,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,coa*es4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cg4 ,,probably ,,! ,,fir/ ,,sociable4 ,,! ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,! ,,emp]or ,,( ,,g]many4 ,a ,,*ild',s ,,c>riage ,,( ,,! ,,date ,,( #agjj4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,coa*es ,,by ,g4 ,a4 ,,?rupp4 8,o1 !n1 ,i see ,que5 ,mab has be5 ) y1 ,drawn ) a team ( little atomies1 ,h] ,waggon spokes made ( long sp9n]s' legs2 ,h] ,*>iot is an empty hazel-nut1 ,made by ! jo9] squirrel1 or old grub1 ,"t out o' m9d ! ,fairies' ,coa*mak]s40 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,act ,i4 ,sc5e #d ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations4 ,,london3 ,,k]by ,,endean1 #aij ,,ox=d ,,/reet4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,! 8,,hub0 ,,publi%+ ,,company4 #ahgg4 ,,london3 ,,k]by ,,endean1 #aij ,,ox=d ,,/reet1 ,pr9t]s & ,publi%]s4 ,illu/ration ,,preface4 8,*i va piano1 va sano40#a ,italian ,prov]b4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahgf ,i 0 reque/$ by ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 ,manufactures & ,comm]ce to prep>e a s]ies ( ,lectures ^u ,coa*build+4 ,i *ose z my subject ! ,hi/ory ( t ,art1 z likely to be m int]e/+ ?an a m]ely te*nical description ( ! me?od ( con/ruct+ vehicles4 ,i 0 desir\s ( enli/+ ! sympa?ies ( ! ,public 9 g5]al 9 an ,art s important to ! requirem5ts ( ! age1 z well z ( call+ ! att5tion ( ! artisans ( our trade to ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! con/ruction ( ,c>riages4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t ,i receiv$ f ! ,society ( ,arts all ! assi/ance 9 its p[] t[>ds compos+ ! sub/ance ( ! ,lectures1 & also 9 ! prep>ation ( ! num]\s diagrams by :i* !y 7 illu/rat$2 !y fur!r aid$ 9 procur+ a v l>ge att5dance ( artisans1 employ]s1 & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ,coa*build+1 at ! "t ( my deliv]+ ! lectures 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb] la/1 9 _! great room at ,john ,/reet1 ,adelphi4 ,x is deem$ desirable t ^! ,lectures %\ld be re-issu$ 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,i f\nd x v difficult to arrive at ! %ape ( ! vehicles us$ by our =efa!rs on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( any connect$ hi/ory1 & also f ! v vague descriptions conta9$ 9 books on ! subject1 b :i* 7 n always writt5 = te*nical purposes4 ,x 0 n !re=e )\t consid]able se>* 9 books & exam9ation ( pa9t+s & old engrav+s1 t ,i c\ld at all asc]ta9 ! %apes ( ! e>li] ,coa*es1 & ( c\rse bo? my "t & opportunities 7 limit$ to a few mon?s4 ,i h little d\bt t !re rema9 ri* m9es ( in=mation unse>*$ by me1 because unkn[n4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 be glad to receive any in=mation t w enl>ge our pres5t k4 ,!re may be yet 9 ,engl&1 or abroad1 "s anci5t ,c>riages :i* des]ve to be describ$ & photograph$ be=e !y p]i%2 = ,c>riages are too bulky to be pres]v$ 9 any quantity 9 national museums4 ,sc>ce books & pr9ts1 too1 may exi/ 9 _m libr>ies1 & a li/ might be made ( !m2 & a record is desirable also ( ^? /ud5ts ( ! ,art ( ,coa*build+ :o made _! m>k 9 ! _w & h pass$ away4 ,any communication w be ?ankfully receiv$ & kept 9 an accessible place1 to assi/ any future writ] :o may h ! "t to prep>e a m complete record ?an ,i ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,coa*build+4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,?rupp4 #bfi ,,ox=d ,,/reet1 ,april1 #ahgg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,e>ly ,vehicles--,sl$ges--,solid ,:eels--,egyptian ,*>iots--,e>ly ,vehicles ,always _h ,two ,horses--,k+ ,solomon's ,w$d+ ,*>iot--,an ,egyptian ,mummy ,:eel--,grecian ,*>iots--,vehicles ( ,anci5t ,rome--,scy?ian & ,p]sian ,c>s--,fun]al ,c> ( ,alex&] ! ,great--,w> ,*>iot ( ,anci5t ,brita9--,roman ,milit>y ,roads--,:eels ,f\nd at ,pompeii--,lat] ,vehicles ( ! ,roman ,empire--,anci5t ,roman ,dray--,c>riages ( ,h9do/an--,a ,c>riage ( ,anci5t ,hung>y--,turki% ,c>riages--,wel% & ,iri% ,c>s--,bri/ol ,coburg #a-be ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,:irlicote ( ! ,middle ,ages--,*>ettes--,c>s ( ! ,middle ,ages--,revival ( ,c>riages--,! ,fir/ ,coa*es--,! ,g]man ,waggon--,anci5t ,saxon ,waggon--,! ,horse ,litt]--,! ,old ,coa*es at ,coburg--,e>ly ,italian ,coa*es--,coa* ( ,que5 ,elizabe?--,coa* ( ,*>les ,i4--,coa* ( ,h5ri ,quatre--,"t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4--,! ,br\ette & ,/eel ,spr+s--,! ,b]l9--,old ,coa*es at ,vi5na--,horse ,litt] at ! ,imp]ial ,mews--,utility ( ,/eel ,spr+s--,mr ,samuel ,pepys' ,di>y--,s$an ,*airs--,coa*build+ 9 #aggj--;,*>iot l',anglaise--,encyclopdia on ,coa*build+--,cabriolets--,light ,*>iots--,! ,d>nley ,*>iot #bf-ee ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,/ate ,,coa*es4 ,a ,coa* ( ,silv]--,"l ,ca/lema9e's ,coa*--,spani% ,ambassador's ,coa*--,anci5t ,spani% ,coa*--,au/rian ,/ate ,coa*--,/ate ,fun]al ,coa* at ,vi5na--,/ate ,coa* ( ,engl&--,city ,/ate ,coa* #ef-fd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,c>riages ,,f #agij ,,to #ahgf4 ,mr ,felton's ,op9ions--,prop] ,/r5g? ( ,c>riages--,me?od ( ,con/ruction--,usual ,wid? ( ,coa*es--,! ,p]*--,great ,height ( ,:eels 9 #agij--,! ,"l ,*ancellor's ,coa*--,! ,l&au--,phaetons ( #agij--,two-,:eel$ ,vehicles--,taxation on ,c>riages--,advance ( ! ,trade--,inv5tion ( ,elliptical ,spr+s--,c>riages ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te--,numb] ( ,vehicles ,pay+ ,taxes--,! ,curricle--,introduction ( ,und]spr+s--,mr ,s4 ,hobson's ,improvem5ts--,! ,briska & ! ,/anhope--,! ,tilbury & ,dog-,c>t--,comm]cial ,travell]s' ,gigs--,travell+ ,c>riages--,! ,pony ,phaeton & ! ,droitska--,! ,cab ,phaeton & ! ,victoria--,dress ,c>riages--,coronation ,procession 9 #ahch--;,improvem5t ( ! ,l&au--,introduction ( ! ,br\gham--,waggonnettes--,exhibitions ( ,c>riages--,numb]s ( ,c>riages 9 #ahgd #fe-if ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,public ,,c>riages4 ,travell+ be=e ,a4,d4 #afjj--;,great ,wid? ( ,waggon ,:eels--,turnpike ,roads--,po/ ,saddle ,horses--,hackneys--,/age ,coa*es--,hackney ,coa*es--,*eap ,rate ( ,hire--,! ,york ,coa*--,! ,man*e/] ,fly+ ,coa*--,! ,po/ ,*aise--,! ,dilig5ce--,po/-,boys--,mr ,t4 ,p5nant on ,travell+--,increase ( ,mail ,coa*es--,m#8,adam's ,roads--,f\r-9-,h& ,clubs--,russian ,travell+--,two-,:eel$ ,/reet ,cabs--,/reet ,cabs ne$ ,improvem5t--,hansom ,cabs--,omnibus ( ,pascal--,omnibus ( #ahbj--,%illibe]'s ,omnibuses--,g5]al ,omnibus ,company--,am]ican ,coa*mak+--,fa/ ,cabs ( ,vi5na #ig-abe ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,writ]s on ,c>riages--,p]iodical ,publications on ,coa*es--,tight ,h>ness+--,height ( ! ,driv]'s ,seat--,cov] to ! ,driv]'s ,seat--,am]ican ,buggy--,am]ican ,trott+ ,waggons--,lab\r-,sav+ ,ma*9es--,ma*9es ,save ,"t--,am]ican ,magaz9es on ,c>riages--,pr9ciples ( ,draught--,disadvantages ( ,two-,:eel$ ,vehicles--,track ( ,:eels--,utility ( ,high ,:eels--,side ,?ru/ & ,vibration ( ,:eels--,pit* ( ,axles & ,di% ( ,:eels--,spr+s--,elliptic ,spr+s--,brake ,ret>d]s--,india ,rubb] ,brake ,blocks--,a ,load ,%\ld ,re/ on ! ,highe/ ,:eel--,dang] to a ,/age ,coa* on ,l[ ,front ,:eels--,c>riage ,draw+s ( ,full ,size--,value ( be+ a ,good ,draughtsman--,mr ,glad/one on ,design--,coa*mak]s' ,company's ,libr>y #abf-adj ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,frontispiece1 z ,plate #cg4 ,plate #a--;,figure #a4 ,egyptian ,c>4 8 #b4 ,grecian ,c>4 8 #c4 ,roman ,c>4 ,plate #b--;,briti% ,w> ,*>iot4 ,plate #c--;,anci5t ,roman ,*>iot1 f a ,bas-,relief at ,orleans4 ,plate #d--,! ,ord9>y ,g]man ,waggon4 ,plate #e--,two-:eel$ ,c>riage1 ,h9do/an4 ,plate #f--;,f\r-:eel$ ,c>riage1 ,h9do/an4 ,plate #g--;,hung>ian ,coa*1 f ,g9zrot's ,"w4 ,plate #h--,! ,araba ( ,turkey4 ,plate #i--;,anci5t ,horse ,litt]4 ,plate #aj--,w$d+ ,coa* ( ,duke ( ,saxony1 #aehd4 ,plate #aa--;,anci5t ,italian ,coa* ( #aedi4 ,plate #ab--,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,coa*4 ,plate #ac--;,coa* ( "t ( ,*>les ,i4 ,plate #ad--;,coa* ( ,p>is 9 #afdf4 ,plate #ae--;,coa* 9 :i* ,h5ry ,,iv4 0 %ot4 ,plate #af--;,coa* 9 :i* ,l\is ,,xiv4 ent]$ ,p>is 9 #afed4 ,plate #ag--;,coa* ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 #agjj4 ,plate #ah--,! ,corbill>d1 an e>ly ,fr5* ,coa*4 ,plate #ai--;,br\ette ( ,p>is1 #afgj4 ,plate #bj--,! ,b]l91 f "o n[ at ,vi5na4 ,plate #ba--,litt] to be c>ri$ by horses1 n[ at ,vi5na4 ,plate #bb--;,coa* ( ,*>les ,,ii4's "t4 ,plate #bc--,! fir/ ,l&au4 ,plate #bd--;,*>iot l',anglaise1 aft] ,m4 ,r\bo4 ,plate #be--;,a ,fr5* ,*aise de ,po/e ( #agfj4 ,plate #bf--;,f a ,pr9t publi%$ at ,rome1 #afib4 ,plate #bg--,l&au ( #agij4 ,plate #bh--,sociable aft] ,hat*ett4 ,plate #bi--;,a high ,p]* ,phaeton ( #agij4 ,plate #cj--;,a ,"o-horse ,phaeton ( #agij4 ,plate #ca--;,a ,*air-back ,gig ( #agij4 ,plate #cb--;,a ,can$ ,:iskey ( #agij4 ,plate #cc--;,a ,briska on ,c ,spr+s4 ,plate #cd--;,engli% ,/age ,coa*1 #aghg1 aft] ,r[l&son4 ,plate #ce--;,dilig5ce f ,p>is to ,lyons4 ,plate #cf--,mod]n ,fr5* ,dilig5ce4 ,plate #cg--,probably ! fir/ ,sociable4 ,! prop]ty ( ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many4 ,a ,*ild's ,c>riage ( ! date ( #agjj4--;,frontispiece4 ,plate #ch--;,an ,engli% ,po/ ,*aise ( #agij4 ,illu/ration ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,coa*build+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,e>ly ,vehicles--,sl$ges--,solid ,:eels--,egyptian ,*>iots--,e>ly ,vehicles ,always _h ,two ,horses--,k+ ,solomon's ,w$d+ ,*>iot--,an ,egyptian ,mummy ,:eel--,grecian ,*>iots--,vehicles ( ,anci5t ,rome--,scy?ian & ,p]sian ,c>s--,fun]al ,c> ( ,alex&] ! ,great--,w> ,*>iot ( ,anci5t ,brita9--,roman ,milit>y ,roads--,:eels ,f\nd at ,pompeii--,lat] ,vehicles ( ! ,roman ,empire--,anci5t ,roman ,dray--,c>riages ( ,h9do/an--,a ,c>riage ( ,anci5t ,hung>y--,turki% ,c>riages--,wel% & ,iri% ,c>s--,bri/ol ,coburg4 ,! progress ( ! art ( ,coa*build+1 l ! progress ( mo/ inv5tions & discov]ies1 has be5 sl[4 ,9 c]ta9 ages x has seem$ to make a sudd5 />t1 !n aga9 to rema9 almo/ /ation>y = a long "t4 ,x is only dur+ ! la/ two c5turies t coa*mak+ has be5 9 a satisfactory condition z an art1 & x has arriv$ at comp>ative p]fection only dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! same1 h[ev]1 may be said ( o!r inv5tions3--,p5dulum clocks 7 inv5t$ ab\t #abfj2 pap] 0 made f old rags ab\t #abej2 gunp[d] dates f ! ye> #accj2 pr9t+1 t valuable aid to ! arts1 #adcj2 wat*es are said to h be5 fir/ made 9 ,engl& ab\t ! ye> #aejj2 & ! fir/ coa* 0 se5 9 ,engl& 9 ! ye> #aeee1 ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! hi/ory ( coa*es & c>riages is n z ext5sive z ! human race1 nor c x be trac$ among all ^? nations t h arriv$ at an advanc$ /age ( civilisation4 ,anci5t ,am]ica1 especially ! civilis$ ,mexico1 tells u no?+2 f ,*9a & ,japan we ga9 next to no?+2 & only a /rip ( ,nor? ,africa contributes to ! hi/ory ( :eels4 ,europe1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,h9do/an1 & ,t>t>y furni% ne>ly all ! in=mation we c glean4 ,! hi/ory ( ! art ( ,coa*mak+ mu/ be divid$ into sev]al m>k$ epo*s4 ,! fir/ t]m9ates ) ! *ange ( gov]nm5t at ,rome f ! rule by ,consuls to ! rule by ,emp]ors1 ab\t #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,up to ?is "t !re _h be5 little v>iation 9 ! vehicles *iefly us$4 ,! second epo* t]m9ates ) ! ov]turn+ ( ! ,roman empire1 ab\t #aejj ye>s ago2 dur+ t epo*1 :i* 0 "o m>k$ by ! display ( great weal?1 & ! indulg5ce ( mo/ luxuri\s liv+1 sev]al new & l>g] vehicles 7 introduc$1 & _m 7 decorat$ 9 a co/ly mann]4 ,! ?ird epo* comm5ces ) ! introduction ( vehicles slung ^u lea!r /raps1 & may be consid]$ to end ab\t ! ye> #agjj1 :5 ! use ( /eel spr+s began to be und]/ood4 ,! f\r? epo* w end 9 #agij1 :5 coa*es began to assume _! pres5t =m1 size1 & /yle4 ,& ! la/ epo* mu/ comm5ce ) ! introduction ( c>riages hung :olly on elliptic spr+s1 ab\t #ahje1 by ,mr ,obadiah ,elliott4 ,?is la/ & surpris+ *ange has be5 productive ( v important results to all int]e/$ 9 ! use ( c>riages or 9 ,coa*build+4 ,by ! introduction ( elliptic spr+s ! con/ruction ( :eel$ vehicles has be5 r5d]$ less co/ly1 _! weight has be5 mat]ially r$uc$1 & _m complicat$ p>ts h be5 ab&on$4 ,simultane\sly ! numb] ( vehicles has be5 multipli$1 & _! com=t & accommodation h be5 increas$4 ,we may fairly suppose ! fir/ means ( locomotion entitl$ to ! "n ( a c>riage to h be5 a sl$ge4 ,x w\ld be s natural to place a burd51 too heavy = ! %\ld]s1 on "s slight framework1 & drag x ov] ! gr\nd4 ,a v little exp]i5ce w\ld enable a man to judge ( ! be/ =m = a sl$ge2 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! fir/ sl$ge ( :i* we f9d any record1 on a sculpture ( ! ,temple ( ,luxor1 at ,!bes1 9 ,egypt1 is precisely simil> to t us$ by brew]s' draym5 9 ,london4 ,x has two long runn]s slightly turn$ upw>ds 9 front1 & half-a-doz5 cross pieces to unite ! runn]s & be> ! burd54 ,sl$ges ( _m %apes & fa%ions are 9 use dur+ ! w9t] 9 mo/ c\ntries :]e sn[ lies = any l5g? ( "t ^u ! gr\nd1 z sl$ges glide m easily ov] its surface ?an d :eels4 ,! ,esquimaux & ! ,lapl&]s habitually use sl$ges1 all m rais$ f ! gr\nd ?an ! sl$ge t c>ries ! casks ( ! brew]s4 ,! ,swiss & o!r inhabitants ( m\nta9 di/ricts use sl$ges to br+ d[n hewn timb] & faggots to ! valleys2 & a hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 c>ts 7 n s num]\s1 x 0 common 9 ,engl& to load ! new-made hay or %eaves ( :eat on light high sl$ges = transport to ! f>m y>d4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,nor!rn ,europe1 sl$ges ( elegant %ape are e ye> 9 use2 & 9 ,holl& & ,belgium1 dur+ "s w9t]s1 n only d ! g5try ride 9 sl$ges two or ?ree mon?s1 b ! meat1 bread1 & vegetables are run ?r\gh ! /reets daily on h& sl$ges4 ,egypt is ! *ief ( ! c\ntries ( :i* we h any record ( ! arts & manufactures introduc$ by ! progress ( civilisation4 ,egypt _h1 at an e>ly p]iod1 build+s compos$ ( v l>ge /ones2 9 mov+ ^! ! sl$ge & ! roll] 7 us$2 & x is natural t ^! %\ld be comb9$ to =m a l[ truck or plat=m mov+ on roll]s4 ,lat] on1 :eels & axles 7 sub/itut$ = roll]s2 at fir/ :eels 7 slices ( ! trunk ( a tree1 all solid pieces ( wood1 & firmly w$g$ to ! axles4 ,?us ! :eels & axle revolv$ toge!r bel[ ! c>t or truck1 & 7 reta9$ 9 _! position by /rong wood5 p9s l ! ?ole-p9s or r[locks ( a boat4 ,! :eels & axle revolve toge!r 9 tramway c>s & 9 railway c>riages4 ,c>ts are made 9 ?is way n[ 9 ,portugal1 ,spa91 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,all ! e>li] c>ts seem to h be5 fitt$ only ) a pole1 & at lea/ two animals seem always to h be5 yok$ toge!r to ! vehicle4 ,! objection to ! :eels & axle 9 "o piece is1 t x is difficult to turn a vehicle ?us fitt$ 9 a small space4 ,any "o us+ a g>d5-roll] r\nd a corn] may easily conv9ce himself ( ?is1 = :il/ ! out] edge ( ! roll] is go+ ov] ! necess>y sweep1 ! inn] edge is slid+ on & cru%+ ! gravel walk2 x %\ld be mov+ indep5d5tly4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ 9 ,egypt t x 0 bett] to h a fix$ axle-tree1 & all[ ! :eels to revolve indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,a :eel$ c>riage appe>s to h be5 9 v g5]al use 9 ,egypt at an e>ly p]iod1 call$ a c> or *>iot3 9 ! ,bible x is usually translat$ 8*>iot40 ,!re are pa9t+s & sculptures ^u ! walls ( ! temples & tombs ( ,egypt :i* h la/$ f\r ?\s& ye>s1 & f ^? we le>n precisely ! appe>ance ( ^! *>iots4 ,!y are ( great int]e/ to u1 z !y =m$ ! *ief means ( convey+ man = two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & 7 m or less ! type ( all o!r vehicles ( ! anci5t _w4 ,we f9d c]ta9 words us$ 9 describ+ !m1 bo? by ,hom]1 :o liv$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & by ,moses1 :o liv$ at lea/ five hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 & t ! words are te*nical t]ms1 su* z axles1 :eels1 naves1 felloes1 tyres1 spokes1 c4 ,n[ te*nical t]ms imply t ! art t _h su* t]ms mu/ h exi/$ prior to ! writ] :o speaks ( ! art1 s t1 if we hesitat$ z to ! date ( ! *>iots sculptur$ & pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! ,egyptian temples1 we are reassur$ by ! t]ms us$ by ! au?ors we "n4 ,moses1 9 ! description ( ! :eels ^u :i* mov$ ! great cauldron us$ by ! prie/1 & ,hom]1 9 describ+ ! c> ( ! goddess ,juno1 us$ ! same t]ms4 ,we read 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,iliad1 8,! awful ,juno l$ out ! gold5-bitt$ horses1 :il/ ,hebe fitt$ ! :irl+ :eels on ! iron axles ( ! swift *>iot4 ,! :eels _h ea* eight braz5 spokes1 ! felloes 7 ( gold secur$ ) braz5 tyres all r\nd1 admirable to ! sight4 ,! seat 0 ( gold1 hung by silv] cords2 ! beam 7or pole7 0 ( silv]1 at ! end ( :i* 0 hung ! gold5 yoke & ! gold5 re9s40 ,^! c>s ,plate #a1 ,figure #a 7 occasionally squ>e1 b m g5]ally semicircul> or horse-%oe %ap$2 ! r\nd$ front t[>ds ! horses 0 high1 ! sides l[]1 ! back 0 op51 & ! bottom 0 ne> ! gr\nd1 s t x 0 easy to /ep 9 & out4 ,! :eels1 especially 9 ,egypt1 7 v l[1 f #b ft4 #f 94 to #c ft4 #c 94 9 height4 ,! framework ( ! body 0 (t5 op51 b sometimes clos$ up ) lea!r sk9s or basket-"w1 & occasionally ) c>v$ wood or emboss$ metal4 ,! pole by :i* x 0 support$ curv$ up f ! bottom ( ! b> to ! backs ( ! necks ( ! horses or ox51 :]e x 0 jo9$ to a wood5 yoke1 ?is 0 aga9 /rapp$ r\nd ! bodies & necks ( ! horses1 or ti$ to ! horns ( ! ox54 ,! addition ( bridles & re9s w\ld complete ! simple h>ness4 ,"s horses 7 atta*$ to ! pole by an iron b> ) knobs at ea* end1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh a r+ at ! end ( ! pole1 & ?r\gh a simil> r+ ^u ea* ( ! pads or saddles ( ! horses4 ,?is w\ld be v simil> to ! curricle b>s us$ 9 mod]n times1 & w\ld all[ ( m ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,fig3 #a4 ,,egyptian ,,c>1 ,,fig3 #b4 ,,grecian ,,c>1 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,roman ,,c> fre$om 9 motion ?an a fix$ yoke w\ld give4 ,! bodies ( ^! *>iots1 9 ,egypt at lea/1 7 small1 usually conta9+ b two p]sons /&+ upright4 ,x may be rem>k$ t1 z !y 7 s small1 !y c\ld n h be5 ( mu* use1 & f ! small size ( ! :eels1 too1 !y w\ld be jolt$ by e little ob/acle on ! road2 & z !y 7 s ne> ! gr\nd1 ^? us+ !m w\ld be expos$ to mud & dirt3 yet1 9 spite ( ^! objections1 !y 7 us$ 9 va/ numb]s4 ,!y 7 v light1 & c\ld be driv5 at a great spe$--ne>ly z fa/ z ! horses c\ld gallop4 ,!y 7 n>r[1 &1 !re=e1 suitable to cities 9 :i* ! /reets are /ill v n>r[1 & to m\nta9 roads :i* 7 (t5 only #d ft4 wide4 ,!y suit$ ! p]iod & ! p1 or _! usefulness w\ld n h la/$ #bjjj ye>s4 ,accord+ to ,hom]1 a /rong man c\ld lift a *>iot on 8 %\ld]s & c>ry x away4 ,possibly ?is w\ld be )\t ! :eels1 b ev5 !n x c\ld n h be5 heavi] ?an "o ( our :eel-b>r[s4 ,f ,egypt ! use ( *>iots spread into o!r c\ntries1 & !y 7 us$ 9 w> 9 l>ge numb]s ^u ! ext5sive pla9s ( ,asia4 ,we read ( ! #ijj *>iots ( ,jab91 k+ ( ,canaan2 t ,david took #gjj *>iots f ! k+s ( ,syria1 & #ajjj f ! k+ ( ,zobah4 ,solomon _h #adjj *>iots1 & 8 m]*ants suppli$ nor!rn ,syria & ! surr\nd+ c\ntries ) *>iots fet*$ up out ( ,egypt at #fjj %ekels 7ab\t #ej7 a-piece4 ,!y 7 n ! fir/ nor ! la/ m]*ants :o h pref]r$ _! pockets to _! patriotism1 & suppli$ nations :o might become _! c\ntry's enemies ) ! weapons ( w>f>e4 ,solomon1 we f9d1 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 built a /ate or w$d+ *>iot ( c$> ) pill>s ( gold1 probably support+ a canopy4 ,we may also notice ! poetic description by ! prophet ,nahum ( ! future /ate ( ,n9eveh1 no long] to e*o 8to ! noise ( ! *>iots rag+ up & d[n ! pav$ /reets1 jo/l+ aga9/ "o ano!r 9 ! broad ways1 ) ! crack ( ! :ip1 ! rattle ( ! :eels1 ! pranc+ horses & ! jump+ *>iots20 & ! rem>k 9 ano!r place ( 8! /amp+ ( /rong horses1 ! ru%+ ( ! *>iots1 & ! rumbl+ ( ! :eels10 all po9t+ to ! great impression :i* 0 made ^u ! prophet ( ! wild]ness by ! c>riages & noise ( ! cr[d$ city4 ,9 a museum ( ,new ,york is a :eel ( an ,egyptian *>iot1 f\nd 9 a mummy pit at ,da%\r1 by ,dr ,h5ry ,abbott4 ,x is #c ft4 #c 94 high1 ! nave is #ad 94 long1 & #e 94 9 diamet]1 & work$ ^u an axle ( wood :i* tap]$1 & 0 f #c 94 to #b 94 9 diamet]4 ,! unusual size & l5g? ( ?is axle-arm w\ld be v app>5t 9 s small a vehicle z ! ,egyptian *>iot2 ! spokes1 six 9 numb]1 are #b 94 by #a 94 at ! nave1 & tap] t[>ds ! felloe to #a 94 r\nd2 x has a d\ble rim all r\nd4 ,! six inn] felloes d n meet z 9 mod]n :eels1 b are splic$ "o ov] ! o!r1 ) an ov]lap ( #c 942 ! felloes are #a 94 squ>e4 ,! out] rim is =m$ also ( six felloes1 b !y are t5on$ toge!r1 & are pi]c$ all r\nd ! l[] edge ) small holes1 ?r\gh :i*1 we may well conjecture1 lea!r ?ongs pass$1 b9d+ ! out] to ! inn] rim4 ,! total dep? ( ! d\ble rim is #c 94 by #a 94 to #a 94 9 wid?4 ,f ! anci5t sculptures pres]v$ f ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 "s ( :i* are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 we obs]ve ! use ( *>iots 0 cont9u$ 9 ! great pla9s1 = ! purposes ( hunt+ z well z = w>4 ,! *>iots ( ,assyria 7 l>g] ?an ^? ( ,egypt1 & w\ld c>ry ?ree or m p]sons2 !y seem1 too1 mu* heavi] 9 ! build4 ,! ,greeks us$ *>iots1 & at ! siege ( ,troy1 :i* ,hom] has immortalis$ 9 8 poem1 all ! *ief w>riors on bo? sides are describ$ z go+ into battle & fight+ f _! *>iots4 ,z ye>s pass$ on1 h[ev]1 ! ,greeks no long] us$ *>iots = w>1 b only = processions 9 public on /ate occasions1 or 9 _! great races1 or = ! amusem5t ( _! leisure h\rs4 ,erec!us1 k+ ( ,a!ns1 is report$ to h be5 ! fir/ to drive f\r horses 9 a c>2 aft]w>ds x became common to use1 9 ! races1 f\r horses atta*$ to ea* c>4 ,! ,grecian *>iots 7 all curv$ 9 front1 & 7 r l>g] & on high] :eels ?an ^? us$ 9 ,egypt4 ,plate #a1 ,figure #b4 ,! ,roman nation1 z x increas$ 9 p[]1 adopt$ ! c>1 :i* _h also be5 = _m ye>s 9 use by ! ,etrurians1 a neighb\r+ c\ntry to _! own 9 ! ,italian p59sula4 ,! ,etrurians 7 traditionally ! fir/ to place a hood or awn+ ov] ! op5 two-:eel$ c>2 !y decorat$ bo? ! c> & ! awn+ ) t beautiful trac]y & ornam5tal bord]+ :i* is famili> to u f ! copies ( _! pott]y4 ,! ,roman c> 0 *iefly us$ 9 ! cities1 & = purposes ( %[ & /ate r ?an = daily use4 ,a beautiful m>ble model ( "o ( ^! /ill exi/s at ! ,vatican 9 ,rome2 a copy ( x & ! horses draw+ x is 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,plate #a1 ,figure #c4 ,besides ! *>iots ! ,romans _h o!r two-:eel$ c>s1 & f\r-:eel$ waggons ( diff]5t %apes1 & giv+ diff]5t accommodation2 b fir/ !y 7 kept = convey+ agricultural produce1 & = mov+ goods & baggage1 & ! bett] sorts 7 res]v$ = ! conveyance ( ! images ( _! gods & ve/al virg9s 9 religi\s processions4 ,!n came ! triumphal processions ( successful milit>y comm&]s1 & a v>iety ( vehicles convey$ ! conqu]or1 ! captives1 & ! arms & valuables tak5 f ! enemy4 ,plut>* tells u t ,emilius1 ! ,roman ,consul1 _h #gej waggons 9 8 triumph 9 ! ye> #agj ,b4,c41 be>+ ! spoils ( ,p]seus1 la/ k+ ( ,mac$onia4 ,on ! column ( ,trajan at ,rome is modell$ "o ( ^! waggons4 ,x is a l>ge squ>e basket on f\r :eels1 ! back a little high]1 & ! h9d :eels also are a v little high] ?an ! front4 ,roman hi/ory1 ( ! "t ( ,camillus1 #cej ,b4,c41 m5tions a c>riage t]m$ a ,pil5tum1 z a spl5did f\r-:eel$ c>riage ) a cov]+ to x1 & ) seats susp5d$ by /raps4 ,! use ( ^! ,pil5ta 0 all[$ z a special fav\r to a few great ,roman ladies4 ,! ,empress ,agripp9a also _h a ,c>p5tum1 an elegantly c>v$ c>riage on two :eels1 ! ar*$ cov]+ ( :i* 0 support$ by f\r female /atues2 x 0 drawn by two mules4 ,! ,romans also us$ ,ba/]n1 :i* 7 litt]s or c\*es ) l[ cov]+s1 c>ri$ on poles by horses or mules2 & ,lectic1 or litt]s c>ri$ by m5 only4 ,! ,roman *>iot 0 call$ a ,currus4 ,h]odotus 7#dej ,b4,c471 & o!r writ]s tell u ( ! vehicles ( ! anci5t ,scy?ians4 ,^! 7 a race ( p :o inhabit$ ! c\ntry ne> ! ,caspian ,sea1 & w&]$ ab\t ) l>ge h]ds ( cattle & horses4 ,!y us$ a r\gh two-:eel$ c>t :i* consi/$ ( a plat=m1 on :i* !y plac$ a cov]+ %ap$ l a bee-hive1 & compos$ ( basket-"w ( hazel-wood cov]$ ) sk9s ( bea/s or ?at*$ ) re$s4 ,:5 !y 7 /ation>y 9 any "p ^! bee-hive huts 7 tak5 (f ! c>ts & plac$ ^u ! gr\nd to s]ve z _! dwell+s1 l gipsy t5ts4 ,! w>-*>iots us$ by ! ,p]sians 7 l>g] & m unwieldy ?an ^? previ\sly built4 ,! idea seems to h be5 to =m a sort ( turret ^u ! c>1 f :i* sev]al w>riors might %oot or ?r[ _! spe>s4 ,^! *>iots 7 provid$ ) curv$ blades or scy!s project+ f ! axle-trees4 ,! ,p]sians _h also c>s t 7 us$ = /ate processions1 9 :i* ! k+ or noble 0 rais$ above ! cr[d among :i* he pass$ on a sort ( ?rone ( _m /eps4 ,! ,dacians1 :o inhabit$ ,walla*ia on ! ,danube & "p ( ,hung>y1 7 conqu]$ by ! ,romans ab\t ! ye> #cjj4 ,_! c>s are sculptur$ ^u ,roman monum5ts1 & resemble ! ,p]sian c>s4 ,!y are on two :eels & drawn by two horses2 ! %ape is t ( a l>ge squ>e box or *e/1 ) a small] box ^u x1 :i* =m$ a seat = ! pass5g]s4 ,! spokes ( ! :eels are six 9 numb]1 & are wide/ at ! ends support+ ! rims ( ! :eels4 ,a ,dacian c> ( ?is sort is repres5t$ ^u a fragm5t ( t]ra cotta 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 invad$ ,asia & advanc$ to ,india2 he 0 met ^u ! banks ( ! riv] ,indus by ,k+ ,porus1 9 ^: army 7 a numb] ( elephants ( l>ge size1 & also sev]al ?\s& *>iots2 ea* *>iot c>ri$ six p]sons2 b ! hi/orian notes t 9 a s(t soil or 9 ra9y wea!r x 0 difficult = ^! vehicles to move quickly4 ,on ,alex&]'s return f ,india t[>ds ,p]sia1 he travell$ 9 a *>iot drawn by eight horses1 on :i* a squ>e /age or plat=m 0 erect$ & cov]$ 9 by a t5t4 ,8 c> 0 foll[$ by an innum]able numb] ( o!rs1 cov]$ ) ri* c>pets & purple cov]lets2 "s %ap$ l %ells or cradles 7 %ad$ ) ! bran*es ( trees4 ,i h se5 a draw+ ( a ,p]sian c> 9 :i* ! body is rais$ above ! :eels & seems to sw+ f pivots l a l>ge cradle1 or su* a cot z is us$ on bo>d %ip4 ,aft] ,alex&]'s dea? a fun]al c> 0 prep>$ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,briti% ,,w> ,,*>iot ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,anci5t ,,roman ,,*>iot ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,g]man ,,waggon4 to convey 8 body f ,babylon to ,alex&ria1 9 ,egypt1 a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles1 :i* c> p]haps has nev] be5 excell$ 9 ! annals ( coa*build+4 ,x 0 prep>$ dur+ two ye>s1 & 0 design$ by ! celebrat$ ar*itect & eng9e]1 ,hi]onymus4 ,x 0 #ah feet long & #ab feet wide1 on f\r massive :eels & drawn by sixty-f\r mules1 eight abrea/4 ,! c> 0 compos$ ( a plat=m ) a l(ty ro( support$ by eighte5 columns1 & 0 pr(usely adorn$ ) drap]y & gold & jewels2 r\nd ! edge ( ! ro( 0 a r[ ( gold5 bells2 9 ! c5tre 0 a ?rone1 & be=e x ! c(f92 ar\nd 7 plac$ ! weapons ( w> & ! arm\r t ,alex&] _h us$4 ,?is c> 0 ?\ght s mu* ( t sev]al hi/orians h describ$ x1 & !re are v>i\s plans ( its appe>ance1 "o ( :i* may be se5 9 ,g9zrot's "w on anci5t c>riages 9 ! ,briti% ,museum libr>y4 ,! second epo* ( ! hi/ory ( c>riages ,i take to comm5ce at ! invasion ( ,belgium & ,brita9 by ! ,romans4 ,! anci5t ,brita9s _h us$ a c> = w>like purposes :i* 0 evid5tly new to ! ,romans4 ,plate ,no4 #b4 ,x 0 on high] :eels ?an _! c>s1 x 0 op5 9 front1 & 0 asc5d$ 9 ! front1 in/ead (1 z 9 _! c>s1 at ! back2 ! pole1 in/ead ( slop+ up to ! horses' necks1 w5t /raight out betwe5 ! horses' bodies1 & 0 broad1 s t ! driv] ( ! c> c\ld /& on x1 & if necess>y1 drive f ! end ( ! pole1 or leap out & /& be=e 8 horses4 ,x 0 l>g] ?an a ,roman c>1 & above all x possess$ a seat1 & 0 call$ ess$um f ?is peculi>ity4 ,at times ?is c> 0 furni%$ ) scy!s1 :i* project$ f ! axle-tree ends4 ,no d\bt ! same or a simil> c> 0 us$ by ! ,gauls & ,belgians2 b ! ,briti% ess$um 0 ! be/2 & ,cic]o1 writ+ to a fri5d 9 ,brita91 rem>ks 8t !re appe>$ to be v little wor? br++ away f ,brita9 except ! *>iots1 ( :i* he wi%$ 8 fri5d to br+ him "o z a patt]n40 ,:5 ,cassibelaunus 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,romans1 !y also captur$ six hundr$ c>s & f\r ?