,,! ,,art ,,( ,,horse-,,%oe+ ,a ,manual = ,f>ri]s1 ,illu/ration ,,by ,,william ,,hunt+1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,editor ( ,! ,vet]9>y ,record4 ,vet]9>y ,inspector = ,we/m9/] & ,*elsea4 ,consult+ ,vet]9>y ,surgeon to ! ,london ,road-,c> ,company4 ,memb] ( ! ,committee = ,national ,regi/ration ( ,f>ri]s4 ,) ne>ly "o hundr$ ,illu/rations4 ,london3 ,h4 ,w4 ,,br[n1 #bj ,,fulham ,,road1 ,s4,w4 #ahie4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,,page4 ,i4--,,introduction ,,ii4--,,=m ,,& ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,foot #i ,! ho(4 ,! s5sitive foot1 gr[? & we> ( ho(4 ,! bones1 c>tilages1 pads & vessels4 ,action ( ! foot1 expansion & contraction1 function ( ! frog4 ,! natural be>+-surface4 ,,iii4--,,prep>ation ,,( ,,ho( ,,= ,,%oe+ #cb ,be>+-surface = %oe4 ,proportions ( foot1 height ( heel1 l5g? ( toe1 treatm5t ( sole & frog4 ,faults to be avoid$4 ,,iv4--,,! ,,=m ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,%oes #dh ,mat]ial1 weight1 ?ickness1 wid?4 ,! foot-surface ( %oes4 ,! gr\nd-surfaces4 ,calk9s1 nails & nail-holes4 ,ma*9e-made %oes4 ,prep>$ b>-iron4 ,v4--,,selection ,,( ,a ,,%oe #fe ,= v>ieties ( horse & "w4 ,,vi4--,,fitt+ ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,%oes #fg ,level or adju/$ =m4 ,outl9e fitt+1 surface fitt+4 ,clips1 hot & cold fitt+4 ,tips4 ,! ,*>li] sy/em4 ,,vii4--,,on ,,r\gh+ #hc ,necessity =1 evils (4 ,fro/-nails1 ord9>y r\gh+4 ,movable /eel %>ps1 /eel screw %>ps4 ,,viii4--,,injuries ,,result+ ,,f ,,%oe+ #ij ,f nails1 f ! clip1 f ! %oe4 ,corns1 burnt sole4 ,treads4 ,cutt+ or ,bru%+4 ,ov]-rea*+4 ,spe$y-cut4 ,=g+ or ,clack+4 ,,ix4--,,%oe+ ,,bad ,,feet #ajj ,flat feet1 convex soles1 brok5 feet4 ,x4--,,lea!r ,,& ,,rubb] ,,pads #ajg ,pla9 lea!r1 r+-lea!rs1 frog-pads4 ,! ,pneumatic ,pad1 ,! ,w$ge-pad1 ,! ,b>-pad4 ,,xi4--,,%oe+ ,,competitions #aab ,,preface4 ,?is little book is writt5 = ?ree classes ( read]s--= horse-own]s :o may int]e/ !mselves 9 ! subject1 = f>ri]s :o are op5 to conviction1 & = vet]9>y /ud5ts :o h to be exam9$4 ,! me?od pursu$ has be51 to fir/ describe ! =m & action ( ! foot1 next ! prep>ation ( ! foot = %oe+4 ,!n ! =m ( a %oe is treat$ ( & ! details to be obs]v$ 9 mak+ x4 ,! selection ( %oes = v>ieties ( feet or = special k9ds ( "w foll[s1 & aft]w>ds ! fitt+ & nail+-on are consid]$4 ,o!r *apt]s are devot$ to r\gh+1 %oe+ defective feet1 accid5ts1 ! use ( lea!rs & pads4 ,?r\gh\t an endeav\r has be5 made to be z simple & cle> z possible 9 expression1 to lay d[n correct g5]al pr9ciples & to po9t out ! te*nical details :i* are ess5tial to good %oe+4 ,on all ^! po9ts au?orities are n agre$1 & ,i tru/ ^? :o diff] f me w p>don any too dogmatic expressions ( op9ion 9 ^! pages4 ,! illu/rations w be ( assi/ance 9 mak+ cle> ! text4 ,"s ( ^! are copi$ f books1 "s are drawn f models or prep>ations1 & "s are diagramatic4 ,! books ,i am indebt$ to are1 ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals1 by ,gamgee & ,laws2 ,on ! ,horse's ,foot1 by ,bracy ,cl>k2 ,b\ley's ,atlas ( ! ,foot1 & ,goyau's ,m>*al]ie4 ,,william ,,hunt+4 #af ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,horse-,,%oe+ ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,f>ri]s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,f>ri]y is ! art ( %oe+ horses1 & c only be prop]ly le>n$ by a long practical exp]i5ce 9 ! %oe+-=ge4 ,if ! foot ( ! horse 7 n a liv+ object p]haps ! tra9+ obta9$ 9 ! =ge w\ld be all t 0 necess>y = effici5t workman%ip4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! ho( is con/antly gr[+ x is con/antly *ang+ its =m4 ,! duty ( a f>ri] !re=e is n m]ely to fix a %oe ^u ! ho( b to r$uce ! ho( to prop] proportions be=e do+ s4 ,n[ z ho( is only ! out] cov]+ ( a complex & s5sitive foot1 damage to ! ext]ior surface may injure ! /ructures )94 ,injury does frequ5tly result1 & n always f c>elessness4 ,p]haps z mu* injury foll[s c>eful "w1 bas$ ^u wrong pr9ciples1 z slov5ly "w c>ri$ out 9 p]fect ignorance ( any pr9ciple4 ,! injury to feet result+ f %oe+ may n be app>5t at once4 ,x may be1 & (t5 is1 ( a sl[ & gradual nature1 & n cr$it$ to its true cause until ! horse is r5d]$ an incurable cripple4 ,x seems evid5t !n t to d ju/ice to a horse a f>ri] %\ld n only possess manipulative skill1 b %\ld h a correct idea ( ! /ructures & functions ( ! foot1 z well z a ?or\gh k ( ! =m & v>iations ( ! ho(4 ,few p]sons appreciate ! importance ( horse-%oe+1 :il/ a small numb] tell u x is unnecess>y4 ,"h & !re an en?usia/ has ! c\rage ( 8 convictions & is able1 = a "t1 to exhibit animals do+ "w )\t %oes4 ,9 "s c\ntries horses are regul>ly ridd5 ) no addition to _! natural ho(1 b 9 su* places ! surface ov] :i* ! animals travel is grass l&4 ,9 all civilis$ c\ntries :]e good roads exi/ %oe+ is practis$4 ,! g5tleman ) a fad :o occasionally appe>s 9 ,engl& ) un%od horses at "w is an unconsci\s impo/or4 ,he sets 8 little exp]i5ce aga9/ ! common s5se & univ]sal practice ( o!rs4 ,no man ( bus9ess w\ld pay = %oe+ if he c\ld d )\t x4 ,! %oeless exp]im5t has be5 tri$ ov] & ov] aga91 b always ) ! same result--a return to %oe+4 ,9 dry wea!r ! ho( becomes h>d1 & x is wond]ful h[ mu* we> x w !n /& on ! h>de/ ( roads4 ,9 wet wea!r ! ho( becomes s(t1 & !n ! friction on h>d roads soon prohibits "w )\t %oes4 ,if "w be p]si/$ 91 "u su* circum/ances1 ! ho( rapidly we>s away & lam5ess results4 ,p]sons try+ to prove a pre-conceiv$ !ory meet ?is difficulty by re/+ ! horse until ! horn gr[s1 b bus9ess m5 :o keep horses = "w 9 all wea!rs c af=d no su* luxury4 ,%oe+ has be5 call$ a necess>y evil4 ,! phrase is a misuse ( words1 = !re is no necess>y evil ab\t x4 ,( c\rse x is no m free f accid5t ?an o!r op]ations1 b its evils are fairly describ$ z accid5ts1 :il/ its b5efits are fully app>5t4 ,)\t %oes horses at "w w\ld be m (t5 lame ?an ) !m2 )\t %oes horses c\ld n d half ! "w !y d ) !m1 & s we ne$ n fur!r discuss ! necessity ( %oe+4 ,! value ( horse-%oe+ dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9 :i* x is done4 ,v seldom does ! own] ( horses appreciate ! quality ( ! "w4 ,z a rule ! price *>g$1 or ! di/ance f ! =ge to ! /able1 regulates ! *oice ( a f>ri]4 ,n hav+ any pecuni>y int]e/ 9 ! trade1 ,i may say t su* matt]s %\ld n be all[$ to decide betwe5 "o f>ri] & ano!r4 ,a bad workman may d an injury at "o %oe+ :i* w co/ ! own] ( ! horse m ?an w\ld pay t5 times ov] ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 *>ges & ! high] prices ( a bett] man4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i knew a firm :o *ang$ _! f>ri] & sy/em ( %oe+ = a *eap] plan4 ,! co/ = %oe+ alone fell v consid]ably1 b ! co/ ( horse-fle% rose 9 "o ye> m ?an #ajj4 ,! old saw--t = want ( a nail ! %oe 0 lo/1 = want ( a %oe ! horse 0 lo/1 & = want ( a horse ! man 0 lo/1 has be5 illu/rat$ times )\t numb]4 ,few p]sons1 h[ev]1 are aw>e ( ! t]rible consequ5ces :i* h m ?an once att5d$ neglect 9 ! %oe+ ( horses4 ,napoleon's retreat f ,mosc[ dep5d$ = mo/ ( its h>d%ips & horrors ^u ! simple fact t 8 horses 7 n %od prop]ly = travell+ on sn[ & ice4 ,! horses c\ld n keep _! feet1 & 7 unable to drag ! guns & waggons1 :i* _h to be ab&on$4 ,dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian w>1 ,b\rbaki's retreat became a confus$ r\t f a simil> cause4 ,9 civil life no w9t] passes )\t injury & dea? to hundr$s ( horses f ! same neglect4 ,^! are in/ances t anyone c see2 b heavy losses due to bad %oe+ are con/ant f o!r or less evid5t evils--f ! adoption ( wrong me?ods & ! practice ( errone\s !ories4 ,! f>ri] has n be5 fairly treat$ by ! public4 ,8 practical k has be5 ignor$1 he has be5 in/ruct$ by amateurs 9 all sorts ( !ories1 & co]c$ into c>ry+ out practices = ! unt[>d results ( :i* he has be5 blam$4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( all ?is has be5 t ! art ( f>ri]y deg5]at$1 & ! f>ri] 0 =c$ into a position de/ructive to ! self-respect ( any craftsman4 ,9 no o!r trade d p]sons entirely ignorant ( ! bus9ess presume to direct & dictate z to h[ ! "w %\ld be done4 ,no "o presumes to in/ruct ! wat*-mak] or bell-hang] z to ! details ( 8 craft1 b ! f>ri] has be5 compell$ to take 8 in/ructions f all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,only 9 rec5t ye>s has ! man :o %oes horses be5 all[$ to "k some?+ ( 8 call+4 ,v>i\s causes h act$ 9 putt+ an end to ! /ate ( discord1 & ! trade is n[ ent]+ ^u a bright] "t4 ,! ,wor%ipful ,company ( ,f>ri]s--"o ( ^? anci5t ,city ,guilds :i* _h surviv$ _! orig9al vocation & usefulness--has wak5$ up1 & is /riv+ to resume its prop] function z ! head & director ( ! trade ov] :i* x ought to preside4 ,agricultural ,societies h also tak5 ! matt] up1 & fo/]$ a heal?y emulation among/ f>ri]s by in/itut+ practical competitions at _! %[s4 ,vet]9>y ,surgeons h devot$ consid]able rese>* to ! elucidation ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! foot1 & _m old errors h be5 correct$4 ,s*ool ,bo>ds h made ! pres5t g5]ation ( f>ri]s able & will+ to supplem5t _! practice by a /udy ( pr9ciples4 ,we h1 9 fact1 arriv$ at a "t :5 ev]yone int]e/$ seems incl9$ to recognise ! importance ( ! art & its te*nical difficulties1 & :5 no "o has a br& new infallible discov]y :i* alone c save ! horse & guide ! f>ri]4 ,my object 9 writ+ is n to sugge/ any?+ new b to po9t out ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* ! art is bas$1 & to indicate ^? details :i* are ess5tial to success1 & ^? :i* are to be avoid$ if s\ndness & duration ( s]vice are recognis$ z true economy 9 a /ud ( horses4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=m ,,& ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,foot4 ,! foot ( a horse consi/s ( a v>iety ( liv+ /ructures1 diff]+ 9 =m & texture1 & enclos$ 9 a horny cov]+ call$ ! ho(4 ,al?\gh ! f>ri]'s "w is appli$ only to ! ho( x is necess>y t he %\ld "k some?+ ( ! :ole foot1 because x is b too easy to injure ! /ructures )9 by alt]ations ( ! horny cov]+ )\t4 ,! simple/ way to und]/& ! foot is to /udy sep>ately ! diff]5t p>ts1 & to apply t k 9 obta9+ a g5]al idea ( ! relations ( all ! p>ts to ea* o!r4 ,!re is n !n mu* difficulty 9 appreciat+ ! functions ( ea* "p1 & ! uses & action ( ! :ole organ4 ,,! ,,ho(4 ,ev]yone is famili> ) ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! ho(4 ,x is n a regul> geometrical figure4 ,ea* ( ! f\r feet ( ! horse %[s "s peculi>ity 9 =m1 by :i* a f>ri] c at once id5tify a =e f a h9d or a left f a "r4 ,! =e feet %\ld be simil> 9 size & %ape4 ,disease may be suspect$ :5 any m>k$ diff]5ce exi/s4 ,b a heal?y ho( :i* has be5 brok51 or mu* rasp$1 does n reta9 its prop] =m & may ?us confuse a novice4 ,! h9d feet %\ld be proportionate 9 size to ! =e1 & !n x is n ( mu* practical consequ5ce :e!r ! :ole are l>ge or small4 ,! front feet are r\nd] & less po9t$ at ! toe ?an ! h9d2 !y are also m slop+ 9 front4 ,! two =e feet & ! two h9d %\ld be 9 pairs4 ,! "r & left feet are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! inn] side be+ m upright or1 if exam9$ on ! "u surface1 by ! out] bord] be+ m prom95t4 ,al?\gh to a casual obs]v] ! ho( appe>s z "o cont9u\s horny /ructure1 x may easily be sep>at$ into ?ree di/9ct p>ts by prolong$ soak+ 9 wat]4 ,! division takes place s z to leave ! sole1 frog1 & wall sep>ate portions4 ,^! may n[ be consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,a ,=e ,foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,a ,h9d ,foot4 ,! ,wall is t portion ( ! ho( se5 :il/ ! foot re/s ^u ! gr\nd4 ,x cov]s ! front & sides ( ! foot4 ,x ext5ds f ! coronet d[nw>ds & slightly outw>ds s t its l[] circumf]5ce is great] ?an its upp]4 ,! front portion %[s its greate/ height & obliquity1 dim9i%+ 9 ^! respects z x passes backw>ds4 ,at ! heels ! wall is turn$ 9 ^u itself1 & passes =w>d t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! foot until x becomes lo/ 9 ! /ructure ( ! sole4 ,^! turn$-9 portions ( ! wall are call$ ! b>s1 & s]ve two purposes2 !y increase ! be>+ surface ( ! wall1 & by embrac+ a "p ( ! sole on ea* side1 !y af=d an increas$ solidity to ! union ( ! wall ) ! re/ ( ! ho(4 ,if we deta* ! wall its inn] surface is se5 to consi/ ( a numb] ( ?9 horny projections runn+ p>allel to ea* o!r f above d[nw>ds & =w>ds4 ,^! are call$ ! horny lam94 ,!y numb] f five to six hundr$ & correspond to simil> processes on ! s5sitive foot4 7,fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,half ( a ,ho(1 %[+ ! inside4 ,r\nd ! upp] circumf]5ce on ! inside ( ! wall is a depression or groove pres5t+ innum]able small pits or op5+s4 ,?is corresponds to a "p ( ! s5sitive foot call$ ! coron>y b&1 :i* w be notic$ aga94 ,a section ( wall enables u to see v>iations 9 its ?ickness4 7,fig4 #d74 ,x is ?icke/ at ! toe1 becom+ gradually ?9n] t[>ds ! heels2 ?us af=d+ /r5g? & solidity to resi/ we> at "o "p1 z well z pliancy at ano!r to w>d (f concussion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,transv]se ,section ( ,wall %[+ v>iation 9 ?ickness4 ,! /ructure ( ! wall is fibr\s--! fibres runn+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 & ) ! same obliquity z t pres5t$ by ! front ( ! wall4 ,al?\gh ! wall v>ies 9 ?ickness f be=e backw>ds1 x does n f above d[nw>ds4 ,x ma9ta9s ! same ?ickness f ! coronet to its l[] circumf]5ce4 ,! lay]s ( ! wall are h>de/ ext]nally1 becom+ s(t] z !y approa* ! inn] surface--a condition due to ! out] lay]s be+ expos$ to friction & evaporation4 ,?is is a simple & valuable provision ( nature :i* %\ld n be int]f]$ )4 ,! h>d out] lay] is be/ adapt$ to )/& we>1 & its d5sity protects ! deep] lay]s f evaporation4 ,?is ma9ta9s ! :ole wall at ! degree ( s(tness & t\ghness :i* be/ pres]ves ela/icity & /r5g? ( horn4 ,! ,sole is t division ( ! ho( :i* =ms ! floor ( ! foot4 ,x is situat$ )9 ! l[] bord] ( ! wall1 & is slightly ar*$ s t on a h>d level surface its c5tral "p takes no be>+4 7,fig4 #e74 ,po/]iorly ! sole is divid$ by a triangul> space into :i* ! frog fits1 & ?us its cont9uation to ! heels consi/s ( two angul> portions embrac$ betwe5 ! b>s & ! wall4 ,! unmutilat$ sole is ?r\gh\t ( ne>ly equal ?ickness1 b a slight excess r\nd ! circumf]5ce gives firm] atta*m5t to ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,! ,sole ) ,frog remov$4 ,! inn] surface pres5ts a f9ely pitt$ appe>ance :i* is mo/ m>k$ at ! toe & r\nd its bord]4 ,! "p imm$iately relat$ to ! frog %[s few pits1 & we %all f9d t ! :ole surface corresponds to ! s5sitive p>ts to :i* x is atta*$4 ,! /ructure ( ! sole is1 l ! wall1 fibr\s2 b ! fibres are small]4 ,!y run d[nw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! same direction z ^? ( ! wall4 ,! out] lay]s are ! h>de/ & protect ! deep] f injury4 ,! ,frog is ! smalle/ division ( ! ho(1 & is a triangul> %ap$ body fill+ up ! space left betwe5 ! b>s4 7,fig4 #f74 ,its broad base is r\nd$ & prom95t1 & is cont9u$ lat]ally by a ?9 lay] :i* b9ds toge!r ! heels & envelopes ! back ( ! foot4 ,?is ?9 lay] is cont9u\s ) a horny b& ext5d+ r\nd ! upp] "p ( ! wall at its junction ) ! hair1 & sometimes prolong$ d[nw>ds on ! surface ( ! wall4 7,fig4 #g74 ,x appe>s to be a cont9uation ( ! out] lay] ( ! sk91 analog\s to ! free bord] ( sk9 at ! root ( ! human nail4 7,fig #h74 ,x s]ves ! useful purpose ( cov]+ & protect+ ! "y horn ( ! wall at its s\rce ( gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,! ,frog1 deta*$ f ! ,sole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,! ,frog & frog-b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,! frog b& deta*$ f wall by a small w$ge4 ,! po9t ( ! frog1 mu* ! h>d] "p1 ext5ds =w>d to ! c5tre ( ! sole4 ,?\gh situat$ betwe5 ! b>s ! frog is only atta*$ to _! upp] bord]--! sides rema9+ free & sep>ate4 ,?us on ea* side is =m$ a deep fissure :i* p]mits ! frog to exp& lat]ally :5 compress$1 )\t su* =ce be+ cont9u$ to ! sides ( ! foot4 ,! frog is ela/ic1 & :5 press$ ^u mu/ exp& slightly4 ,if ^! spaces betwe5 frog & b>s did n exi/1 ! foot w\ld be injur$ :5 ! frog 0 compress$ by ! weight ( ! horse--ei!r ! s5sitive p>ts )9 w\ld be bruis$ or ! heels w\ld be =c$ ap>t4 ,! c5tre ( ! frog pres5ts a depression or cleft caus$ by ! d\bl+ 9 ( ! horn4 ,few %od feet exhibit x ( natural appe>ance1 & ! t]m cleft1 by imply+ a n>r[ deep fissure1 keeps up ! false notion4 ,! cleft %\ld be %all[ & r\nd$4 ,x s]ves two purposes--x increases ! mobility ( ! frog1 & by break+ ! regul>ity ( surface af=ds a secure foot-hold on level gr\nd4 ,! prom95ce ( ! frog might lead a sup]ficial obs]v] to consid] x a ?ick solid mass2 & ,i believe ?is mi/ake is ! cause ( its too frequ5t mutilation4 ,x is m]ely a lay] ( horn foll[+ ! outl9e ( ! /ructures )91 :i* are simil>ly prom95t & irregul> 9 surface4 7,figs4 #i & #aj74 ,! diagrams %[ a section ?r\gh ! po9t & ?r\gh ! cleft ( ! frog4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,section ( ,foot at cleft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,section at po9t4 ,! frog is fibr\s1 ?\gh n to su* a m>k$ degree z ! o!r portions ( ! ho(4 ,its *ief qualities are ela/icity & t\ghness4 ,,! ,,secret+ ,,/ructures4 ,if we mac]ate a dead foot 9 wat] = a week or two1 ! ho( may be remov$ entire )\t injur+ ! tissues )94 ,9 ?is way ! s5sitive foot or quick is expos$ to view1 & pres5ts an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! inside ( ! ho(4 ,! s5sitive foot consi/s ( a lay] ( fibr\s tissue /ret*$ ov] ! bones & o!r /ructures :i* =m ! c5tre ( ! foot4 ,x is pl5tifully suppli$ ) blood-vessels & n]ves necess>y to its d\ble function z ! s\rce ( horn gr[? & z ! tactile organ ( ! foot4 ,horn is1 ( c\rse1 n s5sitive1 al?\gh ! slighte/ t\* on a horse's ho( is recognis$ by ! animal1 & ?is feel+ is due to ! impression made ^u ! s5sitive foot4 ,9 ! liv+ horse any injury to ! quick causes ! greate/ pa91 & al?\gh ?is s5sitiv5ess is a s]i\s disadvantage 9 disease x is a mo/ valuable provision 9 heal?1 enabl+ ! horse1 ev5 ?r\gh a ?ick lay] ( horn1 to recognise ! quality ( ! surface ^u :i* he may be /&+ or mov+4 ,x is ?is s5se ( t\*--?is tactile function--:i* dem&s t ! s5sitive foot %\ld be s b\ntifully suppli$ ) n]ves4 ,e f>ri] kn[s h[ pr(usely blood fl[s f any w\nd ( ! quick--evid5ce t ! "p is well suppli$ ) blood-vessels4 ,?is full supply ( blood is n m]ely = ! ord9>y wa/e & repair :i* takes place 9 e tissue2 x is to meet a special dem&--to supply ! mat]ial = ! production ( horn4 ,! s5sitive foot is ! secret+ /ructure ( ! ho(1 & ! s\rce ( ! con/ant gr[? & reproduction ( horn4 ,x corresponds ) great exactness to ! inside ( ! ho(1 & z we h describ$ ! ho( 9 sections x may be conv5i5t to foll[ t c\rse ) ?is /ructure1 & to describe ! s5sitive frog1 ! s5sitive sole1 & ! s5sitive lam94 ,we %all beg9 ) ! la/4 ,! ,s5sitive ,lam94 ,correspond+ to ! horny leaves on ! inside ( ! wall1 ! s5sitive foot pres5ts an arrangem5t ( m9ute p>allel folds :i* are call$ ! s5sitive lam94 7,fig4 #aa74 ,betwe5 ^! ! horny lam9 re/1 s t !re is a k9d ( int]leav$ atta*m5t :i* af=ds ! v firme/ connection betwe5 ! wall & ! s5sitive foot4 ,if ! lam9 be laid b>e 9 a liv+ horse by removal ( ! wall1 x is f\nd t !y h ! p[] to secrete a k9d ( horn1 n a h>d fibr\s horn l t ( ! wall1 b a s(t] v>iety4 ,?is function is n v active 9 heal? or we %\ld f9d t ! l[] edge ( ! wall 0 ?ick] ?an ! upp]2 b x exi/s1 & is v evid5t 9 "s cases ( disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,foot ) ho( remov$ %[+ at ! upp] "p ! ,coron>y b&1 & bel[ ! ,s5sitive ,lam94 ,9 lam9itis ! wall at ! toe is (t5 pu%$ =w>d out ( position by a horny mass =m$ by ! lam91 & s we h ! de=mity ( an excessive l5g? ( toe4 ,9 "s cases ( long cont9u$ s&crack ! irritation ( ! lam9 causes excessive secretion1 & a horn tum\r results4 ,! s5sitive lam91 !n1 fulfil two functions2 !y (f] a firm connect+ m$ium = ! wall1 & !y secrete horn4 ,by ! cruel exp]im5t ( remov+ ! horny sole & frog ( a liv+ horse & !n =c+ him to /& on ! maim$ foot on a level surface1 x has be5 %[n t ! lam9 are capable ( alone support+ ! weight ( ! animal4 ,x has be5 argu$ f ?is t ! lam9 always support ! weight1 & t ! horse's foot may be describ$ z be+ slung by ! connect+ lam94 ,?is is n true4 ,! frog & sole help to support weight1 & ! ho( acts z "o cont9u\s :ole1 ea* "p tak+ its direct & proportionate %>e ( ! weight plac$ ^u ! foot4 ,! s5sitive lam9 are n ela/ic1 !y are unyield+1 &1 !re=e1 all[ no d[nw>d yield+ :i* w\ld impose excessive pressure on ! sole4 ,! ,coron>y ,b&4 7,see ,fig4 #aa74 ,! s5sitive lam9 d n cov] ! :ole ( ! upright portions ( ! s5sitive foot4 ,!re is betwe5 _! upp] extremity & ! l9e :i* sep>ates ! sk9 f ! s5sitive foot1 a convex b& :i* runs r\nd ! upp] bord] ( ! foot1 & is turn$ d[nw>ds & inw>ds at ! heels4 ,?is is call$ ! coron>y b&1 & corresponds to ! groove :i* we notic$ on ! inn] side ( ! upp] bord] ( ! wall4 ,on its surface are innum]able small projections or papill :i*1 9 ! liv+ animal1 fit into ! op5+s on ! groove ( ! wall4 ,f ea* ( ^! papill gr[s a horn fibre1 & f ! surface betwe5 !m is =m$ a s(t] horny matt]--! two products =m+ toge!r ! sub/ance ( ! wall4 ,! coron>y b& is1 !n1 an important /ructure1 be+ ! s\rce f :5ce ! wall is produc$4 ,^u ! heal?y condition ( ?is b& dep5ds ! s\ndness ( ! wall1 & any int]f]5ce ) its integrity mu/ lead to defects or de=mities 9 ! wall4 ,! ,s5sitive ,sole 7,fig4 #ab7 is t portion ( ! quick to :i* ! sole is atta*$4 ,its surface is cov]$ ) papill1 l ^? on ! coron>y b& b mu* small]1 giv+ an appe>ance some:at l ! pile ( velvet4 ,f ^! ! horn fibres ( ! sole are =m$1 & a firm means ( connection is af=d$ = ! floor ( ! ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,"u ,surface ( ,foot %[+ ,s5sitive ,frog & ,sole4 ,! ,s5sitive ,frog 9 /ructure resembles ! s5sitive sole1 b its papill are v mu* small]1 & ! surface !re=e is smoo!r4 ,! irregul> prom95t surface ( ! frog1 ) its cleft & ! space at ea* side ( x1 is exactly reproduc$ on ! s5sitive frog1 z might be expect$1 = ! "o is m\ld$ on ! o!r4 ,!re is "o diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5sitive frog & ! o!r portions ( ! s5sitive foot :i* ,i may "h m5tion4 ,x is n atta*$ to ! bones ( ! foot except by its po9t1 b is situat$ beh9d ! bone1 & has z a basis a mass ( s(t tissue :i* =ms an important cu%ion or pad1 to be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,ho(4 ,l e o!r "p ( an animal body1 ! ho( is con/antly *ang+4 ,we> & te> cause wa/e ( ! horn1 :i* is repl5i%$ by gr[?4 ,:5 we> exce$s gr[? ! foot becomes d5ud$ ( horn1 & lam5ess results4 ,:5 gr[? exce$s we> ! ho( becomes disproportionately long1 & "s p>ts suff] by ! ov]gr[? ( o!rs--= in/ance1 :5ev] ! heels are unduly high ! frog becomes small & weak4 ,9 a /ate ( nature ! horse's foot keeps itself ( proportionate =m4 ,on h>d gr\nd ! ho( is worn away z quickly z x gr[s4 ,on s(t gr\nd x may1 = a "t1 become ov]gr[n1 b ?is is rectifi$ by ! s(t horn becom+ fractur$ & brok5 (f4 ,9 enclos$ cultivat$ gr\nds ! movem5ts ( ! horse1 ev5 on grass l&1 are too limit$ to ensure a proportionate =m ( ho(4 ,:5 horses are turn$ out )\t %oes ! feet %\ld n be left to take c>e ( !mselves1 unless ! pa/ure is ( l>ge area & ! "t at grass ext5ds = sev]al mon?s4 ,9 a ho( :i* is ov]gr[n--& all %od feet become ov]gr[n 9 f\r or five weeks--!re is app>5tly a great] excess ( horn at ! toe ?an else:]e4 ,?is is due to ! oblique direction ( ! wall at ! toe1 & to ! fact t ! horn fibres ( ! ho( d n gr[ d[n v]tically1 b obliquely =w>d4 ,:5 ! natural we> ( ! ho( is prev5t$1 ! effect ( gr[? is to l5g!n ! toe & c>ry =w>d ! be>+ surface ( ! foot4 ,n[ ?is be>+ surface has a prop] relative position to ! limb above x4 ,!re=e a disproportionate foot mu/ injuri\sly affect bo? ! action & position ( ! :ole limb4 ,! rate at :i* ! wall gr[s v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t horses1 & is affect$ by ext]nal conditions4 ,! good av]age wall gr[s ne>ly "o in* 9 ?ree mon?s1 & ! :ole ho( is replac$ 9 f t5 to fifte5 mon?s4 ,! ho( gr[s m rapidly :5 a horse is actively ex]cis$ ?an :5 he is conf9$ 9 a box4 ,febrile diseases *eck gr[?1 & irregul>ities ( ! sy/em cause ! =mation ( ridges 9 ! horn1 ea* "o comm5c+ at ! coronet & be+ c>ri$ d[n ) ! gr[+ horn until ! ho( is m>k$ by a s]ies ( r+s runn+ transv]sely & p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,^! r+s are ( !mselves no detrim5t to a horse1 b !y m>k irregul>ities ( gr[? :i* may h be5 due to illness or lam5ess4 ,! gr[? ( horn on a %od foot is affect$ by ! be>+ x takes4 ,:5 a "p ( ! wall takes no be>+ on ! %oe x gr[s quick] ?an t :i* does4 ,we see ?is :5 a %oe is s fitt$ t ! heels take no direct pressure on ! %oe1 also :5 a portion ( wall is brok5 at ! qu>t]s1 & aga9 :51 = any reason1 a portion ( ! edge ( ! wall has be5 rasp$ away to prev5t be>+ ^u "s special spot4 ,9 all ^! cases1 aft] ! %oe has be5 worn a mon?1 x w be f\nd t ! horn has gr[n m rapidly at ! "p :]e be>+ did n take place1 &1 :5 ! %oe is remov$1 ! horn :i* 0 reliev$ ( pressure is f\nd to h be5 9 apposition ) ! %oe4 ,! gr[? ( horn _c be accel]at$ by any application to its surface4 ,if we desire to ha/5 gr[? ( ! wall we c d s by /imulat+ ! "p f :i* x is produc$1 i4e41 ! coron>y b&4 ,a mild bli/] to ! coronet causes consid]able increase 9 ! rapidity ( gr[?1 b no o9tm5ts appli$ to ! surface ( ! wall affect its production 9 ! lea/1 ?\gh !y may modify its condition & prev5t dryness & brittl5ess4 ,! sole gr[s 9 mu* ! same way z ! wall1 b x we>s q diff]5tly4 ,x nev] becomes ov]gr[n to ! ext5t se5 9 "s in/ances ( ! wall4 ,! h>d firm /ructure ( ! wall1 if n worn d[n by friction on roads or dry h>d surfaces1 may gr[ to a great l5g?4 ,z a rule1 :5 mu* ov]gr[n1 x splits 9 ! direction ( its fibres & becomes deta*$ 9 brok5 fragm5ts4 ,! sole1 :5 ov]gr[n1 has a t5d5cy to become deta*$ 9 flakes1 & nev] v mu* exce$s its normal ?ickness )\t becom+ dry & brittle1 :5 ! movem5ts ( ! horse cause x to break up & fall (f4 ,! frog :5 x takes a be>+ on ! gr\nd we>s (f 9 %r$s4 ,a frog :i* takes no be>+ dries up1 & sometimes a l>ge sup]ficial lay] is ca/ (f4 ,?\gh ! s(te/ ( ! horny divisions ( ! ho(1 ! frog is able to )/& we> & te> z well z any ( ! o!rs4 ,be+ ela/ic & re/+ ^u s(t tissues1 x is able to yield to any undue pressure & leave ! firm] horn ( ! wall & b>s to su/a9 ! great] /ra94 ,! gr[? ( ! frog dep5ds a great deal ^u ! =m ( ! back p>ts ( ! wall4 ,if ! heels become ov]gr[n1 ! frog is remov$ f be>+ & consequ5tly wa/es4 ,high heels h always betwe5 !m a small frog4 ,on ! o!r h& l[ weak heels h always a l>ge frog1 & ! explanation is t ! increas$ be>+ ?r[n on ! frog causes great] developm5t4 ,prop]ties ( ,horn4 ,horn is light1 h>d1 t\gh1 & ela/ic1 prop]ties mo/ ess5tial to its usefulness z a protector ( ! foot4 ,horn is por\s1 & absorbs moi/ure4 ,too mu* moi/ure 9 horn weak5s x1 & !re=e x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! natural protection aga9/ ?is is ! h>d out] lay] ( ! ho(4 ,:5 ?is lay] is rasp$ (f moi/ure is m easily absorb$ until ! dry1 h>d surface is re/or$ by exposure & friction4 ,horn is a bad conductor ( heat1 & ?us an equally good protective aga9/ ! effects ( sn[ 9 "s c\ntries1 & ( hot dry s&s 9 o!rs4 ,) a s\nd ?ick ho( ! application ( a r$-hot %oe produces v little effect on ! int]nal /ructures1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 x rema9 9 contact only a reasonable "t4 ,) a foot protect$ by a ?9 lay] ( horn1 fitt+ a r$-hot %oe mu/ be done quickly or x may damage ! s(t tissues4 ,,dissection ,,( ,,! ,,foot4 ,s f> we h only describ$ ! out] cov]+ ( ! foot & ! /ructure f :i* x gr[s & by :i* x is connect$ to ! p>ts )94 ,a little deep] exam9ation is necess>y to und]/& ! me*anism ( ! :ole organ4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,section ( ,foot4 ,if we divide into two lat]al halves a foot cut (f at ! fetlock jo9t1 we h a section :i* %\ld %[ ! :ole ( ! deep] /ructures4 ,9 ! c5tre we see ! ?ree l[] bones ( ! limb--! pa/]n1 coronet1 & p$al4 7,fig4 #aa74 ,on ! front surface ( ^! bones we notice a t5don or s9ew :i* comes f above ! knee & is fix$ to ! upp] "p ( ! p$al bone4 ,at ! back ( ! bones two v l>ge t5dons run d[n & are fix$ on ! la/ two bones4 ,^! t5dons are ! /ructures ?r\gh :i* ! movem5ts ( ! foot are made4 ,!y h 9 !mselves no p[] ( contraction b !y are connect$ above ! knee1 & 9 ! h9d leg above ! hock1 to p[]ful muscles :i* possess ! p[] ( contraction4 ,:5 ^! muscles contract ! t5dons are drawn up t[>ds knee or hock1 & s move ! foot backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,to p]mit movem5t ( "o bone ^u ano!r ! ends ( ! bones are suitably %ap$1 & cov]$ ) a lay] ( gri/le or c>tilage4 ,to limit ! movem5t & to hold ! bones toge!r ! ends ( ea* bone are surr\nd$ by ligam5ts1 & ?us we h jo9ts =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,side view ( ,p$al ,bone4 ,! pa/]n bone is altoge!r above ! level ( ! foot1 ! coronet bone is p>tially )9 ! ho(1 & ! jo9t betwe5 x & ! p$al bone is q )94 ,! p$al1 (t5 call$ ! c(f9 bone1 7,fig4 #ab7 is entirely )9 ! ho( & fills ! front "p ( ! horny envelope completely4 ,x is a peculi>ly %ap$ bone1 be+ cont9u$ backw>ds by two projections :i* foll[ ! c\rse ( ! wall to a little beyond ! qu>t]s ( ! foot4 7,fig4 #ac74 ,f ?is po9t to ! extremity ( ! heels ! wall is n support$ by bone b by /rong plates ( gri/le1 :i* are call$ ! lat]al c>tilages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,"u surface ( ,p$al ,bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,! ,lat]al ,c>tilage4 ,! ,lat]al ,c>tilages are situat$ "o on ei!r side ( ! foot p>tly )9 & p>tly )\t ! ho(4 ,!y =m ! basis ^u :i* ! back "p ( ! wall is m\ld$1 & be+ ela/ic p]mit a c]ta9 am\nt ( movem5t 9 ! po/]ior p>ts ( ! foot4 7,fig4 #ad74 ,if ! c(f9 bone fill$ ! :ole ho(1 ! foot w\ld be too rigid4 ,) bone at ! front portion we h a firm surface = atta*m5t1 & ) c>tilage at ! back we h an equally firm atta*m5t1 b "o t w yield to bl[s or pressure & ?us bett] protect ! int]nal p>ts4 ,^! c>tilages ext5d above ! level ( ! ho(1 & may be easily felt 9 ! liv+ horse at ! back "p ( ! coronet4 7,fig4 #ae74 ,betwe5 !m1 & beh9d ! body ( ! c(f9 bone is a l>ge space :i* is fill$ up by a mass ( s(t tissue to :i* v>i\s names h be5 giv51 su* z plant>-cu%ion1 frog-pad1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,c(f9 ,bone & ,lat]al ,c>tilages se5 f above4 ,! ,frog-,pad is ! "n "u :i* we %all notice x4 ,x =ms ! bulbs ( ! heels & is ! s(t basis ^u :i* is spread ! s5sitive frog4 ,x ext5ds f side to side ( ! foot betwe5 ! two lat]al c>tilages1 & fills up all ! space )9 ! ho( beh9d ! body ( ! c(f9 bone4 ,! /ructure ( ?is pad may be describ$ r\ghly z consi/+ ( a network ( fibr\s b&s1 hav+ ! int]/ices fill$ up ) ela/ic tissue4 7,fig4 #af74 ,d[n ! c5tre ( ! pad runs a v]tical p>tition ( inela/ic fibres2 f ?is /rong fibr\s b&s pass to ea* c>tilage1 & s ! :ole ( ! back "p ( ! foot is ti$ toge!r4 ,! heels & qu>t]s may be press$ toge!r to "s ext5t1 b !y are prev5t$ f be+ =c$ asund] by ! fibr\s connections ( ! frog-pad4 ,dur+ progression ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! coronet bone is provid$ = by ?is s(t pad1 & s is an upw>d movem5t ( ! frog :5 excessive be>+ is plac$ ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,section ( foot %[+ ! frog-pad & at ea* side ! cut edge ( ! lat]al c>tilage4 ,! frog-pad s]ves o!r purposes besides ^? we h j ref]r$ to4 ,x is ess5tially a cu%ion or pad to prev5t j> or concussion1 b x also plays an important "p 9 ! action ( ! foot1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,! ,coron>y ,cu%ion or ,pad is ano!r mass ( tissue ( a simil> nature to ! frog-pad4 ,x is situat$ j above ! upp] bord] ( ! ho(1 & gives to ! coronet its prom95ce & ela/icity4 ,at ?is "p ( ! foot !re is an enorm\s numb] ( small blood-vessels & n]ves1 & ! coron>y pad =ms n only a base = ^! to re/ on b a necess>y protection = !m4 ,if in/ead ( ?is ela/ic b$ !y 7 plac$ m]ely betwe5 ! sk9 & ! h>d bones & t5dons ( ! "p1 !y w\ld be injur$ by e slight bruise4 ,ev5 ) ?is cu%ion1 we h 9 practice v _m s]i\s conditions foll[+ bruise ( ! coronet4 ,blood-vessels ( ! ,foot4 ,x is n necess>y to describe ! c\rse ( ^! vessels4 ,all we ne$ rememb] is t e "p ( ! tissues )9 ! ho( is v pl5tifully suppli$ ) blood1 & t ! fl[ ( blood is mo/ rapid :5 ! foot is 9 action4 ,9 a dead foot f :i* ! blood has escap$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( movem5t ( ! bones )9 ! ho( is easily effect$4 ,9 ! liv+ foot :5 e vessel is fill$ ) blood no su* movem5t takes place4 ,! blood 9 ! vessels =ms a sort ( wat]b$ :i* assi/s 9 prev5t+ concussion & :i* di/ributes ev5ly ov] ! :ole organ ! pressure appli$ :5 weight is ?r[n on ! foot4 ,9 /udy+ ! dead foot ) a view to und]/& its me*anism we mu/ n lose sight ( ! diff]5ce :i* results f hav+ 9 "o case ! blood-vessels empty1 & 9 ! o!r--! liv+ animal--! blood-vessels full4 ,,! ,,foot ,,z ,a ,,:ole4 ,! details ,i h giv5 ( ! /ructure & uses ( ea* sep>ate "p ( ! foot w1 ,i hope1 be suffici5t to enable u to und]/& ! =m & action ( ! organ z a :ole4 ,no "o "p ( ! foot is ( great] importance ?an ano!r1 ea* is dep5d5t = its highe/ developm5t & s\nde/ condition ^u ! integrity ( neighb\r+ p>ts4 ,a weak wall all[s ( ! flatt5+ & spread+ ( ! sole1 :il/ a weak sole p]mits contraction ( ! wall4 ,ov]gr[n heels cause wa/+ ( ! frog1 b l[ weak heels are usually accompani$ by excessive developm5t ( frog4 ,! special function ( ! foot is to su/a9 ! weight ( ! animal :il/ /&+ or mov+4 ,! horse /&+ squ>ely on all f\r feet re/s 8 weight *iefly on ! l[] circumf]5ce ( ! wall4 ,on level gr\nd ! sole1 on acc\nt ( its ar*$ =m1 takes no direct be>+1 b if sole & wall be s\nd a proportion ( all pressure appli$ to ! wall is transmitt$ to ! sole4 ,s also mu/ all weight impos$ on ! ar* ( ! sole be transmitt$1 ?r\gh its abutm5ts or union ) ! wall1 to ! wall4 ,if ! sole be s ?9 t x yields to pressure !n its prop] action is de/roy$1 & in/ead ( act+ l an ar* & support+ weight impos$ on x1 x yields & injury results4 ,! ar*$ =m ( ! sole indicates t x 0 n int5d$ to take a direct be>+ on h>d gr\nd4 ,on a s(t surface ! edge ( ! wall s9ks & ! :ole "u surface ( ! foot takes a direct be>+4 ,pressure ( ! sole on ! s(t surface does no h>m because x is diffus$ ev5ly ov] ! :ole ( ! sole4 ,we take advantage ( ?is :5 ! wall is diseas$ or injur$1 & we desire to ?r[ on ! sole a l>g] %>e ( weight4 ,we turn su* animals out into a s(t field or /able !m on s& or saw-du/4 ,any sy/em ( %oe+ f\nd$ ^u ! true =m & action ( ! foot mu/ recognise ! ar*1 & n endeav\r to =ce ! sole to take a be>+ = :i* x is n adapt$4 ,!re is only "o "p ( ! sole :i* %\ld act z a be>+ surface1 viz41 t out] bord] :i* is firmly jo9$ to ! wall4 ,?is "p--! abutm5t ( ! ar*--is de/9$ by nature to take a be>+ & ?r\gh x ! :ole ( ! sole supports its %>e ( weight4 ,! frog takes a be>+ on ! gr\nd b x has a weight su/a9+ function q second>y to ! h>d] & firm] p>ts ( ! ho(4 ,x is =m$ ( a s(t] horn1 & x has above x only s(t tissues :i* p]mit yield+4 ,! frog !n1 :5 weight is plac$ ^u x by ! /&+ horse1 rec$es f pressure1 & leaves ! heels 7wall & b>s7 to su/a9 ! prim>y weight4 ,wall1 sole1 & frog1 ea* take _! %>e 9 support+ weight1 b ?is function is di/ribut$ ov] !m 9 diff]5t degrees1 & x is fulfill$ by ea* 9 a v>y+ mann]4 ,dur+ progression ! foot is repeat$ly rais$ f & replac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,x has n only to support weight b to su/a9 ! effects ( contact ) ! gr\nd at ea* /ep1 & ! effects ( be+ ! po9t ( resi/ance :5 ! body is c>ri$ =w>d & ! foot is aga9 rais$ f ! gr\nd4 ,:at "p ( ! foot comes fir/ to ! gr\nd8 ,_m diff]5t answ]s h be5 giv5 to ?is "q4 ,x has be5 said by "s t ! toe fir/ t\*es ! gr\nd1 by o!rs t ! foot is laid flat d[n1 & by a few t ! heel is ! fir/ "p to come 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,=tunately x is n n[ necess>y to argue ?is "q on a purely !oretical basis4 ,in/antane\s photography has %[n t on level gr\nd1 at all paces1 ! horse t\*es ! gr\nd fir/ ) ! heel4 ,?is fact gives significance to ! /ructural diff]5ces we f9d betwe5 ! front & back portions ( ! foot4 ,at ! back "p ( ! foot we h ! wall ?9n] ?an else:]e1 we h ! moveable & ela/ic frog1 ! lat]al c>tilages1 & ! frog-pad4 ,we h 9 fact a :ole s]ies ( s(t & ela/ic /ructures s arrang$ z to provide a me*anism be/ adapt$ to meet %ock & to avoid concussion4 ,:il/ draw+ heavy loads1 or asc5d+ or desc5d+ hills1 ! horse may v>y 8 action to suit ! circum/ances1 & !n we h ! exception :i* proves ! rule--!n we h sometimes ! heel1 sometimes ! toe br\ght fir/ to ! gr\nd4 ,at ! "t :5 ! foot fir/ t\*es ! gr\nd1 ! leg is ext5d$ =w>d & ! pa/]n is 9 ! same oblique position to ! %ank z :5 a horse is /&+4 ,?is obliquity ( ! pa/]n is ano!r safegu>d aga9/ concussion1 & x r5d]s impossible ! fir/ contact ) ! gr\nd at any po9t o!r ?an at ! heel4 ,z ! leg becomes /raight5$1 ! weight ( ! body is impos$ ^u ! foot1 b ! greate/ /ra9 arrives j be=e ! toe leaves ! gr\nd1 = !n !re is n only weight to su/a91 b ! friction to be borne :i* results f ! toe be+ ! fulcrum ^u :i* falls ! :ole effect ( ! muscul> ef=t necess>y to raise & c>ry =w>d ! body ( ! animal4 ,! front "p ( ! foot is /ructurally well adapt$ = its use4 ,x pres5ts ! ?icke/ & /ronge/ "p ( ! horny cov]+1 &1 z an inside basis1 x has ! unyield+ c(f9 bone4 ,?us we h at ! toe /r5g? & rigidity--at ! heels /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,ano!r important po9t 9 ! action ( ! foot is impli$ by ! "q--does x exp& :5 weight is ?r[n on x8 ,! pr9ciples ( horse-%oe+ require t ?is "q %\ld be answ]$4 ,!re are ^? :o say t ! foot does n alt]nately exp& & retract z weight is plac$ ^u or remov$ f x4 ,!re are o!rs :o ass]t t ! expansion ( ! foot is an important natural function t mu/ be provid$ = 9 any sy/em ( %oe+4 ,x is agre$ by mo/ obs]v]s t at ! upp] bord] ( ! ho(1 m p>ticul>ly at ! heels1 expansion does occur4 ,x is :5 we come to ! l[] bord] ( ! foot t ! /atem5ts are mo/ conflict+4 ,ord9>y measurem5ts tak5 at ?is "p ) calip]s or by trac+s on pap] ( ! foot :5 rais$ f ! gr\nd & :5 re/+ ^u x1 %[ no v>iations 9 ! wid? ( ! foot4 ,^! me?ods ( measurem5t are n suffici5tly delicate to be tru/wor?y4 ,exp]im5tali/s 9 ,g]many & 9 ?is c\ntry h rec5tly us$ an app>atus by :i* ! slighte/ v>iations are detect$ by electrical contact1 & ! results are v int]e/+4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t 9 a well-=m$1 heal?y foot ! ho( ?r\gh\t its po/]ior two-?irds does exp& to pressure1 & p]haps t ! ar* ( ! sole is slightly flatt5$4 ,?is expansion is1 h[ev]1 comp>atively slight--ab\t equal to ! ?ickness ( a %eet ( writ+ pap]--& may practically be disreg>d$ 9 consid]+ ! be/ me?ods ( %oe+ s\nd feet4 ,"o result ( ^! exp]im5ts is to %[ :at an important "p ! frog plays 9 ! foot1 & also h[ ! action ( "o "p dep5ds ^u ! conditions ( o!rs4 ,:5 ! frog re/s firmly on ! gr\nd & weight is plac$ ^u ! foot expansion occurs1 especially at ! upp] or coron>y bord] ( ! ho(4 ,:5 ! frog does n t\* ! gr\nd & weight is impos$ ^u ! foot1 contraction occurs4 ,! explanation ( ?is diff]5ce seems to be z foll[s4 ,:5 weight is plac$ ^u a foot1 ! coronet bone is depress$ ^u ! s(t mass ( ! frog-pad4 ,) a s\nd frog tak+ a be>+ ^u ! gr\nd1 ! frog-pad _c desc5d1 & ! compression to :i* x is !re=e submitt$ causes x to bulge lat]ally & s exp& ! back ( ! foot4 ,:5 ! frog does n rea* ! gr\nd & weight is plac$ ^u ! frog-pad1 !re is no?+ to prev5t x yield+ d[nw>ds1 & 9 s do+ ! fibr\s b&s connect+ toge!r ! two lat]al c>tilages ( ! foot are depress$ & ! c>tilages drawn toge!r--h5ce ! contraction ( ! foot4 ,no bett] illu/ration c\ld be giv5 ( ! unity ( all p>ts ( ! foot1 & h[ "o or _m p>ts may suff] if ! /ructure or function ( "o be defective4 ,!re is "o m movem5t ( ! ho( :i* is possible & :i* mu/ be ref]r$ to1 z x has be5 made ! basis ( a grave error 9 %oe+4 ,i h said ! back "p ( ! foot is ela/ic & yield+4 ,if y exam9e a %oe1 s appli$ to a foot t an in* or m ( its extremity has no contact ) ! ho(1 y w f9d t :5 weight is re/$ on t foot ! horn yields d[nw>ds & comes 9 contact ) ! %oe4 ,?is simply demon/rates t :5 !re is no?