,,as ,,others ,,saw ,,him ,,as ,,others ,,saw ,,him ,a ,,retrospect ,a4 ,d4 #ed 8,it cannot be that a prophet perish out of ,jerusalem8 ,,luke xiii4 #cc ,illustration3 ,publisher's sign ,,boston ,,and ,,new ,,york ,,houghton1 ,,mifflin ,,and ,,company 99,the ,riverside ,press1 ,cambridge99 #ahie ,copyright1 #ahie1 ,,by ,,houghton1 ,,mifflin ,,co4 ,all rights reserved4 ,the ,riverside ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,electrotyped and ,printed by ,h4 ,o4 ,houghton ,co4 ,,to ,,aglaophonos1 ,,physician ,,of ,,the ,,greeks ,,at ,,corinth1 ,,meshullam ,,ben ,,zadok1 ,a ,,scribe ,,of ,,the ,,jews ,,at ,,alexandria1 ,,greeting3-- ,it was a joy and a surprise to me to hear news after many days from thee1 my master and my friend4 ,to thee ,i owe whatever ,i have of ,greek wisdom2 for when in the old days at the ,holy ,city thou soughtest me for instruction in our ,law1 ,i learnt more from thee than ,i could impart to thee4 ,since ,i last wrote to thee1 ,i have come to this great city1 where many of my nation dwell1 and almost all the most learned of thy tongue are congregated4 ,truly1 it would please me much1 and mine only son and his wife1 if thou couldst come and take up thy sojourn among us for a while4 ,touching the man ,saul of ,tarsus1 of whom thou writest1 ,i know but little4 ,he is well instructed in our ,law1 both written and oral1 having received the latter from the chief master among those of the past generation1 ,gamaliel by name4 ,yet he is not of the disciples of ,aaron that love peace2 for when ,i last heard of him he was among the leaders of a riot in which a man was slain4 ,and now ,i think thereon1 ,i am almost certain that the slain man was of the followers of ,jesus the ,nazarene1 and this ,saul was among the bitterest against them4 ,and yet thou writest that the same ,saul has spoken of the ,nazarene that he was a god like ,apollo1 that had come down on earth for a while to live his life among men4 ,truly1 men's minds are as the wind that bloweth hither and thither4 ,but as for that ,jesus of ,nazara1 ,i can tell thee much1 if not all4 ,for ,i was at ,jerusalem all the time he passed for a leader of men up to his shameful death4 ,at first ,i admired him for his greatness of soul and goodness of life1 but in the end ,i came to see that he was a danger to our nation1 and1 though unwillingly1 ,i was of those who voted for his death in the ,council of ,twenty,three4 ,yet ,i cannot tell thee all ,i know in the compass of a letter1 so ,i have written it at large for thee1 and it will be delivered unto thee even with this letter4 ,and in my description of events ,i have been at pains to distinguish between what ,i saw myself and what ,i heard from others1 following in this the example of ,herodotus of ,halicarnassus1 who1 if he spake rude ,greek1 wrote true history4 ,and so farewell4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,i4 ,,the ,,man ,,with ,,the ,,scourge #i ,,ii4 ,,the ,,upbringing #ba ,,iii4 ,,earlier ,,teaching4 ,,sermon ,,in ,,the ,,synagogue ,,of ,,the #cg ,,galil,,ans ,,iv4 ,,the ,,two ,,ways #ee ,v4 ,,the ,,woman ,,taken ,,in ,,adultery4 ,,the ,,rich ,,young ,,man #fc ,,vi4 ,,the ,,testings ,,in ,,the ,,temple #ge ,,vii4 ,,the ,,second ,,sermon #hg ,,viii4 ,,the ,,rebuking ,,of ,,jesus #ii ,,ix4 ,,jesus ,,in ,,the ,,temple #aaa ,x4 ,,the ,,entry ,,into ,,jerusalem #aba ,,xi4 ,,the ,,cleansing ,,of ,,the ,,temple #acc ,,xii4 ,,the ,,woes #ade ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,great ,,refusal #aee ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,hananites #afg ,,xv4 ,,the ,,examination ,,before ,,the ,,sanhedrim #aha ,,xvi4 ,,condemnation ,,and ,,execution #aie ,,epilogue #bjg ,i4 ,,the ,,man ,,with ,,the ,,scourge4 ,i was crossing one morning the ,xystus ,bridge on my way to the ,temple1 when ,i saw issuing from the nearest gate a herd of beasts of sacrifice4 ,fearing that something untoward had occurred1 ,i hurried to the gate1 and when ,i entered the ,court of the ,gentiles1 ,i found all in confusion4 ,the tables of the moneychangers had been overturned1 and the men were gathering their moneys from the ground4 ,and in the midst ,i saw one with a scourge in his hand4 ,his face was full of wrath and scorn1 his eyes blazed1 and on his left temple stood out a vein all blue1 throbbing with his passion4 ,he was neither short nor tall1 but of sturdy figure1 and clad in rustic garb4 ,now1 as the moneychangers were escaping from his wrath1 one of them ran against a little child that was in the court1 and it fell screaming4 ,the fellow took no heed1 but went on his course4 ,but the man with the scourge went to the little child and raised it to its feet1 and pressed it to his side2 the hand that rested on the curly head was that of a workman1 with broken nails1 and yet the fingers twitched with the excitement of the man4 ,but1 looking to his face1 ,i saw that a wonderful change had come over it4 ,from rage1 it had turned to pity and love2 the eyes that had flashed scorn on the moneychangers now looked down with tenderness on the little child4 ,i remember thinking to myself1 8,this man cannot say the thing that is not2 his face bewrayeth him40 ,meanwhile the moneychangers and those with them had collected together near the gate by which ,i had entered1 and stood there whispering and muttering among themselves4 ,all at once they turned towards the man as he was soothing the little child1 and shouted out together1 8,mamzer6 ,mamzer60 which in our tongue signifieth one born out of wedlock4 ,then the man looked up from the little child1 his face once more full of rage1 and the blue vein throbbing on his temple4 ,he took a step towards the men1 and then he stopped4 ,his face changed to a look of pity1 and the men themselves1 in fear and shame1 slunk away before his look through the gate and were gone4 ,then he turned towards those that had for sale doves as sacrifices for the women and the poor4 ,to these he spoke in a tone that was calm and yet full of authority1 and then ,i noticed that his voice had the burr of our northern peasantry4 ,he said unto them1 8,take these things hence2 make not my ,father's house a house of merchandise40 ,and these1 too1 went away through the gates1 carrying with them the wicker cages full of doves4 ,ever since that time the doves have been for sale in ,hanan's ,bazaar on the ,mount of ,olives4 ,now ,i must tell thee that at this time there had been much disputing between the ,pharisees and the ,sadducees as to the sale of beasts for sacrifice4 ,the ,pharisees held that each man might buy such beasts wherever he would2 but the ,sadducees1 being mainly priests1 or of priestly blood1 would have it that the beasts of sacrifice could only be purchased from the salesmen duly authorized by the ,high ,priest2 for they said1 8,who shall tell that the beasts are according to the ,law1 if they are bought from any chance person80 ,yet many thought they only did this in order that they might share the profit from the sale of the animals4 ,and1 indeed1 the great riches of the ,high ,priests came mainly from this source4 ,when1 therefore1 ,i saw the man with the scourge getting rid of these sacrificial animals from the courts of the ,temple1 my first thought was that he was of the sect of the ,pharisees4 ,yet these are rarely found in the country parts1 and the man bore no great marks of special piety2 his phylacteries were not broader than my own2 the fringes of his garment were not more conspicuous1 nor did he seem as one of the fanatics who are so many in our land4 ,he had done what he had done in all calmness1 and with a certain air of authority4 ,my wonder was aroused to think what manner of man this could be1 who did the work of the ,pharisees1 and was not one himself4 ,while ,i thus thought1 the man turned to a group of men clad in the same rustic garb1 saying1 8,be ye rather approved moneychangers1 holding fast the good and casting forth the false207#a7 and1 after other words1 he turned from them and went up the steps leading to the ,women's ,court4 ,now thou knowest1 ,aglaophonos1 that at the entrance of this court standeth an inscription which saith1 8,,let ,,none ,,of ,,alien ,,birth ,,pass ,,within ,,the ,,temple ,,cloisters3 ,,he ,,that ,,transgresses ,,is ,,guilty ,,of ,,death40 ,as the man with the scourge would enter the ,women's ,court1 the ,roman sentry stopped him1 and pointed to this inscription with his spear4 ,he shook his head1 saying in faulty ,greek1 8,jewish ,i am10 and showed the soldier the fringes of his garment after the ,jewish fashion4 ,then the sentry drew back1 and the man passed through4 ,thereupon ,i went up to the men to whom the man with the scourge had spoken1 and greeted them with the greeting of peace4 8,peace unto thee1 master10 said one of them in the same northern accent ,i had noticed in their leader4 8,who is that man10 ,i said1 8that has just gone into the ,temple cloister80 8,jesus of ,nazara1 in ,galilee40 8,and whose son is he80 ,i asked4 ,the man looked at his companions ere he answered1-- 8,of ,joseph ben ,eli the carpenter1 and ,miriam his wife40 8,and what is his trade80 ,i continued4 8,a wheelwright10 he said2 8the best wheels and yokes in all ,capernaum are made by him40 8,but is he of the countryfolk17#b7 or a pupil of the wise80 8,nay1 master1 he knoweth the ,law and the ,prophets40 8,of what party is he8 ,boethusian he cannot be1 nor ,sadducee2 but is he ,pharisee or ,zealot1 ,essene or ,baptist80 8,he is of no party40 8,but from whom hath he received the tradition of the elders8 ,at whose feet has he sat8 ,whom calleth he master80 8,he hath been baptized by ,jochanan his kinsman1 but none calleth he master40 8,if he have not the tradition1 he cannot teach the ,law1 for his words will not be binding4 ,doth he sit in judgment or pronounce ,din80 8,nay1 master1 he but teacheth us to be good40 8,ah10 said ,i1 8he is but a homolist of the ,hagada2 he addeth naught to the ,halacha4 ,then what is his motto807#c7 8,he saith1 #8,repent ye1 for the kingdom of heaven is at hand4'0 ,then ,i took the man away from his companions1 and out of hearing of the ,roman sentry1 and asked him in a low tone1 8,and who shall be the king thereof80 ,but the man answered not1 but said only1 8,lo6 he cometh40 ,and1 indeed1 at that moment ,jesus came down by the steps he had ascended and beckoned to his companions4 ,and as they went towards him ,i was surprised1 and at the same time horrified1 to see amongst them two persons whom ,i little thought to find in any public place in ,jerusalem1 still less in the courts of the ,temple4 ,one was a woman in the yellow veil of a hetra2 the other1 a mere ,nathin who had no name among men1 but was called ,dog o' ,dogs4 ,these two pressed close to ,jesus2 the woman rushed forward with a sob and raised the hem of his garment to her lips1 while to the man he spoke some friendly words1 smiling on him as they walked towards the entrance4 ,i was astonished4 ,the man had seemed so careful of the purity of the ,temple that he would not allow even the necessary arrangements for its service to be performed in its precincts1 yet he allowed its courts to be defiled by the vilest of the vile4 ,perchance1 ,i thought1 he had prevailed upon them to perform the vows enjoined by the ,law1 and cleanse themselves of their sin4 ,or was it that he was ignorant of their characters1 being but newly come from rural parts8 ,he must1 indeed1 be different from other rabbis1 who kept themselves apart from all transgressors against the ,law till they had repented and done penance4 ,while ,i thus meditated1 ,i saw the ,high ,priest ,hanan1 whom ye ,hellenes call ,annas1 enter into the court of the ,gentiles with his guard4 ,thou rememberest the man1 ,aglaophonos--how his tyranny extended over all the city4 ,he was still called ,high ,priest1 though ,valerius ,gratius1 the ,procurator1 had deposed him years before1 lest haply he might regain the regal power of the ,maccabans4 ,still1 even after his deposition1 he had sufficient power to get his sons or sonsinlaw named ,high ,priests4 ,it was one of the latter1 ,joseph ,caiaphas1 who at that time held the office2 yet the people still called ,hanan ,high ,priest1 and he himself wore on high days the bells and pomegranates round his tunic as a sign of his dignity4 ,thou must