,atoms 9 ,agriculture                   
,! ,und]/&+ ! ,atom ,s]ies      ,nucle> 
en]gy is play+ a vital role 9 ! life ( e
 man1 woman1  & *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
today4 ,9 ! ye>s ahead x w affect       
increas+ly all ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,x is 
ess5tial t all  ,am]icans ga9 an und]/&+
 ( ?is vital =ce if !y are to  dis*>ge  
?\ghtfully _! responsibilities z citiz5s
 & if !y  are to realize fully ! myriad 
b5efits t nucle> en]gy (f]s  !m4    ,!  
,unit$ ,/ates ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission
 provides ?is booklet to help  y a*ieve 
su* und]/&+4    ,illu/ration3           
,edw>d ,j4 ,brun5kant1 ,director        
,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation        
,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,atomic ,,en]gy        
,,commission      ,dr4 ,gl5n ,t4        
,seaborg1 ,*airman    ,james ,t4 ,ramey 
,wilfrid ,e4 ,johnson    ,dr4 ,!os ,j4  
,?ompson    ,dr4 ,cl>5ce ,e4 ,l>son     
,atoms 9 ,agriculture      by ,?omas ,s4
 ,osborne                               
,,cont5ts        ,,rese>* ,,9 ,,!       
,,unit$ ,,/ates                         

#a    ,,h[ ,,are ,,radioisotopes ,,us$  
,,9 ,,rese>*8                           
#b        ,!y ,may be ,us$ z 8,trac]s0  
#b        ,h[ ,effective ,are           
,radioactive ,trac]s8                   
#c    ,,plant ,,nutrition ,,&           
,,metabolism                            
#d        ,:at ,happ5s to ,f]tiliz] 9 ! 
,soil8                           #d     
,d ,plants ,absorb ,?r\gh ,roots ,only8 
#d        ,:]e ,%\ld ,f]tiliz] be       
,plac$8                                 
#e        ,d ,f]tiliz]s ,move ,fa/ 9    
,plants8                                
#e        ,:at ,else ,d ,radioisotopes  
,tell ,u8                               
#e    ,,plant ,,diseases ,,& ,,we$s     
#h        ,h[ ,c ,we ,combat ,plant     
,diseases8                              
#h        ,:y ,d ,*emicals ,de/roy ,"s  
,plants8                            #aj 
,,animal ,,nutrition ,,& ,,metabolism   
#aa        ,h[ ,nutriti\s ,are ,v>i\s   
,fe$/uffs8                           #aa
        ,c ,lean ,meat be ,e/imat$ 8on !

 ,ho(08                        #ab      
,does ,?yroid ,affect ,milk--,egg       
,production8                         #ac
        ,m ,trac]s 9 ,animal ,nutrition 
,rese>*                        #ac      
,,insects                               
#ae        ,:]e & ,h[ ,fa/ ,d ,insects  
,travel8                            #ae 
,h[ ,f> ,d ,insects ,c>ry ,poll58       
#ae        ,are ,pr$ators ,us$ to       
,de/roy ,insects8                       
#af        ,c ,trac]s ,measure ,spray   
,residues8                              
#ag    ,,radioisotopes ,,z ,,radiation  
,,s\rces                                
#ag        ,c ,radiation ,produce ,new  
,plants8                                
#ah        ,c ,radiation ,de/roy ,g]ms &
 ,insects8                         #ai  
,h[ ,does ,radiation ,affect ,f>m       
,animals8                          #bb  
,:at ,else ,c ,radiation ,tell ,u8      
#bb    ,,conclusion                     
#bc    ,,sugge/$ ,,ref]5ces             
#bd                       ,unit$ ,/ates 

,atomic ,en]gy ,commission              
,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation        
,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d       
,numb]3 #fd-fjbgd                       
#aifb2 #aifc7,rev47      ,,ab\t ,,!     
,,au?or    ,?omas ,s4 ,osborne is 9 *>ge
 ( plant-bre$+ rese>* be+  conduct$ by !
 ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee's ,agricultural 
,rese>*  ,laboratory = ! ,atomic ,en]gy 
,commission4 ,he has be5 9 ?is "w  s9ce 
#aiec4    ,b ,dr4 ,osborne is a tea*] at
 he>t4 ,h5ce :5 /ud5ts wrote  inquir+   
ab\t ! effects ( radiation on se$s1 he  
took great  int]e/ 9 reply+4 ,f ^!      
replies grew mimeograph$ lit]ature      
sugge/+ exp]im5ts = /ud5ts2 !n ?is & o!r
 booklets4    ,dr4 ,osborne receiv$ 8   
und]graduate degree f ,oklahoma ,/ate   
,univ]sity & 8 doctorate f ,wa%+ton     
,/ate ,univ]sity4                       
,atoms 9 ,agriculture      by ,?omas ,s4
 ,osborne1  ,associate ,pr(essor (      
,agronomy1 ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee4      
,to "k :at que/ions to put to ,nature--t
 is #ie p] c5t (    sci5tific rese>*4   

--,:itehead    ,if man's exi/5ce on !   
e>? is comp>$ to a cal5d> ye>1 !n he    
began f>m+ 9 ! v e>ly morn+ ( ,decemb]  
#cj & began  apply+ sy/ematic k to      
agriculture at #aj3ae p4m4 on ,decemb]  
#ca4    ,! fir/ traces ( man on ! e>?   
are dat$ at ab\t "o &  ?ree-qu>t]       
million ye>s ago4 ,plant life !n 0 v mu*
 l  plant life today1 b ! animal        
population 0 q diff]5t4 ,man  became a  
produc] ( plants & animals in/ead (     
m]ely a ga!r] &  hunt] ab\t #hjjj ye>s  
ago4 ,he has appli$ sy/ematic /udy to   
cultivat$ plants & animals = only #cjj  
ye>s4                                   
,rese>* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates      ,e/imates
 ( crop losses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* ye>
 are  approximately #e billion to we$s1 
#d billion to insects1 & #c billion  to 
diseases4 ,?is total loss ( #ab billion 
a ye> is ab\t #bb1ejj a  m9ute4    ,9 an
 ef=t to r$uce ^! losses & to raise !   
/&>d ( liv+1  agricultural rese>* has   
become m specializ$ & m complex4 ,ov]  !
 ye>s x has gradually *ang$ f           