+ to support x ! horn at ! heels may be =c$ d[nw>ds4 ,x is n a normal action1 & 9 an un%od foot _c occur on a level surface4 ,! effect ( ?is d[nw>d movem5t ( ! heels is to put a /ra9 on ! horn ( ! qu>t]s4 ,a %oe s fitt$ z to p]mit ?is evil is 9 common use1 & no fault is m s]i\s ?an ?us =c+ an unnatural action ^u ! ho( at e /ep4 ,) un9t5tional irony ?is piece ( bad "w has be5 call$ eas+ ! heels4 ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt]1 ,i w\ld j repeat t ! natural be>+ surface ( ! horse's foot is ! l[] edge ( ! wall & t portion ( ! sole imm$iately 9 union ) x2 t ! ar* ( ! sole %\ld n be 9 contact ) ! gr\nd2 t ! frog ought to h a be>+ on ! gr\nd1 b ought n to be s prom95t z to unduly %>e 9 su/a9+ weight4 ,?is natural be>+ surface is :at we want to utilize 9 %oe+4 ,we put on a %oe m]ely to prev5t excessive we> ( ! ho(4 ,if we c protect ! wall ! frog c take c>e ( itself1 & we h only s to apply our %oe t we d n damage any useful /ructure or int]f]e ) any natural function4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,no p]son is expect$ to le>n ! /ructure ( a foot entirely f ?is description4 ,he mu/ obta9 two feet cut (f at ! fetlock jo9t4 ,"o he %\ld soak 9 wat] till ! ho( c be pull$ (f4 ,! s5sitive foot is !n visible & ! inside ( ! ho(2 ) ^! be=e him1 ! draw+s & descriptions 9 ?is *apt] w be ( great assi/ance4 ,! second foot he %\ld h sawn v]tically d[n ! middle ?r\gh ! po9t ( ! toe1 & aga9 across ! qu>t]s1 s z to %[ ! inside ( ! foot f two diff]5t po9ts ( view2 ?is w af=d a view ( ! relation ( p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,foot4 ,! *eap wisdom ( ! amateur is (t5 express$ 9 ! rem>k ! %oe %\ld be fitt$ to ! foot1 n ! foot to ! %oe4 ,l _m o!r dogmatic /atem5ts ?is is only ! unqualifi$ ass]tion ( half a tru?4 ,foot & %oe h to be fitt$ to ea* o!r4 ,!re are v few horses ^: feet d n require consid]able alt]ation be=e a %oe c be prop]ly fitt$ to !m4 ,z a rule1 :5 a horse arrives at ! =ge1 ! feet are ov]gr[n & q out ( proportion4 ,9 a few cases--z :5 a %oe has be5 lo/ on a j\rney--! foot is worn or brok5 & irregul>ly defici5t 9 horn4 ,9 ei!r in/ance ! f>ri] has to make alt]ations 9 ! ho( to obta9 ! be/ be>+ surface be=e he fits a new %oe4 ,! claim (t5 made = "s novel inv5tions 9 horse %oes1 t !y may be fitt$ & appli$ 9 ! /able by a groom or /ableman is evid5ce ( a sad misund]/&+ ( ! art ( horse-%oe+4 ,if %od feet always rema9$ ( ! same %ape replacem5t ( %oes w\ld be a v easy matt]--b !y nev] d4 ,! liv+ foot is con/antly *ang+1 & !re=e ! man entru/$ ) fitt+ %oes to x1 mu/ "k :at its prop] =m %\ld be4 ,:5 he f9ds x disproportionately ov]gr[n he mu/ "k h[ mu* horn to remove--:]e to take away & :]e to leave alone4 ,he mu/ n c>ry 9 8 head a !oretical /&>d ( a p]fect foot & attempt to r$uce all feet to t %ape4 ,he mu/ make all[ance = v>ieties ( feet1 & = _m little diff]5ces ( =m t pres5t !mselves 9 practice4 ,he has1 9 fact1 to prep>e ! foot = a %oe1 & x is j z important to d ?is prop]ly z x is to prep>e a %oe = ! foot4 ,to fit a %oe to a foot :i* has n be5 prop]ly prep>$ may be ev5 m injuri\s to ! horse ?an to fit ! foot to ! %oe4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple to be foll[$ is--to remove sup]flu\s horn1 to obta9 a good be>+ surface = a %oe1 to br+ all p>ts ( ! ho( equally into proportion4 ,a good foot s prep>$1 :5 ! horse is /&+ on level gr\nd %\ld %[1 :5 look$ at f ! front1 bo? sides ( ! wall ( equal height2 ! transv]se l9e ( ! coronet %\ld be p>allel ) ! l9e ( ! l[] bord] ( ! ho(1 & ! p]p5dicul> l9e ( ! leg %\ld cut ^? l9es at "r angles4 7,fig4 #ag74 ,:5 look$ at f ! side ! height ( ! heels & ! toe %\ld be proportionate4 ,:5 look$ at f beh9d ! frog %\ld be se5 t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,on lift+ ! foot a level be>+ surface wid] ?an ! wall %\ld be pres5t$1 ext5d+ f heel to toe all r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! ho(2 )9 ?is level bord]1 ! sole %\ld be concave1 /rong1 & r\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,9 ,fig4 #ag is %[n ! foot on its gr\nd surface & f ! side4 ,! p>allel l9es are q arbitr>y1 b assi/ 9 expla9+ h[ ! proportion ( ! foot is to be atta9$4 ,bo? sides ( ! foot are ( ! same height4 ,! be>+ surface j meets ! middle l9e4 ,all ! l9es at coronet1 heel1 & toe1 are at "r angles to ! p]p5dicul> l9e4 ,! side view %[s ! proportionate height ( heel & toe1 & ! slope ( ! wall 9 front4 ,comp>$ ) ,figs4 #bb & #bc deviations f proportion are se54 ,^! conditions are n atta9able ) all feet1 b ! prud5t f>ri] does ! be/ he c "u ! circum/ances4 ,x is easy to make ! frog t\* ! gr\nd by ov]-l[]+ ! heels1 b ?is is only introduc+ "o evil 9 attempt+ to avoid ano!r4 ,"s feet h naturally a long toe ) an excessive slope ( ! front "p ( ! wall4 ,to hide ?is defect a f>ri] may /ump up ! toe & leave ! heels too high1 b he does s at ! exp5se ( ! horse's foot4 ,ea* foot requires treat+ ) full k ( ! =m be/ adapt$ to its natural =mation1 & mo/ capable ( c>ry+ a %oe4 ,! ,in/rum5ts us$ to prep>e a foot = %oe+ are a rasp1 a draw+ knife1 & a toe+ knife4 ,! rasp is ! mo/ indisp5sable4 ,x %\ld be sixte5 in*es long1 proportionately broad1 & "o "p ( x %\ld be a file-surface4 ,! %ort]1 n>r[ rasps d n af=d all ! advantages a f>ri] %\ld possess to enable him to d ! be/ "w4 ,to /rike an ev5 all-r\nd level be>+ surface on a ho( a f>ri] requires a l>ge rasp1 j z a jo9] mu/ h a l>ge plane to produce a level surface on wood4 ,h>m may be done by ! c>eless use ( a rasp1 & a be>+-surface spoil$ by ! ov]-r$uction ( horn at "o place4 ,?is fault may be aggravat$ by attempts to m5d x1 if su* attempt take ! =m ( fur!r r$uction ( ! :ole ho( on a foot :]e horn is defici5t4 ,! draw+ knife is a comp>atively mod]n in/rum5t :i* replac$ a tool call$ ! buttress4 ,a draw+ knife is =m$ ) great skill = ! purpose ( p>+ out ! concave sole ( ! ho(1 & has done inf9ite h>m4 ,9 ! days :i* h n[ almo/ pass$ away1 :5 x 0 ?\ght ! prop] ?+ to make ! ho( look clean1 smoo?1 & pretty1 ! draw+ knife 0 ! *ief in/rum5t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! foot4 ,n[1 :5 ne>ly all m5 "k t ! /rong] ! sole & frog ( ! foot c be pres]v$ ! bett] = ! horse1 ?is knife is less us$--& ! less ! bett]4 ,! doorman1 prep>+ a foot = ! fireman to fit a %oe to1 %\ld n use a knife at all4 ,! man :o fits ! %oe requires a knife to remove occasional little prom95ces ( horn :i* are liable to cause unev5 pressures or :i* are 9 ! way ( a prop]ly fitt$ %oe--z1 = in/ance1 ! edge ( ! wall to make way = a clip1 or ! angle ( sole at ! heel to prev5t unev5 pressure by ! %oe4 ,! toe+ knife usually consi/s ( ab\t a foot ( an old sword-blade4 ,?is knife is held & guid$ by "o h& ( ! f>ri]1 :il/ ) ! o!r x is driv5 ?r\gh ov]gr[n horn by ! hamm]4 ,skilfully us$ x is unobjectionable1 & = ! l>ge /rong ho( ( heavy draught horses x saves a great deal ( "t & lab\r4 ,= ! light] class ( horses x is unnecess>y1 & = weak feet ) a ?9 horn cov]+ x is dang]\s4 ,! toe+ knife _c leave a f9i%$ level be>+ surface1 & its "w has to be complet$ by a few /rokes ( ! rasp4 ,a f>ri] %\ld1 !re=e1 nev] attempt to remove all ! sup]flu\s horn ) ! knife1 he %\ld leave "s = ! rasp s t 9 produc+ ! f9al level surface no encroa*m5t ^u ! necess>y ?ickness ( cov]+ horn ne$ be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! ov]gr[n foot su* z we f9d on a heal?y horse t has reta9$ a set ( %oes = "s weeks1 or t has be5 )\t %oes on a surface n h>d en\gh to cause suffici5t we>1 is q unfitt$ to receive a %oe4 ,x mu/ be r$uc$ to proportions4 ,9 ,fig4 #ah1 ,i h attempt$ to %[ diagrammatically a side view ( an ov]gr[n ho(4 ,! dott$ l9es at ! base %[ two effects ( l[]+ "o "p m ?an ano!r1 al?\gh bo? atta9 a level surface4 ,9 ,fig4 #ba we see ! result ( ov]-l[]+ ! heels1 & 9 ,fig4 #bj ( leav+ !m too high4 ,x may also be notic$ t ^! conditions affect o!r p>ts ( ! foot2 9 fact n only o!r p>ts b ! :ole foot1 & ev5 ! relative position ( ! foot to ! leg4 ,if we comp>e ! proportionate foot1 ,fig4 #ai1 ) ! diagram ,fig4 #ba1 x w be se5 t by ov]-l[]+ ! heels ! slope ( ! front ( ! foot is increas$1 t ! be>+ surface f heel to toe is slightly increas$ 9 l5g?1 & t if ! dott$ p]p5dicul> l9e be accept$ z %[+ ! direction ?r\gh :i* ! weight ( ! body passes1 l[]+ ! heels t5ds to put an increas$ proportion ( weight on ! back p>ts ( ! foot4 ,if we comp>e ,fig4 #ai ) ,fig4 #bj we see ! effect ( leav+ ! heels too high4 ,! be>+ surface f heel to toe is %ort5$1 ! slope ( ! wall at ! toe is made less1 & m weight is ?r[n ^u ! front p>ts ( ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,a proportionate ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,a disproportionate ho(--heels too high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,a disproportionate ho(--heels too l[4 ,n[ ^! alt]ations 9 bo? cases affect n only ! =m ( ! foot b its relative position to ! leg1 & z ! bones ( ! limb above are a s]ies ( lev]s connect$ by muscles & ligam5ts s plac$ z to be mo/ effici5t = movem5t1 x is evid5t t alt]ations ( ! foot mu/ affect ! action ( ! limb4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #ai1 #bj & #ba7 ,9 ! un%od horse roam+ ab\t !re is a natural automatic return to prop] relative position :5ev] x has be5 tempor>ily upset4 ,a long toe is worn d[n & high heels are r$uc$ to _! prop] level by friction4 ,n s a foot protect$ by an iron %oe4 ,we> is /opp$1 & a disproportionate ho( becomes m & m disproportionate4 ,tempor>y alt]ations ( ! position ( ! foot d little h>m because !y are p]mitt$1 )9 a m>g91 by ! movem5t ( jo9ts & by ! ela/icity ( muscles4 ,:51 h[ev]1 an alt]ation ( position is cont9u$ = _m weeks x t5ds to become p]man5tly fix$ & may ?us d a great deal ( h>m1 :i* is n trac$ to its real cause because ! effect is sl[ & gradual4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 to rememb] t ! proportion ( ! ho( is to be ma9ta9$ n only because x is necess>y to ! well-be+ ( ! foot2 b because x affects ! action ( ! :ole limb4 ,too long a toe may cause a horse to /umble1 & x mu/ always increase ! /ra9 on ! back t5dons dur+ progression4 ,heels too high prev5t ! frog f tak+ its prop] be>+ on ! gr\nd1 & ?us cause a loss ( function 9 ! back p>ts ( ! foot4 ,an excessively high heel has a t5d5cy to ?r[ ! knee =w>d & to /raight5 ! pa/]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,heels high--"u surface & side view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,heels l[--toe long4 ,x is impossible to lay d[n any h>d & fa/ rule to guide a f>ri] 9 ma9ta9+ ! proportions ( heel & toe :5 r$uc+ an ov]gr[n ho( to prop] =m4 ,feet diff] mu* 9 _! natural =mation1 "s are high-heel$ & "s l[1 "s are /raight 9 front "s v mu* slop$1 "s are n>r[ & upright1 o!rs r\nd & spread+4 ,9 ,fig4 #bb ! heels are too high1 & ! be>+ surface does n rea* ! transv]se l9e at ! heels4 ,! side view %[s ! excessive height ( heels & ! slope ( ! wall 9 front too upright4 ,great assi/ance is af=d$ ! f>ri] 9 judg+ :e!r he %\ld remove m horn f heel or toe by ! appe>ance ( ! "u surface ( ! foot4 ,:5 ! heels are mu* above ! level ( ! frog !re is an indication = _! l[]+4 ,:5 ! wall & b>s are ab\t flu% ) ! angle ( sole betwe5 !m1 !re is1 z a rule1 no m horn to sp>e at t "p4 ,! l5g? ( ! toe may be usefully gaug$ by ! condition ( ! junction betwe5 wall & sole4 ,:5 ! sole is s\nd & /rong all ! wall above its level--wall unsupport$ by sole & %[+ on its inn] aspect m>ks ( ! horny lam9--may be rasp$ d[n s t a firm be>+ surface is obta9$ consi/+ ( wall & sole4 ,9 ,fig4 #bc ! be>+ surface at ! heels is bel[ ! l9e m>k+ a proportionate foot4 ,! toe is too long & projects beyond ! transv]se toe l9e4 ,! side view %[s ! l[ heel & ! correspond+ excess 9 ! slope ( ! wall 9 front4 ,! l[] transv]se l9e 9 ea* figure does n repres5t ! gr\nd1 b is add$ to make cle> ! height ( heels & l5g? ( toe4 ,important z x is to ma9ta9 ! relative proportions betwe5 ! front & back p>ts ( ! foot1 x is p]haps ev5 m important to pres]ve ! balance betwe5 ! two sides ( a foot4 ,bo? sides mu/ be left ( equal height4 ,if "o side be high] ?an ! o!r a disproportionate am\nt ( weight is ?r[n on ! l[] side1 & m or less /ra9 is put ^u ! ligam5ts ( ! jo9t above4 ,9 ! ,figs4 #bd "o limb is %[n ) bo? sides ( ! ho( ev51 & ! /raight l9e ( ! limb cuts squ>ely across ! transv]se l9e ( ! be>+ surface ( ! foot4 ,9 ! ! o!r limb "o side ( ! ho( is too high1 & 9 ! prep>ation = %oe+ only t side w require att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,?r\gh con/ant neglect ( ?is po9t "s feet become m or less p]man5tly twi/$--& ! twi/ occurs at ! coronet4 ,! gr\nd surface ( a foot or a %oe always t5ds to rema9 at "r angles to ! direction ( ! limb1 & :5 ! sides ( a ho( are all[$ to rema9 ( unequal height1 ! high] side presses ! s(t tissues ( ! coronet upw>ds4 ,z ! ho( gr[s f ! coronet ! side ?us increas$ 9 height is n s noticeably unev5 at ! l[] bord] ( ! wall z at its upp]1 & x _c be re/or$ to its prop] =m1 except by mon?s ( c>eful att5tion & slight ov]-l[]+ at ea* %oe+4 ,! diagrams 7,figs4 #be & #bf7 repres5t v]tical sections ?r\gh a foot f side to side4 ,"o %[s ! wall unev5 at ! base1 ! o!r %[s x unev5 at ! coronet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,unev5 at gr\nd surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,unev5 at coronet4 ,peculi>ities 9 ! =mation ( a limb sometimes cause an app>5t error 9 ! relative position ( ! foot4 ,?us we h horses t turn _! toes 91 & ^? t turn _! toes out4 ,! cause ( ?is twi/ takes place at ! upp] "p ( ! limb1 & x w be f\nd t :5 ! toes turn out ! elb[ turns 9 & vice v]s4 ,! f>ri] c d no good to ?is =mation1 & attempts to alt] x or disguise x by devices 9 %oe+ are only injuri\s to ! foot1--little deceptions wor?y ( a horse-cop]4 ,a good be>+ surface is ! prim>y object aim$ at 9 prep>+ ! foot = a %oe4 ,! relative position ( ! limb to ! foot & ! prop] proportions ( e "p ( ! foot are matt]s to be borne 9 m9d :il/ ! f>ri] is directly =m+ ! be>+ surface = a %oe4 ,a good be>+ surface mu/ be ev51 level1 on s\nd horn1 & z wide z c be obta9$ to give /ability to ! %oe4 ,x %\ld n be limit$ to ! wall4 ,if1 )\t ov]-r$uction1 ! use ( ! rasp leaves a firm portion ( ! sole z a level surface cont9u\s ) ! l[] edge ( ! wall1 ! be/ ( be>+ surfaces is obta9$4 7,fig4 #bg74 ,! be>+ surface %\ld be level f heel to toe1 & no "p ( x c be s+l$ out ei!r z unfit to be> weight or z specially capable ( endur+ undue pressure4 ,no brok5 or diseas$ horn %\ld be us$ z be>+ surface = a %oe4 ,! brok5 horn %\ld be remov$ & ! diseas$ horn mu/1 if n entirely remov$1 h s mu* ( its bord] cut or rasp$ (f z w prev5t contact ) a %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,aft] =m+ a level be>+ surface ) ! rasp ! %>p out] bord] ( ! wall is lightly remov$ ) ! file1 s z to prev5t splitt+ ( ! horn4 ,! out] surface ( ! wall %\ld n be rasp$ = x af=ds protection to ! deep] lay] ( horn4 ,! h>d] ! out] lay] ( horn is kept ! t\gh] & firm] is ! :ole ?ickness4 ,! ,sole & ,frog require v little att5tion4 ,no s5sible f>ri] n[ puts himself to ! unnecess>y tr\ble ( cutt+ away horn t is want$ = protection4 ,x 0 n ! practical f>ri] t introduc$ ! /upid p>+ & cutt+ t ru9$ horses' feet = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,x 0 ! !ori/s1 :o taught expansion ( ! wall & desc5t ( ! sole z prim>y necessities 9 ! function ( a foot1 :o mu/ be cr$it$ ) all ! evils result+ f robb+ ! sole & frog ( horn4 ,:5 a horse is %od ) an iron %oe ! wall _c we>1 & !re=e x has to be artificially r$uc$ at ea* %oe+4 ,b ! %oe does n int]f]e ) ! we> ( a frog1 & ! f>ri] may safely leave t organ entirely to take c>e ( itself4 ,to "s ext5t ! %oe does int]f]e ) ! natural we> ( ! sole1 &1 !re=e1 any flakes ( horn :i* h be5 prev5t$ by ! %oe f deta*+ !mselves f ! sole may be remov$4 ,! be/ way to remove ^! is ) ! buff]4 ,! sole %\ld n be p>$ out4 ,i mean n only t ! horn %\ld be left /rong1 x %\ld n be p>$ ) a draw+ knife1 ev5 if only a h>mless surface lay] be remov$4 ,! effect ( leav+ ! sole ( a %od foot ) a smoo?1 level1 p>$ surface is to /op its natural me?od ( ?r[+ (f m or less brok5 flakes1 & to cause x to reta9 t :i* is half loose until x is remov$ 9 "o great cake4 ,a portion ( ! sole t requires a little special c>e 9 prep>+ = %oe+ is ! angle betwe5 ! wall & ! b>s--! well-kn[n seat ( corn4 ,?is mu/ n be left s z to come 9 contact ) ! %oe4 ,x is n to be scoop$ out1 b x %\ld be r$uc$ di/9ctly bel[ ! level ( ! wall s t :5 ! %oe has be5 9 position = a week or two !re is /ill no contact betwe5 ! horn ( ! soles & ! iron at t po9t4 ,level or adju/$ surface8 ,! be>+ surface ( a ho( mu/1 ( c\rse1 be exactly adapt$ to ! surface ( %oe int5d$ to be appli$4 ,presum+ t ! be/ surface = a %oe is "o level f toe to heel1 ,i h insi/$ ^u ! necessity ( a level be>+ surface on ! foot4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptional cases 9 :i* a level %oe is n us$1 & !n we mu/ alt] ! foot accord+ly4 ,horses t we> ! toe ( a %oe out ( all proportion to ! re/ ( ! iron may be b5eficially %od ) a %oe turn$ up at ! toe4 ,to fit su* a %oe ! ho( surface mu/ n be made level1 x mu/ be rasp$ away at ! toe & r\nd$ (f to foll[ ! l9e ( ! %oe4 ,9 ! ?ree diagrams 7,fig4 #bh7 is %[n--7a7 side view ( a foot prep>$ to suit ! turn$-up %oe at ! toe1 7b7 a level l9e to fit a level %oe &1 7c7 a =m (t5 adopt$ on ! ,cont95t to suit a %oe fitt$ ) a slight curve ?r\gh\t4 ,?is adju/$ %oe is design$ to imitate ! %ape ( ! worn surface ( an old %oe or to "s ext5t ! worn surface ( an un%od foot4 ,e f>ri] kn[s h[ _m horses g bett] aft] a level %oe has be5 worn a few days ?an :5 fir/ appli$1 & x is argu$1 ) reason1 t ! great] ease is due to ! %oe be+ worn to ! =m (f]+ lea/ resi/ance to ! movem5t ( ! foot 9 locomotion4 ,i h no?+ to say aga9/ ?is =m ( %oe & ! necess>y =m ( foot surface = x1 except t x is m difficult to make ?an ! ord9>y level "o4 ,:5 adopt$ ! curve ( ! foot %\ld n be obta9$ by ov]-l[]+ ! toe & heels b by leav+ ! qu>t]s high]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,?ree =ms ( be>+-surface4 ,,faults ,,to ,,be ,,avoid$4 ,fig4 #bi %[s a ho( 9 :i* %ort5+ ( ! toe has be5 effect$ n by r$uc+ ! gr\nd surface ( ! wall1 b by rasp+ away ! wall 9 front ( ! toe4 ,?is %\ld n be done ) any good foot1 b x may be adopt$ ) feet hav+ an unnaturally long toe & no sup]flu\s horn on ! "u surface4 ,a /ump$-up toe is v ugly & x weak5s ! ho( 9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,a /ump$-up toe4 ,unev5 be>+ surfaces are easily produc$ by a c>eless use ( ! rasp4 ,"o side ( ! wall may be made l[] ?an ! o!r1 "o heel may be r$uc$ m ?an ! re/ ( ! foot1 or "o side ( ! toe may be unev5ly r$uc$4 ,9 ,fig4 #cj ! foot pres5ts an unev5 surface :i* n uncommonly results f c>eless "w4 ,! p>ts ov]-r$uc$ are ^? mo/ easily rea*$ ) a rasp4 ,! ne> foot suff]s at ! outside heel & inside toe4 ,! (f foot at ! inside heel & outside toe4 ,a left h&$ f>ri] w\ld injure ! feet 9 j ! opposite positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,unev5 surface4 ,ano!r fault results f hold+ ! rasp untruly4 ,if we suppose ! inside heel ( ! ne> foot to be "u prep>ation & ! f>ri] incl9es 8 rasp too mu* inw>ds1 he leaves ! wall at ! heel l[] ?an ! sole )9 x4 ,on su* a foot a level %oe re/s ^u ! sole in/ead ( ^u ! wall1 & a bruis$ heel soon foll[s4 ,p>+ away ! sole to produce a deep concave appe>ance has ano!r evil effect 9 addition to t be=e po9t$ out4 ,x removes ! horn j )9 ! bord] ( ! wall1 tak+ away ! natural support1 & leav+ z be>+ surface = a %oe a n>r[ ridge in/ead ( a /rong flat surface4 ,fig4 #ca %[s ?is fault1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is ridge may be left z ?9 z a knife edge4 ,su* a ridge _c su/a9 ! weight ( ! horse1 & :5 x yields ! %oe also yields1 ! cl5*es are rais$ & ! %oe becomes loose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,a ,p>$-out ,sole4 ,excessive rasp+ ( ,wall4 ,! be/ f>ri]s--^? mo/ pr\d ( _! "w--h a great temptation to use a rasp too freely to ! out] surface ( ! wall4 ,! ho( gets r\gh1 or x may be ridg$1 its appe>ance is improv$ by be+ made smoo?1 & x is only human to turn out "w :i* is clean & neat4 ,own]s & grooms are r incl9$ to =get ! claims ( ! horse :5 judg+ %oe+1 & ! result is t "s h>m is done by excessive rasp+4 ,a /rong foot does n suff] mu*1 b its /r5g? is pres]v$ by leav+ ! h>d out] surface intact4 ,rasp+ (f an out] lay] ( horn fav\rs evaporation & h>d5+ ( ! und]nea? lay]1 & ! t\ghness s desirable is to "s degree replac$ by h>dness & brittl5ess4 ,excessive rasp+ bel[ ! cl5*es is ev5 m injuri\s ?an rasp+ above !m4 ,! wall1 betwe5 its be>+ surface & ! cl5*es1 has to )/& ! contact ( ! %oe1 & ! p]=ation by nails4 ,x %\ld be ! t\ghe/ & /ronge/ "p1 &1 !re=e1 %\ld n be rasp$ m ?an is necess>y to lay d[n ! cl5*es & f9i% ! fitt+4 ,un=tunately ! neate/ "w is done by fitt+ a %oe close & !n rasp+ (f any protrud+ horn4 ,?is is bad = ! foot1 z x weak5s ! wall & spoils ! be>+ surface at ea* %oe+4 ,! wor/ (f5d]s 9 ?is direction are deal]s1 :o sacrifice ev]y?+ to appe>ances & insi/ ^u %oe+ be+ neat at all haz>ds4 ,op5+ ! ,heels is "o ( ! grave/ faults a f>ri] c be guilty (4 ,x consi/s 9 cutt+ away ! extremity ( ! wall at ! heel & g5]ally a slice (f ! side ( ! frog at ! same "t4 ,! effect is to produce an appe>ance ( wid? at ! back ( ! foot--to make :at is call$ a f9e op5 foot4 ,fig4 #ca %[s a foot :i* has be5 injur$ 9 ?is way4 ,! w$ge %ap$ op5+ :i* results has _m objections4 ,x breaks ! cont9uity ( /ructures at ! heels1 x removes horn unnecess>ily1 x weak5s ! foot &1 :5 ! wall is int]f]$ )1 x %ort5s ! be>+ surface = a %oe4 ,! be>+ surface at ! back ( ! foot is p]haps ! mo/ important ( any af=d$ by ! wall4 ,! long] ! be>+ surface is at ! heels ! m ! base = su/a9+ weight is br\ght "u ! leg1 & ! bett] ! position = support+ ! body4 ,all removal ( horn t %ort5s ?is surface is injuri\s4 ,ov]-r$uction ( ho( is always a fault4 ,x is true a c>efully fitt$ %oe on a foot s treat$ may d no h>m = a "t4 ,too mu* horn %\ld be left r ?an too little4 ,a /rong cov]+ ( horn is a protection aga9/ _m mi/akes 9 ! fitt+ or =m ( a %oe appli$ to a foot4 ,s long z a ho( is ev]y:]e /rong en\gh to su/a9 pressure & af=d be>+1 weight is ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole foot4 ,:5 ! horn is ?9 x yields to any unev5 pressure & damage is done to ! foot1 ev5 if imm$iate lam5ess is n induc$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,=m ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,%oes4 ,horse-%oes are made ei!r by h& or ma*9]y4 ,9 ?is c\ntry mo/ are h&-made--! front %oes f new b>-iron1 & ! h9d f old %oes weld$ toge!r & drawn out "u heavy hamm]s4 ,probably no me?od ( work+ iron gives su* good results z ?is 9 produc+ a h>d1 t\gh %oe t w )/& we>4 ,! cu/om ( ! trade is to keep a /ock ( %oes suitable = all ! regul> cu/om]s4 ,f ?is /ock are select$ sizes & =ms1 :i* are !n specially fitt$ = ea* foot4 ,v>i\s mat]ials h be5 tri$ 9 ! production ( horse-%oes4 ,lea!r1 compress$ & h>d5$1 has be5 tri$1 & fail$4 ,vulcanite 0 exp]im5t$ ) unsuccessfully4 ,pap]1 or m correctly1 a compress$ papi] ma*1 has also be5 te/$ b prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,/eel has be5 pretty l>gely tri$ 9 _m diff]5t =ms1 b x is difficult to temp]4 ,z ne>ly all %oes are appli$ imm$iately aft] be+ fitt$ !y h to be rapidly cool$ 9 wat]1 & /eel treat$ 9 ?is way is made s h>d t1 if ! %oes d n break1 !y are dang]\sly slipp]y on mo/ pav$ /reets4 ,z a mat]ial = %oes good malleable iron has no equal4 ,x c be obta9$ 9 b>s ( v>i\s sizes to suit any =m & weight ( %oe1 & ! old %oes made f x may be work$ up ov] & ov] aga94 ,! *ief objects to be atta9$ 9 any p>ticul> patt]n or =m ( %oe are--t x be light1 easily & safely reta9$ by few nails1 capable ( we>+ ?ree weeks or a mon?1 & t x af=d good foot-hold to ! horse4 ,all %oes %\ld be s\ndly work$ & free f flaws4 ,! fir/ %oes 7 d\btless appli$ solely to protect ! foot f we>4 ,! simple/ arrangem5t w\ld !n be ei!r a ?9 plate ( iron cov]+ ! gr\nd surface ( ! foot1 or a n>r[ rim fix$ m]ely r\nd ! l[] bord] ( ! wall4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t ^! primitive =ms c be modifi$ ) advantage1 & t c]ta9 patt]ns are specially adapt$ to our artificial conditions4 ,a good workman requires no directions z to h[ he %\ld "w1 & x is d\btful if a bad "o w\ld be b5efitt$ by any writt5 rules1 b x %\ld be not$ t a well-made %oe may be bad = a horse's foot1 :il/ a v r\gh1 badly-made "o may1 :5 prop]ly fitt$1 be a useful article4 ,to make & apply horse-%oes a man mu/ be m ?an a clev] work] 9 iron--he mu/ be a f>ri]1 & t necessitates a k ( ! horse's foot & ! =m ( %oe be/ adapt$ to its wants4 ,weight ( ,%oes4 ,! light] a %oe c be made ! bett]4 ,weight is a disadvantage we are oblig$ to put up ) to obta9 we>1 = ! frequ5t removal ( %oes is only a little less injuri\s to ! ho( ?an work+ ) none at all4 ,x is n to be und]/ood t ! heavie/ %oe gives ! mo/ we>2 on ! contr>y1 a heavy %oe may h ! iron s di/ribut$ z to increase ! rapidity ( we>1 & a %oe ( half ! weight prop]ly =m$ may la/ long]4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ to f9d worn-out %oes /ill weigh+ m ?an a new %oe :i* w1 on ! same horse1 give a long] p]iod ( we>4 ,:5 a horse we>s 8 %oes out v rapidly1 ! indication to ! f>ri] is n simply to increase ! weight1 b to see if he c obta9 m we> by alt]+ ! =m & di/ribut+ ! iron 9 a diff]5t way4 ,a tir$ horse we>s 8 %oes mu* m rapidly ?an a fre% & active "o4 ,cont9u$ slipp+ we>s away a %oe out ( all proportion to ! "w done by a horse hav+ a firm foot-hold4 ,^! two diff]5t conditions may be p>tially due to ! %oes1 = a heavy %oe tires ! leg1 & broad flat %oes fav\r slipp+4 ,"s horses we> "o special "p ( ! %oe excessively--z a rule1 ei!r at ! toe or ! heel--& ?is is bett] met by turn+ up ! worn "p out ( ! l9e ( we> ?an by ?ick5+ x & s increas+ weight4 ,besides1 a heavy %oe requires a great] numb] or a l>g] size ( nails to reta9 x securely 9 position1 & ?is is a disadvantage4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ t a horse goes bett] 9 a heavy %oe ?an a light "o1 & t ?is is due to ! heavi] %oe act+ z a protection to ! foot & w>d+ (f concussion4 ,if ! t]m goes bett] m]ely means t he lifts 8 foot high] & consequ5tly b5ds 8 knee m1 ,i d n d5y ! ass]tion4 ,! reason ( ?is is n t ! horse feels less concussion & !re=e goes fre]4 ,x is an exagg]ation ( ! natural movem5ts1 due simply to ! horse ) weight impos$ on 8 feet hav+ to use ! muscles ( 8 arms m to lift t weight4 ,! same ?