remember his keencut face1 his nose like an eagle's1 his long white beard1 bent neck1 and sinewy hand4 ,was it thou or ,i that first called him 8the ,old ,vulture08 ,he had heard of the insult to his dignity by the removal1 without his orders1 of the moneychangers and others to whom the people paid the fees from which he and his made such display in his grand dwelling on the ,mount of ,olives4 8,where is he8 where is he80 he cried1 as he came bustling up1 with neck extended1 and looking more than ever like a bird of prey4 ,he soon found that the man he sought had gone2 but he had given his orders1 and before ,i left the court1 ,i saw the moneychangers renter and the cattle driven back4 ,i had to attend a meeting of the ,sanhedrim1 for that year ,i had risen to the third and highest bench of disciples who sit under its members when they give judgment4 ,next year ,i was elected of the ,seventy,one myself in the section of ,israelites4 ,it must1 therefore1 have been in the sixteenth year of ,tiberius the ,emperor1 nearly fiveandtwenty years agone1 that ,i thus saw for the first time ,jesus the ,nazarene4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,upbringing4 ,thou canst imagine the wonder and excitement in ,jerusalem at this bold deed of the ,nazarene4 ,not even the oracle of ,delphi is regarded with so much reverence as our sacred fane1 and none in our time had dared to interfere with its regulations1 which have all the sacredness of our traditions4 ,and of these none was regarded by the priestly guardians of the ,temple as of greater weight for them than the right of sale of beasts of sacrifice4 ,it is from this1 as ,i have said1 that the priestly order gain their wealth1 and no more deadly blow could be struck at their power than to deprive them of this4 ,hence had the ,pharisees protested against this right1 but none had hitherto dared to carry out the protest in very deed4 ,all the poor and all the pious would have been glad if they could buy their offerings to the ,lord wheresoever they would4 ,but more than all1 men of ,jerusalem were amazed at the daring of the ,galilan stranger in opposing the ,high ,priest ,hanan4 ,this man had been the tyrant of the ,temple and of the city for the whole span of a generation of men1 and no man had dared say him nay for all that time4 ,even the ,romans1 who had deposed him from his position as ,high ,priest1 had not dared to interfere with him otherwise4 ,yet had this rude countryman1 who had never been seen1 never been known to set foot in ,jerusalem before1 dared to strike at the root of his power and wealth4 ,thou canst not wonder that men were curious to know what manner of man he might be who had dared this great thing1 and busy rumor ran through all the bazaars of ,jerusalem1 asking1 ,who is this ,jesus of ,nazara8 ,all that ,i learnt of his kindred and early life ,i learnt at this time1 and ,i here set it forth in order4 ,it was natural that ,i should first direct my inquiries as to his birth1 for the insulting cry of the moneychangers still rang in my ears4 ,thou knowest our pride of birth2 ,i learnt from thee to abate it4 ,every man in ,israel taketh his place in the nation according as he is a son of ,aaron or of ,levi1 a simple ,israelite1 or a proselyte that fears the ,lord2 each man knoweth his own and his neighbor's genealogy4 ,the greatest slur upon a man is to accuse him of 8mixture10 the greatest insult is to call him 8bastard40 ,why had the moneychangers cast this slur upon the ,nazarene8 ,thou and ,i1 ,aglaophonos1 who boast to be citizens of the ,kosmos1 would not think the worse of him if the taunt were true4 ,yet thou canst understand how great1 even if he only thought it to be true1 would be the influence of such a slur on this mans mind and on his career4 ,if in afterdays he showed himself so careless of the nation's hopes1 may it not have been that he felt himself in some way outside the nation8 ,now ,i found1 upon inquiry among the ,galilans settled in ,jerusalem1 that some such scandal had arisen about his birth4 ,there had even been talk that ,joseph ben ,eli would have put away his wife1 but for the stern penalties which our ,law inflicts upon the misdoer4 ,yet there may have been naught but suspicion in the matter1 for the two lived together1 and ,miriam bore several children to ,joseph after this ,jesus4 ,but between him and them there was never good will1 and ,i have heard things told of this ,jesus which seem to show some harshness in his treatment of them1 and even of his mother4 ,once when he was told that his mother and brethren were without1 and would see him1 he as it were repudiated them1 saying1 8,who are my mother and my brothers8 ,whosoever doeth the will of ,god1 the same is my brother and sister and mother40 ,again1 when once his mother came to him and would speak to him1 he said to her1 8,woman1 what have ,i to do with thee80 ,the man whom ,i had seen so tenderly thoughtful to a little child could not have spoken thus unless he had felt himself placed by some means outside the natural ties of men4 ,of ,jesus' upbringing ,i could learn little4 ,when he was at the age of thirteen1 when each ,jewish male child becomes a ,son of the ,covenant 7,bar ,mitzva71 and1 as we think1 takes his sins upon his own soul1 his parents brought him to ,jerusalem4 ,on this occasion1 as some still remember1 he showed remarkable knowledge of the ,law1 when1 as is customary1 they read the portion of the ,law set down for the ,sabbath reading next after his birthday1 and he was examined in its meaning by the learned men present4 ,yet he fulfilled not this promise of devotion to the ,law as he grew in years4 ,i cannot learn that he dusted himself with the 8dust of the wise10 as the sages have commanded47#d7 ,not having sat at the feet of any of the holders of tradition1 he could not pronounce decisions of the ,law4 ,his father brought him up to his own trade1 that of carpenter4 ,with us manual toil is not despised1 as among you ,hellenes2 there is a saying among us1 8,whoso bringeth not his son up to a handicraft traineth him for a robber40 ,jesus was a good and capable worker1 and devoted himself especially to the making of yokes and wheels at ,capernaum1 where he had settled1 some five hours' journey from his native place4 ,here he would often read the ,haphtaroth1 or prophetical lessons1 in the synagogue1 and explain it after the manner of the ,hagada4 ,thus he would have passed his life1 a wheelwright on weekdays1 a preacher on the ,sabbath and festivals1 but for a strange event that occurred in his own family4 ,among us ,jews1 none has more honor than the ,nabi1 the man who speaks the word of wisdom in the name of ,god4 ,how know we that a man is a ,nabi8 ,chiefly by his words1 but mainly by his eyes1 in which there shines the light of prophecy4 ,now1 when ,jesus was about thirty years old1 three or four years before ,i first saw him1 the light of prophecy came in the eyes of his cousin1 ,jochanan ben ,zacharia ,ha,cohen4 ,thou knowest1 ,aglaophonos1 that amongst us there is a sect of ,essenoi1 who answer in much to the ,pythagoreans among the ,hellenes4 ,these ,essenoi eat no flesh1 they dwell not in the cities of men1 they perform frequent lustrations1 nor will they admit any into their community until they have been baptized of them2 they care little for the ,temple service1 and in this above all distinguish themselves from either ,pharisees or ,sadducees4 ,their belief in the angels is strong1 and they use magic for the healing of sickness4 ,now1 this ,jochanan1 the cousin of ,jesus1 seems to have adopted in many things the views of these ,essenoi3 he separated himself from men1 and ate no flesh1 nor did he go up to the ,temple on the three great festivals of the year2 and above all1 when men began to follow after him1 he would admit none to communion with him till he had baptized them in running water1 and for this he was called among the folk ,jochanan the ,baptizer4 ,yet he was not an ,essene1 for he joined not their communion1 nor established any distinction of orders among the men who came out to him2 he was more like unto the prophets of old1 who taught as individuals new truths about life2 and his great teaching was this3 8,repent ye1 for the kingdom of heaven is at hand40 ,and men went out to him1 asking him in what they should repent so as to become worthy of the kingdom4 ,above all1 those who were despised of the people because they did the work of the ,romans1 by being their taxgatherers or their soldiers1 feared the wrath to come in the new kingdom which he preached1 and asked him in what they should alter their ways4 ,but to them he was by no means hard1 saying only to the taxgatherers1 8,act justly10 and to the soldiers1 8,do no violence40 ,to the poor he was tender and merciful1 but exhorted the rich to divide their possessions with the poor4 ,in this way he drew unto him all who were despised of the people1 and those who were poor and miserable4 ,thus he attracted the notice of the rulers1 who feared that he was preparing to rebel against them2 for they said1 8,wherefore does this man attract to him the discontented and the soldiery80 ,now1 when the family of ,jesus heard that their relative was gaining a name among men1 they sent to ,jesus1 asking him to go with them unto his cousin2 but he1 as ,i have heard1 at first refused1 saying1 8,wherein have ,i sinned1 that ,i should be baptized of ,jochanan80 ,yet afterwards he consented unto this1 and went out to be baptized of his cousin4 ,and when he saw the power for good that ,jochanan exercised1 his spirit was exalted1 and he felt that he too had within him the same power4 ,many strange things have ,i heard of what happened to this ,jesus when he submitted to be baptized by his cousin4 ,and as none but ,jesus would have known his feelings on that occasion1 these reports must have come from him4 ,among us it is the custom that each ,jew should select from the ,psalms some stichos which should serve as the motto of his life1 and identify him when he appeareth before the ,angel of ,death4 ,now1 it would appear that as ,jesus was being baptized of ,jochanan he heard the ,daughter7#e7 of the ,voice of ,god say to him the stichos of the psalm1 8,thou art my ,son2 this day have ,i begotten thee40 ,whether this was a protest of his soul against the slur cast upon his birth1 what man shall say8 ,but henceforth he spake of the fatherhood of ,god as if it had to him a deeper sense than to most of us ,jews1 though with us1 as ,i have oft explained to thee1 it is the central feeling of our faith4 ,jesus did not remain long out in the wilderness with his cousin2 he1 indeed1 early recognized his superiority1 though he was his master and his teacher4 ,for at the first the teaching of ,jesus differed but in little from the teaching of ,jochanan4 ,he summed up his whole aim in the words which ,i had heard his followers use in the ,temple3 8,repent ye1 for the kingdom of heaven is at hand20 and this he must have learnt from his cousin4 ,so1 too1 like ,jochanan1 he mingled with the taxgatherers and the soldiery1 and above all addressed himself to the poor1 and1 as ,i was to see1 exhorted the rich to distribute their possessions4 ,in all these things he was but the follower of his cousin ,jochanan4 ,it is no wonder1 therefore1 that when ,jesus separated himself from ,jochanan1 and began to be a teacher of men1 many left ,jochanan and followed after ,jesus2 and until this ,jochanan met with a violent end at the hands of the rulers1 there was in some sort a rivalry if not between the men themselves1 at least between the followers of ,jochanan and of ,jesus4 ,but even from the first there was a difference in ,jesus' manner of teaching1 if not in the teaching itself4 ,he1 indeed1 did not wait for men to come out to him in the wilderness1 but returned to the towns and villages around the ,sea of ,galilee4 ,many of the fishermen left their work to follow him1 and become1 as he said1 8fishers of men40 ,he preached as before in the synagogues on the words of the prophets1 but now he commenced to go forth to preach and teach among the people in their homes4 ,yet it was observed that he went not only among the rich and powerful1 who are used in our country to receive all who come at mealtimes1 but most of all among the poor1 