f41 #agi2 door of gateway1 #abg4 8,ostium0 defined1 #bjj4 ,otaheite1 primitive threshold in1 #bej4 ,ovid3 cited1 #agb f4 ,owens1 ,j4,g43 cited1 #ba4 ,oxford1 ,penn41 stone landmark at1 #ahc4 ,palestine3 spilling water on threshold in1 #bi2 sacrifice at beginning railroad in1 #eg2 blood on lintel1 #fg2 red hand in1 #ge2 hand printed in blue in houses of1 #gf4 ,palgrave1 ,william ,g43 cited1 #aj4 ,palm cone1 symbolism of1 #bca4 ,palmer1 ,prof4 ,e4,h41 quotation from1 #bf4 ,pan1 threshold of grotto of1 #aae4 ,pan-kng1 emperor of ,china1 reference to1 #aeg4 ,paper sprinkled with blood in ,china1 #gb4 8,parting-stool10 reference to1 #adb4 ,pskha1 meaning of1 #bjh1 #baj1 #bff4 ,paul3 with ,barnabas at ,lystra1 #ace2 his reference to foundations1 #afb2 to ,corinthian ,christians1 #bae2 on ,christian passover1 #bag2 on relation between ,christ and his church1 #bai4 ,pausanias3 cited1 #ace4 ,pecos1 red-hand symbol in ancient ,pueblos of1 #hg f4 ,peepul tree1 in ,upper ,india1 #aef1 #bei4 ,peloponnesus and ,attica1 boundary between1 #ahj4 ,penates3 reference to1 #ai2 of ,romans at threshold1 #bc2 appeased by bread and salt1 #cb2 and ,lares in ,cicero's time1 #da4 ,pennsylvania3 threshold custom in1 #ba2 corner-stone at door in1 #ee2 horseshoes as doorway guards in1 #gd2 stone landmark in1 #ahc4 ,pennsylvania ,magazine of ,history1 reference to1 #ahc4 ,pensa1 marriage customs in1 #bdi4 8,per-ao0 7,pharaoh71 meaning of1 #ajc4 ,pericles building new ,propyla1 #aeh4 ,perrot and ,chipiez3 cited1 #ga1 #gh1 #hj1 #he1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aaa1 #bja1 #bca1 #bce2 quotation from1 #ajf f4 ,persea1 reference to1 #ahj4 ,persepolis1 justice at palace gate of1 #fj4 ,persia3 sacredness of threshold in1 #aa f42 sacred passages inscribed over doorways in1 #ga2 banners and prayer-rugs inscribed with open hand in1 #gh2 no temples in ancient1 #ajj2 fire-altar on uplifted threshold as place of worship in1 #ajj1 #ajb2 veneration for threshold of mosks in1 #abc f42 border sacrifices in1 #ahh2 shah of1 entering ,teheran1 #ahi2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 marriage customs in1 #bdi2 phallus represented by boundary posts1 #beh4 ,peru3 blood smeared on doorway in1 #gc2 stepped pyramid temples in1 #aaa2 religions of1 and serpent as symbol1 #bce4 ,pesakh4 ,see ,pskh4 ,petrie1 ,dr4 ,w4,m4 ,flinders3 his discovery of ornamental door-jams1 #eh2 reference to1 #abf4 8,petting stone10 at ,lindisfarne ,abbey1 #ada4 ,phallus1 reverence for1 in ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,india1 ,china1 ,japan1 ,persia1 ,phrygia1 ,phenicia1 ,egypt1 ,abyssinia1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,germany1 ,scandinavia1 ,france1 ,spain1 ,great ,britain1 ,north and ,south ,america1 ,islands of the ,sea1 #bcj4 8,pharaoh10 meaning of1 #ajc4 ,phenicia3 uplifted hand of deities of1 #gi f42 prominence of door in1 #ajg2 altar at threshold in1 #aba2 indications of presence of deity in1 #bja2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 religions of1 and serpent as symbol1 #bce2 pine cone symbol in1 #beg4 ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 reference to1 #aci4 ,philistines1 sacredness of threshold among1 #aa f4 ,philo ,judus3 cited1 #bjh1 #bch2 reference to1 #bci4 ,philos1 ,phle1 and ,phli1 meanings and uses of1 #bee f4 ,phbus ,apollo1 reference to1 #acc4 ,phrygia3 threshold altar in1 #aba2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,pig3 sacrifice of black1 in ,russia1 #ai2 blood of1 sprinkled at door in ,borneo1 #bj2 buried alive under houses1 #ef2 as sacrifice1 #adh4 ,pigeon-poult's blood in ,arabia1 #bdh4 ,pigeons sacrificed at door1 #d4 ,pilgrims at threshold in ,japan1 in ,korea1 in ,shinto and ,booddhist temple1 #abe4 ,pillar3 of cloud at doorway of tent of meeting1 #aai2 of ,baal1 #bad2 and tree in religious symbolism1 #bcb2 command to ,israelites concerning1 #bcc4 8,pillars of ,herculus10 #aha4 ,pine cone3 in ancient ,assyrian sculptures1 in ,grecian and ,phenician cults1 and in ancient ,rome1 #beg4 ,pinkerton1 ,john3 cited1 #ci4 ,pipal tree4 ,see ,peepul tree4 ,pipiles1 sacrifices among1 #adf4 8,plain of ,kuru10 #aef4 ,pliny1 reference to1 #ic4 ,ploss1 ,h41 reference to1 #ic4 ,plutarch3 cited1 #be1 #ci1 #da1 #ahj f41 #bfc1 #bfe4 ,pole1 brush-topped1 symbolism of1 #bad1 #beh4 ,polynesia3 survival of foundation-laying in blood in1 #ea f42 uplifted hand found in stepped-pyramid temples of1 #hc2 boundary lines in1 #agd4 ,pomegranate3 on threshold in ,morea1 #cj1 in ,rhodes1 #cj f42 in religious symbolisms1 #bcj4 ,pompeian relics at ,naples1 #beg4 ,ponce de ,leon and fountain of life1 #adh4 ,poole4 ,see ,lane-,poole4 ,poros1 derivation of1 #bfe4 ,porta and ,porto1 derivation of1 #bfe4 ,porta di morti in ,italian houses for corpse1 #bd4 ,porter1 ,sir ,robert ,kerr3 cited1 #i1 #ga4 ,porter1 twofold use of word1 #bfc-bfe4 ,portuguese navigators and boundary pillars1 #ahj f4 ,postliminium1 a recrossing of threshold1 #aha4 ,pth3 uses of ,hebrew word1 #bec2 as hinge or socket1 #bed4 ,prabhus of ,bombay1 birth custom among1 #ag4 ,prague1 open hand above graves in1 #gi4 ,prayer3 on burying articles under threshold1 #bj2 offered to 8goddess of the homestead0 in betrothal in ,russia1 #cb2 for dead at door of ,egyptian tombs1 #ajf2 ,booddhist in ,tibet1 #aii2 meaning of1 #bbh4 ,prayer-rug in ,turkey and ,persia1 #gh4 ,priest3 house-father as earliest1 #c2 among ,jicarilla ,apaches1 #hi2 as ruler1 #afe2 of ,dagon not to tread on threshold1 #aag4 ,primitive3 altar of family1 #c2 threshold customs1 #ce2 temple as rude door-way1 #ajb2 man and his knowledge1 #bbd4 ,prisse's ,monuments of ,egypt1 reference to1 #bcd4 ,proceedings of the ,society of ,biblical ,archology1 references to1 #bja1 #bca1 #beg4 ,propylon3 of ,egyptian temple1 #abg2 of ,greek temple on ,acropolis1 #aeh4 ,prosdr1 rabbinical meaning of1 #bec4 ,prostitution1 sacred1 origin of1 #bbi4 ,prostrating3 at gate of palace in ,bagdad1 #aj2 at threshold of shrines of ,egypt1 #abg f4 ,protection3 for enemy at home sanctuary1 #eg2 at threshold among ,afghans1 #eh4 ,protestant ,episcopal churches3 baptismal font in1 #adg2 marriage ceremonies in1 #adh4 ,psalmist3 his reference to lifting up hand1 #hb2 to honorable position of doorkeeper1 #abj4 ,puberty celebrated among ,jicarilla ,apaches1 #hh-ia4 ,pueblos3 prominence of red hand among1 #hg2 references to1 #hh1 #ib4 ,puhonuas1 cities of refuge in ,hawaii1 #aea4 ,purity of primitive threshold covenant1 #bcc4 8,put your right foot first10 #cg f4 ,puthmn1 meanings and uses of1 #bee4 ,pylon4 ,see ,propylon4 ,pyramid1 stepped3 many early temples in form of1 #hc1 #aaa2 of ,meydoom1 #abf2 references to1 #add1 #adh1 #bbi4 ,pythagoras3 cited1 #cg4 ,pythagoreans1 reverence for threshold among1 #ab f4 ,quarrels as result of shaking hands over threshold in ,finland1 #ab4 ,quarterly ,statement of ,palestine ,exploration ,fund1 reference to1 #bi4 ,queen of ,heaven1 statue of1 in ,carthage1 #acj4 ,qurn1 sentences from3 on gates1 fountains1 bridges1 and houses1 #gj2 on houses of worship1 #afc4 4p#b ,rahab1 blood-colored thread on house of1 #baa4 ,raja ,pasupati1 reference to1 #aeg4 ,ralston1 ,w4,r4,s43 cited1 #ab1 #ai1 #bd1 #cb1 #ed f42 quotation from1 #bc4 ,rameses ,,ii41 reference to1 #ahj4 ,ram's horn on door-post in ,tell-el-,hesy1 #eh4 ,ramsay1 ,prof4 ,w4,m43 cited1 #bbi4 ,rawlinson1 ,george3 cited1 #ad1 #aje1 #aaa f4 ,rawlinson1 ,sir ,henry ,c43 cited1 #aaj1 #aec1 #agh1 #ahd1 #bcd2 quotation from1 #afg-afi4 ,recognition1 ,mount of1 reference to1 #afd4 ,records1 ,book of1 or ,shoo ,king1 reference to1 #aeh4 ,red cloth on altar at marriage1 #cd4 ,red hand3 as sign of covenant1 #gd f42 in ,morocco1 #gd2 in ,palestine1 #gd-gf2 in ,turkey1 #gd1 #gg2 in ,babylonia1 #ge2 on lintel1 #ge2 ,aryan origin of1 #ge2 among ,sephardeem1 #gf2 in ,mosk of ,st4 ,sophia1 #gg2 in ,central ,america1 #ha f42 among aborigines of ,america1 #hc2 among ,dacotahs1 ,winnebagoes1 #hd2 among ,omahas1 #he2 among ,ioways1 ,sauks1 ,foxes1 ,sioux1 ,arickarees1 ,cheyennes1 ,arapahoes1 ,comanches1 ,apaches1 ,jicarillas1 and ,pueblos1 #hg2 among ,pecos1 #hg f42 among cliff-dwellers of ,chelly ,canyon1 #hg4 ,see1 also1 ,bloody hand4 ,red seal on documents1 probable meaning of1 #id4 ,redwan1 village of1 #aij4 ,refuge1 cities of1 #aea4 ,remondino1 ,dr4 ,p4,c43 cited1 #aif4 ,renouf1 ,le ,page3 cited1 #abh f41 #beg4 ,rere1 name for altar1 #aej f4 ,rville1 ,albert3 cited1 #gc1 #aaa1 #add f41 #bce4 ,rhodes1 doorway marked with honey in1 #cj4 ,rice3 as offering among ,hindoos1 #ae2 on heads of bridal couple among ,hindoos1 #cf2 presented to bride in ,china1 #dj2 as offering at threshold in ,japan1 #abe f4 ,richon's ,dic4 of ,bib4 ,antiq41 reference to1 #ajc4 ,rig ,veda3 reference to1 #aeg2 on production of sacred fire1 #aih4 ,right foot first to cross threshold of mosk1 #abc4 ,rio de ,padro1 or ,pillar ,river1 #ahb4 ,rites3 religious1 beginning of1 #cf1 #aii1 #bbe2 and symbols of ,new ,testament1 #bae4 ,ritual of ,old and ,new ,testament1 basis of1 #bbh4 ,rituals1 ecclesiastical1 origin of1 #bbf4 ,river of ,threshold1 #ahb4 ,roberts1 ,joseph3 cited1 #ie1 #abb4 ,robes stamped with red hand among ,american ,indians1 #hc4 ,rocky ,pytho1 reference to1 #acc4 ,rod at door1 stepping over1 #abc4 ,rodd1 ,rennell3 cited1 #bg1 #cj f41 #ch2 quotation from1 #eb f4 ,roman3 ,penates at threshold or hearth1 #bc2 architect on proportions of temple1 #cf2 custom of placing statues under foundations1 #ee f42 custom of affixing spoils and trophies of war to lintels1 #gc2 temples1 position of altar in1 #acd2 empire1 mile-posts in1 #agf2 empire1 threshold of1 #beh4 ,roman ,catholic ,church on marriage1 #bbb4 ,roman ,catholic churches1 holy water in1 in ,america1 #adg4 ,rome3 lifting bride over threshold in1 #ci2 bride worshiping at altar-fire in1 #da2 images under foundations in1 #ee f42 8gods of entrances0 in1 #ig2 reference to religion of1 #ig2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 pine cone found in1 #beg2 ceremonies at founding of1 #bfd f4 ,romulus1 founder of ,rome1 #bfd f4 ,rongo1 first-born son of ,vatea and ,papa1 reference to1 #aeb4 ,roscommon1 county of1 ,druidical altar in1 #ha4 ,rosenmller1 ,ernst ,f4,k43 cited1 #gh4 ,roumania1 bat and coin under threshold in1 #bj4 ,rous's ,archologia ,attica1 reference to1 #ci4 ,rubbing foreheads on 8stone of desire0 at ,baveddeen1 #abe4 ,russia3 welcoming guest with bread and salt in1 #i2 reverence for threshold in1 #ab2 threshold observances in1 #ah1 #ca f42 stillborn children buried under threshold in1 #ah2 sacrifice to 8,vodyaour0 in1 #ai2 household deity abiding behind stove in1 #bc2 concerning dead and threshold in1 #bd2 marriage custom among ,mordvins in1 #da2 crossing altar-fire in1 #db2 death following building of new house in1 #ed2 8upper corner0 of house sacred in1 #ed f42 disputed boundary lines in1 #age4 ,ruth1 reference to1 #fd4 ,ruthennu1 land of the1 reference to1 #ahj4 8,,sa1 the imposition of the10 representations on monuments of1 #he4 ,sacrament of marriage in ,greek and ,roman ,catholic churches1 #bbb4 ,sacramental communion feasts1 #bbf4 ,sacred corner of building in ,russia1 #ed f4 ,sacredness3 of threshold among ,scandinavians1 #f f42 of city gates among ,greeks1 #g2 among ,hindoos1 #aa2 of boundary landmark in classic literature1 #ag2 of threshold recognized in architecture and ceremonial1 #bb1 #ajb2 among ,muhammadans1 #abc2 in ,persia1 #abc f42 in ,japan1 #abd f42 in ,babylonia and in ,egypt1 #abf f42 of doorway above threshold in ,babylonia and ,egypt1 #abf f4 ,sacrifice3 for family first made in home1 #c f42 in ,syria1 #c-e2 at threshold in ,egypt1 #c1 #g f42 in ,africa1 #i1 #bg f42 among ,arabs1 #i1 #bf1 #ei2 among ,pipiles1 #add2 in ,mexico and ,ireland1 #ba2 in ,morocco1 #fc2 at door1 of heifer1 #d1 pigeons1 #d1 horse1 #d f41 bullock1 #d1 #g f41 sheep1 #d1 #g-i1 #aa1 #ba1 #bc1 #bf f41 #de1 #ec1 #eh f41 #fc1 #gf f41 fowl1 #d1 #i1 #ba1 #bg1 #de1 #ec-ef1 #ga f41 