,,indian ,,notes ,,and ,,monographs ,illustration3 colophon ,a ,,series ,,of ,,publications ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,american ,,aborigines ,,types ,,of ,,canoes ,,on ,,puget ,,sound ,,by ,t4,t4 ,,waterman ,,and ,,geraldine ,,coffin ,,new ,,york ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,indian ,,heye ,,foundation #aibj ,publications of the ,museum of the ,american ,indian1 ,heye ,foundation ,,the ,,george ,g4 ,,heye ,,expedition ,,contributions ,,to ,,south ,,american ,,archaeology ,vol4 #a ,the ,antiquities of ,manabi1 ,ecuador3 ,a ,preliminary ,report4 ,by ,marshall ,h4 ,saville4 #aijg4 #be4jj4 ,vol4 #b ,the ,antiquities of ,manabi1 ,ecuador3 ,final ,report4 ,by ,marshall ,h4 ,saville4 #aiaj4 #be4jj4 ,,contributions ,,from ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,indian1 ,,heye ,,foundation ,vol4 #a ,no4 #a3 ,lucayan ,artifacts from the ,bahamas4 ,by ,theodoor de ,booy4 ,reprinted from ,amer4 ,anthropol41 ,vol4 #ae1 #aiac1 ,no4 #a4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #b3 ,precolumbian ,decoration of the ,teeth in ,ecuador1 with some ,account of the ,occurrence of the ,custom in other parts of ,north and ,south ,america4 ,by ,marshall ,h4 ,saville4 ,reprinted from ,amer4 ,anthropol41 ,vol4 #ae1 #aiac1 ,no4 #c4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #c3 ,certain ,kitchen-middens in ,jamaica4 ,by ,theodoor de ,booy4 ,reprinted from ,amer4 ,anthropol41 ,vol4 #ae1 #aiac1 ,no4 #c4 7,reprinted1 #aiai47 #ej;c4 ,no4 #d3 ,porto ,rican ,elbow-stones in the ,heye ,museum1 with discussion of similar objects elsewhere4 ,by ,j4 ,walter ,fewkes4 ,reprinted from ,amer ,anthropol41 ,vol4 #ae1 #aiac1 ,no4 #c4 #ej;c4 ,,indian ,,notes ,,and ,,monographs ,illustration3 colophon ,a ,,series ,,of ,,publications ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,american ,,aborigines ,,types ,,of ,,canoes ,,on ,,puget ,,sound ,,by ,t4,t4 ,,waterman ,,and ,,geraldine ,,coffin ,,new ,,york ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,indian ,,heye ,,foundation #aibj ,this series of ,,indian ,,notes ,,and ,,monographs is devoted primarily to the publication of the results of studies by members of the staff of the ,museum of the ,american ,indian1 ,heye ,foundation1 and is uniform with ,,hispanic ,,notes ,,and ,,monographs1 published by the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 with which organization this ,museum is in cordial coperation4 ,,types ,,of ,,canoes ,,on ,,puget ,,sound ,,by ,t4,t4 ,,waterman ,,and ,,geraldine ,,coffin ,,contents ,,page ,introduction #g ,specialization of the ,north ,pacific ,canoe into ,different ,models #aj ,points of ,interest in the ,various ,types #ad ,the ,war ,canoe #ad ,the 8,freight ,canoe0 #ag ,the 8,trolling ,canoe0 #ah ,the 8,shovel-nose ,canoe0 #ai ,the 8,one-man ,canoe0 #ba ,the 8,children's ,canoe0 #bb ,native ,terms for the ,parts of the ,canoe #bc ,distribution of the ,various ,types #bi ,conclusions #cf ,bibliography #ci ,notes #db ,,types ,,of ,,canoes ,,on ,,puget ,,sound ,,by ,t4,t4 ,,waterman ,,and ,,geraldine ,,coffin ,,introduction ,the canoes and the canoe manufacture of the ,north ,pacific area have already received a fair amount of attention in ethnographical literature4#a ,many sizes and shapes of craft are in use1 most of which have not been described in detail4 ,all ,north ,pacific canoes from ,mount ,st ,elias in ,alaska to ,eel river in northern ,california are1 to quote the ,handbook1#b of a dugout type4 ,the area of ,puget sound lies in a general way toward the center of this region1 and in this vicinity the largest variety of canoes seems to be in use4 ,our present purpose is to describe the types of canoes found at the present time on ,puget sound proper1 and then to outline1 so far as is possible on the basis of scanty information1 the distribution of these types into other regions4 ,the specimens on which this discussion is based were collected for the ,museum of the ,american ,indian1 ,heye ,foundation1 in the immediate vicinity of ,seattle4 ,the native terms for the various models and for the parts of the canoes are in the 8,duwamish0 dialect of ,salish4 ,the sounds occurring in this and the other ,salish dialects spoken on the upper part of ,puget sound are represented in the following tabulation4 ,,vowels i1 u1 e1 o1 a i1 as in machine 1 as in pin e1 as in fte 1 as in met 1 as in hat 1 as in but u1 as in rule 1 as in full o1 as in note 1 as ou in ought a1 as in bar ,,diphthongs ai1 as in aisle oi1 as in boil ,,semivowels w1 y1 substantially as in ,english ,,consonants ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,stop ,labialized ,continuant,affricative,lateral,affricat ive stop lateral ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,s ,f ,f ,f ,s ,f o o o o o o ,s n r ,s r ,s ,s r ,s n ,s r u a t u t u u t u a u t r n i r i r r i r n r i d t s d s d d s d t d s ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,labial p b p' ,dental t d t' s ts ts',l l t,l t,l' ,alveolar c tc tc' ,palatal k g g'kw kw' ,velar q q'qw qw' ,glottal ' h1 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,of these sounds the following need1 for the casual reader1 some explanation4 ,surd l 7written ,l7 is an l produced without the help of the vocal cords4 ,the symbol c has approximately the value of sh in she4 ,the digraph tc is sounded like ch in church4 ,the symbols in those columns which are headed 8fortis0 represent exploded or cracked consonants1 produced with hard pressure of the tongue1 followed by an abrupt release4 ,the sound is quite sharp1 markedly different from anything in ,english4 ,the 8velar0 sounds likewise seem quite strange to ,english-speaking people2 they are produced by making contact between the tongue and the back part of the palate 7the velum74 ,the glottal stop 7'7 represents a catch which