+ c be br\ght ab\t by ty+ bags ( %ot on to ! ho(1 :i* is done to cultivate action4 ,! heal?y foot requires no artificial aids aga9/ concussion1 b :5 a foot becomes t5d] f bad %oe+ x may sometimes be reliev$ by add+ to ! sub/ance & weight ( a %oe4 ,! foll[+ are ab\t ! av]age weights1 p] %oe1 ( horses /&+ #af h&s high3 ,race ,horses #b to #d ounces4 ,hacks & ,hunt]s #ae to #ah ,c>riage ,horses #bj to #cj ,omnibus #c to #c-a_/b lbs4 ,dray #d to #e ,?ickness & ,wid? ( ,%oes4 ,to obta9 ! necess>y am\nt ( we> f %oes !y mu/ be increas$ ei!r 9 ?ickness or wid?1 & x w assi/ u 9 e/imat+ ! relative value ( ^! conditions if we %ortly consid] _! advantages & disadvantages4 ,i may say at once t no s\nd foot requires a wide %oe m]ely z cov] or protection = ! sole4 ,defective soles may sometimes require protection1 b s\nd ones nev]1 & we may !re=e put aside entirely all claims made = wid? ( %oe "u pret5ce t x gives a valuable protection to ! foot4 ,a %oe %\ld be z wide z ! natural be>+ surface ( ! foot1 s t x may occupy ! :ole ( ! space (f]$ by nature z useful = be>+4 ,ev5 :5 x is wid] no h>m is done until ! wid? is su* z to af=d a lodgem5t = /ones1 etc41 betwe5 ! concave sole & ! web ( ! %oe4 ,a ?ick %oe raises ! foot f ! gr\nd & ?us removes ! frog f be>+--a v decid$ disadvantage4 ,x also requires ! l>g] sizes ( nails to fill up ! deep nail holes1 & v (t5 r5d]s ! direction ( ! nail holes a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,! wid? ( a %oe may b5eficially v>y4 ,x %\ld be wide/ at ! toe to af=d increas$ surface ( iron :]e we> is greate/4 ,x %\ld be n>r[e/ at ! heels s z n to infr+e ^u ! frog1 nor yet to protrude greatly beyond ! level ( ! wall4 ,! ?ickness ( a %oe %\ld n v>y unless1 p]haps1 x be r$uc$ 9 ! qu>t]s4 ,heel & toe %\ld be ( ! same ?ickness s z to pres]ve a level be>+4 ,excess ( ?ickness at ! toe puts a /ra9 on ! back t5dons1 :il/ excess at ! heels t5ds to /raight5 ! pa/]n4 ,! surfaces ( ,%oes4 ,!re are two surfaces ( ! %oe :i* claim att5tion1 "o :i* is appli$ to ! foot1 & ano!r :i* re/s on ! gr\nd4 ,! =m ( ^! surfaces may be v>i$ greatly1 b ( c\rse ! foot-surface pres5ts mu* less necessity & less opportunity = alt]ations ?an ! gr\nd-surface4 ,! foot-surface ( a %oe mu/ be =m$ 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! horse's foot1 & no o!r consid]ation %\ld be all[$ to mat]ially modify x4 ,! gr\nd-surface may be alt]$ to suit ! ta/es & prejudices ( ! own] z well z ! requirem5ts ( ! horse & ! peculi>ity ( roadways4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,a level1 flat be>+-surface4 ,! ,foot-,surface4 ,x is q obvi\s t ! surface ( ! %oe ^u :i* ! ho( has to re/ %\ld be regul> & ev52 t x %\ld n consi/ ( hills & holes or grooves & ridges4 ,i %\ld n h m5tion$ su* a v evid5t matt] b t 9 l>ge t[ns1 ! *eap] & poor] classes ( %oe+ commonly possess ?is v fault4 ,:5 %oes are made f ?91 wide1 old iron tyres !y are buckl$ on "o surface1 & to hide ?is ! f>ri] puts t side to ! foot s t x is n notic$ until x causes damage4 ,!re are ?ree or f\r =ms ( foot-surface adopt$ by f>ri]s1 all ( :i* h di/9ctive features1 & "s ( :i* h v grave evils4 ,!re is ! pla9 flat surface :i* is giv5 to all n>r[ %oes1 to hunt+ %oes1 & to "s heavi] & wid] %oes4 ,s long z ! sole is heal?y & ar*$ ?is is a v good =m4 ,all h9d %oes h a flat foot-surface1 & mo/ =e %oes might h x ) advantage4 ,x utilises ! :ole ( ! natural be>+ surface1 & mu/ ( necessity af=d a firm] basis = ! foot to re/ ^u ?an a m limit$ surface4 ,! =e feet are n s con/antly ar*$ 9 ! sole z ! h9d4 ,sometimes !y are flat & occasionally convex4 ,if a %oe be int5d$ = use on all feet--on feet ) convex & flat soles z well z ^? prop]ly =m$--a wide flat foot surface w\ld (t5 cause injury by press+ unev5ly ^u ! sole4 ,to avoid ?is injury 9 less ?an five p] c5t ( feet1 & to save ! tr\ble ( keep+ 9 /ock %oes ( diff]5t =ms1 ! flat foot-surface ( front %oes has be5 replac$ by a bevell$ or seat$ surface4 7,fig4 #cc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,a seat$ be>+ surface4 ,?is =m is v widely us$4 ,x consi/s ( a n>r[ flat surface next ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! %oe1 ab\t equal 9 wid? to ! bord] ( ! wall1 & )9 t1 ( a bevell$ surface1 slop$ (f s z to avoid any pressure on a flat sole4 ,?is seat$ surface is n positively injuri\s b x limits ! be>+ to ! wall1 & neglects to utilise ! additional be>+ surface (f]$ by ! bord] ( ! sole4 ,if %oes 7 to be made all alike no %oe is s g5]ally useful & safe z "o ) a foot-surface ( ?is =m1 b x is evid5t t :5 ! sole ( ! foot is concave !re is no?+ ga9$ by mak+ half ! foot-surface ( ! %oe also concave4 ,!re are two o!r =ms ( foot-surface on %oes4 ,9 "o ! surface slopes gradually f ! out] to ! inn] edge ( ! %oe1 l ! side ( a sauc]4 ,9 ! o!r ! incl9e is rev]s$ & runs f ! inn] edge d[nw>ds to ! out]4 ,?is la/ =m is n (t5 us$1 & 0 inv5t$ ) ! object ( spread+ or wid5+ ! foot to :i* x 0 atta*$4 ,! inv5tor seem$ to ?9k t contraction ( a foot 0 an active condition to be ov]come by =ce1 & t expansion might be prop]ly effect$ by a plan ( con/antly =c+ ap>t ! two sides ( ! foot4 ,! usual result ( we>+ su* a %oe is lam5ess1 & x a*ieves no good :i* _c be z well rea*$ by simply lett+ ! foot alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,foot-surface slop$ outw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,foot-surface slop$ inw>ds4 ,! foot-surface :i* incl9es d[nw>ds & inw>ds l a sauc] acts 9 an exactly opposite way to ! o!r4 ,! wall _c re/ on ! out] edge ( ! %oe1 & consequ5tly falls )9 x1 ! effect be+ t at e /ep ! horse's foot is compress$ by ! sauc]-%ap$ be>+4 ,?is =m ( surface 7,fig4 #ce7 is frequ5tly se51 & is at all times bad & unnecess>y4 ,ev5 :5 mak+ a %oe = ! mo/ convex sole x is possible to leave an out] be>+ surface1 n>r[ b level1 :i* w su/a9 weight )\t squeez+ ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,foot-surface level at ,heels4 ,at ! heels ! foot-surface ( all %oes %\ld be flat--n seat$--s t a firm be>+ may be obta9$ on ! wall & ! extremity ( ! b>4 ,no foot is convex at ! heels1 !re=e !re is no excuse = los+ any be>+ surface by seat+ ! heels ( a %oe to avoid unev5 pressure4 ,fig4 #cf r exagg]ates ! unseat$ portion ( %oe4 ,! ,gr\nd-,surface4 ,z ,i h said1 ?is may v>y indef9itely4 ,sometimes x is a pla9 flat surface1 brok5 only by ! holes made = nails or by ! full]+ :i* af=ds n only space = ! nails b "s grip on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a %oe is full]$ ! groove made %\ld be deep1 s z to let ! nail-head well d[n1 & wide s z to af=d room = giv+ ! nail a prop] direction4 ,if ! full]+ be cont9u$ r\nd ! toe ( a %oe by a good workman neatness is giv51 b :5 a clip is drawn ! iron is s r$uc$ t "s we> is sacrific$4 ,if only an in* at ! toe be unfull]$1 ! solid iron af=ds m we> j :]e x is want$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,concave gr\nd-surface4 ,! concave %oe1 (t5 describ$ z a hunt+-%oe1 pres5ts a v diff]5t gr\nd-surface f t j ref]r$ to4 ,x re/s ^u two ridges ) ! full]+ betwe51 & on ! inn] side ( ^! ! iron is sudd5ly slop$ (f4 ,?is %oe is n>r[ & flat on ! foot-surface1 & is specially =m$ to give a good foot-hold & to be secure on ! ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,d\ble-groov$ gr\nd-surface4 ,a ,rodway %oe has two longitud9al grooves & ?ree ridges on its gr\nd-surface4 ,! out] groove c>ries ! nails1 & ! inn] groove light5s ! %oe & increases ! foot-hold4 ,x is n ! numb] ( grooves or ridges t prev5ts slipp+2 x is ! abs5ce ( a cont9u\s flat surface ( iron1 & ! exi/5ce ( irregul>ities :i* become fill$ up ) s& & grit4 ,a f\r-groov$ %oe has no m anti-slipp+ prop]ties ?an a ?ree-groov$1 & a "o-groov$ %oe is z good z ei!r1 al?\gh x _c /& ! same am\nt ( we>4 ,transv]se ridges & not*es h also be5 tri$ z gr\nd-surfaces = %oes1 b (f] v little1 if any1 bett] grip ?an ! longitud9al grooves4 ,_! great disadvantage is t !y _c be made deep en\gh )\t weak5+ ! %oe1 :il/ if %all[ !y are worn out be=e ! %oe has be5 long 9 we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,gr\nd-surfaces1 not*es1 projections1 ridges4 ,a ,calk9 is ! "n giv5 to ! extremity ( a %oe :5 turn$ d[n at ! heels4 ,calk9s are us$ on mo/ h9d %oes &1 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 on =e %oes4 ,!y are suppos$ to be ! mo/ conv5i5t & effective means ( giv+ good foot-hold4 ,?is supposition is correct :5 a horse travels on s(t gr\nd or on /reets s pav$ t a space is left betwe5 ea* c\rse ( /ones4 ,!y are ( v little use on asphalte or wood pavem5t1 & n mu* m use on roll]-made macadam4 ,) light mod]n c>riages & level mod]n roads calk9s are q unnecess>y1 & bett] means ( giv+ foot-hold may be sub/itut$4 ,x is a fact t horses :5 %oes are new & calk9s prom95t d _! "w )\t slipp+1 & t :5 ! calk9s are worn d[n ! horse moves ) less confid5ce & security4 ,?is does n prove t calk9s are necess>y4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t horses possess a p[] ( adapt+ !mselves to circum/ances1 b hav+ le>n$ to rely ^u any artificial assi/ance !y are ! m helpless1 = a "t1 on its )drawal4 ,calk9s assi/ ! horse = a "t1 b aft] ! calk9 is worn d[n ! horse is 9 a worse position ?an if he _h nev] become accu/om$ to its assi/ance4 ,( c\rse on s(t gr\nd1 especially grass1 calk9s af=d a firm] grip ?an any o!r contrivance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! con/ant use lifts ! frog out ( be>+ & causes x to wa/e1 ?us spoil+ ! action ( ! natural provision aga9/ slipp+4 ,level %oes on ! h9d feet promote s\nd1 prom95t frogs1 & give firm foot-hold = all light horses4 ,ev5 omnibus horses1 n[ t ! vehicles are suppli$ ) effective foot-brakes1 may advantage\sly be work$ )\t calk9s4 ,on c\ntry roads1 especially :5 ! di/rict is hilly or ! load is heavy1 calk9s may be requisite1 & mu/ !n be made to d z little h>m z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! we> ( a %oe is affect$ by ! height ( a calk94 ,! m ! heel is rais$ ! great] ! am\nt ( we> at ! toe4 ,_m %oes :5 worn out at ! toe %[ v little effects ( we> at o!r p>ts1 & ! "q arises h[ be/ to increase ! we> ( ! %oe )\t increas+ its weight4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci ?ree diagrams are pres5t$ 9 :i* dott$ l9es %[ ! effect ( we>4 ,at 7a7 ! %oe is ( ev5 ?ickness ?r\gh\t--f heel to toe--& ! l9e ( we> %[s t :5 ! %oe is worn out a great am\nt ( iron rema9s4 ,at 7b7 ! qu>t]s ( ! %oe are made ?9n] & ! toe is made ?ick]1 s t ) no increase ( weight b by a bett] di/ribution ( ! iron1 increas$ we> is provid$ = at ! "p :]e x is mo/ requir$4 ,at 7c7 is %[n a %oe simil> 9 =m to t at 7b7 b diff]5tly fitt$4 ,! toe is turn$ slightly upw>ds1 & ! result is t a l>g] portion ( iron is br\ght into we>4 ,9 ! case ( v h>d-we>+ horses t scrape out ! toe ( ! ord9>y %oe 9 t5 or f\rte5 days ?is =m ( fitt+ adds consid]ably to ! durability ( ! %oe1 & s pres]ves ! foot f ! evil ( too frequ5t removal ( %oes1 :il/ avoid+ any increase ( weight4 ,)\t calk9s we> is m ev5ly di/ribut$1 & ! toe is n worn away disproportionately to ! re/ ( ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,two calk9s--! l[ squ>e "o pref]able4 ,a calk9 ?r[s ! leg & foot1 to "s ext5t1 out ( _! prop] position4 ,a v high calk9 is n only objectionable1 x is unnecess>y4 ,n mu* prom95ce is requir$ to af=d a cat* or /op4 ,excessive height is usually giv5 to meet we>1 & ?is c be obta9$ equally well by increas+ ! wid? & bread?4 ,i1 !re=e1 recomm5d t :5 calk9s are us$ !y %\ld be l[1 squ>e & broad4 ,! fur!r "u a foot ! calk9 is plac$1 ! great] is ! rais+ ( ! heel1 !re=e calk9s %\ld always be accompani$ by a long %oe4 ,! fur!r back a calk9 be plac$ ! less x int]f]es ) ! natural position ( ! foot4 ,calk9s r5d] a horse liable to tread ! opposite foot1 & ! high] & %>p] ! calk9 ! great] ! injury inflict$4 ,to avoid ?is injury ! inn] heel ( a %oe frequ5tly has no calk91 b is made at ! same level z ! out] by n>r[+ & rais+ ! iron at ! heel1 =m+ :at is call$ a w$ge heel4 ,?is is n an advisable =m ( %oe z x has on ! inn] heel a skate-%ap$ =mation1 mo/ fav\rable to slipp+1 & on ! out] a cat*--an arrangem5t t5d+ to twi/ ! foot ea* "t ! cat* takes hold ( ! gr\nd4 ,if calk9s are us$ at all !y %\ld be ( equal height & on bo? heels ( ! %oe4 ,9 ,scotl&1 & 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 heavy horses are %od1 =e & h9d1 n only ) calk9s b also ) toe-pieces1 & ! own]s ass]t t ! horses c\ld n d ! "w )\t !m4 ,t horses d simil> "w 9 ! ,s\? )\t calk9s & toe-pieces r %akes "o's fai? 9 ! ass]tion1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ne>ly all pav$ /reets 9 ! ,nor? h a division left betwe5 ! r[s ( /ones 9 :i* ! toe-piece f9ds a firm resi/+ surface4 ,i believe also t ! av]age load drawn is great] 9 ! ,nor? ?an 9 ! ,s\?4 ,"o ?+ 9 fav\r ( toe-pieces mu/ be ackn[l$g$--!y1 ) ! calk9s1 re/ore ! natural position ( ! foot & pres]ve ! level ( ! %oe4 ,on ! l>g] draught horses ! toe-pieces p]mit a light] %oe to be us$1 z ! portion ( iron betwe5 heels & toe ne$ n be ?ick to resi/ we>4 ,x only requires to be /rong en\gh to support weight & mu* less iron is !re=e us$4 ,! heavy dray horse ( ! ,nor?1 %od ) toe-pieces & calk9s1 is nev] work$ at a trot4 ,9 ,london all horses are trott$--a proce$+ :i* reflects discr$it ^u ! intellig5ce ( ! manag]s4 ,i mu/ m5tion ano!r objection to calk9s4 ,!y increase ! t5d5cy to cut1 & _m horses w cease cutt+ aft] calk9s are remov$ & a level %oe has be5 adopt$4 ,nails & nail holes4 ,x is necess>y to consid] ^! toge!r z !y are dep5d5t on ea* o!r4 ,%oes 7 fir/ nail$ to ! feet by flat-head$ nails1 & probably x 0 a long "t be=e ! w$ge-head$ nail 0 ?\ght (4 ,:5 ! nail head fits into ! nail hole x may reta9 ! %oe till x is worn z ?9 z a p5ny1 b if only ! %ank ( ! nail ent]s ! %oe1 ! head is soon worn (f & ! %oe becomes loose4 ,)9 ! la/ #bj ye>s ! horse-%oe nail trade has be5 revolutionis$ by ! introduction ( ma*9]y4 ,ma*9e-made nails are n[ almo/ entirely us$1 & ! ?ree or f\r lead+ br&s are z ne> p]fection z 7 ! v be/ h&-made4 ,practically !re is no fault to f9d ) !m1 & z !y are ready-po9t$ = driv+ !y save "t & lab\r 9 ! =ge4 ,!y are made 9 v>i\s sizes1 & numb]$ f #b up to #af4 ,only ! v be/ iron c be us$ to produce good nails4 ,no?+ is de>] ?an bad nails :i* cause injury to ! foot & loss ( %oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,a good nail %\ld pres5t c]ta9 =ms ( head1 neck & %ank4 ,! head %\ld n be too broad at ! top or x may become fix$ 9 ! nail-hole only by its upp] edge1 z %[n 9 ! middle diagram ,fig4 #da1 & :5 ! %oe has _h a few days we> ! nail loses its hold1 & ! %oe is loose4 ,! neck %\ld n be too ?ick1 z x is !n liable to press on ! s5sitive foot & to break ! wall4 ,! %ank %\ld n be too wide or too ?ick4 ,! po9t %\ld n be too long or too tap]$ z ?is leaves insuffici5t metal to =m a good cl9*4 ,!re are two me?ods ( putt+ nail-holes into %oes--by full]+ & by /amp+4 ,a /amp$ %oe is "o 9 :i* ! nail holes are m]ely pun*$ at c]ta9 di/ances1 s z to leave f\r-sid$ tap]$ holes ( ! exact %ape ( a nail-head4 ,a full]$ %oe is "o hav+ a groove r\nd ! circumf]5ce ?r\gh :i* ! nail-holes are pun*$4 ,bo? processes1 :5 well-done1 admit ( nails be+ driv5 into ! ho( ) equal safety & ease4 ,:e!r /amp$ or full]$1 !re are a few m important po9ts to rememb] ab\t ! nail-holes4 ,! wall is n ( ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 b becomes ?9n] t[>ds ! heels4 ,! inn] side ( ! foot is also some:at ?9n] & m upright ?an ! out]4 ,! safe/ position1 !n1 = ! nails is 9 ! front half ( ! foot1 b %\ld ?is position n pres5t s\nd horn !y may be plac$ fur!r back4 ,! dang] ( plac+ nails ne> ! heels is due entirely to ! great] risk 9 driv+ !m ?r\gh ! ?9 horn4 ,!re ne$ be no fe> ( int]f]+ ) expansion4 ,! di/ance ( ! nail-holes f ! out] edge ( ! %oe %\ld dep5d ^u ! ?ickness ( ! horn ( ! wall1 & !re=e be great] 9 l>ge %oes ?an 9 small]1 & great] at ! toe ?an at ! heels ( ! same %oe4 ,:5 ! nail-holes are all ne> to ! circumf]5ce ( ! %oe 7,fig4 #db ,b47 !y are describ$ z f9e2 :5 !y are all plac$ f> f ! edge 7,fig4 #db ,a47 !y are call$ co>se4 ,:5 ! nail-holes are too f9e a nail has to be driv5 high up 9 ! wall to obta9 a firm hold1 & ?is is liable to split ! horn4 ,:5 nail-holes are too co>se ! nail 9 driv+ goes dang]\sly ne> ! s5sitive foot4 ,! evils ( co>se & f9e nail+ dep5d a great deal ^u ! me?od ( fitt+ ! %oes4 ,:5 %oes are fitt$ full to ! foot 7:5 ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! %oe is great] ?an ! circumf]5ce ( ! wall7 co>se nail-holes are br\ght to ab\t _! be/ position4 ,:5 %oes are fitt$ close 7i4e41 :5 _! out] edge is br\ght )9 ! bord] ( ! wall7 f9e nail-holes are br\ght to _! be/ position 9 relation to ! foot4 ,x ne$ h>dly be add$ t ! fit ( a %oe ought n to be subject to ! position ( ! nail-holes1 b t ^! %\ld be prop]ly plac$ s t fitt+ be guid$ only by ! requirem5ts ( ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,wrongly plac$ ,nail-holes4 ,ea* nail-hole :5 prop]ly plac$--nei!r too co>se nor too f9e--%\ld be pun*$ /raight ?r\gh ! %oe & n incl9$ ei!r inw>ds or outw>ds1 except at ! toe :]e ! slope ( ! wall is foll[$ by slightly pit*+ 94 ,:5 a full] is us$ ! groove made %\ld be wide2 !n ! f>ri] has m comm& ov] ! direction ( 8 nail4 ,if ! nail-hole be pit*$ 91 ! nail mu/ take t direction & is liable to w\nd ! foot4 ,if ! nail-hole be pit*$ out1 ! nail is prev5t$ f tak+ suffici5t hold ( ! horn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,nail-holes pit*$ 9 & out4 ,! position & direction ( ! nail-hole control ! passage ( a nail ?r\gh a %oe & into ! ho(4 ,! man :o drives a nail is usually blam$ = lam+ a horse1 b 9 mo/ cases x w\ld be m j to blame ! man :o made ! nail-holes or fitt$ ! %oe & s r5d]$ safe driv+ difficult or impossible4 ,ea* nail-hole %\ld be z f> z possible f ! o!r--say1 f an in* to an in* & a half ap>t4 ,:5 ! two front or toe nail-holes are put too f> back ! :ole are cr[d$1 or ! la/ are pu%$ back too ne> ! heels4 ,= small %oes f\r or five nail-holes are suffici5t4 ,m$ium-siz$ %oes %\ld h f five to sev51 & ! heavy %oes ( big draught horses mu/ h eight4 ,! numb] ( nail-holes ne$ n always be increas$ 9 proportion to ! size ( ! %oe1 because z ! weight ( %oe is increas$ s is ! size ( ! nail1 & an extra /rong nail may take ! place ( additional ones4 ,! few] nails 9 a foot ! bett]1 b z a prop]ly-plac$ nail does no h>m1 & z ! loss ( a %oe may be v s]i\s1 x is bett] to h "o too _m ?an "o too few4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,ma*9e-made ,%oe--,=e-foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,ma*9e-made ,%oe--,h9d-foot4 ,ma*9e-made ,%oes4 ,horse-%oe+ is di/9ctly an art requir+ special skill = its prop] p]=mance4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ labori\s ( all skill$ trades4 ,any?