,,essays ,,on ,,d>w9ism4          ,,by  
,,?omas ,r4 ,r4 ,,/ebb+1 ,m4,a4         
,late ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,worce/]        
,college1 ,ox=d4          ,,london3     
,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4           
#ahga4        ,all rights res]v$        
,,ox=d3      ,,by ,t4 ,,combe1 ,m4,a41  
,e4 ,b4 ,,g>dn]1 ,,& ,e4 ,,pick>d       
,,hall1      ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,!          
,,univ]sity4          ,,preface4      ,!
 op9ions ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 h n[ be5 = _m ye>s
 be=e !  _w4 ,8 own book on #8,! ,orig9 
( ,species by means ( ,natural          
,selection1' unfolds & supports !m )    
admirable cle>ness (  argum5t4 ,f> f be+
 an ab/ruse & t$i\s "w1 x c>ries !      
read] on ) unflagg+ int]e/ to ! close4  
,obs]vations &  exp]im5ts1 "s ! mo/     
simple1 "s ! mo/ elaborate1 notes  on   
natural hi/ory1 z well f e qu>t] ( !    
globe z f  almo/ e prov9ce ( nature1 are
 br\ght to be> ^u ! subject  )\t        
confusion ( ?\ght or emb>rassm5t ( /yle4
 ,! language  fl[s easily 9 its calm1   
temp]ate1 unegoti/ical c\rse4 ,!re is no

  disguis+ ( objections1 no seek+ (     
oppon5ts4 ,!re is an evid5t  se>*+ aft] 
tru?4 ,( its =m or ( its %ad[ ! au?or's 
m9d  z evid5tly reta9s a bright cle>    
vision1 & :at he sees he tries  to make 
o!rs see z cle>ly z he sees x himself4  
,! suspicion &  dislike :i* are ar\s$ 9 
"s m9ds by ! v "n ( ,d>w9ism  _c be     
reta9$ by ^? :o read ,mr4 ,d>w9's own   
description  ( 8 !ory & ! gr\nds :i*    
sl[ly l$ him to adopt x4 ,few  read]s c 
be dull en\gh to feel no *>m at f9d+ !  
mo/  unlook$-= results d$uc$ f ! simple/
 illu/rations1 f  old famili> facts1 f  
e-day occurr5ces1 or at f9d+ :at  seem  
examples ( ! mo/ special & v>i$         
contrivance reconcil$ to  ! simplicity (
 a s+le g5]al law4 ,_m read]s w be      
incl9$  to :isp] to !mselves at _m      
passages1 #8we nev] ?\ght ( t  be=e1'   
#8we nev] look$ at ! matt] 9 t light1'  
#8h[ curi\s  if aft] all x %\ld be      
true1' #8x looks less wick$ & silly ?an 
we us$ to ?9k x4' ,:e!r ! !ory itself be
 "r or wrong1 !  g5]al effect ( ! book  

:i* describes x c only be to quick5  !  
m9ds ( its read]s1 to enl>ge = !m !     
circle ( ideas1 to  op5 up be=e !m new  
l9es ( ?\ght & enquiry1 to let !m see  !
 :ole face ( nature teem+ ) my/]ies &   
revelations1 an  inexhau/ible v9tage = !
 human reason to ga!r 94    ,su* be+ !  
"* ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's own ,"w1 ! h&ful (    
,essays & ,lett]s conta9$ 9 ! pres5t    
volume1 support+ ! same  views by almo/ 
! same argum5ts1 may seem a sup]flu\s   
contribution  to ! lit]ature ( ! "q4 ,& 
s x w\ld be if all :o  condemn &        
ridicule ,d>w9ism w\ld be at ! pa9s to  
/udy ,mr4  ,d>w9's ,"w4 ,b op9ions pass$
 ^u x & allusions made to x 9  common   
conv]sation & 9 popul> lectures (t5     
te/ify to no?+  except supreme ignorance
 ( its g5]al m]its4 ,to judge by su*    
he>say1 "o might believe t ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h
 liv$ all 8 life %ut  up 9 a dove-cote1 
& nev] se5 or exam9$ any o!r liv+       
creature  ?an a pigeon4 ,ano!r e/imate w
 dismiss ! :ole subject1 sca!d  )       
indignant laught]1 by simply expla9+1 t1

 accord+ to  ?is fatu\s !ory1 man is    
desc5d$ f a monkey4 ,naturally no       
well-m9d$ p]sons w cons5t to be pi!coid 
9 orig91 :e!r  !y "k :at pi!coid means  
or n2 /ill less c a !ory be  accept$ z  
moral & good1 accord+ to :i*1 z "s w    
tell  y1 ! giraffe l5g!n$ its neck by a 
s]ies ( /ret*+s1 &  ! elephant acquir$ a
 trunk by cont9ually pull+ its own nose4
  ,a dis9t]e/$ advocate w p]haps be     
all[$ to deprecate ^!  burlesque &      
ignorant repres5tations1 & to /rip f :at
 is  m]ely vulg> prejudice ! guise (    
magnanimity & f9e feel+4 ,!  range (    
topics embrac$ 9 ! pres5t volume1 h[ev] 
feebly h&l$1  & h[ev] inaccurate t h&l+ 
may 9 "s po9ts prove to be1  %\ld at    
lea/ tea* ^? :o are will+ to le>n1 t !  
:ole  subject is a great "o1 & wor?y (  
att5tion1 claim+ e>ne/  ?\ght & v>i$    
le>n+ to decide ^u x 9 all its be>+s2  x
 _c be dispos$ ( by c>icatur+2 x _c be  
settl$ 9  def]5ce to any religi\s       
prepossession2 x mu/ be exam9$ ) op5    
eyes1 & ) ! full c&\r ( m9d :i* great   

subjects dem&1  & :i* great subjects    
nobly repay4    ,"s ( ! foll[+ pap]s    
treat ( matt]s on :i* no man (          
sci5tific education c be suppos$ at !   
pres5t day to reta9 ev5  a ve/ige (     
d\bt4 ,b ?\s&s ( p]sons1 :om 9 ord9>y   
c\rtesy  we mu/ call well-educat$1      
al?\gh !y "k no?+ ( sci5ce1  hold       
op9ions on ! ,flood & ! age ( ! _w z    
irreconcileable  ) ! be/-approv$        
sci5tific conclusions z !y are ) !      
,d>w9ian ,!ory4 ,9 appeal+ to ! judgm5t 
( su* p]sons1 z well  z 9 consid]+ !    
measure ( 8 own p[]s1 ! pres5t writ]    
has ?\ght x exp$i5t to conf9e himself1 =
 ! mo/ "p1 to !  cle>e/ & simple/       
argum5ts1 leav+ on "o side ! subtle &   
intricate4    ,! lett]s collect$ at !   
end ( ! volume may be look$ on  z %ort  
essays ( a some:at in=mal "*4 ,! apology
 =  repr9t+ !m is ?is1 t :]eas 9 a      
regul> essay ! writ]  assumes 8 own     
/&po9t1 & may be suspect$ ( ignor+ !    
vantage-gr\nd ( 8 oppon5ts1 9 reply+ to 
a correspond5t he  mu/1 at lea/ to "s   

ext5t1 foll[ ! lead ( an antagoni/1 &   
fight1 if he fights at all1 on ! field  
:i* ano!r has *os54 ,z  ,i _c repr9t !  
v>i\s able compositions :i* ,i h        
attempt$  to answ]1 x w be fair1 to "o  
at lea/ ( ! writ]s1 to rem>k  t ,i h    
p]sonal reason to "k t he /ill reta9s ! 
op9ions  ( :i* ,i attempt$ to disabuse  
him4 ,he contrives to reconcile ?is     
obduracy to 8 own intellig5ce by lay+   
/ress on ! c&id  admission made by      
,d>w9ians1 t ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t is = 
!  pres5t t :i* !y call x1--a ,!ory1 & n
 a demon/ration4  ,no "o pret5ds to     
answ] fully e objection t has be5 urg$  
aga9/ ! ,!ory4 ,! evid5ce is z yet      
incomplete4 ,by its v  nature x mu/     
p]haps always to "s ext5t rema9 s4 ,!   
pro(  dep5ds 9 "p ^u analogy1 :i* leads 
to conclusions possible  or probable1 r 
?an to :at is demon/rably c]ta94 ,b !   
advocates ( ! ,!ory1 rememb]+ ,bi%op    
,butl]'s maxim1 t #8to  u probability is
 ! v guide ( life1' endeav\r to ma9ta9 t
  _! op9ions h f> m ?an t m9imum (      

prepond]ance :i*1  9 ,butl]'s view1 n   
only ju/ifies1 b imp]i\sly exacts1 !    
adhesion ( reasonable be+s4             
,,?omas ,r4 ,r4 ,,/ebb+4                
,torquay1 ,feb4 #f1 #ahga4              
,,cont5ts4                              
,,page        ,,d>w9ism#a               
#c        ,,! ,,noa*ian ,,flood#a       
#cd        ,,in/9ct ,,& ,,reason#b      
#fb        ,,human ,,nature ,,& ,,brute 
,,nature                             #hb
        ,,! ,,lapse ,,( ,,"t#a          
#ic        ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,hypo!sis   
,,( ,,spontane\s ,,g5]ation#a      #abf 
,,imp]fection ,,( ,,! ,,geological      
,,record#a                 #acc         
,,d>w9ism3 ,,! ,,noa*ian ,,flood        
#adg        ,,d>w9ism3 ,,sci5ce ,,&     
,,religion                          #aeb
        ,,d>w9ism1 ,,& ,,! ,,fir/       
,,v]tebrate                      #aef   
,,! ,,fir/ ,,v]tebrate1 ,,& ,,! ,,beg9n+
 ,,( ,,reason        #afj        ,,oy/]s
 ,,( ,,! ,,*alk1 ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,(     
,,developm5t      #afe        ,,!       

,,ma!matical ,,te/ ,,( ,,natural        
,,selection               #afh          
,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,species              
#agc        ,,index                     
#aha          ,,notes to pp4 #ac & #cd4 
,x has be5 k9dly po9t$ out to me by ,mr4
 ,james ,p>k] ( ,ox=d  t !re is an error
 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's calculation reproduc$ 9 
page  #ac ( ?is volume4 ,^u ! data      
suppli$1 ! increase 9 ! numb]  (        
elephants !re m5tion$ w\ld require #gej 
ye>s in/ead ( #ejj4  ,! fur!r increase  
calculat$ 9 ! same page1 w\ld 9 l mann] 
require sev5 or eight additional        
c5turies in/ead ( five4    ,mr4 ,p>k]   
also sugge/s t ! expressions 9 page #cd1
 #8tak5 =  grant$1' #8taught =          
c5turies1' seem to ignore ,bi%op        
,/ill+fleet  & o!r writ]s ( 8 "t1 :o saw
 good reason = believ+ !  ,flood 9 !    
days ( ,noah n to h be5 univ]sal4 ,i am 
glad to  expla9 t ,i did n by any means 
int5d to imply t !re 7 no  exceptions to
 ! g5]al /ate ( op9ion1 = ,i am well    
aw>e t  !re are at ! pres5t day "s      

s*ools1 a few nurs]ies1 & ev5  "o or two
 pulpits1 into :i* ! tru? on ?is po9t   
has be5 all[$  to p5etrate4             
,,d>w9ism4          ,,d>w9ism4      ,!  
object ( ?is lecture is to expla91 ) z  
mu* simplicity z  possible1 ! op9ions ( 
,d>w9 on ! *a9 ( second>y causes  :i*   
has result$ 9 ! wond]ful /ructures kn[n 
to u z liv+  creatures1 & includ+1 9 an 
almo/ inf9ite v>iety1 li*5 &  moss1 mite
 & mildew1 grass & fl[] & bran*+ tree2  
mollusk &  reptile & fi%2 ! swan1 !     
petrel1 ! o/ri* & ! eagle2 !  cunn+ ape2
 ! fai?ful h\nd2 ! elephant1 sagaci\s & 
m9dful (  insults2 ! lion1 capable (    
g5]osity2 ! horse1 pati5t ( lab\rs  &   
eag] = victory2 &1 along ) a multitude (
 o!rs div]sely  qualifi$1 ,"o1 )\t d\bt 
p>tak+ ( ! animal nature t lives  &     
dies1 yet seem+ to p>take ( some?+      
beyond x1 seem+ to  be di/+ui%$ f all ! 
re/ by its po/ures1 by its laugh+1  by  
its cook+ its food1 by its articulate   
language1 by its p[]s (  reason+2 & yet 
l9k$ & unit$ to its inf]iors by a       

multitude  ( aff9ities & sympa?ies1     
resemblances ( =m & nature1 &  by ! v   
details ( its sup]iority4 ,s ran !      
,pagan leg5d t  ,provid5ce _h compact$  
man's moral nature out ( p>ticles tak5 f
  ea* ( ! l[] animals1 giv+ him ! wisdom
 ( ! s]p5t &  ! fi]y c\rage ( ! lion#c4 
,to ?is s5se ( an intimate union  betwe5
 man & ! re/ ( ! animate creation h !   
writ]s (  fables 9 all ages appeal$1    
:ile imp>t+ _! lessons ( prud5ce  &     
virtue "u ! guise ( transactions betwe5 
birds & bea/s &  trees ( ! =e/4    ,x is
 well kn[n t aft] ! discov]y ( almo/ e  
great  tru? a sort ( feel+ or in/9ct ( x
 c be trac$ back 9  obscure h9ts1 9     
*ance expressions1 9 vague guesses1 9   
flights  ( imag9ation1 s t p v soon beg9
 to fancy t !y  h all along und]/ood &  
ma9ta9$ ! v !ory1 :i*1 on  its fir/     
appe>ance1 !y viol5tly reject$ z some?+ 
false &  ev5 vici\s4 ,d>w9ism has ?is   
*>act]i/ic ( tru?1 t x has  (t5 be5     
obscurely anticipat$4 ,x has ?is o!r    
*>act]i/ic1  t its fi]ce/ oppon5ts h    

already begun ins5sibly to adopt its    
conclusions1 & to speak its language1 to
 op9e1 ev51 t ! cr$it  ( its            
promulgation belongs to !mselves4    ,9 
,mr4 ,d>w9's own hi/orical sket* ( !    
rise & progress ( 8  doctr9e1 he does   
full ju/ice to ^? :o h prec$$ & :o  h   
work$ ) him 9 br++ x to light & 9       
e/abli%+ its  f\ndations4 ,! op9ion t   
species orig9ate1 n by successive       
miracul\s int]positions or acts (       
creation1 b by bir?1 0  held z f> back z
 #agid-e1 by f\r m5 ( di/+ui%$ g5ius1 by
  ,lam>ck1 by ,mr4 ,d>w9's own gr&fa!r1 
,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 by  ,ge(froy ,sa9t 
,hilaire1 & by ! poet ,goe!4 ,9 ! pres5t
 day1 ,mr4  ,wallace1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t       
,sp5c]1 ! great zoologi/ ,van ,ba]1 &   
o!rs1  indep5d5tly ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 seem to
 h come m or less to ! same             
conclusions1 :i* h be5 w>mly esp\s$ &   
p[]fully v9dicat$  by ,dr4 ,hook]1      
,pr(essor ,huxley1 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4
 ,i m5tion  ^! names because x seems to 
be _! due1 & n = ! sake (  giv+ weight  

to any argum5t because ( ! sci5tific    
r5[n ( its  advocates2 !re are names1 x 
may be1 equally di/+ui%$ on !  opposite 
side4 ,b "o ?+ ought to be obs]v$1 t !  
progress  ( sci5tific enquiry has a*iev$
 s mu* dur+ ! la/ hundr$  ye>s t !      
op9ions ( ! old] ,naturali/s h an       
importance  :5 !y agree ) mod]n         
conclusions1 :i* !y _c h :5  !y diff] f 
!m1 unless x c be %[n t ! obs]vations1  
! exp]im5ts1 ! discov]ies ( late ye>s _h
 all be5 made by1  or 7 kn[n to1 ! e>li]
 enquir]s4 ,= ^?1 h[ev]1 :o ?9k  !      
op9ions ( a pa/ g5]ation ( necessity m  
tru/wor?y ?an  ^? ( ! pres5t1 ,sir      
,*>les ,lyell has done well to po9t out 
t  ,l9nu himself look$ =w>d to a "t :5 x
 %\ld be prov$ t  9 botany1 at lea/1 all
 species ( a g5us _h desc5d$ f ! same   
"m#d4    ,?is is precisely ,mr4 ,d>w9's 
op9ion on ! orig9 ( species at  l>ge4   
,he applies x to ! animal z well z to ! 
vegetable k+dom4  ,he ext5ds x by       
consid]+ g5]a !mselves z species ( !    
ord]s  :i* conta9 !m1 & ord]s z species 

( ! great classes to  :i* !y z ord]s    
respectively belong4 ,9 a ^w1 he        
consid]s t  all liv+ =ms :atsoev] are   
desc5d$ f a v few orig9al  ance/ors ( ! 
simple/ type1 & t ?is primval gr\p      
itself  _h1 probably1 a common p>5tage4 
,wildly improbable1 ludicr\sly  absurd1 
degrad+ to humanity1 & irreligi\s1 no   
d\bt ?is  hypo!sis has appe>$ to _m1 & w
 cont9ue s to appe> till  x has be5     
/udi$ ) att5tion1 & /udi$ )\t prejudice4
 ,to  rescue x f ! prejudice :i* w\ld   
make x 9 ! eyes ( "s a  p]nici\s &      
=bidd5 /udy1 is ! hope :i* und]lies !   
object  ( ! pres5t lecture4    ,r\nd    
,nelson's ,column 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e !re
 are f\r colossal  /atue lions1 !       
conception ( a great arti/4 ,!y look    
unnatural1  n because ( _! size1 or _!  
position1 or ! mat]ial ( :i*  !y are    
made1 b because !y are all s exactly    
alike2 & exact  lik5esses are sc>cely   
ev] f\nd 9 animate nature1 unless x be  
among ! v simple/ organisms4 ,:5 we     
speak ( a /rik+ lik5ess  betwe5 two     

human be+s1 we evid5tly imply t a high  
degree (  simil>ity is uncommon1 &1     
!re=e1 notewor?y4 ,:at is true (  ev5 ! 
mo/ highly organiz$ animals1 is true1 z 
f> z obs]vation  goes1 ( all bel[ !m4   
,horses1 dogs1 %eep1 k9e1 af=d famili>  
illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,to !      
un$ucat$ eye1 individual  diff]5ces may 
be totally unapp>5t1 :i* are yet        
p]fectly  conspicu\s to ! tra9]1 !      
huntsman1 ! %eph]d1 & ! drov]4  ,wild   
creatures "k _! mates2 wild h]ds select 
_! lead]s2 !  bee & ! ant are capable ( 
di/+ui%+ ! v>i\s individuals  ( _! own  
communities1 = /rang]s ( ! v self-same  
species  ) !mselves !y repel or         
de/roy#e4 ,z ea* creature is1 9         
numb]less cases1 ! (fspr+ ( two unlike  
p>5ts1 x _c be  an exact copy ( ei!r1 & 
! influ5ces ( ! two p>5ts may  be comb9$
 9 v>i\s proportions 9 ea* ( ! (fspr+2 b
 !  p>5ts !mselves are cont9ually *ang+1
 ) ! v>iations (  age & food & climate1 
s t ! v rule ( resemblance betwe5  !    
produc]s & ! produc$ w entail ano!r rule

 ( unlik5ess  betwe5 ! sev]al memb]s (  
an (fspr+ n born all at once4    ,x is a
 fact1 :i* _c be d5i$1 t 9 numb]less    
in/ances !  "y ( a creature diff] m or  
less f ! p>5ts & likewise  among        
!mselves4 ,:y x %\ld be s has be5 9 "p  
expla9$4  ,?is is ! ,v>iability1 )\t :i*
 ,natural ,selection c\ld  nev] h be5   
?\ght (1 because )\t diff]5ces !re w\ld 
h be5 no?+ to select4 ,b ?is ,v>iability
 be+ grant$1 !  ,d>w9ian !ory becomes   
possible--becomes q capable ( ref]r+    
back ! elephant & ! pig1 = in/ance1 to !
 same ance/ry4 ,!  diff]5ce betwe5      
prog5itors & _! imm$iate (fspr+ are1 x  
is true1 comp>atively slight4 ,x w\ld1  
inde$1 be a prodigi\s bir?  if "o family
 conta9$ at once a "y monkey1 a little  
pig1 a big  donkey1 & a great goose2 b x
 is obvi\sly possible t any am\nt  (    
unlik5ess may be f\nd betwe5 !          
desc5dants ( common ance/ors1  if we are
 n conf9$ to ! diff]5ces ( a s+le       
g5]ation1 b  are all[$ to multiply !m   
?r\gh z _m ?\s&s z we require4  ,say t  

two race-c\rses diff] 9 l5g? by "o y>d2 
multiply t  diff]5ce #agfj times & !y w 
!n diff] by a :ole mile4 ,if1  on leav+ 
?is ,lecture-room1 y f\nd ! trees--:i*  
half-an-h\r  ago 7 b>e & leafless--clo!d
 ) summ] v]dure1 y\r g>d5s  bloom+ ) a  
weal? ( roses1 y\r or*>ds lad5 )        
autumnal  fruits1 y w\ld sc>cely cr$it  
y\r s5ses2 & yet1 :5 !  requisite numb] 
( half-h\rs1 reckon$ by days & mon?s1   
%all  h elaps$1 y w greet ^! wond]ful   
*anges z p]fectly  natural & no?+ to be 
wond]$ at4 ,9 a dissolv+ view t is  well
 manag$1 ,alp9e peak & glaci]-pass melt 
imp]ceptibly into "s  tall ca!dral &    
sun%9y m>ket-place4 ,! two sc5es are    
:olly  unlike1 & yet x is contriv$ t at 
no mom5t %\ld ! passage  f "o to ! o!r  
be disc]nibly abrupt4 ,is x n possible  
!n to  conceive t ?r\gh an imm5se       
multitude ( g5]ations ! =m (  an ape    
might be d]iv$ f ! =m ( a fi%8 ,we d n  
mean to say  t ?is has actually happ5$1 
b suppos+ ! desc5dant ( !  fi% to v>y   
cont9u\sly 9 ! direction ( ! ape-l =m1 !

  result w\ld be intelligible en\gh4    
,:at1 !n1 is !re to det]m9e  v>iation 9 
any p>ticul> direction1 & :at limits are
 !re1  if any1 to ! sy/em ( int]m9able  
*ange :i* ! pr9ciple (  v>iation seems  
to involve8    ,( c\rse x is und]/ood t 
! g5]al mass ( *>act]s or  qualities    
belong+ to any creature are inh]it$ by  
"o g5]ation  f its imm$iate ance/ors &  
transmitt$ to its imm$iate  desc5dants1 
s t = a long p]iod !re w\ld be a l>ge   
numb]  ( individuals 9 ! _w unit$ into a
 gr\p by common *>act]s1  :i* accord+ to
 _! suppos$ importance we might call    
specific  or g5]ic4 ,b besides ?is1 !re 
is ! v curi\s pr9ciple (  ,rev]sion to  
be tak5 into acc\nt1 z l>gely conduc+ to
 !  comp>ative p]man5ce ( species4 ,9   
,norway1 ,i believe1 :5 !  fa!r's "n is 
,jack1 & ! son's "n is ,tom1 ,tom is    
call$ ,tom  ,jackson1 & ,tom is 9 !     
habit ( giv+ 8 own elde/ son !          
gr&fa!r's "n1 & !n ,tom ,jackson's son  
is call$ ,jack ,tomson4  ,n[1 9 ! same  
way1 9 nature x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t  

:5 a long-nos$ man is fa!r ( a %ort-nos$
 son1 ! son ( !  %ort-nos$ man inh]its  
by rev]sion ! m elongat$ feature (  8   
gr&sire4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 :i* h[ev]
 greatly limit  x1 ! op]ation ( ?is     
pr9ciple ( ,rev]sion may ext5d1 s f> z  
we "k1 to any quality :atev] aft] an    
int]val ( any numb] (  g5]ations4 ,!    
t5d5cy1 !re=e1 is to ! p]man5ce (       
species1  & yet1 z w be %[n 9 ! sequel1 
x has furni%$ ,mr4 ,d>w9  ) an          
additional argum5t to prove t species   
are n p]man5t4 ,x  mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 
:5 a "* rev]ts f a v di/ant  ance/or1 ! 
creature :i* inh]its x w h num]\s o!r   
qualities1 all probably m or less diff]+
 f ^? orig9ally  unit$ to ! rev]sion>y  
"*2 j z if1 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,art1  a       
picture by ,raffaelle 7 %[n to fifty    
pupils1 & :5 x _h be5  copi$ by ! fir/1 
! second pupil 7 to make a copy ( !     
copy1  & s on to ! end1 ea* ( ! copies  
w\ld no d\bt diff] m &  m f ! orig9al1 &
 yet 9 ! v la/1 by ! help ( memory  or  
sympa!tic g5ius1 !re might be "s beauty 

n to be f\nd 9  any ( ! o!rs1 recall+ ! 
h& ( ! great ma/]2 :ile x  is true1 t if
 ! sket* 7 some?+ exce$+ly simple1 !    
fiftie? copy1 & all ! int]m$iate ones1  
might be almo/ exactly  l ! orig9al2 & s
 9 nature1 exce$+ly simple organisms are
  seem+ly reproduc$ = almo/ endless     
g5]ations ) no *ange1 or  sc>cely any4  
,if x be true t all liv+ creatures on   
?is e>? spr+ f a  v few1 extremely      
simple1 orig9al g]ms ( life1 we h to    
expla9  h[ x is t n[ !re is an enorm\s  
v>iety ( highly organis$  creatures1 &  
at ! same "t "s ( extreme simplicity4   
,=1 if !  simple/ =ms are p]man5t1 h[ c 
! m complex be d]iv$ f  !m8 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 if ! simple/ =ms v>y1 h[ is x t we  
f9d1 z we d1 ! v e>lie/ kn[n =m ( life  
/ill liv+ at  ! pres5t day8 ,! solution 
is easy to sugge/1 t ! (fspr+  ( v      
simple =ms are sometimes exactly l _!   
p>5ts1  & sometimes n exactly l4 ,f :at 
has be5 said above (  ,inh]itance &     
,v>iation1 ?is is 9 ! highe/ degree     
probable1 &1  ?is be+ admitt$1 x w foll[

 t accord+ to circum/ances !  prog5y t  
are l _! p>5ts1 or ^? t are unlike1 w  h
 ! be/ ( x4 ,:y ?is foll[s w n[ h to be 
expla9$4    ,all ov] ! surface ( our    
globe !re is a /ruggle = life go+  on4  
,! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation is probably
 /rong] ?an any  o!r1 s t we may rely ^u
 x t ! creatures ( e race  w /rive to   
pres]ve _! own exi/5ce1 if ne$ be1 at ! 
exp5se  ( t ( o!rs4 ,x may be horrible  
to ! s5tim5tali/1 b x  is true2 &       
rememb] t man z well z ! tig] is a      
c>nivor\s  mammal4 ,!re is no bea/ or   
bird ( prey t c be comp>$ )  man = 8    
ravag+1 de/ructive1 but*]+1 remorseless 
dissipation  ( o!r =ms ( life1 to       
pres]ve 8 own exi/5ce & make x          
com=table4 ,he secures 8 gluttony f     
fam9e1 z f> z he c1  by be+ omnivor\s4  
,moss & fungus1 grass & h]b1 leaf & fl[]
  & /em & fruit1 all alike f9d a grave 9
 man4 ,! lion & !  flea are ! victims ( 
8 fe>2 _m a h>mless snake & toad (  8   
antipa?y2 ! ott] & ! fox die = 8 sport2 
! o/ri*  & ! erm9e = 8 vanity4 ,= 8     

food1 l a wolf1 he slays !  h>mless     
%eep2 l a hawk1 he p\nces on ! innoc5t  
*ick52 l a  wily pan!r1 surprises !     
antl]$ /ag2 dev\rs fi% l a %>k2  spreads
 nets = 8 prey l a spid]2 & 9 "s        
in/ances acquires  a well-develop$ ta/e 
= ! fle% ( 8 fell[-man4 ,practically  ) 
all liv+ animals1 ! fir/ consid]ation is
 food4 ,if all  liv+ animals c\ld obta9 
abundance ( pleasant & suitable food    
)\t prey+ on "o ano!r1 ! sc5e ( w> :i*  
,nature pres5ts  w\ld p]haps 9 a great  
measure disappe>4 ,yet ?is w>f>e is z   
conspicu\s 9 ! vegetable z x is 9 !     
animal k+dom4 ,!re is  a c]ta9 am\nt (  
n\ri%m5t 9 a giv5 piece ( gr\nd1 & =  t 
n\ri%m5t ! plants ^u x w compete1 "s    
?riv+ &  multiply+ to ! h9drance &      
de/ruction ( ! o!rs4 ,"h aga91  if !    
surface ( ! globe suppli$ nutrim5t = all
 its plants1  !re w\ld be at lea/ no ne$
 = ?is de/ructive competition4    ,& h[ 
is x t ?is wide1 wide _w does n supply  
food en\gh  = all ! vegetable =ms t make
 an ef=t to live ^u x8  ,! answ] to ?is 

curi\s "q has long be5 kn[n1 ?\gh n     
suffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,x w\ld n be fair
 to say t ,nature is  /+y 9 h] supplies 
( food1 b r t %e is too g5]\sly         
prolific ( =ms ( life4 ,=1 take !       
supposition t all liv+  creatures1 :e!r 
animal or vegetable1 7 %ield$ f all     
enemies  & influ5ces at pres5t hurtful  
to !m1 & let u see to :at x  w\ld br+ u4
 ,a s+le gra9 ( :eat produces an e>     
conta9+ t51  tw5ty1 or "s l>g] numb] (  
gra9s4 ,b if ! e> conta9$  only two     
gra9s1 /ill1 at t rate ( increase1 a    
s+le gra9 w\ld  9 ?irty ye>s be         
repres5t$ by m ?an a ?\s& millions (    
gra9s#f4 ,:at1 !n1 w\ld be ! position ( 
! _w1 if1 />t+  ) a ?\s& millions (     
gra9s1 ?is rate ( increase 7 all[$  to  
cont9ue un*eck$1 n = ?irty ye>s1 b =    
?ree ?\s&8  ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9 has calculat$ 
9 reg>d to ! elephant1 :i* is  reckon$ !
 sl[e/ bre$] ( all kn[n animals1 t1     
accord+  to ! v l[e/ probable rate (    
natural increase1 a s+le pair  w\ld 9   
five hundr$ ye>s h a prog5y ( fifte5    

million liv+  elephants#g4 ,n[ fancy an 
isl& l our own1 only 9 a climate        
suitable to elephants1 into :i* a c\ple 
%\ld h f\nd _!  way a ?\s& ye>s back4   
,at ! end ( five hundr$ ye>s1 if all  t 
7 born 7 enabl$ to bre$ un*eck$1 !re    
w\ld be at  lea/ fifte5 millions ( _!   
huge desc5dants /alk+ ab\t !  l&2 b1 at 
! end ( five hundr$ ye>s m1 !re w\ld be 
"o  hundr$ & twelve millions ( millions 
( elephants4 ,goodness6 ,:at  a /up5d\s 
m5ag]ie6 ,:at a zoological g>d56 ,:at a 
prospect at  ! end ( ! next five hundr$ 
ye>s6 ,& all ?is "t1 rememb]1  accord+  
to our s5tim5tal1 philan?ropic1         
philelephant9e1  nature-improv+ s*eme1 !
 m5 & wom51 ! donkeys ) a s\l  above    
?i/les1 ! ?i/les no long] too?some to   
donkeys1 ! mice1  ! rats1 ! cats1 !     
oaks1 ! cabbages1 ! toad/ools1 w\ld h   
be5 multiply+1 n 9 ! same proportion z !
 elephants1 b v  mu* m rapidly4 ,! great
 desid]atum w\ld be /&+ room4 ,!  back (
 an elephant1 or ! bran* ( an oak1 w\ld 
no d\bt comm& an  enorm\s r5t1 & a "r ( 

way across ! heads ( y\r neighb\rs  w\ld
 be religi\sly gu>d$ by ! law ( ! l&4   
,nor w\ld !  position ( affairs be bett]
 9 ! surr\nd+ sea2 = :ile ^!  elephants 
h be5 comput$ to bre$ at ! rate ( two "y
 ones  9 ?irty ye>s1 a s+le codfi% has  
be5 f\nd to produce 9 "o  ye> m ?an six 
millions ( eggs1 & !re are o!r creatures
  inf9itely m prolific#h4    ,y see1 !n1
 t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is an absolute   
necessity2 & out ( ?is all-ess5tial     
/rife spr+s :at has be5  well call$     
,natural ,selection4 ,:at is meant by   
?is w m easily  be und]/ood by look+    
fir/ at ,artificial ,selection1 :i* has 
be5  practis$ by man1 sometimes         
consci\sly1 & (t5] unconsci\sly1  9 !   
process ( dome/icat+ a great numb] (    
plants & animals4  ,dogs1 %eep1 bulls1  
pigs1 horses1 f[ls1 pigeons1 cabbages1 &
 o!r  cul9>y vegetables1 /rawb]ries1 &  
all mann] ( edible fruits1  toge!r )    
gay-col\r$1 curi\sly-=m$1 sweetly-p]fum$
  g>d5-fl[]s innum]able1 h be51 & are   
/ill be+1 subject$  to man's selection4 

,t ! wond]ful *anges :i* occur are inde$
  due to man's repeat$ *oice ( !        
v>ieties :i* suit 8 purposes1  is cle> f
 ?is1 t all ! rem>kable *anges h tak5   
place  9 ^? p>ticul> qualities :i* man  
has valu$1 leav+ ! o!r  qualities       
comp>atively unalt]$4 ,let x be spe$1   
size1 ta/e1  col\r1 =m1 temp]1 ! coat1 !
 fea!rs1 ! fle%1 ! muscul>  /r5g?1 !    
p[]s ( endurance2 9 a vegetable1 let x  
be ! root1  ! /em1 ! leaf1 ! fl[]1 !    
fruit1 ! se$1 let x be :at  x w t is (  
value1 t "p & t "* h be5 9  ea* case mo/
 highly develop$4 ,to take a few        
examples3 ,y are fond  ( peas1 & y s[ 9 
y\r g>d5 :at y\r se$sman tells y are  ! 
f9e/ new v>ieties2 y l /rawb]ries1 y    
admire roses1 y  fancy a good cabbage1 y
 are p>ticul> ab\t hav+ a mealy potato2 
s 9 ea* case y plant :at y und]/& to be 
! be/ new  k9ds4 ,:at w y say if x turns
 out t ! roses h improv$  9 _! roots b n
 9 ! bloom1 & ! potatoes 9 ! bloom  b n 
9 _! tub]s2 t ! /rawb]ries h rem>kably  
f9e  leaves b v small fruit2 t ! peas & 

! cabbages h inde$  enorm\s /ems1 :ile !
 se$ ( ! "o & ! leaf ( ! o!r  are       
insignificant 9 size & ta/eless to !    
palate8 ,s1 too1 if y  pur*ase a        
race-horse & a pig f ! mo/ not$ bre$]s (
 ^?  animals1 w y n be disgu/$ if x     
turns out t ! horse has  a rem>kable    
prop5sity = fatt5+1 :ile ! pig is       
di/+ui%$  by no?+ b its extreme         
fleetness ( foot8 ,^! disappo9tm5ts d  n
 occur1 because ! v>iations ( dome/icat$
 plants & animals  are select$ by       
compet5t p]sons4 ,7 /rawb]ry-leaves ( z 
mu*  importance 9 horticulture z !y are 
9 h]aldry1 _m f9e v>ieties  w\ld soon be
 exhibit$4 ,z soon z ! mo/ m9ute t5d5cy 
to v>y  9 any p>ticul> direction has be5
 descri$ 9 any liv+ creature1  ! fanci] 
c exagg]ate ! diff]5ce to an ext5t      
inconceivable  to ! inexp]i5c$4 ,z a    
popul> illu/ration ( ?is we may take  ! 
,big ,gooseb]ry1 :i* fills s l>ge a     
space 9 ! newspap]s  :5 ,p>liam5t is    
prorogu$4 ,a gooseb]ry has be5 gr[n     
weigh+  m ?an #cg p5nyweights--t is1    

ne>ly two ounces#i4 ,b m]e  size is n a 
fair te/ ( ! extreme pla/icity ( liv+   
organisms4  ,y may h y\r trees gr[+     
/iffly upright1 or ) p5dul\s  bran*es & 
pro/rate /ems2 y may h y\r cattle       
long-horn$1  %ort-horn$1 or ) no horns  
at all2 y\r rabbits /raight-e>$ or      
lop-e>$2 y\r f[ls ) e v>iety ( comb &   
cre/ & wattles  & plumage2 & y\r pigeons
 pretty well at discretion4 ,a type is  
prefigur$1 & ! fanci] produces x2 & :at 
is done = amusem5t  ) pigeons1 is done =
 food1 = pr(it1 = ! good ( mank9d at    
l>ge1 by ! gr[] ( corn1 by ! bre$] (    
%eep1 by all ! wise  produce-ma/]s ( !  
_w#aj4    ,su* is ,artificial           
,selection2 b man is aft] all b "o (    
,nature's  works1 & "o ( h] num]\s      
ag5ts4 ,all t he does1 h[ev]  miracul\s 
x may seem1 c only be done "u h]        
conditions1 &  by ! means :i* %e        
supplies4 ,9 ,artificial ,selection man 
does  b take advantage ( ! natural laws 
( ,inh]itance & ,v>iation1  & :ile he is
 seek+ by means ( ^! to produce "o      

alt]ation1  ,nature h]self is produc+   
p]haps a hundr$ o!rs4 ,=1 by ! law  (   
,correlation1 :5 "o "p *anges1 "s o!r or
 o!rs almo/  inevitably *ange ) x4 ,:e!r
 x be %ort5+ ! beak ( a  pigeon or      
l5g!n+ ! neck ( a giraffe t is 9 "q1    
,nature  takes c>e1 along ) ! *ange1 to 
make o!r adaptations ( !  /ructure 9 !  
creature's int]e/ "u its alt]$          
circum/ances4  ,surely1 ! work+ ( ?is   
pr9ciple ( ,correlation indicates a     
f>-sight$ ,provid5ce ( ! results1 !     
disa/r\s mon/rosities1  t w\ld o!rwise h
 sprung f ! law ( ,v>iation4    ,man's  
ef=ts are consid]ably limit$1 moreov]1  
by ! law (  ,rev]sion4 ,n[1 suppos+ _m  
diff]+ species to be desc5d$1 z  we     
ma9ta91 f common ance/ors1 :at ought to 
be ! obs]vable  effects ( ?is law8      
,evid5tly1 we %\ld expect ! "* ( "o     
species n[ & !n to appe> 9 species alli$
 to x1 or species (  k9dr$ orig9 to v>y 
9 ! same mann]4 ,9 accordance ) su*  an 
expectation1 we f9d ! horse & ! ass     
sometimes assum+ !  /ripes ( ! quagga & 

! zebra2 c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! pigeon1  !  
f[l1 ! turkey1 ! can>y-bird1 ! duck1 & !
 goose1 all  h top-knots or rev]s$      
fea!rs on _! heads2 "o k9d ( melon      
resembles a cucumb] 9 ev]y?+ b ta/e2 !re
 are purple-leav$  v>ieties ( ! bee* & !
 hazel2 & a great multitude ( plants    
sometimes exhibit _! leaves cut1 blot*$1
 & v>iegat$#aa4    ,n[1 f ! work+ (     
,nature "u1 z x 71 man's guidance1 we   
pass to ! work+ ( ,nature :5 left to h] 
own discretion4 ,! "w  ( ,natural       
,selection is a v sl[ & secret "w3 !    
sl[ness ( x  veils ! movem5t4 ,z ) !    
h\r-h& ( a t9y wat* travell+  b an in* 9
 a day1 !re is progress :i* y _c disc]n1
 !re  is *ange t c be m>k$ & regi/]$ at 
int]vals1 ?\gh ea*  successive mom5t &  
ea* successive movem5t seem to leave ?+s
  exactly z !y 74 ,y h he>d ( ! ,greek  
simpleton :o _h  be5 told t a rav5 liv$ 
?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & s b\ght "o  to see4 
,we might live ?ree ?\s& ye>s in/ead (  
?ree hundr$  )\t be+ able to prove !    
!ory ( ,natural ,selection by actual    

obs]v+4 ,b :5 a gr\p ( mo/ important    
obs]v$ facts c be  expla9$ consi/5tly by
 ?is !ory1 & by none o!r1 :ile no  fact 
has be5 br\ght =w>d to make x           
inadmissible1 x ought to be  accept$    
till "s !ory c be produc$ equally       
unimpea*able &  explanatory ( a l>g]    
gr\p ( facts4    ,qualities are inh]it$2
 b ) ?is peculi>ity1 t v  g5]ally1 &    
sometimes ( necessity1 ! inh]itor comes 
into  possession ( ! inh]it$ quality at 
! same p]iod ( life at  :i* x 0 acquir$ 
by ! p>5t4 ,z1 = in/ance1 ! *ild  ( a   
g\ty fa!r1 ?\gh x may be de/9$ 9 old age
 to inh]it  ! disease1 is n born ) !    
g\t1 any m ?an a calf is born  ) horns1 
or a *]ry-tree produc$ cov]$ ) *]ries4  
,9 !  life ( e creature !re is n m]ely  
gr[?1 b developm5t4  ,at e /age ( life x
 is possible = "s quality acquir$ by    
v>iation to be fix$ by ,natural         
,selection4 ,b 9 ! embryonic &  e>lie/  
/ages ( developm5t1 v>iation is lea/    
likely to be (  s]vice to any creature4 
,su* v>iations1 !re=e1 w less (t5  be   

select$ ?an o!rs1 & if x be true t _m   
species h a  common ance/ry1 !n x ought 
to be f\nd t 9 _! embryonic  & e>lie/   
/ages !y resemble "o ano!r4 ,?is is     
precisely :at  we d f9d4 ,plants1 ! mo/ 
remote 9 appe>ance & prop]ties :5  full 
gr[n1 diff] b slightly 9 _! cotyl$ons3 !
 diff]5ce  betwe5 ! egg ( a night+ale & 
! egg ( an o/ri* be>s no  proportion to 
! dissimil>ity betwe5 ! two birds :5    
fully  develop$2 nor by comp>+ ! roe ( a
 h]r+ ) ! roe ( a  salmon c\ld y        
possibly guess1 be=e exp]i5ce1 h[ !     
full-gr[n  fi% w\ld diff]4 ,b 9 ! life (
 e human be+ !re is a  /age (           
developm5t1 at :i* ! mo/ sagaci\s       
physician c\ld  n di/+ui% him f ! embryo
 ( a snake1 a liz>d1 a bird1 or  an     
ape#ab4 ,n[1 if ! simple/ embryonic =ms 
( life 7 !  prog5itors ( all exi/+ =ms1 
?is is intelligible2 b h[ else  c x be  
expla9$8    ,b1 aga91 if species d n    
v>y1 h[ comes x t ^? liv+ at  ! pres5t  
day are = ! mo/ "p n to be f\nd among ! 
fossil  creatures ( ! anci5t rocks8     