goat1 #d1 #bg f41 #de1 #ei1 buffaloes1 #g1 human1 #h f41 #df-dh1 #ej-ed1 #ef1 #abb f41 #abe1 #add f41 pig1 #ad1 #ai1 #adh1 cow1 goose1 #ba2 of salt in ,japan1 #bf2 at threshold to reconcile enemies1 #ei2 altar of1 location of1 #acd2 offered at boundary of empire1 #ahc2 origin of1 #bbh4 ,sacrificial rules of ancient ,hindoos on stepping over threshold1 #cf f4 ,safed1 sign of hand in houses at1 #gg4 ,sailer1 ,dr4 ,t4,h4,p43 cited1 #bff4 ,st4 ,catharine1 convent of1 reference to1 #id4 ,st4 ,columba1 human sacrifice in walls of cathedral of1 #ej4 ,st4 ,eric1 tomb of1 reference to1 #adj4 ,st4 ,john1 ,spencer3 cited1 #bj1 #cd4 ,st4 ,john's ,college1 reference to1 #dh4 ,st4 ,sophia1 mosk of1 stamp of red hand in1 #gg4 ,saint's tomb as place of worship in ,egypt1 #abi4 ,saivism1 or ,sivaism1 predominating in modern ,hindooism1 #aih4 ,sakya ,sinha1 attaining to ,booddha-hood1 #aef4 ,sale1 ,g43 cited1 #afd4 ,salt3 as substitute for blood1 #e1 #bj2 on threshold in ,syria1 #e1 in ,japan1 #bj2 stepping over1 #e2 and bread to welcome guest in ,russia1 #i1 among ,arabs1 #bb1 among ,erza1 #dc f42 and fire in ,scotland1 #ba2 carried into new home in ,pennsylvania1 #ba2 under threshold in ,russia1 #cb f4 ,samoa3 spilling water on doorstep in1 #ab2 nuptial customs of1 #aif1 #bea2 boundary lines in1 #agd2 father as primitive priest in1 #aja4 ,samson carrying off gates of ,gaza1 #bee4 ,sandwich ,islands1 temples in1 #aej4 ,saph1 meaning of1 #bje1 #bjg f4 ,sarcophagi of ,byzantine age showing altar on threshold1 #aba4 ,sardinia1 prominence of door in1 #ajg4 ,sargon ,i41 reference to1 #aed4 ,sauks1 red hand among1 #hg4 ,savage-,landor1 ,a4 ,henry4 ,see ,landor4 ,sayce1 ,prof4 ,a4,h43 cited1 #h1 #hj1 #aaa1 #aac1 #afi1 #bja1 #bce4 ,scandinavia3 sacredness of door in1 #f f42 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,scandinavians in ,america1 importance of threshold among1 #bei4 ,schoolcraft1 ,dr4 ,henry ,r43 quotation from1 #hc f42 reference to1 #hg4 ,schrader1 ,dr4 ,eberhard3 cited1 #ajc1 #agg f41 #bcd4 ,scotland3 treading upon boundary lines in1 #ac2 ,new ,year's threshold custom in1 #bj f42 sacredness of threshold in1 #cd2 lifting bride over threshold in1 #dd2 crowning of kings of1 #bfh4 ,scott1 ,robert4 ,see ,liddell and ,scott4 ,scottish legend of burying of human being in walls of cathedral1 #ej4 ,sculpture3 on lintel in ,palestine1 #gj2 palm cone in ,assyrian1 #bca2 pine cone in ,assyrian1 #beg4 ,scutari1 woman immured in walls of1 #dg f4 ,sea ,dyaks1 marriage custom among1 #cd4 ,sea1 ,islands of3 spring of life-giving waters in1 #aea2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,seashore as boundary1 #agh4 ,seaweed laid on threshold in ,aberdeenshire1 #bj f4 ,sedan-chair to convey bride to her husband's home in ,china1 #ci f4 ,seed-sowing1 blood sprinkled at door at festival of1 #bj4 ,seed-time ceremony at threshold1 #af4 ,segub1 ,jericho's foundation laid in blood of1 #dg4 ,selden1 ,john3 cited1 #adj4 ,senghi murad1 8stone of desire10 at ,baveddeen1 #abe4 ,sentiment as origin of persistent popular customs1 #cf4 ,sephardeem1 red hand among1 #gf4 ,septuagint1 references to1 #aag1 #bjg4 ,sepulcher1 ,holy1 ,church of1 #bba4 ,serpent3 as guardian of thresholds in ,babylon1 #aaj f42 on temple doorway kissed by worshipers1 #aaf2 as symbol of life1 #bcc f41 #bcf2 on boundary stone in ,babylonian domains1 #bcd2 and phallus in ,babylonian mythology1 #bce2 representative of evil1 #bce2 and sculapius1 #bcf2 with ,hindoo deities1 #bcf2 and ,medusa1 #bcg2 worship perversion of threshold covenant1 #bcg2 indicating desire1 #bch2 curse resting on1 #bci2 worship in ,bangalore1 #beh f4 ,servius1 ,maurus ,h43 cited1 #bi f4 ,seti ,i41 memorial stone of1 #ahj4 ,shagarakti-,buriash1 inscription of1 #aed4 ,shah of ,persia entering ,teheran1 #ahi4 ,shaking hands across threshold cause of quarrel1 #ab4 ,shamash1 sun-god3 and his worshipers with uplifted hands1 #hj2 gates open for his daily circuit1 #aje2 reference to1 #bja4 ,shanghai1 human sacrifice in1 #dh4 ,shaykhs kissing temple threshold near ,nineveh1 #aaf4 ,sheep1 sacrifice of3 on threshold for guest1 in ,syria1 #c f42 in ,egypt1 #c f41 #h2 in ,central ,africa1 #i1 #bg2 east of ,sea of ,galilee1 #aa2 in ,ireland1 #ba2 among ,copts1 #bf1 #de2 among ,armenian ,christians1 #bg2 at beginning of railroad at ,jaffa1 #eg2 to reconcile enemies in ,arabia1 #fj4 ,sherrin1 ,r4,r4,a43 cited1 #ajg f4 ,shields painted with red hand among ,american ,indians1 #hg4 ,shih ,king1 ,chinese1 on border sacrifices1 #ahe4 ,shimenawa suspended above doors in ,japan1 #gb ,shint temples3 modeled on primitive ,japanese hut1 #aja2 doorways apart from1 #ajd2 pilgrims at threshold of1 #abe2 reference to1 #bja4 ,shintism1 sacred symbol of1 suspended above door1 #gb4 ,shintu1 tutelar gods of threshold in ,china1 #ie f4 ,ship1 horseshoe on mast of1 #gd4 ,shoes removed at threshold3 of mosks1 #abc2 of churches in ,abyssinia1 #acj4 ,shoo ,king1 ,chinese1 reference to1 #aeh4 ,shooter1 ,joseph3 cited1 #bh4 ,shores of sea as boundaries1 #agh4 ,shortland1 ,edward1 quotation from1 #ic4 ,shrines3 sacred doorways in front of1 in ,china1 ,japan1 ,korea1 #ajd2 in ,siam1 ,india1 #aje2 at doorway in ,babylonia1 in ,assyria1 #aje2 in ,egypt1 #ajf2 of ,kitzuki1 of ,is1 of ,kikk1 threshold customs at1 #abe f4 ,siam1 doorways near temples in1 #ajd4 ,sibree1 ,james3 cited1 #ch4 ,sicily1 prominence of door in1 #ajg4 ,sidon1 consul at1 reference to1 #gj4 ,sign of red hand4 ,see ,red hand4 ,silvanus1 god of boundaries1 #aga1 #agc4 ,silver hand worn by children1 #gf4 8,silver ,threshold10 temple of1 in ,thebes1 #abg4 ,sin1 ,moon-god1 references to1 #hj1 #aed4 ,sinai3 ,moses in wilderness of1 #afj f42 peninsula of1 boundary marks in1 #agi1 #ahd4 ,sioux1 red hand among1 #hg4 ,sippara1 sanctity of doorway in1 #ajh f4 ,sippu1 ,assyrian word for threshold1 #aaj f41 #bji4 ,sirim1 ,hebrew for hinges1 #bec4 ,sitting on threshold not allowed in ,russia1 #ab4 ,siva3 hand as symbol of1 #gh1 #aih2 temple of1 at ,thvesar1 #aeg2 crowned with serpent1 #bcf4 ,skarpanto1 threshold custom in1 #ca4 ,skeat1 ,rev4 ,walter ,w43 cited1 #bfe4 ,skertchley1 ,j4,a43 cited1 #bde4 ,skins stamped with red hand among ,american ,indians1 #hc4 ,slave1 ,hebrew1 adoption of1 as member of family1 #baj4 ,slavic3 custom of covenanting1 #db2 citadel made firm by immuring child in walls1 #ej2 peoples1 8,death ,week0 among1 #ai4 ,smith1 ,dr4 ,william3 cited1 #g1 #gc1 #acd1 #agb f41 #bcf f41 #bfc4 ,see1 also1 ,smith and ,cheetham4 ,smith1 ,w4 ,robertson3 quotation from1 #ei f42 cited1 #bji1 #bad1 #bca f4 ,smith1 ,george3 cited1 #aji4 ,smith and ,cheetham3 cited1 #bbb4 ,snakes4 ,see ,serpents4 ,sneezing on threshold unpropitious1 #aa4 ,sneferu in ,sinaitic ,peninsula1 #agh f4 ,snell1 ,rev4 ,a41 reference to1 #adj4 ,sodom3 reference to king of1 #hb2 angels welcomed in1 #baa4 ,soko at ,tangier1 reference to1 #eb4 ,somali tribes1 sacrifice at threshold among1 #bg4 ,somnauth1 idol in temple of1 shattered and placed under threshold1 #abc4 ,sophocles3 cited1 #acc4 ,sorcery1 prominence of threshold in1 #ag f4 ,sources of rivers as boundaries1 #agh4 ,south ,america3 doorways smeared with blood in1 #gc2 earliest form of temple in1 #add2 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj2 serpent as religious symbol in1 #bce4 ,south ,sea ,islands1 temples of1 #adh4 ,sovereigns in ancient ,east represented by uplifted hand1 #gi f4 ,spain1 reverence for phallic emblems in1 #bcj4 ,spanish ,jews1 significance of red hand among1 #gf4 ,spectator1 ,the1 reference to1 #ai4 ,spencer1 ,herbert1 references to1 #ba1 #ih4 ,spiritual forces1 conception of1 characteristic of man1 #bbc4 ,spitting on threshold unpropitious1 #aa4 ,spivak1 ,dr43 cited1 #ic4 ,sprenger1 ,a3 cited1 #afd1 #bjj4 ,squier1 ,hon4 ,e4,g43 cited1 #bcj1 #bce4 ,stade1 ,dr4 ,bernard3 cited1 #bad1 #bee4 ,stamboul1 sacrifice on threshold of house spared in great fire in1 #ff f4 ,stanitsas1 or land divisions among ,cossacks1 #age f4 ,stanley1 ,henry ,m43 cited1 #hf1 #agd1 #ahb4 ,stanley1 ,dean3 cited1 #bbb1 #bfh f4 ,states or nations1 boundaries of1 #agg4 ,statues in foundations in ,rome1 #ee f4 ,stele3 memorial of dead inscribed on1 #ajf2 monumental1 origin of1 #ajg2 containing sculptured image of ,assyrian king1 #aae2 set up on boundary line1 #agg2 as doorways1 #agh4 ,stengel's ,die griech4 ,sac41 reference to1 #agb4 ,stenin1 ,p4 von3 cited1 #bdi4 ,stephens1 ,john ,l43 cited1 #hb-hd1 #adf4 ,stepped pyramid3 temples with altar or shrine at summit1 #aaa2 in ,jacob's dream at ,bethel1 #aab2 of ,meydoom in ,egypt1 #abf f42 reference to1 #add2 as place of worship1 #adh4 ,stepping over3 blood on threshold1 #d f41 #bf1 #de f42 salt on threshold1 #e2 threshold to insure protection of guardian deity1 #ab2 girdle in marriage among ,greeks1 #cj2 threshold1 a bride having care to1 #cf2 threshold to prove innocence from crime among ,hindoos1 #aba f4 ,stillborn children buried under threshold in ,russia1 #ah4 ,stoicheionein1 ,greek term for foundation ceremony1 #ec f4 ,stone3 sacrificial1 laid on summit of ,mexican temple1 #ef2 posts most ancient remains of primitive man's handiwork1 #ajb2 pillars marking boundaries of states or nations1 #agg2 upright1 significance of1 #beh4 8,stone1 ,coronation10 in ,westminster ,abbey1 #bfh4 8,stone of desire0 at ,baveddeen1 #abe4 ,stove1 ,russian household deity located near1 #bc4 ,strack1 ,dr4 ,h4,l43 cited1 #bj1 #df1 #ic4 ,straw cure for disorder in ,north ,germany1 #ah4 ,strean1 ,dr41 quotation from1 #ba4 ,stuart1 ,villiers3 cited1 #agi4 8,sublime ,porte30 high court of ,turkey called1 #fe2 meaning of1 #ajc4 ,suez ,canal1 reference to1 #ahj4 ,sultan3 justice administered at gate by1 #fe2 as spiritual father of faithful ,muhammadans1 #ajc4 ,sultan ,muhammad ,,ii41 bloody hand of1 stamped on mosk1 #gg4 ,sun disk1 winged1 over doors of temples in ,egypt1 #abg4 ,sun-god ,shamash3 and his worshipers with uplifted hands1 #hj f42 gates open to allow of daily circuits of1 #aje4 ,sun-orb1 winged1 with serpent1 #bcd4 ,sunday ,school ,times1 ,the1 references to1 #bfj f4 ,survivals of threshold covenant in ,america and ,europe1 #c1 #h1 #ac1 #bba4 ,susa1 king rendering justice at palace gate of1 #fj4 ,swedish tradition of burial of lamb under altar1 #ef4 ,symbol3 of feminine in nature1 tree or bush1 #bad2 misusing1 results of1 #bbi2 of evil in religions of ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,phenicia1 ,greece1 ,mexico1 and ,peru1 #bce2 of virginity1 #bdc f4 ,symbols3 buried under foundation-stone1 #aji2 and legends concerning boundary lines1 #aga f4 ,syria3 sacrifices on threshold in1 #c-e2 treading on threshold in1 #aj2 reference to1 #aa2 stepping over sacrifice at threshold in1 #bf2 bride carried across threshold in1 #ch1 #de2 name for sign of hand among ,christians in1 #gg2 kissing threshold in1 #abi2 nuptial customs of1 #aif1 #bdf2 marriage certificate in1 #bde2 sacredness of threshold1 #bei f4 ,syrian3 derwishes1 threshold custom of1 #aj2 officer's welcome at threshold1 #aa2 testimony of native1 #ei4 ,tablets1 ancestral1 of ,china1 #ajh4 ,tahiti1 primitive threshold in1 #bej4 ,tai ,shan1 reference to1 #aeh4 ,talisman1 open hand as1 in ,europe1 ,africa1 and ,america1 #gi4 ,tallquist's rendering of ,assyrian word1 #hc4 ,talmud3 ,jewish1 references to1 #ic1 #bjj1 #bjh1 #baj f41 #bci2 ,babylonian1 references to1 #baa1 #bec4 ,tammuz of ,syria1 reference to1 #aae4 ,tangier1 reference to1 #fb4 ,taoans1 reference to1 #hh4 ,targum1 reference to1 #aag4 ,tatars3 treading on threshold among1 #ac2 importance of threshold among1 #ci4 ,teheran1 ,shah of ,persia entering1 #ahi4 ,tell el-,hesy1 ram's horn on doorway in1 #eh4 ,tello1 sanctity of doorway in1 #ajh f4 ,temple3 waters of life flowing from under threshold of1 #aad2 doorway oldest form of1 in ,egypt1 #abf2 at ,carthage1 prominence of threshold in1 #acj2 in ,greece1 #acd2 earliest form of1 in ,mexico1 ,central and ,south ,america1 #add2 building in ,babylonia1 #aec2 