,?is etext 0 produc$ by ,john ,mam\n mam\njoumdnj4edu ) help f ! onl9e di/ribut$ pro(read]s page ( ,*>les ,franks4 ,*ess & ,*eck]s3 ,! ,way to ,ma/]%ip ,complete in/ructions = ! beg9n] & valuable sugge/ions = ! advanc$ play]4 by ,edw>d ,lask] ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,in=mation ,,ab\t ,,?is ,e-,,text ,,edition ,,introduction ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*ess ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*eck]s ,,"p ,i3 ,,! ,,game ,,( ,,*ess ,i4 ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,game ,bo>d & m5 ,! moves ( ! m5 ,special t]ms ,symbols = moves ,*ess laws ,,ii4 ,,elem5t>y ,,tactics ,fundam5tal end+s ,relative value ( ! m5 ,h[ ! diff]5t m5 coop]ate ,sacrific+ ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,*ess ,,/rategy ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s ,que5's ,pawn op5+s ,! middle game ,,iv4 ,,illu/rative ,,games ,game ,no4 #a3 ,jackson ,%[alt] vs4 ,edw>d ,lask]1 ,lex+ton1 ,ky41 #aiag ,game ,no4 #b3 ,edw>d ,lask] vs4 ,jose ,r4 ,capablanca1 ,new ,york1 #aiae ,v4 ,,problems ,,"p ,,ii3 ,,! ,,game ,,( ,,*eck]s ,i4 ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,game ,,ii4 ,,elem5t>y ,,tactics ,,iii4 ,,! ,,five ,,fundam5tal ,,positions ,! fir/ position ,! second position ,! *ange ( ! move ,! ?ird position ,! f\r? position ,! fif? position ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,illu/rative ,,games ,v4 ,,problems ,,in=mation ,,ab\t ,,?is ,e-,,text ,,edition ,! foll[+ is an e-text ( ,*ess & ,*eck]s3 ,! ,way to ,ma/]%ip1 by ,edw>d ,lask]1 copyright #aiah1 pr9t$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,?is e-text conta9s ! #aah *ess & *eck]s bo>d game diagrams appe>+ 9 ! orig9al book1 plus an extra *ess diagram t appe>s on ! front cov] ( ! book1 all 9 ! =m ( ,,ascii l9e draw+s4 ,! foll[+ is a key to ! diagrams3 ,= *ess pieces1 ,r ,rook ,kt ,knight ,b ,bi%op ,q ,que5 ,k ,k+ ,p ,pawn ,black pieces h a symbol to ! left ( !m1 :ile :ite pieces h a symbol to ! left ( !m4 ,= example1 ,b is ! ,black bi%op1 :ile ,b is ! :ite bi%op4 ,kt is ! black knight1 :ile ,kt is ! :ite knight4 ,?is w let ! read] in/antly tell by sight :i* pieces 9 ! ,,ascii *ess diagrams are black & :i* are :ite4 ,= ,*eck]s pieces1 99 black s+le piece o :ite s+le piece 9999 black k+ oo :ite k+ ,^? :o f9d ^! diagrams h>d to read %\ld feel free to set up !m up on a game bo>d us+ ! actual pieces4 ,,preface ,! pres5t _w w> has giv5 great impetus to ! game ( ,*ess4 ,9 ! prison camps1 9 ! field hospitals1 9 ! tra9+ camps & ev5 9 ! tr5*es ,*ess has become a favorite occupation 9 h\rs ( leisure1 n only because x (f]s a mo/ fasc9at+ pa/ime1 b ma9ly because x s]ves beyond any d\bt to develop :at is n[ ! mo/ int]e/+ /udy = e soldi]--! grasp ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ milit>y /rategy & ! ability to conceive & to c>ry out milit>y op]ations on a l>ge scale4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,napoleon & ,moltke1 ! great sci5ti/s ( w>1 _h a decid$ lik+ = ! game ( ,*ess & ow$ to x _m an inspiration :i* help$ !m 9 lay+ out _! milit>y plans4 ,inde$1 no o!r game exi/s :i* (f]s su* complete analogies to w>4 ,two armies oppose ea* o!r on ! ,*ess bo>d1 compos$ ( diff]5t units :i* may well be comp>$ ) infantry1 cavalry & artill]y4 ,! success ( ! op]ations on ! bo>d1 :i* repres5ts ! battlefield1 does n dep5d ^u any elem5t ( *ance1 b solely ^u ! +5uity & ! skill ( ! play]s :o are ! comm&]s-9-*ief ( ! =ces4 ,al?\gh a ,*ess game diff]s f a battle 9 t ! mat]ial /r5g? ( ! oppon5ts is equal1 ! ord] ( ev5ts is ! same 9 ,*ess z 9 w>4 ,! troops are fir/ mobiliz$ & made ready = action ) utmo/ spe$1 !n important positions are occupi$ :i* give ! troops fre$om ( action & insure safe l9es ( retreat &1 f9ally1 :5 ! =mation ( ! enemy is kn[n1 ! /rategic plan is made :i* ! g5]als try to c>ry out by means ( diff]5t tactical maneuv]s4 ,consid]+ ?is simil>ity ( ,*ess & w> x is n surpris+ t ,*ess has ga9$ greatly 9 popul>ity among all ^? ^: "w or ?\ght is m ?an sup]ficially influ5c$ by ! pres5t w>4 ,no special inducem5t1 h[ev]1 w\ld be necess>y to le>n ! game1 7 x m g5]ally kn[n t great advantage is to be d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ,*ess1 q ap>t f ! cultivation ( /rategic ability4 ,! faculty :i* is develop$ by play+ ,*ess is useful :]ev] logical ?9k+ & conc5tration are ne$$1 & x _c be d5i$ t ^! qualities are mo/ desirable 9 ! e day /ruggle 9 :i* m5tal "w has s l>gely sup]s$$ manual labor4 ,! ?\ghtful play+ ( ! game n only cultivates ! logical quality & imag9ative p[] ( ! m9d b also t5ds to develop /r5g? ( "*4 ,x tea*es u n to be ha/y 9 our decisions1 b to ex]cise =esight at all times z we mu/ abide by all consequ5ces ( our actions4 ,moreov]1 we le>n f x circumspection :i* causes u to survey ! :ole sc5e ( action & does n all[ u to lose ourselves 9 detail2 we also le>n n to be disc\rag$ by rev]ses 9 our affairs b to hold out & always se>* = fre% res\rces4 ,?us1 ,*ess s]ves a good purpose = "y & old4 ,! boy w f9d x a fasc9at+ pa/ime &1 unconsci\sly %>p5+ 8 wits 9 play+ ! game1 w acquire a f9e prep>ation = 8 call+ 9 life1 no matt] :at x may be4 ,= ! man1 & ! woman too1 ,*ess is well wor? le>n+1 z x w prove ! be/ companion 9 h\rs ( leisure4 ,! reason :y _m p hesitate to le>n ! game & to tea* x to _! *ildr5 is t ,*ess has be5 misrepres5t$ z a game :i* is v difficult to ma/]4 ,?is false impression has be5 creat$ ma9ly by ! wrong me?ods ( tea*+ usually employ$4 ,! majority ( writ]s on ,*ess deal ) a maze ( v>iations & !y expect ! read] to memorize ! moves ) :i* to p>ry ! maneuv]s ( ! oppon5t1 in/ead ( simply develop+ a few common s5se pr9ciples :i* are easy to grasp & p]fectly suffici5t to make a good play] ( any "o4 ,?is is really ! great advantage ( ! game ( ,*ess ov] any o!r bo>d game1 t x l5ds itself to ! application ( g5]al pr9ciples1 s t any "o c grasp & enjoy x )\t memoriz+ m ?an ! rules accord+ to :i* ! m5 move4 ,i h tri$ to develop ^! pr9ciples 9 a simple way s t !y are sure to be easily und]/ood1 & ,i h be5 greatly aid$ 9 my task by ,miss ,hel5 ,dvorak & ,mr4 ,eug5e ,full]1 :o1 )\t any previ\s k ( ! game1 h le>n$ x 9 read+ ?r\gh ! manuscript ( ?is book4 ,!y h giv5 me _m valuable h9ts 9 po9t+ out all t did n seem readily intelligible to ! m9d ( ! beg9n]4 ,9 expla9+ ! game ( ,*eck]s1 to :i* ! second "p ( ! book is devot$1 ,i h also tri$ to develop g5]al pr9ciples ( /rategy1 r ?an to (f] a m]e classification ( analyz$ l9es ( play1 :i* ! read] w\ld h to memorize 9 ord] to be able to compete ) exp]ts4 ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to secure ! collaboration ( ! ,*eck] ,*ampion1 ,alfr$ ,jordan1 :o en?usia/ically adopt$ ! new idea ( tea*+ & furni%$ mo/ ( ! mat]ial :i* ,i h us$ 9 illu/rat+ ! vital po9ts ( ! game4 ,,edw>d ,,lask]4 ,,introduction ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*ess ,! game ( ,*ess 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is play$ to-day is usually assum$ to be ( a mu* old] date ?an c be prov$ ) c]ta9ty by docum5ts 9 our possession4 ,! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ! game is conta9$ 9 a ,p]sian romance writt5 ab\t #fjj ,a4,d41 :i* ascribes ! orig9 ( ,*ess to ,india4 ,_m ( ! ,european ,*ess t]ms us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages :i* c be trac$ back to ! ,indian language also t5d to prove t ,india is ! "m c\ntry ( ! game4 ,we are1 !re=e1 fairly safe 9 assum+ t ,*ess is ab\t #acjj ye>s old4 ,( c\rse we c\ld g f>!r1 consid]+ t ! ,indian ,*ess mu/ h be5 gradually develop$ f simpl] bo>d games4 ,inde$ we "k f a discov]y 9 an ,egyptian tomb built ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 t bo>d games h be5 play$ z e>ly z #fjjj ye>s ago2 b we h no way ( f9d+ out _! rules4 ,! game ( ,*ess spread f ,india to ,p]sia1 ,arabia & ! o!r ,moslem c\ntries1 & x 0 br\ght to ,europe at ! "t ( ! ,moori% invasion ( ,spa94 ,x also rea*$ ! f> ,ea/1 & games simil> to ,*ess /ill exi/ 9 ,japan1 ,*9a1 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,asia1 ! names & rules ( :i* prove t !y desc5d$ f ! old ,indian ,*ess4 ,9 ,europe ,*ess spread f ,spa9 nor?w>d to ,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,sc&9avia & ,icel&4 ,x became kn[n ) extraord9>y rapidity1 al?\gh at fir/ x 0 conf9$ to ! upp] classes1 ! c\rts ( ! ,k+s & ! nobility4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! dom9ance ( ! nobility decl9$ & ! inhabitants ( ! cities assum$ ! lead+ role 9 ! life ( p1 ! game ( ,*ess spread to all classes ( society & soon rea*$ a popul>ity :i* no o!r game has ev] equal$4 ,:ile 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages ! game 0 play$ 9 ,europe ) ! same rules z 9 ! ,ori5t1 "s innovations 7 introduc$ by ! ,european play]s 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages :i* prov$ to be s great an improvem5t t )9 a hundr$ ye>s !y 7 g5]ally adopt$ 9 all c\ntries includ+ ! ,ori5t4 ,! reason = ! *anges 0 t 9 ! old =m ( ! game x took too long to get ?r\gh ! op5+ p]iod4 ,! new =m1 :i* dates f ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 & ! *>act]i/ic feature ( :i* is ! enl>g$ p[] ( ,que5 & ,bi%op1 is our mod]n ,*ess1 ! rules ( :i* are uni=m ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,*ess fl\ri%$ mo/ly 9 ,italy1 :i* consequ5tly produc$ ! /ronge/ play]s4 ,"s ( !m travel$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 *all5g+ ! be/ play]s ( ! o!r c\ntries & = ! mo/ "p em]g+ victori\s4 ,at t "t ,*ess 0 9 high e/eem1 especially at ! c\rts ( ! k+s :o foll[$ ! example ( ,philip ! ,second ( ,spa9 9 honor+ ! travel+ ma/]s & rew>d+ !m lib]ally = _! exhibition mat*es4 ,t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury ! game rea*$ a high /age ( developm5t 9 ,france1 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,! mo/ fam\s ma/] ( ! "t 0 ! ,fr5*man1 ,&re ,philidor1 :o = m ?an =ty ye>s easily ma9ta9$ 8 supremacy ov] all play]s ) :om he came 9 contact1 & ^: fame has s9ce be5 equal$ only by ! ,am]ican ,*ampion1 ,paul ,morphy1 & by ! ,g]man1 ,emanuel ,lask]4 ,dur+ ! ,eighte5? & ,n9ete5? ,c5turies ! numb] ( play]s :o obta9$ int]national fame increas$ rapidly1 & 9 #ahea1 due to ! ef=ts ( ! ,engli% ,*ampion ,/aunton1 an int]national t\rnam5t 0 held 9 ,london to det]m9e ! *ampion%ip ( ,europe4 ,x 0 won by ! ,g]man ma/] ,&]ss51 :o ma9ta9$ 8 lead+ place = ! foll[+ fifte5 ye>s1 until he 0 beat5 by ! y\?ful ,morphy4 ,! latt]1 at tw5ty ye>s ( age1 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican ma/] to visit ,europe & defeat$ 9 brilliant /yle all ,european ma/]s :om he met4 ,morphy )drew f ! game aft] 8 return to ,am]ica & did n try to mat* himself ) ! ,bohemian ,/e9itz1 :o 9 ! meantime _h beat5 ,&]ss51 too1 & :o _h come to ,am]ica4 ,/e9itz assum$ ! title ( ! ,_w's ,*ampion & def5d$ x successfully aga9/ all competitors until #ahid1 :5 he 0 beat5 by ,emanuel ,lask]1 :o is /ill ,_w's ,*ampion1 hav+ nev] lo/ a mat*4 ,! next aspirant = ! ,_w's ,*ampion%ip is ! "y ,cuban1 ,jose ,ra\l ,capablanca1 :o has prov$ to be sup]ior to all ma/]s except ,lask]4 ,he ent]$ ! ar5a ( int]national t\rnam5ts at ! age ( tw5ty-two 9 ,san ,seba/ian1 ,spa91 9 #aiaa1 & won ! fir/ prize 9 spite ( ! competition ( ne>ly all ( ,europe's ma/]s4 ,9 ! la/ int]national t\rnam5t1 :i* 0 held 9 ,petrograd 9 #aiad1 he f9i%$ second1 ,emanuel ,lask] w9n+ fir/ prize4 ,! pres5t rank+ ( ! pr(essional ,*ess ma/]s is ab\t ! foll[+3 #a4 ,emanuel ,lask]1 ,b]l91 ,_w's ,*ampion4 #b4 ,j4 ,r4 ,capablanca1 ,havana1 ,pan-,am]ican ,*ampion4 #c4 ,a4 ,rub9/e91 ,w>saw1 ,russian ,*ampion4 #d4 ,k4 ,s*le*t]1 ,vi5na1 ,au/rian ,*ampion4 #e4 ,frank ,m>%all1 ,new ,york1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,*ampion4 #f4 ,r4 ,tei*mann1 ,b]l94 #g4 ,a4 ,alje*91 ,mosc[4 ,o!r play]s ( int]national fame are ! ,g]mans1 ,t>ras* & ,spielmann1 ! ,au/rians1 ,duras1 ,m>ocy & ,vidm>1 ! ,russians1 ,b]n/e9 & ,niemz[its*1 ! ,fr5*man1 ,jan[ski & ! ,engli%man1 ,burn4 ,up to ! "t ( ! outbreak ( ! w> ! lead+ ,*ess ,clubs ( ! diff]5t c\ntries arrang$1 z an annual feature1 national & int]national t\rnam5ts1 ?us br++ ! ,*ess play]s ( all nationalities into close contact4 ,?is int]nationalism ( ,*ess is ( great advantage to ! ,*ess play] :o happ5s to be travel+ 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,!re are innum]able ,*ess ,clubs spread all ov] ! globe & ! k ( ! game is ! only introduction a man ne$s to be hospitably receiv$ & to =m desirable social & bus9ess connections4 ,x w\ld be go+ beyond ! limit ( ?is summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ess if ,i tri$ to give ev5 an outl9e ( ! extremely int]e/+ "p ,*ess has play$ 9 ,fr5*1 ,engli% & ,g]man lit]ature f ! ,middle ,ages up to ! pres5t "t4 ,suffice x to m5tion t ,*ess lit]ature by f> exce$s t ( all o!r games comb9$4 ,m ?an five ?\s& volumes on ,*ess h be5 writt51 & weekly or mon?ly magaz9es solely devot$ to ,*ess are publi%$ 9 all c\ntries1 s t ,*ess has1 s to speak1 become an int]national1 univ]sal language4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*eck]s ,! lit]ature on ! game ( ,*eck]s 7,engli%3 ,draughts7 is v limit$ & !re are no c]ta9 ref]5ces to prove t ! game 0 kn[n be=e ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,two !ories are curr5t z to its orig92 "o ( !m claim+ x to be a simplifi$ ,*ess1 ! o!r expla9+ x z ! result ( transf]r+ ! ,spani% game ,alqu]que de doze to ! ,*ess bo>d4 ,h4 ,j4 ,r4 ,murray1 ! greate/ au?ority on ! hi/ory ( games1 consid]s x mo/ likely t ! game has be5 evolv$ f bo? ,*ess & ,alqu]que4 ,! me?od ( captur+ m5 & ! rule conc]n+ ! huff+ ( a man unque/ionably po9t to ! ,spani% game1 :ile ! bo>d1 ! diagonal move ( ! m5 & ! idea ( cr[n+ a man are tak5 f ,*ess4 ,9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy & ,spa9 ! "n ( ! game is /ill t ( ! ,que5 ( ,*ess 7,dame1 ,dama7 ^: move 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 id5tical ) ! move ( ! ,*eck]m54 ,*eck]s has nev] be5 able to atta9 m ?an national uni=mity1 & x is play$ ) diff]5t rules 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is m popul> ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry & a numb] ( play]s h obta9$ national fame4 ,! be/ play]s at pres5t are consid]$ to be ,newell ,banks & ,alfr$ ,jordan4 ,,"p ,i3 ,,! ,,game ,,( ,,*ess ,i ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,game ,,bo>d ,,& ,,m5 ,! game ( ,*ess is play$ by two armies :o oppose ea* o!r on a squ>e bo>d or battlefield ( sixty-f\r alt]nate :ite & black squ>es4 ,ea* army has sixte5 m52 "o ,k+1 "o ,que51 two ,rooks 7or ,ca/les71 two ,bi%ops1 two ,knights & eight ,pawns4 ,! ,g5]als ( ! two armies are ! two play]s !mselves4 ,! m5 ( "o side are ( light color & are call$ ,:ite1 ^? ( ! o!r side are ( d>k color & are call$ ,black4 ,! object ( ! game is to capture ! oppos+ ,k+4 ,:5 ?is is done ! battle is end$1 ! side los+ ^: ,k+ is captur$4 ,to und]/& :at is meant by ! capture ( ! ,k+ x is fir/ necess>y to become acqua9t$ ) ! laws accord+ to :i* ! diff]5t m5 move on ! bo>d4 ,to />t )1 ! bo>d mu/ be plac$ s t ! play]s h a :ite squ>e at _! "r4 ,!n ! m5 take ! positions %[n 9 ,diagram #a4 ,! ,rooks occupy ! corn] squ>es2 next to !m /& ! ,knights2 !n ! ,bi%ops & 9 ! c5t] ! ,k+ & ! ,que54 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #a ,! :ite ,que5 mu/ be on ! :ite squ>e & ! black ,que5 on ! black squ>e4 ,^! eight1 m5 are commonly kn[n z pieces 9 di/9ction f ! ,pawns4 ,! latt] occupy ! l9e ( squ>es imm$iately 9 front ( ! ,pieces4 ,! l9es ( squ>es n[ occupi$ by ! m5 & ! o!r f\r vacant horizontal l9es betwe5 !m are call$ ,,ranks4 ,! v]tical l9es ( squ>es runn+ p]p5dicul>ly to ! ranks are call$ ,,files4 ,! oblique l9es ( squ>es1 t is1 l9es :i* connect squ>es ( ! same color1 are call$ ,,diagonals4 ,to describe ! moves ( ! m5 on ! bo>d 9 a simple way x is necess>y to indicate e squ>e & e man by a %ort symbol4 ,= ?is purpose diff]5t sy/ems h be5 sugge/$ at diff]5t times1 b only two ( !m h be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,! old] "o1 call$ ! descriptive notation1 /ill pr$om9ates 9 ! ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,spani% speak+ c\ntries1 b z lead+ ,engli% & ,am]ican writ]s h lately us$ ! new] algebraic notation :i* is mu* m simple1 ! latt] w be employ$ 9 ?is book4 ,lat] ! =m] me?od w be expla9$ = ! sake ( complet5ess4 ,9 ! algebraic notation ! files are lett]$ f a to h1 />t+ f ! file on ,:ite's left4 ,! ranks are numb]$ f #a to #h1 />t+ f ! rank on :i* ,:ite's pieces /& at ! beg9n+ ( ! game4 ,ea* squ>e is n[ easily indicat$ by nam+ ! file & rank at :i* x =ms ! int]section4 ,! ,rook 9 ,diagram #b1 = in/ance1 /&s on e#d1 ! ,bi%op on ,c#d1 ! ,pawns on h#d & g#g1 ! ,knight on f#g1 ! ,que5 on d#f & ! ,k+s on c#a & g#c4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,q --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,r ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #b ,z symbols = ! m5 ! fir/ lett]s ( _! names are us$4 ,?us ,k /&s = ,k+1 ,q = ,que51 ,r = ,rook1 ,b = ,bi%op1 ,kt or ,n = ,knight & ,p = ,pawn4 ,,! ,,moves ,,( ,,! ,,m5 ,ea* ( ! six k9ds ( m5 moves 9 a diff]5t way4 ,to rememb] ! six v>ieties ( moves naturally requires a little m ef=t ?an to rememb] j ! "o way ( mov+ z 9 mo/ o!r bo>d games4 ,b x takes only v little practice to become famili> ) ! v>i\s moves ( ! ,*essm5 & x is soon reveal$ to ! le>n] t ! v>iety ( ! moves enables a surpris+ dep? & weal? ( comb9ations :i* give ke5] & great] pleasure to ?is game ?an to any o!r4 ,! ,rook ,! ,rook may move =w>d1 backw>d or sideways 9 a /raight l9e along a pa? n ob/ruct$ by a man ( ! same color4 ,9 o!r words1 he may move to any squ>e ( ! rank or file on :i* he /&s unless ano!r man ( 8 own color is 9 ! way4 ,if !re is a ho/ile man 9 ! way he may capture him by occupy+ 8 squ>e & remov+ him f ! bo>d4 ,9 ,diagram #b1 = in/ance1 ! ,rook c\ld move to e#e1 e#f1 e#g1 e#h1 e#c1 e#b1 e#a1 f#d1 g#d1 d#d & c#d4 ,9 mak+ ! latt] move he w\ld capture ! black ,bi%op4 ,! ,rook may n g to h#d because a man ( 8 own color /&s !re nor may he g to b#d or e#d because he is n all[$ to jump ov] ! ,bi%op4 ,he c\ld1 ( c\rse1 move to ei!r ( ^! squ>es on 8 next move aft] captur+ ! ,bi%op4 ,! ,bi%op ,! ,bi%op moves along an oblique l9e1 t is1 he may move to any squ>e ( ! diagonals on :i* he /&s unless--z 9 ! case ( ! ,rook--8 way is ob/ruct$ by a man ( 8 own color4 ,if !re is a ho/ile man 9 ! way he may capture him4 ,9 ,diagram #b1 !re=e1 ! ,bi%op may move to a#b1 b#c1 d#e1 e#f or1 by captur+ ! ,knight1 to f#g4 ,he may n move1 h[ev]1 to g#h1 until 8 next move aft] captur+ ! ,knight4 ,9 ! o!r diagonal all squ>es1 t is1 fi1 e#b1 d#c1 b#e & a#f1 are accessible to him4 ,z ! ,bi%op is conf9$ to squ>es ( ! same color z ! "o on :i* he /ood at ! beg9n+ ( ! game he has access only to ?irty-two squ>es ( ! bo>d1 & f ?is x is evid5t t ! ,rook to :om all squ>es ( ! bo>d are accessible is a /rong] man4 ,! ,que5 ,! ,que5 has ! p[] ( bo? ,rook & ,bi%op hav+ ! *oice ( mov+ to any squ>e ( ! rank1 file or diagonal on :i* %e /&s z long z h] pa? is cle>4 ,9 ,diagram #b ! squ>es to :i* ! ,que5 may move are1 !re=e1 e#c1 b#d1 c#e1 e#g1 f#h1 f#a1 b#e1 ,c#g1 b#h1 d#a1 d#b1 d#c1 d#d1 ds1 d#g1 d#h1 a#f1 b#f1 c#f1 e#f1 f#f1 g#f & h#f4 ,l ! ,rook & ,bi%op %e has ! p[] ( captur+ a ho/ile man by occupy+ 8 squ>e4 ,! ,que5 is by f> ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! pieces4 ,lat] x w be se5 t ord9>ily h] /r5g? is ab\t equal to ! /r5g? ( two ,rooks4 ,! ,k+ ,! ,k+1 l ! ,que51 moves & captures 9 any direction1 b he is mu* less p[]ful because he may move only "o squ>e at a "t4 ,nev]!less1 he is ! mo/ important man1 =1 z said at ! beg9n+1 ! object ( ea* side is ! capture ( ! oppos+ ,k+4 ,to save ! ,k+ f untimely dea? !re is a rule t ! ,k+ may n move into any squ>e :i* is 9 ! direct range ( any man ( 8 enemy4 ,?us1 9 ,diagram #b ! black ,k+ may move to f#b1 g#b1 h#b1 f#c & h#c1 b he may n move to f#d or g#d nor may he capture ! ,pawn on h#d1 = on any ( ^! squ>es he c\ld be captur$ by ! :ite ,rook4 ,! :ite ,k+ 9 ,diagram #b has only ?ree squ>es to :i* he may g1 namely1 b#a1 b#b & c#b1 z ! squ>es d#a & d#b1 ?\gh be+ 9 8 range1 are comm&$ by ! black ,que54 ,! ,knight ,! ,knight moves nei!r 9 rank nor file nor diagonal &1 !re=e1 usually (f]s a little m difficulty to ! beg9n] ?an ! o!r pieces4 ,! ,knight's move is p]haps be/ describ$ z a leap to ! next b "o squ>e ( diff]5t color4,footnote3 ,x may be helpful to consid] ! ,knight's move :5 complet$ z hav+ describ$ a lett] ,l compos$ ( f\r squ>es1 ?ree 9 "o direction & "o at "r angles to !m4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,diagram #b ! ,knight may move to d#h1 d#f1 e#e1 g#e1 h#f & h#h4 ,9 mov+ to d#f he w\ld capture ! ,que54 ,8 move w\ld be 9 no way ob/ruct$ if "s ( 8 own or 8 adv]s>y's m5 7 occupy+ ! squ>es next to ! "o on :i* he /&s4 ,?is enables ! ,knight z ! only "o ( ! pieces to move at ! beg9n+ ( ! game be=e any ,pawn move has be5 made4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,knight is ord9>ily reg>d$ z ab\t equal to t ( ! ,bi%op4 ,! latt]'s range is l>g] b ! ,knight has ! advantage ( be+ able to rea* any squ>e ( ! bo>d reg>dless ( color4 ,! ,pawn ,x rema9s to describe ! move ( ! ,pawn1 ! only man :o captures 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* he moves4 ,! ,pawn moves ,,=w>d ,,only 9 ! file 9 :i* he /&s1 & only "o squ>e at a "t ) ! exception ( 8 fir/ move on :i* he may advance two squ>es4 ,?us1 9 ,diagram #b1 ! :ite ,pawn may move only to h#e :ile ! black ,pawn may move to ei!r g#f or g#e4 ,! ,pawn may capture only diagonally1 only =w>d & only "o squ>e at a "t4 ,! privilege ( tak+ a d\ble /ep on ! fir/ move does n ext5d to ! capture4 ,?us 9 ,diagram #b1 ! :ite ,pawn c\ld capture only a black man on g#e1 ! black ,pawn only a man on ei!r f#f or h#f1 b n on e#e4 ,if a man /ood on h#e1 ! ,pawn h#d w\ld be block$4 ,likewise w\ld ! ,pawn on g#g be block$ by a man on g#f4 ,!re is "o peculi> rule to be rememb]$ 9 connection ) ! move ( ! ,pawn4 ,if a ,pawn uses 8 privilege ( mak+ a d\ble /ep to avoid capture by a ho/ile ,pawn he c be put back "o squ>e & captur$ j ! same4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,diagram #b1 if ! :ite ,pawn /ood on h#e & ,black mov$ 8 ,pawn to g#e1 ,:ite c\ld put ,black's ,pawn back to g#f & capture him ) 8 ,pawn4 ,?is way ( captur+ is call$ tak+ en passant 7,fr5* = 9 pass+7 & c be done only by a ,pawn1 nev] by a piece4 ,la/ly mu/ be m5tion$ ! p[] ( ! ,pawn to become trans=m$ into a piece4 ,?is is done automatically :5ev] a ,pawn rea*es ! extreme opposite side ( ! bo>d4 ,t is1 ! play] mu/ remove ! ,pawn f ! bo>d & put any piece on 8 place except a ,k+4 ,?us x c happ5 t a play] may play ) ?ree or m ,rooks1 ,bi%ops1 ,knights or ,que5s4 ,z ! ,que5 is ! /ronge/ ,piece ! ,pawns are practically always ex*ang$ = ,que5s & = ?is reason ! process ( ! ex*ange is call$ que5+4 ,al?\gh a ,pawn has comp>atively little value z measur$ by 8 mobility--8 range ( movem5t--he is really a v valuable man because ( ! possibility ( 8 ev5tually que5+4 ,ca/l+ ,only once 9 a game is a play] all[$ to move m ?an "o piece at a "t4 ,?is "o move is call$ ca/l+ & is made by ! ,k+ toge!r ) "o ( ! ,rooks4 ,9 ca/l+ ! ,k+ moves two squ>es t[>d ! ,rook & ! ,rook is plac$ on ! squ>e ov] :i* ! ,k+ has pass$4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #c bo? play]s may ca/le ei!r side4 ,:ite1 9 ca/l+ ,k+'s side w\ld place 8 ,k+ on g#a & ! ,k+'s ,rook on f#a2 9 ca/l+ ,que5's side ! ,k+ w\ld leap to c#a :ile ! ,que5's ,rook w\ld take 8 /& on d#a4 ,likewise ,black w\ld ca/le by ei!r play+ ! ,k+ to g#h & ! ,rook f h#h to f#h1 or ! ,k+ to c#h & ! ,rook to a#h to d#h4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #c4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #d4 ,ca/l+ is p]mitt$ only :5 nei!r ,k+ nor ,rook conc]n$ has previ\sly mov$1 :5 none ( ! squ>es betwe5 ! ,k+ & ! ,rook are ob/ruct$ & :5 none ( ! ?ree squ>es involv$ 9 ! ,k+'s move are controll$ by an adv]se man4 ,?us if 9 *eck 7see page #ag7 ! play] may n ca/le4 ,9 ,diagram #d1 nei!r ,:ite nor ,black may ca/le4 ,,special ,,t]ms ,attack & ,def5se ,a man is said to ,,attack ano!r man if he moves s t on 8 next move he c\ld capture ! o!r man4 ,?us1 9 ,diagram #e1 ,:ite c\ld attack ,black's ,bi%op by mov+ 8 ,rook to d#a or to e#f4 ,a man is said to ,,def5d or to ,,protect ano!r man if he moves s t 9 case ! o!r man is captur$ by a ho/ile man he c\ld recapture ! latt]4 ,?us1 9 ,diagram #e1 ,black c\ld def5d 8 ,bi%op by mov+ 8 ,knight to ei!r e#d or e#h 9 case ,:ite attacks ) ! ,rook f d#a4 ,%\ld ,:ite attack f e#f1 !n ,black w\ld n def5d ! ,bi%op ) ! ,knight1 = on e#d z well z on e#h ! ,knight is unprotect$ & c\ld be captur$ by ! ,rook )\t ,:ite los+ any?+ 9 ex*ange4 ,black has a mu* m simple way to def5d ! attack ( ! ,rook f e#f1 t is1 by captur+ ! ,rook ) ! ,pawn f#g4 ,= ?is reason ,:ite w\ld n h mov$ ! ,rook to e#f4 ,*eck & ,*eckmate ,if a man makes a move :i* attacks ! oppos+ ,k+ ! ,k+ is said to be 9 *eck4 ,! play] ^: ,k+ is *eck$ !n has to make a move :i* gets ! ,k+ out ( *eck --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #e4 or he =feits ! game4 ,?is is ! only case 9 :i* a play] is n at lib]ty to make any move he likes4 ,unless ! attack+ man c be captur$ !re are only two ways ( gett+ out ( *eck4 ,"o ( ^! is to int]pose a man betwe5 ! ,k+ & ! attack+ piece1 & ! o!r to move ! ,k+ out ( ! l9e ( attack4 ,9 ,diagram #e ,black c\ld give *eck by mov+ ! ,bi%op to c#e4 ,9 answ] to ?is ,:ite has f\r moves at 8 disposal4 ,he may ei!r move ! ,k+ to f#a or h#a or h#b1 or he may int]pose 8 ,rook on e#c4 ,! latt] w\ld be v unwise z ,black w\ld simply take ! ,rook ) 8 ,bi%op1 aga9 *eck+ ,:ite's ,k+4 ,! situation w\ld !n n h *ang$ at all except t ,:ite w\ld h lo/ 8 ,rook4 ,:ite's ,k+ c\ld n move to f#b1 = ?is w\ld leave him /ill attack$ by ! ,bi%op4 ,in/ead ( *eck+ on c#e ,black c\ld h attack$ ,:ite's ,k+ on h#b4 ,b 9 ?is case ! ,k+ w\ld h simply captur$ ! ,bi%op4 ,if x 7 ,:ite's move he c\ld give *eck ) ! ,rook on e#h4 ,b ,black c\ld take ! ,rook ) ! ,knight4 ,he w\ld naturally d ?is in/ead ( ei!r mov+ out ) ! ,k+ to h#g or int]pos+ ! ,bi%op on f#h4 ,if a ,k+ is 9 ,*eck & !re is no move ) :i* to get him out ( x he is said to be *eckmate & ! game is end$4 ,diagram #f %[s an example 9 :i* ei!r play] c give *eckmate on ! move4 ,if x 7 ,:ite's move he w\ld take ! ,pawn on g#f ) 8 ,que54 ,n[ ,black's ,k+ is 9 *eck z ,:ite's ,que5 ?reat5s to take him on ! next move4 ,! ,k+ _c move to ei!r g#g or h#g1 = ^! two squ>es are also comm&$ by ,:ite's ,que54 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,q ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #f4 ,moreov]1 ! latt] _c be tak5 by ! ,pawn on f#g z ! black ,k+ w\ld be 9 *eck by ! ,bi%op on b#c4 ,! ,pawn is p9n$ by ! ,bi%op4 ,black's ,knight _c take ,:ite's ,que5 ei!r z he is p9n$ by ,:ite's ,rook4 ,f9ally1 !re is no piece available :i* may be int]pos$ betwe5 ,:ite's ,que5 & ,black's ,k+2 9 o!r words3 ,black is *eckmate1 8 game is lo/4 ,if x 7 ,black's move he w\ld take ! ,pawn g#b ) ! ,que54 ,n[ ,:ite's ,k+ is 9 *eck z ,black's ,que5 ?reat5s to take him on ! next move4 ,he may n take ! ,que5 z he w\ld !n be captur$ by ! ,bi%op b#g4 ,nei!r may ! ,knight f#d take ! ,que5 z he is p9n$ by ! ,bi%op d#f4 ,moreov]1 ! ,k+ may n escape to g#a1 h#a or g#c1 ^! ?ree squ>es ly+ 9 ! range( ,black's ,que52 & s !re is no move on ! bo>d ) :i* to get ,:ite's ,k+ out ( *eck3 ,he is *eckmate1 ,:ite loses ! game4 ,/alemate ,if a play]1 )\t be+ 9 *eck1 _c make any move :i* w\ld n get 8 ,k+ into *eck1 he is said to be ,,/alemate4 ,9 ?is case ! game is consid]$ a draw4 ,diagram #g %[s an example4 ,:ite on ! move1 al?