+ :i* light5s me*anical toil t5ds to improve ! m5tal & arti/ic qualities ( ! workman1 & all applications ( ma*9]y :i* less5 ! heavy manual lab\r ( ! f>ri] may !re=e be look$ ^u z improvem5ts4 ,ma*9]y has light5$ ! lab\r ( %oe-mak+ 9 two ways--by supply+ v>i\s patt]ns ( groov$ & bevell$ iron 9 b>s1 :i* only require cutt+ into l5g?s & turn+ r\nd to =m a %oe1 & also by mak+ %oes all ready to be fitt$ to ! foot4 ,ma*9]y has n yet turn$ out a %oe z good & durable & well f9i%$ z ! be/ workman c produce by h&1 b x c produce _m =ms ( %oes z good = all practical purposes1 & x has ?is advantage--all are alike4 ,bad workm5 make bad %oes1 b a ma*9e1 once able to produce a good model1 c repeat x exactly1 !re=e ma*9e-made %oes ( a prop] patt]n are sup]ior to all b ! v be/ h&-made %oes4 ,economy1 ( c\rse1 is on ! side ( ! article produc$ by ma*9]y1 & all l>ge firms keep+ _! own f>ri]s f9d a great sav+ by buy+ ! ready-made %oes4 ,"u conditions :5 %oes mu/ be fitt$ )\t a fire1 z 9 coal m9es1 or 9 ! case ( armies dur+ a campaign1 ! ma*9e-made article has ! advantages ( regul>ity ( =m & a true level be>+ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,sections ( roll$ b> iron4 ,9 little %ops :]e (t5 only "o man is at "w1 ei!r ma*9e-made %oes or prep>$ b> iron (f] great conv5i5ces4 ,! prep>$ b>s c be b\ght seat$ on ! foot-surface & ) a s+le or d\ble groove on ! gr\nd-surface4 ,v n>r[ b>s suitable = tips1 ,*>li]1 or light hack %oes are n[ widely us$1 & a special b>--flat on ! foot-surface1 concave to ! gr\nd--c be obta9$ :i* only requires cutt+ into l5g?s & turn+ r\nd to =m a fir/-class hunt+-%oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,sections ( light patt]n b> iron4 ,bo? prep>$ b>s & ma*9e-made %oes mu/ be judg$ by _! =m & by ! mat]ial us$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,"s are bett] ?an o!rs1 b all h to cont5d ) a l>ge am\nt ( trade prejudice :i* has little basis except 9 ! matt] ( ! h9d %oes--"h ma*9]y has n yet rea*$ p]fection4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,selection ,,( ,,%oes4 ,9 practice1 a f>ri] does n tr\ble mu* ab\t ! selection ( suitable %oes4 ,! rule is to apply :atev] =m ( %oe ! horse has be5 we>+1 & only to v5ture an op9ion z to alt]ations :5 ask$ by ! own]4 ,:5 ! selection ( a suitable %oe is left to ! workman he takes into consid]ation ! "w requir$ ( ! horse1 ! =m ( ! feet1 & ! we> ( ! old %oes4 ,! =m ( ! old %oes indicates n only :e!r a horse is a light or h>d we>] b :at p>ts ( ! %oe are mo/ worn1 & ?us enables provision to be made aga9/ excessive or irregul> we>4 ,! =m ( ! feet indicates n only :at size ( %oe is requisite b also :at special weakness or /r5g? is to be enc\nt]$4 ,x is also necess>y to note ! condition ( ! fetlocks & knees1 :i* may %[ signs ( bru%+ or spe$y cutt+4 ,accord+ to all ^! appe>ances a %oe %\ld be select$4 ,= ! diff]5t classes ( horse !re are well-kn[n =ms ( %oe :i* pres5t special advantages1 ?us3-- ,! race horse :5 9 tra9+1 may be %od ) a v light %oe1 b on ! turf he requires ! lighte/ contrivance capable ( protect+ ! ho( & af=d+ good foot-hold4 ,! ord9>y rac+ plate answ]s ^! requirem5ts4 ,x is made 9 a crease1 or tool1 or may be made f specially prep>$ b>s :i* only ne$ cutt+ into l5g?s & turn+ r\nd4 ,! plate is ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* wide by "o-eigh? ?ick4 ,! foot-surface is flat1 & ! gr\nd-surface is full]$ & concave4 ,/eeple*ase plates are made on ! same patt]n1 b %\ld be a little /rong] s z to avoid ev5 ! possibility ( becom+ twi/$ on ! foot4 ,hunt+ %oes %\ld be light1 v secure1 & ( a =m to give good foot hold4 ,! be/ are flat on ! foot-surface1 & full]$ & concave on ! gr\nd-surface4 ,! h9d %oe %\ld also be concave on ! gr\nd-surface1 b to avoid ! injury ( ov]-rea*+ ! inn] circumf]5ce at ! toe %\ld be r\nd$ & smoo?4 ,a small squ>e calk9 at ea* heel af=ds grip on grass1 & especially 9 go+ d[n hill at a fa/ pace4 ,hacks1 be+ us$ on h>d roads1 mu/ h heavi] %oes ?an hunt]s1 b ! =m may be ! same4 ,c>riage horses require m sub/ance 9 _! %oes ?an hacks1 & ! n>r[ concave %oes suitable = hunt]s & hacks _c give suffici5t durability4 ,! d\ble-groov$ %oe kn[n z ,rodway's is ! be/ = ?is class4 ,on ord9>y roads ! h9d feet may be %od ) a common two heel$ %oe1 b on wood & asphalte ! heavi] sizes ( ,rodway iron make a %oe t af=ds v good foot hold & disp5ses ) ! necessity = calk9s4 ,omnibus & ,van horses require /rong] %oes to meet ! h>d we> entail$ by _! "w4 ,! heavy ,rodway iron makes v suitable front %oes1 b ! h9d %oes mu/ be solid ) only a full]+ = ! nails or1 z _m pref]1 ea* nail-hole sep>ately /amp$4 ,z a rule ! h9d %oes ( ?is class ( horse h calk9s on ! outside heel4 ,if ! vehicle 9 :i* !y run is provid$ ) a foot-brake calk9s are unnecess>y1 & ! advantages ( a level %oe %\ld be made use (4 ,! advantages are--bett] foot hold1 long] we> & less dang] f treads & cutt+4 ,heavy draught horses4 ,9 ,scotl& & 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& ?is class ( horse is %od ) a toe-piece & calk9s on bo? =e & h9d %oes4 ,9 ,london calk9s are only put on ! h9d %oes1 & toe-pieces are n us$ at all4 ,on pav$ /reets :]e a space exi/s betwe5 ! r[s ( /ones & especially if ! road be hilly1 ,i ?9k toe-pieces are advisable1 & ( c\rse :5 !y are us$ calk9s mu/ be also made4 ,horses hav+ become accu/om$ to toe-pieces1 :5 %od ) a level %oe1 slip mu* m = a week or two ?an d horses :i* h nev] le>n$ to rely ^u ! b> across ! toe4 ,e ?+ consid]$1 ,i incl9e to pref] a level %oe 9 front1 & a %oe ) two l[ squ>e calk9s beh9d = heavy draught horses4 ,! enorm\s wid? ( %oe (t5 us$ 9 ,london is q unnecess>y1 x is v heavy & x fav\rs slipp+4 ,a n>r[] %oe mu/ ( c\rse be a little ?ick] to meet ! we>1 b x is light] & af=ds bett] foot hold1 & z slipp+ & fatigue are bo? causes ( excessive we>1 a n>r[ %oe1 weight = weight1 w la/ long] ?an a broad flat "o4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,fitt+ ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,%oes4 ,hav+ select$ %oes suitable = ! feet & adapt$ to ! special "w ( ! horse1 hav+ also prep>$ ! foot = %oe+1 we arrive at ano!r important "p ( ! f>ri]s' art--fitt+ ! %oe4 ,no matt] :at =m ( %oe be us$ or h[ ! foot be prep>$ = x1 unless ! two are prop]ly fitt$ ! horse does n obta9 all ! advantages ( good %oe+1 & may be positively injur$4 ,! own] ( horses seldom kn[s any?+ ab\t ! fitt+ ( %oes1 & !re=e fails to appreciate h[ "s ( 8 directions conc]n+ feet & %oes are q impracticable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,i h 9 a previ\s *apt] attempt$ to %[ h[ a foot %\ld be prep>$ = %oe+1 & :at be>+ surface %\ld be left = ! %oe4 ,i h also describ$ :at ,i consid] ! be/ =ms ( %oe4 ,! object at all times %\ld be to foll[ nature z closely z possible1 b x (t5 happ5s t we may1 ) b5efit1 dep>t f ! exact indications giv5 & /ill fulfil all ess5tial requirem5ts4 ,if we exam9e ! un%od foot :i* has be5 worn d[n to prop] proportions we f9d ! be>+ surface is n level--x is worn m at ! toe & heels ?an else:]e4 ,if we exam9e ! gr\nd surface ( an old %oe ! same ?+ is notic$--! surface is n level1 ! toe & heel %[ mo/ we>4 ,! "q !n arises1 %\ld we make ! artificial be>+ surface ( ! foot on ! same plan & adju/ ! %oe to x1 z 9 ,fig4 #dh1 or %\ld we make ! surface level & apply a level %oe z 9 ,fig4 #di8 ,i believe t ! ideal arrangem5t w\ld be to foll[ ! l9e sugge/$ by a worn foot or a worn %oe1 b x is difficult to c>ry out1 & great] exactness ( fit is m readily obta9$ by two level surfaces4 ,! gr\nd surface ( a %oe may1 if necess>y1 be alt]$ to suit ! outl9e ( we>1 :il/ ! level foot-surface is pres]v$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,:atev] =m ! f>ri] adopts1 a %oe %\ld re/ equally ?r\gh\t1 & ! contact ( foot & %oe %\ld be exact ov] ! :ole be>+ surface4 ,assum+ !n t a prop]ly prep>$ foot pres5ts a level surface1 ! fitt+ ( %oes becomes simple s long z ! smi? possesses manual dext]ity & foll[s ! indications ( common s5se4 ,!re are two conditions to be fulfill$1 7#a7 to fit ! %oe to ! pla9 surface ( ! foot1 7#b7 to fit ! %oe to ! circumf]5ce ( ! wall4 ,mo/ amateurs judge %oe+ by ! way a %oe foll[s ! outl9e ( ! ho(1 b ! practical man kn[s t x is equally difficult & important to fit ! surface4 ,outl9e fitt+4 ,a %oe is fir/ comp>$ ) ! foot1 x is !n heat$1 & ! heels cut (f or turn$ d[n to ! prop] l5g?4 ,ea* limb ( ! %oe is fitt$ to foll[ ! outl9e ( ! wall1 & x is necess>y to w>n ! novice t ! inside & outside bord]s ( a foot are n alike4 ,! outside is r\nd] & full]1 & ! %oe %\ld be %ap$ to foll[ exactly ! direction ( ! wall4 ,! out] bord] ( a %oe %\ld always be z prom95t z ! out] bord] ( ! ho(2 x %\ld nev] be )9 x4 ,! inn] bord] mu/ n protrude beyond ! wall le/ ! opposite leg be /ruck4 ,a well fitt$ %oe mu/ be fitt$ full to ! foot4 ,:at is call$ close fitt+1 i4e41 br++ ! %oe r )9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! wall1 is injuri\s1 z x loses ! be/ & /ronge/ be>+ ( ! wall1 & p]mits ! f>ri] to give an appe>ance ( neatness by rasp+ away any horn :i* protrudes beyond ! %oe4 ,on a well-%ap$ foot ! %oe %\ld foll[ ! out] l9e ( ! ho( f toe to heel1 b :]e ! heels ( a foot are turn$ inw>ds !re is an advantage 9 fitt+ ! %oe wid] at ! heels1 z by s do+ ! base ( ! foot is n con/rict$ & a wid] re/+ surface is af=d$ to ! limb4 ,:5 a %oe is fitt$ wide at ! heels x is ess5tial t ! foot-surface ( ! %oe %\ld be level at ! heels4 ,if x be incl9$1 z x (t5 is 9 seat$ %oes1 a v grave defect 9 ! fitt+ results1 = ! heels h no level be>+-surface4 ,a %oe fitt$ too wide is liable to be trodd5 (f by ! opposite foot1 or x may cause ! horse to hit ! opposite fetlock jo9t4 ,provid$ ! nail holes are prop]ly plac$1 :5 ! outside bord] ( ! %oe is fitt$ nicely to ! circumf]5ce ( ! ho(1 !y are br\ght to _! "r position4 ,:5 nail holes are plac$ too ne>1 or too f>1 f ! out] bord] ( ! %oe--i4e41 :5 !y are too f9e or too co>se--x may be necess>y to correct _! position by fitt+ ! %oe clos] or full]1 z ! case may be4 ,:5 a f>ri] fits %oes made by ano!r man he may ov]look ?is1 z we are all slaves to habit4 ,! man :o 9 8 daily practice comb9es close fitt+ ) f9e nail+ has to alt] 8 r\t9e :5 fitt+ a %oe ) co>se nail holes4 ,! l5g? ( a %oe at ! heels is a matt] ( m importance ?an is g5]ally recognis$4 ,z a rule hunt]s are all %od too %ort1 :ile mo/ c>t horses are %od too long4 ,! objections to a long front %oe are t x is liable to be trodd5 (f by ! h9d %oe1 & t x may injure ! elb[ :5 ! horse lies d[n4 ,a long h9d %oe is free f bo? ^! disadvantages1 & z x usually has a calk9 is ! be/ =m to adopt4 ,9 fitt+ ! heels ( front %oes1 9 all b gallop+ horses1 ! iron %\ld g5]ally ext5d slightly beh9d ! extremity ( ! horn4 7,fig4 #dh74 ,horses us$ = gallop+ %\ld h ! end ( ! %oe j )9 ! t]m9ation ( ! horn1 & %\ld f9i% ) an oblique extremity4 7,fig4 #di74 ,!re is no?+ ga9$ by great] %ort5+1 if ! iron be fitt$ exactly to ! horn4 ,:y %oes are (t5 pull$ (f1 :5 only j ! l5g? ( ! ho(1 is because !y are n fitt$ close en\gh1 & v (t5 because !y are wilfully & ignorantly design$ to leave a space betwe5 ho( & iron4 ,?is s-call$ eas$ heel is an unmitigat$ evil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,%oe fitt$ %ort at ! heels4 ,surface-fitt+4 ,x is simple to direct t ! be>+-surface ( a %oe %\ld be exactly adapt$ to ! be>+-surface ( a foot4 ,x is n s simple to c>ry out4 ,:5 ! horn on ! l[] surface ( a foot is ?9 any unev5 pressure--i4e41 pressure appli$ directly to "o spot--soon causes injury1 pa91 & lam5ess4 ,:5 a good ?ick lay] ( horn exi/s1 unev5 pressures are less injuri\s1 because ! horn di/ributes !m ov] a wide surface4 ,good workman%ip is display$ by leav+ no unev5 pressure1 & by s fitt+ a %oe t x %all d no h>m4 ,) a n>r[ %oe--"o only ! wid? ( ! wall--no unev5 pressure c be appli$ to ! s5sitive foot1 b su* a %oe is seldom us$ z x is too light to af=d suffici5t we>4 ,a wide %oe ) a flat foot surface is easily fitt$ on all concave feet--i4e41 on all h9d & mo/ =e feet4 ,to make use ( ! :ole be>+-surface a %oe mu/ re/ ev5ly f toe to heel--! flat surface ( ! %oe mu/ take a level be>+ on ! :ole flat be>+-surface ( ! foot4 ,!re are two places :]e injury f unev5 pressure is mo/ likely to happ5--at ! toe & at ! heels4 ,9 prep>+ a foot ! wall at ! toe may1 f want ( c>e1 be r$uc$ a little bel[ ! level ( ! sole1 or 9 mak+ a %oe ! inside bord] at ! toe may be left high] ?an ! outside4 ,9 ea* case unev5 pressure is plac$ on ! sole j :]e ! back bord] ( ! %oe re/s4 ,9 fitt+ a hot %oe1 :]ev] ! ho( is unduly m>k$ w>n+ is giv5 t pressure at t po9t mu/ be prev5t$ by alt]+ ! surface ei!r ( ! %oe or ! foot4 ,on a /rong foot1 ! knife may be us$ to remove a little horn2 on a weak foot ! alt]ation mu/ be on ! %oe4 ,at ! ! heel unev5 pressure is mo/ frequ5t on ! angle ( sole betwe5 ! wall & b>1 :]e x causes ! s-call$ corn--a condition 9 ! horse hav+ no analogy to ! affliction simil>ly nam$ 9 ! human subject4 ,x is simply a bruise ( ! s5sitive p>ts "u ! horn4 ,a bruis$ heel--a corn--is mo/ likely to arise f ! use ( a %oe too %ort1 especially if fitt$ too close4 ,x may arise f a prop]ly-fitt$ %oe reta9$ too long on ! foot & %ift$ f its prop] be>+ on ! wall to an improp] be>+ on ! sole4 ,a bruis$ heel may also result f ! use ( a well-made %oe if ! prep>ation ( ! ho( has be5 faulty4 ,rule-(-?umb directions to r$uce ! heels to a level by ! use ( ! rasp1 b on no acc\nt cut away any sole may result 9 injury4 ,9 a /rong foot ) an ov]gr[n sole x is easy to get a level surface & to fit on to x a level %oe1 b ! horn ( ! sole does n rema9 level4 ,z x gr[s & flakes (f ! portion betwe5 ! b> & wall is rais$4 ,if ! wea!r be wet x swells1 & !n1 b\nd d[n by ! %oe1 x acts simply z a /one might & bruises ! s5sitive p>ts )9 by its unev5 pressure4 ,x is always safe & x is nev] injuri\s to remove s mu* ( ! surface ( ?is portion ( sole ) ! draw+-knife z w ensure no unev5 pressure on x by ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,an eas$ heel4 ,! m exactly ! %oe fits ! foot-surface ! m easily x is reta9$ 9 position by ! nails1 & ! less likelihood !re is ( any "p ( x press+ di/9ctly on a limit$ portion ( horn4 ,exact fitt+ all[s all be>+s & pressures to be di/ribut$ equally ov] ! surface ( ! ho(1 & ?us p]mits ! %oe mo/ ne>ly to resemble a m]e cont9uation ( ! ho( 9 iron--an arrangem5t to prev5t we>1 b n to int]f]e ) natural functions4 ,!re is "o dep>ture f level fitt+ :i* requires special notice s9ce x is made1 n by accid5t or neglig5ce1 b by design4 ,x consi/s 9 tak+ ! be>+ ( an in* or an in* & a half ( ! extremity ( a %oe (f ! foot4 7,fig4 #ej74 ,x has be5 call$ eas+ ! heels1 & ! space p]mits a knife-blade1 sometimes ev5 a p5cil1 to be plac$ betwe5 ! %oe & ! foot4 ,x is "o ( ! v wor/ practices t !ory has =c$ into horse-%oe+4 ,m5 :o d x say ! heels won't /& pressure4 ,i reply !y w /& all prop] pressure1 & a good deal m ?an ! qu>t]s4 ,b ! practice does n relieve ! heels ( pressure4 ,if y exam9e a %oe fitt$ 9 ?is way1 aft] x has done a mon?'s s]vice1 y w f9d x sometimes poli%$ bright1 sometimes ) a deep groove worn into x4 ,y may also te/ its be>+ by rais+ ! foot f ! gr\nd & ins]t+ betwe5 %oe & ho( a flat bit ( wood1 !n on releas+ ! foot & rais+ ! opposite "o1 y w f9d t ! be>+ is su* t ! bit ( wood _c be remov$4 ,! eas$ heel does n relieve ! heels ( pressure b1 in/ead ( con/ant normal be>+1 x p]mits a d[nw>d movem5t ( ! back ( ! foot at ea* /ep--:i* is unnatural1 & :i* _c occur 9 an un%od foot on a level surface4 ,! eas$ heel does m ?an ?is4 ,x wa/es a l>ge ext5t ( good be>+-surface1 & x conc5trates pressure at "o po9t--:]e ! %oe & foot meet--at ! qu>t]s4 ,x loses good be>+-surface :]e x is important to h x1 & unev5ly ?r[s extra weight on ! qu>t]s :i* are ! weake/ p>ts ( ! wall4 ,an eas$ heel has n "o s+le advantage1 b x has e disadvantage :i* misplac$ +5uity c\ld contrive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,section ( a seat$ %oe4 ,= flat feet a wide %oe ) a flat foot-surface is unsafe z !re is liability to unev5 pressure on ! sole4 ,= su* feet ! saf] =m ( foot-surface is "o pres5t+ a level n>r[ be>+-surface r\nd its out] bord]1 f :i* an incl9$ or bevell$ surface cont9ues ! %oe inw>ds4 7,fig4 #ea7 ,?is =m ( %oe c be fitt$ to ne>ly any k9d ( foot4 ,to escape injury to a flat sole seat+ out %oes is necess>y1 b ! op]ation %\ld always leave a level be>+-surface = ! wall4 ,:5 a %oe is seat$ f "o side to ! o!r s z to produce a sauc] %ap$ surface h>m is done to ! foot4 ,su* a %oe pres5ts no level be>+-surface1 & ! weight ( ! horse press+ ! wall on an incl9$ plane causes ! foot to be p9*$ or compress$ 9 a mann] :i* soon causes lam5ess4 7,fig4 #eb74 ,a few ye>s ago ^! %oes 7 too common1 & to make !m /ill m injuri\s1 ! foot 0 p>$ out f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce l a sauc]1 & ! two spoil$ articles 7 fitt$ toge!r4 ,_! surfaces ( contact 7 two n>r[ ridges :i* ev5 ! mo/ exp]t workman c\ld n fit )\t injury to ! horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,section ( a sauc] %oe4 ,9 ,fig4 #eb a %oe ) an incl9$ surface is appli$ to a foot ) a be>+-surface z wide z ! wall b ! only contact is at ! edges4 ,! horn at ! edge w yield1 & ! ho( be press$ inw>ds z ! weight ( ! animal =ces ! foot into ! sauc]-%ap$ %oe4 ,:5 ! be>+-surface ( ! foot1 in/ead ( be+ z wide z ! wall1 is only a ridge1 ! horn yields m rapidly1 ! cl9*es rise & ! %oe becomes loose4 ,9 ,fig4 #ec is %[n a section ( ano!r %oe ) an incl9$ in/ead ( a level surface1 b ! slope is f )9 outw>ds4 ,! effect ( ?is is exactly ! opposite ( ! previ\s %oe4 ,! wall is =c$ outw>ds1 & if x does n z a :ole yield to ! pressure ! portion 9 contact is brok54 ,:5 ?is =m ( be>+-surface is adopt$ at ! heels ( a %oe ! two sides ( ! ho( are viol5tly =c$ ap>t1 & x has ev5 be5 recomm5d$ z a means ( exp&+ ! foot2 b =cible expansion is bo? unnecess>y & dang]\s4 ,always reg>d+ ! %oe z an ext5sion ( ! natural ho( 9 a h>d] & m durable mat]ial1 x is evid5t t ! mo/ /ability w be atta9$ by ! use ( z wide a be>+-surface ( foot & %oe z is compatible ) ease & safety to ! horse4 ,9 ,fig4 #ed is %[n a section ( a n>r[ %oe :i* takes a be>+ ov] ! :ole ext5t ( its foot-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,be>+-surface incl9$ outw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,n>r[ %oe ) level be>+-surface4 ,9 ,fig4 #ee is %[n a %oe ) z wide a be>+-surface z 9 ,fig4 #ed1 b :i* loses half its be>+ because ! foot-surface is too n>r[ to utilise x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,be>+-surface ( foot too n>r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,a good be>+-surface4 ,9 ,fig4 #ef we h a model be>+-surface on ! foot1 ne>ly twice ! wid? ( ! wall1 & we h a %oe ) a flat foot-surface capable ( us+ ! :ole be>+4 ,su* is ! fitt+ ( all h9d %oes1 & x might well be adopt$ ) advantage 9 all =e %oes on good feet4 ,clips are ?9 projections drawn up f ! out] bord] ( %oes = ! purpose ( giv+ great] security to _! position on a foot4 ,on heavy c>t horses ! clips are sometimes ( great size & enc\rage ! idea t ! smi? looks ^u !m z design$ to assi/ ! nails to reta9 ! %oe on ! foot4 ,!y %\ld h no su* purpose1 _! use be+ m]ely to prev5t ! %oe %ift+ to "o side4 ,a clip %\ld n be n>r[ & high1 x %\ld be l[ & wide s t its be>+ is tak5 aga9/ ! l[] edge ( ! wall4 ,a high clip is a mo/ s]i\s dang] :5 %oes get loose & are trodd5 on by ! horse4 ,! usual position = a clip is at ! toe1 b !re are occasions :5 two clips--"o at ea* side ( ! toe--are us$4 ,on "s %oes a clip is plac$ at ! out] qu>t] to prev5t ! %oe be+ displac$ inw>ds2 ?is is m (t5 requir$ on h9d %oes4 ,a clip at ! toe af=ds "s assi/ance 9 fitt+ a %oe exactly1 & x also af=ds /ead9ess to ! %oe dur+ ! driv+ ( ! fir/ nails4 ,9 ,am]ica clips are n us$1 & :5 ,am]ican ma*9e-made %oes 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,london !y 7 fitt$ )\t clips4 ,i am b\nd to confess t ^! %oes did n %ift on ! feet to any noticeable ext5t1 b !y are n[ all fitt$ ) clips s ,i suppose ! workm5 f\nd !y 7 an advantage4 ,! greate/ evil result+ f clips is se5 9 slov5ly fitt+1 :5 ! f>ri] ) 8 knife c>ves out a great hole 9 ! wall 9 :i* to imb$ ! clip4 ,z a clip is flat x _c be fitt$ to ! r\nd$ face ( ! wall1 b all t is necess>y is to r$uce ! r\nd to a flat surface ) ! rasp1 s t ! clip may re/ on x1 c>e be+ tak5 t at ! extreme edge ! horn is n left s prom95t z to be unduly press$ ^u :5 ! clip is driv5 close to ! wall4 ,x is easy to lame a horse by viol5tly hamm]+ up ! clip1 especially :5 ! horn beh9d x has be5 s mu* cut away z to leave only a ?9 protect+ lay]4 ,a clip %\ld only be hamm]$ up suffici5tly to leave x firmly appli$ to ! wall4 ,a bad workman 9 mak+ 8 clip may spoil ! foot-surface ( a %oe by caus+ a bridge on ! be>+ surface ( ! iron at ! toe1 & ?is1 on ?9 or flat feet1 may cause lam5ess4 ,a v unsightly appe>ance & v defective "w results f ! fireman leav+ 8 clip at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! %oe4 ,x %\ld be incl9$ backw>ds at ab\t ! same slope z ! portion ( wall aga9/ :i* x is to re/4 ,! two diagrams 7,fig4 #eg7 illu/rate :at is meant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,toe ,clips4 ,hot & ,cold ,fitt+4 ,:5 an eng9e] or a c>p5t] has two surfaces to fit toge!r ) great exactness he employs "s col\r+ mat]ial to %[ :]e !y d come 9 contact & :]e !y d n4 ,:5 a f>ri] fits a %oe to a horse's foot he te/s its adaptation by apply+ x at a dull r$ heat to ! horn4 ,?is proce$+ %[s ) precision ! be>+ surfaces1 z ! horn is *>r$ 9 proportion to ! contact4 ,if ! %oe be f\nd n to fit exactly1 x is tak5 back to ! anvil & alt]$4 ,x is !n aga9 = a few seconds appli$ to ! horn & ! surface ( contact exam9$4 ,?is proce$+ is repeat$ until suffici5t exactness is arriv$ at & !n ! %oe is cool$ ready = nail+ on4 ,z horn is a bad conductor ( heat ?is process ( hot-fitt+ does no h>m to ! s5sitive /ructures )9 ! ho( unless x be c>ri$ to an extreme4 ,:5 ! horn is v ?9 ! heat ( a %oe reta9$ too long 9 contact ) x does s]i\s mis*ief1 & ! injury kn[n z a burnt sole has (t5 result$ f c>eless "w4 ,if a %oe1 :il/ be+ alt]$ to fit a foot1 7 cool$ ea* "t x 0 laid on ! ho(1 x w\ld h to be re-heat$ be=e ! necess>y alt]ations c\ld be made & ?is w\ld cause great wa/e ( "t4 ,! abuse ( hot-fitt+ may d h>m )\t any direct burn+ ( ! sole4 ,an ill-fitt+ hot %oe may be held on ! ho( until x b$s itself into ! horn & ?us a complete correspond5ce betwe5 ! surface ( ! foot & ! surface ( ! %oe be effect$4 ,su* a proce$+ is well describ$ z fitt+ ! foot to ! %oe & is n only de/ructive to ! horn b damag+ to ! foot by p]mitt+ an unev5 %oe to look z ?