,well1 "s w tell y !re h  be5 _m di/9ct 
creations1 foll[+ aft] _m cata/rophes   
pot5t  to de/roy all ! previ\s          
inhabitants ( ! globe4 ,well1 ,i w      
answ]1 if y re/ on ,scripture1 t view   
has no basis 9 ,scripture1  b if y d n  
re/ on ,scripture1 x c]ta9ly has no     
sci5tific  f\ndation1 = ?\gh ! cru/ ( ! 
globe has be5 made :at x is  almo/      
exclusively by ! action ( fire & wat]1 !
 effect ( any  sudd5 convulsions has be5
 a m]e no?+ z comp>$ ) ! results  f !   
/eady1 sl[-go+1 ceaselessly-op]at+ =ces 
( ^? two  ag5ts4 ,besides1 :5 y look    
back ?r\gh ! rocks ( diff]5t  ages1 n   
only d y f9d "s =ms ! same 9 all1 :i*   
te/ifies  to ! p]man5t unity ( ! liv+   
creation1 b 9 ^? =ms :i*  diff]1 y f9d !
 diff]5ces increas+ ! fur!r y g back1  &
 "s =ms y f9d :i* h no mod]n            
repres5tatives1 =ms1  t is1 :i* h be5   
beat5 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4    ,travel 
ov] ! globe1 & e c\ntry w pres5t y ) "s 
new species2 di/ant riv]s1 di/ant isl&s1
 9 ! ocean %all[s  sep>at$ by great     

deeps1 ! opposite sides ( a cont95t1 !  
tw9  sides ( a m\nta9 *a91 ! foot1 !    
spur1 ! knee1 ! brea/1  ! sn[-clad head 
( an ,alp9e range1 w all pres5t y ) _!  
own peculi> =ms ( life4 ,& h[ came !y   
!re8 ,creat$1 "s  w say1 9 ^? regions & 
= ^? regions1 because ( _!  special     
adaptation to !m4 ,yet1 s9ce ! globe has
 be5 inhabit$1  va/ tracts ( x h *ang$  
_! climates f tropical heat to  froz5   
gloom1 & aga91 yield$ ! ?ick-ribb$ ice  
to g5ial suns  & fragrant zephyrs4      
,unhappy species1 ! creatures ( a fix$  
idea1  creat$ = ! temp]ate m]idian (    
,devon%ire1 & condemn$ by !             
?\ghtlessness ( nature1 to pass _! lives
 9 a climate l t  ( ,nova ,zembla6    ,b
 fur!r1 _h ea* species be5 assign$ to   
its /ation z "s  suppose1 by a s+le act 
( creation1 is x n reasonable1 does n   
rev]5ce require u to expect1 t ea*      
species w\ld h be5 be/  (f 9 its own    
/ation8 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,on !       
contr>y1  import$ species ( plants &    
animals (t5 ?rive prodigi\sly 9  _! new 

habitat1 & ov]-run x4    ,once m1 we f9d
 9 numb]less plants & animals rudim5t>y 
organs  t are ( no use to !             
possessors1--mamm1 t give no milk2      
pi/ils1 9 male florets2 9 insects w+s   
too small = flight1 &  sold]$ to ! w+   
cases2 ! fif? toe 9 ! h9d-foot ( !  dog2
 ! spur ( ! h52 ! w+ ( ! ,apt]yx2 & !   
/unt$1  ineffectual1 b ev]-pres5t tail 9
 our noble selves4    ,on ! old !ory (  
creation1 9 face ( ^! facts1 we _c  save
 ! admir$ doctr9e t nature does no?+ 9  
va92 b on  ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( creation1 t
 doctr9e /ill holds good1  & wisdom is  
/ill ju/ifi$ by all h] productions2 =   
,natural  ,selection works only = ! good
 ( a species2 x does n "w 9  va91 or    
wa/e its ef=ts 9 gett+ rid ( any organ  
simply because  x is useless1 s long z x
 is n injuri\s2 x leaves x z x 0  & :]e 
x 01 a g]m1 a capacity1 p]haps1 9 !     
future1 to be  re-develop$ or fitt$ = a 
new purpose4    ,"h we h incid5tally    
t\*$ ^u :at seems to be morally !  gr&e/
 "p ( ! :ole !ory1 an ev5 sublime       

explanation1 z  f> z x goes1 ( t small  
fraction :i* we see 9 t]re/rial  life ( 
! great & manifold works ( ,god4 ,we    
not$ above t x  is to dea?1 a necessity 
mu* hat$1 mu* malign$1 t we owe !       
possibility ( our own bir? & /&+-room on
 ! face ( !  globe2 b ! !ory ( ,natural 
,selection makes x fur!r cle>  t !      
causes ( dea? :i* we mo/ dread & ?9k    
evil (--w>  & fam9e & pe/il5ce--are t5d+
 cont9ually to improve !  races ( liv+  
creatures4 ,on ! :ole1 ! wise/1 !       
/ronge/1  ! heal?ie/ survive to         
propagate _! species4 ,9 ! long run1    
prud5ce1 c\rage1 & temp]ance prevail1 & 
_! own]s become !  p>5ts ( ! lat]       
g5]ations4    ,:5 ! competition = life  
becomes sev]e1 z to e race  ( creatures1
 man includ$1 x does at times become1 ! 
smalle/  advantage\s v>iation w give its
 possessor a sup]ior *ance (  surviv+1  
:ile ! smalle/ t is disadvantage\s w    
dim9i%  ! *ance4 ,take ! apposite       
in/ance ( a numb] ( quadrup$s  incapable
 ( climb+1 support$ by br[s+ on ! leaves

 ( trees  dur+ a de>? ( o!r suitable    
food4 ,:5 ! l[] leaves )9  ! g5]al rea* 
7 exhau/$1 ! fam9e /ill cont9u+1 ^?     
animals alone w\ld survive :i*1 by "s   
peculi>ity1 c\ld rea* !  high] leaves4  
,9 ?is way1 ^? t c\ld spr+ be/1 ^? t    
c\ld assume ev5 a climb+ po/ure1 ^?     
end[$ ) ! longe/  legs1 sn\ts1 or necks1
 w\ld be select$4 ,9 "s su* a way1 !n1  
we  c conceive ! jump+ p[]s ( ! kang>oo 
& ! antelope1 !  climb+ p[]s ( ! be> & !
 cat1 ! trunk ( ! elephant1 &  ! long   
neck ( ! giraffe to h be5 evolv$ by     
natural selection4  ,! ke5 sc5t ( !     
h\nd1 ! %>p eye ( ! lynx1 ! gay col\rs  
( ! butt]fly1 ! spl5did plumage ( ! bird
 ( ,p>adise1 are all  easy to acc\nt =  
on ?is pr9ciple ( natural selection4 ,s1
 too1  are ! dull col\rs ( _m female    
birds1 to :om obscurity is useful  9    
protect+ _! "y2 s1 too1 ! almo/ bl9dness
 ( ! mole1  :i* works 9 ! d>k1 & to :i* 
an in/rum5t at once delicate  & useless1
 w\ld entail ! risk ( positive injury4  
,! pr9ciple expla9s :at no o!r hypo!sis 

has ev] done1 n  only ,nature's         
p]fection1 :i*1 9 ! h\r ( ease1 we are  
ready to  believe 91 b :at has hi!rto   
be5 a mu* great] puzzle to ^?  :o knew (
 its exi/5ce1 ,nature's imp]fection4 ,! 
:ole creation is  9 con/ant travail to  
br+ =? some?+ bett] ?an its pres5t  be/4
 ,! products ( man's reason are n1 y w  
readily admit1  always p]fect1 & yet    
man's reason is a "p ( ! creation1 &  ( 
nature's "w4 ,! wa/e ( life is          
prodigi\s1 if su* a t]m  is applicable  
to ! circum/ance t (t5 millions ( spores
 are  produc$ 9 ord] t half a doz5      
plants may gr[2 millions ( eggs  9 ! roe
 ( a fi%1 9 ord] t ! p>5ts may be       
repres5t$ by  ?ree or f\r individuals4  
,! bee def5ds itself by its /+1 b its   
weapon ( def5ce is fatal to itself4 ,7 a
 m]*ant habitually to  s5d five or six  
million articles ( m]*&ize across !     
,atlantic  on ! b>e possibility t five  
or six articles out ( ! numb]  might    
rea* _! de/9ation2 or1 7 a fa!r to arm 8
 son )  a weapon on ! presumption t !   

fir/ "t he us$ x1 x w\ld  co/ him 8     
life2 y w\ld ?9k ! man mad1 n wise4     
,yet1 if !  a/oni%+ fecundity ( ! brak51
 ! mu%room1 & ! codfi%1 if  ! /+ ( ! bee
 ) its backw>d s]ratures1 be ! products 
(  direct creation1 ! analogy is some:at
 tell+4 ,h[ diff]5t1 on  ! o!r h&1 mu/  
our judgm5t be ( ^? contrivances1 :5 we 
trace !m to ! simple1 prim>y1 b5efic5t  
law ( natural selection1  work+ always  
/eadily = ! good ( ea* species1 & s     
work+1  t we may feel tol]ably sure t :5
 any species dies out &  disappe>s1 x   
has be5 replac$ by some?+ bett]4 ,= by  
?is law1  we see t f]tility itself is a 
"* :i* w be select$ z  t5d+ to !        
pres]vation ( a species1 & t _m         
creatures mu/  h acquir$ ! p[] ( :at    
looks l wa/eful reproduction 9 !        
long-cont9u$ /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we c   
see1 too1 h[ 9 t  same /ruggle1 x may h 
prov$ exp$i5t = a creature to be arm$  )
 a weapon capable ( inspir+ t]ror1 yet s
 contriv$ t its  possessor %\ld1 (      
necessity1 be peaceful t[>ds its        

neighb\rs4  ,true1 ?is might h be5 done 
by a s+le act ( creation1 b :y1  !n1 0 x
 n done also 9 ! case ( ! mosquito1 !   
wasp1 &  ! hornet8    ,on ! !ory ( sudd5
 creation1 h[ c we acc\nt 9 any b an    
arbitr>y mann]1 = ! innum]able cases 9  
:i* slight diff]5ces  sep>ate v>i\s     
species2 = ! confus$ neutral gr\nd      
betwe5  diff]5t classes1 z :]e1 =       
example1 a creature seems half animal   
half plant2 = ! isolation ( _m =ms f !  
/ations !y  are admirably fitt$ to      
occupy2 = ! fact t _m creatures are     
hide\s1 weak1 timid1 viol5t1 & v5om\s2 =
 ! imp]fection ( an  in/9ct 9 "o species
 f\nd p]fect$ 9 ano!r1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9   
exemplifies by comp>+ ! cells ( !       
humble-bee1 ! melipona  dome/ica (      
,mexico1 & ! hive-bee1 rang+ f great    
simplicity  to an extreme p]fection#ac8 
,b ! pr9ciple ( natural selection  (f]s 
a solution to e "o ( ^! enigmas4 ,x     
embraces all !  v>i\s phases ( life ( ! 
anci5t _w z well z ! mod]n1 &  gives a  
key to ! :ole gr& un9t]rupt$ plan4 ,x   

c>ries back !  m9d to a p]iod :5 ! e>? 0
 de/itute ( life2 :5 yet1 z x  71 !     
?\ght 9 ! ,div9e m9d 0 /ill unspok51 t (
 "o1  & t z good z dead1 %\ld spr+ se$ l
 ! s& :i* is  ^u ! sea-%ore = multitude4
 ,!n x came to pass t ! du/  ( ! e>? 0  
call$ into life by ! ,life-,giv]1 &     
receiv$ !  /range comm& & ! my/]i\s p[] 
to multiply1 & to repl5i%  ! e>?4 ,z    
soon z liv+ creatures multipli$ to any  
great ext5t1  !y w\ld spread !mselves   
into diff]5t l&s & seas &  climates2 !y 
w\ld f9d diff]5t s\rces ( n\ri%m5t1 & !n
  v>iation w\ld come into play1 & close 
^u v>iation w\ld foll[  selection1 n (  
necessity de/roy+ ! old =ms1 b e/abli%+ 
new ones1 because 9 "s /ations ! =m t _h
 n v>i$ might  ?rive be/1 9 o!rs !      
v>iety w\ld h an advantage#ad4 ,z "t    
w5t on1 ?r\gh ! con/ant *anges t !      
surface ( ! globe is  und]go+1 "o v>iety
 w\ld be isolat$ f ano!r1 & 9 su*  an   
isolation ! diff]5ces w\ld increase4 ,& 
! m a species  v>i$1 ! m fitt$ x might  
become = "s habitat1 f :i*  x 0         

completely cut (f by a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 a 
rapid riv]1  or a deep sea4 ,z !        
competition became m int5se1 v>iations  
w\ld become m & m valuable1 enabl+      
creatures to occupy  positions be=e     
unt5able1 ocean-dep?s1 s&y %ores1 holes 
9 rocks1  fre%-wat] lakes1 tops (       
m\nta9s1 bran*es ( trees1 ! bodies  (   
o!r liv+ be+s4 ,"s w\ld be taught by    
necessity & enabl$  by fav\rable        
v>iations to prey1 z well z take up _!  
abode1 on  o!r creatures4 ,& z ! /rife  
became m & m urg5t1 all  sorts (        
qualities t f our po9t ( view may seem  
noxi\s &  degrad+ might prove ( ! highe/
 s]vice & advantage to _! own           
possessors4 ,plants ) %>p ?orns &       
env5om$ hairs1 poison\s  snakes1 tri*9 &
 o!r p>asites horrible to man1 w\ld f9d 
_!  advantage at our co/1 or by         
unp>allel$ f]tility w\ld defy all  ef=ts
 to extirpate !m4 ,"s species w\ld pr(it
 by m9ut5ess1  o!rs by size2 o!rs1 9    
v>i\s ways1 by talons1 beak1 ?read-l    
tongue1 preh5sile tail1 or furry coat2  

&1 j z m5 are said to  g ?r\gh fire &   
wat] = ! sake ( money1 s = ! sake (     
pres]vation1 no habit1 no locality w\ld 
be too uncong5ial = a  species to       
develope adaptation !reunto4 ,&1        
accord+ly1 we f9d  t ! wat]-ouzel1 :i*  
is a species ( ?ru%1 subsi/s entirely   
by div+2 !re is a tree-climb+ lob/] 9 ! 
,mauritius2 !re  are fi%es :i* ramble   
ab\t on ! l&1 & "o fi%1 ! anabas  sc&5s1
 c climb eight or t5 feet up ! trunk ( a
 palm#ae4    ,! *oice ( food1 ! *oice ( 
habitation1 ! con/ruction (             
dwell+-places = !mselves or _! (fspr+1  
me?ods ( def5ce1  me?ods ( attack1 are  
v>i\sly c>ri$ out by myriads ( species4 
,! processes employ$1 9 man we call = ! 
mo/ "p rational2 9  ! l[] animals we    
call !m in/9ctive2 b !re are processes  
employ$ = ^! self-same objects by       
vegetables z well z by m54  ,= plants1 9
 "o s5se /ation>y1 travel t[>ds wat] by 
_!  roots1 t[>ds light by _! bran*es2 !y
 assimilate ! elem5ts (  nutrim5t t suit
 !m1 reject+ o!rs4 ,! ,s5sitive plant   

%r9ks  f ! t\*1 ,v5us's fly-trap closes 
r\nd unw>y insects &  de/roys !m4       
,t5drils fa/5 on ! supports t are (f]$  
!m4  ,trees keep 9 _! delicate blossoms 
till ! wea!r is g5ial4 ,_m  a corolla   
folds c>efully r\nd /am5s & pi/ils :5 ! 
*illy  twilight approa*es4    ,pass f   
proce$+s l ^! to ! swimm+ movem5ts ( a  
behead$ ,dytiscus#af1 & o!r reflex      
actions 9 animals1 to !  food-seek+     
movem5ts ( ! t5tacul ( ! ,hydra or      
fre%-wat]  ,polype1 :i* hov] d\btfully  
betwe5 reflex & in/9ctive action3  g    
=w>d ?r\gh ! innum]able gradations (    
in/9ct till y  come1 = in/ance1 to !    
spid]1 weav+ its symmetrical web1 ru%+  
out ( its lair to seize ! prey :5 ! web 
is %ak5 lightly1  b keep+ itself close f
 a too dang]\s foe :5 ! web is          
vehem5tly %ak54 ,exam9e ! ne/ ( !       
,mygale 7! trap-door  spid]7 l9$ ) silk5
 tape/ry1 furni%$ ) a door on a silk5   
h+e1 :i* x cov]s above ) mat]ials l !   
surr\nd+ soil1  & holds f b5ea? aga9/ an
 intrud]1 by apply+ its claws to  ! mo/ 

advantage\s po9t1 ! po9t mo/ di/ant f ! 
h+e3  consid] ! little ,sylvia ,sutoria1
 or tailor-bird1 :i* draws  filam5ts (  
cotton f ! cotton-plant1 & sews leaves  
toge!r  ) its beak & feet to =m a ne/2 g
 to ! huts & riv]-dams (  ! beav]2 att5d
 a conclave ( rooks judg+ an (f5d]2 look
 into  ! hive ( ! hive-bee2 obs]ve !    
consci\s vanity ( ! peacock2  prea*     
lib]ty to ! slave-mak+ ants2 wat* !     
sagaci\s ways (  dogs & horses2 & !n    
la/ly see if x be possible to resi/ !   
conclusion t1 7 all =ms t ev] exi/$1 f !
 e>lie/  geological times to our own1   
pres5t be=e u 9 ! ord] ( _!  g5ealogies1
 we %\ld see !m to be ! memb]s ( a s+le 
family1  n[1 inde$1 imm5sely div]g5t1   
yet all unit$ by "s aff9ity or          
aff9ities1 :e!r dimly or conspicu\sly   
%[n4    ,h[ /rangely m5 & bea/s are     
unit$ by simil>ity ( blood &  fibre6 ,h[
 /rangely fi%es1 birds1 & mammals by !  
lik5ess ( !  v]tebrate skeleton6 ,h[    
/rangely plants & animals by ! ph5om5a  
( g5]ation1 n only 9 ! union ( ! sexes1 

b also 9  7agamog5esis7 or asexual      
reproduction6 ,ne$ we wond] at community
  ( orig9 betwe5 a coral & a cactus1 a  
:ale & a slo?1 a wolf &  a ,%ylock1 :5  
we f9d t a lady's silk5 tresses1 !      
bri/les (  a bo>1 ! quill ( ! porcup9e1 
! fea!rs ( ! owl1 & !  horns ( !        
buffalo1 are p>allel & specifically     
int]*angeable  developm5ts8    ,consid] 
! v9e1 ) its /em1 bran*es1 twigs1 roots1
 rootlets1  leaves1 t5drils1 & ! lusci\s
 grapes ( ! ripe clu/]4 ,f "o  se$      
sprang all ( ^!4 ,on ! b\gh ( an orange 
tree !re live  & gr[ toge!r leaf &      
petiole1 fl[] & fruit1 ! gre5 unripe    
fruit1 ! yell[ & ! gold5-ripe4 ,all ^! f
 "o se$4 ,yet  !re is no jeal\sy among  
!m4 ,no "o dis[ns a k9dr$ orig9 =  !    
root ( ! tree & its gold5 fruit1 utt]ly 
unlike z ^! are1  b1 l s _m o!r utt]ly  
unlike ?+s 9 ?is _w1 sprung  f ! same   
g]m4    ,to h produc$ & accumulat$ ! va/
 div]g5ces t n[ exi/1  a lapse ( "t1    
inde$1 mu/ be conc$$1 unmeasur$ & p]haps
  immeasurable2 b ?is lapse ( "t is     

precisely :at geology1  indep5d5tly (   
,d>w9ism1 has already dem&$4 ,z !       
,scriptures  speak ( ! e>? z immoveable1
 because s x is 9 ref]5ce to  ! s5ses ( 
man1 !y speak also ( ! ev]la/+ m\nta9s1 
&  ) !m ! rocks are a type ( ! et]nal3  
comp>$ ) ! life  ( man ^! expressions   
are tru?ful & well-*os51 b !y d  n mean 
to say ! rocks are z et]nal z ,god1 nor 
yet ev]la/+  comp>$ ) ! exi/5ce ( !     
globe4 ,x may h tak5 t5  ?\s& c5turies  
to re> up a m\nta91 & yet1 if we reckon 
!  age ( ! globe on ! scale ( a man's   
life1 ! m\nta9 be b (  ye/]day4    ,!   
imm5se antiquity1 n only ( ! globe1 b ( 
t ?9 cru/ (  x op5 to our inspection1   
has be5 asc]ta9$ by geology4 ,geology1  
aga91 has made x c]ta9 t dur+ millions (
 ye>s1 *anges on  ! e>?'s surface h be5 
9 cont9ual progress1 s t n once  m]ely1 
b _m times ov]1 cont95ts & oceans mu/ h 
yield$  to "o ano!r1 yet by no sudd51 b 
ev] by a gradual transposition1  su* z  
is 9 con/ant progress at ! pres5t day4  
,see+ t ! dwell+-place ( liv+ creatures 

is ?us cont9ually  & cont9u\sly *ang+1  
h[ clumsy an arrangem5t x w\ld h be5  _h
 ! =ms ( life be5 made con/ant1 in/ead (
 be+ end[$1  z !y cle>ly h be51 ) a     
wond]ful p[] ( adaptation4 ,!  "q1 be x 
rememb]$1 is n = a mom5t :e!r ,god has  
made  ! univ]se1 b h[ ,he has made t    
portion ( x :i* ,he has  enabl$ u to see
 & exam9e4 ,nor yet1 to be ?or\ghly     
accurate1 is  x 9 "q h[ ,he has work$1 b
 h[ ,he has be5 pleas$ to  exhibit ,8   
op]ations to ! reason+ m9ds ( m54 ,:at  
is wor?y  ( ,god we _c inde$ judge4 ,we 
c only believe t ! ?+s  :i* are1 /&     
wor?ie/ ( ,8 wisdom & goodness1 :atev]  
faults may seem 9 !m to our ra%ly-judg+ 
%ort-sight$ness4 ,b  comp>+ !ories (    
creation accord+ to human notions1 is x 
a  nobl] conception t ,god %\ld h made  
successively gr\ps (  be+s to fill ! _w1
 & !n swept !m away to make room =  o!rs
 ne>ly l !m2 ea* "t1 z x 71 improv+ on  
,8 fir/  idea1 & s argu+ ! imp]fection (
 :at _h gone be=e by !  v improvem5t (  
:at foll[$2 or t1 =esee+ ! p]fect  types

 f ! beg9n+1 ,he %\ld h call$ into      
exi/5ce se$s  ( life capable1 "u ! laws 
,he gave !m1 ( ris+ 9 successive        
g5]ations ?r\gh c\ntless ages1 to       
end[m5ts ( ! noble/ ord]1  to a consci\s
 life1 to a reason+ faculty1 to a moral 
s5se1 to a  k ( ,god8 ,9 su* an orig9   
!re is = man no degradation1  s9ce !    
l[l9ess ( 8 p>5tage has ev] be5 trac$   
back to  ! du/ ( ! gr\nd2 & ! l[e/ =m ( 
life is high] 9  our imag9ations ?an !  
dull brute e>?4 ,inde$1 if we desire to 
exalt our self-appreciation1 :e!r is x  
gr&] = u to h  be5 ! "w ( an in/ant1 or 
to h be5 elaborat$ ) ,div9e  c>e ?r\gh  
millions ( ages8 ,w n any miracle 9 our 
behalf1  h[ev] /up5d\s1 seem m cr$ible  
on ! latt] ?an on ! =m]  supposition8   
,:5 we see :at ,developm5t has already  
done = !  human species1 we c ! m       
readily imag9e :at1 "u ! same  ,lawgiv]1
 x may d 9 ! future = ! individuals (   
our race4  ,:5 we f9d x possible or     
probable t our own bodies conta9        
resemblances to ance/ors enorm\sly      

remote 9 "t1 simply because  !y conta9  
atoms f ! bodies ( ^? v ance/ors liv+   
aga9 9 ourselves1 we c und]/& h[ 9 a    
future1 :e!r ne> or  enorm\sly remote1  
atoms f ! v body ( ! man t dies may  be 
call$ into a r5ew$ exi/5ce1 & clo!d aga9
 ) all t  is necess>y to p]sonal        
id5tity1 ?\gh haply m trans=m$ &  high] 
rais$ above ! old self1 ?an w\ld be an  
orang-outang or a  nak$ savage1 7 ei!r (
 ^! enabl$ to comb9e ! *ivalric  c\rtesy
 ( ,sir ,philip ,sydney ) ! g5ius (     
,sophocles &  ,%akespe>e4          ,,!  
,,noa*ian ,,flood4#ag      ,d>w9ism     
implies almo/ ?r\gh\t t no univ]sal     
,deluge has  dr[n$ our globe1 ei!r )9 ! 
la/ t5 ?\s& ye>s1 or ev5  )9 a p]iod    
indef9itely long]4 ,let u speak ) due   
respect  ( ! contr>y belief4 ,x seems to
 re/ ^u ! te/imony (  a ,volume ! mo/   
preci\s 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 tak5 = grant$  till
 a few ye>s back z mu* 9 sci5ce z 9     
religion4 ,= a  :ile1 ! argum5ts t began
 to be rais$ aga9/ x 7 met by           
c\nt]-argum5ts s plausible1 & !         

objectors diff]$ s widely  among        
!mselves1 t unsci5tific op9ion _h a k9d 
( "r &  prud5ce 9 adh]+ to t :i* _h be5 
taught = c5turies1 &  0 /ill taught )\t 
deviation 9 nurs]y1 & s*ool1 & pulpit4  
,we %\ld h ass]t$ a bett] "r & %[n a    
high] prud5ce1  _h we wait$1 9 a matt]  
:i* conc]n$ sci5ce full z mu* z x       
conc]n$ religion1 till1 by le>n+ facts &
 weigh+ argum5ts1  we _h become able to 
=m an op9ion no long] unsci5tific1 or1  
at  ! v lea/1 to appreciate !           
difficulties involv$ 9 ! anci5t  belief4
    ,we are =c$ to take a controv]sy (  
?is k9d z x /&s2  o!rwise1 !re is a     
simple pr9ciple :i* ought to make all   
controv]sy on ! subject ne$less4 ,all   
au?ors end[$ ) common  s5se1 let alone  
div9e inspiration1 use language :i* _!  
int5d$  read]s may be expect$ to und]/&1
 & language appropriate to !  scope &   
design ( _! writ+s4 ,unless1 !re=e1 we  
suppose t  ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s       
propos$ to tea* natural sci5ce to !     
,hebrew nation1 we ought to expect f !m 

:at we actually f9d3 z  to natural      
ph5om5a1 pa/ & pres5t1 !y use ! language
 n (  f>-advanc$ k & m9ute p>ticul>     
rese>*1 b simply !  language curr5t 9 _!
 own day & nation4    ,b1 sett+ aside ! 
g5]al pr9ciple1 9 ! pres5t in/ance !re  
is a second possibility ( qua%+ !       
controv]sy1 if x c be %[n  or made      
probable t ! au?or1 ^: n>rative is 9 "q1
 nev]  meant to imply t :i* = ?\s&s (   
ye>s has be5 held to be  8 mean+4    ,! 
:ole po9t at issue is ! univ]sality ( ! 
,noa*ian  ,deluge1 & ! n>rative has be5 
?\ght to be uncompromis+ 9  its         
decl>ations t all ! e>?1 to ! v         
m\nta9-tops1 0  inde$ envelop$ 9 wat]1  
&1 except+ ! h&ful rescu$ 9 !  ark1 t   
all m5 & cattle & creep+ ?+s & f[ls ( ! 
air  7 inexorably de/roy$4 ,b to ?is    
view ( ! n>rative !re is  m ?an "o      
objection ^u ! v surface ( ! n>rative   
itself4  ,&1 by way ( preface1 let x be 
rem>k$ h[ vague & indef9ite is  ! use 9 
ord9>y language ( su* t]ms z #8all' &   
#8e' &  #8univ]sal4' ,= in/ance1 if a   

popul> lady gives a kettl$rum1 we  say1 
#8all ! _w 0 at x1' al?\gh #ejj p]sons  
c\ld n h  be5 squeez$ into ! rooms )\t  
be+ suffocat$2 or we say1 #8s  & s is a 
?+ :i* e s*ool-boy kn[s1' :5 we only    
mean t  a good _m lads ( a p>ticul> age1
 9 a p>ticul> rank ( life1 &  belong+ to
 "o p>ticul> c\ntry1 h mo/ probably be5 
taught  x4 ,& aga9 we say1 #8smok+ is   
univ]sal ) ! ,dut*1' )\t  imply+ t e    
baby 9 ,holl& has a pipe in/ead ( a     
rattle4 ,y  are n to suppose t ?is is a 
view ( language inv5t$ = !  occasion1   
frivol\sly expla9+ grave & sacr$        
composition by !  trivialities ( common 
spee*4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is precisely to 
!  unque/ion$ preval5ce ( su*           
phraseology1 9 all b ! mo/ exact        
sci5tific writ+1 t ! late ,dr4 ,m',caul 
appeal$1 & appeal$  successfully1 aga9/ 
m ?an "o ( ! objections to ! au?ority  (
 ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* 7 rais$ "s "t ago by !
 well-kn[n  & +5i\s ari?metician :o     
presides ov] ! see ( ,natal4 ,:5 we     
read t #8!re w5t out a decree f ,cs>    

,augu/us t all !  _w %\ld be tax$3 & all
 w5t to be tax$1 e "o into  8 own city1'
 are we to inf] ei!r t ! clev] practical
 ,roman  decre$ ! taxation ( b>b>ians   
ov] :om he _h n ! fa9te/  %ad[ (        
control1 or t e ,israelite1 )\t         
exception1 f\nd  & visit$ 8 ance/ral    
home 9 ,pale/9e--m]*ants f ,gades &     
,ophir & ,t>%i%1 slaves & prison]s1     
suck+ *ildr51 b$-ridd5  old m51 dy+     
suff]]s8 ,we %all n1 if we are wise1 %ut
 up ei!r  ,cs> ,augu/us or ! ,evangeli/ 
,/4 ,luke to s prepo/]\s a mean+4    ,9 
?is & t5 ?\s& o!r in/ances1 our g5]al k 
( !  att5dant circum/ances1 or :at we   
call #8! nature ( ! case1'  supplies !  
necess>y exceptions4 ,to h !m all drawn 
out 9 detail  w\ld be t$i\s &           
tr\blesome4 ,suppose a glori\s comet is 
ab\t  to make its appe>ance1 & "s       
a/ronom] publicly advises e  "o to be on
 ! look-out = x on a c]ta9 night1 h[    
ridicul\s  w\ld he appe> if he made     
express exception ( p]sons on ! o!r     
side ( ! globe1 ( p]sons immur$ 9       

dungeons1 ( p]sons n yet  born1 ( p]sons
 :o 7 bl9d1 ( p]sons :o 7 dead6 ,yet an 
au?or1 writ+ "s ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s   
back1 & borr[+  p]haps f                
picture-records1 c]ta9ly f ! traditions1
 h[ev]  deliv]$1 ( an age long ant]ior  
to 8 own1 :5 language 0 f>  less ample &
 precise ?an x has s9ce become1 is      
treat$ z ?\gh  e ^w mu/ be> ! full &    
exact =ce :i* x w\ld h 9  a             
c>efully-writt5 treatise ^u logic 9 !   
pres5t day4 ,we may  assume t ! au?or   
ei!r _h s\nd & accurate in=mation 9 !   
ord9>y c\rse ( human tradition1 or else 
t he 0 end[$ )  a sup]-human k ( !      
hi/orical ev5ts 9 "q4 ,b1  on ei!r      
assumption1 :at conceivable w>rant h we 
= imag9+  t he 0 depriv$ ( common s5se8 
,ei!r he knew ! contradictions  :i*     
natural sci5ce (f]s to ! belief 9 a     
rec5t univ]sal  deluge1 or he did n "k  
!m4 ,if he knew !m1 we may inf] f  8    
sil5ce t 8 n>rative 0 n op5 to ^?       
contradictions2  9 o!r words1 t ! deluge
 ( :i* he speaks 0 n univ]sal4  ,if he  

did n "k !m1 8 ignorance po9ts to ! same
 conclusion3  o!rwise1 we %all h a div9e
 miracle1 int5d$ = ! w>n+  & ! b5efit ( 
! human race1 yet s contriv$ t all its  
mo/  surpris+ circum/ances %\ld be      
absolutely unkn[n to "o half (  mank9d1 
& z absolutely incr$ible to ! o!r half4 
,! hi/orical acc\nt in=ms u t #8! wat]s 
prevail$  exce$+ly ^u ! e>?2 & all !    
high hills t 7 "u  ! :ole heav5 7 cov]$4
 ,fifte5 cubits upw>ds did ! wat]s      
prevail2 & ! m\nta9s 7 cov]$4' ,b       
,europe possesses  m\nta9s ris+ to a    
height ( m ?an #aj1jjj cubits or #ae1jjj
  feet--"o peak 9 ,asia is #bi1jjj feet 
above ! level ( ! sea--s  t1 on ! common
 int]pretation1 ! wat]s ( ! flood mu/ h 
ris5 to a ?ickness above ! ord9>y       
sea-level ( ne>ly #cj1jjj feet  ov] !   
:ole ( ! globe4 ,b1 on ?is supposition1 
! n>rative is  n only bewild]+ & morally
 impossible1 b positively untru?ful1  = 
x decl>es ! physical means employ$ 9 !  
production (  ! flood to be ! f\nta9s ( 
! great deep & ! ra9 f  heav5--means    

entirely suffici5t to produce a p>tial  
flood ov]  a limit$ area1 b utt]ly &    
ludicr\sly inadequate to produce a      
total deluge envelop+ #8all ! high hills
 "u ! :ole heav54'  ,! notion is        
self-contradictory t ! ocean c be       
employ$ to  raise its own level1 or t   
its g5]al height c be increas$ by !  ra9
 :i* x is its own "p to supply4 ,nor is 
!re any indication  af=d$ t a           
sup]natural supply ( wat] 0 add$ to our 
planet1  to ! ext5t ( sev]al hundr$     
millions ( cubic miles ( liquid1  :i*   
w\ld h be5 requir$ = ! purpose ( dr[n+ !
 ,caucasus  & ! ,alps & ,t5]iffe &      
,popocatapetl & ,*imil>i4 ,we mu/       
consid] also ! difficulty ( brea?+1 & ! 
int5se cold t  w\ld h be5 exp]i5c$ at t 
/up5d\s altitude4 ,!re is !  old "q (   
space 9 ! ark2 !re is ! old "q ( !      
food-supply1 suffici5t & appropriate1 to
 be /or$ & sort$ =  its v>i\s occupants1
 c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s1 bea/s ( prey1   
c>rion-birds1 & amphibi\s mon/]s4 ,b :at
 are ^! comp>$  ) ! "q h[ life c\ld be  

su/a9$ 9 ! bitt] freez+  atmosph]e1     
?\s&s ( feet above ! l9e ( p]petual sn[1
 by  creatures accu/om$ to ! l[l&s ( !  
tropics8 ,suppos+1  h[ev]1 ! atmosph]e  
to h be5 completely w>m$ by ! rise  ( ! 
ocean1 or ev5 if ! air )9 ! ark 0 kept  
w>m by its  enorm\s cr[d ( d5iz5s1 we   
are confront$ by a new difficulty1 "o  t
 might seem laughable & improp] to      
m5tion b = its va/  & press+ importance 
9 our own days1 ?w>t+ ! physician1      
p]plex+ ! /atesman1 baffl+ ! *emi/ & !  
eng9e]4 ,to  ?is suppos$ epitome ( !    
_w's inhabitants1 %ut up = mon?s  )9 !  
ark1 :o 7 ! scav5g]s8    ,b suppose e "o
 ( ^! problems to be solv$ by a miracle1
  al?\gh ( su* miracles n a h9t is giv51
 !re /ill rema9s  ! /atem5t to be dealt 
)1 t #8,god made a w9d to pass ov]  !   
e>?1 & ! wat]s assuag$4' ,surely ?is1 if
 no?+ else1 is  conclusive t ! writ] _h 
all along be5 describ+ a local &  p>tial
 deluge ^u :i* a w9d c\ld h "s s5sible  
effect1 n  an univ]sal flood wrapp+ all 
! m\nta9s ( ! globe 9 wat]1 9  :i* case 

! mightie/ w9d t ev] 01 or c\ld be      
dream$ (1  c\ld only h laid b>e !       
surface ( ! l& by pil+ up great  hills &
 precipices ( wat] ^u ! ocean4    ,:5 we
 wi% to expose ! miracles ( a false     
religion or ( a  sup]/iti\s ab]rant     
cre$1 we po9t out1 z ! case may be1 t   
!y are frivol\s1 useless1 unmean+1      
devoid ( adequate motive1 !  end a*iev$ 
& ! means employ$ be>+ no reasonable    
proportion2  or we %[ t ! te/imony 9 _! 
fav\r is inconsi/5t )  itself1 or t !   
consequ5ces :i* %\ld h fl[$ f !         
miracle1 _h x be5 g5u9e1 are c]ta9ly    
want+1 unless1 to bol/]  up "o extreme  
improbability1 a hundr$ o!rs are inv5t$ 
&  swall[$4 ,to e "o ( ^! imputations ! 
common !ory ( !  ,noa*ian ,deluge lies  
op54 ,b conc$e a few gra9s ( common s5se
 to  ! n>rator2 read 8 n>rative 9 ! _s 9
 :i* su* a p]son  mu/ h writt5 x2       
rememb] t he is n writ+ a sci5tific     
treatise1 nor us+ ! phraseology ( mod]n 
,europe2 be> 9 m9d t  he is speak+ 9 an 
idiom no long] or n[ b seldom us$1 yet a

 j  & noble idiom1 :i* ascribes to ,god 
all t is done ^u e>?1  :e!r good or     
evil1 ! works ( man & ! common processes
 (  nature1 z well z ?+s sup]-human &   
miracul\s2 &1 ) ^!  consid]ations be=e  
u1 we %all save ! v5]able record f e    
imputation1 ei!r ( folly or ( falsehood4
    ,t :i* we h describ$ to u is a va/  
p5al cata/rophe  sweep+ away "s great   
c5tre ( civilization by means ( a       
t]rible  inundation4 ,along "s          
ocean-bord] ! f>-/ret*+ pla9s 7  dott$  
?ickly ) t[ns & villages4 ,!re 7 fields 
wav+  ) corn2 ! v9e & ! olive1 ! orange 
& ! palm ab\nd$2  !re 7 cattle fe$+ 9   
gre5 pa/ures beside ! /ill wat]s2  !re 7
 popul\s tribes & nations c>ry+ on all !
 bus9ess  & revelry ( life2 !y b\ght1 !y
 sold1 !y build$1 !y  plant$1 !y 7 m>ry+
 & giv+ 9 m>riage1 :5 sudd5ly  ! f\nta9s
 ( ! great deep 7 brok5 up1 & ! e>?quake
  wave roll$ 9 ^u !m1 & swept all !     
beauty & ! glory &  ! s9 remorselessly  
away4 ,at ! same "t1 ! angry heav5s 7   
ov]ca/1 & ! floodgates ( ! cl\ds p\r$   

d[n _! volumes (  ceaselessly-desc5d+   
ra94 ,! di/ant m\nta9s 7 torn f !       
sight2 nay1 e high hill "u ! :ole heav5 
0 itself cov]$  & enfold$ 9 a liquid    
veil1 = e rill 0 n[ a torr5t1 e  t9y    
silv] ?read ( a cascade n[ a d>k unbrok5
 avalan*e (  wat]s4 ,"o family alone1   
alone ob$i5t to ! w>n+ :i* all _h       
receiv$1 7 sav$ amid/ ?is univ]sal ru91 
& took ) !m  into ! ark ( _! refuge     
specim5s ( e bird & bea/ &  creep+ ?+ t 
_! own c\ntry produc$1 & t 0 9 any  way 
s]viceable to man4 ,:5 cl\d & mi/ _h    
roll$ away f !  m\nta9-tops1 :5 ! face (
 ! gr\nd 0 once m dry--)  ^! creatures  
!y /ock$ _! new settlem5t4 ,! well-wat]$
  pla9 0 spe$ily repl5i%$2 ! v9e        
fl\ri%$2 ! cattle br\ght  =? abundantly2
 ! *ildr5 ( ! patri>* multipli$ rapidly 
&  spread f> & wide ov] _! ri* &        
undisput$ inh]itance4    ,su* is !      
n>rative z x glimm]s ?r\gh ! haze ( =ty 
c5turies1 only told 9 ! orig9al )       
unrivall$ simplicity &  =ce1 gr&] ?an   
any description by =be>+ to describe1   

told z  "o w\ld tell x1 :o 9 t          
convulsion ( nature _h lo/ k9dr$1       
fri5ds & c\ntrym51 z "o :o _h se5 ! :ole
 _w1 s f>  z he knew x or c>$ = x1      
f\nd]+ 9 ! waves1 & yet _h  liv$ on     
?r\gh all ! unutt]able calamity to see  
himself once m  surr\nd$ by fruitful    
fields & smil+ home/eads1 & all t  might
 make :at 0 to him emphatically a new _w
 ! c\nt]p>t (  ! old4    ,"s may p]mit  
!mselves = a mom5t to set aside !       
limitation  we h sugge/$ to ! numb] (   
animals 9 ! ark z fanciful &  unw>rant$4
 ,x w be prop] !re=e to draw out !      
consequ5ces  atta*+ to ! old op9ion4 ,we
 f9d f ! words ( ! n>rative1  t !       
patri>* ,noah 0 intru/$ ) ! task (      
collection4 ,to  a*ieve x1 !n1 he mu/ h 
gone 9 p]son1 or s5t exp$itions1  to    
,au/ralia = ! kang>oo & ! wombat1 to !  
froz5 ,nor? =  ! ,pol> be>1 to ,africa =
 ! gorilla & ! *impanzee2 !             
hippopotamus ( ! ,nile1 ! elk1 ! bison1 
! dodo1 ! apt]yx1  ! emeu & ! cass[>y   
mu/ h be5 br\ght toge!r by va/  ef=ts f 

di/ant qu>t]s4 ,! patri>* or 8 ag5ts mu/
  h be5 end[$ ) a sup]natural k (       
natural hi/ory  f> surpass+ ,solomon's  
or t ( our own times1 t !y might        
prop]ly di/+ui% v>ieties & species1 s t 
no species might be  omitt$ & none      
repres5t$ by m ?an "o v>iety4 ,to       
accompli%  ?is ) ! m9ute/ insects1 !y   
mu/ h be5 provid$ )  p[]ful microscopes4
 ,e portion ( ! dry l& ( ! globe mu/  h 
be5 accessible to !m2 e jungle1 cav]n1 &
 rav9e4 ,!  little isl&s t lose !mselves
 9 mid-ocean mu/ all h be5  ransack$2 ! 
se>*1 too1 t might n neglect any acre ( 
gr\nd  9 all ! cont95ts ( ! _w1 w\ld be 
di/ract$ ) ! mo/  v>i$ & incongru\s     
pursuits4 ,%eep1 game1 cat]pill>s1 bea/s
 (  prey1 snails1 eagles1 fleas &       
titmice1 mu/ all h _! %>e (  att5tion4  
,unusual pa9s mu/ be employ$ to secure  
!m un9jur$4  ,!y mu/ be f$ & c>$ = dur+ 
a j\rney1 p]haps1 ( ?\s&s  ( miles1 till
 !y rea* ! ark2 !y mu/ be h9d]$ f dev\r+
  "o ano!r :ile ! se>* is cont9u$ = rats
 & bats &  vip]s & toads & scorpions1 & 

o!r animals :i* a patri>*1  specially   
s+l$ out z j & upright & a lov] ( peace1
 w\ld  naturally wi% & naturally be     
select$ to transmit z a boon to 8       
fav\r$ desc5dants4    ,x might be ask$  
h[1 ) ! sup]natural k requisite =       
collect+ all ! t]re/rial animals ( !    
globe1 & ! unique  opportunity =        
obs]vation af=d$ by a resid5ce ( "s     
mon?s  ) !m 9 ! ark1 no m sci5tific     
classification 0 arriv$ at  ?an t into  
birds & bea/s & creep+ ?+s8 ,b lett+ ?is
  pass1 or scatt]+ x & o!r objections to
 ! w9ds by inv5t+ a  miracle to expla9 !
 ga!r+ toge!r ( ! animals1 we %all !n  h
 to give "s acc\nt ( _! re-di/ribution4 
,in/ead ( worry+  ourselves ) ! problem1
 %all we at once solve x by ass]t+  t !y
 7 miracul\sly re-transf]r$ to !        
habitations f  :i* !y came8 ,?is w be a 
highly satisfactory plan1 if only x  w  
/op ! m\?s ( ^? inquisitive p]sons :o   
nev] "k :5  !y are beat5 9 an argum5t4  
,b "o cavil may easily be =ese51        
requir+ a new miracle to satisfy x2 = _m

 ( ! animals mu/  ei!r h be5 miracul\sly
 suppli$ ) provisions1 or miracul\sly   
enabl$ to d )\t !m2 or else1 to take a  
s+le in/ance1 two  spid]s w\ld h be5    
limit$ to a c\ple ( flies1 & :5 !  flies
 _h become ext9ct1 because dev\r$ by !  
spid]s1 ! spid]s  also w\ld h become    
ext9ct ?r\gh hav+ no m flies to dev\r2  
& ?us _! pres]vation 9 ! ark1 at !      
exp5se ( a great _m  unrecord$ & highly 
improbable miracles1 w\ld h be5 utt]ly  
useless4    ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t !y 7     
spread ov] ! e>? aga9 by !  sl[ process 
( natural di/ribution4 ,c]ta9           
p]plexities1 inde$1  may h aris5 :5 !y  
fir/ issu$ f ! ark1 :5 ! cobra  & !     
rattlesnake1 ! hungry wolf & ! rel5tless
 tig] 7 let  loose ^u ! impov]i%$ _w &  
its def5celess inhabitants4  ,= at t    
conjuncture to h de/roy$ ev5 "o cruel & 
v5om\s  bea/ might h blott$ out a :ole  
species4 ,x is surely a little          
rem>kable t rav5\s bea/s & birds ( prey 
%\ld h be5  limit$1 ev5 :ile 9 ! ark1 to
 fe$+ ^u animals 9 a c]emonial  or      

ecclesia/ical s5se clean2 b if1 aft] !y 
_h left ! ark1  & _h once m to provide =
 !mselves1 ! wily pan!r & !  trea*]\s   
hy5a mu/ be imag9$ debat+ be=e e meal   
:e!r  _! victim belong$ to ! sev5s ( !  
clean or ! c\ples ( !  unclean animals1 
%all we n turn 9 pity & vexation f any  
view  t involves & admits s mon/r\s a   
supposition8    ,b we w conc$e t e      
creature bore a *>m$ life1 t x  might n 
p]i% by fam9e or viol5ce till x _h      
propagat$ its  k9d4 ,we %\ld !n expect  
to obs]ve t species _h di/ribut$        
!mselves ov] ! globe 9 l9es ei!r tortu\s
 or direct1 s+le  or bran*+1 broad or   
n>r[1 b all div]g+ f a common c5tre4    
,yet no?+ ( ! k9d is f\nd4 ,on !        
contr>y1 ! species ( !  new _w diff] f  
^? ( ! old1 ! species ( "o cont95t  f ^?
 ( ano!r#ah4 ,! m>supials ( ,au/ralia & 
,polynesia  are g5]ically di/9ct f all  
o!r animals on ! globe except !         
opossum4 ,! elephant ( ,africa is n !   
same species z ! elephant  ( ,india3 s )
 ! lion1 s ) ! rh9oc]os4 ,! apes &      

baboons ( ! old _w are n[h]e to be f\nd 
9 ,am]ica1 nor !  ,am]ican monkeys      
any:]e 9 ! old _w4 ,9 ,madagasc>1       
sep>at$  f ,africa by less ?an ! bread? 
( ,engl&1 all ! species  except "o1 &   
ne>ly all ! g5]a1 are peculi>#ai4       
,ev]y:]e  species are f\nd limit$ 9 _!  
range by natural b>ri]s1 su*  z climate1
 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 oceans4 ,are we to     
suppose t !  prison]s c\ld scramble into
 _! prisons1 & !n sudd5ly became        
incapable ( scrambl+ out aga98 ,ev]y:]e1
 z a rule1 ?is range  is consi/5t ) !   
hypo!sis ( an orig9 c5tral to ! range1  
inconsi/5t ) t ( an orig9 di/ant f x4   
,:]e1 z on  m\nta9 ranges1 we f9d1      
contr>y to ! g5]al rule1 ! same  species
 9 diff]5t localities1 ! migration f !  
door ( ! ark  loses all semblance (     
probability1 unless we are pleas$ to    
imag9e  t creatures1 n[ )\t ! in/9ct (  
migration1 = a long "t  possess$ x1 &   
roam$ ab\t ! _w ?r\gh _m a sultry pla9  
to pick out a hill-side "h & !re ) a    
temp]ature suit$ to  _! con/itutions4 ,b

 ! exceptional ph5om5on1 o!rwise s h>d  
to acc\nt =1 ,d>w9 has admirably        
expla9$1 by po9t+ out t  species adapt$ 
to a l[ temp]ature w\ld naturally h     
occupi$  l[l&s 9 ! ,glacial ,p]iod1 f   
:i*1 z ! cold gradually grew  less &    
less int5se1 !y w\ld z naturally h      
retir$1 "s (  !m nor?w>ds1 o!rs to !    
cool heights ( v>i\s m\nta9s4    ,t !re 
0 a ,glacial ,p]iod1 :5 great iceb]gs   
travell$ ov]  ,engl&1 a p]iod           
geologically z b ( ye/]day1 ?\gh        
enorm\sly  m remote ?an any hi/orical   
dates1 is n[ beyond all "q4  ,equally   
beyond "q is x t c\ntless ages &        
g5]ations  ( liv+ be+s on ! e>? prec$$ t
 ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,&1  add$ to ?is1 we  
f9d t !re are =ms ( life j :]e !y  w\ld 
h be5 left by ! effect ( t p]iod1 _h !re
 be5  an unbrok5 succession f t "t to   
?is1 & j :]e x is  mo/ unlikely !y %\ld 
be f\nd1 _h !y be5 =c$ to travel  to ^? 
habitations f ! door ( ! ark )9 !       
practically  insignificant p]iod ( #dcjj
 ye>s4    ,b /ill fur!r1 we may comp>e !

