,,!      ,,w>f>e ,,( ,,sci5ce4          
,,by    ,,&rew ,,dickson ,,:ite1        
,,ll4,d41    ,,presid5t ,,( ,,cornell   
,,univ]sity4        ,,new ,,york3    ,d4
 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1    #ahhh4    
,,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 
! ye> #ahgf1    ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton     
,,co41    ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian (   
,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4            ,,to 
,,h5ry ,,williams ,,sage1      ,,(      
,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41      ,a ,,*ri/ian  
,,man1 ,,:o ,,has ,,prov$ ,,t ,,he      
,,welcomes    ,,all ,,tru?1 ,,& ,,fe>s  
,,none1      ,,?is ,,little ,,book ,,is 
,,inscrib$1      ,,) ,,feel+s ,,(       
,,?or\gh ,,respect ,,& ,,e/eem4         
,,prefatory ,,note4      ,9 its e>li]   
abridg$ =m ?is address 0 giv5 z a ,phi  
,beta ,kappa  oration at ,br[n          
,univ]sity1 &1 z a lecture1 at ,new     
,york1 ,bo/on1  ,new ,hav51 ,ann ,arbor1
 & else:]e4 ,9 t =m1 sub/antially1 x  0 
publi%$ 9 ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce         
,,mon?ly4 ,i h n[ giv5 x  c>eful        
revision1 correct+ "s errors1 & ext5d+ x

 l>gely  by pres5t+ new facts & develop+
 v>i\s po9ts ( int]e/ 9  ! g5]al        
discussion4 ,among ! subjects add$ or   
rewr\ght are3 9  ,a/ronomy1 ! /ruggle ( 
,galileo & ! retreat ( ! ,*ur* aft]  its
 victory2 9 ,*emi/ry & ,physics1 !      
compromise betwe5 ,sci5ce  & ,!ology    
made by ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ! un=tunate   
r\te tak5  by ,sci5ce 9 consequ5ce2 9   
,anatomy & ,m$ic9e1 ! e>li] gr[?  (     
ecclesia/ical di/ru/ ( ^! sci5ces2 9    
,sci5tific ,education1  ! deal+s ( v>i\s
 ,european univ]sities ) sci5tific      
/udies2  9 ,political & ,social ,sci5ce1
 a m complete /atem5t ( !  opposition ( 
! ,*ur*1 on ,scriptural gr\nds1 to !    
tak+ (  int]e/ = money2 &1 9 !          
conclusion1 a m c>eful summ+ up4  ,if ,i
 h seem$ to encumb] ! text ) notes1 x   
has be5 9 !  int5tion to leave no       
important ass]tion unsupport$2 & 9 !    
hope  t o!rs--less engross$ )           
adm9i/rative c>e ?an myself--may  f9d 9 
!m indications = m ext5d$ /udies 9 v>i\s
 p>ts (  ! /ruggle :i* ,i h b sket*$4   

,a4 ,d4 ,w4    ,,cornell ,,univ]sity1   
,m>*1 #ahgf4          ,,! ,,w>f>e ,,(   
,,sci5ce4      ,i purpose to pres5t an  
outl9e ( ! great1 sacr$ /ruggle =  !    
lib]ty ( sci5ce--a /ruggle :i* has la/$ 
= s _m  c5turies1 & :i* yet cont9ues4 ,a
 h>d conte/ x has be52 a w>  wag$ long]1
 ) battles fi]c]1 ) sieges m p]si/5t1 ) 
/rategy m %rewd ?an 9 any ( !           
comp>atively transi5t w>f>e  ( ,cs> or  
,napoleon or ,moltke4    ,i %all ask y  
to g ) me ?r\gh "s ( ! mo/ protract$    
sieges1 & ov] "s ( ! h>de/-f\ght        
battle-fields ( ?is  w>4 ,we w look well
 at ! combatants2 we w li/5 to !        
battle-cries2 we w note ! /rategy (     
lead]s1 ! cut & ?ru/  ( *ampions1 !     
weight ( missiles1 ! temp] ( weapons2 we
 w  look also at ! truces & treaties1 & 
note ! delusive impot5cy  ( all         
compromises 9 :i* ! w>riors = sci5tific 
tru? h  cons5t$ to receive direction or 
bias f ! be/ ( m5 un9spir$  by !        
sci5tific _s1 or unfamili> ) sci5tific  
me?ods4    ,my !sis1 :i*1 by an         

hi/orical /udy ( ?is w>f>e1 ,i expect   
to develop1 is ! foll[+3 ,9 all mod]n   
hi/ory1 int]f]5ce  ) sci5ce 9 ! suppos$ 
int]e/ ( religion1 no matt] h[          
consci5ti\s su* int]f]5ce may h be51 has
 result$ 9 !  dire/ evils bo? to        
religion & to sci5ce--& inv>iably4 ,&1  
on  ! o!r h&1 all untrammel$ sci5tific  
inve/igation1 no matt] h[  dang]\s to   
religion "s ( its /ages may h seem$1 = !
 "t1  to be1 has inv>iably result$ 9 !  
highe/ good ( religion & (  sci5ce4 ,i  
say inv>iably4 ,i mean exactly t4 ,x is 
a rule to  :i* hi/ory %[s n "o          
exception4    ,x w\ld seem1 logically1 t
 ?is /atem5t _c be ga9said4  ,god's     
tru?s mu/ agree1 :e!r discov]$ by look+ 
)9 ^u !  s\l1 or )\t ^u ! _w4 ,a tru?   
writt5 ^u ! human he>t  to-day1 9 its   
full play ( emotions or passions1 _c be 
at any real  v>iance ev5 ) a tru? writt5
 ^u a fossil ^: poor life ebb$  =?      
millions ( ye>s ago4    ,?is be+ s1 x   
w\ld also seem a tru? irrefragable1 t ! 
se>*  = ea* ( ^! k9ds ( tru? mu/ be     

foll[$ out on its own l9es1  by its own 
me?ods1 to its own results1 )\t any     
int]f]5ce f  inve/igators on o!r l9es1  
or by o!r me?ods4 ,& x w\ld also  seem  
logical to "w on 9 absolute confid5ce t 
:atev]1 at any  mom5t1 may seem to be ! 
relative positions ( ! two diff]5t  b&s 
( work]s1 !y mu/ at la/ come toge!r1 =  
,tru? is "o4    ,b logic is n hi/ory4   
,hi/ory is full ( int]f]5ces :i* h  co/ 
! e>? de>4 ,/range/ ( all1 "s ( ! dire/ 
( !m h  be5 made by ! be/ ( m51 actuat$ 
by ! pure/ motives1 &  seek+ ! noble/   
results4 ,^! int]f]5ces1 & ! /ruggle    
aga9/ !m1 make up ! w>f>e ( sci5ce4     
,"o /atem5t m1 to cle> ! gr\nd4 ,y w n  
und]/& me at  all to say t religion has 
done no?+ = sci5ce4 ,x has done mu*  =  
x4 ,! "w ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 mighty   
inde$4 ,?r\gh ^!  two ?\s& ye>s1 despite
 ! wa/e ( its en]gies on all ! ?+s  its 
,bless$ ,f\nd] mo/ e>ne/ly condemn$--on 
feti* & subtlety  & w> & pomp--x has    
und]m9$ s]vitude1 mitigat$ tyranny1 giv5
  hope to ! hopeless1 com=t to !        

afflict$1 light to ! bl9d1  bread to !  
/>v+1 joy to ! dy+1 & ?is "w cont9ues4  
,&  its "w = sci5ce1 too1 has be5 great4
 ,x has fo/]$ sci5ce  (t54 ,nay1 x has  
n\ri%$ t feel+ ( self-sacrifice = human 
good1 :i* has n]v$ "s ( ! brave/ m5 = ^!
 battles4    ,un=tunately1 a devot$ army
 ( good m5 />t$ c5turies ago )  ! idea t
 indep5d5t sci5tific inve/igation is    
unsafe--t  !ology mu/ int]v5e to        
sup]9t5d its me?ods1 & ! ,biblical      
record1 z an hi/orical comp5dium &      
sci5tific treatise1 be tak5  z a /&>d to
 det]m9e its results4 ,s began ?is great
 mod]n w>4      ,,geography4    ,! fir/ 
typical battle-field to :i* ,i w\ld ref]
 is t (  ,geography--! simple/ elem5t>y 
doctr9e ( ! e>?'s %ape &  surface4      
,among ! legacies ( ?\ght left by !     
anci5t _w to ! mod]n1  7 c]ta9 ideas ( !
 rotundity ( ! e>?4 ,^! ideas 7  vague2 
!y 7 mix$ ) absurdities2 b !y 7 g]m     
ideas1  &1 aft] ! b>b>ian /orm :i* u%]$ 
9 ! mod]n _w _h  begun to cle> away1 ^! 
g]m ideas began to bud & bloom 9 !  m9ds

 ( a few ?9k+ m51 & ^! m5 haz>d$ !      
sugge/ion t  ! e>? is r\nd--is a        
globe4#a    ,! greate/ & mo/ e>ne/ m5 ( 
! "t took fright at once4 ,to  !m1 !    
idea ( ! e>?'s rotundity seem$ fraught )
 dang]s to  ,scripture3 by :i*1 ( c\rse1
 !y meant _! int]pretation (            
,scripture4    ,among ! fir/ :o took up 
arms aga9/ ! new ?9k]s 0 ,eusebius4  ,he
 endeavor$ to turn (f ^! ideas by br++  
sci5ce into  contempt1 & by mak+ !      
innovators und]/& t he & !  fa!rs ( !   
,*ur* despis$ all su* inquiries4 ,speak+
 ( !  innovations 9 physical sci5ce1 he 
said3 ,x is n ?r\gh ignorance  ( ! ?+s  
admir$ by !m1 b ?r\gh contempt ( _!     
useless  labor1 t we ?9k little ( ^!    
matt]s1 turn+ our s\ls to  bett] ?+s4#b 
,lactantius ass]t$ ! ideas ( ^? /udy+   
a/ronomy to be mad  & s5seless4#c    ,b 
! attempt to flank ! little phalanx (   
?9k]s did n  succe$1 ( c\rse4 ,ev5 su*  
m5 z ,lactantius & ,eusebius _c         
pooh-pooh d[n a new sci5tific idea4 ,!  
little b& ( ?9k]s w5t  on1 & ! doctr9e (

 ! rotundity ( ! e>? naturally l$ to !  
consid]ation ( ! t5ants ( ! e>?'s       
surface1 & ano!r g]m  idea 0 w>m$ into  
life--! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( ! antipodes1 
! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( c\ntries & m5 on ! 
hemisph]e  opposite to ours4#d    ,at   
?is ! w>-_s wax$ hot4 ,^? great & good  
m5 det]m9$  to fight4 ,to all ( !m su*  
doctr9es seem$ dang]\s2 to mo/ (  !m !y 
seem$ damnable4 ,/4 ,basil & ,/4        
,ambrose#e 7 tol]ant  en\gh to all[ t a 
man might be sav$ :o believ$ ! e>? to be
  r\nd1 & inhabit$ on its opposite      
sides2 b ! great majority (  ! ,fa!rs ( 
! ,*ur* utt]ly d5i$ ! possibility (     
salvation  to su* misbeliev]s4          
,lactantius asks3 444 ,is !re any "o s  
s5seless z to believe t  !re are m5 ^:  
foot/eps are high] ?an _! heads8--t !   
crops & trees gr[ d[nw>d8--t ! ra9s &   
sn[ & hail fall  upw>d t[>d ! e>?8444 ,b
 if y inquire f ^? :o def5d  ^! m>vel\s 
fictions1 :y all ?+s d n fall into t l[]
  "p ( ! heav51 !y reply t su* is !     
nature ( ?+s1 t  heavy bodies are borne 

t[>d ! middle1 l ! spokes ( a :eel2     
:ile light bodies1 su* z cl\ds1 smoke1 &
 fire1 t5d f !  c5tre t[>d ! heav5s on  
all sides4 ,n[1 ,i am at loss :at to say
  ( ^? :o1 :5 !y h once err$1 /eadily   
p]sev]e 9 _!  folly1 & def5d "o va9 ?+  
by ano!r4    ,/4 ,augu/9e seems incl9$  
to yield a little 9 reg>d to !          
rotundity ( ! e>?1 b he fights ! idea t 
m5 exi/ on !  o!r side ( ! e>?1 say+ t  
,scripture speaks ( no su*  desc5dants (
 ,adam4    ,b ?is did n avail to *eck ! 
idea4 ,:at may be call$ ! flank         
movem5t1 z repres5t$ by ,eusebius1 _h   
fail$4 ,! direct battle  giv5 by        
,lactantius1 ,augu/9e1 & o!rs1 _h fail$2
 9 ! six?  c5tury1 !re=e1 ! oppon5ts ( !
 new ideas built a great  =tress &      
retir$ into t4 ,x 0 well built & well   
brac$4 ,x  0 no?+ less ?an a complete   
!ory ( ! _w1 bas$ ^u !  lit]al          
int]pretation ( texts ( ,scripture1 &   
its au?or 0 ,cosmas  ,indicopleu/es4#f  
,accord+ to ,cosmas1 ! e>? is a         
p>allelogram1 flat1 & surr\nd$  by f\r  

great seas4 ,at ! out] edges ( ^! seas  
rise imm5se walls  clos+ 9 ! :ole       
/ructure4 ,^! walls support ! vault ( ! 
heav5s1 ^: edges are cem5t$ to ! walls2 
walls & vault %ut  9 ! e>? & all !      
heav5ly bodies4 ,! :ole ( ?is !ologic1  
sci5tific =tress 0 built mo/ c>efully1  
&1 z 0 !n ?\ght1  mo/ scripturally4     
,/>t+ ) ! expression1   1 appli$ 9 !    
n9? *apt] ( ,hebrews to ! tab]nacle 9 ! 
des]t1 he insi/s1  ) o!r int]pret]s ( 8 
"t1 t x gives a key to ! :ole           
con/ruction ( ! _w4 ,! univ]se is1      
!re=e1 made on !  plan ( ! ,jewi%       
,tab]nacle--box-l & oblong4    ,com+ to 
details1 he quotes ^? gr& words (       
,isaiah1 ,x is he  t sitte? ^u ! circle 
( ! e>?1 444 t /ret*e? out  ! heav5s l a
 curta91 & spreade? !m out l a t5t to   
dwell 91#g & ! passage 9 ,job1 :i*      
speaks ( ! pill>s  ( heav54#h ,he turns 
all t spl5did & preci\s poetry into a   
prosaic /atem5t1 & ga!rs !refrom1 z he  
?9ks1 treasures =  sci5ce4    ,?is va/  
box is !n divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 "o

 above !  o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 m5 live &
 />s move2 & x ext5ds  up to ! fir/     
solid vault or firmam5t1 :]e live !     
angels1 a  ma9 "p ( ^: bus9ess x is to  
pu% & pull ! sun & planets  to & fro4   
,next he takes ! text1 ,let !re be a    
firmam5t 9 !  mid/ ( ! wat]s1 & let x   
divide ! wat]s f ! wat]s1#i  & o!r texts
 f ,g5esis4 ,to ^! he adds ! text f !   
,psalms1 ,praise him1 ye heav5 ( heav5s1
 & ye wat]s t be above  ! heav5s1#aj    
ca/s t outbur/ ( poetry into 8 crucible 
) ! o!r texts1 &1 aft] subject+ !m to   
sundry peculi>  processes1 br+s out !   
!ory t ov] ?is fir/ vault is a va/      
ci/]n conta9+ ! wat]s4 ,he !n takes !   
expression 9 ,g5esis  reg>d+ ! w9d[s (  
heav51#aa & e/abli%es a doctr9e  reg>d+ 
! regulation ( ! ra91 :i* is aft]w>d    
supplem5t$  by ! doctr9e t ! angels n   
only pu% & pull ! heav5ly  bodies1 to   
light ! e>?1 b also op5 & close ! w9d[s 
(  heav5 to wat] x4    ,to f9d ! "* ( ! 
surface ( ! e>?1 ,cosmas /udies !  table
 ( %ew-bread 9 ! ,tab]nacle4 ,!         

dim5sions ( t table  prove to him t !   
e>? is flat & twice z long z broad2 !   
f\r corn]s ( ! table symbolize ! f\r    
seasons4 ,to acc\nt =  ! movem5t ( !    
sun1 ,cosmas sugge/s t at ! nor? ( !    
e>? is a great m\nta91 & t1 at night1 ! 
sun is c>ri$  beh9d ?is2 b "s ( !       
comm5tators v5tur$ to express a d\bt    
"h2 !y ?\ght t ! sun 0 pu%$ into a great
 pit at night1  & 0 pull$ out 9 ! morn+4
 ,no?+ c be m t\*+ 9  its simplicity ?an
 ,cosmas's clos+ ( 8 great argum5t4 ,he 
bur/s  =? 9 raptures1 decl>+ t ,moses1 !
 prophets1 evangeli/s1 &  apo/les1 agree
 to ! tru? ( 8 doctr9e4#ab    ,su* 0 !  
=tress built aga9/ human sci5ce 9 ! six?
  c5tury1 by ,cosmas2 & x /ood4 ,!      
innovators attack$ x 9 va94  ,! greate/ 
m9ds 9 ! ,*ur* devot$ !mselves to       
buttress+ x  ) new texts1 & ?r[+ out new
 outworks ( !ologic reason+4  ,x /ood   
firm = two hundr$ ye>s1 :5 a            
bi%op--,virgilius (  ,salzburg--ass]ts 8
 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! antipodes4    ,x
 happ5$ t !re !n /ood 9 ,g]many1 9 !    

fir/ ye>s  ( ! eigh? c5tury1 "o ( !     
greate/ & noble/ ( m5--,/4  ,boniface4  
,8 le>n+ 0 ( ! be/ !n kn[n2 9 labors he 
0 a  wor?y successor to ! apo/les2 8    
g5ius = ,*ri/ian "w made  him1          
unwill+ly1 ,primate ( ,g]many2 8        
devotion aft]w>d l$ him1  will+ly1 to   
m>tyrdom4 ,!re sat1 too1 at t "t1 on !  
papal  ?rone1 a great ,*ri/ian          
/atesman--,pope ,za*>y4 ,boniface       
imm$iately  decl>es aga9/ ! revival (   
su* a t]rible h]esy z ! exi/5ce  ( !    
antipodes4 ,he decl>es t x am\nts to !  
decl>ation t  !re are m5 on ! e>? beyond
 ! rea* ( ! means ( salvation2  he      
attacks ,virgilius2 he calls on ,za*>y =
 aid2 effective measures  are tak51 & we
 he> no m ( ,virgilius or 8 doctr9e4    
,six hundr$ ye>s pass away1 & 9 !       
f\rte5? c5tury two m5  publicly ass]t ! 
doctr9e4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,pet] ( ,abano1  
escapes puni%m5t by natural dea?2 !     
second1 kn[n z ,cecco  d',ascoli1 a man 
( sev5ty ye>s1 is burn$ alive4 ,nor 0 t 
all  ! puni%m5t3 t great pa9t]1         

,orcagna1 ^: t]rible works y  may see on
 ! walls ( ! ,campo ,santa at ,pisa1    
immortaliz$ ,cecco by  repres5t+ him 9 !
 flames ( hell4#ac    ,/ill ! idea liv$ 
& mov$1 & a hundr$ ye>s lat] we f9d !   
!ologian ,to/atus prote/+ aga9/ !       
doctr9e ( ! antipodes  z unsafe4 ,he has
 inv5t$ a new missile--! foll[+         
syllogism3  ,! apo/les 7 comm&$ to g    
into all ! _w1 & to prea*  ! gospel to e
 creature2 !y did n g to any su* "p ( ! 
_w z ! antipodes1 !y did n prea* to any 
creatures !re3  ergo1 no antipodes exi/4
 ,?is is j be=e ! "t ( ,columbus4       
,columbus is ! next w>rior4 ,! _w has   
he>d ( 8 battles3  h[ ! ,bi%op ( ,ceuta 
wor/$ him 9 ,portugal2 h[ at ! ,junta ( 
,salamanca ! !ologians ov]:elm$ him )   
quotations f !  ,psalms1 f ,/4 ,paul1 & 
f ,/4 ,augu/9e4#ad ,& ev5 aft]          
,columbus 0 triumphant1 & aft] 8 voyage 
_h greatly /r5g!n$  ! !ory ( ! e>?'s    
sph]icity1 ! ,*ur*1 by its highe/       
au?ority1 0 aga9 solemnly committ$ to ! 
!ory ( ! e>?'s  flatness4 ,9 #adic ,pope

 ,alex&] ,,vi4 issues a bull lay+ d[n a 
l9e  ( dem>kation ^u ! e>? z a flat     
disk2 ?is l9e 0 drawn f  nor? to s\?1   
we/ ( ! ,azores & ,can>y ,isl&s2 & !    
,pope1 9  ! pl5itude ( 8 k & p[]s1      
decl>$ t all l&s  discov]$ ea/ ( ?is l9e
 %\ld belong to ! ,portuguese1 & all    
discov]$ we/ ( x %\ld belong to !       
,spani>ds4 ,?is 0 hail$  z an ex]cise ( 
div9ely illum9at$ p[] 9 ! ,*ur*2 b 9  a 
few ye>s difficulties arose4 ,!         
,portuguese claim$ ,brazil1 &1  ( c\rse1
 _h no difficulty 9 %[+ t x c\ld be     
rea*$ by  sail+ to ! ea/ ( ! l9e1       
provid$ ! sail+ 7 suffici5tly           
long-cont9u$4 ,! bull ( ,pope ,alex&]   
quietly pass$ into !  catalogue (       
ludicr\s errors4#ae    ,b 9 #aeai       
,sci5ce ga9s a cru%+ victory4 ,magalha5s
 makes 8  fam\s voyages4 ,he proves !   
e>? to be r\nd1 = 8 great  exp$ition    
circumnavigates x2 he proves ! doctr9e (
 ! antipodes1  = he sees ! m5 ( !       
antipodes2#af b ev5 ?is does n end  !   
w>4 ,_m e>ne/ & good m5 oppose ! doctr9e

 = two hundr$  ye>s long]4 ,!n ! ,fr5*  
a/ronom]s make _! measurem5ts (  degrees
 9 equatorial & pol> regions1 & add to  
o!r pro(s t  ( ! l5g!n$ p5dulum3 :5 ?is 
0 done1 :5 ! d$uctions (  sci5ce 7 se5  
to be e/abli%$ by ! simple te/ (        
measurem5t1  beautifully1 p]fectly1 !n &
 !n only ?is w> ( twelve c5turies       
end$4#ag    ,& n[1 :at 0 ! result ( ?is 
w>8 ,! ef=ts ( ,eusebius &  ,lactantius 
to dead5 sci5tific ?\ght2 ! ef=ts (     
,augu/9e to  combat x2 ! ef=ts ( ,cosmas
 to /op x by dogmatism2 ! ef=ts  (      
,boniface1 & ,za*>y1 & o!rs to /op x by 
=ce1 consci5ti\s  z !y all 71 _h result$
 9 :at8 ,simply 9 =c+ into _m  noble    
m9ds ?is mo/ un=tunate conviction1 t    
,sci5ce & ,religion  are enemies2 simply
 9 driv+ away f religion ho/s ( ! be/   
m5 9 all ^? c5turies4 ,! result 0 :olly 
bad4 ,no optimism c  *ange t v]dict4    
,on ! o!r h&1 :at 0 ga9$ by ! w>riors ( 
sci5ce =  religion8 ,simply1 a f> m     
ennobl+ conception ( ! _w1 & a  f> tru] 
conception ( ,him :o made & :o su/a9s x4

    ,:i* is ! m consi/5t ) a great1 true
 religion--!  cosmography ( ,cosmas1 or 
t ( ,isaac ,newton8 ,:i* pres5ts !      
nobl] food = religi\s ?\ght--! diatribes
 ( ,lactantius1 or !  a/ronomical       
disc\rses ( ,?omas ,*alm]s8             
,,a/ronomy4    ,! next great battle 0   
f\ght on a "q relat+ to !  position ( ! 
e>? among ! heav5ly bodies4 ,on "o side1
 !  great body ( consci5ti\s religi\s m5
 plant$ !mselves firmly on  ! geoc5tric 
doctr9e--! doctr9e t ! e>? is ! c5tre1 &
  t ! sun & planets revolve ab\t x4 ,!  
doctr9e 0 old1 &  ( ! highe/            
respectability4#ah ,! v "n1 ,ptolemaic  
!ory1  c>ri$ weight4 ,x _h be5 elaborat$
 until x acc\nt$ well = !  ph5om5a4     
,exact textual int]pret]s ( ,scripture  
*]i%$ x1 = x  agre$ ) ! lett] ( ! sacr$ 
text4#ai    ,b1 mo/ important ( all1 x 0
 /amp$ ) ! seal ( ,/4 ,?omas  ,aqu9as4  
,! sa9t$ !ologian--! glory ( ! ,m$ival  
,*ur*1 !  angelic doctor--he to :om x 0 
believ$ an image ( ! ,crucifi$  _h spok5
 words prais+ 8 writ+s--_h %[n 9 8      

treatise on  ! ,heav5 & ,e>?1 by        
philosophy1 !ology1 & revelation1 t !   
position ( ! e>? mu/ be 9 ! c5tre4#bj   
,/ill ! g]ms ( ! helioc5tric !ory#ba _h 
be5 plant$ long  be=e1 & well plant$2 x 
_h seem$ ready ev5 to bloom =? 9  ! fif?
 c5tury1 f ! m9d ( ,m>tianus ,capella1 &
 9 !  fifte5? f ! m9d ( ,c>d9al de      
,cusa2 b x c\ld n be  =gott5 t ,/4      
,?omas _h elaborat$ ! opposite view2 !  
*ill  ( dogmatism 0 /ill ov] ! e>?1 & up
 to ! beg9n+ ( !  sixte5? c5tury !re _h 
come to ?is great tru? nei!r bloom nor  
fruitage4#bb    ,quietly1 h[ev]1 ! soil 
0 receiv+ enri*m5t1 & ! air  w>m?4 ,!   
processes ( ma!matics 7 con/antly       
improv$1 !  heav5ly bodies 7 /eadily    
?\gh sil5tly obs]v$2 & at l5g?  appe>$1 
af> (f f ! c5tres ( ?\ght1 on ! bord]s (
  ,pol&1 a pla91 simple-m9d$ s*ol>1 :o  
fir/ fairly utt]$ to  ! _w ! tru?1 n[ s 
commonplace1 !n s a/\nd+1 t !  sun &    
planets d n revolve ab\t ! e>?1 b t !   
e>? &  planets revolve ab\t ! sun1 & t  
man 0 ,ni*olas ,kop]nik4#bc    ,kop]nik 

_h be5 a pr(essor at ,rome1 b1 z ?is    
tru? grew )9  him1 he seem$ to feel t at
 ,rome he 0 no long] safe4#bd    ,to    
publi% ?is ?\ght 0 dang]\s inde$1 & = m 
?an ?irty  ye>s x lay slumb]+ 9 ! m9ds (
 ,kop]nik & ! fri5ds to  :om he _h      
privately intru/$ x4    ,at la/ he      
prep>es 8 great "w on ! ,revolution ( ! 
,heav5ly  ,bodies1 & d$icates x to !    
pope himself4 ,he next seeks a place (  
publication4 ,he d>es n s5d x to ,rome1 
= !re are ! rul]s (  ! old] ,*ur* ready 
to seize x4 ,he d>es n s5d x to         
,witt5b]g1  = !re are ! lead]s (        
,prote/antism no less ho/ile4 ,x is     
!re=e intru/$ to ,osi&]1 ( ,nuremb]g4#be
    ,b1 at ! la/ mom5t1 ,osi&]'s c\rage 
fails him4 ,he d>es n  laun* ! new ?\ght
 boldly4 ,he writes a grovel+ preface2  
endeavors  to excuse ,kop]nik = 8 novel 
idea4 ,he ins]ts ! apologetic lie  t    
,kop]nik prop\nds ! doctr9e ( ! movem5t 
( ! e>?1 n  z a fact1 b z an hypo!sis2  
he decl>es t x is lawful  = an a/ronom] 
to indulge 8 imag9ation1 & t ?is is :at 

,kop]nik has done4    ,?us 0 ! greate/ &
 mo/ ennobl+1 p]haps1 ( sci5tific       
tru?s--a tru? n less ennobl+ to religion
 ?an to  sci5ce--=c$1 9 com+ into ! _w1 
to sneak & crawl4#bf    ,on ! #bd? (    
,may1 #aedc1 ! newly-pr9t$ book fir/    
arriv$ at  ! h\se ( ,kop]nik4 ,x 0 put  
into 8 h&s2 b he 0 on 8  dea?-b$4 ,a few
 h\rs lat] he 0 beyond ! rea* ( ^?      
mi/ak51  consci5ti\s m51 ^: consci5ces  
w\ld h blott$ 8 reputation1  & p]haps h 
de/roy$ 8 life4    ,yet n :olly beyond  
_! rea*4 ,ev5 dea? c\ld n be tru/$  to  
%ield him4 ,!re seems to h be5 fe> (    
v5geance ^u 8  corpse1 = on 8 tomb/one 0
 plac$ no record ( 8 life-long  labors1 
no m5tion ( 8 great discov]y4 ,!re 7    
grav5 ^u  x affect+ words1 :i* may be   
?us simply translat$3 ,i ask n  ! grace 
accord$ to ,paul1 n t giv5 to ,pet]2    
give me only !  favor :i* ?\ did/ %[ to 
! ?ief on ! cross4 ,n till ?irty  ye>s  
aft] did a fri5d d>e write on 8 tomb/one
 a memorial ( 8  discov]y4#bg    ,! book
 0 tak5 9 h& by ! prop] au?orities4 ,9  

due "t x  0 solemnly condemn$2 to read x
 0 to risk damnation2 & !  _w accept$ ! 
decree4#bh ,! e>ne/ !ologians ( ! p]iod 
imm$iately :eel$ _! batt]ies ( sacr$    
le>n+ to support !  ,*ur* 9 its ef=t to 
beat back ! t]rible doctr9e t ! e>?     
revolves ab\t ! sun4 ,among ! mo/       
vigor\s ( !m 9 ,nor!rn  ,europe 0       
,fromundus4 ,f ! %ad[ ( ! ,ca!dral (    
,antw]p he  s5t =? 8 fam\s treatise1 !  
,anti-,ari/>*us1 full ( !  /ronge/      
argum5ts aga9/ ! new !ory4 ,8 v         
title-page 0 a  contemptu\s insult to ! 
memory ( ,kop]nik1 s9ce x p>ad$ !       
assumption t ! new tru? 0 only an old & 
explod$ !ory (  ,ari/>*us4 ,he decl>es t
 sacr$ ,scripture fights aga9/ !        
,cop]nicans4 ,to prove t ! sun revolves 
ab\t ! e>?1 he cites  ! passage 9 !     
,psalms :i* speaks ( ! sun :i* come? =? 
z a bridegroom out ( 8 *amb]4 ,to prove 
t ! e>? /&s  /ill1 he quotes ! passage f
 ,ecclesia/es1 ! e>? /&e?  fa/ =ev]4 ,to
 %[ ! utt] futility ( ! ,cop]nican      
ideas1 he  indulges 9 sci5tific reason+ 

z he und]/&s x--decl>+ t1  if ! hat$    
!ory 7 true1 ! w9d w\ld con/antly bl[ f 
!  ea/2 we %\ld ) great difficulty he>  
s\nds aga9/ su* a w9d2  t build+s1 & !  
e>? itself1 w\ld fly (f ) su* a  rapid  
motion2 &1 greate/ weapon ( all1 he     
works up1 by ! use (  ,ari/otle & ,?omas
 ,aqu9as1 a demon/ration f !ology &     
sci5ce  comb9$1 t ! e>? mu/ /& 9 !      
c5tre1 & t ! sun  mu/ revolve ab\t x4#bi
    ,d\btless _m w at once exclaim aga9/
 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*  = ?is4 ,ju/ice
 compels me to say t ! f\nd]s (         
,prote/antism  7 no less zeal\s aga9/ ! 
new sci5tific doctr9e4 ,said ,m>t9      
,lu!r3 ,p gave e> to an up/>t a/rolog]1 
:o /rove to %[  t ! e>? revolves1 n !   
heav5s or ! firmam5t1 ! sun &  ! moon4  
,:oev] wi%es to appe> clev] mu/ devise  
"s new sy/em1  :i* ( all sy/ems is1 (   
c\rse1 ! v be/4 ,?is fool wi%es to      
rev]se ! entire sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,b   
,sacr$ ,scripture tells u  t ,jo%ua     
comm&$ ! sun to /& /ill1 & n ! e>?4     
,melan*?on1 mild z he 01 0 n beh9d ,lu!r

 9 condemn+  ,kop]nik4 ,9 8 treatise1   
,initia ,doctr9 ,physic1 he says3  ,!   
eyes are witnesses t ! heav5s revolve 9 
! space (  tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b c]ta9 m51 
ei!r f ! love ( novelty1  or to make a  
display ( +5uity1 h conclud$ t ! e>?    
moves2 & !y ma9ta9 t nei!r ! eigh? sph]e
 nor ! sun  revolves4444 ,n[1 x is a    
want ( hone/y & dec5cy to ass]t su*     
notions publicly1 & ! example is        
p]nici\s4 ,x is ! "p ( a  good m9d to   
accept ! tru? z reveal$ by ,god1 & to   
acquiesce  9 x4 ,melan*?on !n cites     
passages f ! ,psalms & f  ,ecclesia/es  
:i* he decl>es ass]t positively & cle>ly
 t !  e>? /&s fa/1 & t ! sun moves ar\nd
 x1 & adds eight  o!r pro(s ( 8         
proposition t ! e>? c be n[h]e1 if n  9 
! c5tre ( ! univ]se4#cj    ,& ,prote/ant
 p 7 n a :it beh9d ,ca?olic 9 foll[+    
out ^! tea*+s4 ,! p ( ,elb+ made        
!mselves m]ry ov] a  f>ce 9 :i* ,kop]nik
 0 ! ma9 object ( ridicule4 ,! p (      
,nuremb]g1 a great ,prote/ant c5tre1    
caus$ a m$al to be /ruck1 )             

inscriptions ridicul+ ! philosoph] & 8  
!ory4#ca    ,!n 0 tri$1 also1 "o piece (
 /rategy v common =m]ly 9  battles      
betwe5 !ologians !mselves4 ,x consi/s 9 
l\d %\t+s  t ! doctr9e attack$ is       
outworn1 & already refut$--t  v>i\s     
di/+ui%$ g5tlem5 h prov$ x false--t x is
 n  a liv+ tru?1 b a detect$ lie--t1 if 
! _w li/5s to x1  t is simply because ! 
_w is ignorant4 ,?is /rategy 0 br\ght   
to be> on ,kop]nik4 ,x 0 %[n t 8 doctr9e
 0 simply a  revival ( ! ,py?agorean    
notion1 :i* _h be5 ?or\ghly explod$4    
,fromundus1 z we h se5 9 8 title-page & 
?r\gh\t 8 book1  delights 9 ref]r+ to ! 
doctr9e ( ! revolution ( ! planets      
ar\nd ! sun1 z t ,py?agorean notion4    
,?is mode ( w>f>e  0 imitat$ by ! less] 
oppon5ts1 & produc$1 = "s "t1           
consid]able effect4#cb    ,b ! new tru? 
c\ld nei!r be laugh$ d[n nor =c$ d[n4   
,_m  m9ds _h receiv$ x2 only "o tongue  
d>$ utt] x4 ,?is new w>rior  0 t /range 
mortal1 ,giordano ,bruno4 ,he 0 hunt$ f 
l& to  l&1 until1 at la/1 he turns on 8 

pursu]s ) fe>ful invectives4  ,= ?is he 
is imprison$ six ye>s1 !n burn$ alive & 
8 a%es  scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,/ill ! new  
tru? liv$ on2 x c\ld n  be kill$4 ,)9 t5
 ye>s aft] ! m>tyrdom ( ,bruno1#cc aft] 
a _w ( tr\bles & p]secutions1 ! tru? ( !
 doctr9e (  ,kop]nik 0 e/abli%$ by !    
telescope ( ,galileo4#cd    ,h]e9 0     
fulfill$ "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ ( prophecies4  
,ye>s  be=e1 ! enemies ( ,kop]nik _h    
said to him1 ,if y\r doctr9es  7 true1  
,v5us w\ld %[ phases l ! moon4 ,kop]nik 
answ]$3  ,y are "r2 ,i "k n :at to say2 
b ,god is good1 & w 9  "t f9d an answ]  
to ?is objection4#ce ,! ,god-giv5 answ] 
came  :5 ! rude telescope ( ,galileo %[$
 ! phases ( ,v5us4    ,on ?is new       
*ampion1 ,galileo1 ! w> 0 long & bitt]4 
,!  support]s ( :at 0 call$ s\nd le>n+  
decl>$ 8 discov]ies  deceptions1 & 8    
ann\ncem5ts blasphemy4 ,semi-sci5tific  
pr(essors1 endeavor+ to curry favor ) ! 
,*ur*1 attack$ him  ) %am sci5ce2 e>ne/ 
prea*]s attack$ him ) p]v]t$            
,scripture6#cf    ,i %all pres5t ?is    

w>f>e at "s l5g?1 because1 s f> z ,i c  
f9d1 no c>eful outl9e ( x has be5 giv5 9
 our language1 s9ce  ! :ole hi/ory 0    
plac$ 9 a new light by ! revelation ( ! 
trial docum5ts 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y1    
publi%$ = ! fir/ "t by  ,m4 de l',ep9ois
 9 #ahfg4    ,! fir/ important attack on
 ,galileo began :5 he ann\nc$ t 8       
telescope _h reveal$ ! moons ( ! planet 
,jupit]2 ! enemy  saw t ?is /r5g!n$ !   
,cop]nican !ory1 & gave battle          
imm$iately4    ,! :ole !ory 0 d5\nc$ z  
impossible & impi\s4 ,pr(essors1  br$ 9 
! mix$ sci5ce favor$ by ! ,*ur*1#cg     
argu$ t !  ,bible cle>ly %[$1 by all    
applicable types1 t !re c\ld be only    
sev5 planets2 t ?is 0 prov$ by ! sev5   
gold5 c&le/icks (  ! ,apocalypse1 by !  
sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick ( ! ,tab]nacle1  & 
by ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia3#ch !ologians  
%[$ !  de/ructive consequ5ces :i* mu/   
logically result to fundam5tal  ,*ri/ian
 tru?s3 bi%ops & prie/s utt]$ impressive
 w>n+s to  _! flocks2 & multitudes ( !  
fai?ful bes\ght ! ,inquisition  to      

protect ! fold by deal+ spe$ily & %>ply 
) ! h]etic4    ,9 va9 did ,galileo try  
to save ! great tru?s he _h discov]$1   
by 8 lett]s to ! ,b5$ict9e ,ca/elli & ! 
,gr&-du*ess  ,*ri/9e1 9 :i* he argu$ t  
lit]al ,biblical int]pretation  %\ld n  
be appli$ to sci5ce2 x 0 decl>$ t by    
mak+ su*  an argum5t 8 h]esy 0 only     
r5d]$ m dete/able2 t he 0  worse ?an    
,lu!r or ,calv94    ,9 va9 did he try to
 prove ! exi/5ce ( satellites by %[+ !m 
to ! d\bt]s ?r\gh 8 telescope4 ,!y ei!r 
decl>$ x impi\s  to look1 or1 if !y did 
see !m1 d5\nc$ !m z illusions f !       
devil4 ,good ,fa!r ,clavius decl>$ t to 
see satellites ( ,jupit]1  m5 _h to make
 an in/rum5t :i* w\ld create !m4#ci     
,! w> on ! ,cop]nican !ory1 :i* up to t 
"t _h be5  c>ri$ on quietly1 n[ flam$   
=?4 ,x 0 decl>$ t ! doctr9e  0 prov$    
false by ! /&+ /ill ( ! sun = ,jo%ua2 by
 !  decl>ations t ! f\ndations ( ! e>?  
are fix$ s firm t  !y _c be mov$1 & t ! 
sun runne? ab\t f "o end (  heav5 to !  
o!r4#dj    ,! ,dom9ican fa!r1 ,cacc9i1  

prea*$ a s]mon f ! text1  ,ye m5 (      
,galilee1 :y /& ye gaz+ up into heav58 &
 ?is  wret*$ pun 0 ! fir/ ( a s]ies (   
%>p] weapons2 = be=e  ,cacc9i f9i%es1 he
 insi/s t geometry is ( ! devil1 & t    
ma!maticians %\ld be bani%$ z ! au?ors (
 all h]esies2  &1 = ?is1 ! ,*ur*        
au?orities gave ,cacc9i promotion4#da   
,fa!r ,lor9i prov$ t ! doctr9e 0 n only 
h]etical1 b  a!i/ic1 & bes\ght !        
,inquisition to int]v5e4 ,! ,bi%op (    
,fiesole scream$ 9 rage aga9/ !         
,cop]nican sy/em1 & propos$  to d5\nce  
,galileo to ! gr&-duke4 ,! ,ar*bi%op (  
,pisa secretly  s\ght to entrap ,galileo
 & deliv] him to ! ,inquisition at      
,rome4  ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,flor5ce solemnly
 condemn$ ! doctr9es ( ,kop]nik  &      
,galileo z unscriptural4    ,b by f> !  
mo/ t]rible *ampion :o appe>$ aga9/ him 
0 ,bell>m91 "o ( ! greate/ ( !ologians1 
& "o ( !  poore/ ( sci5ti/s4 ,he 0      
e>ne/1 s9c]e1 le>n$1 b made !  fe>ful   
mi/ake = ! _w ( apply+ to sci5ce1       
direct1 lit]al  int]pretation (         