\gh 8 =ces are mu* inf]ior1 c draw ! game by *eck+ ) ! ,rook on f#c4 ,black _c v well make a move ) 8 ,k+ 9 reply1 z !n ,:ite's ,rook w\ld take ! ,que54 ,black1 !re=e1 mu/ capture ! ,rook ) ! ,que5 & ) ?is move he /alemates ,:ite1 z ! latt] has no move left :i* w\ld n br+ 8 ,k+ into *eck4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,q ,k --------------------------------------- #b ,r --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #g4 ,if x 7 ,black's move he w\ld easily w94 ,9 fact he has two diff]5t ways ( *eckmat+ ,:ite 9 ?ree moves4 ,"o ( !m w\ld be to take ! ,knight ) ! ,rook1 attack+ ! ,k+ & =c+ ,:ite's ,rook to recapture z ! ,k+ has no squ>e to g to2 !n to give *eck ) ! ,que5 on g#c =c+ ,:ite's ,k+ to h#a & enabl+ ! mate ) ! ,que5 on g#b or h#b4 ,! o!r way w\ld be to />t ) ! *eck on g#c4 ,z ,:ite's ,knight is p9n$ he _c capture ! ,que54 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,q --------------------------------------- #c ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #h ,int]pos+ ! ,rook on g#b w\ld n help ei!r z ! ,que5 w\ld simply take him at ! same "t *eckmat+ ! ,k+4 ,:ite's only move is1 !re=e1 to play ! ,k+ into ! corn]1 & ,black !n mates by fir/ tak+ ! ,knight & !n mov+ ! ,que5 to g#b or h#b4 ,p]petual ,*eck ,if a play] is able to *eck ! oppos+ ,k+ cont9ually & he indicates 8 int5tion to d s ! game is consid]$ a draw4 ,9 ! foll[+ position1 = in/ance1 ,:ite on ! move c draw ! game by giv+ a p]petual *eck on e#h & h#e4 ,black _c help himself z he has to g back & =? ) ! ,k+ on h#g & g#h4 ,)\t ! possibility ( ?is p]petual *eck ,:ite w\ld be lo/1 = he _c prev5t ! ,pawn a#b f que5+ & ) two ,que5s aga9/ "o ,black w\ld easily w9 z w be se5 lat] f ! discussion ( elem5t>y end+s4 ,ex*ange ,to ex*ange means to capture a ho/ile man :5 x all[s a man ( ! same value to be captur$ by ! oppon5t4 ,x is r confus+ t ! t]m ex*ange is also us$ = ! diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 a ,rook & a ,bi%op or a ,knight4 ,to w9 ! ex*ange1 9 ?is s5se1 means to capture a ,rook & to lose = x only a ,bi%op or a ,knight4 ,d\ble ,pawn ,two ,pawns ( ! same play] /&+ 9 "o file are call$ a d\ble ,pawn4 ,?ree ,pawns 9 "o file are call$ a triple ,pawn4 ,pass$ ,pawn ,a ,pawn ^: advance to ! eigh? rank is n block$ by an oppos+ ,pawn 9 ! same file & :o does n h to pass "o on an adjo9+ file is call$ a pass$ ,pawn4 ,isolat$ ,pawn ,a ,pawn is call$ isolat$ if !re are no ,pawns ( ! same play] on ! adjo9+ files4 ,backw>d ,pawn ,a ,pawn is call$ backw>d if he _c advance f> en\gh to be protect$ by fell[ ,pawns 9 an adjo9+ file4 ,=k ,a ,pawn is said to =k two pieces if he attacks !m simultane\sly4 ,m9or ,piece ,! ,bi%ops & ! ,knights are call$ m9or ,pieces z comp>$ ) ! ,rooks & ! ,que54 ,sacrifice ,to sacrifice means to give up a man )\t obta9+ = him a man ( ! oppon5t or to give up a man = "o ( less] value4 ,discov]$ ,*eck & ,d\ble ,*eck ,a discov]$ ,*eck is an attack on ! ,k+ caus$ by a man mov+ out ( ! l9e ( a piece :i* he 0 ob/ruct+4 ,if ! man discov]+ ! ,*eck also attacks ! ,k+ ! ,*eck is call$ a d\ble ,*eck4 ,,symbols ,,= ,,moves ,9 addition to ! symbols us$ = squ>es & m51 z expla9$ on page #e1 ! foll[+ are us$ to indicate ! moves3 -- means moves to ,x means captures o-o means ,ca/les ,k+'s side o-o-o means ,ca/les ,que5's side means *eck _/- means *eckmate ,?us3 ,r-f#e means ! ,rook moves to squ>e f#e4 ,if ei!r ,rook c\ld move to f#e !n ! orig9al squ>e ( ! ,rook to be mov$ mu/ also be %[n4 ,kte#cxd#e means ! ,knight /&+ on e#c captures ! man /&+ on d#e4 o-o-o means ! play] ca/les ,que5's side & 9 s do+ gives *eck4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! descriptive notation allud$ to on page #e e squ>e ( ! bo>d has two diff]5t names1 ea* play] c\nt+ ! ranks f 8 own side4 ,! files are nam$ aft] ! pieces :i* /& on !m at ! beg9n+ ( ! game4 ,?us1 c#d w\ld be ,,qb#d 7,que5's ,bi%op's f\r?7 or ,,qb#e dep5d+ on :e!r a black or a :ite move is describ$4 ,if a squ>e is ref]r$ to )\t relation to a p>ticul> move x is necess>y to add f :i* side ( ! bo>d ! squ>e is c\nt$4 ,x is cu/om>y to say 9 cases ( ?is k9d ,:ite's ,que5's f\r? or ,black's ,que5's f\r?1 etc4 ,in/ead ( nam+ ! squ>e on :i* a capture takes place1 ! man captur$ is nam$1 s t an additional description is necess>y 9 case m ?an "o man ( ! same k9d c be captur$4 ,z a matt] ( comp>ison ! fir/ t5 moves ( a game are describ$ above 9 bo? notations4 6 signifies a good move4 8 signifies a bad move4 7#a7 ,p-d#d ,p-d#e 7#b7 ,p-c#d ,p-e#f 7#c7 ,kt-c#c ,p-c#e 7#d7 ,kt-f#c ,kt-c#f 7#e7 ,pxd#e ,pxd#e 7#f7 ,b-f#d ,kt-f#f 7#g7 ,p-e#c ,b-e#f 7#h7 ,b-d#c ,b-e#g 7#i7 o-o o-o 7#aj7 ,r-c#a ,kt-h#e 7#a7 ,p-,q#d ,p-,q#d 7#b7 ,p-,,qb#d ,p-,k#c 7#c7 ,kt-,,qb#c ,p-,,qb#d 7#d7 ,kt-,b#c ,kt-,,qb#c 7#e7 ,px,q,p ,k,px,p 7#f7 ,b-,,kb#d ,kt-,b#c 7#g7 ,p-,k#c ,b-,k#c 7#h7 ,b-,q#c ,b-,k#g 7#i7 ,ca/les ,ca/les 7#aj7 ,r-,b ,kt-,,kr#d ,,*ess ,,laws ,if a play] hav+ ! move t\*es "o ( 8 m5 he is compell$ to move him2 if he t\*es a ho/ile man he mu/ capture him4 ,?is law is void1 h[ev]1 if ! man s t\*$ _c be legally mov$ or captur$4 ,a man may be mov$ to any squ>e accessible to him z long z ! h& ( ! play] has n left him4 ,if an illegal move has be5 made x mu/ be retract$ & if possible ano!r move mu/ be made ) ! same man4 ,if a play] has ca/l$ illegally1 ,k+ & ,rook mu/ be mov$ back & ! ,k+ mu/ make ano!r move1 if !re is a legal "o4 ,if a play] t\*es a man ) ! sole object ( adju/+ 8 position1 he mu/ indicate 8 int5tion by say+ j'ad\be 7,fr5* =3 ,i adju/7 be=eh&4 ,9 ca/l+1 ! ,k+ mu/ be mov$ fir/ z o!rwise a d\bt might arise :e!r ca/l+ or a ,rook's move only 0 int5d$4 ,a game is void if a mi/ake has be5 made 9 sett+ up bo>d or m5 or if 9 ! c\rse ( ! game ! position or numb] ( m5 h be5 alt]$ 9 a mann] n 9 accordance ) ! rules ( play & ! position _c be recon/ruct$ f ! po9t :]e ! error 0 made4 ,if a play] resigns 8 game be=e he is actually mat$ he ackn[l$ges t 9 ! end mate is unavoidable1 & ! game is c\nt$ z a loss to him4 ,if nei!r play] has suffici5t mat]ial left to en=ce a mate 7comp>e foll[+ *apt]7 ! game is consid]$ a draw4 ,a draw may also be claim$ by ei!r play] if ! moves are repeat$ s t ! same position occurs ?ree times ) ! same play] on ! move1 or if fifty moves h be5 made )\t ! capture ( a man or ! move ( a ,pawn4 ,,ii ,,elem5t>y ,,tactics ,! beg9n] :o ?9ks he ought to be able to play a good game ( ,*ess aft] le>n+ ! moves ( ! m5 is l ! soldi] :o is confid5t t he c\ld lead an army aft] he has le>n$ h[ to m>*4 ,he may h great /rategical gifts b he w n be able to use !m to any advantage unless he is ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! tactical possibilities af=d$ by ! coop]ation ( ! diff]5t units ( :i* 8 army is compos$ & by ! topography ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! battle takes place4 ,! diff]5t conditions ( ! battle gr\nd 9 w> :i* make "s positions m easily accessible to infantry ?an to artill]y & vice v]sa h _! equival5t on ! ,*ess bo>d 9 ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! m5 move & :i* make c]ta9 squ>es accessible to "s ( !m :i* o!rs _c rea*4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !n1 = ! beg9n] to d is to acqua9t himself ?or\ghly ) ! *>act]i/ic features ( ea* man s t he may "k exactly h[ mu* "w to expect f him4 ,! be/ way to accompli% ?is is ! /udy ( ! elem5t>y problems :i* are 9 end games1 t is1 9 positions :]e only a few m5 are left on ea* side4 ,,fundam5tal ,,end+s ,consid]+ t ! object ( ! game is ! capture ( ! oppos+ ,k+1 x seems mo/ important to f9d out :e!r !re are positions 9 :i* ?is capture c be accompli%$ 9 ! face ( ! be/ possible def5se4 ,naturally a play] mu/ h a c]ta9 mat]ial sup]iority to be able to =ce a mate1 & ! fir/ "q :i* (f]s itself is :at ,,m9imum =ce is requir$ to compel ! surr5d] ( a ,k+ ^: m5 h all be5 captur$ dur+ ! game4 ,x is cle> t 9 ord] to *eckmate ! lone ,k+ x is necess>y to attack ! squ>e on :i* he /&s z well z all adjac5t squ>es to :i* he c\ld escape4 ,! mo/ unfavorable position = ! ,k+ is1 ( c\rse1 a corn] ( ! bo>d z !re he has only ?ree squ>es to g to :ile 9 ! middle ( ! bo>d eight squ>es are accessible to him4 ,consequ5tly1 9 an end+ 9 :i* "o play] has only 8 ,k+ left ! o!r play] w try to drive ! ,k+ into a corn] :]e he ne$s control ov] only ?ree additional squ>es4 ,x c easily be se5 t ?is c be done )\t difficulty ) ,k+ & ,que5 or ) ,k+ & ,rook4 ,suppos+1 = in/ance1 ,:ite has 8 ,k+ on c#c & 8 ,que5 on h#c :ile ,black's ,k+ /&s on d#f z %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,k ,q --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #i4 ,h[ w ,:ite proce$ 9 ord] to drive ! ,k+ into a corn] & *eckmate him !re8 ,a direct onslaught ) ! ,que5 on e#f or d#g is cle>ly n advisable z ! ,que5 w\ld n be protect$ on ^! squ>es1 s t ! ,k+ c\ld simply capture h]4 ,a long range attack f h#b1 g#c1 d#c or h#f is n effective ei!r z x w\ld n re/rict ! mobility ( ! ,k+ :o c\ld g to ei!r d#e or e#f or e#e1 t is away f ! corn] to :i* he is to be driv54 ,! correct way ( maneuv]+ = ,:ite w be to conf9e ,black's ,k+ to a small] & small] t]ritory until he f9ally has to back up aga9/ ! side or ! corn] ( ! bo>d4 ,?is consid]ation indicates ! foll[+ l9e ( play3 7#a7,q-f#e1 ,k-c#f2 7#b7,q-e#e1 ,k-d#g2 7#c7 ,k-c#d1 ,k-c#f2 7#d7 ,q-e#g1 ,k-b#f2 7#e7 ,q-d#g1 ,k-a#f4 ,:ite mu/ n[ be v c>eful to avoid a /alemate :i* w\ld result if he depriv$ ! ,k+ ( all mobility )\t attack+ him at ! same "t4 ,?is w\ld be ! case if he n[ mov$ ,q-c#g4 ,= !n ,black c\ld n move ! ,k+ to b#e1 z ?is squ>e is controll$ by ,:ite's ,k+1 & he c\ld n g to any ( ! o!r f\r squ>es 9 8 range on acc\nt ( ,:ite's ,que5 attack+ all ( !m4 ,! correct move is 7#f7 ,k- c#e4 ,?is leaves only ! squ>e a#e = ,black's ,k+1 & ,:ite *eckmates by 7#g7 ,q-a#g or 7#g7 ,q-b#e4 ,if1 9 ,diagram #i1 ,:ite _h a ,rook on h#c in/ead ( ! ,que51 ! mat+ process w\ld take a few m moves1 b !re w\ld be no escape = ,black ei!r4 ,x w aga9 be ,:ite's aim to conf9e ,black's ,k+ to a small] & small] numb] ( squ>es4 ,! be/ way to />t w !re=e be 7#a7 ,r-e#c4 ,no matt] :at ,black replies1 he _c prev5t ,:ite f driv+ him to ! edge ( ! bo>d 9 a simil> way to ! "o %[n 9 ! foll[+ example3 7#a7 4441 ,k-d#e2 7#b7 ,r-e#a4 ,?is is a ,,wait+ ,,move4 ,black mu/ leave d#e1 ?us enabl+ ei!r ,:ite's ,k+ to advance or ! ,rook to occupy e#e4 7#b7 4441 ,k-c#e2 7#c7 ,r-e#e2 ,k-d#f2 7#d7 ,k-d#d1 ,k-c#f2 7#e7 ,r- d#e1 ,k-b#f2 7#f7 ,r-c#e1 ,k-b#g2 7#g7 ,k-d#e1 ,k-b#f2 7#h7 ,k-d#f1 ,k-b#g2 7#i7 ,r- b#e1 ,k-a#f2 7#aj7 ,k-c#f1 ,k-a#g2 7#aa7 ,k-c#g1 ,k-a#f2 7#ab7 ,r-h#e1 ,k-a#g2 7#ac7 ,r-a#e mate4 ,! two examples discuss$ %[ t x is n necess>y to drive ! ,k+ into ! corn] b t he c be mat$ on any squ>e ( ! edge by ,que5 or ,rook4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! mat+ position ?ree ( ! six squ>es at ,black's disposal are controll$ by ,:ite's ,k+ & ! o!r ?ree by ! ,rook 7or ! ,que574 ,if ,:ite _h only a ,bi%op or a ,knight 9 addition to ! ,k+ he c\ld nev] mate ,black1 = nei!r ,bi%op nor ,knight c attack ! ,k+ & at ! same "t control a squ>e adjac5t to ! ,k+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is at lea/ necess>y to =ce ! mate1 ev5 9 ! mo/ unfavorable position ( ! ,k+1 t is1 9 ! corn]4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,k ,k --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #aj4 ,!re are possibilities ( a play] mat+ 8 oppon5t ) only ,k+ & ,knight or ,k+ & ,bi%op1 b !n !re mu/ be a man ( ! oppon5t block+ ! escape ( ! ,k+4 ,diagram #aj is an example ( su* a case4 ,:ite plays 7#a7 ,kt-c#e1 ,k-h#a2 7#b7 ,kt-e#d4 ,n[ ,black _c cont9ue ) ,p-h#b1 z ,:ite w\ld *eckmate ) ,kt-g#c4 ,!re=e1 he mu/ play 7#b7 4441 ,k-h#b4 ,:ite !n gets ! ,knight 9 su* a position z to deprive ,black's ,k+ ( ! escape to h#b & to keep ! squ>e g#c accessible to ! ,knight3 7#c7 ,kt-d#b 7n ,kt-g#c1 :i* w\ld /alemate ,black's ,k+71 ,k-h#a2 7#d7 ,kt-f#a4 ,! only move left to ,black is n[ ,p-h#b1 & ,:ite mates by 7#e7 ,kt-g#c4 ,if x 7 ,black's move 9 ! position ( ! ,diagram ! game w\ld be a draw1 = aft] 7#a7 4441 ,k-h#a2 7#b7 ,kt-c#e1 ,p-h#b ,black is /alemate unless ,:ite moves 8 ,k+ s z to make ! squ>e g#a accessible to ,black4 ,h[ev]1 he w n d t z x w\ld enable ,black to que5 ! ,pawn & to w9 ! game4 ,9 ! case ( ,k+ & ,bi%op aga9/ ,k+ & ano!r man a mate c only occur ?r\gh a blund]4 ,suppos+ = in/ance ,:ite has ! ,k+ on f#c & a ,bi%op on d#e & ,black has ! ,k+ on h#a & a ,bi%op or a ,pawn on h#b1 !n ,:ite on ! move w\ld mate by ,k-f#b4 ,b x is evid5t t ,black mu/ h made a blund]1 = on ! move prec$+ ! position ( ! ,diagram he mu/ h ei!r play$ 8 ,k+ into ! corn] or mov$ ! ,bi%op or ,pawn to h#b1 bo? moves :i* 7 9 no way =c$4 ,to *eckmate ) ,k+ & two ,bi%ops aga9/ ,k+ or ) ,bi%op & ,knight aga9/ ,k+ (f]s no difficulty4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,b ,b --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #aa4 ,! only ?+ ! play] mu/ keep 9 m9d is t he ne$s 8 ,k+ = ! drive4 ,! two pieces are n suffici5t to conf9e ! oppos+ ,k+ to ! corn]4 ,9 ,diagram #aa = in/ance1 x w be ! be/ policy = ,:ite to advance "r away ) 8 ,k+ 9 ord] to prev5t ,black's ,k+ f escap+ into ! middle ( ! bo>d4 ,! foll[+ play might !n ensue3 7#a7 ,k-b#b1 ,k-b#g2 7#b7 ,k-c#c1 ,k-c#f2 7#c7 ,k-d#d1 ,k-d#f2 7#d7 ,b-f#e1 ,k-c#f2 7#e7 ,b-f#d1 ,k-b#e2 7#f7 ,b-e#d1 ,k-b#d2 7#g7 ,b-d#c1 ,k-b#c2 7#h7 ,b-d#b1 ,k-b#b2 7#i7 ,k-c#d1 ,k-a#c2 7#aj7 ,k-c#c1 ,k-a#d2 #aa7 ,k-c#b 7n ,k-b#b :i* w\ld /alemate ,black's ,k+71 ,k-a#c2 7#ab7 ,b-b#e1 ,k-a#b2 7#ac7 ,b-c#a1 ,k-a#a2 7#ad7 ,b-b#b1 ,k-a#b2 7#ae7 ,b-c#d mate4 ,9 ! fight ( ,k+1 ,bi%op & ,knight aga9/ ! ,k+ ! mate c be en=c$ only 9 a corn] controll$ by ! ,bi%op1 if ! lone ,k+ always makes ! be/ move4 ,diagram #ab may s]ve z an example ( ?is end+4 ,:ite has a black ,bi%op & s he w h to drive ,black's ,k+ to ei!r h#h or a#a z x is n possible to mate him 9 ! :ite corn] a#h1 unless he makes a blund]4 ,aft] 7#a7 ,b-e#e = in/ance1 ,black mu/ ( c\rse n g into ! corn] z ,kt-b#f w\ld mate him4 ,he w play ,k-c#h & ,:ite w h to prev5t ! flight ( ! black ,k+ into ! middle ( ! bo>d4 ,x is easy to see1 by ! way1 t ! ,kt _c be plac$ s z to control ! squ>e c#h1 !reby =c+ ! ,k+ into ! corn]1 & to ?reat5 ! mate on b#f at ! same "t4 ,= he c control c#h only f a black squ>e :ile he w\ld h to /& on a :ite squ>e to be able to rea* b#f 9 "o move4 ,aft] 7#a7 ,b-e#e1 ,k-c#h2 7#b7 ,k-b#f1 ,k-d#g2 7#c7 ,kt-f#d ,black's ,k+ is conf9$ to ! sev5? & eigh? ranks & x is only a "q ( "t :5 he w be =c$ to h#h4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,kt --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ab4 ,:ite's ,bi%op be+ only capable ( comm&+ black squ>es ! ,knight w h to be us$ to drive ! ,k+ f :ite squ>es4 ,= in/ance3 ,k-c#h2 7#d7 ,k-c#f1 ,k-d#h2 7#e7 ,kt-g#f1 ,k-c#h2 7#f7 ,kt-e#g1 ,k-d#h2 7#g7 ,k-d#f1 ,k-e#h2 7#h7 ,k-e#f1 ,k-d#h2 7#i7 ,b-h#b4 ,a wait+ move4 ,:ite wants to place ! ,bi%op on c#g s z to make d#h inaccessible to ,black4 7#i7 ,k-e#h2 7#aj7 ,b-c#g1 ,k-f#h2 7#aa7 ,kt-f#e1 ,k- e#h2 7#ab7 ,kt-g#g1 ,k-f#h2 7#ac7 ,k-f#f1 ,k-g#h2 7#ad7 ,k-g#f1 ,k-f#h2 7#ae7 ,b- d#f1 ,k-g#h2 7#af7 ,kt-f#e1 ,k-h#h2 7#ag7 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,kt --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ac4 ,b-a#c4 ,aga9 a wait+ move4 ,:ite _c play ,kt-h#f "r away z ,black w\ld be /alemate4 7#ag7 4441 ,k-g#h2 7#ah7 ,kt-h#f1 ,k-h#h2 7#ai7 ,b-b#b mate4 ,x is n possible to =ce a mate ) ,k+ & two ,knights1 = ev5 if a position simil> to ,diagram #ac is arriv$ at1 9 :i* ! ,k+ c be driv5 into ! corn]1 ! ,knight :o prev5ts ! ,k+ f escap+ is nev] ready to give ! *eckmate1 & 9 ord] to prev5t a /alemate ! o!r ,knight w\ld h to let ! ,k+ out ( ! corn] aga94 ,if ,black _h a sp>e move1 = in/ance if he _h a ,pawn left1 !n ,:ite w\ld w94 7#a7 ,kt- a#f1 ,k-a#h2 7#b7 ,kt-e#h1 ,pawn moves2 7#c7 ,kt-c#g mate4 ,,relative ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,m5 ,f ! =ego+ examples x is possible to =m a vague idea ( ! /r5g? ( ! diff]5t pieces4 ,! ,que5 is app>5tly ! /ronge/ piece4 ,on acc\nt ( h] sup]ior mobility %e c conf9e ! ho/ile ,k+ ) a few moves & =ce him into a mat+ net4 ,( ! o!r pieces ! ,rook is no d\bt ! /ronge/ = he is suffici5t to =ce a mate 9 conjunction ) 8 own ,k+1 :ile ,bi%op or ,knight _c d s4 ,two ,bi%ops app>5tly are /rong] ?an two ,knights1 :ile x is n possible yet to say any?+ ab\t ! relative value ( "o ,bi%op & "o ,knight4 ,! above valuation1 h[ev]1 holds good only on ! comp>atively vacant bo>d1 :]e ! pieces c make full use ( _! mobility4 ,x is ! mobility alone :i* decides ! value ( a man1 & positions (t5 occur 9 :i* a ,knight is m valuable ?an a ,rook or 9 :i* a ,pawn might be pref]able to a ,bi%op & s on4 ,! reason is t sometimes ! weak] man occupies a comm&+ squ>e :ile ! /rong] man is ob/ruct$ someh[ or o!r s t he _c be made to "w4 ,examples = positions ( ?is k9d w be discuss$ 9 ! ,*apt] on comb9ation4 ,al?\gh x is impossible to indicate exactly ! relative value ( ! m5 9 ea* position1 exp]i5ce enables a fair e/imation ( _! av]age /r5g?4 ,! ,que5 is ab\t z /rong z two ,rooks or z ?ree m9or pieces 7,bi%ops or ,knights74 ,a m9or piece is ab\t equival5t to ?ree ,pawns1 & a ,rook is consequ5tly equal to a m9or piece & "o to two ,pawns4 ,! value ( a ,pawn is ! h>de/ ?+ to grasp = ! beg9n]4 ,a ,pawn appe>s to be ( s little use on acc\nt ( 8 limit$ mobility1 t x seems h>dly wor? :ile to wa/e "t on sav+ a ,pawn t is attack$1 z s mu* great] ?+s are app>5tly at issue4 ,:at he ov]looks is ! lat5t value ( ! ,pawn :i* lies 9 ! possibility ( que5+ him lat] 9 ! game4 ,to realize ! importance ( ! ,pawn x is necess>y to "k exactly "u :at conditions he ,,c be que5$4 ,?is k is all ! m indisp5sable to ! ,*ess play] z ! va/ majority ( all games f9ally resolve !mselves into ,pawn end+s 9 :i* ! advantage ( "o or m ,pawns decides ! issue4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! cases "s pieces are on ! bo>d 9 addition to ! ,pawns & sometimes x is only by _! ex*ange t ! game c be won4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y example is t %[n 9 ! foll[+ ,diagram4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a ,q ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ad4 ,:ite is a ,pawn ahead & x w be 8 object to ,que5 x4 ,! beg9n]1 9 8 ha/e to advance ! ,pawn1 w probably play ,p- e#e at once & lose ! ,pawn1 z ,black c answ] ,q-d#d *eck ) simultane\s attack on ! ,pawn4 ,! correct way to play = ,:ite is 7#a7 ,q-d#a1 ,k-a#c or b#d2 7#b7 ,qxa#d1 ,kxa#d4 ,n[ t ! ,que5s are ex*ang$ ,:ite ne$ n any long] worry ab\t any int]f]5ce ) 8 plans to que5 ! ,pawn except maneuv]s ( ! black ,k+1 :i* might /ill lead to ! capture or ! blockade ( ! ,pawn4 ,a ra% advance ( ! ,pawn w\ld aga9 be ! wrong ?+4 ,! "r way ( play+ is indicat$ by a simple calculation4 ,! ,pawn ne$s f\r moves to rea* ! que5+ squ>e4 ,b ! black ,k+ arrives !re 9 ! same numb] ( moves1 s t he c capture ! ,pawn ! mom5t he que5s4 ,consequ5tly ,:ite w only be able to en=ce ! safe que5+ ( 8 ,pawn if he c ga9 control ( ! que5+ squ>e ) 8 own ,k+1 ?us protect+ ! ,pawn at ! "t ( que5+4 ,n[1 ,:ite ne$s ?ree moves to br+ 8 ,k+ up to 8 ,pawn on f#d4 ,9 ! meantime ,black w h rea*$ ! squ>e d#f & aft] ,:ite's 7#d7 ,k-f#e ,black w block ! fur!r advance ( ,:ite's ,k+ by ,k-e#g4 ,h[ev]1 ,:ite c =ce ,black to give ! way free4 ,! maneuv] by :i* he does ?is is "o :i* occurs 9 a simil> =m 9 ne>ly all ,pawn end+s & its ?or\gh grasp is !re=e ess5tial4 ,diagram #ae %[s ! critical position4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,k --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,k --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ae4 ,:ite c w9 ! game only by play+ 7#e7 ,k-e#e4 ,! te*nical t]m = ?is move is go+ into ,,opposition4 ,! ,k+s oppose ea* o!r 9 "o l9e on squ>es ( ! same color & ! "o :o has to move out ( opposition--9 ?is case ,black's ,k+--is compell$ to all[ ! advance ( ! oppos+ ,k+ to ! next l9e4 ,if ,black plays ,k-d#g1 ,:ite answ]s 7#f7 ,k-f#f1 & if ,black plays ,k-f#g1 7#f7 ,k-d#f w\ld foll[4 ,!n1 aft] ,black's ,k-e#h1 ,:ite repeats ! maneuv] by tak+ ! opposition ) 7#g7 ,k- e#f1 & aga9 ,black mu/ back out ) ei!r ,k-d#h or ,k-f#h1 s t ,:ite c advance to ei!r f#g or d#g4 ,?is cle>s ! way = ! ,pawn :o n[ advances unimp$$ to ! que5+ squ>e4 ,! important role :i* ! opposition ( ! ,k+s play 9 ,pawn end+s is /ill m /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! situations :i* w\ld result if 9 ! position ( ,diagram #ae ,:ite play$ 7#e7 ,p-e#e in/ead ( ,k-e#e4 ,black w\ld !n draw ! game by ma9ta9+ ! opposition himself4 ,he w\ld play ,k-f#g & al?\gh aft] 7#f7 ,p-e#f1 ,k-e#g2 7#g7 ,k-e#e ,:ite has rega9$ ! opposition he _c keep x if ,black cont9ues correctly4 ,! move :i* saves ! game = ,black is ,k-e#h4 ,k-d#h or ,k-f#h lose1 z !n ,:ite c\ld g into opposition by ,k-d#f or ,k-f#f4 ,! play 9 ^! ?ree cases w\ld be ?is3 ,a3 7#g7 4441 ,k-e#h1 7#h7 ,k-f#f1 ,k-f#h2 7#i7 ,p-e#g1 ,k-e#h2 7#aj7 ,k-e#f & ,black is /alemate1 ! game is drawn4 ,b3 7#g7 4441 ,k-d#h2 7#h7 ,k-d#f1 ,k-e#h2 7#i7 ,p-e#g & ,black mu/ move ,k-f#g enabl+ ,:ite to obta9 control ( ! que5+ squ>e by 7#aj7 ,k-d#g4 ,c3 7#g7 4441 ,k-f#h1 7#h7 ,k-f#f1 ,k-e#h1 etc41 simil> to ! play 9 ,b4 ,to sum up ! inve/igation ( ?is ,pawn end+3 ,! decid+ factor is ! opposition ( ! ,k+s on ! #f? & #h? ranks4 ,if ! weak] p>ty succe$s 9 obta9+ t opposition ) ! ,pawn on ! #f? rank he draws ! game4 ,if ! ,pawn is n yet advanc$ to ! #f? rank ! opposition ( ! ,k+s is ( no avail to ! weak] p>ty z ! ,pawn advanc+ w\ld =ce ! oppos+ ,k+ out ( opposition aga94 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ,:ite has ! ,k+ on e#f & ! ,pawn on e#e :ile ,black's ,k+ /&s on e#h ) ,:ite on ! move4 ,:ite mu/ get out ( opposition by play+ ,k-f#f or ,k-d#f & ,black keeps ! opposition by ,k-f#h or ,k-d#h4 ,b !n ,:ite has a move to sp>e :i* =ces ,black out ( opposition & !reby w9s ! game4 ,he plays ,p-e#f & ! game ends 9 ! way discuss$ above4 ,! end+ ,k+ & ,pawn aga9/ ,k+ is "o ( ! mo/ important = e ,*ess play] to "k1 n only because a great numb] ( positions c be r$uc$ to ?is end+ by ! ex*ange ( all ! o!r m5 left on ! bo>d1 b also because x gives ! fir/ insight into ! peculi> maneuv]s ( ! ,k+ :i* h to be c>ri$ out 9 connection ) ga9+ or giv+ up ! opposition1 & :i*1 z w be se5 lat] on1 con/itute ! ess5ce ( ! mo/ frequ5t pawn end+s4 ,= ! beg9n]1 ( c\rse1 ! opposition maneuv]s are r difficult to grasp & x is =tunate = him t ! va/ majority ( pawn end+s are ( a mu* simpl] =m4 ,! w9n+ maneuv] 9 ^! end+s into :i* mo/ ,*ess games resolve !mselves1 is easily expla9$ & aft] und]/&+ x ! beg9n] c readily see ! fundam5tal pr9ciple und]ly+ e game4 ,diagram #af %[s a typical position on :i* ! w9n+ me?od %\ld be /udi$4 ,:ite is a pawn ahead1 b z demon/rat$ on ! position ( ,diagram #ae he _c que5 8 pass$ ,pawn because 8 ,k+ is n 9 front ( x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re _c possibly be any advantage 9 advanc+ ! ,pawns on ! o!r side ( ! bo>d z !re ,black has ! same numb] ( ,pawns z ,:ite & consequ5tly !re is no reason :y "o ( ! :ite ,pawns %\ld succe$ 9 break+ ?r\gh4 ,x is all ! same v easy = ,:ite to w9 & ! /rategy to be employ$ w be evid5t f ! foll[+ consid]ation3 ,black's ,k+ is consid]ably conf9$ 9 8 movem5ts z he has to be con/antly wat*+ ,:ite's pass$ ,pawn4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #af4 ,:ite's ,k+1 h[ev]1 is free to g :]ev] he likes )\t any imm$iate dang]4 ,!re is consequ5tly no?+ to h9d] him attack+ & captur+ ! black ,pawns1 = if ,black's ,k+ tries to /op ,:ite's advance1 ,:ite's pass$ ,pawn m>*es on & compels ! oppos+ ,k+ to cat* him1 !reby giv+ ! way free to 8 own ,k+4 ,accord+ to ?is s*eme play c\ld proce$ l ?is3 7#a7 ,k-d#c1 ,k-d#e2 7#b7 ,k-e#c1 ,k-e#e2 7#c7 ,p-b#d1 ,p-g#e2 7#d7 ,p- b#e1 ,k-d#e2 7#e7 ,p-b#f1 ,k-c#f2 7#f7 ,k-d#d1 ,kxb#f2 7#g7 ,k-e#e1 ,p-f#d2 7#h7 ,k- f#e1 ,k-c#f2 7#i7 ,kxg#e1 ,k-d#f2 7#aj7 ,kxf#d1 ,k-e#f2 7#aa7 ,k-g#e1 ,k-f#g4 ,n[ ,:ite w\ld w9 ev5 )\t ! ,pawn g#b by play+ 7#ab7 ,k-f#e & s on z expla9$ on ,diagram #ae4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be cle> to ! beg9n] t if a play] succe$s 9 w9n+ a ,pawn he c w9 ! game if he is able to ex*ange all pieces s t only ! ,pawns are left4 ,h[ev]1 he w n yet see ! way 9 :i* ?is ex*ange ( pieces c be =c$4 ,x is evid5t t ! play] :o has lo/ ! ,pawn w try to avoid ! ex*ange1 hop+ t he may be able to rega9 ! ,pawn ) 8 pieces4 ,!re=e1 he w p]mit 8 oppon5t an ex*ange only if1 9 avoid+ x1 he w\ld su/a9 an additional loss4 ,! position ( ,diagram #ag (f]s a simple example4 ,:ite on ! move w play ,r-e#e1 (f]+ ! ex*ange ( ,rooks4 ,if ,black tri$ to avoid ! ex*ange by play+ ,r-b#f1 ,:ite w\ld capture ! ,pawn f#e ) ! ,rook & aft] ,black's ,k+ moves out ( *eck he w\ld take ! ,pawn g#d too4 ,!re=e ,black has to make ! (f]$ ex*ange ( ,rooks1 & ,:ite !n w9s by advanc+ ! c-,pawn :i* =ces ,black's ,k+ ov] to ! ,que5's w+ & leaves ! ,pawns ( ! ,k+'s w+ unprotect$4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,r ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,k ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,r --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ag4 ,! beg9n] might ?9k t inasmu* z ! loss ( a ,pawn 9 mo/ cases means ! loss ( ! game on acc\nt ( ! f9al promotion ( ! ,pawn to ! ,que51 x may be advisable to sacrifice a piece if !reby ! loss ( a ,pawn c be avoid$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is idea1 :i* is frequ5tly met1 is altoge!r wrong z ! additional piece w easily enable ! oppon5t to ga9 z _m ,pawns z he likes )9 ! fur!r c\rse ( ! game4 ,! position ( ,diagram #ah may s]ve z an example4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ah4 ,9 ! foll[+ l9e ( play x is assum$ t ,black makes ! be/ moves1 b ! me?od employ$ is ! same = any def5sive maneuv]s :i* ,black might try1 ) ! only diff]5ce t ,:ite w\ld w9 /ill m quickly4 7#a7 ,kt-c#e1 ,b-c#f2 7#b7 ,b-f#c1 ,bxf#c2 7#c7 ,kxf#c1 ,p-b#f2 7#d7 ,kt-e#f1 ,p-c#e2 7#e7 ,p-a#d4 ,?is move reta9s ! black ,pawns s t ! ,knight c attack !m ) bett] effect4 7#e7 4441 ,p-c#d2 7#f7 ,kt-c#g1 ,k-g#g2 7#g7 ,kt-b#e1 ,p-a#f2 7#h7 ,kt-d#f1 ,k-f#f2 7#i7 ,ktxc#d1 ,p-b#e2 7#aj7 ,pxb#e1 ,pxb#e2 7n7 ,kt-a#c1 ,p- b#d2 7#ab7 ,kt-c#b1 ,p-b#c2 7#ac7 ,kt-d#d1 etc4 ,(t5 x happ5s t a play] c give up 8 additional piece to advantage = "o or two ,pawns !reby en=c+ an end+ :i* is won on acc\nt ( ! ,pawn position4 ,diagram #ai is an example4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ai4 ,black is a piece d[n b 8 two connect$ pass$ ,pawns con/itute a dang]\s ?reat4 ,:ite1 !re=e1 does be/ to sacrifice a ,knight = ! two ,pawns1 z he !n rema9s ) two ,pawns aga9/ "o4 ,black mu/ f9ally give up 8 ,bi%op = ,:ite's a-,pawn :o ?reat5s to que51 & !n ,:ite w9s by captur+ ,black's g-,pawn & que5+ 8 own4 ,play might proce$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,ktxc#b1 ,pxc#b2 7#b7 ,ktxc#b1 ,b-d#e2 7#c7 ,kt-b#d1 ,b-a#h2 7#d7 ,p-a#f1 ,k-g#f2 7#e7 ,p-a#g1 ,k-f#f2 7#f7 ,kt-a#f1 ,k-e#g2 7#g7 ,kt-c#g1 ,b-h#a2 7#h7 ,p-a#h 7,que571 ,bxa#h2 7#i7 ,ktxa#h1 ,k-f#f2 7#aj7 ,kt-c#g1 ,k-g#f2 7#aa7 ,kt-d#e1 ,k-h#f2 7#ab7 ,k-f#e1 ,k-h#g2 7#ac7 ,k-g#e1 ,k-h#h2 7#ad7 ,k-g#f1 ,k-g#h2 7#ae7 ,kt-e#g1 ,k-h#h2 7#af7 ,kt-f#e1 ,k-g#h2 7#ag7 ,ktxg#g1 ,k-h#h2 7#ah7 ,k-f#g1 ,k-h#g2 7#ai7 ,p-g#e1 ,k-h#h2 7#bj7 ,kt-f#e1 ,:ite c\ld n play ,p-g#f1 z ,black w\ld h be5 /alemate4 7#bj7 4441 ,k-h#g2 7#ba7 ,p-g#f1 ,k- h#h2 7#bb7 ,p-g#g1 ,k-h#g2 7#bc7 ,p-g#h 7,que57 mate4 ,! game end+s discuss$ up to n[ h illu/rat$ ! me?od ( w9n+ ) a sup]ior =ce & x is n[ possible = ! beg9n] to und]/& t ! lead+ rule = all maneuv]s is to ,,avoid ,,! ,,loss ,,( ,,mat]ial--no matt] h[ small--z x w ultimately lead to ! loss ( ! game by "o pawn or ! o!r que5+4 ,! next /ep w be to f9d out "u :at conditions x is possible to ga9 a man & :5 x w be possible to avoid loss4 ,to und]/& ! attack+ & def5sive maneuv]s involv$ x is necess>y fir/ to become acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! v>i\s pieces c be made to d "s useful "w1 :]e _! /r5g? lies & :]e _! weakness1 & h[ !y are able to coop]ate4 ,n be=e all ?is is cle> to ! beg9n]--9 ! outl9es at lea/--w he be 9 a position to play a s5sible game or ev5 to und]/& ! mo/ elem5t>y /rategic pr9ciples4 ,! read] is !re=e urg$ to /udy c>efully ! next *apt] 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! diff]5t m5 are discuss$4 ,9 ?is way he w mu* m quickly arrive at a fair play+ /r5g? ?an by rely+ on ! exp]i5ce :i* he may ga9 9 play+ a great numb] ( games1 try+ to f9d out ev]y?