,,american ,,scenery2 ,,or1 ,,land1 ,,lake1 ,,and ,,river ,,illustrations ,,of ,,transatlantic ,,nature4 ,,from ,,drawings ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett1 ,,engraved ,,in ,,the ,,first ,,style ,,of ,,the ,,art1 ,,by ,r4 ,,wallis1 ,j4 ,,cousen1 ,,willmore1 ,,brandard1 ,,adlard1 ,,richardson1 c4 ,,the ,,literary ,,department ,,by ,n4 ,p4 ,,willis1 ,,esq4 ,,author ,,of 8,,pencillings ,,by ,,the ,,way01 8,,inklings ,,of ,,adventure0 ,,etc4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,london3 ,g ,e ,o ,r ,g ,e ,v ,i ,r ,t ,u ,e1 #bf1 ,i ,v ,y ,l ,a ,n ,e4 ,,mdcccxl4 ,,london3--,,richard ,,clay1 ,,printer1 ,,bread ,,street ,,hill4 ,,contents ,,and ,,list ,,of ,,engravings ,,to ,,volume ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ch4 ,page #a ,the ,catterskill ,falls1 from below #a #b ,the ,catterskill ,falls1 from above the ,ravine #b #c ,winter ,scene on the ,catterskills #d #d ,rogers' ,slide1 ,lake ,george #g #e ,the ,gothic ,church1 ,newhaven #i #f ,niagara ,falls from the top of the ,ladder on the ,american side #aa #g ,saw-,mill at ,centre ,harbour1 ,lake ,winnipiseogee #ab #h ,little ,falls1 on the ,mohawk #ad #i ,bridge at ,norwich1 ,connecticut #af #aj ,undercliff1 near ,cold ,spring #ah #aa ,boston1 and ,bunker ,hill1 from the ,east #bc #ab ,mount ,jefferson1 from ,mount ,washington #be #ac ,mount ,tom1 and the ,connecticut ,river #bg #ad ,the ,silver ,cascade1 in the ,notch of the ,white ,mountains #bi #ae ,view of ,new ,york1 from ,weehawken #cj #af ,the ,president's ,house from the ,river #cb #ag ,view on the ,susquehanna1 at ,liverpool #cd #ah ,desert ,rock ,light-house1 ,maine #cf #ai ,washington's ,house1 ,mount ,vernon #ch #bj ,village of ,little ,falls1 ,mohawk ,river #dj #ba ,harper's ,ferry1 from the ,blue ,ridge #db #bb ,barhydt's ,lake1 near ,saratoga #dc #bc ,fairmount ,gardens1 ,philadelphia #de #bd ,sing-,sing ,prison1 and ,tappan ,sea #dg #be ,washington1 from the ,president's ,house #di #bf ,view of ,baltimore #ea #bg ,the ,exchange and ,girard's ,bank1 ,philadelphia #ec #bh ,principal ,front of the ,capitol1 ,washington #ee #bi ,the ,narrows1 ,lake ,george #eg #cj ,natural ,bridge1 ,virginia #ei #ca ,view of the ,passaic ,falls #fa #cb ,view of ,northumberland1 on the ,susquehanna #fc #cc ,pulpit ,rock1 ,white ,mountains #fe #cd ,view of ,hudson ,city1 and the ,catskill ,mountains #fg #ce ,scene among the ,highlands on ,lake ,george #fi #cf ,schuylkill ,water ,works1 ,philadelphia #ga #cg ,the ,united ,states ,bank1 ,philadelphia #gc #ch ,brock's ,monument1 from the ,american ,side #ge #ci ,village of ,catskill #gg #dj ,view from ,gowanus' ,heights1 ,brooklyn #gi #da ,view on the ,susquehanna1 above ,owago #ha #db ,bridge at ,glens ,fall1 on the ,hudson #hd #dc ,view from ,mount ,ida1 near ,troy #he #dd ,view from ,glenmary ,lawn1 on the ,owago #hg #de ,view near ,anthony's ,nose1 ,hudson ,highlands #ij #df ,washington's ,monument1 ,baltimore #ib #dg ,east ,port1 and ,passamaquoddy ,bay #id #dh ,cemetery of ,mount ,auburn #ig #di ,northampton1 ,massachusetts #ih #ej ,chapel of our ,lady of ,coldspring #ajj #ea ,the ,mountain ,house1 on the ,catskills #ajb #eb ,faneuil ,hall1 from the ,water #ajd ,,american ,,scenery4 ,illustration3 ,the ,catterskill ,falls1 from below4 ,illustration ,,the ,,catterskill ,,falls4 7,,from ,,above ,,the ,,ravine7 99 99 99 99 99 ,from the precipice whence our first view of this ,fall is taken1 the descent is steep and slippery to the very brink of the torrent1 which it is necessary to cross on the wild blocks which lie scattered in its rocky bed4 ,from thence1 literally buried in forest foliage1 the tourist will enjoy a very different1 but1 perhaps1 more striking and picturesque view than the other4 ,the stream1 at a vast height above him1 is seen leaping from ledge to ledge--sometimes lost1 sometimes sparkling in sunshine1 till it courses impetuously beneath the rock on which he is seated1 and is lost in the deep unbroken obscurity of the forest4 ,the rocky ledges above1 worn by time1 have the appearance of deep caverns1 and beautifully relieve the fall of the light and silvery stream4 ,in the winter1 the vast icicles which are suspended from the ledges of rock1 and shine like pillars against the deep obscurity of the caverns behind1 afford a most romantic spectacle1 one which has afforded a subject to ,bryant for one of the most imaginative of his poems4 ,,the ,,catterskill ,,falls4 8,midst greens and shades the ,catterskill leaps ,from cliffs where the wood-flower clings2 ,all summer he moistens his verdant steeps ,with the sweet light spray of the mountain springs2 ,and he shakes the woods on the mountain side1 ,when they drip with the rains of autumn-tide4 8,but when1 in the forest bare and old1 ,the blast of ,december calls1 ,he builds1 in the starlight clear and cold1 ,a palace of ice where his torrent falls1 ,with turret1 and arch1 and fretwork fair1 ,and pillars blue as the summer air4 8,for whom are those glorious chambers wrought1 ,in the cold and cloudless night8 ,is there neither spirit nor motion of thought ,in forms so lovely and hues so bright8 ,hear what the grey-haired woodmen tell ,of this wild stream1 and its rocky dell4 8',twas hither a youth of dreamy mood1 ,a hundred winters ago1 ,had wandered over the mighty wood1 ,when the panther's track was fresh on the snow2 ,and keen were the winds that came to stir ,the long dark boughs of the hemlock fir4 8,too gentle of mien he seemed1 and fair1 ,for a child of those rugged steeps2 ,his home lay low in the valley1 where ,the kingly ,hudson rolls to the deeps2 ,but he wore the hunter's frock that day1 ,and a slender gun on his shoulder lay4 8,and here he paused1 and against the trunk ,of a tall grey linden leant1 ,when the broad clear orb of the sun had sunk ,from his path in the frosty firmament1 ,and over the round dark edge of the hill ,a cold green light was quivering still4 8,and the crescent moon1 high over the green1 ,from a sky of crimson shone1 ,on that icy palace1 whose towers were seen ,to sparkle as if with stars of their own2 ,while the water fell1 with a hollow sound1 ',twixt the glistening pillars ranged around4 8,is that a being of life1 that moves ,where the crystal battlements rise8 ,a maiden1 watching the moon she loves1 ,at the twilight hour1 with pensive eyes8 ,was that a garment which seemed to gleam ,betwixt the eye and the falling stream8 8#8,tis only the torrent tumbling o'er1 ,in the midst of those glassy walls1 ,gushing1 and plunging1 and beating the floor ,of the rocky basin in which it falls3 ',tis only the torrent--but why that start8 ,why gazes the youth with a throbbing heart8 8,he thinks no more of his home afar1 ,where his sire and sister wait2 ,he heeds no longer how star after star ,looks forth on the night1 as the hour grows late4 ,he heeds not the snow-wreath1 lifted and cast ,from a thousand boughs1 by the rising blast4 8,his thoughts are alone of those who dwell ,in the halls of frost and snow1 ,who pass where the crystal domes upswell ,from the alabaster floors below1 ,where the frost-trees bourgeon with leaf and spray1 ,and frost-gems scatter a silvery day4 8#8,and oh that those glorious haunts were mine6' ,he speaks1 and throughout the glen ,their shadows swim in the faint moonshine1 ,and take a ghastly likeness of men1 ,as if the slain by the wintry storms ,came forth to the air in their earthly forms4 8,there pass the chasers of seal and whale1 ,with their weapons quaint and grim1 ,and bands of warriors in glimmering mail1 ,and herdsmen and hunters huge of limb-- ,there are naked arms1 with bow and spear1 ,and furry gauntlets the carbine rear4 8,there are mothers--and oh1 how sadly their eyes ,on their children's white brows rest6 ,there are youthful lovers--the maiden lies ,in a seeming sleep on the chosen breast2 ,there are fair wan women with moon-struck air1 ,the snow-stars flecking their long loose hair4 8,they eye him not as they pass along1 ,but his hair stands up with dread1 ,when he feels that he moves with that phantom throng1 ,till those icy turrets are over his head1 ,and the torrent's roar1 as they enter1 seems ,like a drowsy murmur heard in dreams4 8,the glittering threshold is scarcely passed1 ,when there gathers and wraps him round ,a thick white twilight1 sullen and vast1 ,in which there is neither form nor sound2 ,the phantoms1 the glory1 vanish all1 ,with the dying voice of the waterfall4 8,slow passes the darkness of that trance1 ,and the youth now faintly sees ,huge shadows and gushes of light that dance ,on a rugged ceiling of unhewn trees1 ,and walls where the skins of beasts are hung1 ,and rifles glitter on antlers strung4 8,on a couch of shaggy skins he lies2 ,as he strives to raise his head1 ,hard-featured woodmen1 with kindly eyes ,come round him and smooth his furry bed1 ,and bid him rest1 for the evening star ,is scarcely set1 and the day is for4 8,they had found at eve the dreaming one1 ,by the base of that icy steep1 ,when over his stiffening limbs begun ,the deadly slumber of frost to creep2 ,and they cherished the pale and breathless form1 ,till the stagnant blood ran free and warm40--,,bryant4 ,illustration ,,winter ,,scene ,,on ,,the ,,catterskills4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the great proportion of evergreen trees1 shrubs1 and creepers1 in the ,american mountains1 make the winter scenery less dreary than would be at first imagined2 but even the nakedness of the deciduous trees is not long observable4 ,the first snow clothes them in a dress so feathery and graceful1 that1 like a change in the costume of beauty1 it seems lovelier than the one put off2 and the constant renewal of its freshness and delicacy goes on with a variety and novelty which is scarce dreamed of by those who see snow only in cities1 or in countries where it is rare4 ,the roads1 in so mountainous a region as the ,catterskills1 are in winter not only difficult1 but dangerous4 ,the following extracts from a sleigh ride in a more level part of the country1 will serve to give an idea of it4 8,as we got farther on1 the new snow became deeper4 ,the occasional farm-houses were almost wholly buried1 the black chimney alone appearing above the ridgy drifts2 while the tops of the doors and windows lay below the level of the trodden road1 from which a descending passage was cut to the threshold1 like the entrance to a cave in the earth4 ,the fences were quite invisible4 ,the fruit-trees looked diminished to shrubberies of snow-flowers1 their trunks buried under the visible surface1 and their branches loaded with the still falling flakes1 till they bent beneath the burden4 ,nothing was abroad1 for nothing could stir out of the road without danger of being lost2 and we dreaded to meet even a single sleigh1 lest1 in turning out1 the horses should 'slump' beyond their depth in the untrodden drifts4 ,the poor animals began to labour severely1 and sank at every step over their knees in the clogging and wool-like substance2 and the long and cumbrous sleigh rose and fell in the deep pits like a boat in a heavy sea4 ,it seemed impossible to get on4 ,twice we brought up with a terrible plunge1 and stood suddenly still2 for the runners had struck in too deep for the strength of the horses2 and with the snow-shovels1 which formed a part of the furniture of the vehicle1 we dug them from their concrete beds4 ,our progress at last was reduced to scarce a mile in the hour1 and we began to have apprehensions that our team would give out between the post-houses4 ,fortunately it was still warm1 for the numbness of cold would have paralyzed our already flagging exertions4 8,we had reached the summit of a long hill with the greatest difficulty4 ,the poor beasts stood panting and reeking with sweat2 the runners of the sleigh were clogged with hard cakes of snow1 and the air was close and dispiriting4 ,we came to a standstill1 with the vehicle lying over almost on its side2 and ,i stepped out to speak to the driver and look forward4 ,it was a discouraging prospect2 a long deep valley lay before us1 closed at the distance of a couple of miles by another steep hill1 through a cleft in the top of which lay our way4 ,we could not even distinguish the line of the road between4 ,our disheartened animals stood at this moment buried to their breasts2 and to get forward1 without rearing at every step1 seemed impossible4 ,the driver sat on his box1 looking uneasily down into the valley4 ,it was one undulating ocean of snow--not a sign of a human habitation to be seen--and even the trees indistinguishable from the general mass by their whitened and overladen branches4 ,the storm had ceased1 but the usual sharp cold that succeeds a warm fall of snow had not yet lightened the clamminess of the new-fallen flakes1 and they clung around the foot like clay1 rendering every step a toil40 8,we heaved out of the pit into which the sleigh had settled1 and for the first mile it was down hill1 and we got on with comparative ease4 ,the sky was by this time almost bare1 a dark slaty mass of clouds alone settling on the horizon in the quarter of the wind2 while the sun1 as powerless as moonlight1 poured with dazzling splendour on the snow2 and the gusts came keen and bitter across the sparkling waste1 rimming the nostrils as if with bands of steel1 and penetrating to the innermost nerve with their pungent iciness4 ,no protection seemed of any avail4 ,the whole surface of the body ached as if it were laid against a slab of ice4 ,the throat closed instinctively1 and contracted its unpleasant respiration4 ,the body and limbs drew irresistibly together1 to economize1 like a hedge-hog1 the exposed surface4 ,the hands and feet felt transmuted to lead2 and across the forehead1 below the pressure of the cap1 there was a binding and oppressive ache1 as if a bar of frosty iron had been let into the skull4 ,the mind1 meantime1 seemed freezing up2 unwillingness to stir1 and inability to think of any thing but the cold1 becoming every instant more decided4 8,from the bend of the valley our difficulties became more serious4 ,the drifts often lay across the road like a wall1 some feet above the heads of the horses2 and we had dug through one or two1 and had been once upset1 and often near it1 before we came to the steepest part of the ascent4 ,the horses had by this time begun to feel the excitement of the rum given them by the driver at the last halt1 and bounded on through the snow with continuous leaps1 jerking the sleigh after them with a violence that threatened momently to break the traces4 ,the steam from their bodies froze instantly1 and covered them with a coat like hoar-frost2 and spite of their heat1 and the unnatural and violent exertions they were making1 it was evident1 by the pricking of their ears1 and the sudden crouch of the body when a stronger blast swept over1 that the cold struck through even their hot and intoxicated blood4 8,we toiled up1 leap after leap2 and it seemed miraculous to me that the now infuriated animals did not burst a blood-vessel1 or crack a sinew1 with every one of those terrible springs4 ,the sleigh plunged on after them1 stopping dead and short at every other moment1 and reeling over the heavy drifts like a boat in a surging sea4 ,a finer crystallization had meanwhile taken place upon the surface of the moist snow2 and the powdered particles flew almost insensibly on the blasts of wind1 filling the eyes and hair1 and cutting the skin with a sensation like the touch of needle-points4 ,the driver1 and his maddened but almost exhausted team1 were blinded by the glittering and whirling eddies2 the cold grew intenser every moment1 the forward motion gradually less and less2 and when1 with the very last effort apparently1 we reached a spot on the summit of the hill1 which from its exposed situation had been kept bare by the wind1 the patient and persevering whip brought his horses to a stand1 and despaired1 for the first time1 of his prospects of getting on40 ,the description1 which is too long to extract entire1 details still severer difficulties2 after which the writer and driver mounted on the leaders1 and arrived1 nearly dead with cold1 at the tavern4 ,such cold as is described here1 however1 is what is called 8an old-fashioned spell10 and occurs now but seldom4 ,illustration ,,rogers',s ,,slide1 ,,lake ,,george4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is an almost perpendicular precipice of great height1 abutting directly upon the romantic waters of ,lake ,george1 and remarkable for the escape of an ,american officer1 ,major ,rogers1 who1 pursued closely by a party of ,indians when the lake was frozen over1 descended this bluff1 and escaped upon the ice4 ,to look at it1 the feat seems incredible2 and so thought the pursuing ,indians1 who1 arriving at the brow of the precipice1 and not seeing his body at the bottom1 attributed his disappearance to supernatural agency4 ,much as we are in the habit of extolling the athletic make and superior physical qualities of the ,indians of our country1 the early annals prove the superiority in strength1 and even in address1 which was their strong point1 to have been oftenest on the side of the white settlers4 ,there are two or three very stirring examples in the annals of a small town in ,new ,hampshire3-- 8,early in the morning of the #bc;d ,april1 ,ephraim ,dorman left the fort to search for his cow4 ,he went northwardly1 along the borders of what was then a hideous and almost impervious swamp1 lying east of the fort1 until he arrived near to the place where the turnpike now is4 ,looking into the swamp1 he perceived several ,indians lurking in the bushes4 ,he immediately gave the alarm1 by crying1 8,indians6 ,indians60 and ran towards the fort4 ,two1 who were concealed in the bushes between him and the fort1 sprang forward1 aimed their pieces at him1 and fired2 but neither hit him4 ,they then1 throwing away their arms1 advanced towards him3 one he knocked down by a blow1 which deprived him of his senses2 the other he seized1 and being a strong man1 an able wrestler1 tried his strength and skill in his favourite mode of #8trip and twitch4' ,he tore his antagonist's blanket from his shoulders1 leaving him nearly naked4 ,he then seized him by the arms and body1 but1 as he was painted and greased1 he slipped from his grasp4 ,after a short struggle1 ,dorman quitted him1 ran towards the fort1 and reached it in safety4 8,mrs4 ,clark was at a barn1 near the ,todd-house1 about fifty rods distant4 ,leaving it1 she espied an ,indian near her1 who threw away his gun1 and advanced to make her prisoner4 ,she gathered her clothes around her waist1 and started for the fort4 ,the ,indian pursued3 the woman1 animated by cheers from her friends1 out-ran her pursuer1 who skulked back for his gun4 ,nathan ,blake was at his barn1 near where his son's house now stands4 ,hearing the cry of ,indians1 and presuming his barn would be burnt1 he determined that his cattle should not be burnt with it4 ,throwing open his stable door1 he let them loose1 and presuming his retreat to the fort was cut off1 went out at a back door1 intending to place himself in ambush at the only place where the river could be crossed4 ,he had gone but a few steps1 when he was hailed by a party of ,indians1 concealed in a shop between him and the street4 ,looking back1 he perceived several guns pointed at him1 and at this instant several ,indians started up from their places of concealment near him2 upon which1 feeling himself in their power1 he gave himself up4 ,he was then conducted to ,lucbee1 and thence to an ,indian village1 several miles north of that place1 called ,conissadawga4 ,he was a strong1 athletic man1 and possessed many qualities which procured him the respect of the savages4 ,he could run with great speed2 and in all the trials to which he was put1 7and they were many and severe17 he beat every antagonist4 8,not long after his arrival at the village1 the tribe lost a chief by sickness4 ,as soon as his decease was made known1 the women repaired to his wigwam1 and with tears1 sobs1 and clamorous lamentations1 mourned his death4 ,the funeral ceremonies performed1 the men sought ,blake1 dressed him in the ,indian costume1 and invested him with all the authority and privileges of the deceased1 as one of the chiefs of the tribe1 and as husband of the widow4 ,in the family to which he now stood in the relation of father1 there were1 as he had often remarked1 several daughters of uncommon beauty4 ,yet notwithstanding this good fortune1 he still had difficulties to encounter4 ,the tribe was divided into two parties1 his friends and his enemies4 ,the former consisted of the great mass of the tribe1 who respected him for qualities to which they had not equal pretensions2 the latter1 of those who were envious of his success1 and had been worsted in their contests with him4 ,these1 to humble his pride1 sent far into the northern wilderness1 and procured a celebrated ,indian runner1 to run against him4 ,at the time assigned1 the whole tribe assembled to witness the race2 and a ,frenchman1 from ,quebec1 happened to be present4 ,perceiving the excitement among them1 he advised ,blake to permit himself to be beaten1 intimating that fatal consequences might ensue if he did not4 ,the race was run2 and ,blake1 as advised by the ,frenchman1 permitted his antagonist to reach the goal a moment before he did4 ,he persisted1 however1 after his return from captivity1 in declaring that he might have beaten him1 if he had tried4 ,the event of the race restored harmony to the tribe1 and ,blake was permitted to live in peace40 ,illustration ,,the ,,gothic ,,church1 ,,new ,,haven4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the area occupied by the town of ,new ,haven is estimated to be six times as great as that of a ,european town with the same number of inhabitants4 ,it was originally laid out in parallelograms1 and the houses are built upon the outer sides of the squares1 with large gardens meeting in the centre4 ,almost every house stands separate1 and surrounded by shrubbery and verdure2 and it is the great peculiarity of the town1 that all its streets are planted with rows of elms1 grown at this day to remarkable size and luxuriance4 ,it has the appearance of a town roofed in with leaves2 and it is commonly said1 that1 but for the spires1 a bird flying over would scarce be aware of its existence4 ,nothing could be more beautiful than the effect of this in the streets2 for1 standing where any of the principal avenues cross at right angles1 four embowered aisles extend away as far as the eye can follow1 formed of the straight stems and graceful branches of the drooping elm1 the most elegant and noble of the trees of our country4 ,the roads below are kept moist and cool with the roof overhead2 the side-walks1 between the trees and the rural dwellings1 are broad and shady2 the small gardens in front of most of the houses are bright with flowering shrubs2 and the whole scene1 though in the midst of a city1 breathes of nature4 ,the style of domestic architecture in ,new ,haven favours the rural character of the town4 ,built1 as was remarked before1 in the midst of a garden1 each house looks like what would be termed in ,england a cottage1 or1 in streets where a more ambitious style prevails1 like the sort of white villa common at watering places4 ,the green ,venetian blind is universal2 the broad1 open hall extends through the house1 showing the gay alley of a garden in the rear2 and1 living in the midst of a primitive and friendly community1 the inhabitants sit at their low windows along the street1 or promenade1 without fear of rude observation1 on the shady pavement before their dwellings1 preserving for the place altogether that look of out-of-doors life and gaiety which1 with less elegance1 distinguishes ,naples and other cities of southern ,europe4 ,the prettiest of ,english rural towns have a general resemblance to it4 ,in the centre of ,new ,haven were originally laid out two open squares1 divided by a street kept sacred from private buildings4 ,the upper green is a beautiful slope1 edged with the long line of the college edifices4 ,between the two squares stand three churches1 at equal distances2 two of the common order of architecture for places of public worship in this country 7immense brick buildings1 with tall white spires72 and a third1 which is presented in the drawing1 a ,gothic episcopal church1 of singular purity and beauty4 ,behind and before it1 spread away the verdant carpets of the two enclosed 8greens20 above its turret and windows hang the drooping fans of elms1 half disclosing and half concealing its pointed architecture2 and to its door1 from every direction1 tend aisles of lofty trees1 overhanging the paths with shadow1 as if the first thought of the primitive settlers had been to create visible avenues to the house of ,god4 ,there is scarce a more beautiful place of worship1 take it all in all1 in the whole of ,christendom4 ,the trees in the magnificent avenue in front of these churches were planted by a single individual1 the ,hon4 ,james ,hillhouse4 ,his example decided the character of the town1 for it was followed in every street4 ,to the enterprise of the same public-spirited gentleman1 ,new ,haven owes one of the most beautiful cemeteries in the world4 ,the square in the rear of the churches was formerly1 according to the ,english custom1 used as a churchyard1 and encumbered with graves1 which soon threatened to overrun its limits4 ,mr4 ,hillhouse1 some years since1 purchased a field in the western skirt of the town1 laid it out and planted it1 and subsequently removed to it all the tombstones and remains from the ,green2 among them the headstone of the regicide ,goffe4 ,it is now one of the most beautiful of burial-places4 ,the monuments are of white marble1 or of a very rich verd antique found in the neighbourhood2 and the natural elegance of the place has induced a taste and elegance into these monuments for the dead1 found in no other spot of the same character4 ,the interior of the episcopal church is purely ,gothic1 and esteemed in the best taste4 ,the material of the exterior is a brownish trap-rock from the neighbouring mountains1 which1 from its colour1 resembles a very weather-beaten and time-worn stone1 and gives a look of antiquity to the edifice4 ,the cornices and abutments are of what a distinguished writer on the subject calls a sprightly freestone4 ,illustration ,,niagara ,,falls1 7,,from ,,the ,,top ,,of ,,the ,,ladder ,,on ,,the ,,american ,,side47 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is often the first near and general view of the ,falls1 and it is well calculated to produce the most astonishing impression on any one suddenly introduced to it4 ,supposing him to have arrived from ,lockport1 by a tedious progress through the forests1 the visitor is conducted through a beautiful wood1 presenting scenery of the softest character4 ,but1 with the roar of the cataract in his ear1 he hurries rapidly through1 till he stands on the very verge of the ,fall1 at the point where its mighty waters descend in one solemn unbroken mass into a gulf of spray1 rising in clouds from the tortured waves beneath1 and driven about by the gusts1 till sometimes the whole river beneath1 and the opposite shores1 are momentarily concealed4 ,as this misty curtain is withdrawn1 the whole scene is disclosed4 ,beyond the ,american fall1 which is immediately before him1 and the wooded steeps of ,goat ,island1 he sees the sublime curve of the ,horse-shoe ,fall2 from below the centre of which1 where the greatest mass of water descends1 arises a tall and beautiful column of silvery vapour far into the sky4 ,at this spot is the entrance of the long covered ladder by which the descent to the ferry is accomplished4 ,at an opening in it1 half way down the precipice1 people usually stop 7in spite of their hurry1 and that absorbing matter1 the care of their baggage7 to enjoy the only view1 perhaps1 which brings them near to the falling column in the midst of its descent4 ,it is1 indeed1 8horribly beautiful40 ,no one has better described the effect sometimes produced on the mind at ,niagara1 than ,basil ,hall4 8,on ,sunday night1 the #hth of ,july1 we returned to the ,falls1 and walked down to the ,table ,rock1 to view them by moonlight4 ,our expectations1 as may be supposed1 were high1 but the sight was more impressive than we had expected4 ,it possessed1 it is true1 what may be called a more sober kind of interest than that belonging to the wild scene behind the sheet of water above described4 ,i may mention one curious effect3--it seemed to the imagination not impossible that the ,fall might swell up1 and grasp us in its vortex4 ,the actual presence of any very powerful moving object is often more or less remotely connected with a feeling that its direction may be changed2 and when the slightest variation would evidently prove fatal1 a feeling of awe is easily excited4 ,at all events1 as ,i gazed upon the cataract1 it more than once appeared to increase in its volume1 and to be accelerated in its velocity1 till my heated fancy became strained1 alarmed1 and so much over-crowded with new and old images1--all exaggerated2 and in spite of the conviction that the whole was nonsense1 ,i felt obliged to draw back from the edge of the rock2 and it required a little reflection1 and some resolution1 to advance again to the brink4 8,during the delightful period that the ,falls formed our head-quarters1 we made various excursions to several interesting objects in the neighbourhood4 ,of these1 the most amusing were1 a trip to ,buffalo1 a flourishing ,american town at the eastern end of ,lake ,erie1 where the great ,new ,york canal commences2 and a visit to the ,welland canal1 which joins ,lake ,erie with ,lake ,ontario40 ,illustration ,,saw-,,mill ,,at ,,centre ,,harbour1 ,,lake ,,winipiseogee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the early records of the first settlement of ,keene1 in this state1 on the river ,asduelot1 7in the ,indian language1 a collection of many waters17 is an account of some of their difficulties2 among which was the establishment of a saw-mill4 8,a vote was passed10 says the record1 8offering one hundred acres of middling good land1 and twenty-five pounds1 to any person or persons who would engage to build a saw-mill1 and saw boards for the proprietors at twenty shillings per thousand40 ,the next year 8another meeting was appointed at the house lot of ,joseph ,fisher1 but was adjourned to the house of ,nathan ,blake1 the first erected in the township40 ,a committee was here appointed1 8to agree with a man to build a great mill1 and they were authorized to offer not exceeding forty pounds encouragement therefor40 ,these early annals are highly interesting1 and we cannot better associate drawings of scenes of cultivated life at the present day1 than by portraying some of the steps by which the comfort and civilization of the state have been attained4 8,no person10 says the record1 8had hitherto attempted to remain through the winter on the township4 ,those who came in the summer to clear their lands1 brought their provisions with them1 and erected temporary huts to shelter them from the weather4 ,in the summer of #agcf1 at least one house was erected2 and three persons1 ,nathan ,blake1 ,seth ,heaton1 and ,william ,smeed1 7the two first from ,wrentham1 and the last from ,deerfield17 made preparations to pass the winter in the wilderness4 ,their house was at the lower end of the street4 ,blake had a pair of oxen and a horse1 and ,heaton a horse4 ,for the support of these1 they collected grass in the open spots2 and in the first part of the winter they employed them in drawing logs to the saw-mill1 which had just been completed4 ,blake's horse fell through the ice of ,beaver-brook1 and was drowned4 ,in the beginning of ,february their own provisions were exhausted1 and1 to obtain a supply of meal1 ,heaton was despatched to ,northfield4 ,there were a few families at ,winchester1 but none able to furnish what was wanted4 ,heaton procured a quantity