,scripture4#db    ,! weapons :i* m5 (   
,bell>m9's /amp us$ 7 !ological4 ,!y    
held up be=e ! _w ! dreadful consequ5ces
 :i* mu/ result  to ,*ri/ian !ology 7 ! 
doctr9e to prevail t ! heav5ly  bodies  
revolve ab\t ! sun1 & n ab\t ! e>?4 ,_! 
mo/  trem5d\s !ologic eng9e aga9/       
,galileo 0 ! idea t 8  pret5d$ discov]y 
vitiat$ ! :ole ,*ri/ian plan (          
salvation4  ,fa!r ,lecazre decl>$ t x   
ca/ suspicion on ! doctr9e (  !         
,inc>nation4 ,o!rs decl>$ t x upset !   
:ole basis  ( !ology2 t1 if ! e>? is a  
planet1 & "o among sev]al  planets1 x _c
 be t any su* great ?+s h be5 done      
especially = x1 z ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e    
tea*es4 ,if !re are  o!r planets1 s9ce  
,god makes no?+ 9 va91 !y mu/ be        
inhabit$2  b h[ c ^! inhabitants be     
desc5d$ f ,adam8 ,h[ c !y  trace back _!
 orig9 to ,noah's ark8 ,h[ c !y h be5   
r$eem$  by ! ,savi\r8#dc    ,nor 0 ?is  
argum5t conf9$ to ! !ologians ( ! ,roman
 ,*ur*2  ,melan*?on1 ,prote/ant z he 01 
_h already us$ x 9 8 attacks  ^u ! ideas

 ( ,kop]nik & 8 s*ool4#dd    ,9 addition
 to ?is prodigi\s eng9e ( w>1 !re 0 kept
 up a  t]rific fire ( small] artill]y 9 
! %ape ( texts & scriptural  extracts4  
,b ! little telescope ( ,galileo /ill   
swept ! heav5s1 & !  next revelation    
ann\nc$ 0 ! sy/em ( m\nta9s & valleys  9
 ! moon4 ,?is 0 a signal = ano!r attack4
 ,x 0 decl>$  t ?is1 c\pl$ ) ! /atem5t t
 ! moon %9es by light  reflect$ f ! sun1
 0 a contradiction ( ! /atem5t 9        
,g5esis t ! moon is a great light l !   
sun4 ,to make !  matt] worse1 a pa9t]1  
plac+ ! moon 9 a religi\s picture 9  its
 usual position b5ea? ! feet ( ! ,bless$
 ,virg91 outl9$ on  its surface m\nta9s 
& valleys2 ?is 0 d5\nc$ z a sacrilege   
logically result+ f ! a/ronom]'s h]esy4 
,! next /ruggle 0 ar\s$ :5 ! hat$       
telescope reveal$ spots  ^u ! sun1 & _! 
motion1 :i* indicat$ ! sun's rotation4  
,monsignor ,elci1 head ( ! ,univ]sity ( 
,pisa1 =bade ! ,pr(essor  ( ,a/ronomy1  
,ca/elli1 to m5tion ^! spots4 ,fa!r     
,busaeus1 at  ! ,univ]sity ( ,innspruck1

 =bade ! a/ronom] ,s*e9] to all[  ! new 
discov]y to be kn[n !re4 ,at ! ,college 
( ,d\ay & !  ,univ]sity ( ,l\va9 x 0    
expressly plac$ "u ! ban1 & ?is  became 
! g5]al rule among ! ,ca?olic           
univ]sities & colleges  ( ,europe4 ,!   
,spani% univ]sities 7 specially         
intol]ant ( ?is  & simil> ideas1#de & up
 to a rec5t p]iod !y 7 /rictly  =bidd5 9
 ! mo/ important univ]sity ( all--t (   
,salamanca4  ,9 #ahbj ! ,abb ,settele1  
pr(essor at ! ,college ( ,rome1 hav+    
ann\nc$ a "w on ,optics & ,a/ronomy1 !  
ma/] ( ! sacr$  palace1 "u ! au?ority ( 
! old decrees aga9/ ! tea*+s  ( ,kop]nik
 & ,galileo1 =bade ! publication1 & x 0 
n until  #ahbb t ,pope ,pius ,,vii4     
sanction$ a decision ( ! ,inquisition   
p]mitt+ su* tea*+s4#df    ,su* are !    
consequ5ces ( plac+ ! in/ruction ( m5's 
m9ds  9 ! h&s ( ^? ma9ly absorb$ 9 ! "w 
( sav+ m5's  s\ls4#dg ,no?+ c\ld be m 9 
accordance ) ! idea rec5tly  put =? by !
 ,bi%op ( ,montpelli]1 t ! ,*ur* is     
alone  fully emp[]$ to promulgate       

sci5tific tru? or direct univ]sity      
in/ruction2 b sci5ce ga9$ ! victory "h  
also4 ,news came (  obs]vations ( ! sol>
 spots1 n only f ,galileo 9 ,italy1 b  f
 ,fabricius 9 ,holl&4 ,fa!r ,s*e9] !n   
endeavors to make !  usual treaty2 he   
promulgates a pseudo-sci5tific !ory--a  
/atem5t  bas$ on a religi\s sci5ce--:i* 
only provokes d]ision4    ,b ! w> grew m
 & m bitt]1 & ! pr9cipal weapons 9 x    
are wor? exam9+4 ,!y are v easily       
exam9$2 y may pick !m  up on any ( !    
battle-fields ( sci5ce2 b on t field !y 
7  us$ ) m effect ?an on almo/ any o!r4 
,^! weapons are two  epi!ts3 ,infidel & 
,a!i/4    ,! battle-fields ( sci5ce are 
?ickly /rewn ) ^!4 ,!y h  be5 us$ aga9/ 
almo/ e man :o has ev] done any?+ new = 
8 fell[-m54 ,! li/ ( ^? :o h be5 d5\nc$ 
z infidel  & a!i/ includes almo/ all    
great m5 ( sci5ce--g5]al s*ol>s1        
inv5tors1 philan?ropi/s4 ,! deepe/      
,*ri/ian life1 ! mo/ noble  ,*ri/ian "*1
 h n avail$ to %ield combatants4        
,*ri/ians  l ,isaac ,newton & ,pascal & 

,john ,locke & ,john ,milton1 & ev5     
,h[>d & ,fnelon1 h _h ^! weapons hurl$  
aga9/ !m4 ,( all  pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( a 
,god1 ^? ( ,desc>tes h be5 wr\ght  mo/  
?or\ghly into ! m9ds ( mod]n m52 & yet !
 ,prote/ant  !ologians ( ,holl& s\ght to
 br+ him to torture & to dea? by  ! *>ge
 ( a!ism1 & ! ,roman ,ca?olic !ologians 
( ,france  prev5t$ ! r5d]+ ( any due    
honors to him at 8 burial4#dh    ,^!    
epi!ts c h>dly be class$ ) civiliz$     
weapons4 ,!y are  burn+ arr[s4 ,!y set  
fire to great masses ( popul>           
prejudices2  smoke rises to obscure !   
real que/ions2 fire bur/s =? at times   
to de/roy ! attack$ p>ty4 ,!y are       
poison$4 ,!y g to ! he>ts  ( lov+ wom51 
!y ali5ate de> *ildr52 !y injure ! man  
aft]  life is end$1 = !y leave poison$  
w\nds 9 ! he>ts ( ^?  :o lov$ him       
be/--fe>s = 8 et]nal happ9ess--dread ( !
  ,div9e displeasure4 ,( c\rse1 9 ^!    
days1 ^! weapons1 ?\gh  (t5 effective 9 
di/urb+ good m5 & 9 sc>+ good wom51 are 
some:at blunt$4 ,inde$1 !y n unfrequ5tly

 injure assailants m  ?an assail$4 ,s x 
0 n 9 ! days ( ,galileo2 !y 7 !n 9  all 
_! %>pness & v5om4    ,yet f> m vile ?an
 ! use ev5 ( ^! weapons--vile inde$     
beyond belief--0 ! attack by ! ,ar*bi%op
 ( ,pisa4    ,x is a rem>k made by "o ( 
! mo/ mod]ate & judicially fair  ( mod]n
 philosophic hi/orians1 t1 ( all        
organizations ?is  _w has kn[n1 ! ,roman
 ,*ur* has caus$ mo/ undes]v$ woe &  %$ 
mo/ innoc5t blood2 b1 9 ! :ole t]rible  
succession (  ,torquemadas & ,arbues &  
,granvilles1 ! vile/ enemy ( ! human    
race is probably ?is same ,ar*bi%op (   
,pisa4    ,?is man1 ^: ca!dral is m     
truly consecrat$ by ! remembrance  (    
,galileo's obs]vation ( ! lamp sw++ be=e
 its alt>1 ?an by  all ! *ur* s]vices ( 
a ?\s& ye>s1 began a siege aga9/ !      
great philosoph]4    ,galileo1 aft] 8   
discov]ies _h be5 d5\nc$ z contr>y to   
,scripture1 _h be5 induc$ to write to ! 
,du*ess ,*ri/9e & to  8 fri5d ,ca/elli  
two lett]s1 to %[ t 8 discov]ies might  
be reconcil$ to ,scripture4 ,! ar*bi%op 

saw 8 opportunity3 he  det]m9$ to get   
hold ( ^! lett]s & exhibit !m z pro(s t 
,galileo _h utt]$ h]etical views (      
!ology & ! ,scriptures1  & ?us to br+ ! 
a/ronom] hopelessly into ! clut* ( !    
,inquisition4 ,! ar*bi%op begs ,ca/elli1
 !re=e1 to let him see  ! orig9al lett] 
9 ! h&writ+ ( ,galileo4 ,ca/elli        
decl9es2  ! ar*bi%op !n1 :ile1 z is n[  
reveal$1 writ+ con/antly &  bitt]ly to !
 inquisitors aga9/ ,galileo1 pr(esses to
 ,ca/elli  ! greate/ admiration (       
,galileo's g5ius1 & a s9c]e desire to   
"k m ( 8 discov]ies4 ,ca/elli is s$uc$  
by ?is2 b ,galileo  /urdily =bids s5d+ !
 lett]1 & ! ar*bi%op is oblig$ to       
resort to op5 attack4    ,! :ole /ruggle
 to cru% ,galileo & to save him w\ld be 
amus+ 7 x n s fraught ) evil4 ,!re 7    
intrigues &  c\nt]-intrigues1 plots &   
c\nt]-plots1 ly+ & spy+1 & 9  ! ?icke/ (
 ?is see?+1 squabbl+1 scream+ mass1     
prie/s1  bi%ops1 ar*bi%ops1 c>d9als1 &  
ev5 ! future ,pope ,urban ,,viii4       
himself4 ,x is mo/ sugge/ive to see 9   

?is crisis ( ! ,*ur*1 on  ! eve ( !     
greate/ errors 9 *ur* policy ! _w has   
kn[n1 9  all ! ef=ts & delib]ations ( ^!
 consecrat$ lead]s ( !  ,*ur*1 at ! tomb
 ( ! ,pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les1 no m sign ( ! 
guidance or pres5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s ?an 9 
a caucus ( ,new ,york  politicians4     
,b ! oppos+ p[]s 7 too /rong4 ,9 #afae  
,galileo is summon$  by ! ,inquisition  
to ,rome1 & ! m9e1 :i* _h be5 s long    
prep>+1 0 sprung4 ,pope ,paul ,v4 & !   
c>d9al inquisitors ord]  elev5 !ologians
 ( ! ,inquisition to exam9e ^! two      
propositions  :i* _h be5 extract$ f     
,galileo's lett]s on ! sol> spots3      
,fir/1 t ! sun does n move ab\t ! e>?2  
secondly1 t  ! e>? does move ab\t ! sun4
 ,! elev5 !ologians solemnly  consid]$  
^! po9ts1 & 9 ab\t a mon? r5d]$ a solemn
  decision t ! fir/ proposition1 t ! sun
 is ! c5tre1  & does n revolve ab\t !   
e>?1 is fooli%1 absurd1 false 9  !ology1
 & h]etical1 because expressly contr>y  
to ,holy ,scripture2  & t ! second      
proposition1 t ! e>? is n ! c5tre1 b    

revolves ab\t ! sun1 is absurd1 false 9 
philosophy1 &1 f a  !ological po9t (    
view1 at lea/ oppos$ to ! true fai?4#di 
,! pope himself1 ,paul ,v41 n[ int]v5es2
 he ord]s t ,galileo be  br\ght be=e !  
,inquisition4 ,!n ! great man ( sci5ce 9
 t  age is br\ght face to face ) !      
greate/ !ologian3 ,galileo is  confront$
 by ,c>d9al ,bell>m94 ,bell>m9 %[s      
,galileo ! error  ( 8 op9ion1 & ord]s   
him to r5\nce x4 ,de ,lauda1 =tifi$ by  
a lett] f ! pope1 ord]+ ! a/ronom] to be
 plac$ 9 !  dungeon ( ! ,inquisition    
%\ld he refuse to yield1 comm&s him  to 
ab&on entirely ! op9ion t ! sun is !    
c5tre ( !  univ]se1 & t ! e>? moves1 &  
to ab/a9 f su/a9+1  tea*+1 or def5d+ t  
op9ion 9 any mann] :atev]1 orally or  by
 writ+4#ej    ,galileo b[$ to ?is ord]1 
0 all[$ to retire1 & ! :ole  proce$+ 0  
kept secret4    ,ab\t t5 days lat]1 on  
,m>* #e1 #afaf1 ! ,congregation ( !     
,index1  mov$ !reto1 z we h se51 & z !  
lett]s & docum5ts n[  br\ght to light   
%[1 by ,pope ,paul ,v41 solemnly r5d]$  

_! decree3  t ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble       
movem5t ( ! e>? ab\t its axis  & ab\t ! 
sun is false & entirely contr>y to ,holy
 ,scripture2  t ?is op9ion mu/ nei!r be 
taught nor def5d$4 ,! same decree       
condemn$ ! writ+s ( ,kop]nik1 & all     
writ+s :i* affirm  ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,! 
great "w ( ,kop]nik 0 int]dict$  until  
correct$ 9 accordance ) ! views ( !     
,inquisition2 &  ! works ( ,galileo &   
,kepl]1 ?\gh n m5tion$ by "n1 7  includ$
 among ^? implicitly condemn$ z affirm+ 
! motion (  ! e>?4    ,! condemnations 7
 inscrib$ ^u ! ,index1 & to ! ,index 0  
prefix$ ! usual papal bull giv+ its     
monitions ! papal sanction4  ,to tea* or
 ev5 read ! works d5\nc$ or passages    
condemn$1 0 to  risk p]secution 9 ?is _w
 & damnation 9 ! next4 ,human sci5ce  _h
 app>5tly lo/ ! great decisive battle4  
,= "s "t ,galileo rema9$ at ,rome       
p]fectly submissive4#ea ,pope  ,paul ,v4
 pett$ him1 & all seem$ happy 9 ! end+ (
 ! long w>4    ,b1 return+ to ,flor5ce1 
some?+ ( 8 old sci5tific ardor  /irr$ )9

 him2 & at la/ ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 :o _h   
seem$  lib]al & fri5dly1 hav+ be5 made  
pope "u ! "n ( ,urban  ,,viii41 ,galileo
 conceiv$ new hopes1 & aga9 9 a publi%$ 
"w  allud$ favorably to ! ,cop]nican    
sy/em4 ,new tr\bles ensu$4  ,galileo 0  
induc$ to visit ,rome aga91 & ,pope     
,urban tri$ to  cajole him into sil5ce1 
& p]sonally took ! tr\ble to try to  %[ 
! a/ronom] 8 errors by argum5t4 ,o!r    
oppon5ts 7 less  consid]ate4 ,works     
appe>$ attack+ 8 ideas--works all ! m   
unmanly1 s9ce _! au?ors knew h[ ,galileo
 0 re/ra9$ by =ce  f def5d+ himself2 &1 
z if to accumulate pro(s ( ! fitness  ( 
! ,*ur* to take *>ge ( advanc$          
in/ruction1 8 sal>y z  pr(essor at !    
,univ]sity ( ,pisa 0 tak5 f him4 ,sapp+ 
&  m9+ began4 ,j z ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,pisa  
"s ye>s be=e _h  tri$ to betray ,galileo
 ) honey$ words to ! ,inquisition1 s n[ 
,fa!r ,grassi tri$ x2 & aft] v>i\s      
attempts to draw him out by  flatt]y1   
sudd5ly d5\nc$ 8 sci5tific ideas z lead+
 to a  d5ial ( ! real pres5ce 9 !       

,eu*>i/4    ,& "h sci5ce aga9 loses     
gr\nd4 ,galileo _h ann\nc$ 8  int5tion (
 writ+ ^u ! !ory ( ! tides1 b he        
retreat$1  & ?us 0 lo/ a great treatise 
to ! _w4    ,= ! f9al assault1 ! p>k (  
heavy artill]y 0 at la/ :eel$  into     
place4 ,y see x on all ! sci5tific      
battle-fields4 ,x consi/s  ( g5]al      
d5unciation2 & ,fa!r ,mel*ior ,in*(]1 ( 
! ,jesuits1  br\ght 8 artill]y to be>   
well on ,galileo ) ?is decl>ation3  t ! 
op9ion ( ! e>?'s motion is1 ( all       
h]esies1 !  mo/ abom9able1 ! mo/        
p]nici\s1 ! mo/ sc&al\s2 t !  immobility
 ( ! e>? is ?rice sacr$2 t argum5t aga9/
 !  immortality ( ! s\l1 ! ,creator1 !  
inc>nation1 etc41 %\ld be  tol]at$ soon]
 ?an an argum5t to prove t ! e>?        
moves4#eb    ,b ?is /ate ( ?+s c\ld n be
 endur$ =ev]4 ,urg$ beyond  =be>ance1   
,galileo prep>es a c>eful treatise 9 !  
=m ( a  dialogue1 exhibit+ ! argum5ts = 
& aga9/ ! ,cop]nican &  ,ptolemaic      
sy/ems4 ,he !n (f]s to submit to any    
conditions !  ,*ur* tribunals may       

impose1 if !y w b all[ x to be pr9t$4   
,at la/ !y cons5t1 impos+ ! mo/         
humiliat+ condition ( all1  :i* 0 a     
preface writt5 by ,fa!r ,ricci>di &     
sign$ by ,galileo1  9 :i* ! :ole "w 0   
virtually exhibit$ z a play ( !         
imag9ation1 & n at all z oppos$ to !    
tru? laid d[n 9 #afaf  by !             
,inquisition4    ,! new "w met )        
prodigi\s success2 x put new weapons    
into !  h&s ( ! support]s ( ! ,cop]nican
 !ory4 ,! preface only  embitt]$ !      
conte/2 x 0 laugh$ at f "o end ( ,europe
 to  ! o!r z ironical4 ,?is ar\s$ !     
enemy4 ,! ,jesuits1 ,dom9icans1  & !    
great majority ( ! cl]gy1 return$ to !  
attack m  viol5t ?an ev]2 & ,pope ,urban
 ,,viii41 8 p]sonal pride be+  t\*$1    
aft] "s halt+ jo9$ ! cl]ical =ces4    ,!
 fir/ important piece ( /rategy 0 to    
=bid ! sale ( !  "w2 b ! fir/ edition _h
 already be5 exhau/$ & spread  ?r\gh\t  
,europe4 ,urban n[ became angry1 & bo?  
,galileo & 8  works 7 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! 
,inquisition4 ,9 va9 did ! good         

,b5$ict9e ,ca/elli urge t ,galileo 0    
entirely respectful to !  ,*ur*2 9 va9  
did he say t no?+ t c\ld be done c\ld n[
  h9d] ! e>? f revolv+4 ,he 0 dismiss$1 
& ,galileo 0  =c$ to appe> 9 ! pres5ce (
 ! dread tribunal )\t def5d]  or advis]4
 ,!re1 z 0 s long conceal$ b z is n[    
fully  reveal$1 he 0 m5ac$ ) torture by 
express ord] ( ,pope ,urban1  &1 z is n[
 ?or\ghly e/abli%$ by docum5t>y evid5ce1
 =c$  to abjure "u ?reats1 & subject$ to
 imprisonm5t by comm& (  ,urban1 !      
,inquisition def]r+ 9 ! mo/ s]vile mann]
 to !  papal au?ority4    ,! re/ ( !    
/ory ! _w kn[s by he>t2 none ( ! rec5t  
attempts h succe$$ 9 my/ify+ x4 ,! :ole 
_w w  rememb] =ev] h[ ,galileo 0        
subject$ c]ta9ly to indignity &         
imprisonm5t equival5t to physical       
torture2#ec h[ he 0 at la/  =c$ to      
pron\nce publicly1 & on 8 knees1 8      
recantation z  foll[s3 ,i1 ,galileo1 be+
 9 my sev5tie? ye>1 be+ a prison]  & on 
my knees1 & be=e y\r em95ces1 hav+ be=e 
my eyes !  ,holy ,gospel1 :i* ,i t\* )  

my h&s1 abjure1 curse1 & dete/ !  error 
& ! h]esy ( ! movem5t ( ! e>?4    ,he 0 
vanqui%$ inde$1 = he _h be5 =c$1 9 !    
face ( all  com+ ages1 to p]jure        
himself2 &1 to complete 8 di%onor1 he  0
 oblig$ to swe> to d5\nce to !          
,inquisition any o!r man (  sci5ce :om  
he %\ld discov] to be support+ h]esy--! 
h]esy (  ! movem5t ( ! e>?4    ,nor 0   
?is all4 ,to ! end ( 8 life1 nay1 aft] 8
 life 0  end$1 ?is bitt] p]secution 0   
cont9u$1 on ! supposition t  ! great    
tru?s he reveal$ 7 hurtful to religion4 
,aft] a brief  /ay 9 ! dungeons ( !     
,inquisition1 he 0 kept 9 exile f       
family1 fri5ds1 all 8 noble employm5ts1 
& held rigidly to 8  promise n ev5 to   
speak ( 8 !ory4 ,:51 9 ! mid/ ( int5se  
bodily suff]+s f disease & m5tal suff]+s
 f calamities 9  8 family1 he bes\ght "s
 little lib]ty1 he 0 met ) ?reats  ( a  
recommittal to 8 dungeon4 ,:51 at la/1 a
 special commission]  _h report$ to !   
ecclesia/ical au?orities t ,galileo _h  
become bl9d & wa/$ away ) disease &     

sorr[1 he 0 all[$  b little m lib]ty1 & 
t little temp]$ by ! close  surveillance
 ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,he 0 =c$
 to be>  contemptible attacks on himself
 & on 8 works 9 sil5ce2 he liv$  to see 
8 ideas c>efully we$$ out f all ! *ur*  
colleges &  univ]sities 9 ,europe2 & :51
 9 a sci5tific "w1 he happ5$ to  be     
spok5 ( z r5[n$1 ! ,inquisition ord]$ ! 
sub/itution (  ! ^w notori\s4#ed    ,nor
 did ! p]secution cease ) 8 dea?4       
,galileo _h begg$ to be  buri$ 9 8      
family tomb 9 ,santa ,croce2 ! reque/ 0 
d5i$3 8  fri5ds wi%$ to erect a monum5t 
ov] him2 ?is1 too1 0 refus$4  ,pope     
,urban said to ! embassador ,niccol9i t 
x w\ld be an evil  example = ! _w if su*
 honors 7 r5d]$ to a man :o _h  be5     
br\ght be=e ! ,roman ,inquisition = an  
op9ion s false &  errone\s1 :o _h       
communicat$ x to _m o!rs1 & :o _h giv5  
s great a sc&al to ,*ri/5dom4#ee    ,9  
accordance1 !re=e1 ) ! wi% ( ! pope & ! 
ord]s (  ! ,inquisition1 ,galileo 0     
buri$ ignobly1 ap>t f 8 family1  )\t    

fitt+ c]emony1 )\t monum5t1 )\t epitaph4
 ,n  until =ty ye>s aft] did ,pi]ozzi   
d>e to write 8 epitaph4 ,n  until a     
hundr$ ye>s aft] did ,nelli d>e transf] 
8 rema9s to  ,santa ,croce & erect above
 !m a suitable monum5t4 ,ev5 !n !  old  
consci5ti\s ho/ility bur/ out3 !        
,inquisition 0 bes\ght  to prev5t su*   
honors to a man condemn$ = notori\s     
errors2 &  t tribunal refus$ to all[ any
 epitaph to be plac$ above him  :i* _h n
 fir/ be5 submitt$ to its c5sor%ip4 ,nor
 has t  old consci5ti\s consi/5cy 9     
hatr$ yet fully rel5t$2 h>dly a         
g5]ation s9ce has n se5 "s ,m>9i1 or ,de
 ,bonald1 or ,rallaye1  or ,de ,gabriac1
 suppress+ evid5ce1 or tortur+          
expressions1 or  inv5t+ !ories1 to      
black5 ! memory ( ,galileo & save !     
reputation ( ! ,*ur*4#ef    ,! action ( 
! ,*ur* au?orities correspond$ well to !
 _s  ?us exhibit$2 n until #ageg1 ov] "o
 hundr$ ye>s aft] 8  condemnation1 0 x  
remov$1 & !n secretly2 n until #ahce1   
ov]  two hundr$ ye>s aft] 8             

condemnation1 0 ! record ( x expung$  f 
! ,index4    ,b ?is is by no means !    
only important "p ( ?is hi/ory4 ,h>dly  
less important1 = "o :o wi%es to und]/& 
! "* ( !  w>f>e ( sci5ce1 is x to g back
 ov] ^? two hundr$ ye>s  betwe5 t fe>ful
 crime & its ackn[l$gm5t1 & /udy ! great
  retreat ( ! army ( ! ,*ur* aft] its   
disa/r\s victory ov]  ,galileo4    ,hav+
 ga9$ ?is victory1 ! consci5ti\s        
believ]s 9 ! ,bible z  a comp5dium (    
hi/ory & text-book ( sci5ce exult$      
greatly4 ,l\d  0 ! rejoic+ t ! h]esy1 ! 
infidelity1 ! a!ism1  involv$ 9 believ+ 
t ! e>? revolves ab\t its axis & moves  
ar\nd ! sun1 _h be5 cru%$ by ! great    
tribunal ( ! ,*ur*1  act+ 9 /rict       
ob$i5ce to ! express$ w ( "o pope & !   
writt5 ord] ( ano!r4    ,b soon         
cle>-sight$ m5 saw t ?is victory 0 a    
disa/]4  ,f all sides came pro(s t      
,kop]nik & ,galileo 7 "r2  & al?\gh     
,pope ,urban & ! ,inquisition held      
,galileo 9 /rict  seclusion1 n all[+ him
 ev5 to speak reg>d+ ! d\ble  motion ( !

 e>?2 & al?\gh ! condemnation ( all     
books :i*  affirm ! motion ( ! e>? 0    
kept on ! ,index2 & al?\gh  ! colleges &
 univ]sities "u ,*ur* control 7 compell$
 to  tea* ! opposite doctr9e1 x 0 se5 t 
! position ga9$ by  ! victory ov]       
,galileo c\ld n be ma9ta9$ = ev]4 ,s    
began !  great retreat--! retreat ( !   
army ( ,*ur* apologi/s ?r\gh two        
c5turies ( sophi/ry1 trick]y1 &         
falsehood4    ,! fir/ important move 9 !
 retreat 0 a fall+ back ^u !  /atem5t t 
,galileo 0 condemn$1 n because he       
affirm$ !  motion ( ! e>?1 b because he 
support$ x f ,scripture4 ,=  a          
consid]able "t ?is falsehood s]v$ its   
purpose2 ev5 a hundr$  & fifty ye>s aft]
 ,galileo's condemnation x 0 r5ew$ by ! 
,prote/ant ,mallet du ,pan1#eg 9 8 wi%  
to ga9 favor f !  old] ,*ur*2 b !       
slighte/ critical exam9ation ( ! orig9al
  docum5ts1 rec5tly reveal$1 %[ ?is     
position utt]ly unt5able4  ,! lett]s (  
,galileo to ,ca/elli & ! ,gr&-du*ess    
,*ri/9e1 9  :i* he spoke ( ! ,cop]nican 

!ory z reconcilable ) ,scripture1  7 n  
publi%$ until aft] ! condemnation2 &    
al?\gh !  ,ar*bi%op ( ,pisa _h endeavor$
 to use !m aga9/ him1 !y  7 b casually  
m5tion$ 9 #afaf1 & entirely left out (  
view  9 #afcc4 ,:at 0 condemn$ 9 #afaf z
 absurd1 false 9 !ology1  & h]etical1   
because absolutely contr>y to ,holy     
,scripture1 0  ! proposition t ! sun is 
! c5tre ab\t :i* ! e>?  revolves2 & :at 
0 condemn$ z absurd1 false 9 philosophy1
  &1 f a !ologic po9t ( view at lea/1   
oppos$ to ! true  fai?1 0 ! proposition 
t ! e>? is n ! c5tre ( !  univ]se &     
immovable1 b has a diurnal motion4#eh   
,:at ,galileo 0 made1 by express ord] ( 
,pope ,urban & by ! action  ( !         
,inquisition "u ?reat ( torture1 to     
abjure1 0 ! error  & h]esy ( ! movem5t (
 ! e>?4#ei    ,:at ! ,index1 prefac$ by 
papal bulls b9d+ its cont5ts ^u !       
consci5ces ( ! fai?ful1 = two hundr$    
ye>s /eadily condemn$1  7 all books :i* 
affirm ! motion ( ! e>?4    ,n "o ( ^!  
condemnations 0 direct$ aga9/ ,galileo's

 private  lett]s to ,ca/elli & ,*ri/9e  
affirm+ ! possibility (  reconcil+ 8    
ideas to ,scripture4    ,hav+ be5       
dislodg$ f ?is po9t1 ! ,*ur* apologi/s  
s\ght  cov] "u ! /atem5t t ,galileo 0   
condemn$ n = h]esy1  b = contumacy1 & = 
want+ 9 respect = ! pope4#fj    ,z to ! 
fir/ po9t1 ! v language ( ! v>i\s       
s5t5ces %[s  ! falsehood ( ! ass]tion2  
!y speak ( h]esy1 & nev]  ( contumacy4  
,z to ! la/ po9t1 ! display ( ! orig9al 
docum5ts settl$ t =ev]4 ,x 0 prov$ by !m
 t f fir/  to la/ he _h be5 t[>d ! pope 
mo/ pati5t & submissive4 ,he  _h inde$  
express$ 8 ang] at times aga9/ 8        
traduc]s2 b to  hold ?is ! cause ( !    
judgm5t aga9/ him1 is to degrade !  :ole
 proce$+1 & to convict ! pope1 ,bell>m91
 ! !ologians1  & ! ,inquisition1 (      
direct falsehood1 s9ce !y assign$       
entirely  diff]5t reasons = _! conduct4 
,f ?is1 !re=e1 !  apologi/s ha/ily      
retreat$4    ,! next rally 0 made ab\t !
 /atem5t t ! p]secution (  ,galileo 0 ! 
result ( a qu>rel betwe5 ,ari/otelian   

pr(essors on  "o side & pr(essors favor+
 ! exp]im5tal me?od on ! o!r1  & t at   
fir/ ,pope ,urban favor$ ,galileo4 ,b   
?is position 0  attack$ & c>ri$ by a v  
simple /atem5t4 ,if ! ,div9e guidance  (
 ! ,*ur* is su* a %am t x c be dragg$   
into a pr(essional  squabble1 & ! pope  
made ! tool ( a faction 9 br++ ab\t a   
mo/ disa/r\s condemnation ( a prov5     
tru?1 h[ does ! ,*ur*  diff] f any human
 organization sunk into decrepitude1    
manag$ by  simpletons & controll$ by    
s*em]s8 ,if ! argum5t be true1 !        
condition ( ! ,*ur* is worse ?an its    
enemies h decl>$ x4  ,amid ! je]s ( an  
unfeel+ _w ! apologi/s s\ght new %elt]4 
,! next po9t at :i* a /& 0 made 0 !     
ass]tion t !  condemnation ( ,galileo 0 
provisory2 b ?is prov$ a m  trea*]\s    
%elt] ?an ! o!r4 ,:5 doctr9es h be5     
solemnly  decl>$1 z ^? ( ,galileo 7     
solemnly decl>$1 contr>y to  ! sacr$    
,scriptures1 oppos$ to ! true fai?1 &   
false &  absurd 9 !ology & philosophy1  
to say t su* decl>ations are            

provisory1#fa is to say t ! tru? held by
 ! ,*ur* is n  immutable2 f ?is1 !n1 !  
apologi/s retreat$4    ,:ile ?is retreat
 0 go+ on1 !re 0 a con/ant dis*>ge (    
small-arms 9 ! %ape ( innu5does1 h9ts1 &
 small sophi/ries1  by small writ]s2 e  
ef=t 0 made to black5 ,galileo's private
  "*2 ! irregul>ities ( 8 e>ly life 7   
dragg$ =?1 &  /ress 0 laid on brea*es ( 
etiquette2 b ?is succe$$ s poorly1  t 9 
#ahej x 0 ?\ght necess>y by ! ,roman    
c\rt to cov] _!  retreat by "s m c>eful 
/rategy4    ,! orig9al docum5ts ( !     
trial ( ,galileo _h1 dur+ !  /orms ( !  
e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 be5 transf]r$ to    
,p>is2  b aft] sev]al ye>s1 9 #ahdf1 !y 
7 return$ to ,rome by !  ,fr5* gov]nm5t1
 on ! express promise by ! papal        
au?orities  t ! decisions %\ld be       
publi%$4 ,aft] v>i\s delays1 on  v>i\s  
pretexts1 9 #ahej ! long-expect$        
publication appe>$4 ,!  ecclesia/ic *>g$
 ) pres5t+ !m to ! _w 0 ,monsignor      
,m>9i4 ,?is ecclesia/ic 0 ( a k9d :i*   
has too (t5 afflict$  ! we>y e>?--fox-l 