+ = himself in/ead ( pr(it+ by ! k :i* has be5 ga!r$ by o!rs 9 c5turies ( /udy4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,m5 ,,coop]ate ,!re are two k9ds ( elem5t>y attack4 ,"o :5 a s+le man attacks two or m ho/ile m5 at ! same "t2 ! o!r :5 m m5 are br\ght up to attack an oppos+ man ?an c be mu/]$ = def5se4 ,! beg9n]1 z a rule1 makes attacks ) ! sole aim ( driv+ away a ho/ile piece2 x is cle> t ^! attempts w 9 mo/ cases be futile z !y g5]ally all[ ! attack$ piece to move to ano!r squ>e j z or p]haps m favorable4 ,! advantage ( attack+ two m5 at once is evid5t 9 t probably only "o ( !m c be sav$4 ,! advantage ( br++ up m m5 = attack ?an c be ga!r$ = def5se is n less obvi\s1 b w be f\nd m difficult to c>ry out4 ,us+ bo? me?ods ( attack 9 conjunction is ! secret ( ! successful coop]ation ( ! m54 ,9 ! foll[+ diagrams simple illu/rations are %[n ( elem5t>y cases ( su* attacks4 ,^! positions (t5 occur 9 games ( beg9n]s on acc\nt ( _! plac+ ! m5 on unfavorable squ>es4 ,9 /udy+ !m ! eye ( ! beg9n] w become accu/om$ to dang]\s =mations ( ! pieces & he w be able to =esee simil> ?reats 9 8 games4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #bj4 ,?is is especially true ( ! mat+ positions :i* are discuss$ bel[ 9 connection ) attacks in/itut$ by ! ,que5 9 ! middle ( ! game4 ,x is ^! attacks to :i* ! beg9n] at an e>ly /age ( ! game falls victim 9 n9ety out ( a hundr$ cases :5 play+ aga9/ an exp]i5c$ oppon5t4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #bj ,:ite on ! move w9s ! ex*ange & !reby practically ! game by play+ 7#a7 ,kt-d#e4 ,) ?is move he attacks ! ,que5 & at ! same "t ! ,pawn c#g4 ,black1 9 ord] n to lose ! ,que51 mu/ move h]1 b he _c move h] s t %e w protect ! ,pawn c#g4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,q --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ba4 ,on ! next move ,:ite w1 !re=e1 take ! ,pawn call+ ,*eck & at ! same "t attack+ ! ,rook a#h4 ,! ,k+ mu/ move & ! ,knight takes ! ,rook4 ,q frequ5tly a simil> attack ) ! ,knight is likely to w9 ! ,que5 if ! oppon5t is n famili> ) situations ( t k9d4 ,if 9 ! position ( ,diagram #ba ,:ite plays 7#a7 ,kt- d#e1 ,black mu/ protect ! ,pawn c#g by ,q-d#h or ,q-d#f1 b n by ,q- c#f2 = 9 ! latt] case ,:ite w\ld cont9ue ) 7#b7 ,b-b#e1 ,qxb#e2 7#c7 ,ktxc#g & 7#d7 ,ktxb#e4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,q --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #bb4 ,sometimes two pieces are involv$ 9 ! d\ble attack1 ! l9e ( "o ( ! pieces be+ discov]$ by ! o!r4 ,?us1 9 ! position ( ,diagram #bb1 :i* c\ld be br\ght ab\t by ! moves 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-d#e2 7#b7 ,pxd#e1 ,qxd#e2 7#c7 ,kt-c#c1 ,q-a#e2 7#d7 ,p-d#d1 ,kt-f#f2 7#e7 ,b-c#d1 ,p-e#f2 7#f7 ,b-d#b1 :ite ?reat5s to play 7#g7 ,kt-d#e1 uncov]+ ! ,bi%op d#b on ,black's ,que5 & at ! same "t attack+ ! ,pawn c#g1 :i* ,black _c keep protect$4 ,?reats ( ?is k9d m frequ5tly occur 9 connection ) a discov]$ ,*eck4 ,z an example ! foll[+ op5+ w s]ve3 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e2 7#b7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt-f#f2 7#c7 ,ktxe#e1 ,ktxe#d2 7#d7 ,q-e#b1 ,kt- f#f4 ,black's la/ move exposes 8 ,k+ to a discov]$ ,*eck1 & ,:ite w9s ! ,que5 by play+ 7#e7 ,kt-c#f4 ,next to ! ,knight ! ,que5 is mo/ frequ5tly 9 a position to c>ry out a d\ble attack4 ,two typical examples are %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagrams4 ,aft] ! op5+ moves 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e2 7#b7 ,p-f#d1 ,b-,c#e2 7#c7 ,pxe#e88 ! position ( ,diagram #bc is rea*$1 9 :i* ,black w9s a ,rook by ,q-h#d4 ,:ite _c reply 7#d7 ,k-e#b on acc\nt ( ,qxe#d mate4 ,8 only move is 7#d7 ,p-g#c & !n foll[s ,qxe#d attack+ ,k+ & ,rook simultane\sly4 ,?is op5+ (f]s ano!r opportunity to demon/rate ! dang]\s mobility ( ! ,que54 ,in/ead ( 7#c7 ,pxe#e ,:ite %\ld h play$ 7#c7 ,kt-f#c4 ,! game c\ld !n h cont9u$ z foll[s3 ,p-d#f2 7#d7 ,b-c#d1 ,kt-f#f2 7#e7 ,pxe#e1 ,pxe#e3 ,aga9 ,:ite _c w9 ! ,pawn e#e = 7#f7 ,ktxe#e w\ld be answ]$ by ,q-d#d1 attack+ ,knight & ,bi%op & ?reat5+ mate on f#b4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #bc4 ,diagram #bd %[s a typical case ( a d\ble ?reat ) ! ,que5 9 conjunction ) o!r pieces4 ,:ite on ! move plays ,b-d#c1 & n[ ,black _c ca/le z ,:ite w\ld cont9ue ) ,q-e#d ?reat5+ mate ?r\gh ,qxh#g & at ! same "t attack+ ! ,bi%op e#g = ! second "t :o is only once protect$4 ,black w\ld h to def5d ! mate by ei!r ,p-g#f or ,p-f#e or ,q-h#e & ,:ite w\ld capture ! ,bi%op4 ,:5 ca/l+ on ! ,k+ side a play] mu/ always bew>e ( an attack by ! ,que5 & ano!r piece on ! ,k+'s ,rook's ,pawn4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,q --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #bd4 ,9 ! case illu/rat$ above x 0 ! ,bi%op :o assi/$ ! ,que54 ,a ,knight c\ld aid 9 an attack on h#g f ei!r g#e or f#f4 ,m frequ5tly he does s f g#e z usually ! squ>e f#f is n accessible to him on acc\nt ( ! ,pawn g#g protect+ x4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! ,knight goes to g#e f f#c1 & ! ,que5 attacks h#g f h#e1 com+ f h] orig9al squ>e d#a4 ,!n1 if ,black _c protect h#g by a ,knight f f#f or by ! ,bi%op1 f f#e = in/ance1 or f g#f1 ! only protection z a rule is to advance ! ,pawn to h#f4 ,! position ( ,diagram #be may s]ve z an example4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #be ,black's la/ move 0 ,kt-e#g1 :ile ,kt-f#f1 :i* protects ! ,pawn h#g aga9/ future attacks1 is g5]ally pref]able 9 any op5+4 ,:ite c n[ play ,kt-g#e1 attack+ ! ,pawn f#g = ! second "t1 z x is already attack$ by ! ,bi%op c#d4 ,! /ud5t w1 at ?is /age ( 8 developm5t1 n yet "k :y ,black %\ld be s anxi\s to def5d ! ,pawn f#g1 consid]+ t he is a ,pawn ahead s t ! loss ( a ,pawn w\ld only equalize ! =ces b w\ld n give ,:ite a mat]ial advantage4 ,h[ev]1 lat] on1 :5 discuss+ ! /rategy ( ! op5+1 x w become evid5t t 9 ! position ( ! diagram ,black mu/1 "u all circum/ances1 def5d ! ,pawn f#g z o!rwise 8 game w\ld soon become hopeless on acc\nt ( ! expos$ position ( 8 ,k+4 ,!re are only two ways = ,black to def5d f#g4 ,"o is to advance ! ,que5's ,pawn to d#e1 int]rupt+ ! diagonal ( ,:ite's ,bi%op2 ! o!r is to ca/le1 s t ! ,rook procures ! second protection = ! ,pawn f#g :i* is ne$$4 ,x w\ld !n n be good = ,:ite to capture ! ,pawn because he w\ld h to give up ,knight & ,bi%op = ,rook & "o ,pawn1 :i* is n a suffici5t equival5t4 ,( ! two ways indicat$ only ! fir/ "o is feasible4 ,= if ,black ca/les he gives ,:ite an opportunity to in/itute an attack on ! weak ,pawn h#g ) ,knight & ,que5 aga9/ :i* ,black has no satisfactory def5se4 ,play w\ld develop z foll[s3 7#a7 ,kt-g#e o-o 7#b7 ,q-h#e ,p-h#f ,?is is ! only def5se aga9/ ! ?reat ,qxh#g mate4 ,b ,:ite's ,que5's move involv$ a d\ble ?reat4 ,x br\ght up a ?ird attack on ! ,pawn f#g1 & ! latt] n[ falls1 =c+ ,black to give up "s m mat]ial4 7#c7 ,ktxf#g ,rxf#g ,black has to sacrifice ! ex*ange4 ,if he mov$ ! ,que51 :i* is attack$ by ! ,knight1 he w\ld expose 8 ,k+ to a deadly d\ble *eck1 viz43 7#d7 ,ktxh#f1 ,k-h#h or h#g2 7#e7 ,kt-f#g 7discov]$71 ,k-g#h2 7#f7 ,q-h#h mate4 ,aft] giv+ up 8 ,rook = ! ,knight on ! ?ird move ,black has a lo/ game1 = z expla9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] ,:ite c simply ex*ange all pieces & =ce ! w9 9 ! end+ ) 8 sup]ior mat]ial4 ,ano!r squ>e :i* aft] ca/l+ on ! ,k+ side is (t5 ! m>k ( attack = ! ,que5 9 connection ) ei!r ,knight or ,bi%op1 is ! "o imm$iately 9 front ( ! ,k+ 9 ! ,knight's file4 ,diagram #bf illu/rates sev]al possibilities ( ?is k9d4 ,:ite1 on ! move1 c play 7#a7 ,q-g#e1 attack+ = ! second "t ! ,pawn g#g :i* is only once protect$4 ,! ?reat1 h[ev]1 is n only to w9 a ,pawn1 b to w9 ! game1 = 9 tak+ ! ,pawn ) ! ,que5 ,:ite w\ld *eckmate ,black's ,k+4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #bf ,! only def5se at ,black's disposal is ,p-g#f1 b ?is move helps only tempor>ily4 ,:ite c =ce ! mate )9 a few moves 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"o w\ld be ! foll[+3 7#b7 ,kt-h#f ,k-g#g ,if ! ,k+ goes to h#h ,:ite mates by ,q-f#f4 7#c7 ,q-f#f ,kxh#f 7#d7 ,b-g#e ,k-h#e 7#e7 ,p-h#c & ! mate ?r\gh ,p-g#d _c be protect$4 ,ano!r way w\ld be3 7#b7 ,q-h#f ,pxf#e 7#c7 ,b-f#f & ! mate ?r\gh ,q-g#g _c be protect$4 ,! position ( ,diagram #bf enables ano!r mat+ attack = ,:ite1 demon/rat+ ! possibility ( mat+ ) ,bi%op & ,knight 9 ! middle ( a game1 :i* occurs (t5] ?an "o w\ld be incl9$ to ?9k4 ,:ite c play 7#a7 ,b-f#f in/ead ( ,q- g#e z sugge/$ above4 ,black _c take ! ,bi%op z ,:ite w\ld cont9ue ,q-h#f ) ,q-g#g mate4 ,nei!r c ,black play ,p-g#f z !n ,:ite w\ld mate "r away ) ,kt-h#f4 ,! latt] mate ) ,knight & ,bi%op ,:ite c =ce1 ev5 if ,black does n move ! ,pawn g#g b makes "s o!r indiff]5t move1 z = in/ance ,qxc#b4 ,:ite w\ld !n make ! surpris+ move ,q-h#f1 all[+ ,black to take ! ,que54 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 ,black aga9 enables ! mate ,kt-h#f4 ,! only move :i* ,black c\ld try 9 answ] to 7#a7 ,b-f#f is ,p- h#f1 prev5t+ ! ,que5 f occupy+ g#e4 ,n[ ,qxh#f w\ld n be feasible z aft] ,pxh#f ,:ite does n mate ) ,ktxh#f1 b leaves ! squ>e h#g op5 to ,black's ,k+4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #bg4 ,h[ev]1 ,:ite w9s easily ?r\gh 7#b7 ,ktxh#f4 ,if ,black takes ! ,knight1 ,:ite mates ) ,qxh#f & ,q-g#g4 ,if ,black does n take b plays ,k-h#g1 ,:ite goes back ) ! ,knight to f#e1 aga9 ?reat5+ ,q-g#e & ,qxg#g4 7#c7 4441 ,r-g#h is ( no avail1 z 7#d7 ,q-g#e ?reat5s mate ( h#e :i* c only be prev5t$ by ei!r ,p-g#f or a move ) ! ,rook1 aft] :i* ,:ite mates by ei!r ,q-h#f or ,qxg#g4 ,x rema9s to %[ "s examples ( ! coop]ation ( ,rooks ) o!r pieces4 ,diagram #bg %[s "o ( ! positions 9 :i* ! beg9n] is frequ5tly caught4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,r --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,k --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #bh4 ,:ite plays 7#a7 ,q-h#e1 & if ,black makes an indiff]5t move he mates ?r\gh 7#b7 ,qxh#g1 ,kxh#g2 7#c7 ,r-h#e4 ,black c\ld try to def5d himself ) 7#a7 4441 ,p-g#f4 ,:ite c !n cont9ue ) 7#b7 ,q-h#f & aga9 ,black _c make an indiff]5t move su* z ,p-d#f = in/ance1 z ,:ite w\ld h ano!r mate 9 two moves1 namely 7#c7 ,r-h#e 7?reat5+ ,qxh#g71 ,pxh#e2 7#d7 ,q-f#f4 ,m frequ5t ?an ! mate ) ,rook & ,knight %[n above is "o :i* usually occurs 9 ! end game & :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,diagram #bh4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #bi4 ,:ite plays ,kt-f#f & ,black _c g ) ! ,k+ into ! corn] z ! ,rook w\ld mate him on h#g4 ,aft] ,k-f#h ,:ite draws ! game ?r\gh p]petual *eck2 = aft] 7#b7 ,kt-h#g1 ,k-e#h2 7#c7 ,kt-f#f ! ,k+ mu/ g back to f#h z on d#h he w\ld be mat$ by ,r-d#g4 ,consequ5tly ,:ite c *eck ! ,k+ indef9itely on h#g & f#f4 ,an example = ! coop]ation ( ,rook & ,bi%op is %[n 9 ,diagram #bi4 ,:ite plays ,b-f#f1 & !re is no way = ,black to prev5t ! mate ?reat5$ ?r\gh ,r-h#c foll[$ by ,r-h#h4 ,x is evid5t t ! =ce ( ! ,rooks w increase z ! bo>d gets empti] ?r\gh ! ex*ange ( m51 = !y w !n f9d m op5 l9es to act 94 ,"o ( ! mo/ important l9es = ,rooks to occupy is--especially 9 ! end+ --! "o 9 :i* mo/ ( ! attackable ,pawns ( ! oppon5t are /&+1 t is 9 ! majority ( cases ! second or ! sev5? rank respectively4 ,if bo? ,rooks coop]ate ) ea* o!r 9 ?is rank !y usually decide ! victory )9 a %ort "t4 ,foll[+ is an example :i* is tak5 f a ma/] game4 ,z f> z ! mat]ial is conc]n$ ! play]s are ab\t ev51 z ! ,que5 is wor? z mu* z ! two ,rooks :ile ,knight & ,bi%op are an approximate equival5t ( ! ,black ,rook & ! ,pawn :i* ,black is ahead4 ,! ,pawn a#d is r dang]\s = ,:ite1 z he ne$s only ?ree m moves to rea* ! fir/ rank :]e he c be promot$ into any piece4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,rooks d\bl$ 9 ! sev5? rank give ,:ite s /rong an attack on ! ,black ,k+ t he =ces ! mate be=e ,black succe$s 9 realiz+ ! advantage ( 8 advanc$ pass$ ,pawn4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,r ,r ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #cj4 ,x is ,:ite's move4 ,if ,black's ,que5 did n protect ! ,pawn f#g ,:ite w\ld be able to give a mate 9 five moves1 ?us3 7,i7 ,rxf#g1 ,k-g#h2 7#b7 ,rxg#g1 ,k-h#h 7n ,k-f#h on acc\nt ( ,rc#g-;f#g mate72 7#c7 ,rxh#g1 ,k-g#h2 7#d7 ,r-g#g & ,kt-g#f mate4 ,!re=e1 ,:ite w try to int]rupt ! diagonal 9 :i* ! ,que5 def5ds ! ?reat1 & he c d s by 7#a7 ,kt-d#e4 ,black be+ unable to keep f#g protect$1 mu/ def5d g#g or h#g1 or he w be mat$4 ,9 ! game 9 "q ,black play$ ,q-a#a 2 7#b7 ,k-g#b1 ,p-a#c4 ,aft] 7#c7 ,rxf#g1 ,k-g#h x w\ld n be good = ,:ite to take g#g1 giv+ up ! two ,rooks = ! ,que51 z he w\ld !n h no m attack :ile ,black /ill has ! dang]\s ,pawn 9 ! a-l9e4 ,if possible he w r int]rupt aga9 ! diagonal ( ,black's ,que54 ,?is sugge/s ! move 7#d7 ,kt-f#f4 ,aft] ,pxf#f ,:ite's ,rooks are at la/ free to act unmole/$ 9 ! sev5? rank1 & !y d x ) deadly effect4 ,:ite =ces ! mate ?r\gh 7#e7 ,r-g#g1 ,k-h#h2 7#f7 ,rxh#g1 ,k-g#h2 7#g7 ,rh#g-;g#g1 ,k-h#h2 7#h7 ,b-f#e6 ,n[ ,r-g#d is ?reat5$ foll[$ by ,r-h#g mate1 & ,black has no def5se4 ,9 ! op5+ & 9 ! middle game ! ma9 ?reat ( a ,rook is ! p9n+ ( a ho/ile piece4 ,:at is meant by ?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,diagram #ca4 ,suppos+ ,black1 to save 8 ,knight f#f :i* ,:ite has j attack$ by ,p-e#e1 plays ,kt-g#d & aft] 7#b7 ,p-h#c takes ! ,pawn e#e ) ! ,knight g#d1 !n ,:ite w9s a piece by 7#c7 ,ktxe#e1 ,ktxe#e2 7#d7 ,r-e#a4 ,?is move p9s ,black's ,knight to 8 place z ! ,k+ w\ld be expos$ to ,:ite's ,rook if ! ,knight mov$4 7#d7 4441 ,p-d#f or ,q-e#g is n a suffici5t def5se1 = ,:ite cont9ues ) 7#e7 ,p-f#d4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ca4 ,pieces t c be us$ = p9n+ a ho/ile man are1 ap>t f ! ,rooks1 ! ,que5 & ! ,bi%ops2 9 fact p9n+ is ! ma9 activity ( a ,bi%op ?r\gh\t ! game4 ,"r aft] ! fir/ few moves "o ( ! ,bi%ops1 z a rule1 f9ds an opportunity to p9 a ho/ile ,knight4 ,= in/ance3 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e2 7#b7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt-c#f2 7#c7 ,b-b#e & z soon z ! ,pawn d#g moves 9 ord] to give an outlet to ! ,bi%op c#h1 ! ,knight c#f is p9n$4 ,or3 7#a7 ,p- d#d1 ,p-d#e2 7#b7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt-f#f2 7#c7 ,p-c#d1 ,p-e#f2 7#d7 ,b-g#e & ! ,knight f#f is p9n$1 z ! ,que5 w\ld be lo/ if ! ,knight mov$4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,b ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,kt ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #cb4 ,! disadvantage aris+ f hav+ a piece p9n$ is (t5 t ! oppon5t might be able to conc5trate m m5 to attack ! piece :i* is p9n$ ?an c be ga!r$ = def5se4 ,! position ( ,diagram #cb w s]ve z an illu/ration4 ,two ( ,black's m5 are p9n$1 namely1 ! ,knight f#f & ! ,pawn e#e1 & ( bo? p9s ,:ite c take advantage4 ,! ,pawn e#e is attack$ twice & def5d$ twice4 ,:ite _c take ,pawn1 z he w\ld lose ,knight & ,rook b w\ld get = x only ,knight & ,pawn4 ,h[ev]1 he c w9 ! ,pawn by play+ 7#a7 ,p-d#d4 ,?is attacks ! ,pawn = ! ?ird "t & al?\gh ,black c def5d him = ! ?ird "t ) ,r-e#h1 ! def5se is n s]viceable z ,black w\ld lose ,pawn1 ,knight & ,que5 = ,pawn1 ,knight & ,rook4 ,p-e#d 9 answ] to ,p-d#d w\ld n help ei!r2 = on e#d ! ,pawn is twice attack$ & only once protect$ z ! ,knight f#f _c be c\nt$ z protection on acc\nt ( 8 be+ p9n$ by ! ,bi%op g#e4 ,all ,:ite ne$s to d is to take ! ,knight f#f fir/ & !n to capture ! ,pawn e#d4 ,x rema9s to exam9e :e!r 9 answ] to 7#a7 ,p-d#d ,black c take ! ,pawn ) ei!r ,bi%op or ,knight4 ,app>5tly ?is is possible z ! ,pawn d#d is protect$ only by ! ,knight f#c & ! ,que54 ,inde$1 ! comb9ation w\ld be correct if ! ,bi%op d#g 7 suffici5tly protect$4 ,z x is ,:ite w9s a piece 9 ! foll[+ way3 7#a7 ,p-d#d ,bxd#d 7#b7 ,ktxd#d ,ktxd#d 7#c7 ,qxd#d ,pxd#d 7#d7 ,rxe#g ,pxc#c ,up to ?is move an ev5 ex*ange ( pieces has tak5 place1 b n[ ,black loses ! ,bi%op :i* is attack$ by ,:ite's ,rook1 because ,:ite c remove ! ,knight :i* protects ! ,bi%op4 7#e7 ,bxf#f ,pxf#f 7#f7 ,rxd#g1 etc4 ,in/ead ( play+ 7#a7 ,p-d#d & tak+ advantage ( ! fact t ! ,pawn e#e is p9n$1 ,:ite c direct 8 attack aga9/ ! o!r ,black man :i* is p9n$1 namely ! ,knight f#f4 ,he c play 7#a7 ,kt-d#e & !reby attack ! ,que5 & at ! same "t ! ,knight f#f = ! second "t4 ,x w n be evid5t to ! beg9n] t ,:ite c d]ive any advantage f ?is d\ble attack1 z ,black c answ] ei!r ,q-d#f or ,q-d#h keep+ 8 ,knight twice protect$4 ,inde$1 ,:ite does n ga9 any?+ on f#f1 ! squ>e itself ^u :i* ! p9 is effect$1 b he uses ! p9 to =ce an op5+ into ! *a9 ( ,pawns :i* protects ,black's ,k+ by ex*ang+ on f#f1 compell+ ,black to retake ) ! ,pawn g#g4 ,! advantage result+ f ?is break 9 ,black's ,pawn position w be expla9$ lat] on :5 discuss+ ! /rategy ( ! middle-game4 ,,sacrific+ ,a play] is said to ,,sacrifice if he all[s a c]ta9 am\nt ( 8 =ces to be captur$ )\t recaptur+ himself an equival5t am\nt ( 8 oppon5t's =ces4 ,he w n1 ( c\rse1 kn[+ly d s unless he expects to obta9 "s o!r advantage :i* w at lea/ comp5sate = 8 loss ( mat]ial4 ,su* comp5sation c only be af=d$ by a sup]iority ( ! position4 ,9 z mu* z a position c only be consid]$ sup]ior if x enables ! mat+ ( ! oppos+ ,k+ or ! obta9+ ( an advantage 9 mat]ial :i* w secure a w9 9 ! end+1 x is evid5t t 9 sacrific+ a play] really nev] int5ds to give up m ?an he gets1 b t on ! contr>y he expects to ga9 m ?an he loses4 ,9 o!r words1 a sacrifice1 if correct1 is a sacrifice only ,,tempor>ily1 & v soon yields ei!r ! same1 if n m mat]ial1 or an attack on ! ,k+ to :i* ! latt] falls victim4 ,! less evid5t ! way is 9 :i* a play] recov]s ! mat]ial sacrific$ or realizes an equival5t advantage ! m beautiful ! sacrifice is consid]$4 ,if ! effect ( a sacrifice is a direct mat+ attack on ! ,k+1 x is z a rule n difficult to =esee z long z ! typical mat+ positions are kn[n to ! play]1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 discuss$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,! foll[+ diagrams illu/rate examples ( su* sacrifices :i* occur fairly (t5 9 actual games4 ,9 ,diagram #cc1 ,:ite on ! move c play = a simil> mate z ! "o expla9$ 9 ! discussion ( ,diagram #bi by plac+ 8 ,rook on g#c4 ,! be/ protection aga9/ ,rxg#g :i* ,black has at 8 disposal is ,p-f#f4 ,b if he does n "k ! mat+ position illu/rat$ 9 ,diagram #bi he is liable to play ,p-g#f1 & !n ,:ite =ces ! mate by sacrific+ 8 ,que5 on h#g4 7#a7 ,r-g#c ,p-g#f 7#b7 ,qxh#g ,kxh#g 7#c7 ,r-h#c ,k-g#h 7#d7 ,r-h#h ,black c\ld h prolong$ ! agony "o move by int]pos+ 8 ,que5 on h#d on ! ?ird move4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,r ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #cc ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #cd ,:ite in/itutes a mat+ attack by 7#a7 ,p-f#f4 ,! only move to protect ! mate on g#g is ,p-g#f4 ,x w !n be ,:ite's desire to ent] ) 8 ,que5 on h#f aga9 ?reat5+ ! *eckmate on g#g4 ,he w1 !re=e1 play ei!r ,q-f#d or ,q-g#e4 ,black has no o!r way to def5d himself aga9/ ,:ite's ?reat ?an by ,k-h#h foll[$ by ,r-g#h4 ,b aft] ,k-h#h2 ,q- h#f1 ,r-g#h ,:ite plays ,r-f#c & ,black is unable to prev5t ,:ite f sacrific+ 8 ,que5 on h#g & mat+ by ,r-h#c4 ,if ,black's ,que5 7 /&+ on c#e in/ead ( b#e he c\ld av]t ! mate by mov+ ! ,rook f#h & play+ ! ,que5 to f#h !reby protect+ g#g4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #cd4 ,! mate ) ,rook & ,knight demon/rat$ by ! position ( ,diagram #bh is liable to occur 9 sev]al v>iations ( ! play :i* might result f ! foll[+ situation3 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,q ,r ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ce4 ,:ite />ts 8 mat+ attack ) 7#a7 ,kt-f#f4 ,?is ?reat5s ! sacrifice ( ! ,que5 on h#f foll[$ by ,r-g#h mate4 ,:ite's ,knight move c h>dly be call$ a sacrifice z x is q evid5t t ,black _c take ! ,knight on acc\nt ( ,qxh#f1 ,kt-h#g2 ,q-g#g mate4 ,! only way to p>ry ,:ite's ?reat is 7#a7 4441 ,kt-g#f4 ,h[ev]1 ?is helps only mom5t>ily z ,:ite cont9ues 7#b7 ,r-h#c ?reat5+ ,q-g#e1 ,rxh#f & ,qxh#f mate1 a ?reat aga9/ :i* ,black has no def5se4 ,:ite c v ne>ly =ce ! mate by sacrific+ 8 ,que5 on h#f in/ead ( ! ,rook4 ,b aft] 7#c7 ,qxh#f1 ,pxh#f2 7#d7 ,rxh#f1 ,k-g#g2 7#e7 ,r-h#g1 ,k-f#h2 7#f7 ,r-h#h ,black does n take ! ,rook z ,:ite w\ld l him to d to enable ! mate ,r-g#h1 b he goes back to g#g ) ! ,k+ & ,:ite c\ld n d any bett] ?an draw by p]petual *eck on h#g & h#h4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #cf4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #cf ,:ite c make an attack :i* w recall some:at ! play %[n 9 connection ) ,diagram #be4 7#a7 ,kt-g#e w\ld n lead to any?+1 z ,black c\ld def5d himself by ,p-g#f or ,p-h#f4 ,:ite has a mu* m direct way to attack ! black ,k+4 ,?is is by ! sacrifice 7#a7 ,bxh#g4 ,aft] ,kxh#g2 7#b7 ,kt-g#e1 ,k-g#h2 7#c7 ,q-h#e ,black c protect ! mate only by sacrific+ 8 ,que5 = ,:ite's ,knight4 ,= 7#c7 4441 ,r-e#h ) ! view to escape ) ! ,k+ to e#g via f#h if attack$ by ,q-h#g & ,q-h#h w\ld be r5d]$ futile by ,:ite ?r\gh 7#d7 ,qxf#g1 ,k- h#h2 7#e7 ,q-h#e1 ,k-g#h2 7#f7 ,q-h#g1 ,k-f#h2 7#g7 ,q-h#h1 ,k-e#g2 7#h7 ,qxg#g mate4 ,be=e mak+ ! sacrifice ( ! ,bi%op ,:ite w1 ( c\rse1 h to make sure t ,black _c save himself by evad+ altoge!r ! attack :i* is ?reat5$ ?r\gh ,q-h#e4 ,black c\ld1 inde$1 avoid ?is v>iation by go+ ) ! ,k+ to g#f on ! second move in/ead ( g#h4 ,b 9 ?is case too ,:ite has a w9n+ cont9uation4 ,he w\ld play 7#c7 ,q-g#d ?reat5+ to w9 ,black's ,que5 by ! discov]$ *eck ,ktxe#f4 ,if ,black moves ! ,que51 !n ,:ite gives ! discov]$ *eck 9 any case =c+ ! ,k+ to h#g & lead+ ov] to ! v>iation :i* 0 orig9ally int5d$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,black tri$ 7#c7 4441 ,p-f#e1 attack+ ,:ite's ,que5 & !reby r5d]+ ! discov]$ *eck ineffective1 ,:ite w\ld fir/ take ! ,pawn en passant & aft] 7#d7 ,pxf#f1 ,kxf#f ! ,que5 mates on e#f4 ,frequ5tly a sacrifice is br\ght to ma9ta9 a p9 :i* is b\nd to yield a piece 9 return soon] or lat]4 ,! position ( ,diagram #cg is typical = cases ( ?is k9d4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #cg4 ,suppos+ ,black plays 7#a7 4441 ,p-h#f2 7#b7 ,b-h#d1 ,p-g#e to free himself ( ! p9n+ ,bi%op4 ,!n ,:ite c sacrifice ! ,knight f#c = ! two black ,pawns & !reby ma9ta9 ! p9 ) ! ?reat to rega9 ! ,knight imm$iately ?r\gh ,kt-d#e4 ,! ensu+ play c\ld be ! foll[+3 7#c7 ,ktxg#e1 ,pxg#e2 7#d7 ,bxg#e1 ,bxc#c2 7#e7 ,pxc#c4 ,n[ ,:ite ?reat5s to play ,p-f#d & ,pxe#e op5+ ! l9e ( 8 ,rook & !reby attack+ ! p9n$ ,knight = ! second "t4 ,?is ?reat _c be effectively c\nt]$4 ,black c\ld try to unp9 ! ,knight by 7#e7 4444 ,k-g#g2 7#f7 ,p-f#d1 ,q-e#h4 ,inde$1 ,black saves 8 ,knight 9 ?is way1 b ! expos$ position ( 8 ,k+ leads to a spe$y disa/]4 ,= in/ance3 7#g7 ,pxe#e1 ,kt-h#g2 7#h7 ,b-f#f1 ,ktxf#f2 7#i7 ,pxf#f1 ,k-h#g2 7#aj7 ,q-h#e1 ,k-g#h2 7#aa7 ,q-g#f1 ,k-h#h2 7#ab7 ,q-g#g_/-4 ,black c\ld n take ,:ite's ,que5 on ! #aa? move because ! ,pawn f#g 0 p9n$ by ! ,bi%op c#d4 ,if ,black _h mov$ 8 ,k+ to g#h or g#f on ! #h? move in/ead ( tak+ ! ,bi%op f#f1 ,:ite w\ld h =c$ ! mate by sacrific+ 8 ,rook on f#e1 !reby cutt+ (f ! ,bi%op c#h & giv+ 8 ,que5 access to ! squ>e g#d4 ,sacrifices ) ! view to utiliz+ a p9 occur 9 v>i\s o!r v]sions :i* are ess5tially diff]5t f ! "o illu/rat$ above4 ,foll[+ are typical examples ( ! ?ree mo/ frequ5t cases4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #ch ,black mu/ n take ! ,pawn e#d al?\gh he c protect ! ,knight ) ,b-f#e 9 case ,:ite p9s him ) ,r-e#a4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ch4 ,! way 9 :i* ,:ite w\ld obta9 ! advantage is ?is3 7#a7 ,r-e#a ,b-f#e 7#b7 ,rxe#d ,bxe#d 7#c7 ,r-e#a ,?r\gh sacrific+ "o ,rook = ! ,knight ,:ite has fre$ ! squ>e e#a = ! o!r ,rook :o n[ p9s ! ,black ,bi%op )\t ,black be+ able to protect x4 ,! position ( ,diagram #ci is some:at relat$ to t ( ,diagram #ch1 z f> z ! possibility ( a sacrifice = ! sake ( a p9 is conc]n$4 ,if ,:ite plays ,b-b#e ,black mu/ n int]pose 8 ,bi%op1 = ,:ite w give up 8 ,rook = ! ,bi%op 9 ord] to =ce ! ,rook d#h into a p9n$ position & !n he w w9 ! ,rook by ,r-d#a4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r ,b ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ci4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #dj !re is also a possibility ( a sacrifice ) ! view to p9 a piece t def5ds a c]ta9 ?reat z long z x is mobile4 ,:ite plays 7#a7 ,q-d#e1 & ,black d>es n take ,:ite's ,knight ) 8 ,que5 = ,:ite w\ld cont9ue 7#b7 ,qxf#g1 ,rxf#g2 7#c7 ,r-e#h_/-4 ,:at ,black c\ld try is 7#a7 ,kt-h#f4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #dj4 ,! ,pawn f#g w\ld !n be ?ree times attack$ & ?ree times protect$ s t ,:ite _c take him z n[ ! p9 ( ! ,rook result+ f ,ktxf#g1 ,ktxf#g2 ,qxf#g1 ,rxf#g does n lead to any?+1 ! squ>e e#h be+ protect$ by ! ,que54 ,h[ev]1 ,:ite c =ce ! w9 by 7#b7 ,ra#a- e#a1 ?reat5+ aga9 ! sacrifice ( f#g1 z he n[ controls ! squ>e e#h twice4 ,if ,black replies 7#b7 4441 ,q-f#f1 protect+ f#g = ! f\r? "t & !reby mak+ impossible ,:ite's sacrifice on t po9t1 ,:ite cont9ues ) 7#c7 ,r-e#h4 ,?is ?reat5s ,rxf#h1 ,kxf#h2 ,ktxh#g w9n+ ! ,que54 ,black _c def5d himself ) ,q-g#f on acc\nt ( 7#d7 ,b-d#c foll[$ by ,bxh#g & ,rxf#h1 etc41 nor c he play 7#c7 4441 ,q-f#d on acc\nt ( ,p-g#c foll[$ by ,qxd#f1 attack+ ! def5seless ,rook f#h4 ,a sacrifice ) ! view to enabl+ a mat+ attack ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ,rooks & ,bi%op some:at simil> to ! examples discuss$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] is possible 9 ! position ( ,diagram #da :i* occurr$ 9 a ,t\rnam5t game 9 ,london 9 :i* ! au?or conduct$ ! black m54 ,black's comb9ation />ts ) ! sacrifice ( ! ,que5 on f#c4 ,aft] 7#a7 4441 ,qxf#c2 7#b7 ,pxf#c1 ,b-h#c2 7#c7 ,k-g#a ,:ite's ,k+ is held 9 an immobile position by ! ,black ,bi%op & a *eck ) "o ( ,black's ,rooks 9 ! g-file w\ld be deadly4 ,h[ev]1 ,:ite c1 = a :ile1 protect himself aga9/ all mat+ attempts ( ,black4 ,if ,black cont9u$ 7#c 7 4441 ,r-e#f1 ,:ite w\ld take ! ,pawn d#c ) ! ,que5 !reby def5d+ ! mate ,r-g#f4 ,aft] giv+ up 8 ,que5 = "o ( ,black's ,rooks ,:ite w\ld /ill h an advantage 9 mat]ial4 ,! correct way to c>ry on ! attack is 7#c7 4441 ,ra#h-;e#h1 z !n ,:ite _c take ! ,pawn d#c on acc\nt ( ,r-e#a2 ,q-f#a1 ,rxf#a2 ,rxf#a1 ,r-e#f & ,r-g#f mate4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,q --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,r ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #da4 ,! ma9 ?reat ( ,black's ?ird move is ,r-e#f-;g#f mate4 ,ano!r ?reat is ,p-d#b foll[$ by ,r-e#a4 ,! only way = ,:ite to def5d himself is 7#d7 ,p-f#d4 ,if n[ ,p-d#b1 !n 7#e7 ,p-f#c1 ,r-e#a2 7#f7 ,k-f#b af=ds a suffici5t protection4 ,& if 7#d7 4441 ,re#h-;e#f1 !n 7#e7 ,p-f#e prev5ts ! ,rook f go+ to g#f4 ,h[ev]1 by repeat+ ! mat+ ?reat ) 7#e7 4441 ,re#f-;e#d1 :i* =ces ,:ite to protect1 g#d by 7#f7 ,p-f#c ,black op5s ! second rank = a comb9$ assault ( ! ,rooks simil> to ! "o illu/rat$ by ,diagram #cj4 ,:at makes matt]s worse = ,:ite is t ) 7#f7 4441 ,r-g#b he is =c$ into ! l9e ( ! ,bi%op h#c s t he is expos$ to a discov]$ *eck4 ,aft] 7#g7 ,k-f#a1 ,rxb#b discov]$ *eck2 7#h7 ,k-g#a1 ,re#d-;e#b ,:ite mu/ give up 8 ,que5 = ! ,rook imm$iately1 z o!rwise ,black w\ld mate 9 f\r moves by ,r-g#b1 ,k-f#a1 ,rxh#b1 ,k-g#a1 ,rb#b-;g#b2 ,k-f#a1 ,rxh#a_/-4 ,al?\gh ,:ite is /ill ahead 9 mat]ial aft] 7#i7 ,qxe#b1 ,rxe#b he _c avoid ! loss ( ! game on acc\nt ( ! cont9u$ ?reat :i* ,black ex]ts by ! coop]ation ( 8 ,rook & 8 ,bi%op4 ,! only move :i* w\ld save ! ,rook a#a f gett+ lo/ ?r\gh ,r-g#b1 foll[$ by a discov]$ *eck ) simultane\s attack ( ! ,rook by ,black's ,rook w\ld be 7#aj7 ,r- d#a ) ! idea ( protect+ ! ,rook ) ! ,k+ ?us 7#aj7 4441 ,r-g#b2 7#aa7 ,k-f#a1 ,r-d#b2 7#ab7 ,k-e#a2 b ?is plan fails z ,black *eckmates ) 7#ab7 4441 ,r-e#b4 ,a mat+ position :i* has n be5 discuss$ up to n[ b :i* occurs frequ5tly en\gh 9 ! actual game to w>rant its special m5tion is "o 9 :i* ! ,k+ is depriv$ ( all mobility by 8 own m5 :o surr\nd him & 9 :i* a ho/ile ,knight c *eck ! ,k+4 ,diagram #db (f]s an example4 --------------------------------------- #h ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,r ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,q --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #db4 ,:ite on ! move c =ce ! mate by 7#a7 ,r-d#h1 a v surpris+ sacrifice inde$1 = n only c ,black take ! ,rook ) ei!r ,que5 or ,rook b he c also take ,:ite's ,que54 ,9 ! latt] case1 h[ev]1 he w\ld be mat$ 9 two moves by 7#b7 ,rxe#h1 ,q-g#h2 7#c7 ,kt-f#g4 ,?is is "o example ( ! ?rottl$ mate by ! ,knight4 ,ano!r "o1 :i* is really ! typical "o1 occurs if ,black takes ! ,rook in/ead ( ! ,que54 ,! mat+ process !n is3 7#b7 ,kt-f#g1 ,k-g#h2 7#c7 ,kt-h#f d\ble *eck1 ,k-h#h2 7#d7 ,q-g#h1 ,rxg#h2 7#e7 ,kt-f#g_/-4 ,:ite c\ld n h play$ ,q- g#h "r on ! second move because !n ,black w\ld h tak5 ! ,que5 ) ! ,k+1 :ile he c\ld n d s ) ,:ite's ,knight on h#f4 ,sacrifices made ) ! view ( a direct mat+ attack are1 z a rule1 ! easie/ to figure out1 z !re is no guesswork connect$ ) !m4 ,9 ^? cases ! play] does n face ! "q z to :e!r ! position atta9$ aft] ! sacrifice w be /rong en\gh to insure a ga9 ( mat]ial at lea/ equival5t to ! am\nt ( mat]ial sacrific$1 a "q :i* to answ] correctly sometimes requires a good deal ( in/9ct tra9$ by exp]i5ce2 all t is necess>y if to asc]ta9 :e!r ! oppon5t c be mat$ 9 a def9ite numb] ( moves or n4 ,if ! mate _c be cle>ly =ese51 ! sacrifice mu/ n be made4 ,! possibility ( a sacrifice ) consequ5t =c$ mate is always indicat$ if a greatly sup]ior =ce is available = attack at ! "p ( ! bo>d :]e ! oppos+ ,k+ is locat$4 ,an example is (f]$ by ! position reproduc$ on ! book cov]4 ,e-text editor note3 ,! position on ! book cov] is3 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,kt ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,q --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,?is position occurr$ 9 a game betwe5 ,sir ,g4 ,a4 ,?omas ( ,london & ! au?or4 ,black has j play$ ,q-e#g 9 ord] to protect ! mate :i* 0 ?reat5$ by ,ktxf#f foll[$ by ,qxh#g4 ,if 9 ! position ( ! diagram ,:ite play$ ,kt-f#f1 ,black w\ld retake ) ! ,pawn1 !reby protect+ ! ,pawn h#g ) 8 ,que54 ,h[ev]1 ,:ite c =ce ! mate ) a neat ,que5's sacrifice :i* drives ,black's ,k+ "r into ! arms ( ! rema9+ ,:ite pieces4 ,play cont9u$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,qxh#g ,kxh#g 7#b7 ,ktxf#f ,k-h#f ,! ,k+ _c g to h#h on acc\nt ( ,kt-g#f mate4 ,:ite n[ cont9ually *ecks ,black's ,k+ 9 su* a mann] t he has only "o squ>e to g to until he is f9ally driv5 to ! fir/ rank1 all ,:ite pieces p>ticipat+ 9 ! *ase4 7#c7 ,kte#e-;g#d ,9 answ] to ,ktf#f-;g#d ,black w\ld play ,k-h#e2 7#d7 ,b-g#f1 ,k-h#d2 7#e7 ,p-g#c1 ,k-h#c & !re is no mate4 7#c7 444 ,k-g#e 7#d7 ,p-h#d ,k-f#d 7#e7 ,p-g#c ,k-f#c 7#f7 ,b-e#b ,k-g#b 7#g7 ,r-h#b ,k-g#a 7#h7 ,k-d#b mate4 ,:ite c\ld h =c$ ! mate 9 sev5 in/ead ( eight moves by play+ 7#f7 ,k-f#a1 or 7#f7 o-o1 = !re 0 no protection aga9/ 7#g7 ,kt-h#b4 ,,iii ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,*ess ,,/rategy ,9 read+ ! *apt] on ,elem5t>y ,tactics ! beg9n] w h obta9$ a fair idea ( ! value ( ! diff]5t pieces & he w h ga9$ an insight into ! possibilities ( _! coop]ation4 ,h[ev]1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,*ess /rategy1 ! me?od ( develop+ ! inh]5t p[]s ( ! m5 s t !y may be able to d all ! "w possible = !m1 w /ill be a secret to him4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! game ! ,knights are ! only pieces :i* are able to move1 & consequ5tly ! o!r pieces are wor?less until op5+s h be5 creat$ = !m by ,pawn moves4 ,n[1 ! fir/ ?