trial-&-error attempts to  increase     
production to ! actual /udy ( basic     
que/ions4 ,to /udy  su* intricate sy/ems
 z ! leaf ( a plant or ! liv] ( an      
animal1  agricultural sci5ce has _h to  
draw f e o!r sci5ce4 ,! use  (          
radioactive trac]s & radiations 9 rese>*
 looks especially  promis+ to           
agriculture4    ,9 fact1 agriculture has
 already begun to b5efit f !            
applications  ( su* rese>*4 ,radioactive
 te*niques h be5 us$ to /udy soils1     
plants1 microbes1 insects1 f>m animals1 
& new ways to use &  pres]ve food/uffs4 
,radioactive atoms are n us$ directly by
 f>m]s  b are us$ 9 rese>* direct$ by ! 
,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture  &     
,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 by !        
agricultural exp]im5t /ations (  ! v>i\s
 /ates1 & by num]\s public & private    
rese>*  in/itutions4 ,f su* rese>* come 
improv$ mat]ials & me?ods  :i* are us$  
on ! f>m4    ,9 m highly develop$       
c\ntries agricultural rese>* has br\ght 
a  %ift ( emphasis f production to      

utilization4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  today1 
ea* f>m] produces en\gh food = himself &
 #be o!r p4  ,moreov]1 = e p]son :o     
works on a f>m1 !re are two or ?ree  o!r
 p :o sell him goods & s]vices or       
process & di/ribute  ! ?+s he produces4 
,9 agriculture1 z 9 all areas ( rese>*1 
! numb] ( que/ions to  be ask$ ( ,nature
 seems inf9ite4 ,future g5]ations seek+ 
to answ]  ^! que/ions w probably rely m 
on te*niques us+ radioactive  isotopes  
?an on any o!r me?ods kn[n today4       
,h[ ,are ,radioisotopes ,us$ 9 ,rese>*8 
,!y ,may ,be ,us$ z 8,trac]s0    ,man's 
attempts to describe ! univ]se consi/ ( 
f9d+ answ]s to  ! que/ions he puts to   
,nature3      ,h[ deep is a well8 ,toss 
9 a rock4    ,:]e is ! cat8 ,hang a bell
 on him4    ,h[ f> does a wild duck fly8
 ,put a m>k] on 8 leg4    ,:]e are !    
fireflies8 ,j wat* at dusk4    ,is our  
satellite /ill up8 ,li/5 = ! radio      
signal4    ,o!r que/ions arise 9        
agricultural rese>*3      ,h[ fa/ d     
roots gr[8 ,h[ deep8 ,h[ soon does wat] 

get to !m                aft] a ra98    
,:5 does a m\?ful ( hay rea* a c['s     
/oma*8    ,h[ long until nutri5ts get   
into h] blood8 ,h] milk8    ,h[ f> w p9e
 poll5 travel on ! w9d8    ,h[ deep does
 an e>?worm burr[8    ,to answ] ^!      
que/ions1 sci5ti/s ne$ "s k9d ( m9iature
 g5ie1  "o :o w %\t at ! prop] mom5t1   
8,i'm "h60 ,:5 ! root has  rea*$ !      
f]tiliz] or ! wat] has rea*$ ! root2 :5 
! hay  becomes transmut$ to milk1 or !  
e>?worm arrives at a p>ticul>  spot--!n 
?is invisible little s]vant :o has made 
! trip c\ld  ann\nce1 8,i'm "h60    ,su*
 a helpful g5ie exi/s z ! radioactive   
atom3 he is invisibly  small1 ob$i5t1   
transportable1 dige/ible1 immune to     
fire1 flood1 or  fam9e1 able to travel  
"u 8 invisible cloak to ! secret hid+   
places ( ,nature's creatures & ann\nce  
to wait+ ,geig] tubes1 8,i'm  "h60    ,!
 physically un/able radioactive atom    
behaves *emically exactly l  its /able  
c\nt]p>t until ! in/ant x emits its     
radiation &  becomes /able4 ,= example1 

radioactive phosphorus behaves1         
biologically & *emically1 l /able       
phosphorus until x emits a  beta p>ticle
 & becomes /able sulfur4 ,if ! beta     
p>ticle ent]s a  gas-fill$ ,geig] tube1 
x produces a t9y bur/ ( electrical en]gy
  :i* is regi/]$ by ! c\nt]4    ,l      
fireflies :i* reveal !mselves at dusk by
 fla%es ( light1  radioisotopes ann\nce 
_! numb]s & locations to s5sitive ,geig]
  tubes by fla%es ( invisible 8light40  
,h[ ,effective ,are ,radioactive        
,trac]s8    ,"o way to see h[ valuable  
radioactive trac]s are is to comp>e !m  
to /&>d *emical te*niques4 ,a s5sitive  
*emical te/ c p]ceive  molecules z      
dilute z #aj2 t is1 x c detect a        
molecule  surr\nd$ by #aj million       
molecules ( ano!r k9d4 ,a good          
radioactive  trac] te*nique1 by         
comp>ison1 c di/+ui% conc5trations (    
#aj2 t is1 x c trace "o 9 #ajj billion4 
,9 o!r words by ! *emical te/ y c\ld f9d
 a p]son 9  metropolitan ,new ,york ) a 
secret tattoo on ! ro( ( 8 m\?4 ,by  !  

trac] me?od y c\ld f9d ?is same p]son   
any:]e 9 ! _w1  ev5 if ! _w population 7
 multipli$ fiftyfold4    ,9 ! *emical   
te/ y c\ld di/+ui% ! equival5t ( "o     
k]nel  ( corn 9 "o-t5? ( a boxc> load2 9
 ! trac]1 "o k]nel 9 #hej  boxc>s4      
,plant ,nutrition & ,metabolism         
,mo/ /udies ( plant nutrition &         
metabolism p]ta9 to ! foll[+  que/ions4 
,:at d plants ne$ = _! be/ gr[?8 ,h[ d  
!y take  9 ! mat]ials !y ne$8 ,:at ?+s  
are absorb$ by roots & :at  ?+s by      
foliage8 ,h[ does ! plant turn wat] &   
o!r simple  comp\nds into c>bohydrates &
 prote9s8    ,specific problems t atomic
 en]gy has help$ to solve are li/$4     
,:at ,happ5s to ,f]tiliz] 9 ! ,soil8    
,e>ly rese>* indicat$ t only #aj to #ab 
p] c5t ( phosphorus  f]tiliz]s 0 tak5 up
 by plants 9 ! fir/ ye>2 ! re/ 0  8lock$
 into0 ! soil or wa%$ away4 ,)          
radioactive phosphorus-#cb  sci5ti/s    
f\nd t z mu* z #ej to #gj p] c5t ( !    
phosphorus 9  a plant came f ! f]tiliz] 
dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree weeks (  gr[?4  