 _w ( life be=e ! ,flood  ) ! _w ( life 
s9ce4 ,& "h surely x ne$s n ! g5ius  (  
,d>w9 or ,lyell or ,ow5 to p]ceive !    
conclusiv5ess ( !  argum5t :i* _! g5ius 
has po9t$ out & en=c$4 ,= in/ance1  :]e 
! m>supials n[ live1 !re liv$ m>supials 
9 ages long  be=e ,noah1 z ! fossil     
rema9s te/ify4 ,! fossils are fossil    
m>supials1 b m>supials ( species n[     
ext9ct4 ,s t ! #8door (  ! ark' !ory    
requires u to believe t ! m>supials f\nd
 _!  way to ,au/ralia1 leav+ no traces (
 _! r\te on l&1 cross+  seas :i* !y nev]
 subsequ5tly recross$1 & plant+ !mselves
  precisely 9 t region :i* o!r          
m>supials1 g5]ically ! same  b          
specifically diff]5t1 _h occupi$ be=e   
!m4    ,we are to believe ?is ( c\ntless
 o!r species 9 all p>ts ( !  _w4 ,we are
 to believe t !y sl[ly & 9 _m g5]ations 
work$ _! way back to ^! quasi-ance/ral  
homes1 & yet neglect$  to occupy va/    
tracts equally or ev5 bett] adapt$ to _!
 wants4  ,we mu/ believe also t "s ( !  
fleete/1 /ronge/1 & mo/  sagaci\s       

animals1 z ! horse & ! elephant1 fail$  
to trace  out ! abodes ( _! anci5t      
repres5tatives1 s9ce ,am]ica1 :5        
discov]$ a few ye>s ago1 possess$ ^!    
quadrup$s only 9 fossil  & 9 no liv+    
species#bj4    ,!re is inde$ "o animal1 
^: p[]s ( contrivance w\ld acc\nt  = its
 di/ribution ov] ! globe1 ev5 suppos+ x 
to h begun  ) a s+le family1 n m ?an    
#dcjj ye>s ago1 & to h rang$  f a s+le  
c5tre4 ,man is t animal4 ,yet1 if all ! 
o!r  facts t be> on ! univ]sality ( !   
,noa*ian ,deluge 7 9  an agreem5t ) x z 
entire z _! irreconcileability is utt]  
& complete1 /ill ! circum/ances ( !     
human race alone w\ld  disable u f      
believ+ t ! ,flood ( ,noah's epo* ext5d$
  ov] all ! globe4 ,) o!r animals x     
might be advanc$ t !  diff]5t species & 
ma9 v>ieties _h be5 repres5t$ 9 ! ark  &
 7 !nce dissem9at$2 b 9 ! case ( man we 
are preclud$  f su* an explanatory      
device by ! express t]ms ( ! diluvian   
record4 ,if ! ,noa*ian ,flood 0         
univ]sal1 !n f ,noah alone  mu/ be      

desc5d$ all ! races ( man n[ ^u ! e>?3  
all !  great & curi\s v>iations !y      
display mu/ h be5 evolv$1 n  9 c\ntless 
g5]ations z ,d>w9ism supposes1 b 9 "s   
two or  ?ree hundr$ or less4 ,f ,noah   
alone mu/ h sprung )9 a m]e  h&ful (    
c5turies races s widely unlike "o ano!r 
z ,greeks  & ,negroes1 ,jews &          
,egyptians1 ,saxons & ,ojibbeways1      
,caffirs &  ,hott5tots1 ,fuegians &     
,patagonians1 ,cali=nians & ,*9ese1     
,arabs  & ,esquimaux4 ,9 ! same         
ar*ipelago we h ! ,malay1 ! ,papuan1  & 
! dw>f snub-nos$ ,negrito4 ,to give !   
contra/ betwe5 !  two =m] 9 ! words (   
,mr4 ,wallace#ba3--#8,! ,malay is ( %ort
  /ature1 br[n-sk9n$1 /raight-hair$1    
be>dless1 & smoo?-bodi$4  ,! ,papuan is 
tall]1 is black-sk9n$1 frizzly-hair$1   
be>d$1 &  hairy-bodi$4 ,! =m] is        
broad-fac$1 has a small nose1 & flat    
eyebr[s2 ! latt] is long-fac$1 has a    
l>ge & prom95t nose1  & project+        
eyebr[s4 ,! ,malay is ba%ful1 cold1     
undemon/rative1  & quiet2 ! ,papuan is  

bold1 impetu\s1 excitable1 & noisy4  ,! 
=m] is grave1 & seldom laughs2 ! latt]  
is joy\s &  laught]-lov+1--! "o conceals
 8 emotions1 ! o!r displays  !m4' ,su*  
is ! description & contra/ ( two types (
 mank9d  geographically sep>at$ f "o    
ano!r by an int]val ( n m  ?an #cjj     
miles2 yet ! l9e :i* sep>ates ^! two    
races ( !  human family is almo/ exactly
 co9cid5t ) t deep-sea l9e  :i* =ms !   
b\nd>y betwe5 two great zoological      
prov9ces4  ,ei!r1 !n1 9 ^! two di/9ct b 
neighb\r+ localities1 !  :ole multitude 
( species1 man includ$1 mu/ h be5       
und]go+  v>iation simultane\sly = t5s ( 
?\s&s ( ye>s1 or else !  diff]5ces 9 !  
:ole multitude1 man includ$1 mu/ h be5  
already e/abli%$1 or ne>ly s1 :5 fir/ !y
 /epp$ =?  9 s+ul> procession f ! door (
 ! ark4 ,b ! =m]  alt]native1 :i* is !  
,d>w9ian1 is consi/5t ) ! record (  !   
,noa*ian ,flood 9 imply+ t ! inundation 
0 only p>tial2  :ile ! latt] alt]native 
contradicts ! record 9 an ess5tial  po9t
 on :i* x is p]fectly explicit1 by      

necessitat+ ! pres5ce  9 ! ark ( m ?an  
"o human family4    ,z long z we are    
cont5t to speak ( #djjj ye>s or s1 "s "o
 might  be tempt$ to fancy1 h[ev]       
errone\sly1 t su* a p]iod w\ld be       
adequate to produce ! exi/+ v>ieties (  
mank9d1 because !re  is "s evid5ce (    
comp>atively rapid *anges ( col\r hav+  
tak5 place "u ! influ5ce ( climate1 &   
because a new type (  features appe>s to
 be =m+ itself ) a noticeable progress  
"u  ! absolutely unique circum/ances :i*
 h gov]n$ ! rec5t  colonization ( ,nor? 
,am]ica4 ,unique ^? circum/ances are1   
because  nev] be=e has !re be5 s mu*    
m+l+ ( ! blood ( diff]5t  nations &     
races 9 a new & unoccupi$ field1 ) mu*  
to /imulate  & no?+ to curb or repress  
v>iation4 ,nev] be=e h m5's m9ds  &     
bodies 9 e faculty be5 s tax$ & /ra9$ to
 activity  by ! v sup]abundance ( _!    
res\rces1 ! virg9 soil ( a  new c\ntry1 
an inh]it$ civilization1 enorm\s &      
ev]-enl>g+  facilities = do+1 = liv+1   
mov+1 & le>n+--facilities  sometimes t  

_c be decl9$ or escap$ f1 ?\gh !y #8fret
  ! pigmy body to decay1 & o'er-in=m !  
t5em5t ( clay4'    ,b1 9 tru?1 !re is no
 "q ( #djjj ye>s 9 ! matt]2 =  !re 7    
black p 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus & 9 ! "t  (  
,solomon4 ,already 9 ! "t ( ,moses !re  
exi/$ a race 9  ,pale/9e s diff]5t f !  
,israelites1 t ! fir/ ,hebrew  explor]s 
7 daunt$ by ! sight ( !m1 al?\gh1 9     
fact1 !y  7 look+ on a race no long] 9  
its prime1 b "o t 0 dy+  out4 ,egyptian 
monum5ts1 dat+ back to ! same p]iod &   
e>li]1  give repres5tations ( ,africans1
 ,asiatics1 & ,europeans1 )  _! physical
 *>act]i/ics !n z n[ unmi/akeably       
di/9ct2  !y portray ! ,negro z ! ,negro 
/ill is bo? 9 col\r & 9  features#bb4   
,if x took only #hjj ye>s1 !n1 :i* is ! 
int]val betwe5 !  ,flood & ! bir? (     
,moses1 to orig9ate & e/abli% types s   
di/9ct z ,jews1 ,egyptians1 ,negroes1 & 
,anakim1 all ga!r$ toge!r  9 a little   
corn] ( ! _w1 might n ,nature1 hav+ done
 s  mu* 9 s %ort a "t = ! highe/ animal1
 d a little m 9 a  long] "t = l[]       

animals1 & s supply t orig9 ( species   
by v>iation = :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont5ds8   
,w\ld n ! obvi\s  inf]5ce be t ,nature  
_h done s1 if x 7 n fanci$ t  su* an    
orig9 ( species 0 /ill m repugnant to ! 
,book (  ,g5esis ?an ev5 a limitation ( 
! area cov]$ by ! ,flood8 ,b  ! ,d>w9ian
 !ory1 happily = itself1 is n dep5d5t ^u
 any  supposition s incr$ible z "o :i*  
w\ld w>rant u 9 expect+  among !        
desc5dants1 = example1 ( ,william !     
,conqu]or1 p  z little l "o ano!r z     
,john ,bull & ,john ,*9aman1 ,uncle     
,sambo  & ! la/ ( ! ,mohicans4 ,!re are 
circum/ances ( imm5se  weight to conv9ce
 u t c]ta9 m>k$ divisions ( mank9d      
orig9at$ 9 ! regions :i* !y are n[      
occupy+4 ,!re are  o!r circum/ances     
prepond]at+ = ! common orig9 ( mank9d4  
,d>w9ism has at l5g? %[n h[ ^! ph5om5a c
 be reconcil$1 by  simply connect+ !    
hi/ory ( man ) t va/ duration ( life  ^u
 ! globe :i* geological sci5ce has      
unveil$4 ,! lik5esses  among races ( m5 
dem& a common p>5tage = all ^? races2 ! 

unlik5esses c only be acc\nt$ = on !    
view ( an isolation  imm5sely protract$ 
( "o race f ano!r4 ,?us ! prim>y orig9  
is common to all2 ! second>y orig9 is   
peculi> to ea*3 b n[  t ! prim>y orig9  
has be5 prov$ to be s va/ly m remote    
?an 0 once suppos$1 ! second>y orig9    
rec$es ( itself into a  f> di/ant pa/1  
to give "t = diff]5ces to arise &       
develope1  s9ce1 if ! actually exi/+    
unlik5esses 7 only sk9-deep1  in/ead (  
affect+1 z !y d1 ! bones ( ! skeleton & 
!  :ole fibre ( ! m9d1 !y w\ld /ill be  
too great to admit a  common d]ivation (
 ! :ole human family f ! patri>* ,noah4 
,:at ,geology tea*es to demon/ration is1
 t all p>ts ( ! dry  l& h be5 n once    
only b _m times "u ! wat]s ( !  ocean2 b
 x tea*es likewise to demon/ration t at 
lea/ = _m  & _m an age1 almo/ beyond our
 p[]s ( conceiv+ duration (  "t1 !re has
 be5 no total subm]g5ce ( ! l&4 ,t      
int]*ange  ( lake & sea ) isle & cont95t
 :i* is n[ go+ on "u our  eyes1 has be5 
go+ on = ages innum]able4 ,by ?is &     

k9dr$ means  human be+s1 l all k9ds (   
animals & all k9ds ( plants1 h  at      
int]vals exp]i5c$ sev]ance into gr\ps & 
isolation4 ,?us has  mank9d be5 brok5 up
 into di/9ct families1 at fir/ ) no l9e 
( dem>cation except ! geographical1 b   
gradually 9 successive  g5]ations becom+
 m & m unlike 9 mann]s1 morals1         
language1  features1 intellig5ce1 &     
civilization4 ,b s9ce ! era ( !         
,noa*ian ,deluge nei!r has !re be5 "t = 
,nature1 ) h] sl[  ?\gh c]ta9 processes1
 to effect s great a recon/ruction (    
b>ri]s z to break up ! human family1 if 
till !n cont9u\s &  unit$2 nor1 if !re  
_h be5 "t = ! geographical sev]ance1    
w\ld !re h be5 "t = ! con/itutional     
*anges4    ,among ! anci5ts "s believ$ t
 ! sun1 moon1 & />s 7 9  reality ab\t ! 
size :i* !y appe> to ! unassi/$         
eyesight2  o!rs suppos$ ! vault ( ! sky 
to be a revolv+ dome ( solid  cry/al    
pi]c$ ) little holes ?r\gh :i* m5 saw 9 
/>ry  %apes ! fire ( ! e!real region    
beyond x4 ,p]sons ) su*  ideas ( space &

 physical sci5ce might n readily h      
accept$ on  ! mom5t ! ,cop]nican sy/em (
 a/ronomy4 ,9 ! same way p]sons  ) a    
n>r[ & limit$ view ( ! duration ( "t may
 f9d a  difficulty 9 receiv+ argum5ts   
bas$ on or imply+ ! enorm\s  ext5t ( x1 
:i* all sci5ces are n[ comb9+ to        
demon/rate4  ,b ?is m5tal incapacity1 ! 
result ( false education & e>ly         
prejudice1 may be defi$ to resi/ any    
real inve/igation ( ! facts  or /udy (  
:at has be5 writt5 ^u !m4 ,let any man (
 mature m9d  & av]age intellect read    
?r\gh ,sir ,john ,lubbock's             
#8,prehi/oric  ,times1' ,mr4 ,d>w9's    
#8,orig9 ( ,species1' & ,sir ,*>les     
,lyell's  #8,pr9ciples ( ,geology1' &   
reta9 if he c ! op9ion t our  globe 0   
fir/ peopl$ ab\t #fjjj ye>s ago1 &      
subsequ5tly all  b depopulat$ by an     
univ]sal ,flood4 ,let him see1 inde$1   
:e!r  he c read ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's    
acc\nt ( ! progress ( op9ion  &         
controv]sy on ^! subjects & refra9 f    
blu%+4 ,he  w recognize 9 t acc\nt a    

turmoil & clam\r ( fools &  philosoph]s1
 ( laym5 & div9es4 ,he w h to set to !  
cr$it  ( intellig5t humanity & enlight5$
 ,*ri/5dom a long tissue (  pi\s frauds1
 jesuitical def5ces1 argum5ts bas$ on   
imag9>y facts1  & facts p]v]t$ by       
imag9ation1 till he comes d[n to !      
pres5t  "t & f9ds a great multitude (   
all classes at l5g? agre$ 9  affirm+ t  
life has endur$ on ! globe ) unbrok5    
cont9uity  ?r\gh a pa/ z yet            
unfa?omable4 ,8 own m9d1 he w p]ceive1  
has actually rea*$ maturity )\t hav+    
admitt$ ! voice (  ?is multitude1       
al?\gh1 to apply almo/ lit]ally ! words 
( 8  great ,ma/]1 #8,if ^! %\ld hold _! 
peace1 ! /ones w\ld cry  out#bc4'    ,! 
_w & its wond]s are ( no mu%room gr[?1  
al?\gh ev5  ! mu%room1 :i* is commonly  
suppos$ to spr+ up 9 a s+le  night1     
requires a mu* long] p]iod1 (t5 _m      
weeks1 = its  production#bd4 ,! ,book ( 
,g5esis itself mo/ cle>ly w>ns any      
c>eful read] aga9/ attempt+ to build a  
*ronology ^u ! brief  memor&a ( names & 

dates :i* = o!r reasons are ins]t$ 9  x4
 ,=1 tak+ !m simply z !y /&1 ,%em1 ! son
 ( ,noah1  is repres5t$ z long surviv+ !
 bir? ( ,isaac1 :ile ,abraham1  ! fa!r (
 ,isaac1 appe>s z ! contempor>y ( a va/ 
numb] (  diff]5t & /range tribes &      
nations--,egyptians1 ,phili/9es1        
,canaanites1 ,syrians1 & _m m1 besides !
 ,*aldeans f among  :om he came4 ,to f9d
 a p>allel to all ?is1 we %\ld imag9e   
our  own ,edw>d ,,iii1 in/ead ( dy+ 9   
#acgg z he did1 liv+ on &  on to !      
pres5t day1 a =gott5 old man1 n notic$ 9
 ! page  ( hi/ory ?r\gh\t #ejj ev5tful  
ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! :ole (  ,europe 0      
becom+ peopl$ ) desc5dants ( himself & 8
  fa!r1 m5 speak+ languages mutually    
un9telligible1 hold+ cre$s  mutually    
abhorr5t1 ) /range div]sities 9 dress1  
mann]s &  gov]nm5t1 & "s prev5t$ by     
national cu/om f ev5 eat+ at  ! same    
table ) gue/s ( ano!r neighb\r+ & k9dr$ 
tribe4  ,9 va9 %\ld we se>* ?r\gh hi/ory
 = any actual p>allel1  = any in/ance ( 
developm5ts s extraord9>y1 & e/rangem5ts

  s complete1 occurr+ )9 a space ( only 
#ejj ye>s4 ,if all !  nations spok5 ( z 
contempor>y ) ,abraham 7 only #ejj ye>s 
di/ant f ! ,flood1 z ! ,book ( ,g5esis  
%[s !m to h  be51 we may be c]ta9 t !y  
c\ld trace back _! l9eage1  indep5d5tly 
( ,noah & 8 family1 f> beyond ! era ( ! 
,deluge4  ,! monum5tal evid5ce (        
,egyptian *ronology c>ries u back to a  
,ph>aoh reign+ "s ?ree or f\r hundr$    
ye>s be=e t date#be4  ,! ,book ( ,g5esis
 introduces u to ano!r ,ph>aoh reign+ "s
  #djj ye>s aft] x4 ,are we to set aside
 ! monum5tal evid5ce1 &  make ?is lat]  
,ph>aoh a desc5dant ( ,noah1 reign+ z a 
p[]ful  mon>*1 :ile ,abraham1 ! rightful
 heir ( a patri>*al mon>*y  ov] all !   
e>?1 0 no?+ b a w&]+ %eph]d8 ,religion1 
morals1 civilization1 z f> z we "k any?+
 ab\t !m 9 ^?  ages1 :e!r we reg>d _!   
advancem5t 9 "s qu>t]s or _!  decay 9   
o!rs1 all prote/ aga9/ hav+ _! progress 
cramp$ into  ^? f\r or five hundr$ ye>s4
 ,!y prote/ aga9/ be+ ascrib$  ) all _! 
conspicu\s div]sities to ! (fspr+ ( "o  

man1  ^: son1 gr&son1 great-gr&son &    
great-great-gr&son1 ,%em1  ,arphaxad1   
,salah1 & ,eb]1 7 actually /ill liv+    
dur+ all ^!  suppos$ revolutions#bf4    
,inde$1 if we g back f our #djj to our  
#djjj ye>s1 ! prote/s on  ^! po9ts are  
almo/ equally =cible4 ,9 ! matt] (      
language1  e/imate h[ _m g5]ations mu/ h
 pass$ away be=e ! *ildr5  ( a common   
p>5t came to v>y 9 spee* z mu* z ,*9ese1
 ,russians1  ,engli%m51 & cluck+        
,hott5tots4 ,=m "s e/imate ( ! "t       
requir$ = ! rise & gr[? ( civilization1 
n only 9 !  old-_w c5tres ( ,n9eveh &   
,babylon & ,egyptian ,!bes1 b 9  !      
sep>ate & indep5d5t c5tres ( ,mexico &  
,p]u4 ,expla91  moreov]1 :at1 on !      
hypo!sis ( a common ,noa*ian desc5t1 mu/
  be call$ ! rise & gr[? ( b>b>ism4 ,%[1
 if x be possible1  h[1 amid/ ! rapid   
/rides ( civilization1 side by side ) ! 
advancem5t ( ta/e1 lit]ature1 & sci5ce1 
! desc5dants (  ,noah 9 "s cases        
deg5]at$ f all culture1 sank away f all 
morality1 lo/ all religion1 =got all    

useful arts1 ev5 ^? mo/  ess5tial to !  
l[e/ degree ( com=t1 ! k9dl+ ( fire1 !  
use ( metals1 ! con/ruction ( dwell+s1  
:ile !y le>n$ !  habits & acquir$ some?+
 m ?an ! innoc5t %amelessness (         
brutes--le>n$ to pref] ! fle% ( _! own  
species to any o!r1  le>n$ to make a    
duty 9 "s regions ( putt+ _! p>5ts to   
dea?1 9 o!rs1 ( eat+ _! dead bodies#bg4 
,su* cu/oms we  h on record f\r c5turies
 be=e ,*ri/1 su* cu/oms on record z     
exi/+ n9ete5 c5turies aft]4 ,w any "o   
attempt to p]suade u  t ! savages (     
,&aman & ! ,feejee ,isl&s are c\s9s1    
?r\gh  an ance/or no m remote ?an ,noah1
 ( ,*a?am & ,wilb]=ce1 &  ,lesseps &    
,brunel8    ,traditions ( a ,deluge1 x  
is true1 are f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,!     
reason d\btless is t almo/ ev]y:]e "s   
trem5d\s calamity (  ?is description has
 at "o "t or ano!r occurr$4 ,inundations
 on  a small scale are common & frequ5t1
 b on a scale great en\gh to  surprise !
 imag9ation & become traditional 9 !    
memories ( a  p1 !y w\ld naturally be   

r>e & infrequ5t 9 ! extreme1 s  t ! fact
 ( su* an exp]i5ce belong+ to ! hi/ory (
 s _m  diff]5t races1 is b ano!r pro(1  
or at lea/ ano!r indication1  ( !       
antiquity ( man4 ,if /ress is to be laid
 on ! po9ts (  simil>ity betwe5 !       
traditions1 z prov+ t e l& has be5      
ravag$ by ! wat]s ( a flood1 equal /ress
 may 9 fairness be laid  on ! po9ts (   
diff]5ce1 z prov+ t n "o common univ]sal
  ,deluge is spok5 (1 b _m sep>ate &    
p>tial floods1 di/9ct 9  "t1 9 place1 & 
9 results4 ,if /ress aga9 is to be laid 
on !  tradition because x is common to s
 _m tribes1 let equal importance  be    
grant$ to ! traditions ( "t among !     
,*aldeans & !  ,egyptians1 ! ,*9ese & ! 
,h9dus1 :o reckon ! ye>s ( _!           
un9t]rupt$ hi/ories by t5s ( ?\s&s#bh4  
,f9ally1 we may ask1 :]e are ! traces ( 
s trem5d\s &  unp>allel$ a convulsion z 
"o t c\ld wrap ! :ole _w 9  wat]1 & hold
 all its ddal beauty = _m mon?s 9 t     
dr[n$  condition1 till a tempe/ /ill m  
furi\s & unp>allel$ drave  heav5 & e>?1 

! cl\ds & ocean1 once m asund]8 ,we "k  
h[ ! little trilobite 9 ! ,devonian seas
 behav$ 9 its h\r (  p]il millions (    
ye>s back2 we "k :at food m5 ate long   
ages  be=e ! ,flood1 :at weapons !y us$1
 :at h\ses !y built1 :at  animals !y    
tam$2 b :at became ( man & bea/ & bird &
  =e/ 9 ! suppos$ univ]sal ,deluge1 no  
"o kn[s4 ,! signs &  natural monum5ts ( 
! cata/rophe1 :i* %\ld h be5 visible  or
 discov]able on e side1 c n[h]e be      
asc]ta9$1--?+s  t ! wat]s %\ld h swept  
away or torn d[n !y h left  undi/urb$1  
%ell-m\nds & glaci] mora9es & b\ld]/ones
 on !  m\nta9-side2 :ile ! great museum 
( ! dead :i* !y %\ld  h =m$1 "o w\ld    
?9k1 ov] all ! e>?1 to con/itute "o     
/rik+ & indisputable geological date1 z 
well z a _w-wide  monum5t ( religion1 is
 n[h]e to be f\nd4    ,:at became ( fl[]
 & h]b1 ( creatures t live betwe5 !     
zones ( high & l[ wat]1 ( mollusk &     
coral & fi% t require  an appropriate   
dep? & a fitt+ temp]ature 9 _! liquid   
homes1  x w be useless to speculate1 if1

 aft] all t has be5 urg$  ^u o!r po9ts1 
!re are "s :o /ill ?9k t ! description  
9 ,g5esis is ! description ( a ,flood t 
prevail$ ov] all !  _w1 & int5d /ill to 
believe 9 su* a ,flood1 & to tea* x  z a
 "p ( religi\s doctr9e1 not)/&+ any     
argum5t or  sci5tific pro( to ! contr>y4
 ,= !m we c d no m ?an  comm5d to _!    
daily reflection a few l9es f ! lives ( 
two  fam\s m53--#8,9 spite1' says ,dr4  
,wilson1 #8alike ( ! sci5ce & !  dev\t  
religi\s _s ( ,columbus1 ! ,salamanca   
div9es pron\nc$  ! idea ( ! e>?'s       
sph]ical =m het]odox1 & a belief 9      
antipodes incompatible ) ! hi/orical    
traditions ( our fai?3  s9ce to ass]t t 
!re 7 inhabit$ l&s on ! opposite side ( 
! globe w\ld be to ma9ta9 t !re 7       
nations n desc5d$  f ,adam1 x be+       
impossible = !m to h pass$ ! int]v5+    
ocean4 ,?is w\ld !re=e be to discr$it ! 
,bible1 :i* expressly  decl>es t all m5 
are desc5d$ f "o common p>5t#bi4' ,&    
?us ano!r au?or describes a well-kn[n   
incid5t 9 ! life (  ,galileo3--#8,clad 9

 a p5it5t's sackclo?1 ! mighty1         
self-rely+  philosoph] & g5ius fell ^u 8
 knees1 &1 ) 8 h&s laid  on ! ,holy     
,evangeli/s1 decl>$ t he abjur$1 dete/$1
 &  w\ld nev] aga9 tea*1 ! doctr9e ( !  
sun's /ability & !  e>?'s motion4 ,hav+ 
confirm$ 8 oa? 9 writ+1 & promis$ to    
p]=m ! enjo9$ p5ance1 he rose f 8 knees 
a p>don$ man2  & turn+ ab\t to "o ( 8   
fri5ds1 /amp$ on ! gr\nd1 &  pron\nc$ 9 
an emphatic :isp]1 8,eppure si          
muove#cj10--;b /ill x  does move4'    ,z
 ! antipodes exi/1 z ! e>? goes r\nd !  
sun1 & z !  ,bible cont9ues to be true1 
9 spite ( ! !ologians & inquisitors  at 
,salamanca & at ,rome1 s w x cont9ue to 
be true & full  ( tru?1 :5 at l5g? x    
%all be ackn[l$g$1 z x w be1  t !re is  
no?+ univ]sal ab\t ! ,noa*ian ,deluge   
except !  disbelief 9 its univ]sality4  
,,in/9ct ,,& ,,reason4      ,an initial 
probability has be5 e/abli%$ by ,mr4    
,d>w9 & ,mr4  ,wallace t ! reason or m9d
 ( man1 z well z 8 body1 has  atta9$ its
 pres5t complete excell5ce ?r\gh gradual

 developm5t4  ,no "o d5ies t1 betwe5 a  
man's bir? & 8 prime ( life1 "t  is     
requir$ = ! intellectual p[]s to unfold2
 b x dem&s an  ef=t :i* few h z yet made
 to see 9 ?is progression ( !           
individual m9d a comp5di\s hi/ory ( !   
indef9itely sl[ process  by :i* ! human 
m9d itself has be5 =m$1 pass+ upw>d1 /ep
 by  /ep1 f simple vitality1 dawn+      
consci\sness1 ! v>i\s grades  ( s-call$ 
in/9ct1 to ! full capacities ( ! mo/    
enlight5$  reason4    ,! !ory (         
developm5t or evolution has excit$      
imm5se opposition  & di/ru/1 because (  
its obvi\s application to ! human body4 
,its  application to ! human m9d1 :i*1  
?\gh less obvi\s at ! fir/  glance1     
almo/ inevitably foll[s1 seems to h     
inspir$ ,mr4 ,wallace  himself ) al>m4  
,he w9ds up ! admirable s]ies ( essays 9
  :i* he supports ! !ory "u discussion )
 "o t e>ne/ly  prop\nds #8! limits (    
natural selection z appli$ to man4' ,8  
argum5ts on ?is subject are drawn f     
physical sci5ce1 ?\gh 8  m9d is         

evid5tly1 & ev5 confess$ly1 sway$       
?r\gh\t by o!r  ?an physical            
consid]ations4 ,he repres5ts1 9 fact1 & 
endeav\rs to  reconcile to 8 own        
sci5tific views1 ! weight ( popul>      
prejudice  :i* has hi!rto condemn$ ^?   
views ) "s vehem5ce (  opposition4    ,!
 s5tim5t 9 "q am\nts to ?is1 t c]ta9    
p[]s or  faculties ( ! human m9d are s  
wond]ful & s unique1 t !y  c\ld n h     
orig9at$ 9 ! ord9>y processes ( nature  
)\t  "s special int]v5tion4 ,antec$5ts  
con=m+ to ! usual obs]v$  ord] 9 o!r    
liv+ productions are n suffici5tly      
magnific5t  = ! s\l ( man4 ,some?+      
sudd51 some?+ my/]i\s1 is  dem&$ 9 !    
ag5cy ( its creation4 ,x mu/ be l       
,pallas ,a!ne1  spr++ f ! bra9 ( ,zeus1 
a goddess fully arm$ f h] bir?  9 !     
panoply ( wisdom & virtue4 ,yet ! :ole  
feel+ ?us to be  describ$ ( :at is fit &
 wor?y mu/ be accr$it$1 z we desire to  
%[1 simply to prejudice4 ,no?+ c really 
dep5d = its intr9sic  gr&eur ^u our k or
 ignorance ( its orig94 ,a s+le cause   

in/antane\sly produc+ its effect does n 
make ! result 9 any  way m admirable or 
magnific5t ?an ! l result com+ at !     
close ( an indef9itely ext5d$ *a9 (     
causation4 ,feel+s (  surprise & wond]  
are excit$ :5 we f9d t t5 ?\s& copies  (
 ! ,times newspap] c be pr9t$ )9 a s+le 
h\r2 b !  same feel+s move u 9 !        
granite-y>ds ( ,scotl&1 :5 we le>n  t _m
 mon?s are requir$ = cutt+ ?r\gh a s+le 
block4 ,at  ! fir/ proposal ( railways1 
a pace ( tw5ty or five-&-tw5ty  miles an
 h\r 0 ?\ght too wond]ful = belief2 :ile
 n[1 f  famili>ity ) f> high] rates (   
spe$1 we ?9k x mis]ably sl[4  ,a *ild is
 surpris$ to le>n t ! light ( ! sun     
requires "t  to rea* ! eye2 b a new &   
ev5 great] surprise is ar\s$ by !       
in=mation t ! "t s requir$ is only a few
 m9utes = n9ety  millions ( miles4 ,!   
swiftness ( ?\ght is prov]bial4 ,a s+le 
act  ( ?\ght is commonly suppos$ to be  
absolutely in/antane\s2 &  yet pres5ce (
 m9d1 :i* dep5ds on rapidity ( ?\ght1 is
 fully  recogniz$ z an uncommon quality1

 :ile x has n[ be5 asc]ta9$ by  exp]im5t
 t e ?\ght requires a def9ite1 & 9 _m   
cases  measurable1 l5g? ( "t = its      
production & ex]cise4 ,foll[+  ! analogy
 ( ^! illu/rations1 we may expect t !   
popul>  op9ion or prejudice z to !      
in/antane\s creation ( ! human m9d  w   
vani% & subside :5 m5 become famili> ) !
 idea ( its  sl[ developm5t4 ,x w at    
lea/ be se5 t !re is no special  dignity
 & gr&eur 9 ! suppos$ sudd5ness ( its   
introduction  into ! univ]se4 ,! g5]al  
s*eme ( nature1 s f> z we c  p5etrate   
its work+1 seems to %[ t !re is "s      
proportion  obs]v$ betwe5 ! "t sp5t 9   
produc+ & ! p]fection (  ! ?+ produc$4  
,religion itself is an unque/ionable    
witness to  ?is me?od ( proc$ure4 ,!re  
is no great religion ( :i* !  adh]5ts   
claim to h _h x reveal$ to !m f ! fir/ 9
 its  full p]fection4 ,:at is true (    
religion1 is true ( all arts &  sci5ces4
 ,_! progress has be5 gradual4 ,!       
greatness ( nations1  ev5 :5 x seems to 
blaze =? 9 hi/ory mo/ sudd5ly1 ev]  f9ds

 its true orig9 9 num]\s /eps ( sl[     
prep>ation4 ,a h>dy1  frugal tribe (    
w>riors is nurs$ 9 "s obscure m\nta9    
cradle4  ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce fo/]s _!  
pres]vative virtues4 ,a l9e  ( rul]s is 
evok$1 =c$ by ! circum/ances ( _! t5ure 
to  acquire1 z _! lead+ qualities1      
cunn+1 prud5ce1 self-control1  f]tility 
( res\rce1 promptitude ( action1 till at
 l5g? ! h\r  & ! man co9cide1 & a h&ful 
( b>b>ians give _! "n  to a great       
empire4 ,! same rule prevails )         
languages1 & !  lit]atures t adorn !m4  
,s fully is ?is e/abli%$ 9 reg>d to     
lit]ature1 t m5 :o exam9e ! subject     
deeply are almo/ l$ to  disbelieve 9    
orig9ality ( g5ius altoge!r1 f !        
inv>iable  indebt$ness ( ! noble/ au?ors
 to ! ?\ghts & imag9+s  ( e>li] m9ds4   
,!re is1 !re=e1 no antec$5t             
improbability  t c fairly be plead$     
aga9/ ! gradual developm5t ( !  human   
m9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 e possible analogy  
is 9 its fav\r4  ,a supposition s fav\r$
 becomes at lea/ a lawful & reasonable  

subject ( enquiry4 ,if x be true t !    
!ory ( evolution applies  to ! m9d (    
man1 we %\ld expect to f9d 9 t m9d      
itself traces  ( ! e>li] /eps1 or grades
 ( developm5t1 ?r\gh :i* x has  pass$1 &
 also 9 ! _w ar\nd creatures l[] ?an    
humanity 9  "s sort repres5t+ ^? e>li]  
/ages ( sl[ly unfold+ reason4  ,9 o!r   
words1 we %\ld expect to f9d 9 human    
nature itself ^?  v inequalities1 t v   
conflict ( ! high] & ! l[]  elem5ts on  
:i* morali/s s urg5tly insi/1 & we %\ld 
expect  to f9d aff9ities & resemblances1
 m or less close1 p]vad+  ! :ole animal 
creation1 & exhibit+ human reason &     
brute  intellig5ce z1 ^u a broad view1  
"o 9 k9d1 h[ev] diff]5t 9  degree4    ,!
 fir/ requisite = intellig5ce is !      
possession ( memory4  ,)\t ?is faculty1 
intellig5ce is impossible2 b1 on ! o!r  
h&1 memory t does n subs]ve "s sort (   
intellig5ce1 is a  useless faculty2 & 9 
?is ! old !ory ( creation agrees ) !    
new1 t no?+ obta9s a foot+ 9 ! _w )\t a 
use4 ,x may  be urg$1 t ! human memory  

is incomp>ably sup]ior to t (  ! l[]    
animals2 b !re are surpris+ diff]5ces 9 
! p[]s  ( memory among human be+s1 & !  
effects ( cultivation1 ) !  facilities =
 t cultivation suppli$ by language1 %\ld
 be tak5  into acc\nt4 ,x is important  
to obs]ve also1 t ) brutes1 z  ) m51 "s 
individuals are quick] ?an o!rs2 t !    
memory (  brutes1 l our own1 c be       
improv$ by tra9+2 & t its p[]s  are n   
equally di/ribut$ to all classes4 ,!    
dog1 ! horse1 !  p>rot1 ! elephant1 are 
probably n fur!r bel[ mank9d 9 !        
faculty ( memory1 ?an !y are sup]ior 9 x
 to ! oy/] & !  jelly-fi%4    ,to make !
 mo/ ( humanity1 )\t introduc+ ! "q (   
man's mat]ial =m & /ructure1 "o w\ld    
naturally insi/ ^u  8 docility or p[] ( 
be+ taught2 ^u 8 v]satility or p[]  (   
adapt+ v>i\s means to ! same or v>i\s   
ends2 ^u 8  moral nature1 embrac+ !     
diff]5t passions & affections1 &  ! k ( 
good & evil2 &1 la/ly1 no d\bt1 "o w\ld 
be  incl9$ & "o w\ld h a "r to insi/ on 
! gr&eur ( 8  aspirations4 ,a crafty    

rhetorician w\ld p]haps dwell on !      
collective  value ( ^! end[m5ts1 & !n   
exhibit !m1 sep>ately1 ris+  to _!      
height & fulness 9 m5 l ,ar*im$es1 &    
,*ryso/om1  & ,dante4 ,he w\ld d>e u to 
trace back ! m5tal ance/ry ( ^!  true   
h]oes to apes & fi%es4 ,yet ! reason1   
piety1 & imag9ation  ( su* m51 are      
!mselves develop$ betwe5 *ildhood &     
maturity2  _! v pre-em95ce %[s t        
improvem5t 9 su* qualities is  possible 
f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & t !re=e       
meanness (  orig9 ne$s only to be c\pl$ 
) remot5ess 9 "t to reconcile  !        
supremacy ( man's intellig5ce ) its     
ultimate d]ivation f  ! l[e/ p[]s (     
consci\sness4    ,mr4 ,wallace has po9t$
 out v cle>ly & conclusively !          
fallaci\s "* ( ! evid5ce on :i* ! old   
!ory (  in/9ct 0 f\nd$4 ,/>t+ ) ! notion
 t wild animals _h  none ( t docility & 
v]satility :i* man possesses ?r\gh 8    
reason+ p[]s1 yet see+ !m produce       
effects l ^? :i*  man produces by ! help
 ( tea*]s or 8 own *oice ( means1 we    

inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( z _m sep>ate         
faculties z !re are k9ds  ( animals4    
,ea* ( ^! faculties 0 ?\ght to resemble 
reason  ab\t z mu* z a jack-9-!-box     
resembles a man4 ,! faculty came  into  
ex]cise 9 "o inv>iable way )\t any *oice
 on its own]'s  "p1 j z ! jack />ts up1 
:e!r he w or no1 :5 8 lid  is tak5 (f4  
,we wond]$ at ! admirable contrivance & 
design  by :i* ^! v limit$ faculties 7  
adapt$ 9 ea* case to  ! wants &         
pres]vation ( ! species to :i* !y       
belong$4 ,at  times1 x is true1 ) "s    
inconsi/5cy1 we p]mitt$ ourselves to    
upbraid ! goose ) its /upidity2 to speak
 ( ! %eep z silly1  & ! o/ri* z want+   
intellig5ce2 we ev5 expung$ ! dodo1  )  
its self-pres]v+ in/9ct1 f ! face ( !   
e>?2 b 9  spite ( ^! slips & mis*ances1 
we /ill kept gap+ & wond]+  at our own  
explanation ( ?+s1 & call+ x an         
excessively wise  & +5i\s contrivance t 
e species ( animal %\ld h a  sep>ate    
faculty to itself1 :5 "o & ! same       
faculty = !m  all w\ld n only d j z     

well1 b a great deal bett]4 ,we 7  f> f 
p]ceiv+ h[ /rong a support to           
,mat]ialism our !ory  involv$1 s9ce if !
 l[] animals )\t reason produce effects 
l ^? ( reason1 !n effects l ^? ( reason 
9 a numb] (  cases beyond calculation   
mu/ be ! result ( bodily /ructure4 ,x   
might n foll[ t ! effects ( reason      
itself 7 ! results (  bodily /ructure1 b
 x w\ld become />tl+ly probable4    ,!  
hi/ory ( dome/icat$ animals is a        
cont9u\s pro( t "s at  lea/ ( ! l[]     
creatures are capable ( le>n+1 & h[     
le>n+  c be a*iev$ )\t intellig5ce has  
nev] yet be5 expla9$1  & is nev] likely 
to be4 ,b ,mr4 ,wallace po9ts out t we h
  made a gratuit\s assumption1          
unsupport$ by evid5ce1 9 suppos+  birds1
 = example1 to build _! ne/s by in/9ct r
 ?an by  foll[+ ! example & in/ruction (
 _! p>5ts4 ,_m ?+s1  he rem>ks1 :i* we  
ourselves are said to d in/9ctively1 su*
 z  putt+ out our h&s to save ourselves 
f fall+1 are acquir$  habits1 n         
in/9ctive actions1 & 9 fact n possess$  

by infants4  ,mr4 ,d>w9#ca tells u ( a  
species ( ant :i* behaves diff]5tly     
t[>ds its slaves 9 ,engl& & 9 ,switz]l& 
respectively4 ,9 8  memorable acc\nt ( !
 busy bee1 he %[s t "s species ( bees   
are less clev] at _! "w ?an o!rs1 & t ! 
accuracy ev5  ( ! mo/ advanc$ cell-mak]s
 has be5 ov]rat$4 ,?is is ! m  wor?y to 
be not$1 because ! same p]sons :o are   
extremely zeal\s  to set =? reason z    
sup]ior 9 k9d to :at !y call in/9ct1    
are yet (t5 eag] to extol ! effects ( ! 
l[] faculty above  ^? ( ! high]4 ,an    
int]e/+ acc\nt has rec5tly be5 giv5  (  
baboons 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,cape (    
,good ,hope comb9+  to pursue1 & aft] a 
*ase ( two days & a night1 successfully 
de/roy+ a leop>d :i* _h invad$ _!       
haunts4 ,two tribes  ( baboons 9 ! same 
locality1 ! occupants ( sep>ate rocky   
/rongholds1 are describ$ z ^u "o        
occasion meet+ 9 battle1 !  result be+1 
t ne>ly a hundr$ 7 aft]w>ds f\nd dead or
  dy+ on ! sc5e ( action#cb4 ,! %ape ( !
 creature1 & !  comb9ation = w>like     