of meal2 but before he left ,northfield1 the snow began to fall2 and when1 on his return1 he arrived at ,winchester1 it was uncommonly deep1 and covered by a sharp crust4 ,he was told #8that he might as well expect to die in ,northfield and rise again in ,upper ,ashnelot1 as ride thither on horseback4' ,recollecting the friends he had left there1 he nevertheless determined to make the attempt2 but had proceeded only a short distance when he found that it would be impossible to succeed4 ,he then returned1 and directed his course towards ,wrentham4 ,blake and ,smeed1 hearing nothing from ,heaton1 gave the oxen free access to the hay1 left ,ashnelot1 and1 on snow-shoes1 proceeded either to ,deerfield or ,wrentham4 ,anxious for their oxen1 they returned early in the spring4 ,they found them near the ,branch1 south-east of ,carpenter's1 much emaciated1 but feeding upon twigs and such grass as was bare4 ,the oxen recognised their owner1 and exhibited such pleasure at the meeting as drew tears from his eyes4 8,about this time1 ,john ,andrews came from ,boxford to settle in ,upper ,ashnelot4 ,he sent back ,ephraim ,donnan and ,joseph ,ellis with a team of eight oxen and a horse1 to bring up his furniture4 ,the route they came1 which was probably then the best1 if not the only one1 led through ,concord1 ,worcester1 ,brookfield1 ,belchertown1 ,hadley1 ,hatfield1 ,deerfield1 ,northfield1 ,winchester1 ,swanzey1 and on the banks of the ,ashnelot1 to the house lots4 ,when they passed through ,swanzey1 it rained hard1 and they did not reach the station until night4 ,as it continued to rain1 was very dark1 and as the water1 which already covered the meadows1 rose rapidly1 they1 apprehensive of being drowned1 unyoked their oxen1 chained their cart to a tree1 and hastened to the settlement1 then a mile distant4 ,as soon as day-light appeared1 the next morning1 a boat was despatched in search of the cattle and furniture2 when1 passing over ,bullard's ,island1 a man cried to them for help4 ,it was ,mark ,ferry1 the hermit4 ,wearied with the noise and bustle of the settlement1 he had retired to a cave1 which he had dug into the bank of the river1 where he constantly resided4 ,the water had now driven him from his dwelling1 and compelled him to seek refuge on a stump1 where he then sat1 with a calf in his arms1 over which he had drawn a shirt4 ,the boatman answered1 8we must take care of the neat cattle first10 and passed on4 ,they soon came to the cart1 which was afloat4 ,proceeding further1 and guided by the sound of the bells1 which the cattle as usual wore1 they found them on several little hillocks--some with only their heads out of water4 ,they forced them into the water1 and guided them1 swimming1 to high land1 where they left them until the flood subsided4 ,hearing cries for help below them1 they proceeded to ,crissen's ,house1 in the borders of ,swanzey1 to the chamber and to the top of which the family had been driven4 ,these they took off1 and1 on their return home1 took ,ferry and his calf into the canoe4 ,this1 which was known by the name of ,andrew's flood1 was the highest ever known in the township4 ,the water came within a few feet of the street north of ,captain ,blake's old house40 ,illustration ,,the ,,little ,,falls ,,on ,,the ,,mohawk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the cavities worn in the rocks about these ,falls1 afford great matter of speculation to the geologist4 ,the rock is gneiss1 and these circular pots are worn evidently by the attrition stones kept in agitation by the current of a river4 ,the astonishing part of it is1 that these cavities are1 some of them1 more than a hundred feet above the present level of the ,mohawk1 proving that river to have been thus much higher in former times1 and of course a lake1 whose waters must have extended far and wide over the broad interval above4 ,the narrow passage which it makes through the hills just below1 shut in by perpendicular precipices on each side1 would be sufficient to have made the theory probable without the assistance of these appearances4 ,these cavities are very numerous1 and the largest are about eight feet deep1 and fifteen in diameter4 ,the rocks exhibit evidences of having been washed by water still higher4 ,there are analogous traces of lakes on the ,connecticut and ,hudson rivers1 which break through the mountains in a similar manner1 the first between ,mount ,tom and ,mount ,holyoke1 and the latter at the ,highlands2 but the depth and number of these rock-worn cavities are peculiar to ,little ,falls4 ,in approaching this part of the ,mohawk from the east1 the stranger is first delighted with the bold abutments on the river of two dark precipices1 whose summits are laden with foliage1 and which rise so abruptly from the undulating banks of the ,mohawk1 that they seem designed as barriers to the pass4 ,the river glides between1 darkened by their shadow2 and close under the face of one precipice shoots the rail-car1 while as close under the opposing one glides the silent passage-boat of the canal4 ,emerging to the sunshine beyond1 the river spreads out in its thousand windings1 as if rejoicing in the space of which it is so soon to be deprived1 and in a moment or two 7if you are travelling by steam7 your course is arrested amid the foaming and busy scenery of the ,falls1 the picturesque and the hideous1 the wildly beautiful and the merely useful1 so huddled together that the artist who would draw either the architecture or the scenery by itself1 would scarce find a bit large enough for a vignette4 ,alluring as the picturesque and fertile valley of the ,mohawk must have been1 it was not till after the revolution that it was sought by white men with a view to settle4 ,for some years after the war1 it was still the beaver country of the aborigines1 or the place of their wigwams2 and the country round about1 now stocked with villages1 and without a red-face to be seen1 was a hunting-ground1 in which ranged bears1 foxes1 wolves1 deer1 and other game1 the ,indians themselves calling it couxsachraga1 or the dismal wilderness4 ,the town of ,mohawk1 where the tribe dwelt up to the year #aghj1 is but thirty-six miles west of ,albany4 ,general ,sir ,william ,johnson lived not many miles below ,little ,falls1 and from this spot to ,canada ,creek a tract of fourteen miles was given to him on his marriage with a ,mohawk girl1 by ,king ,hendricks1 the faithful ,indian ally of the whites4 ,it is a curious fact1 that1 during the war of the revolution1 a son of ,sir ,william ,johnson1 in the ,english service in ,canada1 made an incursion at the head of a party of hostile ,indians on the very lands once owned by his father4 ,the ,mohawks contended very fiercely for the honour of original descent4 ,the ,iroquois1 who were more powerful1 they considered as interlopers2 and1 in the following tradition1 give the basis of their pedigree3-- 8,before man existed1 there were three great and good spirits2 of whom one was superior to the other two1 and is emphatically called the ,great and ,good ,spirit4 ,at a certain time1 this exalted being said to one of the others1 #8,make a man6' ,he obeyed2 and taking chalk1 formed a paste of it1 and moulding it into the human shape1 infused into it the animating principle and brought it to the ,great ,spirit4 ,he1 after surveying it1 said1 #8,it is too white6' 8,he then directed the other to make a trial of his skill4 ,accordingly1 taking charcoal1 he pursued the same process1 and brought the result to the ,great ,spirit2 who1 after surveying it1 said1 #8,it is too black6' 8,then said the ,great ,spirit1 #8,i will now try myself4' ,and1 taking red earth1 he formed a human being in the same manner1 surveyed it and said1 #8,this is a proper man6'0 ,it is possible that this is traditionary1 but it is more probable that it was invented after the arrival of whites1 and the introduction of blacks into the country1 neither of which races the ,indians had before seen4 ,illustration ,,bridge ,,at ,,norwich1 ,,connecticut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two ,indian rivers1 the ,shetucket and ,yautick1 unite at this place to form the ,thames1 and in the fork of the junction lies the picturesque and prosperous town of ,norwich4 ,from the hilly nature of the ground1 the buildings have a remarkably fine appearance1 the streets rising one above the other1 and the style of the houses denoting taste and opulence4 ,in the rear of the hill on which the town stands is a level plain1 on which are laid out several handsome streets1 planted with avenues of trees4 ,the prospects are extensive and various2 and1 altogether1 there are few towns in the world which have so many advantages and attractions4 ,the ,thames is navigable for large vessels as high as ,norwich1 and its trade with the ,west ,indies was once considerable4 ,that has declined1 and the capital of the inhabitants is now invested principally in manufactories1 for which the fine water-power of the neighbourhood furnishes peculiar facilities4 ,as a birth-place of distinguished individuals1 ,norwich has produced ,mrs4 ,sigourney1 the sweetest of ,american poetesses2 and it stands upon the natal ground and possessions of the celebrated ,uncas1 chief of the ,mohegans4 ,the burial-place of the kings of this warlike tribe is still to be seen here4 ,no spot could have been selected with more felicity than that on which ,uncas formerly lived4 ,it is a high point of land1 commanding a noble and extensive view of the ,thames1 here a large river1 and of the country on both sides4 ,it was1 therefore1 well fitted for the discovery of an enemy's approach1 and furnished every convenience to hostile excursions4 ,at the same time1 it bordered on a never-failing supply of provisions1 furnished by the scale and shell-fish1 with which both the river and the neighbouring ocean have ever been richly stored4 ,uncas was originally a petty sachem2 a ,pequod by birth2 a subject and a tributary to ,sassacus4 ,when the ,english made war upon the ,pequods1 ,uncas was unfriendly to this chieftain1 and would have quarrelled with him1 had he not been kept in awe by the talents and prowess of this formidable warrior4 ,of the ,english he appears to have entertained1 from the first1 a very respectful opinion2 and1 when he saw them determined upon a war with his master1 concluded to unite his forces and his fortune with theirs4 ,his dread of ,sassacus was1 however1 so great1 that when ,captain ,mason marched against the ,pequods1 he did not believe him to be serious in his professed design of attacking that terrible nation1 nor did he even engage in the conflict1 until after ,mason and his little band of heroes had stormed the ,pequod fortress4 ,upon the death of ,sassacus1 ,uncas became the sachem of the remaining ,pequods1 as well as of the ,mohegans4 ,in this character he claimed1 perhaps rightfully enough1 as there was no other acknowledged heir1 all the territory which had been possessed by that tribe4 ,this tract included almost the whole of the eastern division of ,connecticut1 from the middle of the ,syno range4 ,he understood his own interest too well to quarrel with the ,english1 and had a sufficient share of cunning to support his claims with very plausible reasons4 ,they were1 therefore1 very generally allowed4 ,from this time he became the most formidable1 and altogether the most prosperous ,indian chieftain in ,southern ,new ,england4 ,over his subjects he exercised a more efficacious and unresisted government than perhaps was ever exercised by any other sachem4 ,nor was his control confined to them2 but extended1 in a considerable degree1 to several of the tribes on the western side of the ,connecticut4 ,to his enemies he became scarcely less formidable than ,sassacus had been before him4 ,at the head of four or five hundred men1 he met ,miantonomoh1 a brave and sagacious chief of the ,narrhagansetts1 coming to attack him with twice the number2 and1 after having in vain challenged him to single combat1 defeated his army1 took him prisoner1 and put him to death4 ,on this occasion he cut a piece of flesh from his shoulder1 roasted and eat it1 and1 with the true spirit of a savage1 declared that it was the sweetest meat which he had ever tasted in his life4 ,the avarice1 ambition1 and restlessness of this man1 frequently embroiled him with his neighbours1 and were sometimes troublesome to his ,english allies4 ,the natives considered them as the friends of ,uncas1 and implicated them more or less in his mischievous conduct4 ,when he found the ,english resentful1 and himself severely censured1 he made such submissions1 promises1 and presents as he thought necessary to restore their good-will1 and secure his future peace4 ,but he was not indebted for these advantages to his address alone4 ,on several occasions he rendered them real and important assistance2 and to their interests he adhered faithfully and uniformly4 ,no ,indian among the ,new ,england tribes1 except ,massasait1 exhibited an equally steady attachment to the ,colonists1 or so regular an adherence to his engagements4 ,hence he enjoyed their public friendship1 and the good-will of individuals among them1 until the day of his death4 ,uncas died at an advanced age1 in his own house1 and left his power and his property to his children4 ,onecho1 his eldest son1 commanded a party of ,mohegans in a war which the ,english carried on against the ,narrhagansetts in #afgf4 ,the family1 however1 soon declined in their importance by the general declension of their tribe1 and the sale of their property to the ,english4 ,some years since1 a man1 descended from ,uncas1 came from ,north ,carolina1 or ,tennessee1 where he was settled1 and obtained permission of the ,connecticut legislature to sell his patrimonial share in this tract4 ,this man had received a military commission from the ,british government2 and it is said1 was well dressed1 well informed1 sensible1 and gentlemanly in his deportment4 ,he was probably the only respectable descendant of ,uncas then living4 ,illustration ,,undercliff1 ,,near ,,cold-,,spring1 ,,the ,,seat ,,of ,,general ,,morris4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the pen of the poet and the pencil of the artist have so frequently united to record the grandeur and sublimity of the ,hudson1 and with such graphic fidelity1 that little of interest remains unsaid or unsketched4 ,but when every point of its bold and beautiful scenery might be made the subject of a picture1 and every incident of its past history the theme of a poem1 it requires no great research to discover new and prominent objects of attraction4 ,perhaps there is no portion of this beautiful river which partakes more of the picturesque1 or combines more of the wild and wonderful1 than the vicinity of the present ,view2 and when time shall touch the history of the present with the wand of tradition1 and past events shall live in the memory of the future as legends1 romance will never revel in a more bewitching region4 ,fiction shall then fling its imaginative veil over the things we have seen--covering1 but not concealing them--and1 in the plenitude of poetic genius1 people the drama of futurity with a thousand exquisite creations1 clothed in the venerated garb of antiquity4 ,,undercliff1 the mansion of ,,general ,,george ,p4 ,,morris1 which forms the principal object in the engraving1 is situated upon an elevated plateau1 rising from the eastern shore of the river2 and the selection of such a commanding and beautiful position at once decides the taste of its intellectual proprietor4 ,in the rear of the villa1 cultivation has placed her fruit and forest trees with a profuse hand1 and fertilized the fields with a variety of vegetable products4 ,the extent of the grounds is abruptly terminated by the base of a rocky mountain1 that rises nearly perpendicular to its summit1 and affords in winter a secure shelter from the bleak blasts of the north4 ,in front1 a circle of greensward is refreshed by a fountain in the centre1 gushing from a ,grecian vase1 and encircled by ornamental shrubbery2 from thence a gravelled walk winds down a gentle declivity to a second plateau1 and again descends to the entrance of the carriage road1 which leads upwards along the left slope of the hill1 through a noble forest1 the growth of many years1 until suddenly emerging from its sombre shades1 the visitor beholds the mansion before him in the bright blaze of day4 ,a few openings in the wood afford an opportunity to catch a glimpse of the water1 sparkling with reflected light2 and the immediate transition from shadow to sunshine is peculiarly pleasing4 ,although the sunny prospects from the villa1 of the giant mountains in their eternal verdure--the noble stream1 when frequent gusts ruffle its surface into a thousand waves--the cluster of white cottages collected into the distant village1 are glorious2 it is only by the lovely light of the moon1 when nature is in repose1 that their magic influence is fully felt4 ,we were fortunate in having an opportunity to contemplate the scene at such an hour3 the moon had risen from a mass of clouds which formed a line across the sky so level that fancy saw her ascending from the dark sea1 and her silvery light lay softened on the landscape2 silence was over all1 save where the dipping of a distant oar was echoed from the deep shadows of the rocks4 ,sometimes the white sail of a sloop would steal into sight from the deep gloom1 like some shrouded spirit gliding from the confines of a giant's cavern1 and recalled the expressive lines by ,moore3-- 8,the stream is like a silvery lake1 ,and o'er its face each vessel glides ,gently1 as if it feared to wake ,the slumber of the silent tides40 ,in the view of ,undercliff1 the artist has been peculiarly happy in producing an effect at once brilliant and chaste4 ,the broken foreground is agreeably relieved by the sparkling transparency of the water3 the receding figures on the shore are judiciously introduced to mark the perspective4 ,the projecting bluff in the middle distance is thrown into shadow1 and stands out in fine contrast from the light horizon1 while the lights upon the solitary rock1 the entrance gate1 the mansion1 and the vessels1 produce the effect of a setting sun2 and the whole subject is treated with masterly skill4 ,we only regret that art has not power to convey the kindly hospitalities hourly exercised in the interior of the mansion4 ,to enumerate the matchless and minute beauties of ,undercliff1 would occupy more space than the limits of our descriptive pages will permit4 ,its superiority1 however1 may be summed up in one expressive sentence1 to which it is justly entitled1 and which has been conceded to it by common consent--8,the ,gem of the ,hudson ,river40 ,to the belles-lettres reader the 8,gem0 will acquire additional value by reflecting the light of literature3 it is the home of a fine poet1 and graceful prose writer4 ,general ,morris has been for many years the editor of the 8,new ,york ,mirror10 a weekly journal1 which circulates more extensively among the lite than any other periodical in the country4 ,the typographic neatness of its execution1 the talent of its original contributions1 and the elegance of its embellishments1 have placed upon it a permanent seal of popularity1 and seem to have given a tone to taste1 and a refinement to fashion4 ,general ,morris has recently published a volume of lyrical effusions1 called 8,the ,deserted ,bride1 and other ,poems40 ,many of them have been written among the fairy beauties of ,undercliff1 and under the inspiration of that true poetic feeling which such enchanting scenes are so likely to elicit4 ,where so many gems of genius enrich a work1 it becomes difficult to decide upon that most worthy of selection4 ,it is not our province or intention to review the volume1 but we cannot resist the inclination to make a few extracts1 because they seem as beautiful accessories to the subject1 and create an added interest in the engraving4 ,where scenes are so replete with the poetry of nature1 they are best illustrated by the poetry of numbers2 but we were particularly delighted with the following lines1 addressed to his young daughter4 ,the natural simplicity of the subject is well expressed by the purity of its poetic images1 and breathes the refinement of paternal affection4 ,,ida4 8,where ,hudson's wave1 o'er silvery sands1 ,winds through the hills afar1 ,old ,cro'nest like a monarch stands1 ,crowned with a single star3 ,and there1 amid the billowy swells ,of rock-ribbed1 cloud-capt earth1 ,my fair and gentle ,,ida dwells1 ,a nymph of mountain birth4 8,the snow-curl that the cliff receives1 ,the diamonds of the showers1 ,spring's tender blossoms1 buds and leaves1 ,the sisterhood of flowers3 ,morn's early beam1 eve's balmy breeze1 ,her purity define2 ,but ,,ida',s dearer far than these1 ,to this fond breast of mine4 8,my heart is on the hills4 ,the shades ,of night are on my brow3 ,ye pleasant haunts and silent glades1 ,my soul is with you now6 ,i bless the star-crowned islands where ,my ,,ida',s footsteps roam3 ,oh for a falcon's wing to bear ,me onward to my home60--,,morris4 ,general ,morris is not less successful in the lighter and livelier freaks of poetic fancy1 as we hope to prove by a quotation from 8,the ,new ,york ,mirror10 in which the moral of the lines is not their least merit4 ,the melodies of the various birds which roost among the wild recesses of the rocks1 or haunt the mountain forest1 or sweep along the waters1 are sent forth hourly in sounds of 8unwritten music40 ,but the cry 8most musical1 most melancholy10 comes at the twilight hour from the clear throat of the whip-poor-will1 at intervals1 through the summer's night3 nor is it ever heard or seen by day2 it may be called the sad unknown4 ,the words1 8whip-poor-will10 are divided into three shrill1 distinct notes1 and express the sounds as perfectly as if uttered by the human voice4 ,the poetry annexed1 is equally expressive of the melancholy mystery which seems to mark the mourning burden of its lonely song4 ,,to ,,the ,,whip-,,poor-,,will4 8,why dost thou come at set of sun1 ,those pensive words to say8 ,why whip poor ,will8--,what has he done8 ,and who is ,will1 ,i pray8 8,why come from you leaf-shaded hill1 ,a suppliant at my door8-- ,why ask of me to whip poor ,will8 ,and is ,will really poor8 8,if poverty's his crime1 let mirth ,from out his heart be driven3 ,that is the deadliest sin on earth1 ,and never is forgiven6 8,art ,will himself8--,it must be so-- ,i learn it from thy moan1 ,for none can feel another's woe ,as deeply as his own4 8,yet wherefore strain thy tiny throat1 ,while other birds repose8 ,what means thy melancholy note8 ,the mystery disclose4 8,still #8whip-poor-will6'--,art thou a sprite1 ,from unknown regions sent ,to wander in the gloom of night1 ,and ask for punishment8 8,is thine a conscience sore beset ,with guilt--or1 what is worse1 ,hast thou to meet writs1 duns1 and debt-- ,no money in thy purse8 8,if this be thy hard fate indeed1 ,ah well may'st thou repine3 ,the sympathy ,i give1 ,i need-- ,the poet's doom is thine4 8,art thou a lover1 ,will8--,hast proved ,the fairest can deceive8 ,thine is the lot of all who've loved ,since ,adam wedded ,eve4 8,hast trusted in a friend1 and seen ,no friend was he in need8 ,a common error--men still lean ,upon as frail a reed4 8,hast thou1 in seeking wealth or fame1 ,a crown of brambles won8 ,o'er all the earth 'tis just the same ,with every mother's son6 8,hast found the world a ,babel wide1 ,where man to mammon stoops8 ,where flourish arrogance and pride1 ,while modest merit droops8 8,what1 none of these8--,then1 whence thy pain1 ,to guess it who's the skill8 ,pray have the kindness to explain ,why ,i should whip poor ,will8 8,dost merely ask thy just desert8 ,what1 not another word8-- ,back to the woods again1 unhurt-- ,i will not harm thee1 bird6 8,but treat thee kindly--for my nerves1 ,like thine1 have penance done2 ,treat every man as he deserves-- ,who shall 'scape whipping8'--,none4 8,farewell1 poor ,will--not valueless ,this lesson by thee given3 #8,keep thine own counsel1 and confess ,thyself alone to heaven6'0--,,morris4 ,we cannot close our description without one more extract from the delightful volume before us4 ,,the ,,oak4 8,woodman1 spare that tree6 ,touch not a single bough6 ,in youth it sheltered me1 ,and ,i'll protect it now4 ',twas my forefather's hand ,that placed it near his cot2 ,there1 woodman1 let it stand1 ,thy axe shall harm it not6 8,that old familiar tree1 ,whose glory and renown ,are spread o'er land and sea1 ,and wouldst thou hack it down8 ,woodman1 forbear thy stroke6 ,cut not its earth-bound ties2 ,oh spare that aged oak1 ,now towering to the skies6 8,when but an idle boy ,i sought its grateful shade2 ,in all their gushing joy ,here1 too1 my sisters played4 ,my mother kissed me here2 ,my father pressed my hand-- ,forgive this foolish tear1 ,but let that old oak stand6 8,my heart-strings round thee cling1 ,close as thy bark1 old friend6 ,here shall the wild-bird sing1 ,and still thy branches bend4 ,old tree6 the storm still brave6 ,and1 woodman1 leave the spot2 ,while ,i've a hand to save1 ,thy axe shall harm it not40--,,morris4 ,illustration ,,boston1 ,,and ,,bunker ,,hill1 7,,from ,,the ,,east47 99 99 99 99 99 ,this view is taken from a long cape1 sometimes cut off by water overflowing the marshes1 and called ,william's ,island4 ,five or six years ago1 it was a thinly cultivated and neglected spot1 scarce known1 except to adventurous boys1 who pulled across from the city wharfs1 and to the one or two farmers who inhabited it4 ,now1 with the suddenness which attends speculation in our country1 it is grown suddenly into a consequential suburb1 with a showy hotel and steam ferry1 and citizens and strangers resort to it to eat ,french dinners1 and pass the hot weeks of the summer4 ,boston1 from this point of view1 is very picturesque4 ,the town rises gradually from the water's edge to the height surmounted by the ,state ,house1 whose lofty cupola brings to a point all the ascending lines of the picture2 ,dorchester ,heights rise gracefully on the left limit of the bay1 and ,bunker-,hill1 famous in ,american story1 breaks the horizon on the right4 ,in the centre lie the forest of shipping1 and the fine ranges of commercial buildings on the water side2 and1 turning from this view1 the harbour1 with its many small islands1 stretches away behind to the sea1 tracked by steamers1 and sprinkled by craft of every size and nation4 ,like every other bay in the world1 that of ,boston has been compared to ,naples2 but it has neither its violet sky1 nor its volcano1 yet it may be mentioned in the same day4 ,close under the eye of the spectator here1 lies that part of the town formerly the fashionable quarter1 but now very much what ,red ,lion ,square1 and its precincts1 are to ,london4 ,there is still existing 7or there was1 some six or eight years since17 the house of ,governor ,hutchinson1 of which the mouldings were brought from ,london1 and in which the drawing-room panels were portraits of his family1 in their youth4 ,this is still a very roomy and well-built1 and must once have been a rather luxurious house4 ,we are apt to fancy that our strait-laced ancestors from ,england lived parsimoniously1 and denied themselves the elegances of modern luxury2 but antiquarian researches exhibit a different state of things4 8,in the principal houses10 says the discourse of a learned gentleman on this subject1 8there was a great hall1 ornamented with pictures and a great lantern1 and a velvet cushion in the window-seat which looked into the garden4 ,on either side was a great parlour1 a little parlour1 or study4 ,these were furnished with great looking-glasses1 ,turkey carpets1 window curtains and valance1 pictures1 and a map1 a brass clock1 red leather-back chairs1 and a great pair of brass andirons4 ,the chambers were well supplied with feather beds1 warming-pans1 and every other article that would now be thought necessary for comfort or display4 ,the pantry was well filled with substantial fare and dainties--prunes1 marmalade1 and ,madeira wine4 ,silver tankards1 wine-cups1 and other articles of plate1 were not uncommon2 and the kitchen was completely stocked with pewter1 iron1 and copper utensils4 ,very many families employed servants1 and in one we see a ,scotch boy valued among the property1 and invoiced at #adl40 ,in the matter of dress1 our grandames seem to have pushed the ruling passion of the sex even through the rigid crust of ,puritanism4 ,in a tract1 called the 8,simple ,cobler of ,agawam10 some righteous round-head thus expresses his indignation at their fashions3-- 8,methinks it should break the hearts of ,englishmen to see so many goodly ,englishwomen imprisoned in ,french cages1 peering out of their hood-holes for some men of mercy to help them with a little wit1 and nobody relieves them4 ,we have about five or six of them in our colony2 if ,i see any of them accidentally1 ,i cannot cleanse my phansie of them for a month after4 8,it is a more common than convenient saying1 that #8nine taylors make a man3' it were well if nineteen could make a woman to her mind4 ,if taylors were men1 indeed1 well furnished but with mere moral principles1 they would disdain to be led about like asses by such mymick marmosets4 ,it is a most unworthy thing for men that have bones in them1 to spend their lives in making fiddle-cases for women's phansies4 8,it is known more than enough that ,i am neither niggard nor cynic to the true bravery of the true gentry4 ,i am not much offended if ,i see a trimme far trimmer than she that wears it2 but when ,i hear a nugiperous gentle dame inquire what dress the queen is in1 with egge to be in it in all haste1 whatever it be1 ,i look to her as the very gizzard of a trifle1 the product of a quarter of a cypher1 the epitome of nothing1 fitter to be kickt1 if she were of a kickable substance1 than either honoured1 or humoured40 ,illustration ,,mount ,,jefferson1 7,,from ,,mount ,,washington47 99 99 99 99 99 ,in looking in this direction from the elevated summit of ,mount ,washington1 the eye drops upon a region of climate entirely different from that on its south-eastern side4 ,the towns of ,lancaster and ,jefferson1 though something north of the ,white ,mountains1 enjoy a benign1 tranquil atmosphere1 such as is not known for two or three hundred miles farther south1 and with the beauty of the scenery and the number of water-courses1 it is a little ,arcadia in the bosom of the north4 ,the peculiar climate felt here1 is owing to the proximity of the ,white ,mountains1 which form a wall of thirty miles from north to south1 either checking entirely the easterly winds1 or elevating them into a region far above the surface4 ,the westerly winds1 again1 impinging against the mountains1 7but in an elevated part17 are arrested1 leaving the towns below in the same tranquillity as is felt by a person coming near a large building in a high wind4 ,the snow rarely lies permanently here until after the tenth or fifteenth of ,december1 and generally leaves it about the middle of ,march3 at this time the earth is usually free from frost4 ,a stick forced through the snow in the month of ,february enters the earth without difficulty1 the snow falling so early as to prevent the frost from penetrating to any depth1 and dissolving the little which had previously existed4 ,hence the pastures become suddenly green1 and cattle are safely turned into them in the middle of ,april2 the time of pasturage is1 therefore1 as long here as in ,connecticut4 ,in this manner that tedious period1 known as the breaking up of the frost1 is here chiefly prevented2 and the warm season is annually lengthened1 so far as the purposes of gardening and agriculture are concerned1 about a month every year4 ,there is a broad tract running across the ,state at this point1 embracing both sides of the mountains1 which is generally called ,upper ,coos4 ,what the meaning of this term is1 would be difficult to say2 but ,dwight supposes1 from its application