of ,thor1 in ,iceland1 #afj2 at ,jerusalem1 site of1 #afa2 earliest forms of1 #bbi4 ,temples3 preceded by houses1 #c2 images under threshold of1 #ad2 as dwelling for deity1 #ii2 called 8great house of the village0 in ,samoa1 #aja2 in form of stepped pyramid in ,babylonia1 ,mesopotamia1 ,egypt1 ,mexico1 ,central ,america1 ,peru1 and ,south ,sea ,islands1 #aaa2 in ,jacob's dream1 #aab2 in ,carthage1 #acj2 ,egyptian1 history of1 #aee2 as boundaries1 #agh4 ,temptation1 first1 and symbol of tree and serpent1 #bcg4 ,tennasserin1 survival of foundation-laying in blood in1 #ea f4 ,tent3 fire at entrance of1 #bb f42 laying hold of1 as appeal for hospitality in ,east1 #eg2 stamped with red hand among ,american ,indians1 #hc4 8,teraphim0 connected with threshold1 #aji4 ,terence3 cited1 #cj4 ,terminalia1 festival of1 #agc4 ,terminus3 god1 represented by pillar1 #aga-agc4 ,tertullian3 his warning against deities at doors and gates1 #ig f4 ,teutonic thresholds made high1 #ab4 ,thang1 emperor of ,china1 #aeg4 ,thapsacus1 equivalent of ,tiphsakh1 #baj4 ,thvesar1 temple of ,siva at1 #aeg4 ,theban rite1 kissing ground at threshold of shrine in1 #abh4 ,thebes3 temple of 8,silver ,threshold0 at1 #abg2 symbols on temples of ancient1 #bcd4 ,theocritus3 cited1 #gc4 ,theseus setting up pillar1 #ahj f4 ,thief and robber1 reference to word1 #bfj4 ,thieving goldsmith struck dead at threshold1 #abb4 ,thomson1 ,dr4 ,w4,m43 cited1 #gj1 #bbb4 ,thompson1 ,president ,robert ,ellis3 cited1 #agf4 ,thor1 temple of1 in ,iceland1 #afj4 ,thorolf1 reference to1 #afj4 ,thousand and ,one ,nights1 reference to1 #bdh4 ,thuringian legend of burying child in foundation1 #di4 ,thyra1 a translation of saph1 #bjg4 ,tiamat1 reference to1 #bce4 ,tiba1 female god of ,maui1 #aej4 ,tibet3 disemboweling of devotee in1 #abe2 ,booddhist prayer in1 #aii4 ,tiglath-,pileser ,i4 and boundary lines1 #agg4 ,tigris1 sources of1 boundary marks at1 #agh4 ,tiki1 descendant of ,rongo1 #aeb4 ,times1 ,the1 ,london1 reference to1 #fa f4 ,timsah1 ,lake1 reference to1 #ahj4 ,tiphsakh1 meaning of1 #baj4 ,tokens3 covenant1 #ff-gd2 of virginity1 #bdc f4 ,tomb3 false door of1 in ,old ,empire of ,egypt1 #ajf f42 of kings of ,persia1 inscription relating to sacredness of gate in1 #abd2 of ,alee1 kissing threshold of1 #abd2 of ,baha-ed-deen ,nakishbend1 threshold stone of1 #abd f42 closed door in1 representing deceased going to ,osiris1 #abh4 ,torch1 marriage1 origin of1 #bbf4 ,touching name of ,god with finger by ,jews1 #fi f4 ,towkas1 marriage custom at threshold among1 #ce4 ,treading on threshold forbidden3 in ,persia1 ,russia1 ,finland1 ,united ,states1 and among ,teutons1 #aa f42 in ,europe and ,america1 #ac2 tabooed by ,tatars1 #ac4 ,tree3 human sacrifices at foot of1 #h f42 pipal1 in ,upper ,india1 #aef2 a boundary landmark in primitive times1 #agc f42 symbol of feminine in nature1 #bad1 #bcj1 #bch2 and pillar1 symbolism of1 #bcb2 references to1 #bcg1 #bei4 8,tree of ,knowledge10 reference to1 #aef4 ,trees1 sacred3 near doorways in ,china1 ,japan1 ,korea1 ,siam1 and ,india1 #ajd1 #aef2 grove of1 in religious symbolisms1 #bcj4 ,tricha1 bridge of1 story of sacrifice in building of1 #eb4 ,tristram1 ,h4,b43 cited1 #bfj4 ,trumbull1 ,h4 ,clay3 cited1 #c-e1 #eg1 #abc1 #ahj1 #bbf1 #bdd4 ,tseereem1 ,hebrew word for hinges1 #bec4 ,tunis3 bloody hand on walls in1 #gh f42 symbol of open hand on graves near1 #gi2 ,jewish custom in1 on receiving praise1 #gi4 ,turkestan1 threshold stone at tomb of national saint of1 #abe4 ,turkey1 sacrifice of1 in ,ireland1 #ba4 ,turkey3 blood on threshold in marriage in1 #bf2 marriage custom among ,greeks in1 #cj2 high court of1 at palace door1 #fe2 banners and prayer-rugs inscribed with open hand in1 #gh4 ,turkish building at ,columbian ,exposition1 sacrifices at foundation of1 #eg4 ,turner1 ,dr4 ,george3 cited1 #ac1 #bj1 #aja1 #agd1 #bea f4 ,tuscany3 threshold in folk customs in1 #ag f42 exorcism with incense in1 #ah2 burning incense on threshold in1 #db4 ,tutelary deity1 every building in ,egypt placed under protection of1 #if f4 ,tylor1 ,dr4 ,e4,b43 cited1 #df1 #di1 #ea f41 #bca4 ,uganda1 charms on threshold and door in1 #ae4 ,unchastity atoned for by sprinkling blood on threshold among ,dyaks1 #bj4 ,ungere1 ,latin for 8to anoint1#bi #b4 ,united ,states3 8,christening0 a ship in1 #h2 high thresholds in houses of1 #ab2 stepping over cracks in pavements in1 #ac2 ,bible and salt carried over threshold in1 #ba2 lifting bride over threshold in1 #dd2 situation of front door in1 #ee2 foundation sacrifice in1 #eg2 horseshoes on door-posts in1 #gc f42 survivals of primal sacredness of threshold in1 #adg f42 boundary marks in1 #ahb2 sacredness of threshold among ,scandinavians of1 #bei4 ,unleavened bread1 feast of1 #baf4 ,unxor1 meaning of ,latin word1 #bi4 ,uplifted hand3 in ,carthage1 #gh2 in ,tunis1 #gh f42 represented among deities of ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,phenicia1 and ,egypt1 #gi f42 in seal of ,ur-,gur1 earliest ruler of 8,ur of the ,chaldees10 #hj2 gods ,sin1 ,shamash1 and ,asshur1 with1 #hj2 ,babylonian king recognized by1 #hj2 ,amenophis ,,iv4 before ,aten-ra with1 #ha2 ,abraham with1 #hb2 ,psalmist's reference to1 #hb2 ,isaiah's reference to ,god's1 #hb2 ,assyrian and ,hebrew words for swearing by1 #hc2 in judicial oath1 #hc2 found on stepped pyramid temples of ,polynesia1 #hc2 power imparted to ,egyptian king by touch of1 #he2 in ,south ,sea ,islands1 #adh4 ,uplifted threshold1 #add4 ,upsal1 wedding customs in old temple of1 #adj4 8,ur of the ,chaldees30 uplifted hand in seal of earliest ruler of1 #hj2 temple at1 #aec2 ,abraham at1 #afj4 ,ur-,gur1 with uplifted hands before moon-god ,sin1 #hj4 ,usurtasen ,,iii41 ,king3 cited1 #agi4 ,uxor1 meaning of ,latin word1 #bi4 ,vairorongo1 sacred stream of under-world1 in ,islands of ,sea1 #aeb4 ,vambry1 ,arminius3 cited1 #abe4 ,vari1 or 8,the-very-beginning10 in ,islands of ,sea1 #aea4 ,vtea1 part man and part fish1 in ,islands of ,sea1 #aeb4 ,vatican1 bronze pine cone in gardens of1 #beg4 ,vttu1 god of threshold in ,india1 #ge4 ,vttuma1 god of threshold in ,india1 #ie4 ,vttuma ,santhe1 tribute to1 god of threshold in ,india1 #ie4 ,vaux1 ,j4 ,edward3 cited1 #adj4 ,vedas1 references to1 #ii1 #aig4 ,vedi1 feminine in ,sanskrit1 #aig4 ,vedic3 law of door-sill1 #ae2 ,sutras on stepping over threshold1 #cf f42 teachings concerning temples1 #aee f4 ,vermilion paint for sign of red hand among ,omahas1 #he4 ,verrall1 ,margaret de ,g4 ,see ,harrison and ,verrall4 ,victor in ,olympian games avoiding city gates1 #g4 ,virgil3 cited1 #bi f42 his description of arrival of neas at court of ,queen ,dido1 #acj4 8,virgin ,mary's ,hand0 among ,christians in ,syria1 #gg4 8,virgin of ,israel10 #bac1 #bah4 ,virginity3 tokens of1 #bdc f42 ,bible testimony of tokens of1 #bea4 ,vishnoo1 god3 reference to1 #ie2 pagoda of1 reference to1 #aba2 foot of1 #aef2 seated on serpent1 #bce4 ,vishnooism1 concerning temples1 #aef4 8,vishnu-pad10 reference to1 #aef4 ,vitruvius3 his description of temple1 #cf4 ,vlachs1 indication of foundation sacrifice in ballad of1 #eb4 ,vlam1 name for 8friend of the bridegroom0 among ,albanians1 #cg f4 8,vodyaoni10 sacrifice to1 in ,russia1 #ai4 ,volck4 ,see ,mlhau and ,volck4 ,volga1 altar as threshold among people on1 #cb4 ,voltaire3 cited1 #bjb4 ,von ,lher and ,joyner3 reference to1 #bca4 ,vulgate3 reference to1 #bjg4 ,wake1 ,c4 ,staniland4 ,see ,westropp and ,wake4 ,wallace1 ,donald ,m43 reference to1 #agf4 ,wallachia1 story of foundation sacrifice in1 #eb4 ,wallachians1 marriage rite among1 #bi4 ,washburn1 ,president1 of ,robert ,college3 cited1 #ff f4 ,water3 and corn offered on threshold1 #af f42 and honey for bride at threshold1 #cj2 poured out in pathway of bridegroom among ,greeks of ,turkey1 #cj2 of life underneath threshold1 in legend of ,ishtar1 #aad2 in temple at ,jerusalem1 #aad2 holy1 at doorway of ,roman ,catholic churches1 #adg4 ,water-spirit1 appeasing1 in ,russia1 #ai4 ,weber's ,die ,lehren d4 ,talmud1 reference to1 #bci4 ,wedding ceremonies3 among ,anazeh ,bedween1 and ,armenians in ,turkey1 #bf2 in ,syria1 #bf1 #bh f41 #ch1 #aif2 in ,egypt1 #bf1 #ch1 #aif2 in ,cyprus1 #bg2 among ,somalis in ,central ,africa1 #bg f42 in ,south ,africa1 #bh2 among fellaheen of ,palestine1 and ,wallachians1 #bi2 among ,greeks of ,turkey1 and in ,morea1 #cj2 in ,rhodes1 #cj f42 in island of ,skarpanto and among ,morlacchi1 in ,dalmatia1 #ca2 in portions of ,russia1 #ca f42 among ,mordvins of ,russia1 #cb f41 #da-dd2 in ,holland1 #cc2 in ,germany1 #cc f41 #ach f42 among ,sea ,dyaks of ,borneo1 #cd2 in ,central ,america1 #cd f41 #de2 in ,scotland1 #cd1 #dd2 among ,towkas1 #ce2 among ,hindoos1 #cf-ch1 #dj f42 among ,albanians1 #cg f42 in ,india1 #ch1 #dj f42 in ,madagascar1 #ch2 in ,abyssinia1 #ch f41 #aca2 among tribes of ,west ,africa1 in ancient ,assyria1 among ,khonds of ,orissa1 among ,tatars1 and among ,eskimos1 #ci2 in ancient ,rome1 #ci-da2 in ,china1 #ci-da1 #aif2 in ancient ,greece1 #ci1 #da2 in ,england1 #dd1 #aci-adb2 in ,ireland1 #dd1 #adb2 in ,united ,states1 #dd1 #adg f42 in ,france1 #aci2 in ,sweden1 #adj f42 in ,dahomey1 ,liberia1 in various parts of ,europe1 and in ,samoa1 #aif2 among ,muhammadans1 #bdg2 among ,christians at ,haleb1 #bdh2 in ,darfour1 #bdi2 in ,samoa1 #bea4 ,wedding3 sacrifice in ,cyprus1 #bg2 threshold custom in ,skarpanto1 #ca2 in ,russia1 #ca f42 threshold or hearthstone covenant at1 #bbf4 ,weeping worship of ,tammuz1 #aae4 ,wely1 a saint's tomb1 as place of worship in ,egypt1 #abi4 ,westropp and ,wake3 cited1 #bcj4 ,white hand among ,american ,indians1 #ij4 ,wife3 word for1 among ,latins1 #bi2 and threshold in ,arabic1 #bjj1 #bef2 brush-topped pole1 symbol of1 #bad4 ,wilkins1 ,w4,j4,g43 cited1 #aih1 #bce f4 ,wilkinson1 ,sir ,j4,g43 quotation from1 #fh f42 cited1 #ha1 #if f41 #ajj1 #ajf1 #abg f41 #bja1 #bcd f4 ,williams1 ,s4 ,wells3 cited1 #dj1 #ga1 #if1 #ajh1 #aeh4 ,williams1 ,talcott1 quotation from1 #fb f4 ,window3 coffin passed out of1 to avoid threshold1 in ,europe and ,america1 #be2 opened and door closed at death in ,europe and ,america1 #be4 ,winged sun disk3 over doors of temples in ,egypt1 #abg2 and serpent in ,egypt1 #bcd4 ,winnebagoes1 prominence of hand among1 #hd4 ,winter1 feast at close of1 among ,slavonic peoples1 #ai4 ,wisconsin1 sacredness of threshold among ,scandinavians in1 #bei4 ,witham in ,essex1 marriage custom at1 #adj4 8,witness ,heap0 of covenant between ,jacob and ,laban1 #aga4 ,woman3 buried in foundation of bridge of ,arta1 #eb2 four ages of1 symbolized among ,american ,indians1 #hi f42 recognized as primitive altar1 #aig2 form of1 pattern of altar form1 #aig2 and door in ,hebrew ,scriptures1 #bec2 in ,arabic and ,german1 #bef4 ,wood1 ,edward ,j43 cited1 #ca1 #dd1 #aca1 #ach1 #adj-adb2 quotation from1 #aci4 ,wood-apple as witness of marriage1 #bei4 ,woolwas1 betrothal custom at threshold among1 #cd4 ,worms1 door of synagogue in1 #add4 ,worship3 at door in ,egypt1 #abg f42 covenant1 spirit of all true1 #bba2 origin of rites of1 #bbf2 phallic1 perversion of purer idea1 #bcj2 ,hindoo1 mode of1 #bcf2 of serpent in ,bangalore1 #beh f4 ,wright1 ,julia ,mc,nair3 cited1 #bd4 ,ximenez1 ,francisco1 missionary3 cited1 #gc1 #ih4 ,yama as first man and first priest in ,india1 #ii4 ,yarriba1 survival of foundation-laying in blood in1 #ea f4 ,yawning on threshold unpropitious1 #aa4 ,yeha1 monoliths in front of temple at1 #aca4 ,yemen1 marriage ceremonies in1 #bdh4 ,yezidis3 kissing doorway of temple among1 #aaf2 reference to1 #aij4 ,yoni1 doorway of physical life1 #aih4 ,y1 ,chinese for threshold1 #bef4 ,yucatan1 doorways inscribed with red hand in1 #ha f4 ,yuhlui1 tutelar god of threshold in ,china1 #ie f4 ,zab1 ,king1 reference to1 #aed4 ,zamzam1 sacred spring at ,meccah1 #afc4 ,zariru1 ,babylonian gate plated with metal called1 #aaa4 ,zedekiah1 king of ,judah1 sitting in gate of ,benjamin1 #fd4 ,zephaniah3 his curse on ,assyria1 and his reference