,d ,plants ,absorb ,?r\gh ,roots ,only8 
,f]tiliz] appli$ to soil is l>gely wa/$ 
because x is ei!r b\nd  by soil p>ticles
 or is wa%$ out ( ! root zone4 ,if      
*emical  elem5ts c\ld g directly into   
leaves & bypass ! wa/efulness (  soils1 
a trem5d\s sav+ w\ld result4            
,botani/s h le>n$ 9 rec5t ye>s t !      
foliage ( plants c  take 9 "s nutri5ts  
mu* z roots c4 ,) trac]s !y discov]$  t 
_m nutri5ts are readily tak5 up by      
foliage1 includ+ b>k (  dormant trees1  
ev5 at temp]atures bel[ freez+4 ,z %[n  
by isotopic  trac]s1 elem5ts su* z      
phosphorus1 nitrog51 & potassium move   
bo?  up & d[n f ! po9t ( application at 
rates simil> to ^?  foll[+ root         
absorption4 ,urea 7a nitrog5 comp\nd7 is
 n[ us$ z a  nutri5t foli> spray = _m   
fruit & vegetable crops 9 ?is  c\ntry4  
,:]e ,%\ld ,f]tiliz] ,be ,plac$8    ,ev5
 be=e ! use ( trac]s1 agronomi/s realiz$
 ! ineffici5cy (  spread+ f]tiliz]      
uni=mly ov] a se$-b$4 ,!y "k ! f]tiliz] 
%\ld be plac$ some:]e ne> ! se$1 b :]e8 

,above8 ,bel[8  ,beside8 ,bel[ & beside8
 ,h[ f> away8 ,!y _h conduct$ "s        
rese>*1 b ! me?ods 7 sl[ & t$i\s4       
,us+ trac]s1 ! rese>*]s confirm$ e>li]  
f9d+s t roots  )9 two or ?ree days rea*$
 f]tiliz] plac$ less ?an two in*es      
directly bel[ se$s1 b ! roots t5d$ to   
congregate !re4 ,:5 !  f]tiliz] 0 two   
in*es bel[ & two in*es to ! side1 roots 
rea*$ x )9 a week & a bett] root sy/em  
develop$4 ,) ?ree  in*es betwe5 se$s &  
f]tiliz]1 ! desir$ se$l+ 8boo/0 0       
delay$ ?ree or f\r weeks4 7,see ,fig4   
#a47      ,d ,f]tiliz]s ,move ,fa/ 9    
,plants8    ,! movem5t ( radioactive    
phosphorus f root to leaf 0 f\nd to be  
rem>kably fa/1 sometimes requir+ less   
?an tw5ty m9utes4 7,see ,fig4  #b47     
,:at ,else ,d ,radioisotopes ,tell ,u8  
,"s plants take 9 *emicals t ! plant    
probably _c use3 =  example1 ! s-call$  
loc[e$s accumulate enorm\s am\nts (     
sel5ium4 ,) trac] te*niques1 we c see t 
! root uptake  process has poor p[]s (  
discrim9ation4    ,fig4 #a--,soil te/s  

tell h[ mu* ( ea* f]tiliz] elem5t is    
ne$$  b n :]e to put x to give se$l+s ! 
mu*-ne$$ 8pu%40 ,)  trac]s x is f\nd t3 
,illu/ration3 7,a7 ,f]tiliz] mix$       
?r\gh\t ! soil gives ! lea/  b5efit to  
se$l+s4    ,illu/ration3 7,b7 ,if plac$ 
9 a b& bel[ & beside ! se$s1 !  f]tiliz]
 gives high uptake & good root          
di/ribution4    ,illu/ration3 7,c7 ,if !
 f]tiliz] is plac$ directly b5ea? !     
se$s1 highe/ uptake occurs b roots t5d  
to 8bun*0--a h&icap to  lat] gr[?4      
,fig4 #b--,radioactive plant nutri5ts   
inject$ 9 soil roots    ,illu/ration3 h 
n rea*$ above gr\nd p>ts 9 #e m9utes    
,illu/ration3 b h1 z indicat$ by ,geig] 
c\nt]1 rea*$ ^!  p>ts 9 #bj m9utes4     
,illu/ration3     ,trac] exp]im5ts      
reveal t roots _c di/+ui% potassium     
7ne$$ 9 l>ge am\nts7 f o!r elem5ts :i*  
are *emically  simil> b q diff]5t 9     
size4 ,once inside ! plant1 only        
potassium c be metaboliz$ & simil> b    
heavi] elem5ts 7rubidium1  cesium7 are  
useless4 ,?is is l an abs5tm9d$ build]  

:o buys  brick1 b\ld]s1 & gravel        
indiscrim9ately = 8 wall & !n f9ds  he c
 use only "p ( 8 mat]ials4    ,! process
 call$ photosyn!sis :]eby gre5 plants   
use en]gy f  ! sun to conv]t simple     
comp\nds f air & soil into complex1     
en]gy-ri* sub/ances has be5 t]m$ ! mo/  
important *emical  reaction 9 ! _w4 ,x  
is ! basis = man's entire food supply &1
  except = nucle> en]gy1 all significant
 fuel z well4 ,trac]  te*niques h       
multipli$ ! rese>* ef=ts on photosyn!sis
  trem5d\sly4    ,:5 only *emical te/s 7
 available1 food manufactur+ 9 gre5     
leaves _h to progress = h\rs be=e       
sci5ti/s c\ld measure !  products4 ,b ) 
trac]s & o!r new te*niques !y h n>r[$  !
 exp]im5tal "t to m9utes & f9ally to    
seconds4 ,today !y "k  t a gre5 leaf has
 =m$ sug>s m complex ?an fructose1      
8fruit  sug>10 aft] exposure to light = 
only "o second6    ,:5 ! incr$ible      
complexities ( photosyn!sis are f9ally  
unravel$1 radioactive trac]s1 especially
 radioactive c>bon-#ad1 w  h provid$ !  