9 cunn+1 cat-l 9 trea*]y4 ,despite  !   
solemn promise ( ! papal c\rt1 ! wily   
,m>9i became  ! in/rum5t ( ! ,roman     
au?ority 9 evad+ ! promise2 by          
suppress+ a docum5t "h1 & int]polat+ a  
/atem5t !re1 he  manag$ to give         
plausible /&+-gr\nd = ne>ly e important 
sophi/ry ev] broa*$ to save ! reputation
 ( ! ,*ur* &  de/roy ! reputation (     
,galileo4 ,he x 0 :o support$ ! idea  t 
,galileo 0 condemn$ n = h]esy1 b =      
contumacy1 &  v>i\s o!r ass]tions z     
gr\ndless4    ,! fir/ effect (          
,monsignor ,m>9i's book seem$ favorable 
9  cov]+ ! retreat ( ! ,*ur*2 aid$ by   
him1 su* vigor\s writ]s  z ,w>d 7 able  
to ?r[ up tempor>y intr5*m5ts betwe5 !  
,*ur* & ! indignation ( ! _w4    ,b "s  
"t lat] came an inve/igator v diff]5t f 
wily  ,monsignor ,m>9i4 ,?is man 0 a    
,fr5*man1 ,m4 de l',ep9ois4 ,l  ,m>9i1  
de l',ep9ois 0 devot$ to ! ,*ur*1 b1    
unlike ,m>9i1  he c\ld n lie4 ,hav+     
obta9$ access1 9 #ahfg1 to ! ,galileo   
docum5ts at ! ,vatican1 he publi%$ fully

 all ^? ( importance1  )\t suppression  
or pi\sly-fraudul5t manipulation4 ,?is  
made all  ! intr5*m5ts bas$ ^u ,m>9i's  
/atem5ts unt5able4 ,ano!r  retreat _h to
 be made4    ,& n[ 0 made ! mo/ desp]ate
 ef=t ( all4 ,! apologi/ic  army1 reviv+
 an idea :i* popes & ,*ur* _h spurn$1   
decl>$  t ! pope1 z pope1 _h nev]       
condemn$ ! doctr9es ( ,kop]nik  &       
,galileo2 t he _h condemn$ !m z a man   
simply2 t !re=e  ! ,*ur* _h nev] be5    
committ$ to !m2 t !y 7 condemn$  by !   
c>d9als ( ! ,inquisition & ,index1 & t !
 pope  _h evid5tly be5 re/ra9$ f sign+  
_! condemnation by  ,provid5ce4#fb ,no?+
 c\ld %[ ! desp]ation ( ! retreat+  p>ty
 bett] ?an juggl]y l ?is4 ,! facts are1 
t f ,pope  ,urban d[nw>d1 among ! ,*ur* 
au?orities ( ! sev5te5?  c5tury1 !      
decision 0 spok5 ( z made by ! pope & ! 
,*ur*4  ,urban ,,viii4 spoke ( t ( #afaf
 z made by ,pope ,paul ,v4 & !  ,*ur*1 &
 ( t ( #afcc z made by himself & !      
,*ur*4#fc    ,:5 ,gass5di attempt$ to   
raise ! po9t t ! decision 0 n  sanction$

 by ! ,*ur* z su*1 a great !ological    
au?ority1  ,fa!r ,lecazre1 rector ( !   
,college ( ,dijon1 publicly contradict$ 
him1 & decl>$ t x 0 n c]ta9 c>d9als1 b !
 supreme  au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 t _h      
condemn$ ,galileo2 & to ?is  /atem5t !  
pope & ! ,*ur* gave cons5t1 ei!r op5ly  
or by  sil5ce4#fd ,! suspect$ ?9k]s1 l  
,desc>tes & o!rs1 :o  attempt$ to raise 
! same po9t1 7 treat$ ) contempt4 ,fa!r 
,ca/elli1 :o _h devot$ himself to       
,galileo1 & knew to 8 co/ j  :at !      
condemnation meant & :o made x1 takes x 
= grant$1 9  8 lett] to ! papal         
au?orities1 t x 0 made by ! ,*ur*4      
,c>d9al ,qu]5ghi 9 8 lett]s1 !          
embassador ,guicci>d9i 9 8  dispat*es1 !
 hi/orian ,viviani 9 8 biography (      
,galileo--all  writ+ "u ,*ur* inspection
 at ! "t--take ! view t !  ,*ur*        
condemn$ ,galileo4 ,! ,inquisition      
itself1 back$ by !  greate/ !ologian ( !
 "t1 ,bell>m91 took ! same view2#fe  &  
if ?is 7 n en\gh1 we h ! ,roman ,index1 
conta9+ !  condemnation = ne>ly two     

hundr$ ye>s1 prefac$ by a solemn bull ( 
! reign+ pope1 b9d+ ! condemnation on ! 
consci5ces ( !  :ole ,*ur*1 & reit]at+  
ye> aft] ye> ! condemnation ( all  books
 :i* affirm ! motion ( ! e>? z          
damnable4#ff ,to attempt  to face all   
?is1 add$ to ! fact t ! ,inquisition    
condemn$  ,galileo1 & requir$ 8         
abjuration ( ! h]esy ( ! movem5t (  !   
e>? by writt5 ord] ( ! pope1 0 soon se5 
to be impossible4    ,9 spite1 !n1 ( all
 ! casui/ry ( de l',ep9ois & all !      
special plead+s ( ,m4 ,m>t91 ! /urdy    
common-s5se ( ! _w  prov$ too /rong2 &  
n[ comes to view ! mo/ a/\nd+ def5se (  
all--t h9t$ at by ,visc\nt de ,bonald & 
develop$ 9 ! ,dubl9  ,review4 ,?is 0    
no?+ less ?an an attempt to retreat "u a
  *>ge ( deception aga9/ ! ,almighty    
himself4 ,! argum5t is z  foll[s3 ,b x  
may well be d\bt$ :e!r ! ,*ur* did ret>d
 !  progress ( sci5tific tru?4 ,:at     
ret>d$ x1 0 ! circum/ance  t ,god has   
?\ght fit to express _m texts (         
,scripture 9 words  :i* h e appe>ance ( 

d5y+ ! e>?'s motion4 ,b x is  ,god :o   
did ?is1 n ! ,*ur*2 &1 moreov]1 s9ce ,he
 ?\ght fit  s to act z to ret>d !       
progress ( sci5tific tru?1 x w\ld be    
little to h] discr$it ev5 if x 7 true t 
%e _h foll[$ ,8  example4    ,) ?is1 !  
retreat ( ! army ( apologi/s is         
complete2 fur!r  ?an ?is1 ?r\gh mazes ( 
sophi/ry & into dep?s ( contempt1 !y    
c\ld n g4#fg    ,d n und]/& me "h z ca/+
 blame on ! ,roman ,*ur* at  l>ge4 ,x   
mu/ 9 fairness be said1 t "s ( its be/  
m5 tri$  to /op ?is great mi/ake4 ,ev5  
,pope ,urban himself w\ld h be5  glad at
 "o "t to /op x2 b ! curr5t 0 too /rong1
 & he  weakly yield$1 becom+ a bitt]    
p]secutor4#fh ,! :ole ( !  civiliz$ _w 0
 at fault1 ,prote/ant z well z ,ca?olic1
 & n  any p>ticul> "p ( x4 ,x 0 n !     
fault ( religion2 x 0 !  fault ( !      
%ort-sight$ views :i* n>r[-m9d$1        
l\d-voic$ m5  are ev] prone to mix 9 )  
religion1 & to insi/ are religion4#fi   
,b ! losses to ! e>? 9 ! long w> aga9/  
,galileo 7  foll[$ by losses n less     

un=tunate 9 o!r qu>t]s4 ,!re 0  !n 9    
,europe "o ( ! greate/ ?9k]s ev] giv5 to
 mank9d--,rn  ,desc>tes4 ,mi/ak5 ?\gh _m
 ( 8 !ories 71 !y 7  fruitful 9 tru?s4  
,! sci5tific w>riors _h /irr$ new life 9
  him1 & he 0 work+ ov] & summ+ up 9 8  
mighty m9d all !  rese>*es ( 8 "t2 !    
result mu/ make an epo* 9 hi/ory4 ,8    
aim 0 to comb9e all k & ?\ght into a    
,treatise on !  ,_w4 ,8 e>ne/ness he    
prov$ by ! elev5 ye>s :i* he gave to  ! 
/udy ( anatomy alone4 ,petty p]secution 
he _h met (t51 b  ! fate ( ,galileo     
robb$ him ( all hope1 ( all en]gy2 !    
battle  seem$ lo/2 he gave up 8 great   
plan =ev]4#gj    ,b *ampions press$ on4 
,campanella1 full ( vag>ies z he 01     
wrote 8 ,apologia pro ,galileo1 ?\gh = t
 & o!r h]esies1  religi\s & political1  
he sev5 times und]w5t torture4#ga    ,& 
,kepl] comes4 ,he leads sci5ce on to    
great] victories4 ,kop]nik1  great z he 
01 c\ld n dis5tangle 8 sci5tific reason+
  entirely f ! !ological bias4 ,!       
doctr9es ( ,ari/otle &  ,?omas ,aqu9as z

 to ! necess>y sup]iority ( ! circle1 _h
  vitiat$ ! m9or features ( 8 sy/em1 &  
left brea*es 9 x  ?r\gh :i* ! enemy 0 n 
sl[ to ent]4 ,kepl] sees ^!  errors1 &1 
by wond]ful g5ius 9 insight & vigor 9   
?\ght1  he br+s to ! _w ! ?ree laws :i* 
be> 8 "n1 & ?is  =tress ( sci5ce is     
complete4 ,he ?9ks & speaks z "o        
inspir$4  ,8 battle is sev]e2 he is     
sometimes abus$1 sometimes ridicul$1    
sometimes imprison$4 ,prote/ants 9      
,/yria & at ,tb+51 ,ca?olics  at ,rome1 
press ^u him2#gb b ,newton1 ,halley1    
,bradley1 & ! o!r  great lead]s foll[1 &
 to sci5ce rema9s ! victory4    ,& yet !
 w> did n :olly end4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5?   
c5tury1  9 all ,france1 aft] all !      
spl5did pro(s add$ by ,kepl]1 no "o  d>$
 op5ly tea* ! ,cop]nican !ory1 &        
,cass9i1 ! great  a/ronom]1 nev] decl>$ 
x4#gc ,9 #afgb ,fa!r ,riccioli1 a       
,jesuit1  decl>$ t !re 7 precisely      
=ty-n9e argum5ts = !  ,cop]nican !ory & 
sev5ty-sev5 aga9/ x2 s t !re rema9$     
tw5ty-eight reasons = pref]r+ ! or?odox 

!ory4#gd ,t[>d  ! end ( ! sev5te5?      
c5tury1 aft] ! demon/ration ( ,sir      
,isaac ,newton1 ev5 ,bossuet1 ! eagle ( 
,meaux1 among ! l(tie/  ( religi\s      
?9k]s1 decl>$ = ! ,ptolemaic !ory z !   
,scriptural !ory2#ge & 9 #agbd ,john    
,hut*9son publi%$ 9 ,engl&  8 ,moses's  
,pr9cipia1 ma9ta9+ t ! ,hebrew          
,scriptures are a  p]fect sy/em (       
natural philosophy1 & are oppos$ to !   
,newtonian  !ory ( gravitation4#gf ,9   
#agdf ,boscovi*1 ! great ma!matician  ( 
! ,jesuits1 us$ ^! words3 ,z = me1 full 
( respect = !  ,holy ,scriptures & !    
decree ( ! ,holy ,inquisition1 ,i reg>d 
!  e>? z immovable2 nev]!less1 =        
simplicity 9 explanation1 ,i  w argue z 
if ! e>? moves1 = x is prov$ t ( ! two  
hypo!ses ! appe>ances favor t idea4#gg  
,& ev5 at a date  f> )9 our own n9ete5? 
c5tury1 ! au?orities ( ! ,spani%        
univ]sities vigor\sly exclud$ !         
,newtonian sy/em1 & ! greate/  ( !m all1
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,salamanca1 held x "u ! 
ban until a  v rec5t p]iod4#gh    ,nor  

has ! opposition fail$ ev5 9 our own "t4
 ,on ! #e? ( ,may1  #ahbi1 a great      
multitude assembl$ at ,w>saw1 to d honor
 to ! memory  ( ,kop]nik1 & to unveil   
,?orwalds5's /atue ( him4    ,kop]nik _h
 liv$ a pi\s1 ,*ri/ian life4 ,he 0 well 
kn[n =  uno/5tati\s ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,) 8
 religi\s belief no fault  _h ev] be5   
f\nd2 he 0 a canon ( ! *ur* ( ,frau5b]g1
 &  ov] 8 grave _h be5 writt5 ! mo/ t\*+
 ( ,*ri/ian epitaphs4    ,naturally1 !n1
 ! p expect$ a religi\s s]vice4 ,all 0  
und]/ood to be arrang$ = x4 ,!          
procession m>*$ to ! *ur*  & wait$4 ,!  
h\r pass$1 & no prie/ appe>$2 none c\ld 
be  induc$ to appe>4 ,kop]nik1 simple1  
*>itable1 pi\s1 "o ( !  noble/ gifts (  
,god to ! s]vice ( religion z well z    
sci5ce1  0 /ill held to be a reprobate4 
,five ye>s aft] t1 8 book 0  /ill /&+ on
 ! ,index ( books prohibit$ to          
,*ri/ians2 &  al?\gh1 9 #ageg1 "u       
,b5$ict ,,xiv41 ! ,congregation ( !     
,index  _h secretly all[$ ! ideas (     
,kop]nik & ,galileo to be simply        

tol]at$1 x 0 n until #ahbb1 z we h se51 
t ,pius ,,vii4  all[$ ! publi%+ ( !m at 
,rome2 & n until #ahce did !            
prohibition ( !m fully disappe> f !     
,index4#gi    ,! ,prote/antism ( ,engl& 
0 little bett]4 ,9 #aggb sail$ !  fam\s 
,engli% exp$ition = sci5tific discov]y  
"u ,cook4 ,!  greate/ by f> ( all !     
sci5tific au?orities *os5 to accompany  
x 0 ,dr4 ,prie/ley4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks 
_h especially invit$ him2 b  ! cl]gy (  
,ox=d & ,cambridge int]v5$4 ,prie/ley 0 
consid]$  uns\nd 9 8 views ( ! ,tr9ity2 
x 0 suspect$ t ?is w\ld  vitiate 8      
a/ronomical obs]vations2 he 0 reject$1 &
 !  exp$ition crippl$4#hj    ,nor has ! 
w>f>e aga9/ dead *ampions ( sci5ce be5  
c>ri$ on  only by ! old] ,*ur*4    ,on !
 #aj? ( ,may1 #ahei1 0 buri$ ,alex&] von
 ,humboldt4 ,8  labors 7 among ! greate/
 glories ( ! c5tury1 & 8 fun]al  "o ( ! 
mo/ impos+ t ,b]l9 _h ev] se52 among ^? 
:o  honor$ !mselves by _! pres5ce 0 !   
pr9ce reg5t--! pres5t  emp]or4 ,b ( !   
cl]gy x 0 obs]v$ t none 7 pres5t save  !

 (ficiat+ cl]gyman & a few reg>d$ z     
unor?odox4#ha    ,nor h attempts to r5ew
 ! battle be5 want+ 9 ^! latt]  days4 ,!
 attempt 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 9 #ahfd1 to
 fett] sci5ce1  :i* 0 br\ght to ridicule
 by ,h]s*el1 ,b[r+1 & ,de ,morgan2 !    
,lu!ran assemblage at ,b]l91 9 #ahfh1 to
 prote/ aga9/ sci5ce  falsely s call$1 9
 ! mid/ ( :i* /ood ,pa/or ,knak d5\nc+  
! ,cop]nican !ory2 ! ,syllabus1 !       
greate/ mi/ake ( !  ,roman ,*ur*1 are   
all examples ( ?is4#hb    ,& n[1 :at has
 be5 won by ei!r p>ty 9 ?is long &      
t]rible  w>8 ,! p>ty :i* w\ld subord9ate
 ! me?ods & aims ( sci5ce  to ^? (      
!ology1 ?\gh 9 g5]al ob$i5t to deep     
convictions1  _h giv5 to ,*ri/ianity a  
s]ies ( ! wor/ bl[s x _h ev]  receiv$4  
,!y _h made l>ge numb]s ( ! be/ m5 9    
,europe hate  x4 ,:y did ,ricetto &     
,bruno & ,van9i1 :5 ! crucifix 0        
pres5t$ to !m 9 _! h\rs ( m>tyrdom1 turn
 f t bless$  image ) loa?+8#hc ,simply  
because ,*ri/ianity _h be5 made to  !m  
id5tical ) ! mo/ horrible oppression ( !

 m9d4    ,worse ?an t1 ! well-mean+     
def5d]s ( ! fai? _h wr\ght  into ! v    
fibre ( ! ,european he>t t mo/ un=tunate
 ( all  ideas1 ! idea t !re is a        
necess>y antagonism betwe5 sci5ce  &    
religion4 ,l ! l&sman :o la%es himself  
to ! an*or (  ! s9k+ %ip1 !y _h atta*$ !
 fundam5tal doctr9es (  ,*ri/ianity1 by 
! /ronge/ cords ( logic :i* !y c\ld sp91
  to ^! mi/ak5 ideas 9 sci5ce1 & !      
advance ( k _h  wellnigh engulf$ !m4    
,on ! o!r h&1 :at _h sci5ce done =      
religion8 ,simply ?is3  ,kop]nik1 escap+
 p]secution only by dea?2 ,giordano     
,bruno1 burn$  alive z a mon/] (        
impiety2 ,galileo1 imprison$ & humiliat$
 z  ! wor/ ( misbeliev]s2 ,kepl]1 hunt$ 
alike by ,prote/ant &  ,ca?olic1 _h giv5
 to religion great new f\ndations1 great
 new1  ennobl+ conceptions1 a great new 
revelation ( ! might ( ,god4    ,"u !   
old sy/em we h t pr9cely a/ronom]1      
,alfonso (  ,ca/ile1 see+ ! pov]ty ( !  
,ptolemaic sy/em1 yet kn[+ no  o!r1     
/>tl+ ,europe ) ! blasphemy t if he _h  

be5 pres5t  at creation he c\ld h       
sugge/$ a bett] ord]+ ( ! heav5ly       
bodies4 ,"u ! new sy/em y h ,kepl]1     
fill$ ) a religi\s  _s1 exclaim+1 ,i d  
?9k ! ?\ghts ( ,god4#hd ,!  diff]5ce 9  
religi\s _s betwe5 ^! two m5 m>ks !     
conque/  made 9 ?is1 ev5 by sci5ce1 =   
religion4    ,b we _c leave ! subject ( 
a/ronomy )\t notic+ ! mo/  rec5t w>f>e4 
,especially int]e/+ is x because at "o  
p]iod !  battle seem$ utt]ly lo/1 & !n 0
 won beautifully1 ?or\ghly1  by a       
legitimate advance 9 sci5tific k4 ,i    
speak ( ! ,nebul>  ,hypo!sis4    ,!     
sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,jews :i* we h inh]it$ 
speak lit]ally  ( ! creation ( ! heav5ly
 bodies by direct int]v5tion1 & =  !    
conv5i5ce ( ! e>?4 ,?is 0 ! view ( !    
,fa!rs ( !  ,*ur*1 & 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh 
! great doctors 9 !ology4    ,m ?an t1 x
 0 cry/alliz$ 9 art4 ,s h ,i se51 ov] ! 
portal ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,freiburg1 a      
repres5tation ( ! ,almighty  mak+ &     
plac+ numb]s ( waf]-l suns1 moons1 &    
/>s2 & at  ! c5tre ( all1 platt]-l &    

l>ge/ ( all1 ! e>?4#he ,!  l9es on !    
,creator's face %[ t ,he is oblig$ to   
contrive2 !  l9es ( 8 muscles %[ t ,he  
is oblig$ to toil4 ,naturally1 !n1  did 
sculptors & pa9t]s ( ! m$ival & e>ly    
mod]n p]iod  repres5t ! ,almighty z we>y
 aft] labor1 & enjoy+ dignifi$  repose4 
,^! ideas1 m or less gross 9 _!         
accompanim5ts1 pass$ into  ! popul> cre$
 ( ! mod]n p]iod4    ,b ab\t ! close ( !
 la/ c5tury1 ,bruno hav+ guess$ !       
fundam5tal fact ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 &  
,kant hav+ reason$  out its f\ndation   
idea1 ,laplace develop$ x1 %[+ ! reason 
=  suppos+ t our own sol> sy/em1 9 its  
sun1 planets1 satellites1  ) _! v>i\s   
motions1 di/ances1 & magnitudes1 is a   
natural  result ( ! dim9i%+ heat ( a    
nebul\s mass--a result obey+  natural   
laws4    ,!re 0 an outcry at once aga9/ 
! a!ism ( ! s*eme4 ,!  w> rag$ fi]cely4 
,laplace claim$ t !re 7 9 ! heav5s  _m  
nebul\s pat*es yet 9 ! gase\s =m1 &     
po9t$ !m out4  ,he %[$ by laws ( physics
 & ma!matical demon/ration t 8  hypo!sis

 acc\nt$ 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann] = ! great  
body (  facts1 &1 despite clamor1 0 ga9+
 gr\nd1 :5 ! improv$  telescopes resolv$
 "s ( ! pat*es ( nebul\s matt] into     
multitudes ( />s4    ,! oppon5ts ( !    
nebul> hypo!sis 7 ov]joy$2 !y sang  pans
 to a/ronomy1 because1 z !y said1 x _h  
prov$ ! tru? (  ,scripture4 ,!y _h jump$
 to ! conclusion t all nebul mu/ be     
alike--t if "s are made up ( sy/ems (   
/>s1 all mu/ be s  made up2 t none c be 
masses ( att5uat$ gase\s matt]1 because 
"s are n4    ,sci5ce1 = a "t1 halt$4 ,! 
accept$ doctr9e became ?is3 t  ! only   
reason :y all ! nebul are n resolv$ into
 di/9ct  />s is because our telescopes  
are n suffici5tly p[]ful4 ,b 9  "t came 
t wond]ful discov]y ( ! spectroscope &  
spectrum  analysis1 & ?is 0 supplem5t$  
by ,fraunh(]'s discov]y t !  spectrum ( 
an ignit$ gase\s body is discont9u\s1 ) 
int]rupt+  l9es2 & ?is1 9 #ahdf1 by     
,drap]'s discov]y t ! spectrum ( an     
ignit$ solid is cont9u\s1 ) no int]rupt+
 l9es4 ,& n[ !  spectroscope 0 turn$ ^u 

! nebul1 & ab\t "o-?ird ( !m  7 f\nd to 
be gase\s4    ,aga9 ! nebul> hypo!sis   
comes =? /rong] ?an ev]4 ,!  beautiful  
exp]im5t ( ,plateau on ! rotation ( a   
fluid globe comes  9 to /r5g!n if n to  
confirm x4 ,b :at 0 likely to be lo/  9 
?is8 ,simply a poor conception ( !      
univ]se4 ,:at to be ga9$8 ,a  f> m wor?y
 idea ( t va/ p[] :i* works 9 ! univ]se1
 9  all ?+s by law1 & 9 none by         
caprice4#hf      ,,*emi/ry ,,&          
,,physics4    ,! great s]ies ( battles  
to :i* ,i next turn ) y 7 f\ght  on ^?  
fields occupi$ by su* sci5ces z ,*emi/ry
 & ,natural  ,philosophy4    ,ev5 be=e  
^! sci5ces 7 out ( _! *ildhood1 :ile yet
 !y  7 tott]+ ma9ly t[>d *ildi% objects 
& by *ildi% /eps1  ! *ampions ( t same  
old mi/ak5 conception ( rigid           
,scriptural  int]pretation began ! w>4  
,! catalogue ( *emi/s & physici/s       
p]secut$ or ?w>t$ w\ld fill volumes4    
,! fir/ entrance ( ^! sci5ces1 z a      
well-def9$ =ce1 into  ! mod]n _w1 began 
9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,b ! ?irte5?  c5tury

 0 m>k$ by a revival ( religi\s f]vor2  
to ?is day !  greate/ & be/ works ( !   
ca!dral-build]s are memorials ( its     
dep? & /r5g?4    ,out ( ?is religi\s    
f]vor naturally came a great gr[? (     
!ological ?\ght & ecclesia/ical p[]1 & !
 _s ( inquiry  0 soon oblig$ to take    
acc\nt ( ?is influ5ce4    ,fir/ among ! 
di/+ui%$ m5 :o1 9 t c5tury1 laid        
f\ndations = mod]n sci5ce1 0 ,alb]t (   
,boll/adt1 bett] kn[n  z ,alb]t !       
,great1 ! mo/ r5[n$ s*ol> ( ,g]many4    
,fett]$ ?\gh he 0 by ! absurd me?ods ( 8
 "t1 l$ a/ray  z he 0 by ! s*ola/ic _s1 
he _h conceiv$ ideas ( bett]  me?ods &  
aims4 ,8 eye pi]ces ! mi/s (            
s*ola/icism2 he sees  ! light1 & draws !
 _w t[>d x4 ,he /&s among ! great       
pione]s ( mod]n physical & natural      
sci5ce4 ,he aids 9 giv+  f\ndations to  
botany & *emi/ry1 & ,humboldt f9ds 9 8  
works  ! g]m ( ! compreh5sive sci5ce (  
physical geography4#hg    ,! consci5ce (
 ! "t1 act+1 z x suppos$1 9 def5se (    
religion1 br\ght out a missile :i* x    

hurl$ ) deadly effect4 ,y  see ^? m$ival
 sci5tific battle-fields /rew$ ) su*3 x 
0  ! *>ge ( sorc]y1 ( unlawful compact )
 ! devil4    ,?is missile 0 effective4  
,y f9d x us$ aga9/ e great  inve/igator 
( ,nature 9 ^? times & = c5turies aft]4 
,! li/  ( great m5 *>g$ ) magic1 z giv5 
by ,naud1 is a/\nd+4 ,x  includes e man 
( real m>k1 & ! mo/ ?\ghtful ( ! popes1 
,sylve/] ,,ii4 7,g]b]t71 /&s 9 ! mid/ ( 
!m4 ,x seem$ to be  ! receiv$ idea t1 z 
soon z a man conceiv$ a wi% to /udy !   
works ( ,god1 8 fir/ /ep mu/ be a league
 ) ! devil4#hh    ,?is missile 0 hurl$  
aga9/ ,alb]t4 ,he 0 condemn$ by  !      
au?orities ( ! ,dom9ican ord]1 subject$ 
to suspicion  & indignity1 & only escap$
 p]secution by yield+ to !              
ecclesia/ical _s ( ! "t1 & work+ ma9ly 9
 !ological  *annels by s*ola/ic me?ods4 
,x 0 a sad loss to ! e>?2 &  c]ta9ly1 ( 
all organizations t h reason to lam5t ! 
pressure  ( ^? ecclesia/ical =ces :i*   
turn$ ,alb]t ! ,great f !  pa? (        
exp]im5tal philosophy1 =emo/ ( all 9    

regret %\ld be  ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 &     
especially ! ,roman bran* ( x4 ,_h !    
,*ur* ( ! ?irte5? c5tury be5 s full (   
fai? z to accept !  tru?s 9 natural     
sci5ce br\ght by ,alb]t & 8 compe]s1 &  
to  h enc\rag$ _! gr[?1 ?is fai? & ?is  
enc\ragem5t w\ld  to ?is day h =m$ !    
greate/ argum5t = prov+ ! ,*ur*         
directly "u ,div9e guidance2 !y w\ld h  
be5 ! brighte/  jewels 9 h] cr[n4 ,!    
loss to ! ,*ur*1 by ?is want ( fai? &   
c\rage1 has prov$1 9 ! long-run1 ev5    
great] ?an ! loss to  sci5ce4    ,! next
 great man ( t age :om ! !ological &    
ecclesia/ical  =ces ( ! "t turn f ! "r  
pa? is ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais4    ,v9c5t    
devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ,nature 9    
sev]al ( h] mo/  int]e/+ fields4 ,to    
a/ronomy1 m9]alogy1 botany1 & *emi/ry1  
he gave mu* ?\ght2 b especially did he  
devote himself to !  prep>ation ( a full
 acc\nt ( ! univ]se4 ,_h he tak5 ! pa?  
( exp]im5tal rese>*1 ! _w w\ld h be5    
enri*$ ) mo/  preci\s discov]ies2 b !   
impulse foll[$ by ,alb]t ( ,boll/adt1   

back$ z x 0 by ! :ole ecclesia/ical p[] 
( 8 "t1 0  too /rong1 &1 9 all !        
life-labor ( ,v9c5t1 no?+ appe>s (  any 
p]man5t value4 ,he built a /ructure :i* 
c>eless obs]vation  ( facts1 lit]al     
int]pretation ( ,scripture1 & !ological 
subtiliz+1 comb9$ to make "o ( ! mo/    
/rik+ monum5ts (  human error4#hi    ,b 
! !ological ecclesia/ical _s ( ! ?irte5?
 c5tury  ga9$ its greate/ victory 9 ! "w
 ( ! mo/ r5[n$ ( all  ?9k]s ( 8 "t1 ,/4 
,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,9 him 0 ! !ological  _s
 ( 8 age inc>nate4 ,al?\gh he yield$    
some:at1 at "o  p]iod1 to love ( /udies 
9 natural sci5ce1 x 0 he :o f9ally  made
 t great treaty or compromise :i* = ages
 subject$ sci5ce  entirely to !ology4   
,he x 0 ^: ?\ght re>$ ! mo/ endur+      
b>ri] aga9/ ^? :o1 9 t age & 9 succe$+  
ages1 labor$  to op5 = sci5ce ! pa? by  
its own legitimate me?od t[>d its  own  
noble ends4    ,?r\gh ! e>li] sy/ems (  
philosophy z !y 7 !n kn[n1  & ?r\gh !   
e>li] !ologic ?\ght1 he _h gone ) great 
labor & vigor2 he _h be5 a pupil (      

,alb]t ( ,boll/adt1 & f  him _h ga9$    
inspiration 9 sci5ce4 ,all 8 mighty     
p[]s1 ?us  discipl9$ & cultur$1 he      
br\ght to be> 9 mak+ a treaty or  truce1
 giv+ to !ology ! supremacy ov] sci5ce4 
,! exp]im5tal  me?od _h already be5     
practically initiat$2 ,alb]t ( ,boll/adt
 &  ,rog] ,bacon _h begun _! "w 9       
accordance ) its me?ods2 b  ,/4 ,?omas  
,aqu9as gave all 8 ?\ghts to br++ sci5ce
 aga9  "u ! sway ( ! !ological bias1    
metaphysical me?ods1 &  ecclesia/ical   
control4 ,he gave to ! _w a /rik+       
example ( :at  8 me?od c\ld be made to  
produce4 ,9 8 comm5t>y ^u ,ari/otle's   
treatise ^u ,heav5 & ,e>? he illu/rates 
all ! evils ( su*  a comb9ation (       
!ological reason+ & lit]al int]pretation
 (  ! ,scriptural ) sci5tific facts z !n
 und]/ood1 & x rema9s  to ?is day a     
prodigi\s monum5t to human g5ius & human
 folly4  ,! ecclesia/ical p[] ( ! "t    
hail$ him z a deliv]]2 x  0 claim$ t    
/rik+ miracles 7 v\*saf$1 %[+ t !       
bless+ ( ,heav5 re/$ ^u 8 labors4 ,among

 ! leg5ds embody+  ! ,*ur* _s ( t p]iod 
is t giv5 by ! ,boll&i/s &  immortaliz$ 
by a r5[n$ pa9t]4 ,! great philosoph] & 
sa9t  is repres5t$ 9 ! habit ( 8 ord]1 )
 book & p5 9 h&1  kneel+ be=e ! image ( 
,*ri/ crucifi$2 & z he kneels !  image  
?us addresses him3 ,?omas1 ?\ ha/ writt5
 well conc]n+  me2 :at price wilt ?\    
receive = ?y labor8 ,to ?is day !       
great] ecclesia/ical hi/orians ( !      
,roman ,*ur*1 l ! ,abb  ,rohrba*]1 & !  
m9or hi/orians ( sci5ce1 :o f9d x       
conv5i5t  to propitiate ! ,*ur*1 l      
,p\*et1 dilate ^u ! glories ( ,/4       
,?omas ,aqu9as 9 ?us mak+ a treaty (    
alliance betwe5 religi\s  & sci5tific   
?\ght1 & lay+ ! f\ndations = a sanctifi$
  sci5ce4 ,b ! unprejudic$ hi/orian _c  
indulge 9 ?is  en?usia/ic view4 ,!      
results bo? = ! ,*ur* & = ! progress  ( 
sci5ce h be5 mo/ un=tunate4 ,x 0 a      
wret*$ /ep backw>d4  ,! fir/ result (   
?is great man's great compromise 0 to   
close t  new pa? 9 sci5ce :i* alone     
leads to discov]ies ( value--!          

exp]im5tal me?od--& to reop5 ! old pa? (
 mix$ !ology &  sci5ce1 :i*1 z ,hallam  
decl>es1 aft] ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s   
_h n unti$ a s+le knot1 or add$ "o      
unequivocal tru? to !  doma9 (          
philosophy2 ! pa? :i*1 z all mod]n      
hi/ory proves1  has ev] s9ce l$ only to 
delusion & evil4#ij    ,! pa? ?us       
un=tunately op5$ by ^! /rong m5 became !
 ma9  pa? 9 sci5ce = ages1 & x l$ ! _w  
f>!r & f>!r  f any fruitful fact or     
hopeful me?od4 ,rog] ,bacon's           
inve/igations  7 virtually =gott52      
wor?less mixtures ( lit]al int]pretation
  ( ,scripture ) imp]fectly au!nticat$  
physical facts took _!  place4    ,e age
 s9ce has be5 full ( examples ( ?is1 b  
out ( !m ,i  w take j "o2 & x %all be no
 o!r ?an t ,francis ,bacon1  :o1 m ?an  
any o!r man1 l$ ! mod]n _w out ( ! pa?  
op5$ by ,aqu9as1 & back into ! pa? trod 
by ,rog] ,bacon4 ,/range  z x may at    
fir/ seem1 ,francis ,bacon1 ^: ke5ness (
 sight  reveal$ ! delusions ( ! old pa? 
& ! promises ( ! new1  t man ^: boldness

 9 ?\ght did s mu* to turn ! _w f  ! old
 pa? into ! new1 pres5ts1 9 8 own       
writ+s1 "o ( !  mo/ /rik+ examples ( !  
/r5g? ( ! evil he did s mu* to  de/roy4 
,! ,novum ,organum1 consid]+ ! "t :5 x  
came f 8 p51  is d\btless "o ( ! greate/
 exhibitions ( g5ius 9 ! hi/ory  ( human
 ?\ght4 ,?is treatise x 0 :i* %[$ !     
mod]n _w  ! way out ( ! s*ola/ic me?od &
 rev]5ce = dogma into !  exp]im5tal     
me?od & rev]5ce = demon/rat$ fact4 ,9 ! 
c\rse  ( x occur _m passages :i* %[ t ! 
great philosoph] 0  fully alive to !    
dang]1 bo? to religion & to sci5ce1     
aris+  f _! mixture4 ,e>ly 9 8 argum5t  
he says3 ,b ! corruption  ( philosophy f
 sup]/ition & admixture ( !ology        
sep>ates  altoge!r m widely1 &          
introduces ! greate/ am\nt ( evil1  bo? 
into :ole sy/ems ( philosophy & into _! 
p>ts4 ,& a  little lat] he says3 ,"s    
mod]ns h indulg$ ?is vanity )  ! greate/
 c>elessness1 & h endeavor$ to f\nd a   
,natural  ,philosophy on ! fir/ (       
,g5esis & ! ,book ( ,job1 & o!r  sacr$  

,scriptures1 s 'seek+ ! dead among !    
liv+4' ,& by s  mu* ! m is ?is vanity to
 be re/ra9$ & co]c$ because _!          
expressions =m an un:olesome mixture (  
?+s human & div9e2 n  m]ely fanta/ic    
philosophy1 b h]etical religion4 ,& s x 
is v  salut>y t1 ) due sobriety ( m9d1  
^? ?+s only be r5d]$  to fai? :i* are   
fai?'s4#ia ,/ill lat]1 9 8 treatise1    
,bacon  returns to ! *>ge yet m /rongly4
 ,he says3 ,nor is x to be  ov]look$1 t 
natural philosophy has 9 all ages _h a  
tr\blesome  & /ubborn adv]s>y 9         
sup]/ition & ! bl9d & immod]ate  zeal = 
religion4 ,?us x has be5 among !        
,greeks1 t !y :o  fir/ propos$ to ! yet 
unprep>$ e>s ( m5 ! natural causes (    
lightn+ & tempe/s 7 condemn$1 on t head1
 = impiety t[>d  ! gods2 nor by "s ( !  
old fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian religion  7 ^?   
mu* bett] receiv$1 :o laid x d[n f ! mo/
 sure  demon/rations1 su* z no "o 9 8   
s5ses c\ld n[adays contradict1  t ! e>? 
is r\nd1 & ass]t$ 9 consequ5ce t !re mu/
 be  antipodes4 ,fur!rmore1 z ?+s are   

n[1 ! condition ( disc\rses  on ,nature 
is made sev]e & m rigor\s 9 consequ5ce (
 !  summ>ies & me?ods ( s*ola/ic        
!ologians1 :o1 :ile !y h1  z f> z !y    
c\ld1 r$uc$ !ology to ord]1 & h fa%ion$ 
x  into ! =m ( an art1 h besides succe$$
 9 m+l+ f> m  ?an 0 "r ( ! qu>relsome & 
?orny philosophy ( ,ari/otle  ) ! body (
 religion4    ,! fictions1 too1 ( ^? :o 
h n fe>$ to d$uce & confirm  f !        
pr9ciples & au?ority ( philosophies !   
true ,*ri/ian  religion1 h ! same       
t5d5cy1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way4 ,^!       
celebrat$ ! w$d+ ( fai? & s5se1 z ?\gh x
 7 lawful1  ) mu* pomp & solemnity1 &   
soo!d ! m9ds ( m5 ) a  grateful v>iety (
 ?+s1 b1 mean:ile1 m+l$ ! div9e )  !    
human 9 ill-mat*$ /ate4 ,& 9 mixtures l 
?is ( !ology  ) natural philosophy1 ^?  
?+s only :i* are n[ receiv$ 9           
philosophy are includ$2 :ile novelties1 
?\gh !y be *anges =  ! bett]1 are all   
bani%$ & driv5 out4    ,&1 aga91 ,bacon 
says3 ,la/ly y may f9d1 ?anks to !      
unskillfulness ( "s div9es1 ! approa* to

 any k9d ( philosophy1  h[ev] improv$1  
entirely clos$ up4 ,"s1 inde$1 9 _!     
simplicity  are r afraid1 le/ p]haps a  
deep] inquiry into ,nature %\ld         
p5etrate beyond ! all[$ limits (        
sobriety4 ,/ill fur!r on  ,bacon        
p5etrates into ! v he>t ( ! "q 9 a      
vigor\s way1  & says3 ,o!rs1 m craftily1
 conjecture & consid] t1 if !  means be 
unkn[n1 ea* s+le ?+ c be ref]r$ m easily
 to !  h& & rod ( ,god--a matt]1 z !y   
?9k1 ( v great importance  to religion3 
& ?is is no?+ m nor less ?an wi%+ to    
please  ,god by a lie4 ,&1 f9ally1 he   
says3 ,:]eas1 if "o consid]s !  matt]   
rightly1 natural philosophy is1 aft]    
,god's ^w1 ! sure/  m$ic9e = sup]/ition1
 & also ! mo/ approv$ n\ri%m5t (        
fai?4#ib    ,no man :o has ?\ght mu* ^u 
! annals ( 8 race c1 )\t  a feel+ ( awe1
 come into ! pres5ce ( su* inspir$      
cle>ness  ( insight & boldness (        
utt]ance4 ,! fir/ ?\ght ( ! read]  is1  
t1 ( all m51 ?is ,francis ,bacon is !   
mo/ free f !  un=tunate bias he         

condemns4 ,he c]ta9ly _c be delud$ into 
!  old pa?4 ,b1 z we g on ?r\gh !       
treatise1 we are surpris$  to f9d t !   
/rong arm ( ,aqu9as _h be5 /ret*$ ov] ! 
int]v5+ ages1 & _h laid hold ^u ?is     
ma/]-?9k] ( !  sixte5? c5tury4 ,only a  
few *apt]s fur!r along we f9d ,bacon1   
aft] allud+ to ! !n rec5t voyage (      
,columbus1 speak+ ( !  prophecy (       
,daniel reg>d+ ! latt] days1 t _m %all  
run to  & fro & k be increas$1 z cle>ly 
signify+ t x is  9 ! fates1 i4 e41 9    
provid5ce1 t ! circumnavigation ( !  _w1
 :i* ?r\gh s _m l5g?y voyages seems to  
be entirely  complete or 9 c\rse (      
completion1 & ! increase ( sci5ce1  %\ld
 happ5 9 ! same age4#ic    ,"h1 !n1 we h
 ?is great man indulg+ 9 t v mixture (  
lit]al ,scriptural int]pretation &      
sci5tific ?\ght :i* he _h  condemn$1 &  
!refrom evid5tly d$uc+ ! conclusion t ^!
  great voyages & discov]ies1 :i* 7 !   
beg9n+ ( a new _w  9 ?\ght & action1 7 !
 end ( all ?+s4    ,b 9 8 great "w on ,!
 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ ! firm grip  :i* !

