,illustration3 ,,patent ,,granted ,,to ,,the ,,author ,,inventing ,,for ,,boys ,,by ,a4 ,,frederick ,,collins ,,inventor ,,of ,,the ,,wireless ,,telephone ,,with ,,numerous ,,illustrations ,,and ,,diagrams ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,frederick ,a4 ,,stokes ,,company ,,publishers ,copyright1 #aiaf1 by ,,frederick ,a4 ,,stokes ,,company ,all rights reserved ,,to ,,john ,,roller ,,collins ,a ,,thinker ,,of ,,thoughts ,,new ,,and ,,novel ,a ,,word ,,to ,,the ,,boy ,every boy is a born inventor4 ,and since you are a boy it follows as the night the day that you have your share of inventive ability and you ought to make good use of it4 ,to find out some new way of making or doing a thing--for this is what inventing means--is the most fascinating game that ,i know of to take up a fellow's time and thought and energy4 ,you may say how about wireless1 or star-gazing1 or baseball1 or shooting1 or chess1 or any one of a dozen other pastimes and sports and ,i shall be bound to admit that all of them are highly entertaining and some of them instructive but inventing is all that the others are and besides it is constructive while they are not4 ,by constructive ,i mean that you take an idea that had its origin in your brain and this vague1 intangible conception1 which takes up no space1 has no weight and is not bound by time1 you build up step by step of wood and steel and like materials until at last you have created something out of nothing1 or as nearly as it can be done4 ,to watch your invention grow1 especially if you build it with your own hands1 from the time you make the first rough sketch of your idea until it stands completed and in working order1 gives you a wonderful feeling of pride and satisfaction for you are the creator of it and this means that you are more than a mere boy1 greater than an ordinary man--that you are in very truth a demi-god4 ,these are the real pleasures of inventing but to make a success of it you have to drop back to earth again and take up the mean1 the sordid part1 and that is to try to make money out of it4 ,and if you have an invention of merit you will have to forget that you are a demi-god and become a hard and fast mortal again or it will not be long before some other body owns it lock1 barrel and stock2 and then you will have a chance to start another idea rolling and to build up another invention4 ,in this book ,i have tried to point out to you not only how to invent1 but how to make money out of your invention as well1 and so1 ,i say unto you1 from the moment the big idea strikes you be as gentle as a dove and as wise as a serpent1 to the end that your days as an inventor may be long and that any profits which may accrue from your invention will be yours instead of some one's else4 ,and now may peace be with you4 ,a4 ,,frederick ,,collins4 ,lyndon ,arms1 #ebd ,riverside ,drive1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,,preface vii ,i4 ,,getting ,,an ,,idea #a ,,how ,,to ,,get ,,an ,,idea ,the ,first ,raw ,idea4--,accidental ,discoveries4--,thought out ,ideas4--,reading up ,your ,subject4--,working out ,ideas by ,experiment4--,ideas for ,inventions in ,general4--,ideas for ,mechanical ,inventions4--,ideas for ,electrical ,inventions4--,ideas for ,electro-,mechanical ,inventions4--,ideas for ,chemical ,inventions4--,ideas for ,electro-,chemical ,inventions4 ,,protecting ,,your ,,raw ,,ideas ,,ii4 ,,working ,,it ,,out ,,on ,,paper #ai ,,tools ,,for ,,making ,,simple ,,drawings ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,simple ,,working ,,drawings ,a ,,simple ,,way ,,to ,,draw ,,in ,,perspective ,how to ,make ,isometric ,paper4--,drawing ,tools you ,need4 ,,how ,,to ,,draw ,,isometric ,,ellipses ,an ,easy1 ,rough ,way and a ,hard1 ,accurate ,way4 ,,how ,,to ,,shade ,,drawings ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,electrical ,,symbols ,,how ,,to ,,read ,,electrical ,,diagrams ,,some ,,aids ,,to ,,drawing ,,making ,,cardboard ,,models ,,iii4 ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,art #de ,,what ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,art ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,art ,,how ,,to ,,learn ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,art ,,having ,a ,,patent ,,attorney ,,look ,,it ,,up ,,how ,,to ,,look ,,it ,,up ,,yourself ,,what ,,to ,,do ,,when ,,you ,,find 7a7 ,there are no other improvements like yours4--7b7 ,that there is a resemblance to yours4--7c7 ,when others are exactly like yours4 ,,iv4 ,,how ,,to ,,experiment #eh ,,how ,,to ,,experiment ,,with ,,machines ,work1 ,energy and ,power4--,work ,against ,friction4--,forms of ,energy4 ,,machines ,,and ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,machinery ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,machines ,,the ,,six ,,mechanical ,,powers ,,compound ,,machines4--,,books ,,how ,,to ,,experiment ,,with ,,electricity ,,forms ,,of ,,electricity ,static ,electricity4--,current ,electricity4--,magnetism4--,radiation4 ,,your ,,electrical ,,equipment4--,,books ,,how ,,to ,,experiment ,,with ,,chemistry ,,your ,,chemical ,,equipment4--,,books ,,how ,,to ,,experiment ,,with ,,electro-,,chemistry ,v4 ,,making ,a ,,model #ia ,,kinds ,,of ,,models ,rough ,models4--,scale ,models4--,working ,models4 ,,ways ,,to ,,make ,a ,,model ,making a ,model ,yourself4--,having a ,model ,maker ,make ,it4 ,,the ,,tools ,,you ,,need ,the ,vernier4--,the ,micrometer4--,a and ,s ,wire ,gage4--,drill ,press4--,screw ,cutting ,lathe4 ,,buying ,,materials ,,about ,,making ,,patterns ,,casting ,,in ,,brass ,,and ,,iron ,,vi4 ,,how ,,to ,,patent ,,your ,,invention #aab ,,what ,a ,,patent ,,is ,,choosing ,a ,,patent ,,attorney ,,applying ,,for ,a ,,patent ,,yourself ,,applying ,,for ,a ,,patent ,,through ,a ,,patent ,,attorney ,,what ,,you ,,may ,,patent ,,looking ,,ahead ,,what ,a ,,patent ,,consists ,,of ,the ,petition4--,the ,drawings4--,the ,specifications4--,the ,claims4--,the ,oath4 ,,while ,,your ,,patent ,,is ,,pending ,,interference ,,when ,,your ,,patent ,,is ,,granted ,,about ,,paper ,,patents ,,vii4 ,,making ,,your ,,invention ,,pay #aca ,,how ,,to ,,raise ,,the ,,initial ,,funds ,,about ,,an ,,interest ,,in ,a ,,patent ,royalties1 ,shop ,rights1 etc4 ,,forming ,a ,,partnership ,,where ,,the ,,promoter ,,comes ,,in ,,what ,a ,,stock ,,company ,,is ,,how ,a ,,stock ,,company ,,is ,,organized ,the ,fees of the ,state4--,outfit ,needed4 ,,how ,a ,,stock ,,company ,,is ,,operated ,,about ,,retaining ,a ,,lawyer ,,viii4 ,,some ,,hints ,,of ,,manufacturing #adf ,,problems ,,of ,,manufacturing ,farming out the ,work4--,starting ,your ,own ,shop4--,buying ,machine ,tools4--,buying the ,stock4--,organizing a ,shop ,force4--,the ,stock ,room4--,the ,finished ,product4--,overhead ,charges4 ,,where ,,your ,,profits ,,come ,,in ,,ix4 ,,putting ,,it ,,on ,,the ,,market #aff ,,how ,,best ,,to ,,do ,,it ,agents ,wanted4--,the ,mail ,order ,business4--,a ,series of ,follow-,up ,letters4--,selling ,through ,sales ,agents4--,selling ,direct from ,factory to ,consumer4--,selling ,through the ,trade4 ,,getting ,,publicity ,,advertising ,x4 ,,things ,,for ,,you ,,to ,,invent #ahj ,,some ,,little ,,things ,,needed ,for the ,person4--,for the ,house4--,for the ,farm4--,for the ,office4--,for ,fun4 ,,some ,,big ,,inventions ,,needed ,safety ,first4--,automobiles4--,aviation4--,che mistry4-- ,electricity4--,electro-,chemistry4--,bu ilding4--,mining and ,metallurgy4--,printing4--,moving ,pictures4 ,,what ,,not ,,to ,,invent ,,xi4 ,,what ,,some ,,inventions ,,have ,,paid #bjj ,a ,,tour ,,of ,,the ,,inventive ,,world ,,little ,,inventions ,,simple ,,inventions ,,real ,,inventions ,,great ,,inventions ,the ,steam ,engine1 ,locomotive1 and ,steamboat4--,the ,telegraph4--,the ,perfecting ,press4--,the ,sewing ,machine4--,the ,ice ,machine4--,the ,steel ,process4--,the ,gas ,engine4--,the ,dynamo and ,motor4--,the ,air ,brake4--,the ,telephone4--,the ,typewriter4--,the ,phonograph4--,the ,storage ,battery4--,the ,snap-shot ,camera4--,the ,steam ,turbine4--,the ,automobile4--,the ,incandescent ,light4--,the ,trolley ,car4--,the ,electric ,locomotive4--,the ,linotype4--,moving ,pictures4--,the ,wireless ,telegraph4--,the ,wireless ,telephone4--,the ,aeroplane4 ,,xii4 ,,profitable ,,information #baf ,,design ,,patents ,,assignments ,,caveats ,,patent ,,office ,,fees ,,trade ,,marks ,,copyrights ,,government ,,fees ,,for ,,patents ,,and ,,least ,,charges ,,of ,,patent ,,attorneys ,,foreign ,,patents ,,appendices #bbi-beb ,,some ,,words ,,and ,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,this ,,book #bec-bfj ,,index #bfa-bgj ,,illustrations ,,page ,patent granted to the author ,frontispiece ,a popular idea of an inventive genius #b ,where the big idea really originates #c ,a model self-inking printing press #i ,a velocipede scroll saw with boring attachment #aj ,a standard single cylinder air pump #aa ,a horizontal steam engine #ab ,a fireless cooker #ac ,a loud speaking telephone largely used on ship-board #ad ,a common electric bell #ae ,an ordinary telegraph sounder #af ,a telautograph #ag ,the gyro compass of a ship #ah ,a twelve inch rule #ai ,a pair of cheap compasses #ai ,an isometric perspective drawing of a box #bj ,top1 side and end view of same #bj ,cross-section of same2 drawing of hook #ba ,side view of a steam engine #bb ,end view of same #bc ,top view of same #bd ,cross-section of same #bd ,the side valve shown in detail #be ,an isometric perspective drawing of a steam engine #be ,a sheet of isometric drawing paper #bf ,first step in isometric perspective drawing #bg ,the next step in isometric perspective drawing #bg ,a crank shaft drawn on isometric paper #bh ,a drawing board2 a triangular scale #bi ,a set of inexpensive drawing instruments2 a protractor #cj ,the position of the protractor on paper #ca ,the proportion of an isometric ellipse #cb ,how ellipses stand out in relief #cc ,how an isometric ellipse is drawn #cd ,shading and lettering chart for drawings #ce ,chart of electrical symbols #cg1 #ch ,a simple wiring diagram #ci ,aids to drawing a manikin2 proportions drawn on cross-section paper2 trial positions of manikin #dj-db ,cardboard model of a gyro engine #dd ,the ,official ,gazette2 ,patent specifications2 ,index to ,patents #ec ,a lever of the first class2 a pair of pliers #fc ,a lever of the second class2 wire splicing clamps #fc ,a lever of the third class2 a pair of sugar tongs #fd ,a bent lever #fe ,a compound lever #fe ,wheel and axle #ff ,a train of wheels or wheel works #ff ,a fixed pulley #fg ,an incline plane and one of its uses #fg ,a simple wedge2 a printer's quoin #fh ,the theory of a screw2 a screw clamp #fh ,some useful mechanical movements #gj-gc ,a steady direct current2 an interrupted direct current2 a pulsating direct current2 an alternating current2 alternating current changed into an interrupted direct current2 a periodic oscillating current2 a sustained oscillating current #gf-gh ,some useful electro-mechanical devices #hj-ha ,an ammeter2 a voltmeter #hb ,a resistance box #hc ,side and end view of a winding device #hd ,making a ruby by chemistry2 ruby boules as they come from the furnace2 synthetic rubies after they are cut #he ,some useful chemical apparatus #hg ,an electric furnace showing parts and in operation #hh-hi ,rough model of an electric motor drive for a locomotive #ib ,a scale model of an aeroplane #ic ,a toy helicopter #id ,a working model of a locomotive #ie ,some useful jewelers' and machinists' tools #aja ,a small hand drill press #ajb ,a foot power screw-cutting lathe #ajc ,a vernier for accurate measurement #ajc ,a micrometer #aje ,a standard wire gage #ajf ,useful stock materials made by automatic machinery #ajg ,a standard for a telegraph sounder #aji ,pouring a mould #aaj ,rules of ,practice of the ,patent ,office #aaf ,a page of drawings #aba ,specification of one of ,mr4 ,collins' patents #abc ,the ,claims of the same patent #abc ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,patent ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #abi ,certificate of ,incorporation #aci ,stock certificate #ada ,a seal press #adb ,a gas furnace #aej ,a grinder and polisher #aea ,a plain lathe for turning metal with hand tools #aeb ,an engine lathe #aec ,pillar type of power drill #aed ,a planer for surfacing metal work #aed ,a shaper for shaping up metal work #aee ,a universal milling machine #aef ,a jig saw #aeg ,a band saw #aeh ,a time stamp #afb ,a high frequency machine #afc ,from manufacturer to canvasser1 to consumer #afg ,from manufacturer to order agent1 to consumer #afi ,from manufacturer to his agent1 to consumer #agb ,selling direct from factory to consumer #agc ,selling through the trade #agd ,old style and improved tooth brush #ahb ,the old and the new way in sweeping carpets #ahc ,a labor saving painting machine #ahd ,a quick figuring and bookkeeping machine #ahe ,a rubber dagger #ahf ,bumping-the-bumps #ahg ,a novel1 life-saving gun #ahh ,the ,owen magnetic clutch #ahi ,a gyro stabilizer #ahi ,a liquid air machine #aij ,the cheapest form of light #aij ,a tube system of electric light #aia ,the high tension electric generator #aib ,cutting steel girders with oxy-acetylene #aic ,apparatus for prevention of mine disasters #aid ,a steel plate engraving machine #aie ,an attempt to improve the movies #aif ,tesla's tower at ,wardencliffe1 ,l4 ,i4 #aig ,a perpetual motion machine #aih ,perpetual motion as seen by a patent attorney #aii ,the first telephone #bje ,the first typewriter #bjf ,the first phonograph #bjg ,the first incandescent light #baj ,collins wireless telephone #bad ,design patent #baf ,a registered trade mark #bbj ,application blank for copyright of a book #bbb-bbc ,cross-section of gear #bch ,the four chief thermometric scales #bea ,,inventing ,,for ,,boys ,,chapter ,i ,,getting ,,an ,,idea ,almost every one has had1 at some time or other an idea for a new invention or of how some old device could be improved4 ,to get an original idea for an invention is in itself a mark of genius1 but it is not enough to make it a success and if you do not know how to develop it you are almost certain to give up before you have completed it4 ,and to give up a good idea and then find that some one else has thought of the same thing later1 worked it up and made money out of it gives a fellow a most uncomfortable feeling about what might have been4 ,now my purpose is not to tell you what to invent as much as it is to tell you how to invent and1 if when you get an idea that you believe worth while you will follow it up step by step as ,i have outlined in this book you will at least save yourself time1 worry and money and you stand a chance of winning fame1 glory1 and a bank account4 ,how to ,get an ,idea4--,there is only one way to invent a new thing or to make an improvement on something that has already been invented and that is to get an idea4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,a ,,popular ,,idea ,,of ,,an ,,inventive ,,genius ,and what1 you may wonder1 is an idea8 ,it is easy to say that it is a notion that comes into your head1 or a thought that springs into your mind4 ,but ,i doubt if even a psychologist could explain just what an idea is or how one originates in the mind any more than a biologist could tell how the germ of life is retained in a seed and how it grows when it is planted4 ,one good thing about an idea1 though1 is that we don't have to know what the mysterious thing is or how it springs into being in the mind4 ,in this way an idea is very much like electricity--we don't know exactly what it is but we do know a good deal about how it works and this is enough for our present purpose4 ,the ,first ,raw ,idea4--,there are several ways by which you may get an idea for an invention but in any case the first raw idea1 or inductive discovery1 as it is called in philosophy1 must and does come from something outside the mind1 something that you have seen1 heard1 smelled1 tasted or felt1 and when your mind is in the right condition to receive an idea of this kind you will know it when it comes and grasp it very quickly1 that is if you are a real inventor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,where ,,the ,,big ,,idea ,,really ,,originates ,there are many kinds of raw1 or original ideas and they show themselves in various ways4 ,you may get a very vague idea of an invention1 or of an improvement1 or it may be a clean cut one on the jump2 it may be a very valuable idea or it may be a wholly worthless one1 but it is generally easy after you get one to enlarge upon it1 as we shall presently see1 and to build up in the mind's eye a structure so that you can guess pretty nearly whether you will have a palace1 an architectural monstrosity or a chicken-coop when it is done4 ,a first1 or raw idea may come to a fellow1 who is on inventing bent1 in any one of several ways but chiefly when 7#a7 he is conjuring up in his mind something which he has seen or heard2 7#b7 when something happens by accident which shows him an effect or a result that is new1 and 7#c7 when he is looking at or working on some device or machine2 and this last way is the one that is most productive of ideas for useful improvements4 ,as an example of getting an idea behold a young man rocking in a chair with closed eyes2 he is thinking of nothing in particular but of a good many things quite vaguely4 ,a thought of his sister packing her trunk--in the way a woman usually packs a trunk--comes into his mind and then an idea strikes him that it would be a good scheme for a trunk to have drawers in it like a bureau4 ,the result of this raw idea is the wardrobe trunk as we know it to-day4 ,accidental ,discoveries4--,once in a long while some one hits upon an invention purely by accident4 ,a good illustration which covers the point was the discovery of vulcanized rubber4 ,the story goes that ,charles ,goodyear happened to drop some crude rubber and sulphur on a hot stove at the same time with the result that it was made much stronger and more elastic than before4 ,experiment showed that the vulcanized rubber could be made as soft or as hard as desired by using more or less sulphur and applying more or less heat4 ,from this discovery of ,goodyear's has sprung the gigantic rubber industry of to-day4 ,discoveries of this kind were often made in the early days of invention but the principles which underlie all of the sciences are now so well known that invention itself has been brought down to a scientific basis2 and instead of inventors being long-haired1 dreaming ,micawbers they are generally men of education and genius too1 trained along the lines they are working in and who look like clean-cut business men2 and if they are successful inventors you may depend upon it they are business men4 ,when ,i say that they are men of learning ,i do not mean that it takes a college professor to be a big inventor2 indeed very few college professors have the genius to be inventors and too many inventors have too little knowledge along the line in which they are working4 ,of the two genius is the greatest for it is bred in the bone while any one can educate himself4 ,to make the point clear here are three famous men of genius and who were largely self-taught4 ,faraday who made the dynamo and motor possible was a poor1 uneducated boy with a burning thirst for knowledge when he was apprenticed to ,davy at the ,royal ,institution in ,london4 ,edison had about as little schooling as the law allows1 but he taught himself science and he now stands head and shoulders above all the rest of the great inventors4 ,and ,marconi1 a young fellow of #bc1 invented the wireless telegraph while the greatest scientists of the world could not do it until he showed them how4 ,thought ,out ,ideas4--,there are very few inventions which are complete when the first idea of it comes into the mind1 but instead nearly all of them require thinking out1 or deductive proof as it is called in philosophy4 ,this second process of thinking consists of turning the raw idea over and over in your mind so that you can judge whether it is good or not1 how it will work out and other things about it1 and to do this you must know as many of the facts relating to it as you can and when you have these all clear and catalogued in your mind your idea then takes on the aspect of an invention4 ,the two usual ways to get the needed facts are 7#a7 to read up on the subject1 and 7#b7 to experiment along the line of your idea4 ,of course if it is your regular work that has called forth your first idea it is quite likely you will have all of the facts you need to go ahead and work the thing out2 but if your idea is about a device1 or a machine1 or a compound you know nothing of your best plan is to read up on the subject and follow up your reading by making a number of experiments4 ,reading up ,your ,subject4--,in this day of public libraries it is easy to get books on any subject unless it is one on sunsets and sunsets don't count in inventing--in fact nothing counts except the big idea1 a shop or a laboratory to develop it in and burning the midnight incandescent light4 ,it doesn't matter very much what invention you are working on you ought to read a first book on physics and one on chemistry and what's more you should study them if you expect to ever invent anything of magnitude4 ,a book on physics tells all you need to know in the beginning about matter1 force1 motion1 the principles of machines1 the mechanics of liquids and gases1 electricity and magnetism1 sound1 heat and light4 ,suppose you have an idea for an electrical device1 if you will read the chapters on electricity and magnetism in your book of physics you will learn what you ought to know first about these subjects and then if you need to go deeper you can get a more advanced book4 ,a book of the elements of chemistry tells about gases1 acids1 alkalies and metals and of their chemical changes1 and you will find a little knowledge of chemistry of considerable use in working out many ideas4 ,there are many books of physics and chemistry but ,avery's ,elements of ,physics published by the ,american ,book ,company of ,new ,york1 and ,remsen's ,elements of ,chemistry published by ,henry ,holt and ,company of ,new ,york are good books for a beginner to read4 ,working ,out ,ideas by ,experiment4--,though you may think long and hard and read everything you can find that has a bearing on your great idea1 you will soon reach a point where you feel you would like to try it out1 that is to build it up in reality so that you can see if it will do the work you want it to do or if it won't do the work where the trouble comes in4 ,generally speaking if it is a mechanical or an electro-mechanical scheme you begin by drawing this brain-child of yours on paper and then you make a model1 or try to1 and you add to it1 take away from it1 tear it down sometimes and at others you scrap it and build an entirely new one4 ,but usually it is some one part that needs patience and effort and skill put upon it and as you try out idea after idea1 plan after plan and scheme after scheme you are not only almost sure to find just what you are looking for but very often experimental work will lead you to fresh ideas for other and even more important improvements4 ,another curious thing ,i have found about experimenting is this3 you may start out on a certain line and find that the result you want is so hard to get it seems hopeless to go ahead4 ,now if you quit it is all off but if you go on and on trying everything you can think of1 keeping up your belief that the thing you are striving for must come and in your own ability to do that which you want to do1 after long hours1 or days1 or weeks of constant work the result will come to you like a flash and just as though the guardian angel of invention hovered over you and put the desired thing right into your mind and hand4 ,the moral is that everything comes to the inventor who keeps on experimenting and does not give up4 ,ideas for ,inventions in ,general4--,inventions may be divided into three general classes and these are 7#a7 mechanical1 7#b7 electrical and 7#c7 chemical2 and there are combinations of these classes as 7a7 electro-mechanical and 7b7 electro-chemical inventions and your idea may come under the head of any one of them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,a ,,model ,,self-,,inking ,,printing ,,press ,ideas for ,mechanical ,inventions4--,inventions of a mechanical kind include nearly everything in the broad domain of physics but the term mechanical inventions is applied especially to devices that are worked by means of pendulums1 springs1 weights1 levers1 wheels and axles1 pulleys and inclined planes1 screws and pistons and which have to do with force and motion4 ,to work out an idea for a mechanical device if the latter is a fairly simple one1 as a printing press1 see ,fig4 #c1 or a scroll saw1 see ,fig4 #d1 should not be a very hard thing to do because all of the parts can be easily seen and if you add a few parts to it and it does not work the fault can be readily picked and the part that is causing the trouble can be redesigned and changed until the whole device is made operative4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,a ,,velocipede ,,scroll ,,saw ,,with ,,boring ,,attachment ,of course if the machine is a more complicated affair in which there are pistons1 valves and the like as in an air-pump1 see ,fig4 #e1 or an ordinary engine1 see ,fig4 #f1 it is liable to develop internal--or perhaps infernal would be more fitting--troubles that are sometimes very pertinacious and hard to overcome4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,a ,,standard ,,single ,,cylinder ,,air ,,pump ,the easiest and best paying way to begin a career of inventing is to hit on an idea to improve some simple device that either makes for safety or for saving1 for convenience or for lessening mental or manual labor4 ,but if you should happen to get an idea for something big and hard don't give it the go-by1 but follow it up along the lines which ,i have indicated in this book and you will stand a pretty good chance of finally working it out to a successful conclusion4 ,ideas for ,electrical ,inventions4--,ideas for inventions in which electricity and magnetism are used are generally harder to work out than those of a purely mechanical kind for the reason that the cause in the first case which produces the result you want cannot be seen1 whereas the cause in the second case which sets up the effect you want is always visible4 ,but electrical inventions are like mechanical inventions in that they may be very simple1 such as passing a current through the heating element of an electric cooker as shown in ,fig4 #g1 or it may be quite a complex piece of apparatus as for instance a loud speaking telephone for use on ship-board as shown in ,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,a ,,horizontal ,,steam ,,engine ,where an electric current is used for some simple device a thorough knowledge of electricity may not be necessary but if your invention requires that a low voltage current be changed into high frequency oscillations which are in turn varied by the voice and these oscillations are sent out from an aerial wire1 all of which is done in a wireless telephone1 ,i should say that you ought to have a pretty fair understanding of the theory of electricity before you begin your experiments--that is if you expect to develop your invention into an apparatus of utility and hence of worth4 ,ideas for ,electro-,mechanical ,inventions4--,there are many devices that are partly electrical and partly mechanical1 the operation of the one actuating the other and the other way about4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,a ,,fireless ,,cooker4 ,,the ,,heat ,,is ,,where ,,you ,,want ,,it ,the electric bell1 see ,fig4 #i1 and the telegraph sounder1 see ,fig4 #aj1 are types of simple electro-mechanical devices1 while the telautograph1 see ,fig4 #aa1 and the electrical gyroscopic compass for use on ship-board1 see ,fig4 #ab1 are examples of the more complex electro-mechanical devices4 ,to work out an idea by bringing both mechanics and electricity to bear in the same device often makes the work much easier for sometimes the armature of an electromagnet or the plunger of a solenoid will operate to a better advantage than a combination of levers4 ,but to use mechanics and electricity in the same device you must of course have a knowledge of them both4 ,ideas for ,chemical ,inventions4--,there is another class of ideas which require neither mechanics nor electricity for their working out4 ,they are chemical compounds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a ,,loud ,,speaking ,,telephone ,,largely ,,used ,,on ,,ship-,,board ,suppose an idea comes to you to make a chemical solution for erasing ink1 or to make a new high explosive4 ,while the idea might be a good one you would have a long road to travel if you began experimenting and had no knowledge of chemistry and your road in the latter case would probably be straight up4 ,trying out chemical compounds without knowing something of the reactions they produce is far more wasteful of time and money than puttering around with mechanical and electrical devices1 especially when one's line of business is selling ribbons1 and besides it's more or less dangerous too4 ,should you get an idea for making an explosive more powerful than any yet invented1 either dish the idea or pave the way by taking a course in advanced chemistry and even then your idea is liable to perish with you4 ,better let the ,maxims or the du ,ponts do it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,a ,,common ,,electric ,,bell ,ideas for ,electrochemical ,inventions4--,just as there are ideas that call for the use of mechanics and electricity in a single device so there are ideas for processes that combine both chemistry and electricity4 ,the action of a common dry cell is electrochemical and so is electroplating4 ,but there are a large number of chemicals and chemical substances that are produced by electricity such as nitric acid from the air1 calcium carbide from which acetylene gas is made1 carborundum which is used as an abrasive in the place of emery1 and then there is the electrolytic refining of copper1 the manufacture of aluminum1 besides a whole string of other electrochemical inventions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,an ,,ordinary ,,telegraph ,,sounder ,while it is quite safe to work along electrochemical lines still it takes a considerable amount of technical knowledge in these days to invent anything that the kultured ,german scientists haven't thought of and worked out4 ,protecting your ,raw ,ideas4--,just as soon as you have an idea for an invention write as clear a description of it as you can1 read it to the members of your family1 have them sign it and file it away as this is a record you may have to produce sometime in the future to prove your priority1 that is that you were the first in time to conceive the idea4 ,as soon as you have your idea all thought out and have made a drawing1 an experiment1 a cardboard or other model1 in fact anything that will show what it will do1 at least to some extent1 and so prove that you have really made a new invention1 invite two or three of your trusted friends to see it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,a ,,telautograph4 ,a ,,telegraph ,,for ,,reproducing ,,writing ,,at ,a ,,distance ,having shown1 explained and enthused over it have them go with you to a notary public and sign a statement to the effect that they have seen it2 then have him put his signature and his seal on it4 ,you have two years from the date you first showed it to develop and file an application for a patent on it but should you fail to do this within the above time limit any one else can take up your idea1 if they know of it1 work it up and get a patent on it4 ,finally keep a note book and write down every thought you have about your invention1 and every experiment you make in good black ink2 draw pictures and diagrams and make photographs if possible of your work as you go along and put them in your book with the dates on them4 ,this kind of a record will furnish you with what patent attorneys call the evidence of conception1 and which will prove very useful in establishing your prior rights if you should ever get into an infringement suit4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,the ,,gyro ,,compass ,,of ,a ,,ship4 ,a ,,gyroscope ,,takes ,,the ,,place ,,of ,,the ,,magnetic ,,needle ,,chapter ,,ii ,,working ,,it ,,out ,,on ,,paper ,the next step after1 and sometimes even before1 you have thought out your great idea is to make a drawing of the invention it represents4 ,nearly every one can do a little free hand drawing and this is a good way to make rough sketches to aid the mind in further developing thought4 ,but if you can make a simple working drawing of your device1 that is a picture in which all of the parts are drawn in proportion1 or to scale as it is called1 the whole thing will stand out clearly before you and you can see where it is wrong and make the needed changes on paper before you try to build a model4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,a ,,twelve ,,inch ,,rule ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,a ,,pair ,,of ,,cheap ,,compasses ,tools for ,making ,simple ,drawings4--,to make simple working drawings1 or mechanical drawings as they are called1 all the tools you need are a good1 straight #ab-;inch rule1 as shown in ,fig4 #ac1 compasses as shown in ,fig4 #ad1 a medium hard lead pencil1 a rubber eraser and some smooth white paper4 ,how to ,make ,simple ,working ,drawings4--,at ,a in ,fig4 #ae is shown a drawing in perspective1 that is as it would look to the eye1 of a rectangular box1 while ,b is a top view1 ,c is a side view and ,d is an end view of the same box2 of course the bottom and the other end and side cannot be seen but you can imagine pretty well that they are there if you try to4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae;,a4 ,,an ,,isometric ,,perspective ,,drawing ,,of ,a ,,box ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,b1 ,a ,,top ,,plan ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,box4 ,c1 ,a ,,side ,,plan ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,box4 ,d1 ,,an ,,end ,,plan ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,box ,to show the top1 bottom1 sides and ends of a box1 or other device1 you don't need to draw out the whole thing in perspective but you can make a flat1 or plan view of each part as shown at ,b1 ,c and ,d in ,fig4 #ae1 that is an outline drawing shown as though you were looking squarely at it in the center and with the measurements marked upon it4 ,if now you will make a set of these working drawings of1 say1 a box and draw each part to scale1 that is measured off in proportion1 as shown in ,b1 ,c and ,d1 and saw out of a board the top1 bottom1 sides and ends and nail them together you will have a box like that shown in perspective at ,a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,e1 ,a ,,cross ,,section ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,box4 ,f1 ,,detailed ,,drawing ,,of ,,the ,,hook ,plan views are easy to draw because they are formed of horizontal and vertical lines1 and wheels are shown as true circles4 ,after making your plan views1 though1 the safest way is to make a perspective drawing to the same scale for when you are looking at a square object as it really is it always appears larger than the plan views would indicate4 ,but this is ahead of the story4 ,now suppose you wanted to show how the box would look if it was sawed lengthwise through the middle4 ,you simply make a cross-section view of it as shown at ,e and any one who knows how to read drawings will understand it4 ,to show the hook on the front of the box more clearly it can be drawn separately as at ,f and this is called a detail drawing4 ,exactly in the same way any device1 apparatus or machine can be shown by top1 side and end views and by cross-section and detail drawings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,a ,,side ,,view ,,of ,a ,,steam ,,engine ,just to see how something a little more complicated would work out on paper1 let's take the cylinder and steam chest of a steam engine4 ,first draw a side view of these parts as shown in ,fig4 #af4 ,as the steam chest is a rectangle and every side of it is flat it can be shaded by drawing fine parallel lines spaced equally apart4 ,the cylinder1 pipes and rods are round1 or rather cylindrical1 and to get this effect these parts should be shaded with parallel lines drawn close together beginning at the top and bottom and making them ever farther apart as you get toward the middle and this will give it a rounded appearance4 ,next draw the end view of the cylinder and steam-chest4 ,since the cylinder has been given a diameter of #c inches in the side view1 of course it must have the same diameter in the end view as shown in ,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,an ,,end ,,view ,,of ,a ,,steam ,,engine ,by looking again at ,fig4 #af you will see that the steam chest is #d inches long and that it is #b inches high but it is in the end view ,fig4 #ag1 that the width of it is shown4 ,the end of the steam chest is shaded with straight parallel evenly spaced lines and the cylinder head is shaded with concentric circles1 that is with circles equally spaced apart and having the same center4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,a ,,top ,,view ,,of ,a ,,steam ,,engine ,in this and many other cases a side view and an end view give all the outside dimensions needed but sometimes a top view must also be made1 and this is shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,a ,,cross-,,section ,,of ,a ,,steam ,,engine ,while all of these views show the outside of the steam chest and the cylinder they give no hint as to how the inside is made4 ,suppose you had invented the steam engine of course you would know how the inside should be made and so you make a cross-sectional drawing of the parts as shown at ,fig4 #ai1 and then the construction and even the operation of the engine looms up as though you had turned a searchlight on it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,the ,,side ,,valve ,,shown ,,in ,,detail ,that is all of it will be clear except perhaps the slide valve and this is where a detailed drawing comes in to show a small part1 or a part that is hard to understand by looking at the side1 end and top views4 ,the slide valve1 see ,fig4 #bj1 is drawn in detail and the picture is made large and bold4 ,the slide valve is made of a cast piece of metal hollowed out4 ,it