,,/ell> ,,evolution ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ------- ,,climate ,,& ,,"t ,,9 ,,_! ,,geological ,,relations3 ,a ,!ory ( ,secul> ,*anges ( ! ,e>?'s ,climate4 ,by ,,james ,,croll1 ( ,h4 ,m4 ,geological ,survey ( ,scotl&4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,discussions ,,on ,,climate ,,& ,,cosmology4 ,by ,,james ,,croll1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,*>t4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,/ell> ,,evolution ,,& ,,its ,,relations ,,to ,,geological ,,"t ,,by ,,james ,,croll1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( #8,,climate ,,& ,,"t1' #8,,climate ,,& ,,cosmology1' ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahhi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,au?oriz$ ,edition4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,illu/ration ,!re are two1 & only two1 conceivable s\rces f :i* ! prodigi\s am\nt ( en]gy possess$ by our sun & sol> sy/em c possibly h be5 d]iv$4 ,n only are ^! two s\rces radically di/9ct 9 _! ess5tial nature1 b bo? are admitt$ to be real & n m]ely hypo!tical s\rces ( en]gy4 ,! "o s\rce is gravitation2 ! o!r1 ! s\rce discuss$ 9 ! pres5t volume1 a s\rce to :i* att5tion 0 direct$ "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,a mo/ important di/9ction betwe5 ^! two s\rces is ?is3 ! am\nt ( en]gy available f ! =m] c be accurately det]m9$1 b su* is n ! case 9 reg>d to ! latt]4 ,we c tell ) tol]able c]ta9ty ! greate/ am\nt ( en]gy :i* gravitation c\ld possibly h conf]r$ on ! sun & sol> sy/em2 b we h1 at pres5t1 no means ( assign+ a limit to ! possible am\nt :i* might h be5 d]iv$ f ! o!r s\rce4 ,x may h be5 equal to t :i* gravitation c\ld af=d1 or x may h be5 tw(old1 f\rfold1 or ev5 t5fold t am\nt4 ,we h evid5tly 9 ?is case a means ( det]m9+ :i* ( ! two s\rces w ultimately h to be adopt$ z ! s\rce to :i* ! en]gy ( our sol> sy/em mu/ be ref]r$4 ,= if x c be prov$ f ! admitt$ facts ( geology1 biology1 & o!r sci5ces1 t ! am\nt ( en]gy 9 ! =m ( heat :i* has be5 radiat$ into space by ! sun dur+ geological "t is f> great] ?an ! am\nt :i* c\ld possibly h be5 d]iv$ f gravitation1 ?is w und\bt$ly %[ t gravitation _c acc\nt = ! en]gy orig9ally possess$ by our sy/em4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p ( ! volume is devot$ to ! consid]ation ( :at ,i believe to be ! probable orig9 ( meteorites1 comets1 & nebul1 & ( ! real s\rce f :i* our sun d]iv$ 8 en]gy4 ,! facts :i* support ! !ory "h advocat$1 toge!r ) ! light :i* t !ory appe>s to ca/ ^u ^? facts1 are next consid]$2 & x w be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 t ! !ory has be5 v mu* /r5g!n$ by ! rec5t important spectroscopic rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,locky] & o!rs 9 ref]5ce to ! con/itution ( nebul4 ,! ,second ,"p ( ! "w deals ) ! evid5ce 9 support ( ! !ory d]iv$ f ! te/imony ( geology & biology z to ! age ( ! sun's heat4 ,! ,?ird1 & la/1 ,"p has be5 devot$ to que/ions relat+ to ! pre-nebul> condition ( ! univ]se1 & ! be>+ :i* ^! h on !ories ( /ell> evolution4 ,sev]al subjects introduc$ 9 ?is "p are only v briefly treat$4 ,^! w1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ at great] l5g? 9 a future volume1 8,det]m9ism1 n ,=ce1 ! ,f\ndation-/one ( ,evolution10 a "w ( a m g5]al & ab/ract "*1 :i* 0 comm5c$ _m ye>s ago4 ,,p]?3 ,janu>y #b1 #ahhi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts4 ,illu/ration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,impact ,,!ory ,,( ,,/ell> ,,evolution4 ,,page ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,facts ,,:i* ,,support ,,! ,,!ory1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,light ,,:i* ,,! ,,!ory ,,appe>s ,,to ,,ca/ ,,^u ,,! ,,facts #ab ,i4 ,probable ,orig9 ( ,meteorites #ab ,,ii4 ,motion ( ! ,/>s2 h[ ( su* diff]5t velocities1 & always 9 /raight l9es #ad ,,iii4 ,motion ( ! ,/>s n due to _! mutual attractions #ad ,,iv4 ,probable ,orig9 ( ,comets #ag ,v4 ,nebul #ah #a4 ,orig9 ( ,nebul #ah #b4 ,h[ ,nebul occupy s mu* space #ah #c4 ,:y ,nebul are ( su* v>i\s %apes #ai #d4 ,brok5 fragm5ts 9 a ,gase\s mass ( an excessively high temp]ature ! ,fir/ /age ( a ,nebula #ai #e4 ,! ,gase\s condition ! ,second /age ( a ,nebula #bd #f4 ,! ,gase\s condition ,ess5tial to ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis #be #g4 ,! mass mu/ h possess$ an excessive temp]ature #bf #h4 ,gravitation c\ld1 "u no possible condition1 h g5]at$ ! ,am\nt ( ,heat requir$ by ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis #bg #i4 ,cond5sation ! ,?ird & la/ /age ( a ,nebula #cj #aj4 ,h[ ,nebul emit su* feeble ,light #cj ,,vi4 ,b9>y ,sy/ems #cb ,,vii4 ,sudd5 ,outbur/s ( ,/>s #cc ,,viii4 ,/> ,clu/]s #cd ,,ix4 ,age ( ! ,sun's ,heat3 a ,crucial ,te/ #cd ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,evid5ce ,,9 ,,support ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,f ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,heat4 ,,te/imony ,,( ,,geology ,,& ,,biology ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,heat #cg ,te/imony ( ,geology3 ,me?od employ$ #ci ,! ,av]age ,rate ( ,d5udation 9 ! ,pa/ probably n mu* great] ?an at ! ,pres5t #dd ,h[ ! ,me?od has be5 appli$ #dg ,me?od z appli$ by ,pr(essor ,haughton #ej ,me?od z appli$ by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace #ea ,me?od z appli$ directly #eb ,evid5ce f 8faults0 #ec ,"t requir$ to effect ! =ego+ am\nt ( ,d5udation #fb ,age ( ! ,e>? z det]m9$ by ! ,date ( ! ,glacial ,epo* #fd ,te/imony ( ,biology #fe ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,evid5ce ,,9 ,,support ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,f ,,! ,,pre-,,nebul> ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w9*ell on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt] #ga ,mr4 ,*>les ,morris on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt] #ge ,sir ,william ,r4 ,grove on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt] #gh ,evolution ( ! ,*emical ,elem5ts1 & its ,relations to ,/ell> ,evolution #hj ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt] #hd ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt] #he ,pr(essor ,oliv] ,lodge on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt] #hg ,mr4 ,william ,crookes on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt] #ij ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,cl>ke on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt] #ih ,dr4 ,g4 ,john/one ,/oney on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt] #ii ,,! ,,impact ,,!ory ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,nebul> ,,condition ,,( ,,matt] #ajb ,! ,!ories d n acc\nt = ! ,motion ( ! ,/>s #aje ,! ,!ories d n acc\nt = ! ,am\nt ( ,heat requir$ #ajf ,evolution ( ,matt] #ajg ,objection consid]$ #aji ,c we on ,sci5tific gr\nds trace back ! ,evolution ( ! ,univ]se to an ,absolute ,fir/ condition8 #aaj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,/ell> ,,evolution4 ,illu/ration ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,impact ,,!ory ,,( ,,/ell> ,,evolution4 ,upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s ago#a ! !ory--or1 ,i %\ld r say1 ! hypo!sis--0 advanc$#b t our sun 0 =m$ f a hot gase\s nebula produc$ by ! collid+ ( two d>k /ell> masses2 & t1 z ! />s are suns l our own1 !y 9 all likelihood _h a simil> orig94 ,! probability ( ?is !ory has be5 v mu* /r5g!n$ by ! facts1 bo? a/ronomical & physical1 :i* h accumulat$ s9ce ! !ory 0 enunciat$4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! consid]ation ( ^! facts1 & ! conclusions to :i* !y lead1 x w be necess>y to give a /atem5t ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! !ory4 ,footnote #a3 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,may #ahfh2 ,climate & ,"t1 *ap4 xxi42 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,july #ahgg2 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,july #ahgh2 ,climate & ,cosmology1 *aps4 xvii4 xviii4 & xix4 ,footnote #b3 ,i pref] to use ! t]m 8!ory10 ) ! above und]/ood qualification1 viz4 a !ory 9 its hypo!tical /age4 ,9 ! !ory "h discuss$ ! tru? ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 :i* beg9s by assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a sol> nebul\s mass1 is tak5 = grant$4 ,! pres5t !ory deals n s mu* ) ! nebul\s mass itself z ) ! =mation ( ! nebula1 & ) ^? causes :i* l$ to its =mation4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 & to prev5t confusion1 ,i h call$ x ! 8,impact ,!ory10 by :i* "n x may be di/+ui%$1 on ! "o h&1 f ! nebul> !ory1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 f ! meteoric !ory1 & all o!r !ories :i* reg>d gravitation z ! prim>y s\rce ( ! sol> en]gy4 ,! !ory />ts ) ! assumption t ! great] "p ( ! en]gy possess$ by ! univ]se exi/s or is /or$ up 9 ! =m ( ! motion ( /ell> masses4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy :i* may ?us be /or$ up is />tl+ to contemplate4 ,?us a mass equal to t ( ! sun1 mov+ ) a velocity ( #dgf miles p] second1 w\ld possess1 9 virtue ( t motion1 en]gy suffici5t1 if conv]t$ into heat1 to ma9ta9 ! pres5t rate ( ! sun's radiation = #ej1jjj1jjj ye>s4#c ,!re is no?+ extravagant 9 ! assumption ( su* a velocity4 ,a comet1 = example1 hav+ an orbit ext5d+ to ! pa? ( ! planet ,neptune1 approa*+ s ne> ! sun z to almo/ graze 8 surface 9 pass+1 w\ld h a velocity )9 #hf miles ( :at we h assum$4 ,twice ?is assum$ velocity w\ld give #bjj1jjj1jjj ye>s' heat2 f\r times ! velocity w\ld give #hjj1jjj1jjj ye>s' heat2 & s on4 ,footnote #c3 ,p\illet's e/imate ( ! rate ( sol> radiation is "h tak54 ,we are at p]fect lib]ty to beg9 by assum+ ! exi/5ce ( /ell> masses 9 motion2 = we are n call$ ^u to expla9 h[ ! masses obta9$ _! motion1 any m ?an we h to expla9 h[ !y came to h _! exi/5ce4 ,if ! masses 7 creat$1 !y may z likely h be5 creat$ 9 motion z at re/2 & if !y 7 et]nal1 !y may z likely h be5 et]nally 9 motion z et]nally at re/4 ,et]nal motion is j z w>rantable an assumption z et]nal matt]4 ,:5 we reflect t space is inf9ite--at lea/ 9 ?\ght--& t1 = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 bodies may be f\nd mov+ ?r\gh\t its e region1 we see t ! am\nt ( en]gy may be p]fectly illimitable4 ,b1 illimitable z ! am\nt ( ! en]gy may be1 x c\ld be ( no direct s]vice :ile x exi/$ simply z ! motion ( /ell> masses4 ,! motion1 to be available1 mu/ be trans=m$ into heat3 ! motion ( translation into molecul>1 or "s o!r =m ( motion4 ,?is c be done 9 no o!r way ?an by arre/+ ! motion ( ! masses4 ,b h[ is su* motion to be arre/$8 ,h[ are bodies z l>ge z our e>?1 mov+ at ! rate ( hundr$s ( miles p] second1 to h _! motion /opp$8 ,accord+ to ! !ory ?is is effect$ by collision3 by employ+ ! motion ( ! "o body to arre/ t ( ! o!r4 ,take ! case ( ! =mation ( our sun accord+ to ! !ory4 ,suppose two bodies1 ea* "o-half ( ! mass ( ! sun1 mov+ directly t[>ds ea* o!r ) a velocity ( #dgf miles p] second4 ,^! bodies w\ld1 9 virtue ( t velocity1 possess #dadi #ajch foot-p\nds ( en]gy1 :i* is equal to #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds p] p\nd ( ! mass2 & ?is1 conv]t$ into heat by ! /oppage ( _! motions1 w\ld suffice to ma9ta91 z 0 previ\sly /at$1 ! pres5t rate ( ! sun's radiation = a p]iod ( #ej1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 :ile #dgf miles p] second is ! velocity at ! mom5t ( collision1 m ?an "o-half ( ?is w\ld be d]iv$ f ! mutual attraction ( ! two bodies 9 _! approa* to ea* o!r4 ,com+ 9 collision ) su* a velocity1 ! result w\ld inevitably be t ! two bodies w\ld %att] ea* o!r to pieces4 ,b1 al?\gh _! onw>d motions w\ld ?us be /opp$1 x is absolutely impossible t ! :ole ( ! en]gy ( _! motions c\ld be at once conv]t$ into heat2 & x is equally impossible t x c\ld be annihilat$4 ,physical consid]ations enable u to trace1 ?\gh 9 a r\gh & g5]al way1 ! results :i* w\ld necess>ily foll[4 ,! brok5 fragm5ts1 n[ =m+ "o confus$ mass1 w\ld reb\nd aga9/ "o ano!r1 break+ up into small] fragm5ts1 & fly+ (f 9 all directions4 ,z ^! fragm5ts rec$$ f ! c5tre ( disp]sion !y w\ld /rike aga9/ ea* o!r1 &1 by _! mutual impact1 become %iv]$ into /ill small] fragm5ts1 :i* w\ld 9 turn be brok5 up into fragm5ts yet small]1 & s on z !y proce$$ outw>ds4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only "o "p ( ! process1 & a "p :i* w\ld c]ta9ly take place1 ?\gh no heat 7 g5]at$ by ! collisions4 ,a f> m effective means ( disp]s+ ! fragm5ts & %att]+ !m to pieces w\ld be ! expansive =ce ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( inc&esc5t gas almo/ in/antane\sly g5]at$ by ! heat ( collision4 ,! g5]al break+ up ( ! two masses & ! /oppage ( _! motions w\ld be ! "w ( only a few m9utes1 or a few h\rs at mo/4 ,! heat evolv$ by ! arre/$ motion w\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be ma9ly conc5trat$ on ! surface lay]s ( ! brok5 blocks4 ,! lay]s w\ld be at once trans=m$ into ! gase\s condition1 ?us envelop+ ! blocks & fill+ ! int]spaces4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e :at ! temp]ature & expansive =ce ( ?is gas w\ld at ! mom5t be1 b evid5tly x w\ld be excessive2 =1 7 ! :ole ( ! heat ( ! arre/$ motion di/ribut$ ov] ! mass1 x w\ld1 z has be5 /at$1 am\nt to #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds p] p\nd ( ! mass--an am\nt suffici5t to raise #bfd1jjj tons ( iron #a ,c4 ,?us1 if we assume ! specific heat ( ! gas to be equal to t ( air 7viz4 #bcgd71 x w\ld h a temp]ature ( ab\t #cjj1jjj1jjj ,c4 or m ?an #adj1jjj times t ( ! voltaic arc4 ,i h>dly ?9k x w be deem$ extravagant to assume t at ! mom5t aft] impact ! temp]ature ( ! evolv$ gas w\ld be at lea/ z great z "h /at$4 ,if we assume x to be s1 x is obvi\s t ! brok5 mass w\ld1 by ! expansive =ce ( ! g5]at$ gas1 be disp]s$ 9 all directions1 break+ up into fragm5ts small] & small] z !y knock$ aga9/ "o ano!r 9 _! progress outw>ds f ! c5tre ( disp]sion2 & ^! fragm5ts w\ld1 at ! same "t1 become gradually conv]t$ into ! gase\s /ate1 & gradually come to occupy a space z l>ge z t embrac$ 9 our sol> sy/em4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! :ole w\ld assume ! gase\s condition1 & we %\ld !n h a p]fect nebula--int5sely hot1 b n v lum9\s4 ,z its temp]ature dim9i%$1 ! nebul\s mass w\ld beg9 to cond5se1 & ultimately1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n nebul> hypo!sis1 pass ?r\gh all ! diff]5t phases ( r+s1 planets1 & satellites into our sol> sy/em z x n[ exi/s4 ,i am glad to f9d t ! !ory1 9 "o ( its ma9 features1 has be5 adopt$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson1#d ! highe/ au?ority we h on all po9ts relat+ to ! s\rce ( ! sun's heat4 ,footnote #d3 ,lecture on 8,! ,probable ,orig91 ! ,total ,am\nt1 & ! ,possible ,duration ( ! ,sun's ,heat10 deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution on ,janu>y #ba1 #ahhg1 & publi%$ 9 ,nature ( #bg? ( ! same mon?4 ,! lecture 0 aft]w>ds publi%$ ) consid]able additions & alt]ations 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution vol4 xii4 ,x is f ?is t my quotations are tak54 8,we _c10 says ,sir ,william1 8help ask+ ! "q1 ,:at 0 ! condition ( ! sun's matt] be=e x came toge!r & became hot8 7#a7 ,x may h be5 two cool1 solid masses1 :i* collid$ ) ! velocity due to _! mutual gravitation2 or 7#b71 b ) enorm\sly less ( probability1 x may h be5 two masses collid+ ) velocities consid]ably great] ?an ! velocities due to _! mutual gravitation40 ,he adopts ! fir/ ( ^! suppositions4 8,to fix ! idea10 he cont9ues1 8?9k ( two cool1 solid globes1 ea* ( ! same mean d5sity z ! e>?1 & ( half ! sun's diamet]1 giv5 at re/1 or ne>ly at re/1 at a di/ance asund] equal to twice ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun4 ,!y w fall toge!r & collide 9 exactly half a ye>4 ,! collision w la/ = ab\t half an h\r1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* !y w be trans=m$ into a viol5tly agitat$ inc&esc5t fluid mass fly+ outw>d f ! l9e ( ! motion be=e ! collision1 & swell+ to a bulk sev]al times great] ?an ! sum ( ! orig9al bulks ( ! two globes4 ,h[ f> ! fluid mass w fly out all ar\nd f ! l9e ( collision x is impossible to say4 ,! motion is too complicat$ to be fully inve/igat$ by any kn[n ma!matical me?od2 b ) suffici5t pati5ce a ma!matician might be able to calculate x ) "s fair approximation to ! tru?4 ,! di/ance rea*$ by ! extreme circul> fr+e ( ! fluid mass w\ld probably be mu* less ?an ! di/ance fall5 by ea* globe be=e ! collision1 because ! translational motion ( ! molecules con/itut+ ! heat into :i* ! :ole en]gy ( ! orig9al fall ( ! globes becomes trans=m$ 9 ! fir/ collision is probably ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! :ole am\nt ( t en]gy4 ,! "t ( fly+ out w\ld probably be less ?an half a ye>1 :5 ! fluid mass mu/ beg9 to fall 9 aga9 t[>ds ! axis4 ,9 some?+ less ?an a ye> aft] ! fir/ collision ! fluid w aga9 be 9 a /ate ( maximum cr[d+ r\nd ! c5tre1 & ?is "t probably ev5 m viol5tly agitat$ ?an x 0 imm$iately aft] ! fir/ collision2 & x w aga9 fly outw>d1 b ?is "t axially t[>ds ! places :5ce ! two globes fell4 ,x w aga9 fall inw>ds1 & aft] a rapidly subsid+ s]ies ( quick] & quick] oscillations x w subside1 probably 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s1 into a globul> /> ( ab\t ! same dim5sions1 heat1 & brightness1 z our pres5t sun1 b diff]+ f him 9 ?is1 t x w h no rotation40#e ,footnote #e3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ae4 ,?is is precisely :at ,i h be5 cont5d+ = dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 ) ! simple exception t ,i assume1 accord+ to 8 second supposition1 t ! 8two masses collid$ ) velocities consid]ably great] ?an ! velocities due to mutual gravitation40 ,sir ,william admits1 ( c\rse1 my supposition to be q a possible "o1 b rejects x on ! suppos$ gr\nd ( its improbability4 ,8 reasons = ?is1 /at$ 9 8 own words1 are z foll[s3 8,?is la/ supposition implies t1 call+ ! two bodies ,a & ,b = brevity1 ! motion ( ! c5tre ( in]tia ( ,b relatively to ,a mu/1 :5 ! di/ance betwe5 !m 0 great1 h be5 direct$ ) great exactness to pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( in]tia ( ,a2 su* great exactness t ! rotational mom5tum or mom5t ( mom5tum aft] collision 0 no m ?an to let ! sun h 8 pres5t sl[ rotation :5 %runk to 8 pres5t dim5sions4 ,?is exce$+ly exact aim+ ( ! "o body at ! o!r1 s to speak1 is1 on ! dry !ory ( probability1 exce$+ly improbable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is c]ta9ty t ! two bodies ,a & ,b at re/ 9 space if left to !mselves1 undi/urb$ by o!r bodies & only influ5c$ by _! mutual gravitation1 %all collide ) direct impact1 & !re=e ) no motion ( _! c5tre ( in]tia1 & no rotational mom5tum ( ! comp\nd body aft] ! collision4 ,?us we see t ! dry probability ( collision betwe5 two neighb\rs ( a va/ numb] ( mutually attract+ bodies widely scatt]$ ?r\gh space is mu* great] if ! bodies be all giv5 at re/ ?an if !y be giv5 mov+ 9 any r&om directions & ) any velocities consid]able 9 comp>ison ) ! velocities :i* !y w\ld acquire 9 fall+ f re/ into collision40 ,sir ,william "h argues t ! second supposition is f> less probable ?an ! fir/1 because1 accord+ to x1 ! motion ( ! "o body relatively to ! o!r mu/1 9 ord] to /rike1 be direct$ ) great exactness4 ,! result1 9 su* a case1 is t collision w r>ely occur2 :]eas1 accord+ to ! fir/ supposition1 ! two bodies />t+ f a /ate ( re/ w1 by _! mutual gravitation1 inevitably collide4 ,accord+ to ! second hypo!sis !y w g5]ally miss2 accord+ to ! fir/ !y w always collide4 ,i h be5 l$ to a conclusion directly oppos$ to ,sir ,william's4 ,! fact1 t1 accord+ to ! second supposition1 collisions c b r>ely occur is "o reason1 among/ o!rs1 :y ,i ?9k t supposition to be true2 & ! fact t1 accord+ to ! fir/ supposition1 collisions mu/ frequ5tly occur is also "o reason1 among/ o!rs1 :y ,i ?9k x v improbable t x c repres5t ! true condition ( ?+s4 ,x by no means adds any?+ to ! probability ( ! fir/ supposition to ass]t t1 accord+ to x1 su* collisions w occur readily & frequ5tly4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld %[ t ! supposition 0 ! less likely to be true4 ,if ! collisions 7 insuffici5t 9 "*1 ! few] ( !m t occurr$1 ! bett]2 = ! result ( su* collisions w\ld simply be a wa/e ( ! pot5tial en]gies ( ! univ]se4 ,we %\ld 9 ?is case h an innum]able ho/ ( imp]fect suns )\t planets1 or ) at mo/ only "o or two1 & ^! at no great di/ance f ! lum9>y4 ,!re w\ld ?us be evolv$ a univ]se )\t any gr& planet>y sy/ems4 ,!re is /ill ano!r objection to ! supposition4 ,! same gravitat+ =ce :i* makes ! d>k bodies liable to come into collision ) ea* o!r mu/1 ( c\rse1 make !m equally liable to come into collision ) ! lum9\s bodies1 & ) our sun among/ ! re/4 ,our sun w\ld1 accord+ly1 be at ! m]cy ( any ( ^? masses :i* might happ5 to come )9 ! rea* ( its attractive influ5ce4 ,x w\ld pull ! mass t[>ds x1 & a collision w\ld be inevitable1 unless x s happ5$ t a transv]se motion ( ! sun itself might enable x to escape de/ruction4 ,ev5 9 su* a case x c\ld n by any means manage to get rid ( ! entangl+ mass4 ,all ?is risk1 9 s f> z gravitation is conc]n$1 w\ld h be5 completely av]t$ if an orig9al project$ velocity ( "s ?irty or =ty miles p] second _h be5 conf]r$ on ! d>k mass2 =1 9 ?is case1 ! attractive =ce ( ! sun w\ld fail to arre/ its motion1 & ! mass w\ld pass onw>d ?r\gh space1 nev] to return4 ,?is simple conception ( an orig9al motion removes entirely ^? objections :i*1 we h se51 besets ! supposition we h be5 consid]+4 ,) su* a motion1 n only w\ld ! risk to our sol> sy/em be remov$1 b ! collisions betwe5 ! d>k bodies !mselves w\ld be a matt] ( r>e occurr5ce2 & h5ce ! en]gy ( ! univ]se w\ld be cons]v$4 ,& :5 a collision did happ5 x w\ld be on a gr& scale1 & ! result w\ld be n an imp]fect sun )\t planets1 b an inc&esc5t nebula1 out ( :i*1 by cond5sation1 a complete sol> sy/em w\ld be evolv$4 ,9 fact1 )9 ! :ole range ( cosmical physics1 ,i "k ( no?+ m impressive 9 its sublime simplicity ?an ?is plan1 by :i* ! /ability & p]fection ( ! univ]se is ?us secur$4 ,h[ va/ ! ends--h[ simple ! means6 ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,facts ,,:i* ,,support ,,! ,,!ory1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,light ,,:i* ,,! ,,!ory ,,appe>s ,,to ,,ca/ ,,^u ,,! ,,facts4 ,i4 ,probable ,orig9 ( ,meteorites4 ,rec5t rese>*es e/abli% beyond d\bt t />s1 nebul1 comets & meteorites1 d n diff] mu* f our e>? 