\s& ess$>ii1 or c>-driv]s & w>riors4 ,i ?9k we may look ^u ?is vehicle z ! orig9 ( ! curricle ( lat] ye>s4 ,x is c]ta9 t x attract$ great notice among ! ,romans1 & "u its own "n1 ess$um1 & ) ano!r ( a small] size & ) /ill high] :eels call$ cisium1 became ! *ief & mo/ rapid vehicles ^u ! public roads1 :e!r 9 ,italy itself1 or along ! milit>y roads already made into ,france1 ,spa91 or ,g]many4 ,despat*es & lett]s 7 convey$ ) spe$ & punctuality to ! m di/ant p>ts ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! hi/orian ,suetonius m5tions t ! ,emp]or ,augu/us e/abli%$ on ! milit>y roads active "y m5 at fir/1 & aft]w>ds c>riages1 to convey 8 despat*es to ! gov]nors ( ! prov9ces4 ,besides ^! rapid conveyances along ! public roads1 !re 0 ! rh$a1 a sl[ sort ( waggon drawn by six or eight mules4 ,build+s 7 erect$ along ! ma9 road :]e ^! diff]5t c>riages c\ld be hir$4 ,cic]o decl>es t a message 0 s5t fifty-six miles 9 a cisium 9 t5 h\rs4 ,on a monum5tal column at ,+el1 ne> ,treves1 is ! repres5tation ( two p]sons rid+ 9 a cisium ) "o horse4 ,! vehicle is v mu* l a gig4 ,"u ! ,emp]ors ( ,rome1 ! numb] ( k9ds & %apes ( vehicles increas$2 b f ! vague mann] 9 :i* ! writ]s ( ! p]iod speak ( !m1 x is difficult to ent] into m9ute descriptions4 ,! height ( ! :eels increas$4 ,at ! capital ( ,rome1 ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius is repres5t$ 9 a c> ( triumph1 ! :eels ( :i* are z high z ! backs ( ! horses4 ,sir ,william ,gell1 9 8 "w on ! anci5t city ( ,pompeii1 :i* 0 de/roy$ 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #gi1 m5tions t ?ree :eels _h be5 dug out ( ! ru9s 9 8 day--v mu* l our mod]n :eels--a little di%$1 & #d ft4 #c 94 high1 ) t5 spokes1 r ?ick] at ea* end ?an 9 ! middle4 ,sir ,w4 ,gell also gives a well-kn[n picture ( a c>t us$ = conveyance ( w9e 9 a huge sk9 or lea!rn bag2 x is a f\r-:eel$ c>t1 ) an ar* 9 ! c5tre = ! front :eel to turn "u4 ,! pole 9 ?is pa9t+ appe>s to end 9 a =k1 & to be atta*$ to ! axle-b$4 ,z ! weal? ( ! ,romans increas$ s did _! desire to use com=table & highly-decorat$ c>riages4 ,= _m ye>s :at are call$ 8sumptu>y laws0 exi/$1 :i* regulat$ ea* citiz5's dress1 furniture1 & ornam5ts1 accord+ to 8 rank & consequ5ce1 & ^! laws re/ra9$ ! decorations ^u private c>riages4 ,! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us1 h[ev]1 issu$ a decree1 8t anyone might decorate 8 c> z he pleas$20 & ! numb] ( vehicles 9 use rapidly increas$4 ,we f9d ^u monum5ts _m diff]5t %ap$ c>s ( ! "t ( ! ,emp]ors1 *iefly processional c>s1 l(ty & highly ornam5t$1 evid5tly adorn$ ) emboss$ & *as$ "w 9 metal1 ri* c>v+s1 drap]y & cu%ions4 ,on ! columns ( ,!odosius1 at ,con/ant9ople1 are "s specially h&some c>s on two & on f\r :eels1 ) door-l op5+s 9 ! sides ( a squ>e %ape4 ,on ! ar* ( ,con/ant9e1 at ,rome1 are sev]al c>s4 ,suffici5t evid5ce1 h[ev]1 exi/s1 t = ne>ly #ejj ye>s1 dur+ ! reign ( ! diff]5t ,emp]ors ( ,rome1 ! art ( ,coa*build+ mu/ h be5 a good & important bus9ess4 ,besides ! ord9>y artizans1 ! woodm51 ! :eelwrights1 & ! smi?s1 !re mu/ h be5 pl5ty ( employm5t = ! c>v]s1 pa9t]s1 *as]s1 emboss]s1 embroid]]s1 & trimm]s4 ,hom]1 z ,i h m5tion$1 tells u t ! seat ( ,juno's c> 0 slung ^u cords1 to less5 ! vibration & jolt+ att5dant ^u a c> )\t spr+s or braces2 & x is c]ta9 t ! ,roman ,emp]ors 7 n bett] (f = com=t & ease ?an ,juno 01 unless we except "o sort ( c>riage :i* is describ$ z borne on long poles1 fix$ to ! axles4 ,n[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( spr+ c be obta9$ f ! c5tre ( a long light pole4 ,! ,neapolitan ,calesso1 ! ,norwegian ,c>riole1 & ! ,y>m\? ,c>t1 7 all made ) a view to obta9+ ease by susp5sion on poles betwe5 be>+s plac$ f> ap>t4 ,9 ^! ! seat is plac$ midway betwe5 ! two :eels & ! horse1 on v long %afts1 :i* are ?us made into wood5 spr+s4 ,9 ! old ,roman c>riages ! weight 0 c>ri$ betwe5 ! front & h9d axles1 on long poles or wood5 spr+s4 ,! "u-c>riage ( ! lat] f\r-:eel$ vehicles us$ by ! ,romans 01 9 all probability1 ! same z is 9 use 9 ! pres5t day1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 ,am]ica1 = ! "u-c>riages ( agricultural waggons4 ,!re is a "w on ! subject ( anci5t c>riages :i* 0 publi%$ at ,muni* 9 #ahag2 x 0 prep>$ by ,john ,*ri/ian von ,g9zrot1 :o 0 an inspector 9 ! (fice ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,horse ( ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia4 ,a few copies ( ?is "w exi/ /ill1 b only 9 ! ,g]man language1 & n easily accessible to ! public4 ,?is au?or gives ! ,greek & ,lat9 names = ! pole1 p]*1 :eel-plate1 & o!r te*nical t]ms ( c>riages s fully z to leave no d\bt t coa*-build+ 0 well und]/ood by ! ,romans4 ,he also gives a plan ( a f\r-:eel$ dray ,plate #d1 us$ by ! ,romans = convey+ casks ( w9e1 :i* is id5tical ) ! drays us$ n[ 9 ,vi5na & ,muni*4 ,if 8 au?orities be s\nd1 we may be satisfi$ t ! art ( coa*build+1 z f> z ! "u-c>riage works1 & ! mak+ ( agricultural waggons1 0 z =w>d 9 ! days ( ! ,cs>s ( ,rome z x is to ?is day 9 c5tral ,g]many4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 quit anci5t c>riages = ^? n[ us$ 9 ,asia4 ,9 ,h9do/an are a great numb] ( vehicles ( native build4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly rem>k$ t !re is little *ange 9 ! ,ea/]n fa%ions1 t tools & workm5 are precisely z !y 7 a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ! "w !y produce is precisely ! same4 ,9 exam9+ :at is done n[ by ,indian coa*build]s1 we are probably notic+ c>riages ( a simil>1 if n id5tical1 sort ) ^? 9 use ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! commone/ c>t 9 ,h9do/an is call$ 8hack]y0 by ,europeans2 x is on two :eels ) a high axletree-b$1 & a long plat=m1 frequ5tly made ( two bamboos1 :i* jo9 9 front & =m ! pole1 to :i* two ox5 are yok$2 ! :ole l5g? is unit$ by small] pieces ( bamboo ti$ toge!r1 n nail$4 ,9 ,france1 two hundr$ ye>s ago1 !re 0 a simil> c>t1 b ! ma9 beams t]m9at$ 9 front 9 %afts2 9 nei!r ! c>t ( ,india nor ( ,france 7 !re any sides or ends2 ! ,fr5* c>t is call$ 8,haquet20 x is probable t ! ,fr5*1 :o 7 9 ,india z well z ourselves1 may h giv5 ! t]m 8hack]y0 to ! native c>t1 :i* 0 s l _! own4 ,! native "n1 h[ev]1 is 8,gh>ry40 ,o!r c>ts h sides made by /akes driv5 into ! side beams2 ! :eels are sometimes ( solid wood1 or ev5 ( /one4 ,:eels are also made by a plank ) r\nd$ ends1 & two felloes fitt$ on to complete ! circle4 ,aga91 :eels are made l ours1 & also ) six or eight spokes1 :i* are plac$ 9 pairs1 ea* pair close to & p>allel ) "o ano!r4 ,if a c>riage = ! ri* is requir$ ! und]works are l ^? ( a c>t1 b ! pole is c>efully padd$ & ornam5t$ ) h&some clo?s or velvet2 ! ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,two ,,:eel$ ,,c>riage1 ,,h9do/an4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,f\r ,,:eel$ ,,c>riage1 ,,h9do/an4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,hung>ian ,,coa* ,,f ,,g9zrot',s ,,"w4 sides ( ! body are rail$ or c>v$1 & ! top is ( a v ornam5tal "*1 simil> to ! h[dah ( /ate t is plac$ on an elephant4 ,x has a dom$ ro(1 support$ ^u f\r pill>s1 ) curta9s to ! back & sides ,plate #e4 ,! pass5g]s ride cross-legg$ "u ! dome1 on pill[s4 ,! driv] sits on ! pole1 :i* is broad at ! butt-end1 & he is scre5$ f ! heat by a clo? :i* is fa/5$ to ! dome ro( & support$ ^u two /akes :i* po9t outw>ds f ! body4 ,a v>iety ( diff]5t %ap$ native vehicles may be se5 9 elaborate models 9 ! ,india ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 b !y d n %[ mu* orig9ality ( design nor beauty ( execution1 & are said to be really creak+ & lumb]+ affairs4 ,:5 ! ,h9doos wi%$ = a f\r-:eel$ vehicle1 ! plan appe>s to h be5 to hook on "o two-:eel$ vehicle beh9d ano!r ,plate #f1 connect+ !m ) a p]*-bolt1 & ^u ! h9d]mo/ !y plac$ ! body4 ,!re is a s+ul> addition to _! vehicles outside ! :eels2 a piece ( wood curv$ to ! %ape ( ! :eel is plac$ above x1 frequ5tly support$ by two /raight uprights f ! end ( ! axle-tree outside ! :eel2 ?is acts z a w+ or gu>d to keep any "o f fall+ out ( ! vehicle1 & also ! dress ( ! pass5g]s f becom+ entangl$ 9 ! :eel4 ,9 addition1 a long b> ( wood1 r long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! :eel1 curv$ 9 ! %ape call$ 8cupid's b[10 is fa/5$ to ! axletree1 ! l9*p9 be+ outside ( x1 & ! ends ( ! b> ti$ to ! ends ( ! w+ by cords4 ,i imag9e x to be plac$ 9 ord] to be a safegu>d = ! p 9 cr[d$ /reets1 :o might be pu%$ by ! ?rong aga9/ ! :eel4 ,x w be se5 9 _m ( ! models1 & ,i h se5 x also 9 anci5t draw+s ( ,indian & ,p]sian vehicles4 ,_m ( ! c>ts1 :i* are design$ to c>ry heavy loads1 h a curv$ re/ f #bj 94 to #cj 94 long atta*$ to ! l[] side ( ! front end ( ! pole2 ?is s]ves n only z a prop :il/ ! vehicle is be+ load$1 b1 %\ld ! ox5 trip & fall1 x supports ! c>t1 & prev5ts ! load1 yoke1 & h>ness f weigh+ d[n ! poor animals z !y /ruggle to recov] !mselves4 ,9 ,engl& we h v few ( ^! humane contrivances2 we h1 h[ev]1 %ort re/s to prop up a hansom cab :5 n at "w4 ,9 ,india !re are sev]al huge unwieldy /ructures on :eels call$ 8idol c>s20 ! "n ( ! c> ( ,jugg]naut mu/ be famili> to _m4 ,! :eels ( "s ( ^! are enorm\s blocks ( /one %ap$ & drill$ = ! "w4 ,9 ! ,indian ,museum !re is a photograph ( an idol c> f ,s\? ,india1 9 ! di/rict ( ,*amoondee & ! prov9ce ( ,mysore1 :i* des]ves exam9ation4 ,! c> appe>s well proportion$1 & ! ornam5tal c>v+s are beautiful 9 design1 & w\ld be> comp>ison ) mo/ ,european "w4 ,! ,hecca or ,heka is a "o-horse native c>1 resembl+ an ,iri% c>2 x consi/s ( a tray = ! body1 fix$ above ! :eels on ! %afts1 & has a canopy ro(2 ! driv] sits on ! front edge ( ! tray1 & ! pass5g] cross-legg$ beh9d him4 ,! ,%ampony is ! usual vehicle = wom51 :i* resembles ! =m]1 b x is l>g]2 ! :eels are outside ! body1 & x is drawn by two bullocks2 ! canopy ro( is furni%$ ) curta9s t are drawn all r\nd1 & ! driv] sits on ! pole 9 front ( ! body4 ,all ^! native vehicles h wood5 axles1 :i*1 until rec5tly1 ,i am told1 7 us$ )\t grease1 f ! prejudices ( ! p =bidd+ !m to use animal fat4 ,"s us$ olive oil or soap1 b 9 mo/ l>ge t[ns !re are n[ regulations oblig+ ! natives to use "s sub/ance to avoid ! noise & creak+ ( ! dry axles4 ,! commone/ c>riages 9 ,c5tral ,india are call$ 8,tongas10 b ! univ]sal native ^w = a vehicle is 8,gh>ry40 ,9 ,calcutta are sev]al coa*build]s ( repute1 :o employ l>ge numb]s ( native workm52 ,messrs ,dyke employ six hundr$2 ,messrs ,/ew>t ,co4 f\r hundr$2 & ,messrs ,ea/man1 ?ree hundr$4 ,! m5 are *iefly ,h9doos1 & are clev] & indu/ri\s1 b h a s+ul> habit ( sitt+ d[n at _! "w4 ,! lab\r]s :o h to use grease are all ,mahom$ans4 ,! wages v>y f sixp5ce to two %ill+s p] day4 ,a repres5tation ( a primitive vehicle1 :i* 0 9 use 9 ,hung>y n v long ago1 is giv5 by ,von ,g9zrot z repres5t+ ! ,roman rh$um4 ,x is v curi\s1 & j su* a primitive affair z might be made 9 any c\ntry4 ,plate #g4 ,! body is a disguis$ waggon2 ! tilt-top has two lea!r flaps to fall ov] ! doorway2 ! panels are ( wick] "w1 su* z 0 9 common use = c>riages bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy2 & ( su* a "* we may suppose ! waggons 71 :i* 7 us$ by ! _m w&]+ tribes t1 9 ! times ( ! ,roman empire1 p\r$ out ( ,asia & ,russia1 & invad$ ,g]many1 ,gaul1 & ,italy4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,julius ,cs>'s w>s 9 ,gaul1 we are told ( ! l>ge numb] ( waggons :i* ! savage w&]+ tribes possess$4 ,ano!r primitive vehicle is ! ,turki% 8,araba10 ,plate #h us$ = ! conveyance ( wom54 ,! lattice-"w admits air )\t too mu* light4 ,! s+ul> w+-gu>ds ov] ! :eels id5tify ?is 8,araba0 z be+ d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z ! c>riages ( ,p]sia & ,h9do/an4 ,^! vehicles h be5 sup]s$$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,turkey1 ,asia1 & ,egypt by c>riages s5t f ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahfj a c>riage 0 made = "o ( ! ladies ( ! ,sultan's h>em1 :i* consi/$ ( silv] z f> z possible4 ,x co/1 x is said1 #b1jjj1jjj ,turki% pia/res1 ab\t #ae1jjj1 a v exp5sive pres5t = ! rul] ( ,turkey to make to "o out ( _m wives4 ,to speak ( "o m primitive c>riage4 ,dr ,edgewor? describes "s c>s :i* 7 9 use 9 8 "t 7t is 9 #ahjj7 9 ,irel&1 z ! common vehicles ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 compos$ ( %afts ) cross-b>s2 two l[ :eels ( solid wood 7 w$g$ on to ! axle-tree1 s z to =m "o piece1 l a railway axle & :eels2 !y 7 ne>] toge!r ?an ! %afts1 & ran inside ! %afts2 ! axle project$ beyond ! :eels1 & mov$ 9 sockets b5ea? ! %afts4 ,^! c>s1 ,dr ,edgewor? says1 8co/ only f\r gu9eas1 includ+ pa9t+2 !y w\ld foll[ a horse any:]e1 !y c\ld sc>cely be ov]turn$ ev5 ) bulky loads1 !y 7 light & easily mov$ by h&1 _! repair 0 easy1 & !y lay s ne> ! gr\nd t !y c\ld be easily load$ & unload$2 ! :ole w\ld turn 9 a v small compass40 ,x is probable t ^! 7 ! primitive c>s ( ,irel&4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to !m 9 ! pres5t day are ! co/]mong]'s b>r[s4 ,we h notic$ h[ light & simple are ^! vehicles1 & t a wret*$ pony or donkey w cant] along ) ?ree or ev5 f\r p]sons sitt+ ^u !m4 ,!y also resemble ! ,y>m\? c>t1 9 :i* ! :eels are inside ! %afts2 b !n ! diff]5ce is1 t ! %afts ( ! ,y>m\? c>ts are ( great l5g?1 & ! load is c>ri$ betwe5 ! horse & ! :eels in/ead ( ov] ! :eels1 z is usual 9 a c>t4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,wales c>s are us$ ( ?is con/ruction1 & are also suppos$ to be ! primitive c>s ( t c\ntry2 _! :eels are solid4 ,9 ,y>m\? ?is %ape 0 adopt$ to suit ! v n>r[ /reets or alleys1 :i* a c>t made ) ! :eels outside ! %afts c\ld n trav]se4 ,! great l5g? ( ! %afts is occasion$ by ! necessity ( c>ry+ a quantity ( goods1 su* z b>rels or sacks1 :i* w\ld t5d to make ! vehicle top-heavy1 if pil$ up above ! :eels4 ,! ,iri% jaunt+ c>1 z n[ built1 is sup]ior to ! vehicle ( =ty ye>s ago4 ,x 0 !n on l[] :eels1 & be+ hung l[]1 ! %afts pit*$ up 9 front1 & ! un=tunate pass5g]s 7 huddl$ ^u "o ano!r at e jolt 9 ! road4 ,?is c> 0 v light1 a great b5efit = ! horse2 x is easily turn$ & mov$ 9 a cr[d$ ?or\ghf>e1 & is capable ( convey+ m luggage ?an might at fir/ be suppos$4 ,! c> is no d\bt v *eap1 & p]haps m ,iri% driv]s are able to own _! own c>s ?an are ! driv]s ( ,london cabs4 ,iri%m51 p]haps1 l ! vehicle to :i* !y are accu/om$1 b x w nev] become popul> 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! c>1 h[ev]1 us$ 9 ,cork1 is /ill m uncom=table4 ,x is an inside c>1 t is1 in/ead ( sitt+ back to back1 y sit face to face1 & to mo/ !re is a hood or tilt2 a v good vehicle1 no d\bt1 = two p]sons at a sl[ pace1 b ) f\r p]sons at a trot x is ! wor/ vehicle ,i _h ev] ! mis=tune to ent]4 ,if ! ,cork c> 0 hung on high] :eels1 & ! %afts kept p>allel to ! gr\nd1 x w\ld be a bett] vehicle2 if1 h[ev]1 x _c be balanc$ prop]ly1 x %\ld be plac$ ^u f\r :eels1 l ! inside c>s ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,i w m5tion "o m primitive vehicle1--! c>t ) a tilt1 ) side w9d[s1 & a door beh9d1 :i* is call$ a ,coburg1 & is us$ 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,engl&2 :5 on good spr+s1 x is a v *eap & com=table vehicle4 ,9 ,belgium & ,holl& x is mu* us$1 & is usually built ( a l>g] size ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 aft] all1 r l a ba?+-ma*9e on :eels4 ,x is to be f\nd pictur$ 9 our e>lie/ illu/rations ( vehicles 9 old ,engli% illum9at$ manuscripts1 diff]+ f ! mod]n ,coburg only 9 ! want ( a door & spr+s4 ,9 review+ :at ,i h laid be=e y z to anci5t c>riages1 ,i w\ld say1 t any "o :o desires to le>n m ab\t !m c d s 9 ! pages ( ! ,london ,c>riage ,build]s' ,art ,j\rnal = #ahei & #ahfj1 :i* appe>s to conta9 mu* ( ! in=mation giv5 by ! ,g]man "w ( ,von ,g9zrot4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! "* ( ! diff]5t p illu/rat$ 9 _! c>riages4 ,! ,egyptians1 ) all _! le>n+ & skill1 appe> to h made no *ange dur+ c5turies ( exp]i5ce2 z at ! beg9n+1 s at ! end1 ! k+s /& by ! side ( _! *>iote]s1 or hold ! re9s !mselves4 ,! ,p]sians & ,h9doos introduc$ luxuri\s improvem5ts1 & 9 l(ty vehicles elevat$ ! nobles above ! heads ( ! p1 & seclud$ _! wom5 9 curta9$ c>riages4 ,! ,greeks introduc$ no new vehicles1 b p]fect$ s successfully ! useful waggon1 t _! model is /ill se5 ?r\gh\t ,europe1 )\t *ange ( pr9ciple or /ructure4 ,! ,romans1 on ! o!r h&1 9 _! c>e] ( conque/1 ga!r$ f e nation :at 0 good1 &1 :]ev] possible1 improv$ ^u x3--,f ,greece1 ! waggons2 f ,p]sia1 ! h>mamaxa & elevat$ triumphal c>s2 & f ,hung>y1 ! rh$a4 ,we may well add t ! g5ius ( ! ,roman nation speaks ?r\gh ,cic]o1 :5 he wrote1 8,i he> t 9 ,brita9 are mo/ excell5t *>iots2 br+ me "o ( !m = a patt]n40 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,:irlicote ( ! ,middle ,ages--,*>ettes--,c>s ( ! ,middle ,ages--,revival ( ,c>riages--,! fir/ ,coa*es--,! ,g]man ,waggon--,anci5t ,saxon ,waggon--,! ,horse ,litt]--,! ,old ,coa*es at ,coburg--,e>ly ,italian ,coa*es--,coa* ( ,que5 ,elizabe?--,coa* ( ,*>les ,i4--,coa* ( ,h5ri ,quatre--,"t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4--,! ,br\ette & ,/eel ,spr+s--,! ,b]l9--,old ,coa*es at ,vi5na--,horse ,litt] at ! ,imp]ial ,mews--,utility ( ,/eel ,spr+s--,mr ,samuel ,pepys' ,di>y--,s$an ,*airs--,coa*build+ 9 #aggj--;,*>iot l',anglaise--,encyclopdia on ,coa*build+--,cabriolets--,light ,*>iots--,! ,d>nley ,*>iot4 ,) ! decad5ce ( ! ,romans we may well suppose _m ( ! arts ( civilisation fell into disuse4 ,! skill$ artisans di$ out & left no successors1 = _! "w 0 n requir$1 & = "s c5turies we f9d little or no m5tion ( c>riages4 ,ord9>y c>ts 7 us$1 x is true1 b ! great & weal?y mov$ ab\t ! cities or travell$ on horseback1 & if ill !y _h litt]s c>ri$ by m5 or horses4 ,b ano!r cause t5d$ to ! disuse ( :eel$ c>riages--! /ate ( ! roads4 ,! ,romans _h be5 celebrat$ = ! p]fection ( _! roads2 "s ( ^! h la/$ ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s4 ,!re is "o1 call$ ! ,appian way1 :i* leads f ,rome to ne> ,naples1 made ,b4,c4 #ejj by ! ,consul1 ,appius ,claudius1 :i* is pav$ ) blocks ( /one1 & c /ill be travell$ ^u aft] su* a lapse ( "t4 ,roads l ^! c\ld easily be trav]s$ by c>riages1 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y fell into disord]1 :il/ b>b>ian tribes _h ov]run ,italy & driv5 ! ,romans f ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,brita94 ,! increase ( population caus$ a gradual increase ( traffic1 & ! =mation ( new roads1 :i*1 f ! abs5ce ( me?od 9 mak+ !m1 soon became m]e horse-tracks1 & v unsuitable = travell+ on :eels = pleasure4 ,we asc]ta91 h[ev]1 f old manuscripts & books1 t1 by degrees1 ! use ( two & f\r-:eel$ c>ts 0 reviv$ by ! weal?y1 9 addition to rid+ on horseback z a means ( travell+4 ,! only di/9ction1 h[ev]1 f common c>ri]s' c>ts 0 9 ! use ( c>v+ on ! woodwork1 & gaily col\r$ curta9s & cu%ions4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 we f9d m5tion ( a vehicle t]m$ a :irlicote1 viz41 a cot or b$ ^u :eels4 ,! k+ & 8 "m rode a :irlicote 9 #achj1 :5 %e 0 sick1 & hi/ory tells u t !y 7 mu* us$ = ! conveyance ( ladies1 b /ill m = _! luggage4 ,we are told by ,/[e t 89 ! foll[+ ye> ,k+ ,ri*>d took to wife ,anne1 ! daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia1 & %e fir/ br\ght hi!r ! rid+ ^u sidesaddles1 & s 0 ! rid+ 9 ^? *>iots & :irlicotes =sak5 except at coronations & su* l spectacles40 ,we h "h evid5ce t ! *>iot & :irlicote ( t "t 7 id5tical4 ,9 #abid1 ,philip1 ,k+ ( ,france1 issu$ an ord9ance prohibit+ ! citiz5s' wives ! use ( c>s or *>s4 ,9 #abfg1 ,*>les ( ,anj\ ent]$ ,naples1 & 8 que51 ,beatrice1 rode 9 a ,c>etta1 ! outside & inside cov]$ ) sky-blue velvet p[d]$ ) gold5 lilies1 & 9 #abgc ,pope ,gregory ,x4 ent]$ ,milan 9 a c>etta4 ,9 an e>ly ,engli% poem1 ! fa!r ( a pr9cess ( ,hung>y promises-- 8,to-morr[ ye %all on hunt+ f>e1 ,& ride my daught] 9 a *>2 ,x %all be cov]$ ) velvet r$1 ,& clo?s ( velvet ab\t y\r head40 ,froiss>t speaks ( ! return ( ! ,engli% f ,scotl& 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 9 _! *>ettes ab\t #acfj4 ,we c !re=e trace ! ^w *>iot f ! orig9al ,roman currus1 c>1 *>1 *>ette1 *>et1 *>iot1 z a vehicle us$ 9 ! middle ages1 & gradually becom+ t *iefly us$ 9 /ate processions4 ,:5 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4's que51 ,anne ,boleyn1 w5t to h] coronation1 %e pass$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,london2 gravel _h be5 /rew$ all ov] ! pavem5t t ! horses %\ld n slide1 & wood5 rail+s 7 plac$ along ! r\te2 ?is 0 on ,may #ca/1 #aecc4 ,anne h]self 0 9 a litt] ( :ite clo? ( gold1 n cov]$ or baill$1 :i* 0 c>ri$ by two palfreys clad 9 :ite damask to ! gr\nd1 l$ by two footm52 foll[+ h] 7 two *>iots cov]$ ) r$ clo? ( gold1 a ?ird *>iot 9 :ite1 ) six ladies 9 x 9 crimson velvet2 & a f\r? *>iot 0 r$1 ) eight ladies 9 x4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 on ,septemb] #cj?1 #aeec1 ,que5 ,m>y ,tudor rode ?r\gh ! city f ! ,t[] to ,we/m9/] to h] coronation 9 a *>iot ( clo? ( tissue1 drawn by six horses trapp$ ) ! l clo?1 & a canopy 0 borne ov] h] *>iot4 ,a second *>iot _h a cov]+ ( clo? ( silv] all :ite1 & six horses trapp$ ) ! l1 :]e9 sat ,lady ,elizabe? & ! ,lady ,anne ( ,cleves4 ,!n two o!r *>iots cov]$ ) r$ sat91 & ! horses betrapp$ ) ! same4 ,also =ty-six g5tlewom5 rode on horseback 9 ! procession4 ,n[ :at 0 ! %ape ( ^! *>iots8 ,we are able to judge f a pa9t+ ( ! triumph ( ! ,emp]or ,maximillian ,i41 on ! walls ( ! ,t[n-hall at ,nuremburg1 a copy ( :i* is 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 also f a sculpture at ,orleans ,ca!dral ,plate #c1 & f an old pr9t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 9 a *>iot4 ,x 0 an op5 vehicle on f\r :eels1 r high] at ! back ?an at ! sides1 op5 9 front1 & conta9+ two or ?ree seats1 :at ! ,fr5* once call$ a *>-a-banc4 ,m4 ,r\bo has pres]v$ a design ( a *>ette 9 8 "w writt5 = ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,arts1 b we _c h a saf] & m reliable model ?an 9 a ,flemi% c> or *>-a-banc n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 ?is is a v small vehicle ) b two seats1 only f\r p c\ld j sit 9 x1 & x is susp5d$ on lea!r braces1 :i* we d n "k _h be5 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ,que5 ,m>y's "t1 b t ev5 is n impossible or improbable4 ,we may1 !re=e1 fairly conclude t 9 ?is ,flemi% c> we see an improv$ repres5tation ( :at our ance/ors us$ dur+ _m hundr$ ye>s "u ! "n ( :irlicote c>1 & ( diff]5t sizes1 to c>ry f f\r to twelve p]sons4 ,ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury we f9d t !re 0 a rem>kable revival ( ,coa*build+ 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,g]many2 & x has be5 w>mly debat$ 9 :i* ( ^! c\ntries x comm5c$1 :i* orig9at$ ! ^w coa*1 & :i* fir/ susp5d$ a coa* ^u braces4 ,i may premise t we f9d also a va/ increase 9 ! size ( ! :eels us$4 ,up to ?is p]iod :eels ( #d feet to #d feet #f in*es seem to h be5 ! limit2 b ! fir/ coa*es1 & all _! successors = ne>ly two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 _h :eels #e feet & upw>ds 9 height4 ,i c only suppose t1 z soon z any l>ge body _h to be convey$1 ! model ( ! vehicle 0 tak5 f a timb]-c>riage1 su* z mu/ h be5 9 use 9 all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,secondly1 al?\gh at fir/ all ! :eels ( a coa* 7 simil> 9 height1 x 0 soon f\nd necess>y1 = use 9 cities1 t ! coa* mu/ turn 9 a %ort] space ?an a l(ty front :eel w\ld all[4 ,consequ5tly1 ! front :eel 0 made l[]1 & an imp]fection 0 caus$1 ! effects ( :i* h be5 felt by horse & vehicle to ! pres5t day4 ,9 all ! claims to ! orig9 ( ! coa*1 we mu/ und]/& t by t ^w we mean a conveyance 9 :i* ! ro( =ms "p ( ! fram+ ( ! body--z di/+ui%$ f c>s & biro*es1 above :i* a canopy 0 (t5 plac$ by means ( iron rods or wood5 pill>s4 ,we h fur!r to notice t ! vehicles call$ coa*es are di/+ui%$ f *>iots1 by ! "n ( ,hung>ian coa*es1 by ! ,italian writ]s1 & t we mu/ consid] a coa* to h be5 n m]ely a cov]$1 b a susp5d$ vehicle1 aft] ! fa%ion introduc$ fir/ 9 ,hung>y4 ,mr ,bridges ,adams1 9 8 "w on c>riages1 m5tions t ,ladislaus1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 s5t an ambassador to ,k+ ,*>les ,,vii41 to ,p>is1 & z a pres5t a beautiful c>riage1 ! body ( :i* 8trembl$20 x is consid]$ t ?is coa* 0 susp5d$ ^u lea!r braces1 & 0 a specim5 ( ! coa*es already 9 use 9 ,hung>y4 ,! ^w coa* 9 all ,european languages has ! same s\nd1 & is d]iv$ f ! t[n ( ,kotze 9 ,hung>y1 :]e coa*es 7 fir/ built1 j z ,l&aus & ,b]l9s 7 s nam$ f ! cities t fir/ produc$ !m4 ,! coa* f ,hung>y 0 giv5 to ,*>les ,,vii41 at ,p>is1 9 ! ye> #adeg4 ,9 #adgd1 ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 rode to ,frank=t 9 a coa* cov]$ & susp5d$4 ,9 #aeji1 ! ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 visit$ ,f]r>a1 & 0 met by ! duke ) a tra9 ( sixty coa*es1 :il/ to make x cle> t ^! 7 n ! c>s1 ! hi/orian m5tions t ! ,du*ess ( ,f]r>a rode 9 a litt]1 & h] ladies foll[$ h] 9 tw5ty-two c>s4 ,at ?is p]iod1 #aeej1 !re 7 only ?ree coa*es 9 ,p>is1 "o belong+ to ! ,que5 ( ,francis ,i41 ano!r to ,diana ( ,poiti]s1 & a ?ird to a corpul5t nobleman :o c\ld n m\nt a horse4 ,!re mu/ h be5 _m o!r vehicles 9 ,france1 b1 x seems1 only ?ree cov]$ & susp5d$ coa*es4 ,9 #aeid1 ! ,m>grave ( ,br&5burg1 fa!r ( ! fir/ ,duke ( ,prussia1 _h ?irty-six coa*es1 ea* ) six horses4 ,we w n[ consid] :at 0 ! orig9 & ! %ape ( ^! coa*es4 ,x is 9 ! ,g]man waggon t we f9d ! orig9 ( ! coa*4 ,?r\gh\t ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,france1 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 ! *ief agricultural vehicle is ! waggon4 ,plate #d4 ,x is ( ! same =m n[ t x 0 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! "u "p is simil> 9 its con/ruction to our timb]-waggons1 &1 l !m1 x is capable ( be+ l5g!n$ or %ort5$ at pleasure4 ,! :eels v>y 9 height1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! own] & ! c\ntry1 & ! *ief purpose = :i* x is us$4 ,z 9 our timb]-waggons1 ! :eels are sometimes #d feet & #e feet high1 & sometimes !y are z l[ z #b feet #h in*es 9 front & #c feet #f in*es beh9d1 b ! usual size is #c feet #f in*es 9 front & #d feet beh9d1 ! track on ! road betwe5 ! tyres is b #d feet1 & ! c5tres ( ! axle-trees are ab\t #g feet ap>t4 ,! c>riage is compos$ ( a transom 9 front1 ) a p]* 7z we "n ! long piece ( timb] t unites ! front & h9d :eels7 fa/5$ to x4 ,!re is a h9d axle-tree b$ =m$ ( two pieces ( timb]1 clipp$ toge!r1 betwe5 :i* ! w+s are not*$ 92 ^! w+s meet toge!r above ! p]* to :i* !y are unit$ by a /rong iron p94 ,! "u works consi/ ( a front axletree b$1 also made ( two pieces clipp$ toge!r ) two fut*els not*$ 9 betwe51 & meet+ 9 a po9t 9 front1 & spread+ outw>ds beh9d ! axletree b$2 a long sway b>1 g5]ally q /raight1 re/s on ! fut*els & be>s aga9/ ! "u "p ( ! p]*4 ,our ^w fut*els is d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,fr5* ^w f\r*ils1 f ! ,lat9 furca or =k4 ,! pole ( ^! waggons has at ! h9d end two w+s fix$ by iron hoops2 ! w+s are fitt$ outside ! front end ( ! fut*els & are secur$ by two moveable iron p9s4 ,?is me?od ( atta*+ ! pole is v anci5t2 x 0 9 use 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans1 & may be trac$ 9 old pictures4 ,! horses are h>ness$ to spl9t] or draw+ b>s2 ! longe/ ( ^! is atta*$ to ! pole by a bolt or p94 ,:5 ! load is light1 x is common to h>ness "o horse only to ! left or ne> side ( ! pole4 ,! "u works be+ ?us complete1 a body is =m$ by two long fir poles laid f ! top ( ! transom to ! top ( ! h9d axletree b$1 ab\t #ah in*es ap>t1 ) two planks betwe54 ,outside ! poles are f\r /&>d po/s1 ab\t #cj in*es long1 :i* rise upright f ! transom & axle-b$s1 b :i*1 view$ f beh9d1 spread outw>ds f f\r to six in*es ea* t[>ds ! :eels4 ,! sides are =m$ by planks re/+ aga9/ ^! /&>d po/s1 & ! ends ( ! waggon are also moveable4 ,! body is ?us mu* n>r[] at ! bottom ?an at ! top4 ,we %all f9d t ?is %ape p]vades all ! e>ly vehicles us$ by ! weal?y classes1 %[+ v pla9ly ! orig9al type ( ! coa*4 ,:5 ! waggon is ?us fitt$ up ) plank sides1 x c c>ry e>?1 manure1 or roots4 ,:5 ! f>m] wi%es to transport a load ( hay1 ! planks are remov$1 ! c>riage is l5g!n$ two or m feet1 & ! sides are =m$ by long & high hurdles4 ,if a l>ge cask ( w9e has to be transport$1 ! sides are remov$ & ! cask plac$ ^u ! c5tre ( ! poles1 &1 z ! waggon moves along1 ! poles may be se5 to sway slightly up & d[n "u ! weight ( ! cask1 z ! poles ( a s$an-*air1 or palanke5 sway1 sugge/+1 z ,i hope to %[ h]eaft]1 a means ( =m+ a species ( spr+ = ! ease ( anyone rid+ 9 ! waggon4 ,we f9d1 !n1 at a v e>ly date1 t waggons 7 *iefly employ$ = ! conveyance ( agricultural produce or ! transport ( m]*&ise & ! goods ( ! upp] classes4 ,x 0 also easy1 by plac+ planks across ! sides1 or susp5d+ seats by /raps f ! sides1 to use ! waggons = ! conveyance ( m5 & wom54 ,b we h evid5ce t !y 7 made /ill m free f jolt+4 ,9 an anci5t ,saxon manuscript treat+ on ! book ( ,g5esis & ! hi/ory ( ,joseph 9 ,egypt1 !re is an illu/ration ( ! meet+ ( ,joseph & ,jacob4 ,! fa!r is seat$ 9 a two-:eel$ c>t drawn by a pair ( ox51 b ,joseph is seat$ 9 a hammock1 susp5d$ by iron hooks f ! /&>d po/s ( "o ( ^! waggons :i* ,i h be5 describ+4 ,?is manuscript is suppos$ to be ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & ! arti/ w\ld be likely to repres5t only :at ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,,! ,,araba ,,( ,,turkey ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,,anci5t ,,horse ,,litt] ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4 ,a ,,coa* ,,( ,,que5 ,,elizabe?4 0 9 use 9 8 own "t = ! easy conveyance ( great p4 ,! next /ep1 h[ev]1 9 ! advance ( ,coa*build+1 w\ld be ! use ( a bett] body ?an t ( a m]e c>t4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! ,horse ,litt] ,plate #i4 ,^! 