to 8drought in thresholds10 #aae2 foretelling punishment on those that leap over threshold1 #aag4 ,zeus3 ,house of1 on ,olympus1 #acb2 reference to1 concerning boundary lines1 #aga2 image of1 as boundary landmark1 #agb4 ,ziggurat1 early form of temple1 #bbi4 ,zindero1 bloody threshold offering in1 #h f4 ,zinga1 boundaries in1 #agd4 ,zion1 laying foundation stone in1 #afb4 ,zui ,indians1 red hand among1 #ia4 ,,scriptural ,,index4 ,,genesis4 ,,text ,,page #b 3 #h-aj #aae #b 3 #be #bci #c 3 #a-ac1 #af #bch #c 3 #ad1 #ae1 #bb-bd #bci #d 3 #a1 #ag1 #be #bch #aa 3 #a-i #ajc #aa 3 #bh #aec #aa 3 #ca #hj #ab 3 #a-h #afj #ac 3 #a-c #afj #ad 3 #bb #hb #ae 3 #a-f #ahg1 #baa1 #bff #ae 3 #h-af1 #bj1 #ba #ahg1 #baa1 #bff #ae 3 #g #hj1 #ahg1 #baa1 #bff #ae 3 #ag-ai #ahg1 #baa1 #bdd1 #bff #ah 3 #a-i #aja #ai 3 #a-be #baa #ba 3 #bb-bd #agj1 #bdd #ba 3 #be-cc #agj #bb 3 #a-ac #afa #bb 3 #ag #fe #be 3 #ag-ai #bdd #bh 3 #aj-bb #aab1 #afj #bh 3 #cf #bch #cj 3 #b #bch #cj 3 #bb #bec #ca 3 #dc-ec #aga #di 3 #h-ag #he ,,exodus4 #b 3 #bc-be #bje #c 3 #a-f1 #aa1 #ab #afa #c 3 #g-aj #afa1 #bje #c 3 #ai #hc #d 3 #be1 #bf #bdd #e 3 #a1 #b #bje #f 3 #a-g #bje #f 3 #h #hb #aj 3 #ba1 #bi #bje #aa 3 #d-g #bjf #ab 3 #a1 #b #bjd1 #bab #ab 3 #c-ba1 #bg #bjd #ab 3 #bb #bje1 #bad #ab 3 #bc #bjf #ac 3 #c1 #ad1 #af #hc #ba 3 #b-d #baj #ba 3 #e1 #f #fe1 #baj #bb 3 #b #bfj #bc 3 #h-aj #aai #bf 3 #a-ad #aja #bi 3 #d1 #aj-ab #aai #cb 3 #aa #hc #cb 3 #bf #fc #cd 3 #ab-ae #bac1 #bad1 #bcc #cd 3 #af #bac1 #bad #ci 3 #cb #aja #dj 3 #f1 #bi #aai ,,leviticus4 #a 3 #c1 #e #aai #c 3 #b #aai #d 3 #d1 #g #aai #h 3 #a-cf #aai #i 3 #a1 #b #bab #ab 3 #f #aai #ad 3 #aa1 #bc #aai #ae 3 #ad1 #bi #aai #af 3 #g #aai #ag 3 #b-f1 #h1 #i #aai #ag 3 #g #aai1 #bac #ai 3 #ba #aai #bj 3 #e-h #bac #bc 3 #e #bab ,,numbers4 #f 3 #aj-ah #aai #ab 3 #e #aai #ad 3 #cj #hb #ae 3 #ci1 #dj #bac #bj 3 #f #aai #ba 3 #d-i #bci #bg 3 #bb1 #bc #he #ce 3 #f1 #cb #aea ,,deuteronomy4 #c 3 #bd #hc #d 3 #cd #hc #d 3 #da-dc #aea #e 3 #ae #hc #f 3 #d-i #fi #f 3 #i #fi #f 3 #ba #hc #g 3 #e #bad1 #bcc #g 3 #h1 #ai #hc #g 3 #ac #bch #i 3 #bf #hc #aa 3 #b #hc #aa 3 #ac-ba #if #ab 3 #c #bad #ab 3 #ca #bfg #ad 3 #ag #fe #af 3 #ba1 #bb #bcc #ai 3 #a-ac #aea #ai 3 #ad #agj #bj 3 #e #fi #bj 3 #aj-ac #bfb #bb 3 #ac-ba #beb #be 3 #a-i #bbi #bg 3 #ag #agj #bh 3 #d1 #ah1 #ec #bch #bi 3 #ab #bff #cj 3 #i #bch #ca 3 #ae #aai #ca 3 #af #bac ,,joshua4 #b 3 #a-bj #bjf1 #baa #b 3 #ba #bjf #e 3 #aj-ab #baa #f 3 #ab-ae #baa #f 3 #af1 #ag #bjf1 #baa #f 3 #ah-be #bjf #f 3 #bf #dg #aj 3 #c-ce #eh #ab 3 #aa #eh #ae 3 #ci #eh #bj 3 #a-i #aea ,,judges4 #b 3 #ag #bac #c 3 #g #bad #g 3 #a-be #baa #h 3 #bg1 #cc #bac #aa 3 #ci #bch #af 3 #c #bee #ai 3 #be #fd1 #bch #ai 3 #bf1 #bh-cj #fd #ai 3 #bg #fd1 #bjg ,,ruth4 #d 3 #a-aj #fd #a ,,samuel4 #a 3 #ai #bch #d 3 #ai #bec #e 3 #a-e #aag #bi 3 #f #aji #b ,,samuel4 #c 3 #be #aji #f 3 #a-ai #afa #ae 3 #b-d #fd #ai 3 #h #fd #bd 3 #ae-be #afa #a ,,kings4 #a 3 #d #bch #b 3 #bh #eh #d 3 #bd #baj #g 3 #ej #bec #ad 3 #ag #bjg #af 3 #cd #dg #b ,,kings4 #e 3 #ag #afa #i 3 #bb1 #bc #bac #ab 3 #i #aba1 #bjg #ab 3 #ac #bjg #ad 3 #ai #eh #af 3 #c #bfg #ag 3 #ag1 #ca #bfg #ah 3 #d #bci #ah 3 #ad-ai #eh #ai 3 #bj-bf1 #bh-cf #baa #ai 3 #bg #aji1 #baa #ba 3 #f #bfg #bb 3 #d #aba1 #bjg #bc 3 #aj #bfg #bc 3 #d #aba1 #bjg1 #bad #be 3 #ah #aba1 #bjg #a ,,chronicles4 #e 3 #be #bac #i 3 #ai1 #bb #bjg #ae 3 #bc1 #bd #abj #b ,,chronicles4 #c 3 #g #bjg #f 3 #cb #hc #ba 3 #aa #bac #bc 3 #d #abj1 #bjg #bc 3 #e #abj #cb 3 #a-bb #baa #cc 3 #c #bad #cc 3 #f #bfg #cc 3 #h #abj #cd 3 #i #abj1 #bjg ,,nehemiah4 #i 3 #g #aec #i 3 #ae #hb ,,esther4 #b 3 #ba #bjg #f 3 #b #bjg #i 3 #ab-ai #baa ,,job4 #a 3 #ba #aad #c 3 #a-aj #beb #bd 3 #b #agj ,,psalms4 #bd 3 #b #aha #fc 3 #d #hb #gc 3 #bg #bac #hd 3 #aj #abj #aba 3 #g #aji #aba 3 #h #gj1 #aji #abg 3 #c #bch #abh 3 #c #bch #acb 3 #aa #bch #acf 3 #ch1 #ci #bac ,,proverbs4 #c 3 #ah #bch #h 3 #cd #fd #aa 3 #cj #bch #bb 3 #bh #agj #bc 3 #aj #agj #bf 3 #ad #bec ,,ecclesiastes4 #e 3 #ae #add ,,song ,,of ,,songs4 #d 3 #af #bch #h 3 #h1 #i #beb ,,isaiah4 #c 3 #ag #bec #f 3 #d #bjg #ac 3 #ah #bch #bd 3 #ab #ff #bh 3 #af #afb #bi 3 #ba #fd #cg 3 #bh #aji #di 3 #bb #hb #eg 3 #c #bac #eg 3 #ad #aab #eh 3 #ab #afb #fb 3 #aj #aab ,,jeremiah4 #c 3 #a-ae1 #bj #bac #g 3 #ca #bfg #ac 3 #bg #bac #ai 3 #e #bfg #ca 3 #ca1 #cb #bac #cd 3 #ah #bff #ce 3 #d #abj1 #bjg #ch 3 #g-i #fd #ej 3 #bf #aab #eb 3 #ai #bjg #eb 3 #bd #abj1 #bjg ,,ezekiel4 #f 3 #i #bac #i 3 #c #aah #aj 3 #d #aah #ab 3 #b-g #bfj #af 3 #a-g1 #i-bj1 #bb-fc #bac #af 3 #h #bfh #af 3 #ba #bac1 #bfg #ai 3 #aj #bch #bj 3 #bf1 #ca #bfg #bj 3 #cj #bac #bj 3 #cd #hc #bc 3 #a-cf1 #ch-di #bac #bc 3 #cg #bac1 #bfg #dj 3 #f1 #g #bjg #da 3 #af #bjg #dc 3 #h #aah1 #bjg #dc 3 #aa #aji #df 3 #b #aah #dg 3 #a-i #aae ,,daniel4 #b 3 #di #fd #e 3 #a-cj #baa #i 3 #ae #hc ,,hosea4 #a 3 #b #bac #b 3 #b #bac #c 3 #a #bac #d 3 #ab-ai #bac #e 3 #c1 #d #bac #f 3 #f1 #g1 #aj #bac ,,amos4 #e 3 #ae #fd #g 3 #h #bfg #i 3 #a #ajg ,,micah4 #f 3 #g #bch ,,zephaniah4 #a 3 #i #aag #b 3 #ac #aae #b 3 #ad #aae1 #bjg ,,zechariah4 #h 3 #af #fd #ab 3 #a1 #c #bjh #ab 3 #b #bjg1 #bjh ,,matthew4 #a 3 #be #bch #f 3 #ai1 #bj #bfj #i 3 #ad1 #ae #bai #af 3 #ah #fe #af 3 #ba #bae #bd 3 #dc #bfj #bf 3 #a-e1 #ag-cj #bae ,,mark4 #b 3 #ai1 #bj #bai #ad 3 #ab-bh #bae ,,luke4 #e 3 #cd1 #ce #bai #ab 3 #ci #bfj #ag 3 #ai1 #bj #fd #bb 3 #g-bj #bae ,,john4 #b 3 #ac #bae #c 3 #ad1 #ae #bci #c 3 #af #bag #c 3 #bh-cj #bah #g 3 #a-i #bae #aj 3 #a1 #aj #f1 #bfa #aj 3 #b #f #aj 3 #i #f1 #ajd #ac 3 #a #bae ,,acts4 #b 3 #cj #bch #c 3 #c1 #aj #ee #d 3 #d #he #f 3 #f #he #h 3 #ah #he #ac 3 #c #he #ad 3 #h-ad #ace #ai 3 #f #he #a ,,corinthians4 #c 3 #aj1 #aa #afb #e 3 #g1 #h #baf #aa 3 #c #bai #b ,,corinthians4 #b 3 #af #bbh ,,ephesians4 #b 3 #bj1 #ba #afb #c 3 #ad1 #ae #bag #e 3 #bc-cc #bai #a ,,timothy4 #d 3 #ad #he #f 3 #g #aad ,,hebrews4 #f 3 #b #he #h 3 #h1 #i #bac #aj 3 #bj #ahf #aj 3 #bh1 #bi #bah #a ,,peter4 #b 3 #e1 #f #afb ,,revelation4 #f 3 #i1 #aj #be #ai 3 #f-i #bbj #bj 3 #a1 #b #bdj #ba 3 #a-i1 #ab1 #bb-bg #bba1 #bdj #ba 3 #aj1 #aa1 #ac-ba #bdj #bb 3 #a1 #b #aae1 #bdj #bb 3 #ad1 #ae #bdj #bb 3 #ag1 #bj #bba ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,supplement4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,supplement4 ,,comments ,,of ,,specialists4 ,before their publishing1 the proof-sheets of this volume were submitted to a number of prominent scholars in ,europe and ,america1 for their examination and comment1 in order to ascertain if the main thought of the work seemed justified by the facts known to them in their several special fields of knowledge and study4 ,some of the opinions and suggestions of these scholars as given herewith will have deservedly1 in the eyes of many readers1 a weight and value beyond anything that could be said by the author of this work4 ,,from ,,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,marcus ,,jastrow4 ,as a ,jewish clergyman1 and as a conservative ,bible scholar1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,jastrow is honored on both sides of the ,atlantic for his special attainments in ,talmudic and ,rabbinical lore4 ,his great work1 8,a ,dictionary of the ,targumim1 the ,talmud ,babli and ,yerushalmi1 and the ,midrashic ,literature10 is a monument of his learning and ability in these fields4 ,he writes3 8,i have read your interesting work1 #8,the ,threshold ,covenant1' with great attention1 and derived from it more information than ,i can possibly thank you for4 8,as ,i am unable to form an independent opinion on the bearing of your evidences on the thesis of your work1 ,i can refer only to those parts of it which treat of ,jewish customs and ideas1 and1 here1 ,i feel it a privilege to be permitted to say that ,i admire your ingenious conception of the passover covenant in ,egypt4 ,especially interesting1 and undoubtedly correct1 is your interpretation of ,exodus #ab 3 #bc1 according to which the ,lord passes over the threshold in order to visit the ,israelitish house1 and will not allow the destroyer to enter4 8,it may not be out of place here to direct your attention to a passage in ,talmud ,yerushalmi1 ,aboda ,zara ,,iii1 #db d1 where it is said about the ,philistines3 #8,they revered the threshold 7miftan7 more than the ,dagon1' to which is added1 #8,all other nations made 7worshiped7 only one miftan1 but the ,israelites made many miftanoth1' which explains the verse1 #8,and ,i will visit punishment on him who leaps1 and on the miftan' 7,zeph4 #a 3 #i74 ,you will observe that the ,talmud quotes the verse different from the ,massoretic text1 which reads1 #8on every one who leaps over the miftan4' ,i am unable to decide whether the deviation from the ,massoretic text is owing to a different text before the ,talmudic authority under consideration1 or merely to a slip of memory1 such as often occurs with those who quote from memory4 8,in ,talmud ,babli1 referring to the ,philistines in relation to the ,dagon1 it is said3 #8,they let alone the ,dagon and worshiped the miftan1 for they said1 ,his prince 7genius7 has abandoned the ,dagon and has come to sit on the miftan4' ,all of which proves that there lingered yet in the memory of the ,talmudists the traditional recollection of miftan worship40 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,herman ,v4 ,,hilprecht4 ,oldest among civilizations of which we have any sure record is that of ,babylonia4 ,among the foremost scholars in that realm is ,dr4 ,hilprecht1 formerly of the ,university of ,erlangen1 and now ,professor of ,assyriology in the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,his prominence is recognized in ,europe as fully as in ,america4 ,his labors1 in the field and in the study1 in connection with the successful ,babylonian ,expedition of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 and his monumental work1 still in course of publication1 on the ,cuneiform ,texts brought to light by that expedition1 have added to his reputation on both sides of the ocean1 and confirmed his high standing among the best scholars of the world in his special department of knowledge4 ,it was while on his way to ,constantinople1 to examine the latest 8finds0 in ,babylonia brought to the ,imperial ,museum there1 with which museum ,professor ,hilprecht has an official connection1 that he examined the proof-sheets of 8,the ,threshold ,covenant40 ,of the work in its entirety he writes in generous appreciation as follows3 8,your latest book1 #8,the ,threshold ,covenant1' accompanied me on my trip to ,constantinople4 ,before we had crossed the ,atlantic ,i had studied it three times from beginning to end4 ,i take the first opportunity1 at ,southampton1 to send you these lines1 in order to express to you my full appreciation of what you have offered to the scientific world in your magnificent work4 8,if in your former book1 #8,the ,blood ,covenant1' you made as was suggested by an eminent ,german theologian the first successful attempt to write a theology of the blood1 you have given us in your most recent work a thorough investigation on the significance and history of the primitive altar upon which blood was shed by men entering into a covenant with ,god or their fellow-men4 ,surely your two books #8,the ,blood ,covenant1' and #8,the ,threshold ,covenant' belong together1 and should therefore be studied together4 ,one supplements the other1 and the former furnishes the key to a full understanding of the facts presented in the latter2 and so again on the other side4 8,it must have cost you decenniums to gather all the material which you lay before the reader in such a systematic form4 ,all the nations of the world1 civilized and uncivilized1 ancient and modern1 seem to have contributed their share to your stately structure1 which has my full admiration4 ,viewed in this light alone1 your book will always prove a regular storehouse of knowledge for students of primitive