significant clues4                      
,plant ,diseases & ,we$s      ,h[ ,c ,we
 ,combat ,plant ,diseases8    ,at "o "t 
to /op epidemic spread ( plant diseases 
0 virtually  impossible2 f>m]s _h to    
ab&on fields & crops4 ,su* cata/rophes  
caus$ by microbes h *ang$ ! c\rse (     
hi/ory4 ,= example1 !  ,iri% fam9es ( ! 
#ahdj's result$ f ! potato blight &     
caus$  mass emigrations f ,irel&4    ,9 
?is c\ntry today plant diseases result 9
 losses e/imat$ at #c  billion a ye>4 ,s
 f>1 ! mo/ economical means ( r$uc+ !   
ravages ( plant diseases has be5 to bre$
 resi/ant plant v>ieties4  ,al?\gh su* a
 v>iety may co/ #ajj1jjj to develop1 its
 co/ is  usually repaid )9 a ye> or two4
    ,b ! victory is only tempor>y4      
,al?\gh plants are br$ to resi/  !      
pa?og5 7fungus7 ( ! mom5t1 ,nature is   
con/antly *ang+ !  microbial population 
by mutation & hybridization4 ,)9 a few  
ye>s  virul5t /ra9s ( fungi :i* c attack
 ! 8resi/ant0 v>iety  increase to su* an
 ext5t t ! new v>iety mu/ be replac$4   

,= crops t provide high p]-acre income  
su* z "s vegetables &  v9e & tree       
fruits1 *emical control ( fung\s        
diseases is  economically possible2 9   
fact1 x is a real necessity4 ,b su*     
treatm5t is too co/ly = mo/ field crops1
 unless "s *eap se$  treatm5t or        
f]tiliz] additive c be f\nd4    ,a g5]al
 break?r\gh 9 control ( plant diseases  
is yet to come4  ,because ( ?\s&s (     
pa?og5ic species1 ) hundr$s ( /ra9s1 x  
does n seem possible t ! foll[+ que/ions
 c\ld be answ]$  ab\t ea* "o4 ,:at is ! 
life cycle ( ! microbe8 ,:at conditions 
( temp]ature & humidity enc\rage x to   
spread8 ,:at plant species  does x      
attack8 ,h[ does x ent]8 ,:at *emical   
*anges )9 !  cells ( ! plant det]m9e    
:e!r !y resi/ or succumb to !  invad]8  
,h[ long c g]ms rema9 pot5t8 ,h[ f> c !y
 travel by  w9d or wat]8 ,:at comb9ation
 ( resi/ant v>ieties1 cultural  me?ods1 
& *emical treatm5t w control ! disease8 
,) trac]s x is possible = ! fir/ "t to  
measure *emical  uptake 9 s+le spores & 

to foll[ *emicals ?r\gh ! plant4        
,p]haps ! mo/ enlight5+ in=mation f su* 
/udies is t "s  fungicides are #aj1jjj  
times less effective p] unit ( 8body    
weight0  ?an are o!r *emicals us$ to    
de/roy we$s & insects4 ,obvi\sly  !     
break?r\gh 9 *emical control ( plant    
diseases is yet to come4      ,:y ,d    
,*emicals ,de/roy ,"s ,plants8    ,we$s 
co/ ?is c\ntry an e/imat$ #e billion    
annually1 :i* is m  ?an ! loss to ei!r  
plant diseases or insects4 ,selective   
*emical  we$ kill]s su* z 8#b1 #d-;,d0 h
 become s widely us$ t m ?an  #ace      
million wor? 0 sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 
#aiei4 ,9 prop]  conc5tration ^!        
comp\nds w de/roy _m unwant$ plants )\t 
h>m+ lawn grasses or crop plants4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c--,tagg$ we$-kill+
 *emicals 7,a7 are tak5 9 &  transport$ 
alike 9 grassy 7,b7 & broad-leav$ 7,c7  
plants1 b only 9  ! latt] are kill$4    
,z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 b5eficial use ( ! 
*emicals has f>  outrea*$ an und]/&+ (  
h[ !y "w4 ,! /ill scanty k  ( ! process 

has come almo/ entirely f trac] /udies4 
,all plants readily absorb selective we$
 kill]s 78h]bicides071 :i*  are n       
de/roy$ )9 ! plants4 ,resi/ant plants %[
 no effect (  ! *emicals1 b s5sitive    
plants suff] damage 9 actively gr[+     
roots & %oots4 ,sug> =mation dur+       
photosyn!sis is disrupt$ 9  ^! plants1 &
 phosphorus movem5t is ret>d$4 ,9 ord]  
to pr$ict  :at new classes ( *emicals   
might be ( value z h]bicides1 we mu/    
await ! results ( rese>* us+ radioactive
 trac]s4                                
,animal ,nutrition & ,metabolism        
,h[ ,nutriti\s ,are ,v>i\s ,fe$/uffs8   
,an endless phase ( animal nutrition    
rese>* deals ) effici5cy (  rations1 t  
is1 ! p\nds ga9$ by ! animal p] p\nd (  
fe$  consum$4 ,! /&>d =m ( su* rese>* is
 to fe$ gr\ps (  animals on diff]5t     
rations = sev]al weeks or mon?s &       
det]m9e  av]age *ange 9 weight p] p\nd (
 fe$ us$4    ,9 rec5t ye>s sci5ti/s h   
us$ *emical te/s to comp>e !  am\nt (   
calcium 9 ! diet aga9/ ! am\nt excret$4 

,! app>5t  dige/ibility ( su* m9]als has
 ?us be5 comput$ = diff]5t  rations4    
,yet "o important s\rce ( error 9 ^!    
*emical te/s  plagu$ rese>*]s4    ,!re  
is a 8turnov]0 9 nutri5ts f$ to animals2
 elem5ts 9 fe$ are  absorb$ into !      
animal's body1 reta9$ = a "t1 & lat]    
excret$4 ,= example1 a c[ actually loses
 m calcium 7?r\gh milk  & excreta7 dur+ 
! fir/ six mon?s ( milk production ?an  
h]  normal ration conta9s4 ,z long z !  
am\nt ( recycl+ 0 unkn[n1  sci5ti/s c\ld
 n tell1 = in/ance1 h[ mu* calcium 9    
alfalfa hay  c\ld be dige/$ by simply   
measur+ incom+ & outgo+ calcium4        
,=m]ly sci5ti/s c\ld /udy ! problem only
 by )hold+ all  calcium f ! diet4 ,"u   
?is unnatural condition all outgo+      
calcium came f ! animal's body4    ,)   
radioactive calcium 9 a /e]'s diet 7or  
inject$ into ! blood71  sci5ti/s c      
quickly tell h[ mu* ( ! excret$ calcium 
comes f  ! animal's blood & organs "u   
normal conditions4 ,9 a typical  in/ance
 a ration ?\ght to h #bd p] c5t         