9 _! *emical con/itution4 ,meteorites1 x is true1 diff] 9 _! physical *>act]i/ics f ord9>y rock su* z is f\nd on ! e>?'s surface4 ,b x is possible1 if n probable1 t ! e>?'s int]ior mass 8may10 z ,sir ,h5ry ,roscoe rem>ks1 8p>take ( ! physical nature ( ^! metallic meteorites1 & t if we c\ld obta9 a portion ( matt] f a great dep? bel[ ! e>?'s surface we %\ld f9d x exactly correspond+ 9 /ructure z well z 9 *emical composition ) a metallic meteorite1 & ! exi/5ce ( su* int]ior masses ( metallic iron may g f> to expla9 ! well-kn[n magnetic condition ( our planet40#f ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt t1 7 our e>? brok5 up into small fragm5ts1 & ^! scatt]$ into space1 x w\ld probably be impossible to di/+ui% !m f ord9>y meteorites4 ,! two w\ld be s l 9 "* t "o c h>dly resi/ ! conviction t meteorites are b ! fragm5ts ( sid]eal masses :i* h be5 %att]$ by collision4 ,t meteorites are brok5 fragm5ts is ! op9ion express$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson1 :o says 8t he _c b agree ) ! common op9ion :i* reg>ds meteorites z fragm5ts brok5 f l>g] masses1 & t we _c be satisfi$ )\t try+ to imag9e :at 7 ! antec$5ts ( ^? masses40 ,! !ory we h be5 consid]+ appe>s to af=d an explanation ( _! antec$5ts4 ,accord+ to x1 !y are brok5 fragm5ts ( two d>k /ell> masses :i* 7 %att]$ to pieces by collision4 ,aft] :at has be5 /at$ conc]n+ ! production ( ! gase\s nebul out ( :i* our sol> sy/em 0 =m$1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z highly improbable1 if n impossible1 t ! :ole ( ! fragm5ts project$ outw>ds ) su* velocity %\ld be conv]t$ into ! gase\s condition4 ,multitudes ( ! small] fragm5ts1 especially ^? t[>ds ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! nebul\s mass1 meet+ ) little or no ob/ruction to _! onw>d progress1 w\ld pass outw>ds into space ) a velocity :i* w\ld c>ry !m beyond ! risk ( fall+ back into ! nebula4 ,!y w\ld !n cont9ue _! progress 9 _! sep>at$ =ms z meteorites4 ,if ?is be _! orig91 !n meteorites are ! (fspr+ ( sid]eal masses1 & n _! p>5ts1 z ,mr4 ,locky] concludes4 ,footnote #f3 ,man*e/] ,sci5ce ,lectures1 ,fif? ,s]ies1 p4 #ca4 ,^! meteorites mu/ be ( va/ antiquity1 = if !y are fragm5ts ( ! d>k bodies !n !y mu/ be n only old] ?an our sol> sy/em1 b old] ?an ! nebula f :i* t sy/em 0 =m$4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 may h come f o!r sy/ems4 ,!y are fragm5ts :i* may yet ca/ "s light on ! hi/ory ( ! d>k bodies4 ,comets1 bodies :i* 9 _m po9ts seem alli$ to meteorites1 probably h1 z we %all %ortly see1 a simil> orig94 ,,ii4 ,motion ( ! ,/>s2 h[ ( su* diff]5t velocities1 & always 9 /raight l9es4 ,x w be only :5 ! two bodies1 com+ f contr>y directions1 collide ) equal mom5tum t ! entire motion w be /opp$4 ,b 9 ! case ( /ell> masses mov+1 z x 71 at r&om 9 e direction ?is is a condition :i* w b r>ely occur4 ,accord+ly1 9 mo/ cases ! result+ />s w h m or less motion4 ,9 %ort1 ! />s %\ld1 accord+ to ! !ory1 be mov+ 9 all directions & ) all v>ieties ( velocity4 ,fur!r1 x foll[s t ^! motions ought to be 9 p]fectly /raight l9es1 & n 9 def9ite orbits ( any k9d4 ,s f> z obs]vation has yet det]m9$1 all ^! conditions seem to be fulfill$4 ,sometimes x w happ5 t ! two bodies w /rike ea* o!r obliquely4 ,9 ?is case ! result+ />1 bo? z to ! direction & velocity ( its motion1 w1 to a l>ge ext5t1 be ! resultant ( ! two concurr5t =ces4 ,,iii4 ,motion ( ! ,/>s n due to _! ,mutual ,attractions4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ! absolute motion ( ! />s is due1 n to ! influ5ce ( gravity1 b to motions :i* orig9ally belong$ to ! two compon5t masses out ( :i* ! /> arose2 motion reg>d+ ! orig9 ( :i* sci5ce c no m in=m u ?an x c reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! masses !mselves4 ,!re is /rong presumptive evid5ce t ! motion ( ! />s is due to ?is cause4 ,we "k t !re are />s :i* h a f> great] velocity ?an c result f gravitation1 su*1 = example1 z ! /> #ahcj ,groombridge1 :i* has a velocity ( #bjj miles p] second4 ,suppose1 ) ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 t ! numb] ( />s belong+ to ! univ]se am\nts to #ajj1jjj1jjj1 & t ^! h1 on ! av]age1 five times ! mass ( ! sun1 & are spread out 9 a lay] across :i* light requires #cj1jjj ye>s to pass4 ,!n computation %[s t1 unless ! attractive p[] ( ! :ole 7 sixty-f\r times great] ?an x really is1 x c\ld n h conf]r$ on ,groombridge ! motion :i* x possesses1 or arre/ x 9 its onw>d c\rse4#g ,we are !re=e =c$1 z ,pr(essor ,newcomb rem>ks1 to "o ( two alt]natives1 viz43 8,ei!r ! bodies :i* compose our univ]se are va/ly m massive & num]\s ?an telescopic exam9ation seems to indicate1 or #ahcj ,groombridge is a runaway />1 fly+ on a b\ndless c\rse ?r\gh inf9ite space1 ) su* mom5tum t ! attraction ( all ! bodies ( ! univ]se c nev] /op x40 ,footnote #g3 ,newcomb's ,a/ronomy1 p4 #dhg1 ,engli% edition1 #ahgh4 ,z reg>ds ! !ory we are discuss+1 x is ! same :i* alt]native is tak51 = bo? are equally fav\rable4 ,if ! =m]1 !n1 accord+ to ! !ory t /ell> heat _h its orig9 9 collision1 x is presumptive evid5ce t space is occupi$ by d>k bodies f> m num]\s & massive ?an ! lum9\s ones :i* ! telescope reveals4 ,if ! latt]1 viz4 t ! /> has a velocity :i* nev] c\ld h be5 produc$ by attraction1 8!n10 z says ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 8x mu/ h be5 fly+ =w>d ?r\gh space f ! beg9n+1 &1 hav+ come f an inf9ite di/ance1 mu/ n[ be pass+ ?r\gh our sy/em = ! fir/ & only "t40 ,! probability is1 h[ev]1 t ! /> d]iv$ its motion f ! s\rce f :i* x d]iv$ its light & heat2 namely1 f ! collision ( ! two masses out ( :i* x arose4 ,if ! /> is ev] to be arre/$ 9 its onw>d c\rse1 x mu/ be by collision2 b su* an ev5t w\ld be its f9al end4 ,!re are o!r />s1 su* z #fa ,cygni1 ,indi1 ,lal&e #babeh1 ,lal&e #baahe1 ,cassiopei1 & ,arcturus1 possess$ ( motions :i* c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f gravity4 ,& !re are probably _m m ( :i*1 ow+ to _! enorm\s di/ances1 ! prop] motions h n be5 detect$4 ,c5tauri1 ! ne>e/ /> 9 ! heav5s1 by less ?an "o-half1 is di/ant tw5ty-"o millions ( millions ( miles2 & !re are1 d\btless1 _m visible />s a ?\s& times m remote4 ,a /> at ?is di/ance1 ?\gh mov+ transv]sely to ! obs]v] at ! enorm\s rate ( #ajj miles p] second1 w\ld take upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s to *ange its position s mu* z "o second1 & consequ5tly #a1hjj ye>s to *ange its position "o m9ute4 ,9 fact1 we %\ld h to wat* ! /> = a g5]ation or two be=e we c\ld be c]ta9 :e!r x 0 mov+ or n4 ,,iv4 ,probable ,orig9 ( ,comets4 ,great difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 acc\nt+ = ! orig9 ( comets ^u ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,!y approa* ! sun f all directions1 & _! motions1 9 relation to ! planets1 are z (t5 retrograde z direct4 ,n only are _! orbits excessively elliptical1 b !y are also incl9$ to ! ecliptic at all angles f #j to #ij4 ,x is evid5tly impossible to acc\nt satisfactorily = ! orig9 ( comets if we assume !m all to h be5 evolv$ out ( ! sol> nebula1 al?\gh ?is has be5 attempt$ by ,m4 ,faye & o!rs4 ,comets are evid5tly1 z ,laplace & ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w9*ell bo? conclude1 /rang]s to our sy/em1 & h come f di/ant regions ( space4 ,if !y belong$ to ! sol> sy/em !y c\ld n1 says ,pr(essor ,w9*ell1 h p>abolic & hyp]bolic pa?s4 8,only a small portion ( ! comets10 he rem>ks1 8are kn[n to move 9 elliptic orbits40#h ,?is assumption t !y are =eign]s w acc\nt = all ! peculi>ities ( _! motions2 b h[ are we to acc\nt = _! com+ into our sy/em8 ,h[ did !y manage to leave t sy/em 9 :i* !y _h _! orig98 ,if a comet h come f "o ( ! fix$ />s trillions ( miles di/ant1 ! motion by :i* x trav]s$ ! int]v5i5t space c\ld n1 possibly1 h be5 d]iv$ f gravity4 ,we are !re=e oblig$ to assume t ! motion 0 a project$ motion4 ,comets1 9 all probability1 h ! same orig9 z meteorites4 ,! mat]ials compos+ !m1 l ^? ( ! meteorites1 7 probably project$ f nebul by ! expulsive =ce ( ! heat ( concussion :i* produc$ ! nebul4 ,"s ( !m1 especially ^? ) elliptic orbits1 may h possibly be5 project$ f ! sol> nebula4 ,footnote #h3 ,_w ,life4 p4 #bg4 ,v4 ,nebul4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance t ! !ory "h advanc$ seems to af=d a rational explanation ( almo/ e peculi>ity ( nebul1 z ,i h1 on =m] occasions1 endeav\r$1 at "s l5g?1 to prove4#i ,footnote #i3 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,july #ahgh2 ,climate & ,cosmology1 ,*ap4 xix4 #a4 ,orig9 ( nebul4--,we h already se5 t ! !ory af=ds a rational acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( nebul4 #b4 ,h[ nebul occupy s mu* space4--,x acc\nts = ! enorm\s space occupi$ by nebul4 ,x may be object$ t1 enorm\s z w\ld be ! orig9al temp]ature ( ! sol> sy/em produc$ by ! primeval collision1 x w\ld nev]!less be insuffici5t to exp& ! mass1 aga9/ gravity1 to su* an ext5t t x w\ld occupy ! entire space includ$ )9 ! orbit ( ,neptune4 ,b x w be p]ceiv$1 f :at has already be5 /at$ reg>d+ ! disp]sion ( ! mat]ials be=e !y _h suffici5t "t to assume ! gase\s condition1 t ?is disp]sion 0 ! ma9 cause ( ! gase\s nebula com+ to occupy s mu* space4 ,&1 to g f>!r back1 x 0 ! sudd5ness & almo/ in/antaneity ) :i* ! mass w\ld receive ! entire /ore ( en]gy1 be=e x _h "t to assume ev5 ! molt51 n to say ! gase\s1 condition1 :i* l$ to trem5d\s explosions1 foll[$ by a wide disp]sion ( mat]ials4 #c4 ,:y nebul are ( su* v>i$ %apes4--,al?\gh ! disp]sion ( ! mat]ials w\ld be 9 all directions1 x w\ld1 accord+ to ! law ( probability1 v r>ely take place uni=mly 9 e direction4 ,!re w\ld g5]ally be a great] am\nt ( disp]sion 9 "s directions ?an 9 o!rs1 & ! mat]ials w\ld ?us be c>ri$ along v>i\s l9es & to div]se di/ances2 &1 al?\gh gravity w\ld t5d to br+ ! widely scatt]$ mat]ials ultimately toge!r into "o or m sph]ical masses1 yet1 ow+ to ! exce$+ly r>ifi$ condition ( ! gase\s mass1 ! nebul w\ld *ange =m b sl[ly4 #d4 ,brok5 fragm5ts 9 a gase\s mass ( an excessively high temp]ature ! fir/ /age ( a nebula4--,f :at has already be5 %[n1 x w be se5 t aft] ! collid+ ( ! two d>k bodies ! fir/ condition ( ! result+ nebula w\ld be an enorm\s space occupi$ by brok5 fragm5ts ( all sizes da%+ aga9/ ea* o!r ) trem5d\s velocities1 l ! molecules 9 a p]fect gas4 ,all ! int]spaces betwe5 ^? fragm5ts w\ld be entirely fill$ ) a gase\s mass1 :i*1 at its e>lie/ /ages at lea/1 z 9 ! case ( ! sol> nebula1 w\ld h a temp]ature probably m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& times t ( ! voltaic arc4 ,:e!r su* a mass w\ld be visible is a po9t :i* c h>dly be det]m9$1 z we c h no exp]i5ce on e>? ( a gas at su* a temp]ature4 ,t !re are "s ( ! nebul :i* appe> to consi/ ( solid matt] int]sp]s$ 9 a gase\s mass is %[n by ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,locky]#aj & o!rs4 ,9 fact1 ! !ory is held by ,pr(essor ,tait#aa t nebul consi/ ( cl\ds ( /ones--or meteor-sw>ms1 z ,mr4 ,locky] w\ld t]m !m--9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog51 ea* /one ( :i*1 mov+ ab\t & com+ into collision ) "s o!r1 is !reby g5]at+ heat :i* r5d]s ! circumambi5t gas inc&esc5t4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is !ory ( ,pr(essor ,tait1 ,mr4 ,locky] says t ! ph5om5a ( ! spectroscope c be q well expla9$ 8on ! assumption ( a cl\d ( /ones1 provid+ always t y c\ld at ! same "t %[ reasonable cause :y ^! cl\ds ( /ones 7 #8bang+ ab\t' 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog540#ab ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to af=d any rational explanation ( ?is bang+ ab\t ( ! /ones to & fro 9 all directions2 =1 accord+ to x1 ! only =ce available is gravitation1 & ?is c produce m]ely a motion ( ! mat]ials t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! mass4 ,"u ^! conditions v little imp++ ( ! /ones aga9/ ea* o!r w\ld take place4 ,b1 accord+ to ! !ory "h adopt$1 we h an ag5cy incalculably m effective ?an gravity1 "o :i* acc\nts n m]ely = ! impact ( ! /ones1 b = _! v exi/5ce z su*1 inasmu* z x expla9s bo? :at !y are & :5ce !y came4 ,footnote #aj3 ,proce$+s ( ,royal ,society1 vol4 xliii4 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #aa3 ,good ,words = #ahge1 p4 #hfa4 ,footnote #ab3 ,man*e/] ,sci5ce ,lectures4 ,mr4 ,locky] has rec5tly fully adopt$ ,pr(essor ,tait's sugge/ion z to ! nature & orig9 ( nebul1 & has endeav\r$ to give x fur!r developm5t4 ,he consid]s ! nebul to be compos$ ( sp>se meteorites1 ! collisions ( :i* give ! nebul _! temp]ature & lum9osity4 ,he divides ! nebul into ?ree gr\ps1 8accord+ z ! =mative action seems work+ t[>ds a c5tre2 r\nd a c5tre 9 a plane1 or ne>ly s2 or 9 "o direction only40 ,z a result we h globul>1 sph]oidal1 & cometic nebul4 ,globul> nebul he acc\nts = 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 8,if we10 he says1 8= ! sake ( ! greate/ simplicity consid] a sw>m ( meteorites at re/1 & !n assume t o!rs f )\t approa* x f all directions1 _! previ\s pa?s be+ deflect$1 ! "q arises :e!r !re w n be at "s di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! sw>m a region 9 :i* collisions w be mo/ valid4 ,if we c answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative1 x w foll[ t "s ( ! meteorites arre/$ "h w beg9 to move 9 almo/ circul> orbits r\nd ! common c5tre ( gravity4 8,! major axes ( ^! orbits may be assum$ to be n v div]se1 & we may fur!r assume t1 to beg9 )1 "o set w prepond]ate ov] ! re/4 ,_! elliptic pa?s may ?r[ ! p]ia/ron passage to a consid]able di/ance f ! common c5tre ( gravity2 & if we assume t ! meteorites ) ?is common mean di/ance are mov+ 9 all planes1 & t "s are direct & "s retrograde1 !re w be a %ell 9 :i* m collisions w take place ?an else:]e4 ,n[1 ?is collision surface w be practically ! only ?+ visible1 & w pres5t to u ! exact & hi!rto unexpla9$ appe>ance ( a planet>y nebula--a body ( ! same int5sity ( lum9osity at its edge & c5tre--?us putt+ on an almo/ phosphoresc5t appe>ance4 8,if ! collision region has any great ?ickness1 ! c5tre %\ld appe> dimm] ?an ! portion ne>] ! edge4 8,su* a collision surface1 z ,i use ! t]m1 is pres5t$ to u dur+ a meteoric display by ! upp] "p ( our atmosph]e40#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,proc4 ( ,royal ,society1 vol4 xliv4 p4 #e4 ,sph]oidal nebul1 he consid]s1 are produc$ by ! rotation ( :at 0 at fir/ a globul> rotat+ sw>m ( meteorites4 ,cometic nebul are expla9$1 he consid]s1 8on ! supposition t we h ei!r a v cond5s$ sw>m mov+ at a v high velocity ?r\gh a %eet ( meteorites at re/1 or ! sw>m at re/ surr\nd$ by a %eet1 all mov+ 9 ! same direction40 ,9 an able & int]e/+ "w1 :i* seems almo/ utt]ly unkn[n 9 ,engl&1#ad ,pr(essor ,w9*ell has advanc$ views simil> to ^? ( ,tait & ,locky] reg>d+ ! nature & orig9 ( nebul4 ,b he1 9 addition1 discusses ! fur!r "q ( ! orig9 ( ^? sw>ms4 ,i %all h occasion to ref] to ,pr(essor ,w9*ell's views m fully :5 we come to ! consid]ation ( ! pre-nebul> condition ( ! univ]se4 ,footnote #ad3 ,_w ,life1 or ,comp>ative ,geology1 by ,alex&] ,w9*ell1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology & ,palontology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,*icago3 ,s4 ,c4 ,griggs ,co4 #ahhc4 ,among/ ! fir/ to advance ! meteoric hypo!sis ( ! orig9 & =mation ( ! sol> sy/em 0 probably ! late ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,a4 ,proctor4 ,?is 0 done 9 8 "w1 8,o!r ,worlds ?an ,ours10 publi%$ 9 #ahgj4 8,"u ! cont9ual ra9 ( meteoric matt]10 he says1 8x may be said t ! e>?1 sun1 & planets are gr[+4 ,n[1 ! idea obvi\sly sugge/s itself t ! :ole gr[? ( ! sol> sy/em1 f its primal condition to its pres5t /ate1 may h be5 due to processes resembl+ ^? :i* we n[ see tak+ place )9 its b\nds40 ,he fur!r adds3 8,x seems to me t n only has ?is g5]al view ( ! mode 9 :i* our sy/em has rea*$ its pres5t /ate a great] support f :at is n[ actually go+ on ?an ! nebul> hypo!sis ( ,laplace1 b t x s]ves to acc\nt 9 a f> m satisfactory mann] = ! pr9cipal peculi>ities ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,i might1 inde$1 g f>!r1 & say t :]e ^? peculi>ities seem to oppose !mselves to ,laplace's !ory !y give support to ^? ,i h put =w>d40#ae ,he !n goes on to %[ ! po9ts :]e9 8 !ory seems to him to (f] a bett] explanation ( ^? peculi>ities ?an t ( ,laplace4 ,footnote #ae3 ,o!r ,worlds1 *ap4 ix4 #e4 ,! gase\s condition ! second /age ( a nebula4--,! second /age obvi\sly foll[s z a necess>y consequ5ce f ! fir/2 = ! fragm5ts1 9 ! case "u consid]ation1 possess en]gy 9 ! =m ( motion1 :i*1 ) ! heat ( _! circumambi5t vap\r1 is m ?an suffici5t n only to conv]t ! fragm5ts into ! gase\s /ate1 b to produce complete dissociation ( ! *emical elem5ts4 ,! complete trans=mation ( ! fir/ /age into ! second mu/1 !re=e1 be simply a matt] ( "t4 ,accord+ to ! laws ( probability x may1 h[ev]1 sometimes happ5 t ! two orig9al d>k bodies w n collide ) =ce suffici5t to conf] on ! brok5 fragm5ts ! en]gy requir$ to conv]t !m all into ! gase\s condition4 ,! result 9 ?is case w\ld1 no d\bt1 be t ! untrans=m$ fragm5ts1 drawn toge!r by _! mutual attractions1 w\ld collide & =m an imp]fect /> or sun1 )\t a planet4 ,su* a /> might cont9ue lum9\s = a few ?\s&s or p]haps a few millions ( ye>s1 z ! case might be1 :5 x w\ld beg9 to fade1 & f9ally disappe>4 ,we h "h an imp]fect nebula1 result+ 9 an imp]fect />4 ,9 %ort1 we %\ld h 9 ^? /ell> masses1 on a gr& scale1 :at we witness e day ar\nd u 9 organic nature1 viz4 imp]fect =mations4 ,su* occasional imp]fections give v>iety & add p]fection to ! :ole4 ,h[ dre>y & monoton\s w\ld nature be1 7 e blade ( grass1 e plant1 e animal1 & e face we met =m$ aft] ! mo/ p]fect model6 #f4 ,! gase\s condition ess5tial to ! nebul> hypo!sis4--,x is f\nd t ! d5sity ( ! int]ior planets ( our sol> sy/em comp>$ ) t ( ! m remote is ab\t z five to "o4 ,! obvi\s conclusion is t !re is a prepond]ance ( ! metallic elem5ts 9 ! int]ior planets & ( metalloids 9 ! ext]ior4 ,x ?us becomes evid5t1 z ,mr4 ,locky] has s cle>ly %[n1#af t :5 our sol> sy/em exi/$ 9 a nebul\s condition ! metallic or d5s] elem5ts w\ld occupy ! int]ior portion ( ! nebula & ! metalloids ! ext]ior4 ,tak+ a section ( ?is nebula f its c5tre to its circumf]5ce1 ! elem5ts w\ld 9 ! ma9 be f\nd arrang$ accord+ to _! d5sities3 ! d5se/ at ! c5tre1 & ! lea/ d5se at ! circumf]5ce4 ,if we comp>e ! planets ) _! satellites1 we f9d ! same law hold+ true4 ,! satellites ( ,jupit]1 = example1 h a d5sity ( ab\t only "o-fif? ( t ( ! planet1 or ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? ( t ( our e>?1 %[+ t :5 ! planet 0 rotat+ z a nebul\s mass ! m d5se elem5ts 7 9 ! c5tral p>ts & ! less d5se at ! out] rim1 :]e ! satellites 7 be+ =m$4 ,aga91 if we take ! case ( our globe1 we f9d1 z ,mr4 ,locky] rem>ks1 ! same di/ribution ( mat]ials1 prov+ t :5 ! e>? 0 9 ! nebul\s /ate ! metallic elem5ts *iefly occupi$ ! c5tral regions1 & ! metalloids ^? out] p>ts :i* n[ con/itute ! e>?'s cru/4 ,footnote #af3 ,man*e/] ,sci5ce ,lectures4 ,all ^! facts %[ t ! sift+ & sort+ ( ! *emical elem5ts accord+ to _! d5sities mu/ h tak5 place :5 our sol> sy/em 0 9 ! condition ( a nebula4 ,b1 fur!r1 x seems impossible t ?is c\ld h tak5 place _h ! mat]ials compos+ ! nebula be5 9 ! solid =m1 ev5 suppos+ t !y _h tak5 ! =m ( cl\ds ( /ones4 ,x is equally impossible t ! nebula c\ld h be5 9 ! fluid or liquid /ate dur+ ?is process4 ,?is is obvi\s1 = ! nebula mu/ !n h occupi$1 at lea/1 ! entire space )9 ! orbit ( ! mo/ remote planet4 ,b our sol> sy/em 9 ! liquid condition c\ld n occupy "o-million? "p ( t space4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! nebula mu/ h be5 9 ! /ate ( a gas1 & a gas ( extreme t5uity4 #g4 ,! mass mu/ h possess$ an excessive temp]ature4--,!re is ample evid5ce1 ,mr4 ,locky] ?9ks1 to %[ t ! temp]ature ( ! sol> nebula 0 z great z t ( ! sun at ! pres5t "t4 ,b ,i ?9k x is extremely probable t1 9 "s ( its /ages1 ! nebula _h a v mu* high] temp]ature ?an t n[ possess$ by ! sun4 ,!re mu/1 dur+ ! sift+ p]iod1 h be5 complete *emical dissociation1 s z to keep ! metals & ! metalloids uncomb9$1 & ?us all[ ! elem5ts to arrange !mselves accord+ to _! d5sities4 ,! nebula hypo!sis1 rem>ks ,mr4 ,locky]1 8is almo/ wor?less unless we assume v high temp]atures1 because1 unless y h heat en\gh to get p]fect dissociation1 y w n h t sort+ out :i* always seems to foll[ ! same law40 #h4 ,gravitation c\ld1 "u no possible condition1 h g5]at$ ! am\nt ( heat requir$ by ! nebul> hypo!sis4--,! nebul> hypo!sis does n pr(ess to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( nebul4 ,x />ts ) matt] exi/+ 9 space 9 ! nebul\s condition1 & expla9s h[1 by cond5sation1 suns1 planets c4 are =m$ out ( x4 ,9 fact1 x beg9s at ! middle ( a process3 x beg9s ) ?is f9e1 att5uat$ mat]ial 9 ! process ( be+ drawn toge!r & cond5s$ "u ! influ5ce ( attraction1 & pr(esses to expla9 h[1 z ! process goes on1 a sol> sy/em necess>ily results4 ,to simplify our inquiry we %all conf9e our att5tion to ! sol> nebula1 & consid] 9 ! fir/ place h[ f> cond5sation may be reg>d$ z a suffici5t s\rce ( heat4 ,a4 ,cond5sation4--,! heat :i* our nebula c\ld h d]iv$ f cond5sation up to ! "t t ,neptune 0 deta*$ f ! mass1 no matt] h[ f> ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! mass may h orig9ally ext5d$ beyond ! orbit ( t planet1 c\ld n h am\nt$ to ov] #a_/g1jjj1jjj ( a !rmal unit 7#ggb foot-p\nds7 = ea* cubic foot4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t ?is am\nt c\ld n h produc$ ! dissociation requir$2 & )\t ! requir$ dissociation ,neptune c\ld nev] h be5 =m$4 ,fur!r1 x is physically impossible t ! mat]ials ( :i* our sol> sy/em are compos$ c\ld h exi/$ 9 ! gase\s /ate 9 a cool condition prior to cond5sation4 ,unless possess$ ( great heat1 ev5 hydrog5 c\ld n exi/ 9 /ell> space 9 ! gase\s =m2 & f> less c\ld c>bon1 iron1 plat9um1 c4 ,be=e ,neptune c\ld h be5 =m$ ! :ole ( ! mat]ials ( ! sy/em mu/ h possess$ heat1 n only suffici5t to r$uce !m to ! gase\s /ate1 b suffici5t to produce complete dissociation4 ,b by no conceivable means c\ld gravitation h conf]r$ ?is am\nt ( heat by ! "t t ! mass _h cond5s$ to j )9 ! limits ( ! orbit ( ,neptune4 ,b4 ,solid globes collid+ "u ! influ5ce ( gravity alone4--,z we h already se51 ! view has be5 adopt$ by ,sir ,w4 ,?omson t ! sol> nebula may h result$ f ! collid+ ( cold1 solid globes ) ! velocity due to _! mutual gravitation alone4 ,he /ates 8 views z foll[s3 8,suppose1 n[1 t #bi1jjj1jjj cold1 solid globes1 ea* ( ab\t ! same mass z ! moon1 & am\nt+ 9 all to a total mass equal to ! sun's1 are scatt]$ z uni=mly z possible on a sph]ical surface ( radius equal to "o hundr$ times ! radius ( ! e>?'s orbit1 & t !y are left absolutely at re/ 9 t position4 ,!y w all comm5ce fall+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! sph]e1 & w meet !re 9 #bej ye>s1 & e "o ( ! #bi1jjj1jjj globes w !n1 9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r1 be melt$1 & rais$ to a temp]ature ( a few hundr$ ?