and those despised of men for their ill life or their degraded occupations4 ,nor did he despise those who know not the ,law nor keep its commands1 but mixed freely with them1 thereby incurring the wrath of those among us1 and there are many1 who are eager for the credit of the ,law4 ,still1 though he lived his life among the low and the vile1 he practiced none of their ways1 nor was aught of low or vile seen in him or those with him4 ,yet he turned against him many who would have been well disposed towards him1 in that he followed his cousin's example1 and spake kindly to the taxgatherers and to the soldiers1 whom the greater part of the ,jews regard as the enemies of their country4 ,now1 as he began to live his life among the people1 he began to do many signs and wonders1 like all our great teachers and prophets4 ,in truth1 we say1 how shall a man be accounted a prophet unless he can do wonders8 ,indeed1 as ,jesus himself said1 8,why marvel ye at the signs8 ,i give unto you an inheritance such as the whole world holds not40 ,and the manner of his wonders was this3 if a man was afflicted with a demon of madness1 he would cause him to fix his eyes upon his1 and after a while would speak sternly and suddenly to the demon within him1 who would depart from him1 rending his soul4 ,so1 too1 would he do with women who were torn asunder by the demons fighting within4 ,to these he would speak calmly after he had fixed their eyes1 and1 behold1 a great calm would come upon them4 ,but he used no exorcisms or magic in his healing1 nor spake he in the name of ,god1 but with the tone of one having authority in himself4 ,hence many thought he had within him a greater ,daimon than those afflicted men and women whom he healed4 ,thence it was thought that for this reason the demons of madness often returned to those whom he had freed for a while with greater violence after he had gone forth from the place of their habitation4 ,there was much murmuring against him for that he did his healing1 not in the name of ,god1 but in his own name and his own authority4 ,yet he claimed no authority to decide the questions of the ,law2 though many applied to him in difficult cases1 these he referred to the learned in the ,law1 saying1 8,do ye as the scribes command40 ,yet it was complained that he paid no great attention to their commands himself1 nor for his followers4 ,nor did he rebuke men when he saw them transgressing the ,law even in the greater transgressions4 ,thus ,i have heard it said of him1 that once with his followers1 he met a man laboring on the ,sabbath day1 a sin which1 according to the ,law1 was punished with stoning4 ,but all he said unto him was this3 8,man1 if thou knowest what thou doest1 blessed art thou2 but if thou knowest not1 accursed art thou1 and a transgressor of the ,law407#f7 ,this is1 indeed1 a dark saying4 ,is each man1 then1 to choose for himself which commands of the ,law he shall do1 and which not8 ,the fence of the ,law1 which our ,sages have built up with such labor and toil1 would be stricken down at one stroke4 ,yet perhaps in this he only followed the principle of our ,sages who have said1 8,the ,sabbath was made for you1 not you for the ,sabbath40 ,such was the manner of life of this ,jesus up to the time when ,i first saw him in the ,temple4 ,men knew not what to make of him2 many regarded him as a prophet because of the signs and the wonders which he did2 and those who were looking forward to the blessed day in which ,israel would be free again under its own king hoped that he was ,elijah come again to prepare the way for the new kingdom4 ,,iii4 ,,earlier ,,teaching4 ,,sermon ,,in ,,the ,,synagogue ,,of ,,the ,,galil,,ans4 ,it must have been a year after ,i had first seen ,jesus that ,i saw him again the second time in ,jerusalem4 ,it fell out in this wise3 ,i was proceeding one morning to the meeting of the ,sanhedrim1 when1 as ,i came near the ,synagogue of the ,galilans in the ,fish,market1 ,i found a crowd of men entering in4 ,i asked one of them what was going forward1 and he said1 8,jesus the ,nazarene will expound the ,law40 ,so ,i determined to take the morning service in this synagogue rather than with my colleagues in the ,temple1 and went in1 the people giving way before me1 as was my due as a member of the ,sanhedrim4 ,now1 this synagogue of the ,galilans differed in naught from the rest of the synagogues of the ,jews4 ,it cannot be that thou hast not visited one of these when thou wast in the ,holy ,city1 but perchance thy memory is dim after all these years1 and ,i will in a few words explain to thee its arrangement4 ,in the wall at the west end was the cabinet containing the scrolls of the ,law1 with a curtain before it1 for this is1 as it were1 the ,holy of ,holies of the synagogue4 ,the men go up to this1 on to the platform before it1 by three steps4 ,then comes a vacant space1 in the midst of which stands a dais1 with a readingdesk whereon the ,law is read3 this we call by your ,greek name bema4 ,then in the rest of the hall sit the folk1 arranged in benches one after another1 somewhat as in your theatres4 ,now1 as ,i came in1 they had said the morning psalms1 and most of the ,eighteen ,blessings1 and shortly after the reading of the ,law began4 ,the curtain was drawn aside from the holy ark1 the scroll of the ,law was taken thence1 to the singing of psalms unto the bema4 ,then1 as is customary1 the messenger of the congregation summoned first to the reading of the ,law a ,cohen1 a descendant of ,aaron1 one of the priestly caste4 ,and after he had read some verses of the ,law in the holy tongue1 the dragoman read its translation into ,chaldee1 so as to be understanded of the unlearned folk1 and of the women who were in the gallery outside the synagogue1 and separated from it by a grating4 ,then after the priest came a ,levite1 who also read some verses1 and after him an ordinary ,israelite4 ,then the messenger of the synagogue called out1 8,let ,rabbi ,joshua ben ,joseph arise40 ,then ,jesus the ,nazarene went up to the bema and read his appointed verses1 and these were translated as before by the dragoman4 ,and after the reading of the ,law was concluded1 the ,parnass1 or president of the congregation1 requested ,jesus to read the ,haphtara1 the lesson from the prophets2 and this he did1 using the cantillation with which we chant words of ,holy ,scripture4 ,yet never heard ,i one whose voice so thrilled me1 and brought home to one the import of the great words2 and this was strange1 for his accent was1 as ,i had before noticed1 that of the ,galilan peasantry1 at which we of ,jerusalem were wont to scoff4 ,then1 after the ,law had been returned to the ark with song and psalm1 ,jesus turned round to the people on the bema and began his discourse4 ,it is near fiveand twenty years since ,i heard him1 and much have ,i forgotten in that long time4 ,but many of his sayings still ring in my ears1 and ,i will here put down1 as far as possible in order1 all that ,i can remember of the discourse47#g7 8,it hath been written by the ,prophet ,esaias3 ,behold1 his reward is with him1 and his work before him4 ,yea1 behold a man and his work before him4 ,he that worketh not1 let him not eat4 ,yet he that plougheth1 let him plough in hope2 he that thresheth1 thresh in hope of partaking4 ,howbeit1 he who longs to be rich is like a man who drinketh seawater3 the more he drinketh the more thirsty he becomes1 and never leaves off drinking till he perish4 ,blessed is he who also fasts that he may feed the poor3 for it is more blessed to give than to receive4 ,yet let thy alms sweat into thy hands until thou know to whom thou givest4 ,where there are pains1 thither hastens the physician3 that which is weak shall be saved by that which is strong4 ,for the sake of the weak ,i was weak1 for the sake of the hungry ,i hungered1 for the sake of the thirsty ,i thirsted4 ,but woe to those who have yet hypocritically taken from others2 who are able to help themselves1 and yet wish to take from others3 for each man shall give account in the day of judgment4 8,that which thou hatest thou shalt not do to another4 ,good things must come2 he is blessed through whom they come4 ,love covereth a multitude of sins2 so never be joyful save when you look upon your brother's countenance in love4 ,let not the sun go down upon your wrath4 ,for the greatest of crimes is this3 if a man shall sadden his brother's spirit4 ,blessed1 too1 are they who mourn for the perdition of unbelievers4 ,do not give occasion to the ,wicked ,one4 ,who is the ,wicked ,one8 ,he that tempts4 ,yet none shall reach the kingdom of heaven unless he have been tempted3 for our ,father which is in heaven would rather the repentance of a sinner than his correction4 ,yet he will cleanse the house of his kingdom from all offence4 ,be1 therefore1 careful and prudent and wise1 lest any of you be caught in the snares of the devil1 for that ancient enemy goes about buffeting4 8,if thou hast seen thy brother1 thou hast seen thy ,lord1 ,god the ,father1 whose fatherland is everywhere1 in heaven and upon earth4 ,far and near1 the ,lord knoweth his own4 ,so grieve not the holy spirit which is in you1 nor extinguish the light which shines in you4 ,guard the flesh pure1 and the signet spotless1 so that ye may take hold upon eternal life4 ,for our possessions are in heaven2 therefore1 sons of men1 purchase unto yourselves by these transitory things which are not yours1 what is yours1 and shall not pass away40 ,i cannot tell thee1 ,aglaophonos1 how deeply this discourse affected me4 ,just as the ,hellenes are eager to find each day some new beauty in man or the world1 or some new truth about the relation of things1 so we ,hebrews rejoice in finding new ideals in the relations of men4 ,each of our ,sages prides himself on this--that he has said some maxim of wisdom that none had thought of before him1 and so each of them is remembered in the minds of men by one or more of his favorite maxims4 ,but it is rare if in a whole lifetime a sage sayeth more than one word fit to be treasured up among men4 ,yet was this man ,jesus dropping pearls of wisdom from his mouth in prodigal profusion4 ,as each memorable word fell from his lips1 a murmur of delighted surprise passed round the synagogue1 and each man looked to his neighbor with brightened eyes4 ,some of the thoughts1 indeed1 ,i had heard from other of our ,sages1 but never in so pointed a form1 surely never in such profusion from a single sage4 ,and if what was said delighted us1 the manner in which it was said entranced us still more4 ,the voice of the speaker answered to the thoughts he expressed1 as the ,kinnor of ,david1 according to our ,sages1 turned the wind into music4 ,when he spoke of love1 his voice was as the cooing dove2 when he denounced the oppressor1 it clanged like a silver trumpet4 ,indeed1 his whole countenance and bearing changed in like manner1 so that every word he uttered seemed to be the outcome of his whole being4 ,but most of all was it the vividness of his eyes that impressed his words upon us4 ,i had seen them flashing with scorn in the ,temple1 ,i now saw them melting with tenderness in the synagogue2 and there was this of strange in them1 that they seemed to speak other and deeper words4 ,as he gazed upon us1 ,i felt as if all my inmost being was bare to the gaze of those eyes4 ,they seemed to know all my secret thoughts and sins2 and yet ,i felt not ashamed1 for as they saw the sins1 so they seemed to speak forgiveness of them4 ,what ,i felt then1 others felt with me1 for1 as ,i afterwards learnt1 each man felt the same as the eyes of ,jesus fell upon him2 and most curious it was that each man thought as ,i did1 that the eyes of the speaker were upon him during the whole of the discourse4 ,i have seen here in ,alexandria portraits of men painted by your subtlest artists1 in which1 from whatever place you looked at them1 the eyes seemed to gaze upon you4 ,so was it with ,jesus4 ,not alone did ,i1 who was1 as a member of the ,sanhedrim1 sitting immediately before him1 feel his eyes pierce to my soul1 but all who were in that synagogue felt the same4 ,nor did the effect die away after ,i had left the synagogue2 for days and days afterwards1 whenever ,i closed my eyes1 or gazed for long on the wall1 ,i could see the eyes of ,jesus1 and with it his whole face gazing upon me4 ,i had left the synagogue a little before the others1 because a messenger had been sent from the ,sanhedrim to seek for a member who should make up the quorum of ,twenty,three2 and this messenger1 hearing that a member of the ,sanhedrim was in the synagogue of the ,galilans1 sent in to summon me4 ,when the sitting was over1 ,i sought for ,jesus again1 but found that he had left the city4 ,and for a time ,i neither saw nor heard aught more of him1 save such rumors as came to the ,holy ,city from ,galilee4 ,about this time many joined themselves unto him1 going whithersoever he went4 ,those1 too1 who had joined themselves to ,jochanan passed over to him1 for ,jochanan had been slain by ,herod1 whom he had rebuked for his wicked living4 ,it was1 indeed1 said that ,herod had also captured this ,jesus when he found that he was following in the footsteps of ,jochanan2 but this proved to be untrue1 and the multitude thronged more and more after ,jesus1 and from this time he began to teach them regularly1 after the manner of our ,sages4 ,yet he did not pronounce decisions of ,halacha on questions of our ,law2 indeed1 he disclaimed all interference with such questions4 8,i am not come10 he said1 8to take away from the ,law of ,moses1 nor to add to the ,law of ,moses am ,i come40 ,only one saying of his have ,i heard of wherein he said aught at variance with the ,torah4 ,when the children of a man who had recently died asked him in what way should the property be divided1 he said1 8,let son and daughter inherit alike40 ,in this1 as in other things1 he was more favorable to the claims of the women than the ,law and the ,sages4 ,for this reason1 perhaps1 it was that many women followed after him1 even joined in prayer with him and those with him1 against the custom of our nation4 ,hence arose much scandal among the more rigidly pious among us1 who follow the saying of ,joseph ben ,jochanan1 8,engage not in much converse with women40 ,but ,i have heard naught of evil that resulted from this free mingling of men and women among his followers4 ,yet ,jesus was not against the due subordination of women1 for he also said1 8,let the wife be in subordination to her husband40 ,thou must know that among us our ,sages are of two kinds1 the ,halachists and the ,hagadists4 ,the former deal with matters of the ,law according to the tradition they have received from their teacher2 but the latter expound the words of the ,scripture1 and deal with the moral relations of man to man4 ,some of our ,sages1 indeed1 like the great ,hillel1 who died when ,i was a child1 have been equally masters both of the ,halacha and the ,hagada2 and in many ways the teaching of ,jesus seems to have resembled1 if it did not follow1 that of ,hillel4 ,i must tell thee one anecdote about this ,hillel which is well known amongst us4 ,he was distinguished for his evenness of temper1 and men would often in sport try to make him lose it4 ,a heathen came before him one day1 and declared that he would become a ,jew if only ,hillel would tell him the whole ,law while he stood upon one foot1 hoping thereby to irritate ,hillel by his presumption4 ,but ,hillel said only1 8,what thou wilt not for thyself1 do not to thy neighbor4 ,this is the whole of the ,law2 all the rest is but commentary thereon4 ,go and learn40 ,now1 among the disciples of ,hillel was one who compiled for the heathen a summary of the ,law in the spirit of ,hillel2 and it seemed to me1 from what ,i heard of ,jesus' teaching1 that he had learnt much from this summary1 which is called 8,,the ,,two ,,ways40 ,i will have a copy written out for thee1 for it is very short4 ,now1 in all the teaching of ,jesus which ,i heard of about this time1 he seems to have expanded1 but in no wise modified1 the teaching of 8,the ,two ,ways40 ,above all1 he seems to have warned men against the evil feelings within1 that lead to sins against the ,law1 and therein differed somewhat from the practice of our ,sages1 who think that by doing the ,law and keeping to it rightful feelings shall grow1 and evil thoughts fly away4 ,yet while in many ways ,jesus seemed to be of the ,school of ,hillel1 in others he cast in his lot with the men among us who claim to be especially favored of ,god1 because--thou wilt smile1 ,aglaophonos--because they are poor4 ,thou hast read our ,psalms1 and knowest with what insistence the poor and the righteous1 the rich and the wicked1 are identified in them4 ,many of our nation have taken this to heart1 and as it were pride themselves upon their humility1 as some of them call themselves ,ebionim1 or the ,poor2 some1 the ,zaddikim1 or ,righteous2 some1 ,chasidim1 or ,pious4 ,thou canst not call them a sect1 for in a way they include the whole nation4 ,in the ,eighteen ,blessings which form the staple of our daily prayers1 the ,lord is blessed as the ,guardian and ,refuge of the ,zaddikim4 ,now1 it was chiefly among these men1 whether they called themselves ,ebionim1 or ,zaddikim1 or ,chasidim1 that ,jesus found his chief adherents1 though he seems to give his preference to the ,ebionim1 who have always been insisting upon the blessedness of the poor4 ,now1 these men consider themselves to be beyond all others the servants of the ,lord1 and identify themselves with that picture of the servant which has been given by the ,prophet ,esaias4 ,thus in all these ways ,jesus appealed to the more earnest part of our nation1 and in him were conjoined most of the movements that had touched us most deeply4 ,if any had said at this time1 8,jesus the ,nazarene is a follower of ,jochanan the ,baptizer1 and preaches #8,the ,two ,ways' to the ,poor10 none could have gainsaid him4 ,yet all were wondering what he would say to the other side of our nation's hopes4 ,the life of our nation had begun with a deliverance2 our chief national feast recalls that deliverance from ,egypt to us every year as the spring comes round4 ,we have become subject to all the great kingdoms that have grown up round us1 yet again and again we have been delivered from each4 ,thou and ,i have often wondered how it has come about that both ,hellenes and ,hebrews1 who feel ourselves in different ways higher than these stolid ,romans who rule us1 have yet become subject to them4 ,thy nation hath acquiesced in their rule2 my people never will4 ,every man who promises greatness among us is hoped for as the ,deliverer4 ,many men about this time began to ask1 ,will ,jesus the ,nazarene be the ,deliverer8 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,two ,,ways4 ,now1 this is the 8,,catechism ,,of ,,the ,,two ,,ways0 which ,i have had copied out for thee1 for in it is the essence of the teaching of ,jesus1 as he himself recognized in speaking to me1 as thou wilt shortly hear4 8,there are two ways1 one of life and one of death1 but there is a great difference between the two ways4 ,now1 the way of life is this3 first1 ,thou shalt love ,god who made thee2 secondly1 thy neighbor as thyself1 and all things whatsoever thou wouldest not should be done to thee1 do thou also not do to another4 ,thou shalt not kill1 thou shalt not commit adultery1 thou shalt not corrupt boys1 thou shalt not commit fornication1 thou shalt not steal1 thou shalt not use witchcraft1 thou shalt not use enchantments1 thou shalt not kill an infant whether before or after birth1 thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's goods4 8,thou shalt not forswear thyself1 thou shalt not bear false witness1 thou shalt not revile1 thou shalt not bear malice4 8,thou shalt not be doubleminded nor doubletongued2 for duplicity of tongue is a snare of death4 8,thy speech shall not be false nor vain4 8,thou shalt not be covetous1 nor an extortioner1 nor a hypocrite1 nor malignant1 nor haughty4 ,thou shalt not take evil counsel against thy neighbor4 8,thou shalt hate no man1 but some thou shalt rebuke1 and for some thou shalt pray1 and some thou shalt love above thine own soul4 8,my child1 flee from all evil1 and from all that is like unto it4 8,be not soon angry1 for anger leadeth to murder2 nor given to party spirit1 nor contentious1 nor quicktempered1 for from all these are generated murders4 8,my child1 be not lustful1 for lust leadeth to fornication2 neither be a filthy talker1 nor a lifterup of the eyes1 for from all these things are generated adulteries4 8,my child1 be not thou an observer of birds1 for it leadeth to idolatry2 nor a charmer1 nor an astrologer1 nor a user of purifications2 nor be thou willing to look on those things1 for from all these is generated idolatry4 8,my child1 be not a liar1 for lying leadeth to theft2 nor a lover of money1 nor fond of vainglory1 for from all these things are generated thefts4 8,my child1 be not a murmurer1 for it leadeth to blasphemy2 neither self willed1 nor evilminded1 for from all these things are generated blasphemies4 8,be thou longsuffering1 and merciful1 and harmless1 and quiet1 and good1 and trembling continually at the words which thou hast heard4 8,thou shalt not exalt thyself1 nor shalt thou give presumption to thy soul4 ,thy soul shall not be joined to the lofty1 but with the just and lowly shalt thou converse4 8,the events that happen to thee shalt thou accept as good1 knowing that without ,god nothing taketh place4 8,my child1 thou shalt remember night and day him that speaketh to thee the word of ,god4 8,but thou shalt seek out day by day the faces of the saints1 that thou mayest rest in their words4 8,thou shalt not desire division1 but shalt make peace between those at strife2 so thou shalt judge justly4 ,thou shalt not respect a person in rebuking for transgressions4 8,thou shalt not be of two minds whether it shall be or not4 8,be not one that stretcheth out his hands to receive1 but shutteth them close for giving4 8,if thou hast1 thou shalt give with thine hands a ransom for thy sins4 8,thou shalt not hesitate to give1 nor when thou givest shalt thou murmur1 for thou shalt know who is the good recompenser of the reward4 8,thou shalt not turn away from him that needeth1 but shalt share all things with thy brother1 and shalt not say that they are thine own2 for if ye are fellowsharers in that which is imperishable1 how much more in perishable things4 8,thou shalt not take away thine hand from thy son or from thy daughter1 but from their youth up shalt thou teach them the fear of ,god4 8,thou shalt not in thy bitterness lay commands on thy manservant or thy maidservant1 who hope in the same ,god1 lest they should not fear him who is ,god over you both2 for ,he cometh not to call men according to the outward appearance1 but to those whom the ,spirit hath prepared4 8,but ye1 servants1 shall be subject to your masters as to a figure of ,god in reverence and fear4 8,thou shalt hate all hypocrisy1 and everything which is not pleasing to the ,lord4 8,thou shalt not forsake the commandments of the ,lord1 but shalt keep what thou hast received1 neither adding thereto nor taking away from it4 8,thou shalt confess thy transgressions1 and shalt not come to thy prayer with an evil conscience4 ,this is the way of life4 8,but the way of death is this4 ,first of all1 it is evil and full of curse2 murders1 adulteries1 lusts1 fornications1 thefts1 idolatries1 witchcrafts1 sorceries1 robberies1 falsewitnessings1 hypocrisies1 doubleheartedness1 deceit1 pride1 wickedness1 selfwill1 covetousness1 filthy talking1 jealousy1 presumption1 haughtiness1 flattery4 8,persecutors of the good1 hating truth1 loving a lie1 not knowing the reward of righteousness1 not cleaving to that which is good nor to righteous judgment1 watching not for the good but for the evil1 far from whom is meekness and patience1 loving vain things1 seeking after reward1 not pitying the poor1 not toiling with him who is vexed with toil1 not knowing ,him that made them1 murderers of children1 destroyers of the image of ,god1 turning away from him that is in need1 vexing him that is afflicted1 advocates of the rich1 lawless judges of the poor1 wholly sinful4 8,take heed that no one make thee to err from this way of teaching1 since he teacheth thee not according to ,god40 ,v4 ,,the ,,woman ,,taken ,,in ,,adultery4 ,,the ,,rich ,,young ,,man4 ,it must have been many months after ,i had heard him discourse in the ,galilan synagogue that ,i again saw ,jesus the ,nazarene4 ,we in ,jerusalem had our own concerns to think of4 ,at this time the long monopoly of rule by the ,sadducees was gradually being broken4 ,of the three divisions of the ,sanhedrim1 that of the ordinary ,israelites had become almost entirely composed of the ,pharisees2 ,i myself had been elected as one of that party1 and even in the other two sections of the ,priests and of the ,levites1 many1 especially among the latter1 held with the ,pharisees4 ,nor was this without influence upon the political issues of the times4 ,the ,sadducees1 being the sacerdotal party1 had no cause why they should be dissatisfied with the position they held in the ,state under the ,romans2 but we of the ,pharisees felt far otherwise about the national hopes for deliverance4 ,since my days the influence of the ,pharisees has become predominant in the nation1 and ,i foresee that the struggle between us and the ,romans cannot be delayed for long4 ,at the time of which ,i am writing1 the hegemony had not yet passed over to the ,pharisees1 and it was of import for us all to know whether any man of influence was on our side1 or on that of the ,sadducees1 or whether he cared for neither1 and cast in his lot with the smaller sects4 ,now1 it happened about this time that ,i was attending my place in the ,sanhedrim of ,israelites1 to judge of a case of adultery4 ,but in this matter our ,sages1 and especially those of the ,pharisaic tradition1 had made great changes in the ,law as laid down for us by ,moses2 for he1 as thou knowest1 commands that a woman taken in adultery shall be stoned to death4 ,now1 for a long time among us there has been an increasing horror of inflicting the death penalty4 ,if a ,sanhedrim inflicts capital punishment more than once in seven years1 it is called a ,sanhedrim of murderers4 ,yet the ,law of ,moses declared that whosoever was guilty of adultery would be put to death4 ,what1 then1 was to be done8 ,it is against the principle of justice that any should be punished for an offence of which he is ignorant4 ,hence1 in capital offences1 our ,sages1 to mercy inclined1 have laid it down that a man must be assumed to be ignorant of the guilt of the offence1 unless it be proved that he had been solemnly warned of its gravity2 and in our ,law proof can only be given by two simultaneous witnesses4 ,hence it is impossible to obtain conviction for a woman who hath committed adultery1 unless proof is given that she hath been previously warned by two persons at once4 ,this can scarcely ever be4 ,no ,jewish woman in my time has ever been stoned as the ,law commands for this sin4 ,some think that this is too great a leniency1 and of evil result for the morality of the folk4 ,when ,i arrived at the hall of polished stones near the ,temple1 in which the ,sanhedrim holds its sittings1 the trial had nearly come to a conclusion4 ,the inquiry had been made if any two credible witnesses had given the woman the preliminary caution1 and none answering to the call1 it remained only for the ,ab ,beth ,din1 the president of the court1 to dismiss the prisoner with the words of caution and advice which are customary on such occasions3 8,my daughter1 perhaps thou wert led into sin by too much wine1 or by thoughtlessness1 or perhaps by thy youth2 perchance it was mixing in crowds1 or wicked companions that led thee to sin3 go1 and for the sake of the great ,name1 do not bring it to pass that thou must be destroyed by the water of jealousy40 ,and with these words the court was dismissed1 and several of us were appointed to take the woman to her home1 and induce the man1 her husband1 to take her to him once again4 ,now1 as we were passing through the courts of the ,temple1 we saw ,jesus the ,nazarene in one of the smaller courts1 seated1 teaching the people1 some of whom sat at his feet4 ,but it seemed to some of us a favorable opportunity to test what he would say as regards the ,law of ,moses relating to adultery3 for if he would declare that the ,law must be carried out in all its rigor1 that would show that our ,sages were more merciful than he2 if1 on the other hand1 he adopted the opinion of our ,sages1 that would in so far commit him to support their attitude towards the ,law in general4 ,in any case1 it seemed a suitable occasion to test his power of dealing with the ,law1 and it is customary among us to put such test cases before the younger ,sages4 ,we therefore turned aside and entered into the smaller court1 and all rose to do honor to the ,sanhedrim4 ,then one of us said to him1 8,rabbi1 this woman was taken in adultery1 in the very act4 ,now1 ,moses in the ,law hath commanded that such should be stoned3 what sayest thou80 ,now1 when the man told him that the woman had been taken in the very act of adultery1 a deep blush passed over his face1 and he turned his eyes downwards4 ,then he bent down to the ground1 hiding his face altogether from us1 and writing1 as it were1 something on the sand of the floor4 ,now1 at first1 ,i thought of the cry of the moneychangers that ,i had heard1 and felt ashamed in my soul that such a question should be brought before this man1 of all men3 for our ,sages have said1 8,the greatest of sins is this--to bring a blush upon thy neighbor's face in public40 ,but the others thought not of this1 but once more they asked him1 8,rabbi1 what sayest thou shall be done in this case80 ,then1 without raising his head1 ,jesus said in a low tone1 8,let him among you that is without sin cast the first stone40 ,then we saw that his shame had been for us1 and for our want of feeling in putting such a question in the very presence of her who had sinned4 ,and in this matter we hold that sin can be in thought as well as in act1 and which of us could say that we were without sin even in thought8 ,so1 in very shame1 we turned and went1 and left ,jesus alone with the woman4 ,yet1 after we had come away from him1 ,matathias ben ,meshullam said1 8,that is well1--we are rightly rebuked2 but yet1 dost thou not see that this man hath not answered our question1 nor do we know1 as we wished1 what attitude he takes towards the carrying out of the ,law8 ,i hear that each morning he preaches to the people in the ,temple4 ,let us now tomorrow put such questions to him that he cannot evade1 and find out to which of our parties he belongs2 for this is a man that is getting great weight with the people1 and it imports us to know where he stands with regard to us40 ,so it was determined among us that the next morning a ,sadducee and a ,pharisee should put to him queries which should determine what views he held on the great questions which distinguished the two great parties of the ,state4 ,but that very afternoon ,i was to learn that this ,jesus had to deal with questions with which none of our parties concerned themselves4 ,for1 as ,i was coming near to ,gethsemane1 ,i met ,jesus with a band of men and women going out towards ,bethany1 and ,i passed them with the salutation of 8,peace40 ,but as ,i passed1 a young man whom ,i knew1 that had recently come into great possessions upon the death of his father1 came up and asked1 8,who is that man whom thou hast just greeted80 and ,i said1 8,jesus the ,nazarene40 ,then1 suddenly1 he set off running to catch them up1 and being curious1 ,i turned and followed him4 ,when ,i reached them ,i found the young man kneeling before ,jesus1 gazing up to him1 and he said1 8,good ,master1 ,i have inherited great possessions2 what shall ,i do that ,i may inherit the life everlasting80 ,jesus said to him1 8,call not me #8,good2' none is good but the ,one4 ,if thou wouldest enter into life1 do the commandments40 ,the young man asked1 8,which80 ,jesus said1 using the doctrine of 8,the ,two ,ways10 8,do not kill1 do not commit adultery1 do not steal1 do not bear false witness1 do not defraud1 honor thy father and thy mother1 and love thy neighbor as thyself40 ,then the young man said1 8,all these things have ,i kept from my youth up3 what lack ,i yet80 ,then ,jesus said1 8,one thing thou lackest3 go thy way1 sell all thou hast1 and give unto the poor1 and thou shalt have heavenly treasures3 come then and follow me40 ,the young man began to scratch his head1 and seemed in doubt4 ,then ,jesus said unto him1 8,how is it thou canst say1 #8,i have done the ,law and the ,prophets1' since it is written in the ,law1 #8,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself'8 ,behold1 many of thy brothers1 sons of ,abraham1 are clothed but in dung1 and die for hunger1 while thy house is full of many goods1 and there goeth not forth aught from it unto them40 ,but the young man rose1 and went away in sorrow and confusion4 ,then ,jesus looked round upon those who were there1 and said1 8,how hard it is for them that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom of ,god6 ,it is easier for an elephant to go through a needle's eye1 as the saying is1 than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of ,god40 ,then a murmur arose among all those present1 and they began to move on1 and ,i left them4 ,and ,i said to myself1 8,this man is neither ,pharisee1 nor ,sadducee1 nor ,herodian2 these be the thoughts of the ,ebionim40 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,testings ,,in ,,the ,,temple4 ,now1 on the morrow1 many of us who had agreed together to test the opinions of this ,jesus went to the ,temple and found ,jesus walking in the corridors4 ,then he that was of most authority among us said unto ,jesus1 8,rabbi1 we would ask certain questions of thee20 and ,jesus answered1 8,ask1 and it shall be answered unto thee40 ,thou must know that among us ,jews there be two chief schools of thought1 or rather thou mightest say1 parties of the ,state4 ,the one holds with the ,high ,priest and the rulers1 and is mainly made up of those whom ye ,hellenes call the ,best1 and their retainers4 ,these be known as the ,sadducees1 for their leaders are mainly of the family of the ,high ,priest ,sadduk4 ,now1 the other party is in some sort the party of the ,demos1 in that they seek to lessen the power of the ,high ,priests and their families4 ,but with us1 as thou knowest1 all things turn upon religion1 and this second party differ chiefly from the ,sadducees1 for that they are more in earnest with the matters of the ,law1 and chiefly they fear the influence of thy nation1 ,aglaophonos1 in drawing the ,israelite away from the ,law4 ,therefore have they increased precept upon precept1 so as to make1 as they say1 a fence round the ,law4 ,and as they would separate themselves from the heathen by this fence1 they call themselves ,pharisees1 that is1 ,separatists4 ,now1 it was nowise easy to learn whether a man was of the one party or the other4 ,for he might be eager for the ,law1 and so be ,pharisaic in color1 and yet approve of the dominion of the priests1 and thus be a ,sadducee4 ,yet in one chief matter of thought they went asunder contrariwise1 and that was concerning the resurrection of the dead4 ,now1 with regard to that1 the ,sadducees held that naught was said in the ,law of ,moses1 and therefore no son of ,israel need concern himself with it4 ,but the ,pharisees1 on the other hand1 laid great weight upon this4 ,so here was a touchstone by which to learn whether this ,jesus followed the one or the other of the two great divisions of our nation4 ,then1 as was agreed upon1 ,kamithos the ,sadducee came forward to ask him the question which should determine whether he held with them that there was no resurrection from the dead1 or with the rest of the nation4 ,he said1 8,rabbi1 it is written in the ,torah1 if brethren dwell together1 and one of them die and have no son1 the wife of the dead one shall not marry without1 unto a stranger2 her husband's brother shall take her to him to wife1 and raise up seed unto his brother4 ,suppose1 now1 there are seven brethren1 and the first takes a wife1 and dying leaves no son2 and the second takes her1 as is our custom1 and dies without leaving any seed2 and the third likewise1 and so on1 till the whole seven had married her1 and yet had no son2 then the woman dies also3 when they shall rise from the dead together1 whose wife shall she be of them8 for all seven had her to wife40 ,and ,jesus answered and said1 8,ye are at fault1 and know not the ,scriptures1 nor the power of ,god2 