 me?ods he condemn$ held ^u him is %[n  
yet m cle>ly4  ,9 8 fir/ book he %[s h[ 
t excell5t ,book ( ,job1 if x be        
revolv$ ) dilig5ce1 x w be f\nd pregnant
 & swell+ )  natural philosophy1 &      
endeavors to %[ t ! r\ndness ( !  _w1 ! 
fix+ ( ! />s1 ev] /&+ at equal di/ance1 
! depression ( ! s\!rn pole1 matt] (    
g5]ation1 &  matt] ( m9]als1 are ) great
 elegancy not$4 ,b1 curi\sly  en\gh1 he 
uses to support "s ( ^! tru?s ! v texts 
:i*  ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* us$ to de/roy   
!m1 & ^? = :i* he  f9ds ,scriptural     
w>rant mo/ cle>ly are su* z sci5ce has  
s9ce  disprov$4 ,s1 too1 he says t      
,solomon 0 enabl$ by donation (  ,god 9 
8 prov]bs to compile a natural hi/ory ( 
all v]dure4#id    ,c]ta9ly no m /rik+   
examples ( ! /r5g? ( ! evil :i*  he _h  
all along be5 d5\nc+ c\ld be exhibit$   
?an ^! 9 8  own writ+s2 aft] ?is we     
cease to wond] at 8 bl9dness to !       
discov]ies ( ,kop]nik & ! exp]im5ts (   
,gilb]t4    ,i pass f ! legions ( ^? :o 
f t day to ?is h  /umbl$ into simil>    

errors by degrad+ our sacr$ volume into 
a  comp5dium ( hi/ory or a text-book (  
sci5ce1 & turn next to a  f> m s]i\s    
class ( effects aris+ f ! great m$ival  
compromise betwe5 sci5ce & !ology4 ,we h
 consid]$ ! wrong  road into :i* s _m   
ma/]-spirits 7 l$ or driv52 we w n[     
look at ! w> br\ght aga9/ ^? m5 ( sci5ce
 :o p]sev]$ 9  ! "r road4    ,! fir/    
great ?9k] :o1 9 spite ( "s /umbl+ into 
!ologic  pitfalls1 p]sev]$ 9 ?is true   
pa? 0 ,rog] ,bacon4 ,8 life &  works    
seem until rec5tly to h be5 g5]ally     
misund]/ood4 ,he  has be5 rank$ z a     
sup]/iti\s al*emi/ :o /umbl$ ^u "s      
inv5tions2 b m rec5t inve/igation has   
reveal$ him to be "o  ( ! great ma/]s 9 
human progress4    ,! advance ( s\nd    
hi/orical judgm5t seems likely to br+   
ne>]  to equality ! fame ( ! two :o be> 
! "n ( ,bacon4 ,bacon (  ! *ancellor%ip 
& ! ,novum ,organon may n wane2 b ,bacon
  ( ! prison-cell & ! ,opus ,majus      
/eadily approa*es him 9  brightness4#ie 
,m ?an ?ree c5turies be=e ,francis      

,bacon advocat$ !  exp]im5tal me?od1    
,rog] ,bacon practis$ x1 & ! results z  
n[ reveal$ are wond]ful4 ,he wr\ght )   
p[] 9 philosophy &  9 all sci5ces1 & 8 k
 0 s\nd & exact4 ,by him1  m ?an by any 
o!r man ( ! middle ages1 0 ! _w put on  
! mo/ fruitful pa?s ( sci5ce--! pa?s :i*
 h l$ to !  mo/ preci\s inv5tions4      
,among !m are clocks1 l5ses1 burn+      
specula1 telescopes1 :i* 7 giv5 by him  
to ! _w1 directly  or indirectly4 ,9 8  
writ+s are f\nd =mul = extract+         
phosphorus1 manganese1 & bismu?4 ,x is  
ev5 claim$1 ) mu*  appe>ance ( ju/ice1 t
 he inve/igat$ ! p[] ( /eam4 ,he  seems 
to h v ne>ly rea*$ also "s ( ! pr9cipal 
doctr9es  ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,b x %\ld be 
borne 9 m9d t 8 me?od  ( inve/igation 0 
ev5 great] ?an ^! va/ results4 ,9 ! age 
:5 metaphysical subtiliz+ 0 alone ?\ght 
to give ! title (  s*ol>1 he insi/$ on  
real reason+ & ! aid ( natural sci5ce   
by ma!matics4 ,9 an age :5 exp]im5t+ 0  
sure to co/ a man  8 reputation1 & 0    
likely to co/ him 8 life1 he insi/$ on  

exp]im5t & brav$ all its risks4 ,few    
great] m5 h liv$4 ,z  we read ! sket*   
giv5 by ,:ewell ( ,bacon's process (    
reason+  reg>d+ ! refraction ( light1 he
 seems fairly inspir$4#if    ,on ?is man
 came ! brunt ( ! battle4 ,! mo/        
consci5ti\s m5  ( 8 "t ?\ght x _! duty  
to fight him1 & !y did x too  well4 ,x 0
 n t he disbeliev$ 9 ,*ri/ianity2 t 0   
nev]  *>g$ aga9/ him4 ,8 or?odoxy 0     
p]fect4 ,he 0 attack$ &  condemn$1 9 !  
words ( 8 oppon5ts1 propt] quasdam      
novitates  suspectas4    ,he 0 attack$1 
fir/ ( all1 ) t goodly old missile1 :i*1
  ) ! epi!ts infidel & a!i/1 has decid$ 
! fate ( s  _m battles--! *>ge ( magic &
 compact ) ,satan4    ,he def5d$ himself
 ) a mo/ un=tunate weapon--a weapon :i* 
explod$ 9 8 h&s & injur$ him m ?an !    
enemy1 = he  argu$ aga9/ ! idea (       
compacts ) ,satan1 & %[$ t mu*  :i* is  
ascrib$ to demons results f natural     
means4 ,?is add$  fuel to ! flame4 ,to  
limit ! p[] ( ,satan 0 deem$ h>dly less 
impi\s ?an to limit ! p[] ( ,god4#ig    

,! mo/ p[]ful protectors avail$ him     
little4 ,8 fri5d ,guy ,f\lkes  hav+ be5 
made pope1 ,bacon 0 = a "t %ield$1 b !  
fury  ( ! enemy 0 too /rong4 ,9 an      
unpubli%$ lett]1 ,black/one  decl>es t  
:51 on "o occasion1 ,bacon 0 ab\t to    
p]=m a few  exp]im5ts = "s fri5ds1 all  
,ox=d 0 9 an upro>4 ,x 0  believ$ t     
,satan 0 let loose4 ,ev]y:]e 7 prie/s1  
fell[s1  & /ud5ts ru%+ ab\t1 _! g>m5ts  
/ream+ 9 ! w9d1 &  ev]y:]e res\nd$ !    
cry1 ,d[n ) ! conjur]6 & ?is cry1  ,d[n 
) ! conjur]6 res\nd$ f cell to cell &   
hall to  hall4#ih    ,b ! attack took a 
%ape f> m t]rible4 ,! two great         
religions  ord]s1 ,franciscan &         
,dom9ican1 vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 fight+ !  new
 ?\ght 9 *emi/ry & philosophy4 ,/4      
,dom9ic1 s9c]e z he  01 solemnly        
condemn$ rese>* by exp]im5t &           
obs]vation4 ,!  g5]al ( ! ,franciscan   
ord] took simil> gr\nds4    ,9 #abdc !  
,dom9icans solemnly int]dict$ e memb] ( 
_! ord]  f ! /udy ( m$ic9e & natural    
philosophy1 & 9 #abhg ?is  int]diction 0

 ext5d$ to ! /udy ( *emi/ry4#ii ,9 #abgh
 !  au?orities ( ! ,franciscan ord]1    
assembl$ at ,p>is1 solemnly  condemn$   
,bacon's tea*+s4    ,ano!r weapon began 
to be us$ ^u ! battle-fields ( t "t  )  
mu* effect4 ,! ,arabs _h made noble     
discov]ies 9 sci5ce4  ,av]ros _h1 among 
_m1 divid$ ! honors ) ,/4 ,?omas        
,aqu9as4  ,^! facts gave ! new missile3 
x 0 ! epi!t ,mahometan4 ,?is1  too1 0   
flung ) effect at ,bacon4#ajj    ,bacon 
0 at la/ conqu]$4 ,he 0 imprison$ =     
f\rte5 ye>s4 ,at  ! age ( eighty ye>s he
 0 releas$ f prison1 b dea? alone  took 
him beyond ! rea* ( 8 enemies4 ,h[      
deeply ! /ruggle _h  rack$ 8 m9d may be 
ga!r$ f t la/ affect+ decl>ation (  83  
,w\ld t ,i _h n giv5 myself s mu* tr\ble
 = ! love (  sci5ce6    ,sad is x to ?9k
 ( :at ?is great man might h giv5 to !  
_w _h ! _w n refus$ ! gift4 ,he held !  
key ( treasures  :i* w\ld h fre$ mank9d 
f ages ( error & mis]y4 ,) 8  discov]ies
 z a basis1 ) 8 me?od z a guide1 :at    
might n !  _w h ga9$6 ,nor 0 ! wrong    

done to t age alone2 x 0  done to ?is   
age also4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury 0 robb$ at !
 same  "t ) ! ?irte5?4 ,b = t int]f]5ce 
) sci5ce1  ! n9ete5? c5tury w\ld1 )\t   
d\bt1 be enjoy+ discov]ies  :i* w n be  
rea*$ be=e ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,?\s&s (   
preci\s lives %all be lo/ 9 ?is c5tury1 
t5s ( ?\s&s %all  suff] discom=t1       
privation1 sickness1 pov]ty1 ignorance1 
= lack (  discov]ies & me?ods :i*1 b =  
?is mi/ak5 religi\s fight  aga9/ ,bacon 
& 8 compe]s1 w\ld n[ be bless+ ! e>?4   
,9 #ahfh & #ahfi1 sixty ?\s& *ildr5 di$ 
9 ,engl& & 9 ,wales  ( sc>let fev]2     
probably ne>ly z _m di$ 9 ?is c\ntry4   
,_h n  ,bacon be5 h9d]$1 we %\ld h _h 9 
our h&s1 by ?is "t1  ! means to save    
two-?irds ( ^! victims2 & ! same is true
 (  typhoid1 typhus1 & t great class (  
diseases ( ^: physical  causes sci5ce is
 j beg9n+ to get an inkl+4 ,put toge!r  
all  ! ef=ts ( all ! a!i/s :o h ev]     
liv$1 & !y h n  done s mu* h>m to       
,*ri/ianity & ! _w z has be5 done by !  
n>r[-m9d$1 consci5ti\s m5 :o p]secut$   

,rog] ,bacon1 & clos$  ! pa? :i* he gave
 8 life to op54#aja    ,b1 despite !    
p]secution ( ,bacon & ! defection ( ^?  
:o  ought to h foll[$ him1 *ampions (   
natural sci5ce & !  exp]im5tal me?od    
arose f "t to "t dur+ ! succe$+         
c5turies4 ,we "k little ( !m p]sonally4 
,our ma9 k (  _! ef=ts is d]iv$ f !     
ef=ts ( _! oppon5ts &  p]secutors4    ,9
 #acag ,pope ,john ,,xxii4 issu$ 8 bull 
,spond5t ,p>it]1 nom9ally  level$ at !  
al*emi/s1 b really deal+ a t]rible bl[  
at !  beg9n+s ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4     
,9 #achj ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france c>ri$ out 
! same policy1 & ev5  =bade ! possession
 ( furnaces & app>atus necess>y =       
*emical  processes4 ,"u ?is law ! *emi/ 
,john ,b>illon1 = possess+  *emical     
furnaces & app>atus1 0 ?r[n into prison1
 & x 0  only by ! greate/ ef=t t 8 life 
0 sav$4    ,9 #adjd ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,engl&
 issu$ a decree ( ! same sort2 & 9      
#adah ! republic ( ,v5ice foll[$ !      
example ( pope & k+s4 ,b  *ampions (    
sci5ce /ill press$ on4 ,antonio de      

,dom9is rel9qui%es  8 ar*bi%opric (     
,spalatro1 inve/igates ! ph5om5a (      
light1 &  dies 9 ! clut*es ( !          
,inquisition4#ajb    ,pi]re de la ,rame 
/&s up aga9/ ,ari/otelianism at ,p>is4  
,a royal  edict1 s\ght by ! ,*ur*1 /opp$
 8 tea*+1 & ! massacre (  ,/4 ,b>?olomew
 end$ 8 life4    ,some:at lat]1 ,john   
,bapti/ ,porta began 8 inve/igations4   
,despite  _m absurdities1 8 "w 0 mo/    
fruitful4 ,8 book on meteorology  0 !   
fir/ 9 :i* s\nd ideas 7 broa*$4 ,8      
rese>*es 9  optics gave ! _w ! cam]a    
obscura1 &1 possibly1 ! telescope4  ,9  
*emi/ry he seems to h be5 ! fir/ to %[  
h[ to r$uce !  metallic oxides1 & ?us to
 h laid ! f\ndation ( all ^?  indu/ries 
bas$ ^u ! /a9+ & color+ ( glass &       
enamels2  &1 la/ ( all1 he did mu* to   
*ange natural philosophy f a  black art 
to a vigor\s op5 sci5ce4 ,he enc\nt]$ ! 
same old  policy ( consci5ti\s m54 ,!   
society f\nd$ by him = physical  rese>*1
 ,i ,secreti1 0 brok5 up1 & he 0 summon$
 to ,rome &  c5sur$4#ajc    ,9 #afbd "s 

"y *emi/s ( ,p>is1 hav+ taught !        
exp]im5tal  me?od & cut loose f         
,ari/otle1 ! ,faculty ( ,!ology besets !
  ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is1 & ! ,p>liam5t      
prohibits ?is new *emical  tea*+ "u     
p5alty ( dea?4#ajd    ,! w> w5t on 9    
,italy4 ,9 #afeg occurr$ ! fir/ sitt+ ( 
!  ,accademia del ,cim5to1 at ,flor5ce1 
"u ! presid5cy ( ,pr9ce  ,leopold dei   
,m$ici4 ,?is ,academy promis$ great ?+s 
= sci5ce4 ,x  0 op5 to all tal5t4 ,its  
only fundam5tal law 0 ! repudiation  (  
any favorite sy/em or sect ( philosophy1
 & ! obligation to  inve/igate ,nature  
by ! pure light ( exp]im5t4    ,! new   
,academy ent]$ into sci5tific           
inve/igations ) en]gy2  ,borelli 9      
ma!matics1 ,r$i 9 natural hi/ory1 & _m  
o!rs1  pu%$ on ! b\nd>ies ( k4 ,heat1   
light1 magnetism1  electricity1         
projectiles1 dige/ion1 !                
incompressibility ( wat]1  7 /udi$ by ! 
"r me?od & ) results t enri*$ !  _w4    
,! ,academy 0 a =tress ( sci5ce1 & siege
 0 soon laid to  x4 ,! vot>ies (        

s*ola/ic le>n+ d5\nc$ x z irreligi\s4   
,qu>rels 7 fom5t$4 ,leopold 0 brib$ ) a 
c>d9al's hat &  drawn away to ,rome2 &1 
aft] t5 ye>s ( beleagu]+1 ! =tress      
fell3 ,borelli 0 left a begg>2 ,oliva   
kill$ himself 9 despair4#aje    ,/ill   
lat]1 j be=e ! great discov]ies by      
,/ahl1 we f9d 8  pr$ecessor ,be*] oppos$
 ) ! foll[+ syllogism3 ,k+ ,solomon1    
accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 possess$ !    
unit$ wisdom ( heav5 &  e>?4 ,b ,k+     
,solomon s5t 8 vessels to ,ophir to seek
 gold1 &  he levi$ taxes ^u 8 subjects4 
,n[1 if ,solomon _h kn[n any?+  ab\t    
al*emy1 he w\ld n h done ?is2 !re=e     
,solomon did  n "k any?+ ab\t al*emy 7or
 *emi/ry 9 ! =m :i* !n  exi/$72 !re=e   
al*emy 7or *emi/ry7 has no reality or   
tru?4  ,& we f9d t ,be*] is absolutely  
turn$ away f 8 labors1  & oblig$ to     
devote himself to prov+ t ,solomon us$ m
 money  ?an he possibly c\ld h obta9$ f 
,ophir or 8 subjects1 &  !re=e t he mu/ 
h possess$ a k ( *emical me?ods  & !    
philosoph]'s /one z ! result ( !m4#ajf  

,&1 9 our "t1 ,joseph de ,mai/re1 utt]+ 
8 hatr$ ( physical  sci5ces1 decl>+ t   
man has paid too de>ly = !m1 ass]t+  t  
!y mu/ be subject$ to !ology1 lik5+ !m  
to fire--good  :5 conf9$1 b fe>ful :5   
scatt]$ ab\t--?is brilliant ?9k]  has   
be5 ! c5tre ( a great oppos+ camp1 an   
army ( good m5 :o  _c rel9qui% ! idea t 
! ,bible is a text-book ( sci5ce4       
,,anatomy ,,& ,,m$ic9e4    ,i pass1 n[1 
to fields ( m imm$iate importance to    
u--to anatomy  & m$ic9e4    ,x might be 
suppos$ t ! vot>ies ( sci5ces l ^! w\ld 
be  suff]$ to escape attack2            
un=tunately1 !y h _h to /& 9 !  ?icke/ (
 ! battle4    ,! ,*ur*1 ev5 9 its e>lie/
 c5turies1 seems to h develop$  a di/ru/
 ( !m4 ,t]tullian1 9 8 ,treatise ^u !   
,s\l1  /igmatizes ! surgeon ,h]ophilus z
 a but*]1 & evid5tly on  acc\nt ( 8     
skill 9 8 pr(ession r ?an on acc\nt ( 8 
want ( x4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 8 great       
treatise on ! ,city ( ,god1  :i* rema9s 
to ?is day "o ( ! treasures ( ! ,*ur*1  
speaks  ) "s bitt]ness ( m$ical m5 :o   

are call$ anatomi/s1 &  says t ) a cruel
 zeal = sci5ce !y h dissect$ ! bodies  (
 ! dead1 & sometimes ( sick p]sons1 :o h
 di$ "u _!  knives1 & h inhumanly pri$  
into ! secrets ( ! human body  to le>n !
 nature ( disease & its exact seat1 & h[
 x might be  cur$6#ajg    ,b x 0 n until
 ! mixture ( !ology & sci5ce _h begun   
to f]m5t1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & !       
ecclesia/ical p[]  _h be5 ar\s$ 9 behalf
 ( ?is sacr$ mixture1 t ! feel+  aga9/  
m$ical sci5ce broke into op5 w>4 ,ab\t !
 beg9n+ (  t c5tury ,pope ,innoc5t      
,,iii4 =bade surgical op]ations by      
prie/s1  deacons1 or subdeacons4 ,pope  
,honorius w5t /ill fur!r1 & =bade       
m$ic9e to be practis$ by ar*deacons1    
prie/s1 or deacons2 9  #abdc ! ,dom9ican
 au?orities bani%$ books on m$ic9e f _! 
mona/]ies2 some:at lat]1 ,pope ,boniface
 ,,viii4 int]dict$ dissection  z        
sacrilege4#ajh    ,t[>d ! close ( t     
great religi\s c5tury came a battle :i* 
s]ves to %[ ! _s ( ! "t4    ,! great    
physician & *emi/ ( ! day 0 ,arnold de  

,villa ,nova4  ,al?\gh he has be5       
ov]rat$ by "s mod]n hi/orians z a vot>y 
( ! exp]im5tal me?od1 & "u-rat$ by o!rs 
z a vot>y (  al*emy1 ! sob] judgm5t ( ! 
mo/ ?\ghtful has ackn[l$g$ him  z "o ( !
 mo/ useful =]unn]s ( mod]n ma/]s 9     
m$ical &  *emical sci5ce4    ,! missile 
usual 9 su* cases 0 hurl$ at him4 ,he 0 
*>g$ )  sorc]y & deal+s ) ! devil4 ,!   
,ar*bi%op ( ,t>ragona fir/              
excommunicat$ him & drove him f ,spa92  
next he 0 driv5 f  ,p>is1 & took refuge 
at ,montpelli]2 !nce1 too1 he 0 driv51  
f9ally1 e place 9 ,france 0 clos$ aga9/ 
him1 & he became an  outca/4#aji    ,su*
 seem$ ! fate ( m5 9 t field :o ga9$ ev5
 a glimm] (  new sci5tific tru?4 ,ev5 m5
 l ,c>dan1 & ,p>acelsus1 & ,porta1  :o  
yield$ mu* to popul> sup]/itions1 7 at  
once set ^u if  !y v5tur$ ^u any o!r ?an
 ! pa? :i* ! ,*ur* ?\ght  s\nd--!       
insuffici5t pa? ( ,ari/otelian          
inve/igation4    ,we h se5 t ! weapons  
us$ aga9/ ! a/ronom]s 7  ma9ly ! epi!ts 
infidel & a!i/4 ,we h also se5 t  !     

missiles us$ aga9/ ! *emi/s & physicians
 7 !  epi!ts sorc]] & leagu] ) ! devil1 
& we h pick$  up on v>i\s battle-fields 
ano!r effective weapon1 ! epi!t         
,mohamm$an4    ,on ! heads ( ! anatomi/s
 & physicians 7 conc5trat$ all  ^!      
missiles4 ,! *>ge ( a!ism rip5$ into a  
prov]b3 ,ubi  sunt tres m$ici1 ibi sunt 
duo a!i4 ,magic seem$ s common a  *>ge t
 _m ( ! physicians seem$ to believe x   
!mselves4  ,mohamm$anism & ,av]roism    
became almo/ synonym\s ) m$ic9e1 &      
,petr>* /igmatiz$ ,av]roi/s z m5 :o d5y 
,g5esis & b>k at  ,*ri/4#aaj    ,n to   
we>y y ) ! details ( e>li] /ruggles1 ,i 
w select  a great b5efactor ( mank9d &  
*ampion ( sci5tific tru? at  ! p]iod ( !
 revival ( le>n+ & ! ,re=mation--,&reas 
,vesalius1 ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n sci5ce (   
anatomy4 ,! battle  wag$ by ?is man is  
"o ( ! glories ( our race4    ,! old    
me?ods 7 soon exhau/$ by 8 e>ly f]vor1 &
 he s\ght  to advance sci5ce by truly   
sci5tific means--by pati5t inve/igation 
& by c>eful record+ ( results4    ,f !  

outset ,vesalius prov$ himself a ma/]4  
,9 ! se>* =  real k he brav$ ! mo/      
t]rible dang]s4 ,be=e 8 "t  ! dissection
 ( ! human subject 0 ?\ght ak9 to       
sacrilege4  ,occasionally an anatomi/1 l
 ,mund9us1 _h giv5 "s little display  ) 
su* a subject2 b1 = ! purposes (        
inve/igation1 su*  dissection 0         
=bidd54#aaa ,z we h already se51 ev5 su*
 m5  9 ! e>ly ,*ur* z ,t]tullian & ,/4  
,augu/9e held anatomy 9  abhorr5ce1 &   
,boniface ,,viii4 int]dict$ dissection z
 sacrilege4    ,?r\gh ?is sacr$         
conv5tionalism ,vesalius broke )\t fe>4 
,brav+ ecclesia/ical c5sure & popul>    
fury1 he /udi$ 8 sci5ce  by ! only me?od
 t c\ld give useful results4 ,no p]il   
daunt$  him4 ,to secure ! mat]ial = 8   
inve/igations1 he haunt$ gibbets  &     
*>nel-h\ses2 9 ?is se>* he risk$ alike !
 fires ( !  ,inquisition & ! virus ( !  
plague4 ,fir/ ( all m5 he began to      
place ! sci5ce ( human anatomy on its   
solid1 mod]n f\ndations--on  c>eful     
exam9ation & obs]vation ( ! human body4 

,?is 0 8  fir/ great s91 & x 0 soon     
aggravat$ by "o consid]$ ev5  great]4   
,p]haps ! mo/ un=tunate ?+ t has ev] be5
 done =  ,*ri/ianity is ! ty+ x to =ms (
 sci5ce :i* are doom$ &  gradually s9k+4
 ,j z1 9 ! "t ( ,rog] ,bacon1 excell5t b
  mi/ak5 m5 devot$ all _! en]gies to    
b9d+ ,*ri/ianity to  ,ari/otle2 j z1 9 !
 "t ( ,reu*l9 & ,erasmus1 !y insi/$  on 
b9d+ ,*ri/ianity to ,?omas ,aqu9as3 s1 9
 ! "t ( ,vesalius1  su* m5 made e ef=t  
to l9k ,*ri/ianity to ,gal54    ,! cry  
has be5 ! same 9 all ages2 x is ! same  
:i* we he> 9  ?is age = curb+ sci5tific 
/udies--! cry = :at is call$  s\nd      
le>n+4 ,:e!r /&+ = ,ari/otle aga9/      
,bacon1  or ,aqu9as aga9/ ,erasmus1 or  
,gal5 aga9/ ,vesalius1 or mak+          
me*anical ,greek v]ses at ,eton in/ead (
 /udy+ ! h&iwork (  ! ,almighty1 or     
read+ ,euripides ) translations in/ead (
 ,less+  & ,goe! 9 ! orig9al1 ! cry     
always is = s\nd le>n+4 ,!  idea always 
is t ^! /udies are safe4    ,at         
tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age ,vesalius gave to

 ! _w 8 great  "w on human anatomy4 ,) x
 end$ ! old & began ! new4 ,its         
rese>*es1 by _! ?or\ghness1 7 a triumph 
( sci5ce2 its  illu/rations1 by _!      
fidelity1 7 a triumph ( art4    ,to     
%ield himself1 z f> z possible1 9 !     
battle :i* he =esaw  mu/ come1 ,vesalius
 prefac$ ! "w by a d$ication to !       
,emp]or  ,*>les ,v4 ,9 ?is d$icatory    
preface he argues = 8 me?od1 &  aga9/ ! 
p>rot repetitions ( ! m$ival text-books2
 he also  condemns ! wret*$ anatomical  
prep>ations & specim5s made by          
physicians :o utt]ly refus$ to advance  
beyond ! anci5t ma/]4    ,! p>rot-l     
repeat]s ( ,gal5 gave battle at once4   
,aft] !  mann] ( _! "t1 _! fir/ missiles
 7 epi!ts2 &1 !  almo/ inf9ite magaz9e (
 ^! hav+ be5 exhau/$1 !y began to  use  
%>p] weapons--weapons !ologic4    ,at   
fir/ ! !ologic weapons fail$4 ,a        
conf]5ce ( div9es hav+  be5 ask$ to     
decide :e!r dissection ( ! human body is
 sacrilege1  gave a decision 9 !        
negative4 ,! reason is simple3 ,*>les   

,v4 _h  made ,vesalius 8 physician1 &   
c\ld n sp>e him4 ,b1 on !  accession (  
,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 ! :ole sc5e      
*ang$4 ,t mo/  bitt] ( bigots mu/ (     
c\rse dete/ ! great innovator4    ,a new
 weapon 0 n[ =g$4 ,vesalius 0 *>g$ )    
dissect+  liv+ m51#aab &1 ei!r f direct 
p]secution1 z ! great  majority ( au?ors
 ass]t1 or f indirect influ5ces1 z !    
rec5t  apologi/s = ,philip ,,ii4 all[1  
,vesalius became a w&]]4 ,on a          
pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l& to atone = 8  
s91 he 0 %ipwreck$1  & 9 ! prime ( 8    
life & /r5g? he 0 lo/ to ?is _w4    ,&  
yet n lo/4 ,9 ?is c5tury he aga9 /&s on 
e>?2 ! pa9t]  ,hamann has aga9 giv5 him 
to u4 ,by ! magic ( ,hamann's p5cil1 we 
look once m into ,vesalius's cell4 ,its 
w9d[s & doors1 bolt$  & b>r$ )91 betok5 
! /orm ( bigotry :i* rages )\t2  !      
crucifix1 t[>d :i* he turns 8 eyes1     
symbolizes ! _s  9 :i* he labors2 !     
corpse ( ! plague-/rick51 ov] :i* he    
b5ds1 ceases to be repulsive2 8 v s\l   
seems to s5d =? rays  f ! canvas :i*    

/r5g!n u = ! good fight 9 ?is age4#aac  
,he 0 hunt$ to dea? by m5 :o            
consci5ti\sly suppos$ he 0  injur+      
religion4 ,8 poor1 bl9d foes de/roy$ "o 
( religion's  greate/ apo/les4 ,:at 0 8 
influ5ce on religion8 ,he sub/itut$  =  
repetition1 by rote1 ( worn-out !ories (
 dead m51  consci5ti\s & rev]5t se>*+   
into ! works ( ! liv+ ,god2  he         
sub/itut$ = repres5tations ( ! human    
/ructure--pitiful &  unreal--tru?ful    
repres5tations1 reveal+ ! ,creator's p[]
 &  goodness 9 e l9e4#aad    ,i ha/5 n[ 
to ! mo/ s+ul> /ruggle & victory (      
m$ical  sci5ce betwe5 ! sixte5? &       
n9ete5? c5turies4    ,e>ly 9 ! la/      
c5tury1 ,boy] pres5t$ ,inoculation z a  
prev5tive  ( small-pox1 9 ,france2      
?\ghtful physicians 9 ,engl&1 l$ by     
,lady  ,montagu & ,maitl&1 foll[$ 8     
example4    ,!ology took fright at once 
on bo? sides ( ! ,*annel4 ,! ,fr5*      
!ologians ( ! ,sorbonne solemnly        
condemn$ ! practice4 ,engli%  !ologians 
7 mo/ l\dly repres5t$ by ! ,rev4 ,edw>d 

,massy1 :o1  9 #agbb1 prea*$ a s]mon 9  
:i* he decl>$ t ,job's di/emp]  0       
probably conflu5t small-pox1 & t he _h  
be5 d\btless  inoculat$ by ! devil2 t   
diseases are s5t by ,provid5ce = !      
puni%m5t ( s91 & t ! propos$ attempt to 
prev5t !m is  a diabolical op]ation4    
,?is s]mon 0 entitl$ ,! ,dang]\s &      
,s9ful ,practice ( ,inoculation4 ,n less
 absurd 0 ! s]mon ( !  ,rev4 ,mr4       
,delafaye1 entitl$ ,inoculation an      
,indef5sible ,practice4  ,?irty ye>s    
lat] ! /ruggle 0 /ill go+ on4 ,x is a   
pleasure to  note "o great *ur*man1     
,maddox1 ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 giv+ battle 
on ! side ( "r reason2 b z late z #agec 
we h ! ,rector  ( ,cant]bury d5\nc+     
inoculation f 8 pulpit 9 ! primatial    
city1 & _m ( 8 bre?r5 foll[+ 8 example4 
,among ! mo/  common weapons hurl$ by   
*ur*m5 at ! support]s ( inoculation1    
dur+ all ?is long w>1 7 *>ges ( sorc]y &
 a!ism4#aae    ,nor did ,j5n]'s bless$  
discov]y ( vacc9ation escape opposition 
on simil> gr\nds4 ,9 #agih an           

anti-vacc9e society 0 =m$ by  cl]gym5 & 
physicians1 call+ on ! p ( ,engl& to    
suppress  vacc9ation z bidd+ defiance to
 ,heav5 itself--ev5 to ! w (  ,god1 &   
decl>+ t ! law ( ,god prohibits !       
practice4 ,9  #ahjc ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,ramsd5
 ?und]$ aga9/ x 9 a s]mon be=e !        
,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 m+l+ texts (   
,scripture ) calumnies  aga9/ ,j5n]2 b  
,plumptre 9 ,engl&1 ,wat]h\se 9 ,am]ica1
 & a  ho/ ( o!r good m5 & true1 press   
=w>d to ,j5n]'s side1 & at  la/ sci5ce1 
humanity1 & "r reason1 ga9 !            
victory4#aaf    ,b ,i pass to "o typical
 conflict 9 our days4 ,9 #ahdg ,james   
,"y  ,simpson1 a ,scot* physician (     
em95ce1 advocat$ ! use (  an/hetics 9   
ob/etrical cases4    ,imm$iately a /orm 
arose4 ,f pulpit aft] pulpit su* a use (
  *lor(orm 0 d5\nc$ z impi\s4 ,x 0      
decl>$ contr>y to ,holy  ,writ1 & texts 
7 cit$ abundantly4 ,! ord9>y decl>ation 
01  t to use *lor(orm 0 to avoid "o "p (
 ! primeval curse on  woman4#aag        
,simpson wrote pamphlet aft] pamphlet to

 def5d ! bless+ :i*  he br\ght into use2
 b ! battle seem$ ab\t to be lo/1 :5 he 
seiz$ a new weapon4 ,my oppon5ts =get1  
said he1 ! tw5ty-fir/  v]se ( ! second  
*apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,t is ! record ( !     
fir/ surgical op]ation ev] p]=m$1 & t   
text proves t !  ,mak] ( ! univ]se1 be=e
 he took ! rib f ,adam's side = !       
creation ( ,eve1 caus$ a deep sleep to  
fall on ,adam4    ,?is 0 a /unn+ bl[2 b 
x did n entirely kill ! opposition4  ,!y
 _h /r5g? left to ma9ta9 t ! deep sleep 
( ,adam took  place be=e ! introduction 
( pa9 into ! _w--9 ! /ate (             
innoc5ce4#aah ,b n[ a new *ampion       
int]v5$--,?omas ,*alm]s4  ,) a few      
pung5t argum5ts he scatt]$ ! enemy =ev]1
 & !  greate/ battle ( sci5ce aga9/     
suff]+ 0 won4#aai    ,b 0 n ! victory   
won also = religion8 ,g to yond]        
monum5t1  9 ,bo/on1 to "o ( ! discov]]s 
( an/hesia4 ,read ?is  inscription f our
 sacr$ volume3 ,?is also come? f ! ,"l (
  ho/s1 :i* is wond]ful 9 c\nsel &      
excell5t 9 work+4      ,,geology4    ,i 

n[ ask y to look at ano!r "p ( ! great  
w>f>e1 & ,i  select x because x %[s m   
cle>ly ?an any o!r h[ ,prote/ant        
nations1 & 9 our own "t1 h suff]$       
!mselves to be l$ into  ! same errors t 
h wr\ght injury to religion & sci5ce 9  
o!r times4 ,we w look v briefly at !    
battle-fields ( ,geology4    ,f ! fir/  
lisp+s ( ?is sci5ce !re 0 w>4 ,!        
prevail+  doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* 01 t 9 !    
beg9n+ ,god made ! heav5s  & ! e>?2 t   
all ?+s 7 made at ! beg9n+ ( !  _w2 & t 
to say t /ones & fossils h be5 made s9ce
  ! beg9n+1 is contr>y to ,scripture4 ,!
 !ological sub/itutes  = sci5tific      
explanations rip5$ into su* z ^!3 t !   
fossils are sports ( ,nature1 or        
creations ( pla/ic =ce1 or  results ( a 
sem9al air act+ ^u rocks1 or models made
 by !  ,creator be=e he _h fully decid$ 
^u ! be/ mann] ( creat+  v>i\s be+s4 ,b1
 :ile "s latitude 0 all[$ among ^!      
!ologico-sci5tific explanations1 x 0    
held ess5tial to believe  t !y 7 plac$ 9
 all ! /rata1 on "o ( ! creation-days1  

by ! h& ( ! ,almighty2 & t ?is 0 done = 
"s my/]i\s  purpose ( 8 own1 probably = 
! trial ( human fai?4    ,9 ! sixte5?   
c5tury ,fraca/oro & ,palissy broa*$ !   
true idea1  b produc$ little effect4    
,ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5?  c5tury ,de  
,clave1 ,bitaud1 & ,de ,villon reviv$ x2
 /raight-way  ! !ologic faculty ( ,p>is 
prote/$ aga9/ ! doctr9e z  unscriptural1
 de/roy$ ! (f5d+ treatises1 bani%$ !    
au?ors  f ,p>is1 & =bade !m to live 9   
t[ns or ent] places ( public            
resort4#abj ,at ! middle ( ! eighte5?   
c5tury1 ,buffon made  ano!r attempt to  
/ate simple & fundam5tal geological     
tru?s4 ,!  !ological faculty ( !        
,sorbonne imm$iately dragg$ him f 8     
high position1 =c$ him to recant        
ignom9i\sly1 & to pr9t 8  recantation4  
,x requir$ a hundr$ & fifty ye>s =      
sci5ce to c>ry  ! day fairly aga9/ ?is  
s+le prepo/]\s !ory4 ,! *ampion  :o     
dealt x ! deadly bl[ 0 ,scilla1 & 8     
weapons 7 facts  reveal$ by ! fossils ( 
,calabria4    ,b ! advocates ( tamp]+ ) 

sci5tific reason+ n[ retir$  to a new   
position4 ,x 0 /rong1 = x 0 app>5tly    
bas$ on  ,scripture1 ?\gh1 z ! :ole _w  
n[ kn[s1 an utt]ly false  int]pretation 
( ,scripture4 ,! new position 01 t !    
fossils  7 produc$ by ! ,deluge ( ,noah4
    ,9 va9 _h x be5 %[n1 by su* devot$  
,*ri/ians z ,b]n>d  ,palissy1 t ?is !ory
 0 utt]ly unt5able2 9 va9 did good m5   
prote/ aga9/ ! injury sure to result to 
religion by ty+ x to a  sci5tific !ory  
sure to be explod$3 ! doctr9e t fossils 
7  ! rema9s ( animals dr[n$ at ! flood  
cont9u$ to be upheld  by ! great        
majority z s\nd doctr9e1 & z a bless$   
means (  reconcil+ sci5ce )             
,scripture4#aba    ,to su/a9 ?is        
,scriptural view1 s call$1 ef=ts 7 put  
=?  absolutely h]culean1 bo? by         
,ca?olics & ,prote/ants4 ,mazuri]       
decl>$ c]ta9 fossil rema9s ( a mammo?1  
discov]$ 9 ,france1 to  be bones (      
giants m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 ,fa!r      
,torrubia did ! same  ?+ 9 ,spa94       
,increase ,ma!r s5t simil> rema9s1      

discov]$ 9  ,am]ica1 to ,engl&1 ) a     
simil> /atem5t4 ,s*eu*z] made p>ade  ( !
 bones ( a great liz>d discov]$ 9       
,g]many1 z ! homo  diluvii te/is1 !     
fossil man1 prov+ ! reality ( !         
,deluge4#abb    ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is appe>s  
an episode v comical b v  in/ructive2 = 
x %[s t ! attempt to %ape ! d$uctions ( 
sci5ce to meet ! exig5cies ( !ology may 
mislead het]odoxy z  absurdly z         
or?odoxy4    ,ab\t ! ye> #agfj news ( ! 
discov]y ( m>9e fossils 9 v>i\s  elevat$
 di/ricts ( ,europe rea*$ ,voltaire4    
,he1 too1 _h a !ologic  sy/em to        
support1 ?\gh 8 sy/em 0 oppos$ to t ( ! 
sacr$  books ( ! ,hebrews4 ,he fe>$ t ^!
 new discov]ies might be  us$ to support
 ! ,mosaic acc\nts ( ! ,deluge4 ,all 8  
wisdom &  wit1 !re=e1 7 compact$ into   
argum5ts to prove t ! fossil  fi%es 7   
rema9s ( fi%es int5d$ = food1 b spoil$ &
 ?r[n  away by travel]s2 t ! fossil     
%ells 7 accid5tally dropp$  by ,crusad]s
 & pilgrims return+ f ! ,holy ,l&2 & t  
sundry fossil bones f\nd betwe5 ,p>is & 

tampes 7 p>ts ( a  skeleton belong+ to !
 cab9et ( "s anci5t philosoph]4 ,?r\gh  
*apt] aft] *apt]1 ,voltaire1 obey+ !    
suppos$ necessities (  8 !ology1 fights 
desp]ately ! gr[+ results ( ! geologic  
inve/igations ( 8 "t4#abc    ,b f> m    
widespread & disa/r\s 0 ! ef=t on ! o!r 
side  to %[ t ! fossils 7 caus$ by !    
,deluge ( ,noah4    ,no supposition 0   
too viol5t to support a !ory :i* 0      
consid]$  vital to ! ,bible4 ,sometimes 
x 0 claim$ t ! tail ( a comet  _h       
produc$ ! ,deluge4 ,sometimes1 by a     
prosaic r5d]+ ( !  expression reg>d+ !  
break+ up ( ! f\nta9s ( ! great  deep1 a
 !ory 0 />t$ t ! e>? conta9$ a great    
ci/]n1  f :i* ! wat]s came & to :i* !y  
retir$4 ,by tak+ sacr$  poetry z prose1 
& by giv+ a lit]al int]pretation ( x1   
,?omas  ,burnet1 9 8 ,sacr$ ,!ory ( !   
,e>?1 ,:i/on1 9 8 ,!ory  ( ! ,deluge1 & 
o!rs l !m1 built up sy/ems :i* be> to   
real geology mu* ! same relation t !    
,*ri/ian ,topography (  ,cosmas be>s to 
real geography4 ,9 va9 7 exhibit$ !     