\s& or a million degrees ,c5tigrade4 ,! fluid mass ?us =m$ w1 by ?is prodigi\s heat1 be explod$ outw>ds 9 vap\r or gas all r\nd4 ,its b\nd>y w rea* to a di/ance consid]ably less ?an "o hundr$ times ! radius ( ! e>?'s orbit on fir/ fly+ out to its extreme limit4 ,a dim9i%+ s]ies ( out-&-9 oscillations w foll[1 & ! inc&esc5t globe1 ?us contract+ & exp&+ alt]nately1 9 ! c\rse1 x may be1 ( #cjj or #djj ye>s1 w settle to a radius ( =ty times ! radius ( ! e>?'s orbit40#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,proce$+s ( ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4 xii4 p4 #af4 ,! reason :i* he assigns = ! inc&esc5t globe settl+ d[n at a radius =ty times t ( ! e>?'s orbit is z foll[s3 8,! radius ( a /eady globul> gase\s nebula ( any homog5e\s gas is #dj p] c5t4 ( ! radius ( ! sph]ical surface f :i* its +r$i5ts mu/ fall to _! actual positions 9 ! nebula to h ! same k9etic en]gy z ! nebula has40 ,if ! sol> nebula ?us produc$ w\ld be swell$ out into a sph]ical inc&esc5t mass ) a radius #dj times ! radius ( ! e>?'s orbit1 simply because ! globes fell f a di/ance ( #ajj times ! radius ( t orbit1 !n = a simil> reason ! mass w\ld h a radius ( #djj times t ( ! e>?'s orbit _h ! globes fall5 f a di/ance ( #a1jjj times ! radius1 & #djj1jjj times if ! globes _h fall5 f a di/ance ( #a1jjj1jjj times ! radius1 & two-fif?s ( any conceivable di/ance f :i* !y may h fall54 ,suppos+ all ?is to be physically possible1 :i* x und\bt$ly is n1 /ill ! heat g5]at$ w\ld n be suffici5t2 =1 :atev] ! radius ( ! nebula might be1 its entire en]gy1 bo? k9etic & pot5tial1 is simply :at is obta9$ f gravitation1 & ?is1 z we h se51 is insuffici5t4 #i4 ,cond5sation ! ?ird & la/ condition ( a nebula4--,accord+ to ! gravitation !ory1 cond5sation is ! fir/ /age ( a nebula z well z ! la/2 =1 accord+ to x1 gravity is ! =ce :i* bo? collects toge!r ! scatt]$ mat]ials & gives !m _! heat4#ah ,be=e cond5sation beg9s !re c1 accord+ to ! gravitation !ory1 be no su* ?+ z a nebula prop]ly s call$4 ,! mat]ials exi/1 ( c\rse1 b !y d n exi/ 9 ! =m ( a nebula4 ,accord+ to ! impact !ory :i* ,i "h advocate1 cond5sation _c beg9 till aft] ! nebula has begun to lose ! heat ) :i* x 0 orig9ally end[$4 ,footnote #ah3 ,laplace held a m accurate view ( ! primitive condition ( ! sol> nebula4 ,he consid]$ t1 ow+ to int5se heat1 ! sol> mass became exp&$ to ! limits ( ! remote/ planet>y orbit ( our sy/em2 t1 9 cool+1 x began sl[ly to cond5se2 & t1 z cond5sation w5t on1 planet aft] planet became deta*$ f ! mass4 ,laplace1 h[ev]1 (f]$ no explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! primitive nebula obta9$ its heat4 #aj4 ,h[ nebul emit su* feeble light4--,! light ( nebul is ma9ly d]iv$ f gl[+ hydrog5 & nitrog5 9 a condition ( extreme gase\s t5uity2 & x is well kn[n t ^! gases are exce$+ly bad radiators4 ,! oxyhydrog5 flame1 al?\gh its temp]ature is surpass$ only by t ( ! voltaic arc1 gives a light s feeble z to be sc>cely visible 9 daylight4 ,! small lum9osity ( nebul is1 h[ev]1 ma9ly due to a diff]5t cause4 ,! enorm\s space occupi$ by ^? bodies is n s mu* due to ! heat :i* !y possess z to ! fact t _! mat]ials 7 disp]s$ into space be=e !y _h "t to pass into ! gase\s condition2 s t1 by ! "t t ?is latt] /ate 0 assum$1 ! space occupi$ 0 f> great] ?an 0 dem&$ ei!r by ! temp]ature or by ! am\nt ( heat :i* !y orig9ally receiv$4 ,if we adopt ! nebul> hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( our sol> sy/em1 we mu/ assume t our sun's mass1 :5 9 ! condition ( a nebula1 ext5d$ beyond ! orbit ( ! planet ,neptune1 & consequ5tly fill$ ! entire space includ$ )9 t orbit4 ,ev5 suppos+ ,neptune's orbit to h be5 its out] limit1 :i*1 obvi\sly1 0 n ! case1 x w\ld nev]!less h occupi$ #bgd1jjj1jjj1jjj times ! space x does at pres5t4 ,we %all assume1 z be=e1 t #ej1jjj1jjj ye>s' heat 0 g5]at$ by ! concussion4 ,( c\rse1 !re might h be5 twice or ev5 t5 times t quantity2 b x is ( no importance :at am\nt is 9 ! meantime adopt$4 ,enorm\s z #ej1jjj1jjj ye>s' heat is1 x yet gives1 z we %all pres5tly see1 only #cb foot-p\nds ( en]gy = ea* cubic foot4 ,! am\nt ( heat due to concussion be+ equal1 z be=e /at$1 to #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds = ea* p\nd ( ! mass1 & a cubic foot ( ! sun at 8 pres5t d5sity ( #adc weigh+ #hi p\nds1 ea* cubic foot mu/ h possess$ #h1ijj1jjj1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds4 ,b :5 ! mass 0 exp&$ suffici5tly to occupy #bgd1jjj1jjj1jjj times its orig9al space 7:i* x w\ld d :5 x ext5d$ to ! orbit ( ,neptune71 ! heat possess$ by ea* cubic foot w\ld !n am\nt to only #cb foot-p\nds4 ,9 po9t ( fact x w\ld n ev5 am\nt to s mu*1 = a quantity equal to upw>ds ( #bj1jjj1jjj ye>s' heat w\ld necess>ily be consum$ 9 "w aga9/ gravity 9 ! expansion ( ! mass1 all ( :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be giv5 back 9 ! =m ( heat z ! mass contract$4 ,dur+ ! nebul\s condition1 h[ev]1 ?is quantity w\ld exi/ 9 an entirely diff]5t =m1 s t only #ai out ( ! #cb foot-p\nds p] cubic foot g5]at$ by concussion w\ld !n exi/ z heat4 ,! d5sity ( ! nebula w\ld be only #a_/af1bdh1afj t ( hydrog5 at ord9>y temp]ature & pressure4 ,! #ai foot-p\nds ( heat 9 ea* cubic foot w\ld ?us be suffici5t to ma9ta9 an excessive temp]ature2 = !re w\ld be 9 ea* cubic foot only #a_/ddj1jjj ( a gra9 ( matt]4 ,b1 al?\gh ! temp]ature w\ld be excessive1 ! quantity bo? ( light & heat 9 ea* cubic foot w\ld ( necessity be small4 ,! heat be+ only #a_/ga ( a !rmal unit1 ! light emitt$ w\ld c]ta9ly be exce$+ly feeble1 resembl+ v mu* ! electric light 9 a vacuum-tube4 ,,vi4 ,b9>y ,sy/ems4 ,! !ory af=ds a rational explanation ( ! orig9 ( b9>y />s4 ,b9>y />s1 9 s f> z reg>ds _! motion1 foll[ also1 ( c\rse1 z a consequ5ce1 f ! gravitation !ory4 ,if two bodies come into graz+ collision1 8!y w10 says ,sir ,william ,?omson1 8comm5ce revolv+ r\nd _! common c5tre ( in]tia 9 long elliptic orbits4 ,tidal int]action betwe5 !m w dim9i% ! ecc5tricities ( _! orbits1 &1 if cont9u$ long en\gh1 w cause !m to revolve 9 circul> orbits r\nd _! c5tre ( in]tia40#ai ,?is conclusion 0 po9t$ out _m ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney4 ,footnote #ai3 ,proce$+s ( ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ae4 ,,vii4 ,sudd5 ,outbur/s ( ,/>s4 ,! case ( a /> sudd5ly blaz+ =? & !n fad+ away1 su* z t obs]v$ by ,ty*o ,brahe 9 #aegb1 may be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t ! /> _h be5 /ruck by "o ( ! d>k bodies--an ev5t n at all impossible1 or ev5 improbable4 ,9 "s cases ( sudd5 outbur/s1 su* z t ( ,nova ,cygni1 = example1 ! ph5om5on may result f ! /> enc\nt]+ a sw>m ( meteorites4 ,! difficulty 9 ! case ( ,nova ,cygni is to acc\nt = ! v sudd5 decl9e ( its brilliancy4 ,?is might1 h[ev]1 be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! outbur/ ( lum9osity 0 due to ! de/ruction ( ! meteorites1 & n to any great increase ( heat produc$ 9 ! /> itself4 ,a sw>m ( meteorites conv]t$ into inc&esc5t vap\r w\ld n be long 9 los+ its brilliancy4 ,mr4 ,locky] ?9ks t ! outbur/ 0 produc$ by ! collision ( two sw>ms ( meteorites1 & n by ! collision ( ! meteorites ) a previ\sly exi/+ />4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4 xliii4 p4 #adj4 ,among/ ! millions ( />s occupy+ /ell> space cata/rophes ( ?is sort may1 accord+ to ! !ory1 be expect$ sometimes to happ51 al?\gh1 l ! collisions :i* orig9ate />s !mselves1 !y mu/1 d\btless1 be ev5ts ( b r>e occurr5ce4 ,,viii4 ,/> ,clu/]s4 ,a /> clu/] w result f an imm5sely widespread nebula break+ up into a ho/ ( sep>ate nuclei1 ea* ( :i* becomes a />4 ,! irregul> mann] 9 :i* ! mat]ials w\ld1 9 _m cases1 be widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh space aft] collision w\ld prev5t a nebula f cond5s+ into a s+le mass4 ,subord9ate c5tres ( attraction w\ld be e/abli%$1 z 0 long ago %[n by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 9 8 fam\s memoir on ! =mation ( />s2#ba & ar\nd ^! ! gase\s p>ticles w\ld arrange !mselves & gradually cond5se into sep>ate />s1 :i* w\ld f9ally assume ! condition ( a clu/]4 ,footnote #ba3 ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahaa4 ,,ix4 ,age ( ! ,sun's ,heat3 a ,crucial ,te/4 ,:5 we come to ! "q ( ! age ( ! sun's heat1 & ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* t orb has illum9at$ our globe1 x becomes a matt] ( ! utmo/ importance :i* ( ! two !ories is to be adopt$4 ,on ! age ( ! sun's heat re/s ! :ole "q ( geological "t4 ,a mi/ake "h is fundam5tal4 ,if gravitation be ! only s\rce f :i* ! sun d]iv$ its heat1 !n life on ! globe _c possibly date f>!r back ?an #bj1jjj1jjj ye>s2 = "u no possible =m c\ld gravitation h af=d$1 at ! pres5t rate ( radiation1 suffici5t heat = a long] p]iod4 ,x w n d to /ate 9 a loose & g5]al way1 z has be5 frequ5tly done1 t ! sun may h be5 supply+ our globe ) heat at its pres5t rate = #bj1jjj1jjj or #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 = gravitation c\ld h done no su* ?+2 a p]iod ( #bj1jjj1jjj1 n #ajj1jjj1jjj1 ye>s is ! l[e/ :i* is admissible on t !ory4 ,n ev5 t l5g? ( "t w\ld be actually available2 = ?is p]iod is f\nd$ on ,p\illet's e/imate ( ! rate ( sol> radiation1 :i* has be5 prov$ by ,langley to be too small1 ! correct rate be+ #ag times great]4 8,?us10 z says ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 8in/ead ( ,helmholtz's #bj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 we h only #ab1jjj1jjj40 ,b ! #ab1jjj1jjj ye>s w\ld n 9 reality be available = plant & animal life2 = und\bt$ly millions ( ye>s w\ld elapse be=e our globe c\ld become adapt$ = ei!r flora or fauna4 ,if !re is no o!r s\rce ( heat = our sy/em ?an gravitation1 x is d\btful if we c calculate on mu* m ?an half t p]iod = ! age ( life on ! e>?4 ,pr(essor ,tait probably ov]-e/imates ! "t :5 he affirms 8t #aj1jjj1jjj ye>s is ab\t ! utmo/ t c be all[$1 f ! physical po9t ( view1 = all ! *anges t h tak5 place on ! e>?'s surface s9ce vegetable life ( ! l[e/ kn[n =m 0 capable ( exi/+ !re40#bb ,& ?is is c]ta9ly ab\t all t c ev] be expect$ f gravitation2 ma!matical computation has demon/rat$ t x c give no m4 ,! o!r !ory1 f\nd$ on motion 9 space--a cause z real z gravitation--lab\rs "u no su* limitation4 ,accord+ to x1 s f> at lea/ z reg>ds ! /ore ( en]gy :i* may h be5 possess$ by ! sun1 plant & animal life may date back1 n to #aj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 b to a p]iod indef9itely m remote4 ,9 fact1 !re is z yet no kn[n limit to ! am\nt ( heat :i* ?is cause may h produc$2 = ?is dep5d$ ^u ! velocities ( ! two bodies at ! mom5t prior to collision1 & :at ^! velocities 7 we h no means ( kn[+4 ,!y might h be5 #ejj miles a second1 or #e1jjj miles a second1 = any?+ :i* c be %[n to ! contr>y4 ,( c\rse ,i by no means affirm t x is z mu* z #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s s9ce life began on our e>?2 b ,i c]ta9ly d affirm t1 9 s f> z a possible s\rce ( ! sun's en]gy is conc]n$1 life may h begun at a p]iod z remote4 ,footnote #bb3 ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical ,sci5ces1 p4 #age4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,evid5ce ,,9 ,,support ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,f ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,heat4 ,,te/imony ,,( ,,geology ,,& ,,biology ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,heat4 ,! "q :i* we h n[ to consid] is--to :i* ( ! two !ories does geology l5d its te/imony8 ,w ! l5g? ( "t :i*1 accord+ to ! gravitation !ory1 c possibly be allott$ satisfy ! requirem5ts ( geology8 ,9 %ort1 are ! facts ( geology reconcilable ) ! !ory8 ,if n1 ! !ory mu/ be ab&on$4 ,be=e ! p]iod :5 geologi/s felt t !y 7 limit$ to "t by physical consid]ations1 ! mo/ extravagant op9ions prevail$ 9 reg>d to ! l5g? ( geological epo*s4 ,s long z ! physici/ cont9u$ to /ate 9 a loose & g5]al way t ! sun might h be5 supply+ our e>? ) heat at 8 pres5t rate = ! pa/ #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 no v s]i\s difficulty 0 felt2 b :5 geologi/s came to und]/& t t5 or tw5ty millions ( ye>s 7 all t c\ld be grant$ to !m1 ! condition ( matt]s 0 entirely alt]$4 ,! belief t ! ma!matical physici/ mu/ be "r 9 8 views z to ! age ( ! sun's heat1 & t !re is no possibility ( a long] p]iod be+ admitt$1 seems at pres5t to be lead+ geologi/s t[>ds ! opposite extreme 9 reg>d to ! l5g? ( geological "t4 ,attempts h be5 rec5tly made to compress ! geological hi/ory ( our globe into ! n>r[ space allott$ by ! physici/4 ,! attempt is hopeless1 z well z injuri\s to geological sci5ce4 ,:at misleads is n ! belief t gravitation c\ld n possibly af=d a supply ( heat suffici5t = m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 = ?is is true2 x is ! belief t !re 0 no o!r s\rce ( heat ?an gravity4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! evid5ce :i* geology seems to af=d z to ! age ( ! sun's heat4 ,geology is q compet5t to r5d] aid on ?is po9t1 = ! sun's heat mu/ be at lea/ z old z life on ?is globe2 & ! record ( ! rocks tells u :5 ?is life fir/ appe>$4 ,we require1 h[ev]1 to be able to measure ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ^! records 7 left4 ,:at we want is absolute "t2 n relative "t4 ,mu* has be5 done by geologi/s 9 reg>d to relative "t2 b ?is c be ( no s]vice to u 9 our pres5t inquiry4 ,un=tunately v little tru/wor?y "w has be5 done 9 ! way ( det]m9+ ! absolute l5g? ( geological p]iods4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 great exactness ( measure is n requir$4 ,a r\gh approximation to ! tru? w suffice = our pres5t purpose4 ,if x c be %[n to be m ?an fifte5 or tw5ty millions ( ye>s s9ce life fir/ appe>$ on ! e>?1 x w z effectually prove t gravitation alone c\ld n h be5 ! s\rce f :i* ! sun d]iv$ 8 heat z if x 7 %[n t t p]iod 0 a ?\s& times m remote4 ,all we h to d is simply to assign an inf]ior limit to ! age ( life on ! e>?2 & ?is c be effectually done by means ( ! me?ods1 imp]fect ?\gh !y be1 :i* we h at comm&4 ,z ! "q ( geological "t is ( "s importance 9 relation to our pres5t inquiry1 ,i %all consid] x at "s l5g?4 ,te/imony ( ,geology3 me?od employ$4--,:at has subsequ5tly prov$ to be a pretty successful me?od ( measur+ geological "t sugge/$ itself to my m9d dur+ ! summ] ( #ahfe4 ,x !n occurr$ to me t we might obta9 a tol]ably accurate measure ( absolute geological "t f ! pres5t rate ( subarial d5udation1 :i* might be asc]ta9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! rate ( subarial d5udation mu/ be equal to ! rate at :i* mat]ials are c>ri$ (f ! l& into ! sea2 & ?is is measur$ by ! rate at :i* s$im5t is c>ri$ d[n by our riv] sy/ems4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! pres5t rate ( subarial d5udation1 we h only to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( s$im5t annually c>ri$ d[n by ! riv] sy/ems4 ,?is gives u ! "t requir$ to remove any giv5 quantity1 say "o foot1 (f ! face ( ! c\ntry4 ,if we assume ! rate to be pretty mu* ! same dur+ pa/ geological ages1 we h a means ( tell+ ! "t t 0 occupi$ 9 remov+ any kn[n ?ickness ( /rata4 ,b z we nev] c be p]fectly c]ta9 t ! rate is ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! results c1 ( c\rse1 be reg>d$ z only approximately true4 ,tak+ ! quantity ( s$im5t dis*>g$ into ! sea annually by ! ,mississippi riv]1 z det]m9$ by ,messrs4 ,br[n & ,dickson1#bc ,i f\nd t x am\nt$ to "o foot (f ! face ( ! c\ntry 9 #a1chh ye>s1 & t1 at ?is rate ( d5udation1 our cont95ts1 ev5 if !y _h an elevation ( #a1jjj feet1 w\ld n rema9 above sea-level ov] #a1ejj1jjj ye>s4#bd ,?is 0 an exagg]at$ e/imate ( ! quantity ( s$im5t1 = ,i %ortly aft]w>ds f\nd t f> m accurate det]m9ations 7 made by ,messrs4 ,humphreys & ,abbot1#be :o 7 employ$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t to report ^u ! physics & hydraulics ( ! ,mississippi4 ,messrs4 ,br[n & ,dickson _h e/imat$ ! quantity ( s$im5t at #bh1ahh1jhc1hib cubic feet1 :]eas ,messrs4 ,humphreys & ,abbot f\nd x to be only #f1gbd1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 or less ?an "o-f\r? t am\nt4 ,?is gives "o foot 9 #f1jjj ye>s z ! rate ( d5udation4 ,footnote #bc3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce = #ahdh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y #ahfg4 ,i 0 n aw>e at ?is "t t ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,tylor _h previ\sly appli$ ! same me?od to det]m9e an entirely diff]5t po9t1 viz43 h[ mu* ! sea-level is be+ rais$ by ! s$im5t deposit$ on ! sea-bottom4 ,mr4 ,tylor's pap]1 entitl$ 8,on ,*anges ( ! ,sea-,level effect$ by exi/+ ,physical ,causes dur+ /at$ ,p]iods ( ,"t10 appe>$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 = ,april #ahec4 ,mr4 ,tylor came to ! conclusion t ! sea-level 0 be+ rais$1 f ?is cause1 ab\t #c in*es 9 #aj1jjj ye>s4 ,footnote #be3 ,report ^u ! ,physics & ,hydraulics ( ! ,mississippi4 ,at ?is "t ,dr4 ,ar*ibald ,geikie took up ! "q & w5t into ! consid]ation ( ! subject 9 a mo/ ?or\gh mann]2 & x is ma9ly ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( 8 writ+s on ! matt]#bf t ! me?od "u consid]ation has ga9$ su* wide-spread acceptance among geologi/s4 ,aft] an exam9ation ( ne>ly all t is kn[n reg>d+ ! am\nt ( s$im5t c>ri$ d[n by riv]s1 he drew up ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! numb] ( ye>s requir$ by sev5 riv]s to remove "o foot ( rock f ! g5]al surface ( _! bas9s4 ,danube #f1hdf ye>s ,mississippi #f1jjj ,ni? #d1gbc ,ganges #b1ceh ,rhone #a1ebh ,hoang-,ho #a1dfd ,po #gbi ----- ----- ,mean #c1cgh ye>s ,?is gives a mean ( #c1cgh ye>s to remove "o foot1 or a little ov] "o-half ! "t tak5 by ! ,mississippi4 ,?is mean appe>s to be g5]ally tak5 z repres5t+ ! av]age rate ( subarial d5udation ( ! :ole e>?1 b x has1 ,i fe>1 be5 r too ha/ily adopt$4 ,to e/imate correctly ! quantity ( s$im5t annually dis*>g$ by a l>ge riv] is a mo/ difficult & labori\s und]tak+4 ,a p]usal ( ! volum9\s report ( ,messrs4 ,humphreys & ,abbot1 ext5d+ ov] #fij pages1 :i* ,dr4 ,geikie ju/ly /yles a model ( pati5t & exhau/ive rese>*1 w cle>ly %[ ?is1 & at ! same "t prove h[ skilfully & accurately ! task allott$ to !m 0 p]=m$4 ,footnote #bf3 ,trans4 ( ,geol4 ,soc4 ( ,glasg[1 vol4 iii42 ,jukes ,geikie's ,manual ( ,geology1 *ap4 xxv42 ,text ,book ( ,geology1 p4 #dda4 ,! risk ( mak+ v s]i\s errors 9 comput+ ! am\nt ( s$im5t dis*>g$1 unless prop] precautions are tak51 is well illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! det]m9ations made by ,messrs4 ,br[n & ,dickson1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,al?\gh _! report %[s t !y took great pa9s 9 ord] to arrive at correct results--9 fact1 !y comput$ ! total annual quantity ( s$im5t dis*>g$ to )9 a cubic foot--aft] all1 in/ead ( be+ correct to ?is m9ute quantity1 !y gave a total m ?an f\rfold :at x ought to be4 ,a some:at simil> discrepancy exi/s 9 ref]5ce to ! d5udation ( ! bas9 ( ! ,ganges4 ,! "t requir$ to l[] its surface by "o foot is1 accord+ to "o e/imate1 #b1ceh ye>s2 accord+ to ano!r1 #a1gea2 & accord+ to a ?ird1 only #a1adf ye>s4 ,! fir/ figure is probably ne>e/ ! tru?4 ,/ill1 ^! diff]5ces %[ bo? ! difficulty ( ! problem & ! necessity ( caution 9 adopt+ any ( ^! results z correct4 ,by f> ! mo/ tru/wor?y det]m9ations ( ! :ole are ^? ( ! ,mississippi by ,messrs4 ,humphreys & ,abbot1 :i* may be reli$ ^u z n f> f ! tru?4 ,b1 suppos+ ! e/imates 9 ! =ego+ table to be p]fectly correct1 c we assume t _! mean may be safely tak5 z probably repres5t+ ! av]age rate ( d5udation ( ! :ole e>?8 ,i w\ld mo/ unhesitat+ly reply1 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! ,rhone & ,po are full ( glaci] mud f ! ,alps2 & ! am\nt ( s$im5t :i* !y c>ry d[n may give u ! rate ( d5udation ( ,switz]l&1 b c]ta9ly n t ( ! :ole e>?1 or ev5 ( ,europe4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,ganges1 :i* is *>g$ ) ! mud :i* x br+s d[n f ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,hoang-,ho1 or ,yell[ ,riv]1 is an exceptionally muddy riv]2 9 fact1 x d]ives its "n f ! va/ quantity ( yell[ mud held by its wat]s 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,x 0 probably ! exceptionally muddy "* ( ! ,po1 ! ,rhone1 ! ,ganges1 & ! ,yell[ ,riv] :i* attract$ att5tion1 & l$ to obs]vations be+ made ( ! s$im5t !y conta94 ,riv]s m unsuitable ?an ^! to give u ! av]age d5udation ( ! e>?'s surface c\ld n well be select$4 ,among ! sev5 riv]s 9 ! table1 leav+ out ( acc\nt ! small ,scotti% /ream1 ! ,ni?1 ) its bas9 ( only #bjj squ>e miles1 !re are only two1 ! ,mississippi & ! ,danube1 t dra9 c\ntries :i* may be reg>d$ z 9 e way resembl+ ! av]age condition ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,i w\ld *oose ! ,mississippi z be+ sup]ior to ! ,danube1 = two reasons3 7#a7 because ! rate ( d5udation ( its bas9 has be5 m accurately det]m9$2 & 7#b7 because ! area ( its bas9 n only exce$s t ( ! ,danube z five to "o1 b bett] fulfils ! necess>y conditions1 z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has s cle>ly %[n4 8,t riv]10 says ,sir ,*>les1 8dra9s a c\ntry equal to m ?an half ! cont95t ( ,europe1 ext5ds ?r\gh tw5ty degrees ( latitude1 & !re=e ?r\gh regions enjoy+ a great v>iety ( climate1 & "s ( its tribut>ies desc5d f m\nta9s ( great height4 ,! ,mississippi is also m likely to af=d u a fair te/ ( ord9>y d5udation1 because1 unlike ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & its tribut>ies1 !re are no great lakes 9 :i* ! fluviatile s$im5t is ?r[n d[n & arre/$ on its way to ! sea40#bg ,!re is no o!r riv] 9 ! globe :i* to my m9d bett] fulfils ! requir$ conditions4 ,x is no d\bt true t ! rate ( d5udation ( ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi is probably less ?an t ( ,switz]l&1 ,norway1 & ! ,himalayas1 :]e glaci]s ab\nd1 & c]ta9ly less ?an t ( ,gre5l& & ! ,ant>ctic cont95t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is rate is c]ta9ly mu* great] ?an t ( ! :ole cont95t ( ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & l>ge tracts ( ,asia1 :]e ! ra9fall is mu* small]4 ,"o foot 9 #f1jjj ye>s may1 !