for in the resurrection they neither marry1 nor are given in marriage1 but are even as the angels which are in heaven4 ,and as an indication from ,scripture that the dead rise1 is it not written in the book of ,moses1 when ,god spake to him from the bush1 saying1 #8,i am the ,god of ,abraham1 and the ,god of ,isaac1 and the ,god of ,jacob'8 ,he is not the ,god of the dead1 but the ,god of the living3 therefore are ye in error40 ,and we were surprised at the subtlety of the man2 and chiefly men marvelled at the wisdom of this man in finding what we call a support1 that is1 a text of ,scripture on which to hang the doctrine of the life after death1 which many believe to have grown up among us since the sacred ,scriptures were written3 for in them little1 if anything1 was said of the world to come4 ,now1 ,jesus in his answer had happened upon a text which said that ,abraham and ,isaac and ,jacob were living when they were dead to this world1 and the people marvelled greatly thereat4 ,now1 it had been agreed upon1 that after the ,sadducees had asked their question and been answered1 ,i should stand forth and test this man ,jesus on behalf of the ,pharisees4 ,now1 one of our ,sages hath said1 8,be as careful of a little precept as of a great one20 whereas our great master ,hillel had1 as ,i have told thee1 summed up the whole ,law in one precept1 8,love thy neighbor as thyself40 ,therefore1 we of the ,pharisees wished to know whether this ,jesus agreed with the one sage or the other2 so ,i spake unto him and said1 8,rabbi1 which is the first commandment1 by doing which ,i shall inherit the life everlasting80 ,but at first he answered me not directly1 but said1 8,how readest thou80 ,then ,i remembered me the words of the 8,catechism of the ,two ,ways10 and answered1 8,thou shalt love the ,lord thy ,god with all thy heart1 and with all thy strength1 and with all thy mind1 and thy neighbor as thyself3 whatsoever thou wouldest not for thyself1 do not to another40 ,and he said unto me1 8,thou hast answered right2 and the first of the commandments is the ,shema3 #8,hear1 ,o ,israel2 the ,lord thy ,god is one ,god4' ,and the second is like1 namely this3 #8,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself4' ,there is none other commandment greater than these4 ,this do1 and thou shalt live40 ,then ,i was rejoiced1 and said unto him1 8,well1 ,rabbi1 thou hast said the truth3 there is one ,god1 and there is none other but him2 and to love him with all the heart1 and with all the understanding1 and with all the soul1 and all the strength1 and to love one's neighbor as one's self1 is more than all the burnt offerings and sacrifices40 ,then ,jesus became gracious unto me1 and said1 8,thou art not far from the kingdom of ,god40 ,but then ,i would learn further from this man who spake so well1 and ask him the question which is current in our schools on this subject1 and ,i said to him1 8,but1 ,rabbi1 who is my neighbor80 and he answered with a mashal1 or parable1 and said1 8,to what is the matter like8 ,a certain man was going down from ,jerusalem to ,jericho2 and he fell among robbers1 which both stripped him and beat him1 and departed1 leaving him half dead4 ,and by chance a certain priest was going down that way3 and when he saw him1 he passed by on the other side4 ,and in like manner a ,levite also1 when he came to the place1 and saw him1 passed by on the other side4 ,but a certain ,israelite17#h7 as he journeyed1 came where he was3 and when he saw him1 he was moved with compassion1 and came to him1 and bound up his wounds1 pouring on them oil and wine2 and he set him on his own beast1 and brought him to an inn1 and took care of him4 ,and on the morrow he took out two pence1 and gave them to the host1 and said1 #8,take care of him2 and whatsoever thou spendest more1 ,i1 when ,i come back again1 will repay thee4' ,which of these three1 thinkest thou1 proved neighbor unto him that fell among the robbers80 ,then ,i said1 8,not the priest1 nor the ,levite1 though they held office in ,israel1 but the simple ,israelite who showed mercy upon him40 ,then ,jesus said unto me1 8,go and do thou likewise20 and at this moment we were all summoned to the midday sacrifice in the ,temple4 ,when ,jesus had departed1 after the sacrifice1 we all met together and discussed his answers1 which had stamped him in our minds as a master in the art of question and answer1 which is with us as favorable a trial of skill as oratory or poetry with you ,hellenes4 ,now1 as regards the question of the ,sadducees1 men thought he had spoken more openly2 for though he had evaded a direct answer to the question of the seven brothers and their wife1 he had yet implied that they all would have a part in the life to come4 ,some regretted that the question had not been put differently1 and the problem set--if a son had been born through the seventh brother3 for this might have thrown light upon the question of the schools1 whether the brother's widow was to be still regarded as his wife if seed had been raised to him after his death4 ,but as to the support which ,jesus had taken from ,scripture for the life everlasting1 though here again he had answered question by question1 it was decided that he was against the ,sadducees on this point4 ,but on the questions which ,i had put to him1 all had agreed that he had answered as a ,pharisee1 even as ,hillel might have answered1 for he had yeasaid the doctrine which ,i had cited from the beginning of 8,the ,two ,ways0 in which the doctrine of ,hillel is summed up2 and even as to my further question1 as to who is the chaber1 or neighbor1 though opinions were divided1 most thought that he had spoken as a ,pharisee might have spoken3 for thou knowest1 ,aglaophonos1 that our nation is divided into three great classes--the ,cohanim1 or ,priests2 the ,levites2 and the common ,israelites4 ,now1 of these1 the two former are the officials of the ,temple1 and most if not all of the ,sadducees are from this class4 ,and1 in declaring himself on the side of the third class of simple ,israelites1 ,jesus had1 we all thought1 declared himself on the side of the ,pharisees4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,second ,,sermon4 ,i cannot clearly remember at what season of the year it was that ,i next saw ,jesus2 indeed1 ,i am surprised to think that1 after the lapse of nearly fiveandtwenty years1 ,i can still remember almost all that passed on the various occasions when ,i was in his presence4 ,yet ,i think it was about the time of the feast which we hold in memory of the rededication of the ,temple under the ,maccabans that ,i again saw and heard the ,galilan stranger2 for ,i mind me that ,i had just been taking the eightbranch candlestick which we use in the ceremonials of this feast to ,petachayah the silversmith to be mended1 when on my return ,i saw a throng collected round the synagogue of the ,galilans1 and entering in1 found that ,jesus was to preach that day4 ,the same ceremonial was gone through as ,i have already described to thee3 the ,law was taken from the ark with rejoicing2 priest and ,levite and four ordinary ,israelites were summoned to hear it read1 and again the crier called1 8,let ,rabbi ,joshua1 the son of ,rabbi ,joseph1 arise40 ,now1 it chanced that this time1 ,i1 as a member of the ,sanhedrim1 was summoned to the reading of the ,law immediately after ,jesus1 and for a time1 as is customary1 we stood together upon the bema4 ,i observed that1 as the reading of the ,law proceeded1 the eyes of the ,nazarene became fixed upon the ark1 and a veil of mysterious tenderness seemed to come over them1 as if he were in communion with the ,shechinah1 or ,glory1 itself4 ,it seemed to me that afterwards1 when he read the ,haphtara from the prophets1 and when he preached1 something remained in him of this mystical communion4 ,perhaps it was for this that we seemed to miss that sense of individual address which we had before observed in his eyes4 ,no longer did these speak to us other and deeper thoughts than the words of the preacher2 they seemed to dream of divine things1 and so caused us also to be rapt in mystic musings4 ,i cannot on this account recall for you all or even many of the words which he uttered on this occasion4 ,he began with some plain teaching about practice4 ,soon he went on to speak of himself in a marvellous way1 as if he would imply that communion with him and with the ,most ,high were one and the same1 and then in his last words he seemed to speak of the ,last ,things4 ,and here again his words seemed as if he identified himself with the great ,judge4 ,now1 this is not so strange to our mode of thinking in ,israel as thou mightest think4 ,almost all our prophets speak the oracles of ,god as if they were using the very words of the ,lord4 ,thou canst read in the ,greek translation of the ,seventy many passages of the prophets in which the very words of the ,lord are given4 ,yet in most1 if not all1 cases the prophet beginneth1 8,thus saith the ,lord10 or endeth1 8,this is the word of the ,lord40 ,but with this ,jesus it was otherwise4 ,he spoke as the ancient prophets do1 but whether from his rapt intentness in the message he was delivering1 or because he felt his spirit for the time merged in the divine1 he spoke as if the message was his4 ,and as he spoke1 ,i saw looks of amazement pass between many in the synagogue1 and one old graybeard rose as if to protest1 and then1 shaking his withered hands above his head1 went out of the synagogue4 ,i will here set down for thee as many of the words that fell from ,jesus' lips on this occasion as ,i can remember4 ,they are but few1 but many of them are weighty1 and ,i have told thee above the general lines of thought which seemed to run through his discourse2 and these are the words as far as ,i remember them47#i7 8,cultivate faith and hope1 through which is born that love of ,god and man which gives the eternal life4 ,those are the sons of ,god who walk in the spirit of ,god4 ,what you preach before the folk1 do in deed before every one4 ,accept not anything from any man1 and possess not anything in this world4 ,for the ,father wisheth to be given to each man from his own gifts4 ,cleave unto the saints3 for they that cleave unto them shall be sanctified4 ,yet shall there be schisms and heresies3 for there is a shame which leadeth to death1 as there is a shame which leadeth to life4 ,is it not enough for the disciples to be as the ,master8 ,if in a little you are not faithful1 who shall give unto you what is much8 ,seek the great1 and the little will be added to you2 seek the heavenly1 and the things of earth will be superadded4 8,he that wonders shall reign1 he who reigns shall find rest4 ,my secret is for me1 and for those that are mine are the things which eye saw not1 and ear heard not1 which entered not into the heart of man1 whatsoever things ,god prepared for them that love him4 ,those who wish to see me1 and wish to cling to the kingdom1 must take me through affliction and suffering4 ,for he that is near me is near the fire1 he that is far from me is far from the kingdom4 ,where one is1 there too am ,i2 where twain are1 there too will ,i be4 ,as any of you sees himself in the water or in the mirror1 so let him see me in himself4 8,they that love me shall receive the crown4 ,i will choose me the good1 those good whom my ,father in the heavens hath given me4 ,let the lawless continue in lawlessness1 the just be justified4 ,behold1 ,i make the last as the first1 and all things new4 ,in whatsoever state ,i find you1 in that also will ,i judge you40 ,never heard ,i any who spoke of himself as this man did4 ,for days and days afterwards some of his words came to me again and again4 ,whenever ,i was alone ,i seemed to hear his voice saying1 8,where one is1 there too am ,i2 where twain are1 there too will ,i be40 ,whenever ,i gazed on the running stream or looked on the polished steel of the mirror1 again ,i seemed to hear him say1 8,as any of you sees himself in the water or in the mirror1 so let him see me in himself40 ,and1 in truth1 at times my features seemed to fade away1 and the face of ,jesus gaze upon me4 ,others thought not as ,i4 ,when we assembled after the sermon1 to talk over it1 as is our custom1 ,i found that most had been chiefly touched by certain sayings