7 long & n>r[--long en\gh = a p]son to recl9e 9--& no wid] ?an c\ld be c>ri$ betwe5 ! poles :i* are plac$ on ei!r side ( ! horses4 ,!y 7 ab\t #d ft4 to #e ft4 long1 & #b ft4 #f 94 wide1 ) l[ sides & high] ends4 ,! entrance 0 9 ! middle1 on bo? sides1 ! doors be+ =m$ sometimes by a slid+ panel & sometimes simply by a cross-b>4 ,! /eps 7 ( lea!r or iron loops1 ! latt] be+ h+$ to turn up :5 ! litt] 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! upp] "p 0 =m$ by a few broad wood5 hoops1 unit$ along ! top by f\r or five slats1 & ov] ! :ole a canopy 0 plac$1 :i* op5$ 9 ! middle1 at ! sides & ends1 = air & light4 ,! fir/ pleasure-waggon bodies 7 made 9 a simil> fa%ion to ! horse-litt]s1 b r long] & wid]1 ) simil> doors4 ,by degrees ^! bodies 7 ornam5t$ ) c>v+1 & ! slats ( ! tilt-top 7 ex*ang$ = poles1 ^: ends 7 ornam5t$ ) metal rosettes1 or animals' heads1 & gilt4 ,i h n f\nd any c]ta9 date at :i* ^! bodies 7 fir/ susp5d$ ^u /raps or braces4 ,! susp5sion ( a hammock f ! /&>d po/s ( a waggon1 & ( ! litt] f ! h>ness ( ! horses1 w\ld1 h[ev]1 sugge/ ! susp5sion ( ^! improv$ waggon bodies f ! same /&>d po/s4 ,i h se5 9 a v e>ly picture 9 oil1 at ,nuremb]g1 two waggons su* z ,i h describ$1 ) c>v$ & gilt /&>d po/s bo? 9 front ( & beh9d ! body1 ! tilt-tops h ! middle ( ! sides cut out squ>e1 & made to turn ov] ! top1 & ! driv] sits outside ! waggon body betwe5 ! /&>ds4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 at ,coburg1 ! capital ( ,saxe-,coburg1 sev]al anci5t vehicles pres]v$1 :i* are among ! olde/ 9 ,europe4 ,"o ( ^! 0 built = ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! ,elector ( ,saxony1 ,duke ,john ,cassimir1 9 #aehd1 to ,anne ( ,saxony ,plate #aj4 ,x has lea!r braces & high :eels1 :i* measure #d ft4 #h 94 & #e ft4 9 height2 ! di/ance f c5tre to c5tre ( ! axle-trees is #aj ft4 #f 94 ,! c>v$ /&>d po/s1 f :i* ! body hangs by ! lea!r braces1 are evid5tly develop$ f ! /&>ds ( ! common waggon4 ,! body is #f ft4 #d 94 long1 b only #c ft4 wide4 ,! /eps h n[ disappe>$4 ,! :eels h wood5 rims1 b ov] ! jo9ts ( ! felloes are small plates ( iron ab\t #aj 94 long4 ,?is coa* is n ! only "o4 ,!re is ano!r1 r long] & l>g]1 built = ! ,duke's second m>riage1 9 #aeii1 ) ! ,lady ,m>g>et4 ,!re is also a small] coa*-body built = ! ,duke ,john ,fr$]ick1 z e>ly z #aebg1 = 8 m>riage ) ,sybilla ( ,cleves4 ,?is small coa* 0 %[n ?is ye> at ! ,exhibition ( arts at ,muni*2 ! iron loops by :i* x _h be5 susp5d$ are /ill on ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 ,,w$d+ ,,coa* ,,( ,,duke ,,( ,,saxony4 ,!re are also two small ,coa* bodies1 :i* are to be se5 at ,v]ona1 & are %[n at ! ,palace ,s>ego ,allighi]i1 ) ! /ory t !y 7 us$ by ,dante ! poet4 ,?is is a fable4 ,c\nt ,gozzad9i1 9 8 rec5t "w on anci5t coa*es1 says t1 by ! h]aldic %ield /ill on "o coa*1 he f9ds x 0 built 9 #aedi1 at ! m>riage ( ,g9evra1 ! la/ ( ! race ( ,dante ,allighi]i1 ) ,c\nt ,m>c ,antonio di ,s>ego4 ,?is ,coa*1 z may be se5 9 ,plate #aa1 is beautifully %ap$ & ornam5t$4 ,bo? are b skeleton bodies1 & _h to be cov]$ to keep (f ! sun or ra91 ) lea!r1 clo?1 & silk curta9s4 ,!re are curi\s sumptu>y laws cit$ by ,c\nt ,gozzad9i z enact$ dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury 9 v>i\s ,italian cities1 aga9/ ! excessive use ( silk1 velvet1 embroid]y1 & gild+ 9 ! cov]+s ( coa*es & ! trapp+s ( horses4 ,9 #aefd1 ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 exhort$ ! c>d9als & bi%ops n to ride 9 coa*es1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! "t1 b to leave su* ?+s to wom51 & !mselves ride on horseback4 ,duke ,julius ( ,brunswick issu$ an edict 9 #aehh1 t 8 subjects %\ld desi/ f indol5t rid+ 9 coa*es1 & %\ld return to ! useful discipl9e ( rid+ on horses4 ,! use ( coa*es 9 ,g]many1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 n less ?an 9 ,italy2 ! curr5t ( trade1 especially f ! ,ea/1 _h = a long "t p\r$ into ^? two c\ntries t[>ds ,holl&1 enri*+ all ! cities 9 its progress1 & ! ri* trad]s built f9e h\ses1 & *ur*es1 & t[n halls1 & w\ld h _! coa*es h&somely decorat$ z well z _! h\ses4 ,macph]son1 9 8 hi/ory ( comm]ce1 says t ,antw]p possess$ five hundr$ coa*es 9 #aefj1 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,france & ,engl& appe> to h be5 beh9d ! re/ ( ,europe at ?is p]iod4 ,! fir/ coa* 0 made 9 ,engl& 9 #aeee = ! ,e>l ( ,rutl&1 by ,walt] ,rippon1 :o also made a coa* 9 #aeef = ,que5 ,m>y1 & 9 #aefd1 a /ate coa* = ,que5 ,elizabe?2 9 #aehj1 ! ,e>l ( ,arundel br\ght ov] a coa* f ,g]many4 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 h[ev]1 pref]r$ ! use ( a coa* ,plate #ab :i* ,william ,boon5 br\ght h] f ,holl& 9 #aefj1 & made him h] coa*man4 ,?is ,william ,boon5's wife br\ght out ( ,holl& ! art ( cle>-/>*+1 & 0 appo9t$ to prep>e ! ,que5's fam\s cambric ruffs1 :i* 9 pictures ( h] are display$ r\nd h] neck4 ,taylor1 call$ ! wat]-poet1 says t old ,p>r gave him ?is in=mation 9 #afje1 & adds t s9ce1 8coa*es h increas$ ) a mis*ief1 & h ru9$ ! trade ( ! wat]man by hackney coa*es1 & n[ multiply m ?an ev]40 ,ano!r writ] compla9s t 8n[ ! use ( ^! coa*es br\ght ( ,g]many is tak5 up & made common1 t great ladies caus$ coa*es to be made = !m1 & rid 9 !m up & d[n ! c\nties to ! great admiration ( all ! behold]s1 & little by little !y grew usual among ! nobility & o!rs ( quality1 s )9 tw5ty ye>s !re grew up a great trade ( ,coa*build+ 9 ,engl&40 ,a curi\s tract or pamphlet 0 publi%$ 9 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4 ,,back ,,view ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4 ,,anci5t ,,italian ,,coa*1 #aedi4 ,,side ,,view ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,,coa* ,,( ,,"t ,,( ,,*>les #a,,/ 7,,f ,,an ,,old ,,pr9t7 ,london 9 #afcf1 entitl$ 8,a ,dialogue betwe5 a ,coa* & a ,s$an-*air40 ,9 ! figure ( ! coa*1 z giv5 9 ?is tract ,plate #ac1 !re are no lea!r braces m>k$1 b ! arti/ may h omitt$ :at he consid]$ unnecess>y details1 j z ! arti/s ( ! pres5t day1 mak+ a *eap view ( a procession1 w figure coa*es & *>iots ( a %ape t 0 obsolete fifty ye>s ago1 & ev5 9 pictorial j\rnals t %\ld draw bett]1 ! %ape & details ( c>riages are unfai?fully r5d]$4 ,/ill1 on ! :ole1 we may consid] ?is gives ! coa* ( ! p]iod--a long body1 a dom$ ro(1 ! sides op51 ) curta9s to draw d[n :5 requisite1 no door1 b a lea!r scre5 hung across ! doorway1 a v small coa*man's seat1 & sw+letrees = ! horses' traces4 ,9 #afda1 on ,novemb] #be?1 ,*>les ,i4 pass$ ?r\gh ! ,city ( ,london on 8 return f ,scotl&1 & banquet$ ) ! citiz5s at ,guildhall4 ,he 0 met at ,k+sl& by ! city au?orities & five hundr$ liv]ym5 ( ! city companies on horseback1 ea* ) 8 footman & tor*-be>]1 & 0 accompani$ to ,:itehall aft] ! banquet by ! liv]ym5 ) _! tor*-be>]s4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ! k+'s coa* is ! only coa* spok5 (1 & t ! ,k+1 ,que51 ! ,elector ,palat9e1 _! bro!r-9-law1 ! ,du*ess ( ,ri*mond1 & ?ree ( ! royal *ildr51 sev5 p]sons 9 all1 rode !re94 ,plate #ad %ews a coa* ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 ,france1 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iv4 0 assass9at$ 9 8 coa* by ,ravaillac on ,may #af?1 #agaj4 ,! acc\nt /ates t ! coa* 0 surr\nd$ by bl9ds or curta9s1 b ! k+ _h drawn !m back t ! p might see him2 ) him 9 ! coa* 7 sev5 noblem51 t is1 two p]sons on ea* seat1 & two 9 ea* boot4 ,a draw+ ( ?is coa* has be5 pres]v$ ,plate #ae1 by :i* we see ! ro(s & supports 7some:at resembl+ ! outl9e ( a ,roman or ,asiatic vehicle7 & ! curta9 hang+ ov] ! doorway 9 front ( ! boot4 ,a coa* belong+ to a ,duke ( ,saxe-,coburg is /ill to be se5 at ! ca/le at ,coburg2 9 ?is ! body is #g ft4 #f 94 long 9 ! middle1 ! :eels are #d ft4 & #d ft4 #aj 94 high1 ! ro( & upp] qu>t]s are ( black lea!r nail$ on ) brass nails1 ! heads z l>ge z a sixp5ce & r\nd$4 ,on ei!r side ( ! doorway are iron b>s to =m ! sides ( ! boot1 & ! doorway is gu>d$ by a wood5 cross-b> padd$ :i* drops ^u two p9s1 & f :i* b> ! curta9 w\ld fall ov] ! doorway4 ,) su* a l5g? ( body we c und]/& h[ eight p]sons c\ld ride 9 x4 ,9 pr9ts ( ?is p]iod all coa*es are drawn l ?is1 ) ! bodies susp5d$ on lea!r braces--) dom$ ro(s & ) ! front :eels g5]ally r l[--) a coa*man seat$ ^u a cross-b> or cu%ion susp5d$ betwe5 ! two front /&>d po/s1 & 8 feet ^u a bo>d project+ at ! bottom ( ! po/s ov] ! pole4 ,"s coa*es are depict$ s wide t !y may h held ?ree p]sons on ea* seat1 b ! g5]al appe>ance is t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4's fir/ coa* ,plate #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,,coa* ,,( ,,p>is ,,9 #afdf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,,coa* ,,9 ,,:i* ,,h5ri ,,iv ,,0 ,,%ot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 ,,coa* ,,9 ,,:i* ,,l\is ,,xiv ,,ent]$ ,,p>is ,,9 #afed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4 ,,coa* ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv ,,9 #agjj4 ,,section ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4 ,,! ,,corbill>d1 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,fr5* ,,coa*4 ,no trace ( glass w9d[s or complete doors seems to h exi/$ up to #afej4 ,b pla9 & rude z 0 ! fir/ coa* ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 x 0 9 8 reign1 :i* la/$ till #agae1 t ! mo/ rapid progress 0 made 9 ,coa*build+4 ,f ! simple waggon-l skeleton body 0 develop$ by degrees a beautifully %ap$1 c>v$1 & panell$ piece ( cab9et "w ,plate #ag1 su* z we c ju/ly all[ to be wor?y ! "n ( a coa*1 & ?is delight$ our ance/ors 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,! cr$it ( ?is trans=mation is equally due to ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,engl&2 9 ea* c\ntry improvem5ts seem to h be5 made simultane\sly4 ,! foll[+ is ! description by a ,fr5* au?or1 ,m4 ,r\bo1 ( ! *ange t took place 9 ,l\is ,,xiv4's reign4 ,! corbill>ds are ! e>lie/ ,fr5* coa*es ( :i* we "k ! exact =m4 ,plate #ah4 ,^! 7 /raight-bottom$1 op5 at ! upp] sides or qu>t]s1 :i* 7 furni%$ ) curta9s ( clo? & lea!r2 at fir/ ^! 7 ti$ on1 & w\ld roll up :5 air 0 requir$2 !y _h no doors1 b 7 ent]$ on ei!r side by a moveable rail1 ov] :i* a lea!r scre5 0 hung4 ,beh9d ^! scre5s 7 seats1 a little above ! floor1 :]e ! pages ( ! own] ( ! c>riage sat sideways4 ,sometimes !re 0 a projection on ei!r side call$ a boot1 9 :i* ! pages sat4 ,! next coa*es _h curv$ bottoms1 & 7 made ) a wood5 door half-way up ! body1 & ! :ole ( ! l[] "p ( ! body 0 panell$ in/ead ( be+ cov]$ ) clo?2 ?is *ange is suppos$ to h tak5 place ab\t #affj4 ,z ! coa* began ?us to be built 91 c>v+1 gild+1 & pa9t+ 7 introduc$1 & beauty 9 %ape increas$4 ,next came ! introduction ( glass to ! sides4 ,a complete door rea*+ to ! ro(1 ) slid+ glasses1 foll[$4 ,!re is v little m5tion made by hi/orians ( /eel spr+s1 b !y 7 fir/ appli$ to :eel c>riages ab\t #afgj4 ,at ?is p]iod a vehicle drawn by m51 & call$ a ,br\ette 7or :eelb>r[7 0 introduc$ at ,p>is4 ,plate #ai4 ,x 0 a s$an *air1 to hold "o p]son1 ) ! door 9 front l ! s$an *airs are n[ made1 b on two :eels1 ab\t #c ft4 #f 94 high1 & ) two poles or %afts project+ =w>d1 betwe5 :i* "o man ran1 :il/ ano!r pu%$ beh9d if ! weight requir$ x4 ,!re is a vehicle n[ mu* 9 use 9 ,japan & ,*9a t seems a revival ( ! br\ette2 ,i ?9k x is call$ a ,j9-rik-%a4 ,! br\ette 0 improv$ by ,dup91 :o appli$ two elb[-spr+s b5ea? ! front1 & atta*$ !m to ! axletree by long %ackles1 ! axletree work+ up & d[n 9 a groove b5ea? ! inside seat4 ,?is is ! fir/ record ( ! application ( /eel spr+s to c>riages4 ,_m ba?-*airs h spr+s f ! body to ! axletree 9 ?is me?od1 & !re is a tradition 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& t small br\ghams1 on two :eels drawn by m51 7 us$ sixty ye>s ago1 z well z s$an *airs1 = ! conveyance ( ladies to ev5+ p>ties4 ,x has be5 said t a ,mr ,?omas br\ght spr+s ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4 ,,! ,,b]l91 ,,f ,,"o ,,n[ ,,at ,,vi5na4 fir/ be=e ! notice ( ! sci5tific body ( ! ,academy at ,p>is 9 #agjc1 b ?is is errone\s4 ,! spr+ ,mr ,?omas m5tion$ is a small spiral spr+ to be plac$ betwe5 ! d\ble lea!r brace ( a c>riage4 ,see ?is spr+ 9 ,plate #bh4 ,! fir/ application ( /eel spr+s to a coa* 0 b5ea? ! bottom ( ! body2 ! loop ( ! brace 0 h+$1 & betwe5 ! body & ! loop 7 plac$ two elb[-spr+s4 ,plate #ai4 ,! ,company ( ,coa* & ,coa*-h>ness ,mak]s 0 f\nd$ 9 ,may #afgg by ,*>les ,,ii41 & 0 confirm$ by ,k+ ,james ,,ii4 9 ! ?ird ye> ( 8 reign4 ,9 ,g]many1 !re 0 inv5t$ ab\t #affj ! vehicle call$ ! ,b]l94 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! ,g]man waggon ! bottom ( ! body is =m$ by two long poles1 :i* af=d a c]ta9 am\nt ( spr+ :5 weight$ only 9 ! middle4 ,act+ on ?is pr9ciple1 ,philip de ,*iesa1 a ,pi$montese 9 ! s]vice ( ,fr$]ick ,william1 ! ,duke ( ,prussia1 inv5t$ & built a c>riage1 :i* receiv$ ! "n ( ,b]l94 ,plate #bj4 ,x _h two p]*es in/ead ( "o1 & betwe5 ^! two p]*es1 f ! front transom to ! h9d axletree b$1 two /rong lea!r braces 7 plac$1 ) jacks or small w9dlasses1 to w9d !m tight] if !y /ret*$4 ,! bottom ( ! coa* 0 alt]$ f be+ /raight to an easy curve1 & x 0 fix$ ^u ^! braces ( lea!r1 :i* all[$ x to play up & d[n ) ! motion ( ! c>riage1 in/ead ( sw++ to & fro f f\r high po/s4 ,philip1 ! inv5tor1 di$ 9 #afgc4 ,9 ! ,imp]ial mews at ,vi5na are f\r coa* b]l9s1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 may belong to ?is p]iod4 ,!y are said to h be5 built = ! ,emp]or ,leopold1 :o reign$ at ,vi5na f #afeh to #agjj1 & ,k9k describes ?is emp]or's w$d+ c>riages z cov]$ ) r$ clo? & z hav+ glass panels2 he also says !y 7 call$ ! ,imp]ial glass coa*es4 ,x is possible t ! coa*es h be5 a little alt]$ f ! "t ( _! con/ruction1 b ,i consid] t 9 ^! f\r we h ! olde/ coa*es ) solid doors & glasses all r\nd t exi/ 9 ,europe4 ,:e!r !y are id5tical ) ! ,emp]or ,leopold's w$d+ c>riages matt]s mu* less ?an ! influ5ce ! ,b]l9 und\bt$ly _h ^u ! ,coa*build+ ( t p]iod4 ,x 0 ! means ( introduc+ ! d\ble p]*1 :i*1 al?\gh x is n n[ 9 fa%ion1 0 adopt$ = v _m c>riages bo? 9 ,engl& & abroad1 up to #ahaj4 ,crane-necks to p]*es 7 sugge/$ by ! =m ( ! ,b]l9 p]*2 & z bodies sw++ f /&>d po/s sugge/$ ! position ( ! ,c spr+1 s bodies re/+ ^u long lea!r braces sugge/$ ! horizontal & elb[ spr+s to :i* we owe s mu*4 ,! fir/ ,b]l9 0 made z a small vis--vis coa*--small because x 0 to be us$ z a light travell+ c>riage1 & n>r[ because x 0 to hang betwe5 ! two p]*es1 & 0 only ne$$ to c>ry two p]sons inside4 ,x 0 su* an improvem5t 9 lightness & appe>ance ^u ! cumb]some coa*es t c>ri$ eight p]sons1 t x at once f\nd fav\r1 & 0 imitat$ 9 ,p>is1 & /ill m 9 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb4 ,,coa* ,,( ,,"t ,,( ,,*>les #b,,nd ,at ,vi5na !re is also to be se5 a horse litt] ( ?is p]iod ,plate #ba1 :i* is int]e/+ z ano!r specim5 ( a small vis--vis coa* ) glass w9d[s4 ,9 %ape x exactly resembles ! coa*es on ! arms ( ! ,coa* & ,coa*-h>ness ,mak]s' ,company ( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,plate #bb4 ,x is a s+ul> in/ance ( ! l5g? ( "t t "s old patt]ns exi/1 t ?is horse-litt] exactly resembles ! %ape ( ! s$an *airs /ill 9 use at ! public ba?s at ,is*l1 9 ,au/ria--t is1 if ?is litt] 7 cut 9 half1 y w\ld h two s$an *airs4 ,x is said t ! ,spani% wife ( ! ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,,iii4 rode 9 a glass c>riage1 s small z to conta9 two p]sons only1 z e>ly z #afca4 ,x is possible t ?is horse-litt] may be ! c>riage spok5 (4 ,glass 0 9 common use !n = w9d[s2 b plate-glass1 su* z 0 us$ = ,/ate coa*es 9 #agjj1 0 n made at all 9 ,engl& until #afgj4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 among ! weal?i] classes1 decoration 0 appli$ to coa*es to an ext5t t w\ld surprise u n[-a-days4 ,:eels 7 aga9 ornam5t$1 z 9 ! times ( ! old ,roman empire2 ! spokes 7 %ap$ & c>v$1 ! rims m\ld$1 & ! naves highly emboss$4 ,! panels _h beautiful pa9t+s ^u !m2 sometimes ! :ole 0 ! subject ( a picture 9 :i* a l&scape & figures appe>$1 sometimes surr\nd$ ) a cont9u\s ribbon bord] ( fl[] "w1 or ! panels 7 divid$ into squ>es or diamonds ( diap] "w1 ea* little p>tition be>+ a fl[] or device4 ,! inside l9+s 7 ( brocad$ silk or velvet4 ,b all ?is c5tury ! use & numb] ( coa*es 9 ,engl& 0 increas+1 & at l5g? ! value ( spr+s 9 less5+ ! weight ( coa*es 0 fully und]/ood2 & ?is dem&s a %ort explanation4 ,fir/ x 0 f\nd t :5 ! body 0 susp5d$ ^u spr+s1 ! vibration1 & consequ5tly ! we> & te> ( n only ! body1 b 9 a degree ( ! und]works or c>riage1 0 r$uc$1 & ! entire am\nt ( timb] us$ c\ld be safely dim9i%$1 & ) x ! load beh9d ! horses4 ,& secondly1 :5 ! :eels _h to be pull$ ov] an ob/acle or out ( a dit*1 ! weight ( ! entire coa* _h n to be lift$ z =m]ly1 s9ce ! ela/icity ( ! spr+ all[$ ! :eel to rise )\t lift+ all ! body & its pass5g]s ) x4 ,x is ( importance to und]/& ?is cle>ly1 & anyone may conv9ce himself by wat*+ ! motion ( two load$ c>ts ov] a bad road1 "o hav+ spr+s & ! o!r be+ )\t !m4 ,9 ,mr ,samuel ,pepys' di>y dur+ ! ye> #affe1 we f9d on ,may #a/1 8,aft] d9n] ,i w5t to ! tryall ( "s exp]im5ts ab\t mak+ ( coa*es g easy4 ,& sev]al we tri$1 b "o did prove mighty easy n = me to describe "h1 fur!r ?an t ! :ole ( ! body lies ^u "o long spr+1 & we all "o aft] ano!r rid 9 x1 & x is v f9e1 & likely to take40 7,?is may h be5 a ,b]l9 c>47 ,on ,septemb] #e? he writes1 8,aft] d9n] comes ,colonel ,blunt 9 8 new *>iot made ) spr+s1 z t :i* 0 made ( wick]1 & :]e9 a :ile ago we rode at 8 h\se4 ,& he ha? rode he says n[1 ?is j\rney1 _m miles 9 x ) "o horse1 & outdrives any coa*1 & s easy he says4 ,s = curiosity ,i w5t 9 x to try x1 & up ! hill to ! hea?1 & ov] ! c>t ruts1 & f\nd x pretty well1 b n s easy z he pret5ds40 ,9 #afff1 ,janu>y #bbnd1 8,i w5t ) ,dr ,wilk9s1 ,mr ,hook1 ,"l ,br\nck]1 & o!rs1 to ,colonel ,blunt's1 to consid] aga9 ( ! bus9ess ( *>iots1 & to try _! new inv5tion1 :i* ,i "h saw ,"l ,br\nck] ride 91 :]e ! coa*man sits a/ride ^u a pole ov] ! horse1 b d n t\* ! horse1 :i* is a pretty odd ?+40 ,9 #affh1 ,novemb] #e?1 ,mr ,pepys w5t ) ,mr ,p]ry all ! aft]noon among ! ,coa*mak]s 9 ,c[-lane1 & 8did pit* ^u a little *>iot1 ^: body 0 fram$ b n cov]$1 x be+ v light1 & w be v g5teel & sob]40 ,decemb] #bnd1 8,abroad ) my wife1 ! fir/ "t t ,i ev] rode 9 my own coa*40 ,9 #affi1 ,april #ai?1 8,call+ ab\t my coa* :i* ha? be5 to ! ,coa*mak]s to be pa9t$ & ! w9d[ frames gilt aga940 ,we see f ?is entry t 9 #affi coa*es 7 made 9 ,engl& already ) glass w9d[s4 ,april #cj?1 8,to ! ,coa*mak]'s1 & f9d _m ladies sitt+ 9 ! body ( a coa*1 :i* mu/ be f9i%$ by to-morr[1 ! ,lady ,m>quess ( ,w9*e/] & ,lady ,bellasis eat+ ( bread & butt] & dr9k+ ( ale2 my coa* is silv]$ ov]1 b no v>ni% yet laid4 ,i /ood by x till at eight at night1 & saw ! pa9t]s v>ni% x1 & x dries almo/ z fa/ z x c be laid on4 ,i s5t ! same night my coa*man & horses to fet* ! coa* home20 & on ,may #a/1 8,at noon to d9n]1 & aft] ?r\gh ! t[n ) our new liv]ies ( s]ge1 & ! horses' manes & tails ti$ up ) r$ ribbons1 & new gre5 re9s40 ,s$an *airs came into fa%ion 9 ,engl& 9 #afcd1 & 7 9 g5]al use by ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,! alt]ation 9 ! =m ( ! coa*1 f ! long b>ge %ape ( ,*>les ,i4's "t to t ( ,*>les ,,ii4 01 no d\bt1 sugge/$ by ! %ape ( ! s$an *air1 9 ,london z well z 9 ,g]many4#b ,! improvem5ts m5tion$ by ,mr ,pepys %[ t coa*es 7 be+ alt]$1 b ! progress ( spr+s 0 sl[4 ,we appe>1 9 ,engl&1 to h tak5 ! lead1 9 at ! same "t introduc+ spr+s & less5+ ! weight ( coa*es4 ,9 #aggj1 an elaborate treatise on ,coa*mak+ 0 publi%$ at ,p>is by ! ,academy ( ,arts1 writt5 by ,mons4 ,r\bo4 ,9 ?is "w we f9d t ev5 at ,p>is !n1 spr+s 7 n at all univ]sal4 ,!y 7 appli$ to ! f\r corn]s ( a p]* c>riage1 & plac$ upright1 & at fir/ only clipp$ 9 ! middle to ! po/s ( ! e>li] c>riages1 & ! lea!r braces w5t f ! tops ( ! spr+s to ! bottoms ( ! bodies1 )\t any long iron loops su* z we n[ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,br\ette ,,( ,,p>is1 #afgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba4 ,,litt] ,,to ,,be ,,c>ri$ ,,by ,,horses ,,n[ ,,at ,,vi5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,l&au1 7,,f ,,an ,,old ,,draw+74 use2 &1 z ! braces 7 v long1 we f9d t compla9ts 7 made ( ! excessive sw++1 tilt+1 & j]k+ ( ! body4 ,ano!r me?od ( ! application ( spr+s 0 b5ea? ! body4 ,! ,que5's coa* is ?us susp5d$4 ,f\r elb[-spr+s1 z we %\ld call !m1 7 fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! body ,plate #ai1 ,figure #b1 b aga9 ! ends did n project beyond ! bottom1 & ! braces 7 /ill kept too long2 ,mons4 ,r\bo d\bts :e!r spr+s 7 ( mu* use4 ,x seems cle> f ?is "w1 t "o hundr$ ye>s ago ! art ( ,coa*build+ 0 9 "s respects equal to t ( ! pres5t day4 ,_! timb] 0 c>efully select$ & dri$1 ! bodies 7 fram$ & panell$1 ! %ape1 & curves1 & side sweep1 & turn-"u 0 regulat$ by v c>eful draw+s1 ! grooves = ! bl9ds & glasses 7 well made4 ,bl9ds 7 made bo? panell$1 p]=at$1 & to op51 j ! same z ^? :i* we call v5etian bl9ds1 & a f\r? sort ) fix$ op5 slats1 z are n[ us$ 9 ,turkey & ,india4 ,panels 7 !n1 z n[ 9 ,france1 *iefly ( walnut-wood1 & ,m4 ,r\bo describes ! me?od ( curv+ !m by wett+ "o side & expos+ ! o!r to a hot fire4 ,he also gives designs = ! v>i\s tools us$ by ! woodm5 & ! smi?s4 ,he enum]ates ! v>i\s classes ( workm51 includ+ pa9t]s & trimm]s1 & adds 8all ^! are indep5d5t workm51 yet :o %\ld h a k ( "o ano!r's "w1 t ! "w ( "o h9d]s n ! "w ( ano!r1 _! mutual k %\ld concur 9 ! accel]ation & p]fection ( ! :ole40 ,coa*es at ?is p]iod 7 hung comp>atively high1 be+ necess>ily above ! p]*4 ,b]l9 ,coa*es or ,vis--vis 7 hung betwe5 two p]*es1 & !re=e ne>] to ! gr\nd4 ,! body ( "s ,b]l9s also _h a solid top or ro(1 b ! sides & ends 7 ( lea!r1 :i* c\ld be roll$ up to admit ( m air4 ,^! may h giv5 ! idea ( a s+ul> c>riage :i* prec$$ ! ,l&au4 ,plate #bc4 ,"s coa*es _h w9d[s 9 ! side qu>t]s4 ,a few 7 /ill made to hold eight p]sons inside4 ,! %apes admitt$ ( consid]able v>iety2 ! elb[ l9e 0 /raight or 9 ?ree or f\r curves2 ! qu>t]s ei!r :at we call ! brit*ka qu>t]s1 or a concave s+le sweep f ! elb[ to ! end ( ! bottom side1 l ! %ape ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,/ate ,coa*4 ,*>iots 7 made ) ! h9d qu>t] simil> 9 %ape to ! front pill>1 t is ) a concave sweep4 ,m4 ,r\bo goes on to tell u t *>iots1 be+ small] ?an coa*es & light]1 7 at fir/ call$ dilig5ces4 ,b 9 consequ5ce ( ! spe$y passage ( a /age coa* f ,p>is to ,lyons1 x obta9$ ! "n ( dilig5ce1 :i* has s9ce rema9$ to ^? l>ge d\ble coa*es /ill 9 use on ! ,cont95t4 ,we also f9d ! draw+ ( an invalid or ,dormeuse coa*1 v +5i\sly contriv$1 & descriptions ( ! diff]5t summ] op5 c>riages1 "s ) & "s )\t spr+s2 !re are a few ( really elegant %apes4 ,he enum]ates ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd4 ,,*>iot ,l',,anglaise1 ,,aft] ,m ,,r\bo *aises1 phaetons1 cabriolets1 cale*es1 8,anglaises desobligeants0 7or :at we %\ld call sulkies1 t w\ld only conta9 "o p]son71 la/ly & ! w\r/1 a vehicle introduc$ f ,g]many = sport+1 & :i* is a ,russian drosky1 b v mu* long] ?an ^? we h se5 9 ,engl&1 !re is a crane neck 9 ! p]* to all[ ! :eel to turn1 & ! seat1 :i* is hung on braces1 is v n>r[1 = ! pass5g]s to sit on x a/ride4 ,m4 ,r\bo describes at l5g?1 & gives a plan ( ! ,anglaise4 ,x is a *>iot1 ) ! mod]n curv$ l[] qu>t] panel susp5d$ ^u a d\ble swan-neck$ p]*1 r high front :eels1 & f\r :ip spr+s1 & ) a small hamm]-clo? 9 front4 ,plate #bd4 ,!re is "o v simil> pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,hotel ,cluny at ,p>is4 ,b on ?is vehicle ,m4 ,r\bo rem>ks1 8,i see no beauty nor grace 9 ! voiture l',anglaise1 b x is no d\bt suffici5t t ! inv5tion ( ?is vehicle comes f ,engl&1 to make all ! _w desire to h !m1 z if !re exi/$ "s law :i* obliges u to be ! s]vile imitators ( a nation :o is our rival1 & :i*1 al?\gh x is respectable1 & admirable ev51 9 "s respects1 c nev] be equal to u = works ( ta/e 9 g5]al1 & above all 9 ,coa*build+40 ,:il/ we may smile at ,m4 ,r\bo's jeal\sy1 we mu/ all[ ! g5]al tru? ( :at he says1 viz41 t 9 works 9 :i* ta/e reigns p>am\nt1 ! ,fr5* d usually surpass ! ,engli%2 & z reg>ds ,coa*build+1 al?\gh we h ! "n = sup]ior vehicles1 & des]v$ly s z reg>ds quality1 durability1 & ease1 ! ,fr5* are beyond u 9 apply+ ta/eful pa9t+1 trimm+1 & decoration ( all sorts4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,encyclopdia ( #aggb1 by ,did]ot1 !re are elaborate descriptions ( ! art ( ,coa*build+1 ! work%ops & tools us$1 & plates ( ! diff]5t c>riages 9 use4 ,i h m5tion$ ^! two works1 "o by ,m4 ,did]ot on 8 own acc\nt1 & ! o!r by ,m4 ,r\bo = ! ,fr5* ,academy1 p>tly to %ew ! great c>e tak5 by our neighb\rs to in/ruct ! p 9 ! te*nical pr9ciples on :i* _! manufactories %\ld be conduct$4 ,x may be t hav+ ^! sup]ior models be=e _! eyes1 & be+ assur$ by ! wise m5 ( ! day t ?us c>riages %\ld be con/ruct$1 ! ,fr5* ,coa*build]s 7 cont5t ) _! a*ievem5ts1 & all[$ o!r nations to advance m rapidly1 dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! c5tury1 ) d>+ innovations 9 light] & easi] vehicles4 ,b ! tea*+ ( ! ,academy w\ld nev]!less t5d to create a c>eful & ?\ghtful body ( workm51 :o1 if !y develop$ b sl[ly1 w\ld develop c>efully1 & turn out good "w 9 _! g5]ation4 ,!re is "o vehicle :i* appe>s almo/ solely 9 ?is epo*1 & _h a m>k$ effect 9 introduc+ our ,engli% po/-*aise4 ,?is 0 ! *aise de po/e4 ,plate #be4 ,f ! engrav+ & description 9 ! ,encyclopdia x appe>s to h be5 a small *>iot body1 v little long] ?an a s$an *air1 & l a s$an *air1 x _h ! door 9 front2 ?is door 0 h+$ at ! bottom1 & fell =w>d on to a small da%] l a g5tleman's cabriolet2 !re 0 a w9d[ 9 ea* side4 ,x 0 hung ^u two v l(ty :eels & long %afts = "o horse1 & ! body 0 r 9 front ( ! :eels1 s t ! weight on ! horse's back mu/ h be5 consid]able4 ,x 0 susp5d$ at fir/ ^u lea!r braces only1 b lat] ^u two upright or :ip spr+s beh9d1 & two elb[ spr+s 9 front f ! body to ! cross-b>1 :i* jo9$ ! %afts & c>ri$ ! /eps4 ,c\nt ,gozzad9i tells u t 9 #afgb ,cabriolets1 or gigs ) hoods1 7 introduc$ f ,p>is into ,flor5ce--8an affair ) a curv$ seat fix$ on two long b5d+ %afts1 plac$ 9 front on ! back ( a horse & beh9d ^u two :eels2 to ?is 0 giv5 ! "n ( gig1 & !y s increas$ 9 numb] t 9 a few ye>s !re 7 ne>ly a ?\s& 9 ! city ( ,flor5ce40 ,^! vehicles1 9 :i* ! %afts 7 really v long1 appe> to be ! orig9 ( ! c>riole ( ,norway1 ! calesso ( ,naples1 & ! volante ( ,cuba4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton we h a specim5 ( "o ( ^!1 adorn$ ) mu* elegant c>v+4 ,x has no hood4 ,! seat is v small4 ,b5ea? ! %afts are two long /raps ( lea!r & a w9dlass to tight5 !m2 ?is app>atus 01 no d\bt1 to regulate ! spr+ ( ! vehicle to ! road travell$ ov]4 ,!re 0 a small-siz$ vehicle 9 use call$ ,cabriolet1 ! body only a %ell1 ) a hood :i* w\ld put up & d[n1 compos$ ( ?ree iron hoop/icks1 jo9t$ 9 ! middle to fall upw>ds2 ! sett+ jo9ts are /raight1 ! cov]+ appe>s to h be5 clo? or canvas4 ,al?\gh ^! ,fr5* books appe>$ ab\t #aggj1 !y describe c>riages t _h be5 a long "t 9 use4 ,9 ! meantime ! ,engli% _h be5 mak+ a great _m small *>iots4 ,dean ,swift1 9 #aggj1 speaks 9 8 j\rnal ( driv+ d[n to ,hampton ,c\rt & to sev]al g5tlem5's c\ntry h\ses ne> ,london 9 a *>iot & pair ( horses1 to d9e ) "s great man1 & return+ aft] d9n] to t[n4 ,he m5tions t he c\ld n h done ! same 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,dubl9 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( turnpike roads4 ,he drove f ,w9dsor to ,london1 tw5ty-?ree miles1 9 two h\rs & =ty m9utes1 & f ,wycombe to ,london1 tw5ty-sev5 miles1 9 five h\rs1 & f ,w9dsor to ,bucklebury1 ne> ,newbury1 tw5ty-six miles1 9 f\r h\rs4 ,9 #agdd ,lady ,h]vey wrote 9 h] 8,lett]s10 t light-bodi$ *>iots 7 !n adv]tis$ z fit = t[n or c\ntry4 ,z a fur!r illu/ration ( ?is p]iod1 !re is a *>iot 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum belong+ to ! ,e>l ( ,d>nley's family1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 built 9 #agej4 ,i %\ld ?9k x is ( r e>li] date1 probably #agjj4 ,! body is small1 & ab\nds 9 curves & sweeps l furniture ( ! date ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! glasses ( ! doors & ( ! front rise & fall 9 frames4 ,!re is a broad p]*1 ) two iron h&somely-=g$ cranes 7exactly l ^? 9 ! dilig5ce ,anglaise1 :i*1 un=tunately1 did n please ,m4 ,r\bo74 ,! body is slung ^u lea!r buckle braces1 ) small elb[ spr+s at ! bottom ( ! body at ! h9d] "p4 ,!re is a small hamm]-clo? on :i* ! coa*man c\ld sit 7! orig9 ( ! "n is suppos$ to be f its orig9al use 9 cov]+ ! budget :i* held ! hamm] & o!r tools t 7 frequ5tly c>ri$ ) c>riages1 especially travell+ c>riages1 z late z ! ye> #ahdj72 ! footbo>d is fram$ to ! c>riage "p4 ,!re is a spl9t]-b>1 by :i* ! horses w\ld be atta*$1 & ! :eel-irons hook on to ?is b>1 & are atta*$ at ! h9d] "p to ! ends ( ! front axletree4 ,! front :eels are #b ft4 #i 94 high1 & ! numb] ( spokes eight4 ,! h9d :eels h twelve spokes1 & are #e ft4 high4 ,! :ole is hung l[4 ,we c well suppose t ?is 0 n a heavy c>riage aft] ! horses4 ,:5 ! fir/ coa* qu>t]s 7 cov]$ ) lea!r1 !y 7 nail$ on & ! heads %[$4 ,aft] #affj ^! nail heads 7 cov]$ ) a /rip ( metal made to imitate a r[ ( beads2 f ?is practice arose ! "n ( 8bead+10 :i* has be5 reta9$1 al?