absolute  geological1 zological1        
a/ronomical pro(s t no univ]sal deluge1 
or deluge cov]+ any great ext5t ( ! e>?1
 _h tak5 place  )9 ! la/ six ?\s& or    
sixty ?\s& ye>s2 9 va9 did  ,bi%op      
,clayton decl>e1 t ! ,deluge c\ld n h   
tak5 place  save 9 t di/rict :]e ,noah  
liv$ be=e ! flood2 9 va9 0  x %[n t1 ev5
 if !re _h be5 a univ]sal deluge1 !     
fossils  7 n produc$ by x3 ! only answ]s
 7 ! citation ( !  text1 ,& all ! high  
m\nta9s :i* 7 "u ! :ole heav5  7 cov]$1 
& d5unciations ( infidelity4 ,9 ,engl&1 
,france1 &  ,g]many1 belief t ! fossils 
7 produc$ by ! ,deluge ( ,noah  0 insi/$
 ^u z "p ( t fai? ess5tial to           
salvation4#abd  ,x took a hundr$ & tw5ty
 ye>s = ! se>*]s ( ,god's tru?  z       
reveal$ 9 ,nature--su* m5 z ,buffon1    
,l9nu1 ,:itehur/1 &  ,daub5ton--to pu%  
_! works "u ^! mighty fabrics ( error1  
&1 by /atem5ts :i* c\ld n be resi/$1 to 
explode !m4    ,/range z x may at fir/  
seem1 ! w> on geology 0 wag$ m  fi]cely 
9 ,prote/ant c\ntries ?an 9 ,ca?olic2 ! 

old] ,*ur* _h  le>n$1 by h] e>li] wret*$
 mi/akes1 :at dang]s to h] claim (      
infallibility lay 9 m$dl+ ) a gr[+      
sci5ce2 9 ,italy1 !n  entirely "u papal 
control1 little op5 opposition 0 made2  
&1 (  all c\ntries1 ,engl& furni%$ ! mo/
 bitt] oppon5ts to geology  at fir/1 & !
 mo/ active negotiators 9 pat*+ up a    
truce on a  basis ( %am sci5ce          
aft]w>d4#abe    ,y h not$ already t !re 
are1 g5]ally1 two sorts ( attack  on a  
new sci5ce4 ,fir/1 !re is ! attack by   
pitt+ aga9/ sci5ce  "s great doctr9e 9  
!ology4 ,y saw ?is 9 a/ronomy1 :5       
,bell>m9 & o!rs insi/$ t ! doctr9e ( !  
e>? revolv+  ab\t ! sun is contr>y to ! 
doctr9e ( ! inc>nation4 ,s n[1  aga9/   
geology1 x 0 urg$ t ! sci5tific doctr9e 
t !  fossils repres5t$ animals :i* di$  
be=e ,adam1 0 contr>y to !  doctr9e (   
,adam's fall1 & t dea? ent]$ ! _w by s94
    ,!n1 !re is ! attack by lit]al      
int]pretation ( texts1 bas$  ^u ! idea t
 ! ,bible is a comp5dium ( hi/ory or a  
text-book  ( natural sci5ce1 :i* s]ves a

 bett] purpose1 g5]ally1 9  r\s+        
prejudices4    ,t[>d ! close ( ! la/    
c5tury1 9 ,engl&1 ! oppon5ts (  geology 
on ,biblical gr\nds seem$ likely to     
sweep all be=e !m4  ,cramp+ our sacr$   
volume )9 ! rules ( an hi/orical comp5d1
  !y %[$ ! t]rible dang]s aris+ f !     
revelations (  geology1 :i* make ! e>?  
old] ?an ! six ?\s& ye>s  requir$ by    
,ar*bi%op ,u%]'s int]pretation ( ! ,old 
,te/am5t4  ,nor 0 ?is panic conf9$ to   
ecclesia/ics4 ,williams1 a ?\ghtful     
layman1 decl>$ t su* rese>*es l$ to     
infidelity & a!ism1  & are no?+ less ?an
 to depose ! ,almighty ,creator ( !     
univ]se f 8 (fice4 ,! poet ,c[p]1 "o ( !
 milde/ ( m51  0 also r\s$ by ^! dang]s1
 & 9 8 mo/ elaborate poem wrote3        
,"s drill & bore      ,! solid e>?1 & f 
! /rata !re      ,extract a regi/]1 by  
:i* we le>n      ,t he :o made x1 &     
reveal$ its date      ,to ,moses1 0     
mi/ak5 9 its age6    ,& difficult z x is
 to realize x n[1 )9 ! memory ( _m (  u 
! battle 0 /ill rag+ mo/ fi]cely 9      

,engl&1 & bo? k9ds  ( artill]y usually  
br\ght aga9/ a new sci5ce 7 9 full play1
  & fill+ ! civiliz$ _w ) _! ro>4       
,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 ! ,rev4 ,j4       
,mellor ,br[n1 ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,cole1  &  
o!rs1 7 hurl+ at all geologi/s alike1 & 
especially at  su* ,*ri/ian div9es z    
,dr4 ,buckl& & ,dean ,conybe>e1 & ,pye  
,smi?1 & su* religi\s s*ol>s z ,pr(4    
,s$gwick1 ! epi!ts  ( infidel1 impugn] (
 ! sacr$ record1 & assailant ( !  volume
 ( ,god4#abf    ,_! favorite weapon 0 ! 
*>ge t ^! m5 7 attack+  ! tru? ( ,god1  
=gett+ t !y 7 simply oppos+ !  mi/ak5   
int]pretations ( ,messrs4 ,br[n1 ,cole1 
& o!rs1 l !m1  inadequately in=m$4      
,!y decl>$ geology n a subject ( lawful 
inquiry1 d5\nc+  x z a d>k art1 z       
dang]\s & disreputable1 z a =bidd5      
prov9ce1 z inf]nal artill]y1 & z an     
awful evasion ( !  te/imony (           
revelation4#abg    ,?is attempt to sc>e 
m5 f ! sci5ce hav+ fail$1 v>i\s o!r     
means 7 tak54 ,to say no?+ ab\t ,engl&1 
x is humiliat+ to  human nature to      

rememb] ! annoyances1 & ev5 trials1 to  
:i* !  pettie/ & n>r[e/ ( m5 subject$   
su* ,*ri/ian s*ol>s 9 our  own c\ntry z 
,b5jam9 ,silliman & ,edw>d ,hit*cock &  
,l\is ,agassiz4    ,b x is a duty & a   
pleasure to /ate "h t "o great ,*ri/ian 
s*ol> did honor to religion & to himself
 by /&+ up = !  claims ( sci5ce1 despite
 all ^! clamors4 ,t man 0 ,ni*olas      
,wiseman1 bett] kn[n aft]w>d z ,c>d9al  
,wiseman4 ,! conduct (  ?is pill> ( !   
,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* contra/s nobly ) t
  ( timid ,prote/ants1 :o 7 fill+ ,engl&
 ) %rieks &  d5unciations4#abh    ,& "h 
let me note1 t "o ( ! prettie/ skirmi%es
 9 ?is w>  0 made 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,pr(4  
,/u>t1 ( ,&ov]1 ju/ly honor$ z a        
,hebrew s*ol>1 virtually decl>$ t       
geology 0 becom+ dang]\s2  t to speak ( 
six p]iods ( "t = ! creation 0 fly+ 9 ! 
face ( ,scripture2 t ,g5esis expressly  
speaks ( six days1 ea* made  up ( an    
ev5+ & a morn+1 & n six p]iods ( "t4    
,to him repli$ a pr(essor 9 ,yale       
,college1 ,james ,k+sley4 ,9 an  article

 admirable = ke5 wit & k9dly temp]1 he  
%[$ t  ,g5esis speaks j z cle>ly ( a    
solid firmam5t z ( six ord9>y  days1 & t
 if ,pr(4 ,/u>t _h got ov] "o difficulty
 &  accept$ ! ,cop]nican !ory1 he might 
z well get ov] ano!r  & accept !        
revelations ( geology4 ,! enc\nt] 0     
quick &  decisive1 & ! victory 0 )      
sci5ce & our own honor$  ,yale4#abi     
,b p]haps ! mo/ s+ul> attempt aga9/     
geology 0 made by a  f9e specim5 ( !    
,engli% ,don--,dean ,cockburn1 (        
,york--to scold  its *ampions out ( !   
field4 ,)\t1 app>5tly1 ! simple/        
elem5t>y k ( geology1 he op5$ a batt]y (
 abuse4 ,he gave  x to ! _w at l>ge1 by 
pulpit & press2 he ev5 inflict$ x  ^u   
lead+ /atesm5 by private lett]s4#acj ,f 
8 pulpit 9 ,york  m9/]1 ,m>y ,som]ville 
0 d5\nc$ co>sely1 by "n1 = ^?  /udies 9 
physical geography :i* h made h] honor$ 
?r\gh\t  ! _w4#aca    ,b ^! weapons did 
n succe$4 ,!y 7 l ,*9ese gongs &        
dragon-lant]ns aga9/ rifl$ cannon4      
,buckl&1 ,pye ,smi?1 ,lyell1  ,silliman1

 ,hit*cock1 ,mur*ison1 ,agassiz1 ,dana1 
& a ho/ ( noble  *ampions besides1 press
 on1 & ! battle = tru? is won4    ,& 0 x
 won m]ely = m5 ( sci5ce8 ,! :ole       
civiliz$ _w  decl>es t x 0 won =        
religion--t !reby 0 inf9itely  increas$ 
! k ( ! p[] & goodness ( ,god4          
,,political ,,economy4    ,f ! _m       
que/ions on :i* ! support]s ( "r reason 
9 ,political & ,social ,sci5ce h only   
conqu]$ consci5ti\s  opposition aft]    
c5turies ( w>1 ,i select ! tak+ ( int]e/
 on  loans2 9 h>dly any /ruggle has     
rigid adh]5ce to ! ,bible z a  sci5tific
 text-book be5 m prolong$ or            
injuri\s4#acb    ,c]ta9ly1 if ! crit]ion
 ( tru?1 z reg>ds any doctr9e1 be  t x  
has be5 believ$ 9 ! ,*ur* always1       
ev]y:]e1 & by  all1 !n on no po9t may a 
,*ri/ian ( ^! days be m sure ?an  t e   
sav+s-in/itution1 e loan & tru/ company1
 e  bank1 e loan ( capital by an        
individual1 e means by :i*  accumulat$  
capital has be5 lawfully l5t1 ev5 at !  
mo/ mod]ate  int]e/1 to make ! masses ( 

m5 work]s r ?an paup]s1 is  bas$ on     
deadly s94    ,! fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian     
,*ur* receiv$ f ! anci5t _w a  /rong    
prejudice aga9/ any tak+ ( int]e/       
:atev]2 9 ,greece1  ,ari/otle _h        
condemn$ x2 9 ,rome x 0 reg>d$ dur+ _m  
g5]ations z a crime4#acc    ,b f>       
great]1 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 0 ! influ5ce (  
c]ta9  texts 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 
,citations f ,leviticus1  ,deut]onomy1 !
 ,psalms1 ,ezekiel1 & ,/4 ,luke1 7      
univ]sally held  to condemn all loans at
 int]e/4#acd    ,on ^! texts ! doctr9e &
 legislation ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1  z     
reg>ds int]e/ = money1 7 bas$ &         
develop$4 ,! fa!rs  ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 & 
among !m ,/4 ,basil1 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 &   
,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz52 ! fa!rs ( !     
,we/]n ,*ur*1 & among  !m ,t]tullian1   
,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ,/4       
,j]ome1 jo9$  mo/ e>ne/ly 9 ?is         
condemnation4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om says3 ,:at c
  be m unreasonable ?an to s[ )\t l&1   
)\t ra91 )\t  pl\ghs8 ,all ^? :o give   
!mselves up to ?is damnable agriculture 

%all reap only t>es4 ,let u cut (f ^!   
mon/r\s bir?s ( gold  & silv]2 let u /op
 ?is execrable fecundity4 ,/4 ,j]ome    
?rew !  argum5t into ! =m ( a dilemma1  
:i* 0 us$ z a weapon aga9/  money-l5d]s 
= c5turies4#ace    ,?is entire agreem5t 
( ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* l$ to !             
cry/allization ( ! ho/ility to          
int]e/-be>+ loans into  numb]less       
decrees ( popes & c\ncils1 & k+s &      
legislatures1  ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 dur+ m
 ?an fifte5 hundr$ ye>s2 & !  canon law 
0 %ap$ 9 accordance ) ^!4 ,9 ! n9?      
c5tury1  ,alfr$1 9 ,engl&1 confiscat$ ! 
e/ates ( money-l5d]s1 &  d5i$ !m burial 
9 consecrat$ gr\nd2 & simil> decrees 7  
made  9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,9 ! twelf? 
c5tury ! ,greek ,*ur* seems  to h relax$
 its /rictness some:at1 b ! ,roman ,*ur*
 only grew  m & m sev]e4 ,/4 ,b]n>d1    
reviv+ religi\s e>ne/ness 9  ! ,*ur*1 0 
especially /r5u\s 9 d5\nc+ loans at     
int]e/2  &1 9 #aagi1 ! ,?ird ,c\ncil ( !
 ,lat]an decre$ t e  imp5it5t money-l5d]
 %\ld be exclud$ f ! alt>1 f  absolution

 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 & f ,*ri/ian burial6   
,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ?is mi/ak5 idea 0   
/ill m firmly  knit into ! ?\ght ( !    
,*ur* by ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as2 ho/ility   
to loans at int]e/ _h be5 p\r$ into 8   
m9d1 n only f !  ,scriptures1 b f       
,ari/otle4    ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5?  
c5tury ! ,c\ncil ( ,vi5ne1  presid$ ov] 
by ,pope ,clem5t ,v41 decl>$ t1 if any  
"o %all  p]t9aci\sly presume to affirm t
 ! tak+ ( int]e/ = money  is n a s91 we 
decree him to be a h]etic fit =         
puni%m5t4#acf    ,! economical & social 
results ( ?is consci5ti\s policy 7      
exce$+ly un=tunate4 ,money c\ld only be 
loan$1 9 mo/ c\ntries1  at ! risk (     
incurr+ odium 9 ?is _w & damnation 9 !  
next2  h5ce !re 0 b little capital & few
 l5d]s2 h5ce came enorm\s  rates (      
int]e/2 !reby 7 comm]ce1 manufactures1 &
 g5]al  ent]prise dw>f$1 :ile paup]ism  
fl\ri%$4    ,b ev5 worse ?an ?is 7 !    
moral results4 ,= nations to d  :at !y  
believe is evil1 is only second 9 bad   
consequ5ces to _!  do+ :at is really    

evil3 all l5d+ & borr[+1 ev5 = !  mo/   
legitimate purposes & at ! mo/          
reasonable rates1 t5d$  to debase ! "* (
 bo? borr[] & l5d]4#acg ,& ^!  moral    
evils took m def9ite %apes ?an might at 
fir/ be ?\ght  possible4 ,sismondi1 "o (
 ! mo/ ?\ghtful ( mod]n political       
philosoph]s & hi/orians1 decl>es t !    
prohibition ( int]e/  = ! use ( money 9 
,cont95tal ,europe did v mu* to promote 
a  passion = luxury & to disc\rage      
economy2 ! ri* :o 7 n  engag$ 9 bus9ess 
f9d+ no easy way ( employ+ _! sav+s     
productively4#ach    ,^! evils became s 
manife/1 :5 trade began to revive       
?r\gh\t  ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 t  
mo/ e>ne/ ef=ts 7 made to  induce !     
,*ur* to *ange its position4    ,! fir/ 
important ef=t ( ?is k9d 0 made by ,john
 ,g]son4 ,8  g5]al le>n+ _h made him    
,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is2  8   
sacr$ le>n+ made him ! lead+ !ologian & 
orator at  ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance2 8     
piety l$ m5 to attribute to him ,!      
,imitation ( ,*ri/4 ,%ak+ (f !ological  

%ackles1 he decl>$3  ,bett] is x to l5d 
money at reasonable int]e/1 & ?us to    
give aid to ! poor1 ?an to see !m r$uc$ 
by pov]ty to /eal1  wa/e _! goods1 &    
sell1 at a l[ price1 _! p]sonal & real  
prop]ty4#aci    ,b ?is idea 0 at once   
suppress$ by ! ,*ur*--buri$ b5ea?       
citations f ,scripture1 ! fa!rs1        
c\ncils1 popes1 & !  canon law4 ,ev5 9 !
 mo/ active c\ntries !re seem$ no hope4 
,9 ,engl&1 "u ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,c>d9al     
,morton1 ! "l-*ancellor1  address$      
,p>liam5t1 ask+ !m to take into         
consid]ation loans (  money at int]e/1 &
 ! result 0 a law :i* impos$ on l5d]s   
at int]e/ a f9e ( a hundr$ p\nds1       
besides ! annulm5t ( !  loan2 &1 to %[ t
 !re 0 an (f5ce aga9/ religion involv$1 
!re 0 add$ a clause res]v+ to ! ,*ur*1  
not)/&+ ?is  puni%m5t1 ! correction ( _!
 s\ls accord+ to ! laws ( !  same4#adj  
,simil> enactm5ts 7 made by civil       
au?ority 9 v>i\s  p>ts ( ,europe1 &1 z a
 climax1 j z ! trade & comm]ce &        
manufactures ( ! mod]n epo* _h receiv$  

an imm5se impulse f  ! great s]ies (    
voyages ( discov]y1 by su* z ,columbus1 
,vasco de  ,gama1 ,magellan1 & !        
,cabots1 ?is b>ri] aga9/ ent]prise 0    
/r5g!n$ by a decree f ,pope ,leo ,x4#ada
    ,b ?is mi/ak5 policy 0 n conf9$ to !
 old] ,*ur*4 ,!  ,re=m$ ,*ur* 0 l$ by   
,lu!r & sev]al ( 8 associates into  !   
same l9e ( ?\ght & practice4 ,said      
,lu!r3 ,to ex*ange  any?+ ) any "o & ga9
 by ! ex*ange1 is n to d a *>ity1  b to 
/eal4 ,e usur] is a ?ief wor?y ( !      
gibbet4 ,i call  ^? usur]s :o l5d money 
at five or six p] c5t4#adb    ,! ,engli%
 ,re=m]s %[$ ! same t5d5cy4 ,"u ,h5ry   
,,viii41 !  law ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 aga9/    
tak+ int]e/ _h be5 modifi$2 b !  revival
 ( religi\s feel+ "u ,edw>d ,,vi4 caus$1
 9 #aeeb1 !  passage ( ! ,bill ( ,usury4
 ,9 ?is x is said3 ,=asmu* z usury  is  
by ! ,^w ( ,god utt]ly prohibit$1 z a   
vice mo/ odi\s &  dete/able1 z 9 div]s  
places ( ! ,holy ,scriptures x is evid5t
  to be se51 :i* ?+ by no godly tea*+s &
 p]suasions c s9k  into ! he>ts ( div]s 

gre$y1 un*>itable1 & covet\s p]sons  (  
?is realm1 nor yet by any t]rible       
?reat5+s ( ,god's wra? &  v5geance1     
etc41 etc41 x is enact$ t :osoev] %all  
!reaft] l5d money = any mann] ( usury1  
increase1 lucre1  ga91 or int]e/1 to be 
_h1 receiv$1 or hop$ =1 %all =feit      
pr9cipal & int]e/1 & suff] imprisonm5t &
 f9e at ! k+'s  pleasure4#adc    ,b1 mo/
 =tunately1 x happ5$ t ,calv9 turn$ 9 ! 
"r  direction1 & !re 0 develop$ among   
,prote/ants ! s]viceable  fiction t     
usury means illegal or oppressive       
int]e/4 ,"u  cov] ( ?is fiction comm]ce 
& trade reviv$ rapidly 9 ,prote/ant     
c\ntries1 ?\gh ) occasional *ecks f     
exact int]pret]s (  ,scripture4    ,b1 9
 ! old] ,*ur*1 ! m correct ?\gh less    
=tunate  int]pretation ( ! sacr$ texts  
relat+ to int]e/ cont9u$4  ,:5 x 0      
attempt$ 9 ,france1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1
 to argue  t usury means oppressive     
int]e/1 ! ,!ological ,faculty ( !       
,sorbonne decl>$ t usury is ! tak+ ( any
 int]e/ at all1 no  matt] h[ little1 & !

 eighte5? *apt] ( ,ezekiel 0 cit$ to    
cl9* ?is judgm5t4    ,ano!r attempt to  
ease ! burd5 on indu/ry & comm]ce 0 made
 by  decl>+ t usury means int]e/ dem&$ n
 z matt] ( favor  b z matt] ( "r4 ,?is1 
too1 0 solemnly condemn$ by ,pope       
,innoc5t ,,xi4    ,aga9 ! army ( "r     
reason press$ =w>d1 decl>+ t usury  is  
int]e/ great] ?an ! law all[s4 ,?is1    
too1 0 condemn$1 &  ! decl>ation t usury
 is int]e/ on loans n = a fix$ "t  0    
condemn$ by ,pope ,alex&] ,,vii4        
,/ill ! attack+ =ces press$ on1 & among 
!m1 9 !  sev5te5? c5tury1 9 ,france1 0  
,ri*>d ,simon3 he attempts to  gloss ov]
 ! /rict int]pretation ( ,scripture 9   
?is matt] by an  elaborate treatise3 he 
is imm$iately confront$ by ,bossuet4    
,x seems h>dly possible t "o ( ! greate/
 intellects ( a  p]iod s ne> u c\ld h   
be5 s d\bly deceiv$4 ,yet ,bossuet1  !  
glory ( ! ,fr5* ,*ur*1 "o ( ! ke5e/ &   
/ronge/ (  ?9k]s1 n only m+l$ ,scripture
 ) a/ronomy1 & oppos$ !  ,cop]nican     
!ory1 b also m+l$ ,scripture ) political

 economy1  & d5\nc$ ! l5d+ ( money at   
int]e/4 ,he decl>$ t  ! ,scriptures1 !  
c\ncils ( ! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+1 !  popes1 
! fa!rs1 all int]pret$ ! prohibition (  
usury to be a  prohibition ( any l5d+ at
 int]e/1 & ,bossuet demon/rat$ ?is      
int]pretation z ! true "o4 ,simon 0 put 
to confusion1 & 8  book condemn$4#add   
,!re 0 b too mu* reason = ,bossuet's    
int]pretation4 ,!  prohibition ( ?is1 "o
 ( ! mo/ simple & b5eficial pr9ciples  9
 political & economical sci5ce1 0       
affirm$ n only by  ! fa!rs1 b by        
tw5ty-eight c\ncils ( ! ,*ur* 7six (  !m
 g5]al c\ncils71 & by sev5te5 popes1 to 
say no?+ (  innum]able doctors 9 !ology 
& canon law4#ade    ,b ab\t ! middle ( !
 eighte5? c5tury ! evil c\ld be  endur$ 
no long]--a way ( escape mu/ be f\nd4 ,!
 army oppos$  to ! ,*ur* _h become s    
=midable1 t ! ,roman au?orities  saw t a
 concession mu/ be made4 ,9 #agdh appe>$
 ,montesquieu's  ,_s ( ! ,laws2 9 x 7   
conc5trat$ tw5ty ye>s' /udy &  ?\ght ( a
 great ?9k] on ! necessities ( ! _w ab\t

 him4  ,9 eighte5 mon?s x w5t ?r\gh     
tw5ty-two editions1 & x 0  translat$    
into e civiliz$ language2 ?is "w        
attack$1 among  o!r abuses1 ! position (
 ! ,*ur* reg>d+ int]e/ = money4    ,!   
,*ur* au?orities _h already tak5 ! al>m4
 ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 saw  t ! be/ ?+ =       
him--nay1 ! only ?+--0 a surr5d] "u  =m 
( a compromise4 ,9 a brief he decl>$    
sub/antially t ! law  ( ! ,*ur* 0 oppos$
 to ! tak+ ( int]e/ on loans2 &  !n1    
aft] sundry non-committal & ambigu\s    
/atem5ts1 he h9t$  t !re 7 possible     
exceptions to ! rule4    ,l ! casui/ry (
 ,boscovi* 9 us+ ! ,cop]nican !ory =    
conv5i5ce 9 argum5t1 :ile acquiesc+ 9   
its condemnation by !  ,*ur*1 ?is       
casui/ry ( ,b5$ict broke ! spell4       
,turgot1 ,adam ,smi?1  ,b5?am1 & _!     
disciples1 press$ on1 & sci5ce won =    
mank9d  ano!r great victory4    ,yet 9  
?is case1 z 9 o!rs1 insurrections aga9/ 
! sway (  sci5tific tru? appe>$ among "s
 ov]-zeal\s religioni/s4 ,:5  !         
,sorbonne1 hav+ retreat$ f its old      

position1 arm$ itself  ) sundry new     
casui/ries aga9/ ^? :o held to its e>li]
  decisions1 prov9cial doctors 9 !ology 
prote/$ indignantly1 mak+  ! old        
citations f ! ,scriptures1 fa!rs1 sa9ts1
 doctors1 popes1  c\ncils1 & canoni/s4  
,& ev5 z late z #ahcj1 :5 ! ,roman      
c\rt1 ?\gh decl9+ to commit itself on ! 
doctr9e involv$1  decre$ t confessors   
%\ld no long] disquiet l5d]s ( money at 
legal int]e/1 ! old weapons 7 aga9      
furbi%$ & hurl$ by !  ,abb ,laborde1    
,vic> ( ! ,metropolitan ,ar*diocese (   
,au*1 & by  ! ,abb ,d5navit1 ,pr(essor (
 ,!ology at ,lyons4 ,good ,abb ,d5navit 
decl>$ t he refus$ absolution to ^? :o  
took int]e/1  & to prie/s :o pret5d t ! 
sanction ( ! civil law is               
suffici5t4#adf    ,b ! peace on ?is "q  
is too pr(\nd to be di/urb$ by  su*     
outcries4 ,! ,torlonia family at ,rome1 
to-day1 ) its palaces1  *apels1         
int]m>riages1 affiliations1 & papal     
favor1 all won by  l5d+ money at int]e/1
 & by devotion to ! ,roman ,see1 is a   

gr[? on ramp>ts long s9ce surr5d]$ &    
des]t$4      ,,indu/rial ,,sci5ces4     
,did "t p]mit1 we might g ov] o!r       
battle-fields no less  in/ructive ?an ^?
 we h se54 ,we might g ov] !            
battle-fields  ( ,agricultural          
,progress1 & note h[1 by a mo/ curi\s   
p]v]sion  ( a text ( ,scripture1 _m ( ! 
peasantry ( ,russia 7 prev5t$  f rais+ &
 eat+ potatoes1 & h[ 9 ,scotl& at !     
beg9n+  ( ?is c5tury ! use ( fann+-mills
 = w9n[+ gra9 0  d5\nc$ z contr>y to !  
text ! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?1  etc41 z  
leagu+ ) ,satan1 :o is pr9ce ( ! p[]s ( 
! air1  & z suffici5t cause =           
excommunication f ! ,scot* ,*ur*4#adg   
,we might g ov] ! battle-fields ( ,civil
 ,eng9e]+1 & note  h[ ! introduction (  
railways into ,france 0 decl>$1 by an   
,ar*bi%op1 to be an evid5ce ( ! div9e   
displeasure aga9/ c\ntry  innkeep]s :o  
set meat be=e _! gue/s on fa/-days1 & n[
  7 puni%$ by see+ travel]s c>ri$ by _! 
doors2 & h[  railroad & telegraph 7     
d5\nc$ f not$ pulpits z h]alds  (       

,anti-*ri/4 ,& !n we might pass to      
,prote/ant ,engl& &  recall ! s]mon ( ! 
,curate ( ,ro!rhi! at ! break+ 9 (  !   
,?ames ,tunnel1 s de/ructive to life &  
prop]ty1 decl>+ t  x 0 b a j judgm5t ^u 
! presumptu\s aspirations ( mortal      
man4#adh      ,,v>i\s ,,sci5ces4    ,we 
might g ov] ! battle-fields ( ,e?nology 
& note h[1 a few  ye>s s9ce1 an honor$  
,am]ican inve/igator1 propos+ 9 a le>n$ 
society ! discussion ( ! "q betwe5 !    
orig9 ( ! human  race f a s+le pair & f 
_m pairs1 0 call$ to ord] &  sil5c$ z   
a!i/ic1 by a ,prote/ant div9e ^: memory 
is ju/ly  de> to ?\s&s ( u4#adi         
,int]e/+ w\ld x be to look ov] ! field (
  ,meteorology--beg9n+ ) ! conception1  
suppos$ to be scriptural1  ( angels op5+
 & %utt+ ! w9d[s ( heav5 & lett+ out  ! 
wat]s t be above ! firmam5t ^u !        
e>?--cont9u+  ?r\gh ! battle (          
,fromundus & ,bod91 d[n to ! onslaught  
^u  ,lecky1 9 our own "t1 = draw+ a     
logical & sci5tific conclusion  f !     
doctr9e t meteorology is ob$i5t to      

laws4#aej    ,we might g ov] !          
battle-fields ( ,c>tography & see h[ at 
"o p]iod1 on acc\nt ( expressions 9     
,ezekiel1 any map ( !  _w :i* did n     
place ,j]usalem 9 ! c5tre1 0 look$ on z 
impi\s4#aea    ,we might g ov] !        
battle-fields ( ,social ,sci5ce 9       
,prote/ant  c\ntries1 & note !          
opposition ( consci5ti\s m5 to ! tak+  (
 ! c5sus1 9 ,sw$5 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
on acc\nt (  ! t]ms 9 :i* ! numb]+ (    
,israel is spok5 ( 9 ! ,old             
,te/am5t4#aeb    ,& we might also see   
h[1 on simil> gr\nds1 religi\s scruples 
h  be5 av[$ aga9/ s b5eficial a ?+ z    
,life ,insurance4#aec      ,,sci5tific  
,,in/ruction4    ,b an outl9e ( ?is k9d 
w\ld be too meagre )\t "s sket* (  !    
w>f>e on in/ruction 9 sci5ce4 ,n )\t    
pr(it w\ld x be  to note m at l5g? h[   
in/ruction 9 ! ,cop]nican !ory 0  kept  
out ( ! ,*ur* univ]sities 9 e great     
,ca?olic c\ntry  ( ,europe2 h[ !y       
conceal$ ! discov]y ( ! spots on ! sun2 
h[ _m ( !m exclud$ ! ,newtonian         

demon/rations2 h[1 d[n to  ! pres5t "t1 
! two great univ]sities ( ,prote/ant    
,engl&  & ne>ly all h] int]m$iate       
colleges1 "u cl]ical sup]vision1  h     
exclud$ ! natural & physical sci5ces z  
f> z possible2  & h[1 f probably        
n9e-t5?s ( ! univ]sities & colleges (  !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! /ud5ts are graduat$ ) 
ei!r no k  or ) cl]ically emasculat$ k (
 ! mo/ c>eful mod]n  ?\ght on ! mo/     
important problems 9 ! v>i\s sci5ces1 9 
hi/ory1 & 9 criticism4    ,f ! dismissal
 ( ! sci5tific pr(essors f ! ,univ]sity 
(  ,salamanca by ,f]d9& ,,vii4 ( ,spa91 
9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1  d[n to sundry 
deal+s ) sci5tific m5 9 our own l& & "t1
  we might /udy ano!r int]e/+ phase ( ! 
same w>f>e2 b1  pass+ all ?is1 ,i %all  
simply pres5t a few typical conflicts t 
h occurr$ )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4    ,dur+ !  
ye>s #ahfg & #ahfh ! w> :i* _h be5 long 
sm\ld]+  9 ,france1 betwe5 ! ,*ur* & !  
:ole sy/em ( ,fr5* advanc$  education1  
came to an outbreak4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! la/
 c5tury1  aft] ! ,*ur* _h held          

possession ( advanc$ in/ruction 9       
,france  = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 & _h1 s f>
 z x 0 able1 made  exp]im5tal sci5ce    
contemptible2 & aft] ! ,*ur* au?orities 
_h delib]ately resi/$ & wreck$ ,turgot's
 noble plans = !  e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em (
 public s*ools1 ! ,fr5* nation decre$  !
 e/abli%m5t ( ! mo/ ?or\gh & complete   
sy/em ( !  high] public in/ruction !n   
kn[n4 ,x 0 kept "u lay control1  &      
became "o ( ! great glories ( ,france4  
,b1 embold5$ by ! re/oration ( !        
,b\rbons1 ! ,*ur* began to  und]m9e !   
hat$ sy/em1 & 9 #ahfh _h made su*       
progress t all  0 ready = an assault4   
,=emo/ among ! lead]s ( ! besieg+ p>ty 0
 ! ,bi%op (  ,orleans--,dupanl\p--a man 
( mu* buzz+ vigor4 ,9 v>i\s ways1 &     
especially 9 an op5 lett]1 he _h f\ght !
 ,mat]ialism ( !  ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e at   
,p>is1 & especially 7 8 attacks level$  
at ,pr(essors ,vulpian & ,see1 & !      
,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1  ,duruy1 a
 man ( great m]it1 ^: only crime 0 a    
quiet resi/ance  to cl]ical control4#aed