+ ! beg9n] %\ld try to keep 9 m9d is t only su* ,pawn moves c be good z op5 l9es = _! fell[ pieces or ob/ruct l9es ( oppos+ m54 ,! reason is ?is3 ,9 any h& to h& fight evid5tly t play] w get ! bett] ( x :o has m pieces ready = action on ! battlefield4 ,:5 exam9+ ! typical positions discuss$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] ! fact w /rike ! obs]vant read] t ! w9n+ play] always has a decid$ sup]iority ( =ces at 8 disposal :]e ! actual fight is go+ on1 s t 9 "s cases he c ev5 sacrifice a great am\nt ( !m & /ill h en\gh left = ! f9al onslaught aga9/ ! ,k+4 ,! same holds good 9 comb9ations :]e less] objects ?an ! ,k+ are f\ght =2 ! play] :o has m pieces ready to take "p 9 ! /ruggle w em]ge victori\s2 ! play] :o attacks ) less pieces ?an ! oppon5t has on ! spot = def5se1 _c hope to succe$4 ,! important po9t1 !re=e1 is to place ! pieces s t !y w be 9 read9ess = conc5tration on :atev] "p ( ! bo>d !y are ne$$4 ,moreov]1 x w be important to place ! pieces on su* favorable squ>es 9 ! %orte/ possible "t--mean+ ) ! smalle/ numb] ( moves--z wa/+ moves on maneuv]s :i* d n fur!r ! mobilization ( ! troops w give ! oppon5t an opportunity to ga!r a sup]ior =ce some:]e on ! bo>d & make an attack ) ! be/ *ance 9 ! _w to succe$ be=e re9=cem5ts c be br\ght up4 ,) ?is aim 9 m9d ! beg9n] w readily see t x is by no means immat]ial :i* ,pawn moves are made 9 ! op5+4 ,! fact t a ,pawn move op5s an outlet = a piece is n suffici5t4 ,if possible ,pawn moves w h to be f\nd :i* enable ! developm5t ( m ?an "o piece = !y w lead to an advantage 9 ! mobilization unless ! oppon5t1 too1 ha/5s ! developm5t ( 8 pieces by equally good ,pawn moves4 ,! only ,pawn moves :i* fit ?is description are moves ) ! ,k+'s or ,que5's ,pawns z !y op5 l9es = ,que5 & ,bi%op-- ap>t f an additional squ>e = ! ,knight--:ile ! o!r ,pawns _c free ! way = m ?an "o piece4 ,:e!r ! move ) ! ,k+'s ,pawn or ! ,que5's ,pawn is bett] :5 beg9n+ ! game is impossible to say4 ,9 nei!r case c x be prov$ t ,:ite c obta9 an advantage :i* is suffici5t to w9 ! game4 ,) correct play on bo? sides x c be only ,:ite :o ga9s an advantage1 = he has ! fir/ move & s he is "o move ahead ( ,black 9 ! developm5t z long z he does n wa/e any "t on maneuv]s :i* d n increase ! mobility ( 8 pieces4 ,by ! mobility ( a piece is meant ! numb] ( squ>es accessible to x4 ,a ,bi%op or a ,rook :i* /&s 9 an unob/ruct$ file is obvi\sly wor? m ?an "o ^: sph]e ( action is limit$ on acc\nt ( 8 way be+ block$4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t a ,bi%op or a ,knight to :om1 at a c]ta9 mom5t1 ?ree or f\r squ>es are accessible1 is m valuable ?an a ,rook :o at ! same mom5t c g only to "o or two squ>es2 = a few moves lat] ! ,rook might be 9 possession ( 8 full fre$om :ile ! action ( ! ,bi%op or ! ,knight might be hamp]$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 be/ to value ! pieces accord+ to _! lat5t /r5g?1 t is1 ! /r5g? :i* is likely to %[ 9 ! end+ aft] all tempor>y ob/ructions h be5 remov$4 ,! comp>ative values giv5 = ! diff]5t m5 on page #db w s]ve z good guide 9 mo/ cases4 ,x is n advisable ?\gh to give up a m9or piece = ?ree ,pawns or two m9or pieces = a ,rook & "o ,pawn z long z ,que5s & m9or pieces are on ! bo>d1 z ) a piece ahead ! oppon5t mo/ly succe$s 9 w9n+ ?r\gh a direct attack aga9/ ! ,k+ be=e ! sup]iority ( ,pawns becomes dang]\s4 ,9 try+ to place ! pieces on squ>es :]e !y h z mu* mobility z possible individual ?\ght is requir$ ) ea* new game z x dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! moves ( ! oppon5t :i* l9es c be op5$ = ,bi%ops1 ,rooks & ,que5 & :]e a good field ( action c be secur$ = ! ,knights4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible to give a few rules :i* common s5se tells u mu/ hold good 9 ! majority ( games if bo? play]s play well4 ,( c\rse1 if a play] makes bad moves 9 ! op5+1 t is1 moves :i* d n aim at a spe$y mobilization ( all pieces1 !n ! oppon5t may soon h a *ance to w9 ! game ) moves :i* are n 9 accordance ) ^? common s5se rules ei!r b :i* =ce an imm$iate issue 9 a maneuv] ( a k9d t ord9>ily does n occur 9 an op5+ b is *>act]i/ic ( ! middle game4 ,?is is a po9t :i* ! majority ( ,*ess play]s ov]look4 ,!y argue t--grant$ ! value ( g5]al pr9ciples ( /rategy1 :i* w greatly help to build up a safe position--cases occur 9 :i* a move may w9 :i* is n accord+ to pr9ciples1 & t1 !re=e1 foll[+ ! tr5d ( a c]ta9 comb9ation :i* seems pr(itable1 is advisable ev5 if ! g5]al pr9ciples are violat$4 ,ev5 a ,*ess ma/] once said1 t g5]alities are ( no use 9 ,*ess & t x is necess>y to figure out e move 9 all v>iations to :i* x may lead to make sure t ! move is good4 ,z an example he (f]$ ! foll[+ op5+3 7#a7 ,p-f#c1 ,p-e#e2 7#b7 ,p-g#d4 ,n[1 he asks1 %\ld ,black omit to give ! *eckmate ) ,q-h#d because x is aga9/ ! g5]al pr9ciples to br+ out ! ,que5 at an e>ly /age ( ! game8 ,! %all[ness ( ?is argum5t is obvi\s4 ,! reason = ! g5]al rule t ! ,que5 %\ld n come out too soon is t %e is liable to be attack$ by ! m9or pieces ( ! oppon5t s t %e has to move aga9 & aga9 & "t is lo/ :i* c\ld be us$ = ! developm5t ( o!r pieces4 ,( c\rse1 if ! oppon5t does n develop 8 pieces1 ! ,que5 may (t5 come out )\t dang] & %e may d a lot ( h>m be=e %e c be driv5 away4 ,9 =mulat+ g5]al /rategical pr9ciples x is1 !n1 assum$ t bo? play]s w foll[ !m1 & x is tak5 = grant$ t if "o play] deviates f ^! pr9ciples & !reby weak5s himself at "s po9t1 ! o!r play] is expect$ to exact ! full p5alty = ?is deviation ) any means at 8 disposal4 ,x w always be f\nd t ^! means are also indicat$ by ! g5]al pr9ciples if only _! mean+ is intellig5tly appli$ to ! position 9 "q4 ,z 0 /at$ be=e1 ! po9t ( greate/ importance 9 ! op5+ is to develop ! pieces )\t loss ( "t1 t is1 to place !m on squ>es :]e !y h z mu* mobility z possible )\t mak+ any move :i* ret>ds ?is developm5t4 ,!re are diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! developm5t may be ret>d$1 & :i* consequ5tly mu/ be avoid$4 ,= in/ance1 no ,pawn move %\ld be made :i* is n absolutely necess>y to op5 a l9e = a piece2 or1 no piece %\ld move twice z long z !re are pieces :i* h n yet mov$ at all2 or1 no piece %\ld be develop$ to a squ>e f :i* ! oppon5t c drive x away at ! same "t fur!r+ 8 own developm5t2 or1 ! "r ( ca/l+ %\ld n be =egone by mov+ ! ,k+ or by any o!r way1 z ca/l+ develops a ,rook & places ! ,k+ 9 safety ) "o move :ile m moves are requir$ to ! same end if ca/l+ is n possible1 & s on4 ,! beg9n] :o makes ?is great pr9ciple ( developm5t q cle> to himself has made ! mo/ difficult /ep on ! way to ma/]%ip4 ,! grasp ( ! f> rea*+ influ5ce ( ! mobility ( ! pieces 9 ! op5+ ^u ! fur!r developm5t ( ! :ole game is really :at di/+ui%es ! ma/] f ! av]age play]4 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld be too difficult = ! beg9n] to f9d out = himself :at squ>es are ! mo/ favorable = ! diff]5t pieces2 at any rate1 x w\ld take him a long "t to ga9 t k by exp]i5ce4 ,=tunately1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ma/]s ( sev]al g5]ations is accessible to u & s x is possible to exp$ite consid]ably ! process by :i* ! m9d ( ! /ud5t is adapt$ to ! tactics requir$ 9 e game ( ,*ess to c>ry out ! pr9ciple ( spe$y developm5t4 ,to a great ext5t ^! tactics1 too1 c be simply expla9$ f ! po9t ( view ( giv+ ! pieces _! utmo/ mobility s t !y w be readily und]/ood by ! read] :o has foll[$ ! argum5ts giv5 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! con/ellation ( ! pieces dep5d+ on :e!r ! game is op5$ ) 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p- e#e or 7#a7 ,p-d#d1 ,p-d#e4 ,^! two op5+s %all !re=e be treat$ sep>ately4 ,all o!r op5+s are relat$ to "o ( ! above ma9 bran*es & ne$ little additional discussion4 ,,k+',s ,,pawn ,,op5+s ,aft] 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e ! only ,pawn :i* bo? play]s h to move to enable ! developm5t ( all pieces is ! ,que5's ,pawn1 :i* ob/ructs ! ,que5's ,bi%op4 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld also be possible to secure an outlet = ! ,que5's ,bi%op by advanc+ ! ,que5's ,knight's ,pawn "o /ep2 b 9 ! long diagonal ! ,bi%op is ord9>ily n s well po/$ z ! developm5t ( ! ,que5's ,knight to 8 mo/ natural squ>e1 t is c#c or c#f respectively1 w\ld block ! way ( ! ,bi%op4 ,! ,que5's ,knight is be/ plac$ 9 ! c-file because on ! edge ( ! bo>d1 9 ! a-file1 he has less mobility2 less squ>es are accessible to him4 ,9 ord] to place him 9 ! d-file x w\ld be necess>y to move ! d-,pawn1 & z ?is w\ld also give an op5+ to ! ,que5's ,bi%op ! move ( ! ,que5's ,knight's ,pawn is sup]flu\s4 ,be=e mov+ ! ,que5's ,pawn ! play]s w h to make sure t 9 advanc+ him !y w n block ! way ( any piece4 ,consequ5tly1 ,:ite w n play ,p-d#c on 8 second move4 ,he w fir/ develop ! ,k+'s ,bi%op4 ,( c\rse1 he w n place him on d#c1 ob/ruct+ ! ,que5's ,pawn & !reby ! ,que5's ,bi%op4 ,nei!r w he play ,b-b#e1 z ,black c\ld drive him away f !re imm$iately ) ,p-c#f1 op5+ ano!r diagonal = ! ,que54 ,! *oice betwe5 ! rema9+ squ>es1 e#b & c#d1 is n difficult4 ,on e#b ! ,bi%op w\ld be 9 ! way ( ! ,que5 & 8 way w\ld soon be block$ by ! ,k+'s ,knight1 :o = simil> reasons to ^? giv5 = ! move ( ! ,que5's ,knight w g to f#c 9 pref]5ce to o!r squ>es4 ,!re=e1 ! only move to be consid]$ 9 case ! ,k+'s ,bi%op is play$ at ?is e>ly /age ( ! game1 is ,b-c#d4 ,:ite is n =c$ to develop ?is ,bi%op on ! second move by any means4 ,he c\ld ei!r play 7#b7 ,kt-f#c or 7#b7 ,kt-c#c or 7#b7 ,p- d#d4 ,! objection to ! latt] move1 h[ev]1 is t aft] 7#b7 44441 ,pxd#d2 7#c7 ,qxd#d ! :ite ,que5 is expos$ to ! attack ( ! ,knight b#h1 :i* means loss ( "t4 ,kt-f#c or ,kt-c#c are probably pref]able to ,b-c#d on ! second move1 because x is c]ta9 t ! ,knights w n f9d any bett] squ>es on _! initial move4 ,! ,bi%op1 h[ev]1 may h an occasion to be us$ on b#e in/ead ( on c#d1 & x is a good ?+1 g5]ally speak+1 to keep ! option ( mov+ a piece to diff]5t squ>es z long z x is compatible ) ! o!r requirem5ts ( ! position4 ,t ! ,bi%op may be us$ to advantage on b#e w be se5 f ! foll[+ v>iation4 ,suppos+ ,:ite plays 7#b7 ,kt-f#c4 ,!n ! ,pawn e#e is attack$4 ,! only s5sible protection is 7#b7 4441 ,kt-c#f2 = ,p-f#f does n come into consid]ation1 z x is a ,pawn move :i* does n add any?+ to ! developm5t ( ! pieces2 ,p-d#f blocks ! ,bi%op f#h2 ,b-d#f ob/ructs ! ,que5's ,pawn & ,q-f#f or ,q-e#g h9d]s ! developm5t ( ! ,knight or ! ,bi%op respectively4 ,n[1 x c readily be se5 t aft] 7#b7 4441 ,kt-c#f ,:ite may want to place 8 ,k+'s ,bi%op on b#e1 = ) ?is move he repeats indirectly 8 attack on ! ,k+'s ,pawn ?r\gh ! ?reat to remove ! protect+ ,knight4 ,x is true1 t ?is ?reat ne$s no att5tion z long z ,:ite's ,k+'s ,pawn is n protect$ 7= in/ance3 7#c7 4441 ,kt-f#f2 7#d7 ,bxc#f1 ,pd#gxc#f2 7#e7 ,ktxe#e1 ,q-d#d attack+ ,knight & ,pawn at ! same "t & !reby rega9+ ! ,pawn7 b z soon z ,:ite has def5d$ ! ,pawn--) ,p-d#c may be--! ,bi%op b#e is at "w & ,black mu/ seek additional protection = ! ,pawn e#e4 ,if ,:ite1 on 8 second move1 plays ,b-c#d1 he attacks ! ,pawn f#g4 ,?is ,pawn is protect$ by ,black's ,k+ & s he ne$ n be def5d$ any fur!r2 b ,black mu/ be on ! al]t aga9/ a conc5tration ( "s m :ite m5 on f#g4 ,:ite c\ld try 7#c7 ,q-f#c or ,q-h#e4 ,h[ev]1 ,black w\ld !n h "t to def5d himself ) ,kt-f#f or ,q-e#g respectively4 ,!re=e1 on ! second move1 ,black may make any develop+ move2 he c\ld1 ( c\rse1 play 7#b7 4441 ,kt-f#f1 prev5t+ ,:ite's ,que5 f go+ to h#e1 b ?is is unnecess>y1 z ,q-h#e w\ld be a v bad move1 plac+ ! ,que5 on a squ>e f :i* %e is b\nd to be *as$ away v soon4 ,= in/ance3 7#b7 44441 ,b-c#e2 7#c7 ,q-h#e1 ,q-e#g 7n ,p-g#f on acc\nt ( ,qxe#e attack+ ! ,k+ & ! ,rook at ! same "t74 ,n[1 :atev] ,:ite plays1 he w h to retire aga9 ) 8 ,que5 z soon z ,black attacks h] ) ,kt-f#f1 & s he loses 8 bir?-"r ( attack2 = x w be ,black :o is a move ahead 9 ! developm5t in/ead ( ,:ite1 z x ought to be4 ,if bo? play]s refra9 f premature attack ! game might develop z foll[s3 7#b7 ,b-c#d1 ,b-c#e2 7#c7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt-c#f2 7#d7 ,p-d#c1 ,kt-f#f2 7#e7 ,kt-c#c1 ,p-d#f2 7#f7 o-o1 o-o2 7#g7 ,b-g#e4 ,?is move is ! fir/ "o ) :i* ,:ite trespasses ! fronti] :i* may be said to run 9 ! op5+s ( all games betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? ranks ( ! bo>d4 ,! ,bi%ops are ! only pieces = :om !re is a field ( action 9 ! oppon5t's camp e>ly 9 ! game4 ,!y p9 a ho/ile ,knight & !reby ex]t a c]ta9 pressure on ! oppon5t :o naturally does n l to see any ( 8 pieces depriv$ ( its mobility4 ,! fact t ,black c drive ,:ite's ,bi%op away ) ,p-h#f does n lead to any loss ( "t = ,:ite1 = ! ,bi%op c retire to h#d1 /ill ma9ta9+ ! p91 :ile ,black has n fur!r$ 8 developm5t by 8 ,pawn move2 9 fact1 he has some:at compromis$ 8 position & z expla9$ by ! discussion ( ! position ( ,diagram #cg ! advance ( ! ,pawn g#g to g#e _c foll[ )\t ! risk t ,:ite w uphold ! p9 ev5 at ! co/ ( a piece & obta9 an ov]:elm+ attack4 ,t ! move ,p-h#f creates a weakness ev5 if x is n foll[$ up by ,p-g#e w be demon/rat$ lat] on 9 ! discussion ( ! middle game4 ,! correct answ] to ,:ite's sev5? move is easily f\nd ) ! help ( ! pr9ciple ( developm5t4 ,if ,:ite did n ?reat5 any?+ ,black w\ld c]ta9ly ?9k ( no?+ else ?an ! developm5t ( 8 ,que5's ,bi%op1 ! only m9or piece :i* has n yet mov$4 ,!re=e1 ! fir/ ?+ ,black %\ld consid] 9 c\nt]+ ! ?reat involv$ 9 ,:ite's la/ move is a protection ) a move ( ! ,que5's ,bi%op4 ,:ite's ?reat is 7#h7 ,kt-d#e1 attack+ ! ,knight f#f = ! second "t4 ,al?\gh ! ,knight is twice protect$1 ,black w naturally endeavor to prev5t an accumulation ( ho/ile pieces on ! po9t f#f1 & he c d t inde$ v easily by play+ 7#g7 44441 ,b-e#f ) a view t[>d captur+ ! ,knight if he %\ld move to d#e4 ,! ex*ange 7#h7 ,kt-d#e1 ,bxd#e2 7#i7 ,bxd#e is manife/ly n desirable = ,:ite1 z x does n improve 9 any way ! mobility ( 8 m54 ,on ! contr>y1 ,:ite loses a move1 z ! result ( ! maneuv] is only a *ange ( location ( ! ,k+'s ,bi%op :o 0 already develop$ :ile ! pr9ciple ( spe$y developm5t dem&s t no piece %\ld be mov$ twice 9 ! op5+ until ,,all pieces are develop$4 ,unless ,black's move involves a ?reat :i* ne$s imm$iate att5tion ,:ite %\ld consid] only su* moves z w secure a possibility ( developm5t = 8 ,rooks1 t is maneuv]s :i* are liable to produce an op5 file some:]e on ! bo>d4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #dc4 ,?is c only be done by ! ex*ange ( a ,pawn & z ! only ,pawn )9 easy rea* is ! ,pawn e#e ! files :i* are liable to be op5$ fir/ are ! d-file & ! f-file4 ,9 ! position ( ! ,diagram x is n easy to f9d a way ( op5+ ei!r file m5tion$ )\t elaborate prep>ation4 ,p-d#d _c be play$ be=e ! squ>e d#d is ?ree times controll$ by ,:ite & if ,:ite tries to accompli% ?is by 7#h7 ,kt-e#b1 ,black spoils ,:ite's plan by ,bxc#d )\t be+ bo!r$ by ! ?reat ,kt-d#e :i* exi/$ z long z ! ,knight 0 po/$ on c#c4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,:ite ex*anges ! ,bi%op fir/ on e#f he helps ,black's developm5t by op5+ ! f-file = 8 ,rook4 ,to avoid ^! alt]natives ,:ite c\ld )draw ! ,bi%op c#d to b#c & !n play ,kt-e#b foll[$ by ,p-c#c & ,p-d#d4 ,b ?is maneuv] involves two moves ) pieces :i* are already develop$ & x is !re=e pref]able to place ! ,rook a#a1 :o has to be develop$1 "r away 9 ! ,que5's file & !n to proce$ z sugge/$ above4 ,9 o!r words1 ,:ite does probably be/ to play 7#h7 ,q-d#b & 7#i7 ,ra#a-;d#a4 ,black1 9 ! meantime1 w ( c\rse1 also aim at ! developm5t ( 8 ,rooks4 ,9 ! position ( ! ,diagram x is ev5 less tr\blesome = him ?an = ,:ite to prep>e ! op5+ ( ! d-file1 z !re is no objection to 8 play+ imm$iately ,kt-e#g ) ,p-c#f & ,p-d#e4 ,! only reason :i* might det] ,black f play+ ,kt-e#g is ! fe> t ,:ite might answ] ,bxf#f =c+ ,black to retake ) ! ,pawn g#g & !reby te>+ a hole 9 ! protect+ *a9 ( ,pawns ar\nd ! ,k+4 ,h[ev]1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! discussion ( ! middle game1 ?is maneuv] ne$ n be fe>$4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #dd4 ,! advance ( ! d-,pawn1 besides ! possibility ( op5+ ! d-file = ! ,rooks1 has ano!r v important purpose4 ,x invites1 & (t5 compels ! oppon5t to take ! ,pawn ) 8 e-,pawn !reby los+ control ( ! c5t]4 ,:at is meant by c5t] 9 ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s w be und]/ood f ! analysis ( ! ,diagram #dd 9 :i* only ! ,pawn skeleton ( a ,k+'s ,pawn game is giv5 & 9 :i* x is assum$ t ,black has ex*ang$ ! ,pawn e#e = ! ,pawn d#d4 ,?is ,pawn =mation (f]s an advantage to ,:ite because ! ,pawn e#d1 ,:ite's c5t]- ,pawn1 controls ! two squ>es d#e & f#e :ile ! two correspond+ squ>es 9 ,:ite's camp1 t is d#d & f#d1 are n 9 ! h&s ( ,black & c\ld be occupi$ by ,:ite m54 ,x is evid5t t x mu/ be advantage\s to h pieces plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! bo>d z !re !y h naturally m mobility ?an t[>ds ! edge ( ! bo>d :]e "p ( _! radius ( action is cut (f4 ,a ,knight1 = in/ance1 plac$ on d#d w possibly h an opportunity lat] on to g to f#e f :]e he helps an attack on g#g4 ,! squ>e f#d may be useful = ! ,que5 9 an attempt to rea* ! ,k+'s w+ spe$ily1 ?us accumulat+ on t "p ( ! bo>d sup]ior =ces4 ,^! & o!r advantages connect$ ) ! control ( ! c5t] w be m readily und]/ood aft] ! discussion ( ! middle game maneuv]s ( :i* ! c5t] squ>es =m ! basis4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to t\* ^u ?is matt] at ?is "t1 z 9 _m op5+s ! play] is confront$ aft] ! v fir/ moves ) que/ions 9 :i* ! ma9t5ance ( ! c5t]-,pawn is ! po9t at issue4 ,foll[+ are a few examples3 ,suppos+ ,:ite1 aft] 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e1 plays 7#b7 ,p-d#d4 ,!n ,black is imm$iately ?reat5$ ) ! loss ( 8 c5t]-,pawn1 :i* he _c def5d ) ,p-d#f z aft] 7#c7 ,pxe#e1 ,pxe#e ,:ite w\ld ex*ange ,que5s & !reby deprive ,black ( ! possibility ( br++ 8 ,rooks quickly into coop]ation ?r\gh ca/l+4 7#b7 4441 ,kt-c#f is out ( "q too2 n on acc\nt ( 7#c7 ,p- d#e1 :i* m]ely helps ,black 9 gett+ 8 ,knight ov] to ! ,k+'s w+ via e#g & all[s him to ma9ta9 8 c5t]-,pawn1 b on acc\nt ( 7#c7 ,pxe#e1 ,ktxe#e2 7#d7 ,pf#d1 :i* secures ! control ( ! c5t] = ,:ite & does n leave ,black a *ance to advance 8 ,que5's ,pawn to d#e ) ! view ( depriv+ ,:ite ( 8 c5t]-,pawn too4 ,= ^! reasons ,black has no *oice b has to play 7#b7 4441 ,pxd#d4 ,true en\gh1 ,black gives up 8 c5t]-,pawn ) ?is ex*ange1 b ,:ite _c prev5t ,p-d#e 9 ! long run1 s t he also loses 8 c5t]-,pawn & has no advantage ov] ,black 9 t respect4 ,! foll[+ v>iations are typical = ! l9e ( play 9 cases ( ?is k9d4 ,:ite tries to hold back ,black's ,que5's ,pawn z long z he c1 b f9ally ,black en=ces ! advance4 ,i4 7#c7 ,qxd#d ,kt-c#f 7#d7 ,q-e#c ,n[ ,p-d#e is n possible because ( ,pxd#e *eck4 7#d7 444 ,kt-f#f 7#e7 ,kt-c#c ,b-e#g 7#f7 ,b-d#b ,p-d#e ,?reat5+ to w9 a piece by ,p-d#d4 7#g7 ,pxd#e ,ktxd#e ,n[ ,:ite has no c5t]-,pawn ei!r2 ,black has a p]fectly good game4 ,,ii4 7#c7 ,kt-f#c ,kt-c#f ,mo/ play]s w\ld be tempt$ to play ,p-c#e in/ead4 ,b ?is mu/ be bad z x is a ,pawn move :i* is n necess>y4 ,black does n ne$ to def5d ! ,pawn d#d z he is a ,pawn ahead2 & ! developm5t ( ! pieces is mu* m valuable ?an ! advantage ( a ,pawn4 ,:ite w\ld obta9 a f> sup]ior position ) 7#d7 ,p-c#c1 ,pxc#c2 7#e7 ,ktxc#c1 aft] :i* ,black _c hope ev] to free 8 game by ,p-d#e4 7#d7 ,ktxd#d ,kt-f#f ,x w\ld be bad to ex*ange ,knights on d#d because ,:ite's ,que5 w\ld be br\ght up into a dom9at+ position f :i* %e c\ld n easily be driv5 away4 7#e7 ,kt-c#c ,b-b#d ,?is attacks aga9 ! ,pawn e#d4 ,reliev+ ! p9 by 7#f7 ,b-d#b w\ld be no protection z ,black c\ld ex*ange on c#c & !n take ! ,pawn4 ,!re=e1 ,:ite mu/ def5d ! ,pawn ) ano!r piece4 ,! ,bi%op f#a1 :i* has to be develop$ 9 any case1 (f]s himself naturally = ?is purpose1 b ,b-d#c is n possible z long z ! ,knight d#d has to be kept protect$ by ! ,que54 ,h5ce1 x is necess>y fir/ to ex*ange ! ,knight4 7#f7 ,ktxc#f ,pb#gxc#f 7#g7 ,b-d#c ,p-d#e6 ,aga9 ,black has succe$$ 9 advanc+ 8 ,que5's ,pawn aga9/ ! oppos+ c5t]-,pawn1 & ,:ite _c avoid ! ex*ange4 ,to advance to e#e w\ld be aga9/ ! pr9ciple t no ,pawn-move %\ld be made 9 ! op5+ :i* is n absolutely necess>y4 ,h[ easily 7#h7 ,p-e#e c\ld get ,:ite into tr\ble c be se5 f ! foll[+ v>iation3 7#h7 4441 ,kt-g#d2 7#i7 o-o1 o-o2 7#aj7 ,pf#d 881 ,b-c#e2 7#aa7 ,k-h#a1 ,q-h#d2 7#ab7 ,p-h#c1 ,q-g#c2 7#ac7 ,pxg#d1 ,q-h#d mate4 ,,iii4 7#c7 ,p-c#c ,) ?is move ,:ite invites ,black to lose "t 9 w9n+ a ,pawn or two :ile ! ,:ite pieces are rapidly develop$4 ,if ,black accepts ! ,gambit ,footnote3 ,a ,gambit is an op5+ 9 :i* ! sacrifice ( a ,pawn is (f]$ = ! sake ( a spe$y developm5t ( ! pieces4 ! cont9uation might be4 7#c7 444 ,pxc#c 7#d7 ,b-c#d ,pxb#b 7#e7 ,bxb#b or 7#d7 444 ,kt-c#f 7#e7 ,kt-f#c ,p-d#f 7#f7 ,ktxc#c or ,q-b#c or o-o ,9 all ( ^! cases ,:ite has by f> ! fre] game & he rema9s 9 ! possession ( 8 c5t]-,pawn4 ,= ?is reason x is mu* m advisable = ,black to decl9e ! ,gambit (f]$ & to ha/5 8 developm5t by imm$iately advanc+ 8 ,que5's ,pawn1 ?us3 7#c7 ,p-c#c ,p-d#e6 7#d7 ,pxd#e ,! advance ( ! ,k+'s ,pawn w\ld be q out ( place1 z x w\ld n add any?+ to ,:ite's developm5t s t ,black ne$ n m9d ! loss ( ! move ei!r :i* he su/a9s f ! develop+ po9t ( view 9 ga9+ a ,pawn by ,pxc#c4 ,! future developm5t ( ,black is n any long] endang]$ z he has a ,pawn 9 ! c5t] & an outlet = 8 ,que5's ,bi%op4 7#d7 444 ,qxd#e 7#e7 ,pxd#d ,kt-c#f 7#f7 ,kt-f#c ,b-g#d 7#g7 ,kt-c#c ,q-h#e & ,black has1 no d\bt1 ! initiative4 ,if ,:ite1 in/ead ( play+ 7#b7 ,p-d#d z assum$ 9 ! above examples1 advances 8 f-,pawn aga9/ ,black's c5t]1 ,black has ample "t to make all prep>ations necess>y to ma9ta9 8 c5t]-,pawn1 = ,:ite does n ?reat5 ,pxe#e z long z he is n protect$ aga9/ ,q-h#d1 foll[$ by ,qxe#d4 ,black's be/ move is app>5tly ,b-c#e1 s t he may be able to reply ,p-d#f to 7#c7 ,kt-f#c )\t block+ ! way ( ! ,bi%op4 ,on c#e ,black's ,bi%op is v disagreeable = ,:ite z he prev5ts 8 ca/l+4 ,! natural developm5t ( ?is op5+ w\ld be ab\t ?is3 7#b7 ,p-f#d ,b-c#e 7#c7 ,kt-f#c ,p-d#f 7#d7 ,b-c#d ,kt-f#f ,al?\gh ?is move blocks ! diagonal = ,black's ,que51 mak+ impossible a *eck on h#d1 x does n enable ,:ite to w9 a ,pawn on e#e1 because 7#e7 ,pxe#e1 ,pxe#e2 7#f7 ,ktxe#e w\ld be answ]$ by ,q- d#d4 7#e7 ,p-d#c ,kt-c#f 7#f7 ,kt-c#c ,b-g#d ,black has "o m piece develop$ ?an ,:ite on acc\nt ( ! ,pawn move ,p-f#d :i* is a wa/$ move f ! po9t ( view ( developm5t1 especially z ,:ite _c v well ca/le on ! ,k+'s side & make use ( ! op5 f-file = 8 ,rooks4 ,! two pr9ciples m5tion$--namely ! developm5t ( ! pieces )\t unnecess>y ,pawn moves or o!r loss ( "t & ! ma9t5ance ( a ,pawn 9 ! c5t]--are a p]fectly suffici5t guidance 9 all ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s1 z no p>ticul> difficulty exi/s = any piece to be develop$ to a favorable squ>e4 ,ev5 if ,black tries to avoid ! well-kn[n op5+s :i* result f ! reply 7#a7 4441 ,p-e#e by play+ 7#a7 4441 ,p- e#f = in/ance1 or 7#a7 4441 ,p-c#e21 or1 9 fact1 any o!r ( ! tw5ty possible fir/ moves1 ,:ite w f9d ! "r way to mobilize 8 m5 if he /rictly adh]es to ^? two pr9ciples & resi/s ! temptation to in/itute an e>ly attack4 ,a few examples w %[ h[ simple ! application ( ! pr9ciple is4 ,i4 7#a7 ,p-e#d ,p-d#e ,?is attacks ,:ite's ,pawn & ,:ite has to decide :e!r to protect1 advance or ex*ange him4 ,! advance ,p-e#e & ! protection ,p-f#c are out ( "q because ^! moves are ,pawn moves :i* d n contribute to ! developm5t & are1 !re=e1 to be class$ z m]e loss ( "t4 ,! protection 7#b7 ,p-d#c is n suffici5t ei!r z ,black1 aft] ex*ang+ on e#d1 w\ld hamp] ,:ite's developm5t by ex*ang+ ,que5s s t ,:ite w\ld lose ! "r ( ca/l+4 ,! protection 7#b7 ,kt-c#c _c be recomm5d$ z ,black c\ld deprive ,:ite ( 8 c5t]- ,pawn & obta9 "o = himself by ,pxe#d1 7#c7 ,ktxe#d2 ,p-e#e4 ,= all ^! reasons ,:ite _c d bett] ?an ex*anges on d#e4 ,at fir/ sight ?is might seem a violation ( ! pr9ciples1 z ,pxd#e is a ,pawn move :i* does n fur!r ! developm5t ( ! pieces :ile ,black1 9 retak+ ! ,pawn1 develops 8 ,que54 ,h[ev]1 z 0 already po9t$ out on sev]al o!r occasions1 ! e>ly developm5t ( ! ,que5 is n desirable z %e is sure to be expos$ to ! attack ( m9or pieces4 ,inde$1 ,:ite obta9s ! bett] game ?r\gh 7#c7 ,kt-c#c1 ,q-a#e2 7#d7 ,p-d#d or 7#d7 ,kt-f#c1 foll[$ by ,p-d#d4 ,black _c get 8 ,k+'s ,pawn up to ! c5t] 7#d7 ,p-d#d1 ,p-e#e2 7#e7 ,q-h#e & 9 addition he is b\nd to lose "s m moves ) 8 ,que5 z soon z ,:ite has develop$ 8 ,bi%op to d#b ?reat5+ a discov]$ attack ?r\gh a move ) ! ,knight c#c4 ,,ii4 7#a7 ,p-e#d ,p-e#f ,) ?is move ,black swit*es ! c5t] f ! e-file to ! d-file4 7#b7 ,p-d#d ,p-d#e ,n[ ,:ite ne$ n hesitate to protect 8 ,k+'s ,pawn ) ,kt- c#c1 = ,black _c1 z %[n 9 example #a1 ga9 control ( ! c5t] by ex*ang+ on e#d & play+ ,p-e#e4 ,! advance 7#c7 ,p-e#e _c be recomm5d$ = ! reason expla9$ 9 example ,i4 ,( c\rse1 ,:ite1 be+ a move ahead anyh[1 c af=d to make a ,pawn move :i* does n exactly advance 8 own developm5t1 if t ,pawn move hamp]s ! developm5t ( ! oppon5t to "s ext5t4 ,?is w\ld be ! case aft] 7#c7 ,p-e#e1 z ,black c\ld n develop 8 ,k+'s ,knight to ! mo/ natural squ>e1 namely1 f#f4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,pawns d#d & e#e1 ?\gh =m+ a /rong c5t]1 z long z !y are bo? 9 place1 are liable to become subject to disagreeable attacks :i* ,black c in/itute ) ,p-c#e & ,p-f#f1 & if ,:ite _c ma9ta9 8 c5t]1 !n ! advance to e#e is m]e wa/e ( "t4 7#c7 ,kt-c#c ,kt-f#f ,aga9 ,:ite's ,k+'s ,pawn is attack$4 ,! fir/ cont9uation = ,:ite to ?9k ( w\ld be 7#d7 ,b-d#c1 develop+ ano!r piece4 ,h[ev]1 ,black c !n simply ex*ange twice on e#d & play ,p- c#e1 s t ,:ite loses 8 ,pawn c5t]4 ,p-e#e does n seem v good ei!r4 ,x does n lose any "t1 z ,black too has to lose a move retreat+ ) 8 ,knight4 ,b ! latt] is well po/$ on d#g f :]e he assi/s ! contemplat$ advance ,p-c#e aga9/ ,:ite's c5t]4 ,! be/ cont9uation is app>5tly 7#d7 ,b-g#e1 :i* develops a piece & protects ! ,pawn e#d ?r\gh p9n+ ! ,knight f#f4 ,aft] 7#d7 ,b-g#e ,b-e#g ,:ite f9ally has to ei!r advance ! ,k+'s ,pawn or ex*ange him4 ,! latt] seems pref]able4 ,! drawbacks to ! advance h be5 discuss$ be=e4 ,aft] ! ex*ange ,:ite c develop 8 ,k+'s ,bi%op to d#c :]e he is consid]ably bett] po/$ ?an ! correspond+ ,black ,bi%op4 ,,que5',s ,,pawn ,,op5+s ,! same two lead+ pr9ciples apply to ,que5's ,pawn op5+s :i* 7 discuss$ 9 connection ) ! ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s2 b !re is "o great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( op5+s :i* is n obvi\s to ! beg9n]4 ,?is is ! fact t 9 ,que5's ,pawn op5+s1 9 mo/ cases1 nei!r play] has a *ance to op5 a file 9 ! c5t] ( ! bo>d ?r\gh ! ex*ange ( "o ( ! c5t]-,pawns1 & t1 !re=e1 an additional ,pawn move is necess>y 9 ! op5+ /age to provide = an op5 file 9 :i* ! ,rooks lat] on may h an opportunity ( ent]+ ! battle4 ,9 addition1 x is 9 mo/ v>iations n easy to f9d a good place = ! ,que5's ,bi%op )\t fur!r ,pawn moves1 & x is "h :]e ! beg9n] is b\nd to err 9 ! plan ( 8 mobilization unless he has adequate in/ruction4 ,9 try+ to op5 a file = ! ,rooks x w be advisable--j z 9 ! ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s--to aim at ! same "t at ! cle>+ away ( ! oppon5t's c5t]-,pawn1 & ?is c only be done by ! advance ( ! c-,pawn4 ,!re=e1 x w\ld mean loss ( "t if ! ,que5's ,knight 7 develop$ into ! c-file be=e ! c-,pawn has mov$2 ! ,knight w\ld h to be mov$ away aga9 9 ord] to enable ! op5+ ( ! c-file4 ,?is consid]ation furni%es ! key = ! und]/&+ ( ! mo/ popul> ,que5's ,pawn op5+1 :i* is 7#a7 ,p-d#d ,p-d#e 7#b7 ,kt-f#c ,kt-f#f 7#c7 ,p-c#d ,:ite (f]s a ,pawn to induce ,black to give up 8 c5t]-,pawn1 h5ce ! "n ,que5's ,gambit4 ,if ,black c\ld actually hold ! ,pawn he w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ ! ,gambit unless x c be demon/rat$ t ,:ite's advantage 9 developm5t yields a w9n+ attack4 ,h[ev]1 ,:ite c easily rega9 ! ,gambit-,pawn1 & s !re is absolutely no reason :y ,black %\ld give up 8 ,pawn-c5t]4 ,! way 9 :i* ,:ite rega9s 8 ,pawn 9 ! accept$ ,gambit is ?is3 7#c7 4441 ,pxc#d2 7#d7 ,p-e#c1 ,p-b#e2 7#e7 ,p-a#d1 ,p-c#f 7if ,black takes ! ,pawn a#d1 ,:ite captures ! ,pawn c#d & !n rega9s ! a-,pawn4 7#e7 4441 ,p-a#f1 _c be play$ on acc\nt ( ,pxb#e1 op5+ ! a-file = ,:ite's ,rook s t ,black _c retake ! ,pawn74 7#f7 ,p-b#c1 ,pxb#c2 7#g7 ,pxb#e1 ,pxb#e2 7#h7 ,bxb#e & ,qxb#c4 ,n[ ,:ite is f> ahead 9 ! developm5t & 9 addition he has an op5 file = 8 ,que5's ,rook 9 :i* ! black ,pawn is b\nd to be lo/ 9 ! long run4 ,moreov]1 ,black has no comp5sation = ,:ite's /rong ,pawn-c5t]4 ,= ?is reason ! ,que5's ,gambit is h>dly ev] accept$ & ! foll[+ def5se play$ in/ead3 7#a7 ,p-d#d ,p-d#e 7#b7 ,kt-f#c ,kt-f#f 7#c7 ,p-c#d ,p-e#f 7#d7 ,kt-c#c ,black has n[ ! *oice betwe5 ei!r advanc+ 8 c-,pawn "r away or fir/ develop+ ! pieces ( 8 ,que5's w+4 ,9 ! latt] case he _c place ! ,que5's ,knight on c#f z ?is w\ld block ! way ( ! c-,pawn4 ,he mu/ develop him to d#g4 ,?is appe>s to be a bad move z x blocks ! way ( ! ,que5's ,bi%op1 b ?is ,bi%op w h to be develop$ 9 a diff]5t diagonal anyway z ! ,pawn e#f _c advance op5+ ! diagonal c#h-;h#c4 ,i4 7#d7 444 ,ktb#h-;d#g 7#e7 ,b-g#e ,! fact t ,:ite c develop 8 ,que5's ,bi%op )\t difficulty :ile ,black _c d s has made ! ,que5's ,gambit "o ( ! mo/ popul> op5+s4 7#e7 444 ,b-e#g 7#f7 ,p-e#c o-o 7#g7 ,b-d#c ,p-b#f 7#h7 o-o ,b-b#g 7#i7 ,pxd#e ,pxd#e 7#aj7 ,r-c#a ,:ite is two moves ahead 9 ! developm5t1 z ,black has /ill to move 8 c-,pawn be=e he c get 8 ,que5's ,rook into play4 ,9 ! meantime ,:ite c mobilize 8 ,k+'s ,rook ) ,q-e#b & ,rf#a-;d#a1 ) a view to op5+ ! ,que5's file by ,pd#dxc#e4 ,,ii4 7#d7 444 ,p-c#e ,if ,:ite n[ ,plays ,p-e#c1 hold+ 8 ,pawn-c5t]1 a symmetrical developm5t foll[s on bo? sides4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,:ite takes 8 opportunity to develop ! ,que5's ,bi%op1 a game ( entirely diff]5t "* ensues4 ,! foll[+ v>iations %[ typical examples ( ! way ^! two v>iations are liable to develop3 ,a4 7#e7 ,p-e#c ,kt-c#f 7#f7 ,p-a#c ,if ,:ite play$ 7#f7 ,p-b#c be=e ca/l+ he w\ld get into tr\ble because ,black c\ld p9 8 ,que5's ,knight ) ,pxd#d & ,b-b#d4 ,= ?is reason ! maneuv] ,p-a#c1 ,pxc#e1 ,p-b#d & ,b-b#b is usually adopt$ to develop ! ,que5's ,bi%op4 ,x is true t ?is maneuv] involves two ,pawn moves1 :i* mean a loss ( "t1 in/ead ( only "o1 z = in/ance :5 play+ 7#f7 ,b-d#c1 7#g7 o-o1 7#h7 ,p-b#c1 7#i7 ,b-b#b4 ,b ,black c h>dly avoid a simil> loss ( "t4 ,= if he plays 7#f7 4441 ,b-d#f1 he loses two moves ) 8 ,bi%op ?r\gh recaptur+ on c#e 7aft] 7#g7 ,pxc#e7 & go+ back to d#f2 & if he fir/ ex*anges on d#d & !n develops ! ,bi%op to d#f1 ,:ite has an op5 diagonal = 8 ,que5's ,bi%op & ne$ n make any m ,pawn moves to develop him :ile ,black /ill mu/ move 8 ,que5's ,knight's ,pawn to get 8 ,que5's ,bi%op into play4 7#f7 444 ,p-a#f 7#g7 ,pxc#e ,bxc#e 7#h7 ,p-b#d ,b-d#f 7#i7 ,b-b#b ,pxc#d 7#aj7 ,bxc#d ,p-b#e 7#aa7 ,b-d#c ,b-b#g ,b4 7#e7 ,pxd#e ,pxd#e ,! idea ( ?is ex*ange is to create a weak ,pawn on d#e aga9/ :i* lat] on an attack c be in/itut$4 ,h[ev]1 x is v d\btful :e!r ! ,pawn on d#e is really weak4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ,black w9s j z _m games z ,:ite 9 ?is op5+2 ! reason is probably t ,:ite1 9 ord] to op5 ! ,que5's file = attack on d#e1 has to give away 8 c5t]-,pawn s t ,black has m fre$om = 8 pieces 9 ! c5t]4 7#f7 ,p-g#c ,kt-c#f 7#g7 ,b-g#b ,b-e#f 7#h7 ,b-g#e ,b-e#g 7#i7 o-o o-o 7#aj7 ,pxc#e ,bxc#e 7#aa7 ,r-c#a ,b-e#g 7#ab7 ,kt-d#d or ,q-a#d foll[$ by ,r-f#a-;d#a4 ,in/ead ( develop+ ! ,k+'s ,bi%op to g#b ,:ite c j z well play 7#f7 ,b-g#e or f#d1 7#g7 ,p-e#c & 7#h7 ,b-d#c4 ,9 ei!r case ! success dep5ds r on clev] maneuv]+ 9 ! middle- game ?an on an advantage inh]5t to ! op5+4 ,:at has be5 said ( irregul> replies :i* ,black may try 9 ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s holds good 9 ,que5's ,pawn op5+s too4 ,!re is no s]ies ( op5+ moves :i* ne$s to be memoriz$4 ,! pr9ciples ( spe$y developm5t & ( ! ma9t5ance ( a ,pawn c5t] lead ! "r way 9 all novel op5+s :i* a play] might try to avoid ! well-kn[n pa?s :i* h be5 /udi$ out by ! ma/]s ( _m g5]ations4 ,foll[+ are aga9 a few examples :i* %[ ! application ( ! pr9ciples3 ,i4 7#a7 ,p-d#d ,p-c#e 7#b7 ,p-e#c ,) ,pxc#e ,:ite w\ld give away 8 c5t]-,pawn1 & ,black w\ld rega9 ! ,gambit-,pawn easily aft] 7#b7 4441 ,p-e#f4 ,:ite c\ld play 7#b7 ,p-d#e1 !reby depriv+ ,black's ,que5's ,knight ( 8 be/ develop+ squ>e4 ,b 9 do+ s he w\ld lose "t ) a ,pawn move :i* does n improve ! mobility ( 8 own pieces1 & consequ5tly 7#b7 ,p-e#c is pref]able4 ,,ii4 7#a7 ,p-d#d ,kt-f#f 7#b7 ,kt-f#c ,! advance ,p-c#d1 :i*1 z expla9$1 is cu/om>y 9 ,que5's ,pawn op5+s1 s]ves its orig9al purpose only if ,black has a ,pawn on d#e s t ,:ite c op5 ! c-file4 ,!re=e1 x is bett] = ,:ite to wait until ,black %[s :at int5tions he has ) 8 ,que5's ,pawn4 7#b7 444 ,p-d#f 7#c7 ,kt-c#c ,black's la/ move cle>ly indicates t he int5ds play+ ,p-e#e & n ,p-d#e1 & s ,:ite has no reason to expect t he w be able to op5 ! c-file = 8 ,rooks4 ,consequ5tly !re is no objection to 8 develop+ ! ,que5's ,knight to c#c1 block+ ! c-,pawn4 7#c7 444 ,ktb#h-;d#g 7#d7 ,b-f#d ,?is prev5ts ,p-e#e = ! "t be+1 & ,black has to make r complicat$ prep>ations1 su* z ,p-c#f & ,q-c#g be=e he c advance ! ,k+'s ,pawn two squ>es4 ,9 o!r words1 ,:ite completes 8 developm5t m quickly ?an ,black & he has consequ5tly ! bett] w9n+ *ances1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 he kn[s h[ to ma9ta9 8 advantage 9 ! middle game & 9 ! end game4 ,,! ,,middle ,,game ,x is n possible to draw a di/9ct divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two /ages ( ! game :i* are call$ ! ,,op5+ & ! ,,middle ,,game4 ,/rictly speak+ ! op5+ comprises only su* moves z are ,,necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! pieces1 & any move :i* a play]--)\t be+ compell$--makes ) a piece t is already develop$1 ought to be reg>d$ z a ,middle-game move4 ,to give an example3 ,if aft] 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e2 7#b7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt- c#f2 7#c7 ,kt-c#c1 ,kt-f#f2 7#d7 ,b-b#e ,black plays ,kt-d#d1 he deviates f ! ,op5+ & emb>ks on a ,middle-game maneuv]2 = ! ,que5's ,knight 0 already develop$4 ,?is does n mean t x is bad "u all circum/ances to make a ,middle-game move dur+ ! op5+ /age ( a game4 ,b only su* moves %\ld be consid]$ 9 cases ( ?is k9d z a play] is fairly sure to make at any rate )9 ! fur!r c\rse ( ! game ) a view to increas+ ! mobility ( ! piece 9 "q4 ,?is is ! ma9 po9t4 ,a second move made ) a piece mu/ improve its position1 o!rwise1 common s5se tells u1 x is surely bad4 ,= in/ance3 ,aft] 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e2 7#b7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt-c#f2 7#c7 ,b-b#e1 ,kt-f#f2 7#d7 o-o1 ,b-e#g !re is no objection to ,:ite's play+ 7#e7 ,r-e#a z ! ,rook w v likely want to get into action 9 ! e-file 9 any case1 z soon z ! developm5t has progress$ ) ,p-d#d1 ,kt-c#c1 ,b-g#e1 etc4 ,b if 9 an op5+ l 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e2 7#b7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt-c#f2 7#c7 ,b-c#d1 ,kt-f#f ,:ite plays 7#d7 ,kt-g#e = in/ance1 or 7#d7 ,b-d#e1 x is evid5t t he m]ely wa/es "t1 = 9 ! fir/ case he places ! ,knight on a squ>e f :i* he is sure to be driv5 away aga9 z soon z ! direct attack involv$ 9 8 move has be5 w>d$ (f1 & 9 ! second case he moves ! ,bi%op to a squ>e :i* does n af=d him any m mobility ?an ! "o on :i* he /ood be=e4 ,z a rule only ,rooks or ,knights are 9 a position1 dur+ ! op5+1 to add to _! mobility by a second move2 ! ,rooks by occupy+ a file :i* is liable to be op5$ by an ex*ange ( ,pawns1 & ! ,knights by occupy+ a squ>e 9 ! c5t] ( ! bo>d4 ,! ,knights are really m (t5 "u ! necessity ( mak+ sev]al moves 9 succession ?an any o!r piece1 because !y c nev] pass ov] m ?an "o l9e at a "t1 & !y may be requir$ to ha/5 f "o w+ ( ! bo>d to ! o!r j z (t5 z ! o!r pieces4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! mo/ favorable spot = a ,knight is a squ>e 9 ! c5t] ( ! bo>d2 !re he is always ready = an excursion to ei!r w+4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a ,knight 9 ! c5t] c m readily be effect$ 9 ,que5's ,pawn op5+s ?an 9 ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s4 ,?is w be evid5t f ! foll[+ consid]ation3 ,9 ,que5's ,pawn op5+s ! squ>es e#e & e#d are ! ones :i* are aim$ at by ! respective ,knights4 ,if ! oppon5t ex*anges ! ,knight ) ei!r 8 ,que5's ,knight or 8 ,k+'s ,bi%op1 ! ,pawn :i* takes ! place ( ! ,knight 9 recaptur+1 ga9s control ( two squ>es 9 ! he>t ( ! ho/ile camp4 ,to illu/rate ?is by a case :i* (t5 occurs3 ,if aft] 7#a7 ,p-d#d1 ,p-d#e2 7#b7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt-f#f2 7#c7 ,p-e#c1 ,p-c#e2 7#d7 ,b-d#c1 ,kt-c#f2 7#e7 o-o1 ,p-e#f2 7#f7 ,p-b#c1 ,b-d#f2 7#g7 ,b-b#b1 o-o2 7#h7 ,ktb#a-;d#b1 ,p-b#f2 7#i7 ,kt-e#e ,black plays ,bxe#e1 ,:ite 9 retak+ drives ,black's ,k+'s ,knight away depriv+ ! ,k+'s w+ ( an important protection & also creat+ a weakness on d#f1 :]e ,:ite might be able at "s lat] /age ( ! game to e/abli% 8 ,knight4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #de4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! position = ,:ite is t he c get 8 ,k+'s ,rook into play by ,p-f#d & ,r-f#c-;h#c1 :ile ,black's ,rook _c get to f#f z long z ,:ite has 8 ,pawn on e#e4 ,9 ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s ! situation is diff]5t4 ,"h ! squ>es d#e & d#d respectively are ! aim ( ! ,knights :i* normally are po/$ on c#c & c#f4 ,h[ev]1 z long z ! oppos+ ,k+'s ,knight c ex*ange himself = ! advanc+ ,que5's ,knight !re is no advantage 9 occupy+ ! c5t]4 ,! position ( ,diagram #df is a typical example4 ,if ,:ite plays ,kt-d#e he loses practically a move1 z aft] ,ktxd#e1 ,pxd#e he has 9 no way improv$ ! mobility ( 8 m5 :ile x is ,black's turn to move4 ,9 addition1 ,:ite1 by transf]r+ 8 ,pawn to d#e1 gives up 8 ,pawn-c5t] & blocks a diagonal :i* 8 ,bi%op c\ld use1 :ile ,black1 9 retreat+ ) 8 ,knight to e#g1 ga9s a move t[>ds ! effici5t use ( ! ,knight on ! ,k+'s w+4 ,all ! same1 ! advance ( ! ,que5's ,knight 9 ! c5t] is "o ( ! mo/ important maneuv]s 9 ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s :5 x is prop]ly prep>$1 & its consequ5ces ne$ ?or\gh discussion4 ,! prop] prep>ation consi/s 9 fir/ fix+ ! object at :i* ! ,knight aims4 ,?is--f ,:ite's1 ! attack]'s po9t ( view--is ! ,knight f#f4 ,! develop+ move ,b-g#e s]ves ?is purpose 9 ! mo/ natural way1 & a position arises simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,diagram #dc :]e ,black prev5t$ any fur!r accumulation ( :ite =ces on f#f by ,b-e#f4 ,9 ! pres5t case ?is move is ( d\btful value z ,:ite1 by ,p-d#d1 c =ce ,black to give up 8 c5t]-,pawn4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #df4 ,if ,black is ready to admit t ,kt-d#e is a disagreeable ?reat he w ei!r ex*ange ! ,knight = 8 ,bi%op b#d or he w play ,kt-e#g 9 ord] to take ,:ite's ,knight %\ld he g to d#e4 ,ord9>ily ,black plays fir/ ,bxc#c & !n ,kt-e#g4 ,! reason is t ?is maneuv] enables ,black to get 8 ,que5's ,knight ov] to ! ,k+'s w+ :ile ,:ite's ,bi%op b#e is r out ( action1 s t ,black has a good *ance to ent] ! battle on ! ,k+'s w+ ) "o piece m ?an ,:ite4 ,( c\rse1 ,:ite c get 8 ,bi%op into play aga9 by plac+ him on c#d4 ,b he has to sp5d a move 9 do+ s1 :i* does n add to ! completion ( ! developm5t4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #df ,black w\ld n take any /eps to prev5t ,kt-d#e unless a ?reat is involv$ 9 ?is move :i* _c be c\nt]act$ by ! mo/ natural cont9uation1 :i* is ! developm5t ( ! ,bi%op c#h4 ,inde$1 !re seems to be no reason :y ,black %\ld n answ] 7#a7 ,b-g#e ) ,b-g#d & 7#b7 ,kt- d#e ) ,kt-d#d2 = ! ,knight f#f1 :o aft] ,kt-d#e is attack$ twice1 is def5d$ twice1 & !re is no possibility = ,:ite to attack ! ,knight aga94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! attack on ! ,bi%op b#d is balanc$ by ! attack on ! ,bi%op b#e1 & if ,:ite 7 to )draw 8 ,bi%op to c#d ,black c\ld )draw 8 to c#e4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! position result+ aft] ^! moves 7,diagram #dg7 ,:ite gets ! upp] h& because he is "o move ahead 9 ! attack on ! oppos+ ,k+'s ,knight4 ,! dang] ( ! conc5tration ( two pieces on ?is ,knight lies 9 ! fact t ,black is oblig$ to retake ) ! g-,pawn 9 case ,:ite ex*anges on f#f & t !reby ! squ>es f#f & h#f lose _! natural protection4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,kt ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,kt ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #dg4 ,?us weak po9ts are creat$ ( :i* ,:ite may f9d an opportunity to make use 9 a mann] simil> to ! "o illu/rat$ by ! discussion ( ,diagrams #bf & #bi4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,black ga9s an op5 file = 8 ,rooks z soon z ! g- ,pawn is out ( ! way1 & ! ex*ange on f#f %\ld !re=e n be made until prep>ations = ! occupation ( ! result+ weak spots are complet$4 ,! foll[+ v>iations w ?r[ "s light on ?is r complex problem4 ,suppos+ ,:ite wants to try ! imm$iate ex*ange on f#f1 hop+ t someh[ or o!r he w be able to take advantage ( ! weakness result+ on f#f & h#f4 ,9 ex*ang+ he c give up ei!r 8 ,knight d#e or 8 ,bi%op g#e4 ,9 bo? cases !re are promis+ possibilities = attack1 b ,black1 ) correct play1 c suffici5tly def5d himself & ev5 get ! bett]4 ,if ,:ite plays 7#a7 ,ktxf#f he has to lose a move be=e he c br+ up o!r pieces to help 9 ! attack1 = aft] ,pxf#f he mu/ fir/ move ! ,bi%op g#e4 ,! only good squ>e = ! ,bi%op is h#d f :]e he ma9ta9s ! p9 on f#f :i* w\ld become v dang]\s = ,black if he c\ld n prev5t ,:ite's ,que5 f ent]+ on h#f or r5d] ! d\ble ?reat on f#f ineffective 9 "s o!r way4 ,! logical cont9uation = ,black is to answ] 7#b7 ,b-h#d ) ,k-h#h 9 ord] to occupy ! g-file ) 8 ,rook z soon z possible4 ,inde$1 ?is is at ! same "t ! be/ def5se aga9/ ,:ite's ?reat1 = if ,:ite n[ plays 7#c7 ,q-d#b2 ,black replies ,ktxf#c2 7#d7 ,pxf#c1 ,bxf#c2 & he is ! fir/ to take advantage ( ! op5 g-file z 8 ,k+ has already made room = ! ,rook4 ,x w\ld be dang]\s = ,black to play 7#c7 4441 ,bxf#c in/ead ( ,ktxf#c4 ,= ,:ite w\ld cont9ue 7#d7 ,q-h#f & ! only way = ,black to prev5t ! disa/] ?reat5$ on f#f is to give back ! piece he j won3 7#d7 4441 ,kt-e#b2 7#e7 ,k-h#a1 ,bxg#b2 7#f7 ,kxg#b1 ,r#d-;g#h2 7#g7 ,k-h#a1 ,r-g#f2 or 7#f7 4441 ,kt-f#d2 7#g7 ,k- h#a1 ,kt- g#f4 ,9 ei!r case ,black's def5se is v difficult4 ,! play outl9$ 9 ! la/ v>iation sugge/s a bett] me?od = ,:ite to in/itute ! attack 9 ! position ( ,diagram #dg4 ,?is is ! prep>atory move 7#a7 ,q-d#b4 7#a7 ,bxf#f is obvi\sly n z good1 z ,black c soon drive away ! ,knight d#e by ,p-c#f1 reliev+ f#f ( all pressure4 ,9 answ] to 7#a7 ,q-d#b1 :i* ?reat5s 7#b7 ,bxf#f1 7#c7 ,q-h#f1 7#d7 ,ktxf#f & 7#e7 ,qxh#g mate1 ,black has ?ree replies1 namely3 ,bxf#c or ,ktxf#c or ,p-c#f4 ,t 7#a7 4441 ,bxf#c is n suffici5t c easily be se54 ,:ite cont9ues 7#b7 ,bxf#f1 ,q-d#g2 7#c7 ,kt-e#g_/-1 & ,black mu/ give up ! ,que5 = ! ,knight z 7#c7 4441 ,k-h#h w\ld be foll[$ by 7#d7 ,bxg#g1 7#e7 ,q-g#e & 7#f7 ,q-f#f mate4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t x is j ! "o move :i* ,:ite is ahead 9 ! developm5t t gives him ! w94 ,if he tri$ to *eckmate ,black by 7#c7 ,q-g#e1 ,p-g#f2 7#d7 ,q-h#f he w\ld be *eckmat$ himself by 7#d7 4441 ,kt-e#b foll[$ by ,bxg#b & ,q-g#d1 etc4 7#b7 4441 ,pxf#f w\ld n be ( avail ei!r4 ,! consequ5ce w\ld be3 7#c7 ,q-h#f1 ,kt-e#b2 7#d7 ,k-h#a1 ,bxg#b2 7#e7 ,kxg#b1 ,kt-f#d2 7#f7 ,ktxf#d1 ,pxf#d2 7#g7 ,k-h#a1 ,k-h#h2 7#h7 ,r-g#a1 ,r-g#h2 7#i7 ,rxg#h1 ,qxg#h2 7#aj7 ,r-g#a & ! mate c only be av]t$ by ! sacrifice ( ! ,que5 = ! ,rook4 ,! second def5se :i* ,black c\ld try is 7#a7 4441 ,ktxf#c2 7#b7 ,pxf#c1 ,bxf#c4 ,n[ 7#c7 ,bxf#f1 ,pxf#f2 7#d7 ,q-h#f w\ld be fatal = ,:ite z ,black plays ,k-h#h & !re is no protection aga9/ ! ?reat ,r-g#h4 ,b ,:ite c aga9 make a prep>atory move :i* secures = him ! victory4 ,?is is 7#c7 ,p-h#c1 ) ! view to make room = ! ,rook by ,k-h#b4 ,! only way to c\nt] ,:ite's ?reat is n[ ,p-c#f4 ,h[ev]1 aft] 7#d7 ,ktxf#f1 ,pxf#f2 7#e7 ,b-h#d1 ,k-h#h2 7#f7 ,k- h#b1 ,r-g#h2 7#g7 ,r-g#a1 ,q-e#g2 7#h7 ,r-g#c ,black is unable to /ave (f defeat any long]4 ,:atev] he plays1 ,:ite succe$s 9 attack+ f#f = ! second "t :ile ,black has no second protection at 8 disposal4 ,= in/ance1 7#h7 4441 ,b-h#e2 7#i7 ,q-h#f1 ,b-g#f2 7#aj7 ,r-f#c--or 7#h7 4441 ,rxg#c2 7#i7 ,pxg#c & 7#aj7 ,rf#a4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ l9e ( def5se is ! ?ird "o m5tion$1 t is 7#a7 4441 ,p-c#f4 ,aft] 7#b7 ,ktxf#f1 ,pxf#f2 7#c7 ,b-h#d a situation arises simil> to ! "o discuss$ 9 ! l9e ( play comm5c+ ) 7#a7 ,ktxf#f1 b ) ! big diff]5ce t ,:ite is n[ "o move ahead 9 ! attack4 ,?is is ! move ,q-d#b 9 answ] to :i* ,black 0 =c$ to make ! move ,p-c#f :i* does n improve ! con/ellation ( ! ,black pieces 9 any way4 ,?is "o move is suffici5t to secure = ,:ite an easy victory4 ,aft] 7#c7 4441 ,bxf#c2 7#d7 ,q-h#f1 ,kt-e#b2 7#e7 ,k-h#a1 ,bxg#b2 7#f7 ,kxg#b1 ,kt-f#d2 7#g7 ,k-h#a1 ,kt-g#f ! position ( ,diagram #dh is rea*$ 9 :i* ,:ite c =ce ! mate1 or w9 ,black's ,que5 9 a mo/ +5i\s mann]4 ,if ,:ite tri$ to w9 by 7#h7 ,r-g#a1 ?reat5+ mate 9 f\r moves ?r\gh ,rxg#f1 ,qxg#f1 ,q-h#f & ,r-g#a ,black c\ld suffici5tly def5d himself ) 7#h7 4441 ,p-d#e1 unp9n+ ! ,pawn f#g & enabl+ ,b-e#g1 :i* w\ld supply ! mu* ne$$ protection = ! squ>e f#f4 ,h[ev]1 ,:ite c fru/rate ,black's int5tion by play+ 7#h7 ,p-d#d66 ,if ,black takes ) ! ,pawn1 7#i7 ,p-e#e foll[s =c+ ,pd#fxe#e aft] :i* ,black _c any m int]cept ! diagonal ( ! ,bi%op c#d s t !re rema9s no def5se aga9/ 7#aj7 ,r-g#a4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,p ,kt ,q --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #dh4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,black takes ! ,pawn d#d ) 8 ,bi%op1 ,:ite cont9ues ) 7#i7 ,p-c#c1 ,b-c#e2 7#aj7 ,ra#a- d#a1 aga9 prev5t+ ! int]ception ( ! ,bi%op c#d & ?reat5+ ,r- g#a4 ,! consequ5ce c\ld !n be3 7#aj7 4441 ,k-h#h2 7#aa7 ,r-g#a1 ,q- e#g2 7#ab7 ,r-d#c1 ,r-g#h2 7#ac7 ,r-h#c1 ,ktxh#d2 7#ad7 ,qxh#g & 7#ae7 ,rxh#d mate1 or3 7#ac7 4441 ,r-g#g2 7#ad7 ,r-f#c1 ,ra#h-;g#h2 7#ae7 ,bxf#f1 ,q-d#g2 7#af7 ,r-h#c & ! mate on h#g c only be avoid$ by ! sacrifice ( ! ,que5 = ! ,rook4 ,! =ego+ v>iations %[ conclusively t ! position ( ,diagram #dg is lo/ = ,black4 ,! attack :i* ,:ite obta9s aft] creat+ a weakness on f#f by ! removal ( ! ,pawn g#g _c be effectively c\nt]$4 ,! "q arises1 :e!r ,black 0 at fault :5 disreg>d+ ,:ite's ?reat to place 8 ,knight on d#e & develop+ 8 ,que5's ,bi%op or :e!r he _h a *ance to improve on "o ( ! two foll[+ moves :i* l$ to ! position ( ,diagram #dg4 ,inde$1 x lies ne> to try ! same attack :i* ,:ite ?reat5s to initiate by ,q-d#b "o move e>li] by play+ ,q-d#g in/ead ( ,b-c#e4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t ?is ,bi%op is n coop]at+ ) ! pieces on ! ,k+'s w+ makes a big diff]5ce & ! mo/ ,black c obta9 is app>5tly a draw4 ,! cont9uation c\ld be3 7#a7 ,ktxf#f1 ,pxf#f2 7#b7 ,bxf#f1 ,p-h#f2 7#c7 ,p-c#c1 ,ktxf#c1 7#d7 ,pxf#c1 ,b-h#e2 7#e7 ,k-h#a1 ,k-h#g2 7#f7 ,r-g#a1 ,r-g#h2 7#g7 ,r-g#c4 ,if ,black's ,bi%op 7 on c#e in/ead ( b#d1 ,:ite c\ld n play ,r-g#c on acc\nt ( ,bxf#b4 ,he w\ld h to make ! prep>atory move ,q-e#b & he w\ld be lo/ aft] ,r- g#f1 j 9 ! same mann] :i* 0 demon/rat$ 9 "o ( ! above v>iations ) attack & def5se rev]s$4 ,z x is ,black _c ent] on h#c ) 8 ,que5 )\t ex*ang+ ,rooks & s he is unable to take advantage ( ! weakness on f#c4 ,aft] 7#g7 4441 ,r-g#f1 7#h7 ,b-h#d1 ,b-a#e or c#e1 7#i7 ,p-d#d & ,q-d#c ! game probably ends 9 a draw z x is unlikely t ,:ite c realize an advantage f ! d\bl$ ,pawn :i* he is ahead4 ,to ! beg9n] ! l9es ( play discuss$ 9 connection ) ,diagrams #dg & #dh w h appe>$ r complicat$4 ,?is !y are1 inde$1 ev5 = ! exp]i5c$ play]2 b x is by no means necess>y to memorize any ( ! v>iations4 ,! important ?+ to realize is ! fact t 9 a position :]e bo? play]s h ca/l$ on ! ,k+'s side1 a dang]\s weakness is creat$ if ! g-,pawn is =c$ to move1 & if pressure c be br\ght to be> ^u ! two squ>es :i* ?r\gh ! move ( ! g-,pawn h lo/ _! protection2 moreov]1 t a me?od to create su* a weakness is ! p9n+ ( ! ho/ile ,k+'s ,knight & ! advance ( ! ,que5's ,knight 9 ! c5t]4 ,ano!r important po9t t ! v>iations discuss$ w br+ out to ! obs]vant read] is ! ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t pieces take _! turn 9 ! battle4 ,fir/ come ! m9or pieces1 !n ! ,que5 & !n ! ,rooks4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n a rule t has to be adh]$ to "u all circum/ances1 b 9 mo/ games x is a good rule to foll[4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,! ,rooks h no opportunity ( mak+ !mselves useful until a file has be5 op5$1 :ile ! ,que5 (t5 f9ds an occasion to ent] ! battlefield on a diagonal4 ,only 9 su* games c ! ,rooks be made to "w at a comp>atively e>ly /age ( ! game1 9 :i* ! play]s h n ca/l$ on ! same sides ( ! bo>d4 ,= !n ! advance ( ! ,pawns 9 front ( ! ,rooks does n create weakness :i* endang]s _! own ,k+4 ,! foll[+ middle game f a mat* ( two ma/]s furni%es an example4 ,aft] ,:ite's sev5? move ! position ( ,diagram #di 0 rea*$1 9 :i* ,black cont9u$ ) ,p-b#e ) ! view to play+ ,b-g#d & ,kt-d#d4 ,:ite repli$ 7#h7 ,b-b#c1 ,b-g#d2 7#i7 ,kt-e#b4 ,bett] w\ld surely h be5 ,b-e#c1 :i* develops a new piece4 ,to all[ ! ex*ange ( f#c :i* =ces ! g-,pawn out is dang]\s because ,black may ca/le on ! ,que5's side & /orm ) ! ,pawns ( 8 ,k+'s w+4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #di4 ,f ,black's next move1 ,q-d#g1 x is inde$ app>5t t he has decid$ on a maneuv] ( ?is k9d4 ,! game cont9u$3 7#aj7 ,p- c#c1 ,bxf#c2 7#aa7 ,pxf#c1 ,q-h#c2 7#ab7 ,kt-g#c1 ,p-h#e2 7#ac7 ,b-e#c4 ,he _c play ,r-e#a on acc\nt ( ,bxf#b foll[$ by ,qxh#b & ,qxg#c4 7#ac7 4441 ,p-h#d2 7#ad7 ,kt-h#a1 ,r-h#f & w9s1 = if ,:ite takes ! ,rook1 ,pxh#f op5s ! g-file & ! o!r ,rook occupies x ) deadly effect4 ,9 ! la/ example x 0 easy = ! ,rooks to take an active "p 9 ! battle because a file 0 op5 :i* enabl$ !m to be> d[n on ! oppos+ ,k+4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ej4 ,9 ! majority ( cases no op5 file is available on ! w+ & ! attack ) ! ,rooks is !n mu* m difficult4 ,!re is little use 9 advanc+ ! ,pawns on ! w+ on :i* ! ho/ile ,k+ has ca/l$ unless "o ( !m c be ex*ang$ s t a l9e is op5$ :i* ! ,rooks c occupy4 ,z a rule su* an ex*ange is only possible 9 case "o ( ! ,pawns 9 front ( ! ,k+ has mov$4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #ej = in/ance1 ,:ite is able to op5 ! h-file by advanc+ ! h-,pawn & ex*ang+ x aga9/ ,black's g-,pawn1 :ile ,black1 :o w\ld l to use 8 ,rooks 9 an attack on ! ,que5's w+1 has little hope to op5 a file on t side ( ! bo>d4 ,if ,black's g-,pawn 7 /ill on 8 orig9al squ>e1 ! advance ( ,:ite's h-,pawn w\ld be ( no avail4 ,black w\ld simply wait until ! ,pawn has advanc$ to h#f & !n he w\ld play ,p-g#f s t ,:ite's own ,pawn w\ld block ! h-file = ! ,rook4 ,9 ! above position1 :i* occurr$ 9 "o ( six simultane\s games play$ by ! au?or 9 a bl9dfold-exhibition1 ! attack develop$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,p-h#d ,p-b#e 7#b7 ,b-b#c ,kt-a#e 7#c7 ,p-h#e ,ktxb#c 7#d7 ,pa#bxb#c ,q-a#e ,black has succe$$ 9 op5+ a l9e also1 b he _c get 8 ,rooks work+ 9 x4 ,8 la/ move ?reat5s mate 9 two moves by ,q-a#a2 ,kt-b#a1 ,bxb#b2 b ,:ite simply def5ds himself fir/ aga9/ ?is ?reat & !n proce$s ) 8 attack on ! ,k+'s w+ :i* is irresi/ible4 7#e7 ,k-b#a ,kt-c#f 7#f7 ,pxg#f ,pf#gxg#f 7#g7 ,b-h#f ,r-f#g 7#h7 ,bxg#g ,rxg#g ,) ?is ex*ange ,:ite has weak5$ ! def5se ar\nd ,black's ,k+ :o has n[ only ! ,rook & himself to rely on = protection4 7#i7 ,kt-g#e ,p-d#e ,black op5s ! sev5? rank 9 ! hope t x w enable 8 ,que5's ,rook or 8 ,que5 to come to assi/ance4 ,b s great is ! advantage af=d$ ,:ite by ! op5 h-file t he c sacrifice 8 ,knight to break ?r\gh ,black's *a9 ( def5se & =ce ! mate be=e ,black has a *ance to t\* 8 ,que5 or 8 ,rook4 7#aj7 ,ktxh#g ,rxh#g ,if ,q-c#g or ,ra#h-;a#g1 ,:ite cont9ues 7#aa7 ,q-h#f6 ,rxh#g82 7#ab7 ,qxg#f1 ,k-h#h2 7#ac7 ,q-e#h1 ,k-g#g2 7#ad7 ,rxh#g1 ,kxh#g2 7#ae7 ,r-h#a1 etc4 7#aa7 ,rxh#g ,kxh#g 7#ab7 ,r-h#a ,k-g#g 7#ac7 ,q-h#f ,k-f#g 7#ad7 ,q-h#g ,k-f#f 7#ae7 ,q-h#h ,k-e#g 7#af7 ,r-h#g ,k-d#f 7#ag7 ,q-f#h ,k-e#e 7#ah7 ,p-f#d ,k-d#d 7#ai7 ,q-f#f ,k-e#c 7#bj7 ,r-h#c ,k-d#b 7#ba7 ,q-h#d & ,black resigns z !re is no def5se aga9/ ,q-f#b4 ,diagram #ea %[s a simil> example1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t x is n ! advance ( ! ,black ,knight's ,pawn b t ( ! ,rook's ,pawn :i* gives ,:ite an opportunity ( op5+ a file = 8 ,rooks4 ,he w accompli% ?is by advanc+ 8 ,knight's ,pawn to g#e & ex*ang+ him aga9/ ,black's ,rook's ,pawn4 ,if he does n want to play ,p-g#d on ! fir/ move1 because ,black c\ld take ! ,pawn ) 8 ,knight1 he c prep>e ! advance by ,r-g#a4 ,b he ne$ n really fe> ! loss ( ! ,pawn1 because 9 tak+ him ,black w\ld himself op5 ! g-file = ,:ite's ,rook & ,:ite is sure to obta9 an ov]:elm+ attack4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be futile = ,black to try & /op ! advance ( ,:ite's g-,pawn by ,p-g#e1 z ,:ite w\ld !n simply op5 ! ,rook's file by ,p-h#d & ,pxg#e1 q ap>t f ! fact t he c\ld sacrifice 8 ,bi%op e#c = two ,pawns1 !reby depriv+ ,black's ,k+ ( all protection4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,b ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,r ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ea4 ,! play might proce$ l ?is3 7#a7 ,p-g#d1 ,p-g#e2 7#b7 ,bxg#e1 ,pxg#e2 7#c7 ,qxg#e1 ,k-h#h2 7#d7 ,q-h#f1 ,k-g#h2 7#e7 ,p-g#e1 ,kt-e#d2 7#f7 ,ktxe#d1 ,pxe#d2 7#g7 ,p-g#f1 ,pxg#f2 7#h7 ,qxg#f1 ,k-h#h2 7#i7 ,r-g#a1 etc4 ,ord9>ily bo? play]s ca/le on ! same side ( ! bo>d s t nei!r ( !m c advance 8 ,pawns 9 an attack aga9/ ! oppos+ ,k+ )\t weak5+ 8 own ,k+'s position4 ,only if a play] holds m t]ritory & has a great] numb] ( pieces on ! ,k+'s w+ ?an ! oppon5t he c emb>k on an attack :i* involves an advance ( ! ,pawns 9 front ( 8 ,k+4 ,diagram #eb (f]s a typical example4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,q ,b ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,b ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,kt ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #eb4 ,black has a prepond]ance on ! ,que5's side1 :ile ,:ite has m mobility = 8 pieces on ! ,k+'s side4 ,consid]+ t ,black _c easily ?r[ 8 m5 ov] to ! ,k+'s w+1 ,:ite c risk to loos5 8 ,pawns on ?is w+ )\t fe>+ t ,black w be able to obta9 a foo?old on ! weak po9ts :i* are necess>ily creat$ by ! advance ( ! ,pawns 9 ,:ite's camp4 ,:ite w />t ! attack ) 7#a7 ,p-g#d & 7#b7 ,kt-g#c4 ,!n he ?reat5s to occupy ! dom9at+ squ>e f#e ) 8 ,knight1 & ,black has h>dly any o!r move ?an ,p-g#f2 = if he p]mits ,kt- f#e ) ! view to ex*ang+ ! ,knight ) 8 ,bi%op1 he op5s ! g-file = ,:ite's ,rooks4 ,p-g#f on ! o!r h& enables ,:ite to op5 ! h-file by advanc+ ! h-,pawn aft] ! necess>y prep>ations su* z ,k-g#b1 ,r-h#a1 ,p-g#e1 etc4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( games files = ! ,rooks are n op5$ on ! side b 9 ! c5t] ( ! bo>d1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! discussion ( ! op5+s4 ,! _m advantages aris+ f ! control ( a c5t]-file by ! ,rooks w be m fully analyz$ 9 ! illu/rative games4 ,g5]ally speak+ x is easi] to get ! two ,rooks into coop]ation 9 ! c5t] ?an on ! side ( ! bo>d4 ,?is coop]ation--usually effect$ by d\bl+ 9 "o file--is naturally v important & x is ! ma9 reason :y x is desirable to ca/le z e>ly z possible4 ,betwe5 ! ,rooks ( a play] :o is prev5t$ f ca/l+ !re are1 s to speak1 no natural l9es ( communication & x takes s long to create artificial ones t 9 mo/ cases ! oppon5t c1 9 ! meantime1 =ce a victory ?r\gh ! comb9$ ef=ts ( 8 ,rooks4 ,diagram #ec gives an example4 --------------------------------------- #h ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,r ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,q ,b ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ec4 ,x is ,:ite's move1 & he w naturally ?9k ( a ,rook's move z all ! o!r pieces are already develop$4 ,! be/ move is probably 7#a7 ,rf#a-;d#a4 ,ra#a-;d#a comes also into consid]ation b ?is ,rook might be ne$$ lat] on ! c-file :ile ! ,k+'s ,rook c]ta9ly w h no *ance to be develop$ 9 any b ! d-file z long z ! ,:ite e- & f-,pawns are /ill on ! bo>d4 ,black1 9 ! game f :i* ! above position is tak51 repli$ ,b-c#e1 & ,:ite cont9u$ ) 7#b7 ,q-c#c1 attack+ ! ,bi%op c#e & ! ,pawn g#g at ! same "t4 ,black has only ! *oice betwe5 return+ ) ! ,bi%op to f#h or captur+ on e#c4 ,naturally1 he *ooses ! latt] move z he _c improve 8 position by a retrogressive play :i* /ill fur!r ret>ds 8 developm5t4 ,aft] ,bxe#c17c7 ,qxg#g1 ,bxf#b27d7 ,kxf#b1 ,r-c#b2 7#e7 ,k-g#a1 ,r-f#h2 !re is n mu* hope = ,black to br+ 8 ,k+'s ,rook 9 contact ) ! o!r pieces1 :ile ,:ite may be able to d\ble 8 ,rooks 9 ! ,que5's file1 :i* w\ld decide ! victory z ,black has no possibility to c\nt] ! ?reat ,r-d#h 9 ! long run4 ,:ite play$ 7#f7 ,kt-e#e ) ! int5tion to sacrifice ! ,knight on f#g 9 case ,black %\ld move 8 ,bi%op4 ,rxf#g w\ld !n be foll[$ by ,q-g#h & ,qxb#h or ,qxe#f mate4 ,!re=e1 ,black _h to )draw 8 ,rook ) 7#f7 4441 ,r- c#g & ,:ite simply play$ 7#g7 ,r-d#b ?reat5+ to d\ble4 ,black prev5t$ ?is by ,b-a#d1 at ! same "t ?reat5+ ,p-f#f1 b aft]7#h7 ,kt-g#d1 ,r-c#b2 7#i7 ,r-d#d1 ,q-c#h2 7#aj7 ,kt-f#f1 ,k-e#g2 7#aa7 ,q- g#e he resign$ z n[ ! squ>e c#a is suffici5tly protect$ :ile ! ?reat ,kt-g#h _c be p>ri$4 ,! =ego+ examples %[ t g5]ally sev]al moves are necess>y 9 ! middle game = ,knights & ,rooks to rea* positions favorable = an active "p 9 ! attack4 ,) ! ,bi%ops x is diff]5t4 ,!y c usually be develop$ on _! fir/ move to ! squ>e on :i* !y are ne$$ 9 ! middle game = ei!r attack or def5se4 ,9 ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s z well z 9 ,que5's ,pawn op5+s ,:ite's ,que5's ,bi%op is1 9 ! majority ( cases1 us$ = p9n+ ,black's ,k+'s ,knight on g#e & ,black's ,k+'s ,bi%op is plac$ on e#g to relieve ! p94 ,! p9n+ ( ! ,k+'s ,knight1 h[ev]1 is n advisable 9 positions 9 :i* ! oppon5t has ! option ( ca/l+ to ! ,que5's side4 ,aft] 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e2 7#b7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt-c#f2 7#c7 ,b-c#d1 ,kt-f#f2 7#d7 ,kt-c#c1 ,b- c#e2 7#e7 ,p-d#c1 ,p-d#f2 = in/ance ,:ite %\ld wait ) ,b-g#e until ,black has ca/l$ on ! ,k+'s side4 ,if he plays 7#f7 ,b-g#e1 ,black w answ] ,b-e#f2 7#g7 o-o1 ,q-d#g2 & n[ ,:ite w\ld only hurt 8 own game by ex*ang+ on f#f z ! op5 g-file is b\nd to aid ,black1 :o w ca/le on ! ,que5's side1 9 an attack on ! ,k+'s side4 ,9 ,que5's ,pawn op5+s ! move ,b-g#e is always good z ,black _c v well ca/le on ! ,que5's side on acc\nt ( ! op5 c-file 9 :i* ,:ite w\ld soon obta9 an ov]:elm+ attack4 ,ano!r good squ>e = ! ,que5's ,bi%op is 9 ,que5's ,pawn op5+s b#b f :]e ! ,bi%op supports ! advance ( ! ,k+'s ,knight to e#e4 ,9 ?is case ! ,que5's ,knight %\ld be develop$ to d#b in/ead ( c#c s z n to ob/ruct ! l9e ( ! ,bi%op4 ,! same holds good = ! developm5t ( ,black's ,que5's ,bi%op4 ,9 ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s x is dang]\s = ! ,que5's ,bi%op to leave ! long diagonal 9 :i* he is orig9ally po/$ z ! oppon5t might ?reat5 to ga9 a foo?old 9 ! f-l9e ) a ,knight1 provok+ a weak5+ move ) ! g-,pawn4 ,! position ( ,diagram #ed1 :i* occurr$ 9 a game betwe5 ,tei*mann & ,rub9/e9 9 ! ,k>lsbad ,t\rnam5t1 #aiaa1 furni%es an in/ructive example4 ,:ite play$ 7#a7 ,p-a#d1 try+ to make use ( ! advanc$ position ( ,black's b-,pawn = op5+ ! a-file = 8 ,rook1 & ,black repli$ ,b-b#g4 ,?is crosses ,:ite's plan1 z aft] 7#b7 ,pxb#e1 ,pxb#e2 x w\ld n be ,:ite b ,black :o w\ld ga9 control ( ! a-l9e4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,b ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ed4 ,h[ev]1 ,black %\ld n h )drawn ! ,bi%op f ! ,k+'s w+1 = ,:ite c n[ play 8 ,que5's ,knight via f#a & g#c or e#c to f#e unless ,black weak5s 8 ,pawn position by ,p-g#f4 ,! prop] way to answ] ,:ite's fir/ move w\ld h be5 ei!r ,b-e#f or ,p-b#d4 ,! latt] is a ,pawn move1 b 9 ! pres5t case x _c be consid]$ a loss ( "t z ,:ite1 too1 has made a ,pawn move :i* does n fur!r 8 developm5t4 ,! game w5t on z foll[s3 7#b7 ,kt-f#a1 ,q-c#g2 7#c7 ,kt-g#c1 ,p-g#f2 ,:ite's aim is accompli%$4 ,he has provok$ a weakness :i* furni%es a m>k = 8 attack4 ,! way to conduct ! attack-- aft] complet+ ! developm5t by ,b-g#e1 w be to op5 ! f- file = ! ,rook by advanc+ ! f-,pawn4 ,?is advance c be prep>$ by ,p-h#c & ,kt-h#b4 ,( c\rse1 ,:ite w\ld pref] to d )\t ! move ( ! h-,pawn2 b h#b is ! only favorable squ>e = ! ,knight f#c1 z nei!r f d#b nor f h#d he has an opportunity to help ! attack :ile f h#b he may g to g#d1 be>+ on bo? ( ! weak squ>es f#f & h#f4 ,black has little *ance = c\nt]attack4 ,! only ?