\gh bead+ is n[ made 9 a cont9u\s level piece1 ei!r r\nd$ or angul>4 ,! use ( coa*es _h by ?is "t spread f ,europe to ! colonies1 & 9 #agdj !re 7 _m coa*es & *>iots 9 use at ,spani% ,t[n1 ,jamaica1 & o!r l>ge t[ns 9 ,am]ica1 :]ev] colonis$ by ,europeans4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,/ate ,,coa*es4 ,a ,coa* ( ,silv]--,"l ,ca/lema9e's ,coa*--,spani% ,ambassador's ,coa*--,anci5t ,spani% ,coa*--,au/rian ,/ate ,coa*--,/ate ,fun]al ,coa* at ,vi5na--,/ate ,coa* ( ,engl&--,city ,/ate ,coa*4 ,9 ,c\nt ,gozzad9i's "w on ,anci5t ,c>riages !re is an acc\nt ( a ,/ate ,coa* :i* 0 built "u ! direction ( an ,italian at ,brussels1 = ! c]emony ( ! m>riage ( ,alex&]1 ! son ( ,octavius ,f>nese1 ,duke ( ,p>ma1 ) a ,portuguese pr9cess4 ,! w$d+ took place 9 #aefe at ,brussels4 ,!re 7 f\r c>riages ,fl&]s fa%ion1 & f\r coa*es aft] ! ,italian fa%ion1 sw++ on lea!r braces4 ,! *ief1 or /ate coa*1 is describ$ z built 9 ! mo/ beautiful mann]1 ) f\r /atues at ! ends1 ! spokes ( ! :eels l flut$ columns4 ,!re 7 s]aphims' heads at ! ends ( ! ro( & ov] ! doorway1 & fe/oons ( fruit 9 relief on ! fram+ ( ! body4 ,! coa*man 0 support$ by two c>v$ figures ( lions1 two simil> lions 7 at ! h9d end1 & ! lea!r braces t support$ ! body & ! h>ness 7 emboss$ ) heads ( animals4 ,! ends ( ! /eps 7 s]p5ts' heads4 ,! :ole ( ! wood & ironwork 0 cov]$ ) gold1 reliev$ ) :ite4 ,! coa* 0 drawn by f\r horses1 ) r$ & :ite plumes ( fea!rs1 & ! cov]+ ( ! body & ( ! horses 0 gold brocade ) knott$ r$ silk fr+e4 ,! cu%ions ( embroid]$ gold /uff 7 p]fum$ 8) amb] & musk1 t infus$ ! s\l ( all :o ent]$ ! coa* ) life1 joy1 & supreme pleasure40 ,! horses 7 cream col\r4 ,all ?is description w\ld fit v mu* ) ! coa* ( ! ,duke ( ,saxe ,coburg built tw5ty ye>s lat] ,plate ,no4 #aj1 except t ! c>v+ ( ! ,brussels coa* 0 sup]ior1 :i* is probably due to ,capt4 ,francisco ,m>*i1 ( ,bologna1 :o design$ ! :ole4 ,a ,/ate ,coa* on a f> m ambiti\s scale is describ$ 9 ! same "w1 :i* 0 built 9 ,italy1 = ! m>riage ( ,duke ,edw>d ,f>nese ) ,lady ,m>g>et ( ,tuscany 9 #afbi4 ,! body 0 l9$ ) crimson velvet & gold ?read1 & ! woodwork cov]$ ) silv] plates1 *as$ & emboss$ & p]=at$1 9 half relief4 ,x c\ld c>ry eight p]sons3 f\r on ! seats atta*$ to ! doors1 & f\r 9 ! back & front4 ,! ro( 0 support$ by eight silv] columns1 on ! ro( 7 eight silv] vases1 & unicorns' heads & lilies 9 full relief project$ f ! ro( & ends ( ! body "h & !re4 ,! ro( 0 compos$ ( tw5ty /icks1 conv]g+ f ! edge to ! c5tre1 :i* 0 cr[n$ ) a great rose ) silv] leaves on ! outside1 & inside by ! armorial be>+s ( ! ,pr9ces ( ,tuscany & ,f>nese held up by cupids4 ,! curta9s ( ! sides & back ( ! coa* 7 ( crimson velvet1 embroid]$ ) silv] lilies ) gold leaves4 ,at ! back & ! front ( ! coa*-c>riage 7 /atues ( unicorns1 surr\nd$ by cupids & wrea!d ) lilies1 gr\p$ r\nd ! /&>ds f :i* ! body 0 susp5d$2 on ! tops ( ! /&>ds 7 silv] vases1 ) fe/oons ( fruit1 & wr\ght 9 silv]4 ,9 ! front 7 also /atues ( ,ju/ice & ,m]cy1 support+ ! coa*man's seat4 ,! braces susp5d+ ! body 7 ( lea!r1 cov]$ ) crimson velvet2 ! :eels & pole 7 plat$ ) poli%$ silv]4 ,! :ole 0 drawn by six horses1 ) h>ness & trapp+s cov]$ ) velvet1 embroid]$ ) gold & silv] ?read1 & ) silv] buckles4 ,x is said t tw5ty-five excell5t silv]smi?s work$ at ?is coa* = two ye>s1 & us$ up #be1jjj ounces ( silv]2 & t ! "w 0 sup]9t5d$ by two ma/] coa*build]s1 "o f ,p>ma & ! o!r f ,piac5za4 ,an embassy 0 s5t 9 ! latt] ye>s ( 8 reign by ,k+ ,james ,,ii4 to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,xi4 at ,rome1 head$ by ,"l ,ca/lema9e4 ,an acc\nt 0 writt5 ( all ! /ate & pomp ) :i* he 0 receiv$ 9 ,rome2 a copy ( ?is "w is at ! hall ( ! ,coa* & ,coa*-h>ness ,mak]s4 ,on ,"l ,ca/lema9e's /ate entry into ,rome1 ,janu>y #h?1 #afhg1 a procession 0 =m$ ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty coa*es4 ,! ambassador _h ?irte5 coa*es ( 8 own1 9 all probability built = him at ,rome4 ,two ( ^! 7 /ate coa*es1 & c]ta9ly 7 ,roman4 ,! bodies ( ^! coa*es 7 simil> to t ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 )\t glass 9 ! doors or sides4 ,!y 7 hung inside & out ) beautifully embroid]$ clo?s1 ! "o coa* ) crimson1 ! o!r ) azure blue velvet1 & gold & silv] "w4 ,! ro(s 7 adorn$ ) scroll "w & vases gilt2 "u ! ro( 7 curta9s ) silv] fr+es1 & ! ambassador's armorial be>+s4 ,! c>riage ( ! pr9cipal coa* 0 adorn$ 9 front ) two l>ge ,tritons1 ( c>v$ wood1 gilt all ov]1 t support$ a cu%ion = ! coa*man betwe5 !m1 & f _! %\ld]s ! braces dep5d$4 ,! foot-bo>d 0 =m$ by a con* %ell1 betwe5 two dolph9s4 ,9 ! re> ( ! coa* 7 two m ,tritons1 support+ n only ! lea!r braces ( ! coa*1 b two o!r /atues ( ,neptune & ,cybele1 :o 9 turn held a royal cr[n4 ,bel[ ,neptune & ,cybele1 & project+ backw>ds1 7 a lion & a unicorn1 & sev]al cupids & wrea?s ( fl[]s4 ,! :eels _h m\ld$ rims1 & ! spokes 7 hidd5 by curv+ foliage c>v+4 ,! second coa* _h pla9] :eels & few] /atues ab\t x4 ,9 bo?1 ! size ( ! :eels 71 z well z ,i c judge1 #b ft4 #f 94 & #d ft4 high1 & ! l5g? ap>t #ab ft4 ,! :ole appe>ance ( ^! coa*es may h be5 magnific5t1 b c]ta9ly n beautiful4#c ,!re are a few records ( a magnific5t /ate coa* t 0 built 9 #agac = ! ,duke ( ,ossuna1 ambassador f ,philip ,v4 ( ,spa9 on ! occasion ( mak+ ! peace ( ,utre*t4 ,! body 0 9 %ape some:at simil> to ,"l ,d>nley's *>iot at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ) ! doorway project+ d[nw>ds "s t5 in*es bel[ ! bottom sides1 ! qu>t]s rake t[>ds ! ro( consid]ably1 ! ro( ov] ! doorway is ar*$ upw>ds1 ! upp] qu>t]s are fitt$ ) l>ge glasses ( mirror plate-glass4 ,x is elaborately & beautifully c>v$ ) figures ( ,tritons & ,nymphs1 cupids & lions4 ,! :eels h c>v$ spokes & felloes4 ,x is hung ^u lea!r braces f ! usual /&>d po/s1 :i* are c>v$ into figures ( m5 & wom51 & ! supports into figures ( boys & baskets ( fruit4 ,!re is a hamm]-clo? cu%ion 9 front1 & a footbo>d support$ by ,tritons bl[+ horns4 ,! description ( ?is coa* 0 publi%$ at ,am/]dam4 ,!re is at ,madrid a v old coa* ( a simil> %ape to ?is1 ) _m small po9ts s simil> z1 ,i ?9k1 cle>ly to m>k x out z belong+ to ! same p]iod4 ,! /&>ds bo? 9 front & beh9d ( ! ,spani% coa* are1 h[ev]1 ( beautifully wr\ght scroll ironwork4 ,! body & :eels are ( c>v$ wood /a9$ black1 ! :ole ( ! panels & fram+ are work$ ov] ) v elegant c>v+1 ! c5tre ( ea* panel is a m$allion conta9+ figures ( females ( beautiful =ms4 ,!re is a photograph ( ?is at ,coa*mak]s' ,hall4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ascrib$ errone\sly to ! "t ( ,jeanne ,la ,folle1 z ,que5 ,joanna1 ! "m ( ,*>les ,v41 di$ 9 #aeee4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,spani% tradition ( its age is incorrect4 ,! :eels h ! spokes turn$ 9 spiral =m1 ! rims ( ! :eels are m\ld$ & c>v$4 ,! w9d[s1 eight 9 numb]1 ,i am in=m$1 h be5 refitt$ ) wood5 frames4 ,?is coa* is des]v+ ( c>eful /udy2 x is c]ta9ly 9 _m po9ts :at a ,/ate ,coa* %\ld be4 ,!re are no fitt+s = s]vants or driv]4 ,x 0 ! cu/om = _m ye>s 9 ,spa9 to drive po/illion1 because a coa*man ( ! ,duke ( ,oliv>ez hav+ ov]he>d & betray$ a /ate secret1 ! duke ord]$ t coa*m5 %\ld no long] be all[$ 9 ,spa94 ,our excell5t ambassador at ,madrid1 :o takes a great int]e/ 9 antiqu>ian rese>*es1 has k9dly s5t me ! p>ticul>s respect+ ?is ,spani% coa*1 & obta9$ f ! k+'s libr>ian ! fur!r in=mation t x is n m5tion$ 9 any inv5tory ( ! royal goods until ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 ! libr>ian's op9ion is t ! coa* belong$ to ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 :o di$ 9 #agjj1 & left 8 k+dom to ,philip ,v41 ! gr&son ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,k+ ( ,france4 ,! coa* 9 %ape s closely resembles ! coa*es ( #agjj ,plate #ag1 t !re is no d\bt x belong$ ei!r to ,*>les ,,ii4 or ,philip ,v41 ,k+s ( ,spa94 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ,/ate ,coa*es is t belong+ to ! ,imp]ial family at ,vi5na4 ,!re are photographs ( x 9 ,coa*mak]s' ,hall1 b to be p]fectly appreciat$ x %\ld be se54 ,! proportions are almo/ p]fect1 & ! f9i% ( ! m\ld+s & c>v+s is exquisite4 ,x 0 built 9 #afif1 & is %ap$ ) all ! curves t are famili> to u 9 cab9ets & furniture ( ! /yle call$ ,l\is ,quatorze1 & 9 :i* a /raight l9e is s c>efully avoid$4 ,! body is v deep1 & long] on ! ro( ?an at ! elb[s2 ! doorway is depress$ to hide ! /eps4 ,! panels are beautifully pa9t$ ) nymphs 9 ! /yle ( ,rub5s2 inde$1 "o is told at ,vi5na t ,rub5s pa9t$ !m himself1 b t is ano!r in/ance ( ! inaccuracy ( _m local traditions1 z ,rub5s di$ 9 #afdj4 ,!re is an unusual quantity ( plate-glass 9 ! panels ( ! coa*1 t help to give x a light & airy appe>ance4 ,! c5tre ( ! ro( has a l>ge ,imp]ial cr[n1 & l>ge tassels hang f ! f\r corn]s ( ! ro(1 :]e mod]n ,coa*build]s w\ld place lamps4 ,! body hangs v l[4 ,! c>riage has a s+le p]* ) d\ble cranes1 correspond+ v closely ) ^? on ,"l ,d>nley's *>iot at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! /&>ds 9 ! front & h9d p>ts are l(ty1 elegantly %ap$ & c>v$1 & /r5g!n$ ) boldly curv$ iron /ays4 ,! body is hung ^u eight lea!r braces1 f\r ( :i* are arrang$ on ! ,b]l9 plan1 & f\r are atta*$ to %ort elb[ spr+s b5ea? ! bottom ( ! body4 ,!re are six ( ^! little /eel spr+s at ea* corn]4 ,! :eels are ab\t #c ft4 & #d ft4 #i 94 high1 & are v elegantly =m$ ) c>v$ rims1 & ! spokes ea* ( a %ape1 ) ?ree curves 9 x4 ,!re are no fitt+s = coa*man or footman4 ,! :ole ( ! wood & ironwork is gilt1 ! panels only are 9 ! col\r ( a l&scape ) figures4 ,x is a s+ul> ?+ t !re is a second coa* ( ! same %ape & date1 b ) ! :eels & o!r fitt+s ( a pla9] description1 & all black inside & out1 ) ! ,imp]ial arms 9 bronze relief on ! doors4 ,?is black /ate coa* is = fun]als4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( /ate coa*es built ab\t ?is p]iod = ! diff]5t c\rts ( ,europe2#d b )\t illu/rations ( ea*1 descriptions w\ld n give mu* idea ( _! %apes4 ,! g5]al "* ( ea* is t ( a r lumb]+ body1 pr(usely c>v$1 gild$1 & adorn$1 plac$ on a v lumb]+ c>riage1 on "s ( :i* are introduc$ figures ( gods & goddesses or animals1 appe>+ to hold up ! heavy body by lea!r braces4 ,! la/1 & probably mu* ! l>ge/ ( ^!1 is ! ,/ate ,coa* ( ,engl&1 built = ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 ,x is n kn[n :o built x2 x 0 design$ by an amateur1 :o c\ld n be expect$1 p]haps1 to consid] s mu* its usefulness z a c]ta9 massive gr&eur :i* he expect$ to ga9 f an exagg]ation ( "s ( ! pr9cipal p>ts1 su* z ! body1 ! total l5g?1 & ! h9d :eels4 ,?is coa*1 built 9 #agfa1 0 design$ by ,sir ,william ,*amb]s2 ! l5g? is #bd feet1 ! height #ab feet1 ! wid? #h feet2 ! weight is /at$ z #d tons4 ,! introduction ( ! figures ( f\r ,tritons1 to support ! braces1 is probably imitat$ f ,"l ,ca/lema9e's coa* ( #afhg1 b x w\ld h be5 bett] to h introduc$ su* figures z lean+ aga9/ ! /&>d-po/s1 ?an to make ! figures !mselves ! be>]s4 ,:y ! coa* 0 n hung ^u ,c spr+s1 or r :ip spr+s1 x is v difficult to say1 z !y 7 9 common use 9 #agfj4 ,! ,city ,/ate ,coa* 0 built 9 #ageg1 ab\t ! same "t z ! royal coa*4 ,x is1 9 "s respects1 9 bett] ta/e & proportions1 b is v unwieldy /ill4 ,x des]ves "s /udy1 recollect+ 9 h[ _m city %[s x has borne a conspicu\s place4 ,! body is ! ,l\is ,quatorze %ape4 ,! panels w\ld look bett] if !y 7 repa9t$2 fre% col\rs w\ld light5 ! :ole coa*4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! "n ( ! build] is n on record at ,guildhall4 ,b1 9 ! same ye>1 a /ate coa* 0 suppli$ to ,sir ,*>les ,asgill by ,messrs ,runciman & ,b>k] = #hfj2 x 0 refitt$ ! foll[+ ye> = ,sir ,ri*>d ,glyn1 & successively = ,sir ,?omas ,*itty1 ,sir ,mat!w ,blaki/on1 ,sir ,samuel ,fludy]1 & la/ly = ,mr ,william ,beck=d4 ,x 01 probably1 f ! orig9al co/1 only a second coa*1 & appe>s to h be5 newly pa9t$ & o!rwise adorn$ = ea* successive ,"l ,mayor4 ,if ! pres5t ,city ,/ate ,coa* is to be kept = /ate use x %\ld be suppli$ ) spr+s4 ,! city coa*mak]1 :o has = "s "t _h ! *>ge ( ?is coa*1 c\ld add spr+s )\t any difficulty1 & )\t mu* exp5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bf4 ,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,publi%$ ,,at ,,rome #afib4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,c>riages ,,f #agij ,,to #ahgf4 ,mr ,felton's ,op9ions--,prop] ,/r5g? ( ,c>riages--,me?od ( ,con/ruction--,usual ,wid? ( ,coa*es--,! ,p]*--,great ,height ( ,:eels 9 #agij--,! ,"l ,*ancellor's ,coa*--,! ,l&au--,phaetons ( #agij--,two ,:eel$ ,vehicles--,taxation on ,c>riages--,advance ( ! ,trade--,inv5tion ( ,elliptical ,spr+s--,c>riages ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te--,numb] ( ,vehicles ,pay+ ,taxes--,! ,curricle4--,introduction ( ,und]spr+s--,mr ,s4 ,hobson's ,improvem5ts--,! ,briska & ! ,/anhope--,! ,tilbury & ,dog-,c>t--,comm]cial ,travell]s' ,gigs--,travell+ ,c>riages--,! ,pony ,phaeton & ! ,droitska--,! ,cab ,phaeton & ! ,victoria--,dress ,c>riages--,coronation ,procession 9 #ahch--;,improvem5t ( ! ,l&au--,introduction ( ! ,br\gham--,waggonnettes--,exhibitions ( ,c>riages--,numb]s ( ,c>riages 9 #ahgd4 8,9 ! ye> #agij10 accord+ to a v compet5t judge1 a coa*build] !n alive1 ,mr ,felton1 8! art ( ,coa*build+ _h be5 9 a gradual /ate ( improvem5t = half a c5tury pa/1 & _h n[ arriv$ to a v high degree ( p]fection1 ) respect bo? to ! beauty1 /r5g?1 & elegance ( our ,engli% c>riages40 8,! sup]ior excell5ce1 too1 ( ,engli% workman%ip has n only be5 ! occasion ( a v great increase 9 _! numb] 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ! exportation ( !m to =eign nations is become a pr(itable & consid]able bran* ( ,briti% comm]ce40 ,^! /atem5ts might h be5 made aga9 & aga9 = _m ye>s aft] ?is date4 ,our c>riages1 z ,i w endeav\r to %[1 h cont9u$ to improve2 b no long]1 ,i regret to h to say1 are !y export$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! co/ has s mu* increas$1 f ! date ( #agij1 t =eign nations pref] to deal ) manufactur]s :o c give !m a vehicle :i*1 to ! eye1 appe>s z good z our own1 & 9 col\rs & f9i% is m to _! ta/e1 :il/ ! price is f #aj to #cj p] c5t4 less ?an ! ,briti% c>riage4 ,al?\gh ,i %all h occasion to treat ?is "p ( our subject 9 ! la/ lecture m fully1 ,i w "h gu>d aga9/ misconception1 by po9t+ out ! example set u by our en]getic bro!rs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o h secur$ a v l>ge m>ket = _! c>riages1 ev5 9 ,engli% colonies1 by build+ good & light vehicles at a mod]ate price4 ,9 confirmation ( ! /atem5t ( ,mr ,felton 9 #agij1 we f9d t ,engli% c>riages _h be5 export$ to ! ,nor? ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian ,colonies z e>ly z #agdj4 ,to return to ,mr ,felton's "w4 ,he /ates t ! ,coa* trade 0 prosp]\s1 & 0 n conf9$ to ,coa*build]s prop]1 b t h>nessmak]s & o!rs op5$ repositories = ! sale ( c>riages4 ,?is practice 0 n conf9$ to ,engl&1--x 0 also a ,fr5* cu/om1 & s mu* s1 t 9 ! ,fr5* ,encyclopdia1 ,coa*mak+ is describ$ "u ! head+ ( 8,selli]0 or 8,saddl]10 & ev5 n[ 9 "s t[ns on ! ,cont95t1 "o may see 8,selli]0 pa9t$ on ! front ( a coa*-factory1 )\t any o!r description ( ! trade4 ,! pr9cipal improvem5ts 9 c>riages 9 ,london f #aggj to #agij 7 ! inv5tion ( ,mr ,john ,hat*ett1 ( ,long-acre1 ^: ta/e 9 build+ appe>s to h be5 prom95t1 & o!r ,coa*build]s g5]ally copi$ him4 ,mr ,felton adds t _m g5tlem5 took great pleasure & pride 9 gett+ a h&some coa* built1 & t 8 treatise 0 int5d$ to aid !m 9 =m+ a judgm5t !reon4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks are pr9cipally tak5 f ,mr ,felton's "w1 z f> z reg>ds ?is p]iod ( #agij3-- 8,c>riages %\ld always be built adapt$ to ! places = :i* !y are de/9$1 :e!r = t[n1 c\ntry1 or ! ,cont95t2 z a great] /ress is laid ^u ! c>riage 9 draw+ ov] /ones ?an on a smoo? road4 ,?is makes x absolutely necess>y to build /rong] = ! t[n ?an if int5d$ = ! c\ntry only1 ow+ to ! g5]al goodness ( our ,engli% roads2 x is also necess>y to build /rong] = ! ,cont95t ?an ev5 = ! t[n1 z ! badness ( _! roads obliges !m to use six horses :]e we %\ld use two4 8,! con/ruction ( e c>riage %\ld be z light z ! nature ( ! place = :i* x is de/9$ w all[4 ,x is folly to give unnecess>y weight to ! horses1 z ! pleasure ( conveyance arises f exp$ition & ease1 :i* _c be effect$ 9 a cumb]some1 heavy c>riage4 8,a false op9ion p]vades ! m9ds ( _m p]sons1 :i* is1 to build /rongly1 reg>d+ ! durability ( ! c>riage 9 pref]5ce to ! pres]vation ( ! horses4 ,sup]ior /r5g? is only effect$ by additions 9 weight ( ! mat]ials us$4 8,9 ! usual mean+ ( ! ^w c>riage among ,coa*mak]s1 x is ! l[] framework on :i* ! body conta9+ ! pass5g]s is fix$ or susp5d$ & to :i* ! :eels are atta*$4 ,al?\gh1 speak+ g5]ally1 all vehicles are call$ c>riages1 yet1 9 speak+ te*nically1 ! di/9ction mu/ be obs]v$4 8,x is ! body1 h[ev]1 :i* conta9s ! pass5g]s1 :i* v>ies mo/ 9 %ape & size1 & :i* is mo/ conspicu\s to ! eye1 & f :i*1 !re=e1 we d]ive ! p>ticul> "n ( ea* sort ( vehicle40 ,9 ,coa*build+1 accord+ly1 ! fir/ process is to draw out a side view ( ! body1 & c>efully to assimilate ! l9es & curves to ! prevail+ fa%ion ( ! day4 ,secondly1 to draw out ! plan1 or view f above1 ( ! bottom & ro( dim5sions1 ) ! sweep or cant l9es d[nw>ds1 & backw>ds1 & =w>ds4 ,! body-mak] aft]w>ds makes patt]ns 9 ?9 wood ( all ! diff]5t pieces ( timb] he requires2 ^! are laid ^u planks ( a% timb]1 & m>k$ ) *alk1 & sawn z ne>ly to ! size z possible4 ,! body-mak] !n proce$s to smoo? "o side ( ! pieces ( wood & frame !m toge!r4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to give fur!r details ( fram+ ! body1 x is suffici5t to say t ! *ief timb]s are call$ ! bottom sides2 ^u !m all ! sup]/ructure is rais$1 & ^u _! /ability all dep5ds2 !y are1 !re=e1 ( /\t timb]1 & g5]ally /r5g!n$ ) iron plates sev]al in*es wide1 & f a qu>t] to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick4 ,x is necess>y to m5tion ! bottom sides also1 because we c h>dly describe ! %ape ( a body )\t m5tion+ !m4 ,! panels are ( s(t-gra9$ mahogany1 :i* 0 us$ 9 #agij1 z well z at ! pres5t day 9 ,engl&2 al?\gh our neighb\rs 9 ,france pref]r$ !n1 & g5]ally /ill use walnut & popl> wood = panels4 ,! ro(1 bottom1 & l9+ bo>ds are ( deal4 ,! ro( ( a coa* is cov]$ ) a hide ( lea!r /ret*$ on 9 a wet /ate4 ,! wid?s usual = ! inside ( bodies 9 ^? days 0 #c feet #e in*es = two p]sons1 & #d feet to #d feet #b in*es1 = ?ree p]sons on ea* seat4 ,! height ( ! seat f ! floor 0 #ad in*es1 & f ! ro( #c feet #f in*es to #c feet #i in*es4 ,^! dim5sions w s]ve to %[ h[ little we h v>i$ f !m to ! pres5t day4 ,! body be+ plann$ out & 9 progress1 ! c>riage und]works 7 prep>$1 & ,mr ,felton's description answ]s to ! description 9 mo/ p>ticul>s ( ! me?od ( build+ f t "t to ?is4 ,! axles 7 common axles1 ) a s+le l>ge nut & l9*-p91 su* z we n[ use to agricultural c>ts & /reet cabs only4 ,!re 7 improv$ axle-trees1 ) d\ble nuts at ea* end ( ! axle-trees & pat5t axles1 :i* 7 n !n furni%$ ) ! loose collet n[ us$1 & mail axles2 all ^! are c>efully describ$1 & evid5tly v closely resembl$ ! axles 9 use 9 #ahgf4 ,! axles 7 /r5g!n$ by wood5 additions call$ b$s1 9 :i* ! axles 7 recess$ & clipp$4 ,! front & h9d axle-b$s 7 jo9$ by a long timb] call$ a p]*1 ) wood5 side-/ays or w+s beh9d4 ,9 front ! "u =e-c>riage 0 jo9$ to ! p]* by a l>ge iron p]* 7or k+7 bolt4 ,to secure a /eady be>+ = ! upp] & "u c>riages 9 lock+ r\nd1 a circle ( iron & wood 0 add$1 t]m$ :eel-plate 9 ,engl&1 & ! fif? :eel 9 ,am]ica4 ,b5ea? ! :eel-plate 7 ! fut*els 7or f\r*ils7 to support ! spl9t]-b> & pole1 or %afts4 ,all ^! timb]s 7 heavi] 9 #agij ?an ^? us$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>s2 ! ironwork 0 light] & broke v frequ5tly4 ,! iron us$ by ,coa*build]s 9 ^? days 0 decid$ly inf]ior to ! iron ( #ahcj4 ,?is rem>k applies *iefly to ! small] pieces ( iron4 ,:5 a l>ge piece ( "w1 su* z an axle-tree or a crane 0 requir$1 x 0 =g$ ( a numb] ( b>s1 weld$ toge!r1 & hamm]$ into a t\gh1 secure mass4 ,! :eels 7 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! c>riages ( t day1 f _! great height & light appe>ance1 & dem& "s consid]ation f u4 ,! extreme height ( :eels ext5d$ to #e feet #h in*es1 :i* 7 made ) b f\rte5 spokes2 :eels #e feet #d in*es high _h twelve spokes2 :eels #d feet #f in*es _h t5 spokes2 & ! l[e/ :eels1 #c feet #b in*es high1 eight spokes4 ,! naves 7 ( elm1 ! spokes ( oak1 & ! rims or felloes ( a% or bee*4 ,! rims ( ! high] :eels 7 (t5 ( b5t timb]1 9 two or m pieces1 & 7 bolt$ to ! tyres by "o bolt ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be4 ,a ,,fr5* ,,*aise ,,de ,,po/e ,,( #agfj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg4 ,,l&au ,,( #agij ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh4 ,a ,,p]* ,,sociable ,,by ,,hat*ett4 betwe5 ea* pair ( spokes4 ,! tyre 0 g5]ally put on 9 pieces1 ! end jo9+ 9 ! middle ( ! felloe4 ,b ! bett] sort ( :eels _h ! tyre put on 9 "o piece1 & call$1 z 9 ! pres5t day1 8a hoop-tyre40 8,_m p]sons10 ,mr ,felton says1 8pref] ! common sort ( :eel1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ m easily repair$ ?an ! hoop-tyre :eel2 b ?\gh ! repair+ ! latt] is m difficult1 !y are mu* less subject to ne$ x40 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great height ( ! :eels x 0 necess>y to make ! c>riages v long1 & ! di/ance f ! front to ! h9d axle-tree 0 #i feet #b in*es 9 a *>iot1 & #i feet #h in*es 9 a coa*1 or ab\t #h in*es 9 ea* long] ?an we %\ld ?9k necess>y n[4 ,9 hackney coa*es a %ort] p]* 0 cu/om>y4 ,crane-neck p]*es 7 /ill us$4 ,! spr+s 7 *iefly :at is t]m$ ! :ip spr+1 namely1 an upright spr+1 slightly curv$ at ! top t[>ds ! body4 ,! same spr+1 if unit$ at ! po9t to ano!r1 became a nutcrack] or elb[ spr+4 ,! same unit$ at ! ?ick end ) ano!r became ! gras%opp]1 or horizontal spr+1 & 0 us$ = gigs4 ,! ,c spr+ 0 also occasionally us$4 ,!re 0 also a small conical spr+ plac$ betwe5 ! d\ble ( ! braces1 aft] ! mann] recomm5d$ by ,mr ,?omas to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 9 #agjc4 ,see ,plate #bh4 ,hav+ ?us describ$ ! mak+ ( ! body & c>riage1 we naturally proce$ to ! product4 ,:at 0 ! actual appe>ance ( ! coa* ( #agij8 ,we are aga9 assi/$ "h by ! exi/5ce ( a coa* ( t p]iod4 ,9 ! museum ( ,s\? ,k5s+ton may be se5 ! ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,irel&'s coa*1 a l>ge body ) deep panels1 flat-sid$1 long] on ! ro( ?an at ! elb[1 ) w9d[s 9 ! upp] qu>t]s2 ! c>riage ) two crane p]*es1 7,b]l9 fa%ion71 :ip spr+s1 & v high :eels4 ,!re is no h9d footbo>d1 :il/ a hamm]-clo? = ! coa*man is rais$ ^u scroll ironwork1 v well made4 ,! %ape & appe>ance correspond ) ! designs 9 ,mr ,felton's book1 & ) draw+s n[ 9 ! possession ( ! well-kn[n firm ( ,b>k] & ,co41 ( coa*es built by _! h\se = ! ,duke ( ,b$=d & o!rs dur+ #aghj to #ahjj4 ,! *>iot 0 some?+ l ! *>iot ( lat] days ,plate #ch1 b 0 made ) small] w9d[s1 deep] panels1 a v %all[ rock]1 & ) a sword-case2 ?is 0 an ugly excresc5ce at ! back ( ! body1 to :i* !re 0 an op5+ f beh9d t squab aga9/ :i* ! %\ld]s re/4 ,! sword-case 0 at fir/ int5d$ to conta9 weapons1 too frequ5tly requir$ by ! _m highway robb]s t 7 enc\nt]$ by travell]s1 & = fifty ye>s x 0 consid]$ ess5tial to almo/ e c>riage t 0 built2 b x 0 a relief to e critical eye :5 ,coa*mak]s 7 all[$ to omit x4 ,l&aus 7 orig9ally inv5t$ ab\t ! ye> #ageg1 at ! =tifi$ t[n ( ,l&au1 9 ,we/]n ,g]many4 ,! ,l&aus 9 #agij ,plate #bg1 7 l coa*es 9 %ape b made s z to op5 9 ! c5tre ( ! ro(1 ! framework ( :i* fell back at an angle ( #de degrees only1 to all[ ! admission ( air & ! sight ( ! c\ntry m freely ?an 9 a coa*2 b = ne>ly fifty ye>s !re 0 no improvem5t 9 ! me?od ( op5+ & clos+ ! top1 te*nically t]m$ ! 8hood0 ( ! ,l&au4 ,l&aulets 7 *>iots made to op54 ,! hoods ( bo? ,l&aus & ,l&aulets1 & o!r c>riages1 7 !n made ( greasy h>ness lea!r1 disagreeable to t\* or smell1 & cont9ually ne$+ oil & black+ rubb$ into !m to keep !m supple & black4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly mu* aga9/ _! popul>ity2 b1 consid]+ t !y 7 two c>riages 9 "o1 & w\ld s]ve = day & night "w1 & summ] & w9t]1 x is n surpris+ t !y f\nd a l>ge am\nt ( patronage4 ,besides ^! vehicles !re 7 phaetons1 b>\*es1 sociables1 curricles1 gigs1 & :iskies4 ,( ^! phaetons !re 7 sev]al sorts1 b all = self-driv+ by ! own]s4 ,"y ,engl&1 9 ^? days especially1 delight$ 9 v l(ty phaetons & fa/ driv+4 ,! romantic tales ( ?is age1 z well z ! biographies1 are full ( anecdotes ( adv5tures by upsets out ( ^! dang]\s ma*9es1 & yet ( ! fe>ful pleasure !re 0 9 driv+ !m4 ,"o 0 call$ ! 8,p]*-high ,phaeton40 ,plate #bi4 ,x 0 %ap$ l a curricle1 & _h a lea!rn hood4 ,! c5tre ( ! body 0 hung exactly ov] ! front axle-tree1 ! bottom ( ! body 0 #e ft4 f ! gr\nd1 ! front :eels 7 #d ft4 high1 & ! h9d :eels #e ft4 #h 94 ,! h9d :eels 7 f> beh9d1 z we see !m 9 a horse-deal]'s skeleton brake4 ,!re 0 a l>ge plat=m bo>d ov] ! h9d axle-tree1 = s]vants or luggage4 ,on su* a c>riage ,george ,,iv41 :5 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 us$ to drive to ! race-c\rse1 or r\nd ,hyde ,p>k4 ,x 0 on su* a c>riage t ! ,hon4 ,col4 ,onsl[1 g5]ally call$ 8,tommy ,onsl[10 p]=m$ 8 feats ( driv+3 8,:at c ,tommy ,onsl[ d8 ,he c drive a *aise & two2 ,:at c ,tommy ,onsl[ m8 ,oh1 he drives a *aise & f\r40 ,ano!r sort ( phaeton1 ) ! :eels #f 94 on #h 94 l[]1 & ! body slung betwe5 ! :eels1 0 us$ bo? = driv+ & po/+4 ,a ?ird sort 0 us$ = small horses1 ) ! front :eels #c ft4 #b 91 & ! h9d :eels #d ft4 #i 94 ,!n !re 0 a "o-horse phaeton ,plate #cj1 ! body ( :i* 0 ov] ! h9d axle1 & x 0 hung on gras%opp] spr+s1 bolt$ to ! axle1 & connect$ ) ! body by scroll-irons2 ! body 0 jo9$ to ! =e c>riage1 :i* 0 )\t spr+s1 by wood5 /ays1 & ! :eels lock$ r\nd 9 front ( ! body4 ,?is di/ance ( ! horse f ! driv]1 ?\gh x gives b an indiff]5t comm& ( 8 head1 yet secures ! pass5g]s f ! dang] ( 8 heels4 ,! sociable 9 ^? days 0 ,plate #bh1 9 ! %ape ( a d\ble-cab body1 made ) or )\t doors1 & ) or )\t a driv+ seat4 ,sometimes ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ca4 ,,*air ,,back ,,gig ,,( #agij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cb4 ,a ,,can$ ,,:iskey ,,( #agij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cc4 ,a ,,briska ,,on ,c ,,spr+s4 an op5 body l ?is sociable1 & a *>iot _h b "o "u c>riage betwe5 !m1 :i* 0 us$ accord+ to ! ye>1 ei!r ) ! op5 or ! clos$ body4 ,! l>ge two-:eel$ vehicles 7 hung ^u fram$ c>riages ) :ip spr+s beh9d & elb[ spr+s 9 front1 l ! g5tlem5's cabriolets ( ! pres5t day4 ,:5 drawn by two horses !y 7 call$ curricles1 or if by "o horse1 *aises ,plate #ca4 ,!re 0 a little v>iation 9 ! %ape ( ! body1 namely1 ! full curricle patt]ns1 & ! half curricle ) or )\t a boot--simil> to a ,tilbury or a gig body4 ,! :eels 7 f #d ft4 #c 94 to #e ft4 9 height4 ,lancewood 0 !n us$ = %afts4 ,ano!r two-:eel$ c>riage 0 ! ,:isky ,plate #cb 7or gig7 ! body fix$ ^u ! %afts--:i* aga9 7 connect$ ) ! long horizontal spr+s by scroll-irons4 ,! gig 0 also made ) a moveable hood4 ,! ,rib ,*air 0 a simil> vehicle1 b )\t spr+s2 ! body _h a solid bo>d = a seat1 r\nd$ into a semi-circul> =m1 ) an upp] rail ( ! same %ape1 support$ by a numb] ( small /icks h>dly diff]+ at all f ! ,/anhope %ape ( lat] days4 ,?is vehicle 0 made 9 ! c\ntry t[ns = twelve p\nds4 ,! tax 9 #agij ^u two-:eel vehicles 9 g5]al 0 #c1 #ags4 ea*1 b if ! co/ 0 only #ab1 & ! words 8tax$ c>t0 7 pa9t$ ^u ! gig or c>t1 ! ye>ly tax 0 r$uc$ to twelve %ill+s1 h5ce a v l>ge numb] ( ^! 