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 be safely tak5 z ! av]age rate ( d5udation ( ! :ole surface ( ! globe4 ,footnote #bg3 ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #ia4 ,! av]age rate ( d5udation 9 ! pa/ probably n mu* great] ?an 9 ! pres5t4--,! belief has long prevail$ t ! rate ( d5udation 0 mu* great] 9 pa/ ages ?an x is n[2 b ,i am unable to p]ceive any good gr\nds = conclud+ t su* 0 ! case at any "t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,palozoic p]iod4 ,v>i\s reasons h1 h[ev]1 be5 assign$ = ?is suppos$ great] rate2 & to ! consid]ation ( ^! ,i %all n[ v briefly ref]4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t at "s remote epo* ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 :5 ! moon 0 mu* ne>] & ! day mu* %ort] ?an n[1 ! rate ( d5udation w\ld1 ow+ to ! erosive p[] ( ! enorm\s tides :i* w\ld !n prevail1 be mu* great] ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is v d\btful4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! /ratifi$ rocks :i* af=ds any support to ! idea ( great tidal waves hav+ swept ov] ! l&1 at lea/ s9ce ! "t :5 life began on our globe4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s w\ld h de/roy$ all animal life4 8,! ,palozoic s$im5ts10 z ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w9*ell rem>ks1 8h be5 deposit$1 = ! *ief "p1 9 quiet seas4 ,! deep b$s ( lime/ones & %ales are spread out 9 %eets cont95t-wide1 :i* te/ify unmi/akably to placid wat]s & sl[ deposition40#bh ,b high tides1 n sweep+ ov] ! l&1 w\ld n increase ! rate ( d5udation to ! ext5t suppos$4 ,high tides silt up a riv] *annel m readily ?an !y deep5 x4 ,a high] tide w\ld probably produce a great] de/ruction ( sea-coa/3 x w\ld t5d to increase ! rate ( m>9e d5udation1 b ?is w\ld n mat]ially affect ! g5]al rate ( d5udation4 ,=1 z ! pres5t rate ( m>9e d5udation is to t ( subarial d5udation only z #a to ab\t #a1gjj1bi x w\ld take a v l>ge increase 9 ! rate ( m>9e d5udation to affect s5sibly ! g5]al result4 ,suppose ! rate ( m>9e d5udation to h be51 = example1 t5 times z great dur+ ! ,palozoic age z x is n[ 7:i* x c]ta9ly 0 n71 x w\ld only h %ort5$ ! "t requir$ to effect a giv5 am\nt ( d5udation ( ! :ole e>? by #i ye>s 9 #a1gjj1 i4e4 by little m ?an "o-half p] c5t4 ,footnote #bh3 ,_w ,life1 p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see ,climate & ,"t1 p4 #ccg4 ,aga91 x is assum$ t ! great] rate ( t]re/rial rotation 9 ! e>ly ages w\ld produce c]ta9 influ5ces :i* w\ld 9 turn br+ ab\t a great] am\nt ( d5udation4 ,! rate ( rotation has be5 sl[ly decreas+ = ages1 & 9 ,palozoic times x mu/1 ( c\rse1 h be5 great] ?an at pres5t4 ,a m rapid rotation w\ld increase ! velocity ( ! trade & anti-trade w9ds1 & w\ld ?us t5d to augm5t ! action ( ^? meteorological ag5ts *iefly effective 9 ! "w ( subarial d5udation4 ,"h aga9 ! te/imony ( geology is negative4 ,we h no geological gr\nds to conclude t ! w9ds ( ,palozoic times 7 /rong] ?an ^? at ! pres5t day4 ,! heat 0 no d\bt great]1 & p]haps !re 0 m ra92 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re w\ld be less fro/1 sn[1 ice1 & o!r d5ud+ ag5ts4 ,!re is "o cause :i* w\ld1 p]haps1 be m effective ?an any ( ! =ego+3 viz4 ! p]iodic occurr5ce ( glacial epo*s4 ,:5 a c\ntry is buri$ "u ice1 ! erosion ( ! surface is great4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! influ5ce ( ra91 riv]s1 & o!r d5ud+ ag5ts n[ 9 op]ation w\ld !n1 9 ! glaciat$ regions1 be almo/ nil4 ,besides1 ! great] "p ( ! mat]ials gr\nd (f ! rocks w\ld be left on ! l&2 &1 :5 ! ice disappe>$1 x w\ld be f\nd 9 ! =m ( a ?ick mantle ( b\ld] clay--a mantle :i* w\ld protect ! rocky surface ( ! c\ntry = ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s f fur!r d5udation4 ,?is is %[n by ! f9e /ri on ! rocky surface1 made p]haps m ?an #ej1jjj ye>s ago1 rema9+ "u ! b\ld] clay z p]fect z ! day on :i* !y 7 engrav$4 ,b1 m ?an all ?is1 a v consid]able "p ( ! #a foot pres5tly be+ remov$ (f ! c\ntry 9 #f1jjj ye>s consi/s ( ! loose mat]ials belong+ to ! glacial epo*1 su* z s&s1 gravels1 & b\ld] clay1 :i* are be+ swept (f ! surface by ra9 & riv] action4 ,7 x n = ?is1 ! pres5t rate ( subarial d5udation w\ld n be s high z x actually is4 ,tak+ all ?+s into consid]ation1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 obvi\s t ! av]age rate ( d5udation s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ,palozoic times 0 probably n mu* great] ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,h[ ! me?od has be5 appli$4--,hav+ det]m9$ :at appe>s to be ! probable av]age rate ( subarial d5udation1 we may n[ proce$ to consid] ! way 9 :i* ?is rate has be5 appli$ to measure pa/ geological "t4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* x may be appli$ = ?is purpose4 ,x may 7#a7 be appli$ directly3 kn[+ ! ?ickness ( /rata :i* may h be5 remov$ by d5udation1 we c easily tell1 f t rate1 ! "t x requir$ to effect _! removal4 ,if we h evid5ce1 = example1 t at "s epo* #a1jjj feet ( /ratifi$ rock 7 c>ri$ away1 !n1 on ! assumption t ! rate ( d5udation 0 ! same at t epo* z n[1 we h #a1jjj #f1jjj #f1jjj1jjj ye>s z ! requir$ "t4 7#b7 ,x may be appli$ indirectly3 kn[+ ! ?ickness ( ! /rata1 we may e/imate ! "t requir$ = _! =mation4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* x has usually be5 appli$1 b1 z we %all see1 x is ! less satisfactory way ( ! two4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,geikie gives ! l& area ( ! globe z #eb1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & t ( wat] z #add1gab1jjj squ>e miles4#cj ,we may ?us take ! proportion ( l& to wat] r\ghly z #a to #c2 ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! e>?'s surface be+ l&1 & ?ree-qu>t]s wat]4 ,"o foot1 !re=e1 remov$ (f ! surface ( ! l& w\ld cov] ! :ole globe ) a lay] #c in*es ?ick1 or ! entire sea-bottom ) a lay] #d in*es ?ick4 ,footnote #cj3 ,physical ,geography1 p4 #ajc4 ,if we knew ! total quantity ( /ratifi$ rock on ! globe1 we c\ld easily tell ! "t t w\ld be requir$ = its =mation4 ,mo/ geologi/s w\ld1 ,i believe1 be incl9$ to admit t1 if spread uni=mly ov] ! entire globe1 x w\ld =m a lay] ( at lea/ #a1jjj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 su* a case ! "t requir$ = its deposition w\ld be z foll[s3 #a1jjj #f1jjj #d #bd1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,?is w\ld n1 h[ev]1 repres5t ! age ( ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,x w\ld only repres5t ! "t requir$ to deposit ! rocks :i* we h assum$ to be n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,! great] mass ( s$im5t>y rocks has be5 =m$ out ( previ\sly exi/+ s$im5t>y rocks1 & ^! aga9 out ( s$im5t>y rocks /ill old]4 ,! olde/ kn[n s$im5t>y rocks are ! ,laur5tian2 b ^! are believ$ by geologi/s to h be5 =m$ f /ill old] s$im5t>y rocks4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! mat]ials compos+ our /ratifi$ b$s mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh _m cycles ( de/ruction & re-=mation4 ,! mat]ials ( "s ( ! rec5t =mations1 = example1 may h pass$ ?r\gh d5udation & deposition a doz5 ( times ov]4#ca ,! "t requir$ to h deposit$ at a giv5 rate ! pres5t exi/+ mass ( s$im5t>y rocks is probably b a small fraction ( ! "t requir$ to h deposit$ at ! same rate ! total mass t has actually be5 =m$4 ,few geologi/s1 ,i ?9k1 :o w duly reflect on ! subject1 w deem x too mu* to say t ! pres5t exi/+ /ratifi$ rocks h on an av]age pass$ at lea/ ?rice ?r\gh ! cycle ( de/ruction & re-=mation4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 !n ! #a1jjj feet ( /ratifi$ rock repres5t1 n a p]iod ( #bd1jjj1jjj ye>s1 b a p]iod ?ree times z great1 viz4 #gb1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,footnote #ca3 ,x is ?is de/ruction ( ! /ratifi$ rocks :i* makes x s difficult to detect ! m>ks ( =m] glacial epo*s1 & :i* has l$ to su* prevail+ misconceptions reg>d+ ! evid5ce :i* we ought to expect ( ^? epo*s4 ,see pap] read be=e ! ,geological ,society1 8,on ,prevail+ ,misconceptions reg>d+ ! ,evid5ce :i* we ought to expect ( =m] ,glacial ,p]iods10 ,janu>y #bc1 #ahhi4 ,x is impossible to tell f geological data ! actual age ( ! /ratifi$ rocks2 b ?is is n requir$4 ,:at we require is1 z already /at$1 n _! actual age1 b an inf]ior limit to t age4 ,me?od z appli$ by ,pr(essor ,haughton4--,pr(essor ,haughton e/imates ! mass ( ! /ratifi$ rocks d[n to ! "t ( ! ,mioc5e ,t]ti>y p]iod z be+ #agg1bjj feet 9 ?ickness1 & cov]+ an area equal to t ( ! sea4 ,! pres5t rate ( subarial d5udation he consid]s to be equal to "o foot remov$ (f ! surface ( ! l& 9 #c1jij ye>s4 ,if ! proportion ( l& to wat] be tak5 z #eb to #ade1 x ?us requires #h1faf ye>s to deposit "o foot ( s$im5t ov] ! b$ ( ! ocean1 & consequ5tly ?is is ! rate at :i* /rata are at pres5t be+ =m$4 ,?is w\ld give #h1faf #agg1bjj #a1ebf1gej1jjj ye>s = ! age ( ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,b he assumes ! rate ( d5udation to h be5 t5 times great] 9 geological "t ?an at pres5t4 ,?is consequ5tly r$uces ! age ( ! rocks to #aeb1fge1jjj ye>s4 ,by add+ "o-?ird = ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! ,mioc5e ,t]ti>y p]iod he gets #bjj1jjj1jjj ye>s z a m9imum l5g? ( geological "t4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,physical ,geography1 p4 #id4 ,! validity ( ?is result re/s ^u :at appe> to me to be two v d\btful assumptions4 ,x is assum$ 9 8 calculations t ! total am\nt ( /rata =m$ dur+ pa/ ages 7n ! am\nt pres5tly rema9+7 0 equal to a mass #agg1bjj feet 9 ?ickness1 cov]+ ! entire area ( ! ocean4 ,?is is c]ta9ly d\btful4 ,x may h be5 z great1 = any?+ t c be prov$ to ! contr>y2 b we h no evid5ce t x 0 s4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no evid5ce t ! rate ( subarial d5udation dur+ pa/ ages 0 ev] t5 times z great z x is n[4 ,b h[ is a l5g? ( #bjj1jjj1jjj ye>s to be reconcil$ ) ! age ( ! sun's heat8 ,! /ratifi$ rocks may be z old z ?is1 b assur$ly !y are n if gravitation 0 ! only s\rce f :i* ! sun d]iv$ 8 en]gy4 ,me?od z appli$ by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace4--,mr4 ,wallace adopts ,pr(essor ,haughton's e/imate ( #agg1bjj feet = ! maximum ?ickness ( ! s$im5t>y rocks4 ,b1 in/ead ( suppos+1 l ,pr(essor ,haughton1 ! products ( d5udation to be uni=mly spread ov] ! entire sea-bottom1 he supposes !m spread ov] a belt ( m]ely #cj miles broad1 ext5d+ along ! entire coa/-l9e ( ! globe1 :i* he e/imates at #ajj1jjj miles4 ,?is gives an area ( #c1jjj1jjj squ>e miles on :i* ! d5ud$ matt] ( ! :ole l& area ( #eg1jjj1jjj squ>e miles is deposit$4 ,^! two areas are to "o ano!r z #a to #ai1 & ?us x foll[s t deposition goes on #ai times z fa/ z d5udation4 ,! rate ( d5udation he takes z "o foot remov$ (f ! surface ( ! l& 9 #c1jjj ye>s1 s t ! rate ( deposition w\ld be ab\t "o foot 9 #aeh ye>s1 & consequ5tly ! "t requir$ to deposit ! #agg1bjj feet ( rock w\ld be #agg1bjj #aeh #bg1iig1fjj ye>s4 ,?is is a p]iod d\ble :at ! gravitation !ory ( ! s\rce ( ! sun's en]gy c af=d4 ,& if ! rate ( d5udation be tak5 at "o foot 9 #f1jjj ye>s1 :i* is1 z we h se51 probably ne>] ! tru?1 !n ?is w\ld make ! age ( ! /ratifi$ rocks #ef1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,!re seems to be a little ambiguity ab\t ,mr4 ,wallace's result4 ,d ! #agg1bjj feet repres5t ! quantity ( rock :i* pres5tly exi/s1 or d !y repres5t ! total quantity :i* has be5 =m$ dur+ all pa/ ages8 ,if ! =m]1 !n ! #bh1jjj1jjj ye>s are b a fraction ( ! "t :i* mu/ h be5 requir$2 =1 z we h be5 %[n1 ! mat]ials compos+ ! /ratifi$ rocks h1 on an av]age1 be5 deposit$ at lea/ ?ree or f\r times ov]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ?ickness is meant to repres5t ! total quantity ( rock :i* has be5 =m$ dur+ ! :ole ( pa/ geological "t1 !n ! "q arises1 by :at means c\ld ?is quantity possibly be asc]ta9$8 ,9 o!r words1 h[ 0 ! relation betwe5 ! pres5t quantity & ! total quantity asc]ta9$8 ,b 9 ei!r case ! result is :olly irreconcilable ) ! gravitation !ory ( ! s\rce ( ! sun's heat4 ,me?od z appli$ directly4--,we h se5 t x is impossible to det]m9e ! actual age ( ! e>? f ! /ratifi$ rocks1 ev5 if we knew ) p]fect accuracy _! pres5t total am\nt4 ,we h also se5 t f ! rate ( deposition we _c fix ) any degree ( c]ta9ty a m9imum value = ! age ( ^! rocks4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 by means ( ! fir/ or direct application ( ! me?od1 assign ) tol]able accuracy1 z 0 %[n on a =m] occasion1#cc a m9imum age to ! e>?4 ,we c be f> m c]ta9 ( ! "t :i* mu/ h be5 requir$ to remove by d5udation1 say1 a ?\s& feet ( rock ?an we c possibly be ( ! "t requir$ to h deposit$ a ?\s& feet ( s$im5t4 ,! ?\s& feet ( s$im5t may1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 h be5 deposit$ 9 a hundr$ ye>s1 :ile "u o!r conditions !y may h requir$ a million ( ye>s4 ,9 fact1 no?+ c be m unc]ta9 ?an ! rate ( deposition3 x dep5ds ^u su* a multitude ( circum/ances4 ,at ! m\? ( a great riv]1 = example1 a foot ( s$im5t may be deposit$ 9 a s+le day1 :]eas 9 "s places1 z 9 mid-ocean1 x may require a million ( ye>s to deposit ! same am\nt4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to subarial d5udation no su* unc]ta9ty exi/s4 ,footnote #cc3 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ( ,sci5ce1 ,july #ahgg2 ,climate & ,cosmology1 *ap4 xvii4 ,! utt] inadequacy ( a p]iod ( #bj1jjj1jjj ye>s = ! age ( our e>? is demon/rable f ! enorm\s ?ickness ( rock :i* is kn[n to h be5 remov$ (f c]ta9 areas by d5udation4 ,i %all n[ briefly ref] to a few ( ! _m facts :i* might be adduc$ on ?is po9t4 ,evid5ce f 8faults40--,"o pla9 & obvi\s me?od ( %[+ ! great ext5t to :i* ! g5]al surface ( ! c\ntry has be5 l[]$ by d5udation is furni%$1 z is well kn[n1 by ! way 9 :i* ! inequalities ( surface produc$ by faults or dislocations h be5 effac$4 ,x is q common to meet ) faults :]e ! /rata on ! "o side h be5 depress$ sev]al hundr$s--& 9 "s cases ?\s&s--( feet bel[ ^? on ! o!r2 b we seldom f9d any indications ( su* on ! surface1 ! inequalities on ! surface hav+ be5 all remov$ by d5udation4 ,n[1 9 ord] to effect ?is1 a mass ( rock mu/ h be5 remov$ equal 9 ?ickness to ! ext5t ( ! dislocation4 ,! foll[+ are a few examples ( l>ge faults3 ,! great ,irwell fault1 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,hull1#cd :i* /ret*es f ! ,m]sey we/ ( ,/ockport to ! nor? ( ,bolton1 has a ?r[ ( upw>ds ( #c1jjj feet4 ,"s rem>kable faults h be5 f\nd by ,pr(essor ,ramsay 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,= example1 ne> ,sn[don1 & ab\t a mile ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,b$dgel]t1 !re is a fault ) a d[n?r[ ( #e1jjj feet2 & 9 ! ,b]wyn ,hills1 betwe5 ,bryn-mawr & ,po/-gwyn1 !re is "o ( #e1jjj feet4 ,9 ! ,aran ,range !re is a great fault1 designat$ ! ,bala fault1 ) a d[n?r[ ( #g1jjj feet4 ,aga91 betwe5 ,aran ,m[ddwy & ,c>eg ,ad]yn ! displacem5t ( ! /rata am\nts to no less ?an f #aj1jjj to #aa1jjj feet4#ce ,"h we h evid5ce t a mass ( rock1 v>y+ f "o to two miles 9 v]tical ?ickness1 mu/ h be5 d5ud$ 9 _m places f ! surface ( ! c\ntry 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,! fault :i* passes along ! ea/ side ( ! ,p5tl&s is e/imat$ to h a ?r[ ( upw>ds ( #c1jjj feet4#cf ,along ! flank ( ! ,grampians a great fault runs f ! ,nor? ,sea at ,/onehav5 to ! e/u>y ( ! ,clyde1 ?r[+ ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one on end sometimes = a di/ance ( two miles f ! l9e ( dislocation4 ,! am\nt ( ! displacem5t1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,geikie#cg concludes1 mu/ 9 "s places be n less ?an #e1jjj feet1 z indicat$ by ! position ( occasional outli]s ( conglom]ate on ! ,highl& side ( ! fault4 ,! great fault cross+ ,scotl& f ne> ,dunb> to ! ,ayr%ire coa/1 :i* sep>ates ! ,silurians ( ! ,s\? ( ,scotl& f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ,c>bonif]\s tracts ( ! ,nor?1 has be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,b4 ,n4 ,pea*1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1#ch to h 9 "s places a ?r[ ( fully #ae1jjj feet4 ,?is great dislocation is old] ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 z is %[n by ! entire abs5ce ( any ,old ,r$ ,s&/one on ! s\? side ( ! fault1 & by ! occurr5ce ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one & ,coal-measures ly+ directly on ! ,silurian rocks4 ,we obta9 "h "s idea ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( d5udation :i* mu/ h tak5 place dur+ a comp>atively limit$ geological epo*4 ,s va/ a ?ickness ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one c\ld n1 z ,mr4 ,pea* rem>ks1 8h end$ orig9ally :]e ! fault n[ is1 b mu/ h swept s\?w>ds ov] ! ,l[] ,silurian upl&s4 ,yet ^! ?\s&s ( feet ( s&/ones1 conglom]ates1 lavas1 & tuffs 7 s completely remov$ f ! s\? side ( ! fault previ\s to ! deposition ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one s]ies & ! ,coal-measures1 t n a fragm5t ( !m is any:]e to be se5 betwe5 ^! latt] =mations & ! old ,silurian floor40#ci ,?is enorm\s ?ickness ( ne>ly ?ree miles ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one mu/ h be5 c>ri$ away dur+ ! p]iod :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! deposition ( ! l[] memb]s ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ! accumulation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one4 ,ne> ,tipp]>y1 9 ! s\? ( ,irel&1 !re is a dislocation ( ! /rata ( n less ?an #d1jjj feet1#dj :i* br+s d[n ! ,coal-measures aga9/ ! ,silurian rocks4 ,"h #a1jjj feet ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 #c1jjj feet ( ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one1 & #hjj feet ( ,coal-measures h be5 remov$ by d5udation (f ! ,silurian rocks4 ,n only has ?is imm5se ?ickness ( b$s be5 c>ri$ away1 b ! ,silurian itself on :i* !y re/$ has be5 eat5 d[n 9 "s places into deep valleys sev]al hundr$s ( feet bel[ ! surface on :i* ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one re/$4 ,footnote #cd3 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey ( ,lanca%ire1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey ( ,great ,brita91 vol4 iii4 ,footnote #cf3 ,memoir to ,%eet #cb1 ,geol4 ,survey ,map ( ,scotl&4 ,footnote #cg3 ,nature1 vol4 xiii4 p4 #cij4 ,footnote #ch3 ,explanation to ,%eet #ae1 ,geol4 ,survey ,map ( ,scotl&4 ,footnote #ci3 ,i h be5 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,pea* t s9ce ! above 0 writt5 additional light has be5 ca/ on ?is imm5se fault4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 he says1 t ! fault consi/s ( two sub-p>allel bran*es1 ! m s\!rly ( :i* has ! effect ( br++ ! rocks ( ! ,upp] ,silurian age aga9/ ! ,l[] ,silurian b$s4 ,! nor!rn bran* br+s ! upp] division ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones1 9 turn1 aga9/ ! ,upp] ,silurian rocks4 ,?is1 ,mr4 ,pea* rem>ks1 does n 9 ! lea/ invalidate ! reason+ z to ! am\nt ( mat]ial remov$ by d5udation f ?is region 9 ! "t specifi$4 ,9 fact1 x %[s1 he says1 t a great] am\nt mu/ h be5 remov$ ?an 0 at fir/ suspect$4 ,footnote #dj3 ,jukes's & ,geikie's ,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #dda4 ,turn+ to ! ,am]ican cont95t1 we f9d ! am\nt ( rock remov$ to be ev5 /ill great]4 ,9 ! ,valley ( ,!ssolon1 to ! nor? ( ,lake ,huron1 !re is a dislocation ( ! /rata to ! ext5t ( #i1jjj feet4#da ,9 front ( ! ,*il[ee ,m\nta9s !re is a v]tical displacem5t ( ! /rata ( m ?an #aj1jjj feet4#db ,pr(essor ,h4 ,d4 ,rog]s f\nd 9 ! ,appala*ian coal-fields faults rang+ f #e1jjj feet to m ?an #aj1jjj feet ( displacem5t4 ,9 ! ,nova ,scotia coal-fields "o or two miles 9 ?ickness ( /rata h be5 remov$ 9 "s places4#dc ,a great fracture runs along ! axis ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada = #cjj miles1 accompani$ by a dislocation ( #c1jjj to #aj1jjj feet4#dd ,! anticl9al ( ! ,p>k ,range ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 0 cleft d[n ! axis1 & ! ea/]n half depress$ #aj1jjj feet4 ,& ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lesley gives an acc\nt ( a fault 9 ! ,appala*ians ( n less ?an #bj1jjj feet1 br++ ! upp] ,devonian /rata on ! "o side opposite to ! l[e/ ,cambrian on ! o!r4#de ,a fault ) a v]tical displacem5t ( #bj1jjj feet 0 f\nd 9 ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s4#df ,9 ! ,aqui range ( m\nta9s1 ,utah1 !re is a fault det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,f4 ,emmons to be at lea/ #aj1jjj feet4#dg ,! ,gr& ,caon ( ,colorado1 9 "s places #d1jjj1 #e1jjj1 & #f1jjj feet 9 dep?1 is cut1 says ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w9*ell1 9 a plateau :i* has itself be5 l[]$ by erosion to ! ext5t ( #aj1jjj feet2 & ?is plateau occupies an area ( #ac1jjj to #ae1jjj squ>e miles4#dh ,! ,gr& 8,wa% ,fault10 ,colorado1 has a d[n?r[ to ! we/ ( #f1jjj feet4 ,! 8,hurricane ,fault10 close to x1 has displac$ ! /rata to ! ext5t ( ov] #ab1jjj feet4#di ,9 ! ,valley ( ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 x has be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lesley t z mu* z #ce1jjj feet ( rock h be5 remov$ by d5udation4 ,b ?is be+ f an anticl9al ar*1 x does n1 ( c\rse1 af=d any measure ( ! ext5t ( ! d5udation ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,major ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 ,director ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 f\nd t "u a simil> condition z mu* z ?ree & a half miles ( /rata h be5 remov$ by d5udation f ! top ( anticl9al b$s 9 ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s4#ej ,probably ! mo/ enorm\s displacem5t ( /rata :i* has yet be5 f\nd is t ( ! 8,wahsat* ,fault10 ,utah4 ,?is fault is ab\t #ajj miles 9 l5g?1 cross+ ! =tie? p>allel ( latitude f nor? to s\?1 ) a d[n?r[ to ! we/ ( n less ?an #dj1jjj feet4 ,s cle> is ! evid5ce reg>d+ ?is fault t ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,k+ says 8t !re c be no d\bt ( ! quantitative correctness ( my read+ ( ?is trem5d\s dislocation40#ea ,!re are o!r modes ?an ! =ego+ by means ( :i* geologi/s are enabl$ to measure ! ?ickness ( /rata :i* may h be5 remov$ 9 places (f ! pres5t surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,into ! details ( ^! ,i ne$ n "h ent]2 b ,i may give a few examples ( ! enorm\s ext5t to :i* ! c\ntry1 9 "s places1 has be5 f\nd to h be5 l[]$ by d5udation4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,geikie has %[n#eb t ! ,p5tl&s mu/ at "o "t h be5 cov]$ ) ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 upw>ds ( a mile 9 ?ickness1 :i* h all be5 remov$ by d5udation4 ,9 ! ,bri/ol coal-fields1 betwe5 ! riv] ,avon & ! ,m5dips1 ,sir ,&rew ,c4 ,ramsay has %[n#ec t ab\t #i1jjj feet ( ,c>bonif]\s /rata h be5 remov$ by d5udation f ! pres5t surface4 ,betwe5 ,b5drick ,rock & ,g>? ,hill1 ,s\? ,glamorgan%ire1 a mass ( ,c>bonif]\s & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ( upw>ds ( #i1jjj feet1 has be5 remov$4 ,at ! ,vale ( ,t[y1 ,ca]m>!n%ire1 ab\t #f1jjj feet ( ,silurian & #e1jjj feet ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--9 all ab\t #aa1jjj v]tical feet--h be5 swept away4 ,betwe5 ,ll&ov]y & ,ab]a]on a mass ( ab\t #ab1jjj v]tical feet ( ! ,silurian s]ies has be5 remov$ by d5udation4 ,betwe5 ,ebwy & ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 a di/ance ( upw>ds ( #bj miles1 a ?ickness ( rock v>y+ f #e1jjj to #aj1jjj feet has be5 ab/ract$4 ,pr(4 ,hull f\nd#ed on ! nor!rn flanks ( ! ,p5dle ,range1 ,lanca%ire1 ! ,p]mian b$s re/+ on ! d5ud$ edges ( ! ,mill/one ,grit1 & ^! 7 aga9 obs]v$ re/+ on ! ,upp] ,coal-measures s\? ( ! ,wigan coal-field4 ,n[ f ! kn[n ?ickness ( ! ,c>bonif]\s s]ies 9 ?is "p ( ,lanca%ire he 0 enabl$ to calculate approximately ! quantity ( ,c>bonif]\s /rata :i* mu/ h be5 c>ri$ away betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! ,mill/one ,grit & ! deposition ( ! ,p]mian b$s1 & f\nd t x actually am\nt$ to no less ?an #i1ijj feet4 ,he also f\nd 9 ! ,vale ( ,cli!roe1 & at ! base ( ! ,p5dle ,range1 t ! ,coal-measures1 ! :ole ( ! ,mill/one ,grit1 ! ,yor$ale s]ies1 & "p ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one1 am\nt+ 9 all to ne>ly #bj1jjj feet1 _h be5 swept away--an am\nt ( d5udation :i*1 z ,pr(4 ,hull rem>ks1 _c fail to impress u ) "s idea ( ! prodigi\s lapse ( "t necess>y = its accompli%m5t4 ,footnote #da3 ,geology ( ,canada1 #ahfc1 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #db3 ,saf=d's ,geology ( ,t5nessee1 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #dc3 ,lyell's ,/ud5t's ,manual1 *ap4 xxiii4 ,footnote #dd3 ,geological ,/udies1 by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,w9*ell1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #de3 ,geological ,/udies1 pp4 #ic1 #afc4 ,footnote #df3 ,p[ell's ,geology ( ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s4 ,footnote #dg3 ,geological ,exploration ( ! ,=tie? ,p>allel1 vol4 ii4 p4 #def4 ,footnote #dh3 ,geological ,/udies1 p4 #ib2 see also ,dutton's ,t]ti>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,caon ,di/rict4 ,footnote #di3 ,t]ti>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,caon ,di/rict1 pp4 #bj1 #aac2 ,second ,annual ,report1 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #ej3 ,p[ell's ,geology ( ,u9ta ,m\nta9s4 ,footnote #ea3 ,geological ,exploration ( ! ,=tie? ,p>allel1 vol4 i4 p4 #gde4 ,footnote #eb3 ,memoir to ,%eet #cb1 ,geol4 ,survey ( ,scotl&4 ,footnote #ec3 ,d5udation ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,memoirs ( ,geol4 ,survey1 vol4 i4 ,footnote #ed3 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #cbc4 ,x may be obs]v$ t1 enorm\s z is ! am\nt ( d5udation indicat$ by ! =ego+ figures1 ^! figures d n repres5t 9 mo/ cases ! actual ?ickness ( rock remov$ f ! surface4 ,we are necessitat$ to conclude t a mass ( rock equal to ! ?ickness /at$ mu/ h be5 remov$1 b we are 9 mo/ cases left 9 unc]ta9ty z to ! total ?ickness :i* has actually be5 c>ri$ away4 ,x _c be imag9$ t ^! great disruptions occurr$ fir/ :5 ! surface became subject to d5ud+ ag5cies1 or t d5udation ceas$ to op]ate precisely :5 ! inequality 0 smoo!d away4 ,moreov]1 dur+ ! "t ! surface on "o side ( ! fault 0 be+ r$uc$1 "s am\nt ( d5udation mu/ also h be5 9 progress on ! o!r & l[] side4 ,9 ! case ( a fault1 = example1 ) a displacem5t (1 say1 "o mile1 :]e no indication ( x is se5 at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 we "k t on "o side ( ! fault a ?ickness ( rock equal to "o mile mu/ h be5 d5ud$1 b we d n "k h[ mu* m ?an t may h be5 remov$4 ,= any?