\gh x 7 prop]ly fitt+4 ,:5 hot-fitt+ is us$ & n abus$--:5 x is adopt$ m]ely to indicate h[ & :]e ! %oe fits1 & n to make x appe> to fit--,i consid] x has _m advantages ov] cold-fitt+4 ,) "s feet & "s %oes x is q possible to produce a good fit )\t heat+ ! %oe4 ,:5 a %oe requires mu* alt]ation to br+ x into exact correspond5ce ) ! foot1 ev5 ! mo/ exp]t f>ri] _c d ju/ice to 8 "w ) cold iron--he gets z ne> to a fit z he c & :5 ! ho( is /rong little h>m is done4 ,! be/ "w is t :i* includes ! greate/ exactness ( fit1 & unev5 pressure or loose %oes result f inf]ior "w4 ,a badly fitt$ %oe requires m nails to reta9 x 9 place1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t hot-fitt$ %oes give a small] av]age ( loose or lo/ %oes ?an ^? cold-fitt$4 ,! slight *>r+ ( ! end ( ! horn fibres :i* results f prop] hot-fitt+ has nev] be5 f\nd to d injury1 & x app>5tly has "s advantages4 ,"o is t ! surface ( ! ho( less readily absorbs moi/ure ?an :5 n *>r$4 ,ano!r is t ! horn is s(t5$ = a "t & exp&$1 all[+ nails to be easily driv51 & !n contract+ & reta9+ !m m firmly4 ,! objection to hot-fitt+ applies only to its abuse4 ,! advantages are great] exactness ( fit1 great] security t ! %oe w be firmly reta9$ on ! foot1 & great] facility 9 ! op]ation ( %oe+4 ,p]haps ,i ought to add t :5 cold-fitt+ is inevitable ma*9e-made %oes are ! be/1 because !y are m regul> 9 =m1 & m (t5 level on ! foot-surface ?an h&-made %oes4 ,army /uds on active s]vice1 & /uds us$ 9 coal m9es comprise1 p]haps1 ! only animals ^u :i* cold-fitt+ is unavoidable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,tips are %ort %oes protect+ only ! =emo/ half ( ! foot4 ,^u grass or s(t roads tips are q suffici5t to prev5t undue we> ( ! ho(4 ,ev5 ^u h>d roads tips w protect ! ho( 9 dry wea!r1 b 9 wet seasons ! horn becomes s(t5$1 & !n t "p com+ 9 contact ) h>d road-surfaces we>s rapidly & lam5ess may foll[4 ,tips require m c>e 9 use ?an %oes because !y protect f we> only ! toe1 & :5 reta9$ on ! foot too long a "t cause ! ho( to become v disproportionately long at ! toe4 ,9 fitt+ a tip c>e mu/ be tak5 to af=d ! horse a level surface to be> on4 ,! unprotect$ horn at ! back ( ! foot mu/ take a be>+ on ! gr\nd level ) ! gr\nd-surface ( ! tip4 ,if !re is suffici5t horn on ! foot ?is c be easily effect$ by only remov+ ! ov]gr[n wall to j ! l5g? ! tip ext5ds & leav+ ! horn beh9d unt\*$4 ,:]e !re is n suffici5t sup]flu\s horn ?is me?od _c be us$1 & we apply a tip gradually ?9n$ (f t[>ds its h9d] extremities4 ,if a little horn c be remov$ obliquely f ! front half ( ! foot by a few /rokes ( ! rasp ?is ?9n$ tip is m easily fitt$ s z to get a level surface on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a horse has worn ?is =m = a mon? x is g5]ally possible to br+ a tip1 ( ev5 ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 into ! same l9e ( be>+ z ! horn at ! heels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,foot prep>$ = a tip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,an ord9>y & a ?9n$ tip4 ,tips d n give a good foot-hold on grass1 b !y af=d great] security ( tread on h>d smoo? roads & on ice ?an long %oes4 ,! great advantages ( tips are two-fold--!y are light1 & !y p]mit ! greate/ fre$om ( movem5t & action 9 ! po/]ior "p ( ! foot4 ,9 "s cases ( *ronic foot lam5ess ! use ( tips & regul> "w w effect s\ndness :5 e o!r me?od ( treatm5t has fail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,groove = ,*>li] %oe =m$ by cutt+ away /rip ( wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,section ( ,*>li] %oe on foot4 ,! ,*>li] ,sy/em is a me?od ( %oe+ :i* a few ye>s ago took a v prom95t hold on ! fancy ( horse-own]s4 ,l e o!r sy/em x has advantages & disadvantages--x has prejudic$ enemies & indiscreet fri5ds4 ,! pr9ciple or !ory ^u :i* x is bas$ may be ?us /at$4 ,! l[] bord] ( ! wall is1 x is said1 ! *ief su/a9+ /ructure ( ! ho(1 & z all t is requir$ ( a %oe is to prev5t undue we>1 !re=e1 remove a small /rip ( ! l[] bord] ( ! wall & sub/itute = x a simil> siz$ /rip ( iron1 & we %all protect f we> at ! same "t t we leave entirely to nature e o!r "p ( ! ho(--sole1 frog1 & b>s4 ,?is seems em95tly simple & logical1 b x is easy to %[ t x is m plausible ?an true4 ,fir/1 ,i w\ld po9t out t ! wall only is n ! natural su/a9+ /ructure ( ! ho(4 ,! wall & ! sole at its connection ) ! wall is4 ,next ,i d5y t ! ,*>li] sy/em does leave entirely to nature e o!r "p ( ! ho(4 ,9 cutt+ away ! wall f ! sole to affix ! %oe1 ! natural function ( ! sole is s]i\sly int]f]$ )1 & ! be>+ on ! wall :i* ought to be p>tially di/ribut$ ov] ! ar* ( ! sole is limit$ to ! wall4 ,x is claim$ t :5 ! foot has _h "t to gr[ ! sole w be f\nd on a level ) ! %oe1 & ?us directly %>+ 9 ! weight-su/a9+ function4 ,i h exam9$ _m feet %od by ,*>li] speciali/s1 & h nev] yet se5 ! sole ( a h9d foot level ) ! %oe ?ree days aft] ! %oe+4 ,only once h ,i se5 ! sole ( ! =e foot level ) ! %oe aft] a week's we>4 ,i am (t5 apologetically told1 ,well1 x is n q 9 we>1 b x is n an eight ( an in* bel[ ! surface ( ! %oe4 ,q s1 x is ne>ly 9 we>1 b if n actually 9 we> :at becomes ( ! pr9ciple8 ,! sole is n directly 9 we> & be>+ is conf9$ to ! wall4 ,z to ! frog1 ! ,*>li] af=ds no great] use to x ?an any o!r %oe ( a simil> ?ickness1 unless in/ead ( be+ plac$ on s\nd firm horn x be dang]\sly let d[n into ! ho( s t its edge approa*es v closely to ! s5sitive foot4 ,x is sometimes difficult to arrive at ! tru? z to ! significance ( ! phrase emb$d+ or lett+ d[n ! %oe ( ! ,*>li] sy/em4 ,at "o "t we are assur$ t ! %oe is n sunk1 ! sole is p]mitt$ to gr[ up4 ,:5 ?is is s1 v little positive objection to ! sy/em c be tak51 because ! %oe !n re/s at ! same level on firm horn z does any o!r n>r[ %oe2 b !n ! frog takes no bett] be>+ ?an 9 o!r sy/ems & ! sup]flu\s gr[? ( horn on ! sole is ( no value4 ,:5 ! %oe is really let d[n ( c\rse ! frog does receive increas$ pressure--x is =c$ to %>e ) ! wall ! prim>y function ( su/a9+ weight in/ead (1 z 9 nature1 tak+ only a second>y %>e ( su* action4 ,x does ?is at ! exp5se ( a %oe plac$ s close to ! quick t if ! upp] & inn] bord] ( iron be n bevell$ (f1 imm$iate lam5ess results4 ,:5 ! ,*>li] %oe 0 fir/ introduc$ x 0 appli$ ! full l5g? ( ! foot1 b x 0 f\nd t :5 ?9n$ by we> ! heels spread & l$ to injury ( ! opposite leg or to its be+ trodd5 (f4 ,n[ ! ,*>li] is only appli$ l a tip r\nd ! front portion ( ! surface ( ! foot1 & x !re=e p>takes ( "s ( ! advantages ,i h cr$it$ to tips4 ,x is a v light %oe & only requires small nails to fix x securely1 b z ! %oe is only ! wid? ( ! wall ! nails h to be driv5 solely 9 ! wall1 & _! position is op5 to ! objection apply+ to all too f9e nail+4 ,! disadvantages ( ! ,*>li] are its be+ let d[n too ne> ! quick1 its limit$ be>+1 & its f9e nail holes2 ! advantages are ! lightness & ! fre$om giv5 to ! back ( ! foot1 bo? ( :i* are atta9able ) a n>r[ tip n let d[n4 ,"o v app>5t effect result+ f ! use ( ! ,*>li] sy/em is ! alt]ation 9 ! action ( ! horse4 ,all knee action is lo/1 & "s horses g decid$ly t5d] :il/ o!rs acquire a l[ %oot+ /ride1 :i* is c]ta9ly n 9 accordance ) our notions ( good free locomotion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,groove = modifi$ or %ort ,*>li]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #fd4--;,a ,tip laid on1 n let d[n4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,r\gh+4 ,9 w9t]1 ice1 sn[1 & fro/1 r5d] roads slipp]y1 & x is necess>y to provide "s arrangem5t :]eby horses may h ! greate/ security ( foot-hold4 ,9 c\ntries su* z ,canada or ,russia1 :]e a regul> w9t] sets 9 at a tol]ably uni=m date & cont9ues )\t int]mission = "s mon?s1 x is easi] to adopt a good sy/em ( r\gh+ ?an 9 ,great ,brita94 ,!re1 on a ?ick lay] ( ice or sn[1 %>p projections on ! %oes cut into ! surface & af=d foot-hold4 ,! edge ( ! projections is n soon blunt$1 & :5 once prop]ly plac$ _! duration is z long z ! "t desirable = reta9+ ! %oe4 ,"h1 v diff]5t conditions obta94 ,sometimes a week or two ( fro/ & sn[ may prevail1 b m frequ5tly ! spells ( w9try wea!r are c\nt$ by days4 ,two or ?ree days ( fro/ & !n two or ?ree days ( mud & slu%1 to be foll[$ by ei!r dry h>d roads or a return ( ice & sn[1 is our usual w9t]4 ,we require dur+ ?is "t to provide = occasional days1 or m r>ely = weeks1 ( fro/-b\nd roads4 ,our horses' %oes we> ab\t a mon? & !n require replac+ by new ones4 ,:5 roads are h>d & dry we want no %>p ridges or po9ts ab\t our horses %oes1 & yet we mu/ always be able at tw5ty-f\r h\rs notice to supply "s tempor>y arrangem5t :i* w ensure foot-hold4 ,! necessity = r\gh+ & ! evil effects ( cont9u+ to "w unr\gh$ horses on slipp]y fro/-b\nd roads is demon/rat$ 9 ,london e w9t] by a v significant fact4 ,if aft] ?ree days ( ice & sn[1 anyone w visit a horse-slaught]]s' y>d1 he w f9d ! place full ( dead horses :i* h fall5 9 ! /reets & suff]$ incurable or fatal injury4 ,a sudd5 & sev]e attack ( ice & sn[ half p>alyses ! horse traffic ( a l>ge t[n = a day or two1 & _m own]s w soon] keep _! horses 9 ! /able ?an g to ! exp5se ( hav+ !m r\gh$4 ,! loss 9 civil life f unprep>$ness = ice & sn[ is v s]i\s1 b ! loss :i* has fall5 ^u milit>y movem5ts f simil> neglect is appall+4 ,napoleon's r\t f ,mosc[ 9 #ahad1 ,b\rbaki's flight into ,switz]l& 9 #ahga1 & ! ,dani% retreat ^u ,ko5igsgratz 9 #ahfe are t]rible in/ances ( ! frightful loss su/a9$ :5 horses are unable to keep on _! feet at a walk1 let alone drag guns & wagons ov] an ice-cov]$ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,fro/-nails1 v>i\s4 ,a well-manag$ /ud ( horses :i* is requir$ to face all wea!r & to "w e day ?r\gh an ,engli% w9t] %\ld1 f ,decemb] #a/ to ,m>* #a/1 be %od 9 su* a mann] z to be easily & spe$ily provid$ ) me*anism :i* w af=d secure foot-hold4 ,?is may be effect$ by ! use ( moveable /eel r\ghs or %>ps4 ,( c\rse ! co/ is ! argum5t aga9/ !m1 b ?is %\ld be consid]$ 9 view ( ! probability or c]ta9ty ( loss :i* w foll[ f neglect4 ,if we all[ common humanity to animals to ent] into ! consid]ation1 economy w be s]v$ by adopt+ a well arrang$ sy/em ( r\gh+4 ,e good horseman appreciates ! enormity ( ov]-load+1 b neglect ( r\gh+ causes j z mu* cruelty4 ,a horse t on a good road c prop]ly draw a ton w\ld be consid]$ ov]-load$ ) two tons1 & 8 /ruggles to progress w\ld at once attract att5tion4 ,! same animal ) half a ton on an ice-cov]$ surface w\ld suff] m exhau/ion1 fatigue1 & fright1 & run m risk ( fatal injury ?an 9 ! case ( ! ov]-load+1 b 8 own] :o w\ld indignantly repudiate ! "o condition w design$ly incur ! o!r4 ,probably ?is is only ?\ghtlessness1 b x is a reflection on ! prud5ce ( a manag]1 & c]ta9ly n flatt]+ to ! feel+s or intellig5ce ( a man4 ,!re are _m ways ( provid+ foot-hold = a horse on ice & sn[4 ,! mo/ simple & tempor>y proce$+ is to use fro/-nails4 ,fig4 #fe %[s v>i\s sizes & %apes ( ^! articles4 ,!y are n driv5 ?r\gh ! ho( l ord9>y nails1 b ?r\gh ! %oe only1 :i* is prep>$ = _! reception at ! "t ( fitt+4 ,a %oe to c>ry fro/-nails is fitt$ a little wid] ?an usual at ! heels & has at its extremities1 or m (t5 at its out] extremities1 c\nt]sunk holes /amp$ & direct$ outw>ds s t ! fro/-nail c be safely driv5 ?r\gh by anyone & its %ank turn$ d[n ov] ! %oe4 ,!re is a difficulty 9 firmly secur+ !m1 !y are apt to "w loose & !n become b5t & useless4 ,if us$ on ! inside heel ( a %oe !y con/itute a dang] to ! opposite leg %\ld !y b5d & protrude f "u ! %oe4 ,z a tempor>y provision aga9/ a sudd5 fro/ or fall ( sn[ !y are useful--b !y are only a make-%ift4 ,! m p]man5t & effective sy/em ( r\gh+ consi/s 9 remov+ ! %oes & turn+ d[n a %>p *isel projection at ! heels4 ,9 v bad wea!r a project+ edge is also laid across ! toe ( ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,heels ( ,=e & ,h9d ,%oes1 %>p$4 ,! diagrams %[ ! me?od ( %>p+ a front & h9d %oe at ! heels only4 ,! h9d %oe1 hav+ calk9s1 is n mu* alt]$4 ,! smi? simply conv]ts ! squ>e calk9 into a %>p-edg$ "o4 ,! =e %oe hav+ no calk9s is turn$ d[n at ! heels to af=d en\gh iron to =m ! '%>p4' ,b ?is %ort5s ! %oe1 & if x be repeat$ two or ?ree times1 z x (t5 is1 ! be>+ surface is spoil$1 & ! slighte/ c>elessness 9 fitt+ ! %oe causes a bruis$ heel4 ',r\gh+' is g5]ally done 9 a hurry4 ,a doz5 horses rea* ! f>ri]'s %op at "o "t & all desire to return to "w ) z little delay z possible4 ,! "w is p]=ce hurri$ ?r\gh1 c>eful fitt+ _c be done1 & bad-foot$ horses suff] accord+ly4 ,! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ff %[ ! orig9al l5g? ( %oe1 & ! %ort5+ :i* results f a second r\gh+4 ,all horse-own]s "k h[ _m lame horses result f ! repeat$ r\gh+s necessitat$ by a week or two ( w9try wea!r4 ,"s ( ?is is inevitable f ! ru% & hurry :i* _c be prev5t$4 ,valuable horses ) weak feet %\ld n be submitt$ to any su* risk4 ,!y %\ld be %od ) removable %>ps4 ,! m]e fact ( remov+ a horse's %oes p]haps five or six times 9 a mon? mu/ injure ! ho(4 ,add to ?is ! %ort5+ ( ! %oe1 ! rais+ ( ! heel by ! r\gh+1 & ! irregul> be>+ due to hurri$ fitt+ & we h conditions :i* only ! v /ronge/ feet c endure )\t s]i\s injury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,toe ,%>p4 ,= heavy draught horses1 & = all :]e ! roads are hilly1 ! toes z well z ! heels mu/ be '%>p$' :5 ice & sn[ are firm on ! surface4 ,fig4 #fg %[s ?is arrangem5t at ! toe4 ,! removable /eel %>ps1 ( :i* ,i h spok51 are c]ta9ly ! lea/ objectionable me?od ( provid+ foot-hold 9 w9t]4 ,!y are made 9 v>i\s sizes to suit all k9ds ( %oes4 ,!y v>y 9 %ape some:at1 b _! =m is m a matt] ( fancy ?an utility4 ,"o 9 ea* heel ( a %oe is ! usual numb] us$ b if sn[ & ice are pl5tiful & ! roads hilly two additional %>ps may be plac$ at ! toe ( ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,removable ,/eel ,%>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,/eel ,%>ps1 screw4 ,at ! "t ( fitt+ ! %oes1 holes are made by fir/ pun*+ a r\nd hole ?r\gh ! heels--& ?r\gh ! toe if desir$--!n ! hole is 'tapp$' & a ?read =m$ to fit x 9 ! %ank ( ! %>p :i* is to fill x4 ,if ! %>ps are n imm$iately want$ ! holes may be fill$ ) corks to keep out ! grit & dirt4 ,:5 corks are us$ ! we> ( ! %oe causes a burr to =m r\nd ! edge ( ! hole1 & be=e ! %>p c be screw$ 9 a tap mu/ be work$ into ea* hole to cle> ! ?read4 ,"o great objection to ?is me?od is t z ! %oe we>s x becomes ?9n]1 & if mu* worn ! %ank ( ! %>p may be too long1 & :5 screw$ home cause pressure ^u ! ho( & consequ5t lam5ess4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is /eel blanks are us$ to pres]ve ! holes1 & :5 a fro/ comes !y are remov$ & ! %>ps put 94 ,! blanks v>y 9 height & ( c\rse ^? lea/ 9 height are be/ = ! horse's action1 b !y mu/ n be all[$ to get s worn t x is impossible to remove !m4 ,^! blanks are %[n bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,blanks1 screw$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,/eel ,%>ps & ,blank1 ,plug %anks4 ,! tapp+ & screw+ ( %oes is exp5sive1 & 9 small %ops mu/ be done by h&4 ,9 l>ge %ops a gas eng9e & a ma*9e w\ld r$uce ! co/ v greatly1 & if ! sy/em came into g5]al use ?is me?od ( provid+ aga9/ fro/-b\nd roads c\ld be c>ri$ out at mu* less co/ ?an n[4 ,) a view to economy & simplicity a %>p has be5 inv5t$ :i* requires no screw4 ,! %ank may be ei!r r\nd or squ>e4 ,a hole is pun*$ 9 ! heel ( ! %oe & c>efully gaug$ to ! size ( ! %ank ( ! %>p4 ,! %>p is !n put 9 & a tap ( ! hamm] secures x4 ,! difficulty is to get ! hole 9 ! %oe & ! %ank ( ! %>p ( correspond+ =m & size4 ,:5 ?is is done ! %>p keeps its place & is n difficult to remove4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 !y are n uni=m1 & !n ! %>p falls out or sometimes _c be remov$4 ,:5 ! holes are drill$ in/ead ( pun*$ ! fit is m exact1 b ?is only applies to ^? ) a r\nd %ank4 ,a slight tap] is giv5 bo? to ! hole & ! %ank ( ! %>p4 ,z ) ! screw %>ps s ) ^!1 blanks are us$ to keep ! holes op5 until ! road-surface requires ! %>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,/eel ,taps = screw+ %oes4 ,no %>ps %\ld be left 9 %oes :5 ! horses are /abl$ at night1 z s]i\s injuries to ! coronet may result f a tread by ! opposite foot4 ,! coa*man or horse-keep] mu/ be suppli$ ) a spann] to remove ! screws1 & ) a tap to cle> ! holes if blanks are n us$4 ,= roads n badly cov]$ ) sn[ & ice1 suffici5t security is af=d$ by "s =ms ( india-rubb] pads1 :i* w be describ$ 9 a future *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,injuries ,,f ,,%oe+4 ,ev5 ) ! mo/ c>eful f>ri] injury may occur dur+ %oe+1 or may arise z ! result ( ! op]ation4 ,sometimes ! foot1 f its condition or =m1 r5d]s an accid5t possible1 & x may be s diseas$1 or defective1 z to r5d] %oe+ ) safety v improbable4 ,sometimes ! %oe is to blame1 & sometimes ! nail or clip4 ,a few words ab\t ea* ( ! common injuries may be useful z helps to _! avoidance or z guides to _! rem$y+4 ,f nails two k9ds ( injury may result4 ,! mo/ common arises f ! nail be+ driv5 too ne> ! s5sitive p>ts1 & is kn[n z a b9d4 ,! nail does n really p5etrate ! s5sitive foot1 b is s ne> z to press unduly ^u x4 ,?is condition causes lam5ess1 :i* is g5]ally n notic$ till a day or two aft] ! %oe+4 ,x is readily detect$ by ! f>ri] on remov+ ! %oe & try+ all ! tracks ( ! nails 9 ! ho( by pressure ) p9c]s4 ,:5 ! lam5ess is slight removal ( ! nail & "o or two days re/ are all t is requir$4 ,:5 ! lam5ess is great x may be suspect$ t ! injury has caus$ ! =mation ( matt] )9 ! ho(4 ,?is mu/1 ( c\rse1 be all[$ to escape1 & ! s]vices ( a vet]9>y surgeon are advisable4 ,any neglect 9 ^! cases1 su* z work+ ! horse aft] lam5ess has appe>$1 or delay 9 remov+ ! (f5d+ nail1 may lead to v s]i\s *anges 9 ! foot1 or ev5 to dea? ( ! horse4 ,ano!r injury caus$ by nails is f a direct puncture ( ! s5sitive foot4 ,?is may be slight1 z 9 cases :]e ! f>ri] 9 driv+ ! nail misdirects x & s /abs ! s5sitive p>ts1 b imm$iately )draws ! nail kn[+ :at has happ5$4 ,! lam5ess result+ f ?is is usually slight4 ,v mu* m s]i\s is ! lam5ess result+ f a nail :i* pi]ces ! s5sitive foot & is n recognis$ at once by ! f>ri]4 ,z a rule1 lam5ess is imm$iate1 & %\ld ! horse p]=m a j\rney be=e ! nail is remov$1 s]i\s damage is c]ta9 to foll[4 ,want ( skill 9 driv+ a nail is n always ! *ief cause ( b9d+ or prick+ a horse4 ,m (t5 ?an n ! =m & position ( ! nail-holes is ! prim>y cause1 = if ! nail-holes 9 ! %oe are too co>se or badly pit*$ x is q impossible to safely drive nails ?r\gh !m4 ,sometimes ! nails are defective1 & ?is 0 mu* m common :5 nails 7 all h&-made4 ,bad iron or bad workman%ip l$ to nails splitt+ )9 ! ho(1 & :il/ "o half came out ?r\gh ! wall ! o!r portion turn$ 9 & p5etrat$ ! s5sitive foot caus+ a mo/ dang]\s injury4 ,! be/ br&s ( ma*9e-made nails1 n[ g5]ally us$1 are rem>kably free f ?is defect4 ,no lam5ess result+ f injury by a nail %\ld be neglect$4 ,if detect$ & att5d$ to at once few cases are s]i\s4 ,if neglect$1 ! v simple/ may end 9 p]man5t damage to ! horse4 ,by treat+ ^! accid5ts z unp>donable1 horse-own]s r enc\rage f>ri]s to disguise !m or to n ackn[l$ge !m4 ,if ! workman w\ld always be c>eful to se>* = injury & :5 he f\nd x ackn[l$ge ! accid5t1 _m simple cases w\ld cease to develop into s]i\s ones4 ,frank ackn[l$gem5t is always be/1 b is less likely to take place :5 x is foll[$ by unqualifi$ blame ?an :5 treat$ z an accid5t :i* may h be5 accompani$ by unavoidable difficulties4 ,f clips lam5ess may arise4 ,a badly drawn clip is n easily laid level & flat on ! wall4 ,:5 hamm]$ d[n excessively x causes pressure on ! s5sitive foot1 & lam5ess4 ,:5 side clips are us$--"o ea* side ( ! foot--x is n difficult to cause lam5ess by driv+ !m too tightly aga9/ ! wall4 ,!y !n hold ! ho( z if 9 a vice4 ,:5 %oes get loose or are p>tially torn (f ! horse may tread on ! clip1 & if x be high & %>p v dang]\s w\nds result4 ,f ! %oe1 injury results f any unev5 pressure1 especially :5 ! horny cov]+ ( ! foot is weak & ?94 ,! horn becomes brok5 & split1 & ! be>+ = a %oe is m or less spoil$4 ,flat feet are liable to be bruis$ by ! pressure ( ! inn] circumf]5ce ( ! %oe at ! toe4 ,lam5ess f ?is cause is easily detect$ by remov+ ! %oe & te/+ ! ho( ) ! p9c]s4 ,if att5d$ to at once1 & ! be>+ ( ! %oe remov$ f ! "p little injury results4 ,if neglect$1 inflammatory *anges 9 ! s5sitive p>ts are sure to arise4 ,corns 9 horses are due to bruis+ ( ! angle ( ! sole by ! heel ( ! %oe4 ,a wide op5 foot ) l[ heels is mo/ likely to suff]1 b any foot may be injur$4 ,! mo/ common seat ( injury is ! inn] heel ( a =e-foot4 ,ev5 a prop]ly fitt$ %oe may cause a corn if reta9$ too long ^u a foot1 z !n1 ow+ to ! gr[? ( ! ho(1 its extremity is c>ri$ =w>d f b5ea? ! wall s z to press ^u ! sole4 ,a %ort %oe1 fitt$ too close on ! inside1 is ! mo/ common cause ( corn4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! %oe be+ trodd5 on by ! opposite foot ! inside is g5]ally fitt$ close1 & to gu>d aga9/ be+ trodd5 on by ! h9d foot x is (t5 fitt$ %ort4 ,?us to prev5t accid5ts ( "o k9d me?ods are adopt$ :i*1 be+ a little ov]done1 lead to injury ( ano!r4 ,a n uncommon error 9 ! prep>ation ( ! foot = %oe+ may also lead to ! production ( ! s-call$ corn4 ,if ! wall on ! inside heel be l[]$ m ?an x %\ld be ! horn ( ! sole is left high] ?an ! wall1 & !n a level %oe presses unev5ly ^u ! high] "p4 ,a corn1 be x rememb]$1 is n a tum\r or a gr[?1 x is m]ely a bruise ( ! s5sitive foot "u ! horn ( ! sole4 ,x %[s itself by /a9+ ! horn r$1 j z a bruise on ! human body %[s a /a9+ ( ! sk9 above x4 ,to cut out a corn ) ! idea ( remov+ x is simply an ignorant proce$+4 ,if a corn be slight all t is necess>y is to take (f ! pressure ( ! %oe1 & ?is is assi/$ by remov+ a ?9 slice or two ( horn at ! "p4 ,:5 ! injury is v great matt] may be =m$ "u ! horn1 & ( c\rse mu/ be let out by removal ( ! horn ov] x4 ,provid$ !re is no reason to believe t matt] has =m$1 a corn1 i4e41 ! bruis$ & discol\r$ horn1 %\ld n be dug out 9 ! ru?less mann] s commonly adopt$4 ,cutt+ away all ! horn ( ! sole at ! heels leaves ! wall )\t any support4 ,:5 ! %oe re/s ^u ! wall x is unable to su/a9 ! weight )\t yield+1 & ?us an additional cause ( irritation & sor5ess is manufactur$4 ,! excessive p>+ ( corns is ! *ief reason ( ! difficulty ( gett+ p]man5tly rid ( !m4 ,! simple/ device = tak+ all pressure (f a corn is to cut (f an in* & a half ( ! inn] heel ( ! %oe4 ,) ! ?ree-qu>t] %oe 7,fig4 #gc7 a horse w soon g s\nd1 & 8 foot w !n resume its heal?y /ate4 ,! say+ once a corn1 always a corn is n true1 b x is true t a bruis$ heel is t5d] & liable to bruise aga91 f v slight unev5ness ( pressure1 = at lea/ ?ree mon?s4 ,all t is necess>y is c>e 9 fitt+ & ab/5tion f removal ( too mu* horn at ! "p4 ,( c\rse :5 ! degree ( lam5ess is su* z to sugge/ t matt] is =m$ ! horn mu/ be cut away s z to af=d an exit = x1 b ! majority ( corns are detect$ long be=e ! /age ( suppuration has result$ f a bruise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,?ree-qu>t] ,%oe4 ,a burnt ,sole4 ,9 fitt+ a hot %oe to a foot x sometimes happ5s t ! s5sitive p>ts "u ! sole at ! toe are injur$ by heat4 ,?is is mo/ likely to occur ) a foot on :i* ! horn is ?91 especially if x also be flat or convex4 ,burn+ ! sole is an injury :i* mu/ be put d[n to neglig5ce4 ,x does n occur f ! %oe be+ too hot b f its be+ too long reta9$1 & may be expect$ :5 ! fireman is se5 hold+ a dull-r$ hot %oe on to a foot1 ) a doorm5 assi/+ to b$ x 9 by press+ x to ! foot ) a rasp4 ,:5 ! heat ( a %oe p5etrates ?r\gh ! horn ) suffici5t int5sity to bli/] ! s5sitive p>ts ( ! foot great pa9 & lam5ess result4 ,9 _m cases sep>ation ( ! sole f ! quick takes place1 & "s weeks pass be=e ! horse c resume "w4 ,treads are injuries to ! coronet caus$ by ! %oe ( ! opposite foot1 & are usually f\nd on ! front or inside ( ! h9d feet4 ,! injury may take ! =m ( a bruise & ! sk9 rema9 unbrok51 x may appe> z a sup]ficial jagg$ w\nd1 or x may take ! =m ( a tol]ably clean cut1 9 :i* case1 al?