checks the breath in the throat 7larynx74 ,two sounds resembling ,english h seem to exist1 one of them very weak1 represented here by c4 ,superior letters represent whispered or weakly articulated sounds4 ,,specialization ,,of ,,the ,,north ,,pacific ,,canoe ,,into ,,different ,,models ,in the year #ahjf ,lewis and ,clark noted that the ,indians on ,columbia river possessed a number of different types or models of canoes4#c ,among more recent authors1 ,boas1#d ,gibbs1#e ,swan1#f ,niblack1#g and ,curtis1#h have made observations to a similar effect4 ,it may be relied on1 therefore1 that in the whole area which lies between ,columbia river and southern ,alaska1 the canoe has ,illustration3 ,,waterman--,,canoes ,,pl4 ,i ,,diagram ,,representing ,,the ,,six ,,types ,,of ,,canoes ,,on ,,puget ,,sound 7a1 the 8war canoe02 b1 the 8freight canoe20 c1 the 8trolling canoe02 d1 the 8shovel-nose canoe02 e1 the 8one-man canoe02 f1 the 8children's canoe10 used by children and as a knockabout47 been evolved into a number of highly specialized forms4 ,various writers1 however1 classify canoes in somewhat different ways4 ,gibbs1 and ,lewis and ,clark seem to imagine that the various forms are characteristic of different tribes4 ,with ,curtis and ,niblack the essential thing in classification seems to be a matter of size4 ,boas alone has given the proper weight to differences in form4#i ,on ,puget sound at the present time there are six types of canoes in use1 which are distinguished by the ,indians not on account of their size but by differences in the shape of the hull4 ,the variation in shape is very wide4 ,on these waters one type of canoe is built for going to sea1 and the lines of the hull are designed with the idea of enabling the craft to ride waves without shipping water4 ,every inch of the model is carefully calculated to keep it 8dry40 ,no better craft for rough water1 by the way1 has ever been devised4 ,the canoe rides the combers better than the white ma#a's boat4 ,this was noted by ,lewis and ,clark#aj more than a hundred years ago1 and similar comments are made today1 even by men who follow the sea4 ,a second type of canoe is designed for use on rivers and lakes4 ,the bow and stern of this second model are cut off square1 making the craft very convenient for poling4 ,in spearing salmon in the streams1 also1 a spearsman can ride on the extreme tip of the bow and strike fish almost under his feet1 while a companion paddles4 ,this canoe is of little use in open waters4 ,the salt-water villagers take the fish by means of nets and traps only4 ,each of the types in this way has its own particular uses4 ,the series as a whole is an example of high specialization in a seafaring mode of existence4 ,characteristic specimens of each of the six types used on ,puget sound are illustrated in the accompanying diagram 7pl4 ,i74 ,in order to bring out differences in outline1 the drawings have been reduced to one length4 ,in actual practice each model of canoe is made in a large range of sizes1 a matter which can hardly be presented in a diagram4 ,specimens of model a 7pl4 ,i7 exist which are1 for example1 only #af ft4 long1 while one other specimen of the same model exists which ,illustration3 ,,waterman--,,canoes ,,pl4 ,,ii ,,diagram ,,showing 7a7 ,,the ,,shovel-,,nose ,,canoe ,,used ,,on ,,puget ,,sound1 ,,and 7b7 ,,the ,,canoe ,,used ,,by ,,the ,,yurok ,,of ,,northern ,,california has a length of #hj ft4 ,model b in the diagram is usually made of fairly good size1 in the neighborhood of #bb ft4 long2 but there is great variation in specimens4 ,model c is always small1 and model f is never very large4 ,we have not examined a large enough number of canoes to make it worth while to publish the measurements taken4 ,the specimens from which the drawings were made were collected in the immediate neighborhood of ,seattle and are in the ,museum of the ,american ,indian1 ,heye ,foundation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,diagram showing the outline of the 8,alaska0 canoe1 used by the ,kwakiutl1 ,tsimshian1 and ,haida4 ,it is occasionally seen on ,puget sound4 7,after a diagram in ,boas1 #aiji47 ,an additional type1 the great 8,alaska0 canoe1 called by the ,salish tsabaxad1 is sometimes seen on the sound4 ,such canoes came down from the north1 manned usually by ,haida from the ,queen ,charlotte islands1 or by ,nootka from the west coast of ,vancouver island2 occasionally by people of other tribes4 ,these canoes were not used by the ,puget ,sound people1 and were looked on with some curiosity4 ,their outline is shown in fig4 #a 7after ,boas74 ,,points ,,of ,,interest ,,in ,,the ,,various ,,types ,a4--,the 8,,war ,,canoe0 77 ,the ,songish about ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c41 have this model1 which they call atq,es4#aa ,its most characteristic features1 both there and here1 are a prominent and lofty bow and stern4 ,these consist1 on ,puget sound1 of separate sections hewn out of cedar and fitted carefully into their places on the hull4 ,they are fastened there by pegs of cedar 7st'std1 the word now applied to nails7 and lashings of twisted cedar withes 7stidgwt71 and the joint is watertight without being 8pitched0 7see ,swan1 #ahfh1 for the method of fitting74 ,artistically1 the shape of the prow strongly suggests an anima#a's head1 and gives the canoe 7which is exquisite in design7 an air of alertness1 as though it were moving of its ,illustration3 ,,waterman--,,canoes ,,pl4 ,,iii ,,two ,,suquamish 8,,war ,,canoes0 ,,lashed ,,together ,,and ,,carrying ,a ,,platform ,,of ,,poles ,this device was used in transporting house-planks and for moving large quantities of effects from one site to another4 7,photographed at ,suquamish1 ,washington1 #aiac47 own accord4 ,from the practical standpoint these elevated additions to the hull are designed to throw