at the end of the sermon1 in which ,jesus seemed to speak of the future life and the last judgment4 ,thou knowest1 ,aglaophonos1 that with regard to these matters ,i incline more to the teaching of the ,sadducean sect1 who hold that ,holy ,scripture speaketh not of these things1 and that1 therefore1 we need not and should not think thereon4 ,but there were few who held that doctrine in the synagogue that day1 and these thought most of the words in which ,jesus seemed to claim the prerogatives of the ,divine ,judge4 8,i was amazed10 quoth ,serachyah ben ,pinchas1 8when he spoke of judging us himself in the last days3 it wanted but a little that ,i had rent my garments at the blasphemy4 ,but surely1 thought ,i to myself1 the man will shortly tell us1 #8,these are the words of the ,lord1' and so ,i refrained40 ,now ,i will tell thee of a most strange event that happened with me and this ,jesus4 ,a day or two after this1 ,i was sitting in my room and studying the words of ,torah1 and had fallen into deep thought on the things of this life and the next1 and gradually ,i fell thinking of certain words that ,i had heard from ,jesus the ,nazarene1 as ,i have before told you4 ,hast thou ever felt1 ,aglaophonos1 as if some one was gazing upon thee1 and thou couldst not refrain from looking round to see who it was8 ,so ,i felt at this moment1 and ,i looked up from the sacred scroll1 and lo6 ,jesus the ,nazarene stood before me1 gazing upon me with those piercing eyes ,i can never forget4 ,his face was pale and indistinct1 but the eyes shone forth as if with tenderness and pity4 ,then he seemed to lean forward1 and spoke to me in a low yet piercing voice these words3 8,awake thou that sleepest1 and arise from the dead1 and the ,christ shall shine upon thee40 ,i had shrunk back from his gaze1 and was1 indeed1 in all amaze and wonder that he should be in the room2 but when ,i looked again1 behold1 he was gone1 there was no man there4 ,but this is not all the wonder of that event1 for1 being startled1 and1 indeed1 somewhat fearful at his sudden appearance and disappearance1 ,i arose and went out into the highway1 and went out to walk on the ,gethsemane road4 ,now1 as ,i came clear of the city1 ,i saw a group of men coming down the opposite hill1 and when they came near1 behold1 it was ,jesus and some of his friends4 ,i was astonished and surprised beyond all measure1 for how could ,jesus have just been with me1 and be now coming from ,gethsemane8 ,and when they were passing me1 ,jesus glanced at me very slightly1 as at a stranger--he that had spoken to my soul but a few minutes since4 ,now1 after they had passed me1 there came one running after them whom ,i knew--one ,meshullam ben ,hanoch--and ,i stopped him and asked him whither he was going1 and he said1 8,stay me not4 ,i have run all the way from ,bethany to catch up that man thou seest there1 ,jesus the ,nazarene20 and with that he took up his running and left me4 ,i knew not what to think4 ,i had seen and heard ,jesus in my own house in ,jerusalem1 and lo6 at that very same time1 as ,i now learned1 he had been at ,bethany4 ,what thinkest thou1 ,aglaophonos1--can a man be in two places at one and the same time8 or can it be that the mind of man1 and the power of his eye1 can go forth from his body and create a vision of another man that hath all the semblance of reality8 ,i know not what to think2 but ,i have heard that1 even after his death1 those who were nearest and dearest to ,jesus saw him and heard him even as ,i did4 ,nor do ,i wonder at this1 after what has occurred to myself4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,rebuking ,,of ,,jesus4 ,now1 it chanced that about this time ,i was invited to a feast at the house of ,elisha ben ,simeon1 one of the leaders of the ,pharisees in ,jerusalem4 ,his son had become thirteen years old that week1 and1 as is our custom1 was received into the holy congregation as a ,son of the ,covenant on the ,sabbath4 ,he had been summoned up to the reading of the ,law1 and had himself read aloud a portion of it2 for from this day onward he was to be treated in all matters of religion as if he were a man4 ,being a friend of his father1 ,i had attended his synagogue1 and heard the lad's pure voice for the first time in his life declare publicly his faith in the ,most ,high4 ,after the service in the synagogue1 his friends accompanied the father and the lad to their house1 and with them went ,i1 who had known the father from our schoolboy days1 and the little lad from the time of his birth4 ,now1 it chanced that1 as we came near the door of ,elisha's house1 we met ,jesus the ,nazarene1 and two or three with him4 ,so ,elisha greeted them1 and invited them courteously to join the feast1 as is the custom among us4 ,and ,jesus and the others assented1 and followed into the house with us4 8,to table1 to table60 cried ,elisha1 pointing to the couches standing round the wellfilled board4 ,when we were all seated1 the host and his son came round with an ewer and basin to perform the washing of the hands prescribed by the ,law4 ,but when they came to the ,galilan strangers1 these refused1 saying1 8,we wash not before meals40 8,then we must serve ye last10 said ,elisha1 with a smile4 ,but the others took not the matter so pleasantly2 for since we have one common dish1 which is handed round to the guests for them to take their food with their fingers1 it is considered gross illbreeding for a man not to perform the ceremony of washing before meals4 ,then ,elisha took a seat at the centre of the table1 and said the grace before meals4 ,then he broke bread1 and1 dipping a morsel into salt for each of the guests1 he called his son to him to carry it round4 ,when he saw that each of the guests had a piece of bread dipped in salt1 ,elisha recited the blessing on the bread1 8,blessed art ,thou1 ,o ,lord our ,god1 who bringest forth bread from the earth10 and all said 8,amen40 ,and one of the guests said to ,elisha1 8,i am glad we are not in ,babylon40 8,how so1 ,phineas80 said ,elisha to the man1 who was well known at all feasts at that time in ,jerusalem4 ,and ,phineas said1 8,for there they only eat bread with their bread40 8,nay1 that would not suit thee1 ,phineas4 ,thou art no ,nazarite20 and most of the guests who knew him laughed4 ,then ,elisha clapped his hands1 and the slaves took round the first course of salted fish2 then afterwards the cold baked meats--for1 being the ,sabbath1 the food had been prepared the day before4 ,then one of the guests said to one of the ,galilans1 8,is it true that you allow fowl to be boiled in milk in your country80 8,yes1 truly2 why not80 said the ,galilan4 8,is it not written thrice in the ,law10 said the guest1 8#8,thou shalt not seethe the kid in its mother's milk'80 8,in our country10 said the ,galilan1 8fowls give no milk40 ,and we all of us laughed1 save only ,jesus4 8,nay1 but the ,sages have carried their prohibition even unto fowls1 lest the people be led to confuse flesh and flesh40 ,by this time we had arrived at the third and last course of salted olives1 lettuces1 and radishes4 ,and again the bowl and ewer were passed round1 and this time the ,galilans did not refuse the water4 ,then the new son of the covenant recited in his clear voice the grace after meals4 ,and all rose1 while the slaves removed the remnants4 ,then said ,elisha1 8,it is not well that when so many are together we should depart without discussing some words of the ,law4 ,my little ,lazarus here would fain learn some new thing from the many learned men present on this day of his being received into ,israel40 8,well1 then10 said one of the company1 8,i should like to put a question to our friends here from ,galilee40 ,and they said1 8,speak1 ,rabbi40 ,and he addressed himself to ,jesus1 and said1 8,why walk not thy disciples according to the tradition of the elders1 but eat bread with unwashen hands80 ,then ,jesus spoke out1 and as he spoke he strode up and down the room1 with his hand clutching the air1 and the vein throbbing on his left temple4 8,well hath ,esaias prophesied of you hypocrites1 as it is written1 #8,this people honoreth me with their lips1 but their heart is far from me4 ,howbeit in vain do they worship me1 teaching for doctrines the commandments of men4'0 ,then facing us all1 he added1 8,for ye lay aside the commandment of ,god1 and hold the tradition of men40 8,how so1 master80 said ,elisha2 8prove thy words40 8,it is said in the ,word of ,god1 #8,honor thy father and thy mother1' and yet the ,sages say1 #8,if a man be asked by his father or mother to honor them with a gift1 and he say1 8,i vow that thing to the ,almighty10 then it is ,corban1' and put aside for the ,lord1 so that his parents cannot enjoy thereof4 ,thus by your tradition about vows ye make the ,word of ,god concerning honor to parents of none effect1 and many like things ye do40 ,then ,elisha said1 8,but the ,sages are by no means at one in that matter of the vows1 and in particular many of them declare all the vows annulled that would work against our duty to our parents1 or even against our love to our neighbor4 ,yet1 even if we take the more stricter tradition1 in what manner that absolves us from washing our hands before meals1 ,i see not40 8,nay1 it is the same thing10 replied ,jesus4 8,ye ,pharisees make clean the outside of the cup and platter1 but your inward thoughts are full of ravening and wickedness4 ,ye fools6 did not the ,holy ,one1 blessed be ,he1 who made that which is without1 make also that which is within8 ,therefore give for alms that which is within1 kindly thoughts and friendly feelings4 ,if ye do that1 all things are clean unto you40 ,then ,i said unto ,jesus1 for this matter touched us scribes nearly1 8,master1 in speaking thus against tradition thou reproachest us also that be scribes40 ,and he answered1 8,woe1 woe unto ye1 scribes6 which desire to walk in long robes1 and love greetings in the markets1 and the higher seats in the synagogues1 and the chief places at feasts1 which devour widows' houses1 and for a show make long prayers40 ,then an angry murmur rose among all the folk there assembled at the harsh words of the stranger1 when suddenly was heard the voice of ,simeon ben ,lazarus1 the father of ,elisha1 a very old man1 who sat in the corner and said3-- 8,young man1 fourscore years and two have ,i lived upon this earth2 a ,pharisee have ,i been from the day ,i became a son of the covenant1 like little ,lazarus there2 a scribe was ,i during all the working days of my life4 ,i did what the ,law and the ,sages command1 yet never thought ,i in so doing of men's thoughts or praises4 ,surely1 if the ,lord command1 a good ,jew will obey4 ,and as in many things1 many acts of this life1 the ,law speaketh not in plain terms1 surely we should follow the opinion of those who devote all their life to the study of the ,law4 8,i have never sought the praises of men1 their greetings or their honors1 in obeying the ,law4 ,in all that ,i have done ,i have sought one thing--to fulfil the will of our ,father which is in heaven4 8,as for what thou sayest1 that inward thought and outward act should go together in the service of ,god and man1 that is a verity1 and often have ,i heard the saying from the great ,hillel--may his memory be for a blessing6 ,but if outward act may be clean when inward thought may be unclean1 how1 on the other hand1 can we know the purity of what is within1 except it be decided by the cleanliness of what is without8 ,how1 above all1 shall we teach our little ones1 like my ,lazarus there1 to feel what is good and seemly1 except by first teaching them to do the acts that are seemly and good8 8,and as for what thou sayest as to the hypocrisy of us ,pharisees and scribes1 ,i say unto thee1--and in a few days ,i must see the face of my ,maker1--,i say unto thee1 ,i have known many an ,ebionite1 which thou seemest to be1 who was well spoken within1 but ill doing without4 ,so1 too1 ,i have known many a scribe and many a ,pharisee who neither carried their good deeds on their shoulders1 nor said1 #8,wait1 ,i have to finish some godly deed2' nor set off their good deeds against their sins2 nor boasted of their sacrifices for godly works2 nor did they seek out their sins that they might pay for them by their virtues2 nor were they ,pharisees