+ he c d is occupy ! ,que5's file ) 8 ,rooks & op5+ x by ,p- d#e & ,pxe#d4 ,8 ,que5's ,bi%op1 h[ev]1 is badly plac$ 9 any case z he has no op5 diagonal to "w 91 & he w h to get back into play via 8 orig9al squ>e c#h4 ,:ite's ,k+'s ,bi%op is n well plac$ ei!r & is practically condemn$ to play ! role ( a ,pawn by protect+ ! squ>e d#c )\t1 at ! same "t1 attack+ any?+4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a *ance = him to be useful 9 ! diagonal a#b-;g#h4 ,x may be said t 9 ,k+'s ,pawn op5+s ,:ite's ,k+'s ,bi%op comp>atively seldom has an opportunity to take an active "p 9 ! battle4 ,he is mo/ly ex*ang$ at an e>ly /age ( ! game = ,black's ,que5's ,knight or ,que5's ,bi%op4 ,9 ,que5's ,pawn op5+s1 h[ev]1 he f9ds a great field ( action 9 ! unob/ruct$ diagonal b#a-;h#g4 ,9 ?is diagonal he c also be us$ 9 all op5+s />t+ ) ,p-e#d 9 :i* ,black does n advance 8 ,k+'s pawn to e#e1 z ,:ite c op5 ! diagonal at any "t by play+ ,p-e#e4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ,bi%ops %\ld n be plac$ 9 diagonals :i* are ob/ruct$ by ,pawns ( _! own army1 & ,pawns moves %\ld be avoid$ :i* close a diagonal =m]ly op5 to a k9dr$ ,bi%op4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! importance ( ?is rule w be f\nd 9 ! play :i* develop$ 9 ! position ( ,diagram #ee 9 a game betwe5 ,tei*mann & ,dus ,*otimirski 9 ! ,prague ,t\rnam5t #aijh4 ,black1 on ! move1 play$ 7#a74441 ,kt-e#e1 di/urb+ ! symmetry ( ! position to 8 advantage by op5+ ! diagonal ( 8 ,que5's ,bi%op )\t all[+ ,:ite to make a simil> maneuv]4 ,aft] 7#b7 ,ktxe#e1 ,bxe#e2 7#c7 ,q-e#b1 o-o2 7#d7 ,ra#a-;d#a1 ,q-e#g2 ,:ite yield$ ! temptation to drive away ! disagreeable ,bi%op e#e by 7#e7 ,p-f#d1 a move :i* _h to be foll[$ up ) ! advance ( ! e-,pawn :o o!rwise w\ld h rema9$ v weak1 n be+ protect$ by ano!r ,pawn4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,kt ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ee4 ,! game w5t on z foll[s3 7#e7 4441 ,b-c#g2 7#f7 ,p-e#d1 ,b-b#f2 7#g7 ,k-h#a1 ,rf#h-;d#h2 7#h7 ,b-b#a1 ,ra#h-;c#h2 7#i7 ,rxd#h1 ,qxd#h2 7#aj7 ,r-d#a1 ,q-e#g2 7#aa7 ,p-e#e4 ,?is op5s aga9 ! diagonal ( ! ,k+'s ,bi%op1 b x closes t ( ! ,que5's ,bi%op1 & x is ! advantage ( ! "w done by 8 ,que5's ,bi%op 9 ! unob/ruct$ diagonal :i* secures ,black ! victory1 7#aa7 4441 ,kt-d#e2 7#ab7 ,ktxd#e1 ,bxd#e2 7#ac7 ,q-g#d1 ,q-b#g2 7#ad7 ,p-f#e1 ,r-c#d2 7#ae7 ,q-g#c1 ,r-f#d64 ,:ite _c capture ! ,rook on acc\nt ( ,bxg#b mate4 7#af7 ,p-f#f1 ,p-g#f4 ,!re is n[ no def5se aga9/ ,r-f#b :i* attacks g#b & b#b at ! same "t4 7#ag7 ,b-a#b1 ,r-f#b2 7#ah7 ,bxd#e1 ,qxd#e6 & ,:ite resigns z he loses 8 ,bi%op on acc\nt ( ! mat+ ?reat4 ,x rema9s to exam9e typical middle-game maneuv]s ) ! ,que5 & ) ! ,pawns4 ,little is to be said ab\t ! ,que54 ,on acc\nt ( h] trem5d\s mobility %e is liable at any "t to initiate a dang]\s attack 9 conjunction ) "o or m ( ! o!r pieces1 & mo/ ( ! examples giv5 = ! typical ,rook's1 ,bi%op's & ,knight's maneuv]s h also %[n ! me?ods by :i* ! coop]ation ) ! ,que5 c be effect$4 ,! ma9 field ( action = ! ,que5 is ! side on :i* ! oppon5t has ca/l$4 ,9 games1 9 :i* bo? play]s h ca/l$ on ! same side ( ! bo>d1 & :i*1 z /at$ previ\sly1 con/itute ! va/ majority ( cases x is dang]\s to make excursions ) ! ,que5 to di/ant regions away f ! ,k+1 z h] retreat might be cut (f1 mak+ impossible an adequate def5se aga9/ an attack :i* ! oppon5t might be able to initiate on ! ,k+'s side ) ! help ( 8 own ,que54 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,b ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ef4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #ef = in/ance1 x w\ld be v risky = ,:ite to take ! ,pawn a#f4 ,black w\ld play ,p-c#d1 cutt+ (f ! retreat ( ,:ite's ,que51 & !n />t a viol5t attack ) 8 ,que5 9 conjunction ) ! two ,bi%ops4 ,ano!r example is ! position ( ,diagram #eg :i* occurr$ 9 a game betwe5 ,capablanca & ,b]n/e9 9 ! ,san ,seba/ian ,t\rnam5t #aiaa4 ,:ite play$ 7#a7 ,kt-e#b & ,black1 9 view ( ! ?reat5+ accumulation ( :ite pieces on ! ,k+'s w+1 %\ld n h risk$ to capture ! ,pawn a#b1 gett+ 8 ,que5 q out ( play4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #eg ,he und]e/imat$ ! dang] & lo/ ! game v quickly4 ,! attack develop$ z foll[s3 7#a7 4441 ,qxa#b2 7#b7 ,kte#b-;g#c1 ,qxc#b4 ,9 tak+ ! second ,pawn ,black loses ano!r move4 ,he might h tri$ ,q-a#e1 ?reat5+ to ex*ange ,que5s ) ,q-b#f4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r he w\ld h be5 able to save ! game4 ,:ite w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h avoid$ ! ex*ange by play+ 8 ,k+ into ! corn]4 7#c7 ,r-c#a1 ,q-b#b2 7#d7 ,kt-h#e2 ?is prev5ts ! ,que5 f gett+ back into play via f#f4 ,! ?reat is n[ ,r-c#c1 cutt+ ,black's ,que5 (f f g#g1 & !n ,k?#exg#g & ,qxh#f4 ,black def5ds himself aga9/ ?is ?reat by 7#d7 4441 ,r-h#h ) ! int5tion to answ] ,r-c#c ) ,k-g#h2 b ,:ite's position involves s _m ?reats t ,black _c provide a satisfactory protection4 7#e7 ,r-e#b1 ,q-e#e2 7#f7 ,p-f#d1 ,q-b#e2 7#g7 ,ktf#exg#g 6 & w9s1 z ,ktxg#g is foll[$ by 7#h7 ,kt-f#f1 7#i7 ,ktxd#g & 7#aj7 ,p-f#e or ,p-e#e ) ov]:elm+ attack4 ,! mo/ difficult problem 9 ! conduct ( ! middle-game is ! timely maneuv]+ ) ! ,pawns4 ,al?\gh x is impossible to give a g5]al rule :i* w apply to all cases x is a good pr9ciple to avoid ,pawn moves 9 ! middle- game j z c>efully z 9 ! op5+1 at lea/ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! middle-game4 ,9 ! op5+ ! argum5t aga9/ ,pawn moves 0 ! "t loss connect$ ) !m f ! po9t ( view ( developm5t4 ,9 ! middle-game x is ma9ly ! weakness creat$ by ! ,pawn move on ! squ>es :i* 7 protect$ by ! ,pawn be=e he advanc$4 ,a squ>e may be t]m$ weak if x c be safely occupi$ by m5 :i* help ! oppon5t 9 8 attack1 & ?is is g5]ally possible if ! squ>e 9 "q _c any long] be def5d$ by a ,pawn4 ,! great dang] involv$ 9 ! occupation by ho/ile pieces ( su* weak squ>es is evid5t if !y are situat$ ne> ! ,k+1 & examples ( h[ ! attack develops 9 cases ( ?is k9d h be5 discuss$ 9 connection ) ,diagrams #dh1 #di1 #ej & #eb4 ,x is less app>5t :y a ,pawn move %\ld create a weakness if a c5t]-,pawn or a ,pawn on ! ,que5's w+ is conc]n$4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! possibility ( d]iv+ an advantage dur+ ! middle-game is r>e1 inde$2 b ! weakness produc$ by ! ,pawn moves inv>iably %[s itself 9 ! end+4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #eh = in/ance1 ,:ite w9s on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( ! squ>es a#f1 c#f1 d#e & b#e f :i* 8 ,k+ c attack ! ,black ,pawns z soon z ! ,que5 & ! ,rook are ex*ang$4 ,! foll[+ play may ensue3 7#a7 ,r-e#h1 ,rxe#h2 7#b7 ,qxe#h1 ,q-f#h2 7#c7 ,qxf#h 1 ,kxf#h2 7#d7 ,k-d#c1 ,k-e#g2 7#e7 ,k-c#d1 ,k-d#g2 7#f7 ,k-b#e1 ,k-c#g2 7#g7 ,k-a#f1 ,k-b#h2 7#h7 ,p-a#d1 ,k-a#h2 7#i7 ,p-a#e1 ,pxa#e2 7#aj7 ,kxa#e & w9s ! c-,pawn4 ,or3 7#e7 4441 ,p-a#f2 7#f7 ,k-d#e1 ,k-d#g4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,k ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #eh4 ,= ! "t be+ ,black has ! opposition s t ,:ite's ,k+ _c advance any fur!r2 b ,:ite has s _m m ,pawn moves at 8 disposal ?an ,black t ! latt] is soon =c$ to move 8 ,k+ all[+ ,:ite to break 9 ) 8 ,k+ at "o or ! o!r side4 ,= in/ance3 7#g7 ,p-a#d1 ,p-a#e2 7#h7 ,p-f#d1 ,p-f#f2 7#i7 ,p- g#d1 ,p-h#f2 7#aj7 ,p-h#c1 ,p-g#e2 7#aa7 ,p-f#e2 ,k+ moves1 & ,:ite w9s ei!r ! f-,pawn or ! b-,pawn4 ,?is example br+s out ano!r reason :y x is advantage\s to keep ! ,pawns ( ! w+s back4 ,9 ! end+ positions frequ5tly arise 9 :i* x is important to h "s moves to sp>e 9 ord] to be able to ma9ta9 ! opposition ( ,k+s2 & ! play] ^: ,pawns are f>!r back naturally has m sp>e moves4 ,a disadvantage :i* is liable to make itself felt 9 ! middle game z well z 9 ,rooks' end+s z a consequ5ce ( ,pawn moves on ! w+ is ! op5+ ( an adjo9+ file = a ho/ile ,rook1 z illu/rat$ by ! play 9 ! positions ( ,diagrams #ej1 #ea & #ed4 ,9 ! middle-game ?is is also true ( c]ta9 ,pawns1 z = in/ance 9 ! foll[+ position :i* arises aft] ! op5+ moves 7#a7 ,p-e#d1 ,p-e#e2 7#b7 ,kt-f#c1 ,kt-c#f2 7#c7 ,p-d#d1 ,pxd#d2 7#d7 ,b-c#d1 ,kt-f#f2 7#e7 o-o1 ,b-e#g4 ,! prop] cont9uation is 7#f7 ,r- e#a1 protect+ ! c5t]-,pawn4 ,! advance ( ?is ,pawn is entirely uncall$ =4 ,n only does x enable ,black to op5 ! f-file = 8 ,rook by advanc+ 8 f-,pawn1 b x gives up ! greate/ advantage connect$ ) ! possession ( a c5t]- ,pawn1 t is ! control ( two c5t]-squ>es4 ,z long z ,:ite has 8 ,pawn on e#d1 ! two squ>es f#e & d#e are inaccessible to black pieces2 z soon z ! ,pawn advances1 h[ev]1 he does n d ,black any fur!r h>m1 z ! two squ>es :i* he controls aft] ! advance are firmly 9 ,black's h&s on acc\nt ( ! two ,pawns f#g & d#g4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ei4 ,a game play$ ) ?is op5+ proce$$ z foll[s3 7#f7 ,p-e#e1 ,kt-e#d2 7#g7 ,b-d#e1 ,kt-c#e2 7#h7 ,ktxd#d1 ,ktxd#d2 7#i7 ,qxd#d1 o-o2 7#aj7 ,kt- c#c1 ,p-d#f2 7#aa7 ,b-e#c1 ,p-c#f2 7#ab7 ,b-b#c1 ,p-d#e2 7#ac7 ,ra#a-;d#a1 ,k-h#h2 7#ad7 ,q-f#d1 ,p-f#f4 ,?is decides ! middle-game 9 ,black's favor4 ,n only w he h sup]ior mobility ) 8 ,rooks1 b 8 two ,bi%ops are mu* /rong] ?an ,:ite's two m9or pieces1 especially z ,:ite's ,bi%op is %ut 94 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,kt ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #fj4 ,moreov]1 ,black has ! bett] *ances ev5 9 ! end+1 z he has a majority ( ,pawns on ! ,que5's w+4 ,aft] all pieces h be5 ex*ang$1 ^! ,pawns w\ld f9ally result 9 a pass$ ,pawn1 :i* ,:ite w\ld h to /op ) 8 ,k+ :ile ,black c leisurely attack ! ,pawns ( ! ,k+'s side4 ,a disadvantage due to ,pawn moves :i* up to n[ has n yet be5 discuss$ is ! weakness ( s-call$ backw>d ,pawns4 ,a backw>d ,pawn is "o ^: adjo9+ k9dr$ ,pawns h advanc$ :ile he is unable himself to advance f> en\gh to obta9 _! protection f a frontal or diagonal attack4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #fj1 = in/ance1 ,black w\ld make 8 ,que5's ,pawn backw>d if he play$ ,p-c#e2 = if ,:ite h&les ! game "r ,black w nev] be able to advance ! ,que5's ,pawn beyond d#f1 mak+ him an easy m>k = an attack 9 ! d-file or 9 ! diagonal h#b-;b#h1 & also hamp]+ ! mobility ( ,black's pieces 9 ! c5t]4 ,! correct way = ,:ite to arrange 8 m5 w\ld be to play ,p-c#d & aft] ! developm5t ( ! m9or pieces to d\ble ! ,rooks 9 ! d-file4 ,:ite's ,que5's ,bi%op w be plac$ be/ on f#d f :]e he helps press+ on d#f4 ,diagram #fa %[s a position :i* occurr$ 9 "o ( ! mat* games play$ betwe5 ,emanuel ,lask] & ,s4 ,t>ras* = ! ,_w's ,*ampion%ip 9 #aijh1 & :i* furni%es a good illu/ration ( ! difficulties aris+ f a backw>d ,pawn4 ,! game proce$$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,ktxd#f1 ,pxd#f2 7#b7 ,ra#a-;d#a1 ,q-f#f2 7#c7 ,p-c#d1 ,rf#h-;e#h2 7#d7 ,q-g#d 7?reat5+ ,q-d#g7 ,b-c#f2 7#e7 ,r-e#b2 ,r- e#d2 7#f7 ,q-g#c1 ,q-e#f 7?reat5+ ,r-g#d72 7#g7 ,p-h#c1 ,r-d#h4 ,black _c protect ! ,pawn d#f z _m times z ,:ite c attack him4 ,x looks z if he c\ld h tak5 ! ,pawn c#d ) 8 ,que51 b he 0 probably afraid ( ! weakness ,:ite w\ld h provok$ ) ,b-h#f1 7#h7 ,re#b-;d#b1 ,re#d-;e#e2 7#i7 ,b-h#f 6 ,black _c take ! ,bi%op on acc\nt ( ,qxe#e4 7#i7 4441 ,q-g#f2 7#aj7 ,b-f#d & w9s1 z ! ,pawn d#f z well z ! ,pawn c#e are doom$4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #fa4 ,9 a position l t ( ,diagram #de on ,:ite c\ld play ,p-f#d )\t mak+ 8 ,k+'s ,pawn backw>d1 z nei!r a frontal nor a diagonal attack on e#c is possible4 ,( c\rse1 he w\ld h to see t ! possibility ( su* an attack does n arise lat] on4 ,= in/ance1 he w\ld n be 9 a position to take ! ,pawn c#e ) ! ,pawn d#d1 z ?is w\ld enable ,black to use ! diagonal a#g-;g#a = op]ations aga9/ e#c4 ,! play] :o endeavors to adh]e 9 all positions to ! pr9ciples ( ,*ess ,/rategy outl9$ 9 ?is *apt] w rapidly improve 8 /r5g? & acquire )9 a %ort "t a mu* m intimate grasp ( ! game ?an o!rs :o h _h ye>s ( practice )\t mak+ cle> to !mselves ! g5]al laws :i* gov]n ! outcome ( e comb9ation on ! ,*essbo>d4 ,! illu/rative games analyz$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt] d n tea* any?+ new4 ,!y are m]ely examples ( ! application ( ! g5]al pr9ciples to ! cont9u\s s]ies ( comb9ations :i* con/itute a game ( ,*ess4 ,! au?or has *os5 games f 8 own t\rnam5t practice z ?is naturally enabl$ a m ?or\gh annotation ?an w\ld h be5 possible to (f] = games ( o!r play]s4 ,,iv ,,illu/rative ,,games ,,game ,,no4 #a ,play$ 9 ! ,*ampion%ip ,t\rnam5t ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 #aiag1 at ,lex+ton1 ,ky4 ,:ite ,black ,jackson ,%[alt]4 ,edw>d ,lask] 7#a7 ,p-e#d ,p-e#e 7#b7 ,kt-f#c ,kt-c#f 7#c7 ,b-b#e ,p-a#f ,z expla9$ previ\sly ?is move _c be reg>d$ z loss ( "t z ,:ite has to ei!r retreat ) ! ,bi%op1 add+ no?+ to 8 developm5t1 or ex*ange on c#f1 help+ ,black's developm5t by op5+ a l9e = ! ,bi%op c#h4 7#d7 ,b-a#d ,kt-f#f ,! move ,b-c#e :i* ,black might consid] in/ead ( ,kt-f#f is n to be recomm5d$ z ,:ite w\ld reply ,p-c#c & !n =ce ! ex*ange ( ,black's c5t]-,pawn by ,p-d#d4 ,! complete control ( ! c5t] :i* ,:ite w\ld ga9 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( ! game w\ld soon give him an ov]:elm+ attack4 ,= in/ance3 7#d7 4441 ,b-c#e2 7#e7 ,p-c#c1 ,kt-f#f2 7#f7 o-o1 o-o2 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #fb4 7#g7 ,p-d#d1 ,pxd#d2 7#h7 ,pxd#d1 ,b-b#f2 7#i7 ,p-e#e1 ,kt-e#h2 7#aj7 ,p-d#e1 ,kt- e#g2 7#aa7 ,p-d#f1 ,pxd#f2 7#ab7 ,pxd#f1 ,kt-g#f2 7#ac7 ,b-g#e1 etc4 7#e7 ,p-d#c ,x is cu/om>y = ,:ite to ca/le at ?is po9t4 ,p-d#c is c]ta9ly a good move z x enables ! developm5t ( ! ,que5's ,bi%op1 b o-o is v likely bett] z x res]ves ! option ( advanc+ ! ,que5's ,pawn ei!r "o or two squ>es4 ,:5 advanc+ ! ,pawn two squ>es ,:ite has to avoid ! foll[+ trap3 7#e7 o-o1 ,b-e#g2 7#f7 ,p-d#d1 ,p-b#e2 7#g7 ,b-b#c1 ,pxd#d 7n ,ktxd#d on acc\nt ( 7#h7 ,bxf#g & 7#i7 ,ktxe#e 72 7#h7 ,ktxd#d 881 ,ktxd#d2 7#i7 ,qxd#d1 ,p-c#e foll[$ by ,p-c#d w9n+ ! ,bi%op4 ,:at ,:ite c try 9 ?is v>iation is ! ,pawn sacrifice 7#h7 ,p- c#c1 ,pxc#c1 ?r\gh :i* he obta9s a consid]able advantage 9 ! developm5t ( ! pieces4 ,aft] 7#e7 o-o ,:ite ?reat5s to w9 ! ,pawn e#e by 7#f7 ,bxc#f & 7#g7 ,ktxe#e1 z n[ ,q-d#d2 7#h7 ,kt-f#c1 ,qxe#d is n possible on acc\nt ( 7#i7 ,r-e#a4 ,black has v>i\s ways to c\nt] ?is ?reat4 ,he c ei!r def5d ! ,pawn by ,p-d#f or play ,b-e#g ) ! view to capture ! ,pawn e#d 9 case ,:ite %\ld take ! ,pawn e#e1 or1 f9ally1 he c capture ! ,pawn e#d at once4 ,all ( ^! ?ree v>iations are playable = ,black al?\gh x appe>s t ,:ite obta9s a slight advantage h[ev] ,black cont9ues4 ,?is op5+ is consequ5tly a great favorite 9 mod]n ,t\rnam5t play4 ,footnote3 ,foll[+ are ! two ma9 v>iations :i* h be5 adopt$ 9 ! practice ( ! ,ma/]s3 ,a4 7#e7 o-o1 ,b-e#g2 7#f7 ,r-e#a 7protect+ ! ,pawn e#d s t ,black has to def5d himself aga9/ ,bxc#f & ,ktxe#e71 ,p-b#e2 7#g7 ,b- b#c1 ,p-d#f2 7#h7 ,p-c#c 7pres]v+ ! ,bi%op aga9/ ! ex*ange ?reat5$ ) ,kt-a#e71 ,kt-a#e2 7#i7 ,b-c#b1 ,p-c#e2 7#aj7 ,p-d#d1 ,q-c#g4 ,n[ ! ,pawn e#e is suffici5tly protect$ & ,black ?reat5s to ex]t pressure on d#d by play+ ,b-g#d & ,kt-c#f4 ,x might seem t ,:ite c ignore ?is ?reat & z soon z d#d attack$ ei!r ex*ange ! ,pawn on e#e or advance him to d#e4 ,h[ev]1 ! =m] maneuv] w\ld op5 ! d-file = ,black's ,rooks & ! latt] w\ld n be v good ei!r be=e ,black has ca/l$2 = ! advance ( ! d-pawn closes ! c5t]-files p]man5tly = ! ,rooks s t ,black's ,k+ is safe 9 ! c5t] :ile ,:ite may h to face an attack on ! ,k+'s w+ :i* ,black might initiate by /orm+ ) ! h & g ,pawns4 ,= all ^! reasons ,:ite is ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ ! wait+ move 7#aa7 ,p-h#c1 :i* safegu>ds ! squ>e d#d aga9/ ! indirect attack ,b-g#d & at ! same "t prep>es an attack along ! l9es ( ! "o discuss$ 9 connection ) ,diagram #eb4 ,aft] 7#aa7 4441 ,kt-c#f2 7#ab7 ,b-e#c1 o-o2 ,:ite c safely advance ! ,que5's ,pawn & !n laun* ! attack ref]r$ to above4 ,b4 ,! second v>iation aris+ f ! position ( ,diagram #fb is 7#e7 o-o1 ,ktxe#d4 ,x seems r dang]\s = ,black to take ! ,pawn z long z 8 ,k+ is 9 ! e-file :i* ,:ite c occupy ) 8 ,rook2 b aft] 7#f7 ,r-e#a1 ,kt-c#e2 7#g7 ,ktxe#e1 ,ktxe#e2 7#h7 ,rxe#e 1 ,kt-e#f1 ,:ite has n mu* attack & = ?is reason ! op5+ is g5]ally treat$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,z ! /ronge/ move is consid]$ 7#f7 ,p-d#d4 ,black c h>dly take ?is ,pawn z ,r-e#a & ,ktxd#d w\ld foll[ ?reat5+ to w9 a piece2 b he may try to ma9ta9 8 ,knight on ! dom9at+ squ>e e#d by 7#f7 4441 ,p-b#e2 7#g7 ,b-b#c1 ,p-d#e4 ,aft] 7#h7 ,pxe#e1 ,b-e#f2 7#i7 ,p-c#c 7aga9 provid+ a retreat = ! ,bi%op71 ,b-e#g2 7#aj7 ,ktb#a-;d#b1 ,black's be/ cont9uation is probably ,ktxd#b2 7#aa7 ,qxd#b 7n ,bxd#b on acc\nt ( ,b-g#d72 ,kt-a#e or o-o4 ,! maneuv] 7#aj7 4441 ,kt-c#e2 7#aa7 ,b-c#b1 ,p-d#d1 :i* 0 tri$ 9 sev]al rec5t t\rnam5ts1 is ( d\btful value z ,black loses control ( ! important c5t]-squ>e e#d4 ,:ite c use ?is squ>e = an attack on ! weak po9t c#f z foll[s3 7#ab7 ,kt-e#d1 ,pxc#c2 7#ac7 ,ktxc#e1 ,bxc#e2 7#ad7 ,b-e#d1 ,q-d#g2 7#ae7 ,q-c#b1 ,b-d#e 79 ord] to answ] ,r-d#a ) ,bxe#d72 7#af7 ,b-g#e1 & ,black does n seem to h a satisfactory def5se4 ,= in/ance 7#af7 4441 ,b-b#f2 7#ag7 ,ra#a-;d#a1 ,bxe#d2 7#ah7 ,qxe#d1 ,q-e#f2 7#ai7 ,r-d#f or 7#af7 4441 ,bxe#d2 7#ag7 ,qxe#d1 ,pxb#b2 7#ah7 ,ra#a-;d#a1 ,p-b#a 7,q72 7#ai7 ,rxb#a foll[$ by ,r-c#a4 7#e7 444 ,p-b#e ,! simple/ & probably be/ way to def5d ! ,pawn e#e aga9/ ! ?reat ,bxc#f & ,ktxe#e is ,p-d#f )\t ,p-b#e4 7#f7 ,b-b#c ,p-d#f ,! alt]native 0 ,b-c#e4 ,:ite c\ld !n n h captur$ ! ,pawn e#e by 7#g7 ,b-d#e1 o-o2 7#h7 ,bxc#f1 ,pxc#f2 7#i7 ,ktxe#e on acc\nt ( ,q-d#d1 ?reat5+ mate on f#b & attack+ ! ,knight4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #fc4 7#g7 ,kt-g#e ,?is attack ) two pieces 9 ! e>ly /age ( ! op5+ is contr>y to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( /rategy4 ,:ite w9s a ,pawn b ?is _c be consid]$ an adequate equival5t = ! "t he loses 9 do+ s4 ,he neglects 8 developm5t & he is b\nd to suff] = t soon] ?an he c make ! weight ( 8 extra-,pawn felt4 7#g7 444 ,p-d#e 7#h7 ,pxd#e ,black _c recapture ! ,pawn z ?is w\ld give ,:ite an occasion to initiate a viol5t attack />t+ ) ! sacrifice ( ! ,knight on f#g1 ?us3 7#h7 4441 ,ktxd#e2 7#i7 ,ktxf#g1 ,kxf#g2 7#aj7 ,q-f#c1 ,k-e#f 7! ,knight d#e has to be protect$72 7#aa7 ,kt-c#c1 ,ktc#f-;e#g2 7#ab7 o-o1 foll[$ by ,r-e#a1 ,p-d#d1 etc4 ,! expos$ position ( ,black's ,k+ is well wor? ! piece :i* ,:ite has sacrific$4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,q ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #fd4 7#h7 444 ,kt-d#d ,) ?is move ,black crosses ,:ite's plans by ex*ang+ ! ,bi%op :o 0 to play ! ma9 "p 9 ! attack1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! ,knight g#e does n h a *ance to d any useful "w ei!r4 7#i7 ,p-d#f ,op5+ aga9 ! diagonal ( ! ,bi%op & gett+ rid ( ! advanc$ ,pawn by ex*ange be=e ,black has an occasion to capture him4 7#i7 444 ,ktxb#c 7#aj7 ,pxc#g ,qxc#g --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,b ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,q ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,kt ,b ,q ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #fe4 ,black c\ld rega9 8 ,pawn by ,q-d#e2 7#aa7 ,pa#bxb#c1 ,qxg#b2 7#ab7 ,q- f#c1 ,qxf#c2 7#ac7 ,ktxf#c1 ,b-b#g2 7#ad7 ,k-e#b1 ,b-d#f & ,bxc#g2 b 9 do+ s he w\ld give up 8 advantage 9 developm5t1 :i*1 z ! fur!r c\rse ( ! game proves1 is mu* m valuable4 7#aa7 ,pa#bxb#c ,b-b#g 7#ab7 o-o ,p-h#f6 ,if ,black proce$$ to develop 8 pieces indiscrim9ately1 8 advantage w\ld soon vani%4 ,:ite ne$s only two moves--,r-e#a & ,kt-e#d--to p>alyze ! effect ( ,black's p[]ful ,que5's ,bi%op & to rega9 control ( ! c5t] :]e at pres5t ,black has ! upp] h& on acc\nt ( 8 c5t]-,pawn4 7#ac7 ,kt-f#c ,b-d#f 7#ad7 ,r-e#a o-o 7#ae7 ,ktb#a-;d#b ,ra#h-;d#h 7#af7 ,p-c#c ,:ite does n risk ,kt-e#d z ,black1 aft] ,ktxe#d2 7#ag7 ,pxe#d1 c uncov] ! ,rook by ,b-b#d attack+ ,:ite's ,que5 & ,rook at ! same "t4 ,:ite's only def5se w\ld be 7#ah7 ,b-d#b or ,kt-d#b1 b he w\ld p9 himself badly 9 ei!r case & ,black w\ld obta9 an ov]:elm+ attack by ,p-f#e1 :i* enables 8 ,k+'s ,rook to jo9 ! fray4 ,) ,p-c#c ,:ite protects himself aga9/ ,b-b#d & n[ actually ?reat5s to int]rupt ! diagonal ( ,black's ,que5's ,bi%op4 ,black w naturally try to prev5t ?is & ! fir/ move :i* pres5ts itself = ! purpose is ,p-e#d1 op5+ a l9e = ! ,bi%op d#f & ! ,que5 at ! same "t4 ,at fir/ sight ! move does n seem playable z on e#d ! ,pawn is ?ree times attack$ & only twice def5d$2 b ,:ite _c )draw bo? ! ,knight d#b & ! ,pawn d#c f ! ,que5's file on acc\nt ( ! ?reat ,bxh#b w9n+ ! ,que5 = ,rook & ,bi%op4 ,black c1 !re=e1 safely advance ! ,pawn4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,b ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,q ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ff4 7#af7 444 ,p-e#d 7#ag7 ,pxe#d ,ktxe#d 7#ah7 ,q-c#b ,n[ t ! ,que5 has left ! d-file1 unp9n+ ! ,knight1 some?+ mu/ be done = ! ,knight e#d :o is twice attack$ & only once protect$4 ,two moves come into consid]ation4 ,"o is ,p-f#e :i* ma9ta9s ! ,knight 9 ! dom9at+ c5t]- position1 z ,:ite _c take him )\t op5+ ! f-file = ,black's ,rook & los+ ! ,pawn h#b :o ne$s ! protection ( ! ,knight f#c4 ,! o!r is ,ktxd#b1 w9n+ ! ,pawn h#b "r away no matt] :e!r ,:ite retakes ) ! ,bi%op or ) ! ,knight4 ,:i* ( ! two moves is ! bett] is difficult to say & is m or less a matt] ( temp]am5t4 ,a play] :o pref]s a sl[ & sure advance w *oose ,p-f#e4 ,a play] :o likes a fa/] pace w />t ! h&-to-h& fight )\t delay by ,ktxd#b4 ,x is ! latt] move on :i* ,black decides4 7#ah7 444 ,ktxd#b ,:ite n[ faces ! dilemma :e!r to recapture ) ! ,bi%op or ) ! ,knight4 ,if he takes ) ! ,bi%op ,black ex*anges on f#c1 break+ up ,:ite's *a9 ( ,pawns1 & he rega9s 8 ,pawn by ,bxh#b4 ,if he takes ) ! ,knight1 ,black also w9s ! ,pawn h#b1 b ! o!r ,pawns 9 front ( ! ,k+ rema9 intact4 ,! drawback to ! latt] cont9uation is1 h[ev]1 t ,:ite's developm5t is delay$ = ano!r two moves1 z ! ,que5's ,bi%op is %ut 94 ,= ?is reason ,:ite decides on ,bxd#b1 probably also hop+ t he w be comp5sat$ = ! brok5 ,pawn position by an attack 9 ! g- or h-file :i* ,black's maneuv] op5s4 --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,b ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,q ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,b ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #fg4 7#ai7 ,bxd#b ,bxf#c ,! fact t ,black has to ex*ange 8 well plac$ ,que5's ,bi%op 9 ord] to w9 ! ,pawn h#b 0 v likely ano!r reason :i* induc$ ,:ite to retake ) ! ,bi%op4 7#bj7 ,pxf#c ,bxh#b 7#ba7 ,k-g#b --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,q ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,q ,b ,p ,k ,b --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #fh4 ,a g5]al survey ( ! position %[s cle>ly t ,black has ! advantage4 ,8 ,rook d#h is ready to take "p 9 ! battle :ile ,:ite has to make sev]al prep>atory moves ) 8 ,rooks be=e he c make use ( !m on ! ,k+'s w+1 ! only "p ( ! bo>d :]e !y h a *ance to be effective4 ,9 ! e-l9e :i* ,:ite's ,rook controls at pres5t1 !re is no tangible object = an attack4 ,moreov]1 ,:ite's ,k+ is r expos$ :ile ,black's ,k+ is safely entr5*$ beh9d 8 ,pawns4 ,a good cont9uation = ,black1 :i* pres5ts itself at fir/ ?