and the completed steam chest and cylinder are both drawn in perspective1 that is just as the eye would see them if they were actually made of metal4 ,the latter is shown in ,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,an ,,isometric ,,perspective ,,drawing ,,of ,a ,,steam ,,engine ,a ,simple ,way to ,draw in ,perspective4--,did ,i hear you ask how you can make a drawing in perspective8 ,list and ,i will tell you the simplest way--a way so that you do it the first time you try4 ,buy a quire of isometric 7pronounced i-so-metric7 cross-section paper #f by #i inches1 at a cost of #ae cents1 of any dealer in drawing materials4 ,this paper is lined in faint colored ink in three directions1 as shown in ,fig4 #bb1 and which represent length1 breadth and thickness4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,a ,,sheet ,,of ,,isometric ,,drawing ,,paper4 ,,the ,,real ,,sheets ,,are ,,printed ,,in ,,neutral ,,tints1 ,,that ,,is1 ,,colors ,,which ,,do ,,not ,,interfere ,,with ,,the ,,drawing ,now isometric comes from iso which means equal and metric which means measure1 so isometric means equal measure and the three lines used in isometric perspective are at equal distances from each other4 ,the lines which cross the vertical lines on isometric cross-section paper are #cj degrees from the base1 or horizontal line and the vertical line is1 of course1 #ij degrees from the horizontal as shown in ,fig4 #bc4 ,having everything at hand suppose you try to draw a square frame4 ,begin by making the first upright and you will see by looking at ,fig4 #bc that all you have to do is to draw three vertical lines and join the top and bottom by marking over the #cj degree lines4 ,this done draw three more uprights in the same way and when you have these on paper it is easy to put beams on top or struts between them as shown at ,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,first ,,step ,,in ,,isometric ,,perspective ,,drawing ,as all the lines are of equal measure you can mark on the exact dimensions as shown in many of the isometric perspective drawings in this book4 ,for a drawing of some device1 or of a whole machine1 to give to some mechanic to make for you the better way is to hand him a perspective drawing together with the top1 side and end views1 rather than the latter views alone1 and then he will not need to figure out how they are put together4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,the ,,next ,,step ,,in ,,isometric ,,perspective ,,drawing ,to show to a better advantage how isometric perspective works out look at ,fig4 #be and you will see how the bearings of a crankshaft of a four cylinder gas engine stand out in a vertical line1 up and down and in a horizontal line right and left as though they were real and made in three dimensions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,a ,,crank ,,shaft ,,drawn ,,on ,,isometric ,,paper ,how to ,make ,isometric ,paper4--,to make isometric perspective drawings you can get along without the cross-section paper described above though this is the easiest and most accurate way to get results4 ,but you can make these drawings on any kind of paper if you know how to use a protractor and measure of #cj degrees4 ,to do it right you should have some drawing tools and if you are an inventor you should have them anyway4 ,drawing ,tools ,you ,need4--,for making drawings of any kind you should by all means have a drawing-board as shown at ,a in ,fig4 #bf4 ,as a drawing board must be perfectly square and made so that it cannot warp it is better to buy one of a dealer in drawing materials4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf;,a4 ,a ,,drawing ,,board ,a good board is built up of thoroughly seasoned strips of white pine glued together and fitted with end ledges2 a small board say #ab by #ag inches on the sides can be bought for #ej cents or a little more and it will serve you well4 ,a #ab inch triangular boxwood architect's scale is shown at ,b in ,fig4 #bf and is much handier to use than a common rule4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf;,b4 ,a ,,triangular ,,scale ,a beginner's set of drawing instruments consisting of compasses1 with pen and pencil points1 a ruling pen and a box of leads all in a nice pocket case1 as shown at ,c1 ,fig4 #bf1 can be bought for #a4be and these compasses are easier to handle than the one shown in ,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf;,c4 ,a ,,set ,,of ,,inexpensive ,,drawing ,,instruments ,but the chief instrument you need is a protractor1 as shown at ,d1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,this is a semicircle of brass1 or of ,german silver1 #c or #d inches in diameter and costs #aj cents or #dj cents1 according to the size and metal it is made of4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf;,d4 ,a ,,protractor ,,for ,,measuring ,,circles ,,and ,,angles ,,by ,,degrees ,a protractor1 as you may or may not know1 is used to lay off angles and to measure angles in degrees4 ,the curved part or scale of the protractor is divided into #ahj degrees since there are #cfj degrees in a circle4 ,the figures start at both corners with #j so that an angle of any number of degrees right or left can be marked off4 ,now the lines formed by marking off angles of #cj degrees are the only ones you will have to make for isometric perspective4 ,to do this fasten a sheet of paper to your drawing board with thumb tacks at each corner and draw a straight line across the paper near the bottom4 ,put your protractor on the edge of the paper and the pencil line exactly as shown in ,fig4 #bg2 lay your rule so that its edge crosses the straight part of the protractor at the middle1 marked ,a in the drawing and also on the line of the scale of the protractor marked #cj degrees and then draw a line on the paper along the edge of your rule4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,the ,,protractor ,,on ,,paper ,this done place the protractor on the opposite and left hand edge of the paper and the horizontal line and lay your rule with its edge crossing the middle of the straight part of the protractor as before and on the #cj degree line of the scale and so that when you draw the line it will cross the other #cj degree line as shown in ,fig4 #bg4 ,if now you draw another line at #ij degrees1 that is vertically1 between the two crossed lines1 also as shown in ,fig4 #bg1 each of the three lines will be exactly the same distance apart in degrees4 ,you can go ahead now and draw lines inch apart parallel with each of the three lines and you will have a sheet of isometric cross section paper of your own making4 ,how to ,draw ,isometric ,ellipses4--,an ,easy1 ,rough ,way4--,there is just one more little thing you should know about making isometric perspectives and that is how to draw disks1 wheels and anything else that is circular in form so that they will look right and be right4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh;,a4 ,,the ,,proportion ,,of ,,an ,,isometric ,,ellipse ,in isometric perspective everything that is round in reality is drawn in the shape of an ellipse1 that is a closed curve that is longer than it is wide as shown at ,a in ,fig4 #bh2 there are different shaped ellipses but there is only one used for isometric drawing and this is always in the ratio of #a to #b2 that is if an ellipse is #b inches long it will be #a inches wide2 an ellipse #d inches long will be #b inches wide and so on4 ,an easy1 though rough way to draw an isometric ellipse is to make a line as long as the diameter of the disk or wheel you intend to represent2 draw another line which is the width of the ellipse through the center and at right angles across it1 see ,a again and then draw the curved line around the end of them free hand4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh;,b4 ,,how ,,ellipses ,,stand ,,out ,,in ,,relief ,how these ellipses are made to appear as if they were set either in a vertical or a horizontal position and at right angles to each other is shown at ,b in ,fig4 #bh4 ,the axis1 that is the spindle1 or shaft on which the disk1 or wheel1 is mounted1 must always follow the #cj degree line running at right angles to the edge of the board or whatever it is supposed to be fastened to or goes through2 and the thickness of the disk or wheel is always shown on the same sides as the thickness of the board or other part on which it is mounted1 all of which is brought out clearly at ,b in ,fig4 #bh4 ,how to ,draw an ,isometric ,ellipse4--,a ,harder but ,more ,accurate ,way4--,begin by drawing a straight line as long as you want the longest axis of your ellipse to be1 as shown at ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #bi4 ,divide this line into four equal parts4 ,now take your compasses and with the needle at the center of the line ,o draw a circle having the line as its diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,how ,,an ,,isometric ,,ellipse ,,is ,,drawn ,next start at ,a with your dividers and divide the whole circle into ten equal parts and then take your rule and draw a line from the point ,c on the circle through the point ,g on the diameter and produce1 or extend it to the bottom of the circle2 draw a line from ,d through ,g and extend it to the top of the circle2 draw a line from ,e through ,h and extend it to the bottom of the circle when it will intersect the line ,c ,g at the point ,j2 and finally draw a line from ,f through ,h to the top of the circle which will intersect the line ,d ,g at ,i4 ,take your compasses and using ,g as a center draw the arc ,k ,a ,l2 then using ,h as a center draw the opposite arc ,m ,b ,n2 using the point ,j as a center1 draw the arc ,k ,m so that its ends will meet the upper ones of the end arcs perfectly2 using the point ,i as a center draw the fourth and last arc ,l ,n when the ellipse is completed4 ,when making isometric ellipses much care must be taken to make all the points and draw all the lines with the greatest accuracy as the slightest error will distort the whole thing4 ,how to ,shade ,drawings4--,besides the few hints for shading perspective drawings which ,i have given above there are certain ways to shade cross-sections and elevations to show whether it is made of metal1 glass1 wood1 liquid1 cork1 carbon1 insulation or other materials4 ,there are also different kinds of shading to show fine and coarse fabrics and the various colors4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,a ,,shading ,,and ,,lettering ,,chart ,,for ,,drawings ,the patent office has prepared a chart showing the shading that should be used to represent the different materials and colors and these are reproduced in ,fig4 #cj4 ,the letters of the alphabet both upper and lower case1 as the capitals and little letters are called1 which are used by mechanical draftsmen are also shown in ,fig4 #cj4 ,as these letters and figures are clear1 easy to make and are preferred by the patent office they are good ones for you to use4 ,how to ,make ,electrical ,symbols4--,in making drawings1 either for yourself or for the patent office1 of electrical apparatus to show how it is connected up you do not need to draw out a plan view or a perspective of each part but you can make what are called symbols4 ,symbols are simply a few lines or signs that stand for or represent a certain piece of apparatus2 as an illustration suppose you want to show a dry cell1 all you need to do is to make a couple of parallel lines1 one shorter and heavier than the other like this3 ,illustration3 cell and if you want to show a battery you make as many pairs of parallel lines as there are cells in this fashion3 ,illustration3 battery ,and just so with every separate piece of electrical apparatus1 and all of them are shown at ,a and ,b in ,fig4 #ca4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca;,a4 ,a ,,chart ,,of ,,electrical ,,symbols ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca;,b4 ,a ,,chart ,,of ,,electrical ,,symbols ,how to ,read ,electrical ,diagrams4--,from the plates of symbols given at ,a and ,b in ,fig4 #ca1 you will see that the symbol for a battery is a pair of parallel lines as shown above1 that the symbol for a motor is made in this fashion3 ,illustration3 motor and that a switch is made like this3 ,illustration3 switch now if you want to show a battery1 a motor and a switch wired together all you have to do is to join the symbols with lines as shown at ,c in ,fig4 #ca and you will have what is called a diagram4 ,you can read a diagram1 that is understand how it is connected up1 in an instant for you can see at a glance how the wires run4 ,because the wiring is shown so simply and clearly diagrams of this kind are usually called wiring diagrams4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca;,c4 ,a ,,simple ,,wiring ,,diagram ,in drawing wiring diagrams try to place each symbol in such a position that the connecting lines which represent the wires cross each other as seldom as possible1 otherwise your diagram will be confused and it will be hard to follow out the circuits4 ,some ,aids to ,drawing4--,the following aid to drawing and designing was published in the ,english ,mechanic and you will find it very helpful if your invention has to do with an automobile1 aeroplane1 or any large machine which is used or actuated by a person4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb;,a4 ,,the ,,dimensions ,,of ,a ,,manikin ,make a manikin1 that is a little jointed figure of a man as shown at ,a in ,fig4 #cb4 ,the figure can be made to any scale but #a inch to the foot which is full size is a good ratio to make it but it must of course be made to the same scale as the machine you are drawing4 ,to get the right proportions rule a sheet of paper a couple of inches wide and about #h inches long so that the divisions will be _/ inch square and draw on this the different parts of the manikin as shown at ,b in ,fig4 #cb4 ,now since every _/ inch on the paper is equal to #a inch for a man #f feet tall your manikin will be #f inches high when it is jointed and complete4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb;,b4 ,,the ,,proportions ,,of ,a ,,manikin ,,drawn ,,on ,,cross-,,section ,,paper ,the figure can be made of cardboard if it is to be used only a few times but thin wood1 celluloid or hard rubber1 or sheet tin1 brass or copper will make a much more substantial one4 ,whatever the material that is used the edges of each part should be filed smooth2 and when you rivet the parts together to make the joints the latter should work smooth and yet stiff enough so that the parts will stay in whatever position you place them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb;,c4 ,a ,,trial ,,position ,,of ,,the ,,manikin ,when you lay the manikin on your drawing you can see whether or not the levers are in the right places as shown at ,c and ,d in ,fig4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb;,d4 ,,another ,,trial ,,position ,,of ,,the ,,manikin ,making ,cardboard ,models4--,in drawing out your invention you will often find that you can't get the image you have in your mind's eye down on paper4 ,there may be the movement of a lever1 the turning of a wheel or the motion of a cam that you cannot quite see through and try as you will to work it out on paper the thing refuses to materialize4 ,under such conditions it would be a great waste of time and money to set about building a real model but there is an easy way out of the difficulty and that is to make a cardboard model of the device4 ,just as an illustration take the case of an aeroplane4 ,say that your big idea is a scheme for controlling the elevating planes and the direction rudder2 you have clearly in mind the use of an elevating plane on each side of the rudder and yet when you try to draw it out these two parts won't fit together at all as you expected them to do4 ,when you reach this point get a sheet of heavy cardboard1 shears1 bottle of liquid glue1 pins1 matches or toothpicks1 some thin wire1 a few corks and a sharp knife4 ,out of these materials you can build up the fuselage1 as the body of the aeroplane is called2 next you can fasten on the rudder and then the elevation planes2 and when you have the tail-planes put together with real materials and actual shapes and sizes they will stand out in bold relief and you will have no trouble in making your drawings from the cardboard model4 ,or suppose you have an idea for a gyro-motor such as are used for driving aeroplanes4 ,now in this motor the shaft to which the pistons are fastened stands still and the cylinders in which the pistons move revolve4 ,it is rather a curious motion and not easy for a fellow who is not posted on mechanics to grasp offhand4 ,what's the thing to do8 ,why1 make a cardboard model of the mechanism using pins for the shafts and you will have a model that will look like ,fig4 #cc1 and when you turn the cardboard disk with the cylinders marked on it you will see at once exactly how the motor works4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,a ,,cardboard ,,model ,,of ,a ,,gyro ,,engine ,and so it is with many other contrivances2 when you come to any part that doesn't seem to fit or is not clear1 make a cardboard model and your troubles will vanish as dew-drops in the morning's sun4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,art ,taking it for granted1 now1 that you have drawn out your invention on paper and have made cardboard models of the more difficult parts so that you can see about what your device or machine will look like and how it will work your next move is to look up the state of the art4 ,what is ,meant by ,state of the ,art4--,the state of the art means everything that has been published either in books1 papers1 or in patents about anything that has been discovered or invented1 which has a bearing on your invention4 ,as an instance the state of the art of the dynamo electric machine1 or dynamo as it is called for short1 goes clear back to #ahcc when ,faraday made the experiment of passing a wire across the pole of a magnet and found that a current of electricity was set up in it--that is in the wire4 ,since that time hundreds of patents have been taken out and thousands of articles have been written about dynamos4 ,all of this information1 or data as it is called1 goes to make up the state of the art in the class of dynamos and all of the patents can be had and many of the articles too if you know how to go about it to find them and one of the purposes of this chapter is to tell you how to do it4 ,use of the ,state of the ,art4--,you can easily understand that with all the thought that has been given to1 and the experimental work that has been put on1 dynamos to the end of bettering them it is a pretty hard thing to make an improvement that has not been made before1 though it is still quite possible to do so4 ,suppose1 then1 you had thought of and worked out on paper some improvement on the dynamo which you believed to be new and original and of great value4 ,certainly since you know that inventors like ,edison1 ,brush1 ,weston1 ,thompson1 ,tesla1 and a hundred other men almost as big1 had applied themselves with diligence to dynamo problems during the last #dj years you would not care to go very far in spending your time or your money working on it until you learned whether or not some one before you had thought of and used the same principle4 ,yet hundreds of beginners in the field of inventing work along in the dark because they do not know the state of the art1 and always to their sorrow4 ,so don't be one of them4 ,how to ,learn the ,state of the ,art4--,for the reasons ,i have given above you will see that it is bad practice to go beyond the point of working out your invention on paper before you know whether it is really new or not for though it may be entirely original with you1 if it has been thought of and read before some learned body of scientists1 or printed in some musty trade paper prior to the time you conceived the idea you haven't the slightest claim to it1 nor is it of the least value to you4 ,and so after you have thought out your invention and have made drawings of it the next step is not to apply for a patent as most patent attorneys will advise to do1 or to have a model made as many model makers will tell you to do but to look up the state of the art and see where you are at4 ,having a ,patent ,attorney ,look it ,up4--,the easiest and quickest way to learn roughly the state of the art is to have a preliminary search1 as it is called1 made by a patent attorney1 which means that he will look through the files of patents that have been granted by the ,united ,states ,patent ,office to other inventors for devices or machines of the kind you are working on4 ,to do this you must1 of course1 retain a patent attorney1 that is employ him1 and turn the drawings and written description of your invention over to him4 ,every patent attorney outside of ,washington1 where the patent office is located1 has a correspondent or an associate1 that is another patent attorney1 who lives there and who acts for him when necessary4 ,this latter patent attorney will take your drawings and description to the library of the patent office1 look over the files of patents there and pick out those which seem to him are most nearly like your invention4 ,he will get copies of these patents1 send them to your patent attorney who will in turn hand them to you with your original drawings and you can then go over them and compare them and judge for yourself whether you have a really new invention or if it burned in the brain of some other inventor before you ever dreamed of it4 ,from the above you might infer that it would be a good scheme to employ a patent attorney who lives in ,washington2 but on the contrary it is better to have a patent attorney in your own city transact this business for you1 if one is to be had1 for then you can talk with him and you will learn many things you couldn't begin to find out through correspondence4 ,many advertising patent attorneys agree to make what they are pleased to call a free search for you--and do it while you wait1 so to speak4 ,a free search1 or desk search1 as it is dubbed by those who don't make them1 is of no value whatever for it is the snap-shot opinion1 or rather a notion1 of a patent attorney who is drumming up business by un-business like methods4 ,to show how absurd an opinion of this kind is just consider that there are #dc divisions of inventions in the patent office2 each division1 is split up into anywhere from a dozen to nearly #bjj classes and that in some of these classes as many as #ab1jjj patents have been granted as in the case of the sewing machine4 ,and when you ask a patent attorney of this ilk to make a free search for you he will write back a letter in this tone of voice3 ,i have very carefully considered your sketch1 etc41 etc4 ,the first payment of fees necessary to start your case is #bj and upon receipt of this amount ,i will be very glad to carry the case forward1 etc41 etc4 ,all patent attorneys who advertise that they will make a search for you free of charge will also make what they call a special search for which they charge #e4jj1 and any other patent attorney will make one for the same price and which is1 after all is said and done1 only a preliminary search4 ,you can buy a copy of any patent that has been issued by sending #e cents in coin--the government won't take its own stamps--to the ,commissioner of ,patents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 that is if you know the number and date of it and the name of the inventor to whom it was granted4 ,the patent attorney who makes the preliminary search will send you several copies of the patents nearest like your drawing without extra charge as these are1 or should be1 included in your #e4jj fee4 ,when you get the copies of these patents go over each one carefully and see how nearly the pictures are like yours2 then read the description of the invention1 or specification as it is called1 and compare it with your own statement1 and1 finally study the claims at the end of the specification and pick them to pieces for in these are to be found what has really been allowed to the inventor by the patent office4 ,the patents found by the patent attorney in making a preliminary search of the files and which are sent to you does not by any means represent the whole state of the art1 but they serve a useful purpose as a starter4 ,the reason it is not complete is because the patents are usually selected by patent attorneys in virtue of their similarity to the drawings you have submitted to him4 ,sometimes1 to be sure1 he reads what the specification says and if he is a real good patent attorney he will sift out a few of the claims1 though this is usually due to his patent training rather than to any conscientious desire on his part to get at all the facts in the case4 ,but when you have applied for a patent on your alleged new and useful improvement and it is being scrutinized by the examiner in the patent office1 he will look up the state of the art in all its devious ramifications for this is what he is paid to do by the people of the ,united ,states1 though he thinks it is the officials in ,washington who employ him4 ,at any rate he has plenty of time to do it in and ample assistance to do it with4 ,nor does he merely take a glance at the drawings1 specifications and claims of your patent application and compare them casually with others that have been granted along the same line of endeavor1 but1 instead1 when enough pressure is brought to bear1 he will look up everything that has ever been published in all languages1 including the barbaric ro1#a since ,adam was a boy4 ,at other times and for no reason at all1 or so it seems1 he will of a verity go to sleep on the job in his sub-cellar and let an application slip through his room in a few months1 while he will spend years on another application of the same kind4 ,of course if you are the fortunate one you will be glad to get a patent granted so easily2 your patent attorney is glad because he has your money in his pocket and the examiner is glad because he has made a friend of his glad4 ,to have everybody glad is a nice thing1 you will allow1 but don't crow too soon for there is a hole in the average patent big enough to drive a horse and wagon through4 ,if your patent is for an invention of genuine merit you will not be alone very long in the field and should you commence to make anything that looks like real money out of it you will find some other genius with an invention and a patent1 as like yours as the other ,siamese twin and if you don't sue him he will sue you and then you can fight it out in the courts4 ,even as right is always on the side of the army with the heaviest artillery1 if there are enough shells1 so1 too1 justice is always on the side of the inventor who has the smoothest patent attorney and the cleverest experts if they have enough ammunition in the way of some claims4 ,while it requires skill to draw up good claims they can in any case be made better where the state of the art is known by yourself and your patent attorney4 ,how to ,look ,it ,up ,yourself4--,whatever the nature of the invention you are working on you should read up its history from its earliest beginnings and in this age of papers1 books and public libraries this is an easy1 entertaining and profitable thing to do4 ,as an illustration take the art of flying and let's suppose you are working on a new wing1 or main-plane1 for an aroplane2 if you will go over the list of books sold by book publishers1 or consult the catalogue of a public library you will find books on flying1 or aviation as it is called1 that will give you a full account of the development of flying machines2 and if you will get the right book it will picture and describe all the forms of wings that have been invented and patented up to the time the book went to press4 ,then there are weekly and monthly papers published which are devoted entirely to the theory and practice of flying and by reading these you will be able to keep right up to the entering edge of the art4 ,now what ,i have said about flying is just as true of whatever else you may happen to be working on1 for books and papers are printed and published about nearly every subject you can think of1 from aviation to wireless telegraphy2 by reading up on the subject of and allied to your invention you will soon have the history of it by heart and this makes up a large part of the state of the art4 ,another and fortunate thing when you look up the state of the art a lot of other ideas will surge helter-skelter through your mind and if you are careful to write them down many of them will be of much value to you in the furtherance of your invention4 ,if you live in a large city it is an easy matter to look up the patents that have been granted for inventions in your class1 for you will find an ,index of the ,patent ,office in the public library which gives the number and date of the patent you want and the patentee's name4 ,the ,index is published every year by the ,unites ,states patent office and it gives the alphabetical list of the patentees and of the inventors to whom patents were granted for that year4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,the ,,official ,,gazette ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,patent ,,specifications ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,index ,,to ,,patents ,having found the patent you want to look into1 get the ,official ,gazette of the patent office for the same year and by looking up the number1 or patentee1 or invention1 or all of them1 you can easily locate an excerpt of the patent and then you can take a look at the drawing and read the principal claims4 ,the ,official ,gazette is published every week by the patent office and it contains a picture and a brief description of each patent issued for that week1 together with the number and date of the patent1 the name of the patentee and of the invention4 ,should you require more information about a patent than is given in the ,gazette you can look up a copy of the patent1 or full specification as it is called1 and these are bound in handsome volumes of #ajj patents each1 or at least1 this is the practice of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,in every library that has a patent section1 that is a part devoted to patents1 there is a librarian in charge who will either find any patent you want or who will show you how to use the ,index1 ,official ,gazette and the volumes of the full specifications4 ,the patent attorneys in ,washington have things much easier as all of the patents are bound in books according to the class they are in and they only need to look over the volumes of a given class to choose those they want4 ,when you have learned everything you can from books1 papers and copies of patents already granted about the subject you are interested in you will have a pretty clear idea of the state of the art and whether you are working in a virgin field or one that has been sown with the same kind of inventions by others4 ,but there is another and most important part of the state of the art which neither you nor your patent attorneys can find out about until after you have filed your application for a patent2 this is the information contained in the applications for patents by other inventors before your application was filed4 ,should another application disclose either in whole or in part an invention like1 or nearly like1 yours1 or rather that your invention is like1 or nearly like1 some one's else1 the patent examiner declares what is called an interference1 of which more will be said in another chapter1 and this gives the patent attorneys on both sides another chance to rake in a few more fees4 ,what to ,do ,when ,you ,find ,there ,are ,no ,other ,improvements ,like ,yours4--,after you have looked up1 or have had looked up1 the state of the art as carefully as possible1 and you are satisfied that your invention1 or improvement1 is different from everything else you have been able to find1 you should by all means go ahead and make such experiments1 or build a working model1 as the case may be1 in order that you may know that all you have thought about it is really true4 ,as soon as your experiments are completed or your model is finished so that you know exactly what you want to claim as being strictly new and novel and original with you1 then you are in shape to hire a patent attorney to draw up your patent application and file it and don't do the latter a moment before4 ,a patent application based largely on what you guess1 is a patent when granted without value for it can no more cover the exact facts in the case when these are finally worked out than a description one might write about an imaginary trip to ,europe would be likely to fit the true details of a real trip which he would make sometime thereafter4 ,when ,you ,find ,there is a ,resemblance4--,very often you will find after you have looked up the state of the art that some other inventor has patented a device that seems on the face of it quite like yours and yet when you examine them critically1 compare them closely and bring thought to bear upon them you will be able to distinguish a difference and often in several respects4 ,sometimes this difference1 though it seems to be small1 is a mighty one when it comes to producing results as for instance when ,elias ,howe used a needle with the eye near its point instead of in its head and so made the sewing machine a commercial success4 ,and yet a patent examiner of to-day would not be likely to see any difference in a needle with an eye in its head and one with an eye near its point1 that is1 if he had never seen either one before4 ,if you have made a machine to do a certain thing and you find that another machine has been invented that does the same thing and in the same way you may be able to change the mechanical movements1 or electrical devices1 until you are able to get the same or a better result by other and better means4 ,it is all very easy to tell you to do this but in practice it is often a mighty hard thing to accomplish4 ,the ,bell telephone is an example of such difficulties1 for while both transmitters and receivers can be made which work on principles quite different from those now in use the results are not nearly as good and hence the inventions have no practical value4 ,when ,others ,are ,exactly ,like ,yours4--,but when you find that your great idea has been thought of and worked out and patented by some other inventor ahead of you and that both the cause and effect which you and he arrived at are the same1 then the best thing to do is to drop it like a hot potato and invent something else4 ,,note4--,the ,patent ,office publishes a ,manual of ,classification1 price #a1 which lists all of the sub-divisions of each class4 ,take as an illustration ,explosives1 which is ,class #ec4 ,this is subdivided into six such classes1 namely3 7#a7 ,blasting ,powder2 7#b7 ,fulminates2 7#c7 ,nitro ,compounds2 7#d7 ,gun ,powder2 7#e7 ,matches2 7#f7 ,pyrotechnic ,compounds4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,how ,,to ,,experiment ,the kind of experimenting you will do will1 of course1 depend altogether on the nature of the invention on which you are working4 ,but1 as good fortune would have it if you are not mechanically inclined you are not apt to hit upon a mechanical invention4 ,and if you know nothing of electricity1 you are not likely to think out an improved electrical device4 ,but this much is certain if you are going to experiment the right way you must know something about the right way to experiment4 ,no one should expect to work out to a successful conclusion a new machine or apply a new improvement to an old machine if he knows nothing of the first principles of mechanics or about mechanical movements1 and by rights he ought to have some knowledge of machine design4 ,and the above statement is just as true of electrical inventions4 ,a worker who does not know the difference between a binding post and an alternating current need not expect to progress very far with an invention of1 say1 an electric block signal system--unless he calls in an expert to help him2 but what he should do is to study the principles of electricity and magnetism1 learn the various currents that can be used and what apparatus and instruments are needed for utilizing these currents4 ,the same thing applies to inventions in chemistry in that to work intelligently you must know about the properties of substances1 chemical change and acids1 bases and salts4 ,and with electro-chemistry both a knowledge of chemistry and electricity are needed4 ,it is easy to see that it would not be possible in the limited space ,i have here to say more than a word or two about the subjects of mechanics1 electricity1 chemistry and electro-chemistry when each requires a whole chapter to explain it even in a rough way and a whole book to explain it thoroughly4 ,but there are a few things ,i can tell you about them that will put you on the right track and then ,i shall give you the names of some books that will be of great service to you when you are in need of them1 and with your help we'll make a real inventor of you4 ,how to ,experiment with ,machines4--,any one who possesses the slightest bent for mechanics can work out improvements on devices like egg-beaters and monkey-wrenches and feel their way as they go along4 ,but when it comes to designing and building real machines where numerous levers1 gears1 and springs are combined to make a working unit you should by all means read up on the subjects of work1 energy and power1 learn about the six mechanical powers--and the action of machines in general4 ,the following definitions will give you an idea about all of them4 ,work1 ,energy and ,power4--,a wheel will not turn of its own accord but if it is moved round by some force applied to it such as the hand1 a coiled spring or a motor1 work is done4 ,in fact whenever a thing is made to change its position work is done4 ,the power to do work is caused by energy2 energy is developed when some force is applied and can be stored up in bodies as when a ball is thrown4 ,when the energy stops acting1 or is used up1 there can no longer be any work done4 ,energy can be transferred from one body to another1 as from a clock-spring to a wheel1 or from one wheel to another wheel2 and energy can be transformed1 as the chemical energy of a battery into the rotary energy of a motor or from steam into mechanical motion4 ,the unit of work is the foot-pound and this is the work done to raise one pound one foot high4 ,the rate of doing work is the horse power and a horse power is equal to