8rib *airs0 came into use among ! g5try2 :il/ f>m]s us$ a simil>ly *eap c>t )\t spr+s1 &1 to obta9 "s slight ease1 _h ! seat slung ^u /raps fa/5$ to ! side ( ! c>t4 ,! tax ^u f\r-:eel$ c>riages 0 #h #afs4 = ! fir/1 & #i #ahs4 = ! second c>riage1 b if ?ree or m c>riages 7 kept1 ! own] _h to pay a tax ( #aa on ea* c>riage4 ,x is difficult = a gov]nm5t :o mu/ raise money to s adju/ ! taxes z n to imp$e at ! same "t ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,look+ back n[ at ! alt]ations :i* took place f "t to "t 9 ! taxes ^u c>riages us$ & c>riages hir$1 we c h no hesitation 9 say+ t suffici5t att5tion has nev] be5 giv5 to ! remon/rances ( ,coa*build]s & hackney c>riage own]s at ! (fices ( ! ,inl& ,rev5ue1 & t consequ5tly ! own]s & us]s ( c>riages h suff]$ an am\nt ( annoyance t might & %\ld h be5 avoid$2 :il/ ! am\nt rais$ 9 taxes might h be5 high] if x _h be5 m judici\sly apportion$4 ,i h n[ giv5 a description ( ! pr9cipal vehicles at ?is p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ,engli% coa*build+4 ,i wi% to add t mo/1 if n all1 7 us$ = travell+ purposes z well z = driv+ 9 ! cities4 ,by an +5i\s arrangem5t ! hamm]-clo?s c\ld be remov$1 & ! cu%ions on :i* ! footm5 /ood beh9d ! coa* or *>iot gave place to a trunk or rumble4 ,boxes fitt$ to ! %ape1 & call$ imp]ials1 7 put ^u ! ro(s4 ,drag-%oes & *a9s1 tool-budgets & drag/affs 7 add$1 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi4 ,a ,,high ,,p]* ,,phaeton ,,( #agij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cj4 ,a ,,"o ,,horse ,,phaeton ,,( #agij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ch4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,po/ ,,*aise ,,( #agij4 & ! vehicles c\ld !n be us$ z a com=table travell+ c>riage ,plate #ch4 ,! curricles & phaetons 7 all us$ to c>ry trunks1 & ^! are describ$ by ,mr ,felton v m9utely1 s z to make x cle> we h n mu* improv$ ^u ! fitt+s ( a travell+ c>riage s9ce #agij4 ,look+ once m at ! hi/ory ,i h giv5 ( ! /ate ( ! coa*-trade 9 #agij1 x is impossible n to be surpris$ at ! consid]able advance f ! clumsy vehicles ( ,que5 ,anne & ,george ,i4's "t4 ,b dur+ ! reigns ( ,george ,,ii4 & ,george ,,iii41 all our manufactures _h receiv$ an imm5se impulse f ! en]gy ( ! m5 ( ! "t4 ,discov]ies 7 cont9ually be+ made 9 arts & manufactures4 ,books 7 writt51 exp]im5ts tri$1 & debates held 9 e work%op z to ! be/ mode ( con/ruction & arrangem5ts ( all ! p>ts1 & improvem5ts by ! artisans employ$ became a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x is true t1 ) ! increas$ weal? ( ,engl& !re 0 an increas$ dem& = c>riages1--dem& w always produce supply1--b all mu/ admit t ! supply 9 ^? days 0 v good1 & all ! v>i$ dem&s 7 met ) consid]able pa9s & +5uity4 ,9 ! ye> #agfi1 ! ,society ( ,arts _h giv5 sixty gu9eas to ,mr ,t4 ,hunt = improvem5ts 9 tyr+ :eels1 & tw5ty gu9eas to ,mr ,joseph ,jacob1 ( ,/4 ,m>y-axe1 = improv$ coa* spr+s4 ,?is same ,mr ,jacob wrote a clev] treatise on c>riages 9 #aggc2 & 9 #aggg he repair$ ! city /ate coa*4 ,9 #aggb1 ! ,society ( ,arts gave tw5ty gu9eas to ,mr ,w4 ,bailey1 = improvem5ts 9 ! lock+ ( waggons2 & 9 #aggc1 ! ,society ( ,arts _h exp]im5ts made 9 ! draught ( c>riages1 & rew>d$ a ,mr ,cu?b]t ,cl>ke ) fifte5 gu9eas1 = an essay on ! height ( :eels4 ,lat]1 ,dr ,edgewor?1 9 #ahaf1 conduct$ a s]ies ( int]e/+ exp]im5ts at ,dubl91 ) a view to asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce t high & l[ :eels1 long & %ort c>riages1 & spr+s plac$ betwe5 ! axles & ! vehicles1 w\ld h ^u ! draught ( ! vehicles4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjd1 ,mr ,obadiah ,elliot1 a coa*mak] ( ,lambe?1 pat5t$ 8 plan = hang+ vehicles ^u elliptical spr+s1 ?us disp5s+ ) ! heavy comb9$ wood & iron p]* & cross b$s t _h be5 inv>iably us$ 9 f\r-:eel$ c>riages up to t "t1 ) ! exception ( a few "o-horse phaetons4 ,elliot 0 rew>d$ by ! grant ( a gold m$al f ! ,society ( ,arts1 & ext5sive ord]s = 8 c>riages f ! public1 :o appreciat$ 8 important ent]prise & inv5tion4 ,i h a pr9t1 publi%$ by ,ack]mann 9 #ahaf1 :i* %[s a l&aulet ^u elliptical spr+s4 ,!re is a squ>e boot1 fram$ to ! body1 ) ! driv+-seat on ironwork high above ! boot2 :at are usually call$ ! pump-h&les beh9d are /raight1 & support a foot-bo>d4 ,! :ole is ^u f\r elliptical spr+s1 #c ft4 #f 94 long1 & ) a span ( #aj 94 ,! :eels are #c ft4 #h 94 & #d ft4 #h 94 high4 ,! body is v small1 & ! bottom is #c ft #f 94 above ! gr\nd4 ,b ! c5tres ( ! axle-trees are only #f ft4 #f 94 ap>t4 ,9 ! same book ( draw+s !re is a full-bodi$ b>\*e1 only #e ft4 long1 hung likewise high1 ) high :eels1 & a v %ort c>riage1 ) :ip spr+s2 a coa* & a l&au1 all pa9t$ yell[1 are likewise ) v small bodies1 & are hung high1 ) %ort c>riages1 & ! p]*es ne>ly /raight2 also a mail phaeton1 ) a curricle-%ap$ body1 & a rumble boot fram$ to x1 hung ^u a c>riage ) #c ft4 #d 94 c5tres1 ! :eels #c ft4 & #d ft4 #d 94 high1 ) full-%ap$ ,c spr+s beh9d1 & elb[-spr+s & braces f a high scroll iron on ! transom b$4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ! dem& = light vehicles _h begun to "w1 9 decreas+ ! size & l5g? 9 e way1 & also 9 l[]+ ! height ( ! :eels f ,felton's "t4 ,exactly ! same revolution 0 tak+ place 9 mail coa*es4 ,! improvem5ts c>ri$ out 9 ,engl& 7 repeat$ on ! cont95t4 ,9 #ahaj ?ree beautiful c>riages 7 built at ,milan on ! occasion ( ! w$d+ ( ! ,emp]or ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te ) ! ,pr9cess ,m>ia ,l\isa ( ,au/ria4 ,^! c>riages are /ill pres]v$ at ,vi5na1 & consi/ ( a /ate coa*1 a *>iot1 & a b>\*e1 all ^u ,c spr+s4 ,! p]*es are d\ble1 ,b]l9 fa%ion1 ) elegant cranes at ea* end2 ea* p]* is octagon1 v well %ap$1 & =g$ out ( solid iron f end to end4 ,all ?ree c>riages are small1 light1 & well f9i%$4 ,! coa* has a l>ge cr[n on ! ro( & w9d[s 9 ! sides1 ! hamm]-clo? is support$ on scroll ironwork1 all ! decorations are 9 a good /ate & well-proportion$4 ,at ! ,c\rt ( ,spa9 are pres]v$ two h&some coa*es built = ,*>les ,,iv4 be=e #ahjj1 ) side w9d[s1 an elegant metal fretwork /&+ above ! edge ( ! ro(1 hamm]-clo?s on scroll ironwork & ,c spr+s4 ,!y h iron crane ,b]l9 p]*es1 & are susp5d$ ^u long ?ick lea!r braces pass+ f ! h9d ,c spr+s to ! front "u ! body )\t any iron loops4 ,photographs ( ^! vehicles are pres]v$ at ! hall ( ! ,coa*build]s' ,company4 ,i h m5tion$ ! designs 9 ! ,c>riage ,fa%ion ,book ( #ahaf4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ,i c say t1 9 #ahab1 a l>ge coa*build]'s /ock-book1 :i* ,i h se51 conta9$ ov] two hundr$ c>riages1 mo/ly let = t]ms ( ye>s4 ,( ^! "o-half 7 *>iots1 fifty 7 l&aus1 & ! rema9+ fifty coa*es & l&aulets4 ,9 #ahad1 !re 7 #bc1djj f\r-:eel vehicles pay+ duty to ,gov]nm5t2 #bg1cjj two-:eel1 & #ah1ejj tax-c>ts2 a total ( #fi1bjj c>riages 9 ,great ,brita94 ,we %all see by lat] returns h[ mu* ^! numb]s h increas$1 by ! r$uction ( gov]nm5t duties1 & ! introduction ( elliptical spr+s4 ,a c>riage 0 mu* 9 fa%ion at ?is p]iod call$ ! ,curricle2 x _h be5 9 use = _m ye>s 9 ,italy2 x 0 d]iv$1 ,i believe1 f ! ,briti% ess$um1 :i* _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,romans4 ,! ,italians ( ! middle ages br\ght ! body =w>d 9 front ( ! :eels1 & at l5g? susp5d$ ! body f braces2 ! ,fr5* add$ spr+s1 & ! ,engli% alt]$ ! %ape giv+ ! back panel an ogee curve1 & improv$ ! hood1 & n[ add$ a spr+ b> across ! horses' backs1 r5d]+ x a graceful & easy vehicle1 :i* c\ld be driv5 at great spe$4 ,! want ( p]fect safety *eck$ its e>ly popul>ity1 & x 0 gradually sup]s$$ by ! g5tleman's cabriolet ) "o horse1 & ! mail-phaeton ) two horses4 ,x 0 9 use f #agjj to #ahcj4 ,! celebrat$ ,romeo ,coates drove a curricle 9 ! %ape ( a %ell4 ,*>les ,dick5s drove "o z soon z 8 writ+s procur$ him ! means1 & ,c\nt ,d',orsay & ,"l ,*e/]field _h new curricles f ,messrs ,b>k]'s z lately z #ahcf4 ,! ,coa*build]s ( ,london ( ! greate/ celebrity 9 #ahae 7 ! l>ge firm ( ,coll9ridge1 ,r[ley1 ,mansell1 & ,cook1 ( ,liquorpond ,/reet2 ,w9dus1 9 ,bi%opgate ,/reet1 9 ! city ( ,london2 ,b>k]1 ( ,*&os ,/reet2 ,hat*ett1 ( ,long ,acre1 ,h\ldit* & ,hank9s2 & ,luke ,hopk9son ( ,holborn4 ,9 #ahah ,mr ,w9dus introduc$ ,und]spr+s to p]* c>riages4 ,x 0 f\nd t 9 bad roads ! elliptical spr+s did n give suffici5t ease1 b ! addition ( horizontal spr+s bel[ ! ,c spr+s _h ! advantage ( r5d]+ ! c>riages n only easi] b m durable1 by reliev+ ! p]* & b$s f ! direct concussions caus$ by ruts & holes4 ,ab\t ! same "t conceal$ h+es 7 inv5t$4 ,coll+e's pat5t axles1 :i* _h fir/ be5 made 9 #agib1 became m g5]ally us$2 _! high price _h be5 mu* aga9/ !m1 b ! advantage ( c>ry+ a supply ( oil = two or ?ree mon?s1 avoid+ also ! noise & rattle ( ! common axles 7:i* require fre% greas+ daily71 gradually secur$ _! use1 & :5 ! pat5t expir$ !y 7 univ]sally adopt$4 ,n[ ?is pat5t axle & ! mail axle are 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w4 ,9 #ahbj ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 ! %ape & /yle 9 ! manufacture & f9i% ( ,engli% c>riages 7 comm5c$ by ! celebrat$ ,samuel ,hobson1 :o may be truly said to h improv$ & remodell$ e sort ( c>riage :i* came "u 8 notice1 especially z reg>ds ! arti/ic =m & con/ruction1 bo? ( body & c>riage4 ,he l[]$ ! :eels ( coa*es & *>iots to #c ft4 #c 94 9 front & #d ft4 #e 94 beh9d1 & l5g!n$ ! c>riage "p once m to su* a true proportion to ! :ole vehicle z has approv$ itself z correct to ea* succe$+ g5]ation ( ,coa*build]s & us]s ( c>riages4 ,he l[]$ ! body s t x c\ld be ent]$ by a mod]ate d\ble /ep in/ead ( ! ?ree-fold ladd] previ\sly 9 use4 ,he p]fect$ ! curves ( ! bodies & ! spr+s1 besides mak+ ! numb]less small details ( ! body & und]works ( ! requisite /r5g?1 & ! mo/ agreeable %ape & proportion4 ,mr ,samuel ,hobson le>nt ! art 9 ! firm ( ,b>k] & ,co41 ( ,*&os ,/reet1 & rose to be a p>tn] 9 ! firm1 b aft] a few ye>s 9 t position he left ab\t ! ye> #ahae & set up = himself 9 ,long ,acre1 & ultimately mov$ ab\t #ahbd to ! l>ge premises previ\sly ,messrs ,hat*ett's4 ,9 8 improvem5ts he 0 assi/$ by 8 exp]i5ce ga!r$ at ,messrs ,b>k]s1 & aid$ by ! enlight5$ m9ds & good s5se ( mo/ ( ! trade1 :o copi$ him z !y _h copi$ 8 pr$ecessor1 ,mr ,hat*ett1 9 #aghj4 ,! ,briska1 or brit*ka1 _h be51 ab\t #ahah1 introduc$ into ,engl& by ,mr ,t4 ,g4 ,adams1 f ,au/ria4 ,plate #cc4 ,x 0 built bo? ^u elliptical spr+s & ,c spr+s1 & 0 made 9 v>i\s sizes1 l>ge = family use1 small] = po/+1 ) a rumble beh9d1 & /ill small] to be drawn by "o horse4 ,?is briska 0 ne>ly /raight along ! bottom1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! wick] waggons /ill s mu* us$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! h9d panel 0 ogee-%ap$1 ! front t]m9at$ 9 a squ>e boot1 & ! door 0 l[] ?an ! h9d qu>t]1 & 0 fitt$ ) a solid fold+ apron or knee-flap4 ,! c>riage 0 %ort1 & ! front :eel r l[] ?an usual4 ,! ,briska came1 9 #ahbd1 to be v mu* us$1 & la/$ 9 fav\r until ab\t #ahdj4 ,two-:eel$ c>riages _h mu* increas$4 ,! ,d5nett1 inv5t$ by ,mr ,b5nett1 ( ,f9sbury1 0 a great improvem5t on ! :isky1 or gig1 ( #agij4 ,x 0 l ^?1 hung ^u two long horizontal spr+s4 ,! ,/anhope 0 built "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,hon4 ,fitzroy ,/anhope1 bro!r ( ,"l ,pet]%am1 by ,tilbury1 ! build] also ( ! easy vehicle ( t "n4 ,! ,/anhope 0 %ap$ l ! old rib gig1 b hung ^u f\r spr+s1 two ( :i* 7 bolt$ betwe5 ! %afts & axle1 & ! o!r two crossways1 p>allel to ! axle at ei!r end ( ! body1 & %ackl$ to ! side spr+s4 ,^! ,/anhopes are v easy1 & d n rock s mu* z o!r gigs beh9d a r\gh-trott+ horse1 b !y are heavi] ?an ! d5nett1 z x is necess>y to add iron plates all r\nd ! %afts4 ,! ,tilbury 0 made )\t any boot1 b o!rwise ! body 0 %ap$ l a /anhope2 ! %afts 7 equally /rong & plat$ ) iron4 ,x 0 hung 9 front by two elb[-spr+s & lea!r braces to ! %afts or front cross b>1 & beh9d by two elb[-spr+s pass+ f b5ea? ! seat to a cross-spr+ rais$ to ! level ( ! back rail ( ! body by ?ree /raight irons f ! h9d "p ( ! cross b>4 ,lat] two m spr+s 7 add$ betwe5 ! axletree & ! %afts by scroll irons4 ,! ,tilbury 0 an elegant c>riage1 & :5 well made1 a p>ticul>ly good vehicle1 b ! weight ( s _m spr+s & s mu* ironwork gradually took away ! public fav\r2 !y la/$ until ne>ly #ahej4 ,!y 7 p]haps m 9 fav\r = export to ,italy1 ,portugal1 & o!r =eign c\ntries1 ?an our o!r two-:eel c>riages1 because !y w\ld hold toge!r ov] ! r\ghe/ roads1 & la/$ a long "t )\t repair4 ,! ,dog-c>t & ,t&em-c>t belong also to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury 9 _! orig94 ,dr ,edgewor? speaks ) horror ( ! reckless height to :i* !y atta9$ 9 #ahag4 8,c>riages10 he says1 8h aris5 to a prepo/]\s elevation4 ,t private phaetons & b>\*es %\ld be m\nt$ out ( ! t[n du/1 & above ! c\ntry h$ges1 is a dang]\s luxury1 b x does n mat]ially affect ! public4 ,! inv5tion ( t d>+ vehicle1 #8! ,suicide1' w n probably be mu* imitat$ among ,*ri/ian p2 & =tunately ! laws h limit$ ! elevation to :i*1 by ! absurdity ( coa*m51 mail coa*es might h be5 rais$40 ,! 8,suicide0 0 ! "n ( a v high t&em gig1 :]e9 ! groom 0 m\nt$ ^u a seat ?ree feet above ! driv]4 ,x receiv$ its "n 9 ,irel&4 ,! fir/ ,dog-c>ts _h a l>ge & deep boot ) ,v5etian slats 9 ! sides1 to conta9 greyh\nds or po9t]s1 & ! f\r pass5g]s sat back to back4 ,t&em-c>ts 7 made 9 a simil> mann] ) a l>ge boot1 ! driv]'s seat rais$1 some?+ l ! ,salisbury boot fa%ion1 :il/ ! groom's seat 01 l ! h9d seat ( a drag1 rais$ f ! boot on ironwork4 ,! gradual developm5t ( ! ,dog-c>t 9 all its v>i$ %apes ( high c>t & l[ c>t1 ,newport1 ,pagnell1 ,malv]n c>t1 ,:ite*apel1 slid+ body c>t1 ,norwi* c>t1 c41 are too well kn[n to ne$ enl>g+ ^u4 ,!y h af=d$ facilities ( agreeable locomotion to millions at a v mod]ate co/1 &1 if c>efully driv51 are z reasonably safe z any vehicle4 ,:o drives fa/] ?an a but*] boy1 & ov] roads ( all sorts--dry1 r\gh1 slipp]y1 or newly made--! horse's head held ) a snaffle-bit only--& yet x is v seldom t ! horse falls4 ,) ! gr[? ( our trade & manufactures ! sy/em arose ( s5d+ comm]cial travell]s ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 to call ! att5tion ( %opkeep]s to novelties 9 manufactur$ goods4 ,x 0 f\nd advantage\s to s5d ^! travell]s 9 light vehicles :i* c\ld convey samples ( ! manufactures1 & ?is cu/om l$ to ! multiplication ( gigs 9 f> great] quantities ?an w\ld h be5 o!rwise requir$4 ,ab\t #ahcj "o coa* factory 9 ,london suppli$ sev]al hundr$s ( ^! vehicles to comm]cial travell]s at annual r5tals4 ,n[1 ?is sort ( travell+ to %[ samples & solicit ord]s is p]=m$ by railway1 & ! greate/ numb] ( two-:eel$ vehicles belong to f>m]s4 ,9 #ahaj a duty 0 levi$ by ,gov]nm5t ^u c>riages = sale4 ,x 0 repeal$ 9 #ahbe1 b ! returns give ! numb] ( vehicles built = private use 9 #ahad z #cfcf1 & 9 #ahbd z #eadc1 :il/ ! numb] ( c>riages 9 use 9 #ahbd _h gr[n to ne>ly #bi1jjj f\r-:eel$1 & #cf1jjj two-:eel$1 besides #ae1jjj tax-c>ts1 a total increase1 s9ce #ahad1 ( #bj1jjj vehicles4 ,travell+ c>riages _h n[ become v mu* 9 dem&1 & 7 tak5 on ! ,cont95t4 ,"s noblem5 & g5tlem5 began to travel abroad e ye>4 ,! fitt+s _h become m elaborate4 ,x 0 usual to cord ! ,c spr+s f ! top to ! bottom to /r5g!n !m1 & provide aga9/ ! jolts ( v bad roads2 s t1 if "o or two ( ! /eel plates broke1 ! cord+ w\ld /ill hold all toge!r4 ,also long ropes 7 provid$1 ext5d+ b5ea? ! body f ! front to ! h9d spr+s1 to support x %\ld ! body-loops give way "u ! quantity ( luggage /[$ 9 boxes1 & imp]ials1 & cap-cases4 ,a drag/aff 0 provid$ to prev5t ! coa* slid+ back :5 ! horses re/$ 9 go+ up hill1 & two drag-*a9s & %oes aga9/ go+ d[n hill4 ,not)/&+ ^! precautions x became usual1 at ! top ( ! ,alp9e passes1 f ! c\ri] :o att5d$ ! travell] to procure f ! po/-h\ses two sabots or logs ( wood holl[$ out to fit a :eel1 & ^! 7 sub/itut$ = ! iron %oes dur+ ! long & /eep desc5t ( ! ,alp9e m\nta9s4 ,9 #ahbd a c>riage 0 introduc$ :i* has become ( almo/ univ]sal use--! ,pony phaeton4 ,9 t ye> ,k+ ,george ,,iv4 desir$ a l[ phaeton1 & "o 0 built = him ( a %ape & size 9 :i* !re has be5 little alt]ation dur+ ! fifty ye>s t h s9ce pass$ away4 ,x 0 a cab %ape1 half can$1 ) a skeleton bottom side1 hung ^u f\r elliptical spr+s1 ) crane ironwork back & front1 two elb[-w+s1 b[-/eps1 & l>ge da%]1 & x 0 drawn by two ponies2 ! :eels 7 only #ba & #cc 94 high4 ,ano!r c>riage _h be5 introduc$ f ,g]many1 call$ a ,droitska1 an op5 c>riage ) a hood1 on a p]*1 & ) ,c spr+s4 ,! peculi>ity 0 t ! body hung v ne> ! p]*2 ! place = ! legs 0 on ei!r side ( ! p]*1 s t ! seat 0 only #ab 94 above ! h9d axle-tree2 ! *ief m]it ( ! ,droitska consi/$ 9 its lightness comp>$ ) ,briskas & ,b>\*es1 & ! %ortness ( ! :ole vehicle4 ,9 appe>ance x resembl$ a pil5tum1 & x is probable t ,mr ,david ,davies took 8 idea ( a pil5tum f ! %ape ( ! ,droitska4 ,mr ,david ,davies1 a ,coa*mak] ( ,albany ,/reet1 & aft]w>ds ( ,wigmore ,/reet1 _h consid]able inv5tive faculties4 ,he orig9at$ a numb] ( vehicles1 ! ,pil5tum phaeton1 ab\t #ahcd1 :i* 0 an op5 c>riage ) ! doorway v ne> ! gr\nd1 ! driv+ seat 0 also l[1 ! :ole hung ^u elliptical spr+s1 & built ( diff]5t sizes1 to c>ry f\r or six p]sons1 & adapt$ = "o or two horses4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,cab ,phaeton is also attribut$ to him2 ?is 0 a cab-%ap$ body susp5d$ on f\r elliptic spr+s1 ) a l[ driv+ seat & da%]1 & %afts = "o horse4 ,x 0 soon g5]ally adopt$1 & became ! pleasure c>riage ( ?\s&s4 ,! cab phaeton 0 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 & also on ! ,cont95t1 :]e x became kn[n "u ! "n ( 8,milord40 ,ab\t #ahej x _h become ! hack c>riage ( sev]al ( ! ,cont95tal cities1 & s w5t out ( fa%ion ) ! g5try4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 x has be5 reviv$ "u ! "n ( ,victoria4 ,9 #ahfi1 ,i ?9k x 01 t ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales b\ght "o at ,p>is ( ! curv$ %ape1 & ,b>on ,ro?s*ild br\ght ano!r f ,vi5na ( ! squ>e %ape1 & ! ,victoria became aga9 ! popul> c>riage4 ,light1 l[1 easy1 fit = "o horse1 & look+ v well beh9d a pair ( cobs1 x is n surpris+ t ! ,victoria meets ) s mu* patronage1 & x is pleasant to obs]ve h[ little diff]5ce !re is made by diff]5t ,coa*mak]s 9 ! size & %ape ( ?is useful & elegant vehicle4 ,i h _h occasion to notice ! influ5ce t c]ta9 ,coa*build]s h _h ^u ! progress ( ?is art1 & x w n be "r to omit to m5tion ! great influ5ce t ,messrs ,pet]s h ex]cis$ ^u ! :ole trade by ! s\nd & good workman%ip :i* has = s _m ye>s *>act]is$ _! e/abli%m5t4 ,z e>ly z #ahcf _! ,mail phaetons 7 not$ = ! /ead9ess ) :i* !y foll[$ ! horses1 & ! firmness ) :i* !y enc\nt]$ r\gh roads4 ,! ye> #ahch claims special notice 9 ! annals ( ,coa*build+2 x 0 probably ! climax ( ! ef=ts ( mod]n ,coa*build]s 9 :at is call$ 8,dress0 or 8,/ate c>riages40#e ,^! vehicles _h long pass$ ! p]iod 9 :i* beautiful c>v+ & elegant pa9t+ _h be5 us$ to disguise1 z f> z possible1 ! clumsy ,/ate c>riages ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,ev] s9ce ! build+ ( ! ,iri% ,"l ,*ancellor's ,/ate coa* by ,hat*ett or ,baxt] 9 #agij1 ,coa*build]s _h endeav\r$ to produce a graceful outl9e ( body1 ( a fair size no l>g] ?an 0 necess>y1 ! ,c spr+s _h be5 made ( a p]fect curve1 ! p]* foll[$ ! sweeps ( ! body1 ! c>v+ 0 r$uc$ to a mod]ate am\nt1 ! ornam5tal pa9t+ 0 conf9$ to ! /ripes ^u ! :eels1 & ! h]aldic be>+s ( ! own]s ( ! c>riages 7 beautifully emblazon$ on ! panels4 ,= fur!r ornam5t !y reli$ ^u plat$ "w 9 brass or silv] r\nd ! body & on ! loops & :eel hoops4 ,9 e capital ( ,europe su* c>riages _h sup]s$$ ! old /yle1 & ,london & ,p>is _h suppli$ o!r c\ntries ) mo/ ( ^! ,/ate c>riages4 ,9 ?is ye>1 #ahch1 0 ! coronation ( our graci\s ,que51 & ! diff]5t ambassadors ( =eign c\ntries & our own nobility _h prep>$ = ! occasion a l>g] numb] ( c\rt ,dress c>riages ?an _h ev] be5 hi!rto se5 9 ,london4 ,( ^! vehicles x 0 g5]ally consid]$ t ,m>%al ,s\lt1 ! ,fr5* ,ambassador's coa* bore away ! palm4 ,engrav+s ( "s ( ! be/ 7 soon publi%$4 ,m>%al ,s\lt's coa* 0 built by ,mr ,dalr+51 at ,p>is4 ,! body _h f\r upp] qu>t] glasses1 ) a v elegant deep & pi]c$ cornice ( silv] r\nd ! ro(1 !re 7 f\r lamps ) l>ge coronets on ! tops1 & ! coa* bore a coronet on ! ro( also4 ,! col\r ( ! pa9t+ 0 a lovely blue1 su* z 0 !n call$ ,adelaide blue2 ?is _h be5 v>ni%$ ) :ite _s v>ni%1 & seem$ almo/ transp>5t 9 lu/re4 ,! :ole coa* 0 ornam5t$ ) silv] & 0 f9i%$ 9 great ta/e4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod a not$ ,coa*mak] nam$ ,luke ,hopk9son1 ( ,holborn1 introduc$ ! briska l&au4 ,! peculi> %ape is n[ ( little consequ5ce1 b ) ?is c>riage comm5c$ ^? improvem5ts ^u l&aus :i* h s9ce r5d]$ !m s popul>4 ,up to ?is "t ! ,l&au head _h op5$ j z x did 9 #agij1 & no m2 ! pill>s :i* n[ lie ne>ly flat fell usually only at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,mr ,hopk9son cut away ! corn]s ( ! back rails1 :i* h9d]$ ! hoop/icks f ly+ on ! elb[s1 took away ! heavy squabb+ t bulg$ into ! body :5 ! head 0 l[]$1 & l9$ ! upp] qu>t]s ) pla9 clo? only1 z 9 a briska head4 ,he also made ! seats & bottom to rise six in*es :5 ! l&au 0 op51 to give ! p]sons inside m air & fre$om4 ,to ,mr ,laurie we mu/ give ! high cr$it ( improv+ ^u ,mr ,hopk9son's improvem5ts1 & p]si/+ 9 see+ t 8 workpeople kept on improv+1 in/ead (1 z workpeople us$ to d 9 #ahch1 h9d] _! employ]s by vexati\s objections to all alt]ations4 ,?is p]iod 0 not$ also by ! patronage by ! ,duke ( ,well+ton ( a vehicle call$ ! equirotal1 inv5t$ by ,mr ,w4 ,bridges ,adams4 ,?is 0 a gig )\t a head1 & a curricle ) a head1 made s t ea* c\ld be us$ ) "o or a pair ( horses1 or comb9$ into a mail phaeton by add+ two c\pl+s betwe5 ! two bodies2 ! f\r-:eels be+ ( equal height1 give x ! "n ( equirotal4 ,! inv5tion has "s v good po9ts1 & may be reviv$ "s day1 ) a m p]fect connect+ jo9t ?an ,mr ,adams atta9$ 9 #ahch4 ,b ! greate/ improvem5t ( ?is p]iod 0 ! introduction ( ! br\gham4 ,"l ,br\gham & o!rs _h = "s "t us$ a "o-horse *>iot4 ,! ,pil5tum *>iot = "o horse _h already be5 built at ,p>is1 & sev]al o!r small close c>riages call$ ,cl>5ces _h be5 con/ruct$2 b none ( ^!1 al?\gh "s 7 really light en\gh = "o horse1 took ?or\ghly ! ta/e ( ! public4 ,mr ,david ,davies introduc$ "s %apes1 & ,messrs ,laurie & ,m>n] p]fect$ !m4 ,i ?9k x 0 9 #ahci t ! fir/ vehicle :i* 0 ne>ly ! %ape ( ! pres5t ,br\gham1 0 built by ,mr ,rob9son1 ( ,m\nt ,/reet1 = ,"l ,br\gham4 ,messrs ,?rupp built "o 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #ahdj1 ( ! same %ape4 ,9 a few ye>s !y 7 built by ne>ly all ,coa*mak]s1 & prov$ s conv5i5t t !y sup]s$$ ev5 ! cabriolet = g5tlem5's use4 ,! size ( ! fir/ ,br\gham 0 mu* z is n[ 9 vogue1 ab\t #d feet long 9 ! body1 & ! same bread? outside measure1 ! :eels #b feet #aa in*es & #c feet #g in*es1 ! driv+-boot 0 made )\t any ar*1 9 a s+le sweep f ! body to ! foot-bo>d2 x 0 hung on elliptic spr+s 9 front1 & five spr+s beh9d1 )\t any body /eps4 ,?is 0 prec$$ by ! pill-box ,br\gham1 z x 0 call$1 ) /raight front pill>s1 & ! body v mu* contract$ 9 front1 to look light4 ,a /reet cab 0 ! =]unn] ( bo?4 ,9 a ye> or two1 ,mr ,edw>d ,lytton ,bulw] 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,lytton7 _h a small ,cl>5ce ( ! %ape call$ ,imp]ial ,cl>5ce :i* 0 pa9t$ br[n ) :ite :eels1 & _h a small hamm]-clo? ( br[n & :ite2 ! :ole 0 ta/ily fitt$ up & f9i%$1 b ! attempt to introduce a m9iature *>iot did n succe$1 al?\gh x 0 built ) consid]able c>e by ,messrs ,laurie & ,m>n]4 ,9 #ahde1 ,waggonettes 7 built ( "s size2 ! fir/1 x is said1 0 made "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! late ,pr9ce ,consort1 & 0 successful z be+ ! =]unn] ( a v l>ge numb] ( light1 roomy1 & useful vehicles4 ,break waggonettes are also an improvem5t ^u ! uncom=table conveyances call$ ,breaks 9 e>ly days4 ,! pr9ciple ( rid+ sideways 0 n new4 ,! ,iri% c>1 ! f\r-:eel$ ,inside-c> ( ! ,we/morel& ,lake di/rict1 ! old ,break1 & ! ,omnibus all contribut$ to ! design ( ! mod]n vehicle4 ,9 ! mod]n ,waggonette we h n only a good look+1 com=table c>riage1 b "o :i* possesses ! advantage ( c>ry+ a great] numb] ( p]sons ?an any o!r f\r-:eel$ vehicle ( ! same weight & size4 ,9 #ahdf 0 introduc$ & p]fect$ by ,messrs ,hoop] ! sy/em ( susp5d+ c>riages on a s+le wr\ght iron p]*1 support$ by horizontal und]spr+s4 ,! p]* be+ light1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ela/ic1 enabl$ all ! b$s & iron /ays to be proportionately r$uc$ 9 weight2 ! :eels & axles1 hav+ less to c>ry1 7 also made light]4 ,?is sy/em at fir/ 0 only appli$ to br\ghams & sociables1 b x has gradually be5 appli$ to ! l>ge/ c>riages1 especially b>\*es & l&aus1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b 9 all c\ntries :]e c>riages are made1 s t x is q ! exception = a new c>riage to be built ) a p]* t is n ( solid wr\ght iron4 ,^! connect+ p]*es are n n[ made q s light z at fir/2 x is f\nd t unless ! h9d :eels foll[ /eadily1 n only is ! c>riage heavi] beh9d ! horse1 b ! p]* itself is frequ5tly b5t aga9/ v small ob/ructions2 a /rong] & /iff] p]* is !re=e n[ us$1 & x is f\nd bo? easi] to ! horse & to ! occupants ( ! vehicle4 ,we h n[ review$ ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( c>riages introduc$ into ,engl& dur+ ! pres5t c5tury2 to enum]ate ! :ole w\ld be t$i\s4 ,at our great ,exhibitions 9 ,london1 ,p>is1 ,vi5na1 & o!r cities1 new %apes h cont9ually appe>$1 & "s h f\nd fav\r1 & "s h appe>$ no m4 ,!y are evid5ce t ! +5uity ( ,coa*build]s is n less ?an ! +5uity ( ! workm5 9 o!r trades4 ,! hi/ory ( ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s is1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly fre% ^u ! memory n to require repetition4 ,we h already 9 ! reports ( ! juries ( ^? sev]al ,exhibitions1 drawn up by ,mr ,george ,hoop]1 a record ( ! mo/ notewor?y objects4 ,x w\ld be = ! b5efit ( all p]sons engag$ 9 ,c>riage-build+ if ^? reports c\ld be reissu$ ) ! addition ( a report ( ! int]e/+ ,philadelphia ,exhibition n[ 9 progress4 ,m4 ,guiet1 ( ,p>is1 w probably write a report = use 9 t city4 ,9 ,sa9t ,pet]sburg ! ,russian ,emp]or _h an ,imp]ial c>riage factory1 orig9ally e/abli%$ 9 #ahba4 ,at ^! works1 :i* n[ belong to ,messrs ,brautigam1 two hundr$ & fifty m5 are employ$4 ,fifty new c>riages a ye> are built = ! ,royal family1 besides ! repair+ & alt]+ ( o!rs4 ,!re is a /eam-eng9e on ! premises4 ,!re is also at ,/ ,pet]sburg a museum1 9 :i* repose travell+ c>riages on ! gr\nd floor1 & ,/ate c>riages on ! fir/ floor4 ,!re are po/-*aises ( #agdf & #agfb1 & sev5 c>riages :i* 7 9 use by ! ,empress ,ca!r9e1 _m decorat$ by well-kn[n pa9t]s1 su* z ,watteau1 ,b\*]1 ,gravelot1 c41 & sup]bly fitt$ up 9 ! int]ior ) velvet & silk4 ,!re are twelve sl$ges ( ! elaborate build ( =m] days4 ,i w "h m5tion t1 by ! k9d p]mission ( ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,smi?1 ( ! ,treasury1 ,i am able to give "s fur!r returns ( c>riages pay+ duty4 ,f\r-:eel$ c>riages am\nt$ 9 #ahcd to #di1jjj2 9 #ahdd1 #fb1jjj2 9 #ahed1 #fh1jjj2 9 #ahfd1 #ajb1jjj2 & 9 #ahgd !re 7 actually #aej1jjj f\r-:eel$ c>riages pay+ duty1 b ^! la/ numb]s n[ include vehicles :i* 7 =m]ly tax$ "u ! ,po/ma/]'s & ,/age duties1 & ^! vehicles 9 #ahfd _h am\nt$ to #be1jjj1 /ill )\t !m ! increase 9 t5 ye>s is #bc1jjj1 q z _m z 7 kept 9 ! ye> #ahad4 ,9 #ahad1 t is #bc1jjj f\r-:eel$ c>riages paid duty1 & 9 #ahgd !y _h increas$ to #abe1jjj4 ,! return /ates !re 7 ( two-:eel$ c>riages 9-- #ahcd #ej1jjj includ+ ! tax c>ts4 #ahdd #cc1jjj 8 #ahed #acg1jjj 8 #ahfd #agj1jjj 8 ,& 9-- #ahgd #bhe1jjj two-:eel$ c>riages1 includ+ basket & o!r f\r-:eel$ traps "u #d cwt4 ,c>riages ( bo? sorts !n h increas$ f ab\t #fj1jjj 9 #ahad to #dcb1fjj 9 #ahgd1 a b5efit to ! g5]al population x is cle>1 z well z to ! workm54 ,x is a satisfaction t our trade contributes to ! com=t1 happ9ess1 & respectability ( ! community 9 g5]al1 & is also a v heal?y trade = ! workm54 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,public ,,c>riages4 ,travell+ be=e ,a4,d4 #afjj--;,great ,wid? ( ,waggon ,:eels--,turnpike ,roads--,po/ ,saddle ,horses--,hackneys--,/age ,coa*es--,hackney ,coa*es--,*eap ,rate ( ,hire--,! ,york ,coa*--,! ,man*e/] ,fly+ ,coa*--,! ,po/ ,*aise--,! ,dilig5ce--,po/-,boys--,mr ,t4 ,p5nant on ,travell+--,increase ( ,mail ,coa*es--,m#8,adam's ,roads--,f\r-9-,h& ,clubs--,russian ,travell+--,two-,:eel$ ,/reet ,cabs--,/reet ,cabs ne$ ,improvem5t--,hansom ,cabs--,omnibus ( ,pascal--,omnibus ( #ahbj--,%illibe]'s ,omnibuses--,g5]al ,omnibus ,company--,am]ican ,coa*mak+--,fa/ ,cabs ( ,vi5na4 ,i m5tion$ 9 an e>li] lecture t ! ,romans1 dur+ ! "t ( ! ,emp]ors ,augu/us & ,tib]ius1 e/abli%$ a sy/em ( public vehicles = hire4 ,^! 7 /ation$ at inns or po/-h\ses1 at int]vals ( five or six miles1 & !re 7 tw5ty or m horses kept at ea* inn along ! great ma9 roads ( ,italy1 & _m ( ! dep5d5t c\ntries ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,! *ief use ( ! po/-h\ses 0 to supply ! public mess5g]s1 b !y 7 f\nd ( su* accommodation t m horses & vehicles 7 requir$ = ! use ( travell]s4 ,! ess$um1 or two-:eel$ curricle2 ! cisium1 or gig2 & ! rh$um1 a f\r-:eel$ waggon1 drawn by f\r or six mules1 7 ! *ief c>riages kept at ^! /ations4 ,ces>ius1 a magi/rate 9 ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,!odosius1 w5t po/ f ,antio* to ,con/ant9ople1 six hundr$ & sixty-five miles1 9 six days1 ) a spe$1 all[+ = /oppages1 ( ab\t six miles an h\r4 ,coa*es1 we h already se51 7 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 /age coa*es 9 ! sev5te5?1 mail coa*es 9 ! eighte5?1 & railways 9 ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,ea* ( ! f\r la/ c5turies _h add$ to & improv$ ^u ! sy/ems ( pass5g] & comm]cial transit4 ,! facilities = travell+1 prior to ! introduction ( coa*es1 7 af=d$ by saddle horses1 & by c>s or *>ettes1 7vehicles )\t spr+s1 z ,i h already describ$71 by waggons1 & by /r+s ( pack-horses foll[+ ea* o!r lad5 ) goods1 ^u :i* a pass5g] occasionally sat4 ,= ! sick1 & ladies :o did n ride1 ! litt]1 c>ri$ by m5 on two poles1 or /rapp$ to mules or horses1 0 g5]ally adopt$4 ,p]sons 7 9 ! habit ( collect+ toge!r & travell+ 9 company ) ^! conveyances1 or 9 gangs by !mselves1 or on horses :5 !y _h !m1 = _! mutual protection4 ,old m5 c /ill recollect /r+s ( pack horses trav]s+ ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire1 & adv]tisem5ts = companions desir$ by g5tlem5 ab\t to ride to ,london4 ,laws = ! improvem5t ( old roads & ! mak+ ( new1 7 pass$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & special m5tion is made ( ^? betwe5 ,/4 ,clem5ts ,danes 9 ! ,/r&1 & ,*>+ ,cross1 ,holborn1 & ,s\?w>k z be+ !n noxi\s & v jeop>d\s4 ,9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,m>y1 9 #aeee1 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t ord]$ ! appo9tm5t ( two surveyors = ea* p>i%1 & t ! roads %\ld be repair$ "u _! sup]vision4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! long broad :eel$ waggons 7 introduc$ into ,engl&1 & began to pass regul>ly betwe5 ! great t[ns ) goods & pass5g]s4 ,^! long waggons fir/ receiv$ ! "n ( 8,/ages40 ,!re are cont9ual allusions 9 old books to _! great conv5i5ce1 al?