    ,9 ^! writ+s1 ,bi%op ,dupanl\p      
/igmatiz$ ,d>w91 ,huxley1 ,lyell1  &    
o!rs1 z au?ors ( %ameful !ories1 & made 
especial use (  ! rec5t phrase ( a      
naturali/1 t x is m glori\s to be a     
monkey p]fect$ ?an an ,adam deg5]at$4   
,! direct attack 0 made 9 ! ,fr5*       
,s5ate1 & ! /orm+ p>ty  9 t body 0 l$ by
 a v5]able & consci5ti\s prelate1       
,c>d9al  de ,bonne*ose4    ,x 0 *>g$ by 
,ar*bi%op de ,bonne*ose & 8 p>ty1 t !   
t5d5cies ( ! tea*+s ( ^! pr(essors 7    
fatal to religion  & morality4 ,a heavy 
artill]y ( phrases 0 hurl$1 su* z sapp+ 
! f\ndations1 etc41 break+ d[n !        
bulw>ks1 etc41 etc41  &1 )al1 a new     
missile 0 us$ ) mu* effect1 ! epi!t (   
mat]iali/4 ,! result c be easily guess$2
 cr[ds came to !  lecture-rooms ( ^!    
pr(essors1 & ! lecture-room ( ,pr(4     
,see1  ! *ief (f5d]1 0 cr[d$ to         
suffocation4    ,a siege 0 begun 9 due  
=m4 ,a "y physician 0 s5t by !  c>d9al's
 p>ty into ! het]odox camp z a spy4     
,hav+ he>d "o  lecture ( ,pr(4 ,see1 he 

return$ ) in=mation t seem$ to  promise 
easy victory to ! besieg+ p>ty4 ,he     
br\ght a t]rible  /atem5t1 "o t seem$   
en\gh to ov]:elm ,see1 ,vulpian1 ,duruy1
 &  ! :ole hat$ sy/em ( public          
in/ruction 9 ,france4    ,good ,c>d9al  
,bonne*ose seiz$ ! trem5d\s weapon4     
,ris+ 9 8  place 9 ! ,s5ate1 he laun*$ a
 mo/ eloqu5t invective aga9/ !  ,m9i/] (
 ,/ate :o c\ld protect su* a =tress (   
impiety z !  ,college ( ,m$ic9e2 &1 z a 
climax1 he ass]t$1 on ! evid5ce (  8 spy
 fre% f ,pr(4 ,see's lecture-room1 t !  
pr(essor _h  decl>$1 9 8 lecture ( ! day
 be=e1 t s long z he _h !  honor to hold
 8 pr(essor%ip he w\ld combat ! false   
idea ( !  exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,! weapon    
seem$ resi/less1 & ! w\nd  fatal2 b ,m4 
,duruy rose & ask$ to be he>d4    ,8    
/atem5t 0 simply t he held 9 8 h&       
docum5t>y pro(s  t ,pr(4 ,see nev] made 
su* a decl>ation4 ,he held ! notes us$  
by  ,pr(4 ,see 9 8 lecture4 ,pr(4 ,see1 
x appe>$1 belong$ to a s*ool  9 m$ical  
sci5ce :i* combat$ ! idea ( an art 9    

m$ic9e4 ,!  inflam$ imag9ation ( !      
c>d9al's too eag] emiss>y _h1 z  !      
lecture notes prov$1 l$ him into a sad  
mi/ake z to words &  ?\ghts1 & _h       
exhibit$ ,pr(4 ,see z treat+ a !ological
 :5 he  0 discuss+ a purely sci5tific   
que/ions4 ,( ! exi/5ce ( !  s\l !       
pr(essor _h said no?+4    ,! =ces ( !   
enemy 7 imm$iately turn$2 !y retreat$ 9 
confusion1 amid ! laught] ( all ,france2
 & a quiet1 dignifi$  /atem5t z to !    
rights ( sci5tific in/ructors by ,wurtz1
 ! dean  ( ! ,faculty1 complet$ _!      
discomfiture4 ,?us a well-meant attempt 
to *eck :at 0 fe>$ might be dang]\s 9   
sci5ce simply end$  9 br++ ridicule on  
religion1 & ?ru/+ /ill deep] into !     
m9ds ( ?\s&s ( m5 t mo/ mi/ak5 ( all    
mi/ak5 ideas--!  conviction t religion &
 sci5ce are enemies4#aee    ,b ju/ice   
=bids our rais+ an outcry aga9/ ,roman  
,ca?olicism  alone = ?is4 ,9 #ahfd a    
numb] ( excell5t m5 9 ,engl& drew  up a 
decl>ation to be sign$ by /ud5ts 9 !    
natural sci5ces1  express+ s9c]e regret 

t rese>*es into sci5tific tru? are      
p]v]t$ by "s 9 our "t into occasion =   
ca/+ d\bt ^u !  tru? & au!nticity ( !   
,holy ,scriptures4 ,n9e-t5?s ( !  lead+ 
sci5tific m5 ( ,engl& refus$ to sign x4 
,nor 0 ?is !  wor/4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 
,sir ,john ,b[r+1 & ,sir ,w4 ,r4        
,hamilton1  adm9i/]$1 ?r\gh ! press1    
ca/igations :i* r\s$ g5]al  indignation 
aga9/ ! propos]s ( ! circul>1 & ,pr(4   
,de ,morgan1  by a p>ody1 cov]$ memorial
 & memoriali/s ) ridicule4 ,x 0  ! old  
mi/ake1 & ! old result foll[$ 9 ! m9ds (
 multitudes  ( ?\ghtful "y m54#aef    ,&
 9 yet ano!r ,prote/ant c\ntry ?is same 
wret*$ mi/ake  0 made4 ,9 #ahfh1 sev]al 
excell5t *ur*m5 9 ,prussia ?\ght  x _!  
duty to meet = ! d5unciation ( sci5ce   
falsely s  call$4 ,two results foll[$3  
,^u ! great majority ( ^! really        
self-sacrific+ m5--^: fir/ utt]ances %[$
 crass ignorance (  ! !ories !y         
attack$--!re came quiet & widespread    
contempt2  ^u ,pa/or ,knak1 :o /ood =? &
 proclaim$ views ( ! univ]se  :i* he    

?\ght ,scriptural1 b :i* mo/ s*oolboys  
knew to be  *ildi%1 came a bur/ (       
good-natur$ d]ision f e qu>t] (  !      
,g]man nation4#aeg    ,w>f>e ( ?is sort 
aga9/ ,sci5ce seems petty inde$2 b x is 
to  be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries
 n less ?an 9 ,ca?olic2  x breaks out 9 
,am]ica n less ?an 9 ,europe4 ,i might  
exhibit _m  pro(s ( ?is4 ,d consci5ti\s 
,roman bi%ops 9 ,france labor to keep   
all advanc$ sci5tific in/ruction "u _!  
own control--9 _!  own univ]sities &    
colleges2 s d v _m n less consci5ti\s   
,prote/ant cl]gym5 9 our own c\ntry     
insi/ t advanc$ education  9 sci5ce &   
lit]ature %all be kept "u control ( _!  
own  sect>ian univ]sities & colleges1   
wret*$ly "o-sid$ 9 _!  developm5t1 &    
mis]ably inadequate 9 _! equipm5t3 did a
 lead+  ,spani% univ]sity1 until a rec5t
 p]iod1 exclude pr(essors hold+  !      
,newtonian !ory2 s does a lead+ ,am]ican
 college exclude  pr(essors hold+ !     
,d>w9ian !ory3 h ,ca?olic colleges 9    
,italy reject$ excell5t c&idates =      

pr(essor%ips on acc\nt (  unsafe views  
reg>d+ ! ,immaculate ,conception2 s are 
,prote/ant  colleges 9 ,am]ica e day    
reject+ excell5t c&idates on  acc\nt (  
unsafe views reg>d+ ! ,apo/olic         
,succession1 or !  ,inc>nation1 or      
,baptism1 or ! ,p]sev]ance ( ! ,sa9ts4  
,& h[ has all ?is sy/em result$8 ,9 !   
old] nations1 by natural  reaction1 ^!  
colleges1 "u /rict ecclesia/ical        
control1 h  s5t =? ! mo/ bitt] enemies !
 ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has ev]  kn[n--( :om    
,voltaire & ,r5an & ,sa9t-,beuve are    
types2 & !re  are _m signs t ! same     
causes are produc+ ! same result 9  our 
own c\ntry4    ,i might allude to ano!r 
battle-field 9 our own l& & "t4 ,i      
might %[ h[ an attempt to meet ! great  
want1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new  ,york1 ( an     
in/itution provid+ sci5tific in/ruction1
 has be5 met  ) l\d outcries f _m       
excell5t m51 :o fe> injury !reby  to    
religion4 ,i might picture to y !       
/rategy :i* has be5 us$  to keep e>ne/  
"y m5 f an in/itution :i*1 x is decl>$1 

_c be ,*ri/ian because x is n sect>ian4 
,i might lay be=e y  wond]ful l9es (    
argum5t :i* h be5 made to %[ ! dang]\s  
t5d5cies ( a plan :i* gives to sci5tific
 /udies ! same weight  z to classical   
/udies1 & :i* lays no less /ress on     
mod]n  hi/ory & lit]ature ?an on anci5t 
hi/ory & lit]ature4    ,i might %[ h[ x 
has be5 d5\nc$ by ! fri5ds & ag5ts (    
d5om9ational colleges & 9 _m sect>ian   
j\rnals2 h[ ! mo/  prepo/]\s *>ges h be5
 made & believ$ by good m52 h[  ! epi!ts
 ( godless1 infidel1 irreligi\s1        
unreligi\s1  a!i/ic1 h be5 hurl$ aga9/ a
 body ( ,*ri/ian tru/ees1  pr(essors1 & 
/ud5ts1 & ) little practical result save
  ar\s+ a suspicion 9 ! m9ds ( l>ge     
bodies ( ?\ghtful "y  m51 t ! *ur*es    
dread sci5tific /udies untrammel$ by    
sect>ianism4      ,,summ>y4    ,y h n[  
gone ov] ! great] /ruggles 9 ! long w>  
betwe5  ,ecclesia/icism & ,sci5ce1 & h  
glanc$ at ! less] fields4 ,y  h se5 !   
conflicts 9 ,physical ,geography1 z to !
 =m ( !  e>?2 9 ,a/ronomy1 z to ! place 

( ! e>? 9 ! univ]se1 &  ! evolution (   
/ell> sy/ems 9 accordance ) law2 9      
,*emi/ry  & ,physics2 9 ,anatomy &      
,m$ic9e2 9 ,geology2 9 ,meteorology2 9  
,c>tography2 9 ! ,indu/rial &           
,agricultural ,sci5ces2 9 ,political    
,economy & ,social ,sci5ce2 & 9         
,sci5tific ,in/ruction2 & ea* (  ^!1 :5 
fully pres5t$1 has %[n ! foll[+ results3
    ,fir/4 ,9 e case1 :e!r ! w> has be5 
long or %ort1  =cible or feeble1 ,sci5ce
 has at la/ ga9$ ! victory4             
,secondly4 ,9 e case1 int]f]5ce )       
,sci5ce1 9 ! suppos$  int]e/ ( religion1
 has br\ght dire evils on bo?4          
,?irdly4 ,9 e case1 :ile ?is int]f]5ce1 
dur+ its  cont9uance1 has t5d$ to       
divorce religion f ! mo/ vigor\s  ?9k+ (
 ! _w1 & to make x odi\s to multitudes (
 !  mo/ e>ne/ ?9k]s2 ! triumph ( ,sci5ce
 has l$ its =m]  consci5ti\s enemies to 
make new int]pretations & la/+          
adju/m5ts1 :i* h prov$ a bless+ to      
religion1 ennobl+ its  conceptions &    
bett]+ its me?ods4    ,& 9 addition to  

^! po9ts !re %\ld be br\ght out di/9ctly
  a coroll>y1 :i* is1 t sci5ce mu/ be   
/udi$ by its own means  & to its own    
ends1 unmix$ ) ! means & unbias$ by !   
motives  ( inve/igators 9 o!r fields1 & 
uncontroll$ by consci5ces  un5light5$ by
 itself4    ,! v f+] ( ! ,almighty seems
 to h writt5 ! pro(s (  ?is tru? on     
human hi/ory4 ,no "o c ga9say x4 ,x is  
decisive1  = x is ?is3 ,!re has nev] be5
 a sci5tific !ory fram$ f  ! use (      
,scriptural texts1 :olly or p>tially1   
:i* has be5  made to /&4 ,su* attempts h
 only subject$ _! au?ors to  d]ision1 & 
,*ri/ianity to suspicion4 ,f ,cosmas    
f9d+ 8 plan  ( ! univ]se 9 ! ,jewi%     
tab]nacle1 to ,increase ,ma!r s5d+      
ma/odon's bones to ,engl& z ! rema9s (  
giants m5tion$ 9  ,scripture2 f ,bell>m9
 decl>+ t ! sun _c be ! c5tre  ( !      
univ]se1 because su* an idea vitiates ! 
:ole ,scriptural  plan ( salvation1 to a
 rec5t writ] decl>+ t an evolution  !ory
 _c be true1 because ,/4 ,paul says t   
all fle% is n !  same fle%1 ! result has

 always be5 ! same4#aeh    ,su* facts %[
 t sci5tific hypo!sis w be e/abli%$ or  
refut$ by sci5tific m5 & sci5tific      
me?ods alone1 & t no  consci5ti\s       
citation ( texts1 or outcries z to      
consequ5ces (  sci5tific tru?s1 f any   
o!r qu>t]1 c d any ?+ save ret>d  tru? &
 cause ne$less anxiety4#aei    ,su*     
facts %[1 too1 t ! sacr$ books ( ! _w 7 
n giv5  = any su* purpose z t to :i* s  
_m m5 h endeavor$ to  wre/ !m--! purpose
 s]v$ by comp5ds ( hi/ory & text-books (
  sci5ce4    ,is skepticism fe>$8 ,all  
hi/ory %[s t ! only skepticism :i*  does
 p]man5t h>m is skepticism z to ! value 
& safety ( tru?  z tru?4 ,no skepticism 
has prov$ s corrosive to religion1 none 
s  canc]\s 9 ! human bra9 & he>t4    ,is
 fai? *]i%$8 ,all hi/ory %[s t ! fir/   
article ( a  sav+ fai?1 = any l& or "t1 
is fai? t !re is a ,p[] 9  ?is univ]se  
/rong en\gh to make tru?-seek+ safe1 &  
good en\gh  to make tru?-tell+ useful4  
,may we n1 !n1 hope t ! greate/ & be/ m5
 9 !  ,*ur*--! m5 /&+ at c5tres (       

?\ght--w insi/ )  p[]1 m & m1 t religion
 be no long] ti$ to s injuri\s  a policy
 z t :i* ?is w>f>e reveals2 t se>*]s =  
tru?1  :e!r 9 !ology or natural sci5ce1 
"w on z fri5ds1 sure t1  no matt] h[ mu*
 at v>iance !y may at times seem to be1 
!  tru?s !y rea* %all f9ally be fus$    
into ea* o!r8 ,! dom9ant  religi\s      
conceptions ( ! _w w d\btless be greatly
 modifi$  by sci5ce 9 ! future1 z !y h  
be5 9 ! pa/2 & ! "p  ( any wisely       
religi\s p]son1 at any c5tre ( influ5ce1
 is to see  t1 9 8 g5]ation1 ?is        
readju/m5t ( religion to sci5ce be  made
 z quietly & spe$ily z possible4    ,no 
"o ne$s fe> ! result4 ,no matt] :e!r    
,sci5ce %all  complete h] demon/ration t
 man has be5 on ! e>? n m]ely  six ?\s& 
ye>s1 or six millions ( ye>s2 no matt]  
:e!r %e  reveals new ideas ( ! ,creator 
or />tl+ relations betwe5 8  creatures2 
no matt] h[ _m m gyves & clamps ^u ! _s 
(  ,*ri/ianity %e de/roys3 ! result1 :5 
fully ?\ght out1 w  s]ve & /r5g!n       
religion n less ?an sci5ce4#afj    ,:at 

sci5ce c d = ! _w is %[n1 n by ^? :o h  
labor$ to concoct palatable mixtures (  
!ology & sci5ce--m5 l  ,cosmas1 &       
,torrubia1 & ,burnet1 & ,:i/on--b by m5 
:o h  f\ght ! good fight ( fai? 9 tru? =
 tru?'s sake--m5 l  ,rog] ,bacon1 &     
,vesalius1 & ,palissy1 & ,galileo4      
,:at ,*ri/ianity c d = ! _w is %[n1 n by
 m5 :o h  /ood on ! high places scream+ 
9 wra? at ! advance ( sci5ce2  n by m5  
:o h retreat$ 9 t]ror into ! sacr$ caves
 &  refus$ to look out ^u ! univ]se z x 
is2 b by m5 :o h  prea*$ & practis$ !   
righte\sness ( ! prophets1 & !          
aspirations ( ! ,psalmi/1 & ! bless$    
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 &  ! fir/ great      
comm&m5t1 & ! second :i* is l unto x1  &
 ,/4 ,james's def9ition ( pure religion 
& undefil$4    ,x is %[n 9 ! ,roman     
,*ur*1 n by ,to/atus & ,bell>m91 b  by  
,/4 ,c>lo ,borromeo1 & ,/4 ,v9c5t de    
,paul1 & ,fnelon1 &  ,eugnie de ,gur92 9
 ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 n by ,dean          
,cockburn1 b  by ,h[>d1 & ,j5n]1 &      
,wilb]=ce1 & ,flor5ce ,night+ale2 9  !  

,g]man ,*ur*1 n by ,pa/or ,knak1 b by   
,pa/or ,fli$n]2 9 !  ,am]ican ,*ur*1 n  
by ! ,ma!rs1 b by su* z ,bi%op ,:atcoat1
  & ,*ann+1 & ,muhl5b]g1 & ,fa!r ,de    
,smet1 & ,samuel ,may1 &  ,h>riet ,/[e4 
,let ! w>f>e ( ,sci5ce1 !n1 be *ang$4   
,let x be a w>f>e 9  :i* ,religion &    
,sci5ce %all /& toge!r z allies1 n aga9/
  ea* o!r z enemies4 ,let ! fight be =  
tru? ( e k9d aga9/  falsehood ( e k9d2 =
 ju/ice aga9/ inju/ice2 = "r  aga9/     
wrong2 = ! liv+ k]nel ( religion r ?an !
 dead  & dri$ husks ( sect & dogma2 & ! 
great p[]s1 ^: w>f>e  has br\ght s _m   
suff]+s1 %all at la/ jo9 9 m9i/]+  ?r\gh
 e>? ,god's ri*e/ bless+s4      ,,!     
,,end4          ,,footnotes3    #a ,mo/ 
fruitful among ^! 7 ^? giv5 by ,plato 9 
!  ,timu4 ,see1 also1 ,grote on ,plato's
 doctr9e ( ! rotundity ( !  e>?4 ,also  
,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewis's ,a/ronomy ( !     
,anci5ts1 ,london1  #ahfb1 *ap4 iii41   
sec4 i4 & note4 ,cic]o's m5tion ( !     
antipodes  & ref]5ce to ! passage 9 !   
,timu are ev5 m rem>kable  ?an !        

orig9al1 9 t !y mu* m cle>ly =e%ad[ !   
mod]n  doctr9e4 ,see ,academic          
,que/ions1 ii41 xxxix4 ,also1 ,tusc4    
,que/41  i41 xxviii41 & v41 xxiv4    #b 
,see ,eusebius1 ,prp4 ,ev41 xv41 #fa4   
#c ,see ,lactantius1 ,in/41 #a41 iii41  
*ap4 #c4 ,also1 citations 9  ,:ewell1   
,hi/4 ,induct4 ,sci5ces1 ,lond41 #aheg1 
vol4 i41 p4 #aid4  ,to und]/& !         
emb>rassm5t ?us caus$ to sci5tific m5 at
 a  lat] p]iod1 see ,lett] ( ,agricola  
to ,joa*imus ,vadianus 9 #aead4         
,agricola asks ,vadianus to give 8 views
 reg>d+ ! antipodes1  say+ t he himself 
does n "k :at to d1 betwe5 ! ,fa!rs  on 
"o side & le>n$ m5 ( mod]n times on !   
o!r4 ,on ! o!r  h&1 = ! emb>rassm5t     
caus$ to ! ,*ur* by ?is mi/ak5 zeal  ( !
 ,fa!rs1 see ,kepl]'s ref]5ces &        
,fromund's replies2 also ,de  ,morgan1  
,p>adoxes1 p4 #eh4 ,kepl] appe>s to h   
tak5 great delight  9 ?r[+ ! views (    
,lactantius into ! tee? ( 8 adv]s>ies4  
#d ,ano!r g]m idea1 etc4 ,see ,plato1   
,timu1 #fb ,c41 ,j[ett's  translation1  

,n4 ,y4 ed4 ,also ,phd1 pp4 #ddi1 et    
seq4 ,also ,cic]o1  ,academic ,que/41 & 
,tusc4 ,disput41 ubi supra4 ,= citations
  & summ>ies1 see ,:ewell1 ,hi/4        
,induct4 ,sci5ces1 vol4 i41 p4  #ahi1 & 
,/4 ,m>t91 ,hi/4 de la ,gog41 ,p>is1    
#ahgc1 p4 #if4 ,also  ,leop>di1 ,saggio 
sopra gli errori popol>i degli anti*i1  
,fir5ze1  #ahea1 *ap4 xii41 p4 #ahd1 et 
seq4    #e ,= op9ion ( ,basil1 ,ambrose1
 & o!rs1 see ,lecky1 ,hi/4 (            
,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ,new ,york1     
#ahgb1 vol4 i41 p4 #bgi1 note4 ,also1   
,letronne1 9 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1  
,m>*1 #ahcd4    #f ,= ,lactantius1 see  
,in/it41 iii41 #bd1 translation 9 !     
,ante-,nic5e ,libr>y2 also1 citations 9 
,:ewell1 i41 #aif1 & 9 ,/4  ,m>t91      
,hi/oire de la ,gographie1 pp4 #baf1    
#bag4 ,= ,/4 ,augu/9e's  op9ion1 see !  
,civ4 ,d41 xvi41 #i1 :]e ?is great ,fa!r
 ( !  ,*ur* %[s t ! exi/5ce ( !         
antipodes nulla ratione  cr$5dum e/4    
,also1 citations 9 ,buckle's ,po/hum\s  
,works1 vol4  ii41 p4 #fde4 ,= a notice 

( ! views ( ,cosmas 9 connection )  ^? (
 ,lactantius1 ,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,john       
,*ryso/om1 & o!rs1 see  ,s*oell1        
,hi/oire de la ,littrature ,grecque1    
vol4 vii41 pp4 #cg1 et  seq4    #g      
,isaiah xl4 #bb4    #h ,job xxvi4 #aa4  
#i ,g5esis i4 #f4    #aj ,psalm cxlviii4
 #d4    #aa ,g5esis vii4 #aa4    #ab    
,see ,montfaucon1 ,collectio ,nova      
,patrum1 ,p>is1 #agjf1 vol ii41  p4     
#ahh2 also pp4 #bih1 #bii4 ,! text is   
illu/rat$ ) engrav+s  %[+ walls & solid 
vault 7firmam5t71 ) ! :ole app>atus (   
f\nta9s ( ! great deep1 w9d[s ( heav51  
angels1 & !  m\nta9 beh9d :i* ! sun is  
drawn4 ,= an imp]fect r$uction (  "o (  
!m1 see article ,maps 9 ,knight's       
,diction>y ( ,me*anics1  ,new ,york1    
#ahge4 ,= /ill ano!r !ory1 v droll1 &   
?\ght  out on simil> pr9ciples1 see     
,mungo ,p>k1 cit$ 9 ,de ,morgan1        
,p>adoxes1 #cji4 ,= ,cosmas's joyful    
summ+ up1 see ,montfaucon1  ,collectio  
,nova ,patrum1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bee4    #ac
 ,virgil ( ,salzburg4 ,see ,ne&]'s      

,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian  ,*ur*1 ,torrey's  
translation1 vol4 iii41 p4 #fc4 ,s9ce   
,bayle1 !re  has be5 mu* loose writ+    
ab\t ,virgil's case4 ,see ,:ewell1 p4   
#aig2 b = be/ *oice ( au?orities & mo/  
c>eful w9n[+ out  ( conclusions1 see ,de
 ,morgan1 pp4 #bd-bf4 ,= v full notes z 
to  pagan & ,*ri/ian advocates ( doctr9e
 ( rotundity ( ! e>?  & ( antipodes1 & =
 extract f ,za*>y's lett]1 see ,migne1  
,patrologia1 vol4 vi41 p4 #dbf1 & vol4  
xli41 p4 #dhg4 ,= ,pet]  ( ,abano1 or   
,apono1 z he is (t5 call$1 see          
,tirabos*i2 also1  ,g+u51 vol4 ii41 p4  
#bic2 also ,naud1 ,hi/oire des ,gr&s    
hommes  accuss de ,magie4 ,= ,cecco     
d',ascoli1 see ,montucla1 ,hi/oire des  
,ma?matiques1 i41 #ebh2 also1 ,daun\1   
tudes ,hi/oriques1 vol4  vi41 p4 #cbj4  
,conc]n+ ,orcagna's repres5tation (     
,cecco 9 flames (  hell1 see ,r5an1     
,av]ros et l',av]roisme1 ,p>is1 #ahfg1  
p4 #cbh4    #ad ,= ,columbus be=e !     
,junta ( ,salamanca1 see ,irv+'s        
,columbus1 ,murray's edition1 vol4 ii41 

pp4 #dje-daj4 ,figui]1 ,savants  du     
,moy5 ,age1 etc41 vol4 ii41 p4 #cid1 et 
seq4 ,also1 ,humboldt1  ,hi/oire de la  
,gographie du ,n\veau ,cont95t4    #ae  
,see ,daun\1 tudes ,hi/oriques1 vol4    
ii41 p4 #dag4    #af ,= effect (        
,magalha5s's voyages1 & ! reluctance to 
yield  to pro(1 see ,h5ri ,m>t91        
,hi/oire de ,france1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #cie2
  ,/4 ,m>t9's ,hi/oire de la ,gog41 p4  
#cfi2 ,pes*el1 ,ges*i*te des  ,zeitalt]s
 d] ,entdeckung51 conclud+ *apt]s2 & =  
an admirable  summ>y1 ,drap]1 ,hi/4     
,int4 ,dev4 ( ,europe1 pp4 #dea-dec4    
#ag ,= g5]al /atem5t z to supplem5t>y   
pro( by measurem5t (  degrees1 & by     
p5dulum1 see ,som]ville1 ,phys4 ,geog41 
*apt] i1   #f1 note4 ,also ,humboldt1   
,cosmos1 vol4 ii41 p4 #gcf1 & v41 pp4   
#af1  #cb4 ,also ,montucla1 iv41 #ach4  
#ah ,respectability ( ,geoc5tric ,!ory1 
,plato's ,au?ority = x  etc41 see       
,grote's ,plato1 vol4 iii41 p4 #beg4    
,also1 ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewis1  ,a/ronomy (
 ! ,anci5ts1 *ap1 iii41 sec4 i41 = a v  

?\ghtful  /atem5t ( ,plato's view1 &    
diff]+ f anci5t /atem5ts4 ,=  plausible 
elaboration ( x1 see ,fromundus1        
,anti-,ari/>*us1  ,antw]p1 #afca4 ,also 
,melan*?on1 ,initia ,doctr9 ,physic4    
#ai ,= suppos$ agreem5t ( ,scripture )  
,ptolemaic !ory1 see  ,fromundus1       
passim1 ,melan*?on1 & a ho/ ( o!r       
writ]s4    #bj ,see ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 
,lib] de ,clo et ,mundo1 sec4 xx4    #ba
 ,= ,g]ms ( ,helioc5tric ,!ory plant$   
long be=e1 etc41  see ,sir ,g4 ,c4      
,lewis2 also1 ,drap]1 ,intellectual     
,developm5t  ( ,europe1 p4 #eab2 & = a  
succ9ct /atem5t ( ! claims (            
,py?agoras1 ,philolaus1 ,ari/>*us1 &    
,m>tianus ,capella1 see ,hf]1  ,hi/4 de 
l',a/ronomie1 #ahgc1 p4 #ajg1 et seq4 ,=
 g]ms among  ?9k]s ( ,india1 see        
,:ewell1 vol4 i41 p4 #bgg4 ,also1       
,:itney1  ,ori5tal & ,l+ui/ic ,/udies1  
,new ,york1 #ahgd2 ,essay on ! ,lun>    
,zodiac1 p4 #cde4    #bb ,= g5]al       
/atem5t ( ,de ,cusa's "w1 see ,drap]1   
,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 p4 

#eab4 ,= skillful use (  ,de ,cusa's    
view 9 ord] to mitigate c5sure ^u !     
,*ur* = its  treatm5t ( ,cop]nicus's    
discov]y1 see an article 9 ! ,ca?olic   
,_w = ,janu>y1 #ahfi4 ,= a v exact      
/atem5t1 9 a _s (  judicial fairness1   
see ,:ewell1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive     
,sci5ces1  p4 #bge & pp4 #cgi1 #chj4 ,9 
! latt]1 ,:ewell cites ! exact words  ( 
,de ,cusa 9 ! ,de ,docta ,ignorantia1 & 
sums up 9 ^! words3  ,?is tra9 ( ?\ght  
might be a prep>ation = ! reception ( ! 
,cop]nican sy/em2 b x is v diff]5t f !  
doctr9e t !  sun is ! c5tre ( ! planet>y
 sy/em4 ,9 ! previ\s passage1  ,:ewell  
says t ,de ,cusa prop\nd$ ! doctr9e ( ! 
motion (  ! e>?1 m1 h[ev]1 z a p>adox   
?an z a reality4 ,we _c  consid] ?is z  
any di/9ct anticipation ( a pr(\nd &    
consi/5t  view ( ! tru?4 ,= ,ari/otle's 
views & _! elaboration by ,/4  ,?omas   
,aqu9as1 see ! treatise ,de ,clo et     
,mundo4 ,x is curi\s to  see h[ ev5 su* 
a biograph] ( ,/4 ,?omas z ,ar*bi%op    
,vaughan  slurs ov] ! angelic doctor's  

errors4 ,see ,vaughan's ,life & ,labors 
( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 pp4 #dei1 #dfj4   
#bc ,= improvem5t ( ma!matical          
processes1 see ,drap]1  ,intellectual   
,developm5t ( ,europe1 #eac4 ,9 look+ at
 ?is & o!r  admirable summ>ies1 "o feels
 t ,pr(4 ,tyndall 0 n altoge!r  "r 9    
lam5t+1 9 8 f>ewell address at ,new     
,york1 t ,dr4  ,drap] has devot$ s mu* (
 8 "t to hi/orical /udies4    #bd       
,kop]nik's dang] at ,rome4 ,! ,ca?olic  
,_w = ,janu>y1  #ahfi1 cites a rec5t    
spee* ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,me*l9 be=e !     
,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 to ! effect t      
,cop]nicus def5d$ 8  !ory1 at ,rome1 9  
#aejj1 be=e two ?\s& s*ol>s2 also1 t    
ano!r pr(essor taught ! sy/em 9 #aebh1 &
 0 made ,apo/olic  ,not>y by ,clem5t    
,,viii4 ,all ?is1 ev5 if ! doctr9es     
taught  7 id5tical ) ^? ( ,cop]nicus1 z 
f9ally develop$1  :i* idea ,:ewell seems
 utt]ly to disprove1 avails no?+  aga9/ 
! ov]:elm+ te/imony t ,cop]nicus felt   
himself 9  dang]--te/imony :i* !        
aft]-hi/ory ( ! ,cop]nican !ory  r5d]s  

inv9cible4 ,! v title ( ,fromundus's    
book1 already cit$1  publi%$ )9 a few   
miles ( ! ar*bi%op's own ca!dral1 &     
sanction$ expressly by ! !ological      
,faculty ( t same ,univ]sity  ( ,l\va9 9
 #afcj1 utt]ly refutes ! ar*bi%op's idea
 t !  ,*ur* 0 incl9$ to treat ,cop]nicus
 k9dly4 ,! title is z foll[s3           
,anti-,ari/>*us  ,sive  ,orbis-,t]r     
,immobilis  ,9 quo decretum  ,s4        
,congregationis ,s4 ,r4 ,e4  ,c>d9alium 
,i,c4 ,,xvi adv]sus ,py?a               
gorico-,cop]nicanos editum def5ditur    
,antw]pi ,,mdcxxxi4    ,l',ep9ois1      
,galile1 ,p>is1 #ahfg1 lays /ress1 p4   
#ad1 on !  broa*+ ( ! doctr9e by ,de    
,cusa1 9 #adce1 & by ,widman/adt1 9     
#aecc1 & _! k9d treatm5t by ,eug5ius    
,,iv4 & ,clem5t ,,vii41 b  ?is is       
absolutely wor?less 9 d5y+ ! papal      
policy aft]w>d4  ,lange1 ,ges*i*te des  
,mat]ialismus1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bag1 #bah1 
:ile  admitt+ t ,de ,cusa & ,widman/adt 
su/a9$ ?is idea & receiv$  honors f _!  
respective popes1 %[s t1 :5 ! ,*ur* gave

 x  s]i\s consid]ation1 x 0 condemn$4   
,!re is no?+ 9 ?is view  unreasonable4  
,x w\ld be a p>allel case to t ( ,leo   
,x41 at fir/  incl9$ t[>d ,lu!r & !     
o!rs1 9 _! squabbles ) !  begg+ fri>s1 &
 aft]w>d =c$ to oppose !m4 ,t ,cop]nicus
  felt ! dang]1 is evid5t1 among o!r    
?+s1 by ! expression 9  ! preface1      
,/atim me explod5dum cum tali op9ione   
clamitant4    #be ,= dang]s at          
,witt5b]g1 see ,lange1 ,ges*i*te des    
,mat]ialismus1 vol4 i41 p4 #bag4    #bf 
,osi&]1 9 a lett] to ,cop]nicus1 dat$   
,april #bj1 #aeda1 _h  endeavor$ to     
reconcile him to su* a proc$ure1 & ends 
by say+1  ,sic enim placidiores r$did]is
 p]ipa!ticos et !ologos quos            
contradicturos metuis4 ,see ,apologia   
,ty*onis 9 ,kepl]i ,op]a  ,omnia1       
,fris*'s edition1 vol4 i41 p4 #bdf4     
,kepl] holds ,osi&]  entirely           
responsible = ?is preface4 ,b]tr&1 9 8  
,fondateurs  de l',a/ronomie ,mod]ne1   
gives its text1 & ?9ks x possible  t    
,cop]nicus may h yield$ 9 pure          

condesc5sion t[>d 8  disciple4 ,b ?is   
idea is utt]ly at v>iance ) expressions 
9  ,cop]nicus's own d$icatory lett] to !
 pope1 :i* foll[s !  preface4 ,= a good 
summ>y ( ! argum5t1 see ,figui]1        
,savants  de la ,r5aissance1 pp4 #cgh1  
#cgi4 ,see1 also1 citation f ,gass5di's 
life ( ,cop]nicus1 9 ,flamm>ion1 ,vie de
 ,cop]nic1 p4 #abd4 ,mr4  ,john ,fiske1 
accurate z he usually is1 9 8 rec5t     
,outl9es (  ,cosmic ,philosophy1 appe>s 
to h foll[$ ,laplace1 ,delambre1 &      
,petit into ! error ( suppos+ t         
,cop]nicus1 & n ,osi&]1 is  responsible 
= ! preface4    #bg ,figui]1 ,savants de
 la ,r5aissance1 p4 #chj4 ,also1        
,flamm>ion1 ,vie de ,cop]nic1 p4 #aij4  
#bh ,! prop] au?orities 9 ?is case 7 !  
,congregation  ( ! ,index1 or c>d9als   
hav+ *>ge ( ! ,index ,librorum          
,prohibitorum4 ,rec5t desp]ate attempts 
to fa/5 ! responsibility  on !m z       
individuals seem ridicul\s 9 view ( !   
simple fact t  _! "w is sanction$ by !  
highe/ ,*ur* au?ority1 & requir$  to be 

univ]sally accept$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,?ree (  
f\r editions ( !  ,index 9 my own       
possession decl>e on _! title-pages t !y
 are  issu$ by ord] ( ! pontiff ( !     
p]iod1 & ea* is prefac$ by  a special   
papal bull or lett]4 ,see1 especially1  
,index ( #affd1 issu$  "u ord] ( ,alex&]
 ,,vii41 & t ( #agfa1 "u ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 
,cop]nicus's "w 0 prohibit$ 9 ! ,index  
donec corrigatur4  ,kepl] said t x ought
 to be word$ donec explicetur4 ,see     
,b]tr&1 ,fondateurs de l',a/ronomie     
,mod]ne1 p4 #eg4 ,de ,morgan1  pp4      
#eg-fj1 gives ! corrections requir$ by !
 ,index ( #afbj4 ,_!  ma9 aim seems to  
be to r$uce ,cop]nicus to ! grovel+     
level (  ,osi&]1 mak+ ( 8 discov]y a m]e
 hypo!sis2 b occasionally  !y require a 
virtual giv+ up ( ! :ole ,cop]nican     
doctr9e1 e4  g41 correction insi/$ ^u = 
cap4 #h1 p4 #f4 ,= s*ol>ly acc\nt  ( !  
relation ( ! ,prohibitory & ,expurgatory
 ,indexes to ea*  o!r1 see ,m5dham1     
,lit]>y ,policy ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4      
#bi ,see ,fromundus's book1 cit$ above1 

passim1 b especially !  head+ ( *apt]   
vi41 & ! argum5t 9 *aps1 x4 & xi4 ,=    
int]e/+ ref]5ce to "o ( ,fromundus's    
argum5ts1 %[+ by a  mixture ( ma!matics 
& !ology1 t ! e>? is ! c5tre (  !       
univ]se1 see ,quetelet1 ,hi/oire des    
,sci5ces ,ma?matiques et  ,physiques1   
,bruxelles1 #ahfd1 p4 #agj4    #cj ,see 
,lu!r's ,tis*r$51 ,irmis*]'s ,ausgabe4  
,also1  ,melan*?on's ,initia ,doctr9    
,physic4 ,?is treatise is cit$ "u  a    
mi/ak5 title by ! ,ca?olic ,_w1         
,septemb]1 #ahgj4 ,! correct  title is z
 giv5 above4 ,x w be f\nd 9 ! ,corpus   
,re=matorum1  ed4 ,brets*neid]1 ,halle1 
#ahdf4 7,= ! above passage1 see vol4    
xiii41 pp4 #baf1 #bag47 ,also1 ,lange1  
,ges*i*te des ,mat]ialismus1  vol4 i41  
p4 #bag4 ,also1 ,pr[e1 ,ueb] die        
,abhngigkeit des  ,cop]nicus1 ,?orn1    
#ahfe1 p4 #d4 ,also1 note1 pp4 #e & #f1 
:]e text is  giv5 9 full4    #ca ,=     
treatm5t ( ,cop]nican ideas by ! p1 see 
,ca?olic  ,_w1 z above4    #cb ,see     
title-page ( ,fromundus's "w cit$ 9 note