+ :i* we "k to ! contr>y1 hundr$s ( feet ( rock may h be5 remov$ be=e ! dislocation took place1 & z _m m hundr$s aft] all indications ( dislocation _h be5 effac$ at ! surface4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! total quantity ( rock :i* has be5 remov$ f ! pres5t surface ( ! l& is evid5tly small 9 proportion to ! total quantity remov$ dur+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( our globe4 ,= ^? ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( feet ( rock :i* h be5 d5ud$ 7 =m$ out ( ! wa/e ( previ\sly exi/+ rocks1 j z ^! _h be5 =m$ out ( ! wa/e ( yet old] rock-masses4 ,9 %ort1 z a g5]al rule1 ! rocks ( "o epo* h be5 =m$ out ( ^? ( prec$+ p]iods1 & g !mselves to =m ^? ( subsequ5t epo*s4 ,9 _m ( ! cases ( enorm\s d5udation to :i* we h ref]r$1 ! erosion has be5 effect$ dur+ a limit$ geological epo*4 ,we h1 = example1 se5 t upw>ds ( a mile 9 ?ickness ( ,c>bonif]\s rock has be5 d5ud$ 9 ! area ( ! ,p5tl&s4 ,b ! ,p5tl&s !mselves1 x c be prov$1 exi/$ z hills1 9 mu* _! pres5t =m1 be=e ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks 7 laid d[n ov] !m2 & z !y are ( ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one age1 & h be5 =m$ by d5udation1 !y mu/ consequ5tly h be5 c>v$ out ( ! solid rock betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,?is af=ds u "s conception ( ! imm5se lapse ( "t repres5t$ by ! ,middle & ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one p]iods4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( ! great fault sep>at+ ! ,silurians ( ! s\? ( ,scotl& f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one tracts ly+ to ! nor?1 a ?ickness ( ! latt] /rata ( probably m ?an a mile1 z we h se51 mu/ h be5 remov$ f ! gr\nd to ! s\? ( ! fault be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,& aga91 9 ! case ( ! ,lanca%ire coal-fields1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 ne>ly two miles 9 ?ickness ( /rata _h be5 remov$ 9 ! int]val :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! ,mill/one ,grit & ! ,p]mian p]iods4 ,"t requir$ to effect ! =ego+ am\nt ( d5udation4--,to l[] ! c\ntry "o mile by d5udation w\ld !re=e require1 accord+ to ! rate :i* we h already e/abli%$1 ab\t #ae1jjj1jjj ye>s2 b we h se5 t a ?ickness ( rock m ?an equal to t mu/ h be5 swept away s9ce ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod2 & ev5 dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod itself m ?an a mile 9 ?ickness ( /rata 9 _m places 0 remov$4 ,aga91 !re c be no d\bt :atev] t ! am\nt ( rock remov$ dur+ ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one p]iod 0 mu* great] ?an "o mile2 = we "k p]fectly well t ov] l>ge tracts ( c\ntry ne>ly a mile 9 ?ickness ( rock 0 c>ri$ away betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,fur!r1 all geological facts g to %[ t ! "t repres5t$ by ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one itself mu/ h be5 enorm\s4 ,n[1 ?ree miles ( rock remov$ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one p]iod 7:i*1 d\btless1 is an "u-e/imate7 w\ld give u #de1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,aga91 go+ f>!r back1 we f9d ! lapse ( "t repres5t$ by ! ,silurian p]iod to be ev5 m /rik+ ?an t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! uncon=mities 9 ! ,silurian s]ies indicate t _m ?\s&s ( feet ( ^! /rata 7 d5ud$ be=e ov]ly+ memb]s ( ! same great =mations 7 deposit$4 ,& aga91 ?is imm5se =mation 0 =m$ 9 ! ocean by ! sl[ d5udation ( pre-exi/+ ,cambrian cont95ts1 j z ^! _h be5 built up out ( ! ru9s ( ! /ill prior ,laur5tian l&4 ,& ev5 "h we d n rea* ! end ( ! s]ies1 = ! ,laur5tians !mselves result$ f ! d5udation1 n ( ! prim>y rocks ( ! globe1 b ( previ\sly exi/+ s$im5t>y & probably igne\s rocks1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 no recognisable portion n[ rema9s4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 & also ( ,mr4 ,wallace1 t ! geological "t :i* elaps$ ant]ior to ! ,cambrian p]iod 0 z long z ! :ole int]val f t p]iod to ! pres5t day4 ,?is is an op9ion :i* ,i suppose is support$ by mo/ geologi/s4 ,b1 to err on ! safe side1 ,i %all assume t ! "t :i* _h elaps$ prior to ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 0 n great] ?an ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce t p]iod4 ,ev5 on ?is assumption we h at lea/ #ij1jjj1jjj ye>s z a m9imum duration ( geological "t4 ,age ( ! e>? z det]m9$ by ! date ( ! glacial epo*4--,pr(essor ,a4 ,w9*ell1 by a mo/ c>eful exam9ation ( ! probable relative l5g?s ( geological p]iods1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! "t :i* elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! glacial epo* is to ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! solidification ( ! e>?'s surface z #a to #bej4ee ,accord+ to ! ecc5tricity !ory ( ! cause ( ! glacial epo*1 t epo* began #bdj1jjj ye>s ago2 consequ5tly ?is makes ! "t s9ce solidification took place #fj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 a p]iod :i* agrees r\ghly ) t d$uc$ f d5udation1 & is s f> presumptive evid5ce ( ! tru? ( t !ory ( ! cause ( ! glacial cold4 ,footnote #ee3 ,_w ,life1 p4 #cfi4 ,te/imony ( ,biology4--,! "t requir$ = ! v>iation & modification ( organic =ms has1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace /ates1 be5 g5]ally consid]$ to require an ev5 long] s]ies ( ages ?an might satisfy ! dem&s ( physical geology4 ,?is is a po9t1 h[ev]1 on :i* ,i am n qualifi$ to v5ture an op9ion4 ,i %all simply ref] to ! views held by our highe/ au?orities on ! subject4 ,ref]r+ to ,pr(essor ,huxley's anniv]s>y address to ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahgj1 :]e he %[s t almo/ all ! high] =ms ( life mu/ h exi/$ dur+ ! ,palozoic p]iod1 ,mr4 ,wallace says3 8,?us1 f ! fact t almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod has be5 requir$ to conv]t ! ance/ral ,orohippus into ! true horse1 he1 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 believes t1 9 ord] to h "t = ! mu* great] *ange ( ! ance/ral ungulata into ! two great odd-to$ & ev5-to$ divisions 7( :i* *ange !re is no trace ev5 among ! e>lie/ ,eoc5e mammals71 we %\ld require a l>ge portion1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! ,mesozoic or ,second>y p]iod4 ,ano!r case is furni%$ by ! bats & :ales1 bo? ( :i* /range modifications ( ! mammalian type occur p]fectly develop$ 9 ! ,eoc5e =mation4 ,:at c\ntless ages back mu/ we1 !n1 g = ! orig9 ( ^! gr\ps1 ! :ales f "s ance/ral c>nivor\s animal1 & ! bats f ! insectivora6 ,& ev5 !n we h to seek = ! common orig9 ( c>nivora1 insectivora1 ungulata1 & m>supials at a f> e>li] p]iod2 s t1 on ! l[e/ e/imate1 we mu/ place ! orig9 ( ! mammalia v f> back 9 ,palozoic times40#ef 8,if ! v small diff]5ces10 says ,pr(essor ,huxley1#eg 8:i* are obs]vable betwe5 ! ,crocodilia ( ! old] ,mesozoic =mations & ^? ( ! pres5t day furni% any sort ( approximation t[>ds an e/imate ( ! av]age rate ( *ange among ! ,sauropsida1 x is almo/ appall+ to reflect h[ f> back 9 ,palozoic times we mu/ g be=e we c hope to arrive at t common /ock f :i* ! ,crocodilia1 ,lac]tilia1 ,orni?oscelida1 & ,plesiosauria1 :i* _h atta9$ s great a developm5t 9 ! ,triassic epo*1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$4 8,! ,amphibia & ,pisces tell ! same /ory4 ,!re is n a s+le class ( v]tebrat$ animals :i*1 :5 x fir/ appe>s1 is repres5t$ by analogues ( ! l[e/ kn[n memb]s ( ! same class4 ,!re=e1 if !re is any tru? 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 e class mu/ be va/ly old] ?an ! fir/ record ( its appe>ance ^u ! surface ( ! globe4 ,b if consid]ations ( ?is k9d compel u to place ! orig9 ( v]tebrat$ animals at a p]iod suffici5tly di/ant f ! ,upp] ,silurian1 9 :i* ! fir/ ,elasmobran*s & ,ganoids occur1 to all[ ( ! evolution ( su* fi%es z ^! f a v]tebrate z simple z ! ,amphioxus1 ,i c only repeat t x is appall+ to speculate ^u ! ext5t to :i* t orig9 mu/ h prec$$ ! epo* ( ! fir/ record$ appe>ance ( v]tebrate life40 8,if ! !ory be true10 says ,mr4 ,d>w91 8x is indisputable t be=e ! l[e/ ,cambrian /ratum 0 deposit$ long p]iods elaps$--z long z1 or probably f> long] ?an1 ! :ole int]val f ! ,cambrian age to ! pres5t day2 & t dur+ ^! va/ p]iods ! _w sw>m$ ) liv+ creatures40#eh ,9 ref]r+ to ! abundant & well-develop$ fauna ( ! ,cambrian p]iod1 ,sir ,&rew ,c4 ,ramsay rem>ks3#ei 8,9 ?is e>lie/ kn[n v>i$ life we f9d no evid5ce ( its hav+ liv$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,zoological s]ies4 ,9 a broad s5se1 comp>$ ) :at mu/ h gone be=e1 bo? biologically & physically1 all ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ?is old p]iod seem1 to my m9d1 to be q ( a rec5t description2 & ! climates ( seas & l&s 7 ( ! v same k9d z ^? t ! _w enjoys at ! pres5t day--"o pro( ( :i*1 9 my op9ion1 is ! exi/5ce ( great glacial b\ld] b$s 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian /rata ( ,wigton%ire1 we/ ( ,lo* ,ryan40 ,pr(essor ,haeckel rem>ks t 8,d>w9's !ory1 z well z t ( ,lyell1 r5d]s ! assumption ( imm5se p]iods absolutely necess>y4 ,if ! !ory ( developm5t be true at all1 !re mu/ c]ta9ly h elaps$ imm5se p]iods1 utt]ly inconceivable to u40 ,9 ref]5ce to ! =ego+1 ,mr4 ,wallace says3#fj 8,^! op9ions1 & ! facts on :i* !y are f\nd$1 are s weighty t we c h>dly d\bt t1 if ! "t s9ce ! ,cambrian epo* is correctly e/imat$ at #bjj1jjj1jjj ( ye>s1#fa ! date ( ! comm5cem5t ( life on ! e>? _c be mu* less ?an #ejj1jjj1jjj2 :ile x may n improbably h be5 long]1 because ! reaction ( ! organism "u *anges ( ! environm5t is believ$ to h be5 less active 9 l[ & simple ?an 9 high & complex =ms ( life1 & ?us ! processes ( organic developm5t may = c\ntless ages h be5 excessively sl[40 ,footnote #ef3 ,isl& ,life1 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #eg3 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ( ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #eh3 ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #ei3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,no4 #aeb1 #ahgd1 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #fj3 ,isl& ,life1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #fa3 ,( c\rse1 ,mr4 ,wallace does n believe t x is actually #bjj1jjj1jjj ye>s s9ce ! ,cambrian p]iod4 ,i ?9k x mu/ n[ be p]fectly evid5t t ! facts bo? ( geology & ( biology are utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! !ory t ! sun's heat 0 d]iv$ f ! cond5sation ( its mass by gravitation2 & t ! mi/ake 9 reg>d to geological "t has be5 committ$ by ! physici/1 & n by ! geologi/4 ,! gr\nds ^u :i* ! geologi/s & ! biologi/s f\nd ! conclusion t x is m ?an #bj or #cj millions ( ye>s s9ce life began on ! e>? are f> m c]ta9 & reliable ?an ! gr\nds ^u :i* ! physici/ concludes t ! p]iod mu/ be less4 ,! only real gr\nd t ! physici/ has is t accord+ to ! !ory :i* he holds ( ! orig9 ( ! sun's heat a long] p]iod is n possible4 ,?is might be consid]$ good evid5ce 7 no o!r !ory possible2 b !re is ano!r !ory1 :i* accords ) all ! facts1 & consequ5tly has a /rong presumption 9 its fav\r4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,evid5ce ,,9 ,,support ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,f ,,! ,,pre-,,nebul> ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis1 /rictly speak+1 is "o simply int5d$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( our sol> sy/em4 8,x is10 z rem>ks ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w9*ell1 8prim>ily a g5etic explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! sol> sy/em2 & accessorily a co-ord9ation1 9 a common conception1 ( ! pr9cipal ph5om5a 9 ! /ell> & nebul> firmam5t1 z f> z human vision has be5 able to p5etrate40#fb ,! !ory />ts ) ! assumption t all ! mat]ials compos+ ! sol> sy/em once exi/$ 9 a /ate ( extreme t5uity & diffusion1 fill+ f> m ?an ! entire space includ$ )9 ! orbit ( ! mo/ remote planet4 ,x beg9s ) ?is diffus$ nebul\s mass t5d+ sl[ly1 "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 t[>ds a /ate ( aggregation4 ,beyond ?is po9t ! receiv$ nebul> hypo!sis does n ext5d4 ,footnote #fb3 ,_w ,life1 p4 #aif4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! !ory "h beg9s 9 ! middle ( a process4 ,x beg9s ) ! assumption ( a mass 9 ! act ( cond5s+ "u ! influ5ce ( gravity4 ,x (f]s no explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! mass1 or h[ x came to be 9 ?is att5uat$ /ate1 or 9 :at condition x exi/$ be=e ! mat]ials began to draw toge!r4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 inquiries :i* naturally =ce !mselves on our att5tion4 ,if ! nebul> !ory be a true !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 !n ?is nebul\s mass mu/ h _h an antec$5t hi/ory1 & we _c help feel+ ! in/9ctive desire ( trac+ ! *a9 ( causation f>!r back4 ,! m9d presses t[>ds an absolute beg9n+4 ,x is ! goal to :i* x aspires1 & no am\nt ( failure w ev] det] x f r5ew+ its ef=ts4 ,( rec5t ye>s a consid]able am\nt ( att5tion has be5 devot$ to inquiries 9 ?is direction2 ne>ly all ( :i*1 x is true1 has necess>ily be5 ( a speculative & hypo!tical "*4 ,b hypo!sis1 z ,mr4 ,locyk] rem>ks1 is ! life-blood ( inve/igation4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis is s highly probable z to h ga9$ almo/ univ]sal acceptance4 ,9 fact1 x conta9s v little ( a hypo!tical nature4 ,x is1 z ,mr4 ,mill says1 8an example ( legitimate reason+ f a pres5t effect to its pa/ cause1 accord+ to ! kn[n laws ( t cause40 ,l ! hypo!sis ( a lum9if]\s e!r1 if x is n a true !ory1 "o w\ld almo/ ?9k t x des]ves to be s4 ,!re seems no reason :y inquiries %\ld /op at ! po9t :]e ,laplace began4 ,! same l9e ( reason+ may yet c>ry u back into ! pre-nebul> region1 & p]haps ) z great a degree ( c]ta9ty z x has done 9 ! nebul>2 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 ! f>!r back we proce$1 ! m difficult probably w ! inquiry become4 ,b1 be all ?is z x may1 !re c be little d\bt t ! pa? ( inve/igation is a legitimate "o1 & also "o :i* is wor?y ( be+ trac$ out4 ,i %all n[ briefly ref] to "s ( ! lead+ views :i* h be5 express$ 9 reg>d to ! pre-nebul> hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 & %all aft]w>ds consid] ! additional light :i* ! !ory discuss$ 9 ?is volume seems to ca/ on ! subject4 ,! commonly receiv$ op9ion is t ! nebul 7 =m$ f ord9>y matt] exi/+ 9 a high /ate ( division1 & widely diffus$ ?r\gh space4 ,! 8cosmical du/10 z x is call$1 0 ! univ]sal 8_w-/uff10 out ( :i* all ?+s 7 suppos$ to be =m$4 ,x is held t 9 rec$+ backw>ds 9 pre-nebul> times1 ! small]1 m simple1 & elem5t>y ! mat]ials 74 ,out ( ?is primitive cosmical du/1 or _w-/uff1 by aggregation1 ! mat]ials became successively l>g] & m complex4 ,! !ory ( ! orig9 ( nebul1 on ?is pr9ciple1 has be5 cle>ly /at$ by ,pr(essor ,w9*ell1 & ,i "h give a brief outl9e ( 8 views on ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,w9*ell on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]4--,?is cosmical du/1 or _w-/uff1 he consid]s to be scatt]$ promiscu\sly ?r\gh b\ndless space4 ,x is cold & non-lum9\s1 & is act$ ^u by =ces ( attraction & probably ( repulsion4 ,! mat]ial p>ticles1 ei!r z atoms or less probably z molecules1 are drawn by mutual attraction into gr\ps & sw>ms4 ,any c5tral attractive =ce1 z ( a sun or planet1 by caus+ ! p>ticles to move 9 conv]g+ l9es1 w\ld cause !m to become approximat$ & ultimately aggregat$4 ,?us bo? mutual attractions & c5tric movem5ts w\ld t5d to produce aggregations disp]s$ ?r\gh space4 ,b 9 ! pres5ce ( two or m attractive c5tres1 z 9 ! pres5t con/itution ( ! ,cosmos1 x is impossible t any mass %all fall directly ^u its c5tre ( attraction4 ,h5ce motions ( rotation w be e/abli%$ 9 ! mass1 & also orbital motions ( masses ab\t ea* o!r4 ,9 addition to ! mutual attraction ( ! molecules1 ! conv]g5ce ( _! pa?s t[>ds c5tres ( attraction mu/ also t5d to ! =mation ( masses & sw>ms ( masses & p>ticles4 8,we h !n10 he says1 8to picture indef9ite space z p]vad$ by sw>ms ( masses & p>ticles ( d>k matt]4 ,ea* mass or p>ticle may1 nev]!less1 be sep>at$ by ?\s&s ( miles4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ea* mass or p>ticle w ev5tually dispose itself1 "u ! fix$ action ( ! =ces ( matt]1 9 "s def9ite ord]4 ,x is manife/ also1 f :at has be5 said1 t ea* sw>m w h a progressive motion along a pa? hav+ ! ess5tial "* ( an orbit ar\nd "s dom9ant c5tre ( attraction4 ,if1 z seems to be ! fact1 an e!real m$ium1 or any condition ( int]planet>y matt]1 exi/s 9 space1 x opposes ! movem5ts ( ^! sw>ms by oppos+ ! motion ( ea* con/itu5t mass4 ,b ! small] masses--! p>ticles & molecules--w\ld feel ?is resi/ance to ! greate/ ext5t4 ,!y w\ld !re=e fall beh9d ! heavi] masses1 & w\ld be mo/ deflect$ t[>d ! attract+ c5tre4 ,! smalle/ p>ticles w\ld be driv5 f>!/ to ! re>1 & disp]s$ f>!/ f ! orbit ( ! tra91 along ! side turn$ t[>d ! pr9cipal attraction4 ,! sw>m w\ld pres5t an elongat$ =m1 9 :i* ! l>g] & heavi] masses w\ld move =emo/1 & ne>e/ ! l9e ( ! orbit--t is1 ne> ! ext]ior skirt ( ! area cov]$ by ! g5]al sw>m--:ile ! small] ones w\ld foll[1 9 graduat$ succession1 9 a long tra9 :i* w\ld pres5t a fan-l expansion ly+ mo/ly on ! inside ( ! pa? ( ! pr9cipal masses40 8,?is1 x may be conceiv$1 is ! mode ( aggregation ( ^! cosmical matt]s 9 ! dep?s ( space4 ,( c\rse ! attractions :i* control !m are feeble2 _! movem5ts are sl[1 ! resi/ances are relatively inconsid]able1 & ! elongation ( ! sw>m is correspond+ly inconspicu\s4 ,:at ,i h describ$ is a t5d5cy :i* w\ld be pres5t4 ,sometimes ! controll+ attraction w\ld be only ano!r cosmical sw>m4 ,! two sw>ms w\ld revolve simil>ly ab\t _! common c5tre ( gravity1 :ile prolong$ resi/ances w\ld cause _! sl[ approximation & f9al coalesc5ce at ! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,sometimes ! controll+ attraction w\ld be ex]t$ by a di/ant sun1 ar\nd :i* x w\ld sl[ly move1 cont9ually ga!r+ up additions ( matt] f ! wide fields ( space40 8,9 mo/ cases all controll+ attraction w\ld be feebly felt4 ,^! cl\ds ( cosmical du/ w\ld float practically pois$ 9 ! mid/ ( space1 & w\ld gradually gr[ by ! cont9u$ accession ( new matt]4 ,"s ( !m w\ld become aggregates ( l>ge dim5sions1 & _! attraction w\ld be di/9ctly felt by o!r aggregates4 ,!re w\ld be a t5d5cy ( su* aggregates to approa* ea* o!r4 ,!y might possibly approa* along a /raight l9e2 b m probably "s ?ird aggregation1 or "s di/ant sun1 w\ld deflect !m into orbits ab\t _! common c5tre ( gravity1 9 :i*1 by prolong$ collisions ( cosmical matt]1 !y are br\ght to ultimate coalesc5ce ) ea* o!r4 ,or "s o!r attractive di/urbance af=ds su* a resultant ( actions z may br+ !m m directly toge!r4 ,:5 ^! l>g] aggregations ( _w-/uff come toge!r1 ! result is an aggregation approa*+ ! dim5sions ( ! ,h]s*ellian nebul40#fc ,footnote #fc3 ,_w ,life1 p4 #gb4 ,9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! heat ( ! nebul1 ,i am glad to f9d t ,pr(essor ,w9*ell1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 adopts ! views :i* ,i h s long ent]ta9$ on ! subject4 8,! ?\ght10 he says1 8mu/ already h sugge/$ itself to ! read] t ! process ( conglom]ation af=ds an explanation ( ! int5se heat :i* vaporises its sub/ance1 & causes x to yield a spectrum ( bright l9es4 ,z ! sudd5 compression ( a portion ( atmosph]ic air yields heat suffici5t to ignite t9d]1 or fuse & volatilise a desc5d+ meteor-mass1 s ! precipitation ( "o planet ^u ano!r w\ld lib]ate suffici5t heat to r$uce !m bo? to a /ate ( fusion1 or ev5 ( vap\r4 ,/ill m mu/ ! int5se/ heat be g5]at$ by ! impact ( two nebul\s masses1 "o or bo? ( :i* toge!r may embrace m matt] ?an all our planets & ! sun comb9$--z mu* ev5 z ! matt] ( our entire visible firmam5t ( />s4 ,"o exp]i5ces a di/9ct feel+ ( relief 9 ! discov]y ( su* a possible means ( ignition ( nebul40 ,mr4 ,*>les ,morris on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]4--,o!rs aga9 suppose matt] to be pres5t ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t space4 ,?is view has be5 +5i\sly advocat$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,morris 9 an article on 8,! ,matt] ( ,space10 :i* appe>$ 9 ,nature1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahhc4 ,! hypo!sis ( an e!r specially di/9ct f matt] he consid]s to be a gratuit\s assumption1 & "o ( ! la/ surviv+ relics ( eighte5? c5tury sci5ce1 &1 unless x c be prov$ t highly dis9tegrat$ matt] is positively incapable ( convey+ light vibrations1 !re is no w>rant = assign+ ?is duty to a di/9ct =m ( sub/ance4 ,b t matt] exi/s 9 out] space 9 ! same conditions z 9 planet>y atmosph]es he ?9ks is improbable4 ,its duty z a convey] ( radiant vibrations seems to require a f> great] t5sity1 & its dis9tegration is probably extreme4 ,assum+ matt] ?r\gh\t ! univ]se--"h z cond5s$ sph]es1 & !re 9 out] space z highly r>ifi$ sub/ance--! atmosph]ic envelopes ( ! sph]es1 he consid]s1 w gradually %ade (f into ! excessively r>e matt] ( mid-space4 ,matt] may exi/ 9 c\ntless conditions z to simplicity & complexity1 c41 b ! base p>ticle he assumes to be ! same "u all conditions4 ,9 ! sph]es !re is matt] rang+ f ! simple/ elem5t>y gases1 ?r\gh ! m9]al comp\nds ( ! solid surface1 to ! highly comp\nd$ organic molecules4 ,9 out] space ! v>iation is 9 ! opposite direction2 ! matt] exi/+ !re 9 a highly dis9tegrat$ condition4 ,e p>ticle he consid]s to possess a c]ta9 am\nt ( motor en]gy 9 ! =m ( heat4 ,z ! total am\nt ( ?is en]gy 9 ! univ]se rema9s un*ang$1 a p>ticle c only lose en]gy by transf]r+ x to o!rs4 ,?is heat en]gy acts1 ( c\rse1 9 opposition to gravity3 x t5ds to repel ! p>ticles f ea* o!r1 :ile gravity1 on ! o!r h&1 t5ds to draw !m toge!r4 ,! =m] acts z a c5trifugal1 ! latt] z a c5tripetal en]gy4 ,if ! heat mom5tum ( ! p>ticles be insuffici5t to con/itute a c5trifugal en]gy equal to ! c5tripetal en]gy ( gravitation1 !n ! mat]ial cont5ts ( space w be drawn into ! attract+ sph]es z atmosph]ic sub/ance1 & out] space1 9 ?is case1 w be left de/itute ( matt]4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! c5trifugal en]gy ( ! p>ticles be suffici5t to resi/ gravitation1 !n ! p>ticles w rema9 free1 & space w cont9ue to be occupi$ ) matt]4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! sum ( motor en]gy 9 ! univ]se rema9+ un*ang$1 ! aggregation ( atmosph]ic sub/ance ar\nd any planet result+ f ! loss ( motor en]gy mu/ cause an increase ( motor en]gy 9 ! p>ticles outside4 ,! !ory seems to disp5se ) ! necessity = assum+ a lum9if]\s e!r1 = ! functions attribut$ to ! e!r may1 x is ?