\gh ! rate ( spe$ 0 small4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago !re seems to h aris5 an extraord9>y conte/ betwe5 ! own]s ( waggons & ^? :o repair$ ! highways4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t ! waggon :eels de/roy$ ! road by reason ( ! great weight ( ! vehicles & ! n>r[ness ( ! tyres4 ,! "q 0 c>ri$ be=e ,p>liam5t1 & endeav\rs 7 made to wid5 ! tyres to n9e & ev5 t5 in*es1 s z to r$uce ! cru%+ effect ( ! :eels on s(t roads to a m9imum4 ,on su* roads x 0 said !re 7 ruts m ?an a foot deep1 cut by ! n>r[ :eels4 ,! ,legislature endeav\r$ to promote ! use ( broad :eels by exemptions f turnpike tolls1 by re/rictions & f9es ^u n>r[ :eels1 & actually recomm5d$ tyres #af in*es wide1 "u ! idea t !y w\ld roll roads flat1 j z gravel walks 9 a g>d5 are roll$4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a "w by ,daniel ,b\rne1 dat$ #agfc1 hav+ a design ( a waggon ) f\r :eels 9 :i* ! front axle-tree is v %ort1 s t ! track outside ! front :eels is made to correspond ) ! inside ( ! h9d :eels1 & !y are made l f\r g>d5 roll]s1 ea* #ae in*es wide1 s t z ! waggon mov$ #e feet ( ! road %\ld be simultane\sly roll$ flat4 ,aft] a conte/ ( _m ye>s x 0 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t1 to oblige waggon]s to c>ry burd5some :eels to roll ! road = pleasure c>riages1 0 an obvi\s h>d%ip4 ,e in* add$ to ! really necess>y wid? = /r5g? to ! tyre ( ! :eels 0 felt by ! c>ri] z a grievance1 & ! evasion ( ! gov]nm5t regulations 0 sympa?is$ ) by ! common s5se ( mank9d4 ,x 0 left to ! waggon] to keep ! :eel suffici5tly n>r[ to run lightly1 & suffici5tly wide to prev5t its s9k+ ) a heavy load into ! road4 ,x 0 admitt$ t ! *ief p]son int]e/$ 9 ! matt] 0 ! waggon]1 z1 if 8 :eels turn$ heavily ov] ! road by reason ( s9k+ into ! surface1 !n he w\ld f9e himself by be+ oblig$ to use m horses1 or by travell+ v sl[ly4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! improvem5t ( ,engli% ma9 & cross-roads cont9u$ /eadily advanc+ by ! sy/em ( turnpike tolls1 on ! security ( :i* money 0 borr[$ by ! p>i%es 9 ord] to make !m4 ,al?\gh = a long "t !re 0 great opposition1 yet ! sy/em suit$ ! "t1 & 0 probably1 9 our free c\ntry1 ! only way to obta9 !m4 ,9 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 ! nobility made _! roads by ! =c$ lab\r ( ! peasants )9 _! t]ritory--"o ( ! in/ances ( cruel oppression t l$ to ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( #aghf1 z ! poor peasants 7 oblig$1 f "t to "t1 to leave ! cultivation ( ! fields & turn out ) c>ts & horses to lab\r = two or ?ree weeks toge!r at ! repair ( ! roads1 & ?is1 too1 )\t any paym5t4 ,9 #afag1 an au?or nam$ ,fynes ,morryson relates1 t 8!re 7 po/ horses 9 ,engl&1 at /ations ab\t t5 miles ap>t1 t c\ld be hir$ by travell]s on horseback at ! *>ge ( #b;d4 p] mile to #c;d410 b1 he adds1 8mo/ travell]s ride _! own horses4 ,9 "s c\nties a horse c be hir$ at #c;d4 p] day1 f9d+ ! food4 ,likewise c>ri]s let horses f city to city b>ga9+ t ! pass5g]s put up at _! inns4 ,!y w l5d a horse = five or six days ?us1 & provide its food at ^! inns = ab\t #bjs4 ,la/ly1 ^! c>ri]s h long cov]$ waggons 9 :i* !y c>ry pass5g]s to & fro2 b ?is k9d ( j\rney+ is v t$i\s2 s t none b wom5 & p ( inf]ior condition travel 9 ?is sort4 ,coa*es are n to be hir$ any:]e 7?is 0 9 #afag7 b 9 ,london4 ,= a day's j\rney a coa* ) two horses is let = ab\t #ajs4 a day1 or #aes4 ) ?ree horses1 ! coa*man f9d+ ! horses' fe$40 ,yet 9 #afaj a native ( ,/ralsund1 9 ,pom]ania1 obta9$ 9 ,scotl& a ,royal pat5t giv+ him ! exclusive privilege ( runn+ coa*es & waggons betwe5 ,ed9burgh & ,lei?4 ,! horses t 7 hir$ = travell]s 7 call$ 9 ,france 8hacqu5e10 & 9 ,wales 8hacknai10 :i* t]m ext5d$ into ,engl&1 & aft] 0 appli$ to hir$ coa*es1 !nce nam$ ,hackney ,coa*es4 ,samuel ,pepys1 9 8 ,di>y ( #affb1 speaks ( rid+ 8 hacqu5e to ,woolwi*1 at a p]iod :5 he did n keep any horse ( 8 own4 ,i h already m5tion$ t long waggons 7 ! fir/ /ages2 _! use comm5c$ be=e ! ye> #afjj1 b = ! poor] classes !re 0 no o!r conveyance = _m ye>s1 & x 0 late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury be=e /age coa*es 7 able to give any accommodation to p]sons ) a small purse4 ,! ,/age ,coa* began to be us$ 9 #afdj1 ! same description ( vehicle z t 9 use = private or hackney "w1 b ( a l>g] size4 ,! body w\ld hold eight p]sons at times1 b g5]ally only six2 ! pass5g]s 7 scre5$ f ! wea!r by lea!r curta9s4 ,x 0 n until ! ye> #afhj t plate glass 0 suffici5tly *eap to be us$ = w9d[s4 ,! coa*man sat on a b> betwe5 ! two /&>d po/s f :i* ! body 0 slung1 ) 8 feet ^u ! footbo>d fix$ to ! top ( ! p]*4 ,beh9d1 betwe5 ! great :eels1 0 ! basket = luggage1 9 :i* ! outside pass5g]s also sat up to _! knees 9 /raw4 ,! body swung ab\t ^u heavy lea!r /raps ?r\gh ! r\gh c\ntry roads4 ,9 #afdi ,*amb]layne1 9 a "w entitl$ 8,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,great ,brita910 speaks up = coa*es4 8,besides ! excell5t arrangem5t ( convey+ m5 & lett]s on horseback1 !re is ( late su* an admirable commodi\sness bo? = m5 & wom51 to travel f ,london to ! pr9cipal t[ns 9 ! c\ntry1 t ! l ha? n be5 kn[n 9 ! _w2 & t is by /age coa*es1 :]e9 any "o may be transport$ to any place %elt]$ f f\l wea!r & f\l ways1 free f endamag+ ( "o's heal? & "o's body by h>d jogg+ or ov]-viol5t motion on horseback2 & ?is n only at ! l[ price ( ab\t a %ill+ = e five miles1 b ) su* velocity & spe$ 9 "o h\r z ! =eign po/ c make b 9 "o day40 ,9 #affb1 :5 !re 7 b six /age coa*es1 ano!r writ] ( ! day condemn$ !m4 8,=10 he says1 8^! coa*es make c\ntry g5tlem5 come to ,london on small occasion1 :i* o!rwise !y w\ld n d b ^u urg5t necessity2 nay1 ! conv5i5cy ( ! passage makes _! wives (t5 come up1 :o1 r ?an make su* long j\rneys on horseback1 w\ld /ay at home4 ,"h1 :5 !y come to t[n1 !y mu/ be 9 ! fa%ion1 get f9e clo!s1 g to plays & treats1 & by ?is means get su* a habit ( idl5ess & love ( pleasure t !y are uneasy ev] aft]40 ,ano!r writ] 9 #afgc opposes /ages4 8,is x10 he asks1 8= a man's heal? to be laid fa/ 9 f\l ways1 & =c$ to wade up to ! knees 9 mire2 & aft]w>ds sit 9 ! cold till fre% teams ( horses c be procur$ to drag ! coa* out ( ! f\l ways8 ,is x = 8 heal? to travel 9 rott5 coa*es1 & h _! tackle1 or p]*1 or axle-tree brok51 & !n to wait half ! day be=e mak+ good _! /age80 ,?is gives u "s idea ( ! badness ( ! roads1 & ! imp]fection ( ! vehicles4 ,^! la/1 h[ev]1 7 n improv$ 9 ! "t ( ,hog>?1 :o1 9 #agcj1 pa9t$ a /age coa* wait+ 9 an inn-y>d4 ,9 ! ,di>y ( ,sir ,william ,dugdale we f9d records ( 8 j\rneys by /age coa*es betwe5 #afei & #afhj1 to ! t[ns ( ,norwi*1 ,cov5try1 ,*e/]1 ,/ ,albans1 ,b$=d1 & ,birm+ham dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,hackney coa*es 7 fir/ us$ 9 ,engl& 9 #afje ,plates #ac1 #ad1 & #bb4 ,^! 7 simil> to ! coa*es us$ by ! g5try2 at fir/ !y did n ply = hire 9 ! /reets1 b rema9$ at ! hir+-y>ds until !y 7 want$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 _m m p]sons wi%$ to hire ?an c\ld af=d to keep a coa* ( _! own1 ! dem& increas$ rapidly4 ,9 #afce ! numb] 0 re/rict$ to fifty4 ,/ill !y increas$ 9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! c\rt & k+1 :o ?\ght !y w\ld break up ! roads1 till1 9 #afej1 !re 7 z _m z ?ree hundr$4 ,9 ,p>is !y 7 introduc$ by ,ni*olas ,sauvage1 :o liv$ 9 a /reet at ! sign ( ,/ ,fiacre1 & f ?is circum/ance hackney coa*es 7 call$ 9 ,france 8,fiacres10 & !y became v common & popul>4 ,9 #aggb ! hire ( fiacres 9 ,p>is 0 a %ill+ ! fir/ h\r1 & t5p5ce ! second4 ,9 ,london1 9 #affb !re 7 f\r hundr$ hackney coa*es1 & ! gov]nm5t began !n to levy a ye>ly duty ^u !m ( #e ea*4 ,9 #afid ! numb] _h increas$ to sev5 hundr$1 a sub/antial pro( ( _! usefulness4 ,mr ,pepys1 9 8 amus+ ,di>y1 cont9ually speaks ( hir+ coa*es = use 9 ,london1 & to g to ,dept=d & ,woolwi*1 9 8 j\rneys to ! docky>ds 9 8 bus9ess = ! ,admiralty4 ,_m ( ^! 7 ! old coa*es ( ! nobility & g5try1 & x is n until #agij t we he> f ,mr ,felton t ! hackney coa*es 7 g5]ally built ( a small] size1 & mu* %ort] 9 ! "u c>riage ?an ^? ( ! g5try4 ,_! hire appe>s to h be5 v mod]ate1 to judge by ! records ( ,dean ,swift1 :o resid$ 9 ,london = ?ree ye>s 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,anne 7#agaj to #agac71 & :o made frequ5t use ( hackney coa*es1 & on wet days did n v5ture out )\t a coa* or a s$an *air4 ,x w\ld seem he c\ld ride f ! city to ! neighb\rhood ( ,/ ,giles = "o or two %ill+s4 ,to return to /age coa*es1 we are told t 9 #afgc !re 7 coa*es f ,london to ,york1 to ,*e/]1 & to ,exet]1 hav+ ea* =ty horses on ! road1 & c>ry+ ea* six inside pass5g]s4 ,! coa* occupi$ eight days 9 travell+ to ,exet]1 b ! f>e 0 only =ty %ill+s 9 ! summ] & f9e wea!r2 9 w9t] ! same coa* 0 ne>ly t5 days on ! road1 & ! f>e 0 increas$ to =ty-five %ill+s4 ,!re 7 f\r-horse /age coa*es go+ daily to places )9 tw5ty or ?irty miles ( ,london1 & o!rs t w5t to places )9 t5 miles & return$ ! same day4 ,9 #agjc1 a /age coa* w5t f ,london to ,portsm\?1 :5 ! roads 7 good1 9 f\rte5 h\rs4 ,9 #agjf1 a coa* w5t f ,london to ,york e ,monday1 ,w$nesday1 & ,friday1 :i* p]=m$ ! j\rney 9 f\r days1 all[+ ea* pass5g] f\rte5 p\nds ( luggage free1 & above t weight ! *>ge 0 ?reep5ce p] p\nd4 ,9 #agdb ! ,ox=d /age us$ to leave ,london at sev5 9 ! morn+1 rea*+ ,high ,wycombe at five 9 ! ev5+1 &1 re/+ ! night1 proce$$ to ,ox=d ! next day4 ,9 ! same ye> !re 0 a coa* f ,london to ,birm+ham1 />t+ on ,monday & arriv+ on ,w$nesday1 =ty miles a day1 b ! coa* usually /opp$ half "o day at ,ox=d4 ,9 #agea1 a /age coa* w5t to ,dov]1 arriv+ at ,cant]bury ! same night1 rea*+ ,dov] e>ly ! next day1 & />t+ on its return to ,london ! same aft]noon4 ,! adv]tisem5t /ates t !re is a conv5i5cy beh9d ! coa* = baggage & outside pass5g]s4 ,?is implies t x 0 n1 ev5 at ?is late date1 usual to c>ry pass5g]s on ! ro(1 & t ! g5]al /ructure ( ! vehicle 0 simil> to ! /age coa* ( #afdj2 "o *ange _h be5 made3 ! driv+ box on ! fa/ coa*es 0 plac$ high above ! horses on a n>r[ boot1 some?+ l :at is call$ a ,salisbury boot2 ?is 0 plac$ ^u ! b$s or timb]s ( ! c>riage1 ) a tol]ably com=table seat = two p]sons ^u x4 ,b ! jolt+ & %ak+ ov] r\gh bits 9 ! road mu/ h be5 v try+4 ,9 ! hall ( ! ,coa*mak]s' ,company1 9 ,noble ,/reet1 ,*eapside1 is a picture ( ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] 9 #agif1 pa9t$ by ,dagaty1 9 :i* is an old /age coa*2 ! h9d] "p has a boot & gu>d's seat atta*$ to ! body z 9 mod]n /age coa*es1 b ! box is deta*$ f ! body & on ! b$s1 z describ$ above2 ! panels ( ! body are v deep1 & on ! upp] qu>t]s are pa9t$ two l>ge />s1 f :i* we may conjecture t x is a mail coa*4#f ,f ! ,ipswi* ,j\rnal1 ,augu/ #aged4 ,,?is ,,is ,,to ,,give ,,notice 8,t a h&some ,ma*9e1 ) /eel spr+s = ! ease ( pass5g]s & ! conv5i5cy ( ! ,c\ntry1 began on ,monday1 ! #h? ( ,july #aged1 to set (f f ,*elms=d e morn+ at #g o'clock1 ,sunday except$1 to ! ,bull ,inn1 ,lead5hall ,/reet1 to be !re by #ab o'clock1 & to return ! same day at #b o'clock to be at ,*elms=d by #g o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,fre% horses w be tak5 at ! ,:ite ,h>t at ,br5twood & ! ,gre5 ,man at ,il=d4 ,to be p]=m$1 if ,god p]mits1 by ,,tyrrell ,,hughes40 ,9 #aged a coa* 0 />t$ f ,man*e/] call$ 8! ,fly+ coa*40 ,! adv]tisem5t /ates1 8h[ev] incr$ible x may appe>1 ?is coa* w actually arrive 9 ,london 9 f\r days & a half aft] leav+ ,man*e/]40 ,! sort ( vehicles /age coa*es usually 7 9 ^? days w appe> f ! foll[+3-- 8,9 #agee /age coa*es are describ$#g z cov]$ ) dull black lea!r1 /udd$1 by way ( ornam5t1 ) broad-head$ nails1 ) oval w9d[s 9 ! qu>t]s1 ! frames pa9t$ r$4 ,on ! panels 7 display$1 9 l>ge *>act]s1 ! names ( ! places :5ce ! coa* />t$ & :i!r x w5t4 ,! ro( rose 9 a high curve1 ) an iron rail ar\nd x4 ,! coa*man & gu>d sat 9 front ^u a high n>r[ boot1 (t5 g>ni%$ ) a spread+ hamm]-clo? ) a deep fr+e4 ,beh9d 0 an imm5se basket1 support$ by iron b>s1 9 :i* pass5g]s 7 c>ri$ at l[] f>es4 ,! :eels 7 pa9t$ r$4 ,! :ole coa* 0 usually drawn by ?ree horses1 on ! fir/ ( :i* a po/illion rode ) a cock$ hat & a long gre5 & gold coat4 ,! ma*9e groan$ & creak$ z x w5t along ) e tug ! horses gave1 & ! spe$ 0 frequ5tly b f\r miles an h\r40 ,! fir/ ,po/-*aise built 9 ,engl& 0 only on two :eels1 & 0 op5 9 front4 ,?is corresponds ) ! description ( ! *aise de po/e ( ,france4 ,9 #agfe ! /age coa*es f ,dov] to ,london 7 drawn by six horses2 ! f>e 0 a gu9ea4 ,s]vants paid half a gu9ea1 rid+ ei!r 9 ! basket beh9d or on ! box1 :i* held ?ree p]sons4 ,9 #agge /age coa*es are /at$ 9 ! ,annual ,regi/] to c>ry eight pass5g]s inside & t5 outside1 & t !re 7 7includ+ vehicles call$ flys1 ma*9es1 dilig5ces1 & /age coa*es7 f\r hundr$ altoge!r4 ,9 #aggi a lic5ce duty 0 fir/ levi$ by gov]nm5t on /age coa*es4 ,increas$ accommodation 0 provid$ by seats on ! top4 ,x mu/ h be5 at ?is "t t ! front & h9d boots began to be fram$ to ! coa* body1 or !re w\ld h be5 no re/ = ! feet ( ! ro( pass5g]s4 ,9 #agih a /age coa* ran f ,gosport to ,london1 #hf miles1 9 #ai h\rs3 #d miles p] h\r4 ,x is n until #aged t we h a reliable acc\nt ( any /age coa* be+ ^u spr+s1 b 9 t ye>1 9 ! newspap] call$ ! ,ed9burgh ,c\rant1 appe>s ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t3--8,! ,ed9burgh ,/age ,coa*1 = ! bett] accommodation ( pass5g]s1 w be alt]$ to a new g5teel two-end glass coa* ma*9e1 be+ ^u /eel spr+s1 exce$+ light & easy1 to g 9 t5 days to ,london 9 summ] & twelve 9 w9t]1 e o!r ,tuesday40 ,?is coa* re/$ all ,sunday at ,burr[bridge4 ,9 #ageg a coa* 0 />t$ to run 9 ?ree days f ,liv]pool to ,london2 ,%effield & ,le$s foll[$ ! examples ( ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool1 & set up 8spe$y coa*es10 s t 9 #aghd coa*es became univ]sal at ! spe$ ( eight miles an h\r4 ,9 ,france1 we le>n f ,m4 ,r\bo's "w1 t 9 #agfj ! ,dilig5ces 7_! /age coa*es7 7 con/ruct$ mu* z ours1 ) l>ge bodies hav+ ?ree small w9d[s on ea* side & hung by lea!r braces on long p]* c>riages1 ) high h9d :eels & l[ front :eels1 )\t any driv+ box1 & fitt$ ) l>ge baskets1 back & front1 = pass5g]s or luggage2 !y 7 drawn by five horses1 & driv5 by a po/illion on ! (f :eel] in/ead ( ! ne> :eel]1 z 9 ,engl&4 ,"o ( _! ,dilig5ces runn+ to ,lyons _h spr+s ,plate #ce1 & x is not$ by ,m4 ,r\bo z ! only ,dilig5ce 9 ,france ) spr+s1 & also ! mo/ spe$y4 ,x p]=m$ ! j\rney to ,lyons1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty miles1 9 five days dur+ ! summ] & six 9 w9t]4 ,d$uct+ ! "t all[$ = refre%m5ts1 *ang+ horses1 & re/+ at night1 ! spe$ ( ! ,dilig5ce appe>s to h be5 betwe5 five & six miles an h\r4 ,m4 ,r\bo also describes a l>ge /age coa* call$ a ,gondola1 hold+ twelve p]sons inside1 t5 sitt+ sideways & "o at ea* end2 ?is vehicle may be consid]$ z ! gr&fa!r ( ! omnibus1 :i* 0 fir/ made at ,p>is4 ,ano!r coa* 0 call$ a c\p ,b]l91 hav+ f\r doors & ?ree seats1 ! middle seat correspond+ to ! ?ird inside seat ( ! s-call$ /age coa*es us$ 9 ,am]ica at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a backbo>d to lean aga9/1 b ,i believe t 9 ! ,am]ican /age coa* ! back ( ! middle seat is only a wide /rap4 ,! o!r travell+ public c>riage 9 ,france 0 ! 8*aise de po/e0 ^u two :eels ,plate #be1 :i* ,i h already describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,i rememb] to h se5 "o ( ^! at ,ami5s ?irty ye>s ago pa9t$ yell[ l s _m ( ! ,engli% po/-*aises4 ,!re are probably _m ( ^! vehicles /ill 9 ,france4 ,!y are mu* l our g5tlem5's cabriolets1 b l>g] & heavi]1 & are drawn by "o /\t horse 9 ! %afts1 ) a second horse ridd5 by ! po/illion1 atta*$ to an out-rigg]-b> on "o side ( ! %afts4 ,! *aise de po/e 0 fir/ made 9 ,france 9 #affd4 ,to return to our own c\ntry4 ,/age coa*es _h increas$ s mu* 9 spe$ t 9 #aghj !y 7 quick] ?an ! po/ :i* c>ri$ ! lett]s4 ,= a long "t lett]s _h be5 entru/$ to ! bags ( ! po/-boys1 :o travell$ on horseback at ! rate ( ab\t ?ree & a half miles an h\r4 ,mr ,john ,palm]1 ! orig9ator ( mail coa*es1 9 ! ye> #aghd gave ! foll[+ /atem5t to ! ,gov]nm5t3--8,! ,po/ at pres5t1 in/ead ( be+ ! swifte/1 is almo/ ! sl[e/ conveyance 9 ! c\ntry2 & ?\gh1 f ! great improvem5t 9 our roads1 o!r c>ri]s h proportionably m5d$ _! spe$1 ! po/ is z sl[ z ev]4 ,rew>ds h be5 frequ5tly (f]$ by ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al = ! be/ con/ruct$ mail-c>t1 or "s plan to prev5t ! frequ5t robb]y ( ! mail1 b )\t effect40 ,palm]1 :o resid$ at ,ba?1 w5t on to /ate1 8t ! coa* dilig5ce1 :i* left ,ba? at f\r o'clock on ,monday aft]noon1 w\ld deliv] a lett] 9 ,london ab\t t5 on ,tuesday morn+1 :il/ ! po/ w\ld n deliv] a lett] until ,w$nesday morn+4 ,! only advantage ( ! po/ 0 its great] *eapness4 ,! po/ *>g$ only f\rp5ce f ,ba? to ,london = ea* lett]1 :il/ "o by ! coa* dilig5ce co/ two %ill+s4 ,nev]!less1 _m p]sons1 bo? at ,ba? & ,bri/ol1 s5t by ! de>] & quick] mode1 & all ov] ! k+dom1 :]ev] dilig5ces#h 7 e/abli%$1 !y obta9$ ! patronage ( ! public40 ,at fir/ any improvem5t on ! ,po/ 0 w>mly oppos$ by ! (ficials & committees ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 & x 0 decl>$ impossible t lett]s c\ld be br\ght f ,ba? to ,london1 only "o hundr$ & eight miles1 9 eighte5 h\rs1 i4e41 six miles an h\r4 ,aft] "s c>eful exp]im5ts1 & a /ruggle ( two ye>s1 ,mr ,palm]'s sy/em 0 adopt$1 & 8 new-fa%ion$ mail coa*es 7 accept$ to convey ! mails4 ,= "s ye>s ! mail coa*es did n run at m ?an six miles an h\r3 !y 7 built 9 a cumbr\s =m to c>ry six p]sons inside4 ,9 ?is same ye> 7#aghf7 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 aft]w>ds ,george ,,iv41 began to erect ! pavilion at ,brighton1 br++ fa%ionable company into ! m]e fi%+ hamlet :i* x !n 04 ,! effect ^u ! traffic 0 v great1 & l$ to ! re=m ( ! :ole ( ! s\? & s\?-we/]n roads1 & 9 #ahbj1 ?irty-five ye>s lat]1 no less ?an sev5ty coa*es daily visit$ & left ,brighton4 ,mr ,?omas ,p5nant1 ! celebrat$ antiqu>ian1 writ+ 9 #aghb1 says1 8t 9 ,m>* #agci1 he travell$ to ,london 9 a ,*e/] /age1 !n no despicable vehicle = c\ntry g5tlem54 ,! fir/ day1 ) mu* lab\r1 we got f ,*e/] to ,:ite*ur*1 tw5ty miles2 ! second day1 to ! ,wel% ,h>p2 ! ?ird1 to ,cov5try2 ! f\r?1 to ,nor?ampton2 ! fif?1 to ,dun/able2 &1 z a wondr\s ef=t1 on ! la/1 to ,london be=e ! comm5cem5t ( night4 ,! /ra9 & lab\r ( six good horses1 sometimes eight1 drew u ?r\gh ! sl\ghs ( ,mir$51 & _m o!r places4 ,we 7 con/antly out two h\rs be=e day1 & late at night2 & 9 ! dep? ( w9t] proportionably lat]40 8,families :o travell$ 9 _! own c>riages contract$ ) ,b5son ,co41 & 7 dragg$ up 9 ! same numb] ( days1 by ?ree sets ( able horses40 8,! s+le g5tlem51 !n a h>dy race1 equipp$ 9 jack-boots & tr[s]s up to _! middle1 rode po/ ?r\gh ?ick & ?91 &1 gu>d$ aga9/ ! mire1 defi$ ! frequ5t /umble & fall2 arose & pursu$ _! j\rney ) alacrity2 :ile 9 ^! days _! en]vat$ po/]ity sleep away _! rapid j\rnies 9 easy *aises1 fitt$ = ! conveyance ( ! s(t inhabitants ( ,syb>is40 ,9 #agii ,8 ,maje/y's mails 7 p>ad$ 9 procession pa/ ,/ ,james's ,palace to ! ,g5]al ,po/-,(fice1 & x is said t ! cu/om 0 kept up = ?irty-six ye>s on ! k+'s bir?day4 ,ea* coa* 0 new1 or turn$ out to look l new1 & 0 pa9t$ r$ ) ! ,royal arms on ! door panel1 & on ! small] panel above ! "n ( ! t[n to :i* ! coa* w5t1 on ! boot ! numb] ( ! mail1 & on ea* upp] qu>t] "o ( ! />s ( ! f\r ord]s ( ! knigh?ood ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! ,g>t]1 ! ,ba?1 ! ,?i/le1 & ,/4 ,patrick4 ,! coa*es 7 built j big en\gh to conta9 f\r inside & ?ree or f\r outside1 & coa*man & gu>d4 ,! body 0 hung ^u a p]* c>riage & eight telegraph spr+s1 ! und]works be+ bo? solid & simple 9 con/ruction4 ,at fir/ ! numb] 0 ab\t eighty1 b m 7 add$ z "t w5t on1 until !re 7 at l5g? sev5 hundr$ mail coa*es 9 ! ye> #ahce4 ,only a small quantity1 h[ev]1 left ,london1 ! re/ 7 disp]s$ all ov] ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,^! mail coa*es 7 at fir/ built & kept 9 repair by contract 9 ,london4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ by wat*+ ^! vehicles 0 v advantage\s to ! coa* trade2 any?+ faulty 9 timb] or iron1 /eel or pa9t1 0 soon discov]$ by ! vigilant contractors & rem$i$1 & _! plans & devices spread ?r\gh ! trade to ! b5efit ( ma/]s & workm54 ,! improvem5t ( /age coa*es & _! multiplication kept pace ) ! mails4 ,turnpike roads also _h be5 mu* improv$ by ,mr ,m#8,adam's sy/em4 ,he sub/itut$ on roads hi!rto laid ) gravel ( all sizes1 & r\nd or c>elessly brok5 /ones ( o!r qualities & mat]ials1 ! improv$ surfaces ( granite & o!r h>d /ones & fl9ts1 c>efully brok5 into small angul> pieces1 :i* dur+ ! passage ( heavy traffic dovetail$ into "o ano!r1 & made ! surface firm]1 :]eas ! r\nd pebbles1 "u ! old sy/em1 w\ld slip f "u ! :eels & leave ! surface ( ! road /ill unev54 ,! factories = build+ /age coa*es grew to be ( l>ge size & importance4 ,coa* proprietors 7 (t5 v successful1 & _! bus9ess increas$ until ,mr ,*apl9 _h two hotels1 five y>ds1 & #acjj horses at "w4 ,messrs ,horne & ,%]man _h #gjj horses ea*2 & ,mr ,nelson1 ( ! 8,bull ,inn10 ,aldgate1 rivall$ ^!4 ,/age coa*es1 z !y c>ri$ m luggage & m outside pass5g]s1 7 necess>ily built /rong] & r heavi] ?an ! mail coa*es4 ,! cross roads1 h[ev]1 became gradually fill$ up ) old mails re-pa9t$1 & /age coa*es 7 also built ^u elliptical spr+s 9 front1 & g5]ally ?ree spr+s beh9d4 ,g5tlem5 took to driv+ coa*es = amusem5t1 & vehicles 7 built ) high coa* boxes & high h9d s]vants' seat2 ( diff]5t =ms1 x is true1 & ^u diff]5t sorts ( spr+s4 ,two coa*+ clubs 7 =m$ ( noblem5 & g5tlem51 :o took an int]e/ 9 f\r-9-h& driv+ & 9 vehicles 9 g5]al4 ,sev]al clubs ( ?is k9d are n[ fl\ri%+1 to enc\rage a manly sport1 & ) ! capacity to promote improvem5ts 9 ! build & =m ( ! 8drag10 z x is n[ call$4 ,9 ,irel&1 ,mr ,bianconi e/abli%$ a good sy/em ( travell+ ^u long f\r-:eel$ c>s ( a light con/ruction4 ,! pass5g]s sat back to back1 & ! luggage 0 pil$ betwe51 & frequ5tly s high t ! travell] _h only ! opportunity ( see+ "o side ( ! road along :i* he pass$4 ,^! vehicles w\ld give m satisfaction n[-a-days if bett] horses 7 us$1 & = %ort] /ages1 on ^? r\tes :]e pass5g]s are pl5tiful1 b pref] to travel at m ?an five miles p] h\r4 ,9 ,switz]l& & "s p>ts ( ! cont95t1 ! use ( l>ge dilig5ces /ill cont9ues4 ,"s ( ! old %ape ,plate #cf rec5tly p]=m$ ! j\rney f ,g5eva t[>ds ,*am\nix4 ,! %ape ( mod]n dilig5ces v>ies v mu*1 _m are l omnibuses2 b almo/ all are )\t a p]* & ^u elliptical spr+s4 ,9 ,cont95tal travel may also be se5 l>ge family travell+ c>riages1 z well z v light "o-horse vehicles = m\nta9 roads1 & ! fur!r ea/w>ds ! travell] proce$s1 ! r\gh] & m simple ! vehicle4 ,9 ,russia may be f\nd v r\gh1 *eap1 fa/ waggons1 z well z ! 8,t>antas10 :i* is a v com=table travell+ c>riage = ! weal?y1 & ) its num]\s boxes & appliances1 its b$ & /ore cupbo>ds = food1 is almo/ a small h\se ^u :eels4 ,?us1 :il/ 9 our hi/ory we h enum]at$ ! v>i\s me?ods ( travell+ us$ by our =efa!rs1 we may1 9 pass+ f ,engl& to ,p]sia ov]l&1 /ill h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( almo/ all ( ^! me?ods4 ,all travell+ dep5d5t ^u ! spe$ ( a horse has be51 on good roads1 almo/ ! same 9 all ages4 ,x is only s9ce ! introduction ( locomotion by /eam on railroads t we h atta9$ any great advance ^u anci5t times4 ,! ye>s dur+ :i* rapid /age coa* & po/ *aise travell+ seem$ su* a rem>kable advance to ,engli%m51 only la/$ f ab\t #ahaj to #ahdj4 ,s9ce !n ! triumph ( /eam has 9 _m places p>alys$ ! improvem5t ( /age coa*es & po/+ ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cd4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,/age ,,coa*1 #aghg1 ,,aft] ,,r[l&son ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ce4 ,,dilig5ce ,,f ,,p>is ,,to ,,lyons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cf4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,dilig5ce4 ^u ord9>y roads1 ev5 :]e /eam does n compete4 ,9 ,france two-:eel$ vehicles = public hire _h be5 9 use = "s ye>s previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury2 b x 0 n until #ahbc t ,london possess$ a two-:eel$ cab4 ,9 t ye> ,mr ,david ,davies built twelve two-:eel$ cabs4 ,! body 0 a little l a hansom cab1 b small]2 x _h a head ( :i* ! h9d] half 0 /iff & solid1 ! =e "p w\ld fold4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 probably an imitation ( ! g5tleman's cabriolet1 ! hood ( :i* 0 r>ely put d[n altoge!r1 z ! groom _h to hold on by x4#i ,outside ! head on "o side 0 a seat = ! driv] ( ! cab1 & ! :ole 0 hung ^u /iff %afts4 ,!y 71 ,i ?9k1 pa9t$ yell[1 & /ood = hire 9 a y>d 9 ,portl& ,/reet1 close to ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,at ?is "t ! /&s 9 ! /reets 7 occupi$ by hackney coa*es1 :i* c]ta9ly 7 all old coa*es ( ! g5try2 _m /ill bore ! arms ( ! =m] own]s1 & ! driv]s wore great coats ) a l>ge numb] ( capes1 "o ov] ! o!r1 to keep 9 w>m? & keep (f ! ra94 ,x 0 n long be=e ! two-:eel$ cab became popul>1 & came on ! ranks ) ! coa*es4 ,mr ,davies' cab 0 copi$1 b ) little v>iation f 8 patt]n1 & ! total numb] ( cabs 9 #ahcj 0 "o hundr$ & sixty-five4 ,aft] ?is came ,mr ,b\lnois' pat5t "o-horse cab ) a door beh9d1 l a slice ( an omnibus1 ! two pass5g]s sitt+ face to face1 ! driv] sitt+ on ! ro(--?is cab x 0 hop$ w\ld succe$1 b ! %afts 7 too %ort1 & ! pass5g]s always felt uneasy 9 case ! horse %\ld kick1 & ! vehicle1 o!rwise light & useful1 fell out ( fa%ion4 ,mr ,b\lnois' cab 0 foll[$ by a l>g] sort inv5t$ by ,mr ,h>vey1 & at la/1 ab\t #ahcf1 came ! br\gham cab to hold two p]sons2 ?is 0 r small] ?an t aft]w>ds built = ,"l ,br\gham1 & ( pla9] outl9e1 ) /raight =e pill>4 ,f ?is we d]ive our pres5t cl>5ce cab on f\r :eels1 :i* we may pron\nce z ! lighte/ ( all f\r-:eel$ close cabs1 b x is c]ta9ly any?+ b satisfactory4 ,x c>ries1 x is true1 a l>ge quantity ( luggage on ! ro(1 besides six p]sons1 & runs along fa/] ?an ! cabs ( mo/ o!r cities1 b x is abom9ably noisy1 & v r\gh 9 motion1 uneasy & uncom=table4 ,:oev] w produce an improv$ f\r-:eel cab w des]ve ! ?anks ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,! fir/ /ep to ?is1 ,i consid]1 w\ld be ! au?orisation by law ( two classes ( f>es4 ,let ! pres5t cab rema9 at ! pres5t f>e1 b all[ a fir/-class cab to *>ge a high] f>e1 & appo9t a prop] p]son or p]sons to inspect ! cabs1 & to lic5se ! fir/-class cabs to *>ge a high] f>e4 ,! second /ep w\ld be to insi/ on ! fir/-class cabs hav+ pat5t or mail axles1 & cov]$ glass frames to less5 ! rattle1 & to adopt a regulat+ spr+1 :i* w\ld assi/ 9 c>ry+ a heavy load4 ,regulat+ spr+s c easily be made2 !y are unsightly on a private c>riage2 b ?is w\ld be no objection 9 a public conveyance4 ,x might be 9 ! =m ( a buff] 9 ! c5tre ( ! elliptical spr+1 or a second elliptic )9 ! fir/1 b ! +5uity ( our spr+ mak]s w\ld soon surm\nt ! difficulty if ! prop] au?ority insi/$ ^u ! attempt4 ,! ,hansom pat5t safety cab is an imm5se improvem5t ^u ! old high two-:eel$ cab4 ,we owe ! inv5tion to a ,mr ,hansom1 ! ar*itect ( ! ,birm+ham ,t[n ,hall4 ,! safety consi/$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! framework at ! ne>e/ "p to ! gr\nd1 s z to prev5t an upset if ! cab tilt$ up or d[n4 ,x has s9ce be5 improv$ by ,mr ,evans1 ( ,liv]pool2 ,mr ,m>/on1 ( ,birm+ham2 & o!rs1 until ! rec5tly built hansoms are really conv5i5t1 easy1 & com=table conveyances1 & receive ! patronage ( _m ladies 9 pref]5ce to ! f\r-:eel]s4 ,cabs ( o!r t[ns ( ,engl& & =eign c\ntries h all _! peculi> features4 ,_m ,engli% t[ns all[ a high] *>ge p] mile ?an 9 ,london4 ,9 ,plym\?1 ,s\?ampton1 ,birm+ham1 ,ed9burgh1 & "s o!r t[ns ! cabs are light1 easy1 & quiet4 ,9 ,bri/ol !y 7 rec5tly heavy & sl[1 l>ge & clumsy4 ,9 ,p>is1 ! cabs are *iefly old br\ghams ( ! g5try1 ) poor1 sl[ horses2 b dur+ a great "p ( ! ye> ! /&s h abundance ( light1 op5 victorias1 "s ( :i* are satisfactory1 be+ easy & clean4 ,9 ,rome1 ne>ly all ! cabs are op5 victorias1 ) hoods & a lea!r apron1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 b a poor protection 9 heavy ra92 ! driv]s are g5]ally civil & intellig5t4 ,9 ,naples ! cabs are also victorias ( a small] size1 & hung high] f ! gr\nd1 ) little horses g5]ally ( a v sorry description4 ,milan has v good cabs1 & ! be/ omnibuses ,i h ev] ridd5 91 q l our private omnibuses1 & !y are kept up 9 v good condition4 ,! /reets are pav$ at ,milan v ev5ly1 & h tracks or tramways = ! :eels1 ( long blocks ( granite1 on a p]fect level ) ! re/ ( ! pavem5t4 ,^! 