lifting #eej foot-pounds in a second1 or #cc1jjj foot-pounds in a minute4 ,energy may be either potential or kinetic2 potential energy means energy that is stored up and with nothing to act on1 and for this reason it is called energy of position4 ,the electric charge of a ,leyden jar is potential energy but the moment it is released it makes a spark and becomes kinetic energy or energy of motion4 ,potential energy can be changed into kinetic energy and kinetic energy back again into potential energy with amazing freedom4 ,energy has a definite relation to velocity which means that when the speed of a moving body is increased its power to do work is also increased4 ,like matter1 energy cannot be destroyed1 and so all of it taken together is called a constant quantity4 ,when the energy stored up in a spring1 or a battery1 has been used the energy is not destroyed1 though it may be very hard to find out where it has gone1 but you may know that it has vanished in heat and in other forms of energy4 ,work ,against ,friction4--,the chief resistance which machines have to overcome is caused by friction4 ,since there is no such thing as a perfectly smooth surface friction is always present in machines and much energy must be spent in overcoming it4 ,the energy wasted by friction is not destroyed but is transformed into another kind of energy and that is heat4 ,when a marble is rolled over the surface of a table there is less friction between the two than when the marble slides across the table4 ,hence with ball bearings there is less friction than with cone bearings4 7,see ,appendix ,i47 ,forms of ,energy4--,there are nine forms of energy that you can make use of in your experiments and in your inventions1 and these are3 ,bodies in ,motion--kinetic4 ,bodies under ,stress ,,energy ,,of ,,masses 7like a coiled spring74 ,potential4 ,bodies attracted by ,gravitation4 ,sound--both kinetic and potential4 ,heat4 ,,energy ,,of ,,molecules ,molecular and ,atomic ,energy4 ,,and ,,atoms ,chemical ,action4 ,,energy ,,of ,,ether ,electric and ,magnetic ,actions4 ,light and ,invisible ,radiation4 ,machines and the ,principles of ,machinery4--,a machine is a contrivance of mechanical parts by which energy is transferred from one part to another4 ,beside the amount of energy required for doing useful work there must be an extra amount for overcoming the friction4 ,remember that no machine can either create energy or increase it1 and1 as you have seen1 every machine wastes some energy in friction2 this being true it must be clear then that it is impossible to make a machine which when once set in motion would continue to run forever1 or at least until its parts were worn out4 ,so don't waste your energy in trying to invent a perpetual motion machine4 ,the ,uses of ,machines4--,these are many and varied from a commercial point of view in that they are designed to do better1 faster or cheaper work and sometimes all of these good qualities are found in a single machine4 ,from a mechanical point of view1 though1 a machine is used to 7#a7 ,change one form of energy into another form1 as steam into electricity4 7#b7 ,to make a slow moving1 but powerful force produce a high speed or velocity1 as in a sewing machine4 7#c7 ,to change a small1 fast moving force into a powerful force1 as in the action of a crowbar4 7#d7 ,to change the direction of a force so that the power can be applied where and when it is needed1 and 7#e7 ,to make use of whatever force is at hand as the strength of animals1 wind1 water1 steam1 gas and electricity4 ,the ,six ,mechanical ,powers4--,as a matter of fact there are really only two of these1 namely the lever and the inclined plane1 the other four1 that is the wheel and axle1 the pulley1 the wedge and the screw being simply modified forms of the first two4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg;,a4 ,a ,,lever ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,class ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg;,b4 ,a ,,pair ,,of ,,pliers ,the lever is a rigid bar resting on1 and which can be moved about a fixed point1 called the fulcrum4 ,there are three classes of levers and these are3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch;,a4 ,a ,,lever ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,class ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch;,b4 ,a ,,pair ,,of ,,wire ,,splicing ,,clamps 7#a7 ,where the fulcrum is placed between the load and the power which moves it1 as shown at ,a1 ,fig4 #cg2 a pair of shears1 pliers1 a balance and a crowbar are levers of the first-class1 see ,b1 ,fig1 #cg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci;,a4 ,a ,,lever ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,class ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci;,b4 ,a ,,pair ,,of ,,sugar ,,tongs 7#b7 ,where the load is applied between the power and the fulcrum1 as shown at ,a1 ,fig4 #ch2 a lemon squeezer and wire splicing clamps are examples of this class2 see ,b1 ,fig4 #ch1 and ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,a ,,bent ,,lever 7#c7 ,where the power is applied between the load and the fulcrum as shown at ,a1 ,fig4 #ci2 the foot treadle of a jig saw and sugar tongs are levers of this class4 ,see ,b1 ,fig4 #ci4 ,then there is the bent lever1 as shown in ,fig4 #dj1 where the power and load do not act parallel with each other1 and the compound lever which takes the place of a single long lever as shown in ,fig4 #da1 and which is used in large platform-scales4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,a ,,compound ,,lever ,the wheel and axle is really a form of lever and fulcrum4 ,the axle provides a continuous fulcrum as shown in ,fig4 #db4 ,trains of wheel work1 such as are used in clocks and other mechanical devices1 are used to change a slow moving powerful force into a high speed1 or velocity1 or the other way about4 ,fig4 #dc shows a train of wheel work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,the ,,wheel ,,and ,,axle ,,is ,a ,,modified ,,lever ,the power is applied at ,a1 the weight is at ,b1 and the ,fulcrum is at ,c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,a ,,train ,,of ,,wheels ,,or ,,wheel ,,work ,the pulley is a wheel with a cord1 rope or belt running round it as shown in ,fig4 #dd4 ,it is used to transmit power and also to change the direction of it4 ,a pulley can be either fixed or movable4 ,a compound pulley makes it possible to raise a heavy weight with a very small force1 not by increasing the energy1 but by transposing velocity into power4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,a ,,fixed ,,pulley ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de;,a4 ,,an ,,inclined ,,plane ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de;,b4 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,an ,,inclined ,,plane ,the inclined plane is any hard smooth surface set at a slant to the force to be overcome4 ,a barrel can be rolled up an inclined plane against the force of gravity1 as shown in ,fig4 #de1 while it could not be lifted straight up to the same height4 ,the wedge is simply an inclined plane on a small scale4 ,it is useful where a great force must be exerted through a small distance1 as in splitting a stick of wood1 as shown in ,fig4 #df4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df;,a4 ,a ,,simple ,,wedge ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df;,b4 ,,two ,,wedges ,,form ,a ,,printer',s ,,quoin ,a screw is also a modified form of an inclined plane4 ,by means of a screw great pressures can be exerted in a small space and here again a powerful force is had with a corresponding loss of velocity4 ,it is shown in ,fig4 #dg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg;,a4 ,,the ,,theory ,,of ,a ,,screw ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg;,b4 ,a ,,screw ,,clamp ,compound ,machines4--,any of the above six simple machines can be combined with any or all of the others and every machine that has ever been invented for any purpose is made up of a combination of these six mechanical powers4 ,since the beginning of invention there has been made by combining these six mechanical powers in different ways1 a large number of simple machines called mechanical movements2 and there has not been a single new mechanical movement invented in many years4 ,hence when you begin to work on your machine don't waste time and energy trying to devise the mechanical movement you need1 or what is still more foolish attempting to invent a new mechanical movement but look at the pictures in ,fig4 #dh which gives over #fj of the most useful mechanical movements4 ,if you cannot find one among them that will do the work then look for it in ,gardner ,d4 ,hiscock's book of ,mechanical ,movements which gives them all4 ,books4--,and it would be a good idea for you to read one of the following books which you can1 most likely1 get at any library3 ,elementary ,physics3 ,elroy ,m4 ,avery4 ,elements of ,physics3 ,edwin ,j4 ,houston4 ,elements of ,physics3 ,george ,h4 ,hoadley4 ,college ,physics3 ,a4 ,l4 ,kimball4 ,the first-named books go deeply enough into the subject of physics for all ordinary purposes while the last named is very thorough and has a lot of math in it2 and all of them treat of liquids1 air1 electricity and magnetism1 sound1 heat and light4 ,in whatever field you are working a general knowledge of physics will give you the key to a new and a mighty interesting world4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh;,a4 ,,some ,,useful ,,mechanical ,,movements ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh;,b4 ,,useful ,,mechanical ,,movements ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh;,c4 ,,useful ,,mechanical ,,movements ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh;,d4 ,,useful ,,mechanical ,,movements ,with the first principles of mechanics well in mind and the mechanical movements ,i have given1 you can go on with your experiments in a safe and sensible way4 ,how to ,experiment with ,electricity4--,electricity is very much like mechanics in that any one can put up an electric bell or screw in a plug-fuse but to experiment and build an apparatus in which electricity and magnetism are the powers used you must know how electricity is generated1 how magnetism is produced1 the different forms of electricity that are available and finally the kinds of apparatus best suited for the work that is required of them4 ,forms of ,electricity4--,though there is only one kind of electricity it can be divided into four classes1 or forms1 and these are3 7#a7 ,electricity at rest1 or static electricity1 that is electricity stored up but not active as in a charged ,leyden jar4 7#b7 ,electricity in locomotion1 or current electricity1 in which electricity flows along wires1 through solutions and other conductors when it is able to do work4 7#c7 ,electricity in rotation1 or magnetism in which electric whirls produce attraction and repulsion1 and3 7#d7 ,electricity in vibration1 or radiation in which electric charges moving to and fro millions of times a second set up waves in the ether which our eyes can see and which we call light4 ,then there are waves much too short for the eye to see and these are called ultra-violet waves2 there are waves too long for the eye to see and these are the infra-red waves which we can feel for they are heat waves1 and finally there are very long waves set up in the ether by surging high frequency currents in wires and these are called electric or wireless waves4#b ,static ,electricity4--,you can think of electricity as being a fluid1 like water1 for it has both quantity and pressure1 and in many ways it acts like a fluid4 ,if you filled a tank1 raised above the ground1 with water1 the latter would be at rest1 but it would be under pressure too and the moment a hole was bored in any part of the tank below the level of the water it would squirt out2 in other words the potential water would be changed into kinetic water or water in locomotion4 ,if1 now1 you charge a ,leyden jar1 or a condenser1 with electricity it will be at rest until you bring the alternate coatings of tin-foil closely together when a spark will result and a current will flow4 ,static electricity is generated by friction and by induction1 but the electricity so produced is very small in quantity and very high in pressure4 ,a ,leyden jar1 or other condenser can be charged1 though1 with a low pressure current of electricity1 as in a spark coil4 ,current ,electricity4--,whenever electricity flows in a wire1 or other conductor1 it acts like water flowing through a pipe and it is then called current electricity4 ,the two most common ways to generate a current of electricity is by means of a chemical battery and by a dynamo electric machine4 ,a current of electricity may have a small current strength1 as its quantity is called1 and a high voltage1 as its pressure is called1 like the discharge of a ,leyden jar1 or it may have a large current strength and a low voltage1 as a current generated by a battery4 ,a direct current1 see ,fig4 #di1 is a current which flows steadily in one direction and this can be generated by a battery or a dynamo4 ,an interrupted current1 see ,fig4 #ej1 is a current that is made and broken a number of times a minute and this is usually done by a vibrator1 or interruptor as it is often called4 ,a pulsating current1 see ,fig4 #ea1 is one whose current strength is varied4 ,one way to produce a pulsating current is to talk into a telephone transmitter which is connected with a battery4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,a ,,steady ,,direct ,,current ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,an ,,interrupted ,,direct ,,current ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,a ,,pulsating ,,direct ,,current ,an alternating current1 see ,fig4 #eb1 is one which flows first in one direction and then in the other direction4 ,a magneto-electric machine and an alternating current generator are the means for generating this form of current4 ,alternating current can be produced from a direct current by using an induction coil1 or spark coil as it is called4 ,but a steady direct current can be obtained from an alternating current only by coupling an alternating current motor to a direct current dynamo4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,an ,,alternating ,,current ,the pressure1 or voltage1 of an alternating current can be stepped up or stepped down1 that is1 raised or lowered1 by means of a transformer1 which is the simplest form of induction coil4 ,the current strength varies proportionately with the charges in pressure so that there can never be any increase in the total amount of energy but there is always a loss of energy due to heating and other causes4 ,the moral again is that an electrically driven perpetual motion machine is a delusion and a snare4 ,alternating current can be changed into interrupted direct current1 see ,fig4 #ec1 by an electrolytic rectifier or a mercury vapor tube4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,alternating ,,current ,,changed ,,into ,,an ,,interrupted ,,direct ,,current ,a high tension current is an alternating current of sufficient pressure to make a jump-spark2 it can be produced by a high-tension magneto1 or a spark coil4 ,an alternating current is generally considered one that changes its direction less than #ajj1jjj times a second2 when it changes its direction #ajj1jjj times or more a second it is called an oscillating current1 see ,fig4 #ed1 or a high frequency current1 and this is the form of current that is used for sending out wireless waves4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,a ,,periodic ,,oscillating ,,current ,the only known way to set up oscillating currents of really high frequency is by discharging the stored up electricity of a condenser1 or its equivalent1 through a circuit of small resistance by means of a spark1 or an arc4 ,the latter sets up sustained oscillations as shown in ,fig4 #ee4 ,high frequency alternators 7machines7 have been built which generate alternating currents of over #ajj1jjj cycles per second4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,a ,,sustained ,,oscillating ,,current ,magnetism4--,a bar of steel can be made magnetic by rubbing it on a permanent steel magnet or on an electromagnet1 or winding a number of turns of wire around it and passing a current through the wire4 ,if a bar of soft iron is placed in a coil of wire and a current is made to flow round it the iron will become a magnet but remains so only while the current is flowing1 and this forms an electromagnet4 ,an electromagnet works best on a direct current but an alternating current can also be used to energize it4 ,a coil of wire with an air core1 that is without either an iron or a steel core1 becomes a magnet when a current is made to flow through it4 ,if1 now1 one end of a bar of soft iron is slipped into the hole in the coil of wire and the current is turned on the iron bar1 or core1 will be drawn into it4 ,this kind of a magnet is called a plunger electromagnet1 or solenoid4 ,radiation4--,whenever you light a match1 or make a light by any other means1 electric charges on the molecules of the substance which is heated vibrate violently to and fro and the minute surgings of the electric charges set up electro-magnetic waves in the ether which the eye can see and the brain can sense and this is what we call light4 ,when some substances are intensely heated1 as for instance1 the carbons of an arc lamp1 waves are also sent out which are too short for the eye to see but which will nevertheless affect a photographic plate4 ,these are called ultra-violet waves4 ,the infra-red waves are too long for the eye to see but the nerves of our bodies sense them as heat4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef;,a4 ,,some ,,useful ,,electro-,,mechanical ,,devices ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef;,b4 ,,some ,,useful ,,electro-,,mechanical ,,devices ,in conclusion take this bit of advice3 don't try to invent a new kind of electric current and don't try to devise a new electro-mechanical movement for in either case you will waste your time4 ,every form of current and every kind of electro-mechanical device you will need for any machine which you may invent are at hand and ready for use4 ,fig4 #ef shows a number of electro-mechanical devices and these will aid you in getting the result you want4 ,books4--,the books on physics listed on page #fi go deeply enough into the subject of static and current electricity and magnetism for all ordinary purposes of invention1 but if you are interested in wireless and high frequency electricity then ,i would suggest that you read the following books3 ,the ,book of ,wireless4 ,a4 ,f4 ,collins4 ,manual of ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,a4 ,f4 ,collins4 ,wireless ,telegraphy and ,high ,frequency ,electricity4 ,h4 ,la,v4 ,twining4 ,electric ,wave ,telegraphy4 ,j4 ,a4 ,fleming4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,an ,,ammeter ,,for ,,measuring ,,current ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,a ,,voltmeter ,,for ,,measuring ,,pressure ,your ,electrical ,equipment4--,should your invention call for experiments in electricity1 especially where the amount of current used is a factor1 you should provide yourself with a good ammeter1 as shown in ,fig4 #eg1 for measuring the current in amperes1 and a volt meter1 as shown in ,fig4 #eh1 for measuring the pressure1 or voltage1 in volts4 7,see ,appendix ,o47 ,where the resistance in ohms of a wire1 or a circuit of any kind must be known a combined bridge and resistance box is the best way to make accurate measurements4 ,resistance boxes measuring from 4#jja ohm to #ag4fjj ohms can be bought of the ,l4 ,e4 ,knott ,apparatus ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass41 for about #ah4jj4 ,it is shown in ,fig4 #ei4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,a ,,resistance ,,box ,,for ,,measuring ,,the ,,resistance ,,of ,,wires ,a large number of electrical devices call for winding wire on cores1 spools1 coils1 etc4 ,nearly all windings can be done on a lathe but if a lathe is not among your treasured possessions you can make a winder which will serve all ordinary purposes4 ,the drawings shown at ,a and ,b1 ,fig4 #fj1 give all the details of construction and you can make one chiefly of wood of whatever size your winding calls for4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,an ,,easily ,,made ,,winding ,,device ,a4 ,a side view ,b4 ,an end view ,how to ,experiment with ,chemistry4--,it is a pleasant pastime to make chemical experiments after a known formula but it is quite a different and a difficult thing to try to invent some new chemical compound when you know little or nothing of chemistry4 ,if your invention calls for some chemical combination or decomposition or double decomposition--these are the three kinds of chemical action--get an elementary book on chemistry and study it until you really know it and then you will have a bed-rock foundation on which to build up your invention4 ,you may say it is all very well to read a book on chemistry and learn all about it but it's a mighty hard thing to do without a teacher4 ,my answer is if you are not interested in chemistry1 you will certainly find the study of it up-hill work and very tedious4 ,but if you are working on an invention like1 say1 synthetic gems1 that is making real rubies and sapphires and emeralds in an oxy-hydrogen furnace1 see ,fig4 #fa1 you will not only study but you will study harder than you have ever studied before if you believe it will help you to find the solution of the gem problem4 ,it is under these conditions that work-study becomes play-study and you will be fascinated with it and it will then prove pleasant as well as profitable4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa;,a4 ,,making ,a ,,real ,,ruby ,,by ,,chemistry ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa;,b4 ,,ruby ,,boules ,,as ,,they ,,come ,,from ,,the ,,furnace ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa;,c4 ,,synthetic ,,rubies ,,after ,,they ,,are ,,cut ,your ,chemical ,equipment4--,the chemical apparatus you will require depends entirely on the class of work you are doing but for all ordinary chemical experiments the following apparatus will be found useful3 7#a7 a nest of beakers2 7#b7 a jeweler's blowpipe2 7#c7 one-half dozen wide mouth flint bottles2 7#d7 a ,bunsen burner with regulator1 that is if you have gas1 or 7#e7 an alcohol lamp2 7#f7 a glass ,u tube2 7#g7 a nest of ,hessian crucibles2 7#h7 a nest of porcelain crucibles2 7#i7 an evaporating dish2 7#aj7 a lead dish2 7#aa7 a couple of glass funnels2 7#ab7 a glass bottle with a two hole stopper2 7#ac7 half a pound of glass tubing2 7#ad7 a porcelain mortar and pestle2 7#ae7 a plain glass retort2 7#af7 a stoppered retort2 7#ag7 #c or #d feet of inch rubber tubing2 7#ah7 a sand bath2 7#ai7 a dozen test tubes2 7#bj7 a test-tube stand2 7#ba7 a test-tube clamp2 7#bb7 a test-tube brush2 7#bc7 an iron retort tripod2 7#bd7 one-half dozen watch glasses2 7#be7 a water bath2 7#bf7 some wire clamp supports2 7#bg7 a couple of platinum plates2 7#bh7 an air bath2 7#bi7 a burette2 7#cj7 a pinch-cock1 and 7#ca7 a brass scale with weights4 ,see ,fig4 #fb4 ,all of the above apparatus can be bought of any dealer in chemical or school apparatus for ten or twelve dollars4 ,for advanced work you will need other apparatus but whatever your requirements may be you can either buy the apparatus ready made or have it made to order4 ,as to chemicals these will likewise depend on the nature of your experiments4 ,send to ,eimer and ,amend1 #bje ,third avenue1 ,new ,york ,city1 for a catalogue and price list of chemicals and chemical apparatus as they sell everything used by chemists and electrochemists4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,some ,,useful ,,chemical ,,apparatus ,books4--,the following books with the exception of the last one are good elementary treatises on chemistry3 #a4--;,elementary ,chemistry4 ,smith4 #b4--;,first ,principles of ,chemistry4 ,brownlee4 #c4--;,chemistry4 ,remsen4 #d4--;,complete ,chemistry4 ,avery4 ,how to ,experiment with ,electro-,chemistry4--,in working out electro-chemical inventions you require a knowledge of both electricity and chemistry for it is the electric current that produces the chemical change either directly or indirectly4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc;,a4 ,,an ,,electric ,,furnace1 ,,showing ,,the ,,different ,,parts ,an electric battery of any kind is electro-chemical in action and so is electroplating and electrotyping but these are old inventions4 ,the production of ozone and nitric acid from the air by the action of an electric spark2 of coal tar colors by electrolysis2 the electrolytic refining of copper and the electrolytic production of aluminum are electro-chemical inventions in which the action of the electric current is direct4 ,and they are inventions of great importance and of recent date4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc;,b4 ,,an ,,electric ,,furnace ,,in ,,operation ,then there are a large number of indirect electro-chemical processes in which the electric current is used to produce heat as in the electric furnace4 ,genuine diamonds1 though too small and too costly to have any commercial value1 have been made in the electric furnace1 shown in ,fig4 #fc4 ,calcium carbide for making acetylene gas2 carborundum1 an abrasive that is better than emery2 electric smelting and the reduction of iron ore with carbon are all new electric furnace inventions of great value1 and there are many others4 ,,book4 ,the ,elements of ,electro-,chemistry ,treated ,experimentally4 ,by ,lpke4 ,,chapter ,v ,,making ,a ,,model ,at the end of the chapter on drawing ,i explained how you could make models of mechanical movements of cardboard4 ,and you will remember that the purpose of these simple models is to clear up points that are hazy when you are working out your invention on paper4 ,kinds of ,models4--,now besides cardboard models there are some other kinds1 the chief ones being 7#a7 rough models2 7#b7 scale models and 7#c7 working models1 and each of these kinds is useful in its own way4 ,the kind you should make1 or have made1 will depend on the bulge of your pocketbook as well as on the nature of your invention as you will presently see4 ,there was a time when the ,united ,states patent office required a model of every invention for which a patent application was made2 as a result the noble patent office finally became a museum filled with antique models instead of an office in which business was transacted for and with inventors4 ,the government officials then concluded that the patent examiners didn't really need to see the models anyway and then and there they ordered that a patent application only need be sent to the patent office--with one exception2 this exception is made when a would-be inventor applies for a patent on a perpetual motion machine and then he is asked for a working model and if this is not forthcoming--and of course it never is--no further attention is paid to him or to his application4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,a ,,rough ,,model ,,of ,,an ,,electric ,,motor ,,drive ,,for ,a ,,locomotive ,rough ,models4--,after you have made the drawings and experiments which your invention calls for and both have worked out to your satisfaction you will then have a burning desire to see the result of your efforts in a more substantial form4 ,some machines in which there are only a few moving parts need not be built up very carefully1 or to exact scale or even of the materials the marketable product is to have in it4 ,very often a model can be made of wood and scrap metals that will do and show everything that you want it to4 ,see ,fig4 #fd4 ,should you have to employ a patent attorney who lives at a distance from you1 say one who has an office in ,chicago1 ,philadelphia or ,boston1 a rough model of your invention will be of great help to him for it will give him an insight into its workings and its possibilities that he is not apt to get from studying your drawings and description unless you are a good mechanical draftsman and he is above the average in his profession4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,a ,,scale ,,model ,,of ,,an ,,aeroplane ,scale ,models4--,scale models are usually miniatures of the full sized machine1 that is every part of the scale model is reduced in proportion from the dimensions of the big machine1 say #a inch to the foot or whatever you want to make it4 ,like rough models scale models need not be actual working models1 indeed in many cases it is very hard if not impossible to make a scale model which will run or work like a full sized machine1 unless the model is made very large1 as for instance model aeroplanes fitted with motors of any other kind than those made of rubber strands4 ,fig4 #fe shows a scale model of an aeroplane4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,a ,,toy ,,heliocopter ,then again sometimes a scale model will work to perfection and when a full sized machine is built it will not work at all as in the case of the heliocopter1 that is1 a flying machine having a screw with blades like a propeller and which when it is rapidly spun by means of a string like a top will rise in the air to a height and sail away to a distance of a hundred feet or more4 ,fig4 #ff shows a toy heliocopter1 or aerial top as it is called4 ,many attempts have been made to build full sized flying machines on the principle of the toy heliocopter but so far none of them have been able to get off of the ground4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,a ,,working ,,model ,,of ,a ,,british ,,express ,,locomotive ,then again there are many machines that can be made of any size and which will work equally well4 ,fig4 #fg is a scale model of a ,british express locomotive4 ,it is #d feet long and an exact scale model which can be fired up with coal and it will make a speed of #aj miles an hour4 ,a scale model of your invention1 if it is a machine1 or an electrical apparatus1 when built by an expert model maker1 makes a mighty pretty display and will never fail to attract attention wherever it may be shown4 ,working ,models4--,a working model may be a scale model as you have seen or it may be a full sized machine or of any size between these limits4 ,when you have your invention past the drawing board and up to the shop bench by all means make a working model of it and if possible make it full size4 ,this kind of a model is the proof you want that your invention will work when it is put to the test and by making a working model you will find lots of changes little and big that are needed and which when made will improve its operation wonderfully4 ,and however carefully you have worked out your invention on paper you will find that when you come to make a model1 or have one made1 you will have to change it not once but many times1 that is if it is a machine in which a number of parts are made use of and you may have to re-design it and re-construct it several times4 ,for this reason it is a waste of money to build a fine appearing and costly model in the beginning but what you should do is to make one that will work without regard to its looks so that you can experiment with it1 overhaul it1 tear it down1 build it up again and so on until you are satisfied with it and the results it produces1 if such a thing is possible1 before you even begin to talk to a patent attorney about applying for a patent on it4 ,nearly every tyro inventor seems to believe that the only way to keep honest folks from stealing his invention is to apply for a patent on it immediately4 ,you will remember ,i pointed out in the first chapter how to protect your first idea by signatures and affidavits and protection of this kind is just as good1 and in my opinion just as safe1 and in every way better than to rush off and apply for a patent and--though of course money is of no object--it is cheaper by at least #ce4jj4 ,again as ,i stated in the preceding chapter if you apply for a patent before you have made a working model of it you will find when you finally get your model finished it will be so at variance with what you have written in your specification and claims that you will hardly be able to recognize it as being the same invention2 and besides there will be the trouble and the expense of changing your drawings and specification and claims4 ,on the other hand when you have finished your model to the point where it will do the work you want it to do you are in a position then to make a new and accurate set of drawings1 to write a clear description of how the machine works and to draw up your claims with the certainty of knowing just what you have and what you want to ask for--in a word you are ready to do business with the patent office4 ,ways to ,make a ,model4--,the way in which you get your model made depends on several things and over these you will have little or no control4 ,there are two ways for you to get a model made of your invention and these are 7#a7 to make it yourself and 7#b7 to have a model maker make it for you4 ,these two general ways may be further divided into several sub-ways and among these are 7a7 for you to have your own workshop1 or laboratory and hire machinists1 or electricians1 or chemists1 and have them do the work under your direction2 7b7 for you to give a model maker the job and have him1 or his men1 do it under your supervision and 7c7 for you to have separate parts of it made by various model makers and then assemble them in your own shop4 ,if you are a little skilled in the use of tools there isn't anything ,i know of that will give you greater pleasure than to make each part of your model with your own hands in your own shop and watch it grow day by day until it becomes in truth the very apple of your eye4 ,at least that is the way ,i feel about it4 ,moreover it gives you a sense of security you cannot have when the work is in some one's else hands4 ,in making a machine from your own ideas and plans no one can do the work so well as yourself provided you can do the work at all and besides it is cheaper and far more satisfactory4 ,should you have a fat pocket-book and at the same time a taste for inventing and the sciences--these elements seldom go hand in mind--but if they should get close together in your case ,i say1 the right way to make a model is to hire skilled men to do the work while you do the thinking and the assembling in your private lab4 ,by this process your model will go forward rapidly and the work will be done in the best fashion4 ,before employing any one to work on your invention have him sign this agreement3 ,,employee',s ,,patent ,,agreement ,the undersigned1 in consideration of his employment by ,charles ,basset1 inventor1 and in further consideration of the salary received by him for such employment1 hereby agrees that all inventions and discoveries pertaining to the business of the said ,charles ,basset which may be made by him while in his employ shall become the property of the said ,charles ,basset4 ,and further1 he also agrees to assign to the said ,charles ,basset all applications made by him for letters patent of the ,united ,states and elsewhere and all letters patent that may be granted to him1 covering such inventions and discoveries without further compensation1 and ,that he will promptly1 on conception of any patentable idea or invention1 disclose the same to the said ,charles ,basset and on his request so to do will make application for letters patent covering such inventions and discoveries2 ,and further1 that he will execute all other papers whatsoever that may be necessary to transfer to and rest in the said ,charles ,basset all the right1 title and interest in and to such inventions and discoveries1 it being understood and agreed that all expense incident to the securing of any letters patent or application for patent shall be borne by the said ,charles ,basset4 7,signed7 ,,henri ,,fabre4 ,boston1 ,mass41 ,may #bf1 #aiaf4 --,brennan's ,handbook4 ,the plan of having a model maker do all of the work under your direction may not appeal very strongly to you but after all1 if you lack the skill and the equipment needed for making your model1 it is a pretty good scheme4 ,every large model making establishment has separate rooms fitted up where each inventor can work on his own machine and this gives you the privacy you demand and besides whenever you want a part made or changed you have a skilled mechanic at your beck and call and a shop equipped with the finest machine tools for him to use4 ,nor need you be afraid that your invention will be appropriated1 which is a high-toned name for theft1 by either the model maker or his employers to whom you have entrusted your drawings1 and for the following reasons3 7#a7 ,because any hint of such a thing as theft would ruin his business for all time2 7#b7 because #ii per cent4 of all inventions fail to make money for any one of #ii reasons and 7#c7 because the model maker grows rich making models for inventors while the latter mostly go broke2 and as far as the employees are concerned we must grant that they are as honest1 or even more so1 than the average run of suffering humanity4 ,neither are inventions apt to be stolen by patent attorneys for the reasons cited above but after you have worked out your invention1 built a model and obtained a patent you are then in great danger of being separated from the fruits of your genius and perseverance by the professional promoter who makes it his business to finance the invention and at the same time to feather his own nest2 but more about him a little later4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,some ,,useful ,,jewelers' ,,and ,,machinists' ,,tools ,a good way to safeguard yourself at the hands of model makers1 if you have any doubts about them1 is to give different model makers different parts to make and then assemble them yourself4 ,while it takes considerably longer to build up a model in this secret way still there is a lot of satisfaction in this method of procedure4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,a ,,small ,,hand ,,drill ,,press ,the ,tools ,you ,need4--,to make a model of any description you need the usual tools that are the handservants of every jeweler and machinist1 see ,fig4 #fh1 and you ought to have a small drill press1 see ,fig4 #fi1 and a screw cutting lathe1 as shown in ,fig4 #gj1 if you can afford these machines4 ,there are two or three tools that nearly everybody knows about and yet which very few folks know enough about to use them4 ,one of these tools is the vernier and another is the micrometer and both are used for precision measurements4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,a ,,foot ,,power ,,screw-,,cutting ,,lathe ,the vernier is not1 strictly speaking1 a tool in itself but it is a device that is applied to scales which makes it possible to measure small fractions of an inch much more easily and accurately than can be obtained with the scale alone4 ,the vernier is also used on calipers1 micrometers and other tools and instruments4 ,the vernier is a short scale which is fitted to and slides along the edge of a fixed scale as shown in ,fig4 #ga4 ,the fixed scale is divided into #ajths of an inch and the vernier1 which is _/ inch long1 is divided into #aj spaces4 ,suppose now when you measure a part of your model that you move the vernier over to the right so that the first mark of the vernier and the first mark of the fixed scale are exactly in a line with each other1 then the vernier will have moved just _/ of a scale division which is _/ of an inch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,a ,,vernier ,,for ,,accurate ,,measurement ,if the record marks of the vernier and of the fixed scale are exactly even then the vernier will have moved _/ of a scale division or _/ or _/ of an inch1 and so on4 ,the fraction of the _/ inch that is obtained with the vernier is added to the number of inches and the fractions of an inch of the part which is measured4 ,the vernier gets its name from ,pierre ,vernier who invented it in #afca4 ,the micrometer is a tool1 or instrument1 which will measure accurately from #j to #a inch in thousandths of an inch4 ,it is one of the most useful measuring devices that has ever been invented and if you are to build a model accurately you cannot get along without one4 ,it is shown in ,fig4 #gb4 ,there are five parts to a micrometer and these are 7a7 the frame2 7b7 the anvil2 7c7 the spindle2 7d7 the sleeve and 7e7 the thimble4 ,the frame is held in the left hand1 the object to be measured being placed between the anvil and the spindle2 the thimble is turned by the thumb and finger of your right hand and the spindle1 which is fastened to the thimble1 turns with it and moves through the nut in the frame until the end of the spindle touches the object to be measured4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,a ,,micrometer ,,for ,,measuring ,,thousandths ,,of ,,an ,,inch ,the measurement of the object is shown by the vertical lines on the spindle and the horizontal lines on the thimble and both of which are numbered4 ,they are really a form of vernier4 ,to read the micrometer1 that is to find the measurement of an object1 you have only to multiply the number of vertical divisions which you can see on the sleeve by #be and to this add the number of divisions on the bevel of the thimble from the #j line to the line which coincides with it1 that is1 comes even with the long horizontal line on the sleeve4 ,it is easy to learn to read a micrometer by taking one in your hands1 making a few measurements and following the above instructions4 ,the wire gage is a circular piece of flat steel a little larger than a silver dollar and it is used to find the numbers of1 and to measure the sizes of1 wires4 ,there are #cb slots cut in the edge each ending in a hole and numbered from #e to #cf as shown in ,fig4 #gc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,a ,,standard ,,wire ,,gage ,to find the number of a certain sized wire slip the latter into the slots until you find one into which it will just pass snugly and the number of the slot will be the number of the wire4 ,on the reverse side of the gage will be found the sizes of the wire in decimal fractions of an inch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,some ,,useful ,,stock ,,materials ,,made ,,by ,,automatic ,,machinery ,there are a number of different wire gages but the ,american ,standard or ,brown and ,sharpe1 or ,b and ,s as it is called for short1 is the one mostly used by machinists in the ,united ,states4 ,other useful gages are for the measurement of wood and machine screws2 for finding the pitch of screws2 for measuring the inside of tubes1 holes1 etc41 and for measuring the outside of rods1 tubes1 etc4 ,these tools and all others used by jewelers and machinists can be bought wherever tools are sold4 ,buying ,materials4--,many inventors waste time and sacrifice accuracy in making1 or trying to make1 wheels1 gears1 threaded rods1 nuts1 binding posts1 contact points1 switch levers and blades1 hard rubber knobs1 handles and other parts4 ,now all of these things and hundreds of other parts can be bought ready made of model makers1 gear works and dealers in hardware1 model aeroplanes1 electrical and wireless apparatus4 ,and before you begin a model of any kind you should get catalogues from all of the supply houses you see advertised4 ,fig4 #gd shows quite a number of parts you can buy ready made4 ,about ,making ,patterns4--,very often though you will have to make a special part out of metal or have it made4 ,like everything else there is a best way to do this4 ,suppose you need a standard something like that used for a telegraph sounder1 as shown in ,fig4 #ge4 ,to saw and file out a solid piece of brass would not only take a long time but it would prove a very tedious job2 and this is also true of many other parts you will need in the course of making your model4 ,the best way is to make a pattern of wood of the desired part1 take it to a brass1 or iron1 foundry and have it cast4 ,it is easy then to smooth it up with a file or to machine it in a lathe1 or shaper1 and lacquer it when it will look like a mechanic's job4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,a ,,standard ,,for ,a ,,telegraph ,,sounder ,it is nice and easy work to make a wood pattern1 that is to cut out of wood the needed part of exactly the size and shape you want the finished casting to be4 ,the wood for your pattern should be pine or poplar and thoroughly seasoned4 ,a scroll saw frame will come in handy for sawing out small patterns4 ,where two pieces of wood are to be fastened together a good glue should be used4 ,after the pattern is built up file out the uneven places with the kind of files made for scroll-sawyers' use4 ,when this is done smooth up the pattern with medium fine sandpaper and finish it with very fine sandpaper4 ,should any holes or cracks show in the pattern after it has been sandpapered fill them up with putty2 and1 last of all1 give the pattern a couple of coats of shellac varnish or rub graphite into it all over to keep it from sticking to the mold4 ,your pattern is now ready to be cast in metal4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,pouring ,a ,,mold ,a pattern1 if it is complicated1 should be made by a skilled pattern maker for it must be made in a certain way so that it will draw from the mold easily and without injury to the latter and leave it perfectly smooth4 ,casting in ,iron and ,brass4--,somewhere above ,i said that a pattern should be the exact size you want the finished casting to be but as a matter of precise statement iron1 brass and nearly all other metals shrink when they are cooling and so the pattern must be a trifle larger than the exact size you require and you must also allow for filing and machining4 7,see ,fig4 #gf47 ,as iron shrinks about _/ of an inch to a foot1 brass shrinks of an inch to a foot and steel and aluminum shrink about inch to the foot you must allow this much for shrinkage in making your patterns4 ,type-metal is an alloy which expands on cooling and this is a useful thing to know4 ,you will find a formula for making it in ,appendix ,l1 and all of the appendices from ,a to ,n contain detailed information on a variety of subjects that should be very helpful when you are making your model4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,how ,,to ,,patent ,,your ,,invention ,with your model in such shape that it shows what your invention is and what it will do you are ready to apply for a patent1 or letters patent as it is technically called1 by those versed in the art4 ,what a ,patent ,is4--,the term letters patent comes from the ,latin litter patentes which means open or disclosed1 as against the ,french lettre de cachet which means closed or secret4 ,a letters patent1 or patent as it is called for short1 is exactly what its name implies and that is a disclosure of your secret and for this disclosure of a new and useful invention on your part the government agrees to give you a monopoly1 that is the sole right to make1 use and sell it as you please for a term of #ag years4 ,but the government does not live up to its agreement with the inventor and the invention and patent for it are never securely yours until it has been tested in the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court and its judges have handed down their opinion in your favor4 ,but since there is no better protection than a patent at the present time of course you will have to get one4 ,choosing a ,patent ,attorney4--,the next hardest thing to do after making a working model of your invention is to get a patent attorney to take out a patent for you4 ,i don't want to infer by this that it is hard to find a patent attorney for on the contrary they are as numerous as sharks in the sea and twice as voracious1 but a patent attorney who really understands his business and will take an interest in your affairs is as scarce as a pseudotriakis microdon1#c unless you are backed by unlimited funds1 and then you may get service4 ,it is a strange thing but just as soon as you begin to work on an invention you will see in every weekly paper and magazine you pick up the advertisements of patent attorneys and usually they are located in ,washington 8in a building across the street from the patent office0 or in a building up the street from which the patent office can be seen4 ,their ads are very alluring as they often offer as an inducement to make a free search1 as explained in ,chapter ,,iii2 to keep your signed evidence of conception in their fire-proof safes1 and to refund your money if they do not get a patent for you4 ,that these knights of the patent bar will do all they say there is not the slightest doubt and that is just where the rub comes in4 ,any patent attorney can get a patent allowed on nearly anything if the claims are written narrow enough but when it is granted it won't be worth the paper it is written on and the patent examiner knows it1 the patent attorney who gets it knows it and you will know it too after you have spent your good money for it but then it is too late4 ,a patent attorney of this kind is a good one to keep away from4 ,the safest way is to go to a patent attorney in your own city or get into communication with one who lives nearest to you and engage him to prepare your patent application and prosecute it in the patent office4 ,and whatever you do make him agree to a flat-rate1 that is to name a fixed sum which you are to pay him for his services including the fee for filing the application in the patent office4 ,the filing fee is #ae and the lowest fee ,i ever heard of any patent attorney taking to prepare a case and seeing it through the patent office was #cj1 which with the final government fee of #bj makes a total of #fe2 and from this his fee will go on up to whatever amount he thinks he will be able to get you to pay4 ,should you happen to secure the services of a so-called really high-grade patent attorney you will not be likely to induce him to make a flat-rate for this is poor business on his part4 ,instead the way a better class patent attorney will deal with you1 as a rule1 is to induce you to start in by giving him a retainer of say #be or #ej2 then from time to time he will send you statements and as you pay them the amounts he demands will grow larger and the statements more frequent until by the time the patent is granted1 you will have paid in enough to buy him a fur-trimmed overcoat or a ,ford automobile4 ,the amount thus spent is not of so much consequence but what does matter is that where you and your patent attorney have no definite arrangement as to fees he is tempted1 and in many cases yields to the temptation1 to string the patent application along over a period of months if not of years1 when if it had been followed up right along it would have been granted to you in a much shorter time4 ,the moral of this un-fable is to hold your patent attorney down to a fixed price right in the beginning and have him write you a letter stating the amount he is to get and the work he intends to do for it1 and this will serve as an agreement4 ,the above are only a few of the bubbles in the patent system and to warn you of them all would take a book as large as an unabridged dictionary4 ,the best advice ,i can give you is to study your invention from every angle1 look up the state of the art in all its phases and then with a full understanding of just what you are entitled to write down all the points you want your patent to cover4 ,now catch your patent attorney1 being sure he does not catch you first1 and to parodize a caption#d of the immortal ,roosevelt1 fear the patent office examiner and take your medicine4 ,applying for a ,patent ,yourself4--,to get even a small part of what you are legally entitled to in a patent you should write to the ,commissioner of ,patents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for a copy of the ,rules of ,practice in the ,united ,states ,patent ,office1 see ,fig4 #gg1 which will be sent to you free of charge4 ,read this booklet through not once1 but many times1 or at least until you understand everything in it for it will help you mightily in the preparation of your patent application and the prosecution of it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,rules ,,of ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,patent ,,office ,you will learn from the ,rules of ,practice that you as an inventor may apply for your own patent and act as your own patent attorney in prosecuting it4 ,and after you have learned the rules by heart you may feel that since you know more about your invention than any one else you can make the drawings and write the specification and claims as well or better than the average patent attorney4 ,but you should think twice and count ten with your eyes shut before you conclude to do this rash thing4 ,why8 ,because the patent office will not accept your drawings unless they conform exactly to certain rules2 your specification1 which means the description of your invention1 must be written in a certain way1 and the claims1 which are the very vitals of the whole patent1 must be drawn with exceeding care for while nothing of value must be left out it is even worse to write in too much as this limits your claims4 ,besides these reasons it grieves a patent office examiner whenever a mere inventor comes forth and files his own patent application and conducts his own case even if he has the ability to do so and when it comes to amending his claims he will find the hurdles are rather higher to jump over than he at first supposed4 ,applying for a ,patent through a ,patent ,attorney4--,taking all these things into consideration my advice to you is to retain a patent attorney to prepare your case and see it through the patent office1 and then you want to be prepared to watch every move he makes--that is to say when he has drafted your application1 get a copy of it and go all over it yourself taking plenty of time to do it in2 and then go over it with him covering every detail4 ,in due time after your application has been filed the patent examiner will send a letter to your patent attorney in which he notifies you that some1 if not all of your claims1 have been rejected and citing references to other patents chiefly to show that your claims lack newness and novelty4 ,the next step is taken by your patent attorney who amends the specification and claims to meet the objections raised by the patent examiner4 ,here again you should know how and where your claims are affected and you should aid your patent attorney to determine whether or not you should insist on your claim being allowed to stand as it is written or to so change it that it will satisfy the patent examiner4 ,it must be clear now that if your patent attorney is permitted to keep on changing your claims to meet every rejection of the patent examiner instead of fighting them out by the time the patent is granted it will have degenerated into merely a scrap of paper4 ,hence if you leave the whole case to the ability and judgment of your patent attorney you can be reasonably sure that your #fe or #bej or whatever sum you have paid him for obtaining your patent is as good as thrown away4 ,what ,you ,may ,patent4--,in all of the foregoing text ,i assumed that your invention consisted of a machine but according to rule #bd of the ,rules of ,practice a patent may be obtained for any new and useful art1 machine1 manufacture or composition of matter1 or any new or useful improvement thereof4 ,since all mechanical movements have been invented and all necessary electric currents have been discovered and enough chemical elements are known it may seem on first thought quite impossible to invent or discover anything either new or useful1 yet the patent office is granting patents at the rate of about #abe1jjj a year4 ,the way inventions are made is by forming new combinations4 ,just as there is no practical limit to the number of new words that could be formed by new combinations of the letters of the alphabet1 so there is no practical limit to the new machines that can be invented by novel combinations of the mechanical movements1 with the result that something can be done that had not been done before1 or that something is done in a better1 cheaper and easier way than it had ever been done before4 ,and the same is also true of combining electro-mechanical devices and of combining chemical elements4 ,inventing means that you are clever in combining certain movements1 devices and chemicals in a new way to produce a certain result which may or may not have been done before1 and so it is the new combination of things that you really get a patent on4 ,looking ,ahead4--,it must be plain now from what has been said that when you have completed your machine1 or product1 or compound1 all your inventive efforts will be in vain unless you go over every part with the utmost care and try to think out how it could be changed or done in some other way by some one else and so make your patent worthless1 and your hard efforts wasted4 ,what you should do1 though it is easier to advise than it is to accomplish1 is to so word the claims of your patent application that they will broadly cover not only your particular combination but every other form of it4 ,finally should your invention be one of considerable magnitude and great importance you must keep working on it all the time and making improvements and covering the last named with patents or the other fellow--the patent thief--will get you sure1 and often he will do it anyway4 ,what a ,patent ,consists ,of4--,all through this chapter the words drawings1 specifications and claims are used and now suppose we find out just what is meant by them4 ,every patent application is made up of five parts and these are 7#a7 the petition2 7#b7 the drawings2 7#c7 the specification2 7#d7 the claims1 and 7#e7 the oath4 ,the petition and the oath are separate papers and do not appear in the patent when it is granted4 ,the drawings1 specification and claims form the patent when it is granted4 ,the form of petition by a sole inventor is as follows3 ,to the ,commissioner of ,patents3 ,your petitioner1 4444444444444441 a citizen of the ,united ,states and a resident of 4444441 in the county of 444444 and ,state of 444444 7or subject1 etc471 whose post-office address is 444444441 prays that letters patent may be granted to him for the improvement in 4444444444441 set forth in the annexed specification4 ,signed at 4444444441 in the county of 4444444 and ,state of 4444441 this 4444 day of 4444441 #ai44 ,other forms by joint inventors1 etc41 will be found in the ,rules of ,practice4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,a ,,page ,,of ,,drawings ,,for ,a ,,wireless ,,telephone ,,arc ,the drawing or drawings come first and these are made on white paper the thickness of ,bristol board and the size of the sheet must be exactly #aj by #ae inches with a line drawn #a inch from the edges all round making the sight1 that is1 the space in which the drawings are placed1 exactly #h by #ac inches4 ,a reduction of a sheet of drawing for the author's revolving arc for his wireless telephone is shown in ,fig4 #gh4 ,the drawing or drawings1 there may be one or more on a page and several pages if needs be1 must show every detail covered by the specification and claims4 ,the drawings may be made in isometric perspective as described in ,chapter ,,ii1 or plan or elevation views can be used1 or both of these kinds of drawings as long as the pictures show exactly what the invention consists of and how it works4 ,usually the different parts are numbered and these are referred to in the description of the invention4 ,should your invention be an electrical one1 then a diagram of the apparatus formed of symbols 7see ,chapter ,,ii7 should be used4 ,the specification1 the front page of one of which is shown in ,fig4 #gi1 is that part of a patent which describes your invention or discovery and it should be as full and as clear as you and your patent attorney can make it and yet it must be concise and to the point4 ,don't try to hide1 or keep anything back for should the patent be granted to you under these conditions it will be without value if it should ever figure in a suit4 ,if you are not willing to make every detail known it is better not to apply for a patent at all4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,specification ,,of ,,one ,,of ,,mr4 ,,collins' ,,patents ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,the ,,claims ,,of ,,the ,,same ,,patent ,the claims1 a few of which shown in ,fig4 #hj1 are the all important part of every patent and these must be clearly1 cleverly and carefully worded so that if you ever have to fight an infringer in court your claims will be found to cover exactly the details of your invention and this will make it harder for the other fellow's expert to misconstrue them4 ,the oath4 ,when you apply for a patent you must affirm1 or make oath that you believe yourself to be the 8first and original inventor or discoverer of the art1 machine1 manufacture1 composition or improvement0 for which you ask a patent4 ,a form of oath to accompany a patent application is as follows3 444444444444 444444444444 444444444444 444444444444ss3 44444444 444444441 the above-named petitioner4441 being sworn 7or affirmed71 depose 444 and says 444 that 4444444444 citizen 444 of 4444444 and resident 444 of 4444441 that 4444 verily believe 444444 4444444 to be the original1 first and 444444 inventor 444 of the improvement in 4444444444 described and claimed in the annexed specification2 that 44444444 do 444 not know and do 444 not believe that the same was ever known or used before 44444 invention or discovery thereof1 or patented or described in any printed publication in any country before 444444 invention or discovery thereof1 or more than two years prior to this application1 or in public use or on sale in the ,united ,states for more than two years prior to this application2 that said invention has not been patented in any country foreign to the ,united ,states on an application filed by 44444444 or 444444 legal representatives or assigns more than twelve months prior to this application2 and that no application for patent on said improvement has been filed by 444444 or 444444 representatives or assigns in any country foreign to the ,united ,states1 except as follows3 44444444444 ,inventor's full name3 4444444444444444 4444444444444444 4444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,sworn to and subscribed before me this 4444444444444444 day of 4444441 #ai44 ,,seal4 4444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,signature of justice or notary4 4444444444444444 4444444444444444 ,official character4 ,a good way to get an idea of how a patent looks and reads is to send #e cents in coin to the ,commissioner of ,patents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 with the request that a copy of patent ,no4 #had1idb be mailed to you4 ,while ,your ,patent is ,pending4--,in a month or six weeks after your application has been sent in to the patent office your patent attorney will receive an official reply1 or action as it is called1 and don't be surprised and don't let it worry you if you find that all your claims have been rejected by the examiner4 ,he will state his reasons in his letter for the rejection and give references1 which are usually other patents1 to show that some other inventor has anticipated you and that your claims are neither new nor novel4 ,your patent attorney must then either amend the claims1 that is reword and change them if you and he think the examiner is right1 or else in your letter of amendment1 you must show the examiner where and why he is wrong4 ,at any rate you must satisfy his objections4 ,by the time your amended application reaches the examiner and he again acts on it he will have dug up a lot more of references from the archives of the patent office2 and then you and your patent attorney can go all over the amending process again4 ,after having gone through with this sort of thing a dozen or more times and covering one or more years--,i have just had a patent allowed that had been pending for nearly seven years--you and your patent attorney and every one else that may be interested with you will be sore unto death over the delays--that is everybody except the patent examiner and he thrives upon the inventor's discontent4 ,interference4--,as if all these trials and tribulations are not enough it often occurs in the course of a pending patent that some one applies for a patent on the same1 or nearly the same1 invention as your own4 ,when this happens the patent examiner declares an interference1 the purpose of which purports to be to show which applicant is the first1 or real inventor4 ,when interference proceedings are begun you will have to make under oath a preliminary statement showing when you first conceived the idea of your invention1 when you first explained it to some one else1 when you made your first drawings of it and when you constructed a model of it2 all of which shows the importance of keeping a record of each step of your invention and of having them frequently attested4 ,these sworn statements by yourself and your opponent are passed upon by the examiner of interferences and if either you or your opponent are not satisfied with his findings either one of you may take an appeal to the board of examiners-in-chief1 and from this board to the ,commissioner of ,patents and finally1 to the ,court of ,appeals of the ,district of ,columbia4 ,and don't forget that all these proceedings and appeals are as meat and drink to the patent lawyers and that you and your opponent are contributing all of the money in exchange for a lot of red tape that ought to be abolished4 ,when ,your ,patent is ,granted4--,but some bright morning you will receive a government document printed on vellum1 showing a picture of the patent office at the top and signed by the ,commissioner of ,patents at the bottom1 the whole being tied together with a pair of baby blue ribbons and to the ends of which is affixed a red seal bearing the imprint of the ,patent ,office of the ,united ,states of ,america1 and at last you have your patent4 ,the front cover of a patent granted to your humble servant is shown in the frontispiece4 ,after ,your ,patent is ,granted4--,but after you have this valuable grant conferred by the government in your possession which is alleged to give you a monopoly on your invention for a period of #ag years you have only started on your career as patentee1 for about the next thing that will happen1 if your invention is worth anything and you are manufacturing and marketing it1 you will find that some one else is making and selling exactly the same thing4 ,he may or may not have a patent on the article or machine and it--the patent--may or may not be remotely like yours but this doesn't in the least matter1 he will keep right on working your invention and infringing your patent until you will either have to sue him1 or continue to lose large profits that should be yours and perhaps be driven out of the business entirely4 ,so1 of course1 you see your patent attorney and he1 of course1 advises you to begin suit at once4 ,it sounds to your abused ears like right and justice but it means an outlay of much time and more money than you could begin to think of unless you have been through the mill before4 ,this time you will have to engage patent counsel--no mere patent attorney will do if you are to win--and you must have experts to testify for you and your patent cause--it is no longer called a patent case--and testify against your opponent4 ,the only limit to the fee that able patent counsel will demand and collect is fixed by your bank account while #ajj per day is the usual fee of a technical expert though like his legal ally he will ask and get much more if you can afford it4 ,after long months of drawn out preparation and taking testimony and quibbling you will find1 if your legal talent is the smartest1 that the patent granted you by the patent office has been sustained by the court4 ,such a decision may put the other fellow out of the business but it isn't once in a thousand causes you can collect damages when you win4 ,and from this you will observe that the business of the patent office is not to give you a monopoly but simply to grant you a patent and as to its validity the courts must settle that4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,patent ,,office1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,about ,paper ,patents4--,a paper patent is a patent that has been granted by the patent office for a new and novel idea that has never been worked out in practice4 ,for instance1 suppose you get an idea for an invention or an improvement that seems a good thing especially after you have looked up the state of the art1 and when you draw it out on paper it seems certain to work4 ,and let's suppose that for the want of time or money you are not able to experiment on1 or build a model of it2 and you have fears that by the time you could build the actual machine some one else may have applied for a patent on the same thing4 ,of course1 you feel you want to protect the idea and to do so you proceed to apply for a patent and in its own good time the patent office grants you one4 ,you have then a thing called a paper patent but you haven't got the machine1 or device or composition to back it up with4 ,well1 it's just like writing a book about a trip to the moon2 you know how far from the facts your guesses would probably be and it is the same thing with getting a patent before you have made the experiments or built a model4 ,a paper patent is not usually worth the time and money you spend on it because it lacks backbone1 but they have caused many real inventors a deal of trouble and expense in fighting them4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,making ,,your ,,invention ,,pay ,after reading what has gone before you may well conclude that an inventor's life is not a happy one but let me remind you that whatever road you take to seek fame and to win fortune you will find it just as full of petty strife and big difficulties4 ,in sooth inventing is one of the easiest and pleasantest pursuits in which you can engage to make a good living and many inventors who were as poor as ,job's turkey when they began to think up new ideas and concoct useful schemes now have their thumb-nail biographies in ,who's ,who and live on the fat of the land4 ,and you can do the same thing too if you have a real invention and a lot of native shrewdness4 ,yes1 to be a money-making inventor you must have inventive ability plus business ability1 or rather the other way about1 for business ability counts for more in the game of success than inventive ability4 ,there are hundreds of inventors of the highest type who are comparatively poor men for the lack of business ability while many others1 like ,edison1 all round inventor1 ,westinghouse1 inventor of the air brake1 and ,eastman1 inventor of the kodak1 have made fortunes that run up into the millions because they are first1 last and all the time hard headed business men4 ,and you must be a business man too if you want to make money out of your invention4 ,how to ,raise the ,initial ,funds4--,by initial funds ,i mean the first money4 ,it is easy to tell an inventor who has a rich dad or a bank account in his own name how to finance his invention4 ,but mine is a harder task in that ,i am taking it for granted you are like #iii out of every #ajjj inventors and that you have little or no money1 are fired with ambition and that you have a big idea4 ,assuming that this is the precise state of affairs let's go back to where we started from in ,chapter ,i1 that is to the last part of it where you had drawn out your invention on paper1 written a description of it and had some of your friends put their signatures to it4 ,should your invention seem to your friends to have merit it will take but very little urging to get one or more of them to furnish whatever amount of money you think will be needed to carry on the experiments or to build a working model4 ,of course you will in turn have to agree to give him1 or them1 a certain small interest in your invention1 and this is fair exchange for you are putting up your brains against their money4 ,if your invention is a small one and but little money is needed to develop it into a marketable product a #e per cent4 interest is enough to give those who back you for taking the risk4 ,a #aj per cent4 interest is ample to offer for sufficient funds to develop a more complicated invention4 ,this will leave you a #cj or #ce per cent4 interest to sell to others later on1 when you have a working model and your patent is granted1 to furnish the capital necessary for equipping a factory to make the device and to provide funds to market it--that is if you work out a plan along these lines4 ,but take my advice and keep a #ee per cent4 interest in the invention for yourself2 otherwise the control of it is taken out of your hands1 and whenever it suits those who hold the controlling interest to freeze you out they will do so with pleasure4 ,by using the following form you can save the expense of having a lawyer draw up one for you and moreover you can also be sure there is no joker in it4 ,,form ,,of ,,an ,,interest ,,agreement ,memorandum of ,agreement made this third day of ,september1 #aiaf1 between ,,william ,,franklin1 of ,peoria1 ,illinois 7inventor71 and ,,george ,,wilson1 of ,peoria1 ,illinois1 ,,witnesseth3 ,that ,,whereas1 the said ,william ,franklin has invented what he verily believes to be a new and useful improvement in gas engines and for which he will apply for letters patent of the ,united ,states1 provided certain tests which he shall make shall work out satisfactorily1 and ,,whereas1 the said ,george ,wilson is desirous of obtaining an interest in the net profits arising from the sale or working of the said invention after the said letters patent of the ,united ,states has been granted3 ,,now1 ,,therefore1 in consideration of the premises and of ,one ,dollar to each in hand paid by the other1 the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged1 the parties hereunto do covenant and agree as follows3 ,,first3 ,that the said ,william ,franklin for and in consideration of the payment of #ajjj by the said ,george ,wilson will pay to the said ,george ,wilson #e per cent4 of all net receipts accruing in any manner from the sale or working of the said invention and patent during the term of its life4 ,,second3 ,that the said ,george ,wilson shall pay to the said ,william ,franklin the sum of #ajjj which shall be applied to the making of a model of the said invention and to securing a letters patent of the ,united ,states for the same4 ,it is understood and agreed that this instrument shall bind the parties hereto1 their heirs1 executors1 administrators1 successor or successors or assigns4 ,,in ,,witness ,,whereof1 the parties hereto have hereunto interchangedly set their hands and seals the day and year first above written4 ,,in ,,the ,,presence ,,of ,charles ,howard as to the ,inventor4 ,john ,d4 ,prentiss as to ,george ,wilson4 ,william ,franklin ,l4 ,s4 ,george ,wilson ,l4 ,s4 ,about an ,interest in a ,patent4--,there is a big difference between assigning an interest in your invention and assigning an interest in your patent4 ,many an inventor assigns an interest in his patent either before or after it is granted to some one who will advance the needed money4 ,but this is a thing you should never do for after having made such an assignment1 however small the part1 the person who owns it can make1 use or sell the invention which the patent covers1 as he chooses1 just as though he owned the whole patent and you can neither stop him nor even sue him for damages4 ,you can1 of course1 make1 use and sell the invention covered by the patent too but usually it is the other fellow who gets the best of the bargain4 ,royalties1 ,shop ,rights1 etc4--,after you have built a working model and obtained a patent on it there are many ways of making money out of your invention4 ,one is to sell your invention and patent outright2 another is to sell shop-right licenses2 another is to have some manufacturer give you a royalty on each machine or device he makes and sells1 and yet another way is to sell territorial rights1 that is the town1 county and state rights to manufacture your invention4 ,forms of agreements for all of these deals will be found in the ,rules of ,practice of the ,united ,states ,patent ,office4 ,besides the above arrangements you can go into partnership with some moneyed man1 or interest1 and finally a good plan1 where a large amount of capital is required to build a plant and start a business1 is to form a company1 or corporation as it is called4 ,forming a ,partnership4--,now that you have your model completed and your patent granted you will of course want to begin commercial operations immediately1 and let's suppose you think better of forming a partnership than any of the other above named plans4 ,there are a hundred ways to secure a partner1 or business