\ght1 be p]=m$ by ! p>ticles !mselves2 a view :i* has be5 advocat$ by ,eul]1 ,grove1 & o!rs4 ,! orig9 ( nebul1 accord+ to ! !ory1 is acc\nt$ = z foll[s3 8,! nebul> hypo!sis10 says ,mr4 ,morris1 8holds t ! matt] n[ conc5trat$ into suns & planets 0 once m widely dissem9at$1 s t ! sub/ance ( ea* sph]e occupi$ a v consid]able ext5t ( space4 ,x ev5 decl>es t ! matt] ( ! sol> sy/em 0 a nebul\s cl\d1 ext5d+ f> beyond ! pres5t limits ( t sy/em4 ,f ?is orig9al condition ! exi/+ condition ( ! sph]es has aris5 ?r\gh a cont9u$ conc5tration ( matt]4 ,b ?is conc5tration 0 con/antly oppos$ by ! heat en]gy ( ! p>ticles1 or1 9 o!r words1 by _! c5trifugal mom5tum4 ,?is mom5tum c\ld only be got rid ( by a r$i/ribution ( motor en]gy4 ,if1 = illu/ration1 ! av]age mom5tum ( ! p>ticles ( ! nebul 0 j equival5t to _! gravitative en]gy1 !n a portion ( ?is en]gy mu/ radiate or be conduct$ outw>ds ere ! int]nal p>ticles c\ld be held prison]s by gravitation4 ,! loss ( mom5tum inw>dly mu/ be correlat$ ) an increase ( mom5tum outw>dly4 8,?is is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! heat relations ( matt]4 ,z sub/ance cond5ses1 its capacity = heat decreases & its temp]ature rises1 h5ce a diff]5ce ( temp]ature mu/ con/antly h aris5 betwe5 ! d5s] & ! r>] portions ( ! nebul\s mass1 & equality ( temp]ature c\ld be re/or$ only by heat radiation4 ,?is radiation /ill cont9ues1 & mu/ cont9ue until cond5sation ceases & ! temp]atures ( ! sph]es & space become equalis$2 b ?is is equival5t to decl>+ t z ! p>ticles ( ! sph]es decrease 9 heat mom5tum ^? ( int]sph]al space increase1 & if orig9ally ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal en]gies ( matt] approa*$ equality !y mu/ become unequal1 c5tripetal en]gy becom+ 9 excess 9 sph]al matt]1 c5trifugal en]gy 9 ! matt] ( space4 ,?us1 z a portion ( ! widely di/ribut$ nebul\s matt] lo/ its heat1 & became p]man5tly fix$ 9 place by gravitative attraction1 ano!r portion ga9$ heat1 became /ill m indep5d5t ( gravity1 & assum$ a /ate ( great] nebul\s diffusion ?an orig9ally4 ,! cond5s+ sph]es only d5ud$ space ( a portion ( ! matt] :i* x =m]ly held1 & left ! rema9d] m ?9ly di/ribut$ ?an be=e4 ,! sph]es1 9 _! conc5tration1 h emitt$1 & are emitt+1 a va/ en]gy ( motion4 ,?is motor en]gy yet exi/s 9 space z a motion ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 :i*1 !re=e1 press ^u ea* o!r1 or seek to ext5d _! limits1 ) increas+ vig\r1 s t ! ela/icity ( int]sph]al matt] is con/antly increas+40 ,sir ,william ,r4 ,grove on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]4--,among/ ! fir/ to advocate ! view t ord9>y matt] is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 space 0 ,sir ,william ,r4 ,grove4 ,9 a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,london ,in/itution z f> back z ,janu>y #ahdb1 he /at$ t x appe>$ to him t heat & light1 accord+ to ! undulatory !ory1 7 ! result ( ! vibrations ( ord9>y matt] itself1 & n t ( a di/9ct e!real fluid4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 ref]r+ to ! views he !n advanc$1 he says3 8,al?\gh ?is !ory has be5 consid]$ defective by a philosoph] ( high repute1 ,i _c see ! =ce ( ! argum5ts by :i* x has be5 assail$2 &1 !re=e1 = ! pres5t1 ?\gh ) diffid5ce1 ,i /ill adh]e to x40#fd ,footnote #fd3 ,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces1 p4 #afd 7fif? edition71 #ahfg4 ,he adduces a great _m facts & =cible argum5ts 9 support ( 8 position4 ,he says t 8!re appe>s no reason :y ! atmosph]e ( ! diff]5t planets %\ld n be1 ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,e!r1 or ! highly att5uat$ matt] exi/+ 9 ! int]planet>y space1 be+ an expansion ( "s or all ( ^! atmosph]es1 or ( ! m volatile portions ( !m1 w\ld ?us furni% matt] = ! transmission ( ! modes ( motion :i* we call light1 heat1 c40 ,x is assum$ 9 ! !ory1 ( c\rse1 t matt] mu/ =m a univ]sal planum4 ,sir ,william ,grove fav\rs ! idea t ! univ]se is illimitable 9 ext5t1 a view held by _m em95t ?9k]s4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,elem5ts1 ,,& ,,its ,,relations ,,to ,,/ell> ,,evolution4 ,we come n[ to ! consid]ation ( a subject :i* has a mo/ important be>+ on ! "q ( /ell> evolution1 viz4 ! g5esis & dissociation ( ! *emical elem5ts4 ,! evolution ( "o elem5t f ano!r is1 x is true1 z yet b a m]e hypo!sis1 b x is an hypo!sis well support$ by a ho/ ( facts & consid]ations1 & held by a l>ge numb] ( our lead+ *emi/s & physici/s4 8,! demon/rat$ unity ( =ce10 says ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,cl>ke1#fe 8leads u by analogy to expect a simil> unity ( matt]2 & ! _m /range & hi!rto unexpla9$ relations betwe5 ! diff]5t elem5ts t5d to enc\rage our expectations40 ,! hypo!sis ?r[s mu* light on "s obscure po9ts 9 /ell> evolution4 ,9 reg>d to ?is1 ,pr(essor ,cl>ke ju/ly rem>ks t 8x is pla9 t ! nebul> hypo!sis w\ld be d\bl$ 9 importance1 & our views ( ! univ]se greatly exp&$1 if x c\ld be %[n t an evolution ( complex f simple =ms ( matt] accompani$ ! developm5t ( planets f ! nebul4 ,evolution c\ld look = no gr&] triumph40 ,9 fact1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ our sun & ! />s c\ld h be5 evolv$ f nebul )\t assum+ an evolution ( ! *emical elem5ts4 ,! true nebul %[ ! pres5ce ( only two elem5ts1 nitrog5 & hydrog51 b our sun conta9s m ?an a doz5 ( di/9ct elem5ts1 & ! planets m ?an ?ree times t numb]4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld all ^! h aris5 out ( nebul compos$ simply ( nitrog5 & hydrog58 ,! matt] is pla9 if we assume an evolution ( ! elem5ts4 ,footnote #fe3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,janu>y #ahgc4 ,! />s h be5 class$ into f\r gr\ps1 :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,cl>ke has rem>k$1 indicate diff]5t /ages 9 ! process ( evolution4 ,! fir/ class1 conta9+ :ite />s l ,sirius1 %[ ! pr$om9ance ( hydrog5 & a sc>city ( ! metallic elem5ts4 ,9 ! second class ! metallic elem5ts become m num]\s & ! hydrog5 less di/9ct2 :ile 9 ! ?ird class hydrog5 is difficult to detect4#ff ,?is seems to %[ a gradual developm5t ( ! *emical elem5ts z ! /> cools & gr[s old]4 ,i %all n[ give a brief acc\nt ( ! views express$ on ! subject by "s ( our lead+ physici/s & *emi/s4 ,footnote #ff3 ,see also on ?is po9t ,mr4 ,locky]'s 8,bak]ian ,lecture10 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,no4 #bff1 p4 #ba4 ,x w be obs]v$1 9 ref]5ce to ! !ories we h j consid]$1 t ! process ( evolution is suppos$ to take place f ! small] to ! l>g] aggregates ( matt]4 ,beg9n+ ) an extreme condition ( t5uity1 by aggregation1 ! mat]ials become successively l>g] & m complex4 ,9 pass+ backw>ds 9 ! process we f9d ! aggregates becom+ less & less till !y rea* ! 8cosmical du/10 or 8fire-mi/10 out ( :i* ! primitive nebul 7 suppos$ to be =m$4 ,rec$+ /ill f>!r back1 we h ! univ]sal atmosph]e f :i* ! fire-mi/ is assum$ to h be5 d]iv$4 ,?is univ]sal atmosph]e1 ?\gh 9 a /ate ( extreme t5uity1 is1 z we %all see1 suppos$ by "s to be 9 a m elem5tal =m ?an any?+ reveal$ to u 9 ! laboratory4 ,! sugge/ion ( ! dissociation ( ! *emical elem5ts & its application to /ell> physics 01 ,i ?9k1 fir/ advanc$ by ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie 9 #ahff1 & m fully 9 #ahfg4 ,9 ! latt] ye> views simil> 7 consid]$ m fully by ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt4 ,! "q ( ! dissociation ( elem5ts has be5 ably discuss$ by ,mr4 ,locky] 9 8 v>i\s writ+s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,locky] t ! co9cid5ce ( rays emitt$ by diff]5t *emical elem5ts :5 subject$ to v high temp]atures af=ds evid5ce ( a common elem5t 9 ! composition ( ! metals produc+ ! co9cid5t rays4 ,mr4 ,locky] /ates t _m tra9s ( ?\ght sugge/$ by sol> & /ell> physics po9t to ! hypo!sis t ! elem5ts !mselves1 or at all ev5ts "s ( !m1 are comp\nd bodies4#fg ,?is view 0 also put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,graham1 :o says 8t x is conceivable t ! v>i\s k9ds ( matt] n[ recognis$ 9 diff]5t elem5t>y sub/ances may possess "o & ! same elem5t or atomic molecule exi/+ 9 diff]5t conditions ( mobility4 ,! ess5tial unity ( matt]10 he adds1 8is an hypo!sis 9 h>mony ) ! equal action ( gravity ^u all bodies40 ,simil> views h be5 advocat$ by ,m4 ,dumas1 :o bas$ ! sugge/ion ( ! composite nature ( ! elem5t>y atoms on c]ta9 relations ( atomic weights4 ,! composite nature ( ! *emical elem5ts has also be5 ma9ta9$ by ,h5ri ,sa9te-,claire ,deville1 & also by ,b]!lot1 :o held t ! atoms ( ! elem5ts are ! same1 & di/+ui%$ only by _! modes ( motion4 ,pr(essor ,s*u/]1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahhj1 supports ! view ( ! dissociation ( ! *emical elem5ts4 ,footnote #fg3 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #afj4 ,t all ! purely physical sci5ces w "o day be br\ght "u a few g5]al laws & pr9ciples1 & ! :ole ( ! recognis$ *emical elem5ts w be resolv$ into "o or two mat]ial elem5ts1 is a conclusion t[>ds :i* physical sci5ce seems at pres5t sl[ly t5d+4 ,!re is c]ta9ly some?+ fasc9at+ 9 ?is view ( ! unity ( nature4 ,!re is 9 ?is idea m ?an a purely physical int]e/ atta*$ to x4 ,x has1 z ,i hope to %[ 9 a future "w1 an important be>+ on que/ions relat+ to ! f\ndations ( ! true !ory ( evolution4 ,! "q ( ! unity ( ! *emical elem5ts is "o1 h[ev]1 yet 9 a hypo!tical condition4 ,pr(essors ,live+ & ,dew>1 :o h giv5 att5tion to ?is subject1 say3 8,! supposition t ! diff]5t elem5ts may be resolv$ into simpl] con/itu5ts1 or into a s+le "o1 has long be5 a fav\rite speculation ) *emi/s2 b1 h[ev] probable ?is hypo!sis may appe> priori1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! facts d]iv$ f ! mo/ p[]ful me?od ( analytical inve/igation yet devis$ give x scant support40#fh ,footnote #fh3 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #bcj4 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]4--,!re are1 consid]s ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie1 v =cible reasons :i* lead u to suspect t *emical sub/ances are really compos$ ( a primitive sy/em ( elem5tal bodies1 analog\s 9 _! g5]al nature to our pres5t elem5ts3 t "s ( ^? bodies :i* we speak ( z elem5ts may be comp\nds4 ,^! ideal elem5ts assum$ by him1 he says1 8?\gh n[ reveal$ to u by ! num]ical prop]ties ( *emical equations only z implicit & dep5d5t exi/5ces1 we _c b surmise may sometimes become1 or may 9 ! pa/ h be51 isolat$ & indep5d5t exi/5ces0--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! sun1 :]e ! temp]ature is excessive4 8,we may10 he fur!r adds1 8consid] t 9 remote ages ! temp]ature ( matt] 0 mu* high] ?an x is n[1 & t ^! o!r ?+s ideal elem5ts exi/$ !n 9 ! /ate ( p]fect gases--sep>ate exi/5ces--uncomb9$40#fi ,he !n ref]s to c]ta9 obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,hugg9s & ,dr4 ,mill] on ! spectra ( nebul :]e "o ( ! l9es ( nitrog5 0 f\nd alone2 & t ?is sugge/$ to !m t ! l9e might h be5 produc$ by "o ( ! elem5ts ( nitrog52 & t nitrog5 may !re=e be comp\nd4 ,he m5tions z a significant fact t a l>ge proportion ( ! class ( elem5ts :i* he has t]m$ 8composite elem5ts0 has n be5 f\nd 9 ! sun1 !y hav+ probably be5 decompos$ by ! int5se heat4 ,footnote #fi3 ,ideal ,*emi/ry1 p4 #ef4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]4--,a ye> aft] ! =ego+ views reg>d+ *emical dissociation _h be5 advanc$ by ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt1 9 a lecture on 8,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,primeval ,e>?10 deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution 7,may #ca1 #ahfg71 put =w>d1 app>5tly q indep5d5tly1 op9ions on dissociation simil> to ^? ( ,brodie4 ,9 ?is lecture he says3 8,i consid]$ ! *emi/ry ( nebul1 sun1 & />s 9 ! comb9$ light ( spectroscopic analysis & ,deville's rese>*es on dissociation1 & conclud$ ) ! g5]alisation t ! break+-up ( comp\nds1 or dissociation ( elem5ts1 by int5se heat is a pr9ciple ( univ]sal application1 s t we may suppose t all ! elem5ts :i* make up ! sun1 or our planet1 w\ld1 :5 s int5sely heat$ z to be 9 ! gase\s condition :i* all matt] is capable ( assum+1 rema9 uncomb9$1 t is to say1 w\ld exi/ toge!r 9 ! /ate ( *emical elem5ts1 ^: fur!r dissociation 9 /ell> or nebul\s masses may ev5 give u evid5ce ( matt] /ill m elem5tal ?an t reveal$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ! laboratory1 :]e we c only conjecture ! comp\nd nature ( _m ( ! s-call$ elem5t>y sub/ances40#gj ,& 9 8 address at ! grave ( ,prie/ley he ref]r$ to ! sugge/ion ( ,lavoisi] t hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg51 ) heat & light1 might be reg>d$ z simpl] =ms ( matt] f :i* all o!rs are d]iv$4 ,?is sugge/ion 0 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! fact t ! nebul1 :i* we conceive to be cond5s+ into suns & planets1 h hi!rto %[n evid5ces only ( ! pres5ce ( ! fir/ two ( ^! elem5ts1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 make up a l>ge "p ( ! gase\s envelope ( our planet1 9 ! =ms ( air & aque\s vap\r4 ,) ?is he connect$ ! hypo!sis advanc$ by ,grove1 8t our atmosph]e & ocean are b portions ( ! univ]sal m$ium :i*1 9 an att5uat$ =m1 fills ! int]/ell>y spaces2#ga & fur!r sugge/$ z a legitimate & plausible speculation t ^! same nebul & _! result+ worlds may be evolv$ by a process ( *emical cond5sation f ?is univ]sal atmosph]e1 to :i* !y w\ld su/a9 a relation some:at analog\s to t ( cl\ds & ra9 to ! aque\s vap\r ar\nd u40 ,footnote #gj3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #ga3 8,our atmosph]e10 says ,dr4 ,hunt1 8is n t]re/rial1 b cosmical1 be+ a univ]sal m$ium diffus$ ?r\gh\t all space1 b cond5s$ ar\nd ! v>i\s c5tres ( attraction 9 am\nt proportional to _! mass & temp]ature1 ! wat]s ( ! ocean !mselves belong+ to ?is univ]sal atmosph]e40 7,nature1 ,augu/ #bi1 #ahgh1 p4 #dge47 ,simil> views h be5 advocat$ by ,mr4 ,mattieu ,williams1 :o says 8t ! gase\s ocean1 9 :i* we are imm]s$1 is b a portion ( ! inf9ite atmosph]e t fills ! :ole solidity ( space2 t l9ks toge!r all ! elem5ts ( ! univ]se1 & diffuses among !m _! heat & light1 & all ! o!r physical & vital =ces :i* heat & light are capable ( g5]at+40 7,fuel ( ! ,sun1 p4 #e47 ,9 #ahed ,sir ,william ,?omson sugge/$ ! idea t ! lum9if]\s e!r 0 probably a cont9uation ( our atmosph]e1 ?\gh ,i d n ?9k he cont9ues to hold t op9ion4 ,! fir/ to advance ?is idea 01 und\bt$ly1 ,newton1 :o assum$ int]planet>y space to be univ]sally fill$ ) an e!real m$ium 8mu* ( ! same con/itution z air1 b f> r>]1 subtl]1 & m ela/ic40 ,pr(essor ,oliv] ,lodge on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]4--,"s h gone /ill f>!r back & suppos$ t ! mat]ial univ]se may h aris5 out ( ! lum9if]\s e!r--! hypo!tical m$ium :i* is assum$ to p]vade all space4 ,! univ]sal _w-/uff scatt]$ ?r\gh b\ndless space may 9 an extreme /ate ( att5uation be1 says ,pr(essor ,w9*ell1 ! e!real m$ium1 & out ( ?is semi-spiritual sub/ance may h g]m9at$ ! molecules ( common matt]4 8,x is c]ta9ly possible10 he says1 8to conceive ^! cosmical atoms z a ris+-out ( "s trans=mation ( ! e!real m$ium2 b we "k too little ( ! nature ( e!r to gr\nd a sci5tific inf]5ce ( ?is k9d40#gb ,footnote #gb3 ,_w ,life1 p4 #ecc4 ,! e!real orig9 ( matt] has be5 advocat$ by ,m4 ,saigey1 ,dr4 ,macvic>1 & o!rs4 ,9 a lecture by ,pr(essor ,oliv] ,lodge1 deliv]$ at ! ,london ,in/itution 9 ,decemb] #ahhb1 he also advocates ! e!real orig9 ( matt]4 8,z f> z we "k10 to /ate 8 views 9 8 own words1 8?is e!r appe>s to be a p]fectly homog5e\s1 incompressible1 cont9u\s body1 incapable ( be+ resolv$ into simple elem5ts or atoms2 x is1 9 fact1 cont9u\s1 n molecul>4 ,!re is no o!r body ( :i* we c say ?is1 & h5ce ! prop]ties ( e!r mu/ be some:at diff]5t f ^? ( ord9>y matt]40 444 8,"o naturally asks1 is !re any su* cle> di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 e!r & matt] z we h hi!rto tacitly assum$8 ,may !y n be diff]5t modifications1 or ev5 manife/ations1 ( ! same ?+80 ,he !n adopts ,sir ,william ,?omson's !ory ( vortex atoms1 into ! details ( :i* ,i ne$ n "h ent]4 ,9 conclusion1 says ,pr(essor ,lodge1 8,i h n[ endeav\r$ to introduce y to ! simple/ conception ( ! mat]ial univ]se :i* has yet occurr$ to man--! conception t x is ( "o univ]sal sub/ance1 p]fectly homog5e\s & cont9u\s1 & simple 9 /ructure1 ext5d+ to ! f>!/ limits ( space ( :i* we h any k1 exi/+ equally ev]y:]e3 "s portions ei!r at re/ or 9 simple irrotational motion1 transmitt+ ! undulations :i* we call light2 o!r portions 9 rotational motion--9 vortices1 t is--& diff]5tiat$ p]man5tly f ! re/ ( ! m$ium by reason ( ?is motion4 8,^! :irl+ portions con/itute :at we call matt]2 _! motion gives !m rigidity1 & ( !m our bodies & all o!r mat]ial bodies ) :i* we are acqua9t$ are built up4 8,"o cont9u\s sub/ance fill+ all space1 :i* c vibrate z light2 :i* c be %e>$ into positive & negative electricity2 :i* 9 :irls con/itutes matt]2 & :i* transmits by cont9uity1 & n by impact1 e action & reaction ( :i* matt] is capable4 ,?is is ! mod]n view ( e!r & its functions40#gc ,footnote #gc3 ,nature1 ,febru>y #a1 #ahhc1 p4 #ccj4 ,!re is ?is objection to ,pr(essor ,lodge's !ory3 x is purely hypo!tical4 ,! vortex atoms are n only hypo!tical1 b ! sub/ance out ( :i* ^! atoms are assum$ to be =m$ is also itself hypo!tical4 ,we h no c]ta9 evid5ce t su* a m$ium z is ?us suppos$ exi/s1 or t a m$ium possess+ ! qualities attribut$ to x c\ld exi/4 ,9 fact1 we h "h "o hypo!sis built ^u ano!r4 ,! vortex !ory appe>s to me to be beset by a difficulty ( ano!r k9d1 viz4 t ( reconcil+ x ) ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion4 ,accord+ to t law no body possess+ in]tia c deviate f ! /raight l9e unless =c$ to d s4 ,a planet w n move r\nd ! sun unless x be con/antly act$ ^u by a =ce deflect+ x f ! /raight pa?4 ,a gr9d/one w n rotate on its axis unless its p>ticles are held toge!r by a =ce prev5t+ !m f fly+ (f at a tang5t to ! curve 9 :i* !y are mov+4 ,c5trifugal =ce mu/ always be balanc$ by c5tripetal =ce4 ,! difficulty is to und]/& :at =ce c\nt]balances ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! rotat+ mat]ial ( ! vortex-atom4 ,x is n because ! c5trifugal t5d5cy ( ! rotat+ mat]ial is controll$ by ! ext]ior incompressible fluid1 = x (f]s no resi/ance :atev] to ! passage ( ! atom ?r\gh x--9 %ort1 9 s f> z ! motion ( ! atom is conc]n$1 ?is fluid is a p]fect void4 ,n[1 if ?is fluid c (f] no resi/ance to ! passage ( ! atom z a :ole1 h[ !n does x manage to (f] su* enorm\s resi/ance to ! mat]ials compos+ ! atom1 s z to cont9ually deflect !m f ! /raight pa? & compel !m to move 9 a curve8 ,! c5trifugal =ce ( ^! vortex-atoms mu/ be enorm\s1 = on x is assum$ to dep5d ! h>dness or resi/ance ( matt] to pressure4 ,n[ ! c5tripetal =ce :i* balances ?is c5trifugal =ce mu/ be equally enorm\s4 ,if1 !n1 ?is p]fect fluid outside ! vortex-atom c ex]t ?is enorm\s =ce on ! revolv+ mat]ial )\t be+ itself possess$ ( vortex-motion1 !re does n seem to be any necessity = vortex-motion 9 ord] to produce resi/ance4 ,9 %ort1 h[ is ! exi/5ce ( ! atom possible "u ! physical conditions assum$ 9 ! !ory8 ,h[ ?is may be1 l ! space ( f\r dim5sions1 may be express$ 9 ma!matical language1 b l x1 ,i fe>1 x is un?9kable z a physical conception4 ,mr4 ,william ,crookes on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]4--,9 8 op5+ address be=e ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahhf1 ,mr4 ,william ,crookes ent]$ at consid]able l5g? into ! "q ( ! g5esis & evolution ( ! *emical elem5ts4 ,i %all "h give a brief /atem5t ( 8 views z embodi$ 9 8 important address1 & ?is ,i %all endeav\r to d z ne>ly z possible 9 ,mr4 ,crookes's own words4 8,we ask10 says ,mr4 ,crookes1 8:e!r ! *emical elem5ts may n h be5 evolv$ f a few antec$5t =ms ( matt]--or possibly f only "o su*--j z x is n[ held t all ! innum]able v>iations ( plants & animals h be5 develop$ f few] & e>li] =ms ( organic life3 built up1 z ,dr4 ,glad/one rem>ks1 f "o ano!r accord+ to "s g5]al plan4 ,?is build+ up1 or evolution1 is above all ?+s n =tuit\s3 ! v>iation & developm5t :i* we recognise 9 ! univ]se run along c]ta9 fix$ l9es :i* h be5 preconceiv$ & =eorda9$4 ,to ! c>eless & ha/y eye design & evolution seem antagoni/ic2 ! m c>eful inquir] sees t evolution1 /eadily proce$+ along an asc5d+ scale ( excell5ce1 is ! /ronge/ argum5t 9 fav\r ( a preconceiv$ plan40 ,n[1 z 9 ! organic _w1 s 9 ! inorganic1 x seems natural to view ! *emical elem5ts n z primordial1 b z ! gradual outcome ( a process ( developm5t1 possibly ev5 ( a /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b ?is evolution ( ! elem5ts mu/ h tak5 place at a p]iod s remote z to be difficult to grasp by ! imag9ation1 :5 our e>?1 or r ! matt] ( :i* x consi/s1 0 9 a /ate v diff]5t f its pres5t condition4 ,! epo* ( elem5tal developm5t1 rem>ks ,mr4 ,crookes1 is decid$ly ov]1 & x may be obs]v$ t 9 ! op9ion ( n a few biologi/s ! epo* ( organic developm5t is v]g+ ^u its close4 ,is !re !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 any direct evid5ce ( ! transmutation ( any suppos$ 8elem5t0 ( our exi/+ li/ into ano!r1 or ( its resolution into any?+ simpl]8 ,to ?is "q ,mr4 ,crookes answ]s 9 ! negative4 ,we f9d ourselves ?us driv5 to indirect evid5ce--to t :i* we may glean f ! mutual relations ( ! elem5t>y bodies4 ,fir/1 we may consid] ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,h]s*el1 & pursu$ by ,cl]k-,maxwell1 t atoms be> ! impress ( manufactur$ articles4 8,a manufactur$ article may well be suppos$ to involve a manufactur]4 ,b x does some?+ m3 x implies c]ta9ly a raw mat]ial1 & probably1 ?