aside the seas4 ,the naked hull without these bow and stern pieces would soon fill in rough water4 ,the pieces seem so slender and inadequate that an observer would doubt their effectiveness for such a practical end4 ,the answer is that in the course of generations they have been reduced to the most slender proportions which will give the necessary protection1 and they are wonderfully effective in aiding the actual navigation of the canoe4 ,many ,indians and whites who have followed the sea tell us that this type of canoe ships less water in a storm than any craft in the world4 ,if we are looking for a catchword1 we may call this the 8ocean-going canoe40 ,a number of other terms have been applied to this class of vessel4 ,a popular term in the ,northwest is the word 8,chinook40 ,we find1 for example1 the 8,chinook0 wind1 the 8,chinook0 jargon1 and 8,chinook0 salmon4 8,chinook0 is also applied by ,indians and whites to the type of hull just described1 and appears in that sense in the works of ,swan and ,boas4 ,the term1 bearing in mind1 of course1 that it is used in a general sense and is not necessarily to be associated with the ,chinook tribe proper1 living at the mouth of the ,columbia1 is distinctive1 and has the advantage of usage behind it4 ,locally1 on ,puget sound1 the model goes commonly by this name4 ,this same type of hull is found in use by all the tribes from ,columbia river northward to the ,quatsino1 living at the northern end of ,vancouver island4#ab ,north of this area1 among the ,kwakuitl and ,tsimshian1 ,haida and ,tlingit1 the sea-going canoe is different1 and is of the type illustrated in fig4 #a4 ,niblack#ac and ,boas#ad have noted the distinction between the sea-going canoes of the south and those of the north1 and ,niblack illustrates it with a somewhat misleading figure4 ,niblack calls this northern model the 8north coast type10 while ,boas styles it the 8,tsimshian0 model4 ,the terms 8,tsimshian0 and 8,chinook0 might well be used as catchwords to mark the distinction between the two varieties3 one found along the coast of ,alaska and ,british ,columbia1 the other ,illustration3 ,,waterman--,,canoes ,,pl4 ,,iv ,,bow ,,of ,,the ,,hull ,,shown ,,in ,,plate ,v1 ,,viewed ,,from ,,the ,,side1 ,,with ,,the ,,make#a',s ,,wife1 ,,mary ,,adams 7,,tai,p,s7 ,,seated ,,beside ,,it 7,photograph by ,j4 ,d4 ,leechman47 occurring on the west coast of ,vancouver island and southward as far1 at least1 as ,columbia river4 ,b4--,,the 8,,freight ,,canoe0 7stiwa,l7 ,the freight canoe differs in several respects from the foregoing4 ,it never reaches the great size which the first-mentioned type sometimes attains1 though specimens exist which are as much as #dj ft4 in length4 ,the cutwater in this type is vertical1 or nearly so4 ,this is the point mentioned by the ,indian informants as the characteristic thing4 ,the ,songish term for this craft1 stiuwaitatl1 is translated by ,boas as 8having a square bow40 ,i can find no reason for this peculiarity1 nor advantage in it4 ,an extra piece of cedar is carved and fitted with dowels on the prow of this craft also1 8lifting0 the lines of the hull somewhat4 ,this piece differs greatly from the pieces fitted on the ocean-going canoe4 ,the stern is modeled out of the original log4 ,the tip of the prow is shaped into a 8notch0 resembling an open mouth4 ,this type of canoe is used for journeys with household possessions in quiet waters4 ,in a storm it is not particularly safe4 ,c4--,,the 8,,trolling ,,canoe0 7sd,l7 ,this craft has a very narrow hull1 and the bow has more lift than in the preceding model4#ae ,specimens of this type are usually relatively small1 designed to carry only two or three men4 ,this was the vessel used for hunting1 for harpooning porpoise and otter1 and in trolling for fish4 ,the model exhibits some elegance of design4 ,we may perhaps follow ,boas in calling this craft the fishing or trolling canoe4 ,a very large canoe of this model was called sdxwils4 ,for hunting the porpoise a very swift canoe was needed1 for the animal was alert1 and hard to harpoon4 ,boas gives a complete account of the pursuit1 as carried on by the ,kwakiutl4 ,the term for porpoise-hunting on ,puget sound is casab4 ,the canoe intended for this purpose was called casabhwl,l4 ,it was of the type being discussed1 but a fine1 8clear0 model and had to be fast4 ,illustration3 ,,waterman--,,canoes ,,pl4 ,v ,,interior ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,hull ,,of ,a ,,suquamish 8,,hunting ,,canoe0 ,,in ,,process ,,of ,,manufacture ,made by ,jack ,adams 7,xabsus71 near ,suquamish1 ,washington1 in ,march1 #aibj4 7,photograph by ,j4 ,d4 ,leechman47 ,d4--,,the 8,,shovel-,,nose ,,canoe0 7,l7 ,this type of canoe is called the 8shovel-nose0 because it is cut off square at bow and stern and the hull scoops forward like a shovel4 ,the ,songish visited by ,boas have the same term1 t#a'lai1 but the model pictured by ,boas has a configuration somewhat different in certain details from the ,puget ,sound specimens seen4 ,on the sound1 the boat is hewn from one piece1 while the ,songish are said to add on the flattened end in the form of a separate plank4 ,in spite of its shape the 8shovel-nose0 is in appearance anything but clumsy4 ,it is excellently designed for a special purpose4 ,a man may stand at the tip-end of bow or stern1 and push with a pole1 in shallow water4 ,the people also who live up the rivers depend on this type of canoe for the spearing of salmon4 ,when the fish are running in the rivers1 one man paddles in the stern while a companion stands at ease out on the extreme end of the prow1 with his spear poised ready for fish4 ,his position there is ideal for striking salmon1 since he lunges at fish almost directly under his feet4 ,the bow-end of this boat is more slender than the stern4 ,this type of boat is useful only in