purposes1 :i* c>ries ) x su* a t+e  (   
humanity1 c sc>cely fail to affect !    
imag9ation4 ,yet ^!  isolat$ in/ances   
mu/ be f> less tell+ ?an ! comp>ison :i*
  ,mr4 ,wallace has s +5i\sly in/itut$  
betwe5 man z a build] &  birds 9 ! same 
capacity4 ,! %elt] ( ! savage is 9 _m   
cases  a less f9i%$ contrivance ?an !   
ne/ :i* ! bird prep>es =  its "y4 ,!    
fea!rless bip$1 l ! fea!r$ "o1 takes !  
mat]ials readie/ to its digits4         
,g5]ations ^u g5]ations foll[  "o ano!r 
)\t improvem5t or signs ( inv5tive      
skill4 ,ev5  9 ! days ( enlight5m5t1 & 9
 nations :i* pride !mselves  mo/ ^u x1 !
 human ne/ is repeat$ly con/ruct$ )\t ! 
smalle/ att5tion to com=t1 heal?1 or    
beauty4 ,m51 ^: fa!rs  be=e !m h built  
long r[s ( r$-brick boxes to live 91    
build1  by in/9ct if y w1 = x c sc>cely 
be by reason1 m  l5g!n+ *a9s ( r$-brick 
boxes4 ,!re is no reason1 inde$1  =     
suppos+ t ! bird consults any pr9ciple (
 beauty 9 !  con/ruction ( its ne/1 b a 
pr9ciple ( exp$i5ce "s birds  c]ta9ly d 

consult2 ! or*>d oriole1 = example1     
build+ its  ne/ %all[ or deep1 accord+ z
 x is plac$ among firm & /iff  bran*es1 
or susp5d$ f ! sl5d] w9d-sway$ twigs ( !
  weep+-will[#cc4 ,! fact t birds build 
9 human habitations1  & make use ( human
 manufactures1 is a pro( t !y are       
capable  ( *oice bo? z to locality &    
mat]ials4 ,! (t5-obs]v$  circum/ance1 t 
animals 9 a newly-discov]$ c\ntry are   
)\t  fe> ( man1--a fe> :i* !y spe$ily   
acquire f exp]i5ce ( 8  mis*iev\s       
prop5sities1--is a cle> pro( t !y are   
capable (  le>n+ caution4 ,x _c be      
pret5d$ t a caution :i* ?us only  comes 
9 conjunction ) exp]i5ce is in/9ctive1  
or any?+ else  ?an ! result (           
obs]vation1 & !re=e a sign ( intellig5t 
judgm5t4 ,! l[] animals1 !n1 c le>n     
prud5ce2 c pr(it by  exp]i5ce4 ,9 !     
tra9+ ( dome/icat$ animals1 ! same      
motives  ( pleasure & pa9 are appli$1 & 
appli$ effectually1 z are us$  9 !      
education ( human be+s by p>5ts &       
s*oolma/]s &  lawgiv]s4 ,?is c\ld n be  

if ! gr\ndwork ( ! moral nature 7  n !  
same 9 man & ! l[] animals4 ,addison 0  
incl9$ to  hold ! old op9ion1 t #8,god  
himself is ! s\l ( brutes1' ,deus  e/   
anima brutorum4 #8,"o w\ld wond]1' he   
says1 #8to he> sceptical  m5 disput+ = !
 reason ( animals1 & tell+ u x is only  
our pride & prejudices t w n all[ !m !  
use ( t  faculty#cd4' ,& yet 8 *>m+     
essays ^u ! natural hi/ory  ( animals1 9
 :i* he took s ke5 a p]sonal pleasure1 )
 v  little alt]ation1 might be read z   
argum5ts 9 def5ce ( ! op9ion  he ?us    
condemns4 ,he rem>ks t birds1 :i*       
ord9>ily drive away  _! "y z soon z !y  
are able to get _! own livelihood1      
nev]!less cont9ue to fe$ !m if !y are   
ti$ to ! ne/1 or  conf9$ )9 a cage1 or  
by any o!r means appe> to be out ( a    
condition ( supply+ _! own necessities4 
,he obs]ves1 t !  brood-h5 w leave h]   
eggs long] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 because  
9 summ] !y w cool less spe$ily4 ,b ap>t 
f ! +5uity  necess>y = ! propagation ( !
 species1 he consid]s ! same  bird to be

 a v idiot1 )\t ! lea/ glimm]+ ( ?\ght  
or  common s5se1 mi/ak+ a piece ( *alk =
 an egg1 & sitt+ ^u  x z ?\gh x 7 "o1   
ins5sible ( an increase or dim9ution  9 
! numb] ( ^? %e lays1 n di/+ui%+ betwe5 
h] own  & ^? ( ano!r species2 & :5 !    
bir? appe>s ( nev] s  diff]5t a bird1   
*]i%+ x = h] own4    ,x is curi\s t we  
%\ld abuse ! h5 = be+ n[ & !n  deceiv$  
by our impo/ures1 consid]+ ! imm5se     
quantities (  c\nt]feit co9 we ourselves
 accept z curr5cy1 & ! /range  comp\nds 
( *alk & mud & alum & poison\s h]bs &   
m9]als  :i*1 accord+ to ! analy/s1 we   
cont5t$ly swall[ d[n z  milk & butt]1   
bread & be]4 ,b ! h5 9 a wild /ate is n 
subject to our impositions1 & possibly !
 dome/ic h5 f9ds x  bett] = h]self to   
ov]look !m4 ,at any rate1 z ! mi/akes   
conc]n h] prog5y1 if h] conduct is o!r  
?an b5eficial1 x is  an argum5t aga9/ ! 
p]fection ( in/9ct1 :i* x t5ds to  br+  
d[n to ! level ( imp]fect human reason4 
,x is commonly  suppos$ t duckl+s take  
to ! wat] by in/9ct4 ,& ,addison  tells 

u t on "o occasion1 z he 0 walk+ 9 ! y>d
 (  8 fri5d's c\ntry-h\se1 he #80       
wond]fully pleas$ to see !  diff]5t     
work+s ( in/9ct 9 a h5 foll[$ by a brood
 ( ducks4  ,! "y1 ^u ! sight ( a pond1  
imm$iately ran into x2 :ile  ! /ep-"m1 )
 all imag9able anxiety1 hov]$ ab\t !    
bord]s ( x1 to call !m out ( an elem5t t
 appe>$ to h] s  dang]\s &              
de/ructive#ce4' ,9 ord] to te/ ! real   
=ce (  nature 9 ?is matt]1 z di/9ct f   
exp]i5ce & education1 ,i  v5tur$ on !   
exp]im5t ( plac+ "s little orphan       
duckl+s1  :i* _h be5 re>$ away f any    
pond1 9 a %all[ ba? ( wat]  j deep en\gh
 = !m to swim 94 ,! exp]im5t 0 two or   
?ree  times repeat$1 b 9 ea* case ) a   
sort ( impiety1 or1 at any  rate1 gross 
disrespect t[>ds ! gr& pr9ciple (       
in/9ct1 !  duckl+s1 in/ead ( enjoy+     
!mselves 9 _! appropriate elem5t1  made 
! mo/ viol5t & unceas+ ef=ts to escape f
 x4 ,!  :ole !ory ( in/9ct1 inde$1      
probably re/s on a multitude (  evid5ces
 :i* h !mselves be5 tak5 = grant$4 ,at e

 po9t  m9ute obs]vation1 or actual      
que/ion+ ( ! facts ass]t$1  und]m9es x4 
,addison himself mu/ h begun to wav]1   
be=e he  ins]t$ 9 ! numb]s ( !          
#8,gu>dian#cf' ! ,fr5* philosoph]'s     
acc\nt ( ! ant1 & its wond]ful +5uity & 
p]sev]ance4 ,nor  are passages want+ 9 8
 works1 :i* might h be5 expressly       
writt5 9 support ( ! !ory ( developm5t4 
,aft] comm5t+ on  ! v>i\s ins5sible     
gradations ( p]ceptive be+1 #8,if we    
look1'  he says1 #8into ! sev]al inw>d  
p]fections ( cunn+ & sagacity1  or :at  
we g5]ally call in/9ct1 we f9d !m ris+  
aft] ! same  mann]1 imp]ceptibly "o     
above ano!r1 & receiv+ additional       
improvem5ts1 accord+ to ! species 9 :i* 
!y are implant$4  ,?is progress 9 nature
 is s v gradual1 t ! mo/ p]fect ( an    
inf]ior species comes v ne> to ! mo/    
imp]fect ( t :i* is  imm$iately above   
x4' ,aga93 #8,! :ole *asm 9 nature1 f a 
plant  to a man1 is fill$ up ) div]s    
k9ds ( creatures1 ris+ "o ov]  ano!r1 by
 su* a g5tle & easy asc5t1 t ! little   

transitions  & deviations f "o species  
to ano!r are almo/ ins5sible2' &  he    
quotes ) approbation a passage f ,locke1
 9 :i* we read1  #8,!re are "s brutes t 
seem to h z mu* k & reason  z "s t are  
call$ m5#cg4' ,pope1 :o pursues mu* !   
same track  9 8 #8,essay on ,man1'      
p]mits himself to speak ( #8!           
half-reason+  elephant4' ,any "o :o     
d\bts ! appropriat5ess ( su* an epi!t1  
n only to ! elephant b to _m o!r        
animals1 %\ld beg9 to  /udy ! ways &    
do+s ( ! l[] creatures ) an eye to ?is  
v "q1--at e turn ask+ himself h[ !      
action obs]v$  c be acc\nt$ = by a bl9d 
irrational in/9ct4 ,a /umbl+  horse1 =  
example1 t is g5]ally beat5 = /umbl+1   
/>ts  aft] a false /ep be=e ! la% is    
appli$4 ,h[ ridicul\s w x  be to ascribe
 to horses an in/9ct ( />t+ aft]        
/umbl+--a  conditional in/9ct1 t appe>s 
only 9 ^? horses t h  be5 previ\sly     
beat5 :5 !y /umbl$6 ,we ne$ n suppose1 z
  ,"l ,bacon appe>s to h done1 t #8dogs 
"k ! dog-kill]' by a  k9d ( p[] (       

div9ation#ch4 ,by _! wat*ful habits1 &  
quick  inf]5ce f acute obs]vation ( !   
few p>ticul>s !y are able  to compreh5d1
 x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t dogs le>n some?+
 (  ! dispositions & int5tions ( mank9d1
 recognize _! hum\rs1  & di/+ui% ^? :o  
are fri5dly to !mselves f ^? :o are     
ho/ile4    ,numb]less writ]s h notic$ ! 
diff]5t dispositions ( ! l[]  animals1  
diff]+ n m]ely 9 sep>ate species1 b 9   
v>i\s  individuals ( ! same4 ,!re has   
be5 no scruple 9 tak+ ! brutes  !mselves
 z types & emblems ( moral qualities4   
,almo/ e vice  & virtue has be5 unsp>+ly
 assign$ to "o or o!r ( ! brute         
creation4 ,!y are brave or c[>dly1      
savage & trea*]\s1 g5tle  & g5]\s1      
indu/ri\s1 idle1 ob$i5t1 wayw>d1        
affectionate1  malici\s1 work+ always = 
! common good1 or full ( rapacity  &    
selfi%ness4 ,x is likely en\gh t we (t5 
misapply ^!  epi!ts1 & call t c\rage :i*
 is only consci\sness (  /r5g?1 & t     
malignant f]ocity :i* is really a hungry
 /oma*  & a badly-furni%$ l>d]2 = su*   

mi/akes we commit also 9  judg+ ( our   
fell[-m54 ,b !re are _m beautiful       
in/ances on  record 9 :i* dumb creatures
 h %[n !mselves capable beyond  "q (    
fai?ful fri5d%ip1 & !re=e z possess+ at 
lea/  ! beg9n+s1 if n any high          
advancem5t1 ( a moral nature4 ,none     
p]haps is m beautiful ?an t told by     
,h5ry ,brookes1 a writ]  ( ! la/ c5tury1
 ab\t "o ( ! lions 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london4  
,a little spaniel pick$ up 9 ! /reets 0 
?r[n into ! cage  ( ! l>ge/ ( ^! bea/s1 
call$ = 8 size ! k+'s lion4             
#8,imm$iately ! little animal trembl$1 &
 %iv]$1 & cr\*$1  & ?rew itself on its  
back1 & put =? its tongue1 & held up    
its paws1 9 supplicatory attitudes1 z an
 ackn[l$gm5t ( sup]ior  p[]1 & pray+ =  
m]cy4 ,9 ! meantime ! lordly brute1     
in/ead  ( dev\r+ x1 beheld x ) an eye ( 
philosophic inspection4  ,he turn$ x ov]
 ) "o paw1 & !n turn$ x ov] ) !  o!r1 & 
smell$ to x1 & seem$ desir\s ( c\rt+ a  
fur!r  acqua9tance4 ,f ?is day ! /ricte/
 fri5d%ip comm5c$ betwe5  !m1 a fri5d%ip

 consi/+ ( all possible affection &     
t5d]ness  on ! "p ( ! lion1 & ( ! utmo/ 
confid5ce & boldness on  ! "p ( ! dog1  
insomu* t he w\ld lay himself d[n to    
sleep1  )9 ! fangs & "u ! jaws ( 8      
t]rible patron4'    ,! sequel ( ! /ory  
is pa!tic4 ,to tell x briefly1 9 twelve 
mon?s ! little spaniel sick5$ & di$4 ,! 
lion at fir/ suppos$  him to be asleep1 
b f9d+ t all 8 ef=ts to awak5 him 7  9  
va91 he 0 fill$ ) int5se angui%1 w\ld n 
all[ ! dead  body to be remov$1 refus$  
all su/5ance or com=t1 sp5d+ 8  "t      
betwe5 rage & grief1 till aft] five days
 ( su* an exi/5ce1  "o morn+ he 0 f\nd  
dead1 ) 8 head lov+ly recl9$ on !       
c>case ( 8 little fri5d#ci4    ,7 ?is   
only a fable in/ead ( an actual incid5t1
 !re is no?+  9 x revolt+ to our s5se ( 
probability1 because we are p]fectly    
aw>e t ! l[] animals con/antly give     
indications ( :at 9  ourselves we call !
 moral feel+s4 ,we cont9ually see !m    
behav+  z we ourselves behave :5 we     
submit to self-sacrifice = ! sake (  ^? 

we love4    ,we see _m animals 9        
possession ( laws & con/itutions answ]+ 
to our own 9 all b "o p>ticul>1 namely1 
t !irs appe> to be  fix$ :ile ours are  
cont9ually *ang+4 ,b mo/ likely we      
ov]rate  bo? ! fix$ "* ( !irs1 & !      
in/ability ( our own4  ,*anges 9 !      
politics ( an oy/] may easily escape !  
notice (  a man 9 ! mid/ ( "s va/       
revolution 7z he ?9ks x7 ( human        
affairs1 "s va/ revolution :i* proves 9 
! end to be no?+  m ?an a *ange ( names4
 ,= mank9d ! acquisition ( language  has
 indef9itely quick5$ ! movem5t ( ideas1 
b :]e language is  )\t ! aids ( writ+ & 
pr9t+1 z among savage tribes1 &  :]e !  
language itself is an imp]fect in/rum5t 
( ?\ght1 !  same r\t9e seems to prevail 
f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,fa%ion 9  dress
 *anges b sl[ly :5 ! dress itself is    
no?+ b a girdle2  & ! fa%ions ( ! m9d   
*ange ) z little facility :5 ideas  &   
wants1 & ! means ( express+ ! "o &      
gratify+ !  o!r1 are all alike few &    
extremely simple4    ,s simple are !    

wants & ideas ( ! savage1 s little above
 ^?  ( ! elephant & ! ape1 t ,mr4       
,wallace f9ds himself driv5  to !       
conclusion t ! savage #89 8 l>ge &      
well-develop$  bra9 possesses an organ q
 disproportionate to 8 actual           
requirem5ts--an organ t seems prep>$ 9  
advance1 only to be  fully utiliz$ z he 
progresses 9 civilization4' ,b any?+ q  
disproportionate to its actual place 9  
nature _c h be5  produc$ accord+ to !   
!ory ( developm5t4 ,?is !ory !re=e  ,mr4
 ,wallace deems & decl>es inapplicable  
to ! bra9 & m9d (  man4 ,9 support ( 8  
view he adduces sev]al circum/ances bo? 
(  man's bodily & m5tal con/itution1 :i*
 he consid]s ?is !ory  incapable (      
expla9+4 ,he ma9ta9s t natural selection
 w n  acc\nt = ^? rudim5ts ( logical1   
moral1 & /hetic faculties  :i* are to be
 f\nd 9 unciviliz$ man2 = ! nak$ness ( !
  human sk91 ?\gh hair ^u ! back w\ld be
 ( ess5tial s]vice to  ! unclad savage2 
= ! abs5ce ( preh5sile p[] f ! human    
foot1 a p[] :i* he ?9ks w\ld be useful1 

or = ^? p]fections  ( h& & voice :i* he 
?9ks w\ld be useless1 to uncultivat$    
human be+s4 ,! inf]5ce he draws #8f ?is 
class ( ph5om5a is1  t a sup]ior        
intellig5ce has guid$ ! developm5t ( man
 9 a  def9ite direction & = a special   
purpose1 j z man guides !  developm5t ( 
_m animal & vegetable =ms4'    ,9 ?is   
illu/ration he ov]looks ! circum/ance t 
man's selection  is aft] all no?+ m nor 
less ?an "p & p>cel ( natural           
selection4 ,9 8 argum5t f ! v>i\s uses &
 p[]s ( ! h&  & bra91 :i* c\ld h be5 (  
no s]vice to m5 9 a wild /ate1  he      
neglects ! consid]ation t :at is select$
 ?r\gh be+  useful 9 "o direction may   
incid5tally become useful 9 ano!r4  ,_h 
he employ$ 8 usual +5uity on ! "q (     
man's hairless  sk91 he might h se5 !   
possibility ( its #8selection' ?r\gh its
  sup]ior beauty or ! heal? atta*+ to   
sup]ior cleanl9ess4 ,at  any rate x is  
surpris+ t he %\ld picture to himself a 
sup]ior  intellig5ce pluck+ ! hair f !  
backs ( savage m51 7to :om  accord+ to 8

 own acc\nt x w\ld h be5 useful &       
b5eficial7  9 ord] t ! desc5dants ( !   
poor %orn wret*es might1 aft]  _m dea?s 
f cold & damp1 9 ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations 
take  to tailor+ & dabbl+ 9 bricks &    
mort>4 ,9 reg>d to ! voice  he makes an 
ass]tion :i* is surely impossible =     
himself or any "o  else to prove1       
namely1 t #8savages c]ta9ly nev] *oose  
_! wives  = f9e voices4' ,b ^u ?is      
ass]tion ! :ole ( 8 argum5t  ab\t !     
voice dep5ds4 ,& z = ! /ress :i* he lays
 ^u !  rudim5t>y moral & /hetic         
faculties ( savages1 we h %[n t  numb]s 
( o!r animals likewise h rudim5t>y moral
 faculties1  :ile ,mr4 ,wallace himself 
makes x probable t _m h a ta/e =        
col\r#dj1 & t #8_! p[]s ( vision & _!   
faculties (  p]ception & emotion mu/ be 
ess5tially ( ! same nature z our        
own#da4'    ,truly 9 "o s5se e v>iation 
is prep>$ 9 advance1 only to be  fully  
utiliz$ 9 ! future progress ( ! creature
 t v>ies4  ,e v>iation1 ,i d\bt n1 is s 
prep>$ 9 advance by a sup]ior           

intellig5ce1 b "u ! g5]al laws :i* t    
intellig5ce  has orda9$1 & n by a       
special int]f]5ce4 ,! real progress  (  
ea* creature1 )9 ! sph]es at lea/ (     
consci\sness &  intellig5ce1 w\ld seem  
to consi/ 9 its gr[+ capacity =  p]ceiv+
 & und]/&+1 = ent]+ into fell[%ip )1    
be+s  sup]ior to itself4 ,9 m5tal p[]s !
 dog & ! horse become m  & m l man1 !   
clos] & ! m cont9u\s ! int]c\rse4  ,c\ld
 !y le>n our language or we !irs1 !     
progress might be  indef9itely ha/5$4 ,9
 ! g5]al progress onw>ds & upw>ds1  man1
 x may be believ$1 !n fir/ became !     
indisputable "l &  *ief ov] 8 fell[     
animals1 :5 8 reason _h s f> advanc$  t 
he c\ld compreh5d ! idea ( ,god1 :5 8   
reason _h gr[n  into a capacity ( he>+ !
 div9e voice1 :i* s9ce !n1 n by         
int]f]5ce ) physical conditions1 b by   
int]c\rse ( m9d )  m9d1 has l$ him =w>d 
/ep by /ep f d>kness into twilight1  f !
 twilight is /ill lead+ him =w>d1 z 8   
eyes become able  to be> x1 t[>ds !     
beauty ( ! rosy-f+]$ dawn2 & j z  ^? ( !

 l[] animals are consid]$ ! mo/         
intellig5t :i*  make ! mo/ successful   
ef=ts at int]c\rse ) man & at s]v+  him1
 s1 by a true analogy1 may ! philosoph] 
deem ^? m5 &  ^? races ( m5 to be fur!/ 
on ! pa? ( enlight5m5t :o "k  mo/ ( ,god
 & s]ve ,him be/4          ,,human      
,,nature ,,& ,,brute ,,nature4#db       
,a poor slave1 nam$ ,&rocles1 escap$ f 8
 ma/] into a s&y  des]t4 ,:ile !re a    
lion came sudd5ly ^u him1 & by signs    
made  him und]/& t x 0 9 an agony ( pa94
 ,?is ! slave 0  able to relieve by     
extract+ a l>ge ?orn f its paw & by     
g5tle  treatm5t ( ! w\nd4 ,f ?is "t !   
lion %>$ its prey )  ! man1 till        
,&rocles1 p9+ = human society1 & fac+   
ev5  dea? to rega9 x1 at l5g? gave      
himself up to 8 ma/]4 ,x s  happ5$ t !  
slave 0 s5t to ,rome to be expos$ to    
wild bea/s  at ! same "t t ! v lion :i* 
he _h befri5d$ 0  s5t ?i!r1 among _m    
o!rs1 to supply ! cruel sports ( !      
amphi!atre4 ,! mom5t came :5 ,&rocles 0 
to be torn 9 pieces4  ,a huge fami%$    

lion ru%$ =? 9 fury ^u him2 !n paus$1   
crept  g5tly t[>ds him1 & end$ by fawn+ 
^u him ) c>ess+  movem5ts4 ,x 0 ! lion  
he _h kn[n 9 ! des]t4    ,?is is no     
fable1 b a piece ( well-kn[n hi/ory2 & !
 sequel is  equally well-kn[n1 t !      
applause & admiration ( all behold]s  at
 ?is wond]ful in/ance ( frat]nity betwe5
 man & bea/1 at ?is  m>vell\s           
exemplification ( ! p[]s ( memory &     
gratitude 9 a  wild animal1 secur$ !    
lives bo? ( slave & lion4    ,_h ?is be5
 record$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 9 t   
noble &  rev]5t phraseology :i* s (t5   
leaves out ( sight all second>y  causes 
z by comp>ison insignificant1 & ascribes
 all t is good  & wond]ful directly to  
,god1 !re c be little d\bt t x w\ld  h  
borne a /rik+ resemblance to ! miracles 
wr\ght 9 fav\r (  ,elijah & ,daniel2 :5 
= ! "o ,god comm&$ ! rav5s to fe$  him1 
& ! rav5s br\ght him bread & fle% 9 !   
morn+ &  bread & fle% 9 ! ev5+2 & = !   
o!r ,god s5t 8 angel  & /opp$ ! m\?s ( !
 lions ev5 9 _! d51 & !y did him  no    

hurt4 ,expla9 ^! miracles z y w1 & !    
k9dr$ "o quot$  by ,/4 ,pet]1 or accept 
!m all )\t explanation z occurr5ces  out
 ( ! c\rse ( nature & beyond our        
compreh5sion1 x /ill  foll[s f !        
language ( ! sacr$ writ]s t !y at lea/  
suppos$ ^! brute creatures capable (    
intellig5ce1 an intellig5ce  suffici5t  
to receive ! div9e comm&s & to avoid1 s 
f> z !y  might1 opposition to ,god's w4 
,= h[ else c\ld !re be any moral  tea*+ 
9 ! circum/ance t #8! dumb ass speak+ ) 
man's  voice =bad ! madness ( !         
prophet8' ,h[ else c ! miracle seem     
any?+ else or any?+ bett] ?an a piece ( 
pu]ile conjur+8  ,b ?is faculty1 :i* !  
sacr$ writ]s !re=e attribute to !       
brutes1 ! faculty ( he>+ & obey+ ! voice
 ( ,god1 is !  basis ( ! highe/         
intellig5ce1 ! basis ( all true morality
 &  religion4    ,t :i* we are n[       
conc]n$ to prove is1 t human reason is  
an  outgr[? & developm5t ( a faculty    
common to ! :ole animal  creation2 t we 
are ! heirs ( ! pa/ 9 fact1 z we are    

inh]itors ( ! future 9 hope2 t an       
incalculable multitude (  small         
advantages acquir$ 9 successive         
g5]ations has br\ght man to  8 pres5t   
vantage-gr\nd ( sup]iority2 & t ?is v   
foot+  ( advantage has n[ become 9 its  
turn simply ! />t+-po9t =  future       
improvem5t to an e/ate indef9itely high]
 & bett]4 ,x may  well be impossible 9 a
 few m9utes' disc\rse to d m ?an        
indicate  ! b>e outl9e ( ! pro(2 & ev5  
?is might seem inappropriate  to ! "t & 
place1 did we n hope to %[ fur!r t ^!   
op9ions1 />tl+ or ev5 dang]\s z !y may  
seem to "s1 give  support to high       
pr9ciples ( humanity1 & are 9 accordance
 ) !  c\rse & progress ( ,god's         
revelation ( ,himself to mank9d4    ,x  
is well e/abli%$ t ! human body 9 all   
its p>ts corresponds  to ! /ructure (   
c]ta9 ( ! l[] animals4 ,:5 fir/ discov]$
  ?is 0 extremely %ock+ to ! s5tim5ts ( 
mank9d1 %ock+  to _! pride1 b %ock+ also
 to _! religi\s s5tim5t1  because !y _h 
be5 accu/om$ to speak ( ! #8human =m    

div9e1'  to repres5t ! supreme ,god1    
#8,jehovah1 ,jove1 or ,"l1' z we>+  ! =m
 & act+ ) ! memb]s ( a man1 & because 9 
!  writ+s sacr$ alike to ! ,jew & to !  
,*ri/ian1 !y f\nd x  writt5 t ,god      
creat$ man 9 ,8 own image2 9 ! image (  
,god  creat$ ,he him4' ,!y did n /op to 
enquire :at sort ( creation  0 int5d$ or
 :at sort ( lik5ess4 ,!y fail$ to obs]ve
 t  ! vague indef9ite notion !y ent]ta9$
 ( a bodily lik5ess 0  inconsi/5t ) !   
,*ri/ian's c>d9al doctr9e ( !           
,inc>nation1  accord+ to :i* x is n man 
t we>s ! =m ( ,god1 b ,god  t took ^u   
him ! =m ( man4    ,x w n[ = a "t p]haps
 seem equally %ock+ t ! m9d  ( man1 :i* 
alone is left him = ! div9e resemblance1
 %\ld  not)/&+ h be5 develop$ f ! m9d ( 
a brute creature1  or if n develop$1 at 
any rate fram$ ^u ! same type & patt]n4 
,a broad l9e has till lately be5 drawn  
betwe5 reason & in/9ct1  in/9ct appe>+ 9
 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances to d or ev5 to 
surpass ! "w ( reason1 b )9 an exce$+ly 
limit$ sph]e1  & accord+ to a fix$      

inv>iable c\rse4 ,+5i\s & ?\ghtful  m51 
h[ev]1 tak+ _! op9ions n f he>say &     
tradition1 b  f\nd+ !m on c>eful        
obs]vation ( ! works & ways ( ,god 9    
nature itself1 h n[ %[n ! baselessness (
 ?is anci5t e/imate4    ,! bird build+  
its ne/ does n foll[ an inv>iable rule1 
b accommodates itself to circum/ances1  
to ! mat]ials ( !  locality1 to !       
requirem5ts ( def5ce1 z man does ) 8 own
  habitations4 ,!re is no pro( t ! bird 
builds untaught by its  eld]s1 or t x   
does n improve by practice4 ,s9ce wasps 
h be5  kn[n to con/ruct _! ne/ out (    
pap]1 itself a fabric ( human  inv5tion1
 x is impossible !y c h *os5 _! mat]ial 
by an  orig9al in/9ct4 ,! cells :i*     
v>i\s bees con/ruct atta9 to  v>i\s     
degrees ( p]fection1 & imp]fections may 
be f\nd 9 !  mo/ p]fect4 ,x has inde$   
be5 a curi\s fancy = m5 s long to       
ent]ta91 t ?\gh !y 7 creat$ 9 ! image ( 
,god to h  dom9ion ov] ! l[] creatures1 
yet ^? creatures )\t reason1  )\t tea*+1
 )\t ! ,god-lik5ess1 %\ld be able to    

surpass  !m1 by a miracle or a my/]y1 9 
! accuracy or p]fection ( _!  works4    
,! pursuit :i* man 9 a l[ /ate (        
civilization has ev] ?\ght  mo/ noble is
 t ( w>4 ,! ess5ce ( w> lies 9 !        
comb9ation  ( =ces & ! *oice (          
opportunity4 ,( bo? ^! ! l[]  animals   
are kn[n to be capable4 ,_! armies      
resemble human armies 9  foll[+ lead]s1 
9 po/+ s5t9els1 9 c>ry+ (f captives1 9  
mak+ slaves4 ,creatures t are v weak    
comb9e n unfrequ5tly  to repel or to    
de/roy an antagoni/ imm5sely too /rong =
 _!  individual ef=ts4 ,t rooks & o!r   
animals try1 & execute  ju/ice ^u1      
(f5d]s aga9/ ! laws & cu/oms ( _!       
society  is probable1 if x _c be        
absolutely prov$4    ,! objection is    
sure to be urg$ t if ! dumb animals h ! 
progressive pla/ic intellig5ce :i* is   
?us claim$ = !m1  x ought1 9 !          
innum]able g5]ations :i* h exi/$1 to  h 
atta9$ to some?+ f> high] ?an !re is any
 pret5ce  = ?9k+ x to h done4 ,b ?is    
objection leaves important              

consid]ations out ( sight4 ,x is true   
"h1 z 9 s _m cases1  t to him t ha? %all
 m be giv54 ,! intellig5ce ( man  rea*$ 
a po9t n all at once b by degrees1 at   
:i* x 0 able  to inv5t helps &          
appliances = its own b5efit &           
improvem5t1  & !nce=w>d its /rides 7 m  
rapid & its di/9ction f  l[]            
intellig5ces m m>k$4 ,cancel ! art (    
pr9t+1 cancel  ! signs ( ! alphabet1    
cancel ! =ms ( articulate language1  & )
 ea* "o ( ^! /eps y w ?ru/ back &       
degrade1 n  p]haps e s+le human         
intellect1 b c]ta9ly ! :ole mass  &     
av]age ( human intellig5ce4 ,!re is no  
ne$ to ask or answ]  ! "q :e!r ?\ght )\t
 language is possible3 )\t  language    
?\ght _c move1 x has no grasp ^u ! _w2 x
 may  flick] = a mom5t 9 ! m9d t k9dles 
x1 z a light "u a  bu%el1 b x _c %9e    
be=e m5 t !y may see its goodness  &    
glorify _! ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,we see ! pro(
 ( ?is 9 races  ( m5 t h no pr9t$ books1
 no symbols = writ+1 & b  feeble        
imp]fect languages4 ,civilization is    

want+ to !m2 _!  wor%ip is degrad$2 9 _!
 habits & g5]al morality !y rise b      
little above ! brute creation4 ,moreov]1
 c5tury aft] c5tury !y  cont9ue )\t mak+
 any app>5t improvem5t or advance4      
,contra/  or comp>e ) ^! ! l[] animal   
creation1 & x w be f\nd1  if n 9 its    
sep>ate memb]s1 /ill 9 ! :ole gr\p1 n to
 fall  s inf9itely bel[ humanity z human
 be+s h long be5 pleas$ to  imag9e3 = ! 
l[] animals c be taught to recognize man
 z _!  sup]ior & fri5d1 ?\gh 8 m9d is   
beyond _! compreh5sion1  & a simil>     
recognition is exactly :at we m5 h to   
atta9 to 9  reg>d to ,god2 !y c be      
taught by pleasure & pa91 motives by    
:i* we ourselves bo? 9 *ildhood & 9 age 
are taught1 motives by  :i* ,god        
,himself decl>es t ,he tea*es u1 if we  
are to believe ,8  ^w4    ,t !y are     
capable ( our virtues has be5 %[n 9 a   
notable  in/ance2 t !y are capable ( our
 follies is cle> 9 !  conspicu\s vanity 
( ! peacock2 & no weakness cleaves m    
p]t9aci\sly to ! human m9d ?an ?is (    

vanity1 :i* is (t5  f\nd comb9$ ev5 ) ! 
noble/ intellect4 ,t !y are  influ5c$ by
 feel+s l ours may be le>n$ f ! gay     
plumage  ( ! bird ( ,p>adise1 acquir$ "u
 ! same influ5ce ( !  pref]5ce &        
admiration ( o!rs1 = :i* fair wom5 we>  
fair  raim5t1 & = :i* ! soldi]1 at extra
 risk to 8 life1 is clad  9 sc>let4     
,accord+ to a pr9ciple n[ well kn[n1 !  
e>li] ! p]iod ( life  ! great] !        
resemblance is likely to be betwe5      
creatures ak9 to  "o ano!r4 ,h5ce we may
 expla9 ! ph5om5on t "s *ildr51  ?r\gh\t
 _! *ildhood prone to causeless mis*ief 
& /ubborn  resi/ance1 become at l5g?    
reasonable & self-controll$ m54 ,z  = ! 
*ild1 s = ! brute1 a future ( enlight5$ 
reason &  self-control may be 9 /ore4 ,!
 l>ge/ & mo/ g5]\s m9ds are  n[ beg9n+  
to contemplate ! possibility ( an       
immortal de/9y  = all animals :atsoev]4 
,to my own m9d1 z d\btless to _m (      
y\rs1 su* a conception has (t5 seem$    
fanciful & ridicul\s1  z ! greate/ & be/
 notions (t5 d to m9ds t are n>r[  or   

unexp&$ by a wisdom high] ?an _! own4 ,s
 x 0 t !  gossips & philosoph]s ( ,a!ns 
mock$ :5 !y he>d ( !  resurrection ( !  
dead1 ?\gh ,/4 ,paul 0 prea*+ only !    
resurrection ( human be+s4 ,to ext5d ?is
 belief 9 ! resurrection  to all !      
animate creation is to ext5d our        
conception ( ! p[]  & ! goodness ( ,god1
 to make easy _m ?+s t o!rwise seem     
appall+ly difficult 9 reg>d to ,8 ju/ice
 & ,8 m]cy4 ,does  x seem a ?+          
impossible ) y t ,god %\ld raise ! dead8
  ,is ! ,"l's arm %ort5$ t x _c save1   
:e!r x be man1  or ! worm t ,scripture  
deems 8 fitt+ emblem8 ,or1 z ! ,jews  7 
jeal\s t ! ,g5tiles %\ld be sav$1 are we
 jeal\s t  = creatures :i* we slaught]1 
trample on1 enslave1 & cr[d out  (      
exi/5ce1 happ9ess & life %\ld yet be 9  
/ore z well z =  ourselves8    ,be will+
 to believe t language1 reason1         
spiritual insight1 :i*  is ! reason     
elevat$ to ! capacity ( kn[+ ,god--be   
will+ to  believe t ^! h be5 gradual    
acquisitions to humanity1 & !  :ole     

c\rse ( ,god's ,provid5ce w at once /&  
out 9 a cle>]1  pur] light4 ,suppos+ !  
s\l ( man ?\s&s ( ye>s back to h  be5   
precisely :at ! s\l ( man is n[1 its    
requirem5ts & its  aptitudes mu/ h be5 !
 same !n z !y are to-day1 s t  if !     
doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity is ess5tial n[1 x   
mu/ h be5  ess5tial !n1 :5 x _h n be5   
reveal$4 ,on ! same supposition1  too1  
ei!r ! record ( ,god's w 9 ! e>lie/     
portion ( !  ,bible is incr$ibly        
defective1 or ! record ( x 9 ! complet$ 
canon ( ,scripture mu/ be *>g$ )        
bewild]+ sup]fluity4    ,b ,god has n   
dealt s ) ,8 *ildr54 ,he has giv5 !m _! 
heav5ly food z !y 7 able to be> x4 ,fir/
 by allegory &  p>able ,he unfolds ,8 w1
 z a fa!r tells 8 little ones !  /ories 
:i* !y love to he>1 m9d+ ev] )9 ! /ories
 & by  means ( ! /ories to pres5t !     
tru?1 ! lessons ( ! beautiful  & !      
upright4 ,! e>lie/ revelation ( ,god    
pres5ts ,him 9 !  simple/ =m1 ! easie/ =
 u to und]/&1 z ! ,great ,patri>*  (    
mank9d4 ,along ) ?is revelation came    

simple comm&s &  prohibitions1 !        
requirem5ts ( ext]nal sacrifice1 !      
promise &  w>n+ ( temporal rew>ds &     
puni%m5ts4 ,! law ( retaliation1 an  eye
 = an eye1 a too? = a too?1 seems brutal
 n[1 b x is !  beg9n+ ( a noble         
education4 ,x says inde$1 #8,d to o!rs z
 !y  h done to y1' b !n 9 reg>d to      
injuries x bids y exact  no m ?an y h   
suff]$1 in/ead ( tak+ a brutal rev5ge by
  repay+ ! injury t5fold3 & 9 reg>d to  
b5efits x bids y  nev] =get to be       
grateful4 ,f x spr+s ! high] & bett]    
law1  ( do+ to o!rs1 n z !y h done to y1
 b z y w\ld  h !m d to y4 ,)\t ^!       
beg9n+s ! human m9d c\ld  nev] h        
compreh5d$ or receiv$ ! highe/          
education--t we are  n only to =give b  
to love our enemies4 ,! sy/em ( mat]ial 
sacrifices tra9$ m5 to a capability (   
und]/&+ & ( (f]+  ! sacrifice ( ! he>t2 
! outw>d cleans+s dem&$ by ! law  l$ !m 
by degrees to recognize ! ne$ ( inw>d   
purity4 ,by ! law  came ! k ( s94 ,n    
till man knew t s9 0 s9ful c\ld  he ei!r

 wi% = or receive a ,savi\r4 ,h5ce x 0 t
 ,*ri/ came  n at ! beg9n+1 b only 9 !  
fulness ( "t4 ,! gift ( !  ,holy ,gho/ 0
 n outp\r$ till m5 9 "p 7 ready to      
receive  x4 ,t x is /ill be/[$ ) s sp>+ 
a h& is n ! fault  ( ,god's lib]ality1 b
 ( our backw>dness to believe 9 ,god1 to
  commune ) ,him1 & !reby to gr[ up into
 ,8 lik5ess4 ,we are !  mirror 9 :i* !  
div9e image %9es1 if only ! mirror c be 
made  to receive ! requisite brightness4
    ,to "k t s9 is s9ful is to become   
consci\s ( ! w ( ,god1  to become       
consci\s ( a good & p]fect w to :i* our 
own ought  to be con=m$4 ,n to "k ?is w 
is to be /ill bruti%2 to "k  x only by !
 tea*+ ( o!rs is to be /ill among ! ?+s 
(  a *ild2 to "k x ( oneself1 :i* is 9  
o!r words to "k x by  ! tea*+ ( ! ,holy 
,gho/1 :o alone c implant ! doctr9e )   
unfail+ demon/ration & enable u to      
receive ,8 discipl9e1--?is  at l5g? is  
to be a man made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,= ! 
fe> (  ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 & to 
dep>t f evil t  is und]/&+2 & to love   

,god ) all ! he>t & all !  und]/&+ & all
 ! s\l & all ! /r5g?1 is ! s+le aim  z x
 is ! cr[n+ ef=t ( ! highe/ & pure/     
intellig5ce4  ,to be able to pray to    
,god is ! glory ( reason2 to d x1 is !  
safegu>d ( life4          ,,! ,,lapse   
,,( ,,"t4      ,! div]g5ce ( op9ion     
betwe5 sci5tific & unsci5tific p]sons   
is sc>cely any:]e m conspicu\s ?an 9 _! 
measurem5ts ( !  age ( ! _w we live 94  
,a popul> impression /ill prevails t  ! 
old beldame e>?1 z ,hotspur calls x1 is 
ab\t six ?\s& ye>s  ( age4 ,a little    
m>g9 is sometimes all[$4 ,by an ex]cise 
( h]oic  lib]ality a p]iod ( t5 or      
twelve ?\s& ye>s is occasionally  conc$$
 = ! e>?'s exi/5ce4 ,any *ronology      
discont5t$ )  ^! ample limits comes )9 !
 doma9 ( ra% & dang]\s  speculation4    
,"s1 inde$1 :o w\ld fa9 conciliate all  
p>ties1 are  will+ to ext5d ! b\nds on  
c]ta9 conditions4 ,!y w grant a  l>ge   
extra slice ( "t1 provid$ t dur+ t p]iod
 ! e>?  0 a %apeless un9habit$ lump1 or 
if inhabit$1 n inhabit$ by  m54 #8,come1

 n[1' says ! *eap-jack1 #8,i'll tell y  
:at ,i'll d )  y2 ,i'll ?r[ y 9 ano!r   
five ?\s& ye>s2 fifte5 ?\s&  ye>s6 &    
take ! lot4 ,:at6 n d8 ,i'll make x     
tw5ty ?\s&4  ,n[1 ,i'll tell y :at ,i'll
 d ) y3 ,i'll make x five-&-tw5ty  ?\s& 
ye>s1 & if t won't satisfy y1 y ar5't   
wor? argu+  )4'    ,:at sci5tific m5 ?9k
 ( ! *eap-jack's (f] x is ! object (    
?is essay to consid]4    ,! problem ^u  
:i* _m ?\ghts & speculations ( sci5ce   
are  = ! mom5t conv]g+ is ! orig9 (     
life4 ,!re are "s :o  believe t "u c]ta9
 *emical conditions liv+ creatures are  
cont9ually com+ into exi/5ce1 ung5]at$  
by any liv+ p>5t1  born z x 7 )\t bir?1 
acquir+ an animat$ exi/5ce1 )  p[]s (   
motion1 fe$+1 & reproduction1 f         
sub/ances previ\sly  want+ 9 "o or all (
 ^! capacities2 su* creatures1 9 %ort1  
z1 if ask$ = _! p>5tage1 c\ld b answ]1  
ea* = itself1 my  fa!r 0 an atom1 & my  
"m a molecule4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$  t ! 
little animals suppos$ to arise 9 !     
mann] describ$ fir/  become visible1 if 

at all1 z ! t9ie/ objects t microscopes 
c detect4 ,b :e!r !re is or is n 9 ^!   
days a cont9ual  com+ into exi/5ce ( ^! 
inf9itesimal pigmies1 !y are j  su*     
productions z ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t w\ld
 suppose to h  aris5 orig9ally1         
con/itut+ ! fir/ outbur/ ( life ^u !    
globe1 ance/ral to ! noble/ =ms (       
animat$ nature n[ extant1  prog5itors 9 
an unbrok5 l9e ( man himself4 ,z a rule1
 among liv+  ?+s we f9d t (fspr+ be> a  
tol]ably exact resemblance  to _! p>5ts4
 ,! l[] ! organism ! less easy is x to  
di/+ui% specim5s ( "o g5]ation f ^? (   
ano!r2 &  ev5 9 ! mo/ highly organiz$   
creatures ! po9ts ( resemblance  g5]ally
 f> outweigh ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 !
 p>5ts  & _! *ildr54 ,9 %ort1 "u ord9>y 
circum/ances1 n "o  g5]ation only1 b a  
hundr$1 may pass away )\t regi/]+  any  
p]ceptible alt]ation 9 ! "* ( a species4
 ,a hundr$  g5]ations ( mank9d w\ld     
require a p]iod ( ab\t ?ree ?\s&  ye>s4 
,a hundr$ g5]ations ( less important    
creatures might n  p]haps require ev5 z 

l>ge a numb] ( h\rs4 ,b betwe5 ! two    
extremes ! necess>y p]iods w\ld be> a   
k9d ( ratio to !  p]fection ( !         
organism4 ,v>iations might n[ & !n foll[
 "o  ano!r 9 quick succession1 & !n a   
pause come ( a ?\s&  g5]ations or s be=e
 any fur!r *anges 9 ! "* ( a  species4  
,su* are ! conditions "u :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 
& 8 foll[]s  believe x possible = ! :ole
 sequ5ce ( *anges to h be5  effect$1 :i*
 h end$ 9 peopl+ ! :ole e>? ) a c\ntless
  v>iety ( ! mo/ div]se =ms ( life4 ,_m 
p]sons are horrifi$  at ! notion ( l9k+ 
toge!r a man & a monkey ev5 by ! mo/    
di/ant ties ( consangu9ity2 :at w !y say
 to a g5ealogy :i*  beg9s ) an almo/    
invisible speck & ends ) a ,patagonian  
giant--a g5ealogy :i* ass]ts t1 ?r\gh ! 
sl[ process (  m9ute *anges occurr+ = ! 
mo/ "p at r>e int]vals1 our  fair       
humanity has be5 develop$ or evolv$ out 
( creatures :i*  no unaid$ human eye    
c\ld di/+ui% f ! du/ on :i* we          
c>elessly trample4 ,to "s e>s su* a !ory
 mu/ s\nd wild &  prepo/]\s beyond all !