dige/ible calcium1  *emically det]m9$1 0
 f\nd to h #ch p] c5t by ! trac]        
te*nique4    ,! trac] me?od %[s t milk  
conta9s phosphorus1 only #bj p] c5t  (  
:i* may come f ! fe$ & #hj p] c5t f !   
c['s bones4  ,) eggs1 ab\t #fe p] c5t ( 
! phosphorus is provid$ by fe$ &  #ce p]
 c5t by ! h54 ,radioactive trac]s p]mit 
measurem5t ( su*  8biological pa?ways10 
z ! bio*emi/ calls !m4      ,c ,lean    
,meat be ,e/imat$ 8on ! ,ho(08    ,!    
pro( ( ! ration1 "o might say1 is 9 !   
cutt+4 ,t is1 !  wor? ( a p>ticul> fe$ 0
 =m]ly unkn[n until ! c>cass _h  be5 cut
 & pric$4    ,because ( ! "t & exp5se1  
rese>*]s 9 ! pa/ h m]ely  te/$ gr\ps (  
animals on a ration = a few weeks & !n  
e/imat$  ! total ga9 by weigh+ &        
measur+4 ,! ma9 drawback to su* a  me?od
 is t x measures total gr[? only4 ,9    
meat animals1 kn[+  total gr[? is less  
important ?an kn[+ h[ mu* ga9 is 9 ! m  
valuable lean meat1 h[ mu* is 9 fat1 &  
h[ mu* m]ely wat]4  ,te*niques bas$ on  
atomic en]gy h provid$ a new approa* )\t

  add+ radioactive contam9ation to !    
animal4    ,( ! 8backgr\nd radiation0 t 
has exi/$ s9ce ! e>? 0  =m$1 "p comes f 
cosmic rays 7f out] space7 & "p f       
radioactive mat]ials 9 ! e>? itself4 ,"o
 ( ^! naturally  radioactive isotopes is
 radioactive potassium1 :i* is pres5t to
 a  small b significant ext5t 9 food1 9 
human bodies1 & 9  con/ruction mat]ials4
    ,:ile "s *emicals su* z c>bon1      
hydrog51 & oxyg5 g into almo/  e k9d (  
sub/ance 9 liv+ ?+s1 potassium plays a  
special role  9 animals3 x lodges almo/ 
exclusively1 n 9 bone or fat or wat]1  b
 9 lean meat4    ,biological & m$ical   
rese>*]s are n[ coop]at+ to build       
8:ole-body0 radiation c\nt]s4 ,a human  
be+ or an animal is actually  enclos$ by
 ^! huge devices1 "s ( :i* are s        
s5sitive !y  measure ne>ly e ray t      
em]ges f ! body4 ,^! c\nt]s w  help     
answ] _m que/ions1 b "h only _! use to  
measure  radiopotassium 9 meat animals  
is expla9$4 ,! animal is f$ a te/       
ration conta9+ no add$ radioactivity4   

,at int]vals ( a week or  m1 ! animal is
 weigh$ & is also te/$ = natural        
radioactivity4 ,weigh+ tells total ga91 
:ile radiopotassium c\nt+  %[s h[ mu*   
ga9 is 9 ! desir$ lean meat4 ,?is me?od 
is  rem>kably simple1 & s9ce no         
radioactivity is add$ to its diet1 !    
animal c /ill be m>ket$4      ,does     
,?yroid ,affect ,milk--,egg ,production8
    ,recognition ( ! significance ( !   
?yroid gl& 9 animals1 !  association (  
iod9e ) ! ?yroid1 & ! availability ( an 
excell5t radioisotope ( iod9e h result$ 
9 increas$ /udy (  ?is important gl&4   
,*emical te/s _h h9t$ at a l9k betwe5 ! 
?yroid gl& & ! production ( milk & eggs4
 ,us+ radioactive  iod9e1 sci5ti/s le>n$
 t ?yroid activity increases ) !  onset 
( milk & egg =mation4 ,9 hot wea!r1 :5  
yield ( milk &  eggs decreases1 activity
 ( ! ?yroid gl& dim9i%es4    ,x may be t
 a dairy bre$] c soon select calves =   
pot5tial milk  production because (     
?yroid activity z measur$ by radioactive
  iod9e4 ,at pres5t he mu/ let ! animals

 gr[ & produce milk =  sev]al ye>s be=e 
he *ooses ^? to use 9 h]d improvem5t4   
7,see  ,fig4 #d47      ,m ,trac]s 9     
,animal ,nutrition ,rese>*    ,female   
hormones 9 microgram am\nts#a accel]ate 
fatt5+ ( cattle  & %eep4 ,be=e ?is me?od
 c be us$ on animals = human            
consumption1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be det]m9$ t  
no possible human  injury c result f any
 residue4 ,) *emical te/s ! measurem5t  
( su* t9y am\nts 0 impossible4 ,ev5 )   
radioactive c>bon-#ad1  doses ( hormone 
#ajjj times normal dosage 7 requir$ be=e
 !  hormones 9 ! fle% 7 measurable4     
,fig4 #d--;,future high-produc+ milk c[s
 may be select$ z calves1  because ( !  
measur$ activity ( _! ?yroid gl&s4 ,a   
m9ute  am\nt ( iod9e-#aca is f$ & )9    
m9utes has conc5trat$ 9 !  ?yroid4 ,high
 conc5tration means high ?yroid         
activity1 :i* 9 old]  animals means high
 milk production4          ,illu/ration3
 ,iod9e-#aca f$ 444 conc5trates 9       
?yroid4    ,rec5tly an isotope ( hydrog5
 7tritium or ,h7 0 l9k$ to hormones1  & 

^! 7 f$ 9 normal am\nts to cattle4 ,te/s
 #ij days aft]w>d  %[$ less ?an "o "p p]
 billion 9 ! meat1 a big /ep t[>d  *eap]
 fatt5+ ( meat animals ) hormones4    ,!
 use ( tranquiliz]s has be5 propos$ =   
r$uc+ ! cu/om>y  loss ( weight 9 cattle 
be+ %ipp$ to m>ket4 ,^! *emicals1 also1 
are us$ 9 su* m9ute quantities t        
residues c\ld n be detect$  except )    
radioactive trac]s4 ,tritium c n[ be us$
 by heal?  (ficials to /udy ! effects ( 
tranquiliz]s4                           
,insects      ,:]e & ,h[ ,fa/ ,d        
,insects ,travel8    ,radioactive       
isotopes h be5 us$ to /udy insects1 _!  
life cycles1  disp]sion1 mat+ & fe$+    
habits1 p>asites1 & pr$ators4 ,sev]al   
hundr$ su* /udies h be5 made on doz5s ( 
insect species4    ,) radioactive trac]s
 ev5 ! smalle/ insect becomes m easily  
foll[$4 ,z "o example1 ne>ly half a     
million mosquito l>vae 7  tagg$ )       
radioactive phosphorus 9 ,canada4 ,"s ( 
! adults f  ^! l>vae 7 lat] f\nd z f> z 
sev5 miles away1 b mo/ 7  recov]$ )9    