\gh at fir/ ble$+ is v free1 ultimate recov]y is rapid4 ,bruises on ! coronet--j :]e hair & ho( meet--are always to be look$ ^u z s]i\s4 ,! slight] cases1 aft] a few days pa9 & lam5ess1 pass away leav+ only a little l9e %[+ :]e ! ho( has sep>at$ f ! sk94 ,?is sep>ation is n s]i\s unless a good deal ( swell+ has accompani$ x1 & ev5 !n only "t is requir$ to effect a cure4 ,9 m s]i\s cases an ext5sive sl\gh takes place1 & ! coron>y b& :i* secretes ! wall may be damag$4 ,! wor/ cases are ^? 9 :i* deep seat$ abscesses occur1 z !y (t5 t]m9ate 9 a quittor4 ,! f>ri] %\ld always recognise a tread z possibly dang]\s & obta9 pr(essional advice4 ,x is a common cu/om to rasp away ! horn ( ! wall imm$iately b5ea? any injury ( ! coronet1 b x is a useless proce$+ :i* weak5s ! ho( & does no good to ! inflam$ tissues above or b5ea?4 ,treads are mo/ common 9 horses %od ) heavy %oes & high calk9s--a fact :i* sugge/s t a l[ squ>e calk9 & a %oe fitt$ n too wide at ! heels is a possible prev5tive4 ,cutt+ or ,bru%+4 ,by ^! t]ms is meant ! injury to ! inside ( ! fetlock jo9t :i* results f bruis+ by ! opposite foot4 ,possibly "s small proportion ( su* injuries are traceable to ! sy/em ( %oe+1 to ! =m ( %oe1 or to ! action ( ! horse4 ,!y are1 ) few exceptions1 ! direct result ( want ( condition 9 ! horse & are almo/ conf9$ to "y horses1 old weak horses1 or animals t h be5 submitt$ to "s excessively long & tir+ j\rney4 ,! fir/ ?+ a horse-own] does :5 8 horse bru%es is to s5d him to ! f>ri] to h 8 %oes alt]$4 ,9 half ! cases !re is no?+ wrong ) ! %oes1 & all t is requir$ is a little pati5ce till ! horse ga9s h>d condition4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( a coa*+ season half ! horses cut _! fetlocks1 no matt] h[ !y are %od4 ,at ! end ( ! season none ( !m t\* ! opposite jo9t1 ) p]haps a few exceptions afflict$ ) defective =mation ( limb1 or con/itutions t baffle all attempts at gett+ h>d condition4 ,! same ?+ is se5 9 cab & omnibus /ock4 ,all ! new horses cut _! legs = a few weeks4 ,! old ones1 ) a few exceptions1 "w 9 any =m ( %oe1 b nev] t\* _! jo9ts4 ,!y cut :5 !y are out ( condition--:5 _! limbs soon tire2 b !y nev] cut :5 !y are 9 condition--:5 !y h firm control ( ! action ( _! limbs4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few horses t are always a s\rce ( tr\ble1 & !re are conditions ( %oe+ :i* assi/ or prev5t ! injury4 ,! h9d legs are ! mo/ frequ5tly affect$ & ?is because ( ! calk9s4 ,_m horses w cease cutt+ at once if ! calk9s ( ! %oes be remov$ & a level %oe adopt$4 ,!re are c]ta9 =ms ( %oe :i* are suppos$ to be specially suitable z prev5tives4 ,a great fav\rite is ! knock$-up-%oe--i4e41 a %oe ) no nails on ! inside except at ! toe1 & a skate-%ap$ inn] bran*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,knock$-up ,%oes--) & )\t an inn] ,calk94 ,^! %oes are fitt$ n only close to ! inn] bord] ( ! wall b )9 x1 & ! horn at ! toe is !n rasp$ (f level ) ! %oe4 ,:e!r !y are ( any use is a "q1 b !re is no "q ( ! h>m !y d to ! foot4 ,"s f>ri]s are p>tial to a ?ree-qu>t]-%oe--"o f :i* a c\ple ( in*es ( ! inside heel has be5 remov$4 ,"s ?ick5 ! outside toe1 "s ! inside toe4 ,"s raise "o heel1 "s ! o!r1 & "s pr(ess to h a pr9ciple ( fitt+ ! %oe bas$ ^u ! =mation ( ! horse's limb & ! peculi>ity ( 8 action4 ,if 9 practice success att5d$ ^! me?ods ,i %\ld advise _! adoption1 b my exp]i5ce is t num]\s f>ri]s obta9 a special "n = %oe+ horses t cut1 :5 _! me?ods1 appli$ to q simil> cases1 are z antagoni/ic z ! poles4 ,a light %oe )\t calk9s has at any rate negative prop]ties--x w n assi/ ! horse to injure himself4 ,= all ! o!r =ms & %apes ,i h a pr(\nd contempt1 b z p w h *anges1 & z ! mo/ m>k$ dep>ture f ! ord9>y seems to give ! greate/ satisfaction1 x is p]haps good bus9ess to supply :at is appreciat$4 ,! two great cures = cutt+ are--regul> "w & good old beans4 ,:5 a man drives a horse =ty miles 9 a day at a fa/ pace he1 ( c\rse1 blames ! f>ri] = all damage to ! fetlocks4 ,he is m]ely illogical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,toe ( ,h9d ,%oe %[+ ! edge :i* cuts ! ,front ,foot4 ,ov]-rea*+4 ,?is is an injury to ! heel--g5]ally ! inn]--( a front foot4 ,! heel is /ruck by ! inn] bord] ( ! toe ( ! h9d %oe4 ,ov]-rea* occurs at a gallop 9 ?is c\ntry1 b is se5 9 ,am]ica z ! result ( a mis-/ep 9 ! fa/ trott]s4 ,an ov]-rea* c only occur :5 ! =e foot is rais$ f ! gr\nd & ! h9d foot rea*es "r into ! holl[ ( ! =e foot4 ,:5 ! =e & h9d feet 9 ?is position sep>ate ! inn] bord] ( ! toe ( ! h9d %oe cat*es ! heel ( ! =e foot & cuts (f a slice4 ,?is cut portion (t5 hangs z a flap1 & :5 x does ! atta*m5t is always at ! back1 %[+ t ! injury 0 n f beh9d =w>ds z x w\ld be if caus$ by a direct bl[1 b f be=e backw>ds--9 o!r words by a dragg+ action ( ! h9d foot z x leaves ! front "o4 ,an ov]-rea* !n may result ei!r f ! =e limb be+ insuffici5tly ext5d$1 or f ! h9d limb be+ ov] ext5d$4 ,! prev5tion ( ?is injury is effect$ by r\nd+ (f ! inside edge ( ! h9d %oe z %[n bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,toe ( ,h9d ,%oe %[+ r\nd$ inside bord]4 ,spe$y-cut4 ,?is is an injury inflict$ on ! inn] surface ( ! l[] "p ( ! knee jo9t by a bl[ f ! toe ( ! %oe ( ! opposite foot4 ,x occurs at a trot1 & v seldom except :5 a horse is tir$ or ov]-pac$4 ,a horse t has once spe$y-cut is apt to d s aga9 & x may cause him to fall4 ,su* horses %\ld be %od close on ! inside1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! heels ( ! foot :i* /rikes %\ld be kept l[4 ,9 "s cases a ?ree-qu>t] %oe 7see ,fig4 #gc7 on ! (f5d+ foot prev5ts injury4 ,=g+ or ,clack+4 ,?is is n an injury b an annoyance4 ,x is ! noise made by ! /rik+ ( ! h9d %oe aga9/ ! front z ! horse is trott+4 ,horses =ge :5 "y & gre51 :5 out ( condition or tir$4 ,z a rule1 a horse t makes ?is noise is a slov5ly go]1 & w cease to annoy :5 he gets /r5g? & goes up to 8 bit4 ,%oe+ makes a diff]5ce1 & 9 "s cases at once /ops x4 ,! "p ( ! front %oe /ruck is ! inn] bord] r\nd ! toe4 7,fig4 #gg74 ,! "p ( ! h9d %oe t /rikes is ! out] bord] at ! inside & outside toe4 7,fig4 #gh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,toe ( ,=e ,%oe4 ,! arr[s m>k ! place /ruck 9 =g+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,toe ( ,h9d ,%oe %[+ ! edge :i* /rikes ! ,=e ,%oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,toe ( ,=e ,%oe ) inn] bord] bevell$ (f4 ,to alt] ! =e %oe1 r\nd (f ! inn] bord]2 or use a %oe ) no inn] bord] su* z ! concave hunt+ %oe ,to alt] ! toe ( ! h9d %oe is useless1 b by us+ a level %oe )\t calk9s "s advantage is ga9$4 ,a s-call$ diamond-to$ %oe has be5 recomm5d$4 ,x is n advisable z x does no good except by caus+ its po9t to /rike ! sole ( ! front foot4 ,if by su* a dodge ! s\nd is got rid ( x is only by runn+ ! risk ( injur+ ! foot4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,%oe+ ,,bad ,,feet4 ,any av]age f>ri] c %oe )\t imm$iate h>m a good well-=m$ foot t has a ?ick cov]+ ( horn1 b :5 ! horn is defici5t 9 quantity or quality injury soon takes place if a badly fitt$ %oe be appli$4 ,!re are feet :i* f disease or accid5t or bad %oe+ h become1 m or less1 p]man5tly damag$4 ,"s are s]i\sly alt]$ 9 %ape4 ,"s are protect$ only by an unheal?y horn1 & "s %[ def9ite *anges :i* cause weakness at a special "p4 ,^! are ! feet :i* really te/ ! art ( ! f>ri]1 = he mu/ "k j :at to d & :at n to d1 & mu/ possess ! skill to practice :at he kn[s4 ,flat ,feet4 ,"s horses are born ) flat feet1 o!rs acquire !m z ! result ( disease4 ,too (t5 ! flat sole has ano!r defect accompany+ x--l[ weak heels4 ,su* feet are be/ %od ) a seat$ %oe s z to avoid any unev5 pressure on ! sole1 & ! %oes %\ld always be fitt$ a little long] ?an ! be>+-surface ( ! foot1 s z to avoid any risk ( produc+ a bruise at ! heel--9 o!r words1 ( caus+ a corn4 ,! seat$ %oe is n advisable on a hunt]4 ,! concave %oe us$ = hunt]s has _m di/9ct advantages & only "o disadvantage = a flat foot1 viz1 t x has a wide flat foot-surface4 ,x may cause an unev5 pressure at ! toe on a flat sole1 b ?is is easily avoid$ by n mak+ x too wide2 p]haps ! v wor/ ?+ to d ) a flat foot is to try & make x look less flat by p>+ x d[n4 ,! ?9n] ! horn ! great] ! *ance ( injury to ! s5sitive p>ts "u x1 & e injury t5ds to make ! sole weak]4 ,leav+ ! sole /rong & ?ick1 :il/ fitt+ ! %oe to avoid unev5 pressure1 is ! pr9ciple ( %oe+ to be adopt$ ) flat feet4 ,convex ,soles4 ,! sole ( ! foot %\ld be concave1 b z ! result ( disease _m feet become convex4 ,?is bulg+ or dropp+ ( ! sole v>ies 9 degree f a little m ?an flat to an in* or s bel[ ! level ( ! wall4 ,:5 ! "u-surface ( a horse's foot resembles 9 =m ! outside ( a sauc]1 fitt+ a %oe becomes a "w ( art4 ,v (t5 ! wall is brittle & brok5 away & x is mo/ difficult to f9d suffici5t be>+-surface on ! foot = a %oe4 ,_m ( ^! feet may be safely %od ) a n>r[ %oe t re/s only on ! wall & ! int]m$iate horn betwe5 ! wall & sole4 ,su* a %oe may1 accord+ to ! size ( ! foot1 be five-eigh?s or ev5 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* wide4 ,its ?ickness is to be su* z w prev5t ! sole tak+ any direct be>+ on ! gr\nd1 & sometimes a %oe ( ?is =m is mu* ?ick] ?an x is wide4 ,! advantage ( ?is %oe is t x is s n>r[ t any be>+ on ! sole is avoid$4 ,! disadvantage is t on r\gh roads ! sole may be bruis$ by ! fl9t or granite /ones4 ,:5 ! horn ( a dropp$ sole is v ?91 or :5 ! horse has to "w on roads cov]$ ) %>p loose /ones1 "s cov] = ! sole is necess>y & ! n>r[ %oe is n practicable4 ,to provide cov] = ! sole1 ! web ( ! %oe has to be wide1 &1 !re=e1 ! foot-surface ( ! %oe mu/ be seat$ out s z to avoid contact ) ! sole4 ,too (t5 ! seat+ is cont9u$ f ! inn] to ! out] bord] ( a %oe1 s t no level be>+-surface is provid$ = ! wall to re/ on4 ,?is k9d ( %oe is l ! holl[ ( a sauc]1 & :5 appli$ to a foot is c]ta9 to cause lam5ess soon or lat]4 ,ea* "t ! horse re/s 8 weight on x ! ho( is compress$ by ! incl9$ surface ( ! %oe1 :i* in/ead ( provid+ a firm be>+-surface af=ds only an +5i\s in/rum5t ( torture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,improp] be>+ surface4 ,a level be>+ surface4 ,9 ev5 ! wor/ ( ^! de=m$ feet "s good s\nd horn is to be f\nd at ! heels1 :]e an in* or sometimes two c be utilis$ = level be>+4 ,no matt] h[ mu* seat+ is requir$ at ! toe & qu>t]s1 ! heel ( ! %oe may always be made level4 ,x _c be too /rongly urg$ t 9 ! prep>ation ( feet ) bulg+ soles no horn is to be remov$ f ! sole4 ,! toe is to be %ort5$1 ! heels l[]$ proportionately1 & ! be>+-surface ( ! wall made level ) a rasp4 ,at no place mu/ ! %oe re/ on ! sole4 ,9 ne>ly e case ! toe is left too long & ! be>+ tak5 ^u x by ! %oe only increases ! de=mity4 ,9 _m feet a l>ge slice might be sawn (f ! toe ) advantage1 z ! s5sitive foot is sep>at$ f ! wall by a mass ( diseas$ horn :i* presses ! wall at ! toe =w>d4 7,fig4 #ha74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ha4 ,de=mity result+ f ,lam9itis4 ,section %[+ h[ front ( wall is sep>at$ f s5sitive lam94 ,s&cracks4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 to cracks 9 ! wall :i* comm5ce at ! coronet & ext5d d[nw>ds4 ,f _! position at ! toe1 or at ! side ( ! ho(1 !y are sometimes call$ respectively toe-cracks & qu>t]-cracks4 ,! crack may be v slight & may exi/ )\t caus+ lam5ess4 ,x may appe> sudd5ly1 accompani$ by great lam5ess & by ! issue ( blood f betwe5 ! edges ( ! divid$ wall4 ,^! are grave cases :i* require surgical att5dance4 ,s&cracks are mo/ commonly se5 9 dry brittle feet1 & ! horses mo/ subject to !m are ^? employ$ 9 heavy draught "w4 ,railway %unt-horses & omnibus horses are v liable to be tr\bl$ ) s&cracks 9 ! toe ( ! h9d feet4 ,9 %oe+ = ?is defect !re are two ?+s to avoid1 7a7 n to place any direct pressure on ! "p2 7b7 n to fit a %oe :i* w t5d to =ce ! crack op54 ,foll[+ ^! l9es x is well n to put a clip exactly ov] a crack4 ,if at ! toe place a clip ea* side ( ! crack1 & nev] use calk9s or high heels :i* ?r[ ! weight =w>d4 ,if at ! qu>t] avoid a spr+-heel$ %oe :i* p]mits ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! foot beh9d ! crack & s =ces x op54 ,9 all cases1 aft] fitt+ ! %oe level to ! foot1 remove a little m horn j bel[ ! crack s z to relieve ! direct be>+ on ! "p4 7,fig4 #hb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,a--,horn remov$ to prev5t pressure4 ,be>+ reliev$ at wrong place by spr++ ! heel4 ,9 ! case ( crack ext5d+ ! :ole space ( ! wall "s provision %\ld always be made to keep x f op5+1 because e /ep ( ! horse1 especially :5 draw+ a load1 causes an outw>d pressure at ! coronet4 ,?is pressure =ces ! ho( ap>t & ! injury caus$ does n cease ) ! pa9 & lam5ess :i* foll[1 & :i* may be tempor>y4 ,d\btless ! orig9al cause ( a s&crack is "s morbid condition ( ! coron>y b&--! b& f :i* ! wall gr[s4 ,! s5sitive lam9 are at fir/ n affect$ fur!r ?an by ! inflammation consequ5t ^u ! direct te>+ :i* occurs :5 ! crack takes place4 ,! cont9u$ irritation1 kept up by a p]si/5t fissure 9 ! horn cov]+ ! lam91 soon causes o!r s]i\s *anges :i* t5d to make ! s&crack a p]man5t disease4 ,?us ev5 ! smalle/ crack %\ld be att5d$ to & measures adopt$ to prev5t its enl>gem5t or1 :5 ext5sive1 to limit all op5+ & %utt+ movem5t ( ! ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--;,fr5* ,clips 9 ,position4 ,?is is sometimes attempt$ by a simple lea!r /rap tightly appli$1 or by b9d+ ! foot ) /r+ or tape4 ,tape is less liable to slip ?an /r+4 ,:5 ! ho( is suffici5tly ?ick two nails may be driv5 9 opposite directions transv]sely ?r\gh ! crack & cl9*$2 or ,fr5* s&crack-clips 7,fig4 #hc7 may be us$ :i* are easily appli$4 ,! in/rum5ts necess>y are %[n bel[ 7,fig4 #hd74 ,! iron 7b7 is made r$-hot & press$ on ! ho( ov] ! crack s z to burn a groove ea* side ( x4 ,into ^! grooves ! clip 7a7 is put & ! p9c]s 7c7 are !n us$ to compress ! clip firmly into its place4 ,!re is a /ra9 ^u ! clips1 & sometimes "o breaks4 ,x is !re=e necess>y always to use two1 & = an ext5sive crack ?ree may be employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,all ^! appliances t5d to keep ! lips ( ! crack f sep>at+1 b !y d n prev5t ! edges ( a deep wide crack f be+ =c$ toge!r & ?us p9*+ ! s5sitive p>ts4 ,to provide aga9/ ?is injury a slip ( h>d wood may be fitt$ into ! crack1 & !n ! nails or clips may be m safely drawn tight )\t fe> ( injury1 & ) a bett] *ance ( prev5t+ any movem5t 9 ! edges ( ! crack4 ,to ins]t ! wood1 ! crack is conv]t$ into a groove ne>ly z deep z ! wall1 ab\t ?ree-eights ( an in* wide1 ) /raight sides1 or bett] /ill1 ) a little great] wid? at ! bottom ?an at ! surface4 ,into su* a groove a piece ( wood =m$ to fit x is g5tly driv5 f bel[ & rasp$ (f to fit exactly4 ,or1 s(t5$ gutta-p]*a may be press$ firmly into ! space & levell$ (f :5 cold4 ,to cut out a s&crack except = ! purpose ( refill+ x is bad practice z x fav\rs movem5t & helps to make ! defect p]man5t4 ,to rasp away ! horn s t only a ?9 lay] is left is also injuri\s4 ,no horn %\ld be remov$ except = ! fitt+ ( a plug z above describ$ or1 "u vet]9>y direction1 = ! purpose ( giv+ v5t to matt] :i* has =m$ )9 ! ho(4 ,9 _m ,european c\ntries a %oe is us$ = toe-cracks :i* has two clips drawn on ! inside bord] ( ! %oe at ! heels4 ,^! clips cat* ! b>s ( ! ho( & prev5t ! heels ( ! foot clos+ 94 ,! idea is t :5 ! wall at ! heels contracts1 !re is a t5d5cy = ! wall at ! toe1 if sep>at$ by a crack1 to op54 ,fig4 #he %[s ! position ( ! clips :i* mu/ be c>efully fitt$ s z to re/ on ! inside ( ! b>s4 ,mr4 ,willis1 ,v4,s41 has tri$ ^! %oes & speaks well ( _! utility4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,%oe ) ,heel ,clips = ,s&crack4 ,:5 ! crack is 9 ! qu>t]s ( ! foot1 x is n ! t5d5cy to expansion ( ! ho( t has to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,x is ! d[nw>d motion ( ! heels t =ces op5 a crack 9 ?is position4 ,! f>ri] provides aga9/ ?is by tak+ c>e to h a firm be>+ ( ! %oe on ! ho( beh9d ! crack z %[n 9 ,a figure #hb4 ,contract$ ,feet4 ,"s diseases ( ! foot lead to contraction ( ! ho(1 :i* is mo/ noticeable r\nd ! coronet & at ! heels4 ,any long cont9u$ lam5ess :i* prev5ts ! horse plac+ ! usual weight on ! foot may be accompani$ by contraction4 ,con/ant cutt+ away ( ! b>s & p>+ ! frog s t x takes no contact ) ! gr\nd also leads to %r9k+ 9 ( ! heels4 ,by l[]+ ! heels & lett+ ! frog alone _m feet w 9 "t wid5 out to _! prop] size1 b no sy/em ( %oe+ is s good = contract$ feet z ! use ( tips1 :i* leave ! :ole back "p ( ! ho( to take direct be>+ on ! gr\nd4 ,_m %oes h be5 inv5t$ = =c+ op5 ! heels ( contract$ feet4 ,"s h _h a h+e at ! toe & a movable screw at ! heel4 ,"s h _h ! be>+-surface at ! heels made ) a slope outw>ds1 7,see ,fig4 #ec1 page #gd7 s t ! weight ( ! horse %\ld con/antly t5d to =ce ! heels ap>t4 ,!re is no necessity = any ( ^! contrivances4 ,a prop]ly fitt$ tip 7,see page #gh7 w p]mit ! ho( gradually to exp& to its heal?y size & =m4 ,se$y-toe4 ,?is is a condition ( ! wall usually f\nd at ! toe b n uncommon at ! qu>t]s4 ,x is n common 9 h9d feet b occurs sometimes4 ,:5 ! %oe is remov$ a sep>ation is notic$ betwe5 ! sole & ! wall1 & ?is sep>ation may ext5d up ! wall ne>ly to ! coronet4 ,z a rule ! space s =m$ is a n>r[ "o1 b x may be wide en\gh to admit ?ree f+]s ( a man's h&4 ,probably all se$y toes result f "s injury or disease ( ! coron>y b& f :i* ! wall gr[s1 & ! fir/ appe>ance is n a cavity b a *ang$ & s(t5$ horn1 :i* may be dry & crumbly1 or moi/ & *eesy4 ,! diseas$ horn may be scrap$ out & ! cavity fill$ ) t> & t[4 ,! wall b\nd+ ! cavity %\ld be reliev$ ( all pressure on ! %oe1 & if a radical cure be desir$ all ! unatta*$ wall %\ld be cut away4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld be done "u vet]9>y guidance4 ,turn+ 9 ( ! ,wall4 ,by ?is expression1 ,i mean ^? cases ( weak l[-heels 9 :i* ! bord] ( ! wall turns inw>d4 ,su* a =m ( horn (f]s no suitable be>+ = a %oe1 & if submitt$ to pressure by a %oe gets worse4 ,too (t5 ?is condition is treat$ by p>+ away ! sole )91 :i* increases ! de=mity4 ,! sole %\ld n be cut b be left z /rong z possible4 ,! curl$-9 bord] ( ! wall %\ld be cut d[n & all be>+ tak5 (f ! %oe4 ,9 "o or two %oe+s ! wall w resume its prop] =m4 ,:5 bo? heels are s affect$1 & ! horse has to rema9 at "w1 only "o heel mu/ be treat$ at a "t4 ,! extreme po9t ( ! heel is nev] affect$1 & af=ds a po9t = be>+ :5 ! bord] ( wall 9 front ( x is cut away s z n to t\* ! %oe4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,lea!r ,,& ,,rubb] ,,pads4 ,9 ! days :5 f>ri]s 7 driv5 by !oretical tea*]s to p>e out ! soles & o!rwise rob ! foot ( its natural cov]+ ( horn1 artificial protection _h frequ5tly to be giv5 to ! foot4 ,a horse ) a ?9 sole c\ld n travel ov] r\gh roads1 on :i* %>p loose /ones 7 pl5tiful1 )\t great risk ( injury2 consequ5tly 9 ^? times plates ( lea!r 7 (t5 us$ to protect ! foot4 ,:5 a horse w5t a little %ort 8 own] n unnaturally conclud$ t he _h bruis$ 8 foot & t ! protection ( a lea!r sole w\ld be b5eficial4 ,9 _m cases ! defective action 0 due to o!r cause ?an bruis+1 b /ill ! lea!r 0 adopt$1 & x soon became an accept$ !ory t lea!r soles modifi$ concussion & protect$ ! foot f j>4 ,?is is m ?an d\btful1 & ,i hold a v firm op9ion t a plate ( lea!r betwe5 ! %oe & ! foot has no su* effect1 :il/ x int]f]es ) ! exactness ( fit ( ! %oe4 ,lea!rs are useful on weak feet to protect a ?9 or defective sole f injury4 ,:5 ! "u surface ( a foot has be5 bruis$1 cut ?r\gh1 or :5 x is diseas$1 lea!r (f]s a useful protection1 b :5 ! sole is firm & s\nd x is q unnecess>y4 ,to apply lea!r prop]ly1 a squ>e piece fully ! size ( ! %oe is tak54 ,a portion is !n cut out :]e ! clip has to fit & all protrud+ p>ts cut away level ) ! bord] ( ! %oe4 ,if appli$ )\t m precautions1 an op5 space w\ld be left betwe5 lea!r & sole into :i* mud & grit w\ld f9d _! way & ! lea!r w\ld soon be cut ?r\gh by re/+ on ! irregul> surface ( ! frog4 ,to prev5t ?is mis*ief ! "u surface ( ! foot is made level be=e ! %oe is appli$4 ,! level+ is manag$ by spread+ a pa/e ( t> & oatmeal ov] ! sole1 & fill+ up ! space at ! sides ( ! frog ) t[4 ,!n ! %oe ) ! lea!r is nail$ on 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! belief 9 lea!r z an anti-concussive appliance has l$ to ! use ( :at are call$ r+-lea!rs4 ,^! are n plates cov]+ ! :ole "u surface ( ! foot b n>r[ b&s fix$ betwe5 %oe & ho(4 ,!y are absolutely useless1 9 fact _! only possible effect is to spoil ! fit ( ! %oe4 ,plates ( india-rubb] h be5 tri$ betwe5 ! %oe & ! foot z prev5tives ( concussion4 ,!y inv>iably fail by reason ( _! effect ^u ! %oe4 ,at ea* /ep :5 ! weight ( ! horse comes on ! foot ! ela/ic rubb] yields1 ! %oe is press$ clos] to ! foot1 ! nails are loos5$1 & :5 ! foot is rais$ ! rubb] reb\nds4 ,! %oe soon becomes s loose t x is ca/ or torn (f4 ,no?