quiet waters4 ,a characteristic piece of equipment is the canoe pole1 heqalsd4 ,such a canoe is fine for sandbanks and shoals where the heavy ,chinook type1 with its features designed for protection against waves1 is largely useless4 ,far up the rivers no canoes other than the shovel-nose are seen4 ,the 8salt-water0 people1 or 8xwaldjabc10 relate with amusement that 8forest-dwellers10 or ,lalabw1 that is1 the people living up the rivers1 have only one word for canoe4 8,if it is a sd,l1 or if it is a stiwa,l1 or even if it is a big 1 they call it a #8shovel-nose1' just the same40 ,some of these 8fresh-water0 ,indians some years ago came voyaging down to ,port ,washington inlet1 near the navy yard at ,bremerton1 in a shovel-nose canoe4 ,in trying to negotiate the channel during a breeze and a change of tide1 their canoe1 which was not designed for such operations1 filled and sank under their feet1 and they lost their lives4 ,illustration3 ,,waterman--,,canoes ,,pl4 ,,vi ,,the ,,finished ,,hull ,,of ,,the ,,canoe ,,shown ,,in ,,plates ,,iv ,,and ,v ,to the left in the photograph is the bow1 which in this case lacks the 8notch0 found in many specimens4 ,the 8lift0 of the boa#a's lines toward the prow may be plainly seen4 ,this enables it to ride the waves4 7,photograph by ,j4 ,d4 ,leechman47 ,e4--,,the 8,,one-,,man ,,canoe0 7ditwi,l7 ,this is a very diminutive vessel1 the smallest of all the ,northwestern canoes4 ,the term is grammatically the diminutive of sdwi,l 7c in the diagram1 pl4 ,i74 ,nevertheless1 as a glance at the drawing will show1 its hull differs somewhat in shape from that of its larger namesake4 ,the ditwi,l will carry only one person2 but it is often very beautifully made4 ,specimens capsize very easily1 but so long as they remain right-side up1 they may be driven at high speed1 and are light enough to be easily lifted and carried from place to place4 ,they were used for fishing1 and1 following the introduction of firearms1 for hunting ducks4 ,firing a shotgun over the side1 however1 turns the craft over4 ,bow and stern are finished off with very small carved pieces1 which are set in place with the usual cedar pegs1 and the bow carries the 8notch0 characteristic of the larger type4 ,the canoe is rigged with thwarts1 but the huntsman sits1 not on these1 but flat on the bottom of the boat4 ,we may perhaps speak of this type as 8the one-man canoe40 ,f4--,,the 8,,childre#a',s ,,canoe0 7qelbd7 ,the canoe pointed out under this name is a 8double-ended0 type4 ,the ,indians describe it as a craft with two sterns4 ,its ends1 which are identical in shape1 are finished off to resemble the stern of the big war-canoe shown in pl4 ,i1 a4 ,this craft1 while not of great length1 is very heavy1 since the sides are relatively thick1 and it is also very wide in the beam4 ,it was used for the commonest purposes4 ,children got their first knowledge of the handling of canoes by 8practising0 with it4 ,while the sides are not adzed down to the thinness which characterizes the hunte#a's craft1 the vessel is nevertheless well designed in its own way and is much lighter and more manageable than a white-ma#a's boat4 ,it is worth noting that the word qelbd1 given as the term for this type of boat1 is the general word for canoe4 ,the term dl#a';edwl,l was also applied to this type4 ,we may perhaps speak of this form of craft as the 8children's canoe40 ,illustration3 ,,waterman--,,canoes ,,pl4 ,,vii ,a 8,,shovel-,,nose0 ,,canoe ,,in ,,action ,scene on the upper waters of ,quinault river1 coast of ,washington4 7,photograph by ,j4 ,h4 ,weir1 of 8,the ,mountaineers407 ,,native ,,terms ,,for ,,the ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,canoe #a4 ,bow1 cdst4 #b4 ,stern1 ilaaq4 #c4 ,side1 silalgwil4 ,a steam vessel is called udalgwil1 8burning sides40 #d4 ,gunwale1 sbtctcalgwil4 #e4 ,additional piece or section1 hewn out separately1 set on the bow1 and fastened in place with pegs and lashing of twisted cedar1 st,l'alu4 ,it is fastened in place with dowels or pegs of cedar 7,no4 #f71 and lashings of twisted cedar-twigs 7,no4 #g74 #f4 ,dowels or pegs used as above1 st'std4 ,this word is now used for iron nails4 #g4 ,cedar withes1 stidagwt4 ,used in fastening on the bow and stern sections1 and in closing up cracks4 #h4 ,stern-piece1 st,l'alalp4 ,seated in place like the bow-piece1 mentioned above4 ,on the ,exterior of the ,hull #i4 ,narrow piece projecting forward at the tip of the prow1 bqsd4 ,the shape of the forward part of the bow-piece strongly suggests the head of some living creature4 ,the projection would correspond to a snout or beak4 ,the ,indians say the resemblance is accidental4 #aj4 ,a knob or projection on the neck of the canoe1 about two feet below the preceding feature1 blalgwa'4 ,this word means 8navel40 ,the ,makah call this projection the boa#a's uvula4 #aa4 ,ornamentation consisting of parallel lines1 incised with a special tool1 like a reamer1 on the side of the neck1 astc#a';absub4 ,this is incised with a special tool1 in the old days made of flint1 resembling a reamer4 ,this ornamentation is found also on the top surface of the bow-piece4 #ab4 ,curved line of the prow1 clibus4 #ac4 ,cutwater1 t,l'kwapsb4 #ad4 ,a bulge or raised strip at the gunwale1 st,laagwp4 ,a corresponding excavation on the inside of the hull is mentioned below 7,no4 #bc74 #ae4 ,bottom1 #a';atsp4 #af4 ,where the bottom turns up toward the gunwale to form the sides1 cxdt#a';aladi4 #ag4 ,sharp blade or half-keel1 under the cano#a's forefoot1 st'tcibt4 ,this acts as a 8muffler40 ,it cuts into the waves as the canoe forges ahead1 without splashing4 ,the canoe moves silently4 #ah4 ,forward extremity of the half-keel1 #a';ilqs4 ,on the ,interior of the ,hull #ai4 ,interior of the canoe1 xuxtats4 #bj4 ,where the bottom turns up to form the sides1 wilaladi,l4 #ba4 ,offset where the canoe