7 fir/ laid d[n at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 & h probably contribut$ to ! g5]al excell5ce ( ! c>riages built at ,milan4 ,?is city 0 "o ( ! fir/ to make improv$ c>riages1 ev5 be=e ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 ! ye> #affb a rem>kable attempt 0 made to furni% a me?od ( transport :i* %\ld be )9 ! rea* ( all1 a sort ( ,omnibus c>riage4 ,x 0 orig9at$ & manag$ by ,blaise ,pascal1 ! well-kn[n au?or ( ! ,lettres ,prov9ciales4 ,he 0 assi/$ by sev]al noblem51 :o obta9$ a pat5t f ! k+ = ! privilege4 ,! design 0 to run public coa*es1 c>ry+ six p]sons ea*1 along c]ta9 /reets 9 ,p>is1 ea* coa* keep+ to its own r\te1 = ! sum ( five s\s ea* pass5g] = ! :ole j\rney4 ,?is 0 comm5c$ 9 ,m>* #affb ) sev5 coa*es1 ! driv]s 9 a blue uni=m1 ) ! k+'s & city's arms embroid]$ ^u x4 ,! coa*es bore gold5 fleur de lys on ! panels4 ,at fir/ !y 7 a great success1 & ! si/] ( ,pascal wrote to a fri5d1 8,i he>d ! bless+s t 7 call$ d[n on ! au?ors ( an in/itution s advantage\s & useful to ! public40 ,?is 0 a g5]al op9ion4 ,two m l9es ( r\te 7 *os51 & ! numb] ( coa*es increas$4 ,!y 7 call$ 8! c>riages ( ! five soldi40 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f\nd necess>y to raise ! f>e to six soldi1 & ?is1 ) ! increas+ numb] ( hackney coa*es1 ! prohibition ( ! use ( ! omnibus by soldi]s1 s]vants1 or any "o 9 liv]y1 & probably ! dea? ( ,pascal himself1 at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-n9e1 br\ght ! ent]prise to a premature end aft] ! coa*es _h run ne>ly two ye>s4 ,/age coa*es at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury 7 us$ 9 ,london to br+ m5 ( bus9ess into ! city1 & ! f>e 0 ord9>ily two %ill+s f ,padd+ton or ,clapham2 !y 7 sl[ & unpunctual1 be+ usually an h\r ov] ! five miles4 ,! fir/ ,omnibuses 7 built at ,p>is 9 #ahbj1 7 drawn by ?ree horses1 & soon became mu* 9 vogue2 !y 7 nev] v fa/1 & /ill are sl[] ?an our omnibuses1 n because !y _c be driv5 fa/1 = occasionally !y keep up a good spe$1 b because our neighb\rs atta* s mu* importance to ! waybill1 & /op at c]ta9 /ations to take up pass5g]s1 or ex*ange "s = ! bran* l9es1 & tickets are giv5 at ^! /ations be=eh& be>+ numb]s :i* entitle ! be>]s to be fir/ s]v$4 ,^! regulations deta9 ! omnibuses v mu*2 ! same rem>ks apply also to ! tramways1 on :i* ! progress is /ill sl[] ?an by ! omnibuses4 ,!re is at ,p>is an excell5t s]vice ( omnibuses = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s & luggage f ! hotels to ! railway /ations4 ,!y hold eight inside1 & are quick & easy4 ,all ov] ! ,cont95t ! hotels h ! be/ omnibuses2 "s ( !m are ( l>ge size1 well /uff$1 & light$ at night ) good lamps4 ,sometimes ea* hotel has its own 'bus2 sometimes "o w s]ve sev]al hotels4 ,! fir/ ,omnibus 0 />t$ 9 ,london 9 ,july #ahbi1 by ! ent]pris+ ,mr ,%illibe]1 :o _h be5 = a %ort "t a coa*mak] at ,p>is4 ,8 fir/ omnibuses 7 drawn by ?ree horses1 & c>ri$ tw5ty-two pass5g]s1 all inside4 ,!y ran 9 a %ort] "t to ! city ?an ! old /ages2 ! f>e 0 a %ill+ f ! 8,york%ire ,/+o10 ne> ! bottom ( ,lisson ,grove1 to ! ,bank4 ,we c imag9e h[ unwieldy ^! c>riages appe>$ ev5 comp>$ ) ! /age coa*es & hackney coa*es ( ! day1 yet !y soon prov$ a success2 !y foll[$ ! horses s easily t ! driv]s 7 a/oni%$4 ,! pass5g]s 7 pleas$ by ! spe$1 & ! s*eme %\ld h be5 v pr(itable to ,mr ,%illibe]4 ,! fir/ omnibuses 7 ?\ght too l>ge = ! /reets ( ,london1 & !y 7 sup]s$$ by a small] pair-horse omnibus1 c>ry+ twelve pass5g]s inside1 & an extra "o or two at ! end ( ! omnibus1 by ! driv]1 b x 0 a v unpopul> position4 ,9 #ahdi1 an outside seat 0 add$ along ! c5tre ( ! ro(1 & by #aheg ! omnibus _h be5 improv$ ne>ly to :at we n[ h1 & ?is 0 *iefly done by ,mr ,mill]1 ( ,hamm]smi?4 ,our pres5t omnibus is probably ! lighte/ & /ronge/ vehicle 9 ! _w = c>ry+ tw5ty-eight p]sons1 at a spe$ ( ne>ly eight miles an h\r4 ,if tri$ ) f\r horses on a c\ntry road !y easily beat ! old-fa%ion$ /age coa*1 ei!r 9 weight1 capacity = c>ry+1 durability1 or safety4 ,l>ge omnibuses are 9 use 9 ,glasg[ & ,man*e/]1 & o!r t[ns :]e spe$ is n s mu* an object z x is 9 ,london1 & !y h be5 re-introduc$ 9 ,london betwe5 ,*>+ ,cross & ,portl& ,road1 & !re are a few small "o-horse omnibuses = %ort di/ances4 ,x is n necess>y to describe ^! vehicles at any l5g?2 x is suffici5t to notice t !y mu/ be light & /rong = ! "w !y h to p]=m1 & ! peculi> %ape enables ! build] to secure ?is4 ,! ,london ,g5]al ,omnibus ,company has contribut$ greatly to ! improvem5t ( ! sy/em ( public conveyance4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahef1 :5 x took ov] five hundr$ & eighty omnibuses previ\sly 9 use1 & belong+ to a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t own]s4 ,! company _h #f1djj horses ! fir/ ye>4 ,al?\gh _m ( _! omnibuses h be5 sup]s$$ by ! metropolitan & di/rict railways1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( tramway c>s1 !y h /ill #efj omnibuses & #fjjj horses to "w !m4 ,ea* omnibus runs ab\t sixty miles a day4 ,! company builds = its own use ab\t ?irty 'busses ea* ye>2 ! av]age weight ( an omnibus is #bd cwt4 ,mo/ ( ! vehicles are n[ provid$ ) brake ret>d]s1 :i* are set 9 action by ! foot ( ! driv]1 & *eck ! spe$ d[n hill1 or help to /op ! omnibus to take up a pass5g] )\t s mu* /ra9 ^u ! horses z =m]ly4 ,9 ,vi5na ! public omnibuses are long]1 & are divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 ent]$ by sep>ate doors2 !y c>ry twelve inside & six outside4 ,! spe$ is r sl[ & ! appe>ance ( mo/ v %abby4 ,9 summ] o!r omnibuses are also us$1 :i* are con/ruct$ )\t sides or w9d[s1 & 9 hot wea!r are agreeable f ! free admission ( air )\t draught4 ,am]ican /age coa*es began 9 #aghf4 ,z e>ly z #afig an innkeep]1 nam$ ,john ,clapp1 at ! ,b[]y1 ,new ,york1 kept a hackney coa* = ! accommodation ( ! public2 & 9 #afii a law 0 made =bidd+ fa/ driv+ ( 8slees0 ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,new ,york4 ,! fir/ private coa* own$ !re appe>s to h be5 9 #agde by a ,lady ,murray4 ,9 #aghf !re 7 b ?ree ,coa*mak]s' factories 9 ,new ,york3 ,mr ,/eel1 9 ,p9e ,/reet1 ,mr ,jones1 & ,james & ,*>les ,w>n]1 9 ,broadway4 ,9 #aghi six m factories _h be5 op5$ 9 ! coa* trade1 & five liv]y y>ds _h begun to keep hackney coa*es4 ,9 #agij a coa* 0 built 9 ,philadelphia = eight hundr$ doll>s1 & !re 7 eight ,coa*build]s 9 t city4 ,b ! usual vehicle 0 a sort ( :eel *air ^u wood5 spr+s1 & f rec5t acc\nts x seems t gigs1 hung ^u long wood5 spr+s1 are /ill 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,! ,hi/orical ,magaz9e /ates t 9 #ahje ! ,engli% *>iot 0 copi$ 9 ,am]ica1 b t x 0 f\nd *eap] to ord] ^! c>riages f ,europe1 on acc\nt ( ! high price ( mat]ial1 & ! excessive co/ ( wages4 ,9 #ahaj !re 7 tw5ty-eight factories occupi$ by ,coa*mak]s 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 #ahbb a ,new ,york ,coa*mak]1 nam$ ,miln ,p>k]1 _h begun to make a "n by build+ 8volantes0 = ! ,cuban & ,mexican m>kets4 ,^! volantes are gigs1 ) hoods1 p]*$ ^u two v high :eels1 mu* us$ by ! ladies ( ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,i %\ld h m5tion$ t ! cabs ( ,vi5na are ( a sup]ior description1 consi/+ ( victorias1 br\ghams1 & l&aus1 z well built & f9i%$ z ^? us$ by private p]sons4 ,_m ( ^! cabs are drawn by two horses1 & are driv5 at a rapid rate4 ,x w\ld be a great b5efit to ,london if we c\ld procure su* conveyances at a %ill+1 or ev5 m1 p] mile4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,writ]s on ,c>riages--,p]iodical ,publications on ,coa*es--,tight ,h>ness+--,height ( ! ,driv]'s ,seat--,cov] to ! ,driv]'s ,seat--,am]ican ,buggy--,am]ican ,trott+ ,waggons--,lab\r-,sav+ ,ma*9es--,ma*9es ,save ,"t--,am]ican ,magaz9es on ,c>riages--,pr9ciples ( ,draught--,disadvantages ( ,two-,:eel$ ,vehicles--,track ( ,:eels--,utility ( ,high ,:eels--,side ,?ru/ & ,vibration ( ,:eels--,pit* ( ,axles & ,di% ( ,:eels--,spr+s--,elliptic ,spr+s--,brake ,ret>d]s--,india ,rubb] ,brake ,blocks--,a ,load ,%\ld ,re/ on ! ,highe/ ,:eel--,dang] to a ,/age ,coa* 9 ,l[ ,front ,:eels--,c>riage ,draw+s ( ,full ,size--,value ( be+ a ,good ,draughtsman--,mr ,glad/one on ,design--,coa*mak]s ,company's ,libr>y4 ,!re are n _m books ^u ! art ( ,coa*build+4 ,!re is a small "o 9 ! ,fr5* language by ,f4 ,a4 ,g>sault1 9 ! ye> #agfa1 :i* conta9s designs ( ! fir/ improvem5ts ( ! c5tury 9 c>ts & c>riages4 ,!re is also ,monsieur ,r\bo's "w entitl$ 8,! ,c>p5t]'s1 ,cab9etmak]'s1 & ,coa*mak]'s ,art10 publi%$ by ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 v c>efully writt51 ) num]\s illu/rations2 x is c]ta9ly a p]fect hi/ory ( ! art ( ,coa*build+ z x exi/$ 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,ne>ly equal to t "w is ! article on c>riages 9 ! ,fr5* ,encyclopdia ( #aggj1 by ,did]ot2 bo? des]ve /udy & exam9ation by mod]n ,coa*build]s4 ,mr ,felton's "w ( ! ye> #agij ,i h already m5tion$2 also t on anci5t ,greek & ,roman c>riages by ,h]r von ,johann ,*ri/ian ,g9zrot1 ( ,muni*4 ,?is is *>m+ = an antiqu>ian1 b conta9s no in=mation useful to a ,coa*build] ( to-day4 ,dr ,ri*>d ,lovell ,edgewor? publi%$ 9 #ahag a "w ^u 8,public ,road & ,:eel ,c>riages10 :i* conta9s mu* t is valuable & useful to ,coa*build]s1 & x %\ld be /udi$ c>efully by e /ud5t 9 our art4 ,!re is 9 x an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts he made = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 at ,dubl91 to asc]ta9 ! necess>y height ( :eels1 l5g? ( a c>riage1 & o!r important rules ( ,coa*build+4 ,mr ,t4 ,h4 ,m>kl& read an int]e/+ pap] on ! orig9 ( c>riages to a le>n$ society1 :i* is publi%$ 9 ! tw5tie? volume ( ! 8,ar*ologia10 accompani$ ) sev]al int]e/+ copies ( old pictures ( c>riages4 ,9 ! 8,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions10 by ,beckmann1 is an int]e/+ article on coa*es1 :i* has be5 tak5 z ! be/ au?ority by all succe$+ writ]s4 ,! dates he gives are n all accurate4 ,! next publi%$ 01 ,i believe1 t by ,mr ,w4 ,bridges ,adams1 9 #ahcg1 by ,messrs ,c4 ,knight ,co41 ( ,ludgate ,/reet1 entitl$1 8,engli% ,pleasure ,c>riages40 ,?is book %\ld c]ta9ly be possess$ by all ,coa*build]s :o desire in=mation z to ! be/ me?od ( =m+ & complet+ a good c>riage4 ,x is full & accurate 9 ! rules giv51 & ! !ories & me*anical pr9ciples exp\nd$1 giv+ v ample details z to mat]ials to be us$1 & ! mann] ( mak+ ! be/ use ( !m4 ,mr ,adams1 :o 0 = a "t 9 ! firm ( ,hobson ,co41 has giv5 a description ( ! diff]5t c>riages us$ 9 8 "t1 :i* w =m a ref]5ce = future ages1 z ,m4 ,r\bo's descriptions s]ve = ! previ\s c5tury4 ,s9ce ,mr ,adams' "w we h a valuable contribution to ! hi/ory ( ! art ( ,coa*build+ 9 ! treatise by ! ,c\nt ,giovanni ,gozzad9i on 8,! ,orig9 ( ,coa*es10 publi%$ 9 #ahfd at ,bologna4 ,?is is 9 ! ,italian language2 a copy is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,we f9d 9 x a spirit$ def5ce ( ,italy f ! *>ge ( d]iv+ _! k ( ,c>riage-build+ f ,france2 & ! au?or proves1 f ! ar*ives ( diff]5t t[ns & noble families1 t ,italy 0 second only to ,g]many 9 its weal? & numb] ( c>riages dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,besides ^!1 we h _h ! ,c>riage ,build]s' ,art ,j\rnal1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #ahei & la/$ = f\r ye>s1 a j\rnal :i* reflect$ great cr$it ^u its editor1 & is full ( in=mation /ill wor?y ( our /udy2 ! ,art du ,c>rossi]1 publi%$ at ,p>is2 two ,am]ican p]iodicals2 & ! ,saddl]s & ,coa*build]s' ,gazette 9 ,london4 ,! c>riages ( ,am]ica are s diff]5t f our own1 & f ^? ( ,europe1 t !y require special att5tion4 ,x is possible t _! /yle may influ5ce 9 an important degree ! c>riages ( future ages4 ,we see 9 !m prim>ily 8lightness40 ,t lightness 9 _! l>g] c>riages is c>ri$ to excess mo/ ,coa*build]s w agree4 ,we are support$ 9 ?is view by ! fact t = "s ye>s ^!1 su* z l&aus1 br\ghams1 & coa*es1 h be5 mat]ially modifi$ by ,european types4 ,! ,am]icans h adopt$ "s ( ! %apes ( ,europe1 & ! mode ( con/ruct+ ! "u c>riages1 reta9+ _! own me?ods ( mak+ ! pole & spl9t]s1 or :ipple trees1 z giv+ great] fre$om to ! horses4 ,i ?9k ?is pr9ciple ( all[+ ! horse great] scope = ex]tion is p>ticul>ly wor? ! att5tion ( ,coa*build]s4 ,! mann] 9 :i* our horses are conf9$ by tight heavy /rapp+ & traces1 by tight pole *a9s1 by be>+ re9s1 & ! indiscrim9ate use ( bl9k]s to ! bridles has be5 mu* ov]done 9 ,engl&4 ,if a horse ) a heavy load1 driv5 fa/ ov] slipp]y roads %\ld /umble1 x is mo/ difficult = him to recov] himself--he falls1 is sometimes pu%$ along by ! impetus ( ! c>riage1 & is m or less injur$ 9 8 limbs or n]ves by ! accid5t1 :il/ x is difficult = him to rise aga9 until ! h>ness is un/rapp$1 & ! c>riage is remov$ f above him4 ,we also h>ness our horses too closely to _! "w 9 ! two-:eel$ c>riages4 ,we h ?\ght only ( ! ease ( turn+ & mov+ ! :ole vehicle 9 cr[d$ or n>r[ ways1 )\t obs]v+ ! advantage ( ! long %afts ov] %ort %afts4 ,if ! %afts are consid]$ z lev]s by :i* ! horse supports & moves ! weight beh9d him 9 a two-:eel$ c>t1 x w be at once obvi\s t 7al?\gh :il/ ^? lev]s are p>allel ) ! road7 x does n s mu* signify :e!r !y are long or %ort2 yet ! mom5t !y po9t upw>ds1 & especially :5 !y po9t d[nw>ds1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 long & %ort lev]s is felt sev]ely by ! horse4 ,we c all ( u lift a weight or support a weight m easily ) a long lev] ?an ) a %ort "o1 & x is ! same ) a horse4 ,^? :o h travell$ abroad mu/ h notic$ ! great weights plac$ ^u two-:eel$ c>ts 9 ,france & ,belgium1 & ! great] comp>ative di/ance at :i* ! horse is plac$ f ! :eels1 & yet h[ little ! horse is di/ress$4 ,he manages 8 load m easily because he does n feel ! weight s heavily ^u 8 back4 ,_m driv]s 9 ,engl& seem to h obs]v$ ?is1 & try to ease ! horse & less5 8 *ance ( /umbl+ by tipp+ ! %afts up 9 front1 b 9 ?is way ! horse is made to feel a pressure on ! "u "p ( ! body :i* is nei!r natural nor heal?y4 ,i ?9k !re=e t1 9 future ye>s1 ! gr[? ( public op9ion w be 9 fav\r ( long] %afts & poles4 ,?is w also t5d to pres]ve good c>riages f ! damage !y at pres5t suff] f ! heat ( ! horses1 & ! quantity ( mud :i* is ?r[n by _! heels ^u ! front ( ! vehicle4 ,! re9s w ( c\rse h to be long]1 b ?is _c be ( mu* consequ5ce2 ! driv] ( a br\gham is fur!r f ! horse ?an ! driv] ( a mail phaeton1 b we d n consid] t ! br\gham is m difficult to drive ?an ! mail phaeton on t acc\nt4 ,ano!r fa%ion preval5t 9 ?is & 9 "s o!r c\ntries1 may prove1 9 ! op9ion ( ! driv]s ( ! future1 to be a fallacy2 ,i mean ! suppos$ necessity = ! driv] to sit ne>ly upright1 :i* necessitates a deep boot & a clumsy ?ick coa*man's cu%ion4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ,russia1 & 9 p>ts ( ,g]many ! driv] sits l[1 b places 8 feet aga9/ a b> 9 front ( ! footbo>d1 :i* 9 _! c>riages is long] ?an 9 ours4 ,i h se5 f\r horses driv5 v well & easily 9 a l[ l&au1 & v p[]ful fa/-trott+ pull+ horses held 9 ) app>5t ease4 ,x has seem$ to me t our coa*m5 are (t5 9 dang] ( be+ pull$ ov] by _! horses2 & c]ta9ly1 :5 an accid5t happ5s 9 a collision !y are easily ?r[n f _! boxes4 ,!y d n h ! pur*ase & security t ! ,russian driv]s especially seem to possess4 ,p]haps we %all le>n f ! ,am]ican c>riages a few useful h9ts 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,am]ican c>riage1 call$1 ,i believe1 a 8,rock-away10 has a projection ov] ! driv]'s seat1 to %ield him f sun & ra94 ,"s ( ! ,asiatic c>riages h an awn+ = ! same purpose4 ,9 ,italy travell+ c>riages (t5 _h a hood ov] ! driv]4 ,9 in/ances :]e ! ma/] ( ! h\sehold likes to drive 8 own family c>riage1 x w\ld c]ta9ly add to 8 com=t1 & t ( any "o sitt+ by him1 to h "s useful addition ( ?is nature4 ,! greate/ novelty introduc$ by ! ,am]icans ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! light waggon1 call$ also 8buggy10 a "n fir/ giv5 9 ,engl& a hundr$ ye>s ago to a light two-:eel$ c>t c>ry+ "o p]son only1 & :i* we call a 8sulky40 ,^! ,am]ican waggons 7 modell$ f ! old ,g]man waggon1 b !y h be5 s mu* improv$ z to be sc>cely recognis$4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! ,g]man waggon 0 a light %all[ tray1 susp5d$ above a slight p]* c>riage on two gras%opp] spr+s1 plac$ horizontally & p>allel ) & above ! front & h9d axle-tree2 on ! tray "o or two seats 7 plac$1 ! :ole 0 light & inexp5sive1 & well adapt$ to a new r\gh c\ntry )\t good roads4 ,^! waggons may /ill be f\nd 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&4 ,!y 7 d\btless =m$ z a developm5t ( ! ,v-%ap$ agricultural waggon already describ$ 9 ! second *apt]4 ,am]ican +5uity 0 lavi%$ ^u ^! waggons1 & !y h arriv$ at a m>vel ( p]fection 9 lightness4 ,! two gras%opp] spr+s h be5 replac$ ) two elliptical spr+s4 ,! p]*1 axle-trees1 & c>riage timb] h be5 r$uc$ to ?9 /icks4 ,! f\r :eels are made s sl5d] z to resemble a spid]'s web2 9 _! con/ruction ( ! :eels ! pr9ciple ( ! pat5t rim us$ 9 ,engl& 9 #agij has be5 adopt$4 ,in/ead ( five1 six1 or sev5 felloes to ea* :eel1 !re are only two1 ( oak or ( hickory wood1 b5t to ! %ape by /eam4 ,! iron "w ( ! ,am]ican buggy is v sl5d]1 yet compos$ ( _m pieces1 &1 9 ord] to r$uce ! co/1 ^! pieces ( iron are mo/ly ca/1 n =g$1 ( a sort ( iron less brittle ?an our ca/ iron4 ,! bodies are ( light "w1 l :at we call cab9et "w4 ,! weight ( ! :ole waggon is s small t "o man c lift x ^u its :eels aga9 if accid5tally upset1 & two p]sons ( ord9>y /r5g? c raise x easily f ! gr\nd4 ,! f\r :eels are ( ne>ly ! same height1 & ! body is susp5d$ c5trally betwe5 !m4 ,!re are no fut*els2 ! pole or %afts are atta*$ to ! front axletree b$1 & ! front ( ! pole is c>ri$ by ! horses j z !y c>ry ! %afts2 ! spl9t]-b> & :ipple-trees are atta*$ to ! pole on swivels4 ,"s are made )\t hoods & "s ) hoods4 ,^! are made s t ! lea!r ( ! sides c be tak5 (f & roll$ up1 & ! back lea!r remov$1 roll$1 or fix$ at ! bottom1 a few in*es away f ! back1 ! ro( rema9+ z a sun%ade4 ,! lea!r "w is v ?9 & ( beautifully supple enamell$ lea!r4 ,! p]fection to :i* ! ,am]ican buggy or waggon has be5 c>ri$1 & e "p likely to give way c>efully /r5g!n$1 is m>vell\s4 ,^? made by ! be/ build]s w la/ a long "t )\t repair4 ,! :ole is s sl5d] & ela/ic t x 8gives--to use a trade t]m--& recov]s itself at any ob/acle4 ,! defect 9 ,engli% eyes ( ^! c>riages consi/s 9 ! difficulty ( gett+ 9 or out by reason ( ! height ( ! front :eel1 & its proximity to ! h9d :eel--x is (t5 necess>y to p>tly lock r\nd ! :eel to all[ ( easy entrance4 ,!re is also a tremul\s motion on a h>d road :i* is n always agreeable4 ,x is n surpris+ t1 ) ! great advantages ( extreme lightness1 ease1 & durability1 & ) l(ty :eels1 ! ,am]ican waggons travel ) facility ov] v r\gh roads1 & !re is a great dem& = !m 9 our colonies4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! price is small1 less ?an ! price ( our gigs & f\r-:eel$ dog-c>ts4 ,?is *eapness is atta9$ by mak+ l>ge numb]s to ! same patt]n1 by us+ ca/-iron clips & c\pl+s1 & /ays1 by ! use ( ma*9]y 9 saw+ & %ap+1 groov+ & mortis+ ! timb]s1 & by ! educat$ dext]ity ( ! ,am]ican workman always ready to adopt any improvem5t4 ,an educat$ man w make a nimble workman1 j z an educat$ man le>ns 8 drill f ! milit>y in/ructor m quickly ?an a cl[n4 ,an educat$ man f9ds out ! value ( ma*9]y & desires to use & improve x4 ,in/ead ( fe>+ its rivalry he welcomes x2 he rememb]s t all tools1 ev5 ! saw & ! hamm]1 are ma*9es1 & t ! h&1 ! human h& t guides ^? tools is b a p]fect ma*9e obey+ ! guidance ( ! bra9 m quickly & 9 a m v>i$ mann] ?an any man-made ma*9e4 ,! ,am]ican workman !re=e uses ma*9es m & m4 ,9 ,engl& ma*9]y = wood-%ap+ is us$ at ,d]by1 ,newca/le1 ,nott+ham1 ,worce/]1 & o!r t[ns2 & 9 ,p>is "s beautiful ma*9]y is at "w 9 coa* factories4 ,9 ,london1 ,i believe1 x is *iefly conf9$ to pat5t-:eel factories4 ,we use also a few /eam-driv5 saws1 "s pa9t-gr9d+ mills work$ by h&1 & drill+ & pun*+ ma*9es4 ,b until ! use ( ma*9]y is adopt$ m g5]ally 9 ,london x is probable t ! trade ( build+ c>riages = export w drift m & m to ! prov9ces & to ! ,cont95t4 ,! sav+ ( ma*9]y 9 omnibus & cab-build+ w\ld be great1 because ! patt]ns v>y s little1 & all o!r p>ts ( "o c>riage c\ld correspond ) ano!r1 & c\nt]*ange :5 repairs 7 ne$$4 ,! ,coa*build]s ( ! future w look to /eam & h& ma*9]y z _! great assi/ant 9 *eap5+ ! co/ ( fir/-rate c>riages1 9 multiply+ !m = ! probably increas$ dem&1 & 9 build+ c>riages m spe$ily4 ,x n[ takes f two to ?ree mon?s 9 build+ a br\gham1 ( :i* at lea/ five weeks are consum$ simply 9 prep>+ ! wood & iron "w1 a p]iod :i* might easily be %ort5$ by ma*9]y4 ,) reg>d to ! ,am]ican waggons1 !y are s completely a c>riage ( !mselves1 !re is s little to "w ^u1 t we d n look = great beauty2 t ea* ( its p>ts %\ld be gracefully %ap$ mu/ be suffici5t4 ,! %ape is conv5tional1 af=d+ no great opportunity = /yle4 ,! l>g] c>riages ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 :i* !re is pl5ty ( room = /yle & grace are1 to an ,european eye1 defici5t 9 bo?4 ,! extremely ugly /raight & abrupt l9es ( ! upp] p>ts ( ! bodies1 ! wriggl+1 uncom=table sweeps ( ! l[] p>ts1 ! want ( proportion1 ! scanty room = ! legs ( ! pass5g]s1 mu/ a/oni% all :o h se5 ! c>riages ( o!r c\ntries4 ,am]ican :eel$ c>riages seem to say1 8,we are made = lightness1 & no?+ else40 ,on ! sl$ges grace1 com=t1 & elegance seem to h be5 lavi%$1 &1 to use an ,am]ican t]m1 8pleas+ l9es0 & sweeps ab\nd 9 ! sleigh4 ,9 all c>riages ! proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 to please p]man5tly1 mu/ h>monise4 ,if at "o "t ! fa%ion ( ! day is = deep qu>t]s1 deep rock]s1 & v %all[ panels1 x is c]ta9 t ! eye ( ! man ( ta/e w soon] or lat] correct ?is1 & return to ! prop] dep?s ( ea*4 ,if at "o "t ! :eels are too high1 a ,hobson w arise & cut !m l[]4 ,if ! curves gr[ too rampant1 & ! scrolls & foliage too abundant1 a m cultivat$ ta/e w modify all ?is soon] or lat]4 ,x is c]ta9 t our ,am]ican c\s9s w alt] ! %apes ( _! l>g] c>riages1 & cont9ue to improve !m4 ,9 ,au/ralia--:]e ! admiration = ,am]ican & ,engli% c>riages is ne>ly equal--!re are native c>riages built :i*1 we are told1 comb9e ! lightness & durability ( ,am]ican vehicles ) ! grace & com=t ( ,engli% c>riages4 ,x may n be s yet1 b x is *e]+1 at any rate1 to he> ( ! attempt1 & all true lov]s ( ! craft mu/ rejoice if x succe$s4 ,9 ,am]ica ! pr9ciples ( draught h be5 c>efully consid]$ & discuss$ 9 a magaz9e specially publi%$ = ,coa*mak]s1 & :i* magaz9e does ! greate/ cr$it to its able editor1 ,mr ,ezra ,n4 ,/ratton1 ( ,new ,york2 x is beautifully illu/rat$1 & is full ( in=mation = all bran*es ( ! craft4 ,!re is ano!r magaz9e 9 ! same city call$ ! 8,hub10 edit$ by ,mr ,george ,h\ghton1 :o visit$ ,europe to see ! rec5t display ( c>riages at ! ,exhibitions at ,vi5na & ,london 9 #ahgc4 ,! pr9ciples ( draught are 9 ^! works fir/ set out ) ref]5ce to ! sl$ge4 ,we are told t1 f long exp]i5ce1 x is f\nd if ! traces are atta*$ to ! sl$ge s high t ! trace is horizontal or p>allel ) ! gr\nd1 & ! sl$ge meets ) any ob/acle 9 a r\gh track1 ! runn]s w bite into ! ob/ruction s z almo/ to /op ! team1 b if ! traces are fa/5$ l[]1 s z to =m a /raight l9e f ! horse's coll> to ! h9d end ( ! runn]s ( ! sl$ge1 !n !y w lift1 z x 71 at ! ob/acle1 & glide easily ov] x4 ,?is !ory appe>s q correct4 ,x is m readily discov]$ 9 a sl$ge ?an 9 a c>riage ^u :eels1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same 9 ea*4 ,aga91 if ! runn]s project 9 advance ( ! sl$ge x foll[s easi] ?an if !y beg9 to turn upw>ds b5ea? ! weight ( ! sl$ge4 ,?is 9 :eel c>riages is ! same z if ! weight ( ! c>riage 7 mo/ly on ! l[ front :eel1 in/ead ( ^u ! high] h9d :eels4 ,9 ! ,new ,york magaz9e we are ask$1 8,:y w a team haul a load on a vehicle ( f\r :eels easi] ?an ! same load ^u two :eels80 & 8,:y w a team haul a load 9 a circle1 :i* !y _c move /raight=w>d80 ,! obvi\s answ] is1 t ! same load presses on ! gr\nd 9 two places heavi] ?an x does ^u f\r places1 &1 secondly1 t :5 mov+ 9 a circle ! ob/acles are less felt by ! inn] :eels ?an by ! out]4 ,b ! magaz9e gives fur!r +5i\s reasons4 ,:5 a load is re/+ ^u a two-:eel$ vehicle x is v seldom plac$ s z to balance j "r4 ,if correct = level gr\nd1 z soon z x asc5ds a hill1 or desc5ds1 ! balance is unsettl$4 ,:5 ! :eels come to a hole1 or a big /one1 all ! load mu/ be rais$ ) two :eels & only half :5 on f\r :eels4 ,aga91 an unev5 road twi/s ! horse t is betwe5 ! %afts f side to side1 :5 ! load is on two :eels1 m ?an :51 on f\r :eels1 ! =e-c>riage rotates on ! p]*-box4 ,aga91 on an incl9e ! f\r-:eel] moves by its own gravity1 :il/ ! two-:eel gives additional weight at once on ! horse's back4 ,to ! second "q ! magaz9e writ] rem>ks t an exp]i5c$ driv] takes 8 load up hill zigzag1 & n /raight1 & :at is lo/ 9 "t is ga9$ 9 p[]4 ,on ! "q ( ! height ( ! spl9t]-b> & :ipple-trees1 he gives 8 exp]i5ce ( tw5ty ye>s t !y %\ld be1 z a rule1 a foot bel[ ! po9t ( traction at ! horse's coll>4 ,he expla9s ! advantage ( spl9t]s 7l our lead+-b>s7 = all ! horses ( a team1 & n only ! lead]s1 to be ?is--t if "o horse is lazy1 !n ! o!rs draw _! b>s =w>d1 &1 consequ5tly1 8 b> go+ back br+s 8 traces tight aga94 ,) ref]5ce to ! me?od ( atta*+ ! horses close to _! "w 9 ,engl&1 & "s di/ance f _! "w on ! ,cont95t1 ,i wi% to h x und]/ood t ,i d n consid] ! ,cont95tal cu/om absolutely sup]ior to ! ,engli% cu/om1 b ,i consid] we might adopt a middle c\rse ) great advantage to ! horses & pass5g]s4 ,x is c]ta9 t on ! ,cont95t ! horses h1 9 _m in/ances1 _! traces too long1 z x is t we h !m (t5 too %ort4 ,!re has be5 mu* controv]sy ab\t ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! front & h9d axle-trees4 ,x has be5 usual to make no great] diff]5ce ?an w all[ ! high] :eel to foll[ 9 ! same track z ! l[]4 ,9 ,france x has be5 ! practice1 f ! ye> #ahdf1 to make ! front axle-tree ( br\ghams six in*es %ort]4 ,! object has be5 to all[ ! front :eel to be plac$ ne>] to ! body4 ,z ! front :eel ( a br\gham mu/ turn entirely 9 front ( ! body1 ! additional ga9 ( ?ree in*es 0 v desirable4 ,"s ,engli% ,coa*build]s h foll[$ ! example ( ! ,fr5*4 ,!re is a decid$ ga94 ,! eye is pleas$ ) ! proportions4 ,! horse is eas$1 & ^u h>d roads ! diff]5ce ( track is ( no consequ5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 c\ntry roads1 ! well-worn ruts make ! runn+ ( ! c>riage uneasy1 :il/ 9 t[n ! driv] (t5 =gets t ! curb/ones w /rike 8 h9d :eels soon] ?an ! front :eels1 & la/ly m mud is ?r[n ^u ! panels4 ,x is probable t ! ,fr5* /yle w n f9d fav\r4 ,9 coa*es built 9 #agej x 0 cu/om>y to l[] ! h9d "p ( ! inside seats ab\t two in*es1 by degrees ?is 0 *ang$ to a level seat2 rec5tly ! seat has be5 aga9 l[]$ beh9d1 & ! back squabs made m upright ?an =m]ly4 ,! height ( ! top ( ! cu%ion to ! bottom ( ! body has v>i$ dur+ ! same p]iod f f\rte5 to eighte5 in*es4 ,^! slight *anges belong m to ! ta/e ( ! individual :o uses ! c>riage4 ,x is useless to lay d[n any g5]al rule on ^! subjects4 ,if c>riages _h always to move along p]fectly smoo? roads1 su* z a tramway ( wood1 iron1 or /one1 ! use ( :eels 9 ov]com+ friction w\ld be _! sole utility1 & ! height ( ! :eels w\ld be ( small consequ5ce4 ,b z c>riages are drawn along roads ) loose /ones & unev5 surfaces1 :eels are fur!r useful 9 m\nt+ ov] ^! ob/acles1 & x is pla9 t a high :eel does ?is m easily ?an a l[ "o4 ,to demon/rate ?is1 let u suppose a %all[ dit* or gulley ( a foot wide & two in*es deep1 a :eel two feet high w\ld s9k into ?is & t\* ! bottom1 b a :eel ?ree feet high w\ld only s9k an in*1 & a :eel f\r feet six in*es high w\ld s9k only half an in*1 on acc\nt ( _! great] diamet]s4 ,consequ5tly1 :il/ ! l>ge :eel w\ld h to be lift$ by =ce ( pull+ only half an in*1 ! smalle/ :eel mu/ be lift$ two in*es1 & ) ! :eel mu/ also be lift$ a portion ( ! load ( ! entire c>riage4 ,aga91 ! long spoke acts z a long] lev]1 ! po9t ( draught be+ ! axle1 :i* is high] f ! gr\nd 9 ! high] :eel1 & aga9 assi/s 9 ov]com+ ! ob/acle1 z ! angle ( incid5ce is s mu* less4 ,to le>n t ! lev]age p[] ( a high :eel is v great we ne$ only consid] ! advantages ga9$ by a l>ge :eel 9 locomotives & 9 bicycles4 ,9 practice we f9d t :eels f #d feet to #e feet are suffici5t = l>ge c>riages1 & f #c feet upw>ds = ord9>y vehicles4 ,! pres5t me?od ( con/ruct+ all :eels :i* h to c>ry consid]able weight w d\btless cont9ue to prevail4 ,! timb]s ( :i* !y are compos$1 viz41 elm = ! /ocks1 a% & hickory = ! rims1 & oak or acacia = ! spokes 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 h be5 f\nd ! be/ = _m ye>s4 ,:eels ( ! pres5t make mu/ also be di%$4 ,! t5d5cy ( a :eel is always to become upright1 & :5 x becomes s by ! gradual hamm]+ out ( ! tyre to a great] l5g?1 & ! gradual s9k+ ( ! spokes