"o-eigh? mile4    ,9 a companion /udy   
gras%opp]s 7 label$ ) ! same isotope4   
,_! av]age rate ( movem5t 0 only        
tw5ty-"o feet p] h\r1 &  aft] sev5 days 
_! position 0 bas$ entirely on r&om     
motions  plus prevail+ w9ds4 ,x seems t 
gras%opp]s h no ability to  move t[>d   
food4      ,h[ ,f> ,d ,insects ,c>ry    
,poll58    ,?is "q is ( practical       
importance 9 kn[+ h[ f> to sep>ate      
se$-fields to ma9ta9 pure v>ieties (    
plants4 ,9 ! pa/ x 0  /udi$ by !        
labori\s me?od ( gr[+ a plant hav+ a    
dom9ant  8m>k]0 g5e = "s visible trait  
surr\nd$ by plants )\t !  m>k]4 ,se$s f 
plants at v>i\s di/ances f ! m>k$ plant 
7 gr[n ! foll[+ ye> to see h[ f> !      
g5etically m>k$  poll5 _h be5 c>ri$4    
,s9ce su* plants are normally cross     
poll9at$1 x 0 difficult to obta9 /ra9s  
g5etically pure =  pres5ce or abs5ce ( !
 m>k] g5e4 ,also1 consid]able te/+ &    
bookkeep+ 7 involv$4    ,) trac]s !     
answ] may be f\nd 9 a few days4 ,a plant
 is inject$  ) radioactive phosphorus2  

aft] a few days its poll5 is highly     
radioactive4 ,fl[]s at v>i\s di/ances f 
! tagg$ plant may be  *eck$ daily =     
radioactivity4 ,9 "o /udy ) alfalfa1    
radioactive  poll5 0 c>ri$ z f> z ?irty 
feet by bees1 b m ?an  "o-?ird 0        
deposit$ on plants adjac5t to ! label$  
"o4      ,are ,pr$ators ,us$ to ,de/roy 
,insects8    ,) insect pe/s1 z ) plant  
diseases1 biological control is m       
economical ?an artificial control4 ,!   
use ( insecticides too (t5  results 9   
de/ruction ( helpful insects along )    
pe/s4 ,limit$  success has be5 a*iev$ 9 
bre$+ c]ta9 plants = resi/ance to       
insects4    ,two important uses (       
biological control 9 agriculture h be5  
made  9 rec5t ye>s3 import+ an insect f 
,au/ralia to eradicate a we$  9         
,cali=nia & dissem9at+ ladybird beetles 
to control c]ta9  scale insects4        
,fig4 #e--;,id5tify+ pr$ators t de/roy  
unwant$ insects4    ,illu/ration3       
,aphids are made radioactive4           
,illu/ration3 ,l>g] insects f\nd ne>by  

are *eck$ =  radioactivity4             
,bumblebee has n eat5 radioactive       
aphids1 b mantis has4    ,helpful       
p>asites & pr$ators mu/ fir/ be id5tifi$
 be=e !y c  be us$4 ,9 ! case ( small or
 nocturnal insects1 ?is c be  exce$+ly  
tr\blesome4 ,tagg+ ! pe/s )             
radioisotopes 9 ord]  to id5tify !      
pr$ators :i* consume !m is mu* simpl]   
because !  mo/ effici5t pr$ators conta9 
! mo/ activity4    ,) su* te*niques     
entomologi/s h /udi$ insects & animals  
:i* prey on unwant$ aphids1 mosquitoes1 
blackflies1 & roa*es4 ,su*  exp]im5ts   
may lead to a delib]ate increase ( c]ta9
 pr$ators to  control injuri\s insects4 
,radioactive label+ is also valuable 9  
/udy+ helpful insects4 ,9  "o case !    
indol5ce ( drone bees 0 indicat$ by f9d+
 t ev5  ) adequate syrup 9 _! cage !y   
/ill receiv$ id5tical syrup  f work]    
bees 9 an adjo9+ cage6      ,c ,trac]s  
,measure ,spray ,residues8    ,any      
mat]ial us$ on plants or animals to kill
 insects or disease  organisms mu/ pass 

rigid inspection to be sure x does n    
accumulate  9 food/uffs4 ,?is is        
p>ticul>ly true ( ! 8sy/emic0 poisons1  
^? :i* are f$ to plants via leaves or   
roots & are c>ri$  int]nally to all p>ts
 ( ! plant4 ,su* *emicals c be us$      
widely  ) nonfood plants su* z cotton to
 kill insects fe$+ on !m4    ,comb9+    
radioactive label+ ) o!r te*niques has  
p]mitt$ !  rese>*]s to %[ t "s comp\nds 
are soon brok5 d[n into  h>mless        
*emicals--a big /ep t[>d acceptance = _!
 use on food  plants4                   
,radioisotopes z ,radiation ,s\rces     
,e>li] 9 ?is booklet radioisotopes 7    
comp>$ to fireflies because  !y emit    
fla%es ( 8light40 ,isotopes s]ve rese>* 
9 ano!r  important way1 o!r ?an z       
trac]s4    ,suppose y collect$ all !    
fireflies )9 a #ajj-mile radius & put   
!m into a glass j>4 ,in/ead ( an        
occasional tw9kle1 y w\ld n[  h a /eady 
gl[ ( light4 ,simil>ly imm5se numb]s (  
radioactive  atoms c be compress$ into a
 small volume to produce /eady1 int5se  

s\rces ( radiation4 ,agricultural rese>*
 has answ]$ _m que/ions  ) ! use ( su*  
radiation s\rces4      ,c ,radiation    
,produce ,new ,plants8    ,p]haps no    
biological aspect ( atomic en]gy has s  
caught ! fancy (  ! public z ! prospect 
( creat+ new plant v>ieties4 ,!re is    
some?+ my/]i\s ab\t p\r+ invisible en]gy
 into se$s or buds  & wat*+ = *anges 9 !
 em]g+ leaves & fl[]s4 ,!re is  also !  
*all5ge ( ! lott]y 9 be+ unable to      
pr$ict :]e1  :51 or 9 :at =m !          
alt]ations w appe>4    ,al?\gh ! claims 
( ov]-en?usia/ic g>d5]s & se$ deal]s    
ab\t a/oni%+ new plants 8creat$0 by     
atomic radiation are d\bt$1  cle> pro(  
exi/s ev5 9 ! re/ra9$ sci5tific j\rnals 
(  h]$it>y *anges caus$ by radiation4   
,f m ?an #cj ye>s ( sci5tific /udy1     
c]ta9 conclusions h  em]g$4 ,high-en]gy 
radiations c cause sudd5 h]$it>y *anges 
7mutations7 9 any liv+ ?+3 man1 animal1 
microbe1 or plant4 ,any  feature ( a    
plant subject to h]$it>y control--root1 
%oot1 leaf1  fl[]1 or fruit--c be alt]$ 