rites and religions1 and of various other kindred subjects4 8,it is1 of course1 impossible for any specialist in one certain line to fully estimate the hundreds of new features presented in your recent work4 ,it would be bold on my part1 at least1 to express an opinion on questions with which ,i am not entirely familiar4 ,as1 however1 you treat facts which bear closely upon my special line of investigation1-the oldest history1 languages1 and civilization of the ,euphrates valley1 and of their rites in general1-,i can heartily assure you that1 according to my examination1 you have proved your main points beyond question4 8,it is first of all sure that you are the first who fully recognized1 and in fact rediscovered1 the world-wide importance and fundamental significance of the threshold in all ancient religions4 ,you have re-established an ancient rite which was practically entirely forgotten by modern scholars4 ,by restoring the threshold to its proper place in primitive religions1 you have rendered a great service to comparative religion1 archeology1 and even philology4 ,many a statement by ancient writers was obscure to us1 many a word puzzling as to its original etymology and significance1 and not a few facts brought to light by recent excavations remained incoherent and mysterious1 because we had lost sight of the significance of the threshold1 which1 very appropriately1 you style the first altar of the human race4 8,in reading your book ,i could not help wondering that all these combinations which appear quite clear and plausible now were not made a long while ago by other investigators4 ,the earliest inscribed monuments of ancient ,babylonia1 dating from the fifth millennium before ,christ1 are door-sockets which bear ample witness to the correctness of your theory4 ,professor ,hommel's recent ingenious analysis of the ,assyrian word for 8to pray10 which was a result of his study of your #8,threshold ,covenant1' is one of the strongest evidences in favor of your arguments4 ,our own recent excavations of the lowest strata of the temple of ,bl in ,nippur1 which takes us back to #gjjj ,b4,c41 testify in the same direction4 8,of the greatest importance for the study of the ,old ,testament religion is your doubtless correct explanation of the ,passover4 ,it is entirely in harmony with ancient customs1 with philology1 and with common sense4 ,according to the old interpretation this rite hangs1 so to speak1 in the air1 without any connection1 and yet we know from many other instances that ,old ,testament rites of the ,hebrews stand in the closest possible connection with those practiced by surrounding nations4 ,in the light of your investigations ,i regard it as an established fact1 and as one of the chief results of your labors1 that ,jehovah in entering into covenant with his #8bride ,israel' did not invent a new rite1 but took one with which his chosen people were already familiar1 and gave to it a new and deeper significance in its new use and relations4 8,your final chapter1 #8,outgrowths and ,perversions of this ,rite1' is likewise full of thought and new suggestions4 ,one cannot help wishing you might have gone beyond the scope of your book and expressed yourself more in detail as to the precise connection in which tree and phallus worship stand to the threshold in each of the principal ancient religions1 and what rle the snake played in the further development or determination of the primitive rite so excellently discussed by you4 ,there is no doubt in my mind that all these different rites1 however independent of each other they may appear in later times1 are but different outgrowths of the same original root and later perversions of original uplifting thought1-search for unity between men and ,god4 ,but as you yourself have given only brief indications of this1 ,i wisely abstain from entering into details4 8,permit me to congratulate you upon the completion of a work which1 in the nature of things1 must attract the general attention of scholars4 ,whatever may be the interpretation of certain details contained in your book1 the one fact remains sure3 it will always be your great merit to have penetrated into the long-forgotten secrets of one of the most ancient rites of humanity1 and1 by pointing out its great importance for and its connection with other rites1 to have constructed a solid basis for further investigations1 and to have put loose facts together1 and given them a well-defined place in a regular system40 ,it is undoubtedly true that the fresh material from the excavations at ,nippur will furnish additional illustrations of the main thesis of this work4 ,dr4 ,hilprecht will be sure to note these4 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,fritz ,,hommel4 ,as an ,arabist as well as an ,assyriologist1 and as a bright thinker and learned scholar1 in various departments of knowledge1 ,dr4 ,fritz ,hommel1 ,professor of ,semitic ,languages in the ,university of ,munich1 has a deservedly high standing4 ,his great illustrated 8,history of ,babylonia and ,assyria0 is a marvelous treasure-house of information concerning the history of the earlier civilizations of the ,east2 and his later studies in connection with the researches of ,dr4 ,edward ,glaser in ,south ,arabia have poured a flood of light on the influence of ancient ,arabia in the ,oriental world4 ,in the realm of ,semitic philology ,dr4 ,hommel is acute minded1 and peculiarly alert and suggestive4 ,having read the earlier pages of 8,the ,threshold ,covenant10 ,professor ,hommel wrote briefly of his interest in the main thought of the work1 and promised further comments when he has completed its examination4 ,the necessity of putting these pages to press forbids the waiting for his valued conclusions4 ,his first comments are3 8,i am now reading with great interest the proof-sheets of your new book1 which you were kind enough to send me4 ,although at this moment overburdened with other work1 ,i have already got as far as page #gj1 and hope in the course of a fortnight to be able to send you my judgment4 8,to page #fj ,i wish now to note that already in the time of ,hammurabi disputes were settled at the gate1 and1 indeed1 of the gate of the temple4 ,see ,strassmaier's ,warka ,tablets1 #cj 7,b4 #eg7 in ,meissner's ,beitrze zum ,altbabylonischen ,privatrecht1 p4 #db f4 8,an interesting discovery1 of which perhaps you still may make use1 ,i made yesterday4 ,it is that the ,babylonian supp 7#8to pray1' #8to entreat'7 is originally merely the verb formed from the noun sippu1 #8a threshold4' ,the first sense1 indeed1 of supp is #8to sacrifice1' because that was done at the threshold4 ,to find a parallel for this transference from the meaning #8to offer' to the meaning #8to pray1' compare the ,arabic #8tr1 to sacrifice1' with the ,hebrew #8tr1 to pray4'#gac ,to this discovery ,i1 of course1 came through your deductions with regard to the importance of the threshold40 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,a4,h4 ,,sayce4 ,no ,oriental scholar and archeologist is more widely known in ,europe and ,america1 and beyond1 or is surer of a hearing on any subject of which he writes1 from both those who agree and those who differ with him1 than ,professor ,sayce of ,oxford ,university4 ,the numerous published works of ,professor ,sayce have made him extensively known among scholars1 and popularly4 ,prominent among these are the ,hibbert ,lectures on 8,the ,religion of the ,ancient ,babylonians10 8,the ,ancient ,empires of the ,east10 8,fresh ,light from ,ancient ,monuments10 8,the ,life and ,times of ,isaiah10 8,the ,hittites10 8,patriarchal ,palestine10 and 8,the ,egypt of the ,hebrews40 ,he now writes from ,luxor1 in ,egypt1 while passing the winter1 as usual1 on the ,nile1 in his dahabiyeh ,istar3 8,a thousand thanks for the advance sheets of #8,the ,threshold ,covenant4' ,like all your work1 it is brimful of accurate knowledge and new points of view1 and is written so charmingly that a child could understand and follow you4 ,i need not say ,i have been devouring the pages and admiring their wealth of references4 ,while ,i read1 you carried me along with you1 and1 if you had asked my opinion as ,i went on1 ,i should have said that you had made out your case step by step4 ,but now that ,i come to look back upon the work as a whole1 the skeptical side of my nature comes uppermost1 and ,i have an uneasy feeling that the proof is too complete4 ,that you have made out your case to a large extent is clear1 but whether allowance ought not to be made for other elements is not so clear to me4 ,human nature is complex1 and we still know so little about the early history of civilized man6 ,and between civilized and uncivilized man the gulf seems to have always been as great as it is today40 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,w4 ,,max ,m,,ller4 ,as an ,egyptologist1 ,professor ,mller is recognized for his scholarship and learning on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,a favorite pupil of ,georg ,ebers1 he continued his studies at the ,university of ,berlin under ,adolf ,erman1 and soon made a mark for himself4 ,his ,asien und ,europa nach ,altgypt ,denkmaller1-8,asia and ,europe from the ,egyptian ,monuments10-at once gave him high standing in that field4 ,expressing his regret that he was not able to give more time to the examination of 8,the ,threshold ,covenant0 in its proof-sheets1 he says3 8,you did not hear from me earlier because my too close occupation prevented my studying your book as thoroughly as ,i wished1 and contributing1 as ,i hoped to1 something on the threshold question4 ,even now ,i have to write hastily4 8,i have found your book most interesting and suggestive1 so that ,i heartily recommend its publication4 ,i hope to be able to read it more carefully1 and to give a more detailed criticism1 after a while4 8,a few remarks3 8,page #ajc4-,per-ao ,pharaoh-gate1 door4 ,not to be proved4 ,strangely1 the root pire means #8to go out4' ,originally pr may have been #8door1' but not in historic times4 8,page #afa4-;,calling the region of ,sinai1 the #8land of ,god'4 ,a mistake6 ,the #8land of ,god' is only the land on the ,red ,sea4 ,no such records known of ,mt4 ,sinai4 8,page #ahj1 line #e4-;,a memorial stone spoken of as marking the boundary line4 ,how do you know it was a boundary stone8 8,there is rich material of better and earlier passages on boundary stones than that given on page #ahj4 8,el gisr means #8bridge4' ,the dictionaries do not give #8threshold4' 8,page #ahd4-,sinai1 an #8,egyptian boundary line'8 ,still less did the #8holy mountain' 7p4 #ahe7 ever mark the southern frontier4 ,the threshold sacrifices are evidently a mistake4 ,but ,i do not have at hand ,brugsch's book-a very fanciful and unreliable book4 8,i hope that as soon as a very pressing work has been finished1 ,i shall be able to revise all your passages bearing on ,egypt4 ,but even if ,i should find some more of these minor faults1 they would not change the good general impression of the book40 ,it will be seen that none of the points questioned by ,professor ,mller are vital to the main thesis of the book1 or essential to its illustration of the prevalence of the threshold covenant customs in ,egypt4 ,moreover1 it will be observed1 by a reference to my authorities at the pages mentioned1 that the facts and opinions ,i have presented at these points are on the authority of ,brugsch ,bey and other scholars4 ,the scholarship of ,professor ,mller1 of course1 gives him the right to question the testimony of any other ,egyptologist4 ,as to the boundary line of ,egypt in the ,sinaitic peninsula1 that simply refers to the famous tablet and inscription1 in ,wady ,maghara1 of ,snefru1 the great king of the fourth dynasty1 when he had first extended his dominions thus far4#gad ,what was then ,egypt's boundary line of conquest in that direction