\gh n c]ta9ly1 ! exi/5ce ( by-products1 residues1 p>aleipom5a4 ,:at or :]e is "h ! raw mat]ial8 ,c we detect any =m ( matt] :i* be>s to ! *emical elem5ts a relation l t ( a raw mat]ial to ! f9i%$ product1 l t1 say1 ( coal-t> to aliz>98 ,or c we recognise any elem5t>y bodies :i* seem l wa/e or refuse8 ,or are all ! elem5ts1 accord+ to ! common view1 co-equals8 ,to ^! que/ions no direct answ]s are =?com+40 ,argum5t f ,pr\t's ,law4--,! be>+ ( ! hypo!sis ( ,pr\t 9 relation to ! evolution ( ! elem5ts is fir/ consid]$ by ,mr4 ,crookes4 ,if t hypo!sis 7 demon/rat$ x w\ld %[ t ! accept$ elem5ts are n co-equal1 b h be5 =m$ by a process ( expansion or evolution4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis ! atomic weights ( ! elem5ts are multiples by a s]ies ( :ole numb]s ( ! atomic weight ( hydrog54 ,x is true t accurate det]m9ations ( ! atomic weights ( diff]5t elem5ts d n by any means h>monise ) ! values :i* ,pr\t's ,law requires2 nev]!less ! agreem5t 9 s _m cases is s close t "o c sc>cely reg>d ! co9cid5ce z accid5tal4 ,! atomic weights h be5 recalculat$ ) extreme c>e by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,c9c9nati1 & he says t 8none ( ! seem+ exceptions are inexplicable4 ,9 %ort1 admitt+ half-multiples z legitimate1 x is m probable t ! few app>5t exceptions are due to undetect$ con/ant errors ?an t ! great numb] ( close agreem5ts %\ld be m]ely accid5tal40 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,cl>ke1 ,mr4 ,crookes ?9ks t x places ! matt] ^u an entirely new basis4 ,=1 suppose ! unit atom to be n hydrog51 b "s elem5t ( /ill l[] atomic weight1 say helium1 an elem5t suppos$ by _m au?orities to exi/ 9 ! sun & o!r /ell> bodies--an elem5t ^: spectrum consi/s ( a s+le ray1 & ^: vap\r possesses no absorb5t p[]1 :i* indicates a rem>kable simplicity ( molecul> con/itution4 ,grant+ t helium exi/s1 all analogy po9ts1 says ,mr4 ,crookes1 to its atomic weight be+ bel[ t ( hydrog52 & "h1 !n1 we h ! v elem5t ) atomic weight half t ( hydrog5 requir$ by ,pr(essor ,cl>ke z ! basis ( ,pr\t's ,law4 ,argum5t f ! e>?'s cru/4--,! probable comp\nd nature ( ! *emical elem5ts1 ,mr4 ,crookes ?9ks1 is bett] %[n by a consid]ation ( c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 _! occurr5ce 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 8,we d n10 he says1 8f9d !m ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! globe4 ,nor are !y associat$ 9 accordance ) _! specific gravities3 ! light] elem5ts plac$ on or ne> ! surface1 & ! heavi] ones foll[+ s]ially deep] & deep]4 ,nei!r c we trace any di/9ct relation betwe5 local climate & m9]al di/ribution4 ,& by no means c we say t elem5ts are always or *iefly associat$ 9 nature 9 ! ord] ( _! s-call$ *emical aff9ities3 ^? :i* h a /rong t5d5cy to =m ) ea* o!r def9ite *emical comb9ations be+ f\nd toge!r1 :il/ ^? :i* h little or no su* t5d5cy exi/ ap>t4 ,we c]ta9ly f9d calcium z c>bonate & sulphate1 sodium z *loride1 silv] & lead z sulphides2 b :y d we f9d c]ta9 gr\ps ( elem5ts1 ) little aff9ity = ea* o!r1 yet exi/+ 9 juxtaposition or commixture80 ,z in/ances ( su* gr\p+ he m5tions nickel & cobalt2 ! two gr\ps ( plat9um metals2 & ! s-call$ 8r>e e>?s10 exi/+ 9 gadol9ite1 sam>skite1 c4 ,:y1 !n1 are ^! elem5ts s closely associat$8 ,:at ag5cy has br\ght !m toge!r8 ,x _c be consid]$ t nickel & cobalt h be5 deposit$ 9 admixture by organic ag5cy2 nor yet ! gr\ps ( iridium1 osmium1 & plat9um2 ru!nium1 rhodium1 & palladium4 ,^! features1 ,mr4 ,crookes ?9ks1 seem to po9t to _! =mation sev]ally f "s common mat]ial plac$ 9 conditions 9 ea* case ne>ly id5tical4 ,argum5t f ! comp\nd radicals4--,a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! comp\nd nature ( ! elem5ts1 ,mr4 ,crookes ?9ks1 is d]iv$ f a consid]ation ( _! analogy to ! comp\nd radicals1 or pseudo-elem5ts z !y might be call$4 ,x may be fairly held t if a body kn[n to be comp\nd is f\nd behav+ z an elem5t1 ?is fact l5ds plausibility to ! supposition t ! elem5ts are n absolutely simple4 ,f a comp>ison ( ! physical prop]ties ( inorganic ) ^? ( organic comp\nds1 ,dr4 ,c>nelley conclud$ t ! elem5ts1 z a :ole1 are analog\s to ! hydroc>bon radicals4 ,?is conclusion1 if true1 he add$1 %\ld lead to ! fur!r inf]5ce t ! s-call$ elem5ts are n truly elem5t>y1 b are made up ( at lea/ two absolute elem5ts1 :i* he nam$ provisionally ,a & ,b4 ,9 ,dr4 ,c>nelley's s*eme all ! *emical elem5ts save hydrog5 are suppos$ to be compos$ ( two simpl] elem5ts1 ,a #ab & ,b #b4 ,( ^! he reg>ds ,a z a tetrad id5tical ) c>bon1 & ,b z a monad ( negative weight2 p]haps ! e!real fluid ( space4 ,8 ?ree prim>y elem5ts are1 !re=e1 c>bon1 hydrog51 & ! e!r4 ,argum5t f polym]isation4--,! polym]i/ic !ory ( ! g5esis ( ! *emical elem5ts prop\nd$ by ,dr4 ,mills falls next to be consid]$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,mills t ! pri/9e matt] 0 once 9 an int5sely heat$ condition1 & t x has rea*$ its pres5t /ate by a process ( free cool+1 & t ! elem5ts1 z we n[ h !m1 are ! result ( successive polym]isations4 ,*emical sub/ances 9 cool+ naturally increase 9 d5sity1 & we sometimes obs]ve t z ! d5sity increases !re are critical po9ts correspond+ to ! =mation ( new & well-def9$ sub/ances4 ,! bodies ?us =m$ are kn[n z polym]s4 ,f a /udy ( ! classification ( ! elem5ts ,mr4 ,mills is ( op9ion t ! only kn[n polym]s ( ! primitive matt] are ars5ic1 antimony1 & p]haps erbium & osmium4 ,argum5t f ! ,p]iodic ,law4--,la/ly a s*eme ( ! orig9 ( ! elem5ts1 sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,crookes by consid]ation ( ,pr(essor ,reynolds's me?od ( illu/rat+ ! p]iodic law ( ,newl&s1 is discuss$4 ,x 0 po9t$ out by ,newl&s t atomicity & o!r prop]ties ( "s ( ! *emical elem5ts dep5d on ! ord] 9 :i* _! atomic weights succe$$ "o ano!r2 & :5 ?is law 0 ext5d$ by ,pr(essor ,m5delejeff to all elem5ts x 0 app>5t t a ma!matical relation exi/s betwe5 ! elem5ts4 ,?is f>-rea*+ law has be5 fruitful ( results4 ,ref]r+ to ,pr(essor ,reynolds's diagram illu/rat+ ! law1 ,mr4 ,crookes says3 8,! m ,i /udy ! arrangem5t ( ?is zigzag curve1 ! m ,i am conv9c$ t he :o grasps ! key w be p]mitt$ to unlock "s ( ! deepe/ my/]ies ( creation4 ,let u imag9e if x is possible to get a glimpse ( a few ( ! secrets "h hidd54 ,let u picture ! v beg9n+s ( "t1 be=e geological ages1 be=e ! e>? 0 ?r[n (f f ! c5tral nucleus ( molt5 fluid1 be=e ev5 ! sun himself _h consolidat$ f ! orig9al protyle4#gd ,let u /ill imag9e t at ?is primal /age all 0 9 an ultra-gase\s /ate1 at a temp]ature inconceivably hott] ?an any?+ n[ exi/+ 9 ! visible univ]se2 s high1 inde$1 t ! *emical atoms c\ld n yet h be5 =m$1 be+ /ill f> above _! dissociation-po9t4 ,9 s f> z protyle is capable ( radiat+ or reflect+ light1 ?is va/ sea ( inc&esc5t mi/1 to an a/ronom] 9 a di/ant />1 might h appe>$ z a nebula1 %[+ 9 ! spectroscope a few isolat$ l9es1 =eca/s ( hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog5 spectra4 ,footnote #gd3 ,protyle is ! t]m adopt$ by ,mr4 ,crookes to designate ! orig9al primal matt] exi/+ be=e ! evolution ( ! *emical elem5ts1 & out ( :i* !y 7 evolv$4 ,protyle 9 *emi/ry is analog\s to protoplasm 9 biology1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t protyle is z yet hypo!tical1 :]eas protoplasm is kn[n to be real4 8,b 9 c\rse ( "t "s process ak9 to cool+1 probably int]nal1 r$uces ! temp]ature ( ! cosmic protyle to a po9t at :i* ! fir/ /ep 9 granulation takes place2 matt] z we "k x comes into exi/5ce1 & atoms are =m$4 ,z soon z an atom is =m$ out ( protyle x is a /ore ( en]gy1 pot5tial 7f its t5d5cy to coalesce ) o!r atoms by gravitation or *emically7 & k9etic 7f its int]nal motions74 ,to obta9 ?is en]gy1 ! neighb\r+ protyle mu/ be refrig]at$ by x1 & !reby ! subsequ5t =mation ( o!r atoms w be accel]at$4 ,b ) atomic matt] ! v>i\s =ms ( en]gy :i* require matt] to r5d] !m evid5t beg9 to act2 &1 among/ o!rs1 t =m ( en]gy :i* has = "o ( its factors :at we n[ call atomic weight4 ,let u assume t ! elem5t>y protyle conta9s )9 itself ! pot5tiality ( e possible comb9+ proportion or atomic weight4 ,let x be grant$ t ! :ole ( our kn[n elem5ts 7 n at ?is epo* simultane\sly creat$4 ,! easie/ =m$ elem5t1 ! "o mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! protyle 9 simplicity1 is fir/ born4 ,hydrog5--or %all we say helium8--( all ! kn[n elem5ts ! "o ( simple/ /ructure & l[e/ atomic weight1 is ! fir/ to come into be+4 ,= "s "t hydrog5 w\ld be ! only =m ( matt] 7z we "k x7 9 exi/5ce1 & betwe5 hydrog5 & ! next =m$ elem5t !re w\ld be a consid]able gap 9 "t1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( :i* ! elem5t next 9 ord] ( simplicity w\ld be sl[ly approa*+ its bir?-po9t3 p5d+ ?is p]iod we may suppose t ! evolution>y process1 :i* soon 0 to det]m9e ! bir? ( a new elem5t1 w\ld also det]m9e its atomic weight1 its aff9ities1 & its *emical position40 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,cl>ke on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]4--,views on elem5tal evolution almo/ simil> to ^? ( ,mr4 ,crookes's h be5 advocat$ by ,pr(essor ,cl>ke4 ,spectroscopic ph5om5a1 says ,pr(essor ,cl>ke1 are q 9 h>mony ) ! idea t all matt] is at bottom "o1 our suppos$ atoms be+ really v>i\s aggregations ( ! same fundam5tal unit4 8,ev]ybody kn[s t ! nebul> hypo!sis1 z x is to-day1 draws its /ronge/ support f spectroscopic facts4 ,!re %9e ! nebul 9 ! heav5s1 & ! spectroscope tells u :at !y really are1 namely1 va/ cl\ds ( inc&esc5t gas1 ma9ly1 if n entirely1 hydrog5 & nitrog54 ,if we attempt to trace ! *a9 ( evolution ?r\gh :i* our planet is suppos$ to h gr[n1 we %all f9d ! sky is full ( int]m$iate =ms4 ,! nebul !mselves appe> to be 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t2 ! fix$ />s or suns diff] widely 9 *emical con/itution & 9 temp]ature2 our e>? is mo/ complex ( all4 ,!re are no #8miss+ l9ks' su* z ! zoologi/ longs to discov] :5 he tries to expla9 ! orig9 ( species4 ,fir/1 we h a nebula conta9+ little m ?an hydrog51 !n a v hot /> ) calcium1 magnesium1 & "o or two o!r metals add$2 next comes a cool] sun 9 :i* free hydrog5 is miss+1 b ^: *emical complexity is mu* increas$2 at la/ we rea* ! true planets ) _! multitudes ( mat]ial =ms4 ,c\ld !re well be a m /raight=w>d /ory8 ,c\ld ! unity ( creation receive a mu* m r++ emphasis8 ,we see ! evolution ( planets f nebul /ill go+ on1 & p>allel ) x an evolution ( high] f l[] k9ds ( matt]4 8,j "h1 p]haps1 is ! key to ! :ole subject4 ,if ! elem5ts are all 9 ess5ce "o1 h[ c\ld _! _m =ms orig9ate save by a process ( evolution upw>d8 ,h[ c\ld _! num]\s relations ) ea* o!r1 & _! regul> s]ial arrangem5ts into gr\ps1 be bett] expla9$8 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r problems1 ! hypo!sis ( evolution is ! simple/1 mo/ natural1 & be/ 9 accordance ) facts40#ge ,footnote #ge3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,febru>y #ahgf4 ,see also ! ,janu>y numb] = #ahgc4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,john/one ,/oney on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]4--,fur!r evid5ce t all ! *emical elem5ts 7 probably evolv$ f "o common s\rce1 is furni%$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,john/one ,/oney's 8,log>i?mic ,law ( ,atomic ,weights10 a !ory rec5tly advanc$ 9 a communication to ! ,royal ,society4#gf ,a c>d9al feature ( ?is inve/igation is t 9 x atomic weights are repres5t$ by volumes1 n by l9es4 ,a succession ( sph]es are tak5 ^: volumes are proportional to ! atomic weights1 & :i* may be call$ ! atomic sph]es4 ,:5 ! radii ( ^! sph]es are plott$ d[n on a diagram z ord9ates1 & a s]ies ( integ]s z abscissas1 ! g5]al =m ( ! log>i?mic curve becomes app>5t2 & close scrut9y has %[n t ei!r ! log>i?mic curve1 or "s curve ly+ v close to x1 expresses ! real law ( nature4 ,footnote #gf3 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 = ,april #ai1 #ahhh1 p4 #aae4 ,if1 z seems probable1 ! log>i?mic law is ! law ( nature1 !re appe> to be ?ree elem5ts light] ?an hydrog51 :i* ,dr4 ,/oney has t]m$ infra-fluor9e1 infra-oxyg51 & infra-nitrog54 ,& !re are1 at all ev5ts1 six miss+ elem5ts betwe5 hydrog5 & li?ium4 ,dr4 ,/oney's inve/igation is bas$ on ! fact t if ! atomic weights ( ! *emical elem5ts be arrang$ 9 ord] ( magnitude1 p]iodic laws come to light1 viz43 ^? discov]$ by ,newl&s1 ,m5delejeff1 & ,mey]4 ,f ?is x foll[s t !re mu/ be "s law connect+ ! atomic weights ) ! successive t]ms ( a num]ical s]ies--ei!r alone or along ) o!r v>iables4 8,?is law10 says ,dr4 ,/oney1 8may be obta9$ 9 "o ( its graphical =ms by plott+ d[n a s]ies ( integ]s z abscissas1 & ! successive atomic weights z ord9ates4 ,9 ?is way x furni%es a diagram :i* has some:at ! %ape ( a hurl+-/ick1 consi/+ ( a %ort curv$ portion succe$$ by a long & ne>ly /raight portion4 ,b z ?is diagram _c be directly id5tifi$ ) any kn[n curve1 x does n suffice = ! det]m9ation ( ! law4 8,! diagram1 h[ev]1 assumes a =m :i* c be int]pret$ :5 we use ! cube roots ( ! atomic weights = its ord9ates1 in/ead ( ! atomic weights !mselves4 ,?is is equival5t to tak+ volumes in/ead ( l9es to repres5t ! atomic weights4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! ends ( ! ord9ates are f\nd to lie ne> a regul> & gradual curve1 f :i* !y deviate to ! "r & left by displacem5ts t are small & appe> to foll[ p]iodic laws :i* h be5 9 "p trac$4 ,! c5tral curve is f\nd on exam9ation to be ei!r a log>i?mic curve or "s curve ly+ exce$+ly close to x4 ,if ! curve be 9 reality ! log>i?mic curve1 x furni%es u ! law t3 8,! cube root ( ! n? atomic weight log 7n q7 a small p]iodic correction2 :]e & q are con/ants1 ! values ( :i* are furni%$ by ! obs]vations4 8,ei!r ?is log>i?mic law1 or a law t lies exce$+ly close to x1 mu/ be ! law ( nature40 ,ref]r+ to ?is !ory1 ,pr(essor ,reynolds says3 8,x c]ta9ly introduc$ po9ts ( extraord9>y importance1 ?\gh p]haps at pres5t !y c\ld n all q realise its fulle/ import4 ,!re 7 sev]al po9ts ( "s little difficulty to be grappl$ )1 b x cle>ly po9t$ to ! conclusion t we 7 fa/ approa*+ ! "t :5 physici/s--bo? *emical & physici/s prop]--are comb9+ to evolve out ( ! sci5tific "w ly+ on ! bord]l& mo/ important & />tl+ facts40 ,! be>+ :i* ,dr4 ,/oney's conclusions1 l ^? ( ,mr4 ,crookes1 h on ! primitive condition ( ! mat]ial univ]se is obvi\s4 ,dr4 ,/oney1 l ,mr4 ,crookes1 consid]s t ! *emical elem5ts are subject to decay4 ,t !y are n only g5]at$ b de/roy$--t !y are subject n only to evolution b dissolution4 ,he believes t ! g5]ative process probably takes place only at1 or beyond1 ! conf9es ( ! univ]se1 & ! de/ructive process at ! c5tres ( ov]gr[n />s1 :i* is ! position ( l[e/ pot5tial4 ,dr4 ,/oney ?9ks t ?is ext9ction ( ! *emical elem5ts 9 ! c5tre ( a /> is a cause :i* limits its size & prev5ts its ov]gr[?4 ,,! ,,impact ,,!ory ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,pre-,,nebul> ,,condition ,,( ,,matt]4 ,9 all ^! !ories1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 ! primitive condition ( ! univ]se 0 t ( matt] 9 a /ate ( extreme t5uity1 :ile by aggregation ! mat]ials became successively l>g] & l>g] until !y assum$ ! magnitude ( suns & planets4 ,= example1 accord+ to ! meteoric !ory1 meteorites are =m$ out ( 8cosmical du/10 8fire-mi/10 or cond5s$ vap\r1 & !n suns & planets are =m$ by aggregation f ^! meteorites4 ,facts seem1 h[ev]1 to po9t to ! v rev]se z be+ ! true c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,meteorites are und\bt$ly ! fragm5ts ( l>g] masses4 ,x looks m likely t !y are1 z has already be5 /at$1 fragm5ts ( /ell> masses :i* h be5 %att]$ to pieces by collision1 & t ?is 8cosmical du/10 f :i* ! meteorites are alleg$ to h be5 =m$1 are simply ! du/ aris+ out ( ! de/ruction ( ! masses4 ,aft] ! two bodies _h collid$ & be5 %att]$ to pieces1 "s ( ! fragm5ts w\ld und\bt$ly be project$ ) a velocity t w\ld c>ry !m beyond ! attractive p[] ( ! g5]al mass1 & ?us !y w\ld escape be+ volatilis$4 ,^! fragm5ts w\ld cont9ue _! w&]+s ?r\gh space z meteorites4 ,i _c b ?9k t ! numb]1 z well z ! importance1 ( ^! w&]]s has be5 greatly ov]-e/imat$4 ,mr4 ,locky] /ates t ,dr4 ,s*midt1 ( ,a!ns1 f\nd t ! mean h\rly numb] ( lum9\s meteors visible on a cle> moonless night by "o obs]v] 0 f\rte54 ,c]ta9ly no su* quantity is visible 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,scotl&1 at lea/1 "o may (t5 wat* night aft] night "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions )\t hav+ ! good =tune to see a s+le meteor4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t ! imm$iately prior condition ( a sun or a planet 0 t ( matt] 9 an extremely att5uat$ or dissociat$ /ate4 ,?is is ess5tial to ! nebul>1 z well z to ! meteoric1 hypo!sis4 ,b x is n ) ! imm$iately prior condition t we are at pres5t conc]n$1 b ) ! primitive1 or pre-nebul>1 condition4 ,take1 = example1 ! case ( ! sol> nebula1 out ( :i* our sun & planets 7 =m$4 ,0 ?is nebul\s mass =m$ f matt] 9 a /ate ( extreme t5uity1 scatt]$ ?r\gh space & collect$ toge!r by gravity8 ,or did x result f two solid globes %att]$ to pieces by collision1 :i* 7 !n conv]t$ into ! nebul\s condition by ! heat g5]at$ f ! collision8 ,x is no d\bt true t ! analogies ( nature w\ld1 at fir/ sight1 be apt to lead u to ! conclusion t ! =m] !ory 0 ! m likely ( ! two1 z ! l>g] is g5]ally made by aggregation f ! small]4 ,b a little consid]ation w %[ t1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! weight ( ?is analogy is m app>5t ?an real4 ,! impact !ory does n re/ ^u a purely hypo!tical basis4 ,! cause to :i* x appeals has a real exi/5ce4 ,! po9t ( unc]ta9ty is :e!r ! cause actually produces ! effect :i* is attribut$ to x4 ,we "k f obs]vation t !re are /ell> masses1 "s ( !m probably l>g] ?an our sun1 mov+ ?r\gh space ) enorm\s velocities 9 all directions4#gg ,accord+ to ! ord9>y laws ( *ance1 collision at times w\ld be an inevitable result1 & :5 su* an ev5t did take place ! de/ruction ( ! collid+ bodies1 & _! consequ5t trans=mation into a nebul\s mass1 w\ld1 at lea/ 9 _m cases1 be a necess>y result4 ,9 fact1 we h1 9 ! case ( ^! va/ /ell> masses1 :at we "k occurs among ! invisible molecules ( a gas4 ,s f> z m]e analogy is conc]n$1 ! impact !ory is j ab\t z probable z ! o!r4 ,footnote #gg3 ,! d>k /ell> masses :i* escape obs]vation may be z num]\s z ^? t are visible4 ,f :at has be5 /at$ x w\ld foll[ t 9 mo/ cases ! /ell> masses h be5 =m$ out ( ! de/ruction ( pre-exi/+ masses1 l ! geological =mations out ( ! de/ruction ( prior =mations4 ,! !ories d n acc\nt = ! motion ( ! />s4--,accord+ to all ! =ego+ !ories aggregation & cond5sation are produc$ by gravity4 ,! mat]ials disp]s$ ?r\gh\t space are drawn toge!r by _! mutual attraction1 & aggregat$ r\nd a c5tre ( gravity4 ,gravitation1 al?\gh x imp>ts motion to ! mat]ials1 c imp>t no motion ( translation to ! mass itself4 ,gravitation _c1 !re=e1 be ! cause ( ! motion ( translation ( ! mass4 ,! />s are n suppos$ to be gravitat+ t[>ds1 or ar\nd1 a great c5tre ( attraction1 = !y are f\nd mov+ 9 /raight l9es 9 all directions1 :i* c\ld n be ! case if gravity 7 ! cause ( _! motion4 ,to :at cause is _! motion1 !re=e1 to be attribut$8 ,a meteorite or o!r small body might be eject$ f any sy/em1 by ! explosive =ce ( heat or "s o!r cause1 ) a velocity :i* might c>ry x into b\ndless space2 b su* c\ld n be ! case 9 reg>d to a body ( ! magnitude ( a />4 ,no "o = a mom5t c\ld suppose t #ahcj ,groombridge1 = example1 mov+ at ! rate ( #bjj miles a second1 is an eject f any sy/em4 ,accord+ to ! impact !ory ! :ole is pla92 = ?is #bjj miles p] second is simply a "p ( ! untrans=m$ motion ( translation :i* ! mat]ials compos+ ! /> _h f ! beg9n+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! matt] & ! motion 7 et]nal1 or1 :at is m probable1 z w aft]w>ds be se51 co-exi/$ f creation--n1 h[ev]1 z molecul> motion1 b z motion ( ! mass4 ,! !ories d n acc\nt = ! am\nt ( heat requir$4--,x has be5 %[n t1 al?\gh ! mat]ials ( our sol> sy/em _h fall5 toge!r f an inf9ite di/ance1 x c\ld n h g5]at$ heat suffici5t to h =m$ a gase\s nebula ext5d+ to ! di/ance ( ! planet ,neptune4 ,gravitation alone c\ld n1 !re=e1 h be5 ! s\rce f :i* ! nebula obta9$ its heat4 ,! sol> nebula1 h[ev]1 mu/ orig9ally h ext5d$ f> beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune4 ,b suppos+ x c\ld be demon/rat$ t ! heat ?us g5]at$ 0 suffici5t to h =m$ a nebula ext5d+ to ev5 twice ! di/ance ( ,neptune1 ?is w\ld n remove ! fatal objection to ! gravitation !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! sol> nebula4 ,= ! facts1 bo? ( geology & ( biology1 equally %[ t ! sun has be5 radiat+ 8 heat at ! pres5t rate = m ?an twice ! l5g? ( "t t x c\ld possibly h done _h gravitation be5 ! s\rce f :i* ! en]gy 0 d]iv$4 ,?is objection is alike fatal to ! meteoric !ory z x is to all o!r !ories :i* attribute ! orig9 & s\rce ( ! heat to gravitation4 ,evolution ( matt]4--,our inquiries into /ell> evolution d n1 h[ev]1 beg9 ) ! consid]ation ( a gase\s nebula1 or ) sw>ms ( meteorites4 ,!re 0 a pre-nebul> evolution4 ,! rese>*es ( ,pr\t1 ,newl&s1 ,m5delejeff1 ,mey]1 ,dumas1 ,cl>ke1 ,locky]1 ,crookes1 ,brodie1 ,hunt1 ,graham1 ,deville1 ,b]!lot1 ,/oney1 ,reynolds1 ,c>nelley1 ,mills1 & o!rs1 cle>ly %[1 ,i ?9k1 t ! v matt] =m+ ?is nebul\s mass pass$ ?r\gh a long ant]ior process ( evolution4 ,& n only ! matt]1 b ! v elem5ts !mselves con/itut+ ! matt]1 7 evolv$ out ( "s prior condition ( sub/ance4 ,i h already giv5 at "s l5g? ! views :i* h be5 advanc$ by sev]al ( our lead+ physici/s & *emi/s on ! evolution ( ! *emical elem5ts1 & on "s ( ! be>+s :i* ^! views h on /ell> evolution4 ,i %all n[ briefly ref] to a po9t on :i* ,i v5ture to ?9k ! !ory discuss$ 9 ?is volume seems to ca/ "s additional light4 ,if ! elem5ts 7 evolv$ out ( a common s\rce1 !re is1 9 ord] to ?is1 "o necess>y condition1 viz4 an excessively high temp]ature2 = ! temp]ature mu/ be above ! po9t ( ! dissociation ( all ! *emical elem5ts4 8,9 ! primal /age ( ! univ]se10 says ,mr4 ,crookes1 8be=e matt]1 z we n[ f9d x1 0 =m$ f ! protyle1 all 0 9 an ultra-gase\s /ate1 at a temp]ature inconceivably hott] ?an any?+ n[ exi/+ 9 ! visible univ]se2 s high1 inde$1 t ! *emical atoms c\ld n yet h be5 =m$1 be+ /ill f> above _! dissociation po9t40 ,:at1 !n1 produc$ ?is excessive temp]ature 9 ?is suppos$ ultra-gase\s protyle8 ,x c\ld n h result$ f cond5sation by gravity4 ,9 cond5sation ! heat increases z ! cond5sation proce$s1 because x is ! cond5sation :i* produces ! heat4 ,b "h ! rev]se mu/ h be5 ! case1 = ! ultra-gase\s mass 0 mu* hott] ?an ! sun :i* 0 aft]w>ds =m$ out ( x4 ,x 01 accord+ to ,mr4 ,crookes1 :5 ?is gase\s mass cool$ d[n1 s z to p]mit ( its becom+ conv]t$ into solid matt]1 t cond5sation into a sun c\ld take place4 ,besides1 0 x n ! excessive heat :i* produc$ ! assum$ ultra-gase\s condition8 ,!re is ano!r difficulty besett+ ! !ory t ! primitive heat 0 d]iv$ f cond5sation by gravitation4 ,suppos+ we %\ld assume x possible t ! protyle c\ld exi/ 9 ?is ultra-gase\s /ate )\t possess+ temp]ature1 & t x obta9$ its heat f cond5sation by gravity1 !n ! fact ( cond5sation tak+ place %[s t ! gas 0 n 9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,b ! gas c\ld n h rema9$ /ation>y = a s+le mom5t )\t beg9n+ to cond5se :ile 9 a condition ( un/able equilibrium4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! gas mu/ h be5 9 "s o!r condition ?an ! gase\s /ate prior to cond5sation4 ,! impact !ory seems to remove all ^! difficulties4 ,x is j z likely priori1 if n m s1 t ! primitive =m ( ! protyle %\ld h be5 t ( l>ge cold masses mov+ ?r\gh space 9 all directions1 ) excessive velocities1 z t x %\ld h be5 t ( a gase\s mass 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium4 ,if we assume ! =m] condition1 !n ! collid+ ( ^! masses w\ld acc\nt n only = ! ultra-gase\s /ate1 b also = its inconceivably high temp]ature4 ,besides1 9 ?is case we are n call$ ^u to acc\nt = any o!r antec$5t /ate ( ! masses be=e collision1 = !y may h exi/$ f ! beg9n+ ( creation 9 ! =m ( masses 9 motion ?r\gh space4 ,_h space & "t p]mitt$1 x might h be5 %[n t !re are o!r obscure po9ts on :i* ! !ory seems to %$ additional light4 ,i %all n[1 9 conclusion1 ref] to a po9t :]e9 ! !ory diff]s radically f t ( all o!r !ories ( /ell> evolution4 ,b be=e do+ s ,i may briefly ref] to an objection :i* has be5 frequ5tly urg$ aga9/ ! !ory4 ,objection consid]$4--,! objection to :i* ,i ref] is ?is1 t1 _h ! nebul be5 produc$ by impact 9 ! way impli$ 9 ! !ory1 !n we ought to h _h "s hi/orical record ( su* an ev5t4 ,i c p]ceive no =ce 9 su* an objection4 ,our hi/orical records1 ,i presume1 d n ext5d mu* f>!r back ?an ab\t #c1jjj ye>s1 & we h no evid5ce to conclude t a new nebula makes its appe>ance 9 ! visible firmam5t ) su* frequ5cy2 & suppos+ x did1 we h no gr\nds = assum+ t its production by impact 9 ! way suppos$ by ! !ory w\ld attract g5]al notice4 ,x is d\btful if ! nebula produc$ w\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be actually visible4 ,i h %[n t ! temp]ature ( ! nebula c\ld n h be5 less ?an ab\t #cjj1jjj1jjj ,c41 & x is v d\btful if ! gase\s mass envelop+ all t 0 solid 9 ! nebula w\ld1 at su* a temp]ature1 be self-lum9\s4 ,! probability is t all ! *emical elem5ts compos+ x w\ld be 9 a /ate ( utt] dissociation1 & conv]t$ back into ! orig9al protyle f :i* !y 7 d]iv$1 aga9 to be sl[ly reconv]t$ into _! =m] atomic condition z ! temp]ature fell4 ,c we on sci5tific gr\nds trace back ! evolution ( ! univ]se to an absolute fir/ condition8--,z has be5 repeat$ly /at$1 all inquiries into ! evolution>y hi/ory ( ! /ell> univ]se beg9 9 ! middle ( a process4 ,evolution is a process4 ,! *anges t n[ occur arose out ( prec$+ *anges1 & ^!1 prec$+ *anges out ( *anges /ill prior1 & s on indef9itely back into ! unkn[n pa/4 ,?is *a9 ( causation--?is succession ( *ange--( consequ5t & antec$5t--c\ld n 9 ?is mann] h ext5d$ back to inf9ity1 or else ! pres5t /age ( ! univ]se's evolution ought to h be5 rea*$ inf9ite ages ago4 ,! evolution ( ?