to places where there are remarkable alluvial intervals1 and where there are no distinguishing objects1 except a peculiar winding of rivers1 that one or the other of these must be denoted by the term4 ,in the year #aggf1 a farmer planted himself on the richest and most beautiful of these lands1 a large share of which he left to his descendants4 ,valuable as his acquisition has since become1 however1 his first step required uncommon enterprise1 industry1 and perseverance4 ,his separation from society may be understood from the fact1 that1 for several years after he came here to live1 he carried all his corn one hundred and twenty-four miles to be ground4 ,there was not a single road in the neighbourhood4 ,all his communication with the world was either through the wilderness1 or down the channel of the ,connecticut2 and this he was obliged to enter at the distance of twenty miles from his house4 ,when any member of his family was ill1 he had neither physician nor nurse1 nor other medicine than his own limited stock4 ,rains and snows1 in this part of the country almost universally come from the western side of the heavens1 and chiefly from the north-west4 ,snow falls here in a singular manner4 ,a light fleecy shower descends frequently for a few minutes in the morning1 when the sky becomes perfectly clear1 and the day perfectly fine4 ,in this manner it has been known to fall thirty successive days1 and yet to cover the ground scarcely to the depth of six inches4 ,by this gradual accumulation1 it has sometimes arisen in the forests to the height of thirty inches2 commonly it has not exceeded eighteen4 ,travelling in the winter1 therefore1 is easy and pleasant in this neighbourhood1 and the weather generally delightful4 ,the imperfect state of settlements in a country still comparatively new1 prevents many persons from forming just views of the splendour of the scenery4 ,in a landscape of any great extent1 the proportion of wild forest throws a gloom over the whole1 and the eye1 accustomed to the haunts of man1 demands instinctively a more smiling scene of cultivation and habitation4 ,in a more limited view1 the appearance of girdled trees1 of drowned woods1 burnt or fallen stumps1 rough enclosures1 and stony land1 are blemishes which an unaccustomed eye can with difficulty overcome4 ,it requires the prospective glance of an ,american to see the form of nature1 which is now in dishabille1 restored to her neat drapery1 glowing with vegetation1 and decked with flowers4 ,the outline of her fair proportions is enough for him2 and so that is beautiful1 as in this country it almost every where is1 he can finish the portrait to his fancy1 and make a flowery ,tempe of a prostrate wilderness4 ,illustration ,,mount ,,tom1 ,,and ,,connecticut ,,river4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this fine mountain rises nobly from the fertile ,interval of the ,connecticut1 giving a character of boldness and majesty to scenery that were else merely soft and lovely4 ,the river at this point broke down the barrier that evidently at one time held it back from the sea2 and the broad lands that were then left bare by the liberated waters1 were destined to form a strip of verdure and fertility1 extending the whole length of ,new ,england4 ,the expansions of the ,valley of the ,connecticut on either side of ,mount ,tom1 are landscapes of great beauty4 ,the word interval1 which describes the wide-spreading meadows extending from the banks of the river in these expansions1 has a peculiar use in ,america1 and seems to define a formation of alluvial land not seen to the same extent in other countries4 ,in the ,southern ,states the same description of land is called a flat1 or a bottom4 ,they are formed by the deposit of particles of soil brought down into the main river by its tributaries1 or by occasional streams created by the melting of the snow1 or heavy rains4 ,a shoal is first formed1 which1 as it accumulates1 rises gradually above the ordinary surface1 while the stream itself1 if it flows like the ,connecticut through a soft soil1 is continually deepening its bed1 and leaving these newly-formed banks out of the reach of accidental floods4 ,the existence of some cause to check the current1 is absolutely necessary to the formation of intervals4 ,wherever such cause is found1 intervals are found proportioned to the room furnished on the side of the stream for their formation1 and the lightness of the soil about the tributary streams4 ,these causes exist on the ,connecticut in falls and points of land1 and in the narrowness of the channel at particular parts shut in by mountains4 ,these lands are subject to many changes4 ,every new obliquity of the current wears away some part of the ,interval1 against which its force is directed4 ,in the progress of such changes1 the inhabitants of the ,connecticut have already seen large tracts gradually removed from one side to the other4 ,the former channel in the mean time has been filled up1 so as1 in many instances1 to leave no trace of its existence1 and a new one has been made through the solid ground4 ,the soil of the intervals is1 of course1 of the richest quality3 there is1 however1 a material difference in their fertility4 ,the parts which are lowest are commonly the best1 as being the most frequently overflowed1 and therefore most enriched by the successive deposits of slime4 ,of these parts1 that division which is farthest down the river is the most productive1 as consisting of finer particles1 and being more plentifully covered with this manure4 ,in the spring1 these grounds are regularly overflowed4 ,in the months of ,march and ,april1 the snows1 which in the northern parts of ,new ,england are usually deep1 and the rains1 which at this time of the year are generally copious1 raise the river from fifteen to twenty feet1 and extend the breadth of its waters in some places a mile and a half1 or two miles4 ,almost all the slime conveyed down the current at this season is deposited on these lands2 for here1 principally1 the water becomes quiescent1 and permits the earthy particles to subside4 ,this deposit is a rich manure4 ,the lands dressed with it are preserved in their full strength1 and being regularly enriched by the hand of nature1 cannot but be highly valuable4 ,the form of these lands is naturally beautiful4 ,a river passing through them becomes almost1 of course1 winding4 ,the border is necessarily curved1 from the evenness of the impression of the river on a soft soil2 and the edge is fringed with shrubs4 ,a great part of them are formed into meadows1 which are more profitable1 and1 at the same time1 more agreeable to the eye than any other mode of culture4 ,the magnificent elms1 for which this country is remarkable1 stand singly in the fields2 while orchards and groves serve to break the uniformity4 ,as they are seldom enclosed for miles together1 there is a look also of extent and wildness about them1 as if they produced their vegetation1 8ploughed only by the sunbeams10 like a paradise spontaneously verdant and fertile4 ,valuable as these intervals on the ,connecticut have become1 they were bought cheaply enough by the first proprietors4 ,one of the first settlers of the neighbourhood of ,mount ,tom1 was a tailor1 who1 for a trifling consideration1 purchased a tract on the river1 forming a square of three miles on a side4 ,a carpenter came to settle in the valley1 and having constructed a rude wheelbarrow1 the tailor offered him for it1 either a suit of clothes1 or the whole of his land6 ,he accepted the latter1 and became the possessor of one of the finest farms on the bank of the ,connecticut4 ,illustration ,,silver ,,cascade1 ,,in ,,the ,,notch ,,of ,,the ,,white ,,mountains4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for a mountainous region1 usually fertile in such accidents of nature1 the neighbourhood of the 8,white ,hills0 has few waterfalls2 of those that are met with in the 8,notch10 the ,silver ,cascade is by far the most beautiful2 but to be seen to advantage it should be visited after heavy rains4 ,the stream is scanty1 but its course from among the deep forest1 whence its springs issue into the light1 is one of singular beauty4 ,buried beneath the lofty precipices of the gorge1 after ascending towards the ,pulpit ,rock1 by the side of the turbulent torrent of the ,saco1 the ear is suddenly saluted by soft dashings of this sweetest of cascades2 and a glance upwards reveals its silver streams issuing from the loftiest crests of the mountain1 and leaping from crag to crag1 or spread in a broad thin sheet of liquid light over the edge of some projecting ledge1 till it reaches the road1 across which it passes1 forming a still and transparent pool immediately beneath1 before it joins the ,saco in the depths of the gorge4 ,it is a beautiful vision in the midst of the wildest and most dreary scenery2 and its sudden appearance--for nothing of it is seen till the tourist is immediately under it--is a moment of deep delight to him from the suddenness of the contrast4 ,the lover of nature loves to linger among the wild beauties of this region2 and some of the finest ideas of the ,american painters have been gleaned amongst its solitudes4 ,we believe that the engraving1 from a painting by ,doughty1 will be very interesting to our subscribers4 ,illustration ,,view ,,of ,,new ,,york1 ,,from ,,weehawken4 99 99 99 99 99 ,weehawken is slighted by the traveller ascending to the bolder and brighter glories of the ,highlands above2 and few visit it except-- 8,the prisoner to the city's pent-up air10 who1 making a blest holiday of a summer's afternoon1 crosses thither to set his foot on the green grass1 and mount the rocks for a view of our new-sprung ,babylon and its waters4 ,there is no part of 8the country0 which 8,god made0 so blest in its offices of freshening the spirit1 and giving health to the blood1 as the rural suburb of a metropolis4 ,the free breath drawn there1 the green herb looked on before it is trodden down1 the tree beautiful simply for the freedom of its leaves from the dust of the street1 the humblest bird or the meanest butterfly1 are dispensers of happiness in another measure than falls elsewhere to their lot4 ,most such humble ministers of large blessings have their virtue for 8its own reward20 but it has fallen to the lot of ,weehawken to find a minstrel1 and no mean one1 among those for whose happiness and consolation it seems made to bloom4 ,a merchant-poet1 whose 8works0 stand on shelves in ,wall ,street1 but whose rhymes for pastime live in literature1 and in the hearts of his countrymen1 thus glorifies his suburban ,tempe3-- 8,weehawken6 in thy mountain scenery yet1 ,all we adore of ,nature in her wild ,and frolic hour of infancy1 is met1 ,and never has a summer morning smiled ,upon a lovelier scene than the full eye ,of the enthusiast revels on--when high 8,amid thy forest-solitudes he climbs ,o'er crags that proudly tower above the deep1 ,and knows that sense of danger1 which sublimes ,the breathless moment--when his daring step ,is on the verge o the cliff1 and he can hear ,the low dash of the wave with startled ear1 8,like the death music of his coming doom1 ,and clings to the green turf with desperate force1 ,as the heart clings to life2 and when resume ,the currents in his veins their wonted course ,there lingers a deep feeling1 like the moan ,of wearied ocean when the storm is gone4 8,in such an hour he turns1 and on his view ,ocean1 and earth1 and heaven1 burst before him2 ,clouds slumbering at his feet1 and the clear blue ,of summer's sky in beauty bending o'er him2 ,the city bright below2 and far away ,sparkling in light1 his own romantic bay4 8,tall spire1 and glittering roof1 and battlement1 ,and banners floating in the sunny air1 ,and white sails o'er the calm blue waters bent1 ,green isle1 and circling shore1 are blended there ,in wild reality4 ,when life is old1 ,and many a scene forgot1 the heart will hold 8,its memory of this2 nor lives there one ,whose infant breath was drawn1 or boyhood's days ,of happiness were passed beneath that sun1 ,that in his manhood's prime can calmly gaze ,upon that bay1 or on that mountain stand1 ,nor feel the prouder of his native land40#a ,weehawken is the 8,chalk ,farm0 of ,new ,york1 and a small spot enclosed by rocks1 and open to observation only from the river1 is celebrated as having been the ground on which ,hamilton fought his fatal duel with ,aaron ,burr4 ,a small obelisk was erected on the spot1 by the ,st4 ,andrew's ,society1 to the memory of ,hamilton1 but it has been removed4 ,his body was interred in the churchyard of ,trinity1 in ,broadway1 where his monument now stands4 ,it is to be regretted that the fashion of visiting ,haboken and ,weehawken has yielded to an impression among the 8fashionable0 that it is a vulgar resort4 ,this willingness to relinquish an agreeable promenade because it is enjoyed as well by the poorer classes of society1 is one of those superfine ideas which we imitate from our ,english ancestors1 and in which the more philosophic continentals are so superior to us4 ,what enlivens the ,tuileries and ,st4 ,cloud at ,paris1 the ,monte-,pincio at ,rome1 the ,volksgarten at ,vienna1 and the ,corso and ,villa ,reale at ,naples1 but the presence of innumerable 8vulgarians80 ,they are considered there like the chorus in a pantomime1 as producing all the back-ground effect as necessary to the ensemble4 ,the place would be nothing--would be desolate1 without them2 yet in ,england and ,america it is enough to vulgarize any--the most agreeable resort1 to find it frequented by the 8people60 ----- #a 8,fanny10 a poem1 by ,fitz-,greene ,halleck4 ,illustration ,,president',s ,,house1 7,,from ,,the ,,river47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the residence of the ,chief ,magistrate of the ,united ,states resembles the country-seat of an ,english nobleman1 in its architecture and size2 but it is to be regretted that the parallel ceases when we come to the grounds4 ,by itself it is a commodious and creditable building1 serving its purpose without too much state for a republican country1 yet likely1 as long as the country exists without primogeniture and rank1 to be sufficiently superior to all other dwelling-houses to mark it as the residence of the nation's ruler4 ,the ,president's ,house stands near the centre of an area of some twenty acres1 occupying a very advantageous elevation1 open to the view of the ,potomac1 and about forty-four feet above high water1 and possessing from its balcony one of the loveliest prospects in our country--the junction of the two branches of the ,potomac which border the district1 and the swelling and varied shores beyond of the ,states of ,maryland and ,virginia4 ,the building is one hundred and seventy feet front1 and eighty-six deep1 and is built of white freestone1 with ,ionic pilasters1 comprehending two lofty stories1 with a stone balustrade4 ,the north front is ornamented with a portico1 sustained by four ,ionic columns1 with three columns of projection--the outer intercolumniation affording a shelter for carriages to drive under4 ,the garden-front on the river 7presented in the drawing7 is varied by what is called a rusticated basement-story1 in the ,ionic style1 and by a semi-circular projecting colonnade of six columns1 with two spacious and airy flights of steps leading to a balustrade on the level of the principal story4 ,the interior of the ,president's ,house is well disposed1 and possesses one superb reception-room1 and two oval drawing-rooms1 7one in each story17 of very beautiful proportions4 ,the other rooms are not remarkable2 and there is an inequality in the furniture of the whole house1 7owing to the unwillingness and piecemeal manner with which ,congress votes any monies for its decoration17 which destroys its effect as a comfortable dwelling4 ,the oval rooms are carpeted with ,gobelin tapestry1 worked with the national emblems2 and are altogether in a more consistent style than the other parts of the house4 ,it is to be hoped that ,congress will not always consider the furniture of the ,president's ,house as the scape-goat of all sumptuary and aristocratic sins1 and that we shall soon be able to introduce strangers1 not only to a comfortable and well-appointed1 but to a properly-served and neatly-kept1 presidential mansion4 ,at the present moment 7the last month of ,general ,jackson's administration7 the venerable ,president is confined to his room1 and occupies a small chamber in the second story1 near the centre of the house1 on the front presented in the drawing4 ,in a visit made to him by the writer a few days since1 he was sitting at a table by the side of his bed1 with a loose dressing-gown drawn over his black coat1 and a sheet of half-written paper before him4 ,he rose1 with the pen in his hand1 to receive a lady from another country1 whose introduction to him was the principal object of the visit1 and entered into conversation with that grace and dignified ease which mark his manners so peculiarly4 ,he spoke of his approaching retirement1 and the route he should pursue to reach the ,hermitage1 7his seat in ,tennessee17 and expressed a strong wish to avoid all publicity in his movements1 and to be suffered to pass tranquilly to his retreat4 ,general ,jackson is much changed since a reception given to the writer six years ago4 ,he was then thin and spare1 but stood erect and firm1 and had a look of iron vigour--the effect1 perhaps1 of his military attitude1 and the martial expression of face which belongs to him4 ,he has since lost several of his front teeth1 and though the bold and full under lip still looks as if it could hold up the world on its firm arch1 it is the mouth of an old man1 and in any other face would convey an idea of decrepitude4 ,the fire still burns in the old warrior's eye1 however1 and his straight and abundant white hair1 which has been suffered to grow untrimmed during his illness1 adds to the stern energy which is never wanting even to his most quiet expression4 ,peace and veneration go with him to his retirement6 ,illustration ,,view ,,on ,,the ,,susquehanna1 ,,at ,,liverpool4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the musical ,indian name of this lovely river1 spite of the canals1 rail-roads1 and county towns1 that have supplanted the wild forest1 and the rude wigwam in its valley1 recalls irresistibly to the fancy the associations of aboriginal life1 and the swift but bloody transit from an ,indian hunting-ground to ,european civilization4 ,in the county-town of ,liverpool may be found1 at this day1 all the transcendental marks of national refinement--such as milliners who get the fashions from ,paris1 farmers who drink champagne1 lawyers who dream of the presidency1 and young ladies who read ,shelley and ,chateaubriand2 but it is only forty-five or fifty years ago that the ,susquehanna and the head waters of the ,ohio were ranged by the warlike ,shawanee2 and there was scarce a white man's house west of ,wyoming which had not been the scene1 to a greater or less extent1 of the barbarities we now find it so difficult to realize4 ,among the authentic records of this region of country is a story of the captivity and escape of two children1 which seems to me one of the most curious1 and shows at the same time of what stuff the early settlers of these borders were made4 ,the names of these boys were ,john and ,henry ,johnson1 the former thirteen years of age1 the latter eleven4 ,they had been rambling in the woods at a short distance from home1 and getting tired1 sat down to rest upon a log4 ,after sitting a few minutes1 two ,indians approached1 whom they took for whites1 till they were too close upon them to admit of escape1 and they were made prisoners4 ,the sun set after they had followed their captors for an hour1 and the ,indians kindled a fire1 and sharing with them their roasted meat and parched corn1 lay down to sleep1 each with one of the boys folded in his arms4 ,henry1 the youngest1 had abandoned himself to his grief as they travelled on over the hills1 but the elder kept a stout heart1 and encouraged him with the hope of yet eluding the vigilance of the savages4 ,the practice of terrifying children by threats of the red man with his tomahawk and scalping-knife had filled the mind of the younger1 however1 and he was only pacified when fatigue made the coarse food welcome1 and the heat of the fire and the accustomed hour for repose overcame him with sleep4 ,he lay down with the red arms of the savage around him1 and was soon lost in the deep slumbers of childhood4 ,john1 too1 lay down1 and pretended to sleep2 and in a few minutes1 the ,indian1 who had locked him in his arms1 relaxed his hold4 ,he disengaged himself softly and walked to the fire2 and to try the soundness of their sleep1 he stirred the half-burnt faggots1 and rekindled the blaze4 ,not a limb stirred1 and not a breathing was interrupted4 ,he gently pulled his brother and awoke him1 and they both stood by the fire1 with their captors sleeping soundly at their feet4 8,i think10 said ,john1 smiling1 8we may go home now40 8,they will catch us again10 said the younger1 despairingly4 8,then1 before we go1 we'll kill them10 said the other4 ,the ,indians had one gun1 which rested against a tree1 with their tomahawks on the ground beside it4 ,john reflected a moment1 and then1 getting a rest for the gun upon a decayed log near the head of one of the savages1 he cocked it1 took aim at the ear of the sleeping man1 and then calling to ,henry1 placed his hand on the trigger4 ,ordering him to pull without moving the gun when he gave him a sign1 he took the tomahawk1 and stood astride the ,indian in whose arms he had been encircled4 ,at the given signal he struck1 and the gun was discharged4 ,the blow of the tomahawk descended on the back of his victim's neck1 and he attempted to rise2 but the bold boy repeated his blows1 while the younger one cried out1 8,lay on6--,i've done for this one60 and both the savages were1 in the next moment1 lying motionless before them4 ,the discharge of the gun had carried away the jaw of the other1 and stunned him4 ,they started on their way back1 taking with them the gun and tomahawk as trophies1 and arrived at home just before day-break4 ,the neighbours had all been in search for them1 and when they told their tale1 it was at first disbelieved4 ,john1 however1 had hung up his hat as a mark to find the place1 and led them back the way he had come1 where they found the tomahawked ,indian lying in his blood4 ,the other had disappeared1 but was tracked to a short distance1 where1 as the chronicle quietly expresses it1 8they agreed to leave him1 as he must die at any rate40 ,illustration ,,desert ,,rock ,,lighthouse1 ,,and ,,mountain4 99 99 99 99 99 ,very much the same sort of incredulity with which one reads a traveller's account of the deliciousness of the ,russian summer comes over him1 7malgr all the information to the contrary17 when it is proposed to him to admire any thing so near the cradle of the east wind as ,penobscot ,river4 ,we know1 indeed1 that spring visits that region of the world--as far1 at least1 as the ,british boundary line4 ,we could be made1 upon reflection1 to presume that the grass grows1 and the sun shines there--the farmers are warm in haying-time1 and the flowers come to maturity in season for the bees to provide against winter2 but1 in point of fact1 when ,penobscot ,river is mentioned1 we shudder at our remembrance of the acrid blasts that have swept over us from that quarter1 and image the scenery forth-drest in the drapery so well described by the captain of the ,penobscot whaler--a fog so thick1 that having driven his jack-knife into it on the eve of sailing for the ,pacific1 he found it sticking in the same spot on his return from a three years' cruise4 ,there is beautiful scenery in ,maine1 however2 and ,mr4 ,doughty1 from one of whose pictures the accompanying drawing was taken1 made a tour in search of it1 and filled a portfolio with sketches which 7the most of them7 might belong to any ,tempo for their summer look4 ,they were taken from the neighbourhood of ,desert ,rock1 and within view of ,mount ,desert1 7shown in the drawing17 though the names of their neighbours sound unpromising4 ,such spots as this are expected1 like the knife-grinder1 to have a story to tell1 and this1 unlike the knife-grinder1 answers to expectation4 ,the ,light-house in the foreground stands upon a rock1 about twelve miles from land2 and near it lies a low reef1 hidden at high tides1 with a channel between it and the loftier rock4 ,some years before the erection of the ,light-house1 a homeward-bound vessel ran upon the breakers in a storm1 and went to pieces4 ,the storm having just commenced1 and the sea not running as yet very high1 several of the crew succeeded in getting upon the rock1 where they found a partial shelter under a projecting shelf to leeward4 ,the storm increased in violence1 and after three days of unintermitted fury1 during which they had seen no friendly sail even in the distance1 the miserable survivors1 perishing with hunger1 abandoned themselves to despair4 ,on the fourth night1 they were crowded together in their narrow place of shelter1 their eyes fixed on the black darkness covering the sea1 when a vivid flash of lightning revealed to them a large ship careering straight for the rock1 and apparently in complete ignorance of the danger4 ,in the same instant all was black again1 and they waited in the most breathless agony for the shock4 ,a minute elapsed1 and simultaneously1 with a gleam that made the whole sea as bright as day1 the ship appeared on the crest of a mountain-wave bounding over the reef1 and with one cry from the man at the helm1 as he discovered the rock before him1 she launched into the channel on the breaking wave1 and they heard her no more4 ,they spoke of her to each other as lost1 and betook themselves again to their silent despair4 ,the tempest stilled toward morning1 and the sun rose clear1 and till noon again they bore the gnawings of despairing hunger1 and watched the desolate sea in vain for a passing sail4 ,soon after noon a boat suddenly pulled into the channel between the rocks1 friendly voices hailed the exhausted mariners1 and with daring humanity they were successfully taken off4 ,the ship they had seen in the night was lying-to not far from the opposite side of the rock1 and they were soon on board of her1 where1 with proper treatment1 they recovered from their exhaustion1 and arrived safe in port4 ,the pilot had seen them by the same gleam which revealed to him his danger1 and after being saved by the recoil of the wave1 which threw the ship into the current of the channel between the reefs1 he lay-to till morning1 when finding the vessel had drifted far south of the rock1 he returned upon her course1 and with the first abatement of the waves1 manned his boat for the dangerous service he succeeded in4 ,successful as ,mr4 ,doughty is in sketches of this description1 his forte lies in scenery of a softer and inland character--in the lonely forest-brook1 the misty wood-lake1 the still river1 the heart of the quiet wilderness4 ,in painting these features of ,nature1 he has 7in his peculiar style7 no rivals among ,american painters--perhaps none in ,england4 ,his landscapes can scarcely be appreciated by those who have not seen the untouched and graceful wilderness of ,america2 but of travellers who have1 they touch the heart and fill the memory afresh4 ,he is a most sweet and accomplished artist2 and when the time comes for ,america to be proud of her painters1 ,doughty will be remembered among the first4 ,illustration ,,washington',s ,,house1 ,,at ,,mount ,,vernon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the house erected on this consecrated spot is of wood1 cut in imitation of freestone4 ,the centre part was built by ,lawrence ,washington1 brother to the ,general4 ,the wings were added by ,general ,washington4 ,it is named after ,admiral ,vernon1 in whose expedition the former served4 ,the house is two stories high1 and ninety-six feet in length1 with a portico fronting the river1 extending the whole length of the house1 surmounted with a cupola4 ,the grounds are in the same state as left by ,general ,washington4 ,the house contains on the ground floor1 six rooms1 and a spacious passage3 four of these are of the ordinary size4 ,at the north-east is a large room1 with a handsomely sculptured ceiling1 which contains a marble mantel-piece1 sent to ,general ,washington from ,italy1 and a very fine organ1 on which instrument ,mrs4 ,washington was an accomplished performer4 ,the room at the south-east end of the house is used as a family dining-room1 and contains busts of ,necker1 ,paul ,jones1 and ,general ,washington2 also a handsome library1 fitted in the wall1 with glass cases4 ,the books were chiefly collected by ,general ,washington4 ,the house fronts north-west1 the rear looking to the river4 ,in front of the house is a lawn1 containing five or six acres of ground1 with a serpentine walk around it1 fringed with shrubbery1 and planted with poplars4 ,on each side of the lawn stands a garden2 the one on the right is a flower-garden1 and contains two green-houses1 7one built by ,general ,washington1 the other by ,judge ,washington17 a hothouse1 and a pinery4 ,it is laid out in handsome walks1 with boxwood borders1 remarkable for their beauty4 ,it contains also a quantity of fig-trees1 producing excellent fruit4 ,the other is a kitchen-garden1 containing only fruit and vegetables4 ,about two hundred yards from the house1 in a southerly direction1 stands a summer-house1 on the edge of the river-bank1 which is here lofty and sloping1 and clothed with wood to the water's edge4 ,the summer-house commands a fine prospect of the river and the ,maryland shore2 also of the ,white ,house1 at a distance of five or six miles down the river1 where an engagement took place with the ,british vessels which ascended the river during the last war4 ,the estate1 as owned by ,judge ,washington1 consisted of between three and four thousand acres1 since divided between his nephews4 ,the timber of the woods1 in which the fallow deer once abounded1 is composed of white and black oak1 with dog-wood1 hickory1 ash1 cedar1 c4 ,the soil is thin and rather poor1 cultivated chiefly in ,indian corn1 rye1 barley1 c4 ,there are two fisheries on the place1 where shad and herring are caught in large quantities4 ,mount ,vernon is healthy during all the year except the autumn1 when bilious fevers and agues prevail4 ,a distinguished writer visited ,mount ,vernon some years since1 and gave a more particular account of the grounds than is to be found elsewhere4 8,we were conducted10 he says1 8over long gravel walks1 bordered with box1 which is arranged and trimmed into the most fanciful figures1 and which1 at the age of twenty years and upwards1 still possesses the vigour and freshness of youth4 ,at the extremity of these extensive alleys and pleasure-grounds1 ornamented with fruit-trees and shrubbery1 and clothed in perennial verdure1 stands two hot-houses1 and as many green-houses1 situated in the sunniest part of the garden1 and shielded from the northern winds by a long range of wooden buildings for the accommodation of servants4 ,from the air of a frosty ,december morning1 we were suddenly introduced into the tropical climate of these spacious houses1 where we long sauntered among groves of the coffee-tree1 lemons and oranges1 all in full bearing1 regaling our senses with the flowers and odours of spring4 8,one of the hot-houses is appropriated entirely to rearing the pine-apple1 long rows of which we saw in a flourishing and luxuriant condition4 ,many bushels of lemons and oranges1 of every variety1 are annually grown1 which1 besides furnishing the family with a supply of these fruits at all seasons1 are distributed as delicacies to their friends1 or used to administer to the comfort of their neighbours in cases of sickness4 ,the coffee-plant thrives well1 yields abundantly1 and1 in quality1 is