widens at the gunwale1 stputsid4 ,this corresponds to the st,laagwp 7,no4 #ad above74 #bb4 ,side of the canoe1 ilalgw,l4 #bc4 ,trench leading sternward from the tip of the prow1 sxwqbus4 #bd4 ,vertical line of the hull at the stern1 st,lkwalap4 ,additional ,fittings #be4 ,thwarts1 cxalwild4 ,these are round poles instead of flat benches1 as in the canoes of ,alaska and in our own boats4 ,when on a trip the ,indians pad them with an old mat1 folded4 #bf4 ,withes of twisted cedar limbs1 which fasten the thwarts1 clidclidgs4 ,they are rove through a perforation in the thwart1 and then through perforations in the side of the boat4 ,similar withes are used for mending cracks and in fastening the bow and stern sections in place 7see ,no4 #g above74 ,the present word refers to the way in which they are manipulated in fastening thwarts in place4 #bg4 ,strip of wood along the gunwale1 st,l'alalgw,l4 ,this is pegged to the top surface of the gunwale1 to where the paddles rub1 to prevent the sides of the canoe from being worn4 #bh4 ,painter1 or boat rope1 ,ldgwilad4 ,used for mooring the boat1 or anchoring it4 #bi4 ,crack in the hull1 actcx4 #cj4 ,knot-hole1 st#a';actalus 7knot1 stcact74 #ca4 8,patched place10 stkalgw,l4 ,when the side of a canoe is broken1 a section is cut out bodily1 a piece of plank being carefully shaped to fit in the space4 ,this plank is fastened in place with cedar pegs and by 8sewing0 with cedar withes4 #cb4 ,a 8long patch10 sp#a';atsgw,l4 ,this term refers to a place where a longitudinal crack in the bottom of the hull has been closed by stitching it up with cedar withes4 #cc4 ,holes bored in making the canoe1 to test the thickness of the sides1 udtc'std4 ,these holes are later closed by plugging them with round pegs of maple1 which swells greatly on being wet4 #cd4 ,mast1 xputdale 7cf4 putd1 sail74 ,informants insist that masts and sails are aboriginal4 ,vancouver1 writing in #agib1 says they are not4 #ce4 ,step or socket for the mast1 tcugwacgwp4 #cf4 ,sail1 putd4 ,this was a 8square0 sail1 of checker-work matting1 and was hoisted only when the breeze happened to come directly over the stern4 #cg4 ,upper yard1 ta,la,lqud4 #ch4 ,lower yard1 t,lidp4 #ci4 ,paddle1 xobt4 ,terms of ,direction #dj4 ,ahead1 tudziqw4 #da4 ,astern1 tuxulaqw4 #db4 ,starboard1 or right side1 dzahalgwisapp4 #dc4 ,port1 or left side1 kalalgwisapp4 #dd4 ,forward1 tucadst 7cf4 cdst1 bow74 #de4 ,aft1 tuelaq 7cf4 ilaaq1 stern74 #df4 ,amidships1 odugw,l4 ,linguistically there is evident similarly between certain of the words in this list1 as shown by the following groups3 7#e7 ,bow-piece1 st,l'alu4 7#h7 ,stern-piece1 st,l'alalp4 7#ac7 ,cutwater1 t,l'kwapsb 7cf4 especially ,no4 #bf below74 7#ad7 ,raised strip along gunwale1 st,laagwp4 7#bd7 ,vertical line at stern1 st,lkwalap4 7#bg7 ,strip pegged to gunwale1 st,l'alalgw,l4 7#f7 ,dowels1 or pegs1 st'std4 7#cc7 ,holes bored to test the thickness of the hull1 udtc'std4 ,one is inclined to suspect the presence of a common suffix in the following cases3 7#ab7 ,curved line of the prow1 clibus4 7#bc7 ,trench leading backward from the prow1 sxwqbus4 ,the presence of a suffix is obvious in the following cases3 7#c7 ,side1 silalgwil4 7#d7 ,gunwale1 sbtctcalgwil4 7#bb7 ,side of the canoe 7interior71 ilalgw,l4 7#ca7 ,section of plank used as a patch1 stkalgw,l4 7#cb7 ,closing of a crack by sewing1 sp#a';atsgw,l4 7#aa7 ,ornamental lines1 astc#a';absub4 7#ac7 ,cutwater1 t,l'kwapsb4 7#ae7 ,bottom1 #a';atsp4 ,analysis of these expressions is not possible at the present time4 ,the terms in the above list apply especially to the sea-going canoe4 ,similar words are applied to the other types of canoes1 except where the corresponding parts are missing4 ,the notch at the bow of the trolling canoe is simply called qadxu1 8notch40 ,,distribution ,,of ,,the ,,various ,,types ,a situation with many points of interest exists in regard to the distribution of these forms of canoes4 ,for example1 on ,puget sound we have the six types of dugout canoes1 which have been described2 in northern ,california we have only one4 ,the question at once suggests itself1 ,how far southward along the ,pacific coast does the use of six types of canoes extend8 ,and1 again1 as we travel southward1 do all six of the ,puget ,sound types disappear from use at once1 being replaced by new types of craft1 or are certain of these ,puget ,sound types more widely distributed than the others8 ,the last question1 ,i think1 is the more easily answered4 ,the single type which is used on ,klamath river and on ,humboldt bay in northern ,california is probably a modification of one of the types used on ,puget sound--the 8shovel-nose0 model described above 7pl4 ,i1 d74 ,the appended diagram 7pl4 ,,ii7 shows these two craft side by side4 ,there seems to be in a general way a marked similarity in these canoes4 ,they are both dugouts1 of a 8square-ended0 type1 and in each case the model has reached a high degree of refinement4 ,there is a skilful 8pinching-in0 of the lines of the craft toward the ends1 and also a very graceful 8lift0 of the bottom at bow and stern4 ,it may be asserted from experience that both craft are very light and easily handled4 ,the ,california canoe has no gunwale-strips1#af and1 moreover1 it has in the stern some foot-braces and a seat1 hewn in one piece with the hull1 which are absent in the ,puget ,sound boat4 ,the ,california boat1 on the other hand1 has no thwarts4 ,the most striking difference1 however1 is that the bow and the stern of the ,california craft are crowned up into a peak1 and the bow is further graced with a removable carven ornament1 shaped like an inverted ,v4 ,these differences seem superficial and underneath them the present writers see almost identical lines in the two vessels4 ,so much for the general resemblance4 ,the facts of distribution make the