associate as the sharer of your fortunes is called1 but it is a mighty hard thing to get a satisfactory one4 ,a favorite way to enlist capital and one that is often resorted to by inventors in large cities is to advertise in the newspapers under the head of business opportunities4 ,an advertisement of this kind may put you in touch with the man you are looking for but it will also bring you a lot of curiosity seekers1 riff raff and other undesirables who come generally with a view of inducing you to part with your money rather than to invest any of their own4 ,this is also true of the so-called brokers who advertise to procure working capital for meritorious inventions4 ,one of the best ways to secure a partner who has the necessary capital and requisite business ability is to arrange to show your invention in operation and then invite your moneyed neighbors and the business men of your town1 though you may not know the latter personally1 to call and see it2 and they will call and get interested if they believe in its possibilities for they are as anxious to make more money as you are to make a little of it1 and they are keen to the fact that great fortunes have been built up out of simple as well as complex inventions4 ,this method of showing your invention to your towns-folk1 either individually or collectively1 is the safe way to get one or more good1 substantial men interested in your proposition and to lay the foundation of a paying business4 ,where the ,promoter ,comes ,in4--,there are promoters and promoters2 by which ,i mean that there are various sorts of promoters and then some4 ,a tin-horn promoter is an unprincipled fellow of some ability who secures an option on a patented invention1 or on the stock of a company based on an invention1 and exploits it for all he is worth to his own profit and without regard to the inventor or the stockholders4 ,the chief business of a tin-horn promoter is to secure control of the entire stock issue of a company1 sell it at inflated prices1 pocket #ij per cent4 of the proceeds and either doctor the books or disappear then altogether4 ,steer clear of the tin-horn promoter4 ,an ordinary promoter is merely an agent who acts as a go-between for the inventor and people with money to invest and by his enthusiasm brings them together for the good of the cause4 ,a real promoter is a genius who possesses both business ability and the necessary wherewithal to start1 accelerate and carry on any kind of an industrial1 financial or commercial enterprise4 ,you will meet the promoter in one shape or another as soon as it becomes noised around that you have an invention of merit4 ,the ordinary promoter will be of assistance to you at any stage of the invention where experiments are still to be made and the patent is yet to be granted4 ,he may also prove of service after the preliminary work is done in securing for you a real promoter4 ,on signing contracts with the latter he will relieve you of all the cares of starting the business or of starting a company to start the business4 ,and if you are not shrewd and careful and know just what he is doing and you should fail to have a hard and fast contract he will not only be likely to relieve you of the business cares but of everything else you may hold dear and sacred in this world4 ,an ordinary promoter will ask about #be per cent4 of whatever money he brings in for your use in developing the invention and a certain small interest--#a to #e per cent4--in the company that exploits it4 ,the real promoter wants and usually gets a working agreement of #ej per cent1 of whatever profits there may be made out of the invention4 ,if possible you should hold a #ee per cent1 interest for this will give you the whip-hand and will save you much trouble in the end4 ,few promoters though will agree to such a division and about the only way you can keep the controlling interest is to organize a company and manage it yourself but this takes business ability of quite a high order4 ,what a ,stock ,company ,is4--,a company is a number of persons who band themselves together for business purposes4 ,a stock company1 or stock corporation to call it by its proper name1 is a company whose capital is represented by shares and which is held either in the treasury of the company1 or by persons who buy the shares4 ,three or more persons may form themselves into a stock company for any industrial purpose in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,a stock company must be incorporated1 that is legally formed1 under the laws of a ,state and different ,states have different laws4 ,a copy of the corporation laws of any ,state may be had free of charge by applying to the ,secretary of ,state4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,certificate ,,of ,,incorporation ,how a ,stock ,company is ,organized4--,suppose1 now1 you and two other1 or more persons want to organize a stock company under the laws of the ,state of ,new ,york for say #aj1jjj1 although the value which you1 and those interested with you1 place on your invention and patent may be a great deal more4 ,then you and the others make1 sign1 acknowledge and file a certificate of incorporation1 a reproduction of which is shown in ,fig4 #hc 7see outfit necessary for a ,corporation71 and this must contain3 7#a7 the name of the proposed company2 7#b7 the purpose for which it is formed2 7#c7 the amount of the ,capital stock 7which means the entire amount of the stock1 for which the company is capitalized and which1 let's say1 is #aj1jjj72 7#d7 the number of shares of which the capital stock is to consist 7each share of which must not be less than #e nor more than #ajj and the amount of actual capital must not be less than #ejj in cash with which the company is to begin business7 and the amount of cash must be stated2 7#e7 ,the certificate must also contain the name of the city1 village1 or town1 in which its principal business office is to be located2 7#f7 its duration1 which you can put at #ej years2 7#g7 the number of its directors which must be not less than three2 7#h7 the names and post-office addresses of the directors for the first year1 and 7#i7 the names and post-office addresses of the subscribers to the certificate of incorporation and a statement of the number of shares of stock which each agrees to take in the company4 ,a certificate of incorporation blank ready to fill in can be bought for #aj cents of stationers who deal in law books and forms4 ,the ,fees of the ,state4--,the fees for incorporating a company are payable in advance at the ,secretary of ,state's office and these are for 7a7 filing the certificate of incorporation #aj2 7b7 recording it1 #ae cents per folio of #ajj words2 7c7 a certified copy1 if you want one1 #ae cents a folio and #a additional for the seal affixed to it2 7d7 the organization tax1 payable direct to the ,state ,treasurer in advance is #a-bjth of #a per cent1 on the amount of the capital stock1 which on a capitalization of #aj1jjj would be #e1 and 7e7 all personal checks for fees or taxes must be certified1 that is to have the paying teller of the bank your check is drawn on write good on it together with his name4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,stock ,,certificate ,outfit ,needed by a ,corporation4--,to begin business with after you have received your certificate of incorporation you must have3 7#a7 ,a minute book in which to record the proceedings of the directors' and stockholders' meetings4 ,a minute book with printed forms can be obtained which makes it easy to record the minutes accurately4 7#b7 ,a stock certificate book2 suppose your certificates1 or shares1 have a par value of #ajj then you will need a book of #ajj certificates to equal #aj1jjj4 ,a stock certificate is reproduced in ,fig4 #hd4 7#c7 ,a book of account is required by the ,new ,york ,state transfer tax law where companies are doing business in the ,state1 and transfer agents must also have one to show every transfer of stock4 ,neglect to keep this book imposes a heavy penalty4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,a ,,seal ,,press 7#d7 ,the ,new ,york transfer law also requires ,new ,york companies to keep a stock transfer book which shows when shares1 or certificates1 are sold1 or transferred1 by one person to another4 7#e7 ,a stock ledger is also needed by every corporation to enter the stock transactions of each day in4 ,a combination book with all of the three last named can be bought ready for use4 7#f7 ,a corporate seal1 which is an embossed impression of the name of the company1 see ,fig4 #hd1 is made by a seal press as shown in ,fig4 #he1 and this is also required by law4 ,the whole outfit above described for incorporating and maintaining a company can be bought for the small sum of #aj or less of the ,brown-,green ,company1 #dh ,john ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,how a ,stock ,company is ,operated4--,when you receive your certificate of incorporation you can then call a meeting of the directors 7named in the certificate of incorporation7 or board of directors as they are called4 ,at this first meeting the directors elect the officers1 that is a president1 a secretary and a treasurer4 ,the president then takes the chair and the secretary writes down all the minutes of the business transacted at this and subsequent meetings4 ,the first business that will come before the directors after the election of the officers is to make the stock of the company full paid4 ,to do this you must turn your invention and patent over to the company in exchange for the full amount of the stock the company is capitalized for1 say #aj1jjj4 ,in other words you sell your right1 title and interest in the invention and patent for #aj1jjj worth of stock1 which is all of it4 ,next you turn back into the treasury of the company #de per cent1 of the stock and keep #ee per cent4 for yourself4 ,the #de per cent4 of the stock in the treasury1 which is called treasury stock1 can then be sold at its par value1 that is full value1 which is #ajj per share or at any smaller price the board of directors may agree upon4 ,the sale of the treasury stock gives the company the capital it needs to start the business and to keep it moving until it becomes self-supporting4 ,if #d1ejj is not enough money to finance your company then capitalize it for whatever amount you think will be needed and add about #ej per cent4 more to it4 ,you can incorporate a company for #ajj1jjj just as easy as you can for #aj1jjj1 but this is a matter you and your friends should consider most carefully4 ,should you at any time sell more than #e per cent4 of your holdings1 that is of the stock you own1 the control of the company will pass out of your hands and the other directors and stockholders will whip-saw you as they like1 if they can pull together1 for the majority of the stock will be in their hands4 ,the stock1 or securities1 as it is called1 of a company can be sold in a number of ways but the usual method is to sell it 7a7 by personal solicitation1 7b7 through stock-salesmen1 7c7 have a broker take the whole stock issue1 and 7d7 by advertising4 ,if your invention is what it seems to be1 your patent as good as the average patent1 your company capitalized for a moderate amount and the product looks good for making quick sales and large profits you won't find any trouble in placing the stock with the moneyed people of your community4 ,besides receiving #ee per cent4 of the stock for your invention and patent you should as the inventor and practical man be voted a salary of #be1 #ej or #ajj per week to superintend the manufacturing end of the business4 ,have a salary contract drawn up with the company in which the amount you are to receive weekly and the length of time you are to receive it is stated1 and have it signed by the president and secretary for the company4 ,about ,retaining a ,lawyer4--,in all of your business dealings with other people from the very beginning the safest way is to have the advice and help of a corporation lawyer and while he is keeping you safe1 whole and harmless from all damage be sure he doesn't mulct you while he is doing it4 ,a good way is to pay him a flat-rate for whatever advice he gives you and the contracts he draws up for you4 ,but if you can't do this then give him a #a per cent interest in the net amount which you may receive from your invention4 ,when you and your associates have decided on organizing a company the usual and proper way is to retain a lawyer and have him take care of the incorporation certificate1 conduct the first meeting and open the books1 to the end that it may all be done right and in good legal form4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,some ,,hints ,,on ,,manufacturing ,after you have formed a partnership or a company and have the coveted capital to go ahead with the business1 you and your associates must consider two problems and the way you work them out will decide whether your venture will lose money or declare dividends4 ,the ,problem of ,manufacture4--,these two problems are the manufacturing and the marketing of your product and in this chapter we will talk about manufacturing it first and then take up the marketing end of it in the next chapter1 for while they are closely allied in a common cause they have to be treated as entirely separate things4 ,in this respect a manufacturing concern is very like a human being in that it has a brain and a body4 ,you and those interested with you are the brains of the organization and those who work for you1 to the end that profits may pile up for your benefit and behoof1 form the body4 ,on your head1 most likely1 will fall the responsibility of turning out a high-grade product at the lowest possible cost and to do this the right way and to the best advantage you must begin at the beginning and think and scheme out how you can obtain the best results with the least outlay of time1 labor and money4 ,there are many ways to start in manufacturing your product but the efficient way will depend on what you have to make1 the number you are to make and the amount of capital you have to do it with4 ,farming out the ,work4--,in the beginning you will often find it much cheaper1 and hence more profitable1 to give a contract to some manufacturer--who has a big factory fitted out with thousands of dollars worth of machine tools and a capable force of skilled mechanics--for a given number of the articles1 or machines1 you want to have made and delivered in and at a certain time4 ,by this arrangement there is no initial time1 effort or money spent on buying machinery and getting a factory into running order1 neither is there the work and worry of keeping a shop force going and besides you know exactly what each device will cost you when the lot is done and delivered4 ,still this scheme is not one that appeals to many inventors especially if they have1 or think they have1 a genius for mechanics and shop management4 ,another way to start operations in an economical manner is to have some one or all of the parts of your invention done by outside manufacturers1 or farm them out as it is called1 and then assemble the parts in your own shop4 ,scattered all over the ,united ,states are shops and all sorts of factories where you can get a lower price quoted on a certain part or parts made of wood1 brass1 rubber or any other material than you could possibly make it or them for1 in a shop of your own in the beginning4 ,of course the larger the quantity of a given piece you can order at a time the lower will be the pro rata cost1 that is the cost of each piece2 for instance suppose a brass founder quoted you a price of #a each on a certain casting in lots of ten1 he might scale the price down to #ej or #fj cents each in lots of one hundred1 and if you ordered a thousand at a time you might get the price down to #ce or #dj cents each4 ,in figuring cost things like this must be taken into consideration4 ,in many cases it is not the mere material put into1 and labor put on making a part that brings up the cost of the first lots but before the part can be turned out a special die1 or jig1 or fixture must be made for duplicating the part and very often a special machine must be designed and built for making a certain part4 ,such special tools and machines are very expensive and their cost must also be reckoned with4 ,starting ,your ,own ,shop4--,in starting your own shop the question of what you are going to make and the quantity you intend to make will fix very largely the kind of machinery1 the floor space and everything else you will need1 nearly4 ,in this age of cheap electric power you can have an electric motor installed1 to run your lathes1 drill presses1 shapers and other machines1 almost anywhere you happen to be located4 ,and besides it is better1 as a rule1 to start and operate your plant in your home town4 ,for a shop on a small scale1 wherever it may be1 it is cleaner1 less troublesome and cheaper to use electric power than it is to use gas or steam power4 ,should you intend to operate on a very large scale it may then be to your advantage to look up a place where there is water power1 or if your industry is one that calls for the large use of electricity you would then be justified in moving to ,niagara ,falls1 or some other place where there are great hydro-electric plants4 ,the matter of being near to certain raw materials you need for manufacturing1 or to a market for your product is not one that you will probably have to decide alone4 ,nor need the question of labor take up your time for the wages of skilled machinists1 electricians and chemists are about the same throughout the ,united ,states1 and while rents are higher in large cities than in the towns and villages still nearly one-half of the articles and machines made in the ,united ,states are turned out in #ajj of the largest cities4 ,one of the advantages of manufacturing in a large city is that you can always get skilled labor and a great variety of materials on short notice4 ,should your product be in the nature of gas or steam engines1 harvesting machines or automobiles you should locate your factory on some navigable river1 on the ,great ,lakes1 or on a railroad line 7with a spur-track running alongside71 in order to insure good and cheap transportation4 ,when you rent or build a shop the main thing is to have plenty of windows on every side and see to it that the ventilation is good and the heating system is adequate4 ,there is no economy in making men work with poor light1 bad air and in a cold place4 ,buying ,machine ,tools4--,having secured by lease or by purchase a shop1 or factory suitably located your next effort will be directed toward equipping it with the proper tools and machinery4 ,besides the usual machinists' hand tools you should buy 7#a7 a gas furnace2 7#b7 a grinder2 7#c7 a plain lathe2 7#d7 a screw cutting lathe2 7#e7 a drill press2 7#f7 a planer2 7#g7 a shaper2 7#h7 perhaps a milling machine1 and 7#i7 a buffer4 ,several of each of these kinds of machines may be needed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,a ,,gas ,,furnace ,a gas furnace1 see ,fig4 #hf1 is useful for tempering tools and other operations where an intense heat is needed4 ,a grinder1 shown in ,fig4 #hg1 is used for grinding off rough parts of iron or brass castings and for smoothing up rough surfaces4 ,it is formed of a mandrel which turns freely in a pair of bearings set in a headstock4 ,a pulley is fixed to the middle of the mandrel and the latter is threaded on the ends2 an emery1 or a carborundum wheel is slipped over each end and these are held in place by washers and nuts4 ,a swivel hand rest makes it easy to hold the work against the wheel4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,a ,,grinder ,,and ,,polisher ,a plain lathe1 see ,fig4 #hh1 is good for turning1 drilling and facing metal parts and for many other operations4 ,it consists of a bed supported on a frame which carries the driving pulleys2 the latter in turn is belted to a cone pulley which is keyed to the mandrel and this runs in bearings in the headstock4 ,the inner end of the mandrel projects beyond the bearing and this is threaded so that a chuck1 that is a device with adjustable jaws for holding the work1 can be screwed on it4 ,besides the headstock which carries the rotating mandrel1 and which is fixed on the left hand side of the bed1 there is a tailstock with an adjustable mandrel which slides on the right hand end of the bed1 and between the headstock and the tailstock there is an adjustable hand rest4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,a ,,plain ,,lathe ,,for ,,turning ,,metal ,,with ,,hand ,,tools ,an engine lathe1 as shown in ,fig4 #hi1 besides doing all an ordinary lathe can do can be used for accurately turning up cylinders1 disks1 etc41 turning out cylinders and cutting screws of any size or pitch1 within certain limits1 and it does all these things with rapidity and precision4 ,a lathe of this kind has a guide-screw1 a set of change wheels1 that is a number of interchangeable gears1 and a back-gear1 and by means of these gears the guide-screw is revolved in any ratio to the speed of the gears which may be desired4 ,for turning or cutting a slide-rest is used1 that is an attachment sliding between the headstock and the tailstock1 for holding the tools4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,an ,,engine ,,lathe ,,for ,,turning ,,metals ,,with ,,tools ,,in ,a ,,slide ,,rest ,the slide-rest is made with two adjustable slides so that the tool can be held in any position4 ,the slide-rest can be moved freely by hand or by means of the guide-screw which carries it along the bed at any desired speed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,pillar ,,type ,,of ,,power ,,drill ,a drill press makes drilling an easier and a more accurate operation than when a lathe is used for this purpose4 ,a pillar type of power drill is shown in ,fig4 #ij4 ,it is so constructed that the drill can be rotated at any one of a number of speeds and by means of a guide-rod it is caused to advance into the metal automatically at the proper speed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,a ,,planer ,,for ,,surfacing ,,metal ,,work ,a planer1 see ,fig4 #ia1 is a machine for turning up flat surfaces1 cutting slots and the like in metal parts4 ,a planer is made up of a bed1 a table in which the work is clamped and which slides back and forth on the bed by means of a feed motion2 a slide-rest1 which carries the cutting tool1 is held above the bed by an upright frame and this moves to and fro across the table4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,a ,,shaper ,,for ,,shaping ,,up ,,metal ,,work ,there are several kinds of shapers made and ,fig4 #ib shows one of them4 ,a shaper cannot only be used for planing1 but for turning1 boring and slotting4 ,in a shaper the work is held in a fixed position on the table1 which can be raised and lowered by a hoisting screw1 and the tool is made to move across the table by a quick-acting return motion4 ,there is also an arbor on which the work is mounted where a circular cut is to be made4 ,the cutter head has a vertical adjusting screw with a worm feed and an index plate so that it can be set to any ratio4 ,in a shop where only small work is to be done a planer may be dispensed with and a shaper used instead4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,a ,,universal ,,milling ,,machine ,,for ,,automatic ,,screw ,,cutting ,,and ,,other ,,operations ,a universal milling machine1 see ,fig4 #ic1 is also a handy combination tool in that it can be used for drilling1 cotter drilling1 boring1 profiling1 key-seating1 rack- and gear-cutting and other operations4 ,a buffing machine is made nearly like a grinder but leather1 felt and rag wheels are used on the spindle and when either pumice-stone1 crocus and rotten-stone is applied to them tool marks and scratches can be buffed out and the work polished when it is ready to be lacquered or nickle plated4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,a ,,jig-,,saw ,,for ,,sawing ,,small ,,woodwork ,if you are buying new machines get them fitted with individual electric motors1 as shown in ,fig4 #ij1 as this will save shafting1 the time and cost of putting it up1 the cost of belting1 besides the time the machine is idle while the belt is broken and it is being laced again1 the loss of power in transmission1 when the machine is idle1 etc41 etc42 boiled down1 these machines equipped with individual motors are the last word in modern shop practice and it is a good one for you to follow4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,a ,,band ,,saw ,,for ,,sawing ,,heavier ,,woodwork ,whatever machines you order be sure to also order at the same time a full supply of tools to use with them for otherwise you may find when you have your machinery all set up and you think you are ready to start that you are minus the cutting tools and should this happen you will be in for another long delay4 ,unless your product requires a lot of wood-work it will hardly pay you to add a woodworking shop to your plant1 though sometimes a jig-saw1 see ,fig4 #id1 or a band-saw1 as shown in ,fig4 #ie1 will often prove of service4 ,it is the same way with a foundry1 for unless you need a large number of castings right along it is as a rule cheaper to farm the work out to some founder in your own town4 ,buying the ,stock4--,i do not mean the stock of your company--let your friends and the public do that--but the raw materials1 as the stock is sometimes called1 which you are to convert into the finished product4 ,before you order either machinery or stock1 try to standardize your product1 that is to say whatever it is you intend to manufacture have it in such shape that you are satisfied to market it without making any further changes in it1 at least for some time to come4 ,it is the after-changes1 the constant changes that have kept many a manufacturer poor1 aye1 forced him to the wall4 ,having a standardized article1 object or machine1 you and your associates should determine on the number to be built first and then you can go over the model in detail and figure out just how much of each kind of stock1 such as brass rod1 sheet hard rubber1 screws1 washers1 nuts1 etc41 you will need1 allowing of course for waste and breakage4 ,now when you are ordering the tools and machines for your shop get prices on and order your stock at the same time and see to it you do not overlook any little thing and so have to wait for something you forgot4 ,screws1 nuts1 washers1 bolts and some other small supplies can be bought in wholesale lots cheaper than you could possibly make them in your own shop and it is false economy to make anything with ordinary machine tools that can be bought from some other manufacturer who does the work with automatic machinery4 ,organizing a ,shop ,force4--,i am taking it for granted that if you have enough ability to invent1 design and make a working model of an invention and get an organization together to manufacture and market it you will certainly have enough ability left to build up and superintend the body of your enterprise and that is your shop force4 ,your first effort in this direction should be to hire a good foreman2 this1 though1 is not an easy thing to do for a foreman must be something more than a thorough machinist who can use any tool or run any machine4 ,he must be able to get the best there is in them out of the other men under him and see that each one is put on the job which he is best adapted to do4 ,some of the men will shine as bench hands1 others will show an aptitude in running machine tools and yet again others will be naturally clever in assembling your device2 he must be able to pick out these good qualities and put the men where they will do the best work in the shortest time4 ,by all means get a foreman1 if you can1 who has worked on something like1 or nearly like1 your own product4 ,he should be a man of shop ideas with enough initiative to put them into use4 ,to get all these things rolled into one human being for #be1 #cj or #ce dollars a week is asking a good deal but there are boss machinists in almost every city who can fill the bill4 ,your foreman can usually get all the mechanics you need but don't make the mistake of starting in and letting him hire the men4 ,after he has found a man and wants to take him on1 then you talk to the prospective employee1 and you do the hiring4 ,hiring and firing the men should be your prerogative4 ,this will make all of them respect you without respecting their foreman the less and they will do more and better work by knowing that you are the real boss of the works4 ,the ,stock ,room4--,the tools that belong to the shop and the stock1 or raw materials1 should be kept under lock and key in the stock-room and a stock-clerk should be put in charge of and made responsible for them4 ,have slips printed and whenever the foreman1 or anybody else1 including yourself1 wants a drill1 or a piece of brass1 or a machine screw1 insist that the stock-clerk get a slip signed for it4 ,by this method you will know exactly where your tools and stock went to2 and when a man returns a tool credit him with it4 ,you should also have a record kept of the time spent on each job by the man who did the work and the easiest way to do this is to use a time-stamp as shown in ,fig4 #if4 ,if your shop is a small one your stock-clerk can take care of the time-slips4 ,by doing things in this systematized way you will be able to keep pretty close tab on tools1 stock and labor and these are three factors where a great deal of waste usually occurs in small shops and factories4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,thompson ,,time ,,stamp ,the ,finished ,product4--,whatever you are manufacturing1 the finished product must be made as attractive as can be with the littlest extra cost and this applies alike to a toaster for a gas-stove or a threshing-machine4 ,it's the finish the buyer sees and he will gladly pay for the paint and the gloss that covers up the defects1 if the thing looks nice4 ,where a number of different materials enter into the make-up of a device it is always well to give some thought not only to the design1#e but also to the color effect4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,a ,,high ,,frequency ,,machine ,figure #ig shows a high frequency 7violet ray7 electric machine designed by the author in which this idea is carried out4 ,the stand is of iron1 nickle-plated2 the base of the apparatus proper is of wood1 japanned black2 the rim is of brass1 nickle-plated2 the plate-base1 on which the visible part of the apparatus is mounted1 is made of slate and japanned black2 the metal parts of the interruptor are nickle-plated1 and the coil and insulating standards are of hard rubber as is also the handle4 ,the cover shade and the violet ray vacuum tube are of glass1 while red or green flexible silk cords are used to make the connections1 and finally the lamp socket is of a composition called electrose4 ,thus the color scheme is polished ebony1 the wood base1 the slate plate base1 hard rubber fittings and electrose socket all appearing precisely alike2 the blue-white nickle-plated parts alternate with the black1 the glass lends an added touch of beauty while the red1 or green1 cords give it a dash of color that relieves and sets off the other parts4 ,iron work can be japanned black1 enameled any color1 or nickle-plated2 brass can be lacquered or nickle-plated1 and wood can be enameled4 ,after the device or machine is assembled it should be rubbed up to remove all finger marks and to brighten it1 then wrapped in tissue paper and packed carefully in a box if it is small enough so that this can be done1 or it must be crated in such a way that it can be transported without marring or breakage4 ,overhead ,charges4--,in figuring on the cost of a completed device1 machine or product so that a selling price may be put on it which will insure a handsome profit the cost of the stock1 of the breakage of tools1 of the labor1 or production1 and of the power--gas1 electricity1 water or coal--are all easy to keep track of4 ,but there are other costs that must be taken into account which1 while they do not stick out so plainly must also be reckoned with1 or your venture will be a money losing one4 ,these are the overhead charges1 such as the depreciation of your machinery1 that is the wear and tear of it2 the rental of your factory1 or the taxes if you own the building2 the insurance on the building and the machinery2 transportation costs such as teams and teamsters or automobile trucks and drivers2 telephone calls and the other little and big items of expense--all of these must be carefully thought up and worked out for the year and charged against the number of machines you are going to make in that year4 ,to these fixed and variable charges must be added the salaries of yourself and your associates and the office staff together with the printing bills1 advertising accounts and all the incidental expenses of maintaining an executive office4 ,divide the total running expenses for the year by the number of machines you have turned out in a year and you will have the net cost of each article or machine you have produced4 ,where ,your ,profits ,come ,in4--,add #cc per cent41 #ajj per cent41 or #ejj per cent4 to the cost of production and let that be your selling price to consumers1 agents1 jobbers or wholesalers1 less the usual small discount for cash4 ,and the difference between the cost of production and your selling price will be your profits less certain losses on accounts which even an agency can't collect4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,putting ,,it ,,on ,,the ,,market ,long before you get your shop into running condition and you are able to fill orders1 you and your associates will have talked over the best way that should be adopted to put your article or machine on the market so that it will bring in the largest returns in the shortest time4 ,here again the method you will choose and use will depend on what you have to sell and the backing you have to sell it with4 ,just as there are only seven original jokes and all the others that you see and hear are worked over and out of them so1 too1 there are only a few basic principles in the art of selling goods but these are modified into a thousand and one schemes4 ,how ,best to ,do ,it4--,how8 ,aye1 that's the question6 ,but even as you have had the genius to invent a new and useful time1 labor and money saving device--there will1 among the men you have surrounded yourself with1 rise up one whose brains teems with schemes of ways and means to dispose of the factory's output at the greatest profit and you may have a few stray ideas too as to how the thing can best be done4 ,in every business however small or large there should be frequent conferences of the partners1 or of the heads of departments1 and to save time and to conserve energy it is better that these meetings should be held at certain times each week1 or oftener1 when all of the matters of the office and shop can be discussed freely and threshed out4 ,indeed it is the common practice of every business concern where there are a number of departments for the heads of them to get together every day in conference to learn the viewpoints of the others4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,from ,,the ,,manufacturer ,,to ,,the ,,canvasser1 ,,thence ,,to ,,the ,,consumer ,by this method every one knows exactly where the business stands for that day not only in his own department but in the other fellow's as well and he conducts his part of it accordingly4 ,this welds the whole business into an efficient unit instead of having it made up of a bunch of straggling ends4 ,if the business can't be put on a paying basis under such favorable conditions then you had better get a new partner1 hire a new manager or call in the old sheriff4 ,agents ,wanted4--,hundreds of small patented inventions as1 for instance broom hangers1 pinless clothes lines and burglar alarm traps are sold by the manufacturers of them directly to small agents all over the country and who1 in turn1 sell them by making a house to house canvass4 ,see ,fig4 #ih4 ,the amount of your sales under this plan will depend on the number of agents you are able to secure and generally on the persuasive ability of the rhinoceros skinned peripatetic to sell the good housewife something which she truly doesn't want4 ,but should your invention be one of exceeding merit--and of course it is--then the path of the itinerant salesman is made glad and he sees a rose for every prick of the thorn he gets4 ,agents can be had by running small ads in the daily and ,sunday papers in the large cities under the classified head of ,agents ,wanted4 ,there are advertising agents who will run an ad for you in #ae or #bj papers throughout the ,united ,states1 whose combined circulation runs up into the millions of copies and all for a #aj bill4 ,an ad of this kind can also be run in such magazines as ,popular ,mechanics1 ,popular ,science and a dozen other like publications4 ,the ,mail ,order ,business4--,the two chief plans for working a mail order business are 7#a7 by selling direct from your shop to the consumer and 7#b7 by selling your product to agents whom you start in the mail order business4 ,to work the first plan there are two ways by which you can get the names of prospective buyers and these are 7a7 by running small ads in the papers and magazines and 7b7 by buying a list of the names of firms who make a business of classifying and selling them4 ,regarding the first plan suppose you have invented a new blood testing apparatus in which case you couldn't possibly hope to sell it to any other class than doctors4 ,now you can buy a list of all of the doctors in ,boston1 or of any other city1 in ,illinois or any other ,state1 or of all of them in the whole ,united ,states from ,boyd's ,city ,dispatch1 #ai ,beekman ,street2 ,rapid ,addressing ,machine ,company1 #cgd ,broadway1 and ,r4 ,l4 ,polk and ,co41 ,inc41 #hg ,third ,avenue1 all of ,new ,york ,city4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,from ,,the ,,manufacturer ,,to ,,the ,,order ,,agent1 ,,thence ,,to ,,the ,,consumer ,when you get this list you can then send out to each doctor a nicely gotten up folder or booklet and a clearly worded letter1 which you can have mimeographed1 that is duplicates made from the original typewritten letter1 and according to business rules and regulations these ought to make a noise like a lot of orders4 ,lists of men and women in every line of business1 profession and trade2 including ,r4 ,s4 ,dun and ,company's list which is guaranteed #ii per