 at bottom ( p4  #cib2 also1 ,melan*?on1
 ubi supra4    #cc ,see ,b>?olmess1 ,vie
 de ,jordano ,bruno1 ,p>is1 #ahdf1 vol4 
i41  pp4 #aba & #bab1 et seq4 ,also     
,b]ti1 ,vita di ,giordano ,bruno1       
,fir5ze1 #ahfh1 *apt] xvi4 ,also        
,:ewell1 i41 #bid1 #bie4 ,t  ,:ewell is 
some:at ha/y 9 attribut+ ,bruno's       
puni%m5t entirely  to ! ,spaccio della  
,be/ia ,trionfante w be evid5t1 9 spite 
( ,montucla1 to any "o :o reads ! acc\nt
 ( ! p]secution 9  ,b>?olmess or ,b]ti2 
&1 ev5 if ,:ewell be "r1 ! ,spaccio     
w\ld nev] h be5 writt51 b = ,bruno's    
indignation at  ecclesia/ical           
oppression4 ,see ,tirabos*i1 vol4 xi41  
p4 #dce4    #cd ,delambre1 ,hi/oire de  
l',a/ronomie mod]ne1 disc\rs            
prlim9aire1 p4 xiv4 ,also ,laplace1     
,sy/me du ,monde1 vol4 i41  p4 #cbf1 & =
 m c>eful /atem5t1 ,kepl]i ,op]a ,omnia1
 edit4  ,fris*1 tom4 ii41 p4 #dfd4      
#ce ,cantu1 ,hi/oire ,univ]selle1 vol4  
xv41 p4 #dgc4    #cf ,a v curi\s example
 ( ?is %am sci5ce is se5 9 !  argum5t1  

frequ5tly us$ at ! "t1 t1 if ! e>?      
really mov$1  a /one fall+ f a height   
w\ld fall back ( ! po9t imm$iately  bel[
 its po9t ( />t+4 ,?is is us$ by        
,fromundus ) great  effect4 ,x appe>s   
nev] to h occurr$ to him to te/ ! matt] 
by  dropp+ a /one f ! topma/ ( a %ip4 ,b
 ! mo/ beautiful  ?+ ( all is t         
,b5z5burg has exp]im5tally demon/rat$ j 
su* an ab]ration 9 fall+ bodies z is    
ma!matically requir$ by  ! diurnal      
motion ( ! e>?4 ,see ,jevons1 ,pr9ciples
 ( ,sci5ce1  vol4 i41 p4 #dec1 & ii41   
pp4 #caj1 #caa4    #cg ,see ,delambre z 
to ! discov]y ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]  
be+ ! turn+-po9t ) ! helioc5tric        
doctr9e4 ,z to its  effects on ,bacon1  
see ,jevons1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 
ii41 p4  #bih4    #ch ,= argum5t drawn f
 ! c&le/ick & sev5 *ur*es1 see          
,delambre4    #ci ,libri1 vol4 iv41 p4  
#baa4 ,de ,morgan1 ,p>adoxes1 p4 #bf1 = 
acc\nt ( ,fa!r ,clavius4 ,x is int]e/+  
to "k t ,clavius1 9  8 la/ ye>s1        
ackn[l$g$ t ! :ole sy/em ( ! heav5s is  

brok5 d[n1 & mu/ be m5d$4    #dj ,cantu1
 ,hi/oire ,univ]selle1 vol4 xv41 p4     
#dgh4    #da ,= ,cacc9i's attack1 see   
,delambre1 ,hi/4 de l',a/ron41 disc4    
prlim41 p4 xxii42 also1 ,libri1 ,hi/4   
des ,sci5ces ,ma?41 vol4 iv41  p4 #bcb2 
also1 ,m>t91 ,galile1 pp4 #dc1 #dd4     
#db ,= ,bell>m9's view1 see ,qu9et1     
,jesuits1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ahi4  ,= o!r    
objectors & objections1 see ,libri1     
,hi/oire des ,sci5ces  ,ma?matiques en  
,italie1 vol4 iv41 pp4 #bcc1 #bcd2 also1
 ,m>t91 ,vie  de ,galile4    #dc ,see   
,tr\ess>t1 cit$ 9 ,flamm>ion1 ,mondes   
,imag9aires et  ,rels1 sixime dition1   
pp4 #cae1 #caf4    #dd ,initia ,doctr9  
,physic1 pp4 #bbj1 #bba4    #de ,see    
,ticknor1 ,hi/4 ( ,span4 ,lit]ature1    
vol4 iii4    #df ,see ,?4 ,m>t91        
,galile1 pp4 #cd1 #bjh1 & #bff4    #dg  
,see ,m>t91 ,galile1 pp4 #cd & #bjh2    
also a curi\s note  9 ! e>li] ,engli%   
editions1 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1
  ,introduction4    #dh ,= curi\s       
exemplification ( ! way 9 :i* ^! weapons

  h be5 hurl$1 see li/s ( p]sons *>g$ ) 
infidelity &  a!ism1 9 ,le ,dictionnaire
 des ,a?es1 ,p>is1 ,an4 viii4 ,also1    
,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism1 vol4    
ii41 p4 #ej4 ,= case (  ,desc>tes1 see  
,saisset1 ,desc>tes et ses prcurseurs1  
pp4 #ajc1 #aaj4    #di ,see ! orig9al   
docum5ts 9 ,ep9ois1 pp4 #cd-cf4 ,m>t9's 
translation does n seem exactly correct4
    #ej ,see full (ficial text 9        
,ep9ois4    #ea ,see pro(s ( ?is 9      
,m>t94 ,! read] %\ld be rem9d$ t  !     
ar*ives expos$ )9 ! pa/ few ye>s h made 
! /atem5ts  ( e>ly writ]s untru/wor?y on
 v _m ( ! nic] po9ts4    #eb ,see       
,in*(]'s ,tractatus ,syllepticus1 cit$ 9
 ,galileo's lett]  to ,deodati1 ,july   
#bh1 #afcd4    #ec ,x is n probable t   
torture 9 ! ord9>y s5se 0  adm9i/]$ to  
,galileo1 ?\gh x 0 ?reat5$4 ,see ,?4    
,m>t91  ,vie de ,galile1 = a fair summ+ 
up ( ! case4 ,= text ( !  abjuration1   
see ,ep9ois2 also1 ,private ,life (     
,galileo1 ,app5dix4    #ed ,m>t91 p4    
#bbg4    #ee ,m>t91 p4 #bdc4    #ef ,= !

 p]secution ( ,galileo's memory1 see ,?4
 ,m>t91 *aps4  ix & x4 ,= docum5t>y     
pro(s1 see de l',ep9ois4 ,= a collection
  ( ! sl&]\s !ories inv5t$ aga9/        
,galileo1 see ,m>t91  f9al *apt]s &     
app5dix4 ,bo? ^! au?ors are devot$ to ! 
,*ur*1 b1 unlike ,monsignor ,m>9i1 are  
too upright to resort to !  pi\s fraud (
 suppress+ docum5ts or int]polat+       
pret5d$ facts4    #eg ,see ,m>t91 pp4   
#dja1 #djb4    #eh ,see de l',ep9ois1 p4
 #ce1 :]e ! docum5t is giv5 9 its       
orig9al ,lat94    #ei ,see translation (
 ! abjuration 9 app5dix to ,private     
,life (  ,galileo1 ,london1 #ahgj4      
#fj ,see ,m>9i1 :o manipulat$ ! orig9al 
docum5ts to prove  ?is4 ,ev5 ,:ewell    
appe>s to h be5 some:at misl$ by him2 b 
,:ewell wrote be=e de l',ep9ois _h %[n  
all ! docum5ts1 &  "u ! supposition t   
,m>9i 0 an hone/ man4    #fa ,see ,m>9i4
    #fb ,see ,ep9ois & ,?4 ,m>t91       
passim4    #fc ,see pages #acf1 #add1 & 
else:]e 9 ,m>t91 :o1 mu* aga9/  8 w1 is 
=c$ to all[ ?is4    #fd ,m>t91 pp4 #adf1

 #adg4    #fe ,see ,m>t91 p4 #ade4      
#ff ,see note on condemnation (         
,kop]nik4    #fg ,= ! attempt to make ! 
crime ( ,galileo a brea* (  etiquette1  
see ,dubl9 ,review1 z above4 ,:ewell1   
vol4 i41 #cic4  ,citation f ,m>9i3      
,galileo 0 puni%$ = trifl+ )  !         
au?orities to :i* he refus$ to submit1 &
 0 puni%$  = ob/9ate contumacy1 n h]esy4
 ,! suffici5t answ] to all  ?is is1 t ! 
words ( ! inflexible s5t5ce designat+ ! 
condemn$ books are3 ,libri omnes qui    
affirmant telluris motum4 ,see  ,b]tr&1 
p4 #ei4 ,z to ! idea t ,galileo 0 puni%$
 n  = 8 op9ion1 b = bas+ x on           
,scripture1 ! answ] may be  f\nd 9 !    
,roman ,index ( #agjd1 9 :i* are not$ = 
condemnation  ,libri omnes doc5tes      
mobilitatem t]r et inmobilitatem solis4 
,=  ! way 9 :i*1 :5 x 0 f\nd conv5i5t 9 
argum5t1 ,*ur*  apologi/s insi/$ t x 0 !
 ,supreme ,*ief ( ! ,*ur*1  by a        
pontifical decree1 & n c]ta9 c>d9als1 :o
 condemn$  ,galileo & 8 doctr9e1 see    
,fa!r ,lecazre's lett] to ,gass5di 9    

,flamm>ion1 ,pluralit des ,mondes1 p4   
#dbg1 & ,urban ,,viii4's own            
decl>ations z giv5 by ,m>t94 ,= ! way 9 
:i*1 :5 necess>y1  ,*ur* apologi/s      
ass]t$ ! v contr>y ( ?is1 decl>+ t  x 0 
issu$ 9 a doctr9al decree ( !           
,congregation ( !  ,index1 & n z ! ,holy
 ,fa!r's tea*+1 see ,dubl9 ,review1     
,septemb]1 #ahfe4 ,& = ! mo/ a/\nd+     
attempt ( all1 to take  ! blame (f !    
%\ld]s ( bo? pope & c>d9als1 & place x  
^u ! ,almighty1 see ! article above     
cit$1 9 ! ,dubl9 ,review1  ,septemb]1   
#ahfe1 p4 #dai4 ,= a good summ>y ( !    
v>i\s attempts1  & = replies to !m 9 a  
_s ( judicial fairness1 see ,?4  ,m>t91 
,vie de ,galile1 ?\gh !re is "s special 
plead+ to  save ! infallibility ( pope &
 ,*ur*4 ,! bibliography at !  close is v
 valuable4    #fh ,= ,b>onius's rem>k1  
see ,de ,morgan1 p4 #bf4 ,also1 ,:ewell1
  vol4 i41 p4 #cid4    #fi ,= an        
exce$+ly /rik+ /atem5t1 by a ,roman     
,ca?olic  hi/orian ( g5ius1 z to popul> 
dem& = p]secution1 & !  pressure ( ! l[]

 /rata1 9 ecclesia/ical organizations1  
= cruel measures1 see ,balms1 ,le       
,prote/antisme comp> au  ,ca?olicisme1  
etc41 #d? ed41 ,p>is1 #ahee1 vol4 ii4   
,ar*bi%op  ,spauld+ has some?+ ( ! same 
sort 9 8 ,miscellanies4  ,l',ep9ois1    
,galile1 pp4 #bb1 et seq41 /ret*es ?is z
 f> z  possible1 to save ! reputation ( 
! ,*ur* 9 ! ,galileo matt]4    #gj      
,humboldt1 ,cosmos1 ,london1 #ahea1 vol4
 iii41 p4 #ba4 ,also1  ,lange1 ,ges*i*te
 des ,mat]ialismus1 vol4 i41 p4 #bbb1   
:]e !  lett]s ( ,desc>tes are giv51 %[+ 
8 despair1 & ! giv+ up  ( 8 be/ ?\ghts &
 works to pres]ve peace ) ! ,*ur*4      
,also1  ,saisset1 ,desc>tes et ses      
prcurseurs1 pp4 #ajj1 et seq4 ,also1    
,jolly1 ,hi/1 du ,m\vem5t ,intellectuel 
au ,,xvie ,sicle1 vol4 i41 p4  #cij     
#ga ,libri1 pp4 #adi1 et seq4    #gb    
,fromundus1 speak+ ( ,kepl]'s           
explanation1 says3 ,vix t5eo  ebulli5tem
 risum4 ,x is almo/ equal to ! ,new     
,york ,*ur*  ,j\rnal1 speak+ ( ,john    
,/u>t ,mill z t small scioli/1 & (  !   

preface to ,dr4 ,drap]'s rec5t "w z     
*ipp]+4 ,h[ a j\rnal  g5]ally s fair 9  
its treatm5t ( su* subjects c condesc5d 
to use su* weapons1 is "o ( ! wond]s (  
mod]n j\rnalism4 ,=  ,prote/ant         
p]secution ( ,kepl]1 see vol4 i41 p4    
#cib4 ,among o!r  ?+s1 ,kepl]'s "m 0    
decl>$ a wit*1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by  a     
rem9d] ( ! ,scriptural injunction1 ,ye  
%all n suff] a wit*  to live4    #gc ,= 
,cass9i's position1 see ,h5ri ,m>t91    
,hi/4 de ,france1  vol4 xiii41 p4 #age4 
#gd ,daun\1 tudes ,hi/oriques1 vol4 ii41
 p4 #dci4    #ge ,bossuet1 see ,b]tr&1  
p4 #da4    #gf ,= ,hut*9son1 see ,lyell1
 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ,introduction4  
#gg ,boscovi*4 ,?is 0 9 #agdf1 b 9 #aghe
 ,boscovi* seem$ to feel  8 position 9  
view ( hi/ory1 & apologiz$ abjectly4    
,b]tr&1  pp4 #fj1 #fa4 ,see also        
,:ewell's notice ( ,le ,sueur &         
,jacqui]'s  introduction to _! edition (
 ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 ,= a cle>  /atem5t
 ( ,bradley's exquisite demon/ration ( !
 ,cop]nican  !ory by reason+s ^u !      

rapidity ( light1 etc41 & ,f\cault's    
exhibition ( ! rotation ( ! e>? by !    
p5dulum exp]im5t1  see ,hoef]1 ,hi/4 de 
l',a/ronomie1 pp4 #dib1 et seq4 ,= ! mo/
  rec5t pro(s ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 by   
discov]ies ( ,buns51  ,bis*(f1          
,b5z5burg1 & o!rs1 see ,jevons1         
,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce4    #gh ,see note 9
 introduction to ,lyell's ,pr9ciples (  
,geology2 also1  ,buckle1 ,hi/4 ( ,civ4 
9 ,engl&1 vol4 i41 *ap4 i4    #gi       
,b]tr&1 ,fondateurs de l',a/ron4 ,mod41 
p4 #fa4 ,flamm>ion1  ,vie de ,cop]nic1  
*ap4 ix4 ,z to ! "t :5 ! decree (       
condemnation 0 repeal$1 v>i\s au?orities
 diff]4 ,artaud1 p4  #cjg1 cit$ 9 an    
apologetic article 9 ,dubl9 ,review1    
,septemb]1  #ahfe1 says t ,galileo's    
fam\s dialogue 0 publi%$ 9 #agdd1 at    
,padua1 entire1 & ) ! usual             
approbations4 ,! same article also      
decl>es t 9 #ahah ! ecclesia/ical       
decrees 7 repeal$ by  ,pius ,,vii41 9   
full ,consi/ory4 ,:ewell says t         
,galileo's writ+s1  aft] "s opposition1 

7 expung$ f ! ,index ,expurgatorius 9   
#ahah4 ,cantu1 an au?ority r favorable  
to ! ,*ur*1 says t  ,cop]nicus's "w     
rema9$ on ! ,index z late z #ahce4      
,cantu1  ,hi/oire ,univ]selle1 vol4 xv41
 p4 #dhc2 & ) ?is ,?4 ,m>t91 n  less    
favorable to ! ,*ur*1 b exce$+ly c>eful 
z to ! facts1  agrees4    #hj ,see      
,weld1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4
 ii41 p4 #ef1 =  ! facts & ! admirable  
lett] ( ,prie/ley ^u ?is rejection4     
#ha ,bruhns & ,lassell1 ,life (         
,humboldt1 ,london1 #ahgc1 vol4  ii41 p4
 #daa4    #hb ,= ! v amus+ details ( !  
,engli% attempt1 & ( !  way 9 :i* x 0   
met1 see ,de ,morgan1 ,p>adoxes1 p4 #db4
 ,=  ,pa/or ,knak & 8 associates1 see   
,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahfh4    #hc 
,= a /rik+ acc\nt1 ga!r$ f eye-witnesses
 ( ?is  frightful sc5e at ! execution ( 
,bruno1 see lett] ( ,scioppius 9        
app5dix to vol4 iv4 ( ,libri1 ,hi/4 des 
,ma?matiques4    #hd ,z a p5dant to ?is 
ejaculation ( ,kepl] may be cit$ ^?     
wondr\s words ( ,l9nu3 ,deum omnipot5tem

 a t]go transeuntem vidi  et ob/upui4   
#he ,= papal bull repres5t+ ! e>? z a   
flat disk1 see  ,daun\1 tudes           
,hi/oriques1 vol4 ii41 p4 #dba4    #hf  
,= ,bruno's conjecture 79 #aeia71 see   
,jevons1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bii4  ,= ,kant's 
"p 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis1 see ,lange1     
,ges*i*te  des ,mat]ialismus1 vol4 i41  
p4 #bff4 ,= value ( ,plateau's beautiful
  exp]im5t v cauti\sly e/imat$1 see ,w4 
,/anley ,jevons1  ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 
,london1 #ahgd1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cf4 ,also1
 ,elise  ,rclus1 ,! ,e>?1 translat$ by  
,woodw>d1 vol4 i41 pp4 #ad-ah1 =  an    
e/imate /ill m c>eful4 ,= a g5]al acc\nt
 ( discov]ies  ( nature ( nebul by      
spectroscope1 see ,drap]1 ,conflict     
betwe5  ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,= a c>eful
 discussion reg>d+ ! spectra  ( solid1  
liquid1 & gase\s bodies1 see ,s*ell51   
,spectrum  ,analysis1 pp4 #ajj1 et seq4 
,= a v ?or\gh discussion ( !  be>+s (   
discov]ies made by spectrum analysis ^u 
! nebul>  hypo!sis1 ibid41 pp4 #ecb-ecg4
 ,= a pres5tation ( ! difficulties  yet 

unsolv$1 see article by ,plumm]1 9      
,london ,popul> ,sci5ce  ,review =      
,janu>y1 #ahge4 ,= excell5t %ort summ>y 
( rec5t  obs]vations & ?\ght on ?is     
subject1 see ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt1  ,address 
at ! ,prie/ley ,c5t5nial1 pp4 #g1 #h4 ,=
 an int]e/+  modification ( ?is         
hypo!sis1 see ,proctor's rec5t writ+s4  
#hg ,= a v c>eful discussion ( ,alb]t's 
/r5g? 9  inve/igation & weakness 9      
yield+ to s*ola/ic au?ority1 see  ,kopp1
 ,ansi*t5 b] die ,aufgabe d] ,*emie von 
,geb] bis ,/ahl1  ,brauns*weig1 #ahge1  
pp4 #fd1 et seq4 ,= a v ext5d$ &        
en?usia/ic biographical sket*1 see      
,p\*et4 ,= comp>ison (  8 "w ) t (      
,?omas ,aqu9as1 see ,milman1 ,hi/ory (  
,lat9  ,*ri/ians1 vol4 vi41 #dfa4 ,il   
tait aussi trs-habile dans les arts     
mcaniques1 ce que le fit s\ponn] d'tre  
sorci]4 ,spr5gel1  ,hi/oire de la       
,mdec9e1 vol4 ii41 p4 #chi4    #hh ,= ! 
*>ge ( magic aga9/ s*ol>s & o!rs1 see   
,naud1  ,apologie p\r les gr&s hommes   
accuss de ,magie1 passim4 ,also1        

,maury1 ,hi/4 de la ,magie1 troisime    
dit41 pp4 #bad1 #bae4 ,also1  ,cuvi]1   
,hi/4 des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 vol4 i41
 p4 #cif4    #hi ,see tudes sur ,v9c5t  
de ,beauvais p> l',abb ,b\rgeat1 *aps4  
xii41 xiii41 xiv4 ,also1 ,p\*et1        
,hi/oire des ,sci5ces ,naturelles au    
,moy5 ,age1 ,p>is1 #ahec1 pp4 #dgj1 et  
seq4    #ij ,= "w ( ,aqu9as1 see ,/4    
,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,lib] de ,clo et        
,mundo1 section xx4 ,also1 ,life &      
,labors ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91  by       
,ar*bi%op ,vaughan1 pp4 #dei1 et seq4 ,=
 8 labors 9 natural  sci5ce1 see ,hoef]1
 ,hi/oire de la ,*imie1 ,p>is1 #ahdc1   
vol4  i41 p4 #cha4 ,= !ological views ( 
sci5ce 9 middle ages1 &  rejoic+ !reat1 
see ,p\*et1 ,hi/4 des ,sci4 ,nat4 au    
,moy5 ,age1  ubi supra4 ,p\*et says3 ,en
 gnral au milieu du moy5 ge les  sci5ces
 sont ess5tiellem5t *rti5nes1 leur b e/ 
t\t--fait  religieux1 et elles sembl5t  
beauc\p mo9s s'inquit] de l'avancem5t   
intellectuel de l'homme que de son salut
 et]nel4 ,p\*et calls ?is  conciliation 

into a h>monieux ensemble la plus       
glorieuse des  conqutes intellectuelles 
du moy5 ge4 ,p\*et belongs to ,r\51 &  !
 %ad[ ( ! ,r\5 ,ca!dral seems ?r[n ov]  
all 8 hi/ory4  ,see1 also1 ,l',abb      
,rohrba*]1 ,hi/4 de l'glise ,ca?olique1 
,p>is1 #aheh1 vol4 xviii41 pp4 #dba1 et 
seq4 ,! abb dilates ^u  ! fact t ! ,*ur*
 organizes ! agreem5t ( all ! sci5ces   
by ! labors ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu9 & 8    
contempor>ies4 ,=  ! !ological "* (     
sci5ce 9 middle ages1 recogniz$  by a   
,prote/ant philosophic hi/orian1 see !  
well-kn[n passage  9 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( 
,civilization 9 ,europe2 & by a not$    
,prote/ant ecclesia/ic1 see ,bi%op      
,hampd5's ,life ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1  *aps4
 xxxvi41 xxxvii4 ,see1 also1 ,hallam1   
,middle ,ages1 *ap4 ix4  ,= deal+s (    
,pope ,john ,,xxii41 & k+s ( ,france &  
,engl&1 &  republic ( ,v5ice1 see       
,figui]1 ,l',al*imie et les ,al*imi/es1 
pp4  #adj1 #ada1 :]e1 9 a note1 ! text (
 ! bull ,spond5t ,p>it] is  giv54    #ia
 ,! ,novum ,organon1 translat$ by !     

,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,kit*91 ,ox=d1  #ahee1    
*ap4 lxv4    #ib ,novum ,organon1 *ap4  
lxxxix4    #ic ,novum ,organon1 *ap4    
xciii4    #id ,bacon1 ,! ,advancem5t (  
,le>n+1 edit$ by ,w4 ,aldis ,wright1    
,london1 #ahgc1 pp4 #dg1 #dh4    #ie ,= 
a v contemptu\s /atem5t ( ,"l ,bacon's  
claim to 8  position z a philosoph]1 see
 ,lange1 ,ges*i*te des ,mat]ialismus1   
,leipsic1 #ahgd1 vol4 i41 p4 #bai4 ,= a 
m j /atem5t1 see  ,brew/]1 ,life ( ,sir 
,isaac ,newton4 ,see1 also1 ,jevons1    
,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 ,london1 #ahgd1   
vol4 ii41 p4 #bih4    #if ,kopp1 9 8    
,ansi*t51 pu%es criticism ev5 to "s     
skepticism  z to ,rog] ,bacon be+ !     
discov]] ( _m ( ! ?+s  g5]ally attribut$
 to him2 b1 aft] all d$uctions are      
c>efully  made1 en\gh rema9s to make    
,bacon ! greate/ b5efactor to humanity  
dur+ ! middle ages4    #ig ,= an acc\nt 
( ,bacon's treatise1 ,de ,nullitate     
,magi1 see  ,hoef]4    #ih ,kopp1       
,ges*i*te d] ,*emie1 ,brauns*weig1      
#ahdc1 vol4 i41  p4 #fc2 & = a some:at  

reaction>y discussion ( ,bacon's        
relation  to ! progress ( *emi/ry1 see a
 rec5t "w by ! same au?or1  ,ansi*t5 b] 
die ,aufgabe d] ,*emie1 ,brauns*weig1   
#ahgd1 pp4 #he1  et seq4 ,also1 = an    
excell5t summ>y1 see ,hoef]1 ,hi/4 de la
  ,*imie1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cfh1 et seq4 ,= 
summ>ies ( 8 "w 9  o!r fields1 see      
,:ewell1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cfg1 #cfh4       
,drap]1 p4 #dch4  ,saisset1 ,desc>tes et
 ses ,prcurseurs1 deuxime dition1 pp4   
#cig1  et seq4 ,n\rrisson1 ,progrs de la
 p5se huma9e1 pp4 #bga1 #bgb4  ,spr5gel1
 ,hi/oire de la ,mdec9e1 ,p>is1 #ahfe1  
vol4 ii41 p4 #cig4  ,cuvi]1 ,hi/oire des
 ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 vol4 i41 p4 #dag4
 ,z to  ,bacon's or?odoxy1 see ,saisset1
 pp4 #ec1 #ee4 ,= special exam9ation  ( 
causes ( ,bacon's condemnation1 see     
,wadd+ton1 cit$ by ,saisset1  p4 #ad4   
,on ,bacon z a sorc]]1 see              
,fea!r/onaugh's article 9 ,nor?         
,am]ican ,review4 ,= a good example ( ! 
dang] ( d5y+ full  p[] ( ,satan1 ev5 9  
mu* m rec5t times1 & 9 a ,prote/ant     

c\ntry1 see acc\nt ( treatm5t ( ,bekk]'s
 ,monde ,en*ant by !  !ologians (       
,holl&1 9 ,nis>d1 ,hi/oire des ,livres  
,populaires1  vol4 i41 pp4 #agb1 #agc4  
#ii ,h5ri ,m>t91 ,hi/4 de ,france1 vol4 
iv41 p4 #bhc4    #ajj ,on ,bacon z a    
,mahometan1 see ,saisset1 p4 #ag4       
#aja ,= pro(s t ! _w is /eadily work+   
t[>d great  discov]ies z to ! cause &   
prev5tion ( zymotic diseases &  ( _!    
propagation1 see ,beale's ,disease      
,g]ms1 ,baldw9 ,la?am's  ,sanit>y       
,eng9e]+1 ,mi*el ,lvy1 ,trait d',hygine 
,publique et  ,prive1 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 ,& =
 v ?or\gh summ>ies1 see ,presid5t       
,b>n>d's pap] read be=e ,sanit>y        
,congress 9 ,new ,york1 #ahgd1 &  ,dr4  
,j4 ,c4 ,dalton's ,anniv]s>y ,disc\rse  
on ! ,orig9 & ,propagation  ( ,disease1 
,new ,york1 #ahgd4    #ajb ,antonio de  
,dom9is1 see ,montucla1 ,hi/4 des       
,ma?matiques1  vol4 i41 p4 #gje4        
,humboldt1 ,cosmos4 ,libri1 vol4 iv41   
pp4 #ade1 et  seq4    #ajc ,= ,porta1   
see ,hoef]1 ,hi/4 de la ,*emie1 vol4    

ii41 pp4  #ajb-ajf4 ,also1 ,kopp4 ,also1
 ,spr5gel1 ,hi/4 de la ,mdec9e1 iii41   
p4 #bci4 ,also1 ,musset-,p>?ay4    #ajd 
,h5ri ,m>t91 ,hi/oire de ,france1 vol4  
xii41 pp4 #ad1 #ae4    #aje ,napi]1     
,flor5t9e ,hi/ory1 vol4 v41 p4 #dhe4    
,tirabos*i1  ,/oria della ,lit]atura4   
,h5ri ,m>t91 ,hi/oire de ,france4       
,jevons ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ii41 
pp4 #cf-dj4 ,= value atta*$  to         
,borelli's inve/igations by ,newton &   
,huygh5s1 see ,brew/]'s  ,life ( ,sir   
,isaac ,newton1 ,london1 #ahge1 pp4     
#abh1 #abi4 ,libri1 9 8  ,essai sur     
,galile1 p4 #cg1 says t ,oliva 0 summon$
 to ,rome1 &  s tortur$ by !            
,inquisition t1 to escape fur!r cruelty1
 he  end$ 8 life by ?r[+ himself f a    
w9d[4    #ajf ,= ?is syllogism1 see     
,figui]1 ,l',al*imie et les  ,al*imi/es1
 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,= c>eful appreciation 
( ,be*]'s  position 9 ! hi/ory (        
*emi/ry1 see ,kopp1 ,ansi*t5 b] die     
,aufgabe d] ,*emie1 etc41 von ,geb] bis 
,/ahl1 ,brauns*weig1 #ahge1  pp4 #bja1  

et seq4    #ajg ,= ,t]tullian's views1  
see ! ,de ,anima1 *ap4 x4 ,= views (    
,/4 ,augu/9e1 see ! ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 book
 xxii41 *ap4 #bd4    #ajh ,= ,boniface  
,,viii4 & 8 int]diction ( dissections1  
see  ,buckle's ,po/hum\s ,works1 vol4   
ii41 p4 #efg4 ,= injuri\s effects (  ?is
 ecclesia/ical ho/ility to anatomy ^u ! 
developm5t ( art1  see ,woltman1 ,holbe9
 & ,8 ,"t1 pp4 #bff1 #bfg4 ,= an        
excell5t  /atem5t ( ! true relation ( ! 
m$ical pr(ession to religi\s  que/ions1 
see ,pr(4 ,acl&1 ,g5]al ,relations (    
,m$ic9e 9 ,mod]n  ,times1 ,ox=d1 #ahfh4 
,= ?\ghtful & witty rem>ks on ! /ruggle 
at a rec5t p]iod1 see ,maury1           
,l',anci5ne ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1      
,p>is1 #ahfd1 p4 #adh4 ,maury says3 ,la 
facult n'aimait pas  avoir  affaire aux 
?ologi5s qui procd5t p> ana?mes beauc\p 
plus que  p> analyses4    #aji ,=       
uncritical praise ( ,arnold de ,villa   
,nova1 see ,figui]1  ,l',al*imie et les 
,al*imi/es1 #cme edit4 ,= undue blame1  
see  ,hoef]1 ,hi/oire de la ,*imie1     

,p>is1 #ahdb1 vol4 i41 p4 #chf4 ,=  a m 
broad & fair judgm5t1 see ,kopp1        
,ges*i*te d] ,*emie1  ,brauns*weig1     
#ahdc1 vol4 i41 p4 #ff1 & vol4 ii41 p4  
#ahe4 ,also1  ,p\*et1 ,hi/oire des      
,sci5ces ,naturelles au ,moy5 ,age1     
,p>is1  #ahec1 pp4 #eb1 et seq4 ,also1  
,drap]1 ,int4 ,dev4 ( ,europe1 p4 #dba4 
,:ewell1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,induct4 ,sci5ces1   
vol4 i41 p4 #bce2 vol4  viii41 p4 #cf4  
,frdault1 ,hi/4 de la ,mdec9e1 vol4 i41 
p4 #bjd4    #aaj ,r5an1 ,av]ros et      
l',av]roisme1 ,p>is1 #ahfg1 pp4 #cbg1   
#ccc1  #cce4 ,= a p]fectly j /atem5t ( !
 only circum/ances :i* c  ju/ify ! *>ge 
( a!ism1 see ,dr4 ,deems's article 9    
,,popul>  ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly1 ,febru>y1  
#ahgf4    #aaa ,:ewell1 vol4 iii41 p4   
#cbh1 says1 r loosely1 t ,mund9us       
dissect$ at ,bologna 9 #acae4 ,h[       
diff]5t 8 idea ( dissection  0 f t      
introduc$ by ,vesalius1 may be se5 by   
,cuvi]'s c>eful  /atem5t t ! entire     
numb] ( dissections by ,mund9us 0 ?ree4 
,! usual /atem5t is t x 0 two4 ,see     

,cuvi]1 ,hi/4 des ,sci4  ,nat41 tome    
iii41 p4 #g2 also1 ,spr5gel1 ,frdault1 &
 ,hallam2  also1 ,littr1 ,mdec9e et     
,mdec9s1 *ap4 on anatomy4 ,= a v  full  
/atem5t ( ! ag5cy ( ,mund9us 9 !        
progress ( anatomy1  see ,portal1 ,hi/4 
de l',anatomie et de la ,*irurgrie1 vol4
 i41 pp4  #bji-baf4    #aab ,= a simil> 
*>ge aga9/ anatomical inve/igations at a
  mu* e>li] p]iod1 see ,littr1 ,mdec9e  
et ,mdec9s1 *apt] on  anatomy4    #aac  
,! orig9al pa9t+ ( ,vesalius at "w 9 8  
cell1 by ,hamann1  is n[ at ,cornell    
,univ]sity4    #aad ,= a curi\s example 
( weapons drawn f ,gal5 & us$  aga9/    
,vesalius1 see ,lewes1 ,life ( ,goe!1 p4
 #cdc1 note4 ,=  pro(s t ,i h n         
ov]-e/imat$ ,vesalius1 see ,portal1 ubi 
supra4 ,portal speaks ( him z le gnie le
 plus droit qu'eut  l',europe2 & aga91  
,vesale me p>at un des plus gr&s hommes 
qui  ait exi/4    #aae ,see ,spr5gel1   
,hi/oire de la ,mdec9e1 vol4 vi41 pp4   
#ci-hj4  ,= ! opposition ( ! ,p>is      
,faculty ( ,!ology to inoculation1 see  

! ,j\rnal de ,b>bi]1 vol4 vi41 p4 #bid4 
,= bitt] d5unciations (  inoculation by 
! ,engli% cl]gy1 & = ! noble /& aga9/ !m
  by ,maddox1 see ,b>on1 ,life ( ,j5n]1 
vol4 i41 pp4 #bca1 #bcb1 &  vol4 ii41   
pp4 #ci1 #dj4 ,= ! /r5u\s opposition ( !
 same cl]gy1  see ,weld1 ,hi/ory ( !    
,royal ,society1 vol4 i41 p4 #dfd1 note4
  ,also1 = ! comical side ( ?is matt]1  
see ,ni*ols's ,lit]>y  ,illu/rations1   
vol4 v41 p4 #hjj4    #aaf ,= !          
opposition ( consci5ti\s m5 9 ,engl& to 
vacc9ation1 see ,duns1 ,life ( ,sir     
,james ,y4 ,simpson1 ,b>t41 ,london1    
#ahgc1 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi2 also1 ,b>on1     
,life ( ,j5n]1 ubi supra1 &  vol4 ii41  
p4 #dc2 also1 ,works ( ,sir ,j4 ,y4     
,simpson1 vol4 ii4    #aag ,see ,duns1  
,life ( ,sir ,j4 ,y4 ,simpson1 pp4      
#bae-bbb4    #aah ,ibid41 pp4 #bef-bei4 
#aai ,ibid41 p4 #bfj2 also1 ,works (    
,sir ,j4 ,y4 ,simpson1 ubi supra4       
#abj ,morley1 ,life ( ,palissy ! ,pott]1
 vol4 ii41 pp4 #cae1 et  seq4    #aba   
,audiat1 ,vie de ,palissy1 p4 #dab4     

,cantu1 ,hi/4 ,univ]selle1  vol4 xv41 p4
 #dib4    #abb ,= anci5t beliefs reg>d+ 
giants1 see ,leop>di1 ,saggio  sopra gli
 errori popol>i1 etc41 *apt] xv4 ,=     
acc\nts ( !  views ( ,mazuri] &         
,s*eu*z]1 see ,b*n]1 ,man 9 ,pa/1       
,pres5t1 & ,future1 ,engli% translation1
 pp4 #bce1 #bcf4 ,= ,increase  ,ma!r's  
views1 see ,philosophical ,transactions1
 xxiv41 #he4 ,=  simil> fossils s5t f   
,new ,york to ! ,royal ,society z rema9s
 (  giants1 see ,weld1 ,hi/ory ( !      
,royal ,society1 vol4 i41 p4 #dba4  ,=  
,fa!r ,torrubia & 8 ,gigantologia       
,espaola1 see ,d',ar*iac1  ,introduction
  l'tude de la ,palontologie            
/ratiographique1 ,p>is1  #ahfd1 p4 #bjb4
 ,= admirable summ>ies1 see ,lyell1     
,pr9ciples (  ,geology1 ,london1 #ahfg2 
,d',ar*iac1 ,gologie et ,palontologie1  
,p>is1 #ahff2 ,pictet1 ,trait de        
,palontologie1 ,p>is1 #ahec2  ,vezian1  
,prodrome de la ,gologie1 ,p>is1 #ahfc2 
,haeckel1 ,hi/ory  ( ,creation1 ,new    
,york1 #ahgf1 *apt] iii4    #abc ,see   