 b\nd>ies ( sane & rational ?9k+4  ,&1 9
 tru?1 no c5sure c\ld be too sev]e1 no  
ridicule too ke5 =  s extravagant a     
piece ( folly z ?is !ory mu/ be1 if !   
old &  /ill prevail+ notions ab\t ! age 
( ! _w h any f\ndation  9 fact4 ,x only 
beg9s to be reasonable1 if we c af=d to 
/ret*  our notions ( hi/ory f ! n>r[    
m>g9 ( six ?\s& to !  broad] field ( six
 hundr$ ?\s& ye>s1 ) an indef9ite pa/ 9 
! backgr\nd4    ,?is va/ lapse ( "t1 z  
comm5surate ) ! exi/5ce ( !  inhabit$   
globe1 is ess5tial to ! ,!ory (         
,developm5t4 ,x mu/ be  e/abli%$1 z x   
has be51 by indep5d5t evid5ce ( its own1
 be=e  x c give to t !ory its absolutely
 necess>y support4 ,b !  ,!ory (        
,developm5t 9 its turn helps ! m9d to   
believe & realize  ?is enorm\s lapse (  
"t1 ) its seem+ly nev]-end+ m>* &  fl[1 
rank ^u rank1 wave ^u wave1 by f9d+ "w &
 employm5t  = all its almo/ measureless 
duration4 ,x expla9s1 z x 71 :y  ! drama
 ( life /ill goes on1 :y ! play 0 n long
 ago play$  out1 & ! curta9 let fall ^u 

all ! busy multitud9\s actors4    ,"t ( 
itself does no?+2 b no?+ c be done )\t  
"t4  ,x is n a p]sonal ag5t1 b a        
necess>y condition4 ,we _c  ev5 ?9k1 mu*
 less reason1 ( ?+s z occurr+ out ( "t  
& indep5d5tly ( x1 any m ?an we c ?9k or
 reason (  matt] z exi/+ indep5d5t (    
space4 ,e occurr5ce takes  "t3 & yet we 
may n leap f ?is fact to ! conclusion t 
a c\ntless multitude ( occurr5ces w     
require a va/ duration (  "t4 ,pr(essor 
,tyndal1 9 8 ,lecture on ! ,sci5tific   
,use ( !  ,imag9ation1 ref]s to waves ( 
light less ?an #a_/ejjjj ( an in* 9     
l5g?4 ,h[ _m d y suppose ( su* waves    
w\ld be requir$ to  compass a mile8 ,h[ 
_m to accompli% ! #ahe1jjj miles :i*    
light  travels 9 a second8 ,ea*         
undulation is a sep>ate occurr5ce1 s t  
we h millions ( millions ( occurr5ces   
foll[+ "o ^u ano!r  9 a second ( "t4 ,9 
/udy+1 !re=e1 ! complete fabric (  !    
globe1 or ev5 ( ! :ole mat]ial univ]se z
 f> z x comes  )9 our k51 ! problem =   
solution is n :e!r ^! great  results    

c\ld or c\ld n h be5 br\ght to pass 9 an
 indef9itely  %ort space ( "t1 9 !      
tw9kl+ ( an eye1 z "o might say1 b  :e!r
 ! space ( "t employ$ 9 _! production   
has actually &  9 fact be5 indef9itely  
%ort or indef9itely long4 ,we ought also
 to  be> 9 m9d t ! t]ms we use :5 we    
speak ( long & %ort1  are relative n    
absolute--relative to ! duration ( our  
own lives1  or to "s o!r arbitr>y /&>d  
:i* we are pleas$ to set up =  purposes 
( comp>ison4 ,?us a ye> is long comp>$ )
 a m9ute1 b  %ort comp>$ ) a mill5nium2 
a ?\s& ye>s w\ld be an enorm\s  l5g? = !
 life ( a mortal man1 b comp>$ ) !      
ceaseless  fl[ ( ages1 :i* we call      
et]nity1 ?is same ?\s& ye>s becomes1  z 
x 71 an imp]ceptible speck1 less ?an a  
drop ( wat] comp>$  to ! ,atlantic1 a   
po9t ( "t s inconceivably m9ute1 t no   
human  m9d c\ld grasp x z an            
intelligible unit ( measurem5t4 ,= "t1  
we h an inexhau/ible pa/ on :i* to draw4
 ,aga9/ any giv5  !ory ( production1 no 
objection pure & simple t ! !ory  makes 

too l>ge a dem& ^u "t1 c be ma9ta9$4 ,an
 objection1  to be valid aga9/ ! exi/5ce
 ( life on ! e>? a million (  ye>s back1
 mu/ po/ulate t !re 0 no e>? !n 9       
exi/5ce1  or none capable ( support+    
life2 = if we *oose to /& by !  doctr9e 
( f9al causes1 life ^u ! e>? mu/ h begun
 z soon  z life ^u ! e>? 0 possible1    
o!rwise we %\ld h a fair  & p]fect      
design ) its purpose unaccompli%$2 or1  
if we pref]  ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t c>ri$
 out to its legitimate consequ5ces1     
equally mu/ we admit1 t z soon z ! e>? 0
 fitt$ = liv+  creatures1 liv+ creatures
 w\ld be g5]at$ ^u x4    ,9 trac+ back !
 duration ( ! globe1 ! fir/ dem& ( !    
un9itiat$ w be = ! writt5 evid5ce (     
hi/orical records4 ,!  popul> impression
 claims to be f\nd$ ^u su* evid5ce ( !  
mo/  au?oritative description4 ,little d
 ! uphold]s ( ?is impression  9 g5]al   
und]/& t !y are build+ _! fai?1 n ^u !  
,book ( ,g5esis1 or ! inspiration ( !   
,hebrew lawgiv]1 b on  ! ari?metical    
speculations ( an ,iri% ar*bi%op1 :o    

liv$ 9 !  sev5te5? c5tury4    ,be=e we c
 accept ! ,hebrew g5ealogies z compet5t 
data =  hi/orical *ronology1 we mu/     
und]/& ! pr9ciples on :i* !y  7 fram$4  
,9 anci5t languages we h abundant       
evid5ce to %[  t ! ties ( blood 7 n z   
%>ply di/+ui%$ z among  ourselves4 ,!   
same ^w suffic$ to designate son &      
gr&son1 &  ev5 ! mo/ remote desc5dant4  
,a man's heir 0 call$ 8 son2  an usurp+ 
successor might receive ! same title#dc2
 &1 beyond  all ?is1 x has be5 %[n to h 
be5 #8a common practice )  ! ,jews to   
di/ribute g5ealogies into divisions1 ea*
 conta9+  "s fav\rite or my/ical numb]2 
& t1 9 ord] to d ?is1  g5]ations 7 ei!r 
repeat$ or left out4' ,"s p]sons1       
p]haps1  w say1 #8,we don't believe x1  
or we don't believe x 9 reg>d to  any ( 
! biblical g5ealogies4' ,& yet ! v fir/ 
*apt] (  ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! mo/       
conclusive & incontrov]tible pro( (  !  
/atem5t2 = our ,"l's g5ealogy#dd is !re 
expressly divid$  into ?ree p]iods (    
f\rte5 g5]ations ea*1 & ! middle p]iod  

has be5 /ripp$ ( ?ree g5]ations 9 ord]  
to br+ x d[n to !  pre-det]m9$ numb]4 ,!
 names ( ?ree well-kn[n pr9ces          
7,ahaziah1  ,joa%1 ,amaziah71 ^:        
hi/ories occupy sev]al *apt]s 9 !       
,second  ,book ( ,k+s1 are omitt$1 &    
,amaziah's son is describ$1 )\t  fur!r  
note or comm5t1 z a son begott5 by "o :o
 0 really 8  fa!r's great-gr&fa!r4 ,9 a 
matt] s obvi\s1 !re _c atta*  to !      
compil] ( ! g5ealogy ! v fa9te/         
suspicion ( bad  fai?4 ,he 0 foll[+ !   
cu/om ( 8 c\ntry1 = reasons !n  deem$1 &
 p]haps 9 ^? days actually be+1 good &  
suffici5t4  ,c we make z satisfactory an
 apology = m5 9 ! pres5t day1  :o %ut _!
 eyes to ! nature ( ! evid5ce on :i* !y 
build  op9ions ab\t ! age ( ! _w oppos$ 
to ! discov]ies (  sci5ce8 ,if 9 ! fir/ 
c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 9 times (      
comp>ative enlight5m5t1 by m5 ( approv$ 
tru? & uprightness1  g5ealogies c\ld be 
compil$ )\t ! smalle/ reg>d be+ paid  to
 ! actual numb] ( successive g5]ations1 
x becomes impossible  to atta* any value

 z *ronological evid5ce to ,hebrew      
g5ealogies  fifte5 hundr$1 or1 = all t  
we c tell1 fifte5 ?\s&  ye>s m anci5t4  
,_h ! g5ealogy on :i* ?is conclusion    
re/s  admitt$ a *ance ( error1 _h !re   
be5 any motive = fraud 9 its            
con/ruction1 did any suspicion lie aga9/
 its au!nticity1 ! case  w\ld be weak5$4
 ,b j because !re nei!r 0 nor c\ld h    
be5 error 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 or deceit 9
 8 int5tion1 j  because :at he wrote1 he
 wrote delib]ately & ( set purpose1 x is
  c]ta9 t 8 record is n1 & 0 nev] meant 
to be1 a measure  ( "t2 & t ^? :o p]si/ 
9 measur+ "t by simil>  records1 are !  
victims ( a manife/ delusion1 ensn>$1 x 
may be  fe>$ 9 too _m cases1 ) _! eyes  
op54    ,!re is an old je/ t1 9 ! pride 
( antiquity1 a ,wel%man  g5]ally traces 
back 8 l9eage n only z f> z ,adam1 b a  
great deal fur!r4 ,no?+ 0 easi]1 be=e ! 
age ( hi/orical  criticism1 ?an = m5 or 
nations1 ^: real orig9 0 lo/ 9          
obscurity1 to l9k _! names to an        
illu/ri\s pa/4 ,no?+ 0  easi] ?an to    

develope ! obscurity itself into a long 
l9e ( remote  ance/ors1 ^: names &      
virtues c\ld be inv5t$ & multipli$  at  
pleasure4 ,:at ! poet 0 only too will+  
to imag9e1 !  ma!matician seem$ able to 
confirm1 by regi/]+ a/ronomical         
occurr5ces 9 f>-di/ant long-pa/ ages ) z
 mu* precision z  ^? :i* he pr$ict$1 &  
pr$ict$ truly1 = 8 own & future  times4 
,! ,h9doo *ronology reckons ! age ( ! _w
 by millions  ( ye>s4 ,! ,egyptians     
tw5ty c5turies ago us$ to tell ( #ccj   
k+s ( :om !y knew no m ?an ! names4 ,!re
 7 ,greeks :o  claim$ to be old] ?an !  
moon2 o!rs :o anticipat$ ! !ory (       
abiog5esis by claim+ to be sprung f !   
e>? itself )\t  ! int]v5tion ( p>5ts2 & 
yet o!rs1 :o ) m mode/y  or m pride1 z  
we please to reg>d x1 d]iv$ _! orig9 f  
gods & demigods4 ,none 7 will+ to be    
?\ght new p4 ,! man  ( ye/]day1 ! novus 
homo1 ! up/>t1 ! p>v5u1 has ev]  be5    
dislik$ & laugh$ at by society4 ,& 9 l  
mann]1 among  nations1 a new rival      
excites ! fe>s & enc\nt]s ! ridicule  ( 

! e/abli%$ clique4 ,claims to antiquity1
 !re=e1 7 z  advantage\s to possess z !y
 7 easy to =ge4 ,^? t h  be5 m5tion$1   
be+ unatte/$ by any corroborative facts1
 &1  :]e !y are n obvi\sly false1 be+   
unsusceptible ( pro(1 are  wor?less 9   
!mselves4 ,"o ?+ !y t5d to %[1 namely1 t
 all  remembrance ( ! real orig9 (      
mank9d1 & ( ! date ( t  orig91 _h be5   
absolutely lo/ to ^? anci5t peoples4 ,f 
ov]  ! sea1 f beyond ! m\nta9s1 f !     
bright ea/ or ! froz5  nor?1 !y might "k
 t _! =efa!rs _h made pilgrimage  9     
di/ant ages--or !y might "k ( no "t1    
h[ev] f> back1  :5 ! seat ( _!          
habitation _h n be5 occupi$ by _! own   
prog5itors4 ,9 ei!r case _! ignorance ( 
primeval hi/ory is z  absolute z x is   
conspicu\s4 ,"o prevail+ tradition1 x is
 true1  is curr5t alike 9 sacr$ & pr(ane
 lit]ature1 ( a f>-(f gold5  "t1 an age 
( simplicity1 :5 man conv]s$ ) ! bea/s (
 !  field1 :5 ! e>? br\ght =? h] fruits 
spontane\sly1 )  h] bosom z yet unvex$  
by ! pl\gh%>e1 ere ! k or !             

discrim9ation ( good & evil _h come into
 ! _w--! record1  9 "o ^w1 z all ^!     
details t5d to prove1 ( a "t be=e man   
_h become a moral be+2 a dim my/]i\s    
recollection1 almo/ l a  dream1 ( a "t  
be=e ! animal nature _h be5 decisively  
exalt$  into humanity4    ,"s p]sons    
believe1 aga9/ all probability (        
evid5ce1 t spok5  language 0 a sudd5    
orig9al inspiration in/ead ( a gradual  
inv5tion4 ,none1 h[ev]1 ass]t ! "r (    
believ+ ! same ?+  9 reg>d to lett]s or 
writt5 language4 ,! progressive orig9 ( 
alphabetical signs is admitt$ on all    
sides1 s t !re mu/ h  be5 a "t :5 man _h
 to tru/ to 8 fallible memory in/ead (  
writt5 memor&a4 ,! gr[? ( picture-writ+ 
itself mu/ h be5  extremely sl[1 f !    
difficulty ( e/abli%+ an agreem5t z to  
! mean+ ( p>ticul> repres5tations4 ,:at 
?is difficulty am\nts  to may to "s     
ext5t be te/$ any day 9 a               
picture-gall]y1 :]e all  ! appliances & 
skill ( mod]n art are at our s]vice4    
,)\t !  aid ( a descriptive catalogue1 x

 is b seldom t any two acc\nts  ( !     
mean+ ( ! same picture w\ld be f\nd to  
agree4 ,! art (  draw+1 x may well be   
suppos$1 0 n an inspiration4 ,x _h to be
  inv5t$4 ,! v idea ( transmitt+ a      
record to future ages w\ld  only occur )
 ! advance ( civilization4 ,! crumbl+   
surface (  ! rock1 ! decay+ b>k ( trees1
 w\ld be ! fir/ p]i%able &  soon        
oblit]at$ manuscripts4 ,be=e acc\nt c\ld
 be tak5 ( mon?s  & ye>s1 a/ronomy mu/ h
 made "s progress4 ,be=e ! fl[ (        
c5turies c\ld be accurately not$1       
ari?metic mu/ h advanc$  f> beyond !    
/age at :i* we /ill f9d x among num]\s  
savage  nations4 ,an ,esquimaux c\ple1 x
 is said1 f9d x difficult to c\nt  _!   
own *ildr51 ev5 :5 !y are no m ?an f\r  
or five#de4    ,f ^! consid]ations alone
 we may feel p]fectly c]ta9 t  numb]s ( 
ages elaps$ be=e m5 acquir$ ! means (   
record+  ! duration ( "t by any def9ite 
measurem5ts4 ,unconsci\sly &  )\t set   
purpose1 p]haps ! v e>lie/ tribes & !   
mo/  untutor$ h left beh9d !m traces n  

only ( _! exi/5ce b  ( ! date & era at  
:i* !y liv$2 traces :i* we are only n[  
beg9n+ to deciph]1 & to read ) falt]+   
lips4    ,all ar\nd u 9 ,engl&1 9       
,devon%ire1 9 ,torquay1 & all ov] !     
globe1 lie ! memorials ( human be+s1 (  
^: day & g5]ation  ! olde/ hi/orical    
records we possess "k absolutely no?+4  
,"h  & !re ! tale is told by a heap (   
%ells4 ,f su* heaps we "k  :at di%es 7  
s]v$ at ! ,dane's d9n]-table1 at a "t :5
  c]eal crops 7 unkn[n 9 ,d5m>k1 &      
sea-we$ 0 us$ in/ead (  salt#df4 ,oy/]s 
& cockles1 mussels & p]iw9kles1 seem to 
h  be5 ad libitum2 ! /ag1 ! roe-de]1 & !
 wild bo> 7 at  ! s]vice ( t anci5t     
,dane z (t5 z he c\ld cat* !m )  8      
weapons ( wood1 /one1 horn1 or bone#dg2 
:5 pork & v5ison  7 sc>ce1 8 palate c\ld
 cont5t itself ) dog or fox4 ,f !  wat]s
 ( ! m\nta9-lake1 f ! c5tre ( !         
high-pil$ b>r[1  9 ! circles ( giant    
/ones ^u broad-/ret*+ pla9 or wild      
moorl&1 f peat-moss & railway-cutt+ &   
lime/one cav]n1  we obta91 z ,sir ,john 

,lubbock & ,mr4 ,p5gelly & o!rs h s     
well %[n1 ! unwritt5 records (          
prehi/oric man1 ( human be+s  unnotic$ 9
 any cr$ible hi/ory1 & prec$+ all       
well-e/abli%$  def9ite hi/orical dates  
:e!r ( sacr$ or pr(ane lit]ature4  ,:o  
re>$ ! ,titanic monum5ts ( ,/oneh5ge &  
,abury we "k  n4 ,we "k n :o con/ruct$ !
 extraord9>y animal-m\nds (  ,wiscons9 9
 ,nor? ,am]ica--m\nds hundr$s ( feet    
long1 re>$ a  few feet above ! level    
pla9s1 9 ! figures ( m5 & bea/s &  birds
 & reptiles4 ,^! monum5ts1 if su* !y 7  
int5d$ to be1  mu/ h dem&$ prodigi\s    
indu/ry = _! con/ruction4 ,!y  imply a  
consid]able population1 & "s advance 9  
arti/ic skill4  ,b :y !y 7 design$1 & :o
 design$ !m1 are circum/ances  alike    
unkn[n4 ,x is necess>y to press home ?is
 argum5t f\nd$  ^u our ignorance1 & to  
dwell ^u x ) "s emphasis1 because       
numb]s ( p]sons are pleas$ to imag9e &  
ass]t t1 )9 two  or ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e 
! ,*ri/ian era1 ! :ole human  population
 ( ! globe 0 z x 7 /ill 9 ! bud1 & t f  

a s+le family1 n mu/]+ a doz5 memb]s to 
/>t )1 all its  tribes h s9ce !n be5    
d]iv$1 ) _! endless div]sities (        
features1 hair1 complexion1 cu/oms1     
ta/es1 & o!r qualities bo?  ( m9d &     
body4 ,accord+ to ! old *ronology we are
 to suppose  t )9 ?is limit$ space ( "t1
 f "u a s+le ro(1 !  *ildr5 w5t =?1     
spread+ ov] all l&s1 n only miracul\sly 
=gett+ ! common ance/ral language1 b    
=gett+ ! arts1 !  traditions1 !         
s5tim5ts1 :i* !y _h 9 common1 retrograd+
 9  "s cases into a savage f]ocity or an
 almo/ imbecile simplicity1  9 o!rs     
reta9+ or develop+ =ms ( an advanc$     
civilization4  ,esquimaux & ,hott5tots1 
,japanese & ,r$ ,indians1 ! ,negro &  ! 
,greek1 are ?us unit$ 9 ties ( c\s9%ip  
by no means remote4  ,arts1 monum5ts1 & 
modes ( life ess5tially diff]5t 9 _s &  
"* are suppos$1 )9 ^! n>r[ b\nds ( "t1  
to h  sprung up2 nor only to h sprung   
up1 b to h pass$ away1 leav+  only a few
 fa9t ve/iges to recall ! arti/s1 !     
h]oes1 !  lawgiv]s1 ! national temp]1 ! 

g5ius ( ! "t1 :]eunto !y  ow$ _!        
exi/5ce4 ,x mu/ surely be all[$ t       
m>riage cu/oms  *ange ) sl[ reluctance2 
an alt]ation ( ! s5tim5t ) :i*  wom5 are
 reg>d$ is n easily or quickly produc$4 
,yet on no subject  are ! practices &   
op9ions ( mank9d m widely div]sifi$4    
,"o wife to "o husb& is 9 "s places !   
rule2 b 9 o!rs1  "o husb& to _m wives1  
"o wife to _m husb&s1 or husb&s  & wives
 )\t any special appropriation1 :i* "s  
societies  consid] a selfi% infr+em5t ( 
! g5]al "r4 ,accord+ to !  cu/oms (     
diff]5t nations1 wives mu/ be f\ght =1  
or /ol51  or pur*as$1 or caught 9 a     
race1 or woo$ & won ) p9-money  & o!r   
ende>m5ts4 ,accord+ to ! feel+ ( diff]5t
 races1  ! wife is a *attel1 a bea/ (   
burd51 a slave1 a /ew>dess1 a  dome/ic  
ornam5t1 an equal1 or a ma/]#dh4 ,let x 
be grant$ t  _m ( ^! cu/oms & s5tim5ts  
may h be5 contemporane\s 9  _! gr[? or  
developm5t1 ! same ?+ _c be admitt$ ( ! 
diff]5t c5tres ( colonization 9 :i* !y  
grew & develop$4 ,m5  d n )\t cause quit

 _! ance/ral homes to f\nd colonies 9   
remote p>ts ( ! _w2 & ! causes only     
arise at int]vals4 ,:5  ! cause has     
aris51 & ! new settlem5t be5 occupi$1 ! 
exiles  reta9 = ! mo/ "p1 & long reta9 9
 affectionate remembrance  ! mann]s &   
cu/oms1 ! religion & laws1 ( !          
"m-c\ntry2  or :5 ! remembrance is o!r  
?an affectionate1 !y reta9 !m  f ! want 
( an alt]native1 f ! cons]vatism 9 :i*  
all m5  to a great] or less degree      
p>ticipate1 f ! incapacity ( !  human   
m9d to /rike out new cu/oms1 or         
revolutionize ideas1 except by  a       
gradual & half-unconsci\s progression4  
,among ! visible & tangible pro(s (     
man's & ! e>?'s  antiquity1 few are m   
int]e/+ ?an ^? pres5t$ 9 !  section1    
well kn[n to geologi/s1 cut by ! railway
 ?r\gh ! delta  ( ! ,t9ire1 a torr5t    
fl[+ into ! ,lake ( ,g5eva#di4 ,?ree    
lay]s ( vegetable soil appe> 9 !        
section1 at dep?s ( f\r &  t5 & n9ete5  
feet respectively bel[ ! pres5t surface4
 ,^!  lay]s conta9$ di/9ctive relics4 ,9

 ! fir/ 7 f\nd #8,roman  tiles & a co91'
 9 ! second #8fragm5ts ( unv>ni%$       
pott]y1  & a pair ( tweez]s 9 bronze2' 9
 ! ?ird1 #8fragm5ts ( rude  pott]y1     
pieces ( *>coal1 brok5 bones1 & a human 
skeleton hav+  a small1 r\nd1 & v ?ick  
skull4' ,! ?ick-head$ own] ( t  skull is
 comput$ to h liv$1 at ! l[e/ e/imate1  
ab\t five  ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,b ! cone ( ! 
delta began to be =m$ long  be=e ! man 0
 buri$ 9 x1 & high] up ! /ream ano!r    
cone  is f\nd ab\t twelve times z l>ge1 
requir+ !re=e a "t =  its =mation ab\t  
twelve times z long1 unless we h rec\rse
 to  t mis]able refuge = ! de/itute 9   
argum5t1 :i* consi/s 9  suppos+ t causes
 n[ sl[ & comp>atively regul>1 op]at$ 9 
=m] times ) an incomp>ably great] spe$ &
 a m spasmodic  viol5ce1 ( :i* no trace 
rema9s1 nor likelihood appe>s 9 !       
record4 ,9 a ^w1 we may inf] t1 s f> f !
 %apely ord] &  decor\s arrangem5t ( !  
e>?'s surface be+ only six ?\s&  ye>s   
old1 x has tak5 no less ?an fifty or a  
hundr$ ?\s& ye>s  to pile up ?is "o     

little heap ( mud & gravel4 ,! age (    
human  works buri$ "u ! f]tiliz+ s$im5t 
( ! /ately ,nile is mu*  disput$1 b !re 
c be little d\bt1 if we take into       
consid]ation  ! anci5t fluviatile       
deposits 9 t]races sometimes hundr$s (  
feet above ! pres5t alluvial pla91 t !  
long-unkn[n s\rces  ( ! my/]i\s riv] h  
produc$ t5 myriad repetitions ( !       
annual ov]fl[1 p\r+ d[n its wat]s to !  
sea ?r\gh a ?\s&  c5turies4#ej    ,b    
,egypt & ,switz]l& are a long way (f2   
geologiz+ 9 a  railway-cutt+ has be5    
be=e n[ a fatal employm5t2 & digg+  pits
 =ty feet deep into ! mud ( ! ,nile is  
an op]ation att5d$  ) difficulties      
peculi> to itself4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 9        
,torquay1 close  at h&1 we possess a    
regi/] ( "t z compact1 z accessible1 z  
g5u9e1 z ! ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 
,lime/one1 x is well  kn[n1 is =m$ b5ea?
 ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,:5 x appe>s above  ! 
sea-level1 x mu/ h be5 upheav$ f its    
ocean-b$4 ,h[ long  a p]iod mu/ be all[$
 = ! hill :i* conta9s ,k5t's cav]n to  h

 be5 =m$ by ?is d\ble process1 may be   
left = ! pres5t  to ! imag9ation4 ,h[   
long a "t elaps$ be=e ! cav]n 0  bur/   
op5 or eat5 out f ! solid lime/one1 we w
 n enquire4  ,?anks to ! dilig5t        
exploration ( x2 ?anks to ! unwe>i$     
c\rtesy ( its sci5tific curators#ea1 !  
cont5ts ( ! cav]n1  or at lea/ a portion
 ( !m1 are n[ well kn[n4 ,n only d !y   
embrace ! rema9s ( animals n n[ exi/+ 9 
,engl&1 b !y  embrace ! rema9s ( animals
 long s9ce lo/ to ! globe4 ,) ^!  are   
m+l$ ! products ( human intellig5ce1 !  
weapons ( !  savage4 ,! cave-e>? :i*1 z 
well z ! /alagmite1 conta9s ^!  relics (
 a mo/ remote antiquity1 is itself      
p]meat$ ) films (  /alagmite1 a         
conclusive pro( ( its gradual           
introduction4 ,ov] !  l[] portions h be5
 =m$ 9 succession ?ree solid /alagmitic 
floors1 remnants ( :i* h q lately be5   
discov]$ /ill  imb$d$ 9 ! cav]n#eb4 ,let
 u = a mom5t consid] :at ?is  implies4  
,if we transport ourselves to ,matlock  
,ba? 9 ,d]by%ire1 =  ! small fee ( a    

p5ny1 any "o ( its #8petrify+ wells'#ec 
w  be op5 to our inspection4 ,9 ^!      
curi\s grottoes :atev] object  y please1
 natural or artificial1 be x skull or ! 
cap t once  cov]$ x1 be x basket or     
bird1 or %ell or leaf1 may be encru/$  )
 a coat+ ( /alagmite4 ,! inexp]i5c$     
visitor w\ld l to  place an object 9 !  
well1 & to wait :ile ! #8petrify+' wat]s
  d _! "w4 ,he is surpris$ to f9d t 9 t 
case he mu/ wait  & wat* = mon?s & ye>s1
 :ile ! sl[ p]sev]+ /ream falls  ^u 8   
treasure ) its ceaseless drip1 drip1    
drip1 & t !  "w s sl[ly accompli%$ w\ld 
n be accompli%$ at all if !  fl[+ ( !   
/ream 7 ha/5$4 ,imag9e1 !n1 9 ?is fam\s 
cav]n ( ours :at an int]m9able song1    
?\gh an int]mitt5t "o1  mu/ h be5 sung )
 ?is drip1 drip1 drip1 ?r\gh ages &     
ages1  to produce1 z 9 "o place x has   
done1 a solid /alagmitic mass full      
twelve feet 9 ?ickness4 ,n[1 accord+ to 
,u%]'s *ronology1 we h  sev5te5 c5turies
 f ,adam to ! ,flood1 & tw5ty-?ree      
c5turies  f ! ,flood to ! age ( ,julius 

,cs>4 ,if ?is *ronology is to  be       
accept$1 ,k5t's cav]n mu/ h be5 fill$   
ei!r 9 ! fir/  p]iod or 9 ! second4 ,z !
 same argum5ts w apply to ea*1 let  u   
assume t ! second or long] p]iod suffic$
 = ?is purpose1  & see :at fur!r        
admissions ?is assumption w involve4 ,we
 h  ?ree & tw5ty c5turies at our        
disposal4 ,at ! end ( t "t  we "k       
hi/orically t ,brita9 0 occupi$ by      
tribes m or less  savage1 "s ( !m go+   
ab\t almo/ nak$1 de/itute ( almo/  all !
 arts ( civilization4 ,we are to imag9e 
! ance/ors ( ?is  wild race migrat+ f   
,asia & sl[ly pione]+ _! way to !  we/]n
 limits ( ,europe4 ,necessity is ! "m ( 
inv5tion2 b  ^! m5 9 _! difficult       
adv5tur\s travel ?r\gh unkn[n seas  &   
pa?less jungles t5ant$ by dang]\s bea/s1
 le>n only h[ to  =get4 ,!y =get ! use (
 brass & iron1 & take to weapons &      
tools ( fl9t2 !y give up tillage2 !y    
give up build+ /rong  t[]s1 & %elt]     
!mselves 9 wood5 huts or caves & d5s ( !
  e>?4 ,! climate ( ,we/]n ,asia is w>m 

& sunny1 t ( ,engl&  (t51 & 9 _m p>ts1  
bleak & foggy & cold2 !re=e ^!          
intellig5t *ildr5 ( ,noah1 9 ord] p]haps
 to h>d5 !mselves  9 ! process (        
acclimatization1 z !y =ce _! way into ! 
fog & mi/1 in/ead ( keep+ or assum+ !   
fl[+ robes ( !  ,asiatic1 ex*ange _!    
g>m5ts1 at any rate 9 battle1 = a wa% ( 
pa9t4 ,h[ int]e/+ x w\ld be to h !      
family portraits ( a  ,highl& clan f !  
e>lie/ times1 %[+ h[ !y gradually made  
x fa%ionable to d )\t ! v>i\s articles (
 clo?+ :i* "o  by "o !y h be5 induc$ to 
resume#ed6 ,dur+ ! same epo*1  )9 ! same
 limits ( "t1 migrat+ also f ! w>m      
regions  ( ,asia1 came elephants &      
lions1 hy5as & be>s1 ! rh9oc]os  & !    
elk4 ,little reck$ !y !n ( *ange (      
climate1 :i* n[  !y s ill endure4 ,!y   
pr[l$ all ov] ,europe2 !y swam across ! 
,engli% ,*annel4 ,yet be=e ! hi/orical  
p]iod beg9s 9 ,gaul &  ,brita91 mo/ ( ^!
 species _h _h "t n only to make _! way 
?i!r1 n only to n\ri% & ab\nd 9 ^!      
habitations1 b to  die out & to be      

=gott54 ,we "k = c]ta9 t elephants once 
roam$ ov] ,devon4 ,did !y succumb to !  
fl9t weapons ( ! savage8  ,0 ! same     
savage able to extirpate ! hy5a & !     
lion1 ?\gh  ! repres5tatives ( ^? fi]ce 
bea/s /ill p>tially set u at  defiance 9
 ,india1 not)/&+ ! rifles & gunp[d] (   
mod]n  civilization8 ,let u imag9e t )9 
! specifi$ "t all t  has be5 m5tion$    
c\ld h happ5$1 & t "s ( ! animals1  su* 
z ! woolly rh9oc]os1 _h "t to assume !  
*>act]s (  nor!rn species1 or t !       
climate _h "t = va/ *anges &            
alt]ations1 or t ! w9ds p]haps 9 ^? days
 blew hot &  cold ) ! same brea? s z to 
suit arctic & tropical species          
indiff]5tly2--we mu/ imag9e fur!r t )9 !
 same limits !  ?ree floors ( /alagmite 
c\ld h be5 =m$ 9 succession1 &  two ( !m
 successively brok5 up4 ,!y mu/ h be5   
=m$1 n  dur+ ! :ole ( ! p]iod1 b only   
dur+ t "p ( x :i*  foll[$ ! introduction
 into ,brita9 ( wild bea/s1 & ( m5 :o   
us$ fl9t weapons2 = "o unmi/akeable     
weapon ( human manufacture1  &          

innum]able bones ( ! great old cave be> 
h be5 f\nd )9  ! rock-l breccia ( /one &
 /alagmite & cave-e>?1 "s feet  bel[ bo?
 ! floors ( m rec5t =mation#ee4 ,! long]
 !  p]iod1 !re=e1 we all[ = ! migration 
f ! ,ea/ & !  dy+ out ( civiliz$ life1 !
 %ort] is ! p]iod left = !  /alagmitic  
=mation4 ,yet probably ! :ole tw5ty-?ree
 c5turies  w\ld n suffice = ! =mation ( 
"o ( ! floors2 h[ mu* less  c\ld a      
fraction ( ! p]iod suffice to =m all    
?ree1 & to supply  ! int]vals dur+ :i*1 
?r\gh "s *ange ( circum/ances1 !        
cave-e>? 0 accumulat+1 & consequ5tly no 
solid floor be+  =m$4    ,at ,matlock ! 
drip is cont9u\s1 be+ suppli$ by a      
/ream1 & n  be+1 z 9 ,k5t's cav]n1      
dep5d5t on ! *ances ( ! ra9fall  & !    
quantity ( wat] t may p]colate ?r\gh a  
lime/one ro(4  ,at ,matlock1 = purposes 
( trade1 x is an object t a coat+ (     
/alagmite %\ld be =m$ z quickly z       
possible4 ,) ?is view !  wat] is all[$  
to fall at ! rate ( fifty or sixty drops
 a m9ute1  ! drip be+ ma9ta9$ at num]\s 

po9ts simultane\sly4 ,at ,matlock  we   
may r\ghly e/imate t an in* ( /alagmite 
w\ld require f\r  ye>s = its =mation1 s 
t twelve feet & a half w\ld require  six
 hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ,k5t's cav]n1 on ! o!r 
h&1 ! drip is  (t5 int]rupt$4 ,!re is no
 comm]cial int]e/ at h& to regulate  !  
spe$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann]1 s t x   
falls sometimes  too quickly & sometimes
 too sl[ly4 ,! po9ts at :i* x falls are 
few & f> betwe54 ,x _c reasonably be    
suppos$ 9 any ye> to  produce ev5 a     
tw5tie? ( ! effect we h e/imat$ = ! drip
  at ,matlock4 ,9 o!r words1 ! two lat] 
floors ( ! cav]n w\ld  alone require a  
p]iod ( twelve ?\s& ye>s = _! =mation4  
,ev5 at ?is rate ! cav]n w\ld probably h
 be5 s extremely damp  & uncom=table t  
no m5 or bea/s w\ld h *os5 x = a  %elt] 
9 ra9y wea!r4    ,b ! cav]n inscriptions
 make x z c]ta9 z c be t ! rate  ( spe$ 
"h all[$ = ! =mation ( /alagmite is     
va/ly too  high1 & !re=e t ! "t all[$ = 
! =mation is va/ly  too l[4 ,! fam\s    
inscription ( #afhh 0 %[n to me a few   

days  back#ef4 ,x 0 at t v "t wet ) !   
drip f ! cav]n  ro(1 a drip fall+ at !  
rate ( ?irty-f\r drops a m9ute4 ,if  !  
date 7 really cut 9 ! ye> #afhh 7& !re  
is no reason to  suppose t x 0 n71 by   
our fir/ calculation m ?an two in*es  ( 
/alagmite ought to h =m$ ov] x4 ,in/ead 
( :i* !re is  b a ?9 v5e]1 a v5e] t 0   
obs]v$ ^u x m ?an =ty  ye>s ago1 & :i*  
has n 9 all ^? =ty ye>s increas$ en\gh  
to make su* a description ( x           
inappropriate4 ,if ! date #afae be      
au!ntic1 ov] :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( !        
sup]9t5d5ts ( !  exploration1 n "o-eigh?
 ( an in* ( /alagmite has be5 =m$  9 m  
?an two c5turies & a-half1 at ! same    
rate ( progression  twelve feet & a-half
 ( /alagmite w\ld dem& = its =mation    
?ree hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4    ,?is cav]n by 
itself1 !re=e--?is "o little crack 9 !  
out]mo/ r9d ( ! e>?'s surface--proves a 
comp>atively imm5se  antiquity = !      
exi/5ce ( organic life & ( human be+s ^u
  ! globe4 ,b to comp>e ! antiquity ( ! 
cav]n cont5ts )  ! antiquity ( !        

lime/one =mation 9 :i* !y are conta9$   
is positively beyond any intelligible   
num]ical measurem5t4 ,yet  ! lime/one   
=mation itself is fill$ ) ! relics (    
liv+  creatures1 & 9 "s p>ts1 if n 9    
all1 is "o gigantic mass (  su* rema9s4 
,9 cliffs ( sea-%ore & riv]1 9          
railway-cutt+s1 9 m9e-%afts  & qu>ries1 
we may (t5 see lay]s ( ! e>?'s cru/ 9 ! 
ord] ( _! orig9al deposition4 ,except   
:]e ! signs are  pres5t ( "s subsequ5t  
viol5t int]f]5ce1 ?is ord] is  uni=m &  
inv>iable4 ,x is n t all ! memb]s ( !   
s]ies  are inv>iably pres5t1 f> f x2 b 9
 ord] ( deposition !  relations ( high] 
& l[] are nev] int]*ang$4 ,e "o (  ! _m 
diff]5t lay]s :i* h be5 di/+ui%$ by     
geologi/s  has a di/9ctive gr\p (       
fossils4 ,y may1 if y please1 suppose  t
 = ea* ( ^! lay]s ( ! e>?'s cru/ !re 0 a
 new  creation ( liv+ creatures1        
wond]fully l at ea* successive  /ep1    
?\gh wond]fully diff]5t at long         
int]vals1 z ?\gh !y  7 ! "w ( an arti/  
^: ideas mov$ b sl[ly2 b =  su* a       

supposition y h no au?ority2 !          
conception has nei!r  simplicity nor    
gr&eur2 x does n ev5 accord ) ! facts1  
s9ce1  amid ! g5]al *ange ( organic     
/ructures1 we f9d ! p]man5ce  ( a few2 &
 :ile ! gr\ps ( two successive lay]s h1 
ea*  ( !m1 num]\s di/9ctive =ms1 x is   
impossible to draw any  def9ite         
b\nd>y-l9e betwe5 ! gr\ps !mselves1 :i* 
sometimes  int]m+le ) an inextricable   
int]lac+ on _! conf9es4 ,no?+  comes out
 m cle>ly to ! /ud5t ( ! rocks1 ?an t ! 
_w  ( to-day is ! _w ( millions ( ye>s  
back2 f "o po9t (  view ev]-*ang+1 yet  
ev] ess5tially ! same2 f ano!r po9t  (  
view1 out ( ! utmo/ regul>ity (         
alt]nation1 nev] produc+  ! same ?+1 or 
pres5t+ ! same aspect twice4 ,we ?9k t  
! /age has be5 ess5tially alt]$1 because
 9 ! days ( t  immeasurable pa/ we did n
 /rut ^u x4 ,we are unable to fa?om  !  
dep? ( our own insignificance1 & are    
unwill+ to believe 9 a  m>* ( "t1 comp>$
 ) :i* ! span ( our own lives seems s   
contemptible4 ,9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean !    