cent4 accurate1 can be bought of the above concerns that are classified to fit whatever article or device you intend to market4 ,this is one way of conducting a mail-order selling campaign4 ,the second plan as outlined above is to run small two to ten line classified ads for agents offering to start them in the mail order business4 ,see ,fig4 #ajj4 ,your proposition to each prospective agent who replies is something like this3 you will give him1 provided he buys1 for cash in advance1 of course1 one dozen1 one gross1 or a dozen gross of the product you manufacture1 the exclusive territory of a city1 a county1 or several of them1 or of an entire ,state as you choose and according to the quantity he buys4 ,included in the price he pays1 you furnish him with so many letter heads and envelopes with his name printed thereon as manufacturer's agent2 printed circulars or folders1 a series of follow-up letters and whatever else is needed to start him in the mail order business except the list of names and the postage stamps he will use4 ,it is up to him to get these accessories4 ,a ,series of ,follow-up ,letters4--,by a series of follow-up letters is meant that a number of different letters1 say six1 are written up in such a way that each one makes a stronger appeal to the consumer than the one he gets before4 ,let's say that your agent sends a circular describing the merits of your patent mailing box for eggs to an egg grower in the rural district and with it a letter stating how glad he would be to receive an order from him for a dozen mailing boxes1 the price1 etc42 if1 now1 in ten days' time no reply is forth-coming the agent mails him a second letter1 stating that he can't understand why he hasn't heard from him1 et cetera and so on4 ,if this brings no response the agent mails a third letter in another ten days saying that since he 7the agent7 has used several stamps in writing to him suppose that he 7the egg grower7 sits down and uses a stamp on him and so forth and e pluribus unum1 as ,artemus ,ward used to say4 ,and so the letters are mailed until the series of six have been sent out at ten day intervals4 ,the idea is that as the letters1 each of which is a little stronger than the one before it1 reach the egg grower with clocklike regularity the value of your patent mailing box for eggs will sink deeper and with more telling effect into his cranium and that somewhere between the first and the last letter he will conclude he had better order a dozen or more boxes4 ,if the sixth and last letter does not bring an order the agent may then conclude that the chickens are dead1 or that the roosters are sleeping1 or else that the egg-grower doesn't want the mailing box and he knows that he doesn't want it4 ,at any rate it is time for the agent to quit wasting stamps on him4 ,selling ,through ,sales ,agents4--,turning now to big business one of the most successful ways now in vogue to sell goods is the one adopted by automobile manufacturers4 ,by this method the manufacturer sells his product to his own sales agents and these in turn sell them to the consumer4 ,both the manufacturer and his agents advertise1 the former nationally1 that is he tries to reach all the people1 and the latter locally1 that is in his own territory4 ,the result of their joint advertising is inquiries and these the sales agent follows up by personal solicitation4 ,fig4 #ajj shows diagrammatically how the scheme works out4 ,selling ,direct from ,factory to ,consumer4--,a large number of manufacturing concerns have built up profitable businesses by advertising in various publications and dealing directly with the consumer4 ,see ,fig4 #aja4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,from ,,the ,,manufacturer ,,to ,,the ,,manufacturer',s ,,agent1 ,,thence ,,to ,,the ,,consumer ,many products1 especially those in the nature of machines1 can be sold by this method where they could not be marketed in any other way4 ,take as an example the larger sizes of hand power printing presses4 ,one firm has sold thousands of these machines through the persistent use of small advertisements where only a few could have been disposed of through dealers of any kind1 for the reason that there is not a sufficient demand for them in any one locality4 ,any article1 device or machine can be sold directly to the people through the medium of cleverly displayed advertisements placed in the right publications4 ,when you get ready for an advertising campaign write to any advertising agent--and he also advertises--telling him what it is you have to sell and he will send you a list of the periodicals which will reach the class of folks who will be interested in your commodity and also quote you advertising rates4 ,but of advertising ,i shall have something more to say later on4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,selling ,,direct ,,from ,,the ,,factory ,,to ,,the ,,consumer ,where you sell direct to the consumer you should also use1 of course1 a series of attractive pictorial cards1 circulars1 folders and booklets which describe your offering in terms of glowing color and cold1 hard facts4 ,don't try to deceive your customers for no business can be conducted on misrepresentation and last1 and besides it is just as easy to enthuse with the truth as it is to equivocate1 not to use a harsher and uglier word4#f ,a series of follow-up letters should also be used and lists of the people you want to reach are sometimes as useful1 and occasionally more so1 in bringing results as advertising4 ,in fact every art and device known to the system of business should be freely used where there are no middlemen4 ,selling ,through the ,trade4--,the older plan for a large manufacturer to dispose of his goods is through the retail stores1 but this is a more costly and a harder way than by the direct method of reaching the consumer4 ,the reason for this is that the manufacturer does not deal directly with the retailer1 but must do so through a lot of middlemen of whom there are in some cases not less than three and often more4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,selling ,,through ,,the ,,trade ,figure #ajb shows how many different concerns stand between the manufacturer and those who buy his goods2 the manufacturer turns his product over to the commission man who unloads it on the jobber or wholesaler1 who sends drummers on the road1 who make the retailer buy it1 who hands it out over the counter to his customers1 who are merely acquaintances of his4 ,all of the middlemen make big profits while the manufacturer and the retailer have to be satisfied with a very small margin and the consumer knows that he is paying several prices too many for the article he buys4 ,the advantage1 though1 of handling your product through middlemen lies in the fact that you can very often get a commission man1 or a jobber1 to contract for the entire output of your factory1 and sometimes a certainty of this kind with small fixed profits is better than taking a chance of putting a large sum into advertising with the uncertainty of large profits or of no profits at all4 ,getting ,publicity4--,going back once more to the time when you have completed your model and your patent has just been granted1 it is often a good idea to give some publicity to your invention4 ,by publicity ,i mean to get some write-ups in the papers and some articles in the magazines and if you go about it the right way it will not cost you anything for space and sometimes the editors will even pay you for your contributions4 ,when you have reached the stage where you want some publicity write up a clear description of say #ejj1 #ajjj or #bjjj words1 depending on the importance and intricacy of your invention1 and have a typewritten copy made of it2 next have some good #e by #g1 or better1 #h by #aj photographs made of your model from different viewpoints4 ,small kodak pictures are of no value in obtaining free publicity for clean-cut1 large pictures1 count for as much or more with the average editor than either subject matter or written copy4 ,now the kind of publications in which you will want your article to appear will hinge on the class of readers who will be interested in it4 ,but let's suppose that it is a new machine1 or a new electrical apparatus of some sort or other4 ,if it is a machine send your typewritten article to the editor of the ,scientific ,american1 ,woolworth ,building1 ,new ,york2 if your photos and article appeal to the editor as being new and novel he will most certainly print them in his paper4 ,in an article of this kind it is not good policy to crack up yourself or put in your street number1 as this savors too much of trying to get a page or so of advertising in the body of the paper free of charge2 your name and the city where you live are enough to include in the article1 but in a letter accompanying the latter you can send your detailed address4 ,and you can send in another article and photos to the ,engineering ,magazine1 #adj ,nassau ,street1 ,new ,york2 ,machinery1 #adj ,lafayette ,street1 ,new ,york1 and other publications of a like character4 ,should your invention be electrical1 or have a single electric element connected with it1 send your article to the ,electrical ,world1 #bci ,west #cith ,street and to the ,electrical ,review1 #ac ,park ,row1 both of ,new ,york1 and the editors of either of these publications will most surely and gladly accommodate you with space for your contribution4 ,the purpose of having articles appear in these technical papers is not so much to sell your product as it is to give you an authentic article in a standard publication which you can refer to and reprint from for distribution to those whom you may want to interest either as partners or shareholders4 ,reprints are also useful for circularizing agents or consumers after you have your factory in shape to take care of the orders4 ,should your invention have to do with mining send in your article and photographs to the mining papers1 if it is in the notion line mail it to the dry-goods papers and so on for no matter what you have invented you will find one or more trade papers in that particular field who will give you the desired publicity4 ,after some good technical1 or trade paper has published an account of your invention the daily and weekly papers in your home-town are apt to be impressed with the importance of what you have done and one or all of them will give you quite a write-up4 ,advertising4--,while publicity and advertising are one and the same thing in that both of them make known to the great body of buyers the merits of your invention ,i have arbitrarily divided them into two classes calling 7#a7 everything that is printed as straight reading matter in a paper and free of charge publicity and 7#b7 all that is displayed to attract the attention of the reader and paid for at space rates as advertising4 ,you can begin an advertising campaign with a very small outlay of capital by running a inch1 one column wide ad in ten or a dozen papers or magazines as a starter4 ,to have your ad displayed as you want it1 that is the style of type and the illustration that goes with it1 get your local printer to set it up and have as many electrotypes made from it as there are papers you intend to buy space in4 ,then all you have to do is to mail one of these electrotypes to the publisher and it appears in his paper exactly like the type from which it was made and it can be used over and over again4 ,this stereotyped kind of an ad which meets the reader's eye in nearly every publication he picks up will finally get through the pores of the calcium salts which form his skull and impress the sensitive area of his brain1 or1 to use the language ,evelyn doesn't like1 it gets on his nerves and he will read it4 ,every time he sees it after that he will remember its message and then when the psychological moment arrives and he wants your product he will send to you either for a catalogue and price-list or for the thing itself4 ,larger ads should have the reading matter and the cut changed frequently1 but it is always well to use some design1 or a name 7see ,chapter ,,xii71 which stands out boldly in relief so that it will flag the attention of the reader immediately he turns to the page where it is displayed4 ,the rest of the ad must then be catchy enough to induce him1 or her1 who sees it to read it1 and last of all it should contain some gem or germ of knowledge which he1 or she1 will carry away and think over and always to the end for which your ad was written and designed--and that is to buy your product4 ,writing alluring ads requires inventive ability but of an order very different from that which produces a new machine4 ,hence there are inventors who make a specialty of writing ads but they are content to call themselves originators4 ,should you have a product that you intend to give wide publicity to1 whether it is your intention to sell to the consumer direct or to sell to him through the retail trade1 it is a good plan to engage the services of an advertising firm to conduct the campaign for you4 ,if you are going to spend #a1jjj or #ajj1jjj on making your product known among men and women and popularizing it so that everybody will buy it1 or wants to buy it1 it is well to have an advertising agent or firm get up the ads1 place them in the papers where they will do the most good--in a word engineer the whole thing for you while you are superintending your factory and your partner is taking care of the orders--then all you have got to do is to count the shekels that roll in or out as the case may be4 ,,chapter ,x ,,things ,,for ,,you ,,to ,,invent ,all through this book ,i have done my best to nickelplate you in the bath of my own experience and ,i believe ,i have made everything clear unless it is just how to get the big idea4 ,and even if ,i could give you a hard and fast rule for thinking up new and novel things ,i have grave fears ,i would be tempted to keep that bit of information to myself and start up an idea factory in opposition to ,edison4 ,but while it is not yet possible to lay down a law for the creation of an original idea it may prove of some value to tell you something about what is needed both small and large and this in itself may serve to stimulate your thought centers to activity4 ,as you look about and see all the different materials1 apparatus and machines that have been invented to make work easier1 to save time or goods and to increase safety and comfort you may on first thought conclude that everything the human race really needs has been invented and this is in a large measure true4 ,but the secret of present day inventing was let out of the bag by ,edison when he said that 8hardly any piece of machinery now manufactured is more than #aj per cent4 perfect40 ,certainly the electric lights we now have are good enough as far as the light goes but light costs us ten times as much as it ought to cost for the reason that #ij per cent4 of the energy there is in a ton of coal is wasted and only #aj per cent4 of it is transformed into actual light4 ,oliver ,lodge1 ,england's greatest electrician1 once said that if we knew how the glow worm makes his light then a boy could turn a machine that would develop enough electricity to light a factory4 ,the problem for you to tackle then is not to make a better light but to make a cheaper light4 ,and what ,edison has said about machines and ,lodge has said about light1 ,i say is just as true of everything else we have for lessening labor1 for saving time and materials1 making for safety and adding to comfort4 ,everything that has been invented up to the present time1 with very few exceptions1 such as the electric motor which is #ih per cent4 efficient1 can be made nearly #ij per cent4 better4 ,this gives you your cue for inventing1 that is to conceive and improve upon what has been done rather than to sap your life's blood and waste time1 which is just as precious if you only know it1 in trying to invent something entirely new and original under the shining sun4 ,nor do you need to undertake to improve upon the big things--unless1 of course1 you get a great idea and you feel that the world can't get along without it and that you would lose a fortune unless you straightaway developed it4 ,otherwise just keep your eagle eye on the lookout and your inventive brain cells on the alert and it will not be long before you will see something where there is room for improvement4 ,some ,little ,things ,needed4--,for the ,person4--,there isn't a thing you wear1 or carry in your pockets1 or use in making your toilet but which can be improved upon4 ,your suspenders1 your corset1 cuff buttons1 dress-shields1 necktie clasp1 hose supports1 garters1 hat pins1 collar buttons1 eye glasses and eye-glass guards1 hair curlers or straighteners according to the dictates of fashion1 jewelry guards1 fasteners for clothing1 clothes hangers and clothes presses ought all to be done over and re-invented4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajc;,a4 ,,old ,,style ,,tooth ,,brush ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajc;,b4 ,,an ,,improved ,,tooth ,,brush ,a better way to clean teeth1 see ,fig4 #ajc1 to shampoo the head1 to manicure nails1 to wash backs and to shine shoes should all have attention4 ,improvements in false teeth and in making the deaf hear are in order2 but it is just as well to keep away from inventions to make the hair grow and to remove freckles4 ,for the ,house4--,you can help to save mother's time and conserve her strength by inventing any of the following devices and besides you'll make enough money so that she won't have to use them and that will be still better4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajd;,a4 ,,the ,,old ,,way--,,the ,,carpet ,,sweeper ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajd;,b4 ,,the ,,new ,,way--,,the ,,vacuum ,,cleaner ,odorless cooking utensils1 candy making apparatus1 visible ovens1 dish washer1 ironing machine1 soap saver1 milk jar seal1 fish scaler1 fire extinguisher1 water cooler1 water purifier1 cheap ice machine1 ice crusher1 window cleaner1 silver cleaning apparatus1 vacuum cleaner1 see ,fig4 #ajd1 knife sharpener1 fountain scrub brush and all kinds of handy tools are needed4 ,a self-serving dining room table that will let the folks eat instead of keeping every one busy waiting on everybody else between bites should and undoubtedly would find a large sale4 ,for the ,farm4--,improved farm machinery has made the farmers and the inventors rich and important but the little things around the farm have been sadly neglected and if some one doesn't come to its rescue pretty soon it will go to rack and ruin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,a ,,labor ,,saving ,,painting ,,machine ,a substitute for leather1 mail conveyer to carry mail from the road to the house1 a painting machine1 see ,fig4 #aje1 cheap fence posts1 fattening apparatus for chickens1 insect exterminators1 portable fences1 nests and coops for chickens1 traps for preying birds1 parcels post cartons for butter and eggs1 incubators1 brooders1 cream separators1 milking machines1 and everything else used on the farm can be made more efficient than the present apparatus and machines which are now used4 ,for the ,office4--,there was once a time when a shingle swinging in the breeze1 a desk1 a chair and a spittoon constituted an office1 but those halcyon days of ,lincoln and ,douglas1 ,calhoun and ,webster are gone forever4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,a ,,quick ,,figuring ,,and ,,bookkeeping ,,machine ,what is needed now are not brains so much as an improved file case1 time stamp1 check protector1 gumless mucilage bottle1 inkwell that cleans the pen1 safety envelope that can't be opened without detection1 mailing boxes and tubes1 envelope inserting and folding machine1 duplicating processes for typewritten copy1 envelope opener1 improved dictaphones1 that is phonographs for dictating to stenographers1 and figuring and bookkeeping machines2 see ,fig4 #ajf4 ,for ,fun4--,there is a great demand for toys and amusement devices and novelties of all kinds4 ,little #e and #aj cent jokes1 like the snake jar1 shadow dancer1 shooting pack of cards1 rubber dagger1 see ,fig4 #ajg1 and the musical seat1 puzzles like the beast1 the star and crescent1 ,billy ,possum1 devil lock and ,chinese conjuring rings and games1 tricks1 magical advertising novelties and the like are profitable in a small and sometimes in a big way4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,a ,,rubber ,,dagger1 ,,an ,,amusing ,,toy ,merry-go-round1 shoot-the-chutes1 bump-the-bumps1 see ,fig4 #ajh1 dips and slides are some of the larger amusement inventions that have been making money at summer and seaside resorts4 ,what you must do is to provide other new and novel means for the fun loving people to do ridiculous stunts and pay you for the privilege4 ,now while all of the above devices have been invented and patented the point is that every one of them has a bug1 that is a flaw in it somewhere2 by which ,i mean that in each and every case1 except the toys and amusements1 the device is too hard to work1 costs too much1 takes too much time1 is too troublesome1 is too poorly made or is not as comfortable as the old-fashioned thing4 ,it is your business as an inventor to improve it so that your device will do the work or serve the purpose better than it has ever been done before4 ,in order to improve a compound1 device or machine to this extent you will have to introduce some new principle1 or element into it and it is this added cause1 or part in combination with the other and well-known arrangements that gives it a new and novel twist and for which you pray that letters patent may be granted4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,,bumping-,,the-,,bumps ,some ,big ,inventions ,needed4--,safety ,first4--,that there were #ch1jjj deaths1 #ejj1jjj seriously injured and #b1jjj1jjj slightly injured persons caused by all manner of accidents in #aiae1 shows how badly improvements are needed for all kinds of machinery1 in the operation of mines1 railroads and steamships and in the manufacture of certain chemical products such as phosphorus matches and dynamite4 ,there is money and lots of it in inventions that have for their object the safeguarding of human health1 limb and life4 ,fig4 #aji shows a life-saving gun4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,a ,,novel ,,life-,,saving ,,gun ,automobiles4--,the automobile is the speed machine of to-day4 ,pneumatic tires1 transmission gears and differentials1 must go for they are bothersome1 complicated and costly4 ,an engine without poppet valves1 carburetor1 high tension ignition system and water cooling system with its expensive radiator would be most welcome4 ,a magnetic clutch that does away with the transmission gears is shown in ,fig4 #aaj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,,the ,,owen ,,magnetic ,,clutch ,a cheap substitute for gasoline is heartily to be hoped for and inventors are searching for it now4 ,the engine of the future will be driven by some high explosive mixture each ingredient of which will be perfectly harmless in itself but when the fractional part of a drop of each chemical is mixed with the other in the cylinder of the engine they will combine and explode violently4 ,aviation4--,the aeroplane is the speed machine of to-morrow4 ,the great requirement of the present time in the flying machine is inherent stability1 which means that it is so designed that it will not overturn1 or if overturned it will right itself of its own accord4 ,fig4 #aaa shows a gyro-stabilizer for this purpose4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,a ,,gyro-,,stabilizer ,,for ,,making ,,an ,,aeroplane ,,keep ,,its ,,balance ,after stability the next most desirable improvement needed in an aeroplane is one that will make it rise from the ground at a far larger angle from the horizontal1 that is fly more nearly straight up than those that are built at the present time4 ,a better engine1 an easier way of starting and a surer way of alighting1 are next in order4 ,chemistry4--,there are unlimited possibilities in chemistry for making big inventions4 ,a method to produce cheap liquid air1 see ,fig4 #aab1 would revolutionize many industries4 ,radium which is worth #a1jjj1jjj a pound1 or thereabouts1 is plentiful in nature and requires some simpler method only for its cheap extraction4 ,but both of the above are very hard things to do4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,a ,,liquid ,,air ,,machine ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aac;,a4 ,,the ,,cheapest ,,form ,,of ,,light ,artificial milk1 tea1 coffee and eggs1 the extraction of caffeine from coffee1 thein from tea and nicotine from tobacco--which are the harmful chemicals in these products1 a cheap method of producing artificial ice1 or refrigeration without ice1 a substance to denature alcohol are only a few of the things to be invented in chemistry4 ,synthetic chemistry1 that is the artificial production of real rubber1 camphor1 diamonds1 rubies and other precious stones1 dye-stuffs and other products heretofore supplied only by nature1 also offers a large and fascinating field for the inventive chemist4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aac;,b4 ,a ,,tube ,,system ,,of ,,electric ,,lights ,electricity4--,there are hundreds1 if not thousands of electrical inventors who are busier than a swarm of bees in a field of clover1 but there is enough left for all of them and as many more to do if they worked in eight hour shifts until the dawn of the millennium4 ,an apparatus for dispelling fogs by electricity1 television1 or transmitting sight by electricity1 cheap electric lights1 see ,fig4 #aac1 a simple telautograph1 or writing telegraph1 a means for directing wireless telegraph and telephone messages1 automatic block signals which operate in the engine driver's cab and are positive in action1 transmitting pictures by wireless and a cheap and powerful generator of sustained electric oscillations by a battery or other low voltage current1 all these needs show that there is still plenty of room for improvement4 ,electro-,chemistry4--,in this field of endeavor the things that are needed would fill a large book and many things that will come have not even been dreamed of yet4 ,a few that ,i can think of is a self-charging primary battery1 a light weight storage battery1 a way to produce electricity direct from coal1 a scheme to prevent electrolysis in underground pipes1 the electrification of farming lands to make forty bushels of rye grow where only one was sown1 see ,fig4 #aad1 to store up electrical energy from the sun and the production of entirely new and unheard of substances in the electric furnace4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,,farming ,,by ,,wireless4 ,,the ,,high ,,tension ,,electric ,,generator ,building4--,in the building line heating1 ventilation and drainage are all open to great improvement4 ,glass that can be bent to shape and which cannot be so easily broken is much needed while fireproof materials and fire protection leave much to the inventor to perfect4 ,even improvements are needed for wrecking buildings as will be seen in ,fig4 #aae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,,cutting ,,steel ,,girders ,,with ,,the ,,oxy-,,acetylene ,,process ,mining and ,metallurgy4--,safety appliances are of the first importance in mine inventions1 see ,fig4 #aaf1 and after these1 machines for labor saving should receive attention4 ,if you understand mining1 be it for coal1 metals or gems1 you will see that there is yet much to be done to make the operations safer1 more saving and less laborious4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,,an ,,apparatus ,,for ,,the ,,prevention ,,of ,,mine ,,disasters4 ,it records the presence of gas ,after the ore is mined1 the metal must be separated from it and this is largely a matter of chemistry and mechanical devices4 ,saving is the watchword for the inventor who would improve the present methods and processes4 ,if you can show how a saving of metal can be effected or how the same amount can be extracted more cheaply you are the boy the owners are looking for and you can name your own price1 nearly4 ,an alloy for armor which will deflect projectiles1 steel rolls which will roll and straighten sheets and rails with one handling1 a process for extracting metals from low grade ores1 a process for making small brass1 iron or steel castings in much the same manner that a linotype machine casts a type slug1 are all improvements for you to think about even if you don't try to invent them4 ,printing4--,the noble art of printing has been brought to such a high degree of perfection it would seem to leave little to be invented4 ,but like all the arts and sciences there is yet much to be done4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,a ,,steel ,,plate ,,engraving ,,machine ,one boy does the work of four men ,a few gentle hints in this direction is the need of a three color printing press1 machines for engraving steel plates1 see ,fig4 #aag1 and presses for printing from them1 power copper plate presses1 printing without ink by means of electricity and bookbinding1 electrotyping and typefoundry processes and machinery2 all these1 and many more need looking into4 ,moving ,pictures4--,three great improvements must be made in the moving picture industry before it will take on anything like perfection1 and these are 7#a7 a film that is not easily broken1 is as transparent as glass and is fire proof2 7#b7 pictures that are photographed on the film and projected on the screen in their natural colors1 and 7#c7 moving pictures that are made and projected on the principle of the stereoscope so that the picture will stand out true to life in color1 time and space4 ,the last word in moving picture machines at this writing is shown in ,fig4 #aah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,improve ,,the ,,movies ,this machine uses glass slides instead of films ,all of the above improvements have been made but they are each of them very crude and they must be re-improved to a very great extent before they can be successfully shown in theaters4 ,i do not believe any attempt has yet been made to combine the three features in a single machine4 ,other ,fields of ,endeavor4--,there are many other fields that are just as full of promise for the inventor as those ,i have cited and among them may be named railways and steamships1 boilers and engines1 bridge building1 munitions of war1 textile and boot and shoe machinery1 medical and dental apparatus and instruments1 devices for the postal service1 musical instruments1 vending machines and the utilization of by-products4 ,verily there is everything under the heavens for you to improve if you will but find out a new means1 devise a scheme1 discover by art1 contrive by ingenuity or1 in a nutshell1 originate an idea1 work it out1 patent it and beat the other fellow to it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,,the ,,wireless ,,transmission ,,of ,,power ,tesla's tower at ,wardencliffe1 ,long ,island ,what ,not to ,invent4--,if you have but little time1 small means and are without tools it were better not to get too big an idea for your first invention4 ,try out your genius on some simple thing1 that is if you can4 ,of course should some great improvement strike you it would be folly to drop it simply because you happened to be handicapped in two or three several little ways4 ,when in such a predicament you must rise above the level of mediocrity and circumstance and invent a plan to raise the necessary funds to go ahead with your experimental work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abj;,a4 ,a ,,perpetual ,,motion ,,machine4 7,,impractical ,,of ,,course7 ,but whether you have or have not the quick capital of your own to draw on there are some things you should not try to invent--that is if you are an inventor for the financial profits you expect to accrue from your work4 ,if you are doing it purely as a scientist that is a horse of quite another color and some scientific society may present you with a medal in a plush lined case and its ,transactions will laud you for your unselfish work4 ,such schemes as extracting gold from the salt water of the sea1 milking electricity directly from the ether1 blowing up ships at a distance by means of invisible waves1 making a phonotypograph which will1 when spoken into1 print what you have said on a sheet of paper1 printing without type by means of the ,x-rays1 sending wireless messages to ,mars and the wireless transmission of power1 see ,fig4 #aai1 are all good things to let alone4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abj;,b4 ,,perpetual ,,motion ,,as ,,seen ,,by ,a ,,patent-,,attorney 7,,hyper-,,theoretical7 ,not because these innovations are impossible to invent--they will all come into general use some day--but because it is not given to any inventor to work a single one of them out alone and so ,i say don't try to unless you are a real ,simon pure scientist4 ,and as a last piece of advice don't try to invent that monstrous impossibility--perpetual motion4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,what ,,some ,,inventions ,,have ,,paid ,one of the most alluring and sky-blue delights1 next to working out a big idea of your own1 is to read about the fortunes that other inventors have piled up by the simple use of their grey matter4 ,the stories of what they did and how they did it are far redder blooded and more gripping than any old sleuth yarn ever put between paper covers2 but different from this kind of yellow fiction they are all true1 their heroes are all real and each one had a great idea burning in his brain1 like ,st4 ,elmo's fire1 and each had the business ability to transmute it into solid gold1 twenty-four carats fine4 ,and it is not time wasted in harking back to what other inventors have done if you will but heed the lesson that they teach for their works stand out like guide-posts by day and signal-lights by night which point the way for you to go and do the same thing if you will only quit dreaming1 get busy with your experiments and be careful not to run into any open switches4 ,a ,tour of the ,inventive ,world4--,nor need an invention be a large one to make money though of course the great inventions--those that have given the world all the civilization it has had or is likely to have for some centuries to come--have1 as a rule1 been the greatest producers of wealth for those who worked them out4 ,so now suppose we make a personally conducted tour around the world of inventions and take a look at a few of the wonders which prove that thoughts are things and that things are money1 that is when you know how to convert one into the other4 ,and the route we will take will show us some small inventions as we go and we will see a few of the big inventions on our return to home and laboratory4 ,little ,inventions4--,to begin with let us lead off with the smallest and least important inventions1 though they also serve a purpose1 and these are to be found in toys1 games and other things for pleasure4 ,first is the return ball1 which consisted of a piece of rubber strand fastened to a wooden ball2 this simple invention1 so 'tis said1 paid its inventor #ej1jjj a year in royalties for a long time1 and so he waxed fat and grew rich4 ,such toys as the dancing dolls1 the wheel of life and the chameleon top brought their respective inventors even larger sums1 while the roller skate which ,plimpton improved and made popular by his invention of cramping the wheels netted him #a1jjj1jjj in royalties and so you need not feel sorry for him4 ,simple ,inventions4--,the next class of inventions ,i shall call your attention to is just as simple but they are different from toys in that they are useful4 ,among them may be named our friend of infant days1 the safety pin1 the rubber tip for lead pencils1 the cork nose shield for eyeglasses1 the grooved steel rib for umbrellas1 the stylographic pen1 the glass lemon squeezer1 paper clips1 hook fasteners for shoes and the shipping tag reinforced around the hole which ,dennison invented and still sells by the carload4 ,all of these little things and ten thousand others which you would hardly think were worth inventing have built up fortunes for those who thought of them and1 more to their credit1 were able to see that a future awaited them4 ,real ,inventions4--,in passing we come to some small but none-the-less real inventions such as the spring roller window shade1 automatic ink stand in which the ink is always at the same level1 barbed wire fences1 ,mrs4 ,potts' sad iron--the one with the attachable and detachable handle1 the paragon umbrella frame1 etc4 ,to the right you will see some inventions of a more complex kind such as the check protector1 mimeograph1 time stamp1 combination lock1 fountain pen1 computing scale1 compressed air rock drill1 cash register1 the comptometer and a thousand other devices we see in use or use ourselves every day4 ,many of them are small but each and every one produced anywhere from #aj1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj for its inventor4 ,great ,inventions4--,the ,steam ,engine1 ,locomotive1 and ,steamboat4--,how the steam engine was invented by ,watt1 how the locomotive was invented by ,stephenson and how the steamboat was invented by ,fulton are pretty well known4 ,just how much these great pioneer inventors received in actual cash for their efforts ,i cannot say offhand but it was not large when compared with the fortunes inventors have since made4 ,but their names are writ large in the hall of fame1 not the one at the ,new ,york ,university which doesn't count1 but in the hall of fame of progress and civilization which is the only one that really matters4 ,the ,telegraph4--,the telegraph was invented by ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse in #ahcb but it was not until #ahdd that he had a line working from ,washington to ,baltimore4 ,after long years of litigation his patent rights were upheld by the courts and much wealth and more fame accrued to him4 ,the ,perfecting ,press4--,the first web printing press1 that is a press using a web1 or continuous strip of paper1 was invented by ,bullock in #ahde and this the ,hoe ,brothers improved upon until the web perfecting press was evolved by them in #ahdf and which revolutionized the printing of newspapers4 ,the ,hoe factory is the largest maker of printing presses in the world to-day4 ,the ,sewing ,machine4--,after many experiments by others the sewing machine was invented by ,elias ,howe and patented by him in #ahdf4 ,like every