+ ela/ic %\ld be plac$ betwe5 %oe & foot4 ,:5 an ela/ic or spr+ is appli$ x mu/ be betwe5 ! %oe & ! gr\nd4 ,v>i\s arrangem5ts h be5 adopt$ to supply ! horse's foot ) "s provision aga9/ concussion4 ,injur$ & diseas$ feet may no d\bt be b5efitt$ by "s ela/ic appliance :i* secures !m f ! j> ( contact on a h>d road4 ,!y may be protect$ aga9/ direct bruise4 ,! heal?y foot requires no su* protection4 ,nature has cov]$ x ) a ?ick lay] ( horn & has provid$ aga9/ concussion by q o!r means--by ! co-ord9ate action ( muscles1 by ! oblique position ( ! pa/]n & by ! con/ruction ( ! back "p ( ! foot4 ,q ap>t f any attempt to prev5t concussion a valuable use has be5 f\nd = india-rubb] pads 9 connection ) horse-%oe+4 ,! improvem5t 9 mod]n road-surfaces has be5 accompani$ by an increas$ facility = slipp+1 & x has be5 f\nd t no mat]ial gives su* security ( foot-hold on smoo? surfaces z india-rubb]4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! contrivances ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ 0 =m$ s z to leave ! frog uncov]$ :il/ a be>+ ( rubb] 0 giv5 all r\nd ! inn] circumf]5ce ( ! %oe4 ,?is pad _h a wide flat bord] :i* fitt$ "u ! %oe1 ) :i* x 0 nail$ on to ! foot4 ,its great objection 0 t x c\ld n be nicely fitt$ on _m feet )\t fir/ cutt+ away ! b>s4 ,!n we _h rubb] pads :i* 7 n nail$ on ) ! %oe1 b :i* fitt$ into ! %oe & 7 remov$ at w4 ,! objection to ^! 0 t !y c\ld only be us$ ) a seat$ %oe & c\ld n be appli$ ) a n>r[ %oe or "o possess+ a flat foot-surface4 ,! next =m to appe> 0 a lea!r sole on :i* an artificial frog 0 fix$4 ,great difficulty 0 at fir/ exp]i5c$ 9 fix+ ?is frog s t x rema9$ firm4 ,! difficulty has n yet be5 surm\nt$ by all mak]s1 b ,mr4 ,g4 ,urquh>t1 ( ,london1 makes a mo/ reliable article4 ,^! frog-pads c]ta9ly give a v good foot-hold on all k9ds ( pav$ /reets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--;,frog-pad4 ,a pad ( v elegant appe>ance is ,%ea!r's ,pneumatic4 ,x is n solid l ! ord9>y frog-pad b holl[ & is compress$ at ea* /ep b imm$iately resumes its prom95t =m on be+ reliev$ ( pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,%ea!r's ,pad4 ,"o ( ! simple/ anti-slipp+ pads is ,balls ,keep's ,w$ge-pad4 ,x possesses "o advantage 9 n cov]+ up ! :ole "u-surface ( ! foot4 ,:5 prop]ly fitt$ x is firmly reta9$ & does its "w1 b a c>eless f>ri] may s apply x t x %ifts on ! foot4 ,to fit x exactly ! wall ( ! back "p ( ! foot mu/ be l[]$ m ?an t 9 front1 s t %oe1 foot & pad may all be closely adju/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,w$ge-,pad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,pad ) ,%oe atta*$4 ,:at is call$ ! ,b>-pad is a lea!r plate on :i* an india-rubb] pad occupies ! :ole ( ! back portion & x is fix$ to ! foot ) a %ort %oe4 ,?is pad is n only an anti-slipp+ ag5t1 x is anti-concussive1 & = "s diseases & "s injuries ( ! heels is a mo/ valuable appliance4 ,= long-/&+ corns1 = cases ( *ronic lam9itis1 & = horses t m>k$ly g on _! heels ! b>-pad is )\t d\bt ! mo/ effici5t arrangem5t yet inv5t$4 ,! be/ are made by ,mr4 ,urquh>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--;,b>-pad ) ,%oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,)\t ,%oe4 ,all ^! pads increase ! co/ ( %oe+ b :at !y save1 by prev5t+ falls & injuries to ! horse & fe> & anxiety to ! driv]1 f> m ?an balances ! acc\nt 9 _! fav\r4 ,! co/ h[ev] is an item1 & inv5tors h turn$ _! att5tion to ! production ( "s o!r me?ods ( apply+ rubb] 9 connection ) ! %oe = ! prev5tion ( slipp+4 ,%oes h be5 manufactur$ into :i* cavities ( diff]5t =ms & sizes h be5 made4 ,^! are fill$ by correspond+ly %ap$ pieces ( rubb]4 ,! cavity mu/ be s =m$ z to reta9 ! rubb] & ?is r5d]s ! manufacture v difficult except by ! employm5t ( malleable ca/ iron %oes4 ,?is is a great disadvantage4 ,ano!r plan is to make f roll$ b> iron1 a holl[ %oe1 section ( :i* w\ld be ,u-%ap$ b level to ! foot4 ,into ! groove s =m$ a ?ick cord ( rubb] is plac$ aft] ! %oe is nail$ on ! foot4 ,?is we>s well & af=ds good foot-hold b x entails ! s]i\s objection t ! nails are difficult to drive & f> f be+ s safe z 9 ! ord9>y %oe4 ,if rubb] is ev] to be available 9 a groov$ %oe x %\ld be design$ s t ! nails & nail holes are n int]f]$ )4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,%oe+ ,,competitions4 ,! ,agricultural ,societies t h made ,horse-%oe+ ,competitions a feature ( _! ,annual ,%[s h di/9ctly done good to ! art4 ,9 ^? di/ricts :i* h _h ! b5efit ( ^! competitions = _m ye>s pa/1 horse-%oe+ is be/ done4 ,9 ^? di/ricts :]e no competitions h be5 held %oe+ is g5]ally badly done4 ,:5 ! f>ri] takes a pride 9 8 "w he is m c>eful ) details4 ,provid$ prop] pr9ciples are adopt$1 no call+ is m dep5d5t ^u c>e 9 details = ! be/ results ?an t ( ! f>ri]4 ,competitions /imulate emulation among/ m54 ,public appreciation1 z display$ by ! prom95ce giv5 to ! art by ! ,%[ au?orities & by ! admir+ cr[d t g5]ally assembles to see ! m5 at "w1 enc\rages a feel+ ( responsibility & gratifies ! natural & hone/ pride ( ! workman4 ,v few trades h suff]$ m f public neglect & indiff]5ce ?an t ( ! f>ri]4 ,! success ( a %oe+ competition dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! secret>y ( a %[1 unless t (fic] has among/ 8 /ew>ds an en]getic horseman :o has grasp$ ! importance ( good %oe+ & :o possesses "s organis+ p[]s4 ,9 ?is connection ,i may p]haps (f] a ^w ( ackn[l$gem5t = ! "w done by ,mr4 ,clay1 to ^: en]gy & skill ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society has = _m ye>s be5 indebt$ = ! success ( its valuable annual %oe+ competition4 ,all ! arrangem5ts = ! competition mu/ be complet$ be=e ! "w is comm5c$1 & ^u _! p]fection dep5ds ! success ( ! :ole ?+4 ,!re %\ld1 if possible1 be two classes--"o = heavy horses & "o = light horses4 ,at l>ge competitions !re %\ld also be a *ampion class4 ,!re are f>ri]s :o travel f %[ to %[ & g5]ally appe> 9 ! prize li/4 ,?is h&icaps ! local m51 & is n enc\rag+ to ^? :o h n q ris5 to front rank4 ,! object ( ! competition is to improve ! "w ( ! di/rict1 & x is q a "q :e!r ! rules %\ld n exclude m5 :o h tak51 say1 two fir/ prizes at any l>ge competition4 ,! only argum5t 9 fav\r ( lett+ ! well kn[n smi? :o has tak5 _m prizes ent] a competition is t 8 "w may be se51 exam9$ & imitat$4 ,by conf9+ prize w9n]s to ! *ampion class ?is good w\ld be atta9$2 at ! same "t m enc\ragem5t w\ld be giv5 to local m54 ,! necessities = a competition include anvils1 fires1 tools1 iron & horses4 ,= e five m5 !re %\ld be "o anvil ) its accompany+ vice & =ge4 ,! anvil %\ld be s plac$ t ! sun is n full on ! face ( ! workman4 ,! exact relative position ( anvil1 vice & =ge %\ld be entru/$ to a practical f>ri]1 & ! :ole plac$ ! night be=e !y are want$4 ,coal1 nails & iron %\ld also be provid$4 ,if competitors are all[$ to br+ _! own iron or nails "s poor man may be plac$ at a disadvantage1 & ! habitual competitor1 v]s$ 9 e detail1 is giv5 an advantage4 ,ea* man %\ld br+ all small] tools he may want4 ,9 brok5 wea!r a canvas ro( %\ld be suppli$ bo? = horses & workm54 ,at all times a tempor>y wood5 floor %\ld be put d[n = ! horses to /& ^u4 ,?is %\ld be a little long] ?an ! l9e ( anvils s t ea* man has 8 horse opposite 8 anvil4 ,x %\ld be at lea/ twelve feet deep s t !re is room en\gh beh9d & 9 front ( ! horses = m5 to pass4 ,on ! side f>!/ f ! anvils a firm rail mu/ be fix$ to :i* ! horses' halt]s may be ti$1 & outside ( ?is--at lea/ six feet di/ant--%\ld be ano!r l9e ( po/ & rails to keep back spectators4 ,horses h to be borr[$ or hir$1 & "o horse is suffici5t = two competitors4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to h any horse ) unusually bad feet4 ,! mo/ suitable horses are ^? ) ov]gr[n ho(s4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld a vici\s or v fidgety horse be select$4 ,:5 "t is n an object1 ! be/ te/ ( a workman is to require him to make a =e & h9d %oe & put !m on ! horse4 ,at a "o-day %[1 or at a competition :5 ! entries are l>ge1 x is suffici5t to require ! mak+ ( a =e & h9d %oe & ! fitt+ & nail+ on ( ! front "o4 ,a reasonable "t %\ld be fix$1 & undue ha/e %\ld be deprecat$4 ,!re %\ld always be two judges1 :o %\ld be suppli$ ) books 9 :i* ea* division ( ! op]ation ( %oe+ %\ld be sep>ately m>k$4 ,!re are only ?ree important divisions ( ! subject3 7#a7 ,prep>ation ( ! ,foot1 7#b7 ,mak+ ! ,%oes1 & 7#c7 ,fitt+ & nail+ on4 ,sometimes ^! op]ations are m>k$ sep>ately = =e & h9d feet4 ,i consid] ?is q unnecess>y4 ,!re is n suffici5t diff]5ce ei!r 9 pr9ciple or detail to require ea* foot to be specially m>k$4 ,! judge ( c\rse notes e ?+ 9 8 m9d1 & x is suffici5t = him to e/imate & m>k ! value ( ! "w "u ! ?ree diff]5t op]ations4 ,! great fault ,i f9d ) mo/ competitions is t ! prep>ation ( ! foot = ! %oe is n m /rictly def9$4 ,! competitors are p]mitt$ to mix up ! prep>ation & ! fitt+4 ,"s ( !m d no?+ to ! foot until !y comm5ce to fit ! %oe4 ,?is is wrong1 & e foot %\ld be prop]ly prep>$--! be>+-surface =m$ & ! proportions ( ! ho( att5d$ to--be=e ! fitt+ is attempt$4 ,a rule to ?is effect %\ld be add$ to ! conditions 9 ! s*$ule ( ! competition4 ,ea* judge may p]haps be p]mitt$ to fix 8 own /&>d ( m>k+ b a uni=m sy/em w\ld be useful = comp>ison4 ,if ! maximum be indicat$ by too small a figure difficulty (t5 arises 9 exactly det]m9+ ! m]its ( m5 :o h come out equal 9 ! totals1 & !re is too (t51 9 a l>ge class1 a numb] ^: m>ks are ab\t equal4 ,! ?ree op]ations--prep>+ ! foot1 mak+ ! %oe1 fitt+ & nail+ on--are ab\t equal 9 value4 ,a maximum ( five po9ts 9 ea* is too small a numb] to make di/9ctive m>k+ easy1 b !re is no?+ ga9$ by adopt+ a high] maximum ?an t54 ,a m>k+ %eet = ! judges ( a %oe+-competition may be some?+ 9 ?is =m3 ,,class---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ( ,prep>ation ,mak+ ,fitt+ & ,total4 ,rem>ks4 ,competitor4 ( ,foot4 ,%oe4 ,nail+ on4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! /ew>ds %\ld see t ea* competitor has a numb]1 & t ! same numb] is atta*$ to ! side ( ! horse on :i* he works4 ,! /ew>d also %\ld take ! "t at :i* ea* bat* ( competitors comm5ce & see t none exce$ x4 ,excessive rasp+ ( %oes %\ld be prohibit$1 & ! m5 %\ld see ! sizes & k9ds ( nails provid$ s t !y may make _! full] & nail holes accord+ly4 ,%oe+ competitions are almo/ entirely conf9$ to c\ntry di/ricts4 ,x is a great pity t !y are n attempt$ 9 l>ge t[ns4 ,! only difficulty is ! exp5se4 ,x w\ld well repay l>ge horse-own]s to subscribe & support ?is me?od ( improv+ ! art4 ,9 conclusion ,i mu/ say t ! be/ ( all ways to improve ! art is by giv+ practical in/ruction at ! anvil4 ,a few lessons f a compet5t practical tea*] are wor? m ?an all books or lectures1 z ! "w has !n to be done1 errors are po9t$ out & correct$1 & reasons giv5 = ea* /ep z x is attempt$4 ,! ,b]k%ire ,c\nty ,c\ncil has adopt$ a travell+ =ge--! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,alb]t ,:eatley1 ,v4,s41 ( ,read+--:i* is accompani$ by an in/ructor & passes f t[n to t[n & village to village4 ,9 ?is way is suppli$ ! tuition :i* us$ to be obta9$ by appr5tice%ip to a good workman4 ,o!r ,c\nty ,c\ncils %\ld adopt ?is me?od4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,action ( ! ,foot1 #bh ,agricultural ,societies & ,%oe+1 #aab ,arrangem5ts ( ,%oe+ ,competitions1 #aac ,balls ,keep's ,w$ge-,pad1 #aaj ,b> ,iron1 #fd ,b>-,pad1 #aaj ,b>s ( ! ,foot1 #aa ,be>+ ,surface ( ,ho(1 #ca 1 #db at ,heels1 #ed ( ,%oe1 #ea 1 #ec ,b]k%ire ,%oe+-,van1 #aae ,bevell$ ,iron ,b>s1 #fd ,b9ds1 #ij ,blood-,vessels1 #bf ,bones ( ,foot1 #bc ,bruises by ,%oe1 #ia ,bru%+1 #ie ,burnt-,sole1 #ic ,calk9s1 #ef ,effect (1 #eg ,position (1 #eh ,c>tilages ( ,foot1 #bd ,*>li] ,%oe1 #gi ,!ory1 #hj ,clack+1 #ig ,clips1 #ge ,close ,fitt+1 #fi ,co>se ,nail-holes1 #fa ,cold ,fitt+1 #gg ,concave ,%oe1 ,!1 #ee ,cont95tal ,s&crack-,%oe1 ,a1 #aje ,contract$ ,feet1 #aje ,coron>y ,b&1 #ah ,coron>y ,cu%ion1 #bf ,corns1 #ib ,cov]1 #ej ,cutt+1 #id ,defective ,be>+-,surface1 #df ,disproportionate ,ho(1 #ce ,di/ance betwe5 ,nails1 #fa ,d\ble-groov$ ,%oe1 #ee ,draw+ ,knife1 #cd ,dropp$ ,sole1 #ajj ,eas+ ! ,heels1 #ga ,effect ( ,*>li] ,%oe+1 #hb ,calk9s1 #eg ,frog ,pressure1 #cj ,evils ( ,r\gh+1 #hf ,excessive ,rasp+1 #df ,expansion ( ,foot1 #bi ,f9e ,nail-holes1 #fa ,fitt+ ( ,%oes1 #fg ,tips1 #gh ! ,foot to ! ,%oe1 #cb ,flat ,be>+-surface ( ,%oe1 #ea ,foot-surface ( ,%oes1 #ea ,=g+1 #ig ,fr5* ,s&crack ,in/rum5ts1 #ajd ,frog1 ,!1 #ac ,pads1 #aji ,pad1 ,!1 #be ,b&1 ,!1 #ad ,fro/ ,nails1 #hd ,full]+1 #ed ,functions ( ,foot1 #bg ,good ,be>+-surface1 ,a1 #cc ,groov$ ,b>s1 #fd ,gr\nd-surface ( ,%oes1 #ed ,gr[? ( ,ho(1 #bj ,height ( ,calk9s1 #eh foot at heels1 #cf ,ho(1 ,!1 #i ,gr[? (1 #bj ,we> (1 #ba ,horny ,lam91 #aa ,horse-%oe+ ,competitions1 #aab ,hot ,fitt+1 #gf ,hunt+ ,%oe1 #ee ,importance ( ,horse-%oe+1 #e ( ,r\gh+1 #hc ,injury by ,clips1 #ia ,nails1 #ij ,%oe1 #ib ,int]f]+1 #id ,iron & ,rubb] ,comb9ations1 #aaa ,judg+ ,horse-%oe+1 #aad ,knock$-up ,%oes1 #ie ,lam91 ,! ,horny1 #aa ,! ,s5sitive1 #ag ,lat]al ,c>tilages1 ,!1 #bd ,lat]al ,proportions ( ,foot1 #dj ,lea!r ,soles1 ,use (1 #ajg ,l5g? ( ,toe1 #cf ,level ,be>+-,surface1 #dc ,long & ,%ort ,heels ( ,%oe1 #fi ,ma*9e-made %oes1 #fc ,mat]ial = ,horse-%oes1 #dh ,modifi$ ,*>li] ,%oe1 #ha ,nails1 #ei ,nail-holes1 #fj ,portions (1 #fa ,pit* (1 #fb ,numb] & ,position1 #fb ,natural be>+-surface ( ,foot1 #ca ,not*es on ,%oes1 #ef ,omnibus-horse ,%oes1 #ff ,"o-sid$ ,ho(1 #dj ,op5+ ! ,heels1 #dg ,outl9e ,fitt+1 #fh ,ov]gr[n foot1 #ce ,ov]-l[]$ ,heels1 #ci ,ov]-rea*+1 #if ,ov]-r$uction ( ,ho(1 #dg ,p>+ ! ,sole1 #dc 1 #df ,frog1 #dc ,pit* ( ,nail-holes1 #fb ,plant> ,cu%ion1 #be ,pneumatic ,pad1 ,!1 #aji ,position ( ,calk9s1 #eh ,nails1 #fa ,prep>ation ( ,foot = ,%oe+1 #cb ,pricks1 #ia ,prop]ly ,prep>$ ,foot1 #cc ,prop]ties ( ,ho(1 #ba ,proportions ( ,heel & ,toe1 #ch ,rasps1 #cd ,rasp+ ! ,wall1 #df ,relation ( ,foot to ,leg1 #cf ,removable ,%>ps1 #hg ,results ( ,neglect1 #g ,ridg$ ,%oes1 #ef ,r+ lea!rs1 #ajh ,rodway's ,%oe1 #ee ,r\gh+1 #hc ,r\gh ,nails1 #hd ,rubb] ,pads1 #ajh ,s&crack1 #ajb ,sauc] ,%oe1 ,!1 #gc ,screw ,fro/ ,%>ps1 #hg ,screw+ ,taps1 #hi ,seat$ ,%oes1 #eb 1 #gb ,section ( ,foot1 #bb ,se$y-toe1 #ajf ,selection ( ,%oes1 #fe ,s5sitive ,frog1 #ai ,lam91 #ag ,sole1 #ah ,%>p+1 #hc ,%>ps )\t ,screw1 #hh ,%ea!r's ,pad1 #aji ,%oe = ,s&crack1 #ajb ,=g+1 #ih ,cutt+1 #ie ,%oeless ,horses1 #f ,%oe+ ,flat ,feet1 #ajj ,convex ,soles1 #aja ,sole1 ,!1 #ab ,spe$y ,cut1 #ig ,/eel ,%>ps1 #hg ,/ump$-up ,toe1 #de ,surface ,fitt+1 #gj ,! ,ho(1 #i ,! ,quick1 #af ,?ickness ( ,%oes1 #ej ,?ree-qu>t] ,%oe1 #ic ,tips1 #gg ,toe+ ,knife1 #ce ,toe-pieces1 #ei ,toe ,%>ps1 #hf ,treads1 #ic ,turn$-9 ,wall1 #ajf ,twi/$ ,feet1 #da ,unev5 ,be>+-surface1 #de ,gr\nd-surface1 #da ,urquh>t's ,b>-pad1 #aaj ,v>i\s be>+s ( ,%oes1 #gd ,wall1 ,!1 #aa ,we> ( ,ho(1 #ba ,w$ge-pad1 ,!1 #aaj ,weight ( ,%oes1 #di ,wid? ( 1 #ej 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,grip 7,regd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,frog ,illu/ration3 ,,pat5t ,,b> ,illu/ration3 ,,r+4 ,,urquh>t',s ,pat5t ,horse-,%oe ,pads ,prev5t ,slipp+1 ,cure ,corns1 ,contract$ & ,diseas$ ,feet4 ,economise ! we> & te> ( legs ?r\gh abs5ce ( concussion4 ,developes ! heal?y functions ( ! feet4 ,cure ,b5t ,legs1 ,spra9$ ,t5dons--a great sav+ 9 horse fle%4 ,,sizes--,,frog ,,& ,,b> #j to #f2 ,,grip ,,& ,,r+ #a to #e4 ,h9d ,%oe ,pads kept 9 /ock to ord]4 ,pads made to any size requir$ at %orte/ notice4 ,india-rubb] pads on lea!r enable _m horses1 ^: feet are n s\nd1 to "w free f lam5ess2 !y also t5d to prev5t slipp+4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ,urquh>t's 'b> pads1' respect+ :i* my vet]9>y fri5ds at ,man*e/]1 :]e !y are l>gely us$1 in=m me t !y prev5t slipp+ q z mu* if n m1 ?an ! ,*>li] plan ( %oe+ horses4--,mr4 ,t4 ,d4 ,,broad1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ( ,ba?4 ,g4 ,,urquh>t1 #f ,d]by ,/reet1 ,mayfair4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,colonial ,horse-,%oe ,ma*9e ,,company ,ltd4 ,works ,address-- ,,globe ,,iron ,,works1 ,,walsall1 ,,/af=d%ire4 ,,ri*>dson',s ,illu/ration ,b ,c ,(fice ,address-- #c ,,billit] ,,build+s1 ,,billit] ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,all k9ds & sizes ( ,full]$ & ,/amp$ ,%oes kept 9 ,/ock4 ,nails1 ,rasps1 ,pads1 & all o!r ,f>ri]y requisites at l[e/ prices4 ,,our ,,goods ,,are ,,unequall$ ,,= ,,durability ,,& ,,neatness4 ,,prompt ,,despat* ,,giv5 ,,to ,,all ,,ord]s4 ,n4,b4--,to prev5t mi/akes :5 ord]+ note ! foll[+3-- ,a ,wid? ( ,%oe across ! wide/ "p4 ,b ,wid? ( ,iron requir$ at ,toe4 ,c ,?ickness ( ,iron requir$ at ,toe4 ,,example #e-a_/b-;94 #g_/h-;94 #a_/b-;94 ,a ,b ,c ,ea* size %\ld v>y #a_/d-;94 ,,example #e-;94 #e-a_/d-;94 #e-a_/b-;94 #e-c_/d-;94 #f-;94 & s on4 ,capewell ,horse ,nails ,,! ,,be/ ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,highe/ ,aw>d ,*icago ,exhibition1 #ahic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trade ,,m>k ,gold ,m$al ,mid-,w9t] ,exhibition1 ,san ,francisco1 #ahid4 ,! ,capewell ,nails are3-- ,! ,be/ ,driv+ ,nails1 ,! ,be/ ,nails to ,hold1 & ,! ,safe/ ,nails to ,use4 ,!y nev] split 9 driv+1 ,!y nev] buckle 9 ! h>de/ ho(4 ,!y are flexible to cl9*1 & ! cl9* holds aga9/ any /ra9 9 s]vice4 ,_! p]fect po9ts make a clean cut hole 9 ! mo/ brittle ho(4 ,!y are absolutely uni=m 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,!y are manufactur$ 9 ,london f ! be/ ,sw$i% ,iron1 ! quality ( :i* is improv$ 9 compactness1 t5acity1 & uni=mity ( temp] by ! ,capewell ,process4 ,z demon/rat$ by actual me*anical te/s at ,*icago1 ! t5sile /r5g? ( ! ,capewell is great] ?an t ( any o!r nail made4 ,?us x is t ! ,capewell nails nev] break "u ! heads b hold ! %oe until x is worn out4 ,on ,sale by all ,iron ,m]*ants1 ,ironmong]s1 & ,deal]s4 ,,samples ,,on ,,application ,,to ,! ,,capewell ,,horse ,,nail ,co4 ,limit$4 ,(fices ,factory--,,gl5gall ,,road1 ,,millwall1 ,,london1 ,e4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,horse ,,%oe ,,nail ,,com,,py4 ,,limit$4 ,g5]al ,(fices & ,works3 ,,cubitt ,,t[n1 ,,london1 ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%oe ,coat ( ,arms ,,nail ,,trade ,,m>k ,,trade ,,m>k ,manufactur]s ( ,horse ,%oes & ,nails to ! ,,briti% ,,army4 ,manufactur]s ( ,,pat5t ,,/eam-,,hamm]$ ,,horse1 ,,mule & ,,pony ,,%oes1 :i* may be advantage\sly ,,appli$ ,,cold4 ,also ( ! ,,r[ley ,,pat5t ,,horse ,,%oes & ,,iron4 ,,! ,,pat5t ,,bright ,,ready-,,po9t$ ,,globe ,,horse-,,%oe ,,nail4 ,contractors to all ! ,*ief ,tramway & ,omnibus ,companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,,sev]al ,,gold ,,m$als4 ,,aw>ds ,,:]ev] ,,exhibit$4 ,,price ,,li/s ,,& ,,t]ms ,,on ,,application4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,bloss1 ,secret>y4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,br[n1 ,,pr9t]s1 #bj ,,fulham ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics are indicat$ by und]scores4 ,bolds & und]l9$ are indicat$ by equal signs4 ,small capitals h be5 r5d]$ 9 full capitals4 ,a numb] ( m9or spell+ errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,!re are "s d\bl$ ,fig4 numb]4