+s mu/ !re=e h _h a beg9n+ 9 "t4 ,pr(essor ,w9*ell1 9 8 f9al g5]alisation to 8 "w1 8,_w ,life10 has /at$ ?is matt] s cle>ly & =cibly t ,i _c d bett] ?an "h quote 8 words on ! subject4 8,we h n10 says ,pr(essor ,w9*ell1 8! slighte/ sci5tific gr\nds = assum+ t matt] exi/$ 9 a c]ta9 condition f all et]nity1 & only began und]go+ its *anges a few millions or billions ( ye>s ago4 ,! ess5tial activity ( ! p[]s ascrib$ to x =bids ! ?\ght4 ,= all t we "k--&1 inde$1 z ! conclusion f all t we "k--primal matt] began its progressive *anges on ! morn+ ( its exi/5ce4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! s]ies ( *anges is demon/rably f9ite1 ! lifetime ( matt] itself is necess>ily f9ite4 ,!re is no real refuge f ?is conclusion2 =1 if we suppose ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t cycle to h be5 only a re/itution ( an old] ord] effect$ by ! op]ations ( natural causes1 & suppose--:at sci5ce is unable to compreh5d--t old] ord] to be a simil> re-inauguration1 & s on indef9itely ?r\gh ! pa/1 we only po/pone ! pr$ication ( an absolute beg9n+1 s9ce1 by all ! admissions ( mod]n sci5tific philosophy1 x is a necessity ( nature to run d[n40 ,^! are consequ5ces :i* necess>ily foll[ f e !ory ( /ell> evolution :i* has hi!rto be5 advanc$4 ,! impact !ory1 h[ev]1 completely removes ! difficulty1 = accord+ to x ! evolution>y process c1 on purely sci5tific gr\nds1 be trac$ back to an absolute beg9n+ 9 "t4 ,if huge solid masses mov+ ?r\gh space 7 ! orig9al condition ( ! univ]se1 !n1 9 s f> z ei!r philosophy or sci5ce c demon/rate to ! contr>y1 x might h be5 9 ?is condition f all et]nity4 ,we are !re=e n call$ ^u to acc\nt = ?is primitive condition ( ?+s4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 unless a collision %\ld take place1 ! univ]se w\ld rema9 9 ?is condition = ev]3 )\t a collision !re c\ld be no *ange1 no "w p]=m$1 & absolutely no loss or ga9 ( en]gy1 & !re=e no process ( evolution4 ,! fir/ collision w\ld be ! absolute comm5cem5t ( evolution--! beg9n+ ( ! process ( ! developm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,evolution w\ld1 9 ?is case1 h its absolute beg9n+ 9 "t1 & consequ5tly 0 n et]nal4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assume1 :at is f> m 9 h>mony ) physics1 metaphysics1 & common s5se1 t ! univ]se 0 creat$ 9 "t1 we are /ill l$ to ! same result z to an absolute comm5cem5t ( evolution4 ,9 bo? cases we rea* a po9t beyond :i* !re c be no legitimate inquiry2 no fur!r "q :i* ! sci5ti/s c reasonably ask4 ,we h no gr\nds to conclude t !re is any?+ et]nal1 except ,god1 ,"t1 & ,space4 ,b if "t & space be subjective1 z ,kant supposes1 & n modes p]ta9+ to ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 !n ,god alone 0 uncreat$1 & ( ,him & to ,him are all ?+s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index4 ,aqui ,range1 ,utah1 fault 91 #eg ,arcturus1 motion (1 #af ,atmosph]e1 univ]sal1 #hb ,dr4 ,hunt on1 #hf ,mr4 ,mattieu ,williams on1 #hf ,atomic weights1 log>i?mic law (1 #ajj ,atoms1 accord+ to ,h]s*el & ,cl]k-,maxwell1 manufactur$ articles1 #ib ,b9>y sy/ems1 #cb ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney on1 #cc ,sir ,w4 ,?omson on1 #cc ,biology1 te/imony (1 z to age ( sun's heat1 #fe ,brodie1 ,sir ,b41 on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #hd ,br[n & ,dickson on s$im5t ( ! ,mississippi1 #dj ,c>nelley1 ,dr41 argum5t f comp\nd radicals1 #id ,cassiopei1 motion (1 #af ,c5tauri1 di/ance (1 #af ,*emical elem5ts1 evolution (1 #hj ,cl>ke1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w41 on atomic weights1 #ic on evolution ( ! *emical elem5ts1 #hj1 #hi on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #ih ,comets1 accord+ to ,laplace1 /rang]s to our sy/em1 #ag accord+ to ,pr(4 ,a4 ,w9*ell1 /rang]s to our sy/em1 #ag ,m4 ,faye on orig9 (1 #ag probable orig9 (1 #ag ,comp\nd radicals1 argum5t f1 #ie ,cond5sation 9 relation to nebul1 #bg ! la/ condition ( a nebula1 #cj ,cosmical du/ & 8fire-mi/10 #ha1 #ajb ,crookes1 ,mr4 ,w41 on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #ij-ih on protyle1 #if #fa ,cygni1 motion (1 #af ,d>w91 ,mr4 ,*>les1 on geological "t1 #fg ,d5udation1 age ( ! globe z repres5t$ by1 #fc1 #fd av]age rate ( :ole globe1 #dd evid5ce f faults z to rate (1 #ec ,dr4 ,a4 ,geikie on rate (1 #da glacial epo*s 9 relation to1 #df1 #dg 9 ,colorado1 #eh 9 pa/ ages n mu* great] ?an at pres5t1 #dd me?od employ$ to e/imate its rate1 #ci1 #dg ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace's me?od ( e/imat+ its rate1 #ea ( ,bri/ol coal-fields1 #ei ( ,mississippi bas91 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell on1 #dd ( ,p5dle ,range1 #fj ( ,p5tl&s1 #ei ( riv] bas9s1 #da ( ,s\? ( ,scotl&1 #ee ( ,wales1 #ei ,pr(4 ,haughton's me?od ( e/imat+ its rate1 #ej ,rotation ( ! e>? 9 relation to1 #df ! direct me?od ( e/imat+ its rate1 #eb "t requir$ to effect ! am\nt (1 #fc ,dew> & ,live+ on dissociation ( *emical elem5ts1 #hc ,dissociation ( *emical elem5ts1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt on1 #hb1 #he ( *emical elem5ts1 ,m4 ,b]!lot on1 #hc ( *emical elem5ts1 ,m4 ,deville on1 #hc ( *emical elem5ts1 ,mr4 ,locky] on1 #hb ( *emical elem5ts1 ,pr(s4 ,live+ & ,dew> on1 #hc ( *emical elem5ts1 ,pr(4 ,s*u/] on1 #hc ( *emical elem5ts1 ,sir ,b4 ,brodie on1 #hb1 #hd ,dumas1 ,m41 on ess5tial unity ( matt]1 #hc ,e>?'s cru/1 argum5t f1 #ic rotation1 its influ5ce on d5udation1 #df ,emmons1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,f41 on a fault 9 ,aqui ,range1 #eh ,en]gy exi/+ z motion ( /ell> masses1 #c trans=m$ by collision1 #c ,evolution1 c x be trac$ back to a fir/ condition8 #aaj evid5ce (1 f ! gr\p+ ( ! />s1 #ha f small] to l>g] aggregates ( matt]1 #ha ( matt]1 #ajg ( ! *emical elem5ts1 #hj1 #ajg ,faults1 evid5ce ( rate ( d5udation f1 #ec examples (1 #ed-fj 8,gr& ,wa%10 ,colorado1 #eh 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 #eh 9 ,/ra?more1 #ee ,faye1 ,m41 on orig9 ( comets1 #ag ,gase\s condition ess5tial to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 #be /ate1 second condition ( a nebula1 #bd ,geikie1 ,dr4 ,a41 on area ( ! globe1 #dh on d5udation ( ! ,p5tl&s1 #ei on examples ( enorm\s faults1 #ee on rate ( d5udation1 #da ,geological epo*s ( pa/ ages1 misconceptions reg>d+1 #di ,geological "t1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace on1 #fe "t1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 on1 #ff "t1 ,pr(4 ,haeckel on1 #fg "t1 ,pr(4 ,huxley on1 #fe1 #ff "t1 ,sir ,&rew ,c4 ,ramsay on1 #fg ,geology1 te/imony (1 9 reg>d to age ( sun's heat1 #ci ,glacial epo*1 age ( ! e>? z det]m9$ by1 #fd epo*s1 influ5ce on d5udation1 #df ,gravitation does n acc\nt = ! heat requir$1 #ajf does n acc\nt = motion ( ! />s1 #aje insuffici5t to acc\nt = heat ( nebul1 #bg ,groombridge #ahcj1 motion (1 #ae n an eject1 #ajf ,pr(4 ,newcomb on motion (1 #ae ,grove1 ,sir ,w4 ,r41 on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #gh ,haeckel1 ,pr(1 on geological "t1 #fg ,haughton1 ,pr(41 me?od ( e/imat+ rate ( d5udation1 #ej ,heat1 age ( ! sun's1 #cg ,helmholtz on age ( sun's heat1 #ce ,hugg9s1 ,mr41 & ,dr4 ,mill] on spectra ( nebul ) "o nitrog5 l9e1 #hd ,hull1 ,pr(41 on d5udation ( ,p5dle ,range1 #fj on examples ( enorm\s faults1 #ed ,humphreys & ,abbot on s$im5t ( ! ,mississippi1 #dj ,hunt1 ,dr4 ,t41 on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #he on univ]sal atmosph]e1 #hf ,huxley1 ,pr(41 on geological "t1 #fe1 #ff ,hypo!sis1 value (1 #gj 8,impact ,!ory10 :y s call$1 #b 9 relation to !ories ( pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #ajb removes difficulties reg>d+ orig9 ( heat1 #ajh1 #aji ,indi1 motion (1 #af ,k+1 ,mr4 ,cl>5ce1 on ! ,wahsat* ,fault1 #ei ,lal&e #baahe1 motion (1 #af #babeh1 motion (1 #af ,laplace1 ,m41 on ! heat ( ! sol> nebula1 #cj ,lavoisi]1 ,m41 on simpl] =ms ( matt]1 #hf ,lesley1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p41 on a fault 9 ! ,appala*ians1 #eg on fault 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 #eh ,live+ & ,dew> on dissociation ( *emical elem5ts1 #hc ,locky]1 ,mr41 on arrangem5t ( ! planets accord+ to d5sity1 #be nebul ) solid matt] 9 a gase\s mass1 #bj ,locky]1 ,mr41 on ess5tial condition ( sol> nebul1 #be on hypo!sis1 #gj on numb] ( meteorites1 #ajc on outbur/ ( />s1 #cc on 8sort+0 ( ! *emical elem5ts1 #be ,lodge1 ,pr(4 ,o41 on e!real orig9 ( matt]1 #hg on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #hg on vortex atoms1 #hh ,log>i?mic law ( atomic weights1 #ajj ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 on d5udation ( ! ,mississippi bas91 #dd ,macvic>1 ,dr41 on e!real orig9 ( matt]1 #hg ,matt] n probably et]nal1 #aab ,m5delejeff1 ,pr(41 on ,p]iodic ,law1 #if ,meteorites1 numb] greatly exagg]at$1 #ajc probable orig9 (1 #ab ,sir ,h4 ,roscoe on con/itution (1 #ab ,sir ,w4 ,?omson on1 #ab ,mill1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s41 on hypo!sis1 #gj ,mill]1 ,dr41 & ,mr4 ,hugg9s on spectra ( nebul ) "o nitrog5 l9e1 #hd ,mills1 ,dr41 on ,polym]isation1 #ie ,morris1 ,mr4 ,*>les1 on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #ge ,nebul1 brok5 fragm5ts 9 a gase\s mass1 #ai cometic1 #bb cond5sation insuffici5t to acc\nt = heat (1 #bg ,nebul cond5sation1 la/ condition (1 #cj fir/ condition (1 #ai gase\s /ate1 second condition (1 #bd globul>1 #ba heat (1 n due to gravitation1 #bg h[ !y occupy s mu* space1 #ah h[ orig9 ( by impact might n h be5 obs]v$1 #aaj mu/ possess an excessive temp]ature1 #bf ,mr4 ,locky] on1 #bj-bb orig9 (1 #ah ,pr(4 ,a4 ,w9*ell on meteoric orig9 (1 #bb ,pr(4 ,tait on1 #bj ,sir ,w4 ,?omson on orig9 (1 #f1 #bh sph]oidal1 #bb :y ( su* v>i\s %apes1 #ai ,nebul> hypo!sis1 gase\s condition ess5tial to1 #b1 #e ,newcomb1 ,pr(41 on motion ( #ahcj ,groombridge1 #ae ,newl&s on ,p]iodic ,law1 #if ,nova ,cygni1 on sudd5 outbur/ (1 #cc ,objection consid]$1 #aji ,palozoic times1 w9ds probably n high] ?an at pres5t1 #df ,pea*1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,n41 on examples ( enorm\s faults1 #ee on d5udation ( ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 #ee ,p]iodic ,law1 argum5t f1 #if ,pr(4 ,m5delejeff on #if ,p]iodic ,law1 ,newl&s on1 #if ,pr(4 ,reynolds on1 #if ,planets1 on _! arrangem5t accord+ to d5sity1 #be ,polym]isation1 argum5t f1 #ie ,dr4 ,mills on1 #ie ,p\illet1 on rate ( sol> radiation1 #b1 #ce ,p[ell1 ,major ,j4 ,w41 on d5udation ( ,u9ta ,m\nta9s1 #eh ,pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,john/one ,/oney on1 #ii condition ( matt]1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt on1 #he condition ( matt]1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,morris on1 #ge condition ( matt]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,crookes on1 #ij condition ( matt]1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,w9*ell on1 #ga condition ( matt]1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,cl>ke on1 #ih condition ( matt]1 ,pr(4 ,lodge on1 #hg condition ( matt]1 ,sir ,b4 ,brodie on1 #hd condition ( matt]1 ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,grove on1 #gh evolution1 #ajg ,proctor1 ,r4 ,a41 on meteoric orig9 ( sol> sy/em1 #bc ,protyle1 ! primal matt]1 #if ,pr\t's ,law1 argum5t f1 #ib ,ramsay1 ,sir ,&rew ,c1 on d5udation ( ,bri/ol coal-fields1 #ei on d5udation ( ,wales1 #ei on geological "t1 #fg ,reynolds1 ,pr(41 on ,p]iodic ,law #if ,rog]s1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,d41 on a great fault 9 ! ,appala*ian coal-fields1 #eg ,roscoe1 ,sir ,h41 on con/itution ( meteorites1 #ab ,rotation1 suppos$ influ5ce on d5udation1 #df ,saigey1 ,m41 on e!real orig9 ( matt]1 #hg ,s*midt1 ,dr41 on numb] ( meteorites1 #ajc ,sol> nebula1 ,m4 ,laplace on heat (1 #cj ,mr4 ,locky] on condition ess5tial to1 #be ,sir ,w4 ,?omson on1 #f1 #bh ,sol> radiation1 rate (1 accord+ to ,p\illet & ,langley1 #ce ,sol> sy/em1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor on meteoric orig9 (1 #bc ,/> clu/]s1 #cd ,/>s1 evid5ce ( evolution f _! gr\p+1 #ha h[ orig9 ( by impact might n h be5 obs]v$1 #aaj 9 f\r gr\ps1 #ha motion n acc\nt$ = by gravitation1 #aje motion n due to _! mutual attractions1 #ad motion (1 h[ 9 /raight l9es1 #ad sudd5 outbur/s (1 #cc ,/oney1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,john/one1 on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #ii ,subarial d5udation1 me?od ( e/imat+ rate (1 #ci1 #dg ,sun1 age ( heat (1 #cd ,sun's heat1 age (1 accord+ to ,geology1 #cg age (1 a crucial te/1 #cd1 #cg ,sun's heat1 age (1 accord+ to ,?omson & ,tait1 #ce age (1 z det]m9$ by ,biology1 #fd age (1 z det]m9$ by ,geology1 #ci ,tait1 ,pr(41 nebul ) solid matt] 9 a gase\s mass1 #bj on age ( sun's heat1 #ce ,temp]ature excessive1 ess5tial to nebul1 #bf produc$ by collision1 #e ,?omson1 ,sir ,w41 on age ( sun's heat1 #ce on meteorites1 #ab on orig9 ( sol> nebula1 #bh on sol> nebula1 #f sugge/ion by1 #hf ,tides1 suppos$ influ5ce on d5udation1 #de ,ty*o ,brahe1 on sudd5 outbur/ ( a />1 #cc ,tylor1 ,alfr$1 on ! d5udation ( ,mississippi ,bas91 #dj ,u9ta ,m\nta9s1 d5udation (1 #eh fault 91 #eg ,vortex atoms1 ,pr(4 ,lodge on1 #hh 8,wahsat* ,fault10 ,utah1 imm5se dislocation1 #eh ,wallace1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,r41 on geological "t1 #fe1 #fh me?od ( e/imat+ rate ( d5udation1 #eg ,williams1 ,mr4 ,mattieu1 on univ]sal atmosph]e1 #hf ,w9*ell1 ,pr(4 ,a41 on age ( ! e>?1 #fd on comets /rang]s to our sy/em1 #ag on d5udation ( ,colorado plateau1 #eh on deposition ( ,palozoic s$im5t1 #de on e!real m$ium1 #hg on meteoric orig9 ( nebul1 #bb on nebul> hypo!sis1 #fi on ! pre-nebul> condition ( matt]1 #ga ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,discussions ,,on ,,climate ,,& ,,cosmology4 ,by ,,james ,,croll1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) ,*>t4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,cont5ts3 ,misappreh5sions reg>d+ ! ,physical ,!ory ( ,secul> ,*anges ( ,climate4--,! ,ice ( ,gre5l& & ! ,ant>ctic ,cont95t n due to ,elevation ( ! ,l&4--,mr4 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace's ,modification ( ! ,physical ,!ory or ,secul> ,*anges ( ,climate4--,! ,physical ,cause ( ,mild ,pol> ,climates4--,int]glacial ,p]iods & ,di/ribution ( ,flora & ,fauna 9 ,arctic ,regions4--,temp]ature ( ,space & its ,be>+ on ,t]re/rial ,physics4--,probable ,orig9 & ,age ( ! ,sun's ,heat1 etc41 etc4 ,,climate ,,& ,,"t ,,9 ,,_! ,,geological ,,relations3 ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,secul> ,,*anges ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,climate4 ,by ,,james ,,croll1 ( ,h4 ,m4 ,geological ,survey ( ,scotl&4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 8,i h /udi\sly avoid$ introduc+ any?+ ( a hypo!tical "*4 ,all ! conclusions are bas$ on kn[n facts or admitt$ physical pr9ciples4 ,9 %ort1 ! aim ( ! "w is to prove t secul> *anges ( climate foll[1 z a necess>y effect1 f admitt$ physical ag5cies1 & t ^! *anges1 9 z f> z ! pa/ climatic condition ( ! globe is conc]n$1 fully meet ! dem& ( ! geologi/40--,f ! ,preface4 ,,o!r ,,worlds ,,?an ,,ours3 ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,worlds1 ,,/udi$ ,,"u ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,rec5t ,,sci5tific ,,rese>*es4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,an?ony ,,proctor4 ,) ,illu/rations1 "s color$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,light ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,leisure ,,h\rs4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,famili> ,essays on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 ,natural ,ph5om5a1 etc4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,an?ony ,,proctor4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,! ,,moon3 ,,h] ,,motions1 ,,aspect1 ,,sc5]y1 ,,& ,,physical ,,conditions4 ,) ,?ree ,lun> ,photographs1 & _m ,plates1 ,*>ts1 etc4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,an?ony ,,proctor4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #c4ej4 ,,! ,,expanse ,,( ,,heav54 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ! ,wond]s ( ! ,firmam5t4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,an?ony ,,proctor4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,our ,,place ,,among ,,inf9ities4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays contra/+ our ,little ,abode 9 ,space & ,"t ) ! ,inf9ities ar\nd u4 ,to :i* are add$ ,essays on ! ,jewi% ,sabba? & ,a/rology4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,an?ony ,,proctor4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,physical ,,expression3 ,its ,modes & ,pr9ciples4 ,by ,,francis ,,w>n]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,assi/ant ,physician1 & ,lectur] on ,botany1 to ! ,london ,hospital1 etc4 ,) #ea ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 8,9 ! t]m #8,physical ,expression1' ,dr4 ,w>n] includ$ all ^? *anges ( =m & feature occurr+ 9 ! body :i* may be int]pret$ z evid5ces ( m5tal action4 ,at fir/ ?\ght x w\ld seem t facial expression is ! mo/ important ( ^! outw>d signs ( inn] processes2 b a little obs]vation w conv9ce "o t ! po/ure assum$ by ! body--! poise ( ! head & ! position ( ! h&s--z well z ! _m alt]nations ( color & ( g5]al nutrition1 are j z /rik+ evid5ces ( ! c\rse ( ?\ght4 ,! subject ?us develop$ by ! au?or becomes q ext5sive1 & is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,! "w is fully up to ! /&>d ma9ta9$ 9 #8,! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4'0--,sci5ce4 8,among ^?1 besides physicians1 d5ti/s1 & oculi/s1 to :om ,dr4 ,w>n]'s book w be ( b5efit are actors & arti/s4 ,! art ( ge/iculation & ( po/ures is dealt ) cle>ly f ! sci5tific /ud5t's po9t ( view4 ,9 ! *apt]s conc]n+ expression 9 ! head1 expression 9 ! face1 expression 9 ! eyes1 & 9 t on art criticism1 ! read] may f9d _m new sugge/ions40--,philadelphia ,press4 ,,common ,,s5se ,,( ,,! ,,exact ,,sci5ces4 ,by ! late ,,william ,,k+don ,,clif=d4 ,) #ajj ,figures4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 8,?is is "o ( ! volumes ( #8,! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1' & 0 orig9ally plann$ by ,mr4 ,clif=d2 b ^u 8 dea? 9 #ahgi ! revision & completion ( ! "w 7 intru/$ to ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,r[e4 ,he also di$ be=e accompli%+ 8 purpose1 & ! book _h to be f9i%$ by a ?ird p]son4 ,x is divid$ into five *apt]s1 treat+ numb]1 space1 quantity1 position1 & motion1 respectively4 ,ea* ( ^! *apt]s is subdivid$ into sections1 expla9+ 9 detail ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ea*4 ,! :ole volume is writt5 9 a ma/]ful1 s*ol>ly mann]1 & ! !ories are illu/rat$ by "o hundr$ c>efully prep>$ figures4 ,to tea*]s especially is ?is volume valuable2 & x is wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy40--,new ,york ,s*ool ,j\rnal4 ,,jelly-,,fi%1 ,,/>-,,fi%1 ,,& ,,sea-,,ur*9s4 ,be+ a ,rese>* on ,primitive ,n]v\s ,sy/ems4 ,by ,g4 ,j4 ,,romanes1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 au?or ( 8,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals10 etc4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 8,a pr(\nd rese>* into ! laws ( primitive n]v\s sy/ems conduct$ by "o ( ! able/ ,engli% inve/igators4 ,mr4 ,romanes set up a t5t on ! bea* & exam9$ 8 beautiful pets = six summ]s 9 succession4 ,su* pati5t & lov+ "w has borne its fruits 9 a monograph :i* leaves no?+ to be said ab\t jelly-fi%1 />-fi%1 & sea-ur*9s4 ,e "o :o has /udi$ ! l[e/ =ms ( life on ! sea-%ore admires ^! objects4 ,b few h any idea ( ! exquisite delicacy ( _! /ructure & _! nice adaptation to _! place 9 nature4 ,mr4 ,romanes br+s out ! subtile beauties ( ! rudim5t>y organisms1 & %[s ! resemblances !y be> to ! high] types ( creation4 ,8 explanations are made m cle> by a l>ge numb] ( illu/rations4 ,:ile ! book is well adapt$ = popul> read+1 x is ( special value to work+ physiologi/s40--,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce4 8,a mo/ admirable treatise on primitive n]v\s sy/ems4 ,! subject-matt] is full ( orig9al inve/igations & exp]im5ts ^u ! animals m5tion$ z types ( ! l[e/ n]v\s developm5ts40--,bo/on ,comm]cial ,bullet94 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #a1 #c1 #e ,bond ,/reet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,front matt]1 #8,by' *ang$ f small caps to lett] case1 8,by ,,james ,,croll1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,)0 ,page #b1 comma ins]t$ aft] #8,mag41' 8,phil4 ,mag41 ,july #ahgh20 ,page #be1 full /op ins]t$ aft] #8,lectures1' 8,man*e/] ,sci5ce ,lectures40 ,page #cg1 head+ #8,te/imony444' *ang$ to small caps4 ,page #da1 #8ye>s' ins]t$1 8,mean #c1cgh ye>s0 ,page #ed1 full /op ins]t$ aft] #8,mem41' 8,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey ( ,lanca%ire0 ,page #ei1 full /op ins]t$ aft] #8vol4 i41' 8,memoirs ( ,geol4 ,survey1 vol4 i40 ,page #aac1 #8radicles' *ang$ to #8radicals1' 8argum5t f comp\nd radicals0 ,page #aae1 ditto ins]t$1 8 on examples ( enorm\s faults0 ,page #aaf1 ditto ins]t$1 8 globul>0 ,page #aag1 page entries rev]s$1 8( sol> radiation1 #b1 #ce0 ,page #aag1 #8geologica' *ang$ to #8geological1' 8on geological "t0 ,page #aah1 ditto ins]t$1 8 fault 91 #eg0