by radiation4 ,mo/ ( ^! *anges are      
undesirable2 !y int]f]e ) ! normal /ate 
( biological affairs4  ,a v small       
p]c5tage ( mutat$ organisms is improv$ 9
 "s way4 ,s  f> *anges _c be controll$  
or pr$ict$4    ,to date f\rte5 new /ra9s
 ( crop plants improv$ by radiation h   
be5 put into production 9 v>i\s p>ts ( !
 _w4 ,^! v>ieties  ) _! places & dates (
 release foll[3      #a4 8,primex0 :ite 
mu/>d1 ,sw$51 #aiej    #b4 8,*lor9a     
,mutant0 tobacco1 ,indonesia1 ab\t #aiej
    #c4 8,%af]'s ,univ]sal0 bean1       
,g]many1 ab\t #aiej    #d4 8,reg9a ,,ii0
 summ] oil rape1 ,sw$51 #aiec    #e4    
8,weibull ,/ral>t0 fodd] pea1 ,sw$51    
#aieg    #f4 8,sanilac0 navy bean1      
,mi*igan1 #aieg    #g4 8,pallas0 b>ley1 
,sw$51 #aieh    #h4 8,n4 ,c4 #d,x0      
peanut1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #aiei    #i4     
8,florad0 oats1 ,florida1 #aifj    #aj4 
8,seaway0 bean1 ,mi*igan1 #aifj    #aa4 
8,alamo-,x0 oats1 ,texas1 #aifa    #ab4 
8,gratiot0 bean1 ,mi*igan1 #aifc    #ac4
 8,p5nrad0 b>ley1 ,p5nsylvania1 #aifc   

#ad4 8,yukon-#a0 c>nation1 ,connecticut1
 #aifc    ,9 ^! in/ances no desirable   
*anges appe>$ 9 ! plant gr[n  directly f
 treat$ se$s1 b !y appe>$ sev]al        
g5]ations  lat]4 ,9 mo/ cases hundr$s ( 
?\s&s ( plants 7 exam9$  be=e !         
desirable ones 7 f\nd4 ,! desir$ *anges 
7 almo/  always accompani$ by           
undesirable ones1 & ye>s ( cross-bre$+ &
  8purify+0 7 necess>y to obta9 usable  
v>ieties4    ,! te*nique ( radiation    
bre$+ c be us$ on any =m ( life  :]e    
l>ge numb]s c be gr[n & disc>d$ at      
little co/4 ,!  output ( p5icill9 has   
be5 increas$ a ?\s&fold by repeat$      
mutations caus$ 9 ! microorganism       
produc+ ?is antibiotic4 ,sev]al  /udies 
on radiation bre$+ ( p\ltry h be5 />t$4 
,an +5i\s rev]se twi/ ( induc$ mutation 
is be+ appli$ 9 !  field ( plant        
diseases4 ,:ile "s sci5ti/s are         
irradiat+ se$s &  plants 9 an ef=t to   
obta9 disease-resi/ant mutations1 o!rs  
are  irradiat+ ! fungi :i* cause !      
diseases4 ,!y hope 9 ?is way to  =esee !

 new /ra9s ( pa?og5ic microbes t w occur
 naturally  9 ord] to bre$ resi/ant     
plants be=e ! new diseases appe>4    ,"s
 claims h be5 made t radiation c        
/imulate plant gr[?1  g]m9ation1 e>li]  
maturity1 & s on4 ,simil> b5efits are   
sometimes  claim$ = human heal?4 ,^!    
allegations are almo/ nev] prov$ 9      
reputable laboratories4 ,x seems likely 
t radiation is /imulat+1  9 ! words ( "o
 au?ority1 8only 9 ! s5se t a prun+     
knife  is /imulat+40      ,c ,radiation 
,de/roy ,g]ms & ,insects8    ,food      
te*nologi/s h /udi$ ways ( pres]v+ food 
) radiation  = m ?an t5 ye>s4 ,_! f9d+s 
indicate t complete  /]ilization ( food 
) radiation requires doses s high 7#b to
 #f  million ro5tg5s#b7 t co/ is        
prohibitive at pres5t1 & ! food  (t5    
becomes di/a/eful4 ,^! am\nts ( en]gy   
completely de/roy  ! microbes & enzymes 
:i* normally cause food to putrefy4     
,if radiation is to be us$ 9 pres]v+    
food1 x w probably be z a  supplem5t to 
conv5tional me?ods ( heat+ & freez+4    

8,pa/euriz+0 ) radiation to de/roy mo/  
7b n all7 ( !  microbes 9 meat or fruit 
or vegetables is accompli%$ ) less ?an  
five p] c5t ( ! dosage requir$ =        
/]iliz+4 ,su* treatm5t  does n alt]     
flavor or texture appreciably & c\ld be 
us$ to  prolong ! refrig]at$ 8life0 ( _m
 fre% foods4 ,x is !  responsibility ( !
 ,f$]al ,food & ,drug ,adm9i/ration to  
det]m9e  t no ?reat to human welf>e c\ld
 possibly result be=e approv+  ! use (  
high-en]gy radiation to pres]ve foods4  
,) agricultural products /or$ dry1 su* z
 gra91 tobacco1 & wool1  ! *ief ag5ts ( 
damage are n microbes1 b insects4 ,!    
loss (  /or$ field crops caus$ by       
insects is e/imat$ at #bjj million      
annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,de9fe/+ su*
 goods ) radiation  doses 9 !           
8pa/euriz+0 range promises to be        
practical & causes no  app>5t *ange 9 ! 
product4    ,l _m o!r food/uffs1        
potatoes are (t5 /or$ = mon?s betwe5    
h>ve/ & use4 ,precaution mu/ be tak5 to 
prev5t _! det]ioration  dur+ /orage n   