=mation ( *alk is said  to be go+ on at 
?is v day4 ,probably !re is no "t kn[n  
to !  geologi/ at :i* ! =mation ( *alk  
has n be5 go+ on 9 !  dep?s ( ! ocean2 b
 its old] lay]s h be5 alt]$ by *emical  
& me*anical =ces1 by fire1 by pressure1 
& by o!r means4    ,we "k t *alk &      
lime/one d n =m 9 ! op5 air4 ,if we  f9d
 !m pil$ up 9 enorm\s hills & m\nta9s   
high above ! level  ( ! sea1 & f> f its 
coa/s1 we "k t !y did n gr[ 9  t        
position2 t once _! pr\d cre/s & ridges 
lay l[ 9 an  ocean b$4 ,!y c\ld n h be5 
=m$ on a sudd51 or rapidly1 or  by any  
o!r ?an ! sl[ /eps ( inf9itesimally     
small successive  accumulations3 = we   
f9d !m fill$ ?r\gh\t ) ! evid5ces (     
life1 %ells & sponges1 & corals (       
exquisite beauty & delicacy1  g5]ations 
aft] g5]ations ( :i* mu/ h _h "t to     
build up  _! beautiful fabrics4 ,_m ?+s 
may be ha/5$2 y may quick5  ! gr[? ( _m2
 b y c't hurry a sponge4 ,e foot & in*  
( a *alk cliff1 ( a lime/one m\nta91 mu/
 h be5 =m$  orig9ally "u wat] ) almo/   

incr$ible sl[ness4 ,x mu/ h  be5 rais$  
up to meet ! cl\ds ( heav5 s9ce its     
=mation 9 !  ocean-dep?4 ,d y ?9k t ?is 
c h be5 a rapid process8  ,volcanic     
cones1 x is true1 are sometimes pil$ up 
by a sudd5 ef=t4  ,b ) widespread       
plat=ms ( solid rock ! upheav+ =ces deal
  m respectfully4 ,an av]age elevation (
 a foot or two 9 a c5tury1  is p]haps a 
high exceptional spe$ = su* movem5ts4 ,b
 ?is rate  requires a ?\s& c5turies = a 
hill only "o or two ?\s& feet  high1 to 
rise1 n f ! dep?s1 b f ! surface ( !    
wat]4  ,if we _h only a s+le =mation to 
deal ) in/ead ( scores (  !m2 if we _h a
 ?ickness ( only "o ?\s& feet ( ! e>?'s 
cru/ to consid]1 in/ead ( scores (      
?\s&s1 ! prov$ antiquity  ( ! globe w\ld
 be enorm\s4 ,:at is to be said1 !n1 :5 
we /&  face to face ) :at geologi/s h   
be5 pleas$ to call ! new  r$ s&/one8    
,?is =mation _c be less ?an millions (  
ye>s  old1 al?\gh 9 relation to !       
,devonian lime/one x is indisputably    
new4 ,^? deep r$ rocks1 t ) _! fanta/ic 

pr(iles 9 s  _m places fr+e ! s\!rn     
bord] ( ,devon1 mu/ h be5 =m$  s9ce !   
lime/one2 = ! simple reason1 t 9 e "p !y
 are  full ( pebbles or fragm5ts ( !    
lime/one conta9+ *>act]i/ic  fossils ( !
 e>li] =mations4 ,x w at lea/ be grant$ 
t y  _c break (f a piece f a rock be=e !
 rock itself exi/s4  ,prior1 !n1 to ! v 
beg9n+ ( ! =mation ( ^! r$              
conglom]ates1 ! lime/one rock mu/ h be5 
=m$2 x mu/ h  be5 heav$ up above ! level
 ( ! sea2 fragm5ts mu/ h be5  brok5 (f f
 x1 roll$ into pebbles1 triturat$ into  
s&4 ,z !  break+1 & ! roll+1 & ! gr9d+  
w5t on1 s ) equal  /eps w\ld ! gr[? ( ! 
conglom]ate proce$4 ,b ! work%op  & ! "w
 mu/ /ill h be5 b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ocean1
 &  n till ! :ole "w ( =mation 0 f9i%$  
c\ld ! fur!r  process be begun ( rais+ !
 "w above ! level ( ! waves4    ,x is n 
uncommon to f9d fossils 9 ! pebbles ( a 
conglom]ate  rock %[+ l9es ( a dislocat+
 fracture fill$ ) sp>4 ,!  fossil %ell  
or coral once _h an inhabitant4 ,we mu/ 
all[ "t  = its life & dea?4 ,its vacant 

tab]nacle mu/ !n h become  fill$ )      
extrane\s matt]4 ,?is mu/ h requir$ "t  
to h>d5  into rock4 ,:ile t rock 0 /ill 
9 ! mass1 "s cause mu/  h op]at$ to     
fracture x1 & su* causes are n ( e-day  
op]ation4 ,aft] ?is1 m "t 0 ne$$ to fill
 up ! divisional  l9e ) sp>2 m "t to    
break (f ! fragm5t conta9+ !  %ell f !  
g5]al mass ( ! rock2 m "t to roll x into
 a  pebble2 m "t to imb$ x h>d & fa/ 9 a
 conglom]ate rock2  m "t to raise ! rock
 high out ( ! wat]s2 &1 la/ly1 "o  m va/
 addition ( "t = ! crumbl+ away ( !     
conglom]ate  =mation1 s z to expose !   
tall sea-cliff f :i* human h&s  might   
ga!r ?is memorial relic ( untold ages4  
,! same tale is told by ! coal-measures4
 ,dr4 ,dawson1 ( ,montreal1  has drawn  
out ! argum5t f ! c>bonif]\s =mation#eg 
)  extraord9>y =ce & a conv9c+ pla9ness 
t leaves no?+ to  be desir$1 = ! b5efit 
( any "o :o w read 8 great "w on        
,acadian geology4 ,! =mation ( coal     
dep5ds on sub-arial gr[?s1  affect$ by  
sub-aque\s action4 ,! trees & plants1   

out ( :i*  coal is =m$1 = ! mo/ "p c\ld 
n possibly h gr[n "u  wat]4 ,! mud1 !   
s&1 ! /one :i* cov] seams ( coal1 c\ld  
n h be5 laid ov] !m )\t ! ag5cy ( wat]  
to br+ !m  d[n1 & spread !m out 9 regul>
 lay]s ( /ratification4 ,:5 !  holl[ b>k
 ( a tall tree is f\nd erect ^u its     
roots1 ) ^?  roots /ill p]meat+ ! clay f
 :i* !y once drew n\ri%m5t1  x is evid5t
 t "t mu/ be all[$ = ! gr[? ( ! tree1  =
 ! almo/ complete decay :i* left no?+ ( 
x b its b>k  & roots1 & = ! sl[         
accumulation ( s$im5t :i* has encas$    
)\t ov]?r[+ x4 ,a complete alt]ation mu/
 h tak5 place  9 ! conditions ( ! gr\nd 
9 ! int]val betwe5 ! "t :5  ! tree began
 to gr[1 & ! "t :5 a l5g? ( sev5 or     
eight  feet ( its upright /em 0 buri$ 9 
mud4 ,lay]s1 inde$1 ( s& &  mud may be  
spread out ov] small areas by /orms &   
inundations )  comp>ative spe$2 b if    
above ! s&s we come to ?icknesses (     
lime/one compos$ almo/ entirely ( animal
 rema9s1 su* z ^?  ( %ells & fi%1 n only
 are we =c$ to admit a long p]iod =  !  

successive g5]ations ( ^? creatures1 b  
we are =c$ to  obs]ve ! products ( !    
ocean ly+ actually above ! products (  !
 dry l&1 z ?\gh1 accord+ to ! old       
poetical extravagance1  ! /ag & doe _h  
tak5 to ! wat]s & ! fi%es be5 build+  9 
! tree-tops4 ,! conclusion is           
inevitable1 t :at 0 once dry  l&1       
fruitful 9 vegetation1 9 process ( "t   
became a swamp1 &  f ! swamp became a   
sea4 ,x w be a fre% surprise1 b a fre%  
evid5ce ( "t's duration1 if above !     
lime/one we f9d m clay  ) m plants buri$
 9 m mud1 & ov]-topp$ by m lime/one4    
,be>+ 9 m9d ! old supposition1 t ord] & 
beauty & life  ^u ! globe are only six  
?\s& ye>s' old1 a/oni%m5t %\ld  rea* its
 climax :5 we f9d1 z we d1 t )9 !       
?ickness (  only a few feet ( ! e>?'s   
cru/1 ! record t we h be5  describ+ is  
repeat$ aga9 & aga9 & aga92 b beyond !  
climax1 a fre% & ov]p[]+ m>vel awaits u1
 :51 z at "o spot  9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 ! 
record exp&s itself f a few feet into   
sixte5 ?\s&1 %[+ conclusively by eighty 

successive b&s (  coal t f\rscore times 
at lea/1 & p]haps _m m1 :ile t  ?ickness
 ( ! e>?'s cru/ 0 =m+1 ! wat]s gave     
place to  dry l&1 & 9 turn ! dry l& to !
 wat]s1--%[+ conclusively  t dur+ all ! 
p]iod ( ^! *anges tall =e/s ( graceful  
trees ab\nd$ on ! globe1 along )        
exquisite f]ns & curi\s  reptiles1 &    
beetles & w+$ insects ( great size &    
beauty2  :ile fi% repl5i%$ ! wat]s1     
along ) an inf9ity ( %ells &  corals1 & 
o!r inhabitants ( ! deep4 ,yet ^! sixte5
 ?\s&  feet1 ^! eighty successive =e/s1 
^! hundr$ & sixty *anges1  comprise b a 
small fraction ( ! :ole kn[n succession 
( /rata4    ,x is true t diff]5t /rata n
 only may1 b mu/ h be5  =m+ at "o & !   
same "t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4  ,b :5 "o
 /ratum has be5 =m$ out ( ! wreck (     
ano!r1 x  is self-evid5t t !y _c h be5  
=m$ toge!r4 ,! same  ?+ is obvi\s 9     
reg>d to any numb] ( lay]s f\nd ly+ 9   
undi/urb$ succession "o above ! o!r4 ,!y
 mu/ h be5 =m$  successively1 ! l[e/    
fir/1 ! highe/ la/4 ,b "o po9t ab\t  !m 

is f> f obvi\s1 namely1 ! l5g? ( !      
int]val t may  h int]v5$ betwe5 ! end ( 
"o =mation & ! beg9n+ (  ano!r4 ,! great
 ,african des]t has be5 ! great ,african
 des]t z  f> back z human hi/ories      
ext5d2 yet 9 times geologically rec5t  x
 lay b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,%\ld x be
 aga9 subm]g$  be=e any f]tiliz+ ag5cies
 h cov]$ x ) signs ( its  sub-arial     
exposure1 ano!r lay] ( s& may be ?r[n   
d[n ^u x1  conta9+ new m>9e fossils1 &  
no memorial be left to ! future         
geologi/ ( ! va/ era dur+ :i* its k9dly 
influ5ce 0 w>m+  ! w9ds ( ,europe1 &    
sav+ u f a glacial climate4 ,! gr\nd  y 
/& on is pass+ ?r\gh su* an int]val4 ,x 
0 "u ! sea  once2 d\btless x w be "u !  
sea aga9 9 ! future4 ,look  into t      
future2 look into t pa/4 ,c y measure   
ei!r ( ^?  int]vals 9 ! ye>s ( common   
*ronology8 ,yet all ov] ! _w !          
succession ( geological /rata proclaims 
! recurr5ce ov] & ov]  aga9 ( su*       
int]vals2 sil5t1 inde$1 z to positive   
evid5ce1 b  wid5+ ! possible limits (   

"t's duration to ! fur!/ /ret*  ( fancy4
    ,all our great cont95ts h be5 ev] s 
_m times1 ei!r 9 !  mass or piecemeal1  
"u ! waves ( ! ocean4 ,no?+ h9d]s t  !  
b$ ( e great ocean %\ld h be5 ev] s _m  
times turn$  into dry l&4 ,?is int]*ange
 is go+ on n[ 9 numb]less regions  ( sea
 & l&4 ,all ! facts z we f9d !m are su* 
z !y might  be expect$ to be _h ?is     
int]*ange be5 go+ on1 z no d\bt x  has  
be51 ?r\gh an indef9ite pa/4 ,we are    
b\nd to all[ millions  ( ye>s = !       
=mation ( ! /rata t h be5 already       
exam9$4 ,!re may be dep?s bel[ ! l[e/   
dep?s yet explor$ by  geologi/s2 !re h  
c]ta9ly be5 imm5se int]vals :i* h left  
no mat]ials = ! geologi/ to explore2 &  
:5 all ! pr(\nde/  deep ( /ratification 
%all h be5 explor$1 we may /ill f9d t  !
 record ( all ^! unnumb]$ millions (    
ye>s is b1 z x  71 ! late/ page ( !     
volume--a page t may h be5 prec$$  by a 
?\s& o!rs n[ almo/ irrevocably lo/ or   
become utt]ly  illegible4 ,!re is no?+  
to h9d] ! supposition t ^?  e>li] pages1

 if !y exi/$1 71 amid/ innum]able       
diff]5ces1  /ill 9 _! g5]al aspect v l !
 late/1 z long or long]1  z full ( !    
memorials ( ev5tful circum/ance1 (      
con/ant *ange  dom9at$ by & spr++ f !   
op]ation ( un*ang+ laws4 ,z  ! "t is    
absolutely incalculable :i* ! !ory (    
evolution  requires to acc\nt = ! highe/
 =ms ( life ^u ! e>?1 s  ! "t :i* all ^!
 consid]ations leave op5 = ! "w is      
absolutely beyond calculation4 ,! !ory  
_c ask = m ?an !  facts make x possible 
to (f]4    ,we he> m5 sometimes dwell on
 an expression :i* !y fancy to be       
,scriptural1 #8t !re %\ld be "t no      
long]#eh2' z if "t by  any possibility  
c\ld ev] come to an end6 ,x is a pity t 
!y  %\ld completely mis9t]pret ! passage
 on :i* _! op9ion  fancies itself to be 
gr\nd$4 ,x is a /ill great] pity t !y   
%\ld use ! language ( rational human    
be+s1 )\t be+ at !  pa9s to det]m9e :e!r
 _! words h any intelligible mean+3  =  
c]ta9ly to ! human m9d any beg9n+ or end
 ( "t is :olly  inconceivable4 ,language

 itself w n be> ) ! conception1  unless 
x be consi/5t to speak ( a "t :5 "t 0 n1
 ( a  "t :5 "t w be no m4    ,!re is a  
poem1 & a sweet "o1 by ! pres5t         
,poet-,laureate1  9 :i* ! murmur+ brook 
is made to speak ! language ( !         
morali/1 & to proclaim ! transitory     
nature ( all human affairs1  by a       
comp>ison betwe5 ! %ort duration ( man's
 life & its own  unceas+ curr5t--       
#8,= m5 may come1 & m5 may g1        ,b 
,i fl[ on = ev]4'    ,su* is ! pr\d     
language ( ! murmur+ brook4 ,yet ! boa/ 
is  an untrue "o2 = if any conclusion 9 
reg>d to ! future c be  w>rant$ f !     
facts ( ! pa/1 none c be m sure ?an  t  
no p>ticul> brook w fl[ on = ev]4       
,in/ead ( a brook1  x may become a      
mighty riv] l ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce2 x may da% 
ov]  precipit\s cliffs ) a va/] fall &  
volume ?an ,niag>a2 &1  aft] all1 ! sl[ 
inexorable *anges ( ! e>?'s cru/ w "o   
day make its fl[ impossible1 & ! *annel 
( x %all "k its  /ream no m4 ,only ! fl[
 ( "t is un5d+1 ( "t :i* does  no?+1 b  

out ( or )\t :i* no?+ c be done1--( "t1 
replete ) glori\s wond]s z f> back z ! k
 or !  imag9ation ( man c p5etrate1     
?r\gh e age1 ?r\gh e  million ( ye>s t c
 be rescu$ f =getfulness1 be>+ fre%     
te/imony1 9 ! greatness & ! endlessness 
( ! "w1 to !  et]nal p[] & wisdom ( !   
,supreme ,work]4          ,,note ,,on   
,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,spontane\s         
,,g5]ation4      ,presum+ t !re is n a  
p>ticle ( evid5ce z yet e/abli%$  9     
fav\r ( ! supposition kn[n z ! doctr9e (
 abiog5esis1  x does n foll[ t no su*   
evid5ce ev] w1 or ev] c1 be  =?com+4 ,! 
advancem5t ( sci5ce is cont9ually do+   
away )  h>%1 abrupt outl9es1 & reveal+ !
 s(te/ %ades ( transition  9 ! v>i$     
sc5]y ( nature4 ,betwe5 organic &       
inorganic matt]1  betwe5 ! in]t & ! liv+
 mass1 ! l9e ( sep>ation has  be5       
hi!rto1 to our m9ds1 ! h>de/ & %>pe/ (  
all4 ,we h  inde$ become s accu/om$ to  
?is violation ( ! cosmos1 ?is h>%       
int]ruption to ! cont9u\s ord] ( nature1
 & to ! simplicity  ( its g5]al plan1 t 

we are apt to be r annoy$ ?an pleas$  ) 
! fir/ ef=ts made to prove !m only      
imag9>y4 ,!re is a  dignity ab\t life   
:i* requires1 x is ?\ght1 to be def5d$ f
  too close a proximity 9 "* to !       
*emical solids & liquids  among/ :i* x  
makes its appe>ance1 ev5 ?\gh ! life ^: 
dignity is ?us ma9ta9$ exhibit little m 
?an ! functions ( a  /oma*1 or be       
pres5t$ 9 ! some:at dull animation ( a  
*rysalis  & ! torpor ( a slug4    ,a    
,well+tonia gigantea1 ) its /up5d\s     
height & graceful  =m1 ) its b>k & wood1
 & sap & pi?1 & cones &  innum]able     
spikelets1 seems wond]fully noble &     
va/ly sup]ior 9  ! scale ( creation to a
 spoonful ( salt2 yet e "o ( ! t9y      
gra9s has1 s f> z we "k1 full z mu* s5se
 & z mu* p[]  ( enjoym5t z ! /ately     
tree4 ,! m9]al & ! vegetable are1  9    
fact1 alike de/itute ( any qualities on 
:i* a comp>ison (  dignity c prop]ly be 
f\nd$4 ,! organic dep5ds ultimately ^u  
! inorganic = its nutrim5t4 ,x is itself
 ultimately r$uc$ to  ! inorganic4 ,x   

does n1 !re=e1 seem incr$ible t liv+    
organisms1 simpl] p]haps ?an any yet    
detect$ by ! microscope1  %\ld be or    
%\ld h be5 produc$ )\t g5]ation prop] by
 !  m]e comb9+ ( inorganic mat]ials4    
,?is is ! hypo!sis ( ,spontane\s        
,g5]ation1 s call$1 or  abiog5esis1     
unprov$ & extremely difficult ( pro(1 b 
precisely  fill+ t gap 9 ! ord] &       
cont9uity ( nature :i* is s  puzzl+ )\t 
x4    ,practically x makes no diff]5ce  
to ! !ory ( developm5t  :e!r ! simple   
organisms f :i* t !ory supposes ! m     
complicat$ to be d]iv$1 orig9at$ at a   
s+le era or at sev]al4  ,! !ory does n  
d5y ! p]petuation ?r\gh\t va/ ages (    
extremely simple organisms4 ,to ! g5]al 
cohesion ( ! !ory1  !re=e1 x is         
unimportant :e!r we affiliate ea* ( ^!  
liv+ motes to a p>5t l itself1 or to a  
comb9ation ( *emical  sub/ances         
previ\sly )\t life4    ,consid]+ ! va/  
results attribut$ to ! pr9ciple (       
v>iability1 x has be5 ?\ght /range t any
 organisms  %\ld ?r\gh great cycles ( "t

 h escap$ its op]ation1 &  transmitt$ _!
 orig9al simplicity to an endless       
succession (  desc5dants4    ,on !      
hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation work+    
cont9u\sly ?is  difficulty w\ld         
disappe>2 simple organisms w\ld be      
cont9ually  los+ _! simplicity by       
v>iation1 b new organisms ( equal       
simplicity w\ld cont9ually appe> 9 ! _w1
 spontane\sly  g5]at$4    ,x might /ill 
be true t all b ! lea/ conspicu\s memb]s
 (  ! _w's population belong to a s+le  
family1 or to an extremely  small numb] 
( sep>ate l9es ( desc5t4 ,if we suppose 
t1 z soon  z ! globe 0 fitt$ = liv+     
occupants1 a s+le simple organism  0    
spontane\sly g5]at$1 or1 if y please1   
creat$1 or1 9 any  o!r way t may be     
nam$1 introduc$ ^u ! e>?1 ! results 9   
accordance ) actual facts may be        
logically d$uc$ agreeably to !  v>i\s   
pr9ciples ( ! !ory ( developm5t4 ,its   
desc5dants w\ld  multiply & repl5i% !   
e>?1 un*eck$1 9 all p>ts suit$ to  _!   
conditions ( exi/5ce1 till all su* p>ts 

7 occupi$4 ,no  fur!r advance 9 !       
population ( ! _w c\ld !n take place    
until "s v>iation _h occurr$1 mak+      
possible ! occupation (  new regions1 or
 ( ! old regions1 "u new conditions4 ,b 
! new  species1 con/itut$ by "s         
advantage\s v>iation1 w\ld be likely  to
 ov]run ! :ole field1 to ! almo/        
complete suppression ( !  e>li] & m     
simple =m4 ,! di/ance ?us ga9$ 9 ! race 
(  progressive organization x w\ld be   
likely n only to ma9ta91 b  greatly to  
increase4 ,its desc5dants w\ld v>y 9 m  
?an "o useful  direction1 till x might1 
z we h said1 become ! p>5t ( all  !     
conspicu\s memb]s ( ! e>?'s population4 
,! e>lie/ &  simple/ =m might /ill h    
repres5tatives inh]it+ its lik5ess  by  
direct desc5t1 b unable to make _! way 9
 ! _w1 n f  want+ ! p[] to v>y1 b f f9d+
 ! _w pre-occupi$ by  species too p[]ful
 = !m to compete )4 ,9 ?is way !y w\ld  
be re/ra9$ to _! orig9al insignificance4
    ,n[ exactly ! same result w\ld      
foll[1 if1 in/ead ( be+ born 9  :at we  

consid] ! ord9>y c\rse ( p>5tage1 ^!    
simple =ms  7 ev] be+ spontane\sly      
g5]at$4 ,!y w\ld f9d ! _w  pre-occupi$  
aga9/ _! advancem5t 9 ! scale (         
organization2  !y w\ld r>ely1 if ev]1 be
 all[$ to lead up by successive useful  
v>iations to highly organiz$ =ms2 & if  
ev]1 only 9 p]iods (  "t s enorm\s z to 
p]plex ! acute/ human und]/&+4    ,:at  
is commonly suppos$ to be ! ,biblical   
!ory ( ,creation1 is  9 tru? a !ory (   
spontane\s g5]ation1 only multiply+ a   
million-fold ! difficulty1 if x be a    
difficulty1 involv$ 9 t  hypo!sis4      
,unless we suppose ! globe to h always  
exi/$1 &  always to h be5 t5ant$ by     
creatures end[$ ) life1 we are  =c$ to  
believe 9 ! occurr5ce at "s "t or o!r ( 
:at1  9 ! language ( sci5ce1 mu/ h be5  
spontane\s g5]ation4  ,z !re is no      
hi/orical reason = conf9+ su* an        
occurr5ce to  any p>ticul> era2 z sci5ce
 c give no reason :y1 if x happ5$  once1
 x %\ld n happ5 an indef9ite numb] (    
times2 z all  analogy is 9 fav\r ( uni=m

 laws ( nature r ?an exceptional        
surprises2 &1 la/ly1 z num]\s ph5om5a t 
h to d )  ! reproduction & ma9t5ance (  
life are all cont9u\s1 &  n             
int]jectional--x seems at lea/ an op5 "q
 :e!r !  orig9 ( life itself may n also 
be sometimes1 or ev5 cont9ually         
repeat$4 ,=1 imag9e :at conditions we w 
to h prevail$ :5  ! elem5t>y sub/ances  
coalesc$1 out ( :i* 7 comp\nd$ !  fir/  
liv+ be+1 x is difficult to imag9e t !  
same conditions  %\ld nev] h recurr$ to 
produce a simil> result1 s9ce !         
conditions are s f> limit$1 t !y mu/ h  
be5 consi/5t1 n  only ) ! bir?1 b ) !   
life aft] its bir?1 ( t mo/  antique    
animalcule4 ,s _m wond]ful & hi!rto     
unsuspect$ effects  9 ! work+ ( ,nature 
h ( late ye>s be5 unveil$1 s mu* (      
m>vell\s analysis successfully c>ri$    
out1 t x w\ld surely be  sup]/iti\s to  
despair ( f9d+ fre% l9ks 9 ! *a9 t b9ds 
toge!r ! lifeless & ! liv+4 ,exp]im5ts 9
 ?is direction  may hi!rto h fail$ f    
want ( skill or c>e1 or prop] means  at 

! comm& ( ^? :o conduct$ !m4 ,yet x is n
 too mu* to  ask ( m5 r5[n$ 9 sci5ce1 t 
9 po9t+ out ! errors1 !y  %\ld ab/a9 f  
disc\rag+ ! ef=ts4    ,let x n be ?\ght 
irreligi\s to anticipate ! possible     
e/abli%m5t ( ! supposition n[ "u        
discussion4 ,x _c be  irrev]5t to ?9k t 
! be/[al ( life ^u a p>ticle ( matt]    
too m9ute = human eye to see1 requires  
no m special app>atus  ?an t allott$ to 
! exquisite cry/als ( ! fro/4 #8,out (  
^: womb came ! ice8 & ! ho>y fro/ (     
heav51 :o ha?  g5d]$ x8' ,yet 9 !       
workman%ip ( ^! a ,div9e h& is to !     
full z visible z 9 a diatom or a        
puff-ball4 ,t ! life-giv+  en]gy %\ld h 
be5 exhau/$ 9 a s+le ef=t1 is contr>y   
beyond d\bt to ! analogy ( religion1    
:atev] may be ?\ght ( !  analogy (      
nature4    ,on ! o!r h&1 let x n be     
?\ght unsci5tific to advocate !  claims 
( an unprov$ hypo!sis4 ,x is ! nature ( 
hypo!ses to  be unprov$4 ,z !y ga!r     
pro(1 ! hypo!tical becomes a !ory4  ,at 
l5g? ! !ory goes on to demon/ration4 ,! 

use ( hypo!ses  has (t5 be5 expla9$4 ,! 
human m9d is easily exhau/$ by !        
obs]vation ( num]\s incoh]5t facts4 ,x  
is impell$ to arrange  & classify1 to   
f9d "s ?read or ?reads ( association on 
:i*  ! facts may be /rung1 "s pr9ciple  
on :i* !y may be p>cell$  out into      
gr\ps4 ,! arrangem5t may be errone\s1 ! 
explanatory  pr9ciple untrue2 !y may be 
s plausible1 s app>5tly satisfactory1  s
 fasc9at+ )al 9 g5]al aspect1 z = a long
 "t to h9d]  ! real solution ( great    
problems2 & nev]!less x may be judg$  t 
_! s]vices 9 ! advancem5t ( k f>        
outweigh !  h9drances caus$ by ! too    
s]vile acceptance accord$ !m4 ,!        
foibles ( a great writ] may long infect 
! lit]ature :i* 8  greatness has        
ennobl$4 ,a con/itution gr&ly conceiv$ 9
 proportion  to ! moral & social ideas  
prevail+ at ! "t ( its conception  may  
be clung to ) s]vility long aft] x has  
be5 out/ripp$  by ! progress (          
civilization4 ,b nei!r ! g5ius ( ! poet 
nor ! skill ( ! lawgiv] c\ld be sp>$ 9  

its own day &  g5]ation2 nei!r c\ld h   
be5 sacrific$ to prev5t ! follies  ( !  
plagi>i/1 or ! dulness ( eyes t 9 aft]  
ages might read  ! lett] )\t disc]n+ !  
_s4    ,we may almo/ say t a bad        
hypo!sis is bett] ?an none2 b a  wrong  
hypo!sis ne$ n be a bad "o4 ,x may t5d s
 to gr\p ar\nd  x ! facts contribut$ by 
support]s & oppon5ts1 t :5 !  real      
explanation ( !m all comes to be        
sugge/$1 ! frat]nization  ( ! confront+ 
armies may be easy1 & ! tru? be greet$ &
  ackn[l$g$ ) g5]al acclaim4            
,,! ,,imp]fection ,,( ,,! ,,geological  
,,record4      ,! g5]al :o is = ev]     
c\nt]-m>*+ & skilfully execut+          
retrograde movem5ts _c always su/a9 !   
en?usiasm ( 8  own troops1 mu* less     
excite 9 8 fav\r t ( ! civilian         
multitude4 ,to _m m9ds1 ! reliance plac$
 on ! imp]fection (  ! geological record
 appe>s to be a r damag+ retreat 9 !    
/rategy ( sci5ce4 ,!y 7 j beg9n+ to     
believe 9 geology z  a wond]ful         
revelation ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! globe1 :5 

sudd5ly  !y are told t ! fragm5ts ( t   
hi/ory :i* h be5 sav$  are m]ely tatt]$ 
pages out ( diff]5t *apt]s1 giv+ no     
adequate  notion ( ! enorm\s bulk & v>i$
 cont5ts ( ! :ole volume4  ,s9ce1 )\t ! 
geological evid5ce ( "t's duration & ( !
  c\ntless *anges 9 organic /ructures   
:i* t duration embraces1  ! !ory (      
developm5t c\ld nev] h be5 imag9$1 x    
seems  half ungrateful & inconsi/5t 9 ! 
au?or ( ! !ory to turn  r\nd ^u         
geological evid5ce & tax x ) its extreme
 pov]ty  & ev5 delusive mislead+        
appe>ances4 ,b1 9 fact1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 9  no
 way detracts f ! value ( geological    
evid5ce4 ,! rese>*es  necess>y to ext5d 
x are inve/$1 to ^? :o accept 8 !ory1  )
 t5fold int]e/4 ,! defici5cies &        
int]ruptions 9 x :i*  he has po9t$ out z
 necess>ily occurr+ mu/ soon] or lat] h 
become app>5t4 ,!y 7 dang]\s to sci5ce  
only z long z !y  7 unobs]v$1 or n      
suffici5tly tak5 into acc\nt4    ,t !   
record is really imp]fect is n a matt]  
:i* admits (  controv]sy4 ,no "o        

supposes t e species & v>iety t  ev]    
exi/$ 9 pa/ ages on ! globe is repres5t$
 at ?is v  day by fossil specim5s 9     
prime en\gh condition to exhibit all !  
*>act]i/ics ( ! creature z x once liv$4 
,no "o supposes  t1 if su* specim5s     
exi/$1 all ( !m ev] c\ld or w\ld be     
f\nd by human be+s4 ,x is n 9 ! nature (
 a fossil to pres5t  all ! *>act]i/ics (
 ! creature z x once liv$4 ,x _c        
possibly d x2 = ! fossil is )\t life &  
motion4 ,!re is no  respiration1 no     
circulation ( ! blood go+ on4 ,z a rule1
 only !  h>d p>ts ( ! creature1 su* z   
%ell1 scales1 or bony skeleton1  c be   
pres]v$4 ,9 mo/ cases all ^! relics h   
be5 *emically  alt]$4 ,nev]!less1 9     
fossils f ! v l[e/ /rata1 f  ! v e>lie/ 
=mations t yield any1 we f9d c]ta9      
analogies  to creatures n[ liv+4 ,we    
reason f ^! analogies )\t any           
hesitation to ! *>act]i/ics :i* ! fossil
 creature w  probably h pres5t$ 9 its   
liv+ /ate4 ,our reason+s may  (t5 be    
errone\s1 b ! m]e fact ( our accept+ !  

app>5t  analogies z a gr\nd = reason+ at
 all1 implies a belief 9 !  uni=mity ( !
 conditions ( animal exi/5ce betwe5 our 
own times  & ! mo/ di/ant ages ( ! pa/4 
,we argue z if g5]ation _h  succe$$     
g5]ation )\t int]ruption1 n z if !re _h 
be5  new indep5d5t creations f "t to "t1
 s9ce ^! w\ld imply  new conditions     
replac+ ! old1 & make ! argum5t f       
analogy  betwe5 ! items ( ! diff]5t     
creations ( no value4 ,= ^!  indep5d5t  
creations1 :e!r caprici\s or n 9        
!mselves1 c\ld  only exhibit to our m9ds
 ! symptoms ( caprice4 ,! m]e fact (  _!
 be+ indep5d5t "o ( ano!r w\ld be s     
want+ 9 congruity  ) all ! re/ ( our    
exp]i5ce1 t we %\ld reasonably expect   
_! m9or details z well z ! g5]al plan to
 be :olly fanta/ic4  ,9 o!r words1 !    
fossil memorials ( life 9 pa/ ages1     
imp]fect  z we confess & ma9ta9 !m to   
be1 /ill pres5t s _m g5]al  resemblances
 to "o ano!r & to liv+ /ructures ( !    
pres5t  day1 t if !y d n prove !        
cont9uity ( life ^u ! globe1  !y _c be  

held to prove any?+ at all2 !y %\ld be  
reg>d$  z a v elaborate practical joke  
play$ ^u ! human reason4    ,palontology
 is def9$ z #8! sci5ce :i* treats (     
fossil rema9s  bo? animal & vegetable4' 
,?is pr9ciple ( ! cont9uity ( life  f   
age to age may be consid]$ z "o ( its   
def9ite acquisitions4  ,!re is no s+le  
po9t ( geological "t at :i* x c be said1
  #8at ?is epo* cle>ly all old species  
_h pass$ away1 all k9ds  ( life _h      
become new4' ,n only is !re no          
indication ( su* a  break1 b !re is !   
/ronge/ evid5ce aga9/ any su* hav+  ev] 
occurr$4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( !           
complet5ess ( ! evid5ce  requir$ = prov+
 ?is s+le conclusion1 ! g5]al           
incomplet5ess  & enorm\s defici5cies 9  
"s p>ts ( ! palontological record  c be 
e/abli%$ beyond dispute4 ,we are 9 !    
position ( a man  :o has kept !         
title-de$s to a l>ge e/ate1 :ile almo/  
all !  e/ate itself has be5 buri$ "u !  
encroa*m5ts ( ! sea4 ,"h  & !re "s old  
l&m>ks may be disc]nible f> out 9 !     

wat]s1  %[+ ! ext5t ( :at _h once be5   
mead[ & woodl&1 f>m &  g>d51 b unable to
 %[ h[ ^! 7 di/ribut$1 or to exhibit    
any ( _! details4    ,mr4 ,p>fitt1 9 8  
pap] on #8,fossil ,sponge ,spicules1'   
told !  ,devon%ire ,association la/ ye> 
7#ahgj7 t we h evid5ce m or  less exact 
( sponges 9 a fossil /ate z f> back 9 "t
 z !  ,silurian sy/em1 m5tion+ specim5s 
( ,acan?ospongia ,siluri5sis1  ,cliona  
antiqua1 & ,cliona prisca1 & /at+ 9     
reg>d to ! two  latt] t ! g5us is /ill 9
 our own seas4 ,he !n ref]r$ to  l>ge   
masses ( a fossil 9 ! ,devonian rocks ( 
,cornwall1 believ$  by "s to be sponges1
 & by o!rs to be ! rema9s ( fi%4 ,t  ^! 
are 9 reality fi%-rema9s has1 9 fact1   
be5 %[n pretty  conclusively#ei4 ,f ?is 
po9t1 h[ev]1 up to ! ,great ,oolite1    
,mr4 ,p>fitt tells u t sc>cely a ve/ige 
( ! sponges is to be  f\nd1 al?\gh s9ce 
t "t !y h be5 v abundant4 ,betwe5  !    
,silurian & ! ,great ,oolite ! int]val (
 "t mu/ h  be5 enorm\s4 ,x is occupi$ by
 a va/ s]ies ( s$im5t>y rocks1  embrac+ 

v v>i$ m9]al *>act]i/ics4 ,f ?is s]ies  
our  museums h be51 & are /ill be+1     
suppli$ ) va/ heaps (  fossil organic   
/ructures1 includ+ among num]\s o!rs1   
plants &  corals & fi% & reptiles4      
,?r\gh all t protract$ p]iod !re  is no 
reason to suppose1 9 reg>d to ! out] r9d
 ( ! globe1 t  ! g5]al conditions ( e>?1
 air1 & wat] 7 o!r ?an !y  are n[4 ,all 
,engl& may h be5 "u wat]2 delicate      
creatures may  h w9t]$ at ! ,nor? ,pole 
= ! sake ( its g5ial climate2  & an     
inf9ity ( o!r local & tempor>y diff]5ces
 may h  prevail$1 )\t mak+ ! habitable  
globe ( ^? days ess5tially  diff]5t f   
our own4 ,! laws ( *emi/ry & me*anics1 !
 laws  ( heat & motion1 mu/ h be5 j !   
same z !y are n[4  ,!n1 z n[1 !re mu/ h 
be5 oceans & cont95ts1 w9ds &  curr5ts1 
=e/s gr[+1 decay+1 & be+ buri$1 s& &    
*alk  be+ deposit$ 9 lay]s1 molt5 m9]als
 ?r[n up by volcanoes1  ice =m+ at a    
def9ite temp]ature1 glaci]s scor+ !     
rocks1  iceb]gs transport+ b\ld]s1 ra9s 
& riv]s sl[ly wa%+ d[n  ! hills1 & waves

 corrod+ ! cliffs on ! sea-%ore4 ,we h  
evid5ce also t life 9 _m =ms ab\nd$4 ,^?
 =ms1 ?\gh  seldom transmitt$ to        
creatures ( ! pres5t day ) any?+        
approa*+ an exact lik5ess1 c yet be     
classifi$ "u ! same  g5]al names ) ! mo/
 mod]n =ms ( life4 ,n[ sponges are =ms  
( an extremely simple organization4 ,!  
silici\s spicules are well  adapt$ = !  
we> & te> ( a fossil exi/5ce4 ,9 !      
gre5s&  & ! *alk !y are actually f\nd 9 
extraord9>y abundance4 ,x  w\ld be      
inconv5i5t ^u any !ory to h to suppose  
^! v  simple /ructures introduc$ into ! 
_w = ! fir/ "t q  late 9 ! s]ies ( liv+ 
organisms1 & aft] be+s mu* m  complicat$
 & high] 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce1 unless1   
inde$1 we  suppose t ab\t ! "t ( !      
,great ,oolite ! evolution ( man  0 fir/
 ?\ght (1 & ! sponge accord+ly prep>$ = 
him to  wa% 8 face )4 ,b ev5 if ! ba? & 
! bas9 be admitt$  z ! f9al causes (    
sponge-exi/5ce1 ! conception ( x mu/  be
 c>ri$ back1 z we h se51 to ! ,silurian 
p]iod2 :ile1  accord+ to ,mr4 ,p>fitt1 !

 imm5se int]val ( ,lias & ,trias1       
,p]mian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 & ,devonian rema9s
 black & spongeless1  z ?\gh x 7 !      
appropriate era ( ! great unwa%$4 ,b if 
! ,d>w9ian !ory be a true "o1           
sponge-life hav+ begun 9 !  ,silurian   
p]iod1 & be+ 9 exi/5ce n[1 mu/ h be5    
cont9u\s  ?r\gh ! :ole int]val2 e s+le  
deposit 9 ! entire s]ies  s9ce !        
,silurian mu/ h be5 contempor>y ) "s ( !
  sponges2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,mr4    
,p>fitt's /atem5t1 h[ev]  true ( !      
condition ( our k a few ye>s back1 mu/  
n[ be  qualifi$ by ! addition ( sev]al  
species spread ov] ! int]val  9 ,brita9 
alone1 ev5 if we exclude "s indef9ite   
/ructures1 (  :i* no op9ion c be at     
pres5t pron\nc$ ) safety4 ,mr4 ,p>fitt  
himself1 9 a pap] read at ,honiton 9    
#ahfh1 rem>ks t #8! ,devonian  =mation  
has furni%$ a great numb] ( specim5s (  
:at appe> to  be species ( sponges4' ,f 
,p]mian & ,triassic b$s on ! cont95t  ( 
,europe1 a v l>ge numb] ( =ms are said  
to be m or less  di/9ctly made out4 ,mr4

 ,salt]1 9 #ahfd1 report$ ! discov]y (  
,protospongia ,f5e/rata 9 ! ,l+ula flags
 ( ,/4 ,david's1 ?us  c>ry+ back ?is =m 
( life beyond ! ,silurian to ! ,cambrian
  era4 ,x is an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! 
great ambiguity ( ^!  anci5t fossils1 t 
two su* au?orities z ,mr4 ,salt] & ,dr4 
,b[]bank diff]$ ab\t ! ,protospongia1 ! 
"o suppos+ x to  exhibit ! spicules1 !  
o!r ! fibre ( ! sponge4 ,! simple  facts
 t species h to be mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds
 betwe5 !  amorphozoic & zoophytic      
gr\ps1 t relics may pass = fi% 9 "o  ye>
 & sponges 9 ano!r1 & by-&-by be        
recognis$ aga9 z fi%1  %[ ! (t5 imp]fect
 condition ( ! record1 ev5 :]e x is n  a
 complete blank4    ,:]e direct evid5ce 
( any k9d is /ill unavailable1 x may    
possibly be said t no sponges are f\nd =
 su* & su* a p]iod1  because none exi/$ 
9 x4 ,! plausibility ( su* an op9ion c  
only be te/$ 9 fre% illu/rations ( !    
g5]al argum5t4 ,!  coalfield ( ,nova    
,scotia has be5 describ$ by ,pr(essor   
,dawson  ( ,montreal4 ,z x af=d$ a f9e  

field = ! ex]tions ( !  geologi/1 s x   
repaid him by its great ri*ness 9 !     
fossil rema9s  ( plants4 ,b 9 ! coal    
=mations ( ,engl& & ( ,we/phalia        
insects also _h be5 f\nd ( diff]5t g5]a 
9 addition to plants1  :ile ,nova       
,scotia1 ) all its vegetable weal?1     
yield$ ! anxi\s  explor] b a s+le       
specim5 ( ! /ill m int]e/+ relics4  ,t  
specim5 consi/$ ( ! head & "s o!r       
fragm5ts ( a l>ge  insect1 probably     
neuropt]\s4 ,t s+le specim5 ,pr(essor   
,dawson  tells u he f\nd 9 a coprolite1 
9 ! fossil excrem5t ( a reptile  enclos$
 9 ! trunk ( an erect sigill>ia4 ,c\ld  
any "o inv5t a  m curi\s cab9et to      
pres]ve s fragile a specim5 = millions  
( ye>s8 ,c x 9 ?is case be argu$1 t (   
insect rema9s  no?+ 0 f\nd 9 !          
c>bonif]\s ( ,nova ,scotia b ! head  &  
"s o!r appurt5ances ( a s+le neuropt]\s 
insect1 because  t head & ^?            
appurt5ances 7 all t _h ev] fl\ri%$     
!re8 ,x _c s be argu$1 n only because ! 
analogies ( !  c>bonif]\s =mation 9 o!r 

p>ts ( ! _w are conclusive  aga9/ su*   
argum5t1 b also because )9 ! la/ ?ree or
 f\r  ye>s1 aft] long & dilig5t se>*1   
two m species h be5 add$  to !          
collection ( c>bonif]\s insects f ,nova 
,scotia itself4  ,two delicate w+s1 "o v
 l>ge & "o small1 h be5 f\nd1 ea*       
seal$1 z x 71 ) a f]n-leaf2 ea* a frail 
b endur+ record  ( life t mu/ once h be5
 brilliant & abundant#fj4    ,:5 ! zeal 
( a collector adds a new species to ^?  
already  kn[n1 by f9d+ ! fragm5t ( a    
butt]fly's w+ t _h be5 =  millions (    
ye>s 9 a seam ( coal1 h[ _m             
consid]ations are =c$  ^u ! m9d6 ,our   
s5sitive n]ves are comp>atively seldom  
tr\bl$  by ! p]ceiv$ pres5ce ( dead     
creatures4 ,) ! exception ( our  own    
food1 su* sights are pretty well conf9$ 
to ! c>case ( a dog  float+ on a pool1 !
 fea!rs ( a torn bird1 a p>*$ mole1 & a 
spr9kl+ ( blue-bottles 9 an unus$ room4 
,yet c\ntless millions  ( creatures are 
annually dy+1 ready & will+ to become   
fossils4  ,fossils1 h[ev]1 !y d n       

become1 simply because o!r creatures    
eat !m up4 ,= ?is reason alone1 n "o 9  
t5 ?\s& ( any  p>ticul> t]re/rial       
species is likely to become fossil1     
because  to "s creature or ano!r x is   
almo/ sure to be good eat+1 &  !re=e 9 !
 liv+ /ate or ! dead1 sure to be        
rav5\sly seiz$  ^u & dev\r$4    ,"s =ms 
( m>9e life are inde$ repres5t$ by a    
wond]ful numb]  ( specim5s or fragm5ts (
 specim5s4 ,silici\s & calc>e\s exuvi  (
 m9ute creatures deposit$ 9 ! /ill dep?s
 ( ! ocean may be  pres]v$ by myriads1 b
 nei!r ^! #89 numb] numb]less' nor !    
giant-bones ( anci5t ,saurians convey   
any adequate notion ( ! :ole  population
 ( ! globe at any "o era4 ,!            
palontologi/1 guid+  himself only by    
prom95t details ( ?is description1 w\ld 
be l  a *ild ov] a *ild's hi/ory (      
,engl&1 to :om ! fabric ( !             
,con/itution & ! ,re=mation ( ! ,*ur*   
seem matt]s obscure1  & sc>cely wor?y ( 
notice1 :ile ,alfr$ burn+ ! cakes1 &    
,h5ry ,,viii 9 8 well-kn[n "* (         

,bluebe>d1 /& out 9 bold  relief4    ,no
 "o w d\bt1 t )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s t5s (    
?\s&s  ( ! common :ite butt]fly h       
disport$ !mselves 9 ,engl&1  yet a man  
might easily />ve if he 7 all[$ no food 
till he _h  f\nd "s ( _! fossil rema9s4 
,! dodo has n long be5 ext9ct1  b       
nev]!less fossil dodos are extremely    
r>e4 ,x may be ?\ght  t ! date (        
ext9ction has little to d ) ! matt]1 & t
  ea* relic :5 en%r9$ 9 ! rock1 may     
claim to be by a sort (  indelible "*   
#8once a fossil & always a fossil4'     
,?is1 h[ev]1  is 9 reality f> f its true
 condition4 ,let a creature's rema9s    
escape be+ dev\r$1 or burnt1 or trampl$ 
to pieces1 or be+  dissolv$ by ! ra91 or
 crumbl$ into du/ by roll+ waves & mud  
& /ones ga!r$ ^u !m1 _! p]ils are n yet 
ov]4 ,ev5 9  ! grasp ( ! h>d rock1 !    
fossil may be horribly di/ort$ by       
pressure1 split asund] by cleavage1     
boil$ & bak$ & cry/alliz$1  till none ( 
its features rema9 :at !y 71 or till ! v
 fact  ( its pres5ce becomes only ! "q (

 a dim surmise4 ,! rude  jolt ( an      
e>?quake1 t splits asund] a m\nta91 may 
sometimes be  t5d] ov] a butt]fly's w+2 
b !re are *emical ag5cies :i*  "w )\t   
any compassion = :at is f9e & delicate1 
& by ^!  we f9d great ?icknesses ( rock 
app>5tly /ripp$ ( _! fossils4  ,:]e !   
:ole /ratum consi/s ( rema9s ( once liv+
 organisms1  z 9 seams ( coal1 x has be5
 %[n t we h no reason to  suppose t any 
complete or adequate memorials are left 
u ( !  :ole vegetation ( any p>ticul>   
p]iod or any p>ticul> area2 s9ce  ,dr4  
,l9dley has f\nd1 by actual exp]im5t1 t 
diff]5t vegetables  h v diff]5t p[]s (  
resi/+ decay1 & t p9es &  f]ns &        
lycopodia w be well pres]v$ aft] long   
imm]sion 9  wat]1 :ile ! same treatm5t  
causes ! disappe>ance ( grasses &       
s$ges1 ( ! oak-tree & ! a%#fa4    ,ev5  
^? rocks :i* pres]ve fossils mo/        
c>efully may !mselves  be crumbl$ to    
pieces1 fossils & all1 by ! process (   
d5udation4    ,d5udation is ! lay+ b>e (
 "o /ratum1 or portion ( a /ratum1  by !