other inventor who has a really great thing his patents were attacked in the court and for eight years he lived in poverty4 ,when the courts finally found in his favor he made millions out of the royalties on his labor saving invention4 ,the ,ice ,machine4--,the first machine for making ice was invented by ,a4 ,c4 ,twining in which ethyl ether was used for the compressed gas and for which a patent was granted in #ahej4 ,in #ahfg an ice machine was made by ,ferdinand ,carr which used liquid ammonia for the compressed gas and from that date on the artificial production of ice on a commercial scale really began4 ,whether these two inventors made fortunes out of their brain children ,i cannot say1 but this ,i know1 that tens of millions have flowed into the coffers of those who commercialized their work4 ,the ,steel ,process4--,the process of converting iron into steel cheaply and in quantities was invented by ,henry ,bessemer who patented it in #ahee4 ,it was the ,bessemer process which made it possible to use steel for rails and structural purposes generally4 ,the inventor grew rich beyond the dreams of the romancer and the steel industry has made multimillionaires of all its captains4 ,the ,gas ,engine4--,many inventions for using gas as the motive power for engines were made before #ahfa but it was not until that year that ,n4 ,a4 ,otto built a working model of a gas engine in which the explosive gases were mixed1 compressed1 and ignited in one cylinder when the waste gases were exhausted from it4 ,the ,otto gas engine became a commercial success in #ahgh and netted the inventor many millions4 ,the ,dynamo and ,motor4--,the principle on which the dynamo electric machine works was discovered by ,faraday in #ahca4 ,in #ahff both ,wilde and ,siemens built dynamos1 but it was ,gramme who made the dynamo a commercial machine by inventing the ring armature1 which he did in #ahgj4 ,then some genius1 or bonehead1 no one seems to know which1 found that when a current was passed through a dynamo it became a motor4 ,from #ahhj inventions for electric light1 heat and power advanced by leaps and bounds and everybody that invented anything at all worth while in the electrical line got rich quick4 ,the ,air ,brake4--,the air brake to stop and control the speed of trains was invented by ,westinghouse in #ahfi4 ,he had hard work getting any railroad to give it a trial but once that this was done it very quickly came into general use4 ,next to the safety valve it was the first important safety device applied to railroads4 ,it has in the past and is still piling up millions for its inventor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,,the ,,first ,,telephone ,the ,telephone4--,the first use of the word telephone was made by ,charles ,wheatstone in #ahcd1 who applied it to a musical instrument otherwise known as the magic lyre4 ,in #ahed ,charles ,bourseul suggested a way to make a speaking telephone1 and in #ahfj ,johanne ,phillip ,reis constructed a telephone apparatus along the line of ,bourseul's idea2 while this instrument reproduced musical tones it would not reproduce the human voice4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,,the ,,original ,,typewriting ,,machine ,,patented ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,burt1 ,,july #bc1 #ahbi ,alexander ,graham ,bell began working on the problem in #ahgd and invented the first electric speaking telephone which he patented1 showed in operation at the ,centennial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia in #ahgf and shortly after a company was formed to float it4 ,edison made a big improvement in the telephone in #ahgh when he invented the carbon transmitter4 ,other rivals appeared in the field and after long years of costly law suits the rights of ,bell were sustained by the courts and the ,bell ,telephone ,company has had a practical monopoly of the business in this country ever since4 ,the invention made ,bell and its owners enormously wealthy4 ,the ,typewriter4--,this useful machine was invented by ,charles ,thurber in #ahdc1 but it was not until about #ahge that a practical machine was put on the market4 ,millions of dollars have been made out of the typewriter industry1 subsequent inventors coming in for their big shares1 but it is doubtful if the original inventor received anything more than honorable mention in the encyclopdias and a monument in some cemetery for the great benefit he conferred on mankind4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,,the ,,first ,,phonograph ,the ,phonograph4--,this wonderful instrument for recording and reproducing speech and other sounds was invented by ,edison in #ahgg and improved by him in #ahhh4 ,in #ahhg ,emile ,berliner invented and patented the graphophone in which the vibrations are recorded on a disk instead of on a cylinder as it is in the ,edison phonograph4 ,the phonograph was placed on the market in #ahhh and the manufacture of graphophones began in #ahig when both the machines and the records became popular and rapidly grew into a great industry4 ,the phonograph is only one of ,edison's #gjj inventions and from some or all of them he has amassed a fortune of #aj1jjj1jjj1 and ,berliner1 who is also an inventor of renown1 is very wealthy4 ,the ,storage ,battery4--,like many other great inventions the storage battery has made millions1 but from the time it was invented by ,gaston ,plant in #ahfj until it became a commercial product in #ahhj was too long a stretch for the originator to have received his just reward4 ,but those who followed with their little and big improvements made small and large fortunes out of them when the ,electric ,storage ,battery ,company of ,philadelphia was organized to take over all the smaller concerns4 ,the ,snap-,shot ,camera4--,the snap-shot camera1 or kodak1 is not an invention of magnitude but ,eastman who invented it about #ahhj has through his business ability made it a money-maker second only to inventions of great utility4 ,so rich is his company that it paid #cjj1jjj for the simple invention of enabling a kodak user to write a record on each film when it was exposed4 ,the ,steam ,turbine4--,the steam turbine dates back to the time of ,hero1 that is #abj years ,b4 ,c41 and the place of its birth was ,alexandria1 ,egypt4 ,it consisted of a copper ball pivoted on trunnions4 ,projecting from opposite sides of its equator were two bent pipes and when the ball was partly filled with water and heated the steam would spout out of the bent pipes and on striking the air it reacted on the ball and this caused it to revolve at a high-speed4 ,for this reason ,hero's engine was called a reaction turbine4 ,in #agje ,branca1 an ,italian1 invented a steam turbine in which a jet of steam was forced through a nozzle and impinged on the vanes of a paddle-wheel1 the impact of the steam causing it to revolve4 ,hence this kind of a turbine is called an impact turbine4 ,the first steam turbine to be built and operated as a competitor of the reciprocating engine was made by ,de ,laval in #ahhc4 ,it was a reaction turbine and it revolved at a tremendously high speed4 ,parsons of ,england brought out in #ahhd the first multiple expansion turbine which combined the reaction and the impulse types4 ,it made #ah1jjj revolutions per minute and was directly connected to an electric lighting dynamo4 ,in a little over thirty years the steam turbine reached a degree of perfection and economy not attained in the two hundred odd years of development of the reciprocating engine and it is now used for driving the largest steamships4 ,the ,automobile4--,the so-called daddy of the automobile is ,george ,b4 ,selden2 he built his first self-moving wagon in #ahgh and applied for a patent on it4 ,he did not let this patent issue1 however1 but kept it alive in the ,patent ,office until #ahie when in that year automobiles began to be made and used and he then had the patent granted to him4 ,his next step was to sell licenses to the various gasoline engine automobile manufacturers who paid him a royalty on each machine sold and in this very easy and genteel manner he accumulated much money4 ,but there were some manufacturers who refused to recognize his patent rights and hence refused to pay him royalty4 ,henry ,ford of ,detroit was the leader of these rebellious souls and a bitter patent suit resulted in which the courts first decided for ,selden and then against him and this ended his monopoly4 ,ford organized the ,ford ,motor ,company and at this writing it is the largest manufacturer of automobiles in the world4 ,it employs #af1jjj men and turns out #ajjj automobiles a day4 ,mr4 ,ford has so much money he doesn't know what to do with it1 but his great wealth is based upon his business ability and not upon any patents he may have4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,,first ,,incandescent ,,light ,the ,incandescent ,light4--,the first electric incandescent lamp that was made used a platinum wire for the filament4 ,j4 ,w4 ,starr substituted a carbon filament for the platinum wire1 but the first successful incandescent lamp was produced by ,edison in #ahgi after he had made over #bjjj experiments in order to find a suitable fiber for the filament4 ,in order to be able to use the incandescent lamps1 ,edison designed a new system of distributing the current through several circuits and between any number of lamps4 ,the lamps of to-day have filaments of tungsten and these are sealed in bulbs filled with nitrogen and which together greatly increases the candle-power and at the same time uses less current4 ,in #ahhb the ,pearl ,street ,edison station in ,new ,york was put into service and was the first of the great central stations4 ,the ,commonwealth ,edison ,company of ,chicago is the largest electric lighting system in the world4 ,there are four stations and together they have an output of #cbj1jjj kilowatts1 or #dcj1jjj horsepower4 ,the ,electric ,railway4--,the first attempt to build a railway operated by electricity was made by ,thomas ,davenport1 a ,vermont blacksmith in #ahce4 ,next1 ,c4 ,t4 ,page made a sixteen horsepower electric locomotive in #ahej and when it was tried out on the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad it ran at a speed of nineteen miles an hour4 ,batteries were used in both cases to supply the current4 ,the ,trolley ,car4--,the first practical overhead electric line was shown in ,chicago in #ahhc by ,c4 ,j4 ,van ,depoele and about the same time ,leo ,daft built a third-rail line from ,saratoga ,springs1 ,n4 ,y41 to ,mount ,mc,gregor1 while a conduit line was built by ,bently and ,knight in ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,in #ahhd the first practical trolley line was built in ,kansas ,city and from this time on horse- and mule-drawn cars were doomed1 except on ,west ,street in ,new ,york ,city where they are still used to hold down a franchise4 ,there were in #aiab about #da1jjj miles of track operated by electricity in the ,united ,states2 over #gf1jjj passenger cars were in service and #ab1ajj1jjj passengers were carried1 all of which goes to show that there is money in electrical inventions for somebody4 ,the ,electric ,locomotive4--,the #aiac type of electric locomotive used on the ,new ,york ,central is fifty-seven feet long1 weighs #aaj tons1 has eight motors of #cbe horsepower each1 which are mounted on four trucks and driving eight axles4 ,this powerful locomotive is capable of hauling a train of #abjj tons at a speed of sixty miles an hour on a straight level track4 ,the stockholders of the ,general ,electric ,company of ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y41 profited by their building4 ,the ,linotype4--,the linotype is a machine that is operated like a typewriter and makes a slug or a solid line of type from metal type-bars each of which has a letter on it4 ,these type-bars are then properly spaced and melted type metal is run into the matrix they form4 ,this wonderful machine is the invention of ,ottmar ,mergenthaler who began working on it in #ahgf and completed the machine in #ahhf4 ,thousands of linotype machines are in use at the present time and it goes without saying that the inventor was richly rewarded for his hard labors4 ,moving ,pictures4--,the moving-picture industry1 which is the third largest in the ,united ,states1 came into being through the following inventions3 ,in #ahde a toy called the zoetrope1 or wheel-of-life1 was invented2 it was so made that when a series of drawings showing the different positions of1 say1 a horse in motion was viewed through a number of vertical slits in a rapidly revolving cylinder the horse would appear to be running4 ,it was truly a moving picture4 ,the next step was taken by ,eadweard ,muybridge in #ahgg1 who was the first to make a series of instantaneous photographs of a horse in motion1 and in this way he showed the true position of the animal at different instants of its gait1 but since there was no exactness in timing the intervals between the exposures of the dry plates--the film had not yet been invented--they could not have been used for moving pictures4 ,the photographic gelatine film having come into use1 ,edison1 in #ahic1 invented two machines1 the kinetograph which was a camera for taking successive pictures of moving objects1 and the kinetoscope which allowed the pictures made on the film by the kinetograph to be viewed4 ,the kinetoscope showed each picture on the film to the eye for about _/th of a minute1 so that the figures seemed to move as in actual life4 ,and this is the way the moving-picture industry was born4 ,it was easy to combine a projecting lantern and a kinetoscope so that the little photographs on the film could be thrown on a screen and enlarged and this is the principle of all moving-picture machines as they are now constructed4 ,the moving-picture business has taken a tremendous hold on the public all over the world4 ,this is shown by the fact that in #aiad the distributers for three of the largest film makers handled #ge per cent4 of the films released and are said to have received #ae1jjj1jjj for them4 ,in #aiae the daily average attendance of moving-picture shows in the ,united ,states was about #e1jjj1jjj people4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,,the ,,collins ,,wireless ,,telephone4 ,,shown ,,at ,,the ,,madison ,,square ,,garden1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,electrical ,,show1 ,,october1 #aijh ,the ,wireless ,telegraph4--,the wireless telegraph was invented by ,william ,marconi1 who showed a set in operation1 in #ahif1 between the ,general ,postoffice and the ,thames embankment in ,london1 the distance being about #cjj feet4 ,since that time he has been almost constantly engaged in patent suits with infringers4 ,since then the signaling range has been increased until now a regular telegraph service without wires is carried on across the ,atlantic4 ,i do not know how well the inventor fared financially but whatever the amount he got1 it was not nearly enough for his great work4 ,the ,wireless ,telephone4--,the wireless telephone was invented by the author of this book in #ahii when he telephoned without wires between two stations in ,narberth1 ,pa41 a distance of about three blocks4 ,during the past year the human voice has been transmitted without wires from ,arlington1 near ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 eastward to ,paris1 ,france1 and from ,arlington as far westward as ,honolulu1 ,hawaii4 ,patent litigation1 patent hold-ups and government persecution have been my lot4 ,i know about the amount ,i made out of my invention but ,i won't tell4 ,the ,aeroplane4--,the aeroplane was invented by the ,wright ,brothers1 ,wilbur and ,orville4 ,they began their experiments in flying on the sand-dunes of ,kitty ,hawk1 ,n4 ,c41 in #aijj4 ,their first efforts were made with a glider fitted with elevation planes and after having developed the balancing instinct they installed a gasoline motor in the glider and this drove two propellers at the rear of the machine4 ,with this new born aeroplane they made the first motor-driven1 man-carrying flight in #aijc--;a flight that lasted a small fraction of a minute4 ,from this time on records and necks were broken by other fliers who tried to outdo their rivals and undo themselves4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,profitable ,,information ,design ,patents4--,should you invent1 or devise a new and original design for an object1 be it a work of art1 a fabric1 a piece of jewelry or even a machine1 you can obtain a design patent if it has artistic merit4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,,illustration ,,for ,a ,,design ,,patent1 ,,drawn ,,on ,a ,,sheet ,,of ,,card-,,board ,,size #aj #ae ,,inches ,design patents run for a term of #c1 or for #g1 or for #ad years as you wish and care to pay for4 ,the patent attorney's fees for writing the specification1 making the drawing and seeing the patent application through the patent office is usually #bj regardless of the term it is to run2 the government fee is #aj for #c years1 #ae for #g years and #cj for #ad years1 making the total cost of such patents #cj1 #ce and #ej respectively4 ,assignments4--,if you want to you may sell or assign a part or the whole of your invention before you file an application for a patent1 or you may do the same thing while your application is pending in the patent office4 ,such an interest in your invention and patent rights may be disposed of by a complete assignment1 by granting territorial rights1 by mortgage1 or by shop or other licenses4 ,in whatever way the assignment1 grant or conveyance is made it must be recorded in the patent office or it will not be valid4 ,caveats4--,a ,caveat can no longer be filed in the patent office1 the law relating to them having been repealed ,july #a1 #aiaj4 ,before this time an inventor who had not completed his invention could file a ,caveat in the archives of the patent office where it was kept a secret for one year1 and the time could be renewed from year to year4 ,the purpose of a ,caveat was to give the inventor more time to work out his invention and to be notified should any other inventor apply for a patent on the same thing4 ,he could then immediately file his own patent application when an interference would be declared between them4 ,patent ,office ,fees4--,the following schedule of fees for patents and prices for the various publications of the patent office are taken from the ,rules of ,practice4 ,these fees are required to be paid in advance4 ,all orders and moneys for the following fees should be sent to the ,commissioner of ,patents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 except for ,the ,official ,gazette which should be sent to the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,rules ,,of ,,practice ,,in ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,,patent ,,office ,free on ,request4 ,on filing each original application for a patent1 except in design cases #ae4jj ,on issuing each original patent1 except in design cases #bj4jj ,in design cases3 ,for #c years and #f months #aj4jj ,for #g years #ae4jj ,for #ad years #cj4jj ,on every application for the reissue of a patent #cj4jj ,on filing each disclaimer #aj4jj ,on an appeal for the first time from the primary examiner to the examiners in chief #aj4jj ,on every appeal from the examiners in chief to the ,commissioner #bj4jj ,for certified copies of patents if in print3 ,for specification and drawing1 per copy 4#je ,for the certificate 4#be ,for the grant 4#ej ,for certifying to a duplicate of a model 4#ej ,for manuscript copies of records1 for every #ajj words or fraction thereof 4#aj ,if certified1 for the certificate additional 4#be ,for #bj-;coupon orders1 each coupon good for one copy of a printed specification and drawing1 and receivable in payment for photographic prints #a4jj ,for #ajj coupons in stub book #e4jj ,for uncertified copies of the specifications and accompanying drawings of patents1 if in print1 each 4#je ,for the drawings1 if in print 4#je ,for copies of drawings not in print1 the reasonable cost of making them4 ,for photo prints of drawings1 for each sheet of drawings3 ,size #aj by #ae inches1 per copy 4#be ,size #h by #ab inches1 per copy 4#ae ,for recording every assignment1 agreement1 power of attorney1 or other paper1 of #cjj words or under #a4jj ,of over #cjj and under #a1jjj words #b4jj ,for each additional #a1jjj words or fraction thereof #a4jj ,for abstracts of title to patents or inventions3 ,for the search1 one hour or less1 and certificate #a4jj ,each additional hour or fraction thereof 4#ej ,for each brief from the digest of assignments1 of #bjj words or less 4#bj ,each additional #ajj words or fraction thereof 4#aj ,for searching titles or records1 one hour or less 4#ej ,each additional hour or fraction thereof 4#ej ,for assistance to attorneys in the examination of publications in the ,scientific ,library1 one hour or less #a4jj ,each additional hour or fraction thereof #a4jj ,for copies of matter in any foreign language1 for every #ajj words or a fraction thereof 4#aj ,for translation1 for every #ajj words or fraction thereof 4#ej ,the ,official ,gazette3 ,annual subscriptions #e4jj ,for postage upon foreign subscriptions1 except those from ,canada and ,mexico1 #e or more as required4 ,moneys received from foreign subscribers in excess of the subscription price of #e will be deposited to the credit of the subscriber and applied to postage upon the subscription as incurred4 ,trade ,marks4--,a trade mark is any kind of a mark1 sign1 name or picture1 or a combination of these1 by which a manufacturer1 or a dealer can mark the goods he makes or sells so that a consumer can always know that the brand he is buying is genuine4 ,a registered trade mark gives the owner the sole right to use it and any one else who uses or imitates it can be restrained from its further use by injunction and sued for damages4 ,after you have decided on the trade mark you want to use to show that the product is of your manufacture you should file an application to register the trade mark just as you would for a patent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,a ,,registered ,,trade ,,mark ,there are some kinds of words which you cannot have registered as a trade mark and you may have other words in mind which have already been registered in the patent office2 nor can you register a trade mark unless you have sold your goods outside of your own ,state4 ,patent attorneys do not as a rule charge for a search of the trade mark records where an application for registration is filed through them4 ,the patent office fee for registering a trade mark is #aj2 a patent attorney generally charges #ae for preparing the specification and #e additional for making the drawing which makes a total cost of #cj for a trade mark4 ,a registered trade mark remains in force for #bj years and it may be renewed for another #bj years4 ,copyrights4--,a copyright is the sole right granted by law to authors and artists to publish and dispose of their works for a term of #bh years when it may be renewed for #ad years more making #db years in all4 ,a copyright may be had on written articles1 books1 lectures or other oral addresses1 on dramatic and musical compositions1 photographs1 paintings1 drawings1 sculpture1 plastic work1 moving picture photo-plays1 moving pictures other than photo-plays1 maps1 prints and pictorial illustrations4 ,a copyright cannot be had on trade marks1 the names of companies1 newspapers1 manufactured articles or on prints or labels which are to be used for any kind of manufactured articles4 ,trade marks and patents are granted for the above classes of work4 ,the general procedure for obtaining a copyright on the first named subjects is the same but the application forms issued by the ,copyright ,office differ a little from each other in wording and you should have the right one4 ,when you are ready to file an application for a copyright in the ,united ,states send to the ,register of ,copyrights1 ,copyright ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for a copy of ,steps ,necessary to ,secure ,copyright ,registration and also a copy of ,explanatory ,circular ,no4 #ab1 entitled ,application ,forms1 for which no charge is made4 ,a reading of these leaflets will tell you exactly how to obtain a copyright and also the application form to use4 ,when you have found from these the application form you need send again to the ,register of ,copyrights for one or more of the application forms1 fill it in and send it and #a by money order or bank-draft made payable to the ,register of ,copyrights1 together with a #aj cent revenue stamp--for these are war times--and you will receive in turn a certificate of copyright4 ,by copyrighting the thing yourself you will save just #i for this is the amount a patent attorney will charge you for filing it1 and if this isn't driving screws with a hammer ,i'd like to know what it is4 ,the following is an application form for copyrighting a book3-- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abh;,a4 ,,application ,,for ,,copyright ,,of ,a ,,book ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abh;,b4 ,,affidavit ,,on ,,back ,,of ,,application ,government ,fees for ,patents and ,least ,charges of ,patent ,attorneys4--,the ,united ,states patent office fees for patents of whatever nature and however simple or complicated1 except for design patents1 are always the same1 namely #ae for filing the application and #bj which is payable when the patent is granted making a total cost of #ce4 ,the patent attorneys' fees may vary greatly but the following table shows about what their least charges are3 ,,united ,,states ,,patents ,attorney's ,patent ,total ,fees ,drawings ,office ,cost of ,fees ,patent ,a simple mechanical patent #cj ,a simple electrical #e patent #cj ,a simple chemical patent #ce #gj ,a simple electro-chemical patent #ce ,a simple composition patent ,a simple process patent ,,design ,,patents1 ,,etc4 ,design ,patent #c year term #g year term #ae #e #ae #ce #ad year term #cj #ej ,trade ,mark ,registration #ae #e #aj #cj ,print and ,label ,registration #ad #f #bj ,copyright #i #a #aj ,assignment of ,patents and ,trade ,marks #e ,foreign ,patents4--,after you have applied for a patent on your invention in the ,united ,states you should take out patents in foreign countries4 ,sometimes indeed you will find a more ready sale abroad for your invention1 or the product of your invention1 than you will right here at home4 ,in many of these countries a yearly tax is also charged by the government4 ,the costs given below for each country include both the government and the attorney's fees4 ,dominion of ,canada4--,in ,canada a preliminary protection may be secured for one year4 ,a patent is issued for #f years and at the expiration of that time the patent may be extended for #f years more and then for another #f years1 making #ah years in all4 ,preliminary protection #e ,patent for #f-year term #de ,great ,britain4--,a ,british patent includes ,england1 ,ireland1 ,scotland and ,wales4 ,a provisional patent which secures priority of invention may be obtained for a term of #f months4 ,the complete ,british patent is then issued for #ad years4 ,provisional specification #cj ,patent for #ad years #gj ,france and ,colonies4--,the term of a ,french patent is #ae years4 ,if the invention it covers is not worked within #b years after it is issued it becomes public property4 ,patent for #ae years #fj ,germany and ,colonies4--,a ,german patent includes ,prussia1 ,saxony1 ,bavaria and other kingdoms of the ,empire4 ,there are two classes of patents issued and these are #a1 the technical patent1 which is issued for #ae years1 and #b1 the model patent1 which is issued for #f years1 the first corresponding to the ,u4 ,s4 ordinary patent and the second to the ,u4 ,s4 design patent4 ,technical patent1 for #ae years #fj ,model patent1 for #f years #ce ,austria and ,hungary4-- ,patent in either country for #ae years4 ,fee is #gj ,belgium4--,patent for #bj years4 ,fee is #dj4 ,spain4--,patent for #bj years4 ,fee is #fe4 ,italy4--,patent for #ae years4 ,fee is #fe4 ,russia4--,patent for #ae years4 ,fee is #ij4 ,denmark4--,patent for #ae years4 ,fee is #gj4 ,norway and ,sweden4--,patent for #ae years in each country4 ,fee is #gj4 ,switzerland4--,patent for #ae years4 ,fee is #fj4 ,portugal and ,turkey4--,patent for #ae years4 ,fee is #ajj4 ,holland4--,has no patent laws4 ,india4--,patent for #ad years4 ,fee is #hj4 ,australian ,commonwealth4--,includes ,victoria1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,queensland1 ,south ,australia1 ,tasmania and ,west ,australia4 ,one patent covers them all4 ,patent for #ad years #ajj ,japan and ,china4--,fee is #ajj4 ,africa4--,egypt1 ,natal and ,transvaal1 each #ajj4 ,cape ,colony1 #abe4 ,congo ,free ,state1 #acj4 ,central ,america4--,costa ,rica1 #aej4 ,guatemala1 ,honduras and ,nicaragua1 each #bbe4 ,west ,indies4--,cuba1 #ij4 ,barbados1 #ajj4 ,jamaica1 #abe4 ,trinidad1 #adj4 ,bahama ,islands1 #aej4 ,south ,america4--,united ,states of ,colombia1 #abj4 ,brazil1 #abe4 ,peru and ,panama1 #bjj4 ,venezuela1 #bbj2 and ,chili1 #bcj4 ,,appendices ,,appendix ,a ,,some ,,useful ,,mathematical ,,formulas #c4adaei 7 is a ,greek letter pronounced ,pi7 d diameter of a circle r radius of a circle p periphery1 or circumference of a circle ,the area of a circle r ,the circumference of a circle d p p ,the diameter of a circle --- ---- #c4ad p p ,the radius of a circle ---- ---- #b #f4bh ,the surface of a sphere #dr d #d #a ,the volume of a sphere --- r --- d #c #f ,,appendix ,b ,,the ,,metric ,,or ,,decimal ,,system ,the metric system is a ,french system of weights and measures much used in the arts and sciences in every civilized country and as each unit is multiplied or divided by #aj to obtain ascending or descending values it is much more convenient to use than the older ,english system of arbitrary measures4 ,the metric system is based on the meter1 which is one-ten millionth of the distance from the ,earth's equator to the ,north ,pole4 ,there are five units1 the four latter being derived from the meter and these are3 #a4 ,the meter which is the unit of length and is about #c4bhj feet in length4 #b4 ,the are which is the unit of surface and is #ajj square meters in area4 #c4 ,the liter which is the unit of capacity and is #a cubic decimeter1 which is equal to #a4jefg ,united ,states quarts4 #d4 ,the stere which is the unit of solidity and is equal to #a cubic meter4 #e4 ,the gram is the unit of weight and is the weight of #a cubic centimeter of distilled water at its maxim density4 ,,appendix ,c ,,metric ,,measures ,,of ,,length ,,and ,,values ,,in ,,inches ,millimeter 7mm7 #j4jja m4 #j4jcicg inch ,divisions ,centimeter 7cm7 #j4ja m4 #j4cicg inch ,decimeter 7dm7 #j4a m4 #c4icg inches ,unit ,meter 7m7 #a4 m4 #ci4cg inches ,dekameter 7,dm7 #aj4 m4 #cic4g inches ,multiples ,hektometer 7,hm7 #ajj4 m4 #cbh4 feet and #a inch ,kilometer 7,km7 #a1jjj4 m4 #j4fbcbf mile ,myriameter 7,mm7 #aj1jjj4 m4 #f4bcbf miles ,,appendix ,d ,,metric ,,measures ,,of ,,weight ,,and ,,values ,,in ,,english ,,weight ,milligram 7mg7 #j4jja g #j4jaed grain avoirdupois ,divisions ,centigram 7cg7 #j4ja g #j4aedc grain 8 ,decigram 7dg7 #j4a g #a4edcb grain 8 ,unit ,gram 7g7 #a g #ae4dcb grains 8 ,dekagram 7,dg7 #aj g #j4cebg ounce 8 ,multiples ,hektogram 7,hg7 #ajj g #c4ebgd ounces 8 ,kilogram 7,kg7 #a1jjj g #b4bjdf pounds 8 ,myriagram 7,mg7 #aj1jjj g #bb4jdf pounds 8 ,,appendix ,e ,,to ,,change ,,metric ,,to ,,english ,,measure ,,and ,,vice ,,versa ,to ,change ,to ,multiply by ,inches ,centimeters #b4ed ,feet ,meters #j4cjdh ,miles ,kilometers #a4fjic ,square ,inches ,square ,centimeters #f4deaf ,square ,feet ,square ,meters #j4jibi ,square ,yards ,square ,meters #j4hcfa ,cubic ,inches ,cubic ,centimeters #af4chgb ,cubic yards ,cubic ,meters #j4gfdf ,fluid ounces ,cubic ,centimeters #bi4egd ,quarts ,liters #j4idfd ,ounces 7avoirdupois7 ,grams #bh4cdie ,grains ,milligrams #fd4ghi ,pounds 7avoirdupois7 ,kilograms #j4decf ,meters ,inches #ci4cg ,meters ,feet #c4bhjh ,kilometers ,miles #j4fbac ,square ,centimeters ,square ,inches #j4aee ,square ,meters ,square ,yards #a4aif ,cubic ,centimeters ,cubic ,inches #j4jfaj ,cubic ,meters ,cubic ,yards #a4cjh ,cubic ,centimeters ,fluid ,ounces #j4jcdd ,liters ,quarts #a4jefg ,grams ,grains #ae4dcbd ,kilograms ,pounds #b4bjd ,,appendix ,f ,,sizes ,,of ,,twist ,,drills ,,for ,,taps ,,or ,,screws ,no4 of ,drill ,no4 of ,tap ,no4 of ,threads or ,screw to the ,inch ,use #ch for #d--cf 8 #cb 8 #f--cb 8 #bh 8 #h--cb 8 #bb 8 #aj--bd 8 #ac 8 #ab--bd ,,appendix ,g ,,sizes ,,of ,,taps ,,and ,,dies ,no4 of ,tap or ,die ,threads to ,inch #d #cf #f #cb #h #cb #aj #bd #ab #bd ,,appendix ,h ,,sizes ,,of ,,machine ,,screws ,,and ,,nuts ,machine screws and nuts are numbered the same as dies and taps4 ,,appendix ,i ,,reducing ,,friction ,when two bodies are rubbed together the motion is opposed by a force called friction4 ,when two surfaces slide against each other the friction between them is proportional to the force pressing them together4 ,the amount of friction depends upon the pressure of the bodies1 the roughness of their surfaces and also slightly on their adhesion4 ,the friction is the same regardless of the speed with which the surfaces slide over each other4 ,the co-efficient of friction is the measure of friction and this is found by dividing the force of friction by the force pressing the surfaces together4 ,here are a few co-efficients of sliding friction3 ,per cent4 ,oak on ,oak with ,fibers parallel without lubricant #j4db ,oak on ,oak with ,fibers parallel rubbed with soap #j4af ,cast ,iron on ,oak #j4db ,cast ,iron on ,cast ,iron1 not lubricated #j4ae ,cast ,iron on ,cast ,iron1 lubricated #j4aj ,iron on ,brass #j4af ,brass on ,brass #j4bj ,iron on ,bronze1 without lubricant #j4be ,iron on ,bronze1 thoroughly lubricated #j4jf ,cast ,iron ,wheels on ,rails 7,rolling ,friction7 #j4jjd ,ball ,bearings 7,rolling ,friction7 #j4jja ,,appendix ,j ,,weight ,,of ,,castings ,,compared ,,with ,,wood ,,patterns ,the following table shows what the weight of a casting will be compared with the weight of the wood pattern from which it was made1 less the weight of the core point1 or piece projecting from the pattern to support it4 ,a ,wood ,pattern ,weighing ,will ,make a ,casting ,weighing ,one ,pound ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,pattern of ,cast ,iron ,brass ,copper ,bronze ,zinc ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,pine #ad #ae4h #af4g #af4c #ac4e ,beech #i4g #aj4i #aa4d #aa4c #i4a ,oak #i #aj4a #aj4d #aj4c #ab4i ,birch #aj4f #aa4i #ab4c #ab4b #aj4b ,mahogany #aa4g #ac4b #ac4g #ac4e #aa4b ,brass #j4hd #j4ie #j4ii #j4ih #j4ha ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,appendix ,k ,,gears ,,and ,,gearings ,a spur-gear is a gear with teeth cut on its periphery1 that is an ordinary cog-wheel4 ,miter gears are two bevel gears of the same diameter which run together4 ,a large miter gear will not mesh with a small miter gear nor with another bevel gear in the proper manner4 ,miter and bevel gears cannot be interchanged with other sets like spur gears4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,,cross ,,section ,,of ,,gear ,all miter gears that you buy ready cut are made so that their shafts run at right angles to each other as shown in ,fig4 #abi1 but you can have them cut to order to run at any angle you want4 ,to find the pitch1 pitch diameter1 circular pitch1 etc41 of both spur and bevel gears use these rules3 #c4adaei p pitch n number of teeth pd pitch diameter od outside diameter cp circular pitch ,to ,find the ,pitch3 n p ---- pd ,to ,find the ,number of ,teeth3 n p pd ,to ,find the ,pitch ,diameter3 n pd --- p ,to ,find the ,outside ,diameter of ,spur ,wheels3 7#b n7 od ------- p ,to ,find the ,circular ,pitch3 cp ---- pd ,to ,find the ,distance ,between the ,centers of ,two ,spur ,gears3 7n n7 --------- #b --------- p ,where n n the sum of the teeth of both gears4 ,,appendix ,l ,,some ,,useful ,,alloys ,name of ,alloy ,parts ,parts ,parts ,parts ,parts of of of of of ,copper ,tin ,zinc ,lead ,other ,metals ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,gun ,metal #ia #i ,bell ,metal #ge #be ,phosphor ,bronze #ib #g phosphorus ,aluminum ,bronze #ij #aj aluminum ,common ,brass #ff #cc ,brazing ,metal 7soft7 #ej #ab #cg ,german ,silver #fj #bj #bj nickel ,common ,solder #ej #ej ,fine ,solder #ff #cc ,babbitt ,metal #c #hi #h antimony ,pewter #hj #bj ,type ,metal #hj #bj antimony ,aluminum ,solder #ie #e bismuth ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,magnetic ,alloy4--,an alloy that has strong magnetic properties is made of #be parts of manganese1 #ad parts of aluminum and #fa parts of copper1 yet none of these metals are even slightly magnetic4 ,,appendix ,m ,,some ,,hard ,,solders ,hard solders melt only at red heat and are used for soldering gold1 silver1 brass and other metals where a good strong joint is needed4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,metal to be,parts of,parts of,parts of,parts of ,parts of ,soldered ,gold ,brass ,silver ,zinc ,other ,metals ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,gold #ff4fg #bb4bb #aa4aa copper ,silver #dc4ge #ej #f4be ,brass #hg4e #ab4e ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,appendix ,n ,,high ,,speed ,,steel ,a special steel alloy which is largely used for turning tools in engine lathes and which will cut ordinary steel when the latter is revolved at a high surface velocity is called high speed steel4 ,a tool made of high speed steel will not lose its temper and will keep its cutting edge hour after hour if they are kept cool by a stream of water running on them4 ,a good high speed steel for machine tools is known by the trade name of blue-chip and is manufactured by the ,firth-,sterling ,steel ,company of ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,,appendix ,o ,,some ,,electrical ,,symbols1 ,,terms ,,and ,,formulas ,symbols ,terms ,e or ,,emf ,electromotive ,force ,i ,intensity of ,current ,r ,resistance ,c ,capacity ,q ,quantity of ,current ,f ,magneto-,motive ,force ,r ,reluctance 7magnetic resistance7 ,magnetic ,permeability ,w ,electric ,energy ,p ,electric ,power ,,some ,,definitions ,e or ,,emf1 or electromotive force1 is the force that moves a current through a conductor4 ,i1 or intensity of current1 or current as it is called for short1 is the flow of electricity through a conductor4 ,r1 or resistance is that property of a conductor which opposes the flow of the current4 ,,some ,,electrical ,,units ,practical ,units4 ,electrical ,quantity ,volt is the practical unit of ,,emf ,ampere is the practical