only f decay b also f spr\t+4    ,cold  
/orage inhibits spr\t+ b is co/ly & has 
ano!r s]i\s  drawback4 ,9 ! mak+ (      
potato *ips1 tub]s held at l[ temp]ature
  conta9 excess sug> & result 9 d>k5$   
*ips4 ,/orage at high]  temp]atures     
prev5ts conv]sion ( />* to sug> b       
enc\rages  spr\t+4    ,atomic en]gy     
promises to resolve ?is dilemma4 ,giv5  
l[ doses ( gamma  rays 7#ejjj to #aj1jjj
 ro5tg5s71 potatoes may be kept at room 
temp]ature = a ye> or m )\t spr\t+4     
,simil> doses inhibit  spr\t+ ( onions4 
,! e/imat$ co/ ( irradiat+ tub]s & bulbs
  at su* doses is z l[ z #ad c5ts p]    
ton4 ,no *emical *anges h  yet be5 f\nd 
9 irradiat$ potatoes t w\ld make !m     
unsafe =  eat+4 ,9 fact1 heal? (ficials 
9 ,canada h rec5tly approv$ !  use (    
gamma rays on potato tub]s t w be /or$ &
 lat] us$  = human food4 ,our own ,food 
& ,drug ,adm9i/ration has giv5 simil>   
approval = apply+ gamma rays to bacon & 
fa/ electrons to :eat  7= kill+         
insects74    ,an +5i\s application (    

atomic en]gy to agriculture conc]ns !   
screwworm fly1 :i* inhabits l>ge areas (
 s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1  ,mexico1 & !     
,c>ibbean4 ,! fly lays eggs 9 op5 w\nds 
(  live/ock1 includ+ navels ( newly     
born1 & ! burr[+ maggots  inevitably    
kill ! animal4 ,9 ! s\!a/]n ,unit$      
,/ates1 damage  f ?is insect am\nt$ to  
#ae to #be million annually4    ,9 !    
ye>s #aieh & #aiei m ?an two billion    
screwworm flies 7  delib]ately releas$ f
 airplanes ov] ! entire /ate ( ,florida 
& p>ts ( ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,?is      
a/oni%+ act 0 a major /ep  9 successful 
eradication ( ! pe/ f s\!a/]n ,unit$    
,/ates4    ,! entomologi/s :o conceiv$  
?is rem>kable s*eme _h ! foll[+         
in=mation f basic /udies3 ! insect      
produces a g5]ation ab\t  e ?ree weeks4 
,9 ! pupal /age males c be /]iliz$ by   
#bejj  ro5tg5s ( ,x or gamma rays1      
females by #ejjj ro5tg5s4 ,! insect c   
be re>$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,/]ile males are 
fully competitive )  normal males =     
mates4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 /]ile eggs d n hat*4

 7,x  0 helpful1 ?\gh incid5tal1 t      
females mate only once47    ,aft]       
initial te/s on an isl& 9 ! ,c>ibbean1 a
 l>ge fly-produc+  plant 0 set up4      
,flies 7 gr[n to ! pupal /age1 irradiat$
 )  #hjjj ro5tg5s ( gamma rays1 p]mitt$ 
to mature1 & releas$ f  airplanes4 ,)   
#ej million flies be+ releas$ weekly ov]
 ,florida1  ,georgia1 & ,alabama1 ! area
 0 smo!r$ ) /]ile flies1 & !  numb] (   
eggs t hat*$ 7f ! normal native flies7  
rapidly  dim9i%$ to z]o4 ,! program 0   
cont9u$ = #ah mon?s1 & 9 ?is  "t !      
insect 0 completely elim9at$4    ,c]ta9 
o!r insects are be+ consid]$ = !        
/]ility-eradication  te*nique4 ,among !m
 are ! boll weevil1 ,european corn bor]1
  mosquito1 & tsetse fly4 ,ori5tal      
sci5ti/s are us+ gamma rays  in/ead ( ! 
conv5tional heat+ to kill silkworms     
inside cocoons4      ,h[ ,does          
,radiation ,affect ,f>m ,animals8    ,at
 a few colleges ( agriculture 9 ?is     
c\ntry1 radiation effects on  f>m       
animals are be+ /udi$4    ,al?\gh x may 

n be flatt]+ to be lik5$ to a pig or a  
donkey1  ! fact rema9s t human be+s are 
physiologically v simil> to  sw9e &     
burros4 ,^! animals are mammals ) simple
 /oma*s &  h ! same g5]al size1 %ape1 & 
placem5t ( organs z d humans4           
,radiation /udies ) sw9e & burros1      
al?\gh sl[ & exp5sive1  %\ld give       
in=mation m applicable to humans ?an ! m
 rapid  & inexp5sive /udies ) small     
laboratory animals4      ,:at ,else ,c  
,radiation ,tell ,u8    ,two *>act]i/ics
 ( soils besides f]tility are vitally   
important &  difficult to measure4 ,^!  
*>act]i/ics are moi/ure & d5sity4       
,moi/ure mu/ be det]m9$ frequ5tly =     
effici5t irrigation4 ,d5sity  controls !
 pore space available = wat] & oxyg52 ! 
possible  damage to ! soil f tillage &  
h>ve/+ ma*9es is reveal$ by  be=e-&-aft]
 te/s ( d5sity4    ,bo? soil moi/ure &  
d5sity 7 =m]ly det]m9$ by laboratory    
me?ods1 :i* _h two drawbacks3 ! me?ods 7
 labori\s1 & !y  te/$ soil 9 an         
unnatural /ate4 ,today a sort (         

d\ble-b>rel$  radiation me?od c be us$  
to measure ^! two soil *>act]i/ics4     
,neutrons are readily scatt]$ by wat] b 
n by soil2 gamma rays are  absorb$ by   
bo? soil & wat]4 ,9 practice ! exp]im5t]
 drills two  holes 9 ! soil a few feet  
ap>t4 ,into "o he puts a gamma-ray      
s\rce2  into ! o!r1 a radiation         
detector4 ,! read+ on 8 detector dial   
tells him ! am\nt ( gamma rays absorb$  
by bo? soil & wat]4  ,replac+ !         
gamma-ray s\rce ) a neutron s\rce1 he   
obta9s a  read+ on absorption by wat]   
only4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two  read+s  
is ascrib$ to ! d5sity1 or degree (     
compaction1 ( t  soil 9 its native /ate4
                                        
,conclusion      ,radioactive trac]s &  
radiation s\rces h become indisp5sable  
to  all phases ( agricultural rese>*4   
,!y h help$ answ] que/ions  t seem$     
unansw]able4 ,b !re w always be m       
que/ions to put  to ,nature4 ,!         
physici/s-philosoph]s ( #ahij 7 confid5t
 t !y  _h obta9$ all significant k ( !  

physical univ]se4  ,discov]ies ( ! next 
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