may1 indeed1 not have continued to be so4 ,the same may be said of the southern boundary of ,egypt on the ,nubian frontier4#gae ,my reasons for giving 8the threshold0 as a meaning of el gisr are to be found in full in my 8,kadesh-barnea10 at pages #ej1 #cci1 #cda f4 ,it is to be noted that ,professor ,mller had already pointed out to me the existence of a temple at ,thebes bearing the name of the 8,silver ,threshold10#gaf after the days of the eighteenth dynasty4 ,he promises other notes in this direction when he has time for further research4 ----- ,footnote #gac3 ,this is the discovery to which ,professor ,hilprecht refers in his letter1 ,professor ,hommel's note having been received just before ,professor ,hilprecht sailed for ,constantinople4 ,footnote #gad3 ,see ,erman's ,life in ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #dfh f42 ,maspero's ,dawn of ,civilization1 pp4 #bdb1 note1 #cia4 ,footnote #gae3 ,see ,erman1 pp4 #dfg1 #ejc1 and ,maspero1 pp4 #dhd1 #dij4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,see p4 #abg1 supra4 ----- ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,c4,p4 ,,tiele4 ,as an ,orientalist1 and as a student of religions1 ,professor ,tiele1 ,professor of the ,history of ,religions in the ,university of ,leyden1 has a position of eminence before the world4 ,his publications of importance are numerous1 prominent among which stand 8,the ,religion of ,zarathustra ,zoroaster20 8,comparative ,history of the ,egyptian and ,mesopotamian ,religions20 8,the ,place of the ,religions of ,savages in the ,history of ,religion20 8,history of ,religions of ,antiquity to the ,time of ,alexander the ,great20 and 8,babylonian-,assyrian ,history40 ,a word from ,professor ,tiele1 on the theme of this book1 has exceptional weight4 ,he says3 8,i thank you very much for your kindness in sending me your most interesting book1 #8,the ,threshold ,covenant4'444 ,as far as ,i can judge1 you have not only given a clear exposition of the facts pertaining to this widespread custom1 but you have also shown the right way to catch the meaning underlying those strange usances4 8,of late ,i have been mostly occupied by the study of the religions of civilized people2 nevertheless1 ,i ever take a lively interest in the study of primitive man and the origin of religious rites4 ,i have to say something on these questions in the ,gifford ,lectures1 which ,i have been invited to deliver before the ,university of ,edinburgh next term4 ,so your book came just in time to know your meaning on the subject1 and to revise my opinion by comparing it with yours40 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,e4 ,,washburn ,,hopkins4 ,the successor1 at ,yale ,university1 of ,professor ,william ,d4 ,whitney1 in the chair of ,sanskrit and ,comparative ,philology1 is ,professor ,e4 ,washburn ,hopkins1 who before held the same chair in ,bryn ,mawr ,college4 ,this fact in itself is an indication of his position as a scholar2 and his latest work1 8,the ,religions of ,india10 in the series of 8,handbooks on the ,history of ,religions10 bears testimony to his learning and ability in that realm4 ,of the matters treated in this volume he says3 8,i have read your #8,threshold ,covenant' with great interest and pleasure4 ,the statements made in respect of ,hindu rites all appear to me to be correct1 and some of them might be made stronger1 notably in the case of the functions of the altar4 8,i cannot say that ,i agree with you in all respects in your inductions from the ceremonial of the ,door1 but ,i have at least been furnished with much food for reflection and hints for observation in future investigation on these lines4 ,your work is a storehouse of useful data1 and illustrates many strange customs of ,india by parallels from other countries1 though ,i should hesitate to refer so much to one primitive principle4 8,but1 at all events1 the facts of the religious phase which you emphasize have been set forth clearly1 correctly1 and fully1 as regards ,india1 to whatever conclusion they may point4 ,i have had great pleasure in following your argument through to the end40 ,it may be mentioned that the added facts as to the ,door1 given in the ,appendix1 were not in the proof-sheets submitted to ,professor ,hopkins4 ,,from ,,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,elliot ,,griffis4 ,no ,american scholar is better fitted than the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,william ,elliot ,griffis to speak of ,japanese manners and customs1 and of the religions and modes of thought of the people of ,japan4 ,after an extended residence in that country in connection with the ,imperial ,university of ,tokio1 he has studied and written of it and of its inhabitants4 8,the ,mikado's ,empire10 8,the ,religions of ,japan10 8,japan in ,history1 ,folk ,lore1 and ,art10 are among the best known and most valuable of his works in that field4 ,of 8,the ,threshold ,covenant0 he says heartily1 after an examination of its pages3 8,your general theory is abundantly confirmed in the early life and customs of ,chinese ,asia1 and especially in the history of early ,japan4 ,i should1 of course1 be glad to call together a council of native ,japanese friends1 and some of my returned countrymen1 and talk over your book1 but this is impossible at present1 and press of many duties prevents me from doing justice to the work1 as ,i should like to do4 ,such observations as ,i may throw out1 though imperfect1 will1 ,i trust1 be suggestive4 ,i have read the book twice1 and consider it a work of the first order of value4 8,in medival and modern ,japan1 it must be remembered1 many of the ancient customs and primitive native ideas have been not only changed1 but obliterated1 by ,buddhism1 which1 by its excessive reverence for life1 put an end to those customs which had in them the shedding of blood1 or the taking of life4 ,in ancient days it was the pretty nearly universal custom to build human beings alive in the walls of castles or strongholds1 and the piers or foundations of bridges4 ,many are the places rich in traditions of the hito-gashira1 or human pillars1 who were lowered into the sea to be drowned 7to appease the dragon1 etc471 or made1 as it were1 cement for the foundation-stone1-to which ,i have alluded in my #8,religions of ,japan4' 8,what may be called the #8gate etiquette' in ,japan is elaborate and detailed4 ,more than once have the foreign teachers1 denizens1 and tourists1 had quarrels with the ,japanese school1 municipal1 and national authorities1 because they unwittingly often violated ancient ,japanese traditions and customs4 ,i myself remember how the mom-ban1 or gate-keeper1 used to refuse admittance to my jin-riki-sha because ,i had sitting with me a ,japanese student or lad1 who could not1 in native ideas of propriety1 share with me 7a guest7 the honor of riding inside the chief gate of mansion or college4 ,concerning troubles with native servants and others1 who were inclined to shelter themselves under the foreigners' prestige and privilege1 ,i need not speak in detail4 ,the term #8,mikado1' as you may know1 is literally ,sublime ,porte1 ,awful ,gate1 or ,portal of ,majesty4 ,i believe there is profound significance in the idea of having the gateway to a ,buddhist temple a structure which is in many cases almost as imposing as the sacred edifice itself4 ,each ,shint shrine has before it1 at some distance1 a tori-i2 and every little wayside shrine1 in size from a doll-house to a one-room cottage1 has almost invariably a little tori-i1 or gateway1 before it4 8,the most elaborate ceremonies and gradations of honor are connected with the threshold of the ,imperial ,palace1 and for a thousand years or more were rigorously observed in ,kioto1 and doubtless to great extent are yet in the new palace in ,tokio4 8,in a ,japanese marriage1 when conducted on the old order of ceremonies1 the origin of which goes back into primeval twilight1 the bride goes from her own home always to be married in her husband's home and to become a part of it4 ,as she approaches her new home1 fires are lighted on either side of the threshold or door of entrance of the bridegroom's house4 ,the name of these fires is #8garden torches4' ,as she proceeds up the corridor1 inside the house1 two pairs of men and women1 one on each side1 have mortars in which they pound rice4 ,as the palanquin passes1 the two mortars are moved together1 and the meal from the two is mixed so as to become one mess4 ,during the same time two candles have been lighted on either side of the passage way1 and after the passing of the palanquin1 the two flames are first joined in one and then blown out4 ,of course1 these ceremonies are now used only among the higher classes4 8,in all the ,buddhist temples beside the great gateway and the ordinary temple entrance there is a distinctly marked sill1 behind which is the altar1 and over which the worshiper must not come4 8,i am very much inclined to believe that there is a significance which allies itself to #8,the ,threshold ,covenant' in the ye-bumi or #8trampling on the cross1' observed during the seventeenth1 eighteenth1 and nineteenth centuries in ,japan in order to eradicate all traces of ,christianity4 ,the pagan authorities made a copper engraving of the crucifix1 and putting it on the ground1 between a structure that was evidently meant for the doorway with a threshold under it1 they compelled every one-man1 woman1 and child-to step upon the figure of ,christ and the cross in token of their rejection of everything belonging to ,christianity4 8,in ancient ,japan1 and all through her history1 great care was taken with boundaries and boundary marks1 the latter being sometimes masses of charcoal buried in the earth1 or inscribed pillars1 the bases of which were charred4 ,mr4 ,ernest ,satow1 the first authority on things ,japanese1 believes that these boundary pillars1 which1 in some cases 7as in ,corea today71 were carved to represent certain gods1 afterwards became phallic emblems4 ,before most of the ,buddhist temples of importance are to be found the two guardian deities ,ni- 7two kings71 and before many thousands of shrines of both ,shint and ,buddhism is the ama-inu 7heavenly dogs71 which are the guardians of the entrance to the temple4 8,time would fail me to tell of the various fetiches placed over and beside the doorways and gates4 ,beside the very elaborate ,new ,year's symbolism signifying prosperity1 longevity1 congratulations1 etc41 there is always1 on the last night of the year1 a sort of #8purging out of the old leaven1' cleaning up of the house1 and exorcism1 by means of beans as projectiles1 of all evil and evil spirits4 ,then bunches of thorny leaves1 like holly1 are affixed outside on the door lintel4 ,over the doorway of almost every house of country folk and many of the townspeople1 one can see the wooden charms nailed up4 ,these are bought in the temples of the priests as well as the packages of sacred paper with ,sanskrit letters or monograms for the better class of houses4 8,besides the red cord with which almost every present in ,japan is tied1 the stamp of the red hand on or at the side of the door1 either on the wood itself or on a sheet of paper1 nailed up beside the door1 is very common at particular times4 8,the ,mecca of ,japanese ,shint is at ,is1 where the temples have had from time immemorial #8only one foundation4' ,the buildings are renewed every twenty years on the same spot4 ,for many centuries it has been the custom to rebuild ,buddhist temples on the same foundation when destroyed by fire1 or when #8captured' from ,shintoist to ,buddhist ownership4444 8,let me call your attention to the idea underlying the political and religious covenant of the great ,iroquois ,confederacy-the most remarkable political structure of ,north ,american ,indian life4 ,the five tribes 7later a sixth was added7 called