\ght1 is ,r-d#f1 enabl+ ! d\bl+ ( ! ,rooks 9 ! d- l9e or ! p>ticipation ( ! ,rook d#f 9 a fight on ! ,k+'s w+4 7#ba7 444 ,r-d#f 7#bb7 ,r-e#d ,:ite _c take ! ,bi%op h#b z ,rxd#b w\ld w9 ! ,que54 7#bb7 ,p-f#d w\ld n be good ei!r z ,black w\ld reply ,q-d#g1 ?reat5+ ,rxd#b z well z ,q-g#d2 ,kxh#b1 ,r-g#f & mate 9 two moves4 ,) ,r-e#d ,:ite attempts to protect 8 ,k+ by ,r-g#d aga9/ attacks 9 ! g-file1 & ,black naturally tries to foil ?is attempt4 7#bb7 444 ,p-f#e 7#bc7 ,r-h#d ,black has n[ to decide :e!r he %\ld )draw 8 ,bi%op to e#e or c\nt]attack ,:ite's ,bi%op by ,q-d#g or ,q-d#h or ,rf#h-;d#h4 ,! c\nt]attack looks bett] z x ?reat5s to =ce an entrance = ! ,rooks 9 ! second rank1 displac+ ,:ite's ,que5 & attack+ ! ,k+ f ! flank4 ,! )drawal ( ! ,bi%op w\ld give ,:ite "t to play 8 ,que5's ,rook ov] to ! ,k+'s w+4 ,! mo/ =cible ( ! ?ree moves available = ! c\nt]attack is ,q-d#h1 :i* attacks ! ,rook h#d too1 !reby depriv+ ,:ite ( ! possibility to save 8 ,bi%op by flight4 7#bc7 444 ,q-d#h 7#bd7 ,rxh#b ,rxd#b 7#be7 ,q-c#a ,:ite's ,que5 has n[ h>dly any mobility & 9 addition %e %uts (f ! ,que5's ,rook f ! ,k+'s w+4 ,black1 on ! o!r h&1 c easily get 8 ,rooks to coop]ate by d\bl+ !m ei!r 9 ! d-file or 9 ! second rank4 ,he decides on ! =m] alt]native because ! control ( ! ,que5's file keeps ,:ite's troops sep>at$ 9 two p>ts :i* h little or no communication ) ea* o!r1 :ile ,black's pieces are ready = conc5tration on ! ,k+'s w+ at any mom5t4 7#be7 444 ,q-g#e 7#bf7 ,k-h#a ,rf#h-;d#h 7#bg7 ,q-e#a ,) ! int5tion to play ,q-e#f1 !reby ga9+ "t to sw+ ov] ! ,que5's ,rook to ! ,k+'s w+4 7#bg7 444 ,k-h#g 7#bh7 ,q-c#a --------------------------------------- #h ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,r ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,q ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #fi4 ,! ,que5 _c leave ! fir/ rank on acc\nt ( ! ?reat ,r- d#a4 ,x lies ne> = ,black to try to =ce h] out by attack+ ! squ>e d#a once m ) ! ,que51 !reby ?reat5+ to w9 ! ,que5 = a ,rook by ! *eck on d#a4 ,he c accompli% ?is by play+ ! ,que5 into ! d-file beh9d ! ,rooks4 7#bh7 444 ,r-d#f 7#bi7 ,p-c#d ,app>5tly ,:ite does n recognize ,black's int5tion1 or he w\ld h play$ 7#bi7 ,q-f#a 9 ord] to answ] ,q-d#h ) 7#cj7 ,r- e#a1 ,r-dl2 7#ca7 ,k-g#b4 ,b ,black w\ld !n also h _h an easy w9 by play+ 7#bi7 4441 ,rxb#b & d\bl+ ! ,rooks 9 ! second rank4 7#bi7 444 ,q-d#h 7#cj7 ,q-c#c ,! only alt]native to save ! ,que5 0 ,k-g#b1 b !n ,r-d#a w\ld h won a cle> ,rook4 ,black n[ en=ces a mate 9 t5 moves3 ,r-d#a2 7#ca7 ,rxd#a1 ,rxd#a2 7#cb7 ,k-g#b1 ,q-g#e2 7#cc7 ,k-h#c1 ,r-g#a2 7#cd7 ,q-d#d1 ,q-h#e2 7#ce7 ,q-h#d1 ,qxf#c2 7#cf7 ,q-g#c1 ,rxg#c2 7#cg7 ,pxg#c1 ,p-f#d2 7#ch7 ,k-h#d1 ,qxg#c2 7#ci7 ,k-h#e1 ,q-g#e mate4 ,?is in/ructive game 0 n lo/ ?r\gh a faulty comb9ation b on acc\nt ( loss ( "t 9 ! op5+ :i* c\ld n be rega9$4 ,,game ,,no4 #b ,play$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,ma/]s' ,t\rnam5t #aiae ,:ite ,black ,edw>d ,lask] ,jose ,ra\l ,capablanca 7#a7 ,p-d#d ,p-d#e 7#b7 ,kt-f#c ,kt-f#f 7#c7 ,p-c#d ,p-e#f 7#d7 ,kt-c#c ,ktb#h-;d#g 7#e7 ,b-g#e ,b-b#d ,ord9>ily ! ,bi%op is develop$ to e#g z on b#d he is out ( place z soon z ,:ite has ca/l$4 7#f7 ,p-e#c ,p-c#e ,) ?is move ,black ?reat5s ,q-a#e1 attack+ ! ,knight c#c = ! second "t & unp9n+ ! ,knight f#f :o is !n free to coop]ate ) ! ,bi%op b#d & ! ,que5 by advanc+ to e#d4 ,9 try+ to c\nt] ,black's ?reat ,:ite w seek to d z mu* z he c = ! developm5t ( 8 pieces s z to comb9e ! attack ) def5se4 ,! ,k+'s ,bi%op is n yet develop$1 & 8 mo/ natural develop+ move happ5s to cov] ! squ>e at :i* ,black is aim+ ) 8 ,knight4 7#g7 ,b-d#c ,q-a#e 7#h7 ,q-b#c --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,kt ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,q ,kt ,b ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,k ,r --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #gj4 ,:ite has to be v c>eful on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s ex*anges possible 9 ! c5t]4 ,black ?reat5s = in/ance to ex*ange fir/ on d#d & !n to play ,kt-e#d s t ! ,bi%op g#e is attack$ by ! ,que5 9 case ,:ite takes ! ,knight ) 8 ,bi%op1 all[+ ! ,pawn d#e to cle> ! fif? rank4 ,or he might play ,kt-e#d fir/ & !n ex*ange on d#d4 ,consid]+ t all ^! ?reats are bas$ on ! fact t ! ,knight c#c is p9n$ z long z ,:ite has n yet ca/l$ x lies ne> = ,:ite to try 7#h7 o-o4 ,x is true t ,black c !n w9 a ,pawn by tak+ twice on c#c2 h[ev]1 9 do+ s he w\ld ret>d 8 developm5t & ,:ite is b\nd to obta9 a /rong attack by gett+ all ( 8 pieces quickly into action1 :ile ,black's ,que5 is sep>at$ f ! re/ ( h] troops4 ,:ite's eigh? move1 ,q-b#c1 has sev]al drawbacks4 ,fir/ ( all ,black c\ld play ,p-b#e6 w9n+ a piece = ?ree ,pawns z ,:ite _c d bett] ?an play 7#i7 ,pxb#e or ,pxd#e all[+ ,p-,c#d4 ,secondly1 ,black c make ! comb9ation indicat$ above :i* t5ds to op5 ! fif? rank s t ! ,que5 attacks g#e4 ,! same comb9ation w\ld be possible if ,:ite play$ 7#h7 ,q-,c#b4 7#h7 444 ,kt-e#d 7#i7 o-o ,(f]+ ! ,pawn sacrifice ,ktxc#c2 7#aj7 ,pxc#c1 ,bxc#c ) ! view to attack+ by 7#aa7 ,r-c#a1 etc41 z previ\sly indicat$4 ,black pref]s to direct 8 attack aga9/ g#e4 7#i7 444 ,ktxg#e 7#aj7 ,ktxg#e ,pxd#d 7#aa7 ,kt-b#e 7#aa7 ,pxd#d w\ld lose a piece on acc\nt ( ,pxc#d1 attack+ ! ,bi%op on d#c & ! ,knight on g#e4 ,black c\ld n[ w9 a ,pawn by tak+ on d#c1 b ?is w\ld be v dang]\s z x w\ld op5 ! f-file = ,:ite's ,rook4 7#aa7 444 ,kt-c#e --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,kt ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,q ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ga4 ,! position is gett+ v complicat$ inde$4 ,! fir/ possibility :i* ,:ite w consid] is 7#ab7 ,kt-d#f2 b aft] ,k-e#g !re seems to be no satisfactory cont9uation4 ,= in/ance3 7#ac7 ,q-,c#b1 ,ktxd#c2 7#ad7 ,ktd#fxf#g1 ,r-f#h w9n+ two ,knights = ! ,rook4 ,or3 7#ad7 ,ktxc#h 81 ,ra#hxc#h2 7#ae7 ,qxd#c1 ,pxc#d w9n+ a piece4 ,!re=e1 ,:ite has no alt]native b to retire ! ,que54 7#ab7 ,q-c#b ,ktxd#c 7#ac7 ,qxd#c ,p-a#f --------------------------------------- #h ,r ,b ,k ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,q ,kt ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,q ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #gb4 ,x is n easy = ,black to reta9 tide ,pawn :i* he has won4 ,if he plays 7#ac7 4441 ,b-e#g2 7#ad7 ,kt-f#c1 ,pxe#c2 ,:ite c cont9ue 7#ae7 ,pxd#e ) good attack+ *ances on acc\nt ( ! op5 files 9 ! c5t] ( ! bo>d1 ( :i* ,black _c yet make any use z he has n yet ca/l$4 ,by ,p-a#f ,black op5s aga9 ! fif? rank 9 ord] to op]ate aga9/ ! ,knight g#e4 7#ad7 ,ktxd#d ,pxc#d 7#ae7 ,qxc#d ,b-d#g 7#af7 ,kt-b#c ,a v bad move1 z x violates ! g5]al pr9ciples ( /rategy4 ,9 )draw+ ! ,knight f ! dom9at+ c5t] squ>e ,:ite decreases 8 mobility in/ead ( increas+ x4 ,! logical cont9uation w\ld h be5 ,rf#a-;d#a or ,ra#a-;c#a1 develop+ "o ( ! ,rooks4 7#af7 444 ,qxg#e 7#ag7 ,qxb#d ,b-c#f ,black w\ld n h be5 able to occupy ?is favorable squ>e ) 8 ,bi%op1 _h n ,:ite )drawn 8 ,knight f d#d4 7#ah7 ,p-e#d ,p-a#e ,?is =ces ! ,que5 out ( ! diagonal a#c-;f#h z ! ,pawn e#d has to be kept protect$4 7#ai7 ,q-d#b ,qxd#b ,black demon/rates 9 a v simple mann] t ! ex*ange ( ,que5s is disadvantage\s = ,:ite1 a fact t ,:ite %\ld h =ese5 z ! unprotect$ ,knight on d#b enables ,black to ga9 control ( ! d-file by ca/l+ on ! ,que5's side4 7#bj7 ,ktxd#b o-o-o 7#ba7 ,kt-c#d ,:ite _c play ,r-d#a on acc\nt ( ,r-d#d1 ?reat5+ ,rh#h-;d#h4 7#ba7 444 ,bxe#d 7#bb7 ,rf#a-;c#a ,?is m]ely drives ! ,black ,k+ to a safe place4 ,ktxa#e 0 indicat$4 ,r-d#b c\ld !n h be5 answ]$ by 7#bc7 ,r-c#a & 7#bd7 ,r-,c#d4 7#bb7 444 ,k-b#h 7#bc7 ,p-f#c ,aga9 a move :i* helps ! oppon5t z x drives ! ,bi%op :]e he wants to g4 7#bc7444 ,b-d#e 7#bd7 ,ktxa#e ,r-c#h 7#be7 ,p-b#c ,?is situation furni%es an in/ructive example ( ! importance ( ! rules gov]n+ ,pawn =mations z previ\sly discuss$4 ,by attack+ ! ,knight ) ! ,k+ ,black c =ce ! ex*ange ( ! ,bi%op = ! ,knight on c#d4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k ,r ,r --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,r ,r ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #gc4 ,?is leaves ,:ite ) a ,pawn on c#d :o is weak on acc\nt ( 8 advanc$ position4 ,black c attack him ) ! ,k+ & ,:ite's ,k+ is consequ5tly compell$ to /ay on ! ,que5's w+ gu>d+ ! ,pawn1 :ile ,black is at leisure to secure a pass$ ,pawn on ! ,k+'s w+4 ,^! maneuv]s are1 ( c\rse1 possible only ) ! ,rooks (f ! bo>d4 ,t is :y ,black tries to =ce _! ex*ange & :y ,:ite %\ld endeavor to prev5t x4 7#be7 444 ,rxc#a 7#bf7 ,rxc#a ,r-c#h 7#bg7 ,rxc#h ,9 view ( ! hopeless ,pawn end+ x w\ld h be5 be/ to give up a ,pawn by 7#bg7 ,r-d#a1 ,p-b#f2 7#bh7 ,kt-c#d1 ,bxc#d2 7#bi7 ,pxc#d1 ,rxc#d2 7#cj7 ,r-d#b 9 ord] to keep a ,rook on ! bo>d1 ?us obta9+ a draw+ *ance4 7#bg7 444 ,kxc#h 7#bh7 ,k-f#b ,k-c#g 7#bi7 ,k-e#c ,k-b#f 7#cj7 ,kt-c#d ,bxc#d 7#ca7 ,pxc#d ,k-c#e 7#cb7 ,k-d#c ,p-e#e ,black's /rategy 9 ?is end+ is cle>ly indicat$4 ,he w play ,p-f#e & advance ! e-,pawn z soon z ,:ite plays ,k-c#c4 ,in/ead ( ! latt] move ,:ite c\ld play ,p-a#c :i* w\ld also keep ,black's ,k+ f b#d2 b he w\ld soon run out ( sp>e moves ) 8 ,pawns necessitat+ a ,k+'s move4 ,= in/ance1 7#cb7 ,p-a#c1 ,p-f#e2 7#cc7 ,p-g#d1 ,p-g#f2 7#cd7 ,p-h#c1 ,p-h#f2 7#ce7 ,p-h#d1 ,p- h#e2 7#cf7 ,p-g#e1 ,p-b#f62 7#cg7 ,k-c#c1 ,p-e#d2 7#ch7 ,p-f#d1 ,p-e#c2 7#ci7 ,k- d#c1 ,p-e#b2 7#dj7 ,kxe#b1 ,kxc#d2 7#da7 ,k-e#c1 ,p-b#e4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #gd4 ,black ne$s n[ only six moves to que5 ! ,pawn b#e :ile ,:ite 9 ! meantime _c d m ?an capture ! g- & h-,pawns1 & ,black's ,que5 c naturally /op ! ,:ite pass$ ,pawns )\t difficulty4 ,! game proce$$ z foll[s3 7#cc7 ,p-g#d ,p-f#f 7#cd7 ,p-h#d ,p-g#f 7#ce7 ,k-e#d ,k-d#f ,black c\ld j z well h captur$ ! ,pawn c#d & p]mitt$ 7#cf7 ,p-g#e1 ,pxg#e2 7#cg7 ,pxg#e4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,k ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,k ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,p --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ge4 ,he w\ld !n h _h a ,que5 9 ano!r eight moves :ile ,:ite c\ld n get f>!r ) 8 ,pawn ?an to g#g1 s t ,black easily w9s4 ,to m>* aga9/ ! ,pawn b#g in/ead ( ! ,pawns on ! ,k+'s side w\ld n help ,:ite ei!r1 z he does n get back to ! ,k+'s w+ 9 "t to protect 8 f- & g-,pawn4 7#cf7 ,p-f#d ,pxf#d 7#cg7 ,kxf#d ,k-c#e 7#ch7 ,p-h#e ,kxc#d 7#ci7 ,k-e#d ,p-b#e 7#dj7 ,p-a#c ,k-c#e 7#da7 ,resigns4 ,v ,,problems ,to (f] an exhau/ive treatise on ! manifold v>ieties ( ,*ess problems is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book4 ,! int5tion ( ! au?or is m]ely to make x q cle> to ! read] t ! ,*ess problem1 ap>t f ! moves ( ! m51 has no relation to ! game & to illu/rate ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ,,problem comb9ations & positions & ,,game comb9ations & positions by a few typical examples f ! works ( ma/] compos]s4 ,! mat+ me?ods & mat+ positions 9 ! actual game v r>ely embody an elem5t ( surprise4 ,!y are all kn[n f previ\s exp]i5ce & ! "q is m]ely :e!r ! play] conc]n$ is famili> ) !m4 ,) ! problem x is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,"h ! mate mu/ be accompli%$ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( moves f a giv5 position 9 "s +5i\s way :i* is n kn[n f game practice1 or1 if ! mat+ ,,me?od is n extraord9>y1 ! mat+ ,,position mu/ be surpris+ & unlook$ =4 ,moreov]1 a numb] ( laws mu/ be obey$ 9 problem composition1 :i* by ! g5]al cons5t ( problemi/s1 or r by natural evolution ( a m ref9$ ta/e1 h become ! /&>ds by :i* ! m]its ( a problem are judg$4 ,!re is fir/ ( all ! law ( economy 9 mat]ial :i* dem&s t ! idea ( ! problem %\ld be express$ ) ! lea/ possible numb] ( m51 & t no pieces %\ld be add$ = ! m]e sake ( increas+ ! numb] ( v>iations4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 a problem %\ld h only "o solution4 ,a position :i* has m ?an "o key move is n consid]$ a problem1 because ! ma9 po9t at issue 9 a problem is n ! ,,numb] ( moves 9 :i* ! mate is accompli%$ b ! ,,me?od 9 :i* x is accompli%$1 & ( two possible solutions "o w always be pretti] s t ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r mu/ necess>ily appe> a blemi%4 ,a v important law is t ! fir/ move ( ,:ite 7:o by g5]al cons5t has always ! attack7 mu/ n deprive ! black ,k+ ( a flight squ>e1 z ?is w\ld be too brutal1 too obvi\s a proc$ure4 ,! m possibilities ( def5se are left to ,black ! m surpris+ is ! solution & ! f9] is ! problem4 ,_m problem solv]s are "u ! false impression t ! fir/ move 9 a problem mu/ n be a *eck4 ,?is argum5t is valid only :5 by ! *eck ! numb] ( def5sive moves is limit$1 b ?is is n necess>ily ! case1 z c be se5 = in/ance 9 problem ,no4 #b1 9 :i* ,black has to move 8 ,k+ anyway1 !re be+ no o!r black piece on ! bo>d4 ,! position ( ,diagram #gf is an example ( h[ a problem %\ld ,,n be con/ruct$4 ,!re is a trem5d\s numb] ( pieces on ! bo>d :i* h no?+ to d ) ! idea ( ! problem4 ,! latt] is "o ( ! mo/ primitive ideas us$ 9 problem composition & has be5 express$ by _m compos]s 9 *>m+ =ms1 s t !re 0 no ne$ = ! above mon/r\s addition to ! problem lit]ature4 ,! key move is ,q-h#g s z to p9 ! ,rook f#e 9 case ,black plays ,k-d#c & to enable ! mate 7#b7 ,rxf#c4 ,h[ev]1 if ,black replies 7#a7 4441 ,p-d#c or ,bxe#a1 nei!r ! ,que5 nor ! ,rook f#d are necess>y1 b ! mate is accompli%$ by "s ( ! o!r :ite pieces :i* are lavi%ly di/ribut$ ov] ! bo>d4 --------------------------------------- #h ,q --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #d ,b ,p ,p ,r --------------------------------------- #c ,p ,k ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #b ,p ,b ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k ,kt ,r ,b --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #gf4--,mate 9 ,two ,moves ,a /rik+ contra/ w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ problem :i* is bas$ on ! same idea b 9 :i* all unnecess>y mat]ial is disp5s$ )4 ,! key move is ,b-c#a1 9 ord] to mate ) ! ,que5 on b#c 9 case ,black takes ! ,rook a#c4 ,if ,black moves ! ,rook1 ,:ite mates by ,qxb#f1 & if ! ,pawn b#f advances 7#b7 ,qxe#g is mate4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #e ,p --------------------------------------- #d ,k --------------------------------------- #c ,r ,b --------------------------------------- #b ,r --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #gg4--,problem ,no4 #a4 ,mate ,9 ,two ,moves4 ,9 problem ,no4 #b ! mat+ maneuv] does n involve a special trick2 ! idea ( ! compos] 0 m]ely to arrive at an extraord9>y mat+ position1 & he add$ consid]ably to ! value ( ! problem by produc+ ! same mat+ position 9 sev]al v>iations4 ,! key move is ,b-b#c4 ,black has ?ree moves 9 reply4 ,if ,k-e#d1 ,:ite mates by 7#b7 ,q-f#b1 ,k-d#c2 7#c7 ,q-f#c4 ,if ,k- c#f1 ! mate is accompli%$ by 7#b7 ,b-b#d1 ,k-b#e2 7#c7 ,q-b#g2 & if ,k-d#f1 ,:ite answ]s 7#b7 ,b-c#d1 ,k-c#f2 7#c7 ,q-c#g mate4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,q --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,k --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c ,b --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a ,b --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #gh4--,problem ,no4 #b4 ,mate ,9 ,?ree ,moves4 ,a favorite trick ) compos]s is to provide a /alemate :i* !y relieve by ob/ruct+ ! way ( "o ( ! pieces involv$ 9 ! /alemate4 ,! move :i* is !reby all[$ ,black's ,k+ exposes him to a discov]$ mate4 ,! key move ( problem ,no4#c is ,p-g#h 7becomes ,knight74 ,aft] ,p-b#e ,black is /alemate1 b ,:ite relieves ! /alemate by 7#b7 ,kt-e#g1 all[+ ,black to take ! ,knight on b#d1 & !n mates by ,kt-c#f4 ,9 try+ to solve a problem x is a good me?od to exam9e ,black's moves fir/4 ,(t5 x w be f\nd t :atev] ,black moves ,:ite c mate 9 reply s t all t is necess>y is to f9d a fir/ move = ,:ite1 :i* leaves ! position un*ang$ z f> z ! diff]5t mat+ ?reats are conc]n$4 ,if ,black has "o or m moves at 8 disposal 9 reply to :i* !re is no mate1 ! way is indicat$ 9 :i* to provide = ^! def5ses4 --------------------------------------- #h ,b --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,k --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #gi4--,problem ,no4 #c4 ,mate ,9 ,?ree ,moves4 ,9 problem ,no4 #d = in/ance1 x is evid5t t ,black has to keep ! two squ>es b#h & b#d gu>d$ on :i* ! ,knight a#f ?reat5s mate4 ,( c\rse1 ,black c take ! ,bi%op f#e1 reliev+ ! mat+ ?reat b ,:ite c move ! ,bi%op to "s o!r squ>e 9 ! diagonal h#c-;c#h4 ,/ill1 ,black w\ld h ! def5se ,q-f#h4 ,?is sugge/s z ,:ite's fir/ move ,b-c#h1 int]rupt+ ! l9e f f#h to b#h4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,k ,kt --------------------------------------- #f ,kt ,p ,k --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,p ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,q --------------------------------------- #c ,p --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #hj4--,problem ,no4 #d4 ,mate ,9 ,two ,moves ,! only squ>e = ,black's ,que5 f :i* to gu>d bo? b#d & b#h is !n d#f2 b !re ! ,que5 blocks a flight squ>e ( ! ,k+1 free+ ! ,knight b#g & enabl+ ! mate ,kt-a#e4 ,! mo/ difficult problems1 ( c\rse1 are ^? 9 :i* no mate is ?reat5$ 9 ! initial position & 9 :i* ,black c app>5tly foil all attempts to build a mat+ net4 ,an example is ! foll[+ position :i* illu/rates ! s-call$ ,roman idea4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g ,kt ,b --------------------------------------- #f --------------------------------------- #e ,b --------------------------------------- #d ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #c ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #b ,q --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #ha4--,problem ,no4 #e4 ,mate ,9 ,f\r ,moves4 ,black's ,k+ is /alemate s t any *eck ) ! ,knight w\ld settle him4 ,h[ev]1 ,black's ,bi%op gu>ds ! squ>es c#e & d#f f :i* ! ,knight c\ld ?reat5 a mate1 & if ,:ite makes a wait+ move ) ! ,que5 9 ! second rank to =ce ,black's ,bi%op f 8 def5sive position1 ,black replies ,b-g#e & takes ! ,pawn e#c on ! foll[+ move1 reliev+ ! /alemate4 ,! same maneuv] w\ld foil ,:ite's attempt to *eckmate by 7#a7 ,q- e#b1 7#b7 ,b-d#c & 7#c7 ,q-c#b1 & ! position really does n betray any o!r mat+ possibility4 ,! key ( ?is exceptionally f9e & difficult problem is 7#a7 ,kt-d#f1 =c+ ,bxd#f4 ,! idea ( ?is sacrifice is to *ange ! l9e ( def5se ( ! black ,bi%op f ! diagonal h#d-;d#h to ! diagonal h#b-;b#h1 s t he is compell$ to def5d ! ?reat ,q-e#b1 etc41 indicat$ above by mov+ to f#d1 t is to a squ>e on :i* he c be tak54 ,aft] 7#b7 ,q-e#b1 ,b-f#d2 7#c7 ,pxf#d ! /alemate is reliev$ & ,black c take ! ,pawn d#d4 ,b a mo/ surpris+ mate is n[ possible1 :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 =ese5 9 ! orig9al position1 namely3 7#d7 ,q-e#e4 ,problems 9 :i* no def9ite numb] ( moves are /ipulat$ = ! mate are usually call$ ,,/udies or ,,end+s4 ,!y are no?+ b game positions 9 :i* a maneuv] =ces ! w9 t is s well hidd5 t x w\ld probably n be f\nd by a play] 9 an actual game4 ,! foll[+ two positions are examples ( ?is class ( compositions4 ,! fir/ move is evid5t4 ,:ite mu/ play 7#a7 ,p-c#g1 z o!rwise ,black retreats ) ! ,rook 9 ! d-file & occupies ! c- file s t he c be sacrific$ at any "t = ,:ite's dang]\s ,pawn4 --------------------------------------- #h --------------------------------------- #g --------------------------------------- #f ,k ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,r --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #hb4--,,:ite ,,to ,,play ,,& ,,w94 ,aft] 7#a7 4441 ,r-d#f ,:ite c nei!r g to b#g on acc\nt ( ,r- d#g nor c he play ,k-c#f or c#e on acc\nt ( ,r-d#a foll[$ by ,r-c#a :]eby ,black w\ld draw4 ,! only way to w9 is3 7#b7 ,k-b#e1 ,r- d#e2 7#c7 ,k-b#d1 ,r-d#d2 7#d7 ,k-b#c1 ,r-d#c2 7#e7 ,k-c#b4 ,at la/ ,:ite has succe$$ 9 gu>d+ 8 re>1 & x seems z if ,black c\ld n any long] prev5t ! ,pawn f ,que5+4 ,h[ev]1 ,black plays 7#e7 4441 ,r-d#d & if ,:ite que5s ! ,pawn he gives *eck on ,c#d =c+ ,qxc#d :i* w\ld /alemate ! ,k+4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,b ,b --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c --------------------------------------- #b ,kt ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #a ,k --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #hc4--,:ite to ,move & ,draw4 ,?is is ! po9t :]e ! problem-trick ent]s ! game4 ,:ite does n promote ! ,pawn to a ,que5 b to a ,rook1 avoid+ ! /alemate & ?reat5+ mate on a#h4 ,black's only def5se is ,r- a#d & n[ ,:ite w9s by 7#g7 ,k-b#c attack+ ! ,rook & ?reat5+ mate on c#a at ! same "t4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #hc ,black ?reat5s to que5 ei!r ( 8 ,pawns4 ,:ite c play 7#a7 ,kt-e#c ,k-e#b2 7#b7 ,bxh#b1 b aft] ,kxe#c !re seems to be no way ( /opp+ ! ,pawn f#b4 --------------------------------------- #h ,k ,b ,q --------------------------------------- #g ,p --------------------------------------- #f ,p ,p --------------------------------------- #e ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #d ,p ,kt --------------------------------------- #c ,k --------------------------------------- #b --------------------------------------- #a --------------------------------------- a b c d e f g h ,,diagram #hd4--,sui-,mate 9 ,six ,moves ,aga9 an +5i\s trick is available :i* leads to an unexpect$ f9i%4 ,:ite plays 7#c7 ,k-h#h ?reat5+ to ,que5 8 ,pawn & =c+ ,b-d#e4 ,!n he gives up 8 ,pawn by 7#d7 ,p-g#h 7,que57 & aft] ,bxg#h he saves ! game by 7#e7 ,b-g#a 66 ,if ,black takes ! ,bi%op promot+ ! ,pawn to a ,que5 or a ,rook ,:ite is /alemate4 ,o!rwise ! draw is =c$ by ei!r ,kxg#h or ,bxf#b4 ,x rema9s to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! s- call$ sui-mates4 ,a sui-mate is a problem 9 :i* ,:ite has to play s z to =ce ,black to *eckmate him 7,:ite7 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( moves4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples 9 ! lit]ature is ! above six mov]1 ! solution ( :i* runs z foll[s3 7#a7 ,kt-b#e1 ,pxb#e2 7#b7 ,kt-a#f1 ,pxa#f4 ,"o %\ld n ?9k t ,:ite c =ce ,black to *eckmate 9 f\r m moves2 b3 7#c7 ,k-d#d1 ,k-b#g2 7#d7 ,q-d#e1 ,k-c#h2 7#e7 ,p-b#g1 ,k-c#g2 7#f7 ,k-c#e & ,black has no o!r move except ,b-a#g1 *eckmat+ ,:ite4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,game ,,( ,,*eck]s ,i ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,game ,! game ( ,*eck]s 7,engli%3 ,draughts7 is play$ on ! #cb black or :ite squ>es ( ! ,*ess bo>d by two oppon5ts1 ea* ( :om has twelve m5 ( ! same k9d4 ,! object ( ! game is to capture all oppos+ m5 or to block !m s t !y _c move4 ,! orig9al position ( bo>d & m5 is %[n 9 ,diagram #he4 ,x w be se5 t ! bo>d is plac$ 9 su* a way t ! play]s h a vacant squ>e at _! l[] "r h& corn]4 ,?is corn] is call$ ! ,,d\ble ,,corn] because two m5 are locat$ 9 its imm$iate neighborhood :ile ! left h& corn]1 ! ,,s+le ,,corn]1 is occupi$ by only "o man4 ,! squ>es ( ! ,*eck] bo>d are usually describ$ by numb]s z %[n 9 ,diagram #hf4 ,?is is a r crude me?od :5 comp>$ ) ! simple notation by means ( a sy/em ( coord9ates z us$ 9 ,*ess1 b z x is univ]sally employ$ 9 ,*eck] books & ,*eck] columns 9 daily pap]s x w be adh]$ to 9 ! foll[+ explanation ( ! game4 ,! black m5 are plac$ on ! squ>es #a to #ab1 ! :ite m5 on ! squ>es #ba to #cb4 ,! fir/ move mu/ inv>iably be made by ! play] ( ! black m54 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o o o o --------------------------------------- o o o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- 99 99 99 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #he4 ,! move ( ! ,*eck] m5 is a diagonal /ep =w>d1 "o squ>e at a "t4 ,if a ho/ile man is 9 8 way & if ! squ>e beyond ! ho/ile man is vacant1 he mu/ capture him by jump+ ov] him on to ! vacant squ>e1 & he mu/ cont9ue captur+ f ! squ>e on :i* he l&s z long z ?is is possible accord+ to ! above rule4 ,captur$ m5 are remov$ f ! bo>d4 ,,:ite --------------------------------------- #cb #ca #cj #bi --------------------------------------- #bh #bg #bf #be --------------------------------------- #bd #bc #bb #ba --------------------------------------- #bj #ai #ah #ag --------------------------------------- #af #ae #ad #ac --------------------------------------- #ab #aa #aj #i --------------------------------------- #h #g #f #e --------------------------------------- #d #c #b #a --------------------------------------- ,,black ,,diagram #hf4 ,if a man rea*es ! opposite edge ( ! bo>d he automatically becomes a ,k+ & mu/ be cr[n$ by ! oppon5t1 :o mu/ place ano!r man on top ( him4 ,a ,k+ may move & capture backw>d z well z =w>d4 ,a man1 :o rea*es ! ,k+ r[ 9 captur+1 _c1 h[ev]1 cont9ue captur+ on ! same move ) ! newly made ,k+4 ,! position ( ,diagram #hg may s]ve to illu/rate ! above rules4 ,:ite1 on ! move1 plays #ad-i4 ,black mu/ capture ?is man ) ! man on #e :o jumps on to #ad4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh 99 o --------------------------------------- o o 99 #ba --------------------------------------- #bj --------------------------------------- 99 o o #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 --------------------------------------- 99 99 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #hg4 ,:ite !n sacrifices ano!r man by #bc-ah =c+ ,black to reply #ad-bc4 ,n[ ,:ite captures ! ?ree m5 on #bc1 #ae & #g ) 8 man on #bf1 & ,black1 be=e mak+ 8 next move1 mu/ cr[n ,:ite's man :o has j rea*$ ! ,k+'s r[4 ,he w naturally move 8 man #h1 z o!rwise ,:ite w\ld capture him ) ! ,k+ on #c4 ,if a play] ov]looks ! possibility ( a capture 8 oppon5t has ! "r to remove ! man :o %\ld h made ! capture1 f ! bo>d4 ,?is proc$ure is call$ huff+ & does n con/itute a play4 ,in/ead ( huff+ a play] may ask ! oppon5t to retract 8 move & to make ! capture4 ,:5 nei!r play] c =ce a w9 ! game is consid]$ a draw4 ,:5 "o side appe>s to be /rong] & refuses to accept a draw (f]$ ! play] ( ! weak] side c require ! w9 to be demon/rat$ )9 #dj moves2 o!rwise ! game is drawn4 ,,ii ,,elem5t>y ,,tactics ,! fir/ ?+ a ,*eck] play] has to "k is :at sup]iority 9 mat]ial or position is requir$ to ,,=ce a w9 9 ! end+4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y case is ! "o %[n 9 ,diagram #hh1 9 :i* ,:ite w9s by play+ #cb-bg4 ,) ?is move ,:ite takes ! opposition or z mo/ ,*eck] play]s call x1 ,:ite has ! move4 ,:atev] ,black replies he is =c$ to ! edge ( ! bo>d & f9ally he is oblig$ to let ,:ite capture 8 ,k+4 ,suppos+ ,black plays 7#b7 #bf-bb1 9 ord] to rea* ! d\ble corn]1 :]e he w\ld be safe z he c\ld indef9itely move f #e to #a & f #a to #e1 !n ,:ite cont9ues ) 7#b7 4441#bg-bc1 prev5t+ 7#c7 #bb-ah :i* w\ld ga9 ! road to ! d\ble corn]4 ,aft] 7#c7 #bb-ag1 #bc-l#h2 ,black has to retreat to ! edge by #ag-ac or #ag-ba1 & ,:ite1 by play+ #ah-ad1 or #ah-bb p9s ! black ,k+ s t he _c move )\t be+ captur$4 ,if x _h be5 ,black's move 9 ! position ( ! diagram1 he w\ld h ga9$ ! opposition by #bf-ca & ,:ite w\ld h be5 compell$ to retire to ! d\ble corn] & to draw by #cb-bh1 #bh-cb1 etc4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- oo #bi --------------------------------------- #bh 9999 --------------------------------------- #ba --------------------------------------- #bj --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #hh4 ,) "o ,k+ entr5*$ 9 ! d\ble corn] x takes two ,k+s to =ce ! w94 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #hi = in/ance ,:ite w\ld w9 z foll[s3 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 444 #ai-bd 7#b7 #cb-bh #bc-ai 7#c7 #bh-cb #bd-bh 7#d7 #cb-bg #bh-cb 7#e7 #bg-ca #ai-ae 7#f7 #ca-bf #ae-ah 7#g7 #bf-ca #ah-bb ,9 ! end+ ,,?ree ,,k+s ,,aga9/ ,,two ,,k+s ! mo/ favorable spots = ! weak] play] are ! two d\ble corn]s2 b ! ?ree ,k+s w always w9 :5 h&l$ "r4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- 9999 #bi --------------------------------------- #bh --------------------------------------- oo #ba --------------------------------------- #bj oo --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #hi4 ,! me?od :i* has to be employ$ w be evid5t f ! play 9 ,diagram #ij4 ,9 ord] to w9 ,black mu/ ex*ange "o ,k+2 ! position is !n r$uc$ to t ( ,diagram #hi4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh oo --------------------------------------- #ba --------------------------------------- #bj 9999 --------------------------------------- 9999 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 9999 oo --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ij4 ,if x 7 ,:ite's move1 ,black w\ld easily w92 = aft] 7#a7 4441 #bg-cb2 7#b7 #ai-bd1 #i-e2 7#c7 #aj-f1 ,:ite _c avoid ! ex*ange4 ,= in/ance3 7#c7 4441 #e-a2 7#d7 #bd-ai4 ,! problem r$uces itself !re=e to *ang+ ! move f ,black to ,:ite4 ,?is is accompli%$ by3 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 #ae-ah #bg-cb 7#b7 #ai-bd #i-e 7#c7 #aj-ad ,?reat5+ #bd-bg4 ,:ite c only reply 7#c7 444 #cb-bh 7#d7 #bd-bg #e-a 7#e7 #ad-i1 etc41 z above4 ,if ! weak] side does n control bo? d\ble corn]s ! ex*ange c be =c$ mu* m easily1 z an exp]im5t w quickly %[4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- oo #bi --------------------------------------- #bh 9999 oo --------------------------------------- #ba --------------------------------------- #bj 9999 --------------------------------------- 9999 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ia4 ,sometimes ! /rong] side has an occasion to give up two ,k+s = "o !reby =c+ a position simil> to t ( ,diagram #hh4 ,diagram #ia (f]s an example3 ,black on ! move w9s 9 #e moves1 ?us3 7#a7 #af-ai #bg-ca 7#b7 #bj-bd #cb-bg 7#c7 #bh-cb #bgx#bj 7#d7 #ai-bd #bjx#bg 7#e7 #cbx#bc & ,:ite is p9n$4 ,) ?ree ,k+s aga9/ f\r a play] c sometimes (f] prolong$ resi/ance4 ,b f9ally ! /rong] play] w always be able to =ce an ex*ange :i* secures ! victory4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #ib = in/ance ,black w proce$ z foll[s3 7#a7 #ah-ae #ai-bd ,x w\ld n help to play #bg-bd1 z ,black w\ld reply #ad-ag & ex*ange on ! next move by #aj-ad4 7#b7 #aa-af limit+ ,:ite's mobility4 7#b7 444 #bc-bf ,9 answ] to #bd-bj ,black w\ld play #ae-ai4 7#c7 #af-ai #bd-bh 7#d7 #ad-ah #bf-cj 7#e7 #ai-bc #bh-cb 7#f7 #ae-ai #bg-ca #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh oo --------------------------------------- oo #ba --------------------------------------- #bj oo 9999 --------------------------------------- 9999 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 9999 9999 --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ib4 ,n #cj-be on acc\nt ( #ah-bb4 7#g7 #aj-ad #ca-bf 7#h7 #ad-ag #bf-ca 7#i7 #ag-bb #ca-bg 7#aj7 #ai-af #bg-bd 7#aa7 #af-ai & w9s4 ,if1 on ! #aj? move1 ,:ite play$ #bg-ca in/ead ( #bg-bd1 ! game might proce$ z foll[s3 7#aa7 #ah-ae #cb-bh 7#ab7 #ae-ai #bh-cb 7#ac7 #bb-bf #cax#bb 7#ad7 #bc-bg #cbx#bc 7#ae7 #aix#ag ,^! possibilities ( ex*ang+ two = two %\ld always be look$ = z !y (t5 occur1 enabl+ a w9 )9 a few moves4 ,,iii ,,! ,,five ,,fundam5tal ,,positions ,:ile 9 ! examples ( elem5t>y end+s giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! correct me?od ( play 0 comp>atively easy to f9d1 positions ) few m5 (t5 occur :i* look v simple b :i* require consid]able ?