idea of relationship much more plausible4 ,it is worthy of remark that in ,california south of ,humboldt bay there are no dugout canoes at all4 ,northward1 however1 dugouts are in use among all tribes as far as ,puget sound4 ,moreover1 in the case of some1 at least1 of the intervening tribes the shovel-nose or square-ended type of dugout occurs4 ,this is true of the tribes about ,klamath lake1 for instance1 as shown by a specimen of their canoes collected by ,dr ,barrett1 now in the ,museum of the ,university of ,california4 ,information on this point is unsatisfactory1 for in this intervening area few observers have taken the pains to note in detail what kinds of canoes were used4 ,this is true of much of ,oregon1 even on the coast4 ,vancouver says of the ,indians of ,port ,orford that 8their canoes1 calculated to carry about eight people1 were rudely wrought out of a single tree2 their shape much resembled a butche#a's tray1 and seemed very unfit for a sea voyage or any distant expedition40#ag ,this seems almost certainly to indicate that he saw craft of a shovel-nose type4 ,we can find few other statements on this matter in the literature4 ,on ,columbia river1 as shown by the statements of ,boas1#ah on the coast of ,washington as illustrated by the photographs of ,curtis1#ai on ,puget sound and northward to an unknown distance1 as observed by the present writers1 shovel-nose canoes are in general use4 ,the bare facts1 as we have them1 seem to be most readily explained on the assumption that one type of dugout canoe1 of wide distribution on the ,north ,pacific1 has spread also as far south as the ,yurok and neighboring tribes in northern ,california4 ,the increased complexity of the design as found among the ,yurok and their neighbors1 as shown especially in the ornamentation1 is possibly explainable by the fact that these tribes exhibit a distinctly higher culture in many respects than do their neighbors to the south1 the east1 or the north4 ,for some reason1 in the region about the mouth of ,klamath river a secondary center of high culture has developed4 ,it is not unlikely that this has produced the peculiar traits of their canoe4 ,it is noticeable also that there seems to be a gradual modification of all types of canoes as we move southward toward ,california4 ,on ,puget sound1 five canoes out of six show a lift in the gunwales toward bow and stern4 ,on the coast south of the ,straits of ,juan de ,fuca1 as shown by the photographs of ,curtis1#bj canoes other than the shovel-nose have an abrupt 8raise0 at the prow1 but amidships and at the stern they are 8flush10 the gunwales forming a straight horizontal line4 ,apparently this arrangement might be considered as an approach to the ,california type of canoe1 where the gunwales are perfectly flat1 without any lift at either end4 ,if our inference is correct1 it is apparent that1 as we travel southward from ,columbia river1 five of the ,north ,pacific types become modified and finally cease to be used4 ,it has not been possible to find any evidence in the literature that indicates the point where the distribution of any of these models ceases4 ,the use of dugout canoes extends1 of course1 up the rivers which flow toward the ,northwest coast4 ,thus the ,wishram at the falls of the ,columbia use the 8,chinook0 model described in the present paper1 and other dugout models besides4 ,george ,gibbs stated that the shovel-nose type is the only one used on the ,columbia above ,the ,dalles4#ba ,curtis has one picture of a dugout canoe used by the ,nez ,percs4#bb ,it is of the shovel-nose type 7though shockingly clumsy1 heavy1 and ill-made--merely a log roughly shaped and somewhat hollowed out74 ,chamberlain states#bc that the ,kootenay have a dugout type of craft1 of what shape we do not know4 ,it seems to be impossible to trace in detail the distribution of the shovel-nose in this direction on the basis of any material now in print4 ,we may speak with certainty1 therefore1 only of the region immediately about ,seattle1 where the present authors have had a chance to make observations4 ,in this vicinity the only type of canoe used on the upper courses of the streams is the shovel-nose4 ,concerning the distribution1 in a northerly direction1 of these types of canoes1 little can be said at the present time4 ,as remarked above1 the ,kwakiutl use in place of the 1 a great sea-going canoe of somewhat different and more complicated model1 and much more elaborately ornamented4 ,the evolution of canoes probably took place among the people somewhat northward of ,puget ,sound peoples1 whose general level of culture is higher4 ,going southward from the ,kwakiutl1 say1 canoes are steadily less and less specialized1 until we come to the tribes of northern ,california with their one model4 ,south of the ,california tribes just mentioned1 these influences are not apparent at all4 ,concerning the canoes of the coast north of the ,kwakiutl1 we can get at the present time no information4 ,it is not known whether several types are in use1 or only one4 ,the pictures of ,curtis1 which might tell the story1 are not nearly so useful as they are in other cases1 since he photographed very few canoes in this area2 possibly because he found so much else to picture4 ,,conclusions ,the situation as regards canoes in the area under discussion may be essentially like that respecting types of pottery in the ,southwest1 as presented by ,nelson4#bd ,he has shown in a most interesting way that the archaic types of pottery are also the types with the widest distribution4 ,as we pass from center to periphery of the cultural region which he discusses1 we encounter types of pottery which are more and more primitive4 ,one striking difference between ,nelso#a's problem and the present one is that a great mass of evidence has been assembled in the ,southwest1 while