 removal ( ano!r4 ,x is c>ri$ on        
pr9cipally by ra9s &  riv]s & ! action (
 ! sea-waves ^u ! sea-bord]4 ,to !      
la/-m5tion$ ag5cy ! geologi/ is highly  
indebt$2 to ! o!rs  also he owes a debt3
 b consid] h[ !y all d _! "w4 ,mu*  ( ! 
mat]ial dealt ) !y p\nd into mud or s&1 
& 9 ^!  any fragm5ts t escape !         
trituration are1 soon] or lat]1 aga9    
buri$4 ,!y may te> op5 ! rocks1 & expose
 = a brief p]iod !  mo/ int]e/+ & unique
 fossils2 b1 un=tunately1 !y c>ry  on _!
 "w by night z well z day1 on desolate  
coa/s1 9 places  :]e ! ,palontographical
 ,society has no mission>ies1 or :5 !   
mission>y1 if !re be "o1 is 9-doors     
writ+ a book2 s t a v  small p]c5tage ( 
all t might be discov]$ is ev] actually 
f\nd4    ,9 ! artificial d5udation ( m9+
 & qu>ry+1 ?\gh !  rude =ces ( ,nature  
are disp5s$ )1 ! enlight5$ hamm] (  !   
geologi/ c d v little by itself4 ,9 mo/ 
cases x c b  foll[ :]e comm]cial        
ent]prise leads ! way1 & be grateful =  
p]mission to rummage among ! dbris1 :5  

pickaxe & bla/+  h done _! "w4    ,!    
*ances aga9/ a fossil's be+ f\nd to any 
useful purpose 9  qu>ry+ are v num]\s4  
,! rock mu/ *ance to split s z to       
disclose x2 ! workman mu/ *ance to      
notice x2 he mu/ *ance to  h k en\gh to 
?9k x wor? notice2 h "t en\gh to  /op f 
8 "w & take x2 h s5se en\gh to keep x   
safe2 h  memory en\gh to recollect :]e  
he hides x2 &1 la/ly1 h !  luck to meet 
) a cu/om] :o kn[s its sci5tific value4 
,numb]s ( r>e specim5s mu/ cont9ually be
 consign$ to ! furnace  & ! limekiln1 or
 buri$ "u m\nds & hills ( refuse4       
,sometimes  ! "* ( ! matrix1 by its     
h>dness or its s(tness1 makes  x        
impossible to dis5gage ! fossil )\t     
complete disfigurem5t2  sometimes !     
fossil itself is s fragm5t>y z r to     
confuse ?an  to tea*4 ,dr4 ,hook] gives 
an in/ance1 9 :i* a geologi/ assign$    
?ree pieces ( fossil-leaf to plants (   
?ree diff]5t g5]a1 :i*  a subsequ5t     
obs]v] ma9ta9$ to be m]ely ! sep>at$    
portions (  a s+le leaf ( "o & ! same   

plant#fb4    ,9 ! slates & lime/ones (  
,torquay1 full z !y are ( m>9e  fossils1
 no fi%-rema9s h be5 id5tifi$1 ) "o     
exception4 ,yet  ^! rocks h be5 se>*$ by
 num]\s %>p eyes & clev] h&s1           
pr(essional z well z amateur1 ) regul>  
inve/igation1 & 9  ! sometimes m        
successful trifl+ ( idle mom5ts4 ,x is  
wor?y  ( note t ! "o exception is no    
sc>cely deciph]able relic1 !  nature (  
:i* might rema9 an op5 "q1 b a beautiful
 &  f9ely-pres]v$ scale ( phyllolepis   
conc5tricus#fc4 ,_h !re  be5 only "o fi%
 9 ! #8,devonian' wat]s ( !             
neighb\rhood1 !  "o fi% mu/ h _h m ?an  
"o scale2 yet none ( ! o!rs are  =?com+4
 ,! sci5ce ( to-morr[ may f9d !m2 to !  
sci5ce (  to-day !y are lo/             
irrecov]ably4    ,! /ill-liv+ v>ieties (
 ! oy/] are a mis]able remnant (  ! #bee
 fossil species f ! *alk describ$ 9     
,coqu&'s rec5t  "w4 ,pr(essor ,fl[]1 9  
review+ ?is monograph1 rem>ks1 t  #8) ^!
 mollusks1 num]\s z !y are1 !re are no  
=ms t c  fairly be recogniz$ z          

transitional4' ,b inasmu* z ! succession
  9 "t ( ^! species is well-e/abli%$ by 
! diff]5t zones (  ! *alk 9 :i* !y are  
f\nd1 we mu/ ei!r accept "s n9e or  t5  
successive creations conc]n$ 9 !        
production ( oy/]s1 or we  mu/ all[ !   
v>i\s fossil species to be connect$ ) "o
 ano!r  by desc5t4 ,^u ! latt]          
alt]native1 a :ole *a9 ( transitional   
l9ks mu/ once h exi/$ betwe5 ! e>lie/ =m
 ( oy/] &  ! late/2 & ?\gh _m ( ^! l9ks 
h be5 pres]v$1 /ill  m mu/ h be5 lo/1 or
 depriv$ ( _! di/9ctive features2 s  t  
"h1 :]e ! geological record is1 to all  
appe>ance1 unusually  p]fect1 its actual
 imp]fection is m cle>ly ?an ev]        
e/abli%$4    ,to conclude1 !n1 9 few    
words3--,! majority ( dead creatures    
nev]  become fossils at all4    ,!      
majority ( fossils p]i% mis]ably 9 _!   
hid+-places4    ,( ^? t are sav$1 !     
majority _c be got at by man4    ,( ^? t
 c be1 ! majority nev] are4    ,( ^? t  
are1 a l>ge numb] prove illegible2 a    
l>ge numb] are  fragm5ts2 a l>ge numb]  

duplicates2 &1 la/ly1 a l>ge numb] fall 
into h&s :i* aga9 lose or de/roy !m4    
,we _c !re=e argue1 because fossils (   
su*-&-su* =ms (  life h nev] be5 f\nd1 t
 su*-&-su* =ms nev] exi/$4  ,!y may h   
exi/$1 & left no fossils4 ,! fossils may
 h be5  left1 & subsequ5tly de/roy$4 ,! 
fossils may be unde/roy$1 b  nev] h be5 
f\nd4 ,! sum-total ( acquisitions is    
small1 b  preci\s2 x nev] c make a      
complete record1 b x may make "o        
suffici5tly ample to e/abli% ! ,d>w9ian 
,!ory1 or to replace x  by "s /ill wid] 
& /ill simpl] g5]alization4             
,,d>w9ism4    ,,! ,,noa*ian ,,flood4    
,sir1--,a fri5dly correspond5t has done 
me ! hon\r ( notic+ my  lecture on !    
,noa*ian ,flood 9 m ?an "o contribution 
to y\r  columns4 ,! easy way 9 :i* he   
admits ! possibility ( a p>tial  deluge 
& ( pre-,adamite races1 toge!r ) o!r    
symptoms (  lib]al ?\ght & a tru/ 9 !   
conclusions ( sci5ce1 makes me  tremble 
to ?9k :at w\ld h befall5 him _h he liv$
 #89 happi]  ages ( ! ,*ur*4' ,at ! same

 "t ^! dang]\s & lam5table  t5d5cies    
t[>ds free-?9k+ make x ne$less = me to  
urge ^u  him ^? o!r & fur!r conclusions 
t[>ds :i* he is evid5tly  ( 8 own accord
 rapidly f9d+ 8 way4 ,b !re are num]\s  
p]sons :o may read 8 pleasantly-writt5  
lett]s )\t p]ceiv+  h[ v f> gone he     
himself is f ! orig9al simplicity ( an  
unque/ion+ fai?1 & may1 !re=e1 fancy t  
he is a *ampion  ( or?odoxy putt+ d[n an
 anti-,scriptural disputant1 or %[+  at 
lea/1 if he %[s no?+ m1 t ! que/ions 9  
dispute  are /ill too unsettl$ & vague =
 pla9 folks to m$dle ) or  und]/&4 ,su* 
a result is directly oppos$ to t :i* my 
lecture  aim$ at1 :i* 0 to %[ pla9 folks
 t ! subject n only c\ld  be und]/ood1 b
 ought to be2 to conv9ce !m1 if         
possible1 t on  ?is subject1 & p]haps a 
few o!rs1 !y 7 b\nd by all ! laws  (    
tru? & hone/y ei!r to le>n :at !re 0 to 
be le>n$1 or  = ! future to hold _!     
peace4 ,two /rik+ examples 7 quot$1  f !
 lives ( ,columbus & ,galileo1 to %[ t  
!ologians _h  dragg$ ! ,holy ,scriptures

 ?r\gh ! dirt1 by presum+ to use _!     
au?ority = a purpose = :i* x 0 nev]     
design$1 9 a prov9ce  to :i* x nev] lays
 claim1 namely1 ! trial ( evid5ce 9     
natural  sci5ce4 ,x seems to h escap$ ! 
notice ( y\r correspond5t1  t geography 
& a/ronomy 7 no m advanc$ 9 ^? days ?an 
geology & palontology 9 our own4 ,b w   
any "o presume to tell  u t ! ,bible is 
a mat* = /ruggl+ infant sci5ces1 & may  
be  quot$ to contradict1 suppress1 &    
cru% !m1 b t :5 !y are  full-gr[n x mu/ 
9 turn succumb to _! dictation8 ,t is   
inde$  ! pr9ciple on :i*1 9 ! old ,greek
 com$y1 ! son ju/ifies  8 ?ra%+ 8 ag$   
fa!r1 because 9 bygone ye>s1 :5 _!      
/r5g? 0 diff]5t1 8 ag$ fa!r _h ?ra%$    
him4 ,only ?is1 we  mu/ rememb]1 is !   
inv5tion ( an incomp>able satiri/1 meant
 =  avoidance1 n = imitation4    ,x may 
be rem>k$1 by ! way1 t 9 tak+ objection 
to !  op5+ s5t5ce ( ! lecture1 my       
fri5dly oppon5t seems to h  misconceiv$ 
its purport4 #8,d>w9ism implies1' x     
says1 #8almo/  ?r\gh\t1 t no univ]sal   

deluge has dr[n$ our globe1  ei!r )9 !  
la/ t5 ?\s& ye>s1 or ev5 )9 a p]iod     
indef9itely long]4' ,n[1 s9ce c]ta9ly no
 ,d>w9ian accepts  ! old views ab\t !   
,deluge1 ?is s5t5ce c\ld sc>cely h  be5 
writt5 = ! b5efit ( ,d>w9ians2 & x w\ld 
h  be5 a v unsophi/icat$ piece (        
rhetoric to say to a popul>             
audi5ce--#8,d>w9ism is true1 s y see !  
old views ab\t ! ,deluge  are false1'   
see+ t ! popul> audi5ce might h dispos$ 
( !  argum5t by ! simple plan (         
int]*ang+ ! two adjectives4 ,b  !       
lecture op5s ) an ackn[l$gm5t t a rec5t 
univ]sal deluge  w\ld be an argum5t     
suffici5t to upset ! ,d>w9ian ,!ory1    
prior  to %[+ t s important an objection
 to ! !ory is itself on  num]\s         
indep5d5t gr\nds unt5able4 ,"s argum5ts 
are equally 9  h>mony ) ,d>w9ism1 &     
inconsi/5t ) ! univ]sality ( !  ,noa*ian
 ,flood4 ,"o ( ^! is to be f\nd 9 !     
exi/+ div]sities  ( ! human race3 b y\r 
correspond5t appe>s to suppose t !      
elem5t ( "t has no?+ to d ) ! !ory (    

developm5t1 :5  he says t #8to repres5t 
! div]g5ce ( races z impossible 9 any   
giv5 p]iod1 h[ev] %ort1 is /range gr\nd 
= a ,d>w9ian to take  up4' ,he might z  
well require an eng9e] to believe t an  
eng9e _h  be5 driv5 at six hundr$ miles 
an h\r1 because ! eng9e] himself        
believ$ x to h be5 driv5 at ! rate (    
fifty or sixty4 ,he only  half /ates !  
argum5t aga9/ a common ,noa*ian desc5t  
f\nd$  on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,papuans &
 ! ,malays4 ,! /rik+  po9t is1 t ^! two 
contra/$ races are sep>at$ by almo/ !  v
 same l9e :i* sep>ates two great        
zoological prov9ces4 ,on !  old         
supposition ( migration f ! ark1 t ! l[]
 animals1 z  well z m51 %\ld h #8agre$  
to diff]' on ! opposite sides ( a  n>r[ 
deep-sea *annel1 0 inde$ a rem>kable    
bundle ( co9cid5ces4    ,t traditions ( 
a deluge are wide-spread is ackn[l$g$4  
,t !y  are traditions ( a univ]sal      
deluge nei!r is nor c be prov$4  ,t )   
all _! local v>iations & discrepancies  
!y po9t  to "o & ! same deluge1 is a "q 

( probability1 mu* m  prop] to foll[ ?an
 to lead ! ma9 argum5t4 ,we %all n ga9  
mu*  = sci5ce or religion out ( ! /ory (
 ,deucalion's flood1 :i*  attributes !  
orig9 ( ! new /ock ( m5 & wom5 to !     
pebbles  t ,deucalion & 8 wife ?rew ov] 
_! %\ld]s2 an ance/ry  surely less      
dignifi$ ev5 ?an t f ! orang-outang & ! 
gorilla ) :i* ,mr4 ,p5gelly & ,pr(essor 
,huxley are suppos$ to  h mortifi$ !    
dignity ( mank9d4    ,x is surpris+ t s 
_m good ,*ri/ian p %\ld feel t\*y  on   
?is "q ( an enorm\sly remote ance/ry1   
al?\gh !y  w\ld1 ^u occasion1 jo9 )     
e>ne/ness & true humility 9 !           
confession t #8du/ we are1 & unto du/   
%all we return4' ,9 _!  reluctance ev5  
to exam9e ! real tru? ( ! "q1 !y fail   
to p]ceive t ! true sons ( ! ,prophets  
are n _! l9eal  desc5dants1 b ^? :o     
inh]it _! wisdom2 & t #8a man's a  man =
 a' t1' al?\gh 8 great-gr&fa!r %\ld     
prove to h  be5 a lob-worm or a         
toad-/ool4    ,too mu* injury to        
religion has be5 done already by        

conf\nd+ false  sci5ce ) ,scriptural    
tru?1 to make x ei!r #8fair or rev]5t'  
to hold back f prote/+1 :5ev] occasion  
(f]s1 aga9/ !  mis*ief4 ,p]sons accu/om$
 ) presumptu\s or c>eless ignorance  to 
d5\nce geology & ,d>w9ism1 & ! results  
connect$ )  !m1 may h _h _! consci5ces  
soo!d & enc\rag$ by y\r  correspond5t4  
,my *>itable object is to make ^?       
consci5ces uneasy  aga9#fd4    ,m>*     
#bcrd1 #ahgj4          ,,sci5ce ,,&     
,,religion4      ,sir1--,"o ( y\r       
correspond5ts has pi?ily obs]v$1 t if he
  has d5\nc$ ,d>w9ism1 x is simply      
because he believes x to be  untrue4    
,c\ld y n1 ,sir1 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce & 
,*ri/ian  *>ity1 prevail ^u him to      
recall 8 d5unciation1 by %[+ him  t     
intellectual error requires n to be     
d5\nc$1 b to be set  "r8 ,! prejudice   
aga9/ ,d>w9ism has und\bt$ly aris5 f  a 
conflict--real or app>5t--betwe5 its    
conclusions & c]ta9  passages (         
,scripture4 ,su* a prejudice arose aga9/
 ! e>li]  advancem5t ( a/ronomy &       

geology1 & ! new conclusions arriv$  at 
7 #8d5\nc$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/ian       
or?odoxy1' simply  because ^? :o d5\nc$ 
!m believ$ !m to be untrue4 ,x is  a    
little sad1 ?\gh )al a little amus+1 to 
obs]ve h[ _m  p]sons1 em95t at once =   
piety & ,prote/antism1 inveigh aga9/  ! 
,papal assumption ( infallibility1 :ile 
assum+ an infallibility  ( _! own4 ,!y  
"k precisely :at is ,scripture doctr9e &
 :at  is n4 ,!y "k exactly :at measure (
 inspiration ,god has be5  pleas$ to    
give to ?is writ] or ! o!r4 ,at "o "t !y
 are  sure t a sci5ce is n true1 because
 ! ,bible does n speak 9  accordance ) !
 language ( ! sci5ce2 at ano!r "t !y    
discov] t ! sci5ce _h all along be5 v   
cle>ly reveal$ 9  ! ,bible "u a         
disguise4 ,x un=tunately escapes _!     
notice t  by ?is means1 :ile !y are     
rev]5tly d5\nc+ ! sci5ce #89 !  int]e/s 
( ,*ri/ian or?odoxy1' !y are "u a       
disguise d5\nc+  ! ,bible4    #8,9 my   
view1' says y\r correspond5t above      
ref]r$ to1 #8! ,mosaic  writ]s 7 div9ely

 taught1 & knew :at !y wrote ab\t )  a  
mo/ p]fect k4' ,9 "o s5se1 no d\bt1 !y  
did "k  :at !y 7 writ+ ab\t--!y knew t x
 0 religion1 &1  !re=e1 !y nev] pret5d$ 
to #8enunciate' sci5ce1 :e!r false  or  
true2 b 9 any o!r s5se to say t !y knew 
:at !y wrote  ab\t ) a mo/ p]fect k1 is 
to ass]t :at is highly  improbable1 & _c
 be prov$4 ,ei!r x makes e writ] a  k9d 
( god1 s f> z ! attribute (             
infallibility is conc]n$1  or x de/roys 
all indep5d5ce ( te/imony4 ,to claim =  
!m a  p]fect k ( :i* !y made no use1    
except to mislead !  _w = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 
is surely to commit ! capital (f5ce  (  
#8incit+ to hatr$ & contempt' ( _!      
writ+s4 ,h[ ali51  moreov]1 is x to ! _s
 ( ! writ]s !mselves--m5 :o are         
con/antly confess+ _! own errors1 d\bts1
 & p]plexities2 m5  ^: pa? 9 moral1 let 
alone intellectual excell5ce1 0 n always
  direct & /raight=w>d1 & :o knew & own$
 _! infirmity (  nature4 ,h[ contr>y1   
too1 to e analogy ( life is ?is notion (
 a  ,book1 writt5 9 p]fect language by  

m5 ( p]fect k 9 e  subject t may be ev5 
incid5tally ref]r$ to 9 its pages4 ,=  n
 only is man an imp]fect be+1 b 8       
language is an imp]fect  in/rum5t ( 8   
imp]fect ?\ghts4 ,8 consci5ce is        
fallible2  8 und]/&+ is fallible2 let ! 
,book :i* guides him be z  infallible z 
y please1 he w /ill br+ x back to !     
inh]5t  imp]fection ( ?+s human by      
misread+ & misconceiv+ x4 ,t  ! law (   
,god is p]fect1 foll[s f ! v ?\ght (    
,god2 t  any p>ticul> exposition ( t law
 to f9ite m9ds ei!r is or c  be p]fect1 
is almo/1 or altoge!r1 a contradiction 9
 t]ms4 ,f>  f kn[+ all ab\t mod]n sy/ems
 ( ,botany1 ,moses did n ev5  "k all    
ab\t religion z ! lat] prophets knew2   
nor did !y  "k z we "k4 ,_! mission w\ld
 probably h be5 hidd5 r  ?an =w>d$1 _h  
!y be5 able to #8enunciate' sci5tific   
tru?s 9  advance ( _! age4 ,_! new views
 9 religion 7 (t5 r\ndly  abus$2 _! new 
views 9 sci5ce w\ld h>dly h escap$      
d5\nc+4    ,z a caution to ! unw>y1 x   
%\ld be rem>k$ t ! opposition  suppos$  

to exi/ betwe5 ,mr4 ,d>w9's phrase      
#8,natural ,selection1' &  ,mr4 ,h]b]t  
,sp5c]'s #8,survival ( ! ,fitte/1' is   
purely imag9>y4  ,! latt]1 no d\bt1 is !
 m philosophically accurate1 ! =m]  is a
 conv5i5t1 popul>1 & tell+ metaphor4 ,!y
 bo? express  ! same conception ( a l>ge
 & wond]ful gr\p ( facts4 ,p]haps  x w  
be sc>cely necess>y to caution ! unw>y  
aga9/ tak+  = grant$ t #8ve/igi=m       
/ructures are pro(s ( a typical         
=mation2' b if !y are1 !y prove t 9 !   
typical =mation  ( man a tail 0 includ$1
 :i* w\ld be su* a disgrace to !        
typical =mation z w\ld prev5t all wor?y 
& decor\sly-m9d$  p]sons f believ+ 9    
typical =mations = a mom5t4             
,,d>w9ism1 ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,v]tebrate4  
,sir1--,y\r amiable & e>ne/ correspond5t
 does n seem to  und]/& t m5 l ,d>w9 &  
,wallace1 :o h sp5t ye>s (  pati5t lab\r
 & ?\ght 9 amass+ obs]vations ( nature1 
&  gr\p+ toge!r ! facts out ( :i* _!    
!ories h be5  =m$1 h a "r to #8an air ( 
philosophical sup]iority1' if !y  *oose 

to display x1 :5 que/ions are ask$ or   
argum5ts put =w>d  :i* imply ignorance  
or misconception ( all !y h be5 do+ 9  !
 int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,wallace #8v
 coolly' ass]ts t  he sees no =ce 9 an  
argum5t1 x w z a rule be advisable = !  
argum5t ei!r to )draw itself f ! public 
gaze1 or get itself  /at$ a little m    
lucidly4 ,aga91 :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 #8ra%ly   
affirms  t he has di/9ct evid5ce' ( a   
?+1 x w\ld p]haps be a good  plan to get
 ! ,commission]s 9 ,lunacy to exam9e !  
a/oni%+  numb] ( h>d-head$ m5 :om he    
induces to believe 8 unf\nd$  ass]tion4 
,b n[ t ,i h prevail$ ) y\r correspond5t
 to give up  #8d5\nc+' ,d>w9ism1 ,i wi% 
fur!r to press ^u him ! advantage  (    
ceas+ to #8d5y' x1 &1 above all1 ( ceas+
 to d5y x )  any admixture ( religi\s   
phraseology 9 8 d5ial4 ,he has himself  
all[$ t sci5ces1 seem+ly mo/ at v>iance 
) ! language (  ,scripture1 h come to be
 reconcil$ ) x2 he mu/ see1 !re=e1  t ! 
appe>ances ( ,scriptural language c be  
no objection to  ,d>w9ism or to any o!r 

sci5tific !ory :atev]4 ,d>w9ism is      
f\nd$ on ! comp>ison ( an enorm\s numb] 
( well-asc]ta9$  facts issu+ 9 a few    
g5]alizations ( extreme importance if   
true1 b also ( consid]able importance1  
ev5 if f> %ort (  ! tru?4 ,e hypo!sis   
:i* w expla9 a l>ge numb] (  hi!rto     
disconnect$ facts1 ?\gh x may be 9      
itself errone\s1  helps & guides m5 9 ! 
end t[>ds ! true explanation4 ,to       
#8d5y1' or1 9 o!r words1 to make a      
public prote/ aga9/ su*  hypo!ses )\t   
hav+ any?+ bett] or equal1 or a t5? "p  
z good to (f] 9 _! /ead1 is to be a     
h9d]] ( sci5ce1 &1  in/ead ( be+ really 
pi\s & rev]5t1 is a v pretty1 ?\gh      
d\btless unconsci\s imitation ( t       
rhetoric :i*1 because ( !  ackn[l$g$    
difficulties 9 e =m ( religion1 #8d5ies'
 religion  altoge!r4    ,t y\r          
correspond5t does lay j a little t9y    
claim to  infallibility is cle> f ! v   
lett] 9 :i* he mode/ly  dis[ns x3 = he  
!re9 prays always to be enabl$ to ?9k & 
act  ab\t ! int]pretation ( ,scripture z

 he n[ ?9ks & acts1 :i*  w\ld be a      
fooli% pray]1 if 8 pres5t ?\ghts &      
actions might  possibly be wrong or     
misguid$4 ,& yet he diff]s f a v l>ge   
numb] ( div9es1 9 suppos+ t ! prophets1 
= in/ance1 knew  all t _! own prophecies
 port5d$2 s t if all ^? wor?y  div9es be
 "r 9 assum+ t ! inspir$ writ]s did n   
always  #8"k :at !y wrote ab\t1' !n y\r 
correspond5t1 :o makes !  contr>y       
supposition1 mu/ be wrong1--& !re w /ill
 be "s hope  = ,d>w9ism4    ,x is       
sc>cely fair to ask = space to answ] 8  
mom5t\s *all5ge  ab\t ! fir/ v]tebrate1 
or to expla9 ! ?or\ghly sceptical  =m   
:i* ! *all5ge assumes4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le    
,?omas said1  #8except ,i see ! pr9t ( !
 nails1 ,i w n believe1' he _h  no      
logical claim to receive ! pro( ( !     
resurrection :i* he  dem&$1 because a   
priori x w\ld h be5 q fair to suppose   
our ,"l's resurrection-body w\ld reta9  
no su* signs ( previ\s  outrage2 & x is 
a k9dr$ mi/ake to suppose t ! tru? (  ! 
developm5t-!ory 9 any way h+es ^u !     

possibility (  con/ruct+ an effigy ( !  
fir/ v]tebrate ei!r z x actually  01 or 
to suit an anti-,d>w9ian's notions ( :at
 x ought to h  be54 ,accord+ to !       
developm5t-!ory1 x mu/ h be5 !  product 
( innum]able antec$5t factors1 itself ! 
heir ( _m  f>-desc5d$ & (t5 modifi$     
*>act]s2 & yet1 = all t1 x  w probably h
 be5 a f> simpl] organism ?an ! simple/ 
mod]n  v]tebrate4 ,x is well kn[n by :at
 ins5sible gradations ! natural  k+doms 
& ! classes 9 ^? great divisions pass1 s
 to speak1  into "o ano!r2 x ne$1 !re=e1
 cause no surprise if ! prim>y          
v]tebrate ( all ! v]tebrates %\ld prove 
nei!r to h be5  fi%1 fle%1 f[l1 nor good
 r$ h]r+2 b = an actual specim5  ( a    
liv+ v]tebrate t c nei!r #8swim1 crawl1 
fly1 nor walk1'  ,i _c d bett] ?an ref] 
my philosophical oppon5t to a new-born  
baby4          ,,! ,,fir/ ,,v]tebrate1  
,,& ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,reason4          
,sir1--,aga9/ y\r correspond5t's        
pref]5ce = v]nacul> t]ms  may be set a  
rem>k by ,dr4 ,:ewell1 t #8! loose &    

infant9e  grasp ( common language _c    
hold objects /eadily en\gh =  sci5tific 
exam9ation1 or lift !m f "o /age (      
g5]alization  to ano!r4 ,!y mu/ be      
secur$ by ! rigid me*anism ( a          
sci5tific phraseology4' ,to say t #8!   
fir/ v]tebrate mu/ h  be5 ! product (   
innum]able antec$5t factors1' is1       
p]haps1 an  expression m puzzl+ ?an if  
"o m]ely said t #8its imm$iate          
prog5itors' 7 #8a s+le pair2' b !n x has
 ! advantage  ( be+ consid]ably m       
sugge/ive1 & a good deal m to !         
purpose4 ,among ^! #8factors' ( a liv+  
creature p>5ts commonly  f9d a          
place1--two p>5ts g5]ally2 9 "s cases1  
only "o2 9 "s  cases1 n ev5 "o1 if we   
are to believe ! advocates ( spontane\s 
g5]ation1 or ! /ill popul> view 9 reg>d 
to ! ,creation4 ,to  ! p>5tal factors ( 
any p>ticul> (fspr+ mu/ be add$ ^?  :i* 
are con/itut$ by food & climate & a     
multitude ( *anges  & *ances 9 ! :ole   
c\rse ( its exi/5ce4 ,"s *>act]s x  may 
d]ive f remote ance/ors1 transmitt$     

?r\gh1 ?\gh n  develop$ 91 its          
#8imm$iate prog5itors4' ,x is n[ =ty    
ye>s s9ce  two ,fr5* anatomi/s %[$ !    
possibility1 or ev5 probability1 (  a   
connection betwe5 ! mollusc\s cuttle-fi%
 & ! v]tebrate  type2 &1 consid]+ !     
prop5sity ( ! highe/ v]tebrate =        
p]petually squirt+ ink at ^? :o m$dle ) 
x1 mo/ read]s  ( controv]sy w ?9k !     
in/ance well select$4 ,^? :o wi%  to be 
told :at ! fir/ v]tebrate 0 probably l1 
%\ld fir/  accurately def9e :at !y mean 
by a v]tebrate4 ,is a jo9t$ backbone  ! 
only ess5tial8 ,& if s1 h[ _m v]tebr are
 ess5tially  requisite8 ,a creature )   
two v]tebr w\ld be z mu* a v]tebrate  z 
a creature ) ?ree4 ,:at %all we say1 !n1
 ( a creature  possess+1 if we may use !
 expression1 b a s+le v]tebra8 ,x  w\ld 
n h a jo9t$ backbone4 ,x w\ld n be a    
v]tebrate4 ,yet1  by ! simple           
multiplication ( simil> p>ts1 9         
accordance ) a  ?\s& analogies1 a       
v]tebrate c\ld be develop$ f x4 ,by !   
diff]5tiation ( ^! simil> p>ts1 :i* n   

only might foll[1  b mu/ foll[1 a great 
v>iety ( species c\ld easily be evolv$4 
,^? :o really take an int]e/ 9 !        
problems connect$ ) ?is  subject1 & ^:  
#8convictions' are n too /rong &        
absolute to be  sway$ by asc]ta9$ facts 
& logical reason+ w d well to /udy  !   
#8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4
 ,!y w !re see  by :at extraord9>ily    
simple gradations ! l[lie/ organisms are
  connect$ ) high] & ! highe/ =ms4 ,!y w
 !re f9d t  #8modification ( *>act]s' is
 a doctr9e less intricate ?an might  be 
suppos$1 ev5 if x _c be :olly expla9$ 9 
words ( "o  syllable4    ,if any        
intellig5t p]sons c disc]n ! undulatory 
!ory ( light  & ! mod]n sy/em ( botany 9
 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 no  "o w\ld wi%
 to compla9 ( _! +5uity1 unless !y      
propos$ to  support a p>ticul> !ory (   
inspiration by ^! discov]ies4 ,b  !n1 if
 ! !ories ( sci5ce are only #8!         
undulations ( human  op9ion1' x becomes 
necess>y to ask :y ! botanical          
undulation (  ! pres5t day is accept$ z 

a witness1 & ! ,d>w9ian undulation      
reject$4 ,_h ! fam\s ,pagan critic1 to  
:om y\r correspond5t  #8,r4 ,t4 ,e4'    
ref]s1 imag9$ ! s5t5ce1 #8,let !re be   
light1  & !re 0 light1' to be a         
sci5tific description in/ead ( a        
!ological "o1 we may feel sure t he w\ld
 h condemn$ x =  bomba/ in/ead ( prais+ 
x = its maje/y ( expression4 ,z x  is1  
he does n decl>e x to be ! sublime/     
s5t5ce ev] utt]$1  b rem>ks t #8!       
lawgiv] ( ! ,jews1 no common man1 hav+  
compreh5d$ ! p[] ( ! div9ity accord+ to 
! j conception  ( x1 unfold$ x agreeably
 !reto1' bo? 9 ?is & 9 ! p>allel        
phrase1 #8,let ! dry l& appe>1 & x 0 s4'
 ,t all ?+s :i*  are & :i* become1 bo?  
are :at !y are & become :at !y  become  
by ! simple fiat ( ! supreme ,god1 is a 
piece ( elem5t>y  philosophy & religion1
 :i*1 ,i conceive1 ,sir1 none ( y\r     
correspond5ts c h any wi% to dispute2 b 
t ! writ] (  ,g5esis anticipat$ by 8    
sci5tific k ! epo* ( ,cop]nicus  &      
,newton1 ,"y & ,fresnel1 ,l9nu1 ,de     

,jussieu & ,cuvi]1 is n  only n prov5 by
 ! few simple phrases ( 8 writ+s t h    
any?+ remotely to d ) ! bran*es ( sci5ce
 :i* !y s  nobly illu/rat$2 mu* m ?an   
?is1 x w\ld be a disgrace &  heavy      
imputation ^u him _h he kn[n all !y     
believ$1 & yet  express$ himself s badly
 z to leave ! _w = ?\s&s ( ye>s  9      
ignorance ( ! v g]ms ( ! true !ories1 s 
obscurely  t no "o %\ld ev] h dream$ t  
he 0 allud+ to ! true  !ories till aft] 
!y _h be5 indep5d5tly discov]$4    ,y\r 
correspond5t #8,xn' w f9d bo? 8 pleasure
 & 8 pr(it 9  read+ ! *apt] on ,in/9ct 9
 #8,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species4' ,x  w    
give him "s idea1 ,i say n1 h[ ! reason+
 faculty 0 fir/  acquir$1 b h[ x may h  
be5 gradually develop$4 ,by a c>eful    
/udy ( ! same "w he1 & _m o!rs :o ne$ ! 
k1 w  see t 9 accordance ) ,d>w9ism !   
det]ioration ( a species is  q possible4
 ,8 qua9tly express$ argum5t ab\t       
,adam's #8imm$iate  prog5itor' omits to 
notice t 9 ! moral _w x is a /ep  upw>d 
to become capable ( s9n+1 j z 9 !       

physical _w x  is a /ep upw>d to become 
capable ( dy+1 s t ! wret*$e/  man )    
reason is high] 9 ! scale ?an ! noble/  
dog1 & !  humble/ plant ?an ! co/lie/ & 
mo/ beautiful /one4 ,! o!r  difficulty  
:i* he puts =w>d ( an abrupt transition 
betwe5 !  fir/ man ) reason & ! p>5ts ( 
su* a man )\t reason is a  difficulty1 l
 t 9 reg>d to ! fir/ v]tebrate1 "o (    
words  r ?an ( facts4 ,z ) ! orig9 (    
language & ( languages1  z ) ! orig9 ( !
 natural k+doms & ( e individual =m  (  
life1 s ) ! orig9 ( reason2 c\ld we see 
! :ole s]ies (  /eps1 ) _! inf9itely    
num]\s & sometimes almo/ inf9itely  f9e 
& subtle po9ts ( discrim9ation1 we %\ld 
probably be unable  to fix ^u any "o    
def9ite division & say1 "h noise ends & 
articulate language beg9s2 or1 "h ,saxon
 ends & ,engli% beg9s2 or1  ?is is ! top
 ( in/9ct1 & ?is ! dawn ( reason4       
,,oy/]s ,,( ,,! ,,*alk1 ,,& ,,! ,,!ory  
,,( ,,developm5t4#fe      ,! int]e/+    
notice 9 y\r la/ numb]1 ( ,m4 ,coqu&'s  
#8,oy/]s (  ! ,*alk1' draws inf]5ces    

unfav\rable to ! !ory ( developm5t  or  
evolution :i* sc>cely seem w>rant$ by ! 
facts4 ,x ne$ n be  #8difficult to      
imag9e ! creature z exi/+ "u su*        
conditions1  t "o species1 :ile engag$ 9
 8! /ruggle = exi/5ce10 %\ld  />ve out &
 ext+ui% ano!r2' = h[ev] widely we may  
f9d  a fossil species disp]s$1 x is n   
probable t x occupi$ !  :ole ( its      
t]ritory at "o & ! same "t1 & 9 ! limit$
  area occupi$ imm$iately be=e its      
ext9ction1 new v>ieties may  h prevail$ 
ov] & displac$ ! old by "s slightly     
sup]ior  adaptation to ! food-supply ( !
 region4 ,! ext9ction (  any p>ticul>   
species may 9 "s in/ances h be5 due to !
  ext9ction1 or loss by o!r means1 ( its
 own appropriate food4  ,aga91 x is n   
necess>y to suppose t ! h+e1 or !       
int]nal  or ext]nal /ructure ( ! %ell ( 
an oy/]1 has be5 alt]$ by  :at may be   
call$ ! direct action ( #8natural       
selection1' s9ce by  ! well-e/abli%$    
pr9ciple ( #8correlation' ! v>iation 9  
"o  "p ( an organism is ne>ly or q c]ta9

 to produce v>iations  9 o!r p>ts4 #8,if
 any su* *ange did occur1' x is argu$1  
#8x mu/  h be5 p] saltum1 s9ce ) ^!     
mollusks1 num]\s z !y  are1 !re are no  
=ms t c fairly be recognis$ z           
transitional4'  ,b ?is appeal to !      
evid5ce ( facts is some:at premature4 ,!
  imm5se diff]5ce po9t$ out betwe5 !    
geological records (  ,engl& & ,france 9
 reg>d to ^! v oy/]s ( ! *alk1  leaves x
 p]fectly op5 = u to suppose t ev5 !    
comp>atively  full ,fr5* record is      
itself exce$+ly imp]fect1 & t !         
transitional =ms h ei!r n be5 pres]v$1  
or rema9 yet to be  discov]$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9
 gives reasons = believ+ t :5 v>iation  
once beg9s x cont9ues ) "s vig\r2 h5ce1 
betwe5 two settl$  wide-spread species  
connect$ g5ealogically toge!r we might  
expect a  l>ge numb] ( transitional     
v>ieties1 ea* repres5t$ by only a few   
individuals1 s t ! :ole numb] ( ^!      
transitional =ms might  well be lo/ to !
 g5ealogical record4    ,f9ally1 !      
objection f ! sc>city ( oy/]s at !      

pres5t  day1 comp>$ ) ! great abundance 
( species 9 ! pa/1 does  n really t\* ! 
!ory ( developm5t1 :i* is conc]n$ to    
expla9 h[ species come into exi/5ce1 n  
h[ !y g out ( x4  ,t v>ieties1 species1 
g5]a1 h be5 sup]s$$ or ext+ui%$1  )9    
long] or %ort] p]iods1 is a fact admitt$
 on all h&s4  ,! g5]al pr9ciple (       
natural selection w acc\nt = ?is 9  !   
r\gh1 ma9ta9+ z x does t fre% v>ieties1 
species1 &  g5]a bett] adapt$ to !      
surr\nd+ circum/ances h aris51  & by _! 
sup]ior adaptation unavoidably ou/$ !   
old] =ms4  ,digg+ d[n into ! records (  
hi/ory we f9d a "t :5 !  ,romans 7      
supreme 9 ! civiliz$ _w2 no two         
consecutive ye>s  ( ! int]val pres5t any
 rem>kable div]g5ce ( ! prevail+        
conditions1 yet n[ we may say ( t ,roman
 supremacy 9 ! civiliz$  _w1 t1 #8l !   
,ma/odon1 x is a ?+ ( ! pa/4'           
,torquay1 ,may #ad1 #ahgj4          ,,! 
,,ma!matical ,,te/ ,,( ,,natural        
,,selection4#ff      ,! s\l ( _m an     
anti-,d>w9ian w h be5 *e]$ by ,mr4 ,a4  

,w4  ,b5nett's pap] on #8,! ,!ory (     
,natural ,selection f a ,ma!matical     
,po9t ( ,view4' ,x is1 9 fact1 a v      
admirable piece ( special  plead+1 bas$ 
on a skilful assumption ( premisses :i*1
 to a  c>eless or biass$ obs]v]1 might  
seem indisputable4    ,! t5d5cy to      
v>iation is spok5 ( z some?+ v my/]i\s1 
(  :i* no adequate acc\nt has ev] yet   
be5 giv54 ,yet ! v simple  explanation  
is no bad "o1--t :]e two p>5ts are      
conc]n$ 9  ! production ( any (fspr+1 ! 
product 9 "p resembl+ ea*  ( ! produc]s 
mu/ ( necessity also 9 "p diff] f ea* ( 
!m4 ,betwe5 ! p>5ts !mselves1 ,mr4      
,h]b]t ,sp5c] has %[n  t diff]5ces ( age
 & ext]nal circum/ances w\ld ensure !   
requisite want ( resemblance 9 ! abs5ce 
( any o!r cause4    #8,! rigid te/ (    
ma!matical calculation' is !n appli$ to 
!  case ( mimetic butt]flies1 ) ! view (
 %[+ t !y c\ld  n h be5 produc$ simply  
accord+ to ! laws ( v>iation1           
inh]itance1 & natural selection4 ,9 !   
application ( ?is rigid  te/1 ! v fir/  

/ep is a p]fectly gratuit\s assumption1 
#8t  x w\ld require1 at ! v l[e/        
calculation1 "o ?\s& /eps  to enable !  
normal ,leptalis to put on its          
protective =m4' ,:o is  to prove t fifty
 diff]5ces w\ld be insuffici5t8 ,an     
int]val (  a ?\s& ye>s might be grant$ =
 e/abli%+ ea* "o ( ^!  v>iations4       
,suppose ev5 fifty ?\s&1 in/ead ( only  
fifty /eps1  to be necess>y1 x is ano!r 
gratuit\s assumption t #8! smalle/      
*ange 9 ! direction ( ! ,i?omia1 :i* we 
c conceive on any  hypo!sis to be       
b5eficial to ! ,leptalis1 is at ! v l[e/
  "o-fiftie? ( ! *ange requir$ to       
produce p]fect resemblance4'  ,h[ small 
a diff]5ce mu/ decide ! *oice made by a 
donkey plac$  equidi/ant betwe5 two     
bundles ( hay6 ,c]ta9ly1 !n1 a bird on !
  w+1 hav+ to *oose amid/ myriads (     
butt]flies1 may be det]m9$  by an almo/ 
inf9itesimal di/9ction4 ,fur!r1 ?\gh !  
:ole  *ange may be produc$ by an imm5se 
numb] ( small *anges1 x is n  necess>y  
to suppose t all ! *anges w be equally  

small4 ,x  is m]ely begg+ ! "q to assume
 t ! fir/ *ange c\ld  n possibly be l>ge
 en\gh to be ( any use4 ,& if x may be (
  use1 ! :ole ma!matical calculation1   
bas$ on its be+ useless1  breaks d[n f !
 beg9n+4 ,aga91 s9ce ! ,leptalis may h  
sp5t "o million ye>s 9 arriv+ at its    
pres5t lik5ess to !  pres5t ,i?omia1 x  
is impossible to ass]t t ! normal =ms  (
 ! two butt]flies 7 z wide ap>t at !    
beg9n+ ( t  p]iod z !y are at pres5t4 ,!
 mimicry hav+ once set 91 might be      
reta9$ by p>allel v>iations4 ,?is1      
inde$1 _c fail to be !  case1 if !      
protection is to be a la/+ "o2 = :5 !   
,i?omia  v>ies 9 outw>d appe>ance1      
unless ! ,leptalis v>ies 9 ! same       
direction1 ! resemblance w be lo/4 ,?is 
progressive mimicry  w\ld be m valuable 
?an an imitation 9 :i* no *anges        
occurr$1  s9ce ! enemies ( a mimetic    
species w\ld 9 "t become aw>e (  a fraud
 :i* _h no v>iations at its comm&1 z    
birds are said  n[-a-days to p\nce )\t  
hesitation ^u cat]pill>s :i* v  mu*     

resemble twigs#fg4 ,ev5 #8a r\gh        
imitation' may be useful 9 !  fir/      
in/ance1 & yet :5 ho/ile eyes h long be5
 ex]cis$1 &  h acquir$ great] & great]  
%>pness1 f9ally no?+ less ?an  absolute 
id5tity ( appe>ance may be ?or\ghly     
effective4 ,?us  ! p]fect+ ( !          
resemblance w be no #8m]e freak (       
,nature1'  nor %all we be #8l&$ 9 !     
dilemma t ! la/ /ages are  comp>atively 
useless' 9 ?is proc$ure4    ,! array (  
figures br\ght =w>d to prove t !        
,leptalis  c\ld n h made tw5ty /eps (   
v>iation 9 ! direction ( !  ,i?omia by  
*ance1 w\ld be mu* to ! purpose if any  
expon5t (  ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection 
_h ev] argu$ or suppos$ t  x c\ld4 ,!   
calculation takes x = grant$ t ! !ory is
  errone\s1 in/ead ( prov+ x to be 9    
error4 ,^u ?is assumption1  x might h   
be5 put f> m /rongly1 only t a /rong]   
way  ( putt+ x w\ld h borne on ! face ( 
x ! suspicion (  "s inh]5t fallacy4 ,x  
beg9s by suppos+ t !re are #8tw5ty      
diff]5t ways 9 :i* a ,leptalis may v>y1 

only "o ( ^! be+  9 ! direction         
ultimately requir$2' x might q z        
tru?fully1  or ev5 m s1 h said a ?\s&   
in/ead ( tw5ty1 & !n !  second /ep w\ld 
h giv5 ! *ance z only "o 9 a million1   
in/ead ( "o 9 f\r hundr$4 ,b :ile ! !ory
 ( ,natural  ,selection speaks ( num]\s 
m9ute useful v>iations1 ,mr4 ,b5nett  w 
n all[ t comb9ation ( t]ms4 ,let !m be  
num]\s &  m9ute1 if y w1 he says2 b if  
small1 !y _c be useful2 if  useful1 !y  
_c be small4 ,he claims to h ,mr4       
,d>w9's own ^w  = x1 t a l>ge v>iation  
w\ld n be p]man5t1 z ?\gh ,mr4  ,d>w9 _h
 said1 #8liv+ creatures h come to be :at
 !y are by  successive useful deviations
 ( /ructure p]man5tly propagat$1 b  no  
l>ge deviations are p]man5t1 & no small 
ones are useful4' ,x  is q obvi\s t 9 ! 
use ( relative t]ms1 su* z great &      
small1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 nei!r int5d$ to       
/ultify himself nor has done  s4 ,a ?+  
may be l>ge en\gh to be useful )\t be+  
l>ge z  comp>$ ) some?+ tw5ty times its 
own size2 & a man may be  said to h a   

huge bra9 9 a v small body1 al?\gh !    
body 9  solid cont5t f> exce$s ! bra94  
,:5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says t #8,natural        
,selection always acts ) extreme        
sl[ness'1 he does n imply t  its /eps   
mu/ !re=e be s num]\s z to be too small 
to conf]  any advantage4 ,?is w\ld be a 
contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,b ! /eps  may be 
exce$+ly small not)/&+1 & also sometimes
 sep>at$  by enorm\s int]vals ( "t f "o 
ano!r4    ,9 introduc+ 8 own explanation
 ( ?+s1 ,mr4 ,b5nett affirms t          
#8resemblances1 & resemblances ( ! mo/  
wond]ful & p]fect k9d'  9 ! vegetable   
k+dom1 #8are 9 no s5se mimetic or       
protective4' ,?is  may be s1 b x c h>dly
 be said to be prov$4 ,:5 he speaks (   
#8man's reason' hav+ #8assi/$ him s to  
modify 8 body z to adapt  himself to !  
circum/ances ) :i* he is surr\nd$1' &   
sugge/s  t ! in/9ct ( animals may h     
assi/$ !m also to modify  _! bodies by  
sl[ & gradual degrees to ! same purpose1
 x is  difficult to imag9e ! process    
int5d$1 & /ill m difficult to  see h[   