fur!r into ! nave & rim by we> & te>1 !n ! :eel goes to pieces4 ,if any "o w wat* ! mann] 9 :i* ! mat]ials ( a mop become /raight z x is twirl$ r\nd1 he w und]/& t ! same c5trifugal =ce compels :eels to become upright4 ,secondly1 z a :eel runs along a road x is =c$ f side to side by ! unev5 surface1 ! unev5 draught ( ! horses1 & ! rapid motion1 :i* latt] frequ5tly causes ! :eel to jump ov] ! road in/ead ( press+ equally ov] all its circumf]5ce4 ,!n we di% our :eels1 n only to keep ! tyre tight z long z possible1 b also to resi/ ! lat]al ?ru/1 :i* 9 a p]fectly upright :eel w\ld soon =ce ! spokes out ( ! naves4 ,!re is "o exception to ?is rule 9 ! ,am]ican spid] :eel2 9 ?is ! spokes are n l>g] ?an a man's f+]1 & be+ ( ela/ic wood1 b5d l a re$ "u ! lat]al ?ru/1 & recov]+ !mselves aga9 w endure1 :il/ ! unb5d+ oak5 spoke w\ld be unroot$4 ,! late ,"l ,palm]/on1 ^: vigor\s common s5se grappl$ _m a problem :i* w\ld be suppos$ q out ( 8 l9e1 0 fond ( talk+ ab\t c>riages4 ,he consid]$ t :eels %\ld h ! spokes di%$1 b t ! arm ( an axle-tree %\ld be ne>ly /raight1 s t ! outside rim ( ! :eel %\ld be upright2 & w\ld illu/rate ! s\ndness ( 8 views by quot+ ! :eels ( artill]y waggons & pony phaetons4 ,x became necess>y to rem9d 8 ,lord%ip t we pit* ! arms ( ! axles = two reasons2 fir/1 9 ord] to keep ! box ( ! axle press+ aga9/ ! /rong %\ld] in/ead ( aga9/ ! weak l9*-p92 & secondly1 because ! :eels1 :5 !y are wid] at ! top ( ! tyres ?an at ! bottom on ! road1 w ?r[ ! mud away f1 in/ead ( into ! c>riage1 or on ! panels4 ,!re is no absolute rule = ! di% ( ! :eel or ! pit* ( ! arm ( an axle4 ,exp]i5ce & cu/om po9t out to a build] :at is be/ = diff]5t c>riages & diff]5t c\ntries4 ,x is suffici5t to say t a spoke two feet 9 l5g? w la/ longe/ :5 n di%$ m ?an its own wid? 9 its l5g?1 & t ! pit* ( ! axle arms1 to ensure *iefly ! duration ( ! :eels1 %\ld n be m ?an w leave ! spokes po9t+ t[>ds ! gr\nd1 n upright1 b n>r[] at ! naves ?an at ! rims by ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* :5 ! spokes are two feet long4 ,?is rule is simply = ! duration ( ! :eel z long z possible1 )\t ref]5ce to any o!r consid]ation1 :i* ! ,coa*build]1 h[ev]1 may f9d ov]rule :at ,i h said4 ,if ! axles ( a c>riage are r /rong] ?an is necess>y--hav+ reg>d to _! l5g? betwe5 ! %\ld]s1 & ! weight !y h to c>ry--x w be f\nd to h a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! c>riage1 :i* w foll[ m /eadily & quietly = ! additional /r5g?4 ,i d n propose to ent] 9 ?is s]ies ( lectures at any l5g? ^u ! subject ( ,spr+s4 ,i ?9k we are f> f hav+ atta9$ p]fection ei!r 9 ! manufacture or %ape ( spr+s = c>riages4 ,x may h be5 rem>k$ t ! fir/ spr+s 7 all elb[ spr+s1 plac$ 9 diff]5t positions1 = diff]5t c>riages4 ,a d\ble elb[ or horizontal spr+ ( a l5g? ( f\r feet seems to give ! mo/ easy play ( any %ape1 & if made ne>ly /raight at fir/ we>s little 9 ! c\rse ( "t comp>$ ) ! elliptical %ape4 ,9 p]* c>riages we h ab&on$ ! ne>ly upright spr+ = ! ,c spr+1 *iefly because ! ,c spr+ is ( a m elegant %ape1 & also resi/s we> bett] ?an ! elb[ or :ip spr+1 :i* 0 f\nd to break away f its supports4 ,9 elliptical spr+s ! action ( ! /eel plates is precisely contr>y to ! action 9 ! ,c spr+2 9 bo? ! back plates are simil> 9 %ape1 b ! %ort] plates 9 ! ,c spr+ are on ! inn] side ( ! curve1 & 9 ! elliptical !y are on ! out] side ( ! curve4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! effects ( ?is v>iation may lead to a new comb9ation :i* w be m satisfactory 9 its results4 ,! elliptical spr+s made by ,hobson 7 d\bly compass$1 & ! same %ape may be se5 on "s ( ! public omnibuses4 ,a c>riage may be hung to be v easy by us+ d\ble horizontal spr+s1 "o "u ! o!r4 ,at ! ,exhibition at ,brussels ?is ye> 7#ahgf7 ! mo/ easy h& ambulances on :eels 7 con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 "o elliptical spr+ y d n h ! advantage ( two horizontal spr+s1 because ! ends are 9 ! elliptical spr+ unit$1 & if a c\pl+ is sub/itut$ at ! h9d end x is f\nd 9 practice difficult to keep x upright4 ,mr ,adams1 9 8 "w on 8,pleasure ,c>riages10 consid]s x a mi/ake to holl[ out ea* /eel plate ( a spr+4 ,i am q ( 8 op9ion t ?is process ( hamm]+ leaves ! inn] surface ( a /eel plate v unev51 !reby h>b\r+ moi/ure & dirt1 & r5d]+ ! plate liable to fracture4 ,i %\ld recomm5d1 on ! contr>y1 t ea* plate %\ld be gr\nd or fil$ q smoo? on bo? sides4 ,if c>eful temp]+ 7 g5]ally ! rule among ,coa*build]s1 ,i am conv9c$ t !re w\ld be few] brok5 spr+s1 & less compla9t ( ru/ accumulat+ betwe5 ! plates4 ,! use ( brake ,ret>d]s to ! h9d :eels has n[ = "s ye>s sup]s$$ ! use ( drag-%oes4 ,x is evid5t t ! action ^u two :eels is bett] ?an on "o only2 ! brake c be appli$ or remov$ )\t /opp+ ! c>riage1 :i* _h to be done ) ! drag-%oe2 x c be relax$ 9 its hold 9 an undulat+ c\ntry1 & ! horses c proce$ at spe$ up ! next hill )\t ! *eck =m]ly necess>y :il/ ! drag-%oe 0 remov$4 ,! brake 0 inv5t$ v e>ly1 & 0 9 use 9 ! coal trucks ^u ! fir/ tramways 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 long be=e /eam 0 us$ to draw !m4 ,!y are n[ ( two sorts3 screw brakes1 :i* are us$ on railways 9 ,engl& & all sorts ( c>riages on ! ,cont95t1 & ! old lev] brake1 :i* 0 ! orig9al =m1 & :i* is /ill ! fav\rite among ,engli% coa*m54 ,9 ,scotl& ! lev] h&le is (t5 sup]s$$ by ! treadle1 or foot-brake1 :i* has be5 select$ by ! ,g5]al ,omnibus ,company4 ,9 decid+ ^u ! exact size & %ape ( ! details ( ! brake a ,coa*build] is necess>ily guid$ by ! %ape ( ! vehicle to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,x is necess>y to att5d to ! foll[+ po9ts3 ! lev] arm t presses ^u ! rim ( ! :eel %\ld be %ort1 bo? = quick action & also = /r5g?4 ,! h&le %\ld be long1 t ! coa*man may h great] p[] 9 apply+ ! brake4 ,! :ole ( ! h&le & ! connect+-rod irons %\ld be made some:at weak to all[ a little spr+ 9 !m4 ,if !y are made too /rong !y w be rigid1 & n fit ) & fav\r ! motion ( ! c>riage & play ( ! spr+s4 ,if a quick action is desir$1 ! inn] half ( ! lev]s on ! :eels %\ld be %ort1 or long if a sl[ action is pref]r$4 ,! blocks :i* press ^u ! :eels h be5 v>i\sly made ( ca/-iron1 wr\ght iron1 brass1 wood1 india-rubb]1 & lea!r4 ,! wood is ! be/ = hold on ! iron tyre & fre$om f noise & smell1 b x we>s out fa/4 ,india-rubb]1 especially = light c>riages1 seems mo/ satisfactory4 ,! use ( ! brake is v mu* ov]done on ! ,cont95t1 especially 9 ,g]many1--x is put on = su* slight decl9es t ! un=tunate horses are always kept up to _! coll>s1 & nev] get ! ease t we give !m go+ d[n hill4 ,!re is an error :i* is deeply root$ among ,coa*build]s & ! public :o use c>riages1 :i* consi/s 9 ! idea t ! draught is dim9i%$ by plac+ ! front "p ( ! "u-c>riage z f> back z possible4 ,intellig5t m5 :o h ?\ght on ! subject1 & wat*$ ! actual work+ ( ?is idea1 h long be5 conv9c$ ( ! error1 b mu* rema9s to be done to conv9ce ev]yone ( its fallacy4 ,we h already se5 t ) l>ge :eels ! draught is less4 ,if a load has to be plac$ on a f\r-:eel$ vehicle x %\ld be plac$ 9 relation to ! front & h9d :eels1 s z to place ! heavi] "p ( ! weight ^u ! high] :eels4 ,to obta9 ?is result x is suffici5t to br+ ! h9d c>riage "p z f> "u ! body z x w "w ) com=t & safety1 9 ord] t z little weight z possible %all re/ on ! =e c>riage "p4 ,engli% ,coa*mak]s h be5 work+ at ?is = ?irty ye>s1 b = ! mo/ "p bl9dly4 ,!y h copi$ well-kn[n build]s 9 con/ruction z well z %ape2 !y he> t ^! well-kn[n firms' c>riages run & foll[ v lightly1 & if !y w\ld copy accurately !y w\ld obta9 ! same reputation4 ,"o firm %\ld be specially m5tion$ z hav+ = ye>s be5 c>eful to build c>riages to run lightly4 ,z long ago z #ahdf ,messrs ,laurie & ,m>n] br\ght ! h9d :eel ( _! c>riages well =w>d1 & advanc$ ! position & rais$ ! height ( ! =e :eel1 ?us balanc+ ! weight prop]ly1 or r z prop]ly z ! %ape ( ! l&au & b>\*e w all[4 ,!re are _m c>riages1 h[ev]1 su* z /anhope & mail phaetons1 omnibuses1 waggonettes1 & pony phaetons1 9 :i* x is easy to advance ! h9d :eel1 s z to c>ry ! pr9cipal "p ( ! :ole weight ( ! body4 ,?is has be5 done1 b !n _m p]sons h errone\sly imag9$ t ! c>riage foll[$ ! horse easily1 n because ! weight 0 on ! high] :eel1 b because ! :eels 7 s ne> toge!r1 & !y h press$ ! ,coa*build] to keep ! front :eels backw>d]1 in/ead ( r plac+ !m =w>d]1 z !y %\ld h done4 ,9 ! /age coa* we see a conspicu\s example ( ?is great error1 & "s ( ! drags m rec5tly built are ! wor/4 ,if ! roads r\nd ,london 7 n s good z !y are1 or if ! ro(s ( drags 7 load$ ) luggage1 we %\ld he> ( m accid5ts to ! summ] amateur coa*es ?an we d at pres5t4 ,mo/ ( ! weight ( ! /age coa* or drag is ^u ! front :eel1 :i* is mu* ! l[e/1 & x is s f> back "u ! body t if ! horses gallop ! coa* beg9s to sw+1 & a v small ob/ruction is suffici5t to upset ! :ole4 ,comp>e ?is ) a simil> load ^u an omnibus1 ) f\r horses at a rapid pace on a bad road4 ,! comp>ative security & safety ( ! latt] vehicle is at once app>5t4 ,if a coa* & omnibus c\ld be fairly tri$ toge!r1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! omnibus ) ?ree horses c\ld beat ! coa* ) f\r horses1 besides do+ its "w ) mu* great] safety1 & turn+ 9 a mu* n>r[] road4 ,x is "r to m5tion t ! idea1 or a great "p ( ! above1 has be5 contribut$ by a =eign ,coa*build]1 9 ^: views ,i entirely concur4 ,x is z easy to make a /age coa* z safe & ne>ly z light 9 runn+ z an omnibus1 by mak+ x ) mu* high] front :eels1 & c>ry+ !m m =w>d4 ,if x is consid]$ ess5tial to be able to turn 9 a n>r[ road1 x w\ld be easy to cut a small ar* 9 ! boot1 :i* w\ld all[ ! :eel to turn z f> z ! p]*1 in/ead ( only half way to ! p]* z at pres5t4 ,! reason giv5 :y drag-coa*es are made ) ! front :eel s f> back is1 t x 0 necess>y 9 ord] to br+ ! horses close to _! "w1 to use a phrase t has be5 mu* misappli$1 & also to br+ !m "u ! driv]'s h&s1 :o pref]s ! re9s %ort1 b x w\ld be q possible to build a coa* 9 :i* ! driv] might be ov] ! horses1 & yet h ! advantage ( high] front :eels1 & prop]ly plac$ = c>ry+ ! load4 ,! ,coa*mak] may (t5 ga!r a useful h9t by /udy+ ! con/ruction ( c>ts1 :i* h to c>ry heavi] loads ?an c>riages1 (t5 at an equal spe$1 & c]ta9ly n ) bett] horses4 ,if ! :eels ( a vehicle are ( equal height1 ! load %\ld re/ 9 ! middle ( ! :eels4 ,:5 ! front :eels meet ) an ob/acle 9 ! road ! horse w only h to lift half ! weight ( ! load1 ! o!r half be+ on ! h9d :eels4 ,:5 ! h9d :eels come to ! same ob/ruction aga9 only half ! load w h to be lift$1 ! o!r half be+ on ! front :eels4 ,b1 z 9 ,engli% c>riages1 ! :eels are v r>ely ( equal height1 we %\ld proportion ! load m ^u ! high] :eels ?an ^u ! l[]4 ,z long ago z #aggj a ,coa*mak]1 nam$ ,joseph ,jacob1 ( ,/4 ,m>y ,axe1 wrote ?us3--8,a load %\ld always be plac$ 9 a waggon ov] ! highe/ :eels1 & z l[ z possible40 ,?is 0 ! ,mr ,jacob :o assi/$ at "s exp]im5ts made at t "t 9 ! ,/r&1 by direction ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! prop] height ( :eels4 ,mr ,cu?b]t ,cl>ke 0 rew>d$ ) a fifte5 gu9ea gold m$al4 ,mr ,jacob _h also receiv$ a tw5ty gu9ea m$al = improv$ c>riage spr+s4 ,dur+ my lectures ,i exhibit$ "s full-siz$ draw+s ( c>riages made by ,m4 ,dupont1 ( ,p>is1 to %[ h[ completely a ,coa*build] at a di/ance might be guid$ 9 build+ c>riages by 8 designs4 ,^! draw+s are q works ( art1 & by means ( !m ,m4 ,dupont is educat+ ! arti/ic ta/e ( e manufactory :i* procures 8 aid4 ,h[ mu* bett] our c>riages w\ld be if we work$ f draw+s z c>efully plann$ out & execut$ z ^!4 ,_m ( our artisans c\ld1 ) a little in/ruction1 draw q z well1 & by degrees w\ld le>n to draw ) z mu* arti/ic ta/e & s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,"s artisans are n[ be+ in/ruct$ 9 ! art ( design1 & ,i tru/ ! day is n f> di/ant :5 e workman w see t 8 son le>ns draw+ z "p ( 8 education1 & z ! ess5tial prelim9>y to any te*nical education :i* is to foll[4 ,! p[] ( produc+ on pap] ! images figur$ on ! bra9 is an important "p & factor 9 all ! arrangem5ts ( our social life1 :e!r ^? images & imag9ations1 & reasons & problems1 are trac$ ) ! p5 9 writ+ or ) ! p5cil 9 a draw+1 by bo? we record1 we discipl9e1 & we cle> up m or less ! busy ?\ghts t nature or surr\nd+ circum/ances h gift$ & end[$ u )4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 & especially 9 ,p>is1 ?is has long be5 und]/ood1 & workm5 h be5 c>efully educat$ = ?is "w4 ,&1 ?anks to ! dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ?\s&s ( /ud5ts h pa/ ?r\gh ! s*ools ( design scatt]$ all ov] ,engl&4 ,if ! artisans ( ! ,coa* ,trade w\ld foll[ ! example ( ^? engag$ 9 ! *9a & pott]y trades1 !y w\ld meet ) ! same success1 & re/ore _! fame = ,coa*build+ to its =m] greatness4 ,la/ ye>1 9 ,novemb]1 ,mr ,glad/one gave an address at ,gre5wi* ^u ! /udy ( sci5ce & art4 ,i may be p]mitt$ to record "h h[ 9 t address he eloqu5tly press$ ^u 8 he>]s t3-- 8,beauty c\ld & %\ld be comb9$ ) economy & utility 9 all our indu/rial products2 beauty 0 inde$ a great elem5t ( utility2 ! trade ( ,france 0 f\nd$ ^u ! beauty ( t :i* x produces1 & ! economical application ( means to ends2 & t is due to ! long culture & traditional application ( ! national m9d to beauty 9 _! products4 ,! human nature 9 :i* we are ca/ 0 n end[$ ) all its m>vell\s faculties = no?+1 & x is ! due developm5t ( ^? faculties t con/itutes ! true & full idea ( ! duty ( man 9 ?is _w4 ,x has be5 too mu* ! habit 9 ?is c\ntry to reg>d beauty ( production z some?+ q ap>t f usefulness ( production1 & at ! same "t to look ^u ! beauty :i* may result f human lab\r z a luxury res]v$ = ! ri* alone4 ,b beauty has a comm]cial value1 & its multiplication %\ld =m "p ( human education4 ,we are all /ill at s*ool1 bo? "y & old4 ,we %\ld !n endeav\r to "w all ?+s into beautiful =ms1 z did ! anci5t ,greeks1 s t arti/ic skill & love ( ! beautiful became an inh]itance ) !m1 =m$ "p ( _! nature1 accompani$ _! daily life1 & ent]$ into e k9d ( production4 ,?is is a "t :5 all :o are conc]n$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry feel x to be desirable t ef=ts %\ld be made to give in/ruction1 s z to improve ! k ( ! ,briti% arti/ic workman1 & enable him to hold 8 position 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,i confess10 said ,mr ,glad/one1 8,i %\ld l to see a great deal ( ?is "w done by ! ,london ,companies4 ,t !y %\ld /rive to make !mselves illu/ri\s 9 ! c\ntry by fulfill+ ! purpose = :i* !y 7 f\nd$1 namely1 develop+ ! crafts1 trades1 & my/]ies ( ?is great c\ntry 7z ! ,society ( ,arts has lab\r$ to d = s _m long ye>s7 to promote beauty & economy 9 ! production ( works ( indu/ry4 ,b ,i believe10 ,mr ,glad/one cont9u$1 8t x is really 9 ! individual t ! secret ( ! :ole matt] lies4 ,x is n z a body t y fill ! b5*es ( ?is room2 y are "h z individuals1 & x is y\r ?\ghts & convictions1 y\r own resolute ef=ts to improve1 & en]getically to direct y\r lab\rs to ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ end t con/itutes ! real res\rce to :i* we h to look4 ,no auxili>ies c supplant1 !y c only aid individual ex]tion4 ,ea* individual work] may h a notion ( do+ 8 "w 9 ! way :i* is mo/ useful1 b he ought also to h a s5se ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is m useful & less useful1 & :at is m beautiful & ! less beautiful4 ,n[ ! s5se ( beauty is n1 "u natural circum/ances1 ! fav\r$ inh]itance ( a few only1 x is meant to be1 %\ld be1 & may be ! univ]sal inh]itance ( civilis$ mank9d4 ,x ought1 !re=e1 to be ! aim ( ! humble/ artisan to acquire by /udy & ?\ght su* a s5se ( beauty z may elevate ! "* ( ! "w he p]=ms4 ,& x w at ! same "t be f\nd t z he developes beauty 9 8 "w he w raise 8 self-respect1 he w raise himself1 8 family1 & 8 class inf9itely m ?an by any ef=t to get out ( 8 position1 ei!r = himself or 8 *ildr540 ,i tru/ ,i %all be excus$ = mak+ ?is long extract f ,mr ,glad/one's spee*1 b x expresses s mu* & 9 su* true & k9dly language1 t ,i felt ,i ought to add 8 well-consid]$ words to my ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,coa*build+4 ,! f9e s]ies ( photographs ( ,/ate & o!r ,c>riages1 & ! valuable libr>y ( ! ,coa* & ,coa*-h>ness ,mak]s ,company are op5 e ,saturday aft]noon4 ,tickets ( admission may be obta9$ at ! pr9cipal ,coa*build]s ( ,london4 ,,london3 ,,k]by ,,endean1 #aij ,,ox=d ,,/reet1 ,pr9t]s & ,publi%]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,books ,,rec5tly ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,k]by ,,endean4 ,,l5d+ ,,unto ,,! ,,"l2 ,or1 ,?ree ,days 9 ! ,life ( ,*ri/ian ,fr*tegott ,gell]t1 ,poet & ,pr(essor 9 ,leipsic ,univ]sity4 ,by ,,b>on ,,conway & ,j4 ,,russell ,,endean4 ,illu/rat$ f ,orig9al ,designs by ! ,,hon4 ,,*>lotte ,,ellis4 ,royal #afmo1 #cs4 ,,selections ,,f ,,numb]less ,,criticisms4 8,i hope #8,l5d+ unto ! ,"l' w h ! good effect ( recomm5d+ ! duty ( ,*ri/ian b5evol5ce :i* x inculcates4--,8 ,grace ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 8,an important "w1 :i* ! ,ar*bi%op hopes to read ) ! att5tion :i* x des]ves4--,8 ,grace ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york4 8,de> ,sir1--,i ?ank y mu* = s5d+ me a copy ( y\r beautiful little "w1 #8,l5d+ ,unto ! ,"l4' ,x is fitt$ to enc\rage su* l5d+ z1 ,i fe>1 is too r>e1 &1 indep5d5tly ( ?is1 to int]e/ & please ?\ghtful ,*ri/ian m9ds & he>ts4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,john ,cumm+4 ,to ,j4 ,russell ,endean1 ,esq4--,rev4 ,john ,cumm+1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 8,x is a delightful little book4--,rev4 ,donald ,fras]1 ,d4,d4 8#8,l5d+ unto ! ,"l' is an int]e/+ book4 ,x is nicely writt51 & ought to prove popul> 9 ! circle ( read]s to :om x is address$4--,a!num4 8,?is is a v pretty gift-book4 ,x relates an ev5t 9 ! life ( ,gell]t1 ! hymn-writ] ( ,leipsic1 9 :i* 8 l5d+ to ! ,"l met ) a ri* rew>d4--,! ,engli% ,*ur*man4 8#8,l5d+ ,unto ! ,"l' came safely1 & ,i read x ?r\gh ) mu* int]e/4 ,i h writt5 a notice = #8,sword & ,tr[el4'--,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,spurgeon4 8#8,l5d+ ,unto ! ,"l' is a good book4 ,! /ory br\ght ! wat] into our eyes z we read x4 ,x ought to sell by ?\s&s4 ,! n>rative is calculat$ to fo/] t _s ( b5evol5ce :i* is ! glory ( ,*ri/ianity4--,sword & ,tr[el4 8,is well pr9t$1 attractively b\nd1 & ! illu/rations are good4--,exam9]4 8,! /ory is told 9 a mann] :i* w delight "y & old4--,booksell]4 8,is a religi\s n>ration ( an admirable & e>ne/ ,*ri/ian4 ,prefix$ is a rem>kable & pretty hymn1 by ,julia ,b4 ,endean1 at ! age ( #ab4 ,! volume w\ld make a pretty ,sunday pres5t4--,publi%]'s ,circul>4 8,?is is an excell5t little book4 ,! incid5ts are deeply int]e/+1 & convey an excell5t moral4--,c\rt ,j\rnal4 8,a *>m+ picture ( a portion ( a happy1 b5evol5t ,*ri/ian life4--,ev5+ ,/&>d4 8,?is is a v delightful /ory1 bo? z to its subject & ! mann] ( tell+4 ,x is true1 & w f9d int]e/$ read]s among old z well z "y4 ,we c he>tily comm5d ! book on e acc\nt4--,*ur* ,bells4 8,is a pretty volume2 to ,gell]t ! lit]ature ( ,g]many is greatly indebt$4 ,a simple-m9d$ godly man1 he sacrific$ 8 own p]sonal com=t = ! welf>e ( 8 poor] neighb\rs4 ,! book w be w>mly welcom$4--,we/]n ,daily ,m]cury4 8,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ tale1 excell5tly-well & naturally r5d]$4 ,x includes a poem1 writt5 by ,miss ,j4 ,b5tall ,endean1 at ! age ( #ab ye>s1 rem>kable = ! psy*ological culture x reveals1 & = comm& ( ! =ms ( v]se4--,bayswat] ,*ronicle4 ,,joan ,,( ,,arc3 ,a ,poem4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,blake4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ton$1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 8,! v]se is h>moni\s1 fl[+ & easy4 ,! poem does hon\r to its au?or4--,sicle4 8,! subject is treat$ ) a ma/]'s h&4--,revue ,brittanique4 8,v beautiful & highly poetical4--,,poets' ,,magaz9e4 8,joan ( ,arc0 conta9s _m passages ( great beauty & mu* poetic p[]4--,freemason4 ,,las ,,memorias1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,poems4 ,by ,a4 ,f4 ,a4 ,w4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 8,?is is a "w :i* we w\ld mo/ cordially press ^u ! att5tion ( our read]s4 ,! poems are writt5 ) exquisite ta/e1 ab\nd+ ) ! pure/ s5tim5t & ri*e/ pa?os4--,we/ ,rid+ ,h]ald4 ,,sacr$ ,,lyrics4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,lockwood1 ,au?or ( 8,axel1 & o!r ,poems40 ,sup] royal #afmo1 ton$1 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,m>ia ,,/ieg1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,poems4 ,by ,,frances ,,jane ,,=say?1 ,au?oress ( 8,amos ,wat]s & o!r ,poems40 #abmo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,daily ,,devotion3 ,or1 ,pray]s ,fram$ on ! ,successive ,portions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z ,appo9t$ 9 ! ,new ,lection>y1 to :i* are add$ ,=ms ( ,pray] = a ,=tnight1 = ,family or ,private ,use4 ,by ,,daniel ,,moore1 ,m4,a41 ,*apla9 9 ,ord9>y to ! ,que51 & ,vic> ( ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,padd+ton4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #fs4 8,?is book provides a pray] suitable = family wor%ip = e morn+ & ev5+ ( ! ye>1 & !re is add$ a ,=m = ,family ,devotion = a ,=tnight4--,engli% ,*ur*man4 8,an excell5t compilation4 ,?is useful ,manual ( ,daily ,devotion is admirably adapt$ = family or private use4--,c\rt ,j\rnal4 8,! book w be v useful = read+ al\d1 or = family pray]s4--,! ,booksell]4 8#8,daily ,devotion' consi/s ( excell5t ,scripture pray]s = day-by-day s]vice1 & "s occasional pray]s4 ,!y are well writt51 & we c /rongly comm5d !m z suitable to all families4--,publi%]s' ,circul>4 8,a valuable aid to devotion1 & ! publi%]s h display$ mu* ta/e & c>e 9 its appe>ance4--,we/]n ,daily ,m]cury4 8,!re is no ext]nal aid s helpful = family wor%ip z select$ ,scripture read+s1 foll[$ by pray]s specially adapt$ to !m4 ,mr ,moore's ,manual has ?is advantage4 ,8 great pa/oral exp]i5ce & k ( ! conditions to :i* a manual ( wor%ip = lay use mu/ be adapt$ is conspicu\sly visible 9 ?is collection ( pray]s1 ea* ( :i* is suffici5tly long & /udi\sly adapt$ = oral deliv]y4 ,?is manual w1 no d\bt1 come widely into use4--,bayswat] ,*ronicle4 ,,*ri/ian ,,consolation3 ,or1 ,disc\rses on ! ,reliefs af=d$ by ! ,gospel "u diff]5t ,/ates & ,trials ( ! ,*ri/ian ,life4 ,by ,,daniel ,,moore1 ,m4,a41 ,*apla9 9 ,ord9>y to ! ,que51 & ,vic> ( ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,padd+ton4 #abmo1 clo?1 #es4 ,,disc\rses ,,on ,,! ,,"l',s ,,pray]4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,daniel ,,moore1 ,m4,a41 ,*apla9 9 ,ord9>y to ! ,que51 & ,vic> ( ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,padd+ton4 #abmo1 clo?1 #es4 ,,private ,,devotions ,,= ,,girls1 ,) ,maxims & ,rules ( ,conduct at ,home & at ,s*ool2 ) ,sugge/ions = a ,"y ,lady's ,engli% ,education4 ,royal #cbmo1 clo?1 #f;d4 8,an admirable book = ! purpose design$40 ,,*ri/ian ,,tol]ation3 ,an ,essay4 ,by ! ,hon\rable ,a4 ,s4 ,g4 ,,cann+4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 ton$1 #cs4 #f;d4 8,ev]ybody %\ld read ! ,hon\rable ,a4 ,s4 ,g4 ,cann+'s ,orig9al ,essay on ,*ri/ian ,tol]ation40 ,,anonym\s ,,criticism3 ,an ,essay4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,blake4 ,demy #hvo1 #as4 8,!re are few ideas 9 ?is ,essay ) :i* we d n ?or\ghly agree4--,cambridge ,express4 8,! /yle is t]se & p]spicu\s1 graceful1 yet tr5*ant4 ,! phraseology is at times v beautiful4--,tyrone ,con/itution4 ,,be+ ,,9 ,,! ,,*oir3 ,an ,address to ,*ur* ,s+]s on _! ,duties & ,responsibilities4 ,by a ,cl]gyman4 ,new edition1 revis$1 #abmo1 t9t$ wrapp]1 #c;d42 or p] doz51 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,life ,,m>9]s3 ,or1 ,homew>d ,b\nd4 ,by ,,b\*i] ,,phillimore4 ,royal #afmo1 clo?1 #as4 ,,endean',s ,,game ,,book4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 oblong1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,tabulat$ & appropriately illu/rat$ by ! ,hon\rable ,,*>lotte ,,ellis4 ,?is is a book t %\ld be 9 use by e ,sportsman1 z x is provid$ = ! purpose ( record+ ! results ( sport f "o end ( ! ye> to ! o!r1 ) ! ,h\nds1 ,rod1 or ,gun4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,?ree ,,little ,,pigs4 ,beautifully illu/rat$ f orig9al designs by ! ,hon4 ,,*>lotte ,,ellis4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 pr9t$ 9 photo-li?ography1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a *>m+ book = a *ild4 ,,! ,,blue ,,ribbons3 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,la/ ,c5tury4 ,by ,,anna ,,h>riet ,,drury1 ,au?oress ( 8,deep ,wat]s10 8,misrepres5tation10 c4 ,illu/rat$ by ,birket ,fo/]4 ,squ>e #abmo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,l& ,,& ,,l&lordism4 ,by ,,humphry ,,s&)1 ,c4,b4 ,second ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 8,dr ,s&)'s ,pamphlet is writt5 9 an attractive /yle4 ,he is a well-travell$ man1 & 8 op9ion ( ! conditions ( ! ,engli% lab\r] _c be easily ga9said4--,exam9]4 8,^! pages are address$ to ! agricultural classes1 :o are s mu* 9 ne$ ( improv$ legislation4--,lloyd's ,news4 ,,happy ,,h\rs3 ,or1 ! ,home ,/ory ,book4 ,by ,,m>y ,,*]well4 ,) illu/rations f designs by ,sir ,john ,gilb]t4 ,squ>e clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,dietetics ,,( ,,! ,,s\l2 ,or1 ,true ,m5tal ,discipl9e4 ,by ,,erne/ ,,feu*t]sleb51 ,m4,d41 ,translat$ f ! #cbnd ,g]man edition by ,colonel ,,ouvry1 ,c4,b4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 8,?is is a consid]ation ( ! conditions "u :i* ! m9d & _s c be kept 9 heal?4 ,x is writt5 ) a pure tone1 & oppos$ to mat]ial t5d5cies4--,noncon=mi/4 8,x conta9s _m excell5t sugge/ions4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 8,! lead+ ?\ght is ! intimate connection betwe5 bodily & spiritual heal?4--,saturday ,review4 ,,/e91 ,,& ,,8 ,,re=ms ,,9 ,,prussia4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,l& ,"q 9 ,engl&4 ,by ,col4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,ouvry1 ,c4,b4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 8,e "o %\ld read & dige/ e ^w 9 ?is book4 ,9 "o %ort p>agraph ( ,col4 ,ouvry's we h /at$ ! absolute necessity ( re/or+ ! peasantry to ! l&1 ! viol5ce t ( old drove !m f ! soil1 ! necessity ( _m peasant proprietors to give /r5g? & /ability to ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry2 t peasant proprietor%ip improves ! "* z well z ! condition ( ! p2 &1 la/ly1 :5 ! masses dep5d :olly on prec>i\s wages !y are dang]\s to ! ,/ate1 & h too little respect = ! rights ( prop]ty4--,lab\r]s' ,union ,*ronicle4 8,a really valuable "w2 x ought to be 9 ! h&s ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! ,l& ,"q4--,noncon=mi/4 ,,odd ,,%[]s2 ,or1 an ,explanation ( ! ,ra9 ( ,insects1 ,fi%es1 & ,liz>ds2 ,soot1 ,s& & ,a%es2 ,r$ ,ra9 & ,sn[2 ,meteoric ,/ones & o!r ,bodies4 ,by ,,c>rib]4 ,squ>e #afmo1 #as4 ,,to ,,au?ors4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,publi%1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,easie/ ,,t]ms4 ,,messrs ,,k]by ,,endean',s l>ge exp]i5ce 9 ! trade & p]sonal practical k ( ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! production ( books1 f ! sett+ ( ! fir/ types to ! plac+ ( ! complete book 9 ! h&s ( ! public1 are a suffici5t gu>antee t all t c be done to r5d] books successful w be done by !m1 & !y place _! s]vices at ! comm& ( au?ors ab\t to publi%4 ,!y und]take commissions = e class ( publication1 religi\s1 sci5tific1 political1 educational1 c4 ,s]mons & pamphlets produc$ at ! %orte/ notice1 & 9 ! be/ /yle4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,:o goes s(tly1 goes safely4 #b ,see cov] ( ?is book = ! %ape ( a coa* ( ?is p]iod1 & also ,plate #bb4 #c ,plate #bf %[s a ,roman ,coa*4 #d ,!re are sev]al wond]ful specim5s at ,lisbon1 ,photographs ( :i* are 9 ! writ]'s possession4 #e ,an analysis ( ! sale ( ,messrs ,cook & ,r[ley's /ock 9 #ahcj1 & ,messrs ,hobson's /ock 9 #ahch1 %[s ! proportions ( #gj *>iots1 #fj coa*es & l&aus1 #cb b>\*es & briskas1 #ab cabs1 #f mail phaetons4 ,total1 #ahj4 #f ,see ,plate #cd = a simil> /age coa*4 #g ,by ,sir ,walt] ,scott--preface to a novel4 #h ,"h we h ! ,fr5* "n ( dilig5ce in/ead ( /age coa*4 #i ,f a ,newspap]1 ,april #bc1 #ahbc3--8;,cabriolets 71 9 hon\r ( 8 ,maje/y's bir?day1 introduc$ to ! public ?is morn+4 ,!y are built to hold two p]sons inside besides ! driv] 7:o is p>tition$ (f f 8 company71 & are furni%$ ) a book ( f>es = ! use ( ! public1 to prev5t ! possibility ( imposition4 ,^! books w be f\nd 9 a pocket hung inside ! head ( ! cabriolet4 ,! f>es are "o-?ird less ?an hackney coa*es40 ,typographical errors correct$ by ! etext transcrib]3 ?is 0 on ,may #ca/1 #aeec ?is 0 on ,may #ca/1 #aecc ,pg #bh left 8 k+dom to ,philip ,v41 ! gr&son ( ,l\is ,,iv41 ,k+ ( ,france left 8 k+dom to ,philip ,v41 ! gr&son ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,k+ ( ,france pg #fa driv5 by a po/ilion driv5 by a po/illion pg #aaj