in regard to canoes on the ,northwest coast the data are largely lacking4 ,another difference is that ,nelson carried out extensive investigations in the field1 while the present discussion is based largely on scattered references in the literature4 ,nelso#a's conclusions1 to be brief1 are based on knowledge and facts1 while our own must be in the last degree inferential4 ,the idea seems plausible1 however1 that the original type of canoe on the ,northwest coast was the shovel-nose4 ,several considerations point in this direction4 ,the shovel-nose is the simplest model4 ,this raises a logical presumption that it may well be the oldest4 ,it is associated with rivers1 being of use only in streams and other quiet water4 ,this also suggests that it may represent an early type4 ,it may be regarded as certain that the first man or the first group who experimented with navigation on the ,north ,pacific coast1 experimented on the rivers1 and not on the high seas4 ,this would seem to imply that the river craft would be the first to reach perfection4 ,the sea-going 8,chinook0 type1 and models showing points of similarity to it1 are in all human probability later in origin4 ,when we consider the distribution of the various types of canoes1 we emerge for a moment from the jungle of speculation into the field of evidence1 though that evidence is scanty4 ,it is a fact that the shovel-nose type of canoe is of wider distribution than the other types4 ,it is the only type found in the marginal regions to the east and south of the area of typical ,north ,pacific ,coast culture4 ,thus is raised the presumption that it represents an older type of craft than do the other models4 ,the connection between northern ,california and the ,north ,pacific area1 which seems to be exemplified in the distribution of dugout canoes1 is also a matter of some importance4 ,ultimately it will doubtless be proved by a careful comparison1 in the two areas1 of houses1 geographical notions1 money and financial institutions1 and other matters1 that the mode of life of the tribes in extreme northern ,california is a direct offshoot of the type of culture found in the ,northwest4 ,,bibliography ,,boas1 ,,franz #ahhi ,first general report on the ,indians of ,british ,columbia4 ,in ,report of the ,committee appointed for the purpose of investigating 444 the northwestern tribes of the ,dominion of ,canada4 ,report of the ,fifty-ninth meeting of the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 held 444 in 444 #ahhi1 pp4 #hja-hjc4 ,deals with the ,tlingit1 ,haida1 ,tsimshian1 and ,kootenay4 #ahij ,second general report on the ,indians of ,british ,columbia4 ,same series as above4 ,report of the ,sixtieth meeting1 held 444 in 444 #ahij1 pp4 #efb-gae4 ,deals with the ,nootka1 ,salish1 and ,kwakiutl4 #ahie ,fifth report on the ,indians of ,british ,columbia4 ,same series as above4 ,report of the ,sixty-fifth meeting1 held 444 in 444 #ahie1 pp4 #ebc-eib4 ,deals with the ,tinneh of ,nicola valley1 ,ts',ets'ut1 and ,niska of ,nass river4 #ahif ,sixth report on the ,indians of ,british ,columbia4 ,same series as above4 ,report of the ,sixty-sixth meeting1 held 444 in 444 #ahif1 pp4 #efi-eia4 ,deals with the ,kwakiutl and ,tsimshian4 #aiji ,the ,kwakiutl of ,vancouver island4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 vol4 ,,viii1 pt4 #b 7reprint from ,publications of the ,jesup ,north ,pacific ,expedition1 vol4 ,v1 pt4 #b74 ,,chamberlain1 ,a4 ,f4 #ahib ,report on the ,kootenay ,indians of southeastern ,british ,columbia4 ,in ,report of the ,committee appointed to investigate 444 the northwestern tribes of the ,dominion of ,canada4 ,report of the ,sixty-second meeting of the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science held 444 in 444 #ahib1 pp4 #edi-fae4 ,,cook1 ,,james #aghd ,a voyage to the ,pacific ocean 444 for making discoveries in the northern hemisphere 444 performed by ,captains ,cook1 ,clarke1 and ,gore1 in his ,majest#a's ship the ,resolution and ,discovery1 in the years #aggf1 #aggg1 #aggh1 #aggi and #aghj4 ,in three volumes 7,london74 ,,curtis1 ,,edward ,s4 #aijg-aiaf ,the ,north ,american ,indian 444 being a series of volumes picturing and describing the ,indians of the ,united ,states and ,alaska4 ,in twenty volumes4 ,eleven volumes published up the present time4 ,,gibbs1 ,,george #ahee ,report on the ,indian tribes of the ,territory of ,washington4 ,pacific ,railroad ,report1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #djb-dcf1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ahgg ,tribes of western ,washington and northwestern ,oregon4 ,department of the ,interior1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geographical and ,geological ,survey of the ,rocky ,mountain ,region4 ,contributions to ,north ,american ,ethnology1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ajc-bda4 ,,lewis1 ,,albert ,,buell #aijf ,tribes of the ,columbia valley and the coast of ,oregon and ,washington4 ,memoirs of the ,american ,anthropological ,association1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #b4 ,,lewis and ,,clark #aijd ,original ,journals of the ,lewis and ,clark expedition1 #ahjd-ahjf1 printed from the original manuscript4444 ,edited 444 by ,reuben ,gold ,thwaites1 ,new ,york4 ,,nelson1 ,n4 ,c4 #aiai ,human ,culture4 ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,,xix1 no4 #b1 pp4 #aca-adj4 ,,niblack1 ,a4 ,p4 #ahij ,the ,coast ,indians of southern ,alaska and northern ,british ,columbia4 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,report of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum for #ahhh1 ,washington4 ,,swan1 ,,james ,g4 #aheg ,the ,northwest coast2 or1 ,three years residence in ,washington ,territory4 ,new ,york4 7,harper47 #ahfh ,the ,indians of ,cape ,flattery at the entrance to the ,strait of ,fuca1 ,washington ,territory4 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,contributions to ,knowledge1 ,no4 #bbj4 ,,vancouver1 ,,george #agih ,a voyage of discovery to the ,north ,pacific ocean and round the world 444 performed in the years #agia-agib1 #agic1 #agid1 and #agie in the ,discovery ,sloop-of-,war1 and the armed tender ,chatham4444 ,in three volumes ,london4 ,,notes #a4 ,boas1 #ahhh1 #ahij1 #aije-aiji2 ,swan1 #ahfh2 ,niblack1 #ahij2 ,gibbs1 #ahee2 ,curtis1 #aijg-aiaf2 vols4 ,,viii-,,xi and folios4 ,of the earlier authors1 ,cook1 #aghd1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cbg2 ,vancouver1 #agih2 and ,lewis and ,clark1 #aijd1 vol4 ,,iv1 give valuable data4 ,for references1 see the bibliography4 #b4 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,bureau of ,american ,ethnology1 ,bulletin #cj4 #c4 #aijd1 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ca1 #ce4 #d4 #ahhi1 p4 #hag2 #ahij1 pp4 #efe1 #eff2 also a remark quoted by ,a4 ,b4 ,lewis1 #aijf1 p4 #afc4 #e4 #ahee1 p4 #dcj2 #ahgg1 p4 #baf4 #f4 #aheg1 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 #g4 #ahij1 p4 #bid4 #h4 #aijg-aiaf1 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #fj4 #i4 ,see especially #ahij1 p4 #hag1 with figures4 #aj4 #aijd1 p4 #cj4 #aa4 ,boas1 #ahij1 p4 #eff4 #ab4 ,boas1 #ahij1 p4 #eff2 see also ,curtis1 #aijg-aiaf1 vol4 ,x1 ,folio1 pl4 #cde4 #ac4 #ahij1 p4 #bie4 #ad4 #ahhi1 p4 #hag4 #ae4 ,the corresponding class of craft is called sn,equatl among the ,songish1 and is styled by ,boas the 8small fishing canoe40 #af4 ,see above1 p4 #bf4 #ag4 #agih1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjd4 #ah4 ,quoted by ,a4 ,b4 ,lewis1 #aijf1 p4 #afc1 as noted above4 #ai4 #aijg-aiaf1 vol4 ,,viii4 #bj4 ,for example1 #aijg-aiaf1 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #ih4 #ba4 #ahgg1 p4 #bae4 #bb4 #aijg-aiaf1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #df4 #bc4 #ahib1 p4 #eff4 #bd4 #aiai1 pp4 #aac-acf4 ,no4 #e3 ,note on the ,archaeology of ,chiriqui4 ,by ,george ,grant ,mac,curdy4 ,reprinted from ,amer4 ,anthropol41 ,vol4 #ae1 #aiac1 ,no4 #d4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #f3 ,petroglyphs of ,saint ,vincent1 ,british ,west ,indies1 ,by ,thomas ,huckerby4 ,reprinted from ,amer4 ,anthropol41 ,vol4 #af1 #aiad1 ,no4 #b4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #g3 ,prehistoric ,objects from a ,shell-heap at ,erin ,bay1 ,trinidad4 ,by ,j4 ,walter ,fewkes4 ,reprinted from ,amer4 ,anthropol41 ,vol4 #af1 #aiad1 ,no4 #b4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #h3 ,relations of ,aboriginal ,culture and ,environment in the ,lesser ,antilles1 ,by ,j4 ,walter ,fewkes4 ,reprinted from ,bull4 ,amer4 ,geogr4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #df1 #aiad1 ,no4 #i4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #i3 ,pottery from ,certain ,caves in ,eastern ,santo ,domingo1 ,west ,indies4 ,by ,theodoor de ,booy4 ,reprinted from ,amer4 ,anthropol41 ,vol4 #ag1 #aiae1 ,no4 #a4 #ej;c4 ,vol4 #b ,no4 #a3 ,exploration of a ,munsee ,cemetery near ,montague1 ,new ,jersey4 ,by ,george ,g4 ,heye and ,george ,h4 ,pepper4 #aiae4 #a4jj4 ,no4 #b3 ,engraved ,celts from the ,antilles4 ,by ,j4 ,walter ,fewkes4 #aiae4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #c3 ,certain ,west ,indian ,superstitions ,pertaining to ,celts4 ,by ,theodoor de ,booy4 ,reprinted from ,journ4 ,amer4 ,folk-,lore1 ,vol4 #bh1 ,no4 #ajg1 #aiae4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #d3 ,the ,nanticoke ,community of ,delaware4 ,by ,frank ,g4 ,speck4 #aiae4 #a4jj4 ,no4 #e3 ,notes on the ,archeology of ,margarita ,island1 ,venezuela4 ,by ,theodoor de ,booy4 #aiaf4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #f3 ,monolithic ,axes and their ,distribution in ,ancient ,america4 ,by ,marshall ,h4 ,saville4 #aiaf4 #ej;c4 ,vol4 #c ,physical ,anthropology of the ,lenape or ,delawares1 and of the ,eastern ,indians in ,general4 ,by ,ale ,hrdlika4 7,bur4 of ,amer4 ,ethnol41 ,bull4 #fb1 #aiaf1 with added title-page and cover47 #a4jj4 ,vol4 #d ,no4 #a3 ,the ,technique of ,porcupine-,quill ,decoration among the ,north ,american ,indians4 ,by ,william ,c4 ,orchard4 #aiaf4 #a4jj4 ,no4 #b3 ,certain ,archeological ,investigations in ,trinidad1 ,british ,west ,indies4 ,by ,theodoor de ,booy4 ,reprinted from ,amer4 ,anthropol41 ,vol4 #ai1 #aiag1 ,no4 #d4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #c3 ,the ,nacoochee ,mound in ,georgia4 ,by ,george ,g4 ,heye1 ,f4 ,w4 ,hodge1 and ,george ,h4 ,pepper4 #aiah4 #a4ej4 ,vol4 #e ,no4 #a3 ,a ,letter of ,pedro de ,alvarado ,relating to his ,expedition to ,ecuador #aecd4 ,by ,marshall ,h4 ,saville4 #aiag4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #b3 ,the ,diegueo ,ceremony of the ,death-,images4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,davis4 #aiai4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #c3 ,certain ,mounds in ,haywood ,county1 ,north ,carolina4 ,by ,george ,g4 ,heye4 ,reprinted from ,holmes ,anniversary ,volume1 #aiaf4 #aiai4 #ej;c4 ,no4 #d3 ,exploration of ,aboriginal ,sites at ,throgs ,neck and ,clasons ,point1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,by ,alanson ,skinner4 #aiai4 #a4jj4 ,address3 ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,indian1 ,,heye ,,foundation1 ,,broadway ,,at #aee,,th ,,st41 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,indian ,,notes ,,and ,,monographs ,,edited ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,hodge ,illustration3 colophon ,a ,,series ,,of ,,publications ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,american ,,aborigines ,,how ,,the ,,makah ,,obtained ,,possession ,,of ,,cape ,,flattery ,,told ,,by ,,albert ,,irvine ,,translated ,,by ,,luke ,,markistun ,,new ,,york ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,indian ,,heye ,,foundation #aiba