#8! sl[ & gradual degrees' w escape !   
rigid te/ (  ma!matical calculation :i* 
,mr4 ,b5nett has else:]e appli$2 =  if !
 /eps are great1 !y ought n to be       
p]man5t2 & if small1  !y ought n to be  
useful4 ,a !ory :i* makes x possible = a
  bee to #8modify its proboscis' by     
in/9ct1 or = a man to treat 8  nose 9 ! 
same mann] by reason1 seems h>d] (      
dige/ion ?an !  ,d>w9ian4    ,torquay1  
,nov4 #ab1 #ahgj4          ,,! ,,g5esis 
,,( ,,species4      ,a review 9         
#8,nature1' by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,b5nett1 (  
,mr4 ,miv>t's #8,g5esis (  ,species1'   
conta9s ! foll[+ passage3--    #8,x     
behoves1 !re=e1 e ,d>w9ian to satisfy   
himself t ei!r  ,mr4 ,miv>t's premisses 
or 8 l9e ( argum5t is uns\nd4    #8,!   
objections br\ght =w>d by ! au?or are   
summ$ up z  foll[s3--7#a7 ,t ,natural   
,selection is incompet5t to acc\nt = !  
incipi5t /ages ( useful /ructures4 7#b7 
,t x does n h>monize  ) ! coexi/5ce (   
closely simil> /ructures ( div]se orig94
  7#c7 ,t !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t       

specific diff]5ces may  be develop$     
sudd5ly in/ead ( gradually4 7#d7 ,t !   
op9ion t  species h def9ite ?\gh diff]5t
 limits to _! v>iability is  /ill       
t5able4 7#e7 ,t c]ta9 fossil            
transitional =ms are abs5t  :i* might h 
be5 expect$ to be pres5t4 7#f7 ,t "s    
facts (  geological di/ribution         
supplem5t o!r difficulties4 7#g7 ,t !   
objection drawn f ! physiological       
diff]5ce betwe5 8species0  & 8races0    
/ill exi/s unrefut$4 7#h7 ,t !re are _m 
rem>kable  ph5om5a 9 organic =ms ^u :i* 
,natural ,selection ?r[s no  light      
:atev]1 b ! explanations ( :i*1 if !y   
c\ld be  atta9$1 might ?r[ light ^u     
specific orig9ation4    #8,if ^!        
objections are n new1 !y are at lea/    
su/a9$ by new  argum5ts4 ,!y are        
evid5tly ( v unequal value4 ,! ?ird is v
  difficult ( pro( or dispro(4 ,! fif?  
may be true 9 our pres5t  /ate ( k1 b   
w\ld be v unsafe by itself z ! basis (  
an argum5t4 ,! fir/1 second1 & eigh? are
 ( greate/ value1 &  are ^? :i* ,mr4    

,miv>t has mo/ closely work$ out#fh4'   
,! review conta9+ ! above passage did n 
appe> till !  pres5t volume 0 on ! v eve
 ( publication4 ,ev5 a ha/y glance  at  
,mr4 ,miv>t's book is suffici5t to %[ t 
,mr4 ,b5nett has n  ov]-e/imat$ its     
importance & value4 ,x is sc>cely       
possible "h  to d m ?an make a few      
reflections ^u its g5]al scope1 9 reply 
to ! *all5ge (f]$ to ,d>w9ians4 ,! fir/ 
objection1 z x  /&s 9 ! summ>y1 we>s !  
appe>ance ( a misconception4 ,x is      
almo/ c]ta9 to produce "o4 ,:5 ,mr4     
,d>w9 attributes ! orig9  ( species to  
,natural ,selection1 he includes        
expressly1 & :]e n  expressly1 by obvi\s
 implication1 ! pr9ciple ( ,v>iability4 
,he  nev] ma9ta9s t ! fir/ or any       
subsequ5t /age ( a useful  /ructure c be
 produc$ by ,natural ,selection4        
,natural ,selection  only op]ates to    
pres]ve4 ,)\t ,v>iation x w\ld h no     
sph]e  9 :i* to op]ate1 s t f "o po9t ( 
view ,mr4 ,d>w9 may  be said to         
attribute ! orig9 ( species to ,v>iation

 r ?an  ,natural ,selection4 ,he is1    
moreov]1 f> f ignor+ ! influ5ce  ( o!r  
pr9ciples1 su* z ,inh]itance1 ,rev]sion1
 & ,correlation1  ^u ! total result4 ,he
 may be ?\ght inconsi/5t ) himself 9    
lay+ /ress at times ^u ! m9ut5ess ( !   
v>iations :i* he  supposes to h sl[ly   
accumulat$ into specific diff]5ces1 & at
  o!r times admitt+ ! sudd5 appe>ance ( 
v>iations :i* may  be consid]$ z l>ge   
ones1 & :i* are c]ta9ly /rik+4 ,b 9  !  
fir/ in/ance ! great & almo/ ov]:elm+   
difficulty 0 to  induce a belief t =ms  
specifically diff]5t c\ld be connect$  )
 "o ano!r by desc5t4 ,by %[+ t a        
multitude ( small  diff]5ces accumulat$ 
w\ld make a l>ge total diff]5ce1 he made
  z x 7 a bridge = ! exi/+ incr$ulity4  
,x n[ appe>s t  ! gulf may be pass$ )   
easy /rides in/ead ( ! little sl[  /eps 
at fir/ ?\ght necess>y4 ,?is =tifies !  
doctr9e ( !  ,transmutation ( ,species1 
9 proportion z !re are few] #8miss+     
l9ks1' few] transitional =ms t ne$ to be
 acc\nt$ =4    ,( #8! coexi/5ce (       

closely simil> /ructures ( div]se       
orig91'  illu/rat$ s =cibly by ! in/ance
 ( ! eye1 #89 at lea/  ?ree indep5d5t   
l9es ( desc5t1 ! ,mollusca1 ! ,annulosa1
 &  ! ,v]tebrata1' x c sc>cely be d5i$ t
 ,natural ,selection  alone w\ld be an  
inadequate explanation4 ,b "h aga9 x    
%\ld  be obs]v$ t ,d>w9ism does n       
attribute ev]y?+ to ,natural            
,selection4 ,x assumes1 :at mu/ be      
all[$1 t v>iations occur4 ,9  ob$i5ce to
 :at laws ^? v>iations !mselves are     
produc$ is an  int]e/+ speculation1 & a 
mo/ important subject ( inquiry4 ,t  su*
 laws or conditions ( ,v>iation exi/ no 
"o c d\bt1 unless he  has be5 s$uc$ by  
,ovidian metamorphoses to believe 9     
trees ble$+  human blood & human =eheads
 bran*+ ) ! antl]s ( ! /ag4  ,a k ( ^?  
conditions might fully expla9 !         
coexi/5ce (  simil> /ructures ( div]se  
orig91 consi/5tly ) ! pr9ciple  (       
,natural ,selection4 ,! ignorance ( !m  
is sc>cely a pro( t  su* coexi/5ce does 
n h>monize ) x4    ,! objection t       

giraffes1 :i* pr(it$ by long necks 9 a  
"t  ( dr\ght1 w\ld f9d !m a disadvantage
 subsequ5tly1 z requir+  a greatly      
increas$ size & /r5g? ( muscles to      
support !m1  ov]looks ! law (           
correlation1 by assum+ t ! elongat$ neck
  w\ld be out ( proportion to ! o!r     
conditions ( ! creature's  fabric4      
,mr4 ,miv>t's f\r? objection seems at   
lea/ an extremely improbable  op9ion4   
,he ref]s to ,mr4 ,d>w9's expression1 t 
! goose appe>s  to h a highly inflexible
 organization1 z if he himself ?\ght  x 
possible = a species at l5g? to atta9 to
 an organization  completely inflexible4
 ,su* a view w\ld imply two p>5ts       
exactly l  "o ano!r1 produc+ (fspr+     
exactly l !mselves2 & ( su*  exact      
lik5esses no kn[n families af=d         
examples4    ,! sev5? objection recalls 
! /ill unexpla9$ physiological  diff]5ce
 betwe5 #8species' & #8races1' unions   
betwe5 ! =m]  be+ /]ile1 & betwe5 !     
latt] f]tile4 ,9 ?is bran* ( !  subject 
!re is mu* scope /ill = inquiry4 ,"s ( !

 difficulty  may be due to a trick play$
 u by language4 ,true species h be5     
def9$ to be ^? t are n f]tile toge!r2 & 
f !  def9ition x foll[s t races :i* are 
f]tile toge!r are  n true species4 ,b ! 
"q is obscur$ by ! use ( ! two  diff]5t 
words #8races' & #8species1' ! real     
issue be+1 :e!r  races t are & races t  
are n f]tile toge!r c orig9ate  9 ! same
 way4 ,! subject 9 its o!r be>+s has be5
 l>gely  discuss$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 8 "w  
on #8,animals & ,plants "u              
,dome/ication4'    ,x rema9s only to say
 a few words on ! argum5t f !           
calculation  ( *ances :i* is suppos$ to 
r$uce ! survival by natural  selection (
 any p>ticul> useful v>iation almo/ or  
altoge!r to  an ari?metical             
impossibility4 #8,! advantage1' we are  
told1 #8:atev]  x may be1 is utt]ly     
outbalanc$ by num]ical inf]iority4 ,a   
million  creatures are born3 t5 ?\s&    
survive to produce (fspr+4 ,"o (  !     
million has twice z good a *ance z any  
o!r ( surviv+3 b  ! *ances are fifty to 

"o aga9/ ! gift$ individual's be+  "o ( 
! hundr$ survivors4 ,no d\bt ! *ances   
are twice z great  aga9/ any "o o!r     
individual1 b ?is does n prev5t _!  be+ 
enorm\sly 9 fav\r ( "s av]age           
individual#fi4' ,9 ?is  calculation x   
seems to be ov]look$ t e individual w   
v>y  m or less1 & t out ( a million     
v>iations !re is a v  great probability 
t "o %\ld give mu* m ?an ! am\nt (      
advantage :i* ! calculation supposes4   
,nor does x foll[ t a  v>iation conf]r+ 
great advantage 9 ! /ruggle = life %\ld 
be  great 9 comp>ison ) a creature's    
g5]al organization4 ,!re is  a v        
probable alt]native1 t :5 ! advantages  
are exce$+ly  slight !y may be %>$ by a 
great _m1 & t :5 fall+ to  ! lot ( only 
"o or a few1 !y may be exce$+ly         
important4 ,!  doctr9es ( rev]sion &    
inh]itance are press$ into ! s]vice  ( !
 ari?metical argum5t to %[ t ! acquir$  
advantage  w\ld be gradually dim9i%$ &  
f9ally lo/4 ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells  u t1   
#8:5 a new "* appe>s1 x is occasionally 

f !  fir/ well-fix$#gj4' ,! *ances ^u "o
 pr9ciple t a "*  w n be transmitt$ are 
n wor? consid]ation1 if1 "u !  op]ation 
( "s o!r pr9ciple kn[n or unkn[n1 !     
transmission  ( ! "* actually takes     
place4 ,we are ask$ :e!r "o :ite  man1  
introduc$ into an isl& o!rwise inhabit$ 
only by negroes1  w\ld be likely to give
 ! :ole isl& ev5tually a :ite1 or ev5  a
 yell[1 population4 ,)\t try+ !         
exp]im5t1 we may p]haps  safely answ] 9 
! negative4 ,b ! illu/ration loses mu*  
or all  ( its po9t1 :5 we consid] h[    
little ! circum/ances ( !  exp]im5t w\ld
 correspond ) :at ord9>ily happ5s 9     
nature1  h[ little we "k :e!r ! :ite    
man's col\r w\ld be really an  advantage
 or ! rev]se1 & h[ complicat$ are !     
diff]5ces  betwe5 a :ite man & a negro4 
,if ! blackness ( ! negro be due  to    
,natural ,selection 9 any consid]able   
degree1 we %\ld expect x to  suit !     
conditions :i* surr\nd him 9 8 native   
habitation bett]  ?an a :ite sk9 w\ld d4
 ,9 ?is case ! pallor introduc$ into !  

bre$ by a solit>y /rang] w\ld gradually 
disappe> 9 ob$i5ce  to ! pr9ciples (    
,natural ,selection1 n 9 opposition to  
!m4 ,to  take once m ! in/ance ( !      
giraffe2 ! useful v>iation is  "h by    
hypo!sis an elongat$ neck2 x is         
conceivable t out (  l>ge h]ds ! few    
survivors ( a dr\ght might be           
exclusively su* z  possess$ ?is         
advantage to "s ext5t4 ,^! w\ld probably
 transmit  to a l>ge majority ( _!      
desc5dants ! t5d5cy to v>y 9 a  giv5    
direction :i* !y _h !mselves all m or   
less exhibit$4  ,_! prog5y1 moreov]1    
w\ld be plac$ 9 exceptionally fav\rable 
circum/ances by ! v fact t 9 ! previ\s  
dr\ght s _m (  ! same species _h be5    
/>v$ to dea?1 :o w\ld o!rwise h  furni%$
 _! *ief competitors 9 ! /ruggle =      
exi/5ce4 ,x  is /ill object$ t ^u ?is   
supposition _m o!r animals ought  to h  
acquir$ giraffe-l necks4 ,b su* an      
expectation is f>  f be+ w>rant$ by !   
pr9ciples ( ,natural ,selection4 ,s9ce  
all v>iations are pot5tially useful1 b  

only ^? are pres]v$  :i* suit ! surr\nd+
 conditions among :i* !y are exhibit$1  
! calculation ( *ances w itself plead = 
! probability t  a v>iety ( v>iations w 
be pres]v$1 r ?an ! same _m  times ov]4 
,o!r species compet+ ) ! giraffe = food 
w\ld  be little likely to ga9 an        
advantage ov] x by a slight increase 9  
l5g? ( neck1 ?\gh by o!r v>iations !y   
might a*ieve a decid$  sup]iority4 ,x is
 obvi\s1 also1 t ! advantage assign$ to 
!  elongat$ neck w\ld belong to _m o!r  
possible v>iations1 su* z  a l5g!n$     
proboscis1 f>-rea*+ arms1 ! climb+ p[]s 
( !  snake or ! monkey1 ! flight ( !    
bird or ! insect2 all ( :i*  may be due 
to ,natural ,selection & ! subsidi>y    
pr9ciples :i* !  !ory ( ,developm5t     
embraces4    ,! call+ 9 ( subsidi>y     
pr9ciples may be ?\ght to spoil !  boa/$
 simplicity ( ! !ory4 ,b su* an op9ion  
is hyp]critical4  ,"o might tru?fully   
say ( a great patriot t all he did 0 9  
ob$i5ce to ! simple law ( duty1 )\t     
imply+ t he 0  exempt f ! law (         

association ( ideas1 or indep5d5t ( !   
me*anical1 *emical1 & vital laws :i*    
regulate _m ( !  functions ( all human  
be+s alike4          ,,footnotes4       
#a ,^! pap]s 7 read at v>i\s dates      
betwe5 ,febru>y #ahfi &  ,janu>y #ahga1 
be=e ! ,torquay ,natural ,hi/ory        
,society4    #b ,read be=e ! ,devon%ire 
,association1 ,july #ahgj4    #c        
,horace1 ,odes1 ,i4 xvi4 #ac3--         
,f]tur ,prome!us add]e pr9cipi          
,limo coactus p>ticulam undique         
,desectam1 et insani leonis             
,vim /oma*o apposuisse no/ro4      #d   
,lyell1 #8,pr9ciples ( ,geology1' vol4  
ii4 p4 #cbd4 ,t5? ,edition4    #e ,d>w91
 #8,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1'
 vol4 ii4 p4 #bea4    #f #a1jgc1gda1hbd 
gra9s4    #g #8,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1'
 p4 #gd4 ,f\r? ,edition4    #h ,d>w91   
#8,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1' 
vol4 ii4 p4 #cgi4    #i #cg dwts4 #g    
grs41 or #hie grs41 betwe5 sev5 & eight 
times !  size ( ! wild fruit4 ,see      
#8,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1' 

vol4 i4 p4 #cef4    #aj ,d>w91          
#8,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1' 
passim4    #aa #8,animals & ,plants "u  
,dome/ication1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #cdh-cea4  
#ab ,an important caution may "h be     
quot$ f ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4  #8,an      
impression1' he says1 #8has be5 giv5 by 
^? :o h popul>iz$  ! s5tim5ts (         
,embryologi/s1 t1 dur+ its developm5t1  
ea*  high] organism passes ?r\gh /ages 9
 :i* x resembles ! adult  =ms ( l[]     
organisms--t ! embryo ( a man is at "o  
"t l  a fi%1 & at ano!r "t l a reptile4 
,?is is n ! fact4 ,!  fact e/abli%$ is1 
t up to a c]ta9 po9t ! embryos ( a man  
& a fi% cont9ue simil>1 & t !n diff]5ces
 beg9 to appe>  & increase--! "o embryo 
approa*+ m & m t[>ds ! =m  ( a fi%2 !   
o!r div]g+ f x m & m4 ,& s ) !          
resemblances to ! m advanc$             
types4'--,pr9ciples ( ,biology1  vol4 i4
 p4 #adc4    #ac #8,orig9 ( ,species1'  
p4 #bgj4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 %[s h[ ! hexagonal  
cells ( ! hive-bee c h aris5 f ! simple 
cyl9drical =m1  by br++ ! cyl9d]s       

suffici5tly ne> toge!r1 s t _!  outl9es1
 if complet$1 w\ld int]sect4    ,!      
humble-bee makes sep>ate & v irregul>   
r\nd$ cells4    ,! melipona dome/ica    
makes cells t are ne>ly sph]ical1 b too 
ne> toge!r = ! sph]es to be complete1   
flat walls ( wax be+  built :]e !y t5d  
to int]sect4    ,a little extra         
regul>ity1 advantage\s = ! sav+ ( wax & 
lab\r1 w\ld produce ! symmetrical comb (
 ! hive-bee ) its two  lay]s ( hexagonal
 prisms4    #ad ,see #8,pr9ciples (     
,biology1' vol4 i4 pp4 #dbh-dca4    #ae 
#8,orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #bac2          
#8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' vol4 i4 pp4   
#cib1 #cid4 ,! walk+-fi%es ( ,india & ! 
mud-fi%es ( ,ceylon  & ,new ,zeal& are  
describ$ 9 an int]e/+ article by ,dr4   
,day (  ,torquay1 9 #8,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd'
 = ,june #aa?1 #ahgj4 ,dr4 ,day seems to
  ?9k ! climb+ p[]s ( ! anabas sc&5s    
less satisfactorily  atte/$ ?an o!r     
attributes ( ^! extraord9>y gr\ps4      
#af ,c>p5t]1 #8,animal ,physiology1'    
*ap4 #ad4    #ag ,! design ( ?is ,essay 

0 n1 z has be5 errone\sly  suppos$1 to  
disprove ! univ]sality ( ! ,deluge by   
help (  ,d>w9ism1 b to remove "o great  
ob/acle to ! g5]al acceptance  (        
,d>w9ism by disprov+ ! univ]sality ( !  
,deluge4 ,tak+ !  ,!ory ( ,developm5t = 
grant$1 a rec5t univ]sal ,deluge w\ld be
  too obvi\sly impossible to ne$ argu+  
aga9/4    #ah ,lyell1 #8,pr9ciples (    
,geology1' ii4 #ccb4    #ai ,ibid4 ii4  
#cdd4    #bj ,lyell1 ii4 #ccf4    #ba   
#8,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1' vol4 ii4 p4   
#ddh4    #bb #8,g5esis ( ! ,e>? & (     
,man1' p4 #aag2 quot$ 9 ,sir ,j4        
,lubbock's #8,prehi/oric ,times1' p4    
#cad4    #bc ,a religi\s & supremely    
or?odox poet ( ! la/ c5tury  enquires1  
#8,:]e is ! du/ t has n be5             
alive8'--,"y1 #8,night  ,?\ghts1' ,night
 ,,ix1 #a4 #hg4    #bd #8,mu%rooms &    
,toad/ools4'--,wor?+ton ,g4 ,smi?1 p4   
#ag4    #be #8,g5esis ( ! ,e>? & (      
,man1' pp4 #aac1 #aad4    #bf ,g5esis1  
*ap4 xi4    #bg ,sir ,john ,lubbock1    
#8,prehi/oric ,times1' pp4 #cch1 #cdf1  

#deb2  ,h]odotus1 iv4 #bf4    #bh ,see  
,mill's #8,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,india1'    
book ii4 *4 i4 & notes4    #bi          
#8,prehi/oric ,man1' ,dr4 ,daniel       
,wilson1 p4 #aja4    #cj #8,! ,daught] (
 ,galileo1' by ! au?or ( #8,m>y ,p[ell1'
 p4 #bhc4    #ca #8,orig9 ( ,species1'  
p4 #bfh4    #cb #8,good ,words = ! ,"y1'
 ,june #ahgj4 ,animal ,def5ces4 ,by ,a4 
,w4  ,drayson4    #cc ,wallace1         
#8,essays on ,natural ,selection1' p4   
#bbg4    #cd #8,! ,spectator1' ,no4     
#abj4    #ce #8,spectator1' ,no4 #aba4  
#cf ,nos4 #aef1 #aeg4    #cg            
#8,spectator1' ,no4 #eai4    #ch        
#8,natural ,hi/ory1'  #ihe4 #8,x is a   
common exp]i5ce t dogs  "k ! dog-kill]2 
:51 z 9 times ( infection1 "s petty     
fell[  is s5t out to kill ! dogs2 & t   
?\gh !y h nev] se5 him  be=e1 yet !y w  
all come =?1 & b>k & fly at him4'    #ci
 ,see #8,knight's ,half-,h\rs ) ! ,be/  
,au?ors4' ,no4 #ahe3 f  #8,! ,fool (    
,quality4'    #dj #8,essays on ,natural 
,selection1' p4 #bdh4    #da ,ibid4 p4  

#abh4    #db ,?is ,essay 0 orig9ally    
prep>$ z a s]mon = ,tr9ity  ,sunday4 ,= 
! text 7 quot$ ! well-kn[n words ( #b   
,pet] ii4  #af1 #8,! dumb ass1 speak+ ) 
man's voice1 =bad ! madness (  !        
prophet4' ,! design 0 to %[ t "s ( ! mo/
 unpopul>  novelties 9 sci5tific op9ion 
bore no necess>y antagonism to !  deepe/
 my/]ies ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,9 reg>d to
 su* an attempt  x is p]haps ne$less to 
add t ! k9dl9ess ( ! design 0 n  fully  
appreciat$ by ^? = ^: b5efit x 0 int5d$4
    #dc ,z 9 ! inscription #8,jehu1 !   
son ( ,omri1' ref]r$ to by ,"l  ,a4 ,c4 
,h]vey1 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1    
,art4 #8,g5ealogy4'    #dd ,smi?'s      
,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,art4 #8,g5ealogy
 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1'  ,"l ,a4 ,c4 ,h]vey1  
ref]r+ to ,dr4 ,mill4 ,comp>e also      
,h5g/5b]g1  ,g5u95ess ( ! ,p5tateu*1    
vol4 ii4 p4 #bid1 ,translation1 #ahdg4  
#de ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock1 #8,prehi/oric    
,times1' p4 #ejb1 second edition4    #df
 ,ibid4 p4 #bbc4    #dg ,ibid4 p4 #bcc4 
#dh ,see *apt] on ,m>riage1 9 ,sir ,j4  

,lubbock's #8,orig9 (  ,civilization4'  
#di ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock1 #8,prehi/oric    
,times1' p4 #chj2 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1      
#8,antiquity ( ,man1' p4 #bg4    #ej    
,lyell1 #8,elem5ts ( ,geology1' p4 #aah1
 ed4 #ahfe4    #ea ,messrs4 ,p5gelly &  
,vivian1 resid5t at ,torquay1 act+      
memb]s  ( ! di/+ui%$ committee (        
exploration4    #eb ,see ,reports (     
,briti% ,association1 #ahfh1 p4 #eg1 &  
#ahfi1 p4 #aii1  by ,w4 ,p5gelly1 ,esq41
 ,f4,r4,s4    #ec ,?is is ! popul> "n = 
!m4 ,!y d n petrify !  specim5s plac$ 9 
!m1 b only coat !m ) /alagmite4    #ed  
,! resum+ process has n yet be5 adopt$  
by ! mod]n  ,fuegians1 = ,dr4 ,hook]    
in=ms u t at ! extreme s\? (  ,ti]ra del
 ,fuego1 & 9 mid-w9t]1 he has (t5 se5 ! 
m5 ly+  asleep 9 _! wigwams1 )\t a scrap
 ( clo?+1 & ! wom5  /&+ nak$1 & "s )    
*ildr5 at _! brea/s1 9 ! wat]  up to _! 
middles ga!r+ limpets & o!r %ell fi%1   
:ile !  sn[ fell ?ickly on !m & on _!   
equally nak$ babies4'--,sir  ,j4        
,lubbock1 #8,prehi/oric ,times1' p4     

#ecb4 ,j]ome decl>es t he _h  himself   
se5 ! ,attacotti1 a ,briti% tribe1 eat+ 
human fle%4  ,see ,gibbon 7vol4 iii4 p4 
#bgj1 ed4 #ahed71 :o 9 sev]al passages  
ref]s to ! practice among v>i\s ,briti% 
tribes ( go+ nak$1  especially 9 w>1    
cit+ ,appian1 ,ammianus1 & ,giraldus    
,cambr5sis  z 8 au?orities = ,briti%    
cu/oms4 ,x w be rememb]$ t  ,cs> speaks 
ev5 ( ! ,s\!rn ,britons z fight+        
#8omnibus membris  exp$iti4'    #ee     
#8,report ( ,briti% ,association1       
#ahfi1' p4 #bja4    #ef ,nov4 #ba1      
#ahgj4    #eg ,a =mation lat] ?an !     
,devonian1 & e>li] ?an ! ,new ,r$       
,s&/one4    #eh ,revelation x4 #f1      
,au?oris$ ,v]sion4    #ei ,see ,mr4     
,p5gelly's pap] on ! subject 9 !        
,transactions ( !  ,devon%ire           
,association = #ahfh4    #fj #8,acadian 
,geology1' ,dawson1 p4 #chf4    #fa ,see
 #8,lecture on ,coal1' by ,w4 ,boyd     
,dawk9s1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4       
,man*e/]1 #ahgj4    #fb ,address to !   
,briti% ,association1 #ahfh1 p4 #ff ( ! 

,report4    #fc ,9 ! ,collection ( ,w4  
,p5gelly1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4    #fd ,?is &
 ! ?ree foll[+ lett]s 7 orig9ally       
address$ to  ! ,editor ( ! ,torquay     
,directory1 9 answ] to a g5tleman :o1  9
 company ) l>ge multitudes ( 8          
fell[-,britons1 bo? male &  female1     
holds & ^u occasion upholds a mass (    
op9ions on ,sci5ce  & ,religion1 any "o 
( :i* op9ions individually may be "r or 
may be wrong1 b :i*1 :5 held            
collectively1 seem to my humble  und]/&+
 to be logically incoh]5t4    #fe       
,repr9t$ f #8,nature1' ,no4 #cj4    #ff 
,repr9t$ f #8,nature1' ,no4 #ef4    #fg 
,apply+ to ^! cat]pill>s ,mr4 ,a        
,murray's rec5t hypo!sis  = expla9+     
#8mimicry' by hybridization1 we %\ld    
draw ! poetical  inf]5ce t a happy      
m>riage is possible betwe5 a butt]fly & 
a  rose-bu%4    #fh #8,nature1' ,no4    
#ff4    #fi #8,g5esis ( ,species1' p4   
#eg1 quotation 7some:at obscure z x     
/&s7 f ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,june1 
#ahfg4    #gj #8,animals & ,plants "u   

,dome/ication1' vol4 ii4 p4 #fc4        
,,index4        ,abiog5esis1 note on    
hypo!sis (1 #abf-acb4      ,addison1 8  
op9ion ab\t ,in/9ct1 #ga2      8        
description ( ! brood-h51 #gb2      8   
acc\nt ( a h5 ) brood ( ducks1 #gc2     
on ! ins5sible gradations ( species1    
#gd4      ,african des]t1 geological    
evid5ce (1 #abb4      ,anabas sc&5s1 its
 climb+ p[]s1 #bh2      ,dr4 ,day's     
op9ion !reon1 #bh1 note4      ,&rocles1 
/ory (1 #hb4      ,animal m\nds1 (      
,wiscons91 #aje4      ,ants1 slave-mak+1
 #bi1 #fi2      ,fr5* philosoph]'s      
acc\nt (1 #gc4      ,artificial         
selection1 "p ( ,natural selection1 #af4
        ,baboons1 w>f>e (1 #fi4         
,bacon1 ,"l1 8 /atem5t ab\t dogs1 #ge4  
,b>b>ism1 "t requir$ = developm5t (1    
#eg4      ,bees1 progress (1 9          
cell-mak+1 #be2      _! accuracy        
ov]rat$1 #fi1 #hf4      ,b5nett1 ,mr4   
,a4 ,w41 ,ma!matical te/ appli$ by1     
#afh2      ,review by1 #agc4            
,birds' ne/s1 reason+ p[]s employ$ 9    

con/ruction (1 #fi1 #hf2      comp>$ )  
human dwell+s1 #gj2      use ( human    
manufactures 91 #ga4      ,briti%       
,association1 exploration ( ,k5t's cav]n
 by1 #aji4      ,britons1 anci5t1       
condition (1 #aaa4      ,brookes1 ,h5ry1
 /ory ( a lion quot$ f1 #gf4            
,brutes1 man's treatm5t (1 #aa1 #ij2    
op9ion t ,god is ! s\l (1 #ga2          
comp>$ ) m51 #gd2      _! moral         
qualities1 #ge1 #hh2      _! laws &     
con/itutions1 #gg2      _! p]ceptions & 
emotions1 #hj2      language ( scripture
 ab\t1 #hd2      motives ( pleasure &   
pa9 appli$ to1 #hh2      *ildr5 comp>$  
)1 #hi4        ,cannibalism1 #eg2      (
 ,briti% tribes1 #aab4      ,cat]pill>s1
 resembl+ twigs1 #agj4      ,*alk1      
cont9u\s =mation (1 #aag4               
,civilization1 its dep5d5ce on language 
& ! art ( writ+1 #hh4                   
,coal-measures1 #aai-aba1 #adj4         
,columbus1 8 op9ion ( ! e>?'s sph]ical  
=m condemn$1          #fj1 #adh4        
,coqu&'s ,oy/]s ( ! ,*alk1 ,pr(essor    

,fl[]'s review          (1 #ade1 #afe4  
,correlation1 #ag1 #aff1 #agf4          
,creation1 sudd51 n reconcilable ) !    
ord] ( nature1 #be2      !ories (1      
comp>$1 #cb2      prejudice 9 fav\r (   
its sudd5ness1 #fc1 #fd2      ,biblical 
!ory (1 #abi4      ,creations1 _m       
di/9ct1 n w>rant$ by scripture or       
sci5ce1          #bj1 #aaf1 #ace2       
special1 = special localities1 unt5able1
 #ba4        ,danes1 anci5t1 food &     
weapons (1 #ajd4      ,d>w91 8 acc\nt ( 
! developm5t ( 8 !ory1 #d2      8       
calculation ab\t elephants1 #ac2        
allusion to 8 !ory ( ,pang5esis1 #cc2   
8 explanation ( ! fauna & flora (       
m\nta9-tops1 #df2      8 acc\nt (       
slave-mak+ ants1 #fi2      8 treatm5t ( 
geology1 #acd2      8 *apt] on in/9ct1  
#afc4      ,d>w9ism1 #c-cc2             
obscurely anticipat$1 #b2      its      
support]s1 #c2      prejudice aga9/1 #d1
 #aeb2      its be>+ on ! seem+         
imp]fection ( nature1 #bd2              
inconsi/5t ) a rec5t univ]sal deluge1   

#ca1 #cd4      ,dawk9s1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,boyd1 
lecture on coal by1 #adc4      ,dawson1 
,dr41 ,acadian ,geology1 #abj1 #adj4    
,day1 ,dr41 pap] by1 on ! ,mud-fi% &    
,anabas sc&5s1 #bh4      ,d5udation1    
#adc4      ,deucalion's ,flood1 argum5t 
f rebutt$1 #aej4      ,developm5t1 !ory 
(1 by :om orig9at$ & support$1 #d2      
op9ion ( its absurdity1 #f2      facts &
 pr9ciples necess>y to1 7v>iation1 #g2  
,inh]itance & ,rev]sion1 #i2            
/ruggle = life1 #aa2        antiquity ( 
! globe1 #cj2        fre$om ( ! globe f 
any rec5t univ]sal cata/rophe1 #ca72    
application (1 to human body & m9d1 #fb1
 #ie2      "t requir$ =1 #abb2      n   
mat]ially affect$ by hypo!sis (         
spontane\s          g5]ation1 #abg4     
,duckl+s1 exp]im5t )1 #gc4        ,e>?1 
imm5se age (1 requir$ by ,!ory (        
,developm5t1 #cj1 #fg2      prov$ by    
geology1 #ca1 #ed1 #ajg1 #aba2          
popul> impression z to age (1 #ic1 #aba2
      reckon$ by millions ( ye>s1 #abc4 
,egypt1 its monum5ts1 #ea2      its     

*ronology1 #ef1 #aja4      ,elephant1   
its sagacity1 #c2      its rate ( bre$+1
 #ac2      its diff]5t species1 #df2    
its memory1 #ff2      epi!t appli$ to x 
by ,pope1 #gd2      9 ,devon%ire1 #aab4 
,esquimaux1 _! ignorance ( ari?metic1   
#ajc4        ,fl9t-tools1 #aji1 #aaa1   
#aac4      ,flood1 ! ,noa*ian1 #cd-fa2  
hi/orical acc\nt (1 #ch2                
explanation sugge/$1 #da2      h[       
consi/5t ) ,d>w9ism1 #ej2               
traditions ( a1 #eh2      no traces (   
its univ]sality1 #ei4      ,food1 its   
influ5ce on ! animal & vegetable k+doms1
 #ab2      9 ! competition = life1 #bb4 
,fossils1 an evid5ce ( v>iation1 #bj2   
diff]5t 9 diff]5t /rata1 #aaf2      "t  
requir$ = vicissitudes (1 #aai2         
necess>y imp]fection (1 #acd2      _!   
sc>city & abundance1 #ada2      num]\s  
*ances ( loss & de/ruction =1 #adf4     
,fuegians1 nak$ness (1 #aab1 note4      
,galileo1 8 doctr9e ( ! e>?'s motion    
condemn$1 #fj1 #adh4      ,g5esis1 book 
(1 its *ronology1 #ee4      #8,g5esis ( 

,species1' by ,mr4 ,miv>t1 #agc4        
,geology1 its conclusions1 #ca1 #ec2    
imp]fection ( its record1 #acc-adf4     
,giraffes1 #agf1 #agi4      ,glacial    
,p]iod1 its effect on di/ribution (     
species1 #dg4      ,gooseb]ry1 ! big1   
#af4        ,horse1 c>e] (1 9 ,am]ica1  
#dh2      its endurance & ambition1 #c2 
its intellig5ce1 #ff2      in/ance !re(1
 #gd2      its int]c\rse ) man1 #hj4    
,hypo!ses1 use (1 #aca4                 
,inh]itance1 #i2      at diff]5t p]iods 
( life1 #ah4      ,in/9ct1 ( bees1 #be2 
employm5t & gradations (1 9 v>i\s       
animals1 #bh2      comp>$ ) reason1     
#fb-ha1 #afd2      fallaci\s !ory (1    
#fg2      ignor$ by duckl+s1 #gc2       
fanci$ excell5ce (1 #hf4        ,k5t's  
cav]n1 #aji-aae4        ,language1 "t   
requir$ = v>iations (1 #eg2      its    
influ5ce on mank9d1 #gg1 #hg2      orig9
 (1 #ajc4      ,light1 rapidity (1 #ig4 
,lime/one1 =mation (1 #aji2      cont5ts
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imm]s$ vegetables1 #adc4      ,l9nu1 on 
! common desc5t ( species1 #c4          
,lion1 its g5]osity1 #c2      in/ance ( 
its affection1 #gf2      in/ance ( its  
gratitude1 #hc2      9 ,brita91 #aab4   
,locke1 on ! reason ( brutes1 #gd4      
,lubbock1 ,sir ,john1 #8,prehi/oric     
,times1' #ed1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aab2         
#8,orig9 ( ,civilization1' #ajg4        
,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 #8,pr9ciples (     
,geology1' #c1 #ed2      #8,antiquity ( 
,man1' #ajg2      #8,elem5ts (          
,geology1' #aji4        ,madagasc>1 its 
species & g5]a1 #df4      ,malay1 comp>$
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#aej4      ,man1 8 de/ructiv5ess1 #aa2  
8 lik5ess to o!r animals 9 blood1 fibre1
 & skeleton1 #bi2      di/ribution ( 8  
v>ieties1 #dh2      trac$ back = ?\s&s (
 ye>s1 #ea2      a common orig9 = all   
families (1 #eb2      8 *ief end[m5ts1  
#fg2      comp>$ z a build] ) birds1    
#gj2      8 bra9 & hairless sk91 #gc2   
8 bodily /ructure1 #he2      8 op9ion ( 

w>1 #hf2      real orig9 (1 =gott51     
#ajb4      ,m>riage-cu/oms1 sl[ *ange (1
 #ajf4      ,m>supials1 #df2            
fossil1 #dg4      ,matlock ,ba?1 =mation
 ( /alagmite at1 #aaj1 #aad4            
,memory1 necess>y to intellig5ce1 #ff2  
unequal di/ribution (1 #ff4             
,miracles1 treatm5t ( false ones1 #dj2  
( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #hc4      ,miv>t1 ,/4
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by1 #agc4      ,mu%room1 "t requir$ =   
its gr[?1 #ee4      ,mygale1 ! trap-door
 spid]1 its +5i\s ne/1 #bi4             
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artificial selection1 #ad2      !       
sl[ness ( its movem5t1 #ah2      expla9s
 ! ord] ( nature1 & 9 "p its seem+      
disord]1 #bf2      limits (1 prop\nd$ by
 ,mr4 ,wallace1 #fb4      ,nile1        
articles 9 s$im5t (1 #ajh4        ,orig9
 ( life1 op9ions on1 #id4      ,oy/]s1  
memory (1 #ff2      obscure politics (1 
#gg4        ,palontology1 ,lyell's      
def9ition (1 #ace4      ,papuan1 comp>$ 
) ! ,malay1 #di1 #aej4      ,p>fitt1    

,mr41 on ,fossil ,sponge ,spicules1     
#acf1 #aci4      ,p5gelly1 ,mr41 on     
pre-hi/oric man1 #aje2      exploration 
( ,k5t's cav]n by1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac4    
,pigeons1 subject$ to man's selection1  
#ad1 #af1 #ag4      ,plants1 _! /ruggle 
= food1 #ab2      _! movem5ts1 #bh4     
,pope1 8 epi!t = ! elephant1 #gd4       
,reason1 progressive developm5t (1 9    
individual m9ds1 #fb1 #fg2      t ( m51 
"o 9 k9d ) ! intellig5ce ( brutes1 #ff1 
#hd2      helps to1 #hf4      ,relative 
t]ms1 #ig1 #aga4      ,religion1        
developm5t (1 #fd1 #ij4      ,rev]sion1 
#i2      limits artificial selection1   
#ag4      ,rudim5t>y organs1 #ba4       
,s&/one1 ,new ,r$1 #aah4      ,savages1 
"q ( _! deg5]acy1 #eg2      bra91 sk91 &
 voice (1 #gh4      ,sci5ce1 n          
antagoni/ic to ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 #hb1   
note4      ,scripture1 no w>rant =      
di/9ct creations1 #bj2      does n      
pr(ess to    tea* ,natural ,sci5ce1 #ce2
      its use ( ord9>y language1 #cf2   
its hi/orical acc\nt ( ! ,flood1 #ch2   

explanation !re(1 #da2      disreg>d (  
second>y causes 91 #hc2      "* (       
g5ealogies 91 #ii2      mi/ak5 quotation
 (1 #abd2      invidi\s connection (1 ) 
false sci5ce1 #aea2      suppos$        
opposition betwe5 x & ,d>w9ism1 #aeg4   
,species1 p]man5ce (1 #i2      "s       
b5efit$ by *ange ( habitat1 #ba2        
v>iations (1 h[ advantage\s1 #bg2       
difficulty ( collect+ all = ! ,ark1 #dc2
      di/ribution (1 #de4      ,sp5c]1  
,mr4 ,h]b]t1 8 caution ab\t embryonic   
=ms1 #ai1 note2      8 accurate phrase1 
#8,survival ( ! fitte/1' #aed2      8   
#8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' #afa4         
,sponges1 n to be hurri$1 #aag2         
range ( 9 geology1 #acf2      f9al cause
 (1 #ach4      ,/alagmite1 ?ickness ( 9 
,k5t's cav]n1 #aaj2      "t requir$ =   
=m+1 #aac2      dates c>v$ ^u1 #aae4    
,/ratification1 uni=m ord] (1 #aaf1     
#abb4      ,/ruggle = life1 #aa2        
great fecundity useful to a species 91  
#bd4      ,sylvia ,sutoria1 !           
tailor-bird1 its ne/1 #bi4              

,tails1 rudim5t>y1 9 man1 #bb1 #aee4    
,t5nyson1 language ( #8! ,brook' 91     
#abe4      ,!ories1 :5 to be accept$1   
#ah4      ,?\ght1 "t requir$ =1 #fd2    
movem5t (1 dep5d+ on language1 #hg4     
,"t1 imm5se duration (1 requir$ by !    
,!ory ( ,natural          ,selection1   
#cj1 #fg2      lapse (1 #ic-abe2        
7see ,e>?1 age (72      inexhau/ible1   
#ih1 #abe4      ,t9ire1 delta (1 #ajg4  
,tyndal1 ,pr(essor1 on #8,! ,m9ut5ess ( 
,waves ( ,light1' #ig4        ,u%]1     
ar*bi%op1 ,bible-*ronology (1 #ii1 #aaj4
        ,v>iability1 #g2      objection 
to1 consid]$1 #abh4      ,v]tebrate1 !  
fir/1 h[ orig9at$1 #aeh2      type (1   
suppos$ to be connect$ ) cuttle-fi%1    
#afa2      def9ition (1 inve/igat$1     
#afa4      ,vivian1 ,mr41 exploration ( 
,k5t's cav]n by1 #aji4        ,wallace1 
,mr41 8 orig9ality recogniz$1 #e2      8
 op9ion ( ! limits ( ,natural           
,selection1 #fb2      8 exposure (      
fallaci\s views ab\t ,in/9ct1 #fg2      
8 !ory ( birds' ne/s1 #fi2      8       

comp>ison ( birds ) m5 z build]s1 #gj2  
8 speculation ab\t ! bra9 ( ! savage1   
#gh4      ,w>1 9 ! animal & vegetable   
k+doms1 #ab2      comb9ation ( baboons  
=1 #fi2      comp>ison ( man & o!r      
animals engag$ 91 #hf4      ,wasps1 _!  
def5sive weapon1 #be2      mat]ials us$ 
by1 #hf4      ,:ewell1 ,dr41 8 rem>k on 
,sci5tific ,phraseology1 #afj4          
,writ+1 inv5tion (1 #ajc4               
,transcrib]'s ,notes      ,! cov] ( ?is 
e,book 0 made by ! ,transcrib]1 by      
comb9+ !  orig9al ,title ,page & ! blank
 gre5 cov] provid$ ) ! pr9t$  book4 ,!  
result rema9s 9 ! ,public ,doma94       
,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7    
made consi/5t :5 a  pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0
 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n  *ang$4
    ,simple typographical errors 7      
correct$2 occasional unbalanc$          
quotation m>ks rem$i$4    ,ambigu\s     
hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4       
,footnotes1 orig9ally at ! bottoms (    
pages1 h be5 collect$ &  reposition$    
aft] ! la/ *apt] ( ! book1 j be=e !     

,index4    ,index n *eck$ = prop]       
alphabetization or correct page         
ref]5ces4    ,page #c3 8,"o0 0          
capitaliz$ 9 8qualifi$1 ,"o1 )\t d\bt04