,voltaire1 ,diss]tation sur les         
,*angem5ts arrivs dans  notre ,globe2   
also1 ,voltaire1 ,les ,s+ul>its de la   
,nature1  *apt] xii41 ne> close ( vol4  
v4 ( ! ,didot edition ( #ahdc2 also1    
,jevons1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ii41
 p4 #cbh4    #abd ,= a c&id summ>y ( !  
pro(s f geology1 a/ronomy1  & zology1 t 
! ,noa*ian ,deluge 0 n univ]sally or    
widely  ext5d$1 see ,mc,clintock &      
,/rong1 ,cyclopdia ( ,biblical ,!ology  
& ,ecclesia/ical ,lit]ature1 article    
,deluge4 ,= g5]al hi/ory1  see ,lyell1  
,d',ar*iac1 & ,vezian4 ,= special cases 
%[+  bitt]ness ( ! conflict1 see ! ,rev4
 ,mr4 ,davis's ,life ( ,rev4 ,dr4  ,pye 
,smi?1 passim4    #abe ,= comp>ison     
betwe5 conduct ( ,italian & ,engli%     
ecclesia/ics1 z reg>ds geology1 see     
,lyell1 ,pr9ciples (  ,geology1 t5?     
,engli% ed41 vol i41 p4 #cc4 ,= a       
philosophical  /atem5t ( reasons :y !   
/ruggle 0 m bitt]1 & ! attempt  at      
deceptive compromises m absurd 9 ,engl& 
?an else:]e1 see  ,maury1 ,l',anci5ne   

,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 second edition1  
p4 #aeb4    #abf ,= ^! citations1 see   
,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1          
introduction4    #abg ,see ,pye ,smi?1  
,d4 ,d41 ,geology & ,scripture1 pp4     
#aef1 #aeg1  #afh1 #afi4    #abh        
,wiseman1 ,twelve ,lectures on !        
,connection betwe5 ,sci5ce &  ,reveal$  
,religion1 fir/ ,am]ican edition1 ,new  
,york1 #ahcg4    #abi ,see ,silliman's  
,j\rnal1 vol4 xxx41 p4 #aad4    #acj    
,pr(4 ,goldw9 ,smi? in=ms me t ! pap]s (
 ,sir ,rob]t  ,peel1 yet unpubli%$1     
conta9 v curi\s specim5s ( ^! epi/les4  
#aca ,see ,p]sonal ,recollections ( ,m>y
 ,som]ville1 ,bo/on1 #ahgd1  pp4 #aci & 
#cge4 ,comp>e ) any /atem5t ( 8 religi\s
 views t  ,dean ,cockburn 0 able to     
make1 ! foll[+ f ,mrs4 ,som]ville3      
,no?+ has af=d$ me s conv9c+ a pro( ( ! 
,deity z ^!  purely m5tal conceptions ( 
num]ical & ma!matical sci5ce :i*  h be51
 by sl[ degrees1 v\*saf$ to man--& are  
/ill grant$  9 ^! latt] times1 by !     
diff]5tial calculus1 n[ sup]s$$ by  !   

high] algebra--all ( :i* mu/ h exi/$ 9 t
 sublimely  omnisci5t m9d f             
et]nity4--,see ,p]sonal ,recollections1 
pp4 #adj1  #ada4    #acb ,= ano!r great 
error ( ! ,*ur* 9 political economy1    
lead+ to injury to comm]ce1 see ,l9dsay1
 ,hi/ory (  ,m]*ant-,%ipp+1 ,london1    
#ahgd1 vol4 ii4    #acc ,see ,murray1   
,hi/ory ( ,usury1 ,philadelphia1 #ahff1 
p4  #be2 also1 ,coquel9 & ,guillaum91   
,dictionnaire de l'conomie  ,politique1 
articles ,intrt & ,usure2 also1 ,lecky1 
,hi/ory (  ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 vol4 
ii41 *apt] vi42 also1 ,j]emy ,b5?am's   
,def5ce ( ,usury1 ,lett] ,x42 also1 ,mr4
 ,d4 ,s4 ,dick9son's ,spee* 9  ! ,s5ate 
( ,new ,york1 vol4 i4 ( 8 collect$      
writ+s4 ,( all !  summ>ies1 ,lecky's is 
by f> ! be/4    #acd ,! texts cit$ mo/  
frequ5tly 7 ,leviticus xxv4 #cf1 #cg2   
,deut]onomy xxiii4 #ai2 ,psalms xv4 #e2 
,ezekiel xviii4 #h & #ag2 ,/4 ,luke  vi4
 #ce4 ,see ,lecky2 also1 ,dick9son's    
,spee*1 z above4    #ace ,see           
,dictionnaire de l'conomie ,politique1  

articles ,intrt  & ,usure = ^!          
citations4 ,= "s d\btful res]vations    
made by  ,/4 ,augu/9e1 see ,murray4     
#acf ,see citation ( ! ,lat9 text 9     
,lecky4    #acg ,= ?is moral effect1 see
 ,montesquieu1 ,esprit des ,lois1 lib4  
xxi41 *ap4 xx4    #ach ,see citation 9  
,lecky4    #aci ,see ,coquel9 &         
,guillaum91 article ,intrt4    #adj ,see
 ,craik's ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,comm]ce1   
*apt] vi4 ,!  /atute cit$ is #c ,h5ry   
,,vii41 *apt] vi4    #ada ,see ,lecky4  
#adb ,see citation f ! ,tis*r$51 9      
,guillaum9 & ,coquel91  article ,intrt4 
#adc ,see ,craik's ,hi/ory ( ,briti%    
,comm]ce1 *apt] vi4    #add ,= citation1
 z above1 see ,lecky4 ,= fur!r acc\nt1  
see  uvres de ,bossuet1 edition ( #ahde1
 vol4 xi41 p4 #ccj4    #ade ,see        
citation f ,conc9a 9 ,lecky2 also1      
acquiesc5ce 9  ?is int]pretation by ,mr4
 ,dick9son1 9 ,spee* 9 ,s5ate ( ,new    
,york1 above quot$4    #adf ,see        
,rplique des d\ze ,docteurs1 etc41 cit$ 
by ,guillaum9 &  ,coquel94    #adg      

,burton1 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 vol4 viii41 
p4 #eaa4 ,see1 also1  ,mause ,headrigg's
 views 9 ,scott's ,old ,mortality1 *apt]
 vii4 ,= !  case ( a p]son deb>r$ f !   
communion = rais+ ! devil's  w9d ) a    
w9n[+-ma*9e1 see ,works ( ,sir ,j4 ,y4  
,simpson1 vol4  ii4 ,^? d\bt+ ! au?ority
 or motives ( ,simpson may be rem9d$  t 
he 01 to ! day ( 8 dea?1 "o ( ! /ricte/ 
adh]5ts (  ,scot* or?odoxy4    #adh ,see
 ,j\rnal ( ,sir ,i4 ,brunel1 = ,may #bj1
 #ahbg1 9 ,life ( ,i4  ,k4 ,brunel1 p4  
#cj4    #adi ,?is sc5e w be recall$1    
easily1 by _m lead+ e?nologi/s  9       
,am]ica1 & especially by ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4   
,squi]1 =m]ly m9i/] (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
to ,c5tral ,am]ica4    #aej ,!          
meteorological battle is h>dly f\ght out
 yet4 ,_m  excell5t m5 seem /ill to     
ent]ta9 views almo/ id5tical )  ^? ( ov]
 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 depict$ 9 ,! ,cl\ds 
(  ,ari/ophanes4    #aea ,^! texts are  
,ezekiel v4 #e & xxxviii4 #ab4 ,!       
progress (  geographical k1 evid5tly1   
caus$ !m to be s(t5$ d[n  some:at 9 our 

,k+ ,james's v]sion2 b ! fir/ ( !m      
reads1  9 ! ,vulgate1 ,i/a e/           
,hi]usalem1 9 m$io g5tium posui eam et  
9 circuitu ejus t]ras2 & ! second reads 
9 ! ,vulgate 9  m$io t]r1 & 9 !         
,septuag9t     4 ,t  ! lit]al c5tre ( ! 
e>? 0 meant1 see pro( 9 ,/4 ,j]ome1     
,comm5t>4 9 ,ezekiel1 lib4 ii41 & =     
g5]al pro(1 see ,leop>di1  ,saggio sopra
 gli errori popol>i degli anti*i1 pp4   
#bjg1 #bjh4 ,= an  idea ( or?odox       
geography 9 ! middle ages1 see ,wright's
 ,essay on  ,ar*ology1 vol4 ii41 *apt]  
,on ! ,map ( ! ,_w 9 ,h]e=d  ,ca!dral4  
,= an example ( ! dep? to :i* ?is idea (
 ,j]usalem  z ! c5tre _h ent]$ into !   
?9k+ ( ! great poet ( !  middle ages1   
see ,dante1 ,inf]no1 ,canto xxxiv43     
,e se' or sotto l'emisp]io giunto1      
,*'  opposito a quel1 *e la gran secca  
,cov]*ia1 e sotto 'l cui colmo consunto 
,fu l'uom *e nacque e visse s5za pecca4 
#aeb ,see ,mi*aelis1 ,comm5t>ies on !   
,laws ( ,moses1 #ahgd1  vol4 ii41 p4 #c4
 ,! writ] ( ! pres5t article himself    

witness$  ! reluctance ( a v consci5ti\s
 man to answ] ! que/ions  ( a c5sus     
m>%al1 ,mr4 ,lewis ,hawley1 ( ,syracuse1
 ,n4 ,y41 & ?is  reluctance 0 bas$ ^u ! 
reasons assign$ 9 ,,ii4 ,samuel *apt]   
xxiv4 #a1 & ,i4 ,*ronicles1 *apt] xxi4  
#a1 = ! numb]+ ( !  *ildr5 ( ,israel4   
#aec ,see ,de ,morgan1 ,p>adoxes1 pp4   
#bad-bbj4    #aed ,= ,dupanl\p1 ,lettre 
un ,c>d9al1 see ! ,revue de             
,?rapeutique1 #ahfh1 p4 #bba4    #aee ,=
 g5]al acc\nt ( ! ,vulpian & ,see matt]1
 see ,revue des  ,deux ,mondes1 #ca     
,mai1 #ahfh4 ,*ronique de la ,qu9za9e1  
pp4 #gfc-gfe4  ,z to ! result on popul> 
?\ght1 may be not$ ! foll[+ comm5t  on !
 affair by ! ,revue1 :i* is z free z    
possible f  any?+ l rabid               
anti-ecclesia/ical ideas3 ,elle a t     
vraim5t  curieuse1 in/ructive1 assez    
tri/e et mme un peu amusante4 ,=        
,wurtz's /atem5t1 see ,revue de         
,?rapeutique = #ahfh1 p4 #cjc4    #aef  
,de ,morgan1 ,p>adoxes1 pp4 #dba-dbh2   
also1 ,daub5y's ,essays4    #aeg ,see ! 

,b]l9 newspap]s = ! summ] ( #ahfh1      
especially  ,kladd]adats*4    #aeh ,9 ! 
,*ur* ,j\rnal1 ,new ,york1 ,may #bh1    
#ahgd1 a  review]1 prais+ ,rev4 ,dr4    
,hodge's book aga9/ ,d>w9ism1 says3     
,d>w9ism--:e!r ,d>w9 kn[s x or n2 :e!r !
 cl]gy1 :o  are half prep>$ to accept x 
9 bl9d fright z 'sci5ce1' "k x  or n--is
 a d5ial ( e article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 
,x is  supreme folly to talk z "s d ab\t
 accommodat+ ,*ri/ianity to  ,d>w9ism4  
,ei!r ^? :o s talk d n und]/&           
,*ri/ianity1  or !y d n und]/& ,d>w9ism4
 ,if we h all1 m5 & monkeys1  wom5 &    
baboons1 oy/]s & eagles1 all 'develop$' 
f an orig9al  monad & g]m1 !n ,/4       
,paul's gr& deliv]ance--',all fle% is n 
! same fle%4 ,!re is "o k9d ( fle% ( m51
 ano!r ( bea/s1  ano!r ( fi%es1 & ano!r 
( birds4 ,!re are bodies cele/ial &     
bodies t]re/rial'--may be /ill v gr& 9  
our fun]al-s]vice1  b v untrue to fact4 
,?is is ! same dang]\s l9e ( argum5t    
:i* ,cacc9i indulg$ 9 9 ,galileo's "t4  
,dang]\s1 = suppose  ,d>w9ism be prov$  

true6 ,= a soo?+ potion by a skillful   
h&1 see ,:ewell on ! consi/5cy (        
evolution doctr9es )  teleological      
ideas2 also1 ,rev4 ,samuel ,h\ghton1 ,f4
 ,r4 ,s41 ,pr9ciples  ( ,animal         
,me*anics1 ,london1 #ahgc1 preface1 &   
page #aef1 = "s  int]e/+ ideas on       
teleological evolution4    #aei ,= "s   
excell5t rem>ks on ! futility ( su*     
attempts &  outcries1 see ! ,rev4 ,dr4  
,deems1 9 ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly =  
,febru>y1 #ahgf4 ,to all :o are incl9$  
to draw sci5tific conclusions  f        
,biblical texts1 may be comm5d$ ! advice
 ( a good old ,g]man  div9e ( !         
,re=mation p]iod3 ,seek+ ! milk ( ! ,^w1
 d n  press ! teats ( ,holy ,writ too   
h>d4    #afj ,9 an eloqu5t s]mon1 prea*$
 9 ,m>*1 #ahgd1 ,bi%op ,cumm9s  said1 9 
sub/ance3 ,! ,*ur* has no fe> ( ,sci5ce2
 ! p]secution  ( ,galileo 0 entirely    
unw>rantable2 b ,*ri/ians %\ld resi/ to 
! la/ ,d>w9ism2 = t is evid5tly contr>y 
to ,scripture4 ,!  bi%op =gets t        
,galileo's doctr9e seem$ to su* colossal

 m9ds z  ,bell>m91 & ,lu!r1 & ,bossuet1 
evid5tly contr>y to ,scripture4  ,f> m  
logical1 mode/1 sagaci\s1 & full ( fai?1
 is ! attitude  tak5 by 8 =m] associate1
 ,dr4 ,john ,cotton ,smi?3 ,= geology1  
physiology1 & hi/orical criticism h     
?reat5$ or de/roy$ only  p>ticul> =ms ( 
religi\s op9ion1 :ile !y h set ! _s  (  
religion free to keep pace ) ! l>g]     
g5]alizations ( mod]n  k4--,picton1 ,!  
,my/]y ( ,matt]1 ,london1 #ahgc1 p4 #gb4
          ,,sci5tific ,,publications4   
,sight3         ,an ,exposition ( !     
,pr9ciples ( ,monocul> & ,b9ocul>       
,vision4 ,by ,,joseph ,,le ,,conte1     
,,ll4 ,d41 au?or ( ,elem5ts (           
,geology1 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 &        
,pr(essor ( ,geology &       ,natural   
,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,)  
num]\s       ,illu/rations4 #abmo4      
,clo?1 #a4ej4    ,x is pleasant to f9d  
an ,am]ican book :i* c rank ) ! v  be/ (
 =eign works on ?is subject4 ,pr(essor  
,le ,conte has long be5  kn[n z an      
orig9al inve/igator 9 ?is dep>tm5t2 all 

t he gives  u is treat$ ) a ma/]-h&4--,!
 ,nation4      ,animal ,life1         ,z
 affect$ by ! ,natural ,conditions (    
,exi/5ce4 ,by ,,k>l       ,,semp]1      
,pr(essor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wrzburg4 ,) 
,two ,maps &       ,"o ,hundr$ & ,six   
,woodcuts1 & ,index4 #abmo4 ,clo?1      
#b4jj4    ,x appe>s to me t1 ( all !    
prop]ties ( ! animal organism1          
,v>iability is t :i* may fir/ & mo/     
easily be trac$ by exact  inve/igation  
to its effici5t causes2 & z x is beyond 
a d\bt !  subject ar\nd :i*1 at ! pres5t
 mom5t1 ! /rife ( op9ions is  mo/       
viol5t1 x is t :i* w be mo/ likely to   
repay ! tr\ble  ( clos] rese>*4 ,i h    
endeavor$ to facilitate ?is task s f> z 
9 me lies4--,f ! ,preface4      ,!      
,atomic ,!ory4         ,by ,,ad4        
,,wurtz1 ,membre de l',in/itut2 ,doy5   
,honoraire de la ,facult       de       
,mdec9e2 ,pr(esseur  la ,facult des     
,sci5ces de ,p>is4       ,translat$ by  
,e4 ,,clem9%aw1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,c4 ,s41   
,f4 ,i4 ,c41 ,assi/ant       ,ma/] at   

,%]borne ,s*ool4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4   
,!re 0 ne$ = a book l ?is1 :i* discusses
 ! atomic !ory  bo? 9 its hi/oric       
evolution & 9 its pres5t =m4 ,& p]haps  
no  man ( ?is age c\ld h be5 select$ s  
able to p]=m ! task  9 a ma/]ly way z ! 
illu/ri\s ,fr5* *emi/1 ,adolph ,wurtz4  
,x is impossible to convey to ! read]1 9
 a notice l ?is1 any  adequate idea ( ! 
scope1 lucid in/ructiv5ess1 & sci5tific 
int]e/ ( ,pr(essor ,wurtz's book4 ,!    
mod]n problems ( *emi/ry1  :i* are      
commonly s obscure f imp]fect           
exposition1 are "h made  wond]fully cle>
 & attractive4--,! ,popul> ,sci5ce      
,mon?ly4      ,education z a ,sci5ce4   
,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4 ,d4 #abmo4    
,clo?1 #a4ge4    ,?is "w mu/ be pron\nc$
 ! mo/ rem>kable discussion (           
educational problems :i* has be5 publi%$
 9 our day4 ,x %\ld be  9 ! h&s ( e     
s*ool-tea*] & fri5d ( education ?r\gh\t 
! l&4--,new ,york ,sun4      ,suicide3  
,an ,essay 9 ,comp>ative ,moral         
,/ati/ics4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,morselli1       

,pr(essor ( ,psy*ological ,m$ic9e 9 !   
,royal ,univ]sity1       ,tur94 #abmo4  
,clo?1 #a4ge4    ,a mo/ valuable        
contribution to ,engli% lit]ature t\*+ a
 !me  mo/ di/ress+ 9 ! act & t]rible 9  
its consequ5ces1 yet to  ?is h\r b v    
imp]fectly /udi$ or                     
und]/ood4--,philadelphia  ,times4       
,volcanoes3         ,:at !y ,are & :at  
!y ,tea*4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,judd1 ,pr(essor 
(       ,geology 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool (    
,m9es 7,london74 ,) ,n9ety-six          
,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4     
,9 no field has mod]n rese>* be5 m      
fruitful ?an 9 t (  :i* ,pr(essor ,judd 
gives a popul> acc\nt 9 ! pres5t volume4
  ,! great l9es ( dynamical1 geological1
 & meteorological inquiry  conv]ge ^u ! 
gr& problem ( ! int]ior con/itution ( ! 
e>?1 & ! va/ influ5ce ( subt]ranean     
ag5cies4444 ,8 book  is v f> f be+ a m]e
 dry description ( volcanoes & _!       
eruptions2 x is r a pres5tation ( !     
t]re/rial facts &  laws ) :i* volcanic  
ph5om5a are associat$4--,popul> ,sci5ce 

,mon?ly4      ,! ,sun3         ,by ,c4  
,a4 ,,"y1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pr(essor
 ( ,a/ronomy 9 !       ,college ( ,new  
,j]sey4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,?ird  
edition1       revis$1 ) ,supplem5t>y   
,note4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4    ,!       
,supplem5t>y ,note gives important      
developm5ts 9 sol>  a/ronomy s9ce !     
publication ( ! second edition 9 #ahhb4 
,!re is no rhetoric 9 8 book2 he tru/s !
 gr&eur ( 8 !me  to k9dle int]e/ &      
impress ! feel+s4 ,8 /atem5ts are pla91 
direct1 cle>1 & cond5s$1 ?\gh ample     
en\gh = 8 purpose1 &  ! sub/ance ( :at  
is g5]ally want$ w be f\nd accurately   
giv5 9 8 pages4--,popul> ,sci5ce        
,mon?ly4      ,illusions3         ,a    
,psy*ological ,/udy4 ,by ,,james        
,,sully1 au?or ( ,s5sation &            
,intuition1 etc4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4   
,an int]e/+ contribution by ,mr4 ,james 
,sully to ! /udy ( m5tal  pa?ology4 ,!  
au?or's field ( inquiry cov]s all !     
ph5om5a (  illusion obs]v$ 9            
s5se-p]ception1 9 ! introspection ( !   

m9d's own feel+s1 9 ! read+ ( o!rs'     
feel+s1 9 memory1 &  9 belief4 ,!       
au?or's conclusions are (t5 illu/rat$ by
 concrete  example or anecdote1 & 8     
g5]al treatm5t ( ! subject1 :ile        
ess5tially sci5tific1 is suffici5tly    
cle> & animat$ to attract  ! g5]al      
read]4--,new ,york ,sun4      ,! ,bra9 &
 its ,functions4         ,by ,j4 ,,luys1
 ,physician to ! ,hospice de la         
,salptrire4 ,)       ,illu/rations4     
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4    ,no liv+        
physiologi/ is bett] entitl$ to speak ) 
au?ority ^u  ! /ructure & functions ( ! 
bra9 ?an ,dr4 ,luys4 ,8 /udies on  !    
anatomy ( ! n]v\s sy/em are ackn[l$g$ to
 be ! fulle/  & mo/ sy/ematic ev]       
und]tak54 ,dr4 ,luys supports 8         
conclusions  n only by 8 own anatomical 
rese>*es1 b also by _m functional       
obs]vations ( v>i\s o!r physiologi/s1   
includ+ ( c\rse  ,pr(essor ,f]ri]'s n[  
classical exp]im5ts4--,/4 ,james's      
,gazette4      ,! ,concepts & ,!ories ( 
,mod]n ,physics4         ,by ,j4 ,b4    

,,/allo4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4    ,judge 
,/allo's "w is an inquiry into !        
validity ( ^?  me*anical conceptions ( !
 univ]se :i* are n[ held z  fundam5tal 9
 physical sci5ce4 ,he takes up ! lead+  
mod]n  doctr9es :i* are bas$ ^u ?is     
me*anical conception1 su* z  ! atomic   
con/itution ( matt]1 ! k9etic !ory (    
gases1 !  cons]vation ( en]gy1 ! nebul> 
hypo!sis1 & o!r views1 to  f9d h[ mu*   
/&s ^u solid empirical ar\nd1 & h[ mu*  
re/s  ^u metaphysical speculation4 ,s9ce
 ! appe>ance ( ,dr4 ,drap]'s  ',religion
 & ,sci5ce1' no book has be5 publi%$ 9 !
 c\ntry  calculat$ to make s deep an    
impression on ?\ghtful & educat$  read]s
 z ?is volume4444 ,! range & m9ut5ess ( 
! au?or's  le>n+1 ! acut5ess ( 8        
reason+1 & ! s+ul> precision  & cle>ness
 ( 8 /yle1 are qualities :i* v seldom h 
be5  jo9tly exhibit$ 9 a sci5tific      
treatise4--,new ,york ,sun4      ,!     
,=mation ( ,vegetable ,m\ld1            
,?r\gh ! ,action ( ,worms1 )            
,obs]vations on _! ,habits4       ,by   

,,*>les ,,d>w91 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 
au?or ( ,on ! ,orig9 (       ,species1  
etc41 etc4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4     
,clo?1 #a4ej4    ,mr4 ,d>w9's little    
volume on ! habits & in/9cts ( e>?-worms
  is no less m>k$ ?an ! e>li] or m      
elaborate ef=ts ( 8  g5ius by fre%ness (
 obs]vation1 unfail+ p[] ( int]pret+ &  
correlat+ facts1 & logical vigor 9      
g5]aliz+ ^u !m4 ,!  ma9 purpose ( ! "w  
is to po9t out ! %>e :i* worms h  tak5 9
 ! =mation ( ! lay] ( vegetable m\ld :i*
 cov]s !  :ole surface ( ! l& 9 e       
mod]ately humid c\ntry4 ,all lov]s  (   
nature w unite 9 ?ank+ ,mr4 ,d>w9 = !   
new & int]e/+  light he has ?r[n ^u a   
subject s long ov]look$1 yet s full  (  
int]e/ & in/ruction1 z ! /ructure & !   
labors ( !  e>?-worm4--,saturday        
,review4      ,ants1 ,bees1 & ,wasps4   
,a ,record ( ,obs]vations on ! ,habits (
 ! ,social ,hym5opt]a4       ,by ,sir   
,,john ,,lubbock1 ,b>t41 ,m4 ,p41 ,f4   
,r4 ,s41 etc41 au?or (       ,orig9 (   
,civilization1 & ! ,primitive ,condition

 ( ,man1       etc41 etc4 ,) ,color$    
,plates4 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4jj4    ,?is    
volume conta9s ! record ( v>i\s         
exp]im5ts made )  ants1 bees1 & wasps   
dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ) a view to te/  _! 
m5tal condition & p[]s ( s5se4 ,!       
pr9cipal po9t 9  :i* ,sir ,john's mode (
 exp]im5t diff]s f ^? ( ,hub]1  ,=el1   
,mc,cook1 & o!rs1 is t he has c>efully  
wat*$ & m>k$  p>ticul> insects1 & has _h
 _! ne/s "u obs]vation = long           
p]iods--"o ( 8 ants' ne/s hav+ be5 "u   
con/ant inspection  ev] s9ce #ahgd4 ,8  
obs]vations are made pr9cipally ^u ants 
because !y %[ m p[] & flexibility ( m9d2
 & ! value (  8 /udies is t !y belong to
 ! dep>tm5t ( orig9al rese>*4           
,diseases ( ,memory4         ,an ,essay 
9 ! ,positive ,psy*ology4 ,by ,,?4      
,,ribot1 au?or (       ,h]$ity1 etc4    
,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,,william       
,,hunt+ton       ,,smi?4 #abmo1 clo?1   
#a4ej4    ,m4 ,ribot r$uces diseases (  
memory to law1 & 8 treatise is (        
extraord9>y int]e/4--,philadelphia      

,press4    ,n m]ely to sci5tific1 b to  
all ?9k+ m51 ?is volume w  prove        
int5sely int]e/+4--,new ,york ,obs]v]4  
,m4 ,ribot has be/[$ ! mo/ pa9/ak+      
att5tion ^u 8 !me1  & num]\s examples ( 
! conditions consid]$ greatly increase !
  value & int]e/ ( !                    
volume4--,philadelphia ,nor? ,am]ican4  
,my? & ,sci5ce4         ,by ,,tito      
,,vignoli4 #abmo1 clo?1 price1 #a4ej4   
,8 book is +5i\s2 444 8 !ory ( h[ sci5ce
 gradually  diff]5tiat$ f & conqu]$ my? 
is extremely well wr\ght out1  & is     
probably 9 ess5tials correct4--,saturday
 ,review4    ,! book is a /rong "o1 & f>
 m int]e/+ to ! g5]al  read] ?an its    
title w\ld indicate4 ,! le>n+1 !        
acut5ess1  ! /rong reason+ p[]1 & !     
sci5tific _s ( ! au?or1  comm&          
admiration4--,new ,york ,*ri/ian        
,advocate4    ,an attempt made1 ) mu*   
ability & no small measure ( success1 to
  trace ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! my?4 ,!
 au?or has pursu$  8 inquiry ) mu*      
pati5ce & +5uity1 & has produc$ a v     

readable & lum9\s                       
treatise4--,philadelphia ,nor? ,am]ican4
      ,man be=e ,metals4         ,by ,n4
 ,,joly1 ,pr(essor at ! ,sci5ce ,faculty
 ( ,t\l\se2       ,correspond5t ( !     
,in/itute4 ,) #adh ,illu/rations4 #abmo1
       clo?1 #a4ge4    ,! discussion (  
man's orig9 & e>ly hi/ory1 by ,pr(essor 
,de ,quatrefages1 =m$ "o ( ! mo/ useful 
volumes 9 !  ',int]national ,sci5tific  
,s]ies1' & ! same collection is n[      
fur!r enri*$ by a popul> treatise on    
paleontology1 by ,m4 ,n4 ,joly1         
,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,t\l\se4 ,!  
title ( ! book1 ',man  be=e ,metals1'   
indicates ! limitations ( ! writ]'s !me4
 ,8  object is to br+ toge!r ! num]\s   
pro(s1 collect$ by mod]n  rese>*1 ( !   
great age ( ! human race1 & to %[ u :at 
man  01 9 respect ( cu/oms1 indu/ries1 &
 moral or religi\s ideas1  be=e ! use ( 
metals 0 kn[n to him4--,new ,york ,sun4 
,an int]e/+1 n to say fasc9at+          
volume4--,new ,york ,*ur*man4           
,animal ,intellig5ce4         ,by       

,,george ,j4 ,,romanes1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41    
,zological ,secret>y ( !       ,l9nan   
,society1 etc4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ge4      
,unless we are greatly mi/ak51 ,mr4     
,romanes's "w w take its  place z "o ( !
 mo/ attractive volumes ( !             
',int]national  ,sci5tific ,s]ies4' ,"s 
p]sons may1 inde$1 be dispos$ to say  t 
x is too attractive1 t x fe$s ! popul>  
ta/e = !  curi\s & m>vel\s )\t supply+  
any comm5surate discipl9e  9 exact      
sci5tific reflection2 b ! au?or has1 we 
?9k1 fully  ju/ifi$ himself 9 8 mode/   
preface4 ,! result is ! appe>ance  ( a  
collection ( facts :i* w be a real boon 
to ! /ud5t  ( ,comp>ative ,psy*ology1 = 
?is is ! fir/ attempt to pres5t         
sy/ematically well-assur$ obs]vations on
 ! m5tal life (  animals4--,saturday    
,review4      ,! ,sci5ce ( ,politics4   
,by ,,%eldon ,,amos1 ,m4 ,a41 au?or ( ,!
 ,sci5ce ( ,law1 etc4 #abmo1       clo?1
 #a4ge4    ,! au?or traces ! subject f  
,plato & ,ari/otle 9 ,greece1  & ,cic]o 
9 ,rome1 to ! mod]n s*ools 9 ! ,engli%  

field1 n  slight+ ! tea*+s ( ! ,am]ican 
,revolution or ! lessons  ( ! ,fr5*     
,revolution ( #agic4 ,=ms ( gov]nm5t1   
political  t]ms1 ! relation ( law1      
writt5 & unwritt51 to ! subject1 a      
codification f ,ju/9ian to ,napoleon 9  
,france & ,field 9 ,am]ica1  are treat$ 
z p>ts ( ! subject 9 h&4 ,necess>ily !  
subjects  ( executive & legislative     
au?ority1 police1 liquor1 & l& laws  are
 consid]$1 & ! "q ev] gr[+ 9 importance 
9 all  c\ntries1 ! relations (          
corporations to ! /ate4--,new ,york     
,obs]v]4      ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton
  ,,co41 #a1 #c1  #e ,bond ,/reet4      
,d4 ,,appleton  ,,co4',s ,,publications4
           ,,d>w9ism ,,/at$ ,,by ,,d>w9 
,,himself3 ,*>act]i/ic ,passages f      
! ,writ+s ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,select$ &    
arrang$ by ,pr(essor       ,,na?an      
,,%epp>d4 #abmo1 clo?1 #cfj pages1      
#a4ej4    ,mr4 ,%epp>d mu/ be cr$it$ )  
exemplify+ ! _s (  imp>tial tru?-seek+  
:i* inspir$ ,d>w9 himself4 ,f ^!        
cond5s$ results ( ! h>d labor (         

selection1 excision1 &  arrangem5t      
appli$ to m ?an a doz5 volumes1 x is    
impossible  to draw any inf]5ce respect+
 ! philosophical op9ions ( !  compil]4  
,) ! exception ( a brief preface !re is 
n a ^w  ( comm5t1 nor is !re ! fa9te/   
indication ( an attempt to  infuse into 
,d>w9's text a mean+ n pat5t !re1 by    
unw>rant$  sub-titles or head-l9es1 by  
%rewd omission1 unfair emphasis1 or     
artful collocation4 ,mr4 ,%epp>d has    
n[h]e sw]v$ f 8 purpose  ( %[+ 9 a cle>1
 connect$1 & v comp5di\s =m1 n :at      
,d>w9 may h meant or has be5 *>g$ )     
mean+1 b :at he  actually said4--,!     
,sun4           ,,m5tal ,,evolution ,,9 
,,animals4 ,by ,,george ,j4 ,,romanes1  
au?or (       ,animal ,intellig5ce4 ,) a
 ,po/hum\s ,essay on ,in/9ct1 by        
,,*>les ,,d>w94 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4jj4     
,! au?or conf9es himself to ! psy*ology 
( ! subject4 ,n  only are 8 own views   
,d>w9ian1 b he has incorporat$ 9 8 "w   
consid]able citations f ,d>w9's         
unpubli%$ manuscripts1 & he  has app5d$ 

a ,po/hum\s ,essay on ,in/9ct by ,mr4   
,d>w94--,bo/on  ,j\rnal4    ,a curi\s b 
ri*ly sugge/ive volume4--,new ,york     
,h]ald4           ,,practical ,,essays4 
,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4 ,d41 au?or (  
,m9d &       ,body1 ,education z a      
,sci5ce1 etc4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ej4    ,! 
pres5t volume is 9 "p a repr9t (        
articles contribut$ to  reviews4 ,!     
pr9cipal bond ( union among !m is _!    
practical  "*4444 ,t !re is a c]ta9     
am\nt ( novelty 9 ! v>i\s  sugge/ions "h
 embodi$ w be admitt$ on ! mo/ cursory  
p]usal4--,f ! ,preface4           ,,!   
,,ess5tials ,,( ,,anatomy1 ,,physiology1
 ,,& ,,hygi5e4 ,by ,,rog] ,s4           
,,tracy1 ,m4 ,d41 ,heal? ,inspector ( ! 
,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,heal?2       au?or (
 ,h&-,book ( ,sanit>y ,in=mation =      
,h\sehold]s1       etc4 7,=m+ a volume (
 ,appletons' ,sci5ce ,text-,books47     
#abmo1       clo?1 #a4be4    ,dr4 ,tracy
 /ates 9 8 preface t 8 aim has be5 'to  
compress  )9 ! n>r[e/ space su* a cle> &
 intelligible acc\nt ( !  /ructures1    

activities1 & c>e ( ! human sy/em z is  
ess5tial  = ! purposes ( g5]al          
education4' ,& he has s f> succe$$ z  to
 make 8 manual "o ( ! mo/ popul>ly      
int]e/+ & useful  text-books ( its      
k9d4444 ,! book is excell5tly arrang$1 !
  illu/rations are admirable4--,bo/on   
,daily ,adv]tis]4           ,,hi/ory ,,(
 ,,! ,,_w1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,records to !    
,fall (       ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,by     
,,philip ,,smi?1 ,b4 ,a4 ,new edition4  
#c vols4       #hvo4 ,vellum clo?1 gilt 
top1 #f4jj2 half calf1 #ac4ej4    ,^!   
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ardu\s &  consci5ti\s /udy4 ,! "w is    
fully entitl$ to be call$ ! able/  & mo/
 satisfactory book on ! subject writt5 9
 our language4  ,! au?or's me?ods are   
dignifi$ & judici\s1 & he has avail$    
himself ( all ! rec5t light ?r[n by     
philological rese>* on  ! annals ( !    
,ea/4--,dr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,adams's ,manual (  
,hi/orical  ,lit]ature4                 
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,h]odotus4 ,an ,engli%    
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f\r volumes1 #hvo4 ,vellum clo?1 #h4jj2 
half       calf1 #ah4jj4    ,?is mu/ be 
consid]$ z by f> ! mo/ valuable v]sion (
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hi/ory ( ,h]odotus 0 probably  n writt5 
until ne> ! end ( 8 life2 x is c]ta9 t  
he _h  be5 collect+ mat]ials = x dur+ _m
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importance 9 ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or1      
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tru?4--,dr4 ,c4 ,k4  ,adams's ,manual ( 
,hi/orical ,lit]ature4           ,a     
,,g5]al ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greece1 f !      
,e>lie/ ,p]iod to !       ,dea? (       
,alex&] ! ,great4 ,) a ,sket* ( !       
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#a4ej4    ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! small]        

hi/ories ( ,greece4--,dr4 ,c4 ,k4       
,adams's ,manual ( ,hi/orical           
,lit]ature4           ,a ,,hi/ory ,,(   
,,greece4 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to !      
,pres5t4 ,by       ,t4 ,t4 ,,timay5is4  
,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #b vols4      
#abmo4 ,clo?1       #b4ej4    ,! peculi>
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foll[ ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory  9 portray+ !   
h]oism & ! sacrifices ( ! ,hell5es 9 _! 
fir/ w> = indep5d5ce1 nor1 9 del9eat+ ! 
"* (  t epo*1 to =m my judgm5t l>gely f 
! records he has left  u4--,extract f   
,preface4           ,,greece ,,9 ,,!    
,,times ,,( ,,hom]4 ,an ,acc\nt ( !     
,life1 ,cu/oms1       & ,habits ( !     
,greeks dur+ ! ,hom]ic ,p]iod4 ,by ,t4  
,t4       ,,timay5is4 #afmo4 ,clo?1     
#a4ej4    ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! pres5t    
volume ,i h consci5ti\sly  exam9$ ne>ly 
e book--,greek1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 or       
,engli%--writt5  on ,hom]4 ,b my great  
tea*] & guide has be5 ,hom]             
himself4--,f ! ,preface4      ,new      

,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton  ,,co41 #a1 #c1   
#e ,bond ,/reet4                        
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,transcrib]'s ,note3                    
,m9or typographical errors h be5        
correct$ )\t note4                      
,corrections 9 ! spell+ ( names 7 made  
:5 ^? c\ld       be v]ifi$4 ,o!rwise !  
v>iations 7 left z !y 74                
,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7     
reta9$4                                 
,italiciz$ words are surr\nd$ by und]l9e
 *>act]s1              l ?is4 ,words 9  
bold *>act]s are surr\nd$ by equal      
signs1 l ?is4                           
,9 ?is etext ! c>et  repres5ts a        
sup]script "*4                          
,footnotes 7 mov$ to ! end ( ! book be=e
 ! ads &        numb]$ 9 "o cont9u\s    
sequ5ce4                                
,page #fj _h two footnotes #b foll[$ by 
a footnote #c4 ,:ile a         se>* 9   
o!r editions did n resolve ! problem1 x 
sugge/$ t ! numb] #b foll[+ ,fa!r       

,lecazre 0            incorrect & 0     
remov$ f ?is e-text4                    
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