said to be equal to the best ,mocha4 ,the branches under which we walked were laden with the fruit1 fast advancing to maturity4 ,among the more rare plants we saw the night-blowing cereas1 the guava1 aloes of a gigantic growth1 the ,west ,india plantain1 the sweet cassia in bloom1 the prickly pear1 and many others4 8,at every step in these pleasure-grounds1 the thought occurred that the illustrious projector is no more4 ,in passing the house1 the chamber in which he died was pointed out to us2 and imagination1 aided by these memorials1 soon presented the scene in such distinct and vivid colours1 that we seemed almost to follow his remains to the grave40 ,illustration ,,village ,,of ,,little ,,falls1 ,,mohawk ,,river4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this thriving town sits above the north bank of the ,mohawk1 amid some of the most exquisite scenery of the world4 ,the falls afford great facilities for manufactures of all kinds1 and the ,erie canal and rail-road both pass through it1 up the ,valley of the ,mohawk1 making it altogether the busiest spot1 as it is the loveliest on the great route westward4 ,it is impossible to conquer the wildness of the scenery here1 however2 and spite of mills and aqueducts1 and smoking steam-engines1 the soul of the banished ,mohawk might return and haunt with comfort the bold precipices and impassive rocks that frown down upon his ancient abode1 and still find the water untamed1 and the mountains beautiful4 ,of the small relics of ,indian history that exist1 there is a scrap which proves the supremacy of the ,mohawk over even the far-off tribes of ,connecticut4 ,in the year #afef1 a ,podunk ,indian1 named ,weaseapano1 murdered a ,sachem1 who lived near ,mattabeseck1 7now ,middletown47 ,seaquassin1 the existing ,sachem of his tribe1 complained of the outrage to the magistracy of ,connecticut1 and said that the ,podunk ,indians entertained the murderer1 and protected him from the merited punishment4 ,seaquassin1 at the same time1 engaged ,uncas in his cause1 who also complained that ,tontonimo enticed away many of his men1 and protected an ,indian who had murdered a ,mohegan4 ,upon these complaints1 the magistrates summoned the parties before them4 ,seaquassin and ,uncas1 after observing that the murderer was a mean fellow1 and that the man murdered was a great ,sachem1 insisted that ten men1 friends of ,weaseapano1 should be delivered up to be put to death1 as a satisfaction for the crime4 ,tontonimo insisted that the satisfaction demanded was excessive2 particularly as the murdered ,sachem had killed ,weaseapano's uncle4 ,the governor endeavoured to convince the complainants that the demand was excessive1 observing that the ,english1 in cases of murder1 punished only the principal1 and such as were accessary to the crime4 ,tontonimo then proposed to make satisfaction by the payment of wampum1 but it was refused4 ,they fell1 however1 in their demands from ten men to six4 ,the proposition was rejected by ,tontonimo4 ,the magistrates then urged him to deliver up the murderer3 this he promised to do4 ,but while the subject was in agitation1 he privately withdrew from the court with the rest of the ,podunk ,sachems1 and retired to the fortress belonging to his nation4 ,both the magistrates and the complainants were offended at this behaviour of ,tontonimo4 ,however1 the magistrates appointed a committee to persuade the ,indians to continue at peace with each other4 ,at their solicitation1 ,uncas at length consented to accept the murderer1 and promised to be satisfied if he should be delivered up2 but the ,podunk ,indians told the ,english that they could not comply with this condition1 because the friends of ,weaseapano were numerous and powerful1 and would not agree to the proposal4 ,the governor then addressed them in form1 urging them to continue in peace1 and endeavouring to persuade the complainants to accept of wampum4 ,this they again refused1 and withdrew2 after it had been agreed on all hands that the ,english should not take any part in the controversy1 and after the ,indians had promised that they would not injure the persons or possessions of the ,english on either side the river4 ,soon after1 ,uncas assembled an army for the purpose of avenging his wrongs2 but being met near ,hoccanum river by an equal number of the ,podunks1 and considering the issue of a battle as doubtful1 he prudently retired1 after having sent a message to ,tontonimo1 in which he declared1 that if the ,podunk ,sachem persisted in withholding the murderer from justice1 he would send to the ,mohawks to come and destroy both him and his people4 ,not long after1 the crafty ,mohegan accomplished his purpose in the following manner4 ,he sent a trusty warrior1 furnished with some ,mohawk weapons1 to ,podunk1 directing him to set fire in the night to a house near the fort1 and then to leave the weapons on the ground in the vicinity1 and immediately return4 ,the warrior executed his commission4 ,when the ,podunks came in the morning to examine the ruins they found the weapons1 and knowing them to belong to the ,mohawks1 were so alarmed with the apprehension that ,uncas was about to execute his threat1 that they delivered up the murderer1 and sued for peace4 ,illustration ,,harper',s ,,ferry1 7,,from ,,the ,,blue ,,ridge47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the scenery at ,harper's ,ferry is1 perhaps1 the most singularly picturesque in ,america4 ,the ,views already given display its beauties1 as seen from below4 ,to attain that given in the present number1 it was necessary to climb the ,blue ,ridge1 by a narrow winding path1 immediately above the bank of the ,potomac4 ,the view from this lofty summit amply repays the fatigue incurred by its ascent4 ,the junction of the two rivers is immediately beneath the spectator's feet2 and his delighted eye resting first upon the beautiful and thriving village of ,harper's ,ferry1 wanders over the wide and woody plains1 extending to the ,alleghany mountains4 ,president ,jefferson1 who has given the name to a beautiful rock immediately above the village1 has left a powerful description of the scenery of ,harper's ,ferry1 which we shall give to our readers4 8,the passage of the ,potomac through the ,blue ,ridge1 is1 perhaps1 one of the most stupendous scenes in nature4 ,you stand on a very high point of land2 on your right comes up the ,shenandoah1 having ranged along the foot of the mountain a hundred miles to seek a vent4 ,on your left approaches the ,potomac1 in quest of a passage also2 in the moment of their junction1 they rush together against the mountain1 rend it asunder1 and pass off to the sea4 ,the first glance of this scene hurries our senses into the opinion that this earth has been created in time2 that the mountains were formed first1 that the rivers began to flow afterwards1 that in this place particularly they have been dammed up by the ,blue ,ridge of mountains1 and have formed an ocean which filled the whole valley2 that1 continuing to rise1 they have at length broken over at this spot1 and have torn the mountain down from its summit to its base4 ,the piles of rock on each hand1 but particularly on the ,shenandoah--the evident marks of their disrupture and avulsion from their beds by the most powerful agents of nature1 corroborate the impression4 ,but the distant finishing which nature has given to the picture1 is of a very different character2 it is a true contrast to the foreground2 it is as placid and delightful as that is wild and tremendous2 for the mountain being cloven asunder1 she presents to your eye1 through the cleft1 a small catch of smooth blue horizon1 at an infinite distance in the plain country1 inviting you1 as it were1 from the riot and tumult roaring around1 to pass through the breach and participate of the calm below4 ,here the eye ultimately composes itself2 and that way1 too1 the road happens actually to lead4 ,you cross the ,potomac above the junction1 pass along its side through the base of the mountain for three miles1 its terrible precipices hanging in fragments over you1 and1 within about twenty miles1 reach ,fredericktown1 and the fine country round that4 ,this scene is worth a voyage across the ,atlantic2 yet here1 as in the neighbourhood of the ,natural ,bridge1 are people who have passed their lives within half a dozen miles1 and have never been to survey these monuments of a war between rivers and mountains1 which must have shaken the earth itself to its centre40 ,illustration ,,barhydt',s ,,lake1 ,,near ,,saratoga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i drove to ,barhydt's ,lake1 with the accomplished artist whose name is at the bottom of the drawing1 on one of the finest days of early ,september4 ,with a pair of crop ponies1 whose going1 simply1 we acknowledged we had never seen beaten on the smooth roads of ,england1 and a day over our heads of the most inspiriting freshness1 we dashed through the pine woods of ,saratoga in a light waggon1 and pulled up at ,barhydt's door in twenty minutes from leaving the ,springs4 ,the old man sat under his ,dutch stoup1 smoking his pipe1 and suffered us to tie our ponies to his fence without stirring2 and in answer to our inquiries if there was a boat on the lake1 simply nodded an assent1 and pointed to the water's edge4 ,whether this indifference to strangers is indolence merely1 or whether ,herr ,barhydt does not choose to be considered an inn-keeper1 no one is enough in his secrets to divine4 ,he will give you a dram1 or cook you a dinner of trout1 and seems not only indifferent whether you like his fish or his liquor1 but quite as indifferent whether and what you pay him4 ,in his way1 ,herr ,barhydt is kind and courteous4 ,we descended to the lake1 and after pulling up to the upper extremity where the view is taken1 we returned to partake of the old ,dutchman's hospitality1 and have a little conversation with him4 ,among other things1 we asked him if he was aware that he had been put in a book4 8,i've hearn tell on't10 said he2 8a ,mr4 ,wilkins1 or ,watkins1 has writ something about me1 but ,i don't know why4 ,i never did him no harm as ,i know on40 ,we had not the book to show the injured old gentleman his picture1 but as it happens to lie by us now1 and really contains a very literal description of the spot1 we will copy out the extract3-- 8,herr ,barhydt is an old ,dutch settler1 who1 till the mineral springs of ,saratoga were discovered some four miles from his door1 was buried in the depth of a forest unknown to all but the prowling ,indian4 ,the sky is supported above him1 7or looks to be17 by a wilderness of straight columnar pine-shafts1 gigantic in girth1 and with no foliage except at the top1 where they branch out like round tables spread for a banquet in the clouds4 ,a small ear-shaped lake1 sunk as deep into the earth as the firs shoot above it1 and clear and unbroken as a mirror1 save the pearl-spots of the thousand lotuses holding up their cups to the blue eye of heaven1 sleeps beneath his window2 and around him in the forest1 lies1 still unbroken1 the elastic and brown carpet of the faded pine-tassels1 deposited in yearly layers since the continent first rose from the flood1 and rotted a foot beneath the surface to a rich mould that would fatten the ,symplegades to a flower-garden4 ,with his black tarn well stocked with trout1 his bit of a farm in the clearing near by1 and an old ,dutch ,bible1 ,herr ,barhydt lived a life of ,dutch musing1 talked ,dutch to his geese and chickens1 sung ,dutch psalms to the echoes of the mighty forest1 and1 except on his far-between visits to ,albany1 which grew rarer and rarer as the old ,dutch inhabitants dropped faster away1 saw never a white human face from one maple-blossoming to another4 8,a roving mineralogist tasted the waters of ,saratoga1 and1 like the work of a lath-and-plaster ,aladdin1 up sprung a thriving village around the fountain's lip2 and hotels1 tin-tumblers1 and apothecaries1 multiplied in the usual proportion to each other1 but out of all precedent with every thing else for rapidity4 ,libraries1 newspapers1 churches1 livery-stables1 and lawyers1 followed in their train2 and it was soon established1 from the plains of ,abraham to the ,savannahs of ,alabama1 that no person of fashionable taste or broken constitution could exist through the months of ,july and ,august without a visit to the chalybeate springs and populous village of ,saratoga4 ,it contained seven thousand inhabitants before ,herr ,barhydt1 living in his forest seclusion only four miles off1 became aware of its existence4 ,a pair of loons1 philandering about the forest on horseback1 popped in upon him one ,june morning1 and thenceforth there was no rest for the soul of the ,dutchman4 ,everybody rode down to eat his trout1 and make love in the dark shades of his mirrored lagoon2 and1 at last1 in self-defence1 he added a room or two to his shanty1 enclosed his cabbage-garden1 and set a price on his trout dinners4 ,the traveller1 now-a-days1 who has not dined at ,barhydt's1 with his own champagne cold from the tarn1 and the white-headed old settler #8gargling' ,dutch about the house in his maniform vocation of cook1 ostler1 and waiter1 may as well not have seen ,niagara40 ,illustration ,,fair ,,mount ,,gardens1 ,,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the walks here1 though not extensive1 are delightful1 from the views they command over the ,schuylkill4 ,in the early days of ,william ,penn1 this side of the river was covered by a thick wood2 and so late as ,franklin's time1 7who 8frequented it10 says the annalist1 8with his companions1 ,osborne1 ,watson1 and ,ralph107 the banks afforded a secluded and rural retreat1 much resorted to by swimmers4 ,the name of ,schuylkill1 given it by the ,dutch1 is said to express 8,hidden ,river10 as its mouth is not visible in ascending the ,delaware4 ,the ,indians called it by a name1 meaning 8,the ,mother20 and a small branch of the ,schuylkill1 higher up1 called 8,maiden ,creek10 was named by them1 ,ontelaunee1 meaning 8the little daughter of a great mother40 ,the ,schuylkill and ,delaware1 in former days1 were the scenes of feats in swimming and skaiting1 which are not emulated in these graver times4 ,the colonial annals record the achievements of ,george ,tyson1 a fat broker1 weighing one hundred and ninety pounds2 and 8,governor ,mifflin1 and ,joe ,claypoole10 descend on the page of history as the best skaiters of ,pennsylvania4 ,the annalist enters on this theme with great unction4 8,during the old-fashioned winters1 when about ,new-year's day every one expected to see or hear of an ox-roast on the river1 upon the thick-ribbed ice1 which1 without causing much alarm among the thousands moving in all directions upon its surface1 would crack and rend itself by its own weight without separating1 in sounds like thunder1 among the then multitudinous throngs of promenaders1 sliders1 and skaiters1 visible all about the river1 as far as the eye could reach4 ,of the many varieties of skaiters of all colours and sizes mingled together1 and darting about here and there1 upward and downward1 mingled and convolved1 a few were at all times discernible as being decidedly superior to the rest for dexterity1 power1 and grace2 namely1 ,governor ,mifflin1 ,joe ,claypoole1 and others1 not forgetting1 by the way1 a black ,othello1 who1 from his apparent muscle and powerful movement1 might have sprung1 as did the noble ,moor1 from 8men of royal size40 ,in swiftness he had no competitor2 he outstripped the wind2 the play of his elbows in alternate movement with his low-gutter skaites1 while darting forward and uttering occasionally a wild scream peculiar to the ,african race while in active exertion of body1 was very imposing in appearance and effect4 ,of the gentlemen skaiters before enumerated1 ,george ,heyl took the lead in graceful skaiting1 and in superior dexterity in cutting figures and ,high ,dutch within a limited space of ice4 ,on a larger field of glass he might be seen moving about elegantly1 and at perfect ease1 in curve lines1 with folded arms1 being dressed in a red coat1 as was the fashion1 and buckskin tights1 his bright broad skaites in an occasional turn flashing upon the eye4 ,then1 again1 to be pursued by others1 he might be seen suddenly changing to the back and heel-forward movement1 offering them his hand1 and1 at the same time1 eluding their grasp by his dexterous and instantaneous deviations to the right and left1 leaving them to their hard work of striking out after him with all their might and main40 ,among the recorded amusements of ,philadelphia1 however1 the 8,meschianza0 is the most remarkable4 ,this was a tilt and tournament1 with other entertainments1 given to ,sir ,william ,howe1 by the officers of his army1 on quitting his command to return to ,england4 ,the company were embarked on the ,delaware1 in a grand regatta of three divisions2 and with a band of music to each1 and an outer line of barges to keep off the crowd of the uninvited1 they proceeded to the neighbouring country-seat of ,mr4 ,wharton4 ,the tilting-ground was a lawn of one hundred and fifty yards on each side1 lined with troops1 and faced with several pavilions2 and in front of each sat seven young ladies1 dressed in ,turkish costume1 and wearing on their turbans the prizes for the victors4 ,at the sound of a trumpet1 8seven white knights1 habited in white and red silk1 and mounted on grey chargers1 richly caparisoned10 made their appearance1 followed by seven esquires1 and a herald in his robe4 ,after saluting the ladies1 the herald proclaimed their challenge in the name of the 8,knights of the blended ,rose40 ,at the third repetition of the challenge1 a black herald made his appearance1 and accepted the challenge in the name of the 8,knights of the ,burning ,mountain40 ,immediately after entered the black knights1 with tunics representing a mountain in flames1 and the motto1 8,i burn for ever20 and the tournament began4 ,they fought with spears1 pistols1 and swords1 and the contest was long and desperate2 but whether the white or black knights had the victory is not recorded4 ,after the tilt1 the company ascended a flight of steps to a banqueting-room1 and after the banquet1 a ball-room was flung open1 8decked with eighty-five mirrors1 festoons of flowers1 and a light and elegant style of painting40 ,four drawing-rooms on the same floor contained sideboards with refreshments4 ,the knights and their ladies opened the ball1 and at twelve o'clock followed fireworks1 and a supper1 which was spread in a saloon of two hundred and ten by forty feet1 ornamented with fifty-six large pier glasses1 and containing alcoves with side-tables4 ,there were one hundred branch lights1 eighteen lustres1 three hundred wax tapers on the supper tables1 four hundred and thirty covers1 and twelve hundred dishes4 ,they were waited on by a great number of black slaves in oriental dresses1 with silver collars and bracelets4 ,the queen of the 8,meschianza10 concludes the annalist1 with a remark which contains a moral1 8was a once beautiful ,mrs4 ,l----1 now blind and fast waning from the things that be40 ,illustration ,,sing-,,sing ,,prison1 ,,and ,,tappan ,,sea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,american prison is not often a picturesque object1 and1 till late years1 it suggested to the mind of the philanthropist only painful reflections upon the abuses and thwarted ends of penitentiary discipline4 ,to the persevering humanity of ,louis ,dwight1 and to the liberal association that sustained him1 we owe the change in these institutions which enables us to look on them without pain and disgust as places of repentance and reformation1 rather than as schools for vice1 and abodes of neglect and idleness4 ,it is a creditable thing to our country to have led the way in these salutary changes2 and there are many who have felt their patriotism more flattered by the visits of persons from ,europe sent out by their governments to study our systems of prison discipline1 than by many an event sounded through the trumpet of national glory4 ,the ,tappan ,sea spreads its broad waters at this part of the ,hudson1 looking1 like all scenes of pure natural beauty1 as if it was made for a world in which there could neither exist crime nor pain4 ,yet there stands a vast and crowded prison on its shores to remind us of the first--and for the latter1 who ever entered upon these waters without a recollection of poor ,andr8 ,it may be doubted whether in the history of our country the fate of an individual has ever excited more sympathy than his4 ,the rare accomplishments which he possessed1 the natural elegance of his mind1 the unfitness of his open character for the degrading circumstances under which he was taken1 and his mild constancy at the approach of his melancholy fate1 endear him1 without respect to party1 to the memories of all who read his story4 ,andr was taken on the eastern shore of the river at ,tarrytown1 and executed on the opposite side1 at ,tappan4 ,the story of ,captain ,hale has been regarded as parallel to that of ,major ,andr4 ,this young officer had received a university education1 and had but recently taken his degree when the war of the revolution commenced4 ,he possessed genius1 taste1 ardour1 was a distinguished scholar1 and to all this was added1 in an eminent degree1 the winning address and native grace of a gentleman4 ,no young man of his years put forth a finer promise of usefulness and celebrity4 ,upon the first news of the battle of ,lexington1 he obtained a commission in the army1 and marched with his company to ,cambridge1 where his promptness1 activity1 and assiduous attention to discipline1 were early observed4 ,after considerable service1 the theatre of action was changed1 and the army was removed to the southward4 ,the battle of ,long ,island was fought1 and the ,american forces were drawn together in the city of ,new ,york4 ,at this moment it became extremely important for ,washington to know the situation of the ,british army on the heights of ,brooklyn1 its numbers1 and the indications as to its future movements4 ,having expressed a wish to this effect1 ,colonel ,knowlton called together the younger officers1 stated to them the wish of the ,general1 and left it to their reflections1 without naming any individual for the service4 ,the undertaking was particularly hazardous2 but it was immediately determined upon by ,hale1 who resisted all opposition on the part of his friends1 and crossed over the river to the enemy's ground4 ,his disguise was well contrived1 and he had obtained all necessary information1 when he was arrested in the boat by which he was attempting to return4 ,he was taken before the ,british commander1 was condemned as a spy1 and hanged the following morning4 ,the circumstances of his death1 however1 were widely different from those of ,andr4 ,the ,provost-marshal was a refugee1 and behaved towards him in the most unfeeling manner1 refusing him the attendance of a clergyman1 and the use of a ,bible in his last moments1 and destroying the letters he had written to his mother and friends4 ,in the midst of these barbarities ,hale was collected and calm4 ,to the last he displayed his native elevation of soul1 and his dignity of deportment4 8,but10 says a distinguished writer of biography1 8whatever may have been the parallel between these two individuals while living1 it ceased with their death4 ,a monument was raised and consecrated to the memory of ,andr by the bounty of a grateful sovereign4 ,his ashes have been removed from their obscure resting-place1 transported across the ocean1 and deposited with the remains of the illustrious dead in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,where is the memento of the virtues1 the patriotic sacrifice1 the early fate of ,hale80 ,illustration ,,washington1 7,,from ,,the ,,president',s ,,house47 99 99 99 99 99 ,distance lends more enchantment to a view of ,washington than to most other views4 ,covering a good deal of ground1 possessing two or three very fine points in itself1 and lying in the centre of a superb outer circle of scenery1 it has all the qualities which a draftsman could desire for his sketch4 ,thus much was seen or anticipated by the sagacious eye of the great patriot whose name it bears4 ,every one knows1 however1 that the location of the ,president's ,house was the result of after speculation1 or rather the result of a dispute between the owners of estates1 two miles distant from each other1 each desirous of locating all the public buildings on his own land1 but who1 like children quarrelling for a sugar-toy1 pulled the subject of dispute in two4 ,the ,capitol was already placed on one elevation1 and the ,president's ,house carried off two miles to another4 ,the consequence is1 that the town itself1 which1 being a merely legislative metropolis1 could never be very large1 stretches and straddles between these two distant points1 trying in vain to grow into compactness1 and form the continuous and close-built street of a city4 ,the common sagacity acquired by travel is of little use to the stranger arriving for the first time in ,washington4 ,visiting it during the session of ,congress1 he thinks himself very safe in requesting to be set down at the hotel nearest the ,capitol1 presuming1 naturally1 that this must be the great centre of convenience1 as well as of interest4 ,he accordingly takes a pigeon-hole at ,gadsby's ,hotel1 a vast white wooden caravanserai1 accommodating many hundreds of people2 and on the first day1 walks half a mile to the ,capitol1 and wonders why the deuce the hotel was not built on some of the waste lots immediately at the foot of the hill4 ,in a day or two1 however1 the secretaries and diplomatists begin to call on him1 and the party-giving inhabitants shower upon him the 8small rain0 of pink billets4 ,he sets apart a day for returning his visits2 and1 inquiring the addresses of his friends1 is told that it is impossible to direct him1 but the hackney coachmen all know4 ,he calls a carriage1 and the first thing is a drive of two miles directly away from the ,capitol4 ,he passes the ,president's ,house1 and getting off the ,macadamized road1 begins to pitch and plunge through miry lanes and waste lots1 passing occasionally a house which lacks nothing of being in the country but trees1 garden1 and fences4 ,it looks as if it had rained naked brick houses upon an open plain1 and every man had made a street with reference to his own front door4 ,the much shaken and more bewildered victim consumes his morning and his temper1 and has made by dinner-time but six out of forty calls1 all imperatively due1 and all to be traced through the same irregular and ill-defined geography4 ,he pays a price for his hackney coach which would keep a chariot and two posters for twice the time in ,london1 and the next day moves into the disjointed settlement on the other side of ,president's ,square1 abandons the ,capitol1 except on great occasions1 and makes all visits by proxy that are not for a dance1 or a dinner4 ,malgr all these inconveniences1 however1 ,washington is by much the most agreeable place in the ,united ,states for winter society4 ,the great deficiency in all our cities1 the company of highly cultivated and superior men1 is here supplied4 ,female society1 in any city or village1 is seldom wanting in interest or cultivation2 for women refine and elevate themselves with or without the advantages of metropolitan intercourse4 ,but the men of our cities1 devoted usually to one engrossing and depressing pursuit1 have little time and less inclination to form themselves for intellectual intercourse4 ,the ordeal through which a legislator must have come who finds himself at ,washington1 however1 implies force of character at least1 and oftenest1 high talent2 while the leaders and principal opposers of the ruling party1 are1 more necessarily than in any other country1 men of exalted abilities and great experience of men and the world4 ,the smaller lines which define polished society in ,may ,fair1 and the ,faubourg ,st4 ,germain1 may be wanting1 but the stamen and spirit of high and cultivated intercourse1 such as may well please the most fastidious1 is seen in all the society in which the stranger would mingle during the session4 ,illustration ,,view ,,of ,,baltimore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the hospitable and wealthy metropolis of ,maryland owes its location to the principle1 that 8second thoughts are best40 ,the two brothers of ,lord ,baltimore1 one of whom1 ,leonard ,calvert1 had been appointed governor of the province1 landed with his two hundred colonists on the north side of the ,potomac1 and there founded the town of ,st4 ,mary's1 the intended capital of ,maryland4 ,little remains of ,st4 ,mary's now1 though it enjoyed its prospective honours for several years2 and1 as the historian says1 8the worthy burghers cleared the adjacent lands1 lived at peace with their ,indian neighbours1 and dozed away life1 amid their tobacco-fields1 with a comfortable and satisfactory sense of their own mark and importance40 ,the principal event in its history1 is an attack upon it by a certain ,captain ,ingle1 who1 in the course of a rebellion1 seized upon the public records1 and drove the governor over the ,potomac into ,virginia4 ,the first settler within the limits of the present capital1 was a ,mr4 ,gorsuch1 who1 twenty-eight years after the founding of ,st4 ,mary's1 patented some land on ,whetstone ,point1 the present review-ground for the ,baltimore militia4 ,among the earliest who followed1 was ,charles ,carroll1 of ,carrollton1 whose descendant and namesake signed the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,it is recorded that ,charles and ,daniel ,carroll sold the sixty most eligible acres in the town for forty shillings an acre1 which the commissioners paid for in tobacco1 at a penny a pound4 ,it was then surrounded with a board-fence1 with two gates for carriages1 and one for foot passengers2 and 8provision was made to keep this notable rampart in repair40 ,thus ,baltimore grew and prospered1 till at this day it is one of the most enlightened and agreeable capitals of the ,united ,states1 the third in size1 and with a population rising eighty thousand4 ,a humorous antiquarian gives the following sketchy account of it in one of its phases4 8,it was a treat to see this little ,baltimore town just at the termination of the war of ,independence--so conceited1 bustling1 and dbonair--growing up like a saucy chubby boy1 with his dumpling cheeks and short grinning face1 fat and mischievous1 and bursting1 incontinently1 out of his clothes in spite of all the allowance of tucks and broad selvages4 ,market ,street had shot1 like a ,nuremberg snake out of its toy-box1 as far as ,congress ,hall1 with its line of low-browed1 hipped-roofed1 wooden houses1 in disorderly array1 standing forward and back1 after the manner of a regiment of militia1 with many an interval between the files2--some of these structures were painted blue and white1 and some yellow2 and here and there sprang up a more magnificent mansion of brick1 with windows like a multiplication table1 and great wastes of wall between the stories1 with occasional court-yards before them1 and reverential locust-trees1 under whose shade bevies of truant school-boys1 ragged little negroes1 and grotesque chimney-sweeps1 shyed coppers1 and disported themselves at marbles4 8,this avenue was enlivened with apparitions of grave matrons and stirring damsels1 moving erect in stately transit1 like the wooden and pasteboard figures of a puppet-show2 our present grandmothers1 arrayed in gorgeous brocade and taffeta1 luxuriantly displayed over hoops1 with comely bodices1 laced around that ancient piece of armour1 the stay1 disclosing most perilous waists2 and with sleeves that clung to the arm as far as the elbow1 where they took a graceful leave1 in ruffles that stood off like the feathers of a bantam4 ,and such faces as they bore along with them6--so rosy1 so spirited1 and