unit of ,i ,ohm is the practical unit of ,r ,watt is the practical unit of ,p ,,ohm',s ,,law ,since the intensity of an electric current varies directly as the electromotive force and inversely as the resistance1 if you know the value of any two of the above units you can easily find the third4 ,volts ,e ,amperes -------1 or ,i --- ,ohms ,r ,current ,i ,electromotive ,force ------------1 or ,e --- ,resistance ,r ,electromotive ,force ,e ,resistance ---------------------1 or ,r --- ,current ,i ,to ,find ,power of an ,electric ,current in ,terms of ,horse ,power ,one ,watt #a volt #a ampere #gdf ,watts #a horse power4 ,to find the power of an electric current in terms of horse-power1 find the number of watts by multiplying the volts by the amperes and divide the watts by #gdf and the result will give you the horse-power of the current4 ,,appendix ,p ,,number1 ,,diameter1 ,,capacity1 ,,weight1 ,,and ,,resistance ,,of ,,pure ,,copper ,,wire ,gage1 ,diameter ,sectional ,capacity ,,ohms ,b4 ,s4 in ,area in in ---------------------- ,no4 #ajjjths4 ,circular ,amperes ,per #a1jjj ,per ,mile ,mils4 ,feet ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #jjjj 4#dfj #baafjj4 #cab4 4#jdij 4#beij #jjj 4#djifd #afghje4 #bfb4 4#jfah 4#cbff #jj 4#cfdh #accjgi4 #bbj4 4#jghj 4#daah #j 4#cbdhf #ajeecd4 #ahe4 4#jihc 4#eaij #a 4#bhic #hcfid4 #aef4 4#abdj 4#fedi #b 4#begfc #ffcgc4 #aca4 4#aefd 4#hbeh #c 4#bbidb #ebfcd4 #aaj4 4#aigb #a4jdad #d 4#bjdca #dadgc4 #ib4c 4#bdhf #a4cac #e 4#ahaid #ccajb4 #gg4f 4#cacf #a4fee #f 4#afbjb #bfbea4 #fe4b 4#cied #b4jhh #g 4#addbh #bjhag4 #ed4h 4#dihg #b4fcc #h 4#abhdi #afeaj4 #df4a 4#febi #c4c #i 4#aaddc #acjid4 #ch4g 4#ghib #d4a #aj 4#ajahi #ajchb4 #cb4e 4#hdda #d4d #aa 4#jijgd #hbcd4 #bg4c #a4bed #f4d #ab 4#jhjhj #fecj4 #bc4 #a4ehj #h4c #ac 4#jgaif #eagh4 #ai4c #a4iie #aj4d #ad 4#jfdjh #dajg4 #af4b #b4ejd #ac4b #ae 4#jegjf #cbeg4 #ac4f #c4agb #af4g #af 4#jejhb #behc4 #aa4e #d4jja #bc4 #ag 4#jdebe #bjdh4 #i4f #e4jd #bf4 #ah 4#jdjcj #afbd4 #h4a #f4cf #cc4 #ai 4#jcehi #abhh4 #h4be #dc4 #bj 4#jcaif #ajba4 #aj4ab #ec4 #ba 4#jbhdf #haj4 #ab4gf #fh4 #bb 4#jbecd #fdb4 #af4be #he4 #bc 4#jbbeg #eji4 #bj4cj #ajh4 #bd 4#jbja #djd4 #be4fj #ace4 #be 4#jagi #cbj4 #cb4b #agj4 #bf 4#jaeid #bed4 #dj4g #bad4 #bg 4#jadai #bja4 #ea4c #bgj4 #bh 4#jabfd #aei4h #fd4h #cdc4 #bi 4#jaabe #abf4g #ha4f #dcb4 #cj 4#jajjb #ajj4e #ajc4 #ech4 #ca 4#jjhib #gi4g #acj4 #fhe4 #cb 4#jjgie #fc4 #afd4 #hfe4 #cc 4#jjgjh #ej4a #bjf4 #ajcc4 #cd 4#jjfcj #ci4gd #bfj4 #achi4 #ce 4#jjefa #ca4e #cbh4 #ahbj4 #cf 4#jje #be4 #dad4 #bbjj4 #cg 4#jjdde #ai4h #ebc4 #bgfe4 #ch 4#jjcif #ae4gb #ffj4 #cdhf4 #ci 4#jjcec #ab4dg #hcb4 #dcie4 #dj 4#jjcad #i4hh #ajdi4 #eedb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,appendix ,p1 continued ,,number1 ,,diameter1 ,,capacity1 ,,weight1 ,,and ,,resistance ,,of ,,pure ,,copper ,,wire ,gage1 ,,ohms ,,feet ,,pounds ,b4 ,s4------------------------------------- --------------------- ,no4 ,per ,pound ,per ,pound ,per ,ohm ,per #a1jjj ,per ,ohm ,feet ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #jjjj 4#jjjjg #a4efab #bjdig4g #fdj4ei #abihg4 #jjj 4#jjjab #a4ifhg #afbee4bg #ejg4he #hccc4 #jj 4#jjjai #b4dhbd #abhia4cg #djb4hc #ebfc4 #j 4#jjjca #c4acjc #ajbbc4jh #cai4de #cbbe4 #a 4#jjjdi #c4idga #hajg4di #bec4cd #bjda4 #b 4#jjjgh #d4iggb #fdbi4eh #bjj4ia #abbh4 #c 4#jjabe #f4bgfe #ejih4fa #aei4cb #hjj4 #d 4#jjaih #g4iada #djdc4f #abf4ce #eje4 #e 4#jjcad #i4igih #cbjf4fa #ajj4bj #cah4 #f 4#jjdii #ab4ehdg #bedb4hi #gi4dfb #bjj4 #g 4#jjgib #ae4hfif #bjae4ea #fc4jac #abf4 #h 4#jabe #bj4jjig #aeii4c #di4igf #hj4 #i 4#jaig #be4bbi #abfh4dd #ci4fcf #ej4 #aj 4#jbgj #ca4hbab #ajee4ff #ca4dbf #cg4 #aa 4#jeja #dj4abjb #gig4fdi #bd4ibd #bj4 #ab 4#jgi #ej4eijf #fcb4eee #ai4gff #ab4fe #ac 4#abg #fc4gidh #eja4fc #ae4fgd #g4hg #ad 4#bjj #hj4ddae #cig4hbb #ab4dce #e4jj #ae 4#cbj #aja4dcfe #cae4dhb #i4hei #c4ab #af 4#eab #abg4ab #bej4ahd #g4hai #a4ie #ag 4#haa #afa4bi #aih4dji #f4aii #a4bc #ah #a4bi #bjc4cgd #aeg4ce #d4iaf 4#gge #ai #b4aa #bef4dfh #abd4ggg #c4hii 4#dgc #bj #c4bg #cbc4cii #ih4iecc #c4jid 4#cje #ba #e4bj #djg4hae #gh4dgc #b4deb 4#aib #bb #h4ce #ead4aic #fb4bcf #a4ide 4#aai #bc #ac4c #fdh4deb #di4cejd #a4edb 4#jge #bd #bj4i #hag4fhh #ci4acfe #a4bbc 4#jdg #be #cb4b #ajca4jch #ca4jcha 4#ifii 4#jcj #bf #eb4i #acjj4ahj #bd4faca 4#gfib 4#jahg #bg #hd4b #afci4di #ai4eaia 4#fjii 4#jaah #bh #acd4 #bjfg4cfd #ae4dgic 4#dhjg 4#jjgd #bi #bac4 #bfjf4iei #ab4bhed 4#chce 4#jjdg #cj #cch4 #cbhg4jhd #i4gcee 4#cjjb 4#jjbi #ca #eci4 #ddad4di #g4gbad 4#bdac 4#jjah #cb #hef4 #ebbf4iae #f4abbd 4#aiac 4#jjaa #cc #aceg4 #feij4da #d4heeg 4#aeag 4#jjjgf #cd #baff4 #hcab4h #c4hdif 4#abjd 4#jjjdf #ce #ceba4 #ajdha4gg #c4jecj 4#jief 4#jjjbh #cf #edfi4 #acbad4af #b4dbag 4#jgeg 4#jjjah #cg #hgdb4 #affei4ig #a4ibjh 4#jfjj 4#jjjaa #ch #acgbb4 #bajac4be #a4ebbi 4#jdge 4#jjjjg #ci #bahif4 #bfdif4bcg #a4bjgg 4#jcge 4#jjjjd #dj #cdhbc4 #ccdbj4fc #j4igih 4#jbii 4#jjjjb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,appendix ,q ,,number ,,of ,,turns ,,of ,,wire ,,that ,,can ,,be ,,wound ,,in ,a ,,given ,,space ,,cotton ,,silk ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,single ,,double ,,single ,,double ,no4 ,b ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,s4 or ,ameri- ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per can ,square ,square ,square ,square ,square ,square ,square ,square ,gage ,inch4 ,qu4 ,inch4 ,qu4 ,inch4 ,qu4 ,inch4 ,qu4 ,inch ,inch ,inch ,inch ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #bj #fgf #db #egf #cf #hda #eb #fgf #db #ba #hdb #ec #fbe #ci #ifa #fj #hdb #ec #bb #a4jbd #fd #gbi #de #a4bbe #gf #a4jbd #fd #bc #a4jbd #ha #ijj #ef #a4eba #ie #a4bif #ha #bd #a4fjj #ajj #a4jhi #fh #a4icf #aba #a4fjj #ajj #be #a4hdi #aae #a4bif #ha #b4cjd #add #a4hdi #aae #bf #b4bji #ach #a4ddj #ij #b4iaf #ahb #b4bji #ach #bg #b4ejj #aef #a4fjj #ajj #c4bdi #bjf #b4ejj #aef #bh #c4jbe #ahi #a4hdi #aae #d4jif #bed #c4jbe #ahi #bi #c4dha #bah #b4jbe #abf #d4gfa #big #c4dha #bah #cj #d4cef #bgb #b4ejj #aef #f4djj #djj #d4cef #bgb #ca #e4jja #cae #b4gjd #afi #g4gfi #dhe #e4jda #cae #cb #e4ibi #cgj #c4jbe #ahi #i4jbe #efd #e4ibi #cgj #cc #g4jhi #ddc #c4dha #bah #aa4jbe #fhi #g4jhi #ddc #cd #g4gfi #dhe #c4fjj #bbe #ab4cba #ggj #g4gfi #dhe #ce #h4ajj #ejf #c4hdd #bdj #ac4fhi #hee #h4ajj #ejf #cf #aj4jjj #fbe #d4cef #bgb #ag4fhi #a4aje #aj4jjj #fbe #cg #aa4jbe #fhi #d4gfa #big #bj4afd #a4bdj #aa4jbe #fhi #ch #ab4cba #ggj #e4jda #cae #bc4gaf #a4dhb #ab4cba #ggj #ci #ac4fhi #hee #e4dgf #cdb #bg4eef #a4gbb #ac4fhi #hee #dj #ae4fbe #igf #e4ibi #cgj #cb4gfa #b4jdg #ae4fbe #igf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7,w4 ,j4 ,clarke47 ,,appendix ,r ,,prices ,,of ,,single ,,and ,,double ,,silk ,,and ,,cotton ,,covered ,,magnet ,,wire ,,price ,,per ,,pound ---------------------------------------- ,size by ,single ,double ,b4 ,s4 ,covered4 ,covered4 ,gage ------------------------------ ,cotton ,silk ,cotton ,silk -------------------------------------- #af #j4hj #a4jb #ag 4#hb #a4jd #ah 4#hd #a4jf #ai 4#hf #a4jh #bj #j4eh 4#hh #j4fd #a4ab #ba 4#fj 4#ij 4#gj #a4ae #bb 4#fb 4#ib 4#gd #a4bb #bc 4#fe 4#if 4#gh #a4bh #bd 4#fh #a4jb 4#hd #a4ch #be 4#gc #a4aj 4#ib #a4dh #bf 4#hj #a4bj #a4jj #a4fe #bg 4#hf #a4cj #a4aj #a4he #bh 4#ib #a4dj #a4bj #b4jj #bi 4#ih #a4ec #a4cj #b4bb #cj #a4jh #a4gj #a4db #b4ef #ca #a4ai #a4ib #a4ed #c4jh #cb #a4bg #b4af #a4fd #c4dj #cc #a4dd #b4df #a4hh #d4jj #cd #a4gc #b4ij #b4bj #d4fj #ce #a4hf #c4ch #b4fg #e4bh #cf #b4ab #c4ic #c4jj #e4ih #cg #b4gj #d4ff #d4cj #g4cg #ch #c4fj #e4eh #e4gj #h4dc #ci #d4gj #f4gf #g4bj #i4ge #dj #f4jj #h4ad #i4jj #aa4ec -------------------------------------- ,there is a discount of about #ej per cent4 on the above prices though this is subject to change4 ,,appendix ,s ,a ,,list ,,of ,,some ,,chemical ,,elements ,,and ,,their ,,symbols ,element ,symbol ,aluminum ,al ,antimony ,sb ,argon ,a ,arsenic ,as ,barium ,bi ,boron ,b ,bromine ,br ,cadmium ,cd ,calcium ,ca ,carbon ,c ,chlorine ,cl ,chromium ,cr ,cobalt ,co ,copper ,cu ,fluorine ,f ,gold ,au ,helium ,he ,hydrogen ,h ,iodine ,i ,iron ,fe ,lead ,pb ,lithium ,li ,magnesium ,mg ,manganese ,mn ,mercury ,hg ,nickel ,ni ,nitrogen ,n ,oxygen ,o ,phosphorus ,p ,potassium ,k ,platinum ,pt ,silicon ,si ,silver ,ag ,sodium ,na ,strontium ,sr ,sulphur ,s ,tin ,sn ,zinc ,zn ,,appendix ,t ,,the ,,common ,,names ,,of ,,some ,,chemicals ,common ,name ,chemical ,name ,alum ,sulphate of ammonium1 or potassium1 etc4 ,aqua fortis ,nitric acid ,aqua regia ,concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acid mixed4 ,baking soda ,sodium carbonate ,calomel ,mercurious chloride ,carbolic acid ,phenol ,caustic potash ,potassium hydroxide ,caustic soda ,sodium hydroxide ,chalk ,calcium carbonate ,copperas ,ferrous sulphate ,corrosive sublimate ,mercuric chloride ,cream of tartar ,potassium bitartrate ,epsom salts ,magnesium sulphate ,fire damp ,methane ,fool's gold ,iron pyrites ,glauber's salt ,sodium sulphate ,grape sugar ,glucose2 a carbohydrate ,hartshorn ,aqueous solution of ammonia ,jeweler's putty ,tin oxide ,laughing gas ,nitrous oxide ,lime ,calcium oxide ,lunar caustic ,silver nitrate ,mosaic gold ,tin bisulphide ,muriatic acid ,hydrochloric acid ,monsel's salts ,basic ferric sulphate ,plaster of ,paris ,calcium sulphate ,realgar ,red arsenic sulphide ,red lead ,lead oxide ,rochelle salt ,sodium potassium tartrate ,royal water ,see ,aqua regia ,sal ammoniac ,ammonium chloride ,salt 7common7 ,sodium chloride ,sal soda ,sodium carbonate ,salt of tartar ,potassium carbonate ,saltpeter ,potassium nitrate ,salts of lemon ,oxalic acid ,slacked lime ,calcium hydrate ,soda ,sodium carbonate ,spirits of salt ,hydrochloric acid ,sugar of lead ,lead acetate ,sugar of milk ,lactose ,tartar emetic ,potassium antimonious tartrate ,verdigris ,copper acetate ,vermilion ,mercuric sulphide ,vinegar ,dilute acetic acid ,vitriol1 blue ,copper sulphate ,vitriol1 green ,ferrous sulphate ,vitriol1 oil of ,sulphuric acid ,vitriol1 white ,zinc sulphate ,volatile alkali ,ammonia ,washing soda ,sodium carbonate ,white lead ,lead carbonate ,zinc white ,zinc sulfid ,,appendix ,u ,,the ,,four ,,chief ,,thermometric ,,scales ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,,the ,,four ,,chief ,,thermometric ,,scales3 ,r,,aumur1 ,,absolute1 ,,fahrenheit ,,and ,,centigrade ,there are four different thermometer scales used for measuring temperature and these are 7#a7 the ,fahrenheit scale which is widely used for all ordinary purposes2 7#b7 the ,centigrade which is the standard scale used for scientific work since it is based on the decimal system2 7#c7 the ,raumur scale which is largely used in ,germany1 and 7#d7 the absolute scale which is reckoned from absolute zero1 that is the point at which there is absolutely no heat4 ,it is about #dfa degrees ,fahr41 #bgd degrees centigrade1 and #bai degrees ,raumur below the zero of these scales4 ,,some ,,words ,,and ,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,this ,,book ,accelerate4--,to hurry or speed up the usual slow state of events4 ,actuate4--7#a7 ,to put into action4 7#b7 ,means by which anything is started to move4 7,see ,operate74 ,adhesion4--,a force which makes certain bodies stick together4 ,arial ,wire4--,an elevated wire used to send out and to receive electric waves for wireless telegraphy and wireless telephony4 ,affidavit4--,a sworn statement made before a notary public or other legal authority4 ,agent4--7#a7 ,a canvasser4 7#b7 ,one who acts as a salesman or in any capacity for another4 ,amend4--,to change or correct1 as to amend a claim in a patent4 ,analysis4--,see ,chemical decomposition4 ,arbor4--,an axle1 spindle1 shaft or mandrel4 ,archives4--,a place in which official papers are kept and held secret4 ,arlington wireless station4--,a high powered wireless station at ,arlington1 ,va41 across the river from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,assignment4--,to transfer to another a right or interest4 ,attest4--,to witness or to sign an oath that a thing is true4 ,automatic4--,a machine which performs certain operations of its own accord4 ,aviation4--,the art of flying4 ,axis4--,an imaginary line on or around which a body turns4 7,plural ,axes47 ,basic principle4--,the first source or cause of a thing4 ,biologist4--,one who knows something about the science of life and living things4 ,broker4--,one who acts as an agent to negotiate purchases and make sales on a commission1 as a stock-broker1 coffee-broker1 etc4 ,capital4--,wealth that is used in or can be had for business4 ,capital ,stock4--,the shares of a company that are sold to furnish funds with which to transact business4 ,capitalize4--,to fix a value on the stock of a company4 ,case4--,an application pending in the patent office4 ,cause4--,a suit or action over patent rights which is conducted in a court4 ,certified copy4--,a paper or a copy of a paper that has been sworn to before a notary to prove it to be the original or an exact copy of the original4 ,chemical ,combination4--7#a7 ,the atomic union of chemicals4 7#b7 ,a compound of chemical elements4 ,chemical ,decomposition4--,the separation of a compound with its original elements4 ,circularize4--,to send out circulars to a list of names4 ,cite4--,to quote a reference to an authority4 ,citation4--,an article or patent quoted by a patent examiner as a basis for the rejection of a patent application or of a claim4 ,claim4--,the last part of a patent specification in which the inventor clearly and specifically sets forth what his invention consists of and what he demands to have protected by a patent4 ,claim1 ,broad4--7#a7 ,a broad claim is one in which the inventor claims everything in sight and usually more than he is entitled to4 7#b7 ,it is easy to write a broad claim but hard to get it allowed4 ,claim1 ,narrow4--7#a7 ,a narrow1 or limited claim is one in which a patent attorney puts in so many elements or parts that the combination is bound to be patentable4 7#b7 ,such a claim has no value because it is easy for another to change an element or a part when the combination no longer infringes4 7#c7 ,the hardest thing that an inventor has to contend with is to get a claim written so that it will stand in court4 ,coincide4--,exactly corresponding to or meeting4 ,conceive4--,to get an idea4 ,commission ,merchant4--,a man who stands between the manufacturer and the wholesaler and who gets a percentage on the amount of goods that change hands4 ,commissioner of ,patents4--,the head1 front and center of the patent office4 ,concentric ,circles4--,circles drawn within circles and all of them having the same center4 ,corporation4--7#a7 ,a company4 7#b7 ,an imaginary person invented by law and formed of one or more real persons banded together to transact business4 ,correspondent4--7#a7 ,an associate4 7#b7 ,a lawyer that carries on his business with another lawyer at a distance4 ,consumer4--,the last buyer and the user of an article or a device4 ,cross-section4--,see ,drawing1 ,cross-section4 ,counsel4--,a patent attorney who is qualified to prosecute patent cases in court4 ,data4--,information that is known or may be had4 ,deductive ,proof4--,that form of thought by which an idea used as a starting point is brought to a conclusion by known principles and facts4 7,see ,inductive ,discovery47 ,inductive discovery is the raw idea and does not lead up to certainty1 whereas deductive proof does4 ,degree4--7#a7 ,one three hundred and sixtieth part of a circle4 7#b7 ,the unit of angular measurement4 ,detailed ,drawing4--,see ,drawing1 ,detailed4 ,device4--7#a7 ,an apparatus or an instrument1 or a machine or any part of any of them4 7#b7 ,any scheme for producing a desired result4 ,die4--,a steel tool having a sharp edge for cutting out special designs in paper1 metals1 etc4 ,directors4--,members of a company chosen to direct its business4 ,disclose4--7#a7 ,to make known4 7#b7 ,to give up the secret of your invention4 ,display ad4--,an advertisement in which larger type is used than for the reading matter of the paper4 ,dividends4--,money resulting from profits and which are distributed among the shareholders4 ,drawing1 ,free ,hand4--,pictures drawn without measurements or the aid of instruments4 ,drawing1 ,working4--,a drawing of a part1 device or machine made to scale so that a mechanic can work from it4 ,drawing1 ,cross ,section4--,a drawing of an object as though it had been cut in two in order to show its inside construction4 ,drawing1 ,detail4--,a drawing of any part of a device or a machine made large enough to show everything no matter how small4 ,drawing1 ,perspective4--,a drawing of a solid object on a flat surface so that it seems to stand out in space like the object itself4 ,drawing1 ,isometric perspective4--,see ,isometric ,perspective4 ,du ,ponts4--,a firm at ,wilmington1 ,delaware1 who manufactures gun-powder and other explosives4 ,efficient4--,that which works the best with the greatest economy4 ,element4--7#a7 ,a chemical element is a form of matter which cannot be decomposed4 7#b7 ,a mechanical element is a single part of a device or a machine4 ,electrolytic4--,the decomposition of a chemical compound by an electric current4 ,electroplating4--,depositing one metal on another metal by an electric current4 ,electrotype4--,a duplicate of type or cuts for printing1 the body of which is of type-metal and the face of copper which has been deposited by an electric current4 ,electrolytic4--,decomposition of a substance1 or a solution by means of an electric current4 ,electrolysis4--,about the same as electrolytic4 ,elementary4--,simple2 primary4 ,electro-,chemistry4--,chemistry in which electricity is used4 ,engine lathe4--,a large and accurate screw cutting lathe fitted with all known attachments4 ,entering ,edge4--,the front edge of the main plane of an aeroplane4 ,ether4--,a substance filling all space and in1 by and through which light1 electricity and magnetism acts and travels4 ,evidence of conception4--,a signed and sealed statement made at the time or shortly after you get the big idea which will serve as proof of the earliest time you thought of it4 ,excerpt4--,a part1 or an extract of an article4 ,expert4--,one who is trained or is skilful1 due to learning and practice4 ,experiment4--7#a7 ,to find out an effect1 or the cause of it by trials and tests4 7#b7 ,to work out a process for the purpose of developing an idea4 7#c7 ,to show the effect of some previous discovery or invention4 ,files4--,patents that are arranged systematically for easy reference4 ,fixture4--,see ,jig4 ,free-hand ,drawing4--,see ,drawing1 ,free-hand4 ,full paid4--,stock that has been paid for either in cash or by a patented invention4 ,high ,frequency ,oscillations4--7#a7 ,electric oscillations4 7#b7 ,electric currents which alternate in direction #ajj1jjj or more a second4 ,idea1 ,raw4--,the first idea that comes into the mind as a basis for an invention4 ,improvement4--7#a7 ,adding a new element or part to a composition1 device or a machine4 7#b7 ,an improvement constitutes an invention and can be patented4 ,impulse4--,a turbine wheel turned by steam forced against its blades4 ,initiative4--,the first step or action4 ,indicate4--,to point out4 ,to show how a thing is done4 ,inductive ,discovery4--7#a7 ,the raw1 or original idea that results from the mind process4 ,it precedes deductive proof4 ,inherent stability4--,a natural tendency of a body to remain balanced1 or when upset to right itself4 ,isometric4--,of equal measure or scale4 ,isometric ,perspective4--,three sets of lines of equal measure1 that is #abj degrees apart which represent the three dimensions of space4 ,isometric ,cross-section paper4--,paper ruled with lines of equal measure for making isometric perspective drawings4 ,jig4--,a tool1 or fixture used as a guide for cutting tools where duplicate parts are made by a machine4 ,jobber4--,a man who buys in large quantities for the manufacturer and sells them to wholesalers or retailers4 ,key4--,a tapering wedge for fastening the collar of a wheel on a part of a shaft4 ,litigation4--,law suits4 ,low ,voltage ,currents4--7#a7 ,currents having a pressure up to #ejj volts4 7#b7 ,ordinary battery and lighting currents are low voltage4 ,machine ,design4--,the scientific designing of machines4 ,math4--,abbreviation for mathematics4 ,maxims1 ,hiram and ,hudson4--,inventors of high explosives1 machine guns and other things that make for peace in times of war1 and make for war in times of peace4 ,mechanical ,movement4--7#a7 ,the simplest form of a machine4 7#b7 ,a combination of two or more of the mechanical powers4 ,memorandum4--,a written outline of an agreement1 or a contract4 ,micawber4--,a character in ,dickens' ,david ,copperfield4 ,he was never able to get down to anything but was always waiting for something to turn up4 ,model4--7#a7 ,an object or a device made to represent an apparatus or a machine4 7#b7 ,a device made to show how an apparatus or a machine works4 7#c7 ,scale models are smaller than the machines they represent and may be built either to show how the finished apparatus will appear or they may be actual working models4 ,monopoly4--,the sole right to make1 use and sell an invention or the product of an invention4 ,notary ,public4--,a commissioned official who holds a seal of his office and who certifies papers1 etc4 ,oath4--,a sworn statement of the truth4 ,operate4--7#a7 ,to put into motion4 7#b7 ,to do mechanical work4 7,see ,actuate47 ,ozone4--,a colorless gas formed by discharging electricity through the air or oxygen4 ,paper patent4--,a patent granted by the patent office for an idea that has never been worked out in practice4 ,part4--,a small portion of a device or a machine4 ,par value4--,the full1 or face value4 ,patent attorney4--,a lawyer who makes patent law his business or ought to4 ,patent ,expert4--,one who is specially trained in an art or a science which enables him to give expert testimony in patent causes4 ,patent ,office4--7#a7 ,the building in which the patent business of the government is transacted4 7#b7 ,the office conducted by the government for handling of its patent business4 7#c7 ,the patent office of the ,u4 ,s4 is one of the bureaus of the ,department of the ,interior and it is under the direction of a commissioner of patents4 ,patent ,examiner4--,one who examines and passes on patents in the patent office4 ,patentee4--,the one to whom a patent is granted4 ,periphery4--7#a7 ,the circumference of a circle4 7#b7 ,the outer surface of a wheel4 ,perspective ,drawing4--,see ,drawing1 ,perspective4 ,perspective1 ,isometric4--,see ,isometric ,perspective4 ,philosophy4--7#a7 ,the science of all natural laws4 7#b7 ,the laws1 causes and principles on which facts can be explained4 7,see ,psychology47 ,precision4--7#a7 ,the state of being very accurate4 7#b7 ,said of any instrument or machine which works with exactness4 ,principle4--,a truth or cause4 ,priority4--,being first4 ,protractor4--,an instrument for laying off and measuring angles by degrees4 ,prosecute4--,to follow up until a conclusion is reached4 ,pro ,rata4--,in proportion4 ,psychological moment4--,the exact time to impress the mind in the best way4 ,psychology4--7#a7 ,a branch of philosophy4 7#b7 ,the science of the mind and its operations4 ,ramifications4--,subdivisions of a subject or branches of a thing4 ,reaction4--,a turbine wheel turned by steam forced from it against the air4 ,rectify4--7#a7 ,to make right whatever is wrong4 7#b7 ,to make a direct current of an alternating current4 ,rectangle4--,a four sided plane with right angle corners4 ,reject4--,to refuse to accept1 as to reject a claim in a patent4 ,retainer4--,the advance fee paid to an attorney4 ,retailer4--,a man who buys in small quantities and sells piecemeal to consumers4 ,royalty4--,a share of the profits paid to the owner of a patented article or a device by those whom he allows to make or use it4 ,scale4--,a piece of wood1 metal or other material with graduated lines on it and used for measuring4 ,securities4--,property of any kind which has enough value to keep the credit good4 ,semi-circle4--7#a7 ,half of a circle4 7#b7 ,a segment of a circle equal to #ahj degrees4 ,shares4--7#a7 ,the equal parts of the capital stock of a company4 7#b7 ,the shares are represented by certificates4 ,shareholder4--,an owner of the shares of stock of a company4 ,shop-right license4--,a legal permit given to the owner of a shop to make and sell a patented article or device4 ,sketch4--,a crude picture4 ,standardize4--,to make a device or a machine to conform to a certain type4 ,stockholder4--,an owner of the shares of the stock in a company4 ,stock4--7#a7 ,the shares of a company which represent its capital4 7#b7 ,goods traded in for a profit4 7#c7 ,the raw materials used for manufacturing purposes4 7#d7 ,the manufactured goods that are held in reserve4 ,st4 ,elmo's ,fire4--,an electric glow which is often seen at the end of a spar of a ship at night4 ,synthesis4--,to combine chemical elements to form a compound4 ,synthetic4--,a chemically prepared substance which is exactly like that found in nature1 as synthetic camphor1 synthetic sapphires1 etc4 ,technical ,expert4--,see ,patent expert4 ,transfer of ,energy4--,changing the energy of one body to another body4 ,transformation of ,energy4--,changing the form of energy1 as from electricity to magnetism1 or from heat to light4 ,transactions1 or ,proceedings4--,the published reports of scientific and other societies4 ,treasury stock4--,the shares that belong to the company and which are used to provide it with working capital4 ,trustees4--,about the same thing as directors4 ,tungsten4--,a steel gray metallic element4 ,tyro4--,a beginner4 ,useful art4--,anything which requires ingenuity to fashion1 and which can be used for some good purpose4 ,valid4--7#a7 ,that which holds good4 7#b7 ,a patent that is founded on fact and in law4 ,who's ,who4--,a red book of noted men and women living in the ,united ,states4 ,wholesaler4--,one who buys and sells in large quantities4 ,wing4--,the main or supporting plane of an aeroplane4 ,working ,drawing4--,see ,drawing1 ,working4 ,,index ,acetylene gas1 #af1 #hi ,action of patent office1 #abe ,advertising for agents1 #afg ,advertising campaign1 #agc ,how to start an1 #agi ,advertising1 classified1 #afi ,displayed1 #agg ,stereotyped copy1 #agh ,advertising an inventor's job1 #agh ,advertising patent attorneys1 #dh1 #aac ,advertising versus publicity1 #age ,aeroplane1 #dc ,inventing1 #bae ,state of the art of1 #eb ,agent1 manufacturer's1 #agj ,agents1 advertising for1 #afg ,selling through sales1 #aga ,agreement1 form of an invention1 #acc ,air brake1 invention of the1 #bje ,alternating current generator1 #gg ,alloys1 some useful1 #bdj ,aluminum1 #af1 #hi ,amending the specification and claims1 #aah1 #abe ,ammeter1 #hc ,appendices1 #bbi ,applying for a patent1 #aag ,archives of patent office1 #abf ,arc lamps1 #gi ,assignment1 patent1 #acd1 #bag ,atoms and molecules1 #fa ,attorneys1 advertising patent1 #dh ,automobile1 invention of the1 #bji ,ball bearings1 #fa ,band saw1 #aeh ,battery1 #gf ,bell1 ,alexander1 telephone inventor1 #bjf ,bell telephone1 #ef1 #bjf ,bentley and ,knight1 trolley line inventors1 #baa ,berliner1 ,emile1 graphophone inventor1 #bjg ,bessemer1 ,henry1 inventor of cheap steel process1 #bjd ,board of examiners-in-chief1 #abg ,book1 of account1 #adj on electro-chemistry1 #ij of mechanical movements1 #fi ,minute1 #ada on modern views 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,working out on paper1 #ai ,incandescent light1 invention of the1 #baj ,inclined plane1 #fc ,index of the patent office1 #ec ,individual electric motors1 #aeg ,induction coil1 #gf ,inductive discovery1 #c ,infra-red waves1 #ge1 #gi ,infringement suit1 #ah ,infringers of patents1 #abg ,initial funds1 how to raise1 #acb ,interferences1 #abf ,interruptor1 #gf ,improvements needed1 #aha ,iron ore1 reduction of1 #ij ,invent1 ,what to1 #ahj ,what not to1 #aig ,inventing1 ,chemical compounds1 #ad ,secret of1 #ahj ,as a vocation1 #aca ,invention1 ,agreement1 form of an1 #acc ,guardian angel of1 #g ,heroes of1 #bjj ,how to patent your1 #aab ,keeping an interest in1 #acc ,manufacturing an1 #adf ,pay1 making your1 #aca ,protecting your1 #ig1 #aai ,record of your1 #ah ,of the sewing machine1 #ef ,of the wardrobe trunk1 #d ,what it consists of1 #aah ,inventions1 ,in chemistry1 #ei ,in electro-chemistry1 #ei1 #hi ,in general1 ideas for1 #i ,great1 and what they paid1 #bjc ,that have paid big1 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,manufactory1 locating a1 #adi ,starting your own1 #adh ,manufacturing your invention1 #adf ,material1 buying the raw1 #aei ,materials1 automatic machine made1 #ajg1 #aei ,buying1 #ajh ,raw1 #adi ,mechanics1 principles of1 #eh ,mechanical1 ,drawings1 #ai ,inventions1 ideas for1 #i ,movements1 #eh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc ,powers1 #ei1 #fc ,mergenthaler1 ,ottmar1 #bab ,micrometer1 #ajc ,how to read a1 #aje ,metric1 ,changed to ,english measure1 #bcd or decimal system1 #bcb ,measures of length1 #bcc ,measures of weight1 #bcc ,milling machine1 universal1 #aef ,minute book1 #adj ,model1 of a ,british express locomotive1 #ie ,building a1 #if ,how to make1 #ia ,makers1 #ig ,ways to make1 #ig ,models1 ,how to make cardboard1 #db in ,patent ,office1 #ia ,rough1 #ia-ib ,scale1 #ia-ib1 #ie ,working1 #ia-ib ,molecules and atoms1 #fa ,monopoly1 ,government1 #aab1 #abg ,morse1 ,samuel ,f4 ,b41 telegraph inventor1 #bjc ,moving pictures1 invention of the1 #bab ,muybridge1 ,eadweard1 #bac ,nitric acid of the air1 #af1 #hi ,oath1 patent1 #abj ,form of1 #abd ,official ,gazette of the ,patent ,office1 #ec1 #bah ,ohm's ,law1 #bdc ,organizing a shop force1 #afj ,oscillating current1 #gh ,otto1 ,n4 ,a41 gas engine inventor1 #bjd ,overhead charges1 #afd ,how to figure1 #afe ,oxy-,hydrogen furnace1 #he ,ozone of the air1 #hi ,page1 ,c4 ,t41 electric railway inventor1 #baa ,parsons1 steam turbine inventor1 #bji ,partner1 how to secure1 #ace-acf ,partnership1 forming a1 #ace ,patent1 ,about an interest in a1 #acd ,agreement1 ,employee's1 #ii ,amending claims1 #abe ,application1 #aaf ,application1 filing fee for1 #aad ,applying for a1 #aag ,applying for your own1 #aae ,assignment1 #acd ,causes1 #abh ,claims1 #di1 #aag1 #abj1 #abb ,claims1 ,amending1 #aag ,claims1 narrow1 #aac ,copy of a1 #abe ,counsel1 #abh ,design1 #baf ,drawings1 #abj1 #abb ,drawings1 rules for1 #aag ,final ,government fee for1 #aad ,getting a1 #ea is granted1 after your1 #abg is granted1 when your1 #abg ,interferences1 #ee1 #abf that pended for seven years1 #abf is pending1 while your1 #abe ,petition1 #abj ,specifications1 #di1 #ec1 #aag1 #abj1 #abb ,suits1 #abh ,system bubbles1 #aae ,what it consists of1 #aab1 #abj ,what you may1 #aah ,patentee1 #abg ,patenting your invention1 #aab ,patent attorneys1 ,catching your1 #aae ,flat-rate fee for1 #aad ,judgment of1 #aah ,retaining a1 #dg ,temptation of1 #aae ,patent attorneys1 #ed1 #abf1 #abg ,advertising1 #dh1 #aac ,choosing a1 #aab ,high-grade1 #aad ,least charges of1 #bbd ,watching1 #aag ,patent examiner1 #ej1 #ia1 #aad1 #aae ,versus inventors discontent1 #abf and sewing machine needle1 #ef ,sub-cellar1 #ea ,methods1 #abe ,patent experts1 technical1 #abh ,patent oath1 #abj1 #abd ,patent office1 ,action1 #abe ,archives1 #abf ,citing references1 #aag ,citations1 #abe ,fees1 #bag ,index1 #ec ,manual of classification1 #eg ,official ,gazette1 #ec ,red tape1 #abf ,rejection of claims1 #aag ,rules of practice of1 #aaf ,patent office search1 a desk1 #dh a free1 #dh a special1 #dh ,preliminary1 #di ,patents1 ,foreign1 #bbd ,see foreign patents ,paper1 #acj ,number granted each year1 #aah ,patterns1 complicated1 #aaj ,making1 #ajh ,perpetual motion1 #fb1 #gg1 #aii ,perspective drawings1 #be ,isometric1 #bj1 #bf ,perspective1 simple way to draw in1 #bf ,petition1 patent1 #abj ,philosophy1 #c1 #f ,phonograph1 invention of the1 #bjg ,physics1 first book on1 #g ,planer1 #aed ,plant1 ,gaston1 storage battery inventor1 #bjh ,power1 #ei1 #fe ,protractor1 how to use it1 #ca ,protecting raw ideas1 #af ,preliminary search1 #dg ,printing press1 perfecting1 invention of the1 #bjc ,priority1 #af ,profits1 how to figure1 #afe ,promoter1 ordinary1 #acg ,professional1 #ajj ,real1 #acg ,tin-horn1 #acg ,where he comes in1 #acf ,pseudotriakis microdon1 #aac ,publicity1 how to get it1 #age ,pulley1 #fc ,radiation1 #gd1 #gi ,reading helps1 #f ,references1 ,patent ,office citing1 #aag ,register of copyrights1 #bba ,reis1 ,johanne ,phillip1 telephone inventor1 #bje ,resistance bridge1 #hc ,rights1 selling invention1 #ace ,ro1 a universal language1 #ej ,roosevelt1 #aae ,royalties on inventions1 #ace ,rubber1 discovery of1 #d ,rules of practice1 #abj1 #ace1 #bah ,saving the watchword1 #aid ,scale drawings1 #ai1 #ba ,screw1 #fc ,theory of the1 #fh ,seal1 corporate1 #adb ,seal ,press1 #adb ,search1 a desk patent office1 #dh ,free patent1 #dh1 #aac ,preliminary ,patent ,office1 #di ,special ,patent ,office1 #di ,selden1 ,george ,b41 daddy of the automobile1 #bji ,selling direct to the consumer1 #agb ,selling goods1 basic principles of1 #aff ,selling through sales agents1 #aga ,selling the stock issue of a company1 #adg ,selling through the trade1 #agd ,sewing machine1 invention of the1 #bjc ,sewing machine needle1 #ef ,shaper1 #aee ,shop force1 organizing a1 #afj ,shop foreman1 hiring a1 #afj ,shop rights1 selling1 #ace ,shop1 starting your own1 #adh ,shrinkage of castings1 #aaa ,siemens1 dynamo inventor1 #bjd ,snap-shot camera1 invention of the1 #bjh ,solders1 hard1 #bda ,solenoid1 #ac1 #gi ,spark-coil1 #gf ,specifications1 patent1 #ec ,starr1 ,j4 ,w41 incandescent lamp inventor1 #baj ,standardizing your product1 #aei ,static electricity1 #gd-ge ,specification1 amending the1 #aah ,patent1 #di1 #aag ,state of the art1 #de ,having a patent attorney look it up1 #dg ,how to learn the1 #df ,how to look it up1 #dg1 #ea ,use of the1 #df ,what it means1 #de ,steam boat1 invention of the1 #bjb ,steam engine1 drawing of a1 #bb ,invention of the1 #bjb ,steam turbine1 invention of the1 #bjh ,steel1 high speed1 #bdd ,steel process1 invention of the1 #bjd ,stephenson1 locomotive inventor1 #bjb ,stock certificate1 #ada ,stock certificate book1 #ada ,stock company1 fees for incorporating1 #adj ,how it is operated1 #adb ,how to organize a1 #aci ,stock ledger1 #adb ,stock full paid1 #adc ,stock room1 #afa ,stock of a company1 selling the1 #add ,stock transfer book1 #aa ,stock1 treasury1 #adc ,stock company1 what it is1 #ach ,storage battery1 invention of the1 #bjh ,supreme ,court1 ,u4 ,s41 #aab ,symbols1 how to make electrical1 #cf ,synthetic gems1 #he ,taps and dies1 sizes of1 #bce ,telautograph1 #ac1 #ag ,telegraph1 invention of the1 #bjc ,telegraph sounder1 #ac ,telephone1 ,bell1 #ef ,invention of the1 #bje ,telephone transmitter1 #gf ,territorial rights1 #ace ,tesla1 dynamo inventor1 #df ,thermometer scales1 four chief1 #bea ,things are money1 #bja ,thompson1 dynamo inventor1 #df ,thoughts are things1 #bja ,thurber1 ,charles1 typewriter inventor1 #bjg ,time stamp1 ,thompson1 #afa ,tools1 useful jewelers and machinists1 #aja ,tour of the inventive world1 #bjj ,trade marks1 #bbj ,transfer tax law1 #ada ,treasury stocks1 #adc ,trolley car and line invention of the1 #baa ,twining1 ice machine inventor1 #bjd ,twist drills1 sizes of1 #bce ,typewriter1 invention of the1 #bjg ,ultra violet waves1 #ge1 #gi ,united ,states patent1 #abg ,united ,states ,patent ,office1 #dg1 #ace ,united ,states ,supreme ,court1 #aab ,unit of work1 #fj ,universal milling machine1 #aef ,van ,depoele1 ,c4 ,j41 trolley line inventor1 #baa ,velocity1 #fj ,vernier1 #ajc ,vernier1 how to read a1 #ajc ,violet ray machine1 #afb ,vibrator1 #gf ,voltmeter1 #hc ,watt1 ,james1 steam engine inventor1 #bjb ,wedge1 #fc ,what not to invent1 #aig ,wheatstone1 ,charles1 telephone inventor1 #bjf ,wheel and axle1 #fc ,weston1 dynamo inventor1 #df ,westinghouse1 air brake inventor1 #aca1 #bje ,wilde1 dynamo inventor1 #bjd ,winding machine1 #hc ,wire ,gage1 how to use a1 #ajf ,number1 length1 weight and resistance of pure copper1 #bdd1 #bde ,prices of insulated magnet1 #bdg ,number of turns that can be wound in a given space1 #bdf ,wiring diagrams1 how to make1 #ci ,wireless telegraph1 invention of the1 #bad ,wireless telephone1 #ab ,wireless telephone1 invention of the1 #bae ,wireless waves1 #ge ,words and terms used in this book1 #bec ,work1 #ei ,energy and power1 #fj ,farming it out1 #adg ,unit of1 #fj ,working drawings1 #ai ,wright brothers1 aeroplane inventors1 #bae ,,footnotes #a ,ro is a universal language invented by the ,rev4 ,edward ,p4 ,foster of ,marietta1 ,ohio4 ,according to the ,new ,york ,times the frogs have talked ro from the first and any child ought to be able to learn it in less than twice the lifetime of ,old ,parr4 #b ,for a further explanation of these very interesting phenomena1 read ,modern ,views of ,electricity1 by ,sir ,oliver ,lodge4 #c ,the pseudotriakis microdon is one of the rarest species of sharks4 ,it is a small toothed nurse shark and is known from only two specimens1 one of which turned up on the coast of ,portugal and the other on ,long ,island4 #d 8,fear ,god and take your own part10--,roosevelt4 #e ,see ,chapter ,,xii on ,design ,patents4 #f ,the italics are not mine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,italic text is denoted by underscores and bold text by tildes4 8,f0 and 8,r0 were used to represent blackletter in the table of ,appendix ,o4 ,the half-title page has been removed4 ,variations in spelling1 hyphenation1 and accents remain as in the original unless noted below4 ,page #cd1 8,,ab0 changed to 8,a ,b0 78as shown at ,a ,b074 ,page #adj1 8incoporation0 changed to 8incorporation0 78the subscribers to the certificate of incorporation074 ,page #adj1 period changed to semicolon after 8the amount of cash must be stated40 ,page #add1 comma added after 87a7 by personal solicitation40 ,page #agh1 8sensative0 changed to 8sensitive0 78and impress the sensitive area of his brain074 ,page #ahb1 period added after 8,fig0 78see ,fig4 #ajc074 ,page #bjc1 8webb0 changed to 8web0 78,the first web printing press074 ,page #bcc1 8#ajjj0 changed to 8#a1jjj40 ,page #bcd1 8#a1fjic0 changed to 8#a4fjic40 ,page #bdh1 8,florine0 changed to 8,fluorine40 ,page #bec1 8operate0 changed to 8,operate0 78,see ,operate074 ,page #bfa1 period changed to comma after 8of mechanical movements40 ,page #bfc1 8,ellipose0 changed to 8,ellipse40 ,page #bfd1 8individual0 changed to 8,individual0 78,individual electric motors074 ,page #bff1 comma added after 8,metric40 ,page #bff1 comma added after 8,model40 ,page #bff1 comma added after 8,models40 ,page #bfg1 comma added after 8,partnership40 ,page #bfg1 comma added after 8,patent40 ,page #bfg1 comma added after 8,patents40 ,page #bfh1 superfluous comma removed in 8,pseudotriakis microdon40