their dwelling-place in ,new ,york1 between ,niagara and the ,hudson #8the ,long ,house' after the typical ,iroquois dwelling in which lived many families4 ,few ,iroquois lived east of ,schenectady1 though they went to fish in the ,hudson ,river1 which they then named 7a7 #8,schenectady4' ,schenectady 7which in the ,indian conception was the region in their extreme east7 means1 when analyzed1 #8just outside the threshold1' or #8without the door4' ,while ,onondaga was the central fore-place of the ,confederacy1 the site of ,schenectady had special sacredness in the minds of the ,iroquois1 and the ,mohawks1 who occupied this portion of the country1 were called #8the guardians of the threshold4' 8,van ,curler 7,arendt ,van ,curler71 one of the real #8makers of ,america1' who knew the ,indians so well1 and who made that great covenant with them which kept the ,iroquois1 despite all ,french intrigue1 bribery1 and opposition1 faithful 7for two centuries1 till the ,revolution divided even the white men71 first to the ,dutch1 then to the ,english1 knew this ,indian reverence for the threshold1 and took a just advantage of it4 ,the fact that #8,the ,covenant of ,corlear' was made on the threshold of their ,long ,house gave it such sacredness in the eyes of the ,indians that it was never broken4 ,in all their later oratory1 for two centuries they referred to this covenant4 ,besides calling the governors of ,new ,york #8,corlear' 7the only instance1 as ,francis ,parkman once wrote me1 in which the ,indians applied a personal name instead of making use of a material object1 figuratively1 to a governor1-#8fish1' #8pen1' #8big mountain1' etc471 the ,mohawks of ,canada to this day1 as ,i heard them speak it after personal inquiry1 call ,queen ,victoria #8,kora ,kowa1' that is1 #8the great ,corlear' 7,van ,curler740 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,john ,p4 ,,mahaffy4 ,as an authority in the field of ,greek antiquities1 as well as a scholar of wide learning in various other fields1 ,professor ,mahaffy1 of ,dublin ,university1 stands in high repute4 ,among his many published works1 in proof of this1 are his 8,twelve ,lectures on ,primitive ,civilization10 8,prolegomena to ,ancient ,history10 8,social ,life in ,greece from ,homer to ,menander10 8,greek ,antiquities10 8,rambles and ,studies in ,greece10 8,greek ,life and ,thought from ,alexander to the ,roman ,conquest10 8,the ,greek ,world under ,roman ,sway10 and 8,the ,empire of the ,ptolemies40 ,returning the proof-sheets of 8,the ,threshold ,covenant0 to the author1 he says generously3 8,your learning is to me quite astonishing1 and ,i could not venture to criticise you except in a passing way1 as ,i read your proofs hastily4 ,but you will find on them rough notes in pencil1 only to show what ,i thought at the moment40 ,in comment on the custom1 in many lands1 of carrying out the dead from a house or a city through a special door or gate1 instead of over the threshold at the principal entrance1#gag he says3 8,at present1 in the farmhouses about ,hoorn1 in ,holland1 there is a state door opened only for marriages and funerals4 ,the family use a side or back door only40#gah ,again1 8the 7hiera pule1 #8sacred gate'7 at ,athens seems to have been an accursed gate1 through which criminals only were led out40 ,in confirmation of the claim that human life1 or blood1 was deemed essential in the foundation1 or the threshold laying of a city1#gai ,professor ,mahaffy says3 8,great ,hellenistic cities1 as1 for instance1 ,antioch1 had a girl sacrificed at their foundation4 ,it was she1 apparently1 that afterwards appeared as the personification of the city1 h tuch1 #8the fortune1' as it was called40 8,the #8red hand of the ,o',neills' is a famous coat-of-arms well known in ,ireland4 ,lord ,o',neill now bears it40 ,as to my assumption that the first hearthstone must have been1 in the nature of things1 at the threshold of the cave or tent or hut1 as it still is among primitive peoples1 and that the first stone laid at the corner1 or at the doorway1 of a house or building1 was1 by the very fact of its first laying1 the threshold of that structure1 ,professor ,mahaffy says3 8,i don't believe in the identification of 7#a7 foundation stone1 7#b7 threshold1 7#c7 house corner1 7#d7 hearthstone1 without clear proof40 ----- ,footnote #gag3 ,see pp4 #bc-be1 supra4 ,footnote #gah3 ,this was so in parts of ,new ,england1 fifty years ago4 ,i have seen the main hall or front 8entry0 of a farmhouse in ,connecticut used as a bedroom1 with a high-post state bedstead against the front door4 ,in case of a funeral or wedding the bedstead would be removed1 in order that the door might be opened4-,h4,c4,t4 ,footnote #gai3 ,see pp4 #de-eg1 supra4 ----- ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,william ,a4 ,,lamberton4 ,in ,dr4 ,lamberton1 ,professor of ,greek1 and ,dean of the ,department of ,philosophy1 the ,university of ,pennsylvania has a scholar as acute and discerning in his observations as he is full and accurate in knowledge in his special field of classic ,greek4 ,he has been familiar with the results of my researches during my progress of recent years1 and he has this to say1 after examining the proof-sheets of the completed work3 8,your induction seems to me to be very wide1 and to include in its sweep all phases of civilization1 which is practically as much as to say all periods of human existence1 from the most primitive on4 8,the significance of the threshold as altar1 place of covenanting and worship1 in house1 temple1 and domain1 ,i think is completely made out4 8,very striking is the smiting of the blood1 as sign of the covenant relation1 upon the posts of the doorway2 and in particular the mark of the red hand4 ,the connection you endeavor to show between all this and the marriage rite is1 to say the least of it1 suggestive4 ,the mystery of the gift and transmission of life1 it has always seemed to me1 early struck man2 and that it did not have its issue only in perverted forms1 is clear from the fragmentary glimpses we get into the ,eleusinian mysteries1 celebrated in honor of divinities of productivity4 ,purification from sin and blessedness in the next world appear to have been among the hopes of the initiated4 8,may ,i call your attention to one or two points8 ,the ,greek word for altar1 7bomos71 altar1 from root 7ba71 seen in 7bainein71 #8to step4' 8,may not the whipping of the boys mentioned on page #age be a misinterpreted substitute for sacrifices at the boundary posts1 perhaps even at one time human sacrifices8 ,such later modifications of sacrifice into symbolic whippings are not unheard of elsewhere40 ,professor ,lamberton's suggestion that the ,greek word for altar has its origin in a 8step0 has confirmation in the fact1 already noted1 that the earliest temples were a shrine at the summit of a series of steps1 as in a step-pyramid1 in ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 ,canaan1 ,mexico1 ,peru1 and the ,south ,sea ,islands4#gbj ,is there not a reference to this ordinary mode of building an altar among the outside nations1 in the divine command to ,israel in the wilderness as to the building of an altar to ,jehovah8 8,neither shalt thou go up by steps unto mine altar1 that thy nakedness be not discovered thereon40#gba ----- ,footnote #gbj3 ,see p4 #aaa f41 supra4 ,footnote #gba3 ,exod4 #bj 3 #bf4 ----- ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,daniel ,g4 ,,brinton4 ,in the realm of ,american antiquities1 and of anthropology generally1 ,dr4 ,brinton1 ,professor of ,american ,archology and ,linguistics in the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 stands foremost4 ,he has been ,president of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science2 and his knowledge and his work have had marked recognition in the ,international ,oriental ,congresses1 in the ,american ,philosophical ,society1 in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 and in other learned bodies4 ,he writes3 8,i have gone over1 with constantly increasing interest1 your pages on #8,the ,threshold ,covenant1' an interest associated with admiration of the wide reading you have brought to bear on the theme1 and the temperate and enlightened spirit in which you have presented the facts4 8,you have1 without question1 established the practical universality of the rites and ceremonies you describe1 and the ideas from which they took their origin4 ,your volume is another and powerful witness to the parallelisms of culture1 and to the unity in the forms of expression of the human mind4 8,these analogies and identities are1 as you well know1 open to several interpretations or explanations4 ,the main one offered by you seems to me1 as a fact1 quite probable2 certainly it was constantly associated with such rites4 8,i am not able altogether to agree with the point of view expressed in your ,preface1 and on pages #aic-aie1 in reference to the general origin and trend of religious ideas2 but possibly ,i should find myself closer to your position were ,i to see it more amply defined4 ,i cannot think the earliest religions were1 as a rule1 more #8uplifting' than the later ones2 ,i think there was a general progress upwards4 ,,from ,,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,edward ,t4 ,,bartlett4 ,dean ,bartlett1 of the ,divinity ,school of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of ,philadelphia1 is prominent as a devout and careful ,bible scholar1 who has the confidence of the ,christian community to a rare degree4 ,he was the first president of the ,american ,institute of ,sacred ,literature1 and he is the vice-president of the ,society of ,biblical ,literature and ,exegesis4 ,his work1 on the 8,scriptures ,hebrew and ,christian10 as an introduction to the study of the ,bible1 won for him commendation from eminent scholars4 ,having read the proof-sheets of this book1 ,dean ,bartlett writes3 8,i thank you for the opportunity to read your book #8,the ,threshold ,covenant4' ,and ,i also want to thank you for allowing me to know something of the growth of your thought on the subject1 in the frequent conversations we have had about it during the years past4 ,ever since ,i came into the privilege of calling you friend ,i have been a witness of the truth of your statement in the ,preface1 that your theory is wholly a result of induction1 that it came to you out of the gathered facts1 instead of the facts being gathered in support of the theory4 ,what ,i know as to your method would lead me to expect a result that must stand1 and there are few writers who would be for me as authoritative as you in matters which ,i could not verify for myself4 ,but here you furnish the means of verification4 8,as the subject has come up between us from time to time and part by part1 ,i have been led to think over what you told me1 and it has seemed to me that nothing could exceed the care with which you advanced in your induction4 ,and now that ,i review the work as a whole1 ,i am convinced that you have demonstrated your theory4 ,in doing so1 you have thrown a whole flood of new bright light on primitive culture1 on some of the sacredest phases of human life in all ages1 on many places of ,scripture from the first chapter to the last1 and on the central sacraments of the ,old and ,new ,covenants4 8,if this light came to me now for the first time in all its fulness1 ,i am not sure whether ,i should be startled and almost blinded by it1 or whether ,i should1 at first at least1 altogether fail to appreciate it4 ,but you have been giving it to me gradually as it came to you1 and so ,i have been in a position to become adjusted to it1 and also to test its illumining quality4 ,i find that it is not transitory1 but permanent1 not a flash but a steady light1 in which the great objects of our ,christian faith stand clearly revealed4 8,i sincerely congratulate you