sharp6--with the hair all drawn back over a cushion1 until it lifted the eyebrows1 giving an amazingly fierce and supercilious tone to the countenance1 and falling in cataracts upon the shoulders4 ,then they stepped away with such a mincing gait1 in shoes of many colours1 with formidable points to the toes1 and high and tottering heels1 fancifully cut in wood2 their tower-built hats garnished with tall feathers that waved aristocratically backward at each step1 as if they took a pride in the slow paces of the wearer4 8,in the train of these goodly groups came the beaux and gallants1 who upheld the chivalry of the age2 cavaliers of the old school1 full of starch and powder1 most of them the iron gentlemen of the revolution1 with leather faces--old campaigners1 renowned for long stories1 fresh from the camp1 with their military erectness and daredevil swagger2 proper roystering blades1 who had just got out of the harness1 and began to affect the manners of civil life4 ,who but they6--jolly fellows1 fiery1 and loud6--with stern glances of the eye1 and a brisk turn of the head1 and a swashbuckler strut of defiance1 like game cocks2 all in three-cornered hats and wigs1 and light-coloured coats1 with narrow capes and marvellous long backs1 with the pockets on each hip1 and small-clothes that hardly reached the knee2 and striped stockings1 with great buckles in their shoes1 and their long steel chains that hung conceitedly1 half way to the knee1 with seals in the shape of a sounding board to a pulpit4 ,and they walked with such a stir1 striking their canes so hard upon the pavement1 as to make the little town ring again4 ,i defy all modern coxcombry to produce any thing like it4 ,there was such a relish about it--and particularly when one of these weather-beaten gallants accosted a lady in the street1 with a bow that required a whole side pavement to make it in1 with the scrape of his foot1 and his cane thrust with a flourish under his left arm till it projected behind1 along with his cue1 like the pallisades of a chevaux-de-frize2 and nothing could be more piquant than the lady1 as she reciprocated the salutation with a curtsey that seemed to carry her into the earth1 with her chin bridled to her breast--and such a volume of dignity60 ,illustration ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,exchange ,,and ,,girard',s ,,bank1 ,,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the most accomplished architect of the ,united ,states1 ,william ,strickland1 ,esq41 is a citizen of ,philadelphia2 and to his excellent taste is the city in a great measure indebted for its superiority over the other capitals of our country in the architecture of public buildings4 ,the view seen in the drawing is taken from ,third ,street1 in the business-part of the city1 and presents the rear of the ,exchange1 a new structure by ,mr4 ,strickland1 and the faade of a much older building1 a chaste and beautiful specimen of the ,corinthian order1 occupied many years by the ,united ,states ,bank4 ,it has since been appropriated to the uses of a bank1 of which the entire capital was furnished by ,stephen ,girard1 the wealthiest citizen of ,philadelphia1 lately deceased4 ,the ,exchange 7of which a minute description is given in another part of the work7 is a copy of the choragic monument at ,athens1 commonly called the ,lantern of ,demosthenes4 ,philadelphia is1 and ever has been1 fortunate in her citizens2 and it may be said with truth that there is not a metropolis in the world where the effects of a liberal and enterprising public spirit are so clearly manifest4 ,this is particularly true of all that ministers to the comfort of the inhabitant--such as excellence of markets1 abundance of water1 cleanliness of streets1 baths1 public conveyances1 c4 ,the wooden1 or block pavement1 common in ,russia1 is now under experiment in the principal street1 and promises to add another to the luxuries of the city2 and among the later instances of liberal and refined taste1 is the purchase by the city of a beautiful estate on the banks of the ,schuylkill1 and its appropriation to the purposes of a cemetery4 ,it occupies very high ground1 of an uneven surface1 plentifully shaded with venerable trees1 and is already1 perhaps1 the most lovely burial-place in the world1 after the ,necropolis of ,scutari4 ,philadelphia is the favourite residence of foreigners among us2 and though1 in all its features1 unlike foreign capitals1 it possesses more than all other cities of the ,united ,states1 the advantage of highly educated and refined society4 ,i speak here of that which is constant and resident2 as ,washington1 during the ,session of ,congress1 and ,boston1 during one or two of the hot months1 become in turn the focus of the foreign and floating society of the country4 ,perhaps the climate of ,philadelphia may have had its effect in making it the home of those accustomed to the equable temperatures of the continent2 for ,boston1 nine months of the year1 is uninhabitable from its acrid winds and clammy cold2 and ,washington1 on the other hand1 is unhealthy during a considerable part of the summer4 ,new ,york1 though the metropolis of the country1 is more a place of transit than residence1 to those not engaged in its business or commerce--a result partly of the unhealthfulness of its water and the effluvia of its streets1 but partly1 too1 of the unsettled and shifting character of its society4 ,the commercial prospects of ,philadelphia have brightened lately with the success of ,atlantic steam navigation4 ,hitherto the delay in getting up the ,delaware to a city so far from the sea1 has made competition with ,new ,york in the sailing-packet lines impossible2 but with vessels independent of winds and tides1 the difficulty is obviated1 and the enterprise of her merchants is already at work--companies formed and capital advanced for building steam-ships--and ,philadelphia promises fair to vie with ,new ,york as a grand commercial emporium4 ,the vast internal improvements of ,pennsylvania1 which have gone on nobly for the last few years1 will now have double value1 and aptly meet the wants of the new accession of trade4 ,it has always been a subject of regret that the noble design of ,william ,penn to extend a broad pier along the ,delaware1 the length of the city1 was never carried into effect3 it is the one objection to the admirable arrangement of ,philadelphia4 ,it is to be hoped that1 in the new need for wharf-room1 the liberal spirit of the merchants will remember the wish of the great founder1 and remove the unsightly edifices which now crowd into the river4 ,with a man like ,mr4 ,biddle in the municipality1 no good or great change need be despaired of4 ,illustration ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,front ,,of ,,the ,,capitol ,,at ,,washington4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,capitol presents a very noble appearance1 as the spectator advances to it in the point of view taken by the artist2 and from what is shown of the proportions and size of the building1 a very imposing effect is produced4 ,its height1 the ascending terraces1 the monument and its fountain1 the grand balustrade of freestone which protects the offices below1 and the distinct object which it forms1 standing alone on its lofty site1 combine to make up the impression of grandeur1 in which its architectural defects are lost or forgotten4 ,the waste lands which lie at the foot of ,capitol ,hill might be marshes in the centre of a wilderness for any trace of cultivation about them2 but they are appropriated for a botanical garden1 when ,congress shall find time to order its arrangement and cultivation4 ,this1 however1 and other features of desolation which belong to so thinly settled a metropolis1 are said1 by the defenders of ,washington's foresight1 to answer one of his chief ends1 in the location of the ,capitol far from any commercial centre--that to prevent intimidation or interference from the people1 the legislative capital should be thinly peopled1 and in the power exclusively of the legislators themselves4 ,the district of ,columbia1 accordingly1 which was presented and set apart to the ,general ,congress1 by the different states1 has a sort of civic government1 of which the ,president of the ,united ,states held1 in the first instance1 the office of ,mayor1 and by its distance from the sea1 and the natural independence of its position1 it is impossible it should ever become a commercial or a thickly populated mart4 ,in a little volume written by a descendant of ,washington1 an account is given of the first survey of the ,potomac1 by the great patriot1 with reference to the navigation above tide-water4 8,the canoe1 or pirogue10 says the author1 8in which ,general ,washington and a party of friends first made the survey of the ,potomac1 was hollowed out of a large poplar tree1 on the estate of ,colonel ,johnson1 of ,frederick county1 ,maryland4 ,this humble bark was placed upon a waggon1 hauled to the margin of the ,monocacy river1 launched into the stream1 and there received its honoured freight4 ,the ,general was accompanied by ,governor ,johnson1 one of the first commissioners for the location of the city of ,washington1 and several other gentlemen4 ,at nightfall1 it was usual for the party to land and seek quarters of some of the planters1 or farmers1 who lived near the banks of the river1 in all the pride and comfort of old-fashioned kindliness and hospitality4 ,putting up for a night at a respectable farmer's1 the ,general and the two ,johnsons were shown into a room1 having but two beds4 #8,come1 gentlemen6' said ,washington1 #8who will be my bedfellow8' ,both declined4 ,colonel ,johnson often afterwards declared1 that greatly as he should have felt honoured by such intimacy1 the awe and reverence with which the chief had--inspired him1 even in their daily and unreserved intercourse1 would have made the liberty seem little short of profanation4 8,while the party were exploring in the vicinity of ,harper's ,ferry1 news arrived of the burning at the stake of ,colonel ,crawford1 by the ,indians at ,sandusky4 ,washington became excited to tears at hearing the recital1 for ,crawford had been one of the companions of his early life1 and had often been his rival in athletic exercises4 ,the unfortunate man was brave as a lion1 and had served with great distinction in the war of the revolution4 ,tears soon gave way to indignation1 and ,washington1 pointing to a lofty rock which juts over the stream1 at its remarkable passage through the mountain1 exclaimed1 with a voice tremulous from feeling1 #8,by ,heaven1 were ,i the sole judge of these ,indians1 it would be slight retaliation to hurl every spectator of his death from that height into the abyss4'0 ,to the reader who venerates the name of the great ,patriot1 no anecdote1 however trifling1 told in connexion with the monuments of his greatness1 can be unappropriate or uninteresting4 ,illustration ,,the ,,narrows1 ,,lake ,,george4 99 99 99 99 99 ,between some of its beautiful islands1 and between the islands and the main1 ,lake ,george assumes the character of calm river scenery4 ,from the undisturbed state of the vegetation on the shore1 however1 and the absence of the deposit left by the freshets1 to which running streams are liable1 the scenery is lovelier than that of most rivers1 and differs from them1 as the shores of the tideless ,mediterranean differ from those of the disturbed ,atlantic4 ,there is scarce one of these beautiful islands that has not some association or legend of interest1 and this story is recorded of ,diamond ,island1 the one most visited and admired3--,a party of pleasure had been visiting the island on a little sailing excursion1 and having lingered longer upon that beautiful spot than they were conscious of1 as night drew on1 concluded to encamp for the night1--it being already too late to return to the fort4 8,from the shore where we lay hid10 said ,cane1 8it was easy to watch their motions2 and perceiving their defenceless situation1 as soon as it was dark we set off for the island1 where we found them asleep by their fire1 and discharged our guns among them4 ,several were killed1 among whom was one woman1 who had a sucking child1 which was not hurt4 ,this we put to the breast of its dead mother1 and so we left it4 ,but ,major ,hopkins was only wounded1 his thigh-bone being broken2 he started from his sleep to a rising posture1 when ,i struck him10 said ,barney ,cane1 8with the butt of my gun1 on the side of his head2 he fell over1 but caught on one hand2 ,i then knocked him the other way1 when he caught with the other hand2 a third blow1 and ,i laid him dead4 ,these were all scalped except the infant4 ,in the morning1 a party from the fort went and brought away the dead1 together with one they found alive1 although he was scalped1 and the babe1 which was hanging and sobbing at the bosom of its lifeless mother40 ,even this tale of barbarity to a mother1 yields in horror to the sufferings of ,massy ,harbisson1 from whose journal of captivity1 take for example the following passages2--8,the ,indians1 when they had flogged me away along with them1 took my oldest boy1 a lad of about five years of age1 along with them1 for he was still at the door by my side4 ,my middle little boy1 who was about three years of age1 had by this time obtained a situation by the fire in the house1 and was crying bitterly to me not to go1 and making bitter complaints of the depredations of the savages4 8,but these monsters were not willing to let the child remain behind them2 they took him by the hand to drag him along with them1 but he was so very unwilling to go1 and made such a noise by crying1 that they took him up by the feet1 and dashed his brains out against the threshold of the door4 ,they then scalped and stabbed him1 and left him for dead4 ,when ,i witnessed this inhuman butchery of my own child1 ,i gave a most indescribable and terrific scream1 and felt a dimness come over my eyes next to blindness1 and my senses were nearly gone4 ,the savage then gave me a blow across my head and face1 and brought me to my sight and recollection again4 ,during the whole of this agonizing scene1 ,i kept my infant in my arms4 8,as soon as their murder was effected1 they marched me along to the top of the bank1 about forty or sixty rods1 and there they stopped and divided the plunder they had taken from our house2 and here ,i counted their number1 and found them to be thirty-two1 two of whom were white men1 painted as ,indians4 8,here ,i beheld another hard scene1 for as soon as we had landed1 my little boy1 who was still mourning and lamenting about his little brother1 and who complained that he was injured by the fall in descending the bank1 was murdered4 8,one of the ,indians ordered me along1 probably that ,i should not see the horrid deed about to be perpetrated4 ,the other then took his tomahawk from his side1 and with this instrument of death killed and scalped him4 ,when ,i beheld this second scene of inhuman butchery1 ,i fell to the ground senseless1 with my infant in my arms1 it being under1 and its little hands in the hair of my head4 ,how long ,i remained in this state of insensibility1 ,i know not4 8,the first thing ,i remember was my raising my head from the ground1 and my feeling myself exceedingly overcome with sleep4 ,i cast my eyes around1 and saw the scalp of my dear little boy1 fresh bleeding from his head1 in the hand of one of the savages1 and sunk down to the earth again1 upon my infant child4 ,the first thing ,i remember after witnessing this spectacle of woe1 was the severe blows ,i was receiving from the hands of the savages1 though at this time ,i was unconscious of the injury ,i was sustaining4 ,after a severe castigation1 they assisted me in getting up1 and supported me when up4 8,in the morning one of them left us1 to watch the trail or path we had come1 to see if any white people were pursuing us4 ,during the absence of the ,indian1 who was the one that claimed me1 the other1 who remained with me1 and who was the murderer of my last boy1 took from his bosom his scalp1 and prepared a hoop1 and stretched the scalp upon it4 ,those mothers who have not seen the like done by one of the scalps of their own children1 7and few1 if any1 ever had so much misery to endure17 will be able to form but faint ideas of the feelings which then harrowed up my soul60 ,illustration ,,the ,,natural ,,bridge1 ,,virginia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the description of ,jefferson first attracted the attention of travellers to this remarkable spot1 unequalled probably in the world4 ,of recent descriptions the best is that by ,miss ,martineau1 which is so characteristic and interesting1 that we can add nothing to it4 8,at a mile from the bridge1 the road turns off through a wood4 ,while the stage rolled and jolted along the extremely bad road1 ,mr4 ,l---- and ,i went prying about the whole area of the wood1 poking our horses' noses into every thicket1 and between any two pieces of rock1 that we might be sure not to miss our object2 the driver smiling after us1 whenever he could spare attention from his own not very easy task1 of getting his charge along4 ,with all my attention1 ,i could see no precipice1 and was concluding to follow the road without any more vagaries1 when ,mr4 ,l----1 who was a little in advance1 waived his whip1 as he stood beside his horse1 and said1 #8,here is the bridge6' ,i then perceived that we were nearly over it1 the piled rocks on either hand forming a barrier1 which prevents a careless eye from perceiving the ravine which it spans4 ,i turned to the side of the road1 and rose in my stirrup to look over2 but ,i found it would not do4 ,i went on to the inn1 deposited my horses and returned on foot to the bridge4 8,with all my efforts1 ,i could not look down steadily into what seemed the bottomless abyss of foliage and shadow4 ,from every point of the bridge ,i tried1 and all in vain4 ,i was heated and extremely hungry1 and much vexed at my own weakness4 ,the only way was to go down and look up2 though where the bottom could be1 was past my imagining1 the view from the top seeming to be of foliage below foliage for ever4 8,the way to the glen is through a field opposite the inn1 and down a steep1 rough1 rocky path1 which leads under the bridge1 and a few yards beyond it4 ,i think the finest view of all is from this path1 just before reaching the bridge4 ,the irregular arch of rock1 spanning a chasm of one hundred and sixty feet in height1 and from sixty to ninety in width1 is exquisitely tinted with every shade of grey and brown2 while trees encroach from the sides1 and overhang from the top2 between which and the arch there is an additional depth of fifty-six feet4 ,it was now early in ,july2 the trees were in their brightest and thickest foliage2 and the tall beeches under the arch contrasted their verdure with the grey rock1 and received the gilding of the sunshine1 as it slanted into the ravine1 glittering in the drip from the arch1 and in the splashing and tumbling waters of ,cedar ,creek1 which ran by our feet4 ,swallows were flying about under the arch4 ,what others of their tribe can boast of such a home8 8,we crossed and re-crossed the creek on stepping-stones1 searching out every spot to which any tradition belonged4 ,under the arch1 thirty feet from the water1 the lower part of the letters ,g4 ,w4 may be seen1 carved in the rock4 ,when ,washington was a young man1 he climbed up hither1 to leave this record of his visit4 ,there are other inscriptions1 of the same kind2 and above them a board1 on which are painted the names of two persons1 who have thought it worth while thus to immortalize their feat of climbing highest4 ,but their glory was but transient1 after all4 ,they have been outstripped by a traveller1 whose achievement will probably never be rivalled2 for he would not have accomplished it1 if he could by any means have declined the task4 ,never was a wonderful deed more involuntarily performed4 ,there is no disparagement to the gentleman in saying this3 it is only absolving him from the charge of foolhardiness4 8,this young man1 named ,blacklock1 accompanied by two friends1 visited the ,natural ,bridge2 and1 being seized with the ambition appropriate to the place1 of writing his name highest1 climbed the rock opposite to the part selected by ,washington1 and carved his initials4 ,others have perhaps seen what ,mr4 ,blacklock had overlooked--that it was a place easy to ascend1 but from which it is impossible to come down4 ,he was forty feet or more from the path2 his footing was precarious2 he was weary with holding on1 while carving his name1 and his head began to swim when he saw the impossibility of getting down again4 ,he called to his companions that his only chance was to climb up upon the bridge1 without hesitation or delay4 ,they saw this1 and with anguish agreed between themselves that the chance was a very bare one4 ,they cheered him1 and advised him to look neither up nor down4 ,on he went1 slanting upwards from under the arch1 creeping round a projection1 on which no foothold is visible from below1 and then disappearing in a recess filled up with foliage4 ,long and long they waited1 watching for motion1 and listening for crashing among the trees4 ,he must have been now one hundred and fifty feet above them4 ,at length their eyes were so strained that they could see no more2 and they had almost lost all hope4 ,there was little doubt that he had fallen while behind the trees1 where his body would never be found4 ,they went up to try the chance of looking for him from above4 ,they found him lying insensible on the bridge4 ,he could just remember reaching the top1 when he immediately fainted4 ,one would like to know whether the accident left him a coward1 in respect of climbing1 or whether it strengthened his confidence in his nerves40 ,illustration ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,passaic ,,falls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a description of these beautiful ,falls having been given in another page of the work1 it may be worth while to step a little aside from the immediate subject of the drawing1 in search of historic incident4 ,the annals of ,new ,jersey present nothing more interesting than the military operations of ,washington1 within its border2 and among these stands conspicuous the battle at ,monmouth ,court ,house4 ,on the news of the alliance between ,america and ,france1 the ,british ,government ordered its forces to be concentrated at ,new ,york4 ,the royal army1 in consequence1 evacuated ,philadelphia1 and took up their march through ,new ,jersey1 where ,washington resolved to hazard a battle4 8,the ,british army10 says the historian1 8marched in two divisions1--the van commanded by ,general ,knyphausen1 and the rear by ,lord ,cornwallis2 but the ,british commander-in-chief1 judging that the design of the ,american ,general was to make an attempt on his baggage1 put it under the care of ,general ,knyphausen1 that the rear division1 consisting of the flower of the ,british army1 might be ready to act with vigour4 ,this arrangement being made1 ,general ,knyphausen's division marched1 in pursuance of orders1 at break of day1 on the #bhth of ,june2 but the other division1 under ,lord ,cornwallis1 attended by the ,commander-in-chief1 did not move until eight1 that it might not press too closely on the baggage4 ,general ,lee appeared on the heights of ,freehold1 soon after the ,british had left them2 and1 following them into the plain1 made dispositions for intercepting their covering party in the rear4 ,while he was advancing to the front of a wood1 adjoining the plain1 to reconnoitre the enemy in person1 ,sir ,henry ,clinton was marching back his whole rear division1 to attack the ,americans4 ,lee now perceived that he had mistaken the force which formed the rear of the ,british2 but he still proposed to engage on that ground4 ,while both armies were preparing for action1 ,general ,scott1 mistaking an oblique march of an ,american column for a retreat1 left his position1 and repassed a morass in his rear4 ,lee1 dissatisfied with the ground on which the army was drawn up1 did not correct the error of ,scott1 but directed the whole detachment to repass the morass1 and regain the heights4 ,during this retrograde movement1 the rear of the army1 which at the first firing had thrown off their packs1 and advanced rapidly to the support of the front1 approached the scene of action2 and ,general ,washington1 riding forward1 met the advanced corps1 to his extreme mortification and astonishment1 retiring before the enemy4 ,on coming up to ,lee1 he spoke to him in terms of disapprobation2 but1 though warm1 he lost not for a moment that self-command1 than which1 at so critical a moment1 nothing could be more essential to the command of others4 ,he instantly ordered ,colonel ,stewart's and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ramsay's battalions to form on a piece of ground1 which he judged suitable for giving a check to the enemy2 and1 having directed ,general ,lee to take proper measures with the residue of his force to stop the ,british columns on that ground1 he rode back himself to arrange the rear division of the army4 ,his orders were executed with firmness4 ,a sharp conflict ensued2 and though ,lee was forced from the ground on which he had been placed1 he brought off his troops in good order1 and was then directed to form in the rear of ,englishtown4 ,the check which he had given to the enemy procured time to make a disposition of the left wing1 and second line of the ,american army1 in the wood1 and on the eminence to which ,lee was retreating4 ,lord ,stirling1 who commanded the left wing1 placed some cannon on the eminence1 which1 with the cooperation of some parties of infantry1 effectually stopped the advance of the ,british in that quarter4 ,the enemy attempted to turn the left flank of the ,americans1 but were repulsed4 ,they also made a movement to the right1 but were there repelled by ,general ,greene1 who had taken a very advantageous position4 ,wayne1 advancing with a body of troops1 kept up so severe and well-directed a fire1 that the ,british soon gave way1 and took the position which ,lee had before occupied1 where the action commenced immediately after the arrival of ,general ,washington4 ,here the ,british line was formed on very strong ground4 ,both flanks were secured by the woods and morasses1 and their front could only be reached through a narrow pass4 ,the day had been intensely hot1 and the troops were greatly fatigued2 yet ,general ,washington resolved to renew the engagement4 ,he ordered ,brigadier-,general ,poor1 with his own and the ,carolina brigade1 to gain the enemy's right flank1 while ,woodford1 with his brigade1 should turn their left4 ,the artillery was ordered at the same time to advance and play on them in front4 ,these orders were promptly obeyed2 but there were so many impediments to be overcome1 that before the attack could be commenced1 it was nearly dark4 ,it was therefore thought most advisable to postpone further operations until morning2 and the troops lay on their arms in the field of battle4 ,general ,washington1 who had been exceedingly active through the day1 and entirely regardless of personal danger1 reposed himself at night in his cloak1 under a tree1 in the midst of his soldiers4 ,his intention of renewing the battle was frustrated4 ,the ,british troops marched about midnight1 in such profound silence1 that the most advanced posts1 and those very near1 knew nothing of their departure until morning40 ,illustration ,,northumberland1 ,,on ,,the ,,susquehanna4 7,,at ,,the ,,junction ,,of ,,the ,,east ,,and ,,west ,,branches47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the comfort and prosperity of the towns on this and other central rivers1 in the middle states1 have been dearly bought by the sacrifices of the pioneers1 who went in advance of civilization1 and over whose graves the grass is hardly yet matted with time4 ,it is necessary to look back constantly to the recent date of the chronicles of those border contests1 to realize that centuries have not elapsed since these flourishing fields were contended for1 hand to hand1 by the white and the red man4 ,it was only in #aggh1 that the increasing inroads on the settlements in this part of the country compelled many of the inhabitants to abandon their farms1 and congregate at the rude forts scattered along the frontier1 where they could resist1 to more advantage1 the dangers which threatened them4 ,an exciting tale is recorded of a contest between an old man and two ,indians1 under the following circumstances4 ,david ,morgan1 the hero of the story1 was upwards of sixty years of age4 ,he owned a small farm about a mile from one of the forts2 and on the day of the adventure1 not feeling very well1 he had sent his son and daughter to feed the cattle1 at the deserted barn1 and had gone to bed1 in the fort4 ,as he slept1 he dreamed that he saw his children making towards him1 scalped4 ,the fancy was so vivid1 that he started from his sleep1 and1 finding they had not returned1 took his gun1 and walked out rapidly to find them4 ,he reached the farm in great agitation1 but the children were there1 and he sat down on a log to recover his composure4 ,he had not sat long1 before two ,indians came out of the house1 and made towards his son and daughter1 who were at a little distance1 preparing the ground for melons4 ,fearing to alarm them too much1 and thus deprive them of the power of escaping1 he kept his seat2 and1 in his usual tone of voice1 apprised them of their danger1 and told them to run towards the fort4 ,the savages raised a terrific cry1 and started in pursuit3 but the old man showing himself at the same instant1 they took to the shelter of the trees4 ,morgan then attempted to follow his children2 but in a minute or too1 finding that the savages gained upon him1 he turned to fire4 ,they instantly sprang behind trees1 and the old man did the same1 taking aim at one of the ,indians1 whose refuge1 a small sapling1 did not entirely cover his body4 ,as he was on the point of firing1 the savage felt his exposure1 and dropped behind a prostrate log1 close at his feet4 ,the next instant the reserved shot took effect1 beneath the log1 and the ,indian rolled over1 stabbing himself twice in the breast4 ,having disposed of one of his foes1 ,morgan abandoned the shelter of his tree1 and took to flight4 ,the ,indian pursued1 and the race was continued about sixty yards1 when1 looking over his shoulder1 the old man saw the gun raised1 within a few paces of him4 ,he sprang aside1 and the ball whizzed harmlessly by4 ,it was now a more equal contest2 and ,morgan struck at the ,indian with his gun1 receiving at the same instant a blow from a tomahawk1 which severed one of the fingers from his left hand4 ,they closed immediately1 and the ,indian was thrown2 but overturned the old man1 with a powerful effort2 and1 sitting on his breast1 uttered his yell of victory1 and felt for his knife4 ,a woman's apron1 which he had stolen from the farm-house1 and tied around his waist1 embarrassed him2 and ,morgan seized one of his hands between his teeth1 and1 getting hold1 himself1 of the handle of the knife1 drew it so sharply through the ,indian's fingers1 as to wound him severely4 ,in the struggle1 they regained their feet1 and still retaining his hold on the fingers in his mouth1 ,morgan gave him a stab1 which decided the contest4 ,the savage fell1 and1 afraid that others of the tribe might be lurking near1 the exhausted old man made the best of his way to the fort4 ,a party immediately went out to the spot where the struggle had taken place1 but the fallen ,indian was not to be seen4 ,they tracked him by his blood to a fallen tree1 where he was endeavouring to stanch his wounds with the stolen apron4 ,on their approaching him1 he affected to smile1 and endeavoured to conciliate them1 crying out1 in his broken ,english1 8,how do1 broder8 how do1 broder80 ,there was little mercy in store for him1 however4 ,to the shame of our white race1 it is recorded that 8they tomahawked and scalped him3 and afterwards flaying both him and his companion1 they converted their skins into saddle-seats and pouches60 ,illustration ,,pulpit ,,rock1 ,,white ,,mountains4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the name given to this fine fragment of the ,white ,mountains1 indicates very fairly the favourite vein of association in the minds of the first ,puritan settlers of ,new ,hampshire2 but it looks as much like a pulpit as many other rocks in the bold scenery of ,new ,england1 of which we know at least a dozen by the same name4 ,settled by the same class of stern religionists as ,massachusetts1 ,new ,hampshire has not upon its history the same blot of fanaticism4 ,the tragical era of persecution for witchcraft in ,massachusetts had no corresponding abomination in ,new ,hampshire4 ,the two or three cases on record are rather amusing--particularly that inserted in the historical collections1 under the title of 8,the ,complaint of ,susan ,trimmings1 of ,little ,harbour1 ,piscatagua40 ,the complaint and evidence were as follows3-- 8,on ,lord's-day1 #cjth of ,march1 at night1 going home with ,goodwife ,barton1 she separated from her at the freshet next her house4 ,on her return1 between ,goodman ,evens's and ,robert ,davis's1 she heard a rustling in the woods1 which she at first thought was occasioned by swine2 and presently after1 there did appear to her a woman1 whom she apprehended to be old ,goodwife ,walford4 ,she asked me where my consort was2 ,i answered1 ,i had none4 ,she said1 thy consort is at home by this time3 lend me a pound of cotton4 ,i told her ,i had but two pounds in the house1 and ,i would not spare any to my mother4 ,she said ,i had better have done it2 that my sorrow was great already1 and it should be greater2 for ,i was going a great journey1 but should never come there4 ,she then left me2 and ,i was struck as with a clap of fire on the back1 and she vanished towards the water-side1 in my apprehension1 in the shape of a cat4 ,she had on her head a white linen hood tied under her chin1 and her waistcoat and petticoat were red1 with an old green apron1 and a black hat upon her head40--,taken upon oath1 #ahth ,april1 #afef4 8,her husband 7,oliver7 says1 she came home in a sad condition4 ,she passed by me with her child in her arms1 laid the child on the bed1 sat down on the chest1 and leaned upon her elbow4 ,three times ,i asked her how she did4 ,she could not speak4 ,i took her in my arms and held her up1 and repeated the question4 ,she forced breath1 and something stopped in her throat as if it would have stopped her breath4 ,i unlaced her clothes1 and soon she spake and said1 #8,lord1 have mercy upon me1 this wicked woman will kill me4' ,i asked her what woman8 she said1 ,goodwife ,walford4 ,i tried to persuade her it was only her weakness4 ,she told me no2 and related as above1 that her back was as a flame of fire1 and her lower parts were as it were numb1 and without feeling4 ,i pinched her1 and she felt not4 ,she continued that night1 and the day and night following1 very ill1 and is still bad of her limbs1 and complains still daily of it4 8,a witness deposed1 ,june #afef1 that he was at ,goodman ,walford's1 #cjth ,march1 #afef1 at the time mentioned by ,mrs4 ,trimmings1 and that ,goodwife ,walford was at home till quite dark1 as well as she ever was in her life4 8,nicholas ,rowe testified that ,jane ,walford1 shortly after she was accused1 came to the deponent in bed in the evening1 and put her hand upon his breast1 so that he could not speak1 and was in great pain till the next day4 ,by the light of the fire in the next room it appeared to be ,goody ,walford1 but she did not speak4 ,she repeated her visit about a week after1 and did as before1 but said nothing4 8,eliza ,barton deposed that she saw ,susannah ,trimmings at the time she was ill1 and her face was coloured and spotted with several colours4 ,she told the deponent the story1 who replied1 that it was nothing but her fantasy2 her eyes looked as if they had been scalded4 8,john ,puddington deposed that three years since1 ,goodwife ,walford came to his mother's4 ,she said that her own husband called her an old witch2 and when she came to her cattle1 her husband would bid her begone1 for she did overlook the cattle2 which is as much as to say1 in our country1 bewitching4 8,agnes ,puddington deposes1 that1 on the #aath of ,april1 #afef1 the wife of ,w4 ,evens came to her house1 and lay there all night2 and a little after sun-set1 the deponent saw a yellowish cat2 and ,mrs4 ,e4 said she was followed by a cat wherever she went4 ,john came and saw a cat in the garden--took down his gun to shoot her2 the cat got up on a tree1 and the gun would not take fire1 and afterwards would not stand cocked4 ,she afterwards saw three cats2 the yellow one vanished away on a plain ground2 she could not tell which way they went4 8,john ,puddington testifies to the same effect4 8,three other deponents say they heard ,eliza1 the wife of ,nicholas ,rowe1 say1 that there were three men witches at ,strawberry ,bank2 one was ,thomas ,lurpin1 who was drowned2 another1 old ,hans2 and the third should be #8nameless1' because he should be blameless4 ,goodwife ,walford was bound over to the next ,court4 8,court of ,associates1 ,june1 #afef4 8,jane ,walford being brought to this court upon suspicion of being a witch1 is to continue bound until the next court1 to be responsive4 8,this complaint was probably dropped at the next term4 ,goodwife ,walford brought an action of slander in the ,county ,court1 #bb;d of ,march1 #affi1 against one ,robert ,coutch1 and laid her damages at one thousand pounds4 8,declaration in an action of slander for saying that the said ,jane was a witch1 and he could prove her one1 which is greatly to her damage4 8,verdict for plaintiff1 ,walford1 five pounds1 and costs of court40 ,illustration ,,view ,,of ,,hudson1 ,,and ,,the ,,catskill ,,mountains4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a wedge-shaped promontory1 or bluff1 pushes forward to the river at this spot2 and on its summit1 which widens into a noble plain1 stands the city of ,hudson4 ,the business of the place is chiefly done in a simple street1 which runs at eight angles from the river4 ,its growth at first was remarkably rapid2 but the resources of the surrounding country were found inadequate to second its prosperity1 and its trade has accordingly been nearly stationary for a number of years4 ,the enterprise of the citizens1 however1 has found a new source of wealth in the whale fishery4 ,it is supposed that the ,halve-,mane1 the vessel in which the great discoverer made his first passage up the ,hudson1 reached no farther than two leagues above the city which bears his name1 and that the remainder of the exploring voyage was made in the shallop4 ,his reception here was in the highest degree hospitable4 8,he went on shore in one of their canoes1 with an old ,indian1 who was the chief of forty men1 and seventeen women2 these he saw in a house made of the bark of trees1 exceedingly smooth and well-finished within and without4 ,he found a great quantity of ,indian corn and beans1 enough of which were drying near the house to have loaded three ships1 besides what was growing on the fields4 ,on coming to the house1 two mats were spread to sit on1 eatables were brought in1 in red bowls1 well made2 and two men were sent off with bows and arrows1 who soon returned with two pigeons4 ,they also killed a fat dog1 and skinned it with shells4 ,they expected their visitors would remain during the night1 but the latter determined to return on board4 ,the natives were exceedingly kind and good-tempered2 for when they discovered ,hudson's determination to proceed on board1 they1 imagining it proceeded from fear of their bows and arrows1 broke them to pieces1 and threw them into the fire40 ,on his return down the river1 ,hudson stopped again for four days opposite the site of the future city4 ,the historical collections give a very particular account of every day's movements in this interesting voyage4 8,on the report of those whom he had sent to explore the river10 says the historian1 8,hudson found that it would be useless to proceed with his ship any farther1 or to delay his return4 ,he had passed several days in a profitable traffic1 and a friendly intercourse with the natives2 among whom were probably those from each side of the river--the ,mahicanni1 as well as the ,mohawks4 ,at noon of the #bc;d of ,september1 he therefore went down six miles to a shoal3 having but little wind1 the tide laid his ship on the bar until the flood came1 when she crossed it1 and was anchored for the night4 8,the next day1 after proceeding seven or eight leagues1 she grounded on a bank of ooze in the middle of the river1 where she was detained till the ensuing morning1 when the flood1 at ten o'clock1 enabled ,hudson to anchor her in deep water4 ,thus the ship once more was interrupted in her passage opposite the spot where a city now commemorates the name of ,hudson4 8,here he remained1 by reason of adverse winds1 four days4 ,on the day of his arrival1 #8they went on land and gathered good store of chestnuts2' but whether on the east or west side of the river1 is not mentioned4 ,but the day following they went on land1 #8to walk on the west side of the river1 and found good ground for corn1 and other garden herbs1 with good store of goodly oaks and walnut-trees1 and chestnut-trees1 yew-trees1 and trees of sweet wood1 in great abundance1 and great store of slate for houses1 and other good stones4' ,nothing is said of any inhabitants while they were thus visiting the site1 which is now that of the village of ,athens1 opposite ,hudson4 ,but1 next morning 7#bfth71 after the carpenter1 mate1 and four of the company1 had gone on shore to cut wood1 while the vessel lay at anchor1 two canoes came up the river from the place where they first found #8loving people1' 7,catskill landing17 and in one of them was the old chief whom ,hudson had caused to be made intoxicated at ,albany4 ,he had followed our strange visitors thirty miles1 to the base of the ,catskill mountains1 with the double view of again testifying to ,hudson the sincerity of his friendship1 and of gratifying the love of the marvellous1 by relating his own adventures to the mountaineers1 and drawing them from their retreat to witness the floating phenomenon4 ,the old chief now introduced with him #8an old man1 who brought more stropes of beads1 and gave them to our master1 and showed him all the country thereabout1 as though it were at his command6' ,they tarried1 greatly pleased with the unaccountable curiosities they discovered on board4 ,hudson #8made the two old men dine with him1 and the old man's wife2 for they brought two old women1 and two young maidens of the age of sixteen or seventeen years with them1 who behaved themselves very modestly4' 8,after dinner1 and upon exchange of presents1 the guests retired1 inviting ,hudson by signs to come down to them2 for the ship was within two leagues of the place where they dwelt40 ,the concluding circumstances of this interesting return down the ,hudson1 will accompany another view in the series4 ,illustration ,,scene ,,among ,,the ,,highlands1 ,,on ,,lake ,,george4 99 99 99 99 99 ,having dwelt upon the scenery of this celebrated ,lake in other pages of this work1 let us glance here at the events which took place upon its borders during the war between the ,french and the ,british colonies1 in #agee4 ,the ,baron de ,dieskau had arrived from ,france1 in company with ,de ,vaudreuil1 ,governor ,general of ,canada1 bringing with him three thousand regular troops1 destined to make war on the ,english colonies4 ,landing at ,quebec1 his first instructions were to reduce ,osnego1 but intelligence reaching the ,governor that a considerable force was collecting at ,lake ,sacrament 7now ,lake ,george7 with the probable intention of invading ,canada1 ,baron ,dieskau changed his route1 and proceeded up ,lake ,champlain4 ,the provincial army was commanded by ,colonel1 afterwards ,sir ,william1 ,johnson2 and it was in alliance with a considerable body of ,indians1 under the command of the celebrated chief ,hendrick1 the great ,mohawk ,sachem4 ,in ,johnson's official report he is called 8a valiant warrior1 and a faithful friend40 ,after a fruitless attempt to surprise and take ,fort ,edward1 ,dieskau advanced toward the head of ,lake ,george4 ,on the first intimation of his approach1 a council of war was called by ,colonel ,johnson1 and it was determined that a party should go out to meet him4 ,the number of men fixed upon was mentioned by ,johnson to ,hendrick4 ,the ,sachem replied1 8,if they are to fight1 they are too few2 if they are to be killed1 they are too many40 ,the number was accordingly increased4 ,general ,johnson1 also1 proposed to divide them into three parties4 ,hendrick took three sticks1 and putting them together1 said to him1 8,put these together1 and you cannot break them2 take them one by one1 and you will break them easily40 ,the hint succeeded1 and ,hendrick's sticks probably saved the whole army from destruction4 ,the detached party consisted of twelve hundred1 commanded by ,colonel ,williams4 ,he met the enemy about four miles from ,lake ,george4 ,dieskau had been informed of his approach by scouts1 and arranged his men on both sides of the road in a half-moon1 to receive him4 ,the whole country was a forest1 and ,williams impetuously marched directly into the hollow4 ,at the same instant1 a tremendous fire was opened on him in front1 and on both his flanks2 and ,johnson and ,hendrick fell among the heaps of the slain1 the latter displaying the highest courage and valour4 ,his death was embittered by the disgrace of receiving the mortal wound in his back1 and his last breath was spent in lamenting it4 ,the overpowered detachment fell back in good order upon the entrenchments1 and the enemy advanced to the position of ,general ,johnson1 which was upon the shore of ,lake ,george4 ,they began the engagement by firing in platoons upon the centre1 but did little injury4 ,after an hour or two of manuvering and skirmishing1 the ,english leaped over their breast-works1 and charged upon the enemy4 ,they broke1 and fled in every direction2 and ,dieskau was found by a soldier1 resting on a stump1 with scarcely an attendant4 ,as he was feeling for his watch to give it to the soldier1 the man1 thinking he was feeling for a pistol1 discharged his musket through his hips4 ,he was carried into camp in a blanket by eight men1 with the greatest care and tenderness1 but in extreme agony4 ,for some reason or other1 the flying enemy was not pursued1 and few were taken prisoners4 ,they had fought with great bravery1 and had kept the field till one-third of their number was cut down--a thousand being left dead on the field4 ,on their retreat1 the ,french army was met by a party of provincial militia1 amounting in all to a hundred and fifty men4 ,with the loss of only six men1 7among whom was the second in command1 ,captain ,m',ginnes17 this small body of men succeeded in driving the ,french from their ground1 and possessing themselves of all the ammunition and baggage of the flying army4 ,his ,majesty was so well pleased with the result of this battle1 that he created ,general ,johnson a baronet1 and ,parliament voted him a present of #ejjjl4 ,the ,sachem ,hendrick had lived a life of unsullied bravery1 and died fighting gallantly4 ,he was at this time from sixty to seventy years of age4 ,his head was covered with white locks1 and1 what is uncommon among ,indians1 he was corpulent4 ,immediately before the march1 he mounted a rock and addressed his people4 ,he had a voice of great depth and power1 and could be heard distinctly half a mile4 ,his eloquence is represented as fiery and impressive to a degree1 unusual even among this nation of orators4 ,it is said1 that when his death was announced to his son1 the young chief gave a single groan2 but immediately recovered himself1 and striking his hand on his breast1 rose with great dignity and said1 his father was still alive in his son's bosom4 ,dieskau was conveyed from ,albany to ,new ,york1 and thence to ,england1 where he soon after died4 ,illustration ,,schuylkill ,,water-,,works1 ,,at ,,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,water-works of ,philadelphia rank among the most noble public undertakings of the world4 ,the paucity of water in the city first set to work the sagacious mind of ,dr4 ,franklin1 who1 by will1 bequeathed a portion of a long accumulated legacy to bring a greater supply of this necessary element from ,wissahiccon ,creek4 ,this was found1 after a while1 to be insufficient2 and a plan was proposed1 and carried into operation1 to form a reservoir on the east bank of the ,schuylkill1 from which water was to be thrown by a steam-engine into a tunnel1 conveyed to a central position1 and raised by a second engine to a higher reservoir1 which supplied all the pipes in the city4 ,an experience of ten years satisfied the corporation that a sufficient supply could not be obtained by this method4 ,the steam-engines were liable to frequent accidents1 and the derangement of one stopped the supply of the whole city4 ,after several other futile experiments1 the present extensive yet simple water-works were proposed1 and three hundred and fifty thousand dollars voted at once by the city corporation for the commencement of the undertaking4 ,the ,schuylkill opposite ,philadelphia1 is about nine hundred feet in breadth4 ,it is subject to sudden freshets1 7an ,american word1 unknown in this use in ,england1 and meaning an overflow of a river current17 but its average depth is thirty feet at high water4 ,it was necessary to back the river up about six miles2 and a dam was then created by cribs and masonry1 running diagonally across1 with several ingenious contrivances to prevent damage by ice and spring freshets4 ,a overfall of one thousand two hundred and four feet1 forming a beautiful feature of the scenery1 is thus created1 and a water-power upon the wheels sufficient to raise eleven millions of gallons in twenty-four hours4 ,the reservoirs1 elevated above the top of the highest house in the city1 crown the ornamental hill which overhangs the river at this place2 and water can thus be conveyed to every quarter of ,philadelphia1 and made to spring1 as if by a magic touch1 in the highest chamber of the inhabitant4 ,it is of a deliciously soft and pleasant quality2 and those who are habituated to wash in the 8city of brotherly love10 are spoiled for the less agreeable lavations afforded by other towns in ,america4 ,fair ,mount is a beautiful spot2 and standing1 as it does1 just on the skirt of the town1 it serves the additional use of a place of pleasant and healthful public resort4 ,the buildings containing the pump-rooms have considerable pretensions to architecture2 and the faades and galleries extend along the river1 forming a showy object from every point of view1 but from the absence of any grand design in the whole1 failing of a general fine effect1 and presenting what a ,londoner would call rather a teagardenish appearance4 ,steps and terraces conduct to the reservoirs1 and thence the view over the ornamented grounds of the country seats opposite1 and of a very picturesque and uneven country beyond1 is exceedingly attractive4 ,below1 the court of the principal building is laid out with gravel walks1 and ornamented with fountains and flowering trees2 and within the edifice there is a public drawing-room1 of neat design and furniture2 while in another wing are elegant refreshment-rooms--and1 in short1 all the appliances and means of a place of public amusement4 ,it may as well be remarked here1 that this last advantage is less improved in ,america than it would be in any other country4 ,the ,water-works of ,fair ,mount1 though within fifteen minutes' walk of every citizen's dwelling in ,philadelphia1 are 7comparatively to its capacities7 unfrequented4 ,in several visits made to them in fine weather1 we scarce saw more than three or four persons in the grounds2 and those seemed looking for other company1 more than enjoying the refreshing fountains and lovely prospects around them4 ,as a people1 we have no habit of amusement in ,america4 ,business and repose are the only two states of existence we know4 ,how far ,europeans have the better of us in this respect--how much our morals improve1 or our health suffers1 from the distaste for places of public relaxation and resort1 are questions the political economists have not yet condescended to settle4 ,illustration ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,bank1 ,,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is one of those chaste and beautiful buildings which have given the public architecture of ,philadelphia a superiority over that of every other city of our country4 ,it needs but that its fair marble should be weather-fretted and stained1 to express perfectly to the eye the model of one of the most graceful temples of antiquity4 ,the severe simplicity of taste which breathes through this ,greek model1 however1 is not adapted to private buildings2 and in a certain kind of simplicity1 or rather of want of ornament1 lies the fault found by every eye in the domestic architecture of this city4 ,the chess-board regularity of the streets1 so embarrassing to a stranger1 as well as tiresome to the gaze1 require a more varied1 if not a more ornate style4 ,the hundreds of houses that resemble each other in every distinguishable particular1 occasion a bewilderment and fatigue to the unaccustomed eye1 which a citizen of ,philadelphia can scarcely comprehend4 ,the uniformity and plainness which ,william ,penn has bequeathed in such an abiding legacy to ,philadelphia1 however1 is seen but by a faint penumbra in the dress of the inhabitants1 or in their equipages1 style of living1 and costliness of furniture and entertainment4 ,a faint shadow of original simplicity there still certainly exists1 visible through all the departures from the spirit of ,quakerism2 and it is a leaven of taste and elegance in the ferment of luxury which has given ,philadelphia emphatically a character for refinement4 ,a more delightful temper and tone of society1 a more enjoyable state of the exercise and mode of hospitality1 or a more comfortable metropolis to live in1 certainly does not exist this side the water4 ,a ,european would prefer ,philadelphia to every other residence in the ,united ,states4 ,is it possible to realize1 that1 on the site of this refined capital1 only a hundred and fifty years ago1 lived a people in such strong contrast to the above1 7save only in hospitality17 as are described by ,william ,penn in the following terms6-- 8,the natives ,i shall consider in their persons1 language1 manners1 religion1 and government1 with my sense of their original4 ,for their persons1 they are generally tall1 straight1 well-built1 and of singular proportion2 they tread strong and clever1 and mostly walk with a lofty chin4 ,of complexion1 black1 but by design1 as the gypsies in ,england3 they grease themselves with bear's fat1 clarified2 and using no defence against sun or weather1 their skins must needs be swarthy4 ,their eye is little and black1 not unlike a straight-looked ,jew4 ,the thick lip and flat nose1 so frequent with the ,east ,indians and ,blacks1 are not common to them2 many of them have fine ,roman noses4 8,their language is lofty1 yet narrow2 but like the ,hebrew1 in signification full4 ,like short-hand in writing1 one word serveth in the place of three1 and the rest are supplied by the understanding of the hearer2 imperfect in their tenses1 wanting in their moods1 participles1 adverbs1 conjunctions1 and interjections4 8,of their customs and manners there is much to be said3 ,i will begin with children4 ,so soon as they are born1 they wash them in water2 and while very young1 and in cold weather1 they plunge them in the rivers1 to harden and embolden them4 ,the children will go very young--at nine months1 commonly3 if boys1 they go a fishing till ripe for the woods1 which is about fifteen2 then they hunt1 and after having given some proofs of their manhood by a good return of skins1 they may marry2 else it is a shame to think of a wife4 ,the girls stay with their mothers1 and help to hoe the ground1 plant corn1 and carry burdens3 and they do well to use them to that young1 which they must do when they are old2 for the wives are the true servants of the husbands1 otherwise the men are very affectionate to them4 8,when the young women are fit for marriage1 they wear something upon their heads for an advertisement1 but so as their faces are hardly to be seen but when they please4 ,the age they marry at1 if women1 is about thirteen and fourteen2 if men1 seventeen and eighteen2 they are rarely elder4 8,their houses are mats1 or barks of trees1 set on poles1 in the fashion of an ,english barn1 but out of the power of the winds1 for they are hardly higher than a man3 they lie on reeds1 or grass4 ,in travel1 they lodge in the woods1 about a great fire1 with the mantle of duffils they wear by day wrapt about them1 and a few boughs stuck round them4 8,their diet is maize1 or ,indian corn1 divers ways prepared2 sometimes roasted in the ashes2 sometimes beaten and boiled with water1 which they call homine2 they also make cakes not unpleasant to eat4 ,they have likewise several sorts of beans and peas that are good nourishment2 and the woods and rivers are their larder40 ,illustration ,,brock',s ,,monument ,,from ,,the ,,american ,,side4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lewiston is seldom seen to advantage by the traveller1 who1 in his eagerness to reach ,niagara1 if going thither1 or in the fulness of his recollections1 if returning1 pays it very little attention4 ,the village itself is as dull and indifferent-looking a place as one would chance to see2 but it stands at the outlet of ,niagara river into ,lake ,ontario1 and its neighbourhood on all sides is picturesque and beautiful4 ,across the river1 on the heights of ,queenstown1 stands the ,monument of ,general ,brock1 who died fighting very gallantly on this spot4 ,a slight resumer of the hard-fought battle of ,queenstown1 which was creditable to the courage and spirit of both countries1 will be in place accompanying this view4 ,the ,american forces on the ,niagara river consisted of about five thousand eight hundred men1 under the command of ,colonel ,van ,rensselaer4 ,eighteen hundred of these were at ,black ,rock1 twenty-eight miles distant1 and the remainder at ,fort ,niagara1 under the ,general's personal command4 ,several skirmishes on the ,st4 ,lawrence had resulted in favour of the ,americans1 and the forces at ,lewiston were very anxious to have an opportunity for action4 ,directly opposite to the camp1 on the other side of the river1 lay ,queenstown1 strongly fortified1 and garrisoned by a large force1 waiting the orders of ,general ,brock1 then in ,michigan4 ,it was supposed that preparations were making for a general attack on the frontier4 ,the possession of this place was considered very important to the ,americans1 as it was the port for all the merchandise of the country above1 and a dept of public stores for the line of ,english posts on ,niagara and ,detroit rivers4 ,it has besides1 an excellent harbour1 and good anchorage4 ,an attack on ,queenstown was projected for the night of the #aath of ,october4 ,it failed1 however1 in consequence of a tremendous storm1 and of the loss of a boat containing all the oars for the ferriage4 ,better arrangements were completed by the night of the #abth1 and on the morning of the #acth1 three hundred regular troops1 and three hundred militia1 were ready at dawn of day to cross to the attack4 ,the river here is one sheet of violent eddies1 and the boating very difficult and laborious4 ,a battery1 mounting two eighteen-pounders and two sixes1 protected the embarkation1 and the boats put off4 ,the enemy had been apprised of these preparations1 and a brisk fire of musquetry immediately opened along the shore1 on the ,canada side1 which1 from the slow progress of the boats1 did great execution4 ,one of the boats was hit by a grape shot1 which threw the pilot and oarsmen into such confusion1 that they were carried down by the stream and obliged to return1 and two others dropped below the landing1 and fell into the hands of the enemy4 ,colonel ,van ,rensselaer1 however1 succeeded in landing with about a hundred men1 under a tremendous fire1 and immediately ascended the precipitous bank of the river4 ,before reaching the summit1 he received four balls1 and two of his officers were killed1 and three wounded4 ,retiring under the shelter of the bank1 ,colonel ,van ,rensselaer had still sufficient strength to give the order for storming the fort2 and about sixty men1 commanded by ,captain ,ogilvie1 seconded by ,captain ,wool1 who was previously wounded1 mounted the rocks on the right of the fort1 gave three cheers1 and with three desperate charges obtained entire possession2 they then carried the heights1 and spiked the cannon4 ,reinforcements had by this time crossed the river1 and the ,americans formed on the heights1 under the command of ,colonel ,christie4 ,general ,brock1 who was on his way to ,queenstown1 having been met by an express1 arrived with a reinforcement of regulars from ,fort ,george1 and immediately led his men into the rear of the captured battery4 ,captain ,wool detached one hundred and sixty men to meet him1 but the detachment was driven back4 ,it was reinforced once more1 and driven again to the brow of the precipice overhanging the river4 ,an ,american officer at this time1 despairing of the attempt1 was about raising a white handkerchief on a bayonet1 when ,captain ,wool tore it off1 and ordered the men once more to charge4 ,at this moment1 ,colonel ,christie came up with a reinforcement1 and repeating ,captain ,wool's orders1 the ,american force1 amounting then to about three hundred1 pushed forward and entirely routed the ,british #dith1 who were aided by the #dast1 and who had hitherto been called the ,egyptian ,invincibles4 ,general ,brock was attempting to rally these two regiments1 when he received three balls1 and died almost immediately4 ,the ,british formed again in an hour or two1 and were reinforced by several hundred ,indians from ,chippeway1 and other regiments of their own from other posts4 ,attempting to re-embark and retreat before a force so much superior1 the boats were found insufficient1 and the ,american regiments1 after fighting nearly twelve hours1 surrendered prisoners of war1 to the number of seven hundred4 ,on the burial of ,general ,brock the succeeding day1 the batteries on the ,american side fired during the ceremony1 as a tribute of respect to a gallant soldier4 ,illustration ,,village ,,of ,,catskill1 ,,hudson ,,river4 99 99 99 99 99 ,catskill is more known as the landing-place for travellers bound to the mountains above1 than for any remarkable events in its own history1 or any singular beauties in itself4 ,it is a thrifty little village1 in which the most prosperous vocations are those of inn-keeper and stage-proprietor1 and1 during the summer months1 these two crafts at ,catskill entertain and transport to the hotel on the mountain half the population of the ,united ,states--more or less4 ,the crowded steamers stop at the landing on their way up and down2 and a busier scene than is presented on the wharf twice in the day1 for a minute and a half1 could not easily be found4 ,i have often thought in passing1 of the contrast between these numerous advents and the landing of ,hendrick ,hudson on this very spot1 in his voyage of discovery up the river4 ,he found here1 he says1 8a very loving people1 and a very old man10 by whom he and his crew were very kindly entertained4 ,from the first step of a white man's foot on the soil to the crowded rush of passengers from