\ght to be h&l$ 9 ! "r way4 ,! k ( ^! positions1 ( :i* !re are five di/9ctly diff]5t types1 is ess5tial = any "o :o desires to become a fair play] & !y are1 !re=e1 ?or\ghly expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ five *>act]i/ic examples4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,position ,x does n make any diff]5ce 9 ! me?od ( play :e!r ! ,black man is locat$ z %[n 9 ,diagram #ic or on #c1 #d1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa #af1 #bj or #bd4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t he mu/ n be able to m>* to ! ,k+ r[ )\t be+ int]cept$ by ,:ite4 ,! w9n+ maneuv] is ?is3 ,:ite turns ! ,black ,k+ out ( ! d\ble corn] 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! play f ! position ( ,diagram #hi & !reby compels ! ,black man to advance1 f9ally =c+ an ex*ange :i* secures ! opposition4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh 9999 --------------------------------------- oo #ba --------------------------------------- #bj oo --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 9999 --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ic4--,:ite to ,move & ,w94 ,?is maneuv]1 z w be evid5t f a c>eful /udy ( ! position1 is possible only 9 case ,:ite has ! move4 ,if ,black has ! move ! end+ is a draw4 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 444 #bc-bg 7#b7 #bh-cb #ai-bc 7#c7 #cb-bh ,black _c play #ab-af1 z #bg-bd w\ld w9 a piece4 7#c7 444 #bg-cb 7#d7 #bh-bd ,aga9 #ab-af is n possible on acc\nt ( #cb-bg w9n+ a piece 9 ?ree moves4 7#d7 444 #bc-ah #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- oo #bi --------------------------------------- #bh --------------------------------------- 9999 #ba --------------------------------------- #bj oo --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #id4 ,:ite play$ #cb-bh ,black w\ld ex*ange by five #bd-ai & draw ! game4 ,9 ! position ( ! ,diagram ,black has ! *oice betwe5 #bd- #bj1 #ab-af1 #bd-ai or #bd-bh1 b he loses1 no matt] :at move he makes z demon/rat$ bel[4 7,a7 7#e7 #bd-bj #cb-bg 7#f7 #bj-af #ah-ae 7#g7 #af-bj #ae-ah 7#h7 #ab-af #ah-ae 7,b7 7#e7 #ab-af #ah-ae ,n[ ,black _c play 7#f7 #af-ai because ( ! ex*ange #cb-bg2 7#f7 #af-bj w\ld also lose quickly ?r\gh #ae-ah1 7#g7 #bd-ai1 #cb- #bh1 7#h7 #ai-af1 #ah-bc4 ,! be/ try is 7#f7 #bd-bh4 ,aga9/ #ae-ah ,black w\ld n[ draw by 7#g7 #af-ai1 #cb-bg2 7#h7 #ai- #bc4 ,! only way to w9 is 7#f7 444 #ae-aa aft] :i* ,black c d no bett] ?an 7#g7 #af-ai #cb-bg 7#h7 #bh-cb #bg-ca 7#i7 #cb-bh #aa-af 7#aj7 #ai-bd #af-ai1 etc4 7,c7 7#e7 #bd-ai #cb-bh 7#f7 #ab-af #bh-cb 7#g7 #ai-bd #ah-ae & ,:ite cont9ues z %[n be=e4 7,d7 7#e7 #bd-bh #ah-ae 7#f7 #bh-bd #cb-bh 7#g7 #bd-bg #ae-ah 7#h7 #ab-af #bh-cb 7#i7 #bg-bd #ah-ae & w9s z be=e by #ae-ah 9 reply to 7#aj7 #af-bj or #ae-aa 9 reply to #bd-bh4 ,,! ,,second ,,position 7,see ,diagram #ie7 ,:ite's advantage is t he c cr[n 8 two m5 :ile ,black rema9s ) only "o ,k+ & two m54 ,! reason :y ,black _c use 8 two m5 to advantage is t !y are p9n$ on ! side ( ! bo>d :ile ,:ite's m5 are locat$ 9 ! c5t] :]e !y h mu* m mobility4 ,all ! same ,:ite mu/ h ! move 9 ord] to w91 j z 9 fir/ position4 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 444 #cj-bf 7#b7 #i-ad #bf-bc 7#c7 #ad-aj #bc-ah #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o --------------------------------------- oo 99 #ba --------------------------------------- #bj 99 --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 9999 --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ie4--,:ite to ,move & ,w94 7#d7 #aj-f #ah-ad 7#e7 #f-a #ad-i 7#f7 #a-e #i-f 7#g7 #e-i #f-b 7#h7 #i-e #b-f 7#i7 #e-a #f-i 7#aj7 #a-e #i-ad 7#aa7 #e-a #ad-ah 7#ab7 #a-f #ah-ae 7#ac7 #f-i #ae-ai 7#ad7 #i-ad #bg-bc 7#ae7 #ad-aj #bc-ah 7#af7 #aj-f #ah-ad 7#ag7 #f-a #ad-i 7#ah7 #a-e #i-f 7#ai7 #e-i #f-b 7#bj7 #i-e #b-f 7#ba7 #e-a #f-i 7#bb7 #a-e #i-ad 7#bc7 #e-a #ad-ah 7#bd7 #a-f #ah-bc 7#be7 #f-aj #bc-bg 7#bf7 #aj-ad #ai-bc 7#bg7 #ad-aj #bc-ah 7#bh7 #aj-f #ah-ad 7#bi7 #f-a #ad-i 7#cj7 #a-e #bb-ag ,at la/ ,:ite has a position 9 :i* he c r$uce ! end+ to "o ( ! fundam5tal cases by ex*ange4 7#ca7 #e-ad #ag-aj 7#cb7 #ba-be ,x w be notic$ t ?r\gh ! ex*ange ,black ga9$ to move4 ,:ite rega9s x by a second ex*ange4 7#cb7 444 #aj-ae 7#cc7 #be-cj #ae-ai 7#cd7 #cj-bf #bg-cb 7#ce7 #bf-bb #ai-bd 7#cf7 #bj-bg #cb-bc & w9s4 ,second position z a rule results f a ,bridge position l ! foll[+3 ,black m5 on #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 ,black ,k+ on #bf4 ,:ite m5 on #cj & #cb1 ,:ite ,k+s on #ae & #ai4 ,black to move3 7#a7 #bf-ca #ai-bf 7#b7 #ca-bb #cb-bg & ,:ite w9s by second position4 ,,! ,,*ange ,,( ,,! ,,move ,by ! ex*anges ( m5 9 ! =ego+ example ! move 0 alt]$ 9 ea* case4 ,h[ev]1 ex*anges ( pieces (t5 occur :i* d ,,n *ange ! move1 & z w9 or loss 9 a great numb] ( end+s dep5ds ^u :i* play] has ! move1 x is necess>y = ! beg9n] to obta9 a cle> insight into ! que/ions involv$4 ,an ex*ange always alt]s ! move if ! captur+ piece is recaptur$ 9 turn4 ,if a diff]5t piece is recaptur$1 x dep5ds ^u ! relative position ( ! captur$ pieces1 :e!r ! move has rema9$ ) ! same play] or gone ov] to 8 oppon5t4 ,= ! purpose ( calculat+ ! move & its *anges x is useful to imag9e ! ,*eck] bo>d z be+ compos$ ( two sy/ems ( squ>es--! ,black sy/em conta9+ ! ranks />t+ ) ! squ>es #a1 #i1 #ag & #be1 & ! ,:ite sy/em conta9+ ! o!r f\r ranks4 ,if ea* ( ! two sy/ems conta9s an ,,ev5 numb] ( m51 ! play] ^: turn to play x is1 loses ! opposition1 t is3 8 oppon5t has ! move4 ,if ! numb] ( m5 9 ea* sy/em is ,,odd1 ! play] ^: turn to play x is1 ga9s ! opposition1 t is1 he has ! move4 ,z ! calculation ( ! move ent]s only into su* positions 9 :i* bo? play]s h ! same numb] ( pieces1 x is suffici5t to correct ! numb] ( m5 9 "o ( ! sy/ems to obta9 ! desir$ in=mation4 ,diagram #if furni%es an example4 ,c\nt+ ! m5 ( a sy/em1 ! ,black "o1 = in/ance1 %[s _! numb] to be odd4 ,!re=e1 ! play] ^: turn x is to play1 has ! move1 :i* 9 ! pres5t in/ance #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh --------------------------------------- o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj o --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 --------------------------------------- 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #if4 secures ! w9 = ,:ite & a draw = ,black1 ?us 7,a7 ,black to move ,black ,:ite 7#a7 #h-aa ,?is is app>5tly ,black's be/ move2 if he plays #b-g1 ,:ite replies #ai-ae1 obta9+ a v /rong position4 7#a7 444 #ca-bf 7#b7 #b-f #bf-bb 7#c7 #f-aj #bb-ah 7#d7 #aa-af #ah-ae ,draw4 7,b7 ,:ite to move ,black ,:ite 7#a7 444 #ca-bf 7#b7 #b-f #bf-bb 7#c7 #h-aa #bd-bj 7#d7 #f-aj #bb-ai ,block4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh 99 o --------------------------------------- #ba --------------------------------------- #bj --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab --------------------------------------- 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ig4 ,f ! above explanation x is evid5t t 9 ! case ( an ex*ange ! move rema9s unalt]$ if ! captur$ pieces 7 locat$ 9 ! same sy/em1 & t ! move *anges if ! captur$ pieces belong$ to diff]5t sy/ems4 ,exceptions to ! rule sometimes occur due to a piece hav+ no mobility1 z = in/ance 9 ! position ( ,diagram #ig :]e ,black1 on ! move1 loses because 8 man on #bh is block$4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,position #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o --------------------------------------- #ba --------------------------------------- #bj oo 9999 --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab oo 9999 --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ih4--,:ite to ,move & ,w94 ,:ite be+ a man ahead appe>s to h an easy w92 b ow+ to ! difficulty ( gett+ ! man cr[n$ he has a h>d task be=e him4 ,if ! ,k+s on #aa & #ab 7 remov$ ,:ite w\ld n be able to w9 at all1 z ! ,black ,k+ w\ld g back & =? betwe5 #ai & #bc4 ,x is1 !re=e1 cle> t 9 =c+ a w9 f ! position ( ! diagram ! ,k+ on #ab mu/ coop]ate4 ,ano!r po9t to be borne 9 m9d is t ! foll[+ position w\ld be a draw ) ,:ite to move4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh --------------------------------------- #ba --------------------------------------- #bj o oo oo --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 9999 --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d 9999 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ii4 ,:ite is unable to make any headway because he _c ?reat5 an ex*ange4 ,! me?od 9 :i* ,:ite ?reat5s ! ex*ange ( ! ,k+ on #ai 9 ! example ( ?ird position giv5 9 ,diagram #ih is ! foll[+3 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 444 #bj-bd 7#b7 #aa-ae #bd-bg #ab-h w\ld be ( no use z #ai-bc w\ld =ce #h-ab aga94 7#c7 #ae-aa ,if #ae-ah ,:ite w9s by #bg-ca 7#c7 444 #bg-cb #bg-ca w\ld admit ( a draw by 7#d7 #ai-bc1 #bh-bd2 7#e7 #bc-bg1 #bd- #bj2 7#f7 #bg-bc1 #ab-af2 7#g7 #aa-ae1 etc4 7#d7 #aa-ae #ab-h 7#e7 #ae-ah #cb-bg 7#f7 #ah-ae #bg-ca 7#g7 #ae-ah #h-aa 7#h7 #ah-bc #aa-g 7#i7 #ai-ae ,?is is bett] ?an all[+ ! ,k+s to get toge!r4 7#i7 444 #bh-bd 7#aj7 #bc-bg #bd-bj 7#aa7 #bg-bc #g-b 7#ab7 #ae-aa #b-f 7#ac7 #bc-ai #f-aj ,if he mov$ ! o!r ,k+1 ,black w\ld draw by #ai-af4 7#ad7 #ai-bc #aj-ad 7#ae7 #bc-ai ,black w\ld lose easily if he all[$ ! man to advance 7#ae7 444 #ad-ah ,?reat5+ to ex*ange 7#af7 #ai-bd ,! only move to avoid ! ex*ange4 7#af7 444 #ah-bc 7#ag7 #bd-bh #bc-ai 7#ah7 #bh-cb #ca-bf 7#ai7 #cb-bh #bf-bc 7#bj7 #bh-cb #bc-ah 7#ba7 #cb-bh #ai-ae 7#bb7 #aa-h #bj-af & ,:ite _c be prev5t$ f gett+ ano!r ,k+4 ,an e>li] sett+ ( ?ird position is %[n 9 ,diagram #ajj4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh 99 99 --------------------------------------- 99 #ba --------------------------------------- #bj oo --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ajj4 ,:ite w9s by 7#a7 444 #ai-bd 7#b7 #bg-ca #cb-bh 7#c7 #bc-bg #cj-bc 7#d7 #bg-cb #bc-ah 7#e7 #cb-bg #bd-bj 7#f7 #bg-bc #ai-ae1 etc4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,position ,al?\gh ,:ite is a piece ahead he has great difficulties 9 w9n+ on acc\nt ( ! weak position ( ! man on #ab4 ,black's man on #c holds #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh --------------------------------------- #ba --------------------------------------- #bj --------------------------------------- oo #ac --------------------------------------- #ab o oo oo --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 9999 9999 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aja4--,:ite to ,move & ,w94 him 9 *eck )\t be+ impair$ 9 8 effectiv5ess t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! bo>d4 ,if ,black _h ! move1 ,:ite c\ld n w9 at all1 z he w\ld be unable to dislodge ,black's ,k+s4 ,z x is1 he w9s by means ( a sacrifice :i* (t5 occurs 9 end+s ) #d ,k+s aga9/ #c4 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 444 #ad-i 7#b7 #a-e #i-ac 7#c7 #e-a #aa-ae 7#d7 #b-f #aj-ad 7#e7 #a-e #ae-ah 7#f7 #e-a #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh --------------------------------------- #ba --------------------------------------- #bj oo --------------------------------------- oo oo #ac --------------------------------------- #ab o --------------------------------------- 9999 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 9999 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ajb4 ,x w\ld n help ,black to play #f-b on acc\nt ( #ac-i2 7#g7 #e-a1 #i-e2 7#h7 #b-f1 #ad-ag2 7#i7 #f-b1 #ag-ac2 7#aj7 #b-f1 #ah-ae2 7#aa7 #f-b1 #ae-aj1 etc4 7#f7 444 #ad-i 7#g7 #f-b #i-e 7#h7 #b-f #ah-ae 7#i7 #f-b #ae-aj ,?is is ! important move1 :i* =ces ! w94 7#aj7 #b-f ,if #b-g1 ,:ite ex*anges by #ac-i 7#aj7 444 #aj-g ,only ) ?is pretty sacrifice c ,:ite w9 ! game4 ,aft] 7#aa7 #c-aj ,:ite plays #e-i & %\ld ,black answ] 7#ab7 #f-b1 ,:ite w\ld get two = "o by #i-f4 ,!re=e1 ,black c d no bett] ?an play 7#ab7 #aj-ae1 #i-b2 7#ac7 #ae-ai1 etc41 & get a ,k+ 9 ea* d\ble corn]4 ,:ite !n w9s z expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on elem5t>y end+s4 ,f\r? position results 9 a draw only :5 ! man is held on #ab or #ba1 accord+ to :e!r ! weak] side is ,black or ,:ite4 ,9 ?ird position x is useless to hold ! man on ! above squ>es1 b sometimes a draw is obta9$ by hold+ him on #bj or #ac4 ,9 def5d+ a game ) two ,k+s aga9/ two ,k+s & a man1 ! weak] side mu/ h ! move 9 ! sy/em 9 :i* ! man is p9n$4 ,! foll[+ position = in/ance is drawn ) ,:ite on ! move4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh oo --------------------------------------- oo #ba --------------------------------------- #bj --------------------------------------- 9999 99 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d 9999 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ajc4 ,black1 on ! move1 w\ld w9 by 7#a7 #ac-ag1 #bb-ac2 7#b7 #ad-i4 ,9 ,diagram #ajd ! draw+ move is #bg-ca4 ,! game ought to run l ?is3 7#b7 #bj-bd #bc-bg 7#c7 #bd-bh #bg-cb 7#d7 #cj-bf #ca-bg 7#e7 #bb-ah #bg-bd #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- 9999 #bi --------------------------------------- #bh oo --------------------------------------- oo 9999 #ba --------------------------------------- #bj 99 --------------------------------------- #ac --------------------------------------- #ab --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ajd4--,,:ite ,,to ,,move4 7#f7 #bf-bc #bd-bj & ,:ite moves back & =? betwe5 #bd & #bj4 ,9 ! position ( ,diagram #aje ,:ite draws by3 7#a7 444 #bc-ai 7#b7 #bh-cb #ai-bd 7#c7 #g-b #bd-ai 7#d7 #b-f #ai-bd 7#e7 #f-i #bd-ai 7#f7 #i-ad #ai-bd 7#g7 #ad-ag #ae-ai #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh 9999 --------------------------------------- oo #ba --------------------------------------- #bj --------------------------------------- oo #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 --------------------------------------- 9999 #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aje4--,,:ite ,,to ,,move4 ,*ang+ ! gu>d 7#h7 #ag-bb #ai-bc & ,black c make no progress4 ,,! ,,fif? ,,position ,:ite is on ! move1 & x is evid5t t he loses if he moves ! man on #bg p]mitt+ black to reply #aa-ae4 ,! only way to save ! game is to sacrifice ! man on #bj by #bj-af4 ,! foll[+ play w\ld ensue4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o --------------------------------------- o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj o o --------------------------------------- 99 99 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ajf4 7#b7 #aa-b,o #bg-bc 7#c7 #bj-bd #bb-ah 7#d7 #bd-bg #ah-i 7#e7 #aj-ad ,prev5t+ #bc-ah 7#e7 444 #i-f 7#f7 #bg-ca #f-b,k 7#g7 #ca-bg #b-f ,:ite _c save ! piece & s he runs 8 oppon5t4 7#h7 #bg-ah #f-i 7#i7 #ac-ag #ai-ae 7#aj7 #ah-aa #i-ah 7#aa7 #ag-bb #ah-be 7#ab7 #aa-ae #be-bb ,drawn4 ,:ite w\ld lose by #ba-ag1 z aft] 7#ac7 #ae-ah1 #ag-ac2 7#ad7 #ah-ad1 #be-bb2 7#ae7 #ab-af he _c ga9 ! d\ble corn]4 ,! foll[+ has be5 sugge/$ z a suitable problem to be call$ ,,six? ,,position4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh --------------------------------------- oo #ba --------------------------------------- #bj --------------------------------------- o 9999 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab o --------------------------------------- 9999 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ajg4--;,,black ,,to ,,move ,,& ,,:ite ,,to ,,draw4 ,black plays 7#a7 #g-b ?reat5+ 7#b7 #c-g & 7#c7 #ae-aa4 ,:ite c prev5t ?is only by 7#a7 444 #bd-bj ,n[ #c-g w\ld only draw on acc\nt ( #af-aa4 7#b7 #b-f #bj-bd 7#c7 #f-aj #bd-bj ,aga9 #c-g _h to be prev5t$4 7#d7 #aj-ad #bj-bd 7#e7 #ad-ag #bd-bg ,?is "t #bd-bj w\ld h lo/1 z ,black w\ld h repli$ 7#f7 #ag-ac1 #bj-bd2 7#g7 #c-g1 #ab-h2 7#h7 #ae-aa4 7#f7 #ag-ac #bg-cb ,avoid+ #bg-bd :i* w\ld lose by 7#g7 #c-g 7#g7 #ac-i #cb-bg 7#h7 #i-ad #bg-bd 7#i7 #ad-ah #bd-bg ,drawn4 ,:ite has to wat* #c-g & to take c>e to play #bd-bj at ! "r "t s z to ex*ange #af-aa if #c-g is play$4 ,at ! same "t he mu/ bew>e ( play+ #bd-bj :5 ! ,black ,k+s are on squ>es #ae & #e or #ae & #ac1 z o!rwise ,black w\ld reply #e-i1 #bj-bd2 #c-g1 #ab-h2 #ae-aa4 ,,iv ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,illu/rative ,,games ,x is possible to apply g5]al /rategic pr9ciples to ! game ( ,*eck]s1 j z well z ! game ( ,*ess1 ev5 ?\gh !re is n ! scope 9 ,*eck]s = /rategic maneuv]s on ! gr& scale on :i* !y c be c>ri$ out 9 ,*ess4 ,aga9 x is naturally ! pr9ciple ( greate/ mobility :i* %\ld gov]n ! plan ( mobilization 9 any op5+1 & x is consequ5tly m desirable to h ! m5 "w 9 ! c5t] ( ! bo>d1 ?an on ! edge1 :]e "p ( _! range is cut (f4 ,! advantage ( c5t] squ>es ov] side squ>es is n s m>k$ 9 ,*eck]s z x is 9 ,*ess4 ,!re is no d\bt t a piece has m mobility 9 ! c5t]1 :]e !re are two or f\r moves to *oose f1 ?an on ! side :]e only "o or two moves are possible2 b a man on ! side has an advantage 9 s f> z he is back$ up by ! edge ( ! bo>d s t he is safe f be+ captur$ until he moves4 ,h[ev]1 a play] :o keeps 8 m5 9 mass$ =mation 9 ! c5t] w 9 almo/ all cases be able to make !m protect ea* o!r & to w9 ! upp] h& aga9/ an oppon5t ^: army is divid$ into two p>ts1 "o on ! left & ! o!r on ! "r side ( ! bo>d4 ,:5 play+ ) ! :ite m51 x is advisable to occupy su* squ>es z #ad1 #ah1 #ai1 #cj1 #ca & #cb1 & x is n advisable to occupy #e & #ab :5ev] ! oppon5t has a man on #a or #c respectively1 z 9 t case ! m5 h a t5d5cy to act z supports = ! enemy in/ead ( help+ _! own side4 ,9 ! position3 ,black #a1 #g & #i2 ,:ite #e1 #ad1 #ah & #bb2 = in/ance1 ,:ite's man on #e supports ,black's man on #i & ,:ite1 on ! move1 has to surr5d] a piece by #bb-ag1 to :i* ,black replies #i-ac4 ,x is naturally a good ?+ n to t\* ! m5 ( ! back r[ m5tion$ above1 z !y w prev5t ! oppon5t f gett+ ,k+s4 ,:ite's man #bi & ,black's man #d1 h[ev]1 are bett] (f 9 ! middle ( ! bo>d1 z ! squ>es #be & #h are adequately gu>d$ by #cj & #c respectively4 ,moreov]1 !re is dang] ( ! fir/ position aris+ f op5+s 9 :i* a play] keeps 8 man 9 ! s+le corn]4 ,a =mation :i* v (t5 occurs 9 ! middle game is ! s- call$ elb[4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree m5 arrang$ l ! :ite pieces 9 ,diagram #ajh4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o --------------------------------------- o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj 99 o --------------------------------------- 99 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #ajh4 ,:5 adequately support$ an elb[ =ms a solid position :i* _c easily be attack$4 ,an example ( a /rong elb[ w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ game3 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o --------------------------------------- o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj o o --------------------------------------- 99 o #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- 99 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aji4 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 #aj-ae #bc-ai 7#b7 #f-aj #bb-ag 7#c7 #a-f #be-bb 7#d7 #aa-af #ag-ac 7#e7 #af-bc #bf-ai 7#f7 #g-aa #bi-be 7#g7 #aa-af #bb-ag 7#h7 #af-bc #bg-aa 7#i7 #h-ae #bd-ai 7#aj7 #ae-bd #bh-ai 7#aa7 #d-h #be-bb 7#ab7 #h-aa #ca-bf 7#ac7 #c-g #bb-ah 7#ad7 #i-ad #ah-i 7#ae7 #e-ad ,! m5 on #f1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag & #ba =m ! elb[1 ! /r5g? ( :i* becomes app>5t on ! #ai? move4 7#ae7 444 #bf-bc 7#af7 #aa-ae #cb-bh 7#ag7 #ae-bd #bh-ai 7#ah7 #g-aa #cj-bf 7#ai7 #b-g #ai-af 7#bj7 #ab-ai #bc-af 7#ba7 #aa-bj #bf-bc 7#bb7 #g-aa & w9s4 ,! dang] involv$ 9 an elb[1 :i* is n suffici5tly back$ up1 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ game4 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 #aj-ae #bc-ai 7#b7 #g-aj #bb-ag 7#c7 #c-g #be-bb 7#d7 #i-ad #bi-be 7#e7 #e-i #ag-ac 7#f7 #a-e #bb-ag 7#g7 #aa-af #bf-bb 7#h7 #af-bc #bg-aa 7#i7 #g-l#f #ca-bf 7#aj7 #h-aa #bd-ai 7#aa7 #af-bc #bf-ai 7#ab7 #aa-ae #cj-bf & ,:ite w9s ?r\gh ! ?reat to get two = "o by #ai-ae aft] ! ex*ange4 ,black _c help ! loss ( a man4 ,! read]1 :o has ?or\ghly acqua9t$ himself ) ! fundam5tal end+s1 w h no difficulty 9 play+ a good game ( *eck]s1 if he foll[s at e move ! g5]al pr9ciples discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,:5 play+ ov] ! c\ntless v>iations1 :i* are (f]$ 9 ! majority ( *eck] books1 he w\ld f9d t !y are m]ely illu/rations ( ! application ( ^? pr9ciples to ! v>i\s op5+s4 ,foll[+ are two examples f ma/] play1 ! c>eful /udy ( :i* w d m good to ! /ud5t ?an ! p]usal ( a great numb] ( games t lack adequate annotation4 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 #i-ad ,! be/ op5+ move is probably #aa-ae1 z ?is enables a spe$y developm5t ( ! man on #d1 :o1 z previ\sly expla9$1 %\ld n be kept 9 ! back r[4 ,! v>iations result+ f #aa-ae h be5 s ?or\ghly analyz$ t x is practically impossible to defeat a play] :o *ooses ?is op5+ & kn[s ! possible v>iations by he>t4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 f\nd necess>y to re/rict ! play]s 9 mat*es & t\rnam5ts by ballot+ ! fir/ move ( ,black & ,:ite1 9 ord] to avoid too _m draws4 ,?is is a s]i\s drawback1 z x curtails ! fre$om ( decision1 to :i* a play] %\ld be entitl$ 9 any game4 7#a7 444 #bb-ag 7#b7 #aa-ae ,x is h>d to tell :e!r ?is move ( #aa-af or #e-i is ! be/4 #f-i & #aj-ae are consid]$ weak4 7#b7 444 #be-bb ,m aggressive ?an #bc-ai1 :i* c safely be play$4 7#c7 #ae-ai #h-aa or #ag-ac or #bc-ai are also good moves4 ,black ,:ite 7#c7 444 #bd-ae 7#d7 #aj-ai #bc-af 7#e7 #ab-ai #ag-a,o 7#f7 #f-ae #ba-ag 7#g7 #e-i #bi-be 7#h7 #h-ab #be-ba 7#i7 #g-aj #ag-ac 7#aj7 #a-f #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o o o --------------------------------------- o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj 99 --------------------------------------- 99 o #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aaj4 ,at fir/ sight1 x might seem unwise to break up ! ,k+ r[1 :5 #i-ad c\ld be play$2 b ! advantage ( hold+ ! man on #ac1 in/ead ( all[+ him to complicate matt]s by #ac-i1 m ?an c\nt]balances ! disadvantage ( mov+ a back man4 ,black c\ld also play 7#aj7 #b-f1 b ?is admits ( ! foll[+ /rong attack3 7#aj7 #b-f1 #bg-bc2 7#aa7 #d-h1 #bc-af2 7#ab7 #ab-ai1 #cb- #bg2 7#ac7 #i-ad1 #bg-bd2 7#ad7 #c-g 7#h-ab w\ld lose71 #bb-ag2 7#ae7 #ad- #ah 7aga9 #h-ab w\ld lose71 #ag-ad2 7#af7 #aj-ag1 #ba-ad2 7#ag7 #a-e1 #ca-bg2 7#ah7 #f-aj1 #bd-bj2 7#ai7 #aj-ag1 #bf-bb2 7#bj7 #ah-be1 #cj-ad2 7#ba7 #g-aa 7,probably ! only move to draw--#h-ab w\ld lose on acc\nt ( #bj-af74 ,black ,:ite 7#aj7 444 #bg-bd 7#aa7 #d-h #cb-bg #bb-ah c\ld also be play$4 7#ab7 #i-ad #bg-bc or #bb-ag or #bd-bj4 7#ac7 #c-g #bc-af 7#ad7 #ab-ai #bb-ag 7#ae7 #g-aa #bf-bc #ca-bg w\ld lose ?r\gh 7#af7 #h-ab1 #bf-bb2 7#ag7 #aa-af1 #bd-bj2 7#ah7 #ai-bd1 #bj-aa2 7#ai7 #bd-ca1 #aa-h2 7#bj7 #ad-ah4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o --------------------------------------- o o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj 99 o --------------------------------------- 99 99 o #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 99 --------------------------------------- 99 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aaa4 7#af7 #ai-bf #cj-bc 7#ag7 #h-ab #bd-bj 7#ah7 #ae-ah #bc-ai #bj-af _c be play$ on acc\nt ( 7#ai7 #bj-bg1 #af-g2 7#bj7 #b-aa1 #ca-bd2 7#ba7 #ab-af4 7#ai7 #aa-ae #bj-af ,:ite c1 ( c\rse1 draw "h by #ca-bf2 b #bj-af also draws 9 spite ( ,black's seem+ly inv9cible elb[4 ,black ,:ite 7#bj7 #ae-bd #bh-ai 7#ba7 #b-g #ca-bf 7#bb7 #ah-bc ,if #ah-bb1 ,:ite draws by #ai-ae2 7#bc7 #ab-ai1 #ac-i4 7#bb7 444 #bf-bb #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh --------------------------------------- 99 o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj o o --------------------------------------- o 99 o #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 99 --------------------------------------- 99 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aab4 ,play+ = a brilliant f9i%4 ,he c\ld also draw by #af-aa2 7#bc7 #g-af1 #bf-bb2 7#bd7 #ad-ah1 #bb-ae2 7#be7 #bc-bf1 #ag-ad4 ,black ,:ite 7#bc7 #bc-bg #af-aa 7#bd7 #g-bc #bb-ah ,draw+1 al?\gh two m5 d[n4 ,! foll[+ game illu/rates fir/ position3 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 #aa-ae #bb-ah ,?is move is n consid]$ z /rong z #bc-ai4 7#b7 #ae-bb #be-ah 7#c7 #h-aa #ab-af c also be play$4 7#c7 444 #bi-be 7#d7 #d-h #be-bb #bd-bj is ano!r good move4 7#e7 #ab-af ,if #aj-ae1 ,:ite obta9s a /rong game by #bc-ai4 7#e7 444 #bd-bj ,consid]$ be/4 #bd-ai or #bb-ag are also playable4 7#f7 #h-ab ,he c\ld lay a trap by 7#f7 #aj-ae4 ,if ,:ite replies #bg-bd or #bh- #bd1 ,black w9s by 7#g7 #ae-ai4 #bd-ae2 7#h7 #af-ai1 #bc-af2 7#i7 #i-ad4 ,black ,:ite 7#f7 444 #bg-bd 7#g7 #aj-ad #bd-ai #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o o --------------------------------------- o o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj o o o --------------------------------------- 99 99 99 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- 99 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aac4 ,9 answ] to #ca-bg1 ,black w\ld w9 by 7#h7 #g-aj1 #bd-ai2 7#i7 #i-ac1 #ah-i2 7#aj7 #e-ad1 #bh-bd2 7#aa7 #ac-ag1 #bb-ac2 7#ab7 #c-g or 7#aj7 4441 #bg-bd2 7#aa7 #a-e1 #bb-ah2 7#ab7 #c-g4 7#h7 #g-aj #bh-bd #cb-bg or #ai-ae are consid]$ /rong]4 7#i7 #c-g #cb-bh ,?is loses4 ,! only draw+ move is #cj-be4 ,black ,:ite 7#aj7 #i-ac #ah-i 7#aa7 #e-ad #bb-ah #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o --------------------------------------- o o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj o o 99 --------------------------------------- 99 99 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 99 --------------------------------------- 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aad4 ,f\r v>iations are possible "h4 ,if #ca-bg or #cj-be1 ,black w9s by 7#ab7 #ac-ag1 #bb-ac2 7#ac7 #ad-ah1 etc4 7#aa7 4441 #bb-ag loses on acc\nt ( 7#ab7 #ac-bb1 #bf-ag2 7#ac7 #ad-ah4 ,! sacrifice 7#aa7 4441 #ba-ag2 7#ab7 #ad-ba1 #bb-ah is met by 7#ac7 #aj-ad1 #ah-i2 7#ad7 #a-e1 #bf-bb2 7#ae7 #e-ad1 #ca-bf2 7#af7 #ac-ag4 ,black ,:ite 7#ab7 #ac-ag #ah-i 7#ac7 #f-ac #ba-ad 7#ad7 #aj-ag #bf-bb ,9 answ] to #cj-be ,black w9s by 7#ae7 #g-aj1 #be-bb2 7#af7 #b-f2 b ) #ca-bg ,:ite c (f] prolong$ resi/ance1 ?us3 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o o --------------------------------------- o o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj o o o --------------------------------------- 99 99 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- 99 99 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aae4 7#ad7 4441 #ca-bg2 7#ae7 #ag-bb1 #bf-ag2 7#af7 #ac-bb1 #ai-ae2 7#ag7 #aa- #ah1 #bc-ad2 7#ah7 #a-f1 #bj-aa2 7#ai7 #g-af1 #bg-bc2 7#bj7 #af-ai1 #bc-af2 7#ba7 #ab-ai1 #bd-ae2 7#bb7 #f-aj1 #ae-f2 7#bc7 #b-ah1 #bh-bd2 7#bd7 #ah-bc1 #bd-ai2 7#be7 #bc-bg1 #ai-ae2 7#bf7 #bg-cb4 #ae-aj2 7#bg7 #cb-bg1 #aj-f2 7#bh7 #bg-bc1 #f-a2 7#bi7 #bb-bf1 #a-f2 7#cj7 #bf-ca1 #f-i2 7#ca7 #cj-bf1 #i- #ac2 7#cb7 #bf-bb1 #ac-i2 7#cc7 #bc-ah4 ,black has n[ receiv$ fir/ position & w9s4 ,black ,:ite 7#ae7 #ag-bf #ca-bb 7#af7 #g-aj #cj-be 7#ag7 #b-f #be-ba 7#ah7 #f-i #bb-ah 7#ai7 #a-e #ah-ae ,:ite mu/ give up a piece to get ?r\gh1 & ,black c !n ex*ange at 8 leisure & w9 )\t difficulty4 7#bj7 #aa-bg1 etc4 ,v ,,problems ,*eck] problems1 unlike ! ,*ess problems1 are intimately relat$ to ! game itself & d n enable comb9ations diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? :i* occur 9 ! actual fight ov] ! bo>d4 ,,problem ,no4 #a4 ,,:ite ,,to ,,move ,,& ,,draw4 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o --------------------------------------- o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj --------------------------------------- 99 99 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab --------------------------------------- #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aaf4 ,!y usually repres5t an end game & are di/+ui%$ f ord9>y end+s only by an unexpect$ initial move1 mo/ly embody+ a sacrifice ( sev]al m54 ,diagrams #aaf1 #aag & #aah furni% "s examples3 ,,problem ,no4 #b4 ,,:ite ,,to ,,move ,,& ,,w94 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- 9999 #bi --------------------------------------- #bh --------------------------------------- oo o o #ba --------------------------------------- #bj o --------------------------------------- 99 #ac --------------------------------------- #ab 99 --------------------------------------- 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aag4 ,if1 9 ,diagram #aaf1 ,:ite tri$ to rea* ! ,k+ r[ ) 8 man #bg1 ,black w\ld w9 by fir/ position ?us3 7#a7 4 4 41 #bg-bc1 7#b7 #af-bj1 #bd-ai2 7#c7 #bj-bd1 #ai-ae2 7#d7 #bd-bg1 #bc-ai2 7#e7 #bg-bd1 #ai-af2 7#f7 #bd-ai1 etc4 ,! only way to draw is to sacrifice fir/ ! man on #ba by #ba-ag2 & !n to cont9ue z above4 ,?is enables ,:ite to play #bc-ah1 in/ead ( #ai-ae1 ex*ang+ ! ,k+ = a man4 ,! fir/ move 9 ,diagram #aag is #bd-bh1 to :i* ,black mu/ reply 7#b7 #bi-be4 ,:ite !n sacrifices 8 ?ree m5 by #ag-ad & aft] 7#c7 #be-bg 7or #i-bg7 plays #bh-cb4 ,black mu/ take ! ?ird man1 & ,:ite recaptures two m5 by #cb-ad1 p9n+ bo? ( ! rema9+ black m54 ,,problem ,no4 #c4 ,,black ,,to ,,play ,,& ,,w94 #cb #ca #cj --------------------------------------- o o o #bi --------------------------------------- #bh o o o --------------------------------------- o o 99 #ba --------------------------------------- #bj 99 o 99 --------------------------------------- 99 o o #ac --------------------------------------- #ab o 99 99 --------------------------------------- 99 99 99 #e --------------------------------------- #d 99 99 99 --------------------------------------- #c #b #a ,,diagram #aah4 ,?is is ! longe/ /roke kn[n to h occurr$ 9 actual play4 ,! game f :i* ! above position arose w5t z foll[s3 ,black ,:ite 7#a7 #ab-af #ba-ag 7#b7 #af-bj #ag-ac 7#c7 #aj-ad #bc-ai 7#d7 #ad-ag #ai-af 7#e7 #ag-ba #af-ab 7#f7 #aa-af #bb-ah 7#g7 #h-aa #be-bb 7#h7 #g-aj #bf-bc 7#i7 #aj-ad #bd-ai 7#aj7 #ad-ag #ca-bf 7#aa7 #d-h #ai-ae ,n[ ! position ( ! diagram is rea*$1 9 :i* ,black w9s by 7#ab7 #ba-be #cj-ad 7#ac7 #af-ai #bc-g 7#ad7 #c-ai #ab-c 7#ae7 #ai-bd #bh-ai 7#af7 #b-g #c-aj 7#ag7 #f-ca #ac-f 7#ah7 #a-ag #bb-ac 7#ai7 #ca-ae ,complet+ a /roke1 :i* removes #ah pieces f ! bo>d4 7#ai7 444 #cb-bg 7#bj7 #ae-aj #bi-be 7#ba7 #e-i ,to get ! move 7#ba7 444 #ac-f 7#bb7 #aj-a #be-bb 7#bc7 #a-f #bb-ah 7#bd7 #f-aj #bg-bc 7#be7 #bj-bd #bc-ai 7#bf7 #bd-bg #ah-ae 7#bg7 #aj-g #ai-af 7#bh7 #bg-ca #ae-aa 7#bi7 #g-c #af-b 7#cj7 #ca-bg #aa-h 7#ca7 #bg-bd #h-d 7#cb7 #bd-ai #d-h 7#cc7 #ai-ae #h-d 7#cd7 #ae-aa & w9s4