upon the completion of such an important and illuminating work40 ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,t4,k4 ,,cheyne4 ,just as the final pages of this volume are going to press1 a valued communication concerning them is received from ,professor ,cheyne1 of ,oxford ,university4 ,professor ,cheyne is ,oriel ,professor of the ,interpretation of ,holy ,scripture at ,oxford1 and ,canon of ,rochester4 ,he is well known on both sides of the ,atlantic as a prominent ,english representative of the school of modern 8higher criticism10 or 8historical criticism40 ,he was a member of the ,old ,testament ,revision ,company1 and he contributed many important articles on biblical subjects to the ninth edition of the 8,encyclopdia ,britannica40 ,in #ahhi he delivered the ,bampton ,lectures on 8,the ,historical ,origin and ,religious ,ideas of the ,psalter10 and his various works on ,old ,testament literature1 including ,job1 the ,psalms1 ,solomon1 ,isaiah1 and ,jeremiah1 have made him familiar to ,english readers the world over4 ,the kindly1 frank1 and courteous comments of ,professor ,cheyne on 8,the ,threshold ,covenant0 are the more highly valued in view of the fact that he has had occasion to suppose that the author's standpoint of biblical criticism was not quite the same as his own4 ,he says3 8,i am delighted to have been able to make early acquaintance with a book so full of facts which really illuminate the dark places of primitive times4 ,that the explanation of the ,hebrew ,scriptures profits much by it1 is clear4 ,thank you for having devoted so much patient and thoughtful care to the accumulation and interpretation of the facts4 ,i have never doubted your singular capacity for archeological work1 and have only regretted that there has not been greater fellow-feeling with the critics 7in the popular sense1-for you1 too1 are critical1 though not quite in the right sense and to the extent required1 if ,i may personally say this74 8,i notice on page #df f4 a reference to the foundation of ,jericho by ,hiel4 ,it appears to me that the idea suggested by archeology is only defensible on the principles generally associated with #8historical criticism4' ,if this idea is in any way historically connected with the act of ,hiel related in #a ,kings #af 3 #cd 7wanting in ,,lxx71 and pointed to1 whether in reality or in the honest1 though faulty1 imagination of the writer1 in ,joshua #f 3 #bf1 we must suppose that the act of ,hiel was misunderstood by the critics of these two passages4 ,for the deaths of ,abiram and ,segub are referred to as divine judgments upon ,hiel for his violation of the erem1 or ban1 laid upon the site of ,jericho1 whereas1 according to the archeological theory1 ,hiel offered his children as foundation sacrifices1 believing that he could thus bring a blessing on the city of ,jericho4 ,no plain reader will understand the connection of the archeological idea and the two passages of ,old ,testament-as it appears to me4 8,the connection has been surmised by others before you1-probably you can tell me who first struck out the idea4 ,is it in ,tylor1 or where8 ,i cannot remember4 ,winckler 7,geschichte ,israel1 ,part ,i1 #ahie7 expresses his adhesion to it4 ,kuenen 7,onderzoek1 ,i #ahhf1 p4 #bcc7 holds that there was a misunderstanding of the traditional facts on the part of the author of the prediction in ,joshua #f 3 #bf in its present form1 and of the author of the notice in #a ,kings #af 3 #cd2 he thinks that ,hiel sacrificed his two sons1 but does not appear to recall the archeological facts4 ,i think he ought to have recalled them4 ,but he is right in the main1 as it seems to me4 ,i have no prejudice against archeological illustrations of customs or of phraseology4 ,on the contrary1 ,i delight in them4 ,i have for many years been on the archeological side1 as well as on the critical4444 8,robertson ,smith took the right course1 at once critical and archeological4 ,only he could not do everything1 and he purposed to limit himself1 to a great extent1 to those branches of archeology which he knew at first hand1 or in which he could trust the experts4 ,he would not trust the ,english 7biblical7 archeologists1 because they were not critical4 8,are you right about 7,god's7 #8strong hand1' etc41 page #hc8 ,and what connection has teraphim with threshold 7p4 #aji78 ,bonomi is no critic4 ,you are very convincing about the passover blood4 8,i will write again if any special notes suggest themselves4 ,a number of references in the ,old ,testament and the ,new ,testament must be open to divers interpretations2 but ,i habitually act upon your own principles4 ,phrases which seem to us simple1 are often full of references which archeology alone can explain4 ,macte esto40 ,,additional ,,from ,,professor ,,dr4 ,,fritz ,,hommel4 ,before this ,supplement is finally printed1 there comes a second communication from ,professor ,hommel of ,munich1 as already promised by him4#gbb ,in this new communication are suggestions and words of appreciation that will be welcomed by many readers1 as coming from such a source4 ,professor ,hommel says3 8,only a few days ago ,i finished reading your highly interesting little book1 #8,the ,threshold ,covenant1' and ,i hasten to write to you1 that ,i have read it with ever-increasing interest1 and have learned infinitely much from it4 ,our views regarding the high antiquity and the unity of human culture receive entirely new light through this work2 in addition1 a large number of old oriental and biblical ways and customs now become intelligible and clear4 8,manifestly correct1 and indeed most happy1 is your derivation of the threshold cult1 and of sacrifice in general1 from the first human blood shed on crossing the threshold of woman2 also the important explanation of the signs for life1 which ,i have compared3 ,egyptian1 ,babylonian1 7,compare vulva47 ,moreover1 your explanation of the passover is much more satisfactory than taking pesakh in the sense of #8to pass by4' 8,permit me now to offer a few remarks1 of which you may still be able to avail yourself4 8,with the symbol of the red hand may also be compared the hands upon the ,sabaean bronze tablets 7,z4,d4,m4,g41 ,vol4 #ai1 plate ,,xi41 and especially plate ,,vii471 where fourteen hands of seven gods are pictured above the inscription4 ,furthermore1 see ,pinches' ,inscribed ,babylonian ,tablets1 belonging to the collection of ,sir ,henry ,peek1 ,part ,,iii41 p4 #ff2 a seal cylinder1 on which appears a raised hand between the god and the priest4 8,on page #ajj of your book4-,more accurately1 ,i is house as well as temple2 ,i-,,gal is palace 7-gal kallu72 but ,hebrew and ,arabic hekal is #8temple1' #8,holy of ,holies' 7,hebrew1 also #8palace'74 8,on page #aje4-,that the design in question1 on the old ,babylonian seal cylinder1 represents the sun gates1 is a discovery made by your own countryman1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,hayes ,ward 7,american ,journal of ,archeology1 ,,iii41 nos4 #a-b1 p4 #eb74 8,on page #ajh4-,the ,arabic mihrb is a loan word from the ,south ,arabic and ,ethiopic1 mikrb1 temple2 literally1 #8praying-place4' 8,on page #aga4-;,in ,south ,arabic inscriptions wathan signifies #8boundary-pillar1' and at the same time #8statue of god1' #8idol4' 8,on page #ahj4-;,el gisr is literally #8bridge4' ,the bridge was also looked upon as a gate1 as leading from one shore to the other4 8,on page #bbi4-,sacred prostitution4 ,compare ,babylonia kadishtu 7literally1 holy person71 ,hebrew kdusha1 #8harlot4' 8,on page #bcc 7note74-,the ,babylonian patnu1 #8to hold the sacrificial meal1' #8to eat1' naptanu1 #8meal1' is connected with ,hebrew miphtan4 ,i am inclined to believe also that the ,babylonian gish-dapitnu1 really means #8threshold2' also that gish-sa1 ush-sa1 a bridal gift1 is originally #8threshold4' 8,on page #bcd4-,the #8serpent' of the boundary stone was originally the ,milky ,way4 ,the other symbols are animals of the ,zodiac4 8,on page #bce 7note #c74-;,compare1 also1 ,hommel1 ,babylonische ,ursprung der gypt4 ,kultur 7fight of ,merodach with the serpentfight of ,r #8with ,apep'74 8,on page #bch4-,nekhushtn1 the name the serpent of ,moses1 is derived from 1 #8vulva1' or1 at all events1 is related to this word40 ----- ,footnote #gbb3 ,see p4 #cac1 supra4 ----- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,minor errors or inconsistencies of punctuation or formatting have been corrected silently4 ,there were a number of occasions where quotation marks were not balanced4 ,where possible the cited source has been consulted4 ,it was not always possible to surmise the scope of quoted material1 in which case it is noted below1 but unchanged in the text4 ,in at least one case1 on p4 #abe1 the quotation from rmin ,vmbry's ,travels in ,central ,asia 7see note #cfa7 was incorrectly marked4 ,quotation marks have been added in order to properly denote those portions which directly follow the source4 ,in the scriptural index1 on p4 #cjc1 the entries for #a ,timothy are corrupt1 with the chapter appearing at the end of the entry1 rather than at the beginning3 ------------------ #a ,,timothy4 3 #ad #hed 3 #g #aadf ------------------ ,these have been corrected as #a ,,timothy4 #d 3 #ad #he #f 3 #g #aad ------------------ ,this table summarizes the corrections specifically to the ,topical ,index1 which on occasion has entries which are spelled differently in the text itself1 or are otherwise faulty4 ,to facilitate searches1 it is assumed that the text is correct1 and the entries were changed4 ,the sole exception is the transliteration of the ,greek word 1 which is given in the text on p4 #aed as pronaoi1 but correctly in the index as pronaioi 7vestibule74 ,in this case1 the text has been corrected4 ,entry ,correction_/,comment ,altar3 ll1 name for accents reversed from the text 78ll074 ,ashurnsirafi ,ashurnsirapli on both referenced pages4 ,avaita ,avaika ,bayet-el-,walli ,bayt-el-,walli ,boundary3 references to1 may be p4 #ag or p4 #aag4 ,in any case1 neither page seems to have a relevant remark4 8,dead1 ,book of the10 appears twice1 the second being out of the alphabetic sequence4 ,that has been removed4 ,boodha-drum_/ ,booddha-drum_/ ,booddha-drum_/ ,boodha-hood_/,boodha's foot ,booddha's foot ,british envoy welcomed at ,british envoy welcomed at threshold of ,kanzeroon threshold of ,kauzeroon ,bukahla ,bukohla ,heli ,heh ,euelmash ,eulmash ,gapriel ,gabriel ,jastrow1 ,prof4 ,dr4 ,morris1 ,the first citation appears on ,jr43 cited1 #ig p4 #gi in n4 #dah4 ,kurigalza ,,ii41 king of ,kurigalzu ,,ii41 king of ,babylon ,babylon ,kuza bemuchsaz ,kuzu ,kuzu bemuchsaz ,kuzu ,maspero1 ,prof4 ,g43 references ,note #dgc occurs on p4 #afi4 to1 444 #abf1 #afj ------------------ ,this table summarizes any other corrections which were made to the text4 p4 #bb hearthstones ,added4 p4 #cb by the bridegroom's friend ,sic4 p4 #cc 8a little brandy is spilt ,sic4 under the threshold40 p4 #dc and thrusts it into her ,added4 bosom10 p4 #fa ,charau_/ns ,corrected 8_/#8,the herald and his ,corrected4 brother p4 #gi n4 #bbj ,de ,hesse-,wartegg's ,added4 p4 #hb that is1 ,i will covenant with ,removed4 them40 p4 #ij 8,the red hand was ,added4 p4 #ajj as similiarly1 in ancient ,removed ,egypt p4 #ajd n4 #bgi ,les ,religions et les ,corrected4 ,philosophies dans l',asia_/e p4 #add n4 #dag ,see ,jones's and ,kn_/ropf's ,corrected4 p4 #bjj n4 #eca ,supplment aux ,corrected4 ,dictionnaries_/aires p4 #bjj or 8door10 ,added4 p4 #bbb n4 #eif ,see ,maundrell's ,journey ,added4 p4 #bbg conjunction ,added4 p4 #bdf gypto ,superiori ,added4 p4 #bee n4 #fgb ,mlhan_/u and ,volck ,corrected4 p4 #bgc ,christai_/ian captive ,transposed4 p4 #bha ,entrance-way1 importance of1 ,corrected4 #b_/c4 ,there is no p4 #b4 p4 #bic among ,sephardeem ,added4 p4 #bii ,die ,lehra_/en d4 ,talmud ,corrected4 p4 #cad #8to pray1' ,added4 8,patriarchal ,palestine10 ,added4