a steam-boat--from a savage wilderness to the height of civilization and science1 it is but a little more than two hundred years of rapid history4 ,compare the old ,indian canoe in which ,hudson went from his vessel to the land1 with a steamer carrying on its deck near a thousand souls2 compare the untutored population which then swarmed upon the shore to the cultivated and refined crowds who come and go in thousands on the same spot1 and the contrast is as astonishing as the extinction of the aboriginal race is melancholy4 ,it is surprising how few details connected with the races that inhabited the older settlements of our country are reached even by the researches of ,historical ,societies4 ,the materials for the future poets and historians of ,america1 are1 in this department1 singularly meagre1 though it might almost be supposed that the very tracks of the retreating tribes might at this early day be still visible on the soil4 ,wherever any particulars of the intercourse between the first settlers and the ,indians are preserved1 they are highly curious1 and often very diverting4 ,in a book on the settlements of this country1 written by ,capt4 ,nathaniel ,uring1 who visited it in #agji1 there is an amusing story connected with the history of one of the forts1 built1 by permission of the ,indians1 to secure the settlers against sudden incursion4 8,it happened one day10 says the ,captain1 relating the story as it was told him by the ,governor1 8as the carpenter was cutting down a large timber-tree for the use of the fort1 that great numbers of ,indians stood round it1 gazing1 and admiring the wonderful dexterity of the carpenter1 and greatly surprised at the manner of cutting it2 having1 before the arrival of the ,europeans1 never seen an axe1 or any such like tools4 ,the carpenter1 perceiving the tree ready to fall1 gave notice to the ,indians by language or signs to keep out of its reach when it fell2 but either for want of understanding the carpenter1 or by carelessness of the ,indians1 a branch of the tree1 in its fall1 struck one of them1 and killed him2 upon which they raised a great cry4 ,the carpenter1 seeing them much out of humour at the accident1 made his escape into the fort2 and soon after1 the ,indians gathered together in great numbers about it1 and demanded justice of the ,europeans for the death of their brother1 and desired to have the man who was the occasion of his being killed1 that they might execute him1 and revenge their brother's death4 ,the governor endeavoured to excuse the carpenter1 by representing to them that he was not to blame1 and told them that if their brother had observed the notice given him by the carpenter1 he had not been hurt2 but that answer would not satisfy the ,indians2 they increased their numbers about the fort1 and nothing less than the execution of the carpenter would content them4 8,the ,europeans endeavoured to spin out the time by treaty1 and thought to appease them by presents1 hoping those1 and time together1 might make them easy2 but finding that would not do1 and not being able longer to defend themselves against such numbers as besieged them1 they consulted how to give the ,indians satisfaction4 8,the carpenter being a useful man1 they considered that they could not spare him without the greatest inconvenience2 but seeing there was an absolute necessity of doing something1 they found out an expedient1 which was this3--there was in the fort an old weaver who had been bed-rid a long time2 they concluded to hang up the weaver1 and make the ,indians believe it was the carpenter4 8,having come to this resolution1 the governor let the ,indians know1 that1 since nothing else would satisfy them1 though their demand was unjust1 yet1 to show them how ready they were to live in amity and friendship with them1 that in the morning they should see the carpenter hanging upon a certain tree in their view4 8,in the night they carried the poor old weaver and hanged him in the room of the carpenter1 which gave full satisfaction to the ,indians1 and they were again good friends40 ,illustration ,,view ,,from ,,gowan',s ,,heights1 ,,brooklyn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,bay of ,new ,york and ,staten ,island1 are1 from this elevated point of view1 laid out beautifully beneath the eye1 but the picturesque interest of the spot yields to the historic4 ,directly below these heights was fought the battle so disastrous to the revolutionary forces1 between the detachments commanded by ,sullivan and ,putnam1 and the ,english army1 under ,generals ,howe and ,clinton4 ,as the defence of ,long ,island was intimately connected with that of ,new ,york1 ,washington had stationed a brigade at ,brooklyn2 and an extensive camp had been marked out and fortified1 fronting the main land of ,long ,island1 and stretching quite across the peninsula occupied by the village of ,brooklyn4 ,when the movements of ,general ,howe threatened an immediate attack on this position1 ,major-,general ,putnam was directed to take the command1 with a reinforcement of six regiments2 and the day previous to the action ,washington passed entirely at ,brooklyn1 inspecting the works1 and encouraging the soldiers4 ,the ,hessians1 under ,general ,de ,heister1 composed the centre of the ,british army at ,flatbush4 ,major-,general ,grant commanded the left wing1 which extended to the coast1 and the greater part of the forces under ,general ,clinton4 ,earl ,percy and ,lord ,cornwallis turned short to the right1 and approached the opposite coast of ,flatland4 ,on the night previous to the action1 ,general ,clinton was successful in seizing a pass through the heights1 leading into the level country between them and ,brooklyn4 ,before this movement was completed1 ,general ,grant advanced along the coast1 at the head of the left wing1 with ten pieces of cannon4 ,as his first object was to draw the attention of the ,americans from their left1 he moved slowly1 skirmishing as he advanced1 with the light parties stationed on that road4 ,this movement was soon communicated to ,general ,putnam1 who reinforced the parties which had been advanced in front2 and as ,general ,grant continued to gain ground1 still stronger detachments were employed in this service4 ,about three in the morning1 ,brigadier-,general ,lord ,stirling was directed to meet the enemy1 with the two nearest regiments1 on the road leading from the ,narrows4 ,major-,general ,sullivan1 who commanded all the troops without the lines1 advanced at the head of a strong detachment on the road leading directly to ,flatbush2 while another detachment occupied the heights between that place and ,bedford4 ,about the break of day1 ,lord ,stirling reached the summit of the hills1 where he was joined by the troops which had been already engaged1 and were retiring slowly before the enemy1 who almost immediately appeared in sight4 ,a warm cannonade was commenced on both sides1 which continued for several hours2 and some sharp but not very close skirmishing took place between the infantry4 ,lord ,stirling being anxious only to defend the pass he guarded1 could not descend in force from the heights2 and ,general ,grant did not wish to drive him from them until that part of the plan which had been entrusted to ,sir ,henry ,clinton should be executed4 ,about half-past eight1 the ,british right having then reached ,bedford1 in the rear of ,sullivan's left1 ,general ,de ,heister ordered ,colonel ,donop's corps to advance to the attack of the hill1 following himself with the centre of the army4 ,the approach of ,clinton was now discovered by the ,american left1 which immediately endeavoured to regain the camp at ,brooklyn4 ,while retiring from the woods by regiments1 they encountered the front of the ,british4 ,about the same time the ,hessians advanced from ,flatbush1 against that part of the detachment which occupied the direct road to ,brooklyn4 ,here ,general ,sullivan commanded in person2 but he found it difficult to keep his troops together long enough to sustain the first attack4 ,the firing heard towards ,bedford had disclosed the alarming fact that the ,british had turned their left flank1 and were getting completely into their rear4 ,perceiving at once the full danger of their situation1 they sought to escape it by regaining the camp with the utmost possible celerity4 ,the sudden rout of this party enabled ,de ,heister to detach a part of his force against those who were engaged near ,bedford4 ,in that quarter1 too1 the ,americans were broken1 and driven back into the woods2 and the front of the column led by ,general ,clinton continuing to move forward1 intercepted and engaged those who were retreating along the direct road from ,flatbush4 ,thus attacked both in front and rear1 and alternately driven by the ,british on the ,hessians1 and by the ,hessians back again on the ,british1 a succession of skirmishes took place in the woods1 in the course of which1 some part of the corps forced their way through the enemy and regained the lines of ,brooklyn1 and several individuals saved themselves under cover of the woods2 but a great proportion of the detachment was killed1 or taken4 ,the fugitives were pursued up to the ,american works2 and such is represented to have been the ardour of the ,british soldiers1 that it required the authority of their cautious commander to prevent an immediate assault4 ,the fire towards ,brooklyn gave the first intimation to the ,american right that the enemy had gained their rear4 ,lord ,stirling perceived the danger1 and that he could only escape it by retreating instantly across the creek4 ,after one other gallant attempt1 however1 upon a ,british corps under ,lord ,cornwallis1 the brave men he commanded were no longer able to make opposition1 and those who survived were1 with their general1 made prisoners of war4 ,the ,british army were masters of the field1 but before morning1 ,washington had won one of his brightest military laurels in the safe withdrawal1 unperceived by the enemy1 of his defeated and dispirited troops to the opposite shore of ,new ,york4 ,illustration ,,view ,,on ,,the ,,susquehanna1 7,,above ,,owago1 ,,or ,,at ,,grand ,,island47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the spectator in this view looks up the ,susquehanna1 with the river behind as well as before him2 for the mountain on which he stands is almost encircled by the bend with which it turns downward to ,owago4 ,it is1 perhaps1 the best view that could be taken to express the etymology of its name1 7,crooked ,river17 besides being one of singular beauty4 ,i regretted only when the artist was there1 that the rafts and arks with which the river is for a great part of the year enlivened1 were1 from the low state of the water1 entirely wanting4 ,the wild navigation of these crafts gives the ,susquehanna a picturesque character1 which1 to do it pictorial justice1 should not be omitted in the drawing4 ,perhaps the amends may be4 ,illustration ,,bridge ,,at ,,glen',s-,,falls1 ,,on ,,the ,,hudson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,few of our readers who will not consider this subject as one of the most picturesque in our collection1 and yet many of them we fear have passed over the bridge in our ,view unconscious of the proximity of so extraordinary a scene as the ,falls of the ,hudson at this spot4 ,this was1 at least1 our own case when first visiting ,lake ,george1 from ,saratoga2 and we would counsel every one to steal a few moments1 even if travelling by the stage1 to descend from the covered bridge to the rocky bed of the river4 ,miss ,martineau observes--8,we were all astonished at the splendour of ,glen's ,falls4 ,the full1 though narrow ,hudson1 rushes along amidst enormous masses of rock1 and leaps sixty feet down the chasms and precipices which occur in the passage1 sweeping between dark banks of shelving rocks below1 its current speckled with foam4 ,the noise is so tremendous1 that ,i cannot conceive how people can fix their dwellings in the immediate neighbourhood4 ,there is a long bridge over the roaring floods1 which vibrates incessantly2 and clusters of saw-mills deform the scene4 ,there is stone-cutting as well as planking done at these mills4 ,the fine black marble of the place is cut into slabs1 and sent down to ,new ,york to be polished4 ,it was the busiest scene that ,i saw near any water-power in ,america40 ,her description is excellent1 but1 as regards the mills1 we cannot agree with her2 they certainly add much to the picturesque effect of the scene4 ,illustration ,,view ,,from ,,mount ,,ida1 ,,near ,,troy1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the scenery in this neighbourhood is exceedingly beautiful4 ,the junction of the ,mohawk and ,hudson1 the ,falls of the ,cohocs1 the gay and elegant town of ,troy1 ,albany in the distance1 and a foreground of the finest mixture of the elements of landscape1 compose a gratification to the eye equalled by few other spots in this country4 8,think10 says one of our noblest and best writers1 speaking of a similar scene--8think of the country for which the ,indians fought6 ,who can blame them8 ,as the river chieftains1 the lords of the waterfalls and the mountains1 ranged this lovely valley1 can it be wondered at that they beheld with bitterness the forest disappearing beneath the settler's axe--the fishing-place disturbed by his saw-mills8 ,can we not fancy the feelings with which some strong-minded savage1 who should have ascended the summit of the mountain in company with a friendly settler1 contemplating the progress already made by the white man1 and marking the gigantic strides with which he was advancing into the wilderness1 should fold his arms and say1 #8,white man1 there is eternal war between me and thee6 ,i quit not the land of my fathers but with my life6 ,in those woods where ,i bent my youthful bow1 ,i will still hunt the deer2 over yonder waters ,i will still glide unrestrained in my bark canoe4 ,by those dashing waterfalls ,i will still lay up my winter's food2 on these fertile meadows ,i will still plant my corn4 ,stranger1 the land is mine6 ,i understand not these paper rights2 ,i gave not my consent when1 as thou sayest1 those broad regions were purchased for a few baubles of my fathers4 ,they could sell what was theirs2 they could sell no more4 ,how could my father sell that which the ,great ,spirit sent me into the world to live upon8 ,they knew not what they did4 ,the stranger came1 a timid suppliant1 few and feeble1 and asked to lie down on the red man's bear-skin1 and warm himself at the red man's fire1 and have a little piece of land to raise corn for his women and children2 and now he is become strong1 and mighty1 and bold1 and spreads out his parchment over the whole1 and says1 #8,it is mine4' ,stranger1 there is not room for us both4 ,the ,great ,spirit has not made us to live together4 ,there is poison in the white man's cup2 the white man's dog barks at the red man's heels4 ,if ,i should leave the land of my fathers1 whither shall ,i fly8 ,shall ,i go to the south1 and dwell among the groves of the ,pequots8 ,shall ,i wander to the west8 the fierce ,mohawk--the man-eater--is my foe4 ,shall ,i fly to the east8--the great water is before me4 ,no1 stranger1 here have ,i lived1 and here will ,i die6 and if here thou abidest1 there is eternal war between me and thee6 ,thou hast taught me thy arts of destruction1 for that alone ,i thank thee2 and now take heed to thy steps2 the red man is thy foe4 ,when thou goest forth by day1 my bullet shall whistle by thee2 when thou liest down at night1 my knife is at thy throat4 ,the noon-day sun shall not discover thy enemy1 and the darkness of midnight shall not protect thy rest4 ,thou shalt plant in terror1 and ,i will reap in blood6 thou shalt sow the earth with corn1 and ,i will strew it with ashes6 thou shalt go forth with the sickle1 and ,i will follow after with the scalping-knife6 thou shalt build1 and ,i will burn1 till the white man or the ,indian shall cease from the land4 ,go thy way for this time in safety1 but remember1 stranger1 there is eternal war between me and thee6'0 ,as the same writer afterwards observes1 however1 the ,pilgrim ,fathers 8purchased the land of those who claimed it1 and paid for it--often1 more than once4 ,they purchased it for a consideration1 trifling to the ,european1 but valuable to the ,indian4 ,there is no overreaching in giving but little for that which1 in the hands of the original proprietors1 is worth nothing40 ,illustration ,,view ,,from ,,glenmary ,,lawn1 ,,the ,,residence ,,of ,n4 ,p4 ,,willis4 7,,at ,,the ,,junction ,,of ,,the ,,owaga ,,and ,,susquehanna47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,owaga here is scarce a quarter of a mile from its junction with the ,susquehanna1 and the lawn of ,glenmary is the western limit of the star of interval land formed by the union of two broad valleys4 ,the river here is a secluded stream1 shadowed originally with dark forest trees1 and running deep and still4 ,the farm of ,glenmary1 part of which is presented in the drawing1 was once an ,indian burial-place--warrant enough for its possessing the highest rural beauty4 ,the plough has turned up many skeletons in the fields above1 and a small museum of ,indian weapons and domestic implements was collected by the gentleman from whom the land was bought by the writer4 ,off to the left of the drawing1 7too far off to be brought into the sketch17 a bright and brawling brook comes leaping down from the hills1 and passing by the cottage door crosses the meadow to pay tribute to the ,owaga2 and back from the meadow1 by broad and easy terraces1 the land rises to the summit of a mountain ridge1 crowned with primeval and gigantic forest trees4 ,having possessed the reader thus of the principal features of the spot1 ,i may be excused for filling a page from an epistle to a friend1 descriptive of the artist's visit1 to ,glenmary4 8,this is not a very prompt answer to your last1 my dear doctor1 for ,i intended to have taken my brains to you bodily1 and replied to all your #8whether-or-noes' over a broiled oyster at ,downing's4 ,perhaps ,i may bring this in my pocket4 ,a brace of ramblers1 brothers of my own1 detained me for a while1 but are flitting to-day2 and ,bartlett has been here a week1 to whom1 more particularly1 ,i wish to do the honours of the scenery4 ,we have climbed every hill-top that has the happiness of looking down on the ,owaga and ,susquehanna1 and he agrees with me that a more lovely and habitable valley has never sat to him for its picture4 ,fortunately1 on the day of his arrival1 the dust of a six-weeks' drought was washed from its face1 and1 barring the wilt that precedes ,autumn1 the hill-sides were in holiday green1 and looked their fairest4 ,he has enriched his portfolio with four or five delicious sketches1 and if there were gratitude or sense of renown in trees and hills1 they would have nodded their tops to the two of us4 ,it is not every valley and pine-tree that finds painter and historian1 but these are as insensible as beauty and greatness were ever to the claims of their trumpeters4 8,how long since was it that ,i wrote to you of ,bartlett's visit to ,constantinople8 ,not more than four or five weeks1 it seems to me2 and yet here he is1 on his return from a professional trip to ,canada1 with all its best scenery snug in his portmanteau6 ,he steamed to ,turkey and back1 and steamed again to ,america1 and will be once more in ,england in some twenty days--having visited and sketched the two extremities of the civilized world4 ,why1 ,i might farm it on the ,susquehanna1 and keep my town-house in ,constantinople1 7with money47 ,it seemed odd to me to turn over a drawing-book1 and find on one leaf a freshly pencilled sketch of a mosque1 and on the next a view of ,glenmary--my turnip-field in the foreground4 ,and then the man himself--pulling a ,turkish para and a ,yankee shin-plaster from his pocket with the same pinch--shuffling to breakfast in my abri on the ,susquehanna1 in a pair of peaked slippers of ,constantinople1 that smell as freshly of the bazaar as if they were bought yesterday--waking up with 8pekke6 pekke6 my good fellow60 when ,william brings him his boots--and never seeing a blood-red maple 7just turned with the frost71 without fancying it the sanguine flag of the ,bosphorus or the bright jacket of a ,greek6 ,all this unsettles me strangely4 ,the phantasmagoria of my days of vagabondage flit before my eyes again4 ,this1 #8,by-the-by1 do you remember1 in ,smyrna8' and1 #8,the view you recollect from the ,seraglio6' and such like slip-slop of travellers1 heard within reach of my corn and pumpkins1 affects me like the mad poet's proposition1 #8,to twitch the rainbow from the sky1 ,and splice both ends together4' 8,i have amused my artist friend since he has been here1 with an entertainment not quite as expensive as the ,holly ,lodge fireworks1 but quite as beautiful--the burning of log-heaps4 ,instead of gossipping over the tea-table these long and chilly evenings1 the three or four young men who have been staying with us1 were very content to tramp into the woods1 with a bundle of straw and a match-box2 and they have been initiated into the mysteries of #8picking and piling1' to the considerable improvement of the glebe of ,glenmary4 ,shelly says1 #8,men scarcely know how beautiful fire is1' and ,i am inclined to think that there are varieties of glory in its phenomena which would make it worth even your metropolitan while to come to the west and #8burn fallow4' ,at this season of the year--after the autumn droughts1 that is to say--the whole country here is covered with a thin smoke1 stealing up from the fires on every hill1 in the depths of the woods1 and on the banks of the river2 and what with the graceful smoke-wreaths by day1 and the blazing heavens all around the horizon by night1 it adds much to the variety1 and ,i think1 more to the beauty of our western ,october4 ,it edifies the traveller who has bought wood by the pound in ,paris1 or stiffened for the want of it in the disforested ,orient1 to stand off a rifle-shot from a crackling wood1 and toast himself by a thousand cords burnt for the riddance4 ,what experience ,i have had of these holocausts on my own land1 has not diminished the sense of waste and wealth with which ,i first watched them4 ,paddy's dream of #8rolling in a bin of gould guineas1' could scarcely have seemed more luxurious4 8,bartlett and ,i1 and the rest of us1 in our small way1 burnt up enough1 ,i dare say1 to have made a comfortable drawing-room of ,hyde ,park in ,january1 and the effects of the white light upon the trees above and around were glorious4 ,but our fires were piles of logs and brush--small beer of course to the conflagration of a forest4 ,i have seen one that was like the ,thousand ,columns of ,constantinople1 ignited to a red heat1 and covered with carbuncles and tongues of flame4 ,it was a temple of fire--the floor living coals--the roof a heaving drapery of crimson--the aisles held up by blazing and innumerable pillars1 and sometimes swept by the wind till they stood in still and naked redness1 while the eye could see far into their depths1 and again covered and wreathed and laved in ever-changing billows of flame4 ,we want an ,american ,tempesta or #8,savage ,rosa' to #8wreak' such pictures on canvass2 and perhaps the first step to it would be the painting of the foliage of an ,american ,autumn40 ,illustration ,,view ,,near ,,anthony',s ,,nose1 ,,hudson ,,highlands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this mountain1 8known to fame10 serves as a landmark to the industrious craft plying upon the ,hudson1 and thus fulfils a more useful destiny than is commonly awarded to spots bright in story4 ,it stands amid a host of interesting localities1 marked with the events of the ,revolution1 and has witnessed1 with less damage than other noses1 many a conflict by land and water4 ,on the opposite side of the river from the base of the mountain1 lie the two forts ,montgomery and ,clinton1 taken by the ,british in ,october1 #aggg4 ,the commander-in-chief at ,new ,york was prompted to this expedition by two objects3 to destroy a quantity of military stores which the ,americans had collected in this neighbourhood1 and to make a diversion in favour of ,general ,burgoyne4 ,for these purposes ,sir ,henry ,clinton embarked between three and four thousand troops at ,new ,york1 and sailed with them up the ,hudson4 ,on the #eth of ,october they landed at ,verplank's ,point1 a few miles below the entrance to the ,highlands4 ,the next morning1 a part of the force landed on ,stony ,point1 which projects into the river on the western side1 just below the mountains2 hence they marched into the rear of the fortresses4 ,general ,putnam commanded at that time in this quarter4 ,he had one thousand continental troops1 a part of which only were effective1 and a small body of militia4 ,he believed the principal design of the enemy to be the destruction of the stores2 and when he was informed of their main purpose1 it was too late for him to resist with success4 ,he supposed that they were aiming at ,fort ,independence1 and directed his attention to its defence2 the heavy firing on the other side of the river gave him the first decisive information of their real intentions4 ,mr4 ,clinton1 at that time governor of the state1 placed himself at this post on the first notice that he received of the enemy's advancing4 ,having made the best disposition for the defence of the forts1 he despatched an express to ,general ,putnam to acquaint him with his situation2 but when it reached his head quarters1 that officer and ,general ,parsons were reconnoitring the position of the enemy on the east side of the river4 ,lieut4-,col4 ,campbell1 in the mean time1 proceeded with nine hundred men by a circuitous march to the rear of ,fort ,montgomery2 while ,sir ,henry ,clinton1 with ,generals ,vaughan and ,tryon1 moved onwards towards ,fort ,clinton4 ,both fortresses were attacked at once1 between four and five in the afternoon3 they were defended with great resolution4 ,this will be readily admitted1 when it is remembered that the whole garrison consisted of but six hundred men4 ,the conflict was carried on till dark1 when the ,british had obtained absolute possession1 and such of the ,americans as were not killed or wounded had made their escape4 ,the loss of the two garrisons amounted to about two hundred and fifty4 ,among the killed on the enemy's side was ,lieut4-,col4 ,campbell4 ,it has been thought that an addition of five or six hundred men to these garrisons would have saved the works2 the correctness of this opinion may be doubted4 ,fifteen hundred soldiers would have been barely sufficient completely to man ,fort ,montgomery alone4 ,the works themselves were imperfect1 and the ground was probably chosen rather for the defence of the river1 than because it was itself defensible4 ,governor ,clinton and his brother1 ,general ,james ,clinton1 escaped after the enemy had possession of the forts2 the former by crossing the river4 ,the latter had been wounded in the thigh by a bayonet4 ,on the #hth1 the ,english forces proceeded to the eastern side1 where they found ,fort ,independence evacuated4 ,a party then burnt the continental village1 as it was called1 a temporary settlement raised up by the war for the accommodation of the army4 ,here had been gathered a considerable number of those artisans1 whose labours are particularly necessary for military purposes2 and a considerable quantity of military stores4 ,they then removed a chain which was stretched across the river at ,fort ,montgomery1 and advancing up the river1 removed another which was extended from ,fort ,constitution to the opposite shore at ,west ,point4 ,general ,vaughan then advanced still further up the ,hudson1 and on the #acth reached the town of ,kingston1 which he burnt4 ,on the #agth1 took place the surrender of ,burgoyne1 and he returned down the ,hudson with his fleet to ,new ,york4 ,count ,grabouski1 a ,polish nobleman1 was killed in the assault on ,fort ,clinton1 while acting as aid-de-camp to the ,british commander4 ,he was buried on the spot1 but his grave is now undiscoverable4 ,illustration ,,washington',s ,,monument ,,at ,,baltimore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this fine monument stands at the end of a long street1 forming an ascending perspective2 and as its base crowns the summit of a considerable hill1 it is fully relieved against the sky1 and shows very nobly4 ,the square which immediately surrounds it is newly divided into building-lots1 and is becoming the 8west end0 of ,baltimore4 ,the ,monument and the handsome buildings which are going up around are a mutual improvement of appearance4 ,the design of this monument was conceived in #ahji1 when a company obtained leave of the legislature to raise #ajj1jjj dollars for the purpose by a lottery4 ,by the year #ahae1 funds sufficient to authorize the commencement of the work had been raised1 and a plan had been furnished by ,mr4 ,robert ,mills4 ,on the #dth of ,july1 the corner stone was laid upon ground presented by ,col4 ,john ,e4 ,howard4 ,the monument is a ,doric column upon a square base1 surmounted by a pedestal1 upon which is placed a colossal statue of ,washington4 ,the base is fifty feet square1 and is elevated twenty feet2 the column1 to the feet of the statue1 is one hundred and sixty feet1 and the statue is thirteen feet in height4 ,the statue is the work of ,causici1 an ,italian1 and represents ,washington at the instant when he resigned his commission after the ,revolution4 ,there were three periods in ,washington's life1 and either of the two first would alone have placed him in the highest roll of the names of great men4 ,the close of his military life 7here represented7 terminated the first period4 ,his civil career in the presidency terminated the second2 and here all comparison between ,washington and any other man that ever lived ceases entirely4 ,with a fame as complete as his1 on his second retirement to ,mount ,vernon1 a sincere and ardent wish to pass the remainder of his days in peaceful seclusion1 and domestic ties and attachments of the strongest character2 with all this around him1 to come out once more from his tent of glory1 and at his country's call to expose his bright name again to the hazards of failure1 and to the eagerness of human envy and misconstruction1--this seems to me the sublimest moment of the life of ,washington4 8,you know1 ,sir10 he says in his letter to the ,president1 accepting the office of commander-in-chief of the army1 8what calculations ,i had made relative to the probable course of events on my retiring from office1 and the determination with which ,i had consoled myself of closing the remnant of my days in my present peaceful abode4 ,you will1 therefore1 be at no loss to conceive and appreciate the sensations ,i must have experienced to bring my mind to any conclusion that would pledge me1 at so late a period of life1 to leave scenes ,i sincerely love to enter upon the boundless field of public action1 incessant trouble1 and high responsibility40 ,it is singular how all the contemporaneous judgments of ,washington's character unite in ascribing the difficulty of drawing his portrait to the unity1 harmony1 and perfectability of his character4 ,chastellux says very forcibly1 8,if you are presented with medals of ,csar1 of ,trajan1 or ,alexander1 on examining their features you will still be led to ask1 what was their stature and the form of their persons2 but if you discover in a heap of ruins the head or a limb of the ,apollo1 be not curious about the other parts1 but rest assured that they were all conformable to those of a god4 ,let not this impression be attributed to enthusiasm4 ,i wish only to express the impression that ,washington has left on my mind3 the idea of a perfect whole1 that cannot be the produce of enthusiasm1 which rather would reject it1 since the effect of proportion is to diminish the idea of greatness40 ,in a funereal eulogy pronounced by ,mr4 ,ware at ,hingham1 occurs nearly the same sentiment4 8,the image of this great man is not like that of most others who have shone with distinguished lustre in the annals of the world4 ,it is not composed of some bright spots surrounded with dark shades1 so as to dazzle without enlightening the beholder4 ,his character is not an assemblage of great talents by the side of great defects1 and splendid virtues contaminated by their vicinity to atrocious vices3 he shone with a clear and steady lustre1 which1 if it seldom appeared with flashes of splendour to dazzle and astonish1 was yet never mingled with shades1 nor intercepted by clouds4 ,the circumstance which seems to distinguish his name from that of all others1 is not the pre-eminence of any one talent or virtue1 but a unity of character resulting from the perfect combination and exact balancing of all those great and good qualities1 which enter into the character of one who is to possess public esteem1 guide public opinion1 and command universal respect and confidence40 ,illustration ,,east ,,port1 ,,and ,,passamaquoddy ,,bay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the people of this beautiful ,state are just now enduring a double share of the evils of border location1 having not only the ill-directed 8sympathy0 with the insurrectionists of ,canada to repress1 but the excitement of the newly-vexed question of boundary4 ,as this last subject is one little understood1 perhaps the history of the negotiations on the subject may not be unacceptable to the readers of the ,,american ,,scenery4 8,in their endeavours to bring about the settlement of another contested point1 the two governments were less successful than they had been with respect to the commercial intercourse between ,america and the ,west ,india ,island4 ,this point related to the fixing the north-eastern boundary of the ,united ,states4 8,by the treaty of #aghc1 which recognised their independence1 it was declared that the eastern boundary of the ,united ,states1 dividing them from ,nova ,scotia1 should be #8a line to be drawn along the middle of the river ,st4 ,croix1 from its mouth in the bay of ,fundy to its source1 and from its source1 directly north1 to the highlands1 which divide the rivers that fall into the ,atlantic ,ocean from those which fall into the river ,st4 ,lawrence4' ,the northern line1 separating ,canada from the ,new ,states1 was to commence #8from the north-west angle of ,nova ,scotia2 viz4 that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source of the ,st4 ,croix river to the highlands1 along the said highlands1 which divide those rivers that1 empty themselves into the river ,st4 ,lawrence from those which fall into the ,atlantic ,ocean1 to the north-westernmost head of ,connecticut river2 thence1 descending along that river to the forty-fifth degree of latitude1 thence due west on that latitude1 until it strikes the river ,iroquois or ,cataruguy1 thence along the middle of the said river into ,lake ,ontario1' c4 8,being for the most part marked out by mathematical1 or by well-known natural lines1 the frontier between the head of the ,connecticut and ,lake ,ontario afforded but little ground for dispute4 ,but such was not the case with the boundary from the head of the ,connecticut to the sea4 ,untrodden1 except perhaps by the foot of the hunter1 all the northern division of the country between the ,bay of ,fundy and the ,st4 ,lawrence then consisted of a dense forest1 scattered over with mountains and lakes1 and intersected by streams of considerable magnitude4 ,no survey of it appears ever to have been made1 and the ,british ministers were1 consequently1 ignorant of its topographical features4 ,yet1 even under these circumstances1 they can scarcely be excused for having admitted such a vague description of the future limits1 since1 without much difficulty1 sufficient information might have been obtained to prevent this defect4 ,their negligence gave birth to a controversy1 which1 after the expiration of half a century1 yet remains undecided4 ,only a few years elapsed before a doubt arose respecting the river which was meant under the name of ,st4 ,croix2 the ,americans insisting that the ,st4 ,john was the river which was intended4 ,by the treaty of #agid1 it was arranged that this point should be left to the decision of a joint commission4 ,in #agih1 the commission decided that the extreme source of the northern branch of the ,scoodic river was the source of the ,st4 ,croix designated in the treaty2 and a monument was erected there1 to indicate the spot whence the line was to be drawn to the north4 ,thus far the question was satisfactorily set at rest4 ,not such1 however1 was the result of the subsequent proceedings4 ,for some years1 no further steps appear to have been taken by either of the governments4 ,while the territory in question continued to be a wilderness1 there was not much temptation to discuss its limits2 but when the new state of ,maine1 and the ,british province of ,new ,brunswick1 began to extend their settlements into the interior1 the case was materially altered4 ,the line of demarcation claimed by the ,americans would not only include an area of ten thousand square miles1 but would entirely cut off all direct communication between ,new ,brunswick and ,lower ,canada4 ,from the source of the ,scoodic river1 they prolonged the line northward1 as far as a chain of mountains distant less than thirty miles from the ,st4 ,lawrence2 which chain1 they contended1 formed the highlands specified in the treaty of #aghc4 8,the ,british1 on the contrary1 maintained that the north-west angle of ,nova ,scotia was at ,mars ,hill1 about forty miles from the source of the ,scoodic2 and that the northern frontier of ,maine ought to pass from thence to the westward over a range of hills which lie at the sources of the ,penobscot1 ,kennebec1 and ,androscoggin4 ,neither party would recede from its pretensions4 ,in the treaty of ,ghent1 in #ahad1 it was agreed that two commissioners should be appointed to make surveys and settle the boundary4 ,if they coincided in opinion1 their decision was to be final2 but if they disagreed1 some friendly sovereign1 or state1 was to be chosen as umpire1 and from his judgment there was to be no appeal4 8,affairs remained in this state till #ahbg1 when the commissioners being unable to agree1 and some disputes as to questions of jurisdiction having rendered it desirable to bring the frontier controversy to an issue1 a convention was concluded between the ,british and ,american government1 by which it was arranged that the king of the ,netherlands should be requested to act as arbitrator4 ,to this request his majesty assented2 and their statements and surveys were accordingly laid before him4 ,the award of the sovereign umpire was not delivered till the #ajth of ,january1 #ahca4 ,it was not calculated to satisfy either of the claimants4 ,considering the pretensions of the two powers to be equally balanced1 it proceeded to lay down new limits1 upon principles of mutual convenience4 ,the ,british frontier was to commence at the spot where the line drawn due north from the source of the ,scoodic intersects the ,st4 ,john1 and was to pass up the latter river and the ,st4 ,francis1 to the highlands which run parallel with the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,though this award assigned to the ,americans seven-eighths of the district which was contended for by ,great ,britain1 yet1 as it gave a direct communication between ,new ,brunswick and ,lower ,canada1 it was accepted by the ,british government4 ,the ,united ,states was not so yielding4 ,the award was immediately protested against by the ,american ministers at the ,hague1 on the ground of the arbiter having exceeded his authority4 ,the ,state of ,maine also entered its protest1 and denied the right of the federal government to cede any portion of the litigated territory4 ,the matter was finally brought before the senate by the ,president1 and that body decided that the umpire having gone beyond his powers1 his award was not binding2 and that a new negotiation must be opened with ,great ,britain4 ,since that period1 however1 no steps have been taken to accomplish an arrangement40 ,illustration ,,cemetery ,,of ,,mount ,,auburn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this picturesque and beautiful burial-place occupies a grove1 formerly an academic and sylvan retreat for the students of ,harvard ,college1 near by4 ,it is about five miles from ,boston1 and presents naturally a most agreeable mixture of hill1 valley1 and water1 forming altogether the beau-ideal of a site for the purpose to which it is at present devoted4 ,if we are not mistaken1 the people of the ,united ,states owe the most creditable and delicate taste1 newly awakened throughout the country on the subject of sepulture1 to one of their most distinguished poets1 the ,rev4 ,john ,pierpoint1 author of the 8,airs of ,palestine40 ,by his exertions1 mainly1 a society was formed for the purchase1 appropriation1 and improvement1 of the beautiful spot represented in the drawing2 and1 at present1 most of the wealthier citizens of the capital of ,new ,england are possessors of verdant and flowery enclosures1 which are ornamented even more tastefully than the celebrated cemeteries of ,pre la ,chaise4 ,in doing away thus with the neglectfulness and dreariness of the outer aspect of the grave1 death1 it seems to us1 is divested of half its terrors1 while a refined and salutary feeling is awakened in the bosoms of the living4 ,the example of this cemetery has been followed in other cities2 and at ,philadelphia1 particularly1 there is a most sweet spot selected upon the banks of the ,schuylkill1 and appropriated to this purpose4 ,the refinement has spread all over the country2 and in a few years1 probably1 the burial of the dead will be associated in the minds of the people of the ,united ,states only with sylvan repose1 and the sacred loveliness of consecrated natural beauty4 ,illustration ,,northampton1 ,,massachusetts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is recorded of the first settlers of ,northampton1 that in the tenth year of their establishment in the wilderness1 in #affc1 they paid for the support of a clergyman one hundred and twenty pounds sterling4 ,according to the change in the value of money1 and the circumstances of the persons who formed the congregation1 this sum was equal to at least six times the amount of the present valuation4 ,in this one fact is to be found a leaven which has pervaded the town ever since1 preserving for its inhabitants the rigid morality1 the religious feeling1 and almost the stern manners of the ,puritan pilgrims4 ,the inflexible justice practised among such men had its effect on the ,indians among whom they settled2 and ,northampton1 in consequence1 was one of the last towns affected by the general hostilities of ,philip's war4 ,in their first purchases1 they secured no less their own rights than the rights of the natives2 and the latter were always considered as having a right to dwell and hunt in the lands they had sold4 ,in the year #affd1 they requested leave of the settlers to build themselves a fort within the town2 and leave was granted on the following conditions3-- 8,that the ,indians do not work1 game1 or carry burdens within the town on the ,sabbath2 nor powow here1 or anywhere else2 8,nor get liquor1 nor cider1 nor get drunk2 8,nor admit ,indians from without the town2 8,nor break down the fences of the inhabitants2 8,nor let cattle or swine upon their fields2 but go over a stile at one place2 8,nor admit among them the murderers1 ,calawane1 ,wuttowhan1 and ,pacquallant2 8,nor hunt1 nor kill cattle1 sheep1 or swine1 with their dogs40 ,there is in these conditions an attention to the sobriety and morality of the ,indians1 which has been very seldom regarded in compacts with this injured race4 ,the consequence was1 a perpetual peace between them and the ,indians of their immediate neighbourhood4 ,on the breaking out of ,philip's war1 however1 they became liable to incursions from other tribes1 and especially from the ,canadians1 ,french1 and ,indians4 ,they fortified their 8meeting-house20 and in every cluster of houses1 one was fortified and pierced with holes for the discharge of muskets4 ,the whole town was then enclosed with a palisado set up in a trench1 and a guard of fifty persons perpetually kept4 ,it is scarcely possible to convey1 to a mind that has not reflected on the subject1 a fair idea of the difficulties1 hazards1 and horrors1 that beset the first adventurers for religious liberty in ,new ,england4 ,beside all the usual evils of pioneering--the separation from friends1 the hardships1 the privations1 the loss of all communication with the civilized world1 these settlers had to encounter the most diabolical warfare recorded in history4 8,the first announcement of an ,indian war10 says a diffuse writer on this subject1 8is its terrible commencement4 ,in the hour of security and sleep1 when your deadly enemies are supposed to be friends1 quietly fishing and hunting--when they are believed to be far off1 and thoughtless of you and yours1 your sleep is suddenly broken by the war-whoop1 your house and village set on fire1 your family and friends butchered1 and yourself escape only to be carried into captivity1 and wrung with every species of torture4 ,if you go out to the fields1 you may be shot down by an unseen enemy in the woods1 or return in the evening and find your house consumed to ashes1 and your family carried into captivity40 ,during the last part of what is called ,philip's war1 to the ,indians' treachery1 cruelty1 and cunning1 was added the instigation1 the sustenance1 and the wealth of the civilized ,french4 ,a price was paid for ,english scalps2 ,european officers planned and assisted to execute schemes of devastation and slaughter2 and1 in short1 nothing was wanting to develop1 in its fullest ferocity1 the ,indian's love of blood4 ,it is curious to reflect how wide and immortal would have been the fame of the king of the ,wampanoags1 had he succeeded1 7as he came very near doing17 in exterminating the ,whites1 and restoring the land of his forefathers to his subjects and children4 ,the experiment of settlement would scarcely have been soon repeated2 and1 perhaps1 to this day1 the ,indian1 confident in his tried strength1 would have possessed and defended the lands from which he has so utterly disappeared2 while the name of ,philip would justly have been associated with those of ,gustavus ,vasa1 and ,alfred of ,england4 ,the difference between him and these great lights of history1 is1 that he failed4 ,illustration ,,chapel ,,of 8,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,cold ,,spring40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,hudson bends out from ,crow-,nest into a small bay2 and1 in the lap of the crescent thus formed1 lies snug and sheltered1 the little village of ,cold ,spring4 ,it is not much of a place for its buildings1 history1 or business2 but it has its squire and post-master1 its politics and scandal1 and a long disappointed ambition to become a regular landing-place for the steamers4 ,then there are cabals between the rival ferrymen1 on which the inhabitants divide2 the vote for the president1 on which they agree 7for ,van ,buren72 and the usual religious sects1 with the usual schisms4 ,the ,presbyterians and ,methodists1 as usual1 worship in very ugly churches2 and the ,catholics1 as usual1 in a very picturesque and beautiful one4 7,vide the ,drawing47 ,it is a pity 7picturesquely speaking7 that the boatmen on the river are not ,catholics2 it would be so pretty to see them shorten sail off ,our ,lady of ,cold ,spring1 and uncover for an ,ave-,maria4 ,this little chapel1 so exquisitely situated on the bluff overlooking the river1 reminds me of a hermit's oratory and cross which is perched similarly in the shelter of a cliff on the desolate coast of ,sparta4 ,i was on board a frigate1 gliding slowly up the gean1 and clinging to the shore for a land-wind1 when ,i descried the white cross at a distance of about half a mile1 strongly relieved against the dark rock in its rear4 ,as we approached1 the small crypt and altar became visible2 and1 at the moment the ship passed1 a tall monk1 with a snow-white beard1 stepped forth like an apparition upon the cliffs1 and spread out his arms to bless us4 ,in the midst of the intense solitude of the gean1 with not a human dwelling to be seen on the whole coast from ,moron to ,napoli1 the effect of this silent benediction was almost supernatural4 ,he remained for five minutes in this attitude1 his long cowl motionless in the still air1 and his head slowly turning to the ship as she drew fast round the little promontory on her course4 ,i would suggest to ,our ,lady of ,cold ,spring1 that a niche under the portico of her pretty chapel1 with a cross to be seen from the river by day1 and a lamp by night1 would make at least a catholic impression on the passer by1 though we are not all children of ,st4 ,peter4 ,half way between the mountain and our ,lady's shrine1 stands1 on a superb natural platform1 the romantic estate of ,undercliff1 the seat of ,colonel ,morris4 ,just above it rises the abrupt and heavily wooded mountain1 from which it derives its name2 a thick grove hides it from the village at its foot2 and1 from the portico of the mansion1 extend views in three directions unparalleled for varied and surprising beauty4 ,a road1 running between high-water mark and the park gate1 skirts the river in eccentric windings for five or six miles2 the brows of the hills descending to the ,hudson in the west and north1 are nobly wooded and threaded with circuitous paths1 and all around lies the most romantic scenery of the most romantic river in the world4 ,the only fault of the views from ,west ,point1 is1 that ,west ,point itself is lost as a feature in the landscape4 ,the traveller feels the same drawback which troubled the waiting-maid when taken to drive by the footman in her mistress's chariot--8,how ,i wish ,i could stand by the road side and see myself go by60 ,from ,undercliff1 which is directly opposite1 and about at the same elevation1 the superb terrace of the ,military ,school is seen to the greatest advantage4 ,the white barracks of ,camptown1 the long range of edifices which skirt the esplanade1 the ruins half way up the mountain of old ,fort ,putnam1 and the waving line of wood and valley extending to ,mr4 ,cozzen's estate of 8,stoney ,lonesome10 form a noble feature in the view from ,undercliff4 ,i had forgotten that ,cold ,spring 8plucks a glory on its head0 from being honoured with the frequent visits of ,washington ,irving1 ,halleck1 and other lesser stars in the literary firmament2 when these first lights above the horizon shall have set1 7,hesperus-like--first and brightest67 there will linger about this little village--by that time1 perhaps1 arrived at the dignity of a landing-place--many a tale of the days when ,geoffrey ,crayon talked in his gentle way with the ferryman who brought him to ,cold ,spring2 or the now plethoric post-master1 who1 in his character of librarian to the village1 enjoyed the friendship of ,irving and ,halleck1 and received from their own hands the 8authors' copies10 since curiously preserved in the execrable print and binding then prevalent in ,america4 ,perhaps even old ,lipsey the ferryman1 and his rival ,andrews1 will come in for their slice of immortality1 little as they dream now1 pulling close in for the counter-current under our ,lady's skirts1 of working at that slow oar for posthumous reputation4 ,illustration ,,view ,,from ,,the ,,mountain ,,house1 ,,catskill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the following masterly description1 by ,miss ,martineau1 is said all1 and the best that can be said1 of the glorious view from the ,mountain-,house at ,catskill4 8,after tea1 ,i went out upon the platform in front of the house1 having been warned not to go too near the edge1 so as to fall an unmeasured depth into the forest below4 ,i sat upon the edge as a security against stepping over unawares4 ,the stars were bright overhead1 and had conquered half the sky1 giving promise of what we ardently desired1 a fine morrow4 ,over the other half1 the mass of thunder-clouds was1 ,i supposed1 heaped together2 for ,i could at first discern nothing of the champaign which ,i knew must be stretched below4 ,suddenly1 and from that moment incessantly1 gushes of red lightning poured out from the cloudy canopy1 revealing1 not merely the horizon1 but the course of the river1 in all its windings through the valley4 ,this thread of river1 thus illuminated1 looked like a flash of lightning caught by some strong hand and laid along in the valley4 8,all the principal features of the landscape might1 no doubt1 have been discerned by this sulphureous light2 but my whole attention was absorbed by the river1 which seemed to come out of the darkness1 like an apparition1 at the summons of my impatient will4 ,it could be borne only for a short time--this dazzling1 bewildering alternation of glare and blackness1 of vast reality and nothingness4 ,i was soon glad to draw back from the precipice1 and seek the candle-light within4 8,the next day was ,sunday4 ,i shall never forget1 if ,i live to a hundred1 how the world lay at our feet one ,sunday morning4 ,i rose very early1 and looked abroad from my window1 two stories above the platform4 ,a dense fog1 exactly level with my eyes1 as it appeared1 roofed in the whole plain of the earth--a dusky firmament1 in which the stars had hidden themselves for the day4 ,such is the account which an antediluvian spectator would probably have given of it4 ,this solid firmament had spaces in it1 however1 through which gushes of sun-light were poured1 lighting up the spires of white churches1 and clusters of farm-buildings1 too small to be otherwise distinguished2 and especially the river1 with its sloops1 floating like motes in the sun-beam4 ,the firmament rose and melted1 or parted off into the likeness of snowy sky-mountains1 and left the cool ,sabbath to brood brightly over the land4 ,what human interest sanctifies a bird's-eye view6 ,i suppose this is its peculiar charm2 for its charm is found to deepen in proportion to the growth of mind4 ,to an infant1 a champaign of a hundred miles is not so much as a yard square of gay carpet4 ,to the rustic1 it is less bewitching than a paddock with two cows4 ,to the philosopher1 what is it not8 ,as he casts his eye over its glittering towns1 its scattered hamlets1 its secluded homes1 its mountain ranges1 church spires1 and untrodden forests1 it is a picture of life2 an epitome of the human universe2 the complete volume of moral philosophy for which he has sought in vain in all libraries4 ,on the left horizon1 are the green mountains of ,vermont2 and at the right extremity sparkles the ,atlantic4 ,beneath lies the forest where the deer are hiding1 and the birds rejoicing in song4 ,beyond the river1 he sees spread the rich plains of ,connecticut2 there1 where a blue expanse lies beyond the triple range of hills1 are the churches of religious ,massachusetts sending up their sabbath-psalms--praise which he is too high to hear1 while ,god is not4 ,the fields and waters seem to him to-day no more truly property than the skies which shine down upon them2 and to think how some below are busying their thoughts this ,sabbath-day about how they shall hedge in another field1 or multiply their flocks on yonder meadows1 gives him a taste of the same pity which ,jesus felt in his solitude1 when his followers were contending about which should be greatest4 ,it seems strange to him now that man should call any thing his but the power which is in him1 and which can create somewhat more vast and beautiful than all that this horizon encloses4 ,here he gains the conviction1 to be never again shaken1 that all that is real is ideal2 that the joys and sorrows of men do not spring up out of the ground1 or fly abroad on the wings of the wind1 or come showered down from the sky2 that good cannot be hedged in1 nor evil barred out2 even that light does not reach the spirit through the eye alone1 nor wisdom through the medium of sound or silence only4 ,he becomes of one mind with the spiritual ,berkeley1 that the face of nature itself1 the very picture of woods1 and streams1 and meadows1 is a hieroglyphic writing in the spirit itself1 of which the retina is no interpreter4 ,the proof is just below him1 7at least1 it came under my eye17 in the lady 7not ,american7 who1 after glancing over the landscape1 brings her chair into the piazza1 and turning her back to the champaign1 and her face to the wooden walls of the hotel1 begins the study1 this ,sunday morning1 of her lap-full of newspapers4 ,what a sermon is thus preached to him at this moment from a very hackneyed text6 ,to him that hath much--that hath the eye1 and ear1 and wealth1 of the spirit1 shall more be given--even a replenishing of this spiritual life from that which1 to others1 is formless and dumb2 while1 from him that hath little1 who trusts in that which lies about him rather than in that which lives within him1 shall be taken away1 by natural decline1 the power of perceiving and enjoying what is within his own domain4 ,to him who is already enriched with large divine and human revelations1 this scene is1 for all its stillness1 musical with divine and human speech2 while one who has been deafened by the din of worldly affairs can hear nothing in this mountain solitude40 ,illustration ,,faneuil ,,hall1 ,,from ,,the ,,water4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two noble streets1 and a market1 perhaps the finest in the world1 have been projected in front of the old ,faneuil ,hall1 which stood a very few years ago close to the water's edge4 ,the new land was made1 and the plan carried into effect during the mayoralty of ,josiah ,quincy1 ,esq41 to whose enterprise and sagacity the city is indebted for these great improvements4 ,faneuil ,hall1 which in the view from the water stands in the rear of these fine structures of granite1 is the dearest spot connected with ,american freedom4 ,it was used as a town-hall in the time of the ,revolution2 and within its walls arose the first murmur1 which1 stirred by the daring eloquence of ,adams and ,otis1 terminated in the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,the name by which it is best known1 is1 8the ,cradle of ,liberty40 ,in the year #agdj1 ,peter ,faneuil 7a ,huguenot7 made an offer to build1 at his own expense1 8an edifice on the town's land in ,dock ,square1 to be improved for a hall and market1 for the sole use1 benefit1 and advantage of the town1 provided that the town would authorize it1 and lay the same under such proper regulations as should be thought necessary1 and support the same constantly for said use40 ,a vote of thanks was immediately passed to ,mr4 ,faneuil1 the work was commenced1 and two years afterwards1 8,mr4 ,samuel ,ruggles1 who was employed in building said house1 waited on the select-men1 by order of ,p4 ,faneuil1 ,esq41 and delivered them the key of said house40 ,a meeting was then held in the hall1 and a motion was made that the thanks of the town be given to ,peter ,faneuil1 ,esq41 for his generous benefaction of the ,market-,house to the town2 and resolutions were drawn up and passed to that effect4 ,a large committee of the first citizens waited on him1 8and1 in the name of the town1 rendered their most hearty thanks for so bountiful a gift1 with their prayers that this and other expressions of his bounty and charity might be abundantly recompensed with the divine blessing40 ,another vote was then passed unanimously1 8that1 in testimony of the town's gratitude to ,peter ,faneuil1 ,esq41 and to perpetuate his memory1 the hall over the market-place be named ,faneuil ,hall1 and at all times hereafter be called by that name40 ,and as a further testimony of respect1 it was voted 8that ,mr4 ,faneuil's picture be drawn at full length1 at the expense of the town1 and placed in the hall2 and the select-men were charged with the commission1 which was accordingly executed40 8,the building was of brick1 two stories in height1 and measured one hundred feet by forty4 ,it was esteemed one of the best pieces of workmanship1 and an ornament to the town4 ,the hall would contain one thousand persons2 there were convenient apartments for the officers of the town1 besides a room for the naval office1 and a notary public40 ,mr4 ,faneuil did not long live to enjoy the gratitude of his townsmen4 ,he died suddenly1 a year after the completion of the building4 ,his funeral oration1 delivered by ,mr4 ,john ,lovell1 ,master of the ,grammar ,school1 was the first specimen of eloquence uttered in the 8,cradle of ,liberty40 ,it was1 in some of its sentiments1 very unlike the orations which followed1 and far from prophetic4 8,what now remains10 he concludes1 8but my ardent wishes 7in which ,i know you will all concur with me7 that this hall may be ever sacred to the interests of truth1 of justice1 of loyalty1 and honour4 ,may no private views nor party broils ever enter within these walls2 but may the same public spirit that glowed in the breast of the generous founder influence all your debates1 that society may reap the benefit of them4 8,may liberty always spread its joyful wings over this place--liberty1 that opens men's hearts to beneficence1 and gives the relish to those who enjoy the effects of it2 and may loyalty to a king1 under whom we enjoy this liberty1 ever remain our character--a character always justly due to this land1 and of which our enemies have in vain attempted to rob us40 ,the family of ,faneuil had been more than fifty years in ,america1 and had fled from persecution in ,france to find a refuge in the wilderness4 ,the ,faneuil arms were subsequently placed in the hall1 elegantly carved and gilt4 ,eight or nine years after the erection of ,faneuil ,hall1 it took fire from a neighbouring conflagration1 and was nearly burnt to the ground4 ,it was on one of the coldest nights of ,january1 and the water froze so rapidly1 that it was impossible to work the engines4 ,the walls were left standing1 and it was rebuilt and enlarged soon after4 ,just against the end of ,faneuil ,hall1 in a broad dock1 now filled up and built upon1 used to lie a cluster of oyster-boats1 that were half house1 half vessel1 floating oyster-shops--in short1 of the most canonical rudeness and simplicity4 ,it was as necessary to go to them to eat oysters in perfection1 as it is to go to ,blackwall for white-bait2 and no true gourmand pretended to have elsewhere found the relish4 ,they are gone1 alas6 and with the old hulks are gone the amphibious venders--the rude1 high-booted1 superannuated oyster-openers1 dressing1 for years after they had given up the vocation1 just as if they were embarking for the mud-bank1 and talking in the same hoarse tone as if their words were meant to struggle1 as of yore1 with a nor'wester4 ,so flee away before the advances of improvement all that reminded us of other days2 and it is by this resolute plucking up of old associations1 and resolute modernizing and improving1 even upon the most sacred habits and usages of our forefathers1 that this new nation keeps its unchecked headway1 with neither rooted superstition nor cherished prejudice to restrain it4 ,when it ceases to be so1 we shall have the age of poetry2 but adieu1 then1 to the age of improvement6 ,,the ,,end4 ,,printed ,,by ,,richard ,,clay1 ,,bread-,,street-,,hill4 ,,transcriber ,,notes ,misspelled words and printer errors have been corrected4 ,where multiple spellings of names occur1 the majority spelling was used4 ,changes include3 -- ,renssellaer to ,rensselaer -- and ,susquehannah to ,susquehanna4 ,inconsistencies in punctuation have been maintained4 ,some illustrations moved to facilitate page layout4 ,a cover was created for this e,book4 ,the end of ,american ,scenery1 ,volume ,,ii1 by ,n4 ,p4 7,nathaniel ,parker7 ,willis4