from fear of the ,divine punishment4 ,they were ,pharisees from love of the ,lord1 and did throughout their life what they knew to be his commands40 ,but ,jesus spoke gently unto the old man1 and said naught but1 8,nay1 master1 ,i spoke not of thee1 nor of men like thee4 ,these be the true ,pharisees2 the rest but have the ,pharisaic color40 8,that is so10 said old ,simeon4 8,i have heard what ,king ,jannaus said3 #8,fear not the ,pharisees1 nor those who are no ,pharisees2 but fear the colored ones1 who are only ,pharisees in appearance1 who do the deeds of ,zimri and demand the rewards of ,phineas4'0 ,but before the old man could finish there was a movement at the doorway1 and a high1 thin voice cried out1 8,where is this kidnapper of souls8 where is this filcher of young lives8 where is ,jesus the ,nazarene80 8,behold me10 said ,jesus1 turning towards the voice2 and an old man1 with the rent garment of the mourner1 and with hair all distraught1 came up to the ,nazarene with arms outstretched and clutching fingers4 8,give me my son1 my ,elchanan60 he cried4 8,thou hast taken him from me last ,passover1 saying1 #8,father and mother1 yea1 all that a man hath1 shall he give up to follow me4' ,he left me to follow thee2 what hast thou done with him8--my ,elchanan6 my ,elchanan60 8,he died1 and is at peace40 8,then give him back to me again4 ,thou canst do all things1 men say3 make whole the sick1 let see the blind1 cause the lame to walk1 and give peace to the troubled mind4 ,give me1 then1 back my ,elchanan thou hast taken from me40 8,there is ,one alone that can quicken the dead10 said ,jesus1 and walked sternly past him4 ,,ix4 ,,jesus ,,in ,,the ,,temple4 ,but a few days after what ,i have narrated to thee1 ,i had attended a full meeting of the ,sanhedrim in the hall of hewn stones in the ,priests' ,court of the ,temple4 ,when the session was over1 we went forth1 and1 turning to the right1 passed into the ,court of the ,israelites1 and so through ,nicanor's ,gate into the ,court of the ,women4 ,now1 as we went down the fifteen steps that lead into this court1 we could see1 through the ,beautiful ,gate at the other end of it1 that something unusual was occurring in the outer court of all1 the ,court of the ,gentiles4 ,so ,i and some of the other younger members of the ,sanhedrim passed rapidly through the ,court of the ,women1 and1 hurrying through the ,beautiful ,gate1 found ,jesus preaching to the people under ,solomon's ,porch4 ,now1 it is usual for the people to make way when any member of the ,sanhedrim passes by2 but the people were so engrossed with the words of ,jesus that they took no note of me and my companions1 and we had to stand at the edge of the crowd and listen as best we might1 and so great was the crowd that ,i could scarcely hear what the ,nazarene was saying1 until gradually those near us1 recognizing the marks of our dignity1 made way for us till we got nearer4 ,never saw ,i ,jesus in so exalted a state4 ,though he was not tall1 as ,i have said1 he seemed to tower above the crowd4 ,the midday sun of winter was shining full upon the ,temple1 and though ,jesus was in the shadow of the porch1 the sunlight from the ,temple walls shone back upon his eyes and hair1 which gleamed with the glory of the sun4 ,he looked and spake as a king among men4 ,and1 indeed1 he was claiming to be something even greater than a king4 ,i could not hear very distinctly from where ,i was at first1 but towards the last1 as ,i got nearer1 ,i heard him say these words3-- 8,whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin4 ,except a man be born again1 he cannot see the kingdom of ,god4 ,he that loveth his life shall lose it4 ,if a man keep my word he shall never see death1 but has passed from death unto life4 ,he that believeth in me1 the works that ,i do shall he do also4 ,yet can the ,son do nothing of himself1 but what he seeth the ,father do4 ,i am the door3 by me1 if any man enter in1 he shall be saved4 ,i am the ,way1 the ,truth1 and the ,life4 ,i am the ,light of the world4 ,i am the good ,shepherd1 and know my sheep1 and am known of mine4 ,i am the ,bread of ,life3 he that cometh to me shall never hunger4 ,i am the true ,vine1 and my ,father is the ,husbandman4 ,i am the ,vine1 ye are the branches4 ,if any man thirst1 let him come unto me and drink4 ,before ,abraham was ,i am40 ,now1 as ,jesus was saying these words1 and many like unto them1 his form seemed to expand1 his eye flashed with the light of prophecy1 and all men were amazed at the power of his words4 ,never had they heard man speak of himself with such confidence4 ,if he had been very ,god1 he could not have said more of his own power over men's souls4 ,our prophets have spoken boldly indeed1 but none of them had boasted of the power of the ,lord in such terms as this man spake of himself4 ,could he be mad1 ,i thought1 to say such things8 ,yet in all other matters he had shown a wisdom and a sound sense equal to the greatest of our ,sages4 ,or had he found that by speaking thus of himself1 men1 and above all1 women1 were best moved to believe as he would have them believe1 to act as he would have them act8 ,might it not be the simplest of truths that for them1 to them1 he was indeed the ,way1 the ,truth1 and the ,life8 ,and1 indeed1 when ,i looked around and saw the effect of his words on those who were listening1 ,i could in part understand his power among men and women4 ,they drank in his words as travellers at the well of the oasis4 ,they lived upon his eyes1 and it was indeed strange to see every man's body bent forward as of a straining hound at the chase4 ,if ever men worshipped a man1 these were worshipping ,jesus4 ,and ,i8 ,what was it with me that his words failed to move me as they did those around me8 ,why did his eyes rather repel than attract me8 ,was it thy teaching1 ,aglaophonos1 that had taught me the way of thy race3 to measure all things in the balance of wisdom2 to be moved in all acts by reason1 not feeling8 ,was it from thee ,i learnt to think about the causes of this man's influence1 even while ,i and others were under it8 ,perhaps not alone2 for much that this man was saying would have repelled my ,jewish instincts even had ,i never come under thy influence4 ,what struck thee among us ,jews1 ,i remember1 was that while we see the ,deity everywhere1 we localize him nowhere4 ,alone among the nations of men we refuse to make an image of our ,god4 ,we alone never regarded any man as ,god ,incarnate4 ,those among us who have been nearest to the ,divine have only claimed to be--they have only been recognized to be--messengers of the ,most ,high4 ,yet here was this man1 as it seemed1 claiming to be the ,very ,god1 and all my ,jewish feeling rose against the claim4 ,nor was ,i alone in this feeling ,i was soon to learn4 ,before ,jesus had finished his harangue1 cries arose from different quarters of the crowd4 8,blasphemy60 8,blasphemer60 8,he blasphemes60 arose on all sides4 ,these cries awakened men as if from a sleep1 all turning round to see whence they came4 ,and the very turning round1 as it were1 removed them from the influence of ,jesus and his eyes4 ,in a moment1 many of those who just before were hanging upon ,jesus' words joined in the cry1 8,blasphemer6 blasphemer60 ,one of the boldest of those who began the cry called out1 8,blasphemer6 ,stone him60 ,but ,jesus drew himself up1 and looked upon the crowd with flashing eyes1 and said1 8,o ,jerusalem1 ,jerusalem6 ,sodom is justified of thee40 ,for a moment all were silent1 but soon the cries arose again3 8,blasphemer6 blasphemer6 ,stone him60 ,then began great commotion among the people4 ,while some called out1 8,stone him60 8,stone him60 others cried1 8,sacrilege60 8,sacrilege60 8,no stoning in the ,temple60 ,and one called out with a jeer1 8,in the ,temple ye cannot stone1 for lo6 here there be no stones20 and a bitter1 scornful laugh followed his words4 ,then some who were nearest to ,jesus sought to lay hands on him1 while others1 his friends1 stood round him and prevented their approaching1 and all was confusion and tumult4 ,when suddenly the blare of a trumpet sounded through the courts1 and all cried1 8,the ,romans6 the ,romans60 ,then round by the royal porch came a company of ,roman soldiers to change the sentries at midday1 and they halted near the ,beautiful ,gate4 ,and as they came near the crowd began to disperse1 and ,jesus and his friends went their way from the courts of the ,temple4 ,that day1 there was no talk in ,jerusalem but of the event in the ,temple4 ,men marvelled at the way in which this ,jesus had spoken of himself4 8,the prophets spake not thus10 they said4 8,yet how can a man be greater than a prophet1 who speaketh the words of the ,most ,high8 ,even if we had once more a king over us in ,israel1 he could not be as great as a prophet1 and no king would speak of himself as ,jesus this day hath spoken of himself40 ,but what if this man were destined to be the ,christ1 the ,godgiven ,ruler that should restore the throne of ,david8 ,but how could that be1 since none of the signs and portents of the last times had come upon the earth8 ,who had seen the blood trickle from the rocks8 or the fiery sword appear in the midnight sky8 ,had babes a year old spoken like men8 ,but others said1 8,nay1 the kingdom of ,god will not come with expectation4 ,as it hath been said1 #8,three things come unexpectedly--a scorpion1 a treasuretrove1 and the ,messiah4'0 ,and again1 others said1 8,perchance this is not the ,messiah ben ,david1 but the ,messiah ben ,joseph1 who shall be slain before the other cometh40 ,thus the minds of men and their words went hither and thither about the sayings of this man ,jesus in the ,temple4 ,x4 ,,the ,,entry ,,into ,,jerusalem4 ,i heard naught and saw naught of ,jesus the ,nazarene till the very last week of his life1 and that was the week before the ,passover4 ,the winter had been a severe one1 and much misery had arisen among the folk through the exactions of the ,romans2 indeed1 an attempt had been made to throw off the ,roman yoke4 ,in several places the people had assembled in arms and attacked the soldiery1 and in some cases had slain their sentries4 ,pilate had but sent off a cohort into the district1 and all signs of discontent went underground4 ,one of the leaders of the revolt1 ,jesus ,bar ,abbas1 had been captured and thrown into prison4 ,he1 indeed1 had attempted an insurrection in ,jerusalem itself1 where he was well known and popular among the common folk4 ,when he was arrested1 a riot had occurred1 and one of the soldiers was slain who had been sent to arrest him2 wherefore he lay now in prison on the charges of rebellion and murder4 ,yet many thought that this man had been put forth to try the temper of the people and the power of the ,romans1 in preparation for a more serious attempt to shake off the oppressor4 ,yet who should lead the people8 ,jochanan1 the only man whom of recent times the people followed gladly1 had been done to death by ,herod4 ,one man alone since his death had won the people's heart1 to wit1 ,jesus the cousin of ,jochanan4 ,he1 and he alone1 could lead the people against the ,romans1 and all men wondered if he would4 ,in the midst of their wonder came news that ,jesus the ,nazarene was coming up to the ,holy ,city for the ,feast of ,passover1 the feast of redemption from ,egypt4 ,would it prove this year a feast of redemption from the ,romans8 ,all hope of this depended upon this ,jesus4 ,it was twentyone years ago1 but ,i can remember as if it were yesterday the excitement in ,jerusalem when the news came that ,jesus of ,nazareth had arrived in the neighborhood1 and was spending his ,sabbath at the village of ,bethany4 ,all those who were disaffected against the ,romans cried out1 8,a leader6 a leader60 ,all those who were halt1 sick1 or blind1 cried out1 8,a healer6 a healer60 ,wherever we went1 there was no talk but of the coming deliverance4 ,as ,i approached one group of men ,i heard them say1 8,when will it be8 ,when will he give the sign8 ,will it be before or after the feast80 8,nay10 said one of the crowd1 a burly blacksmith he1 8what day for the deliverance but the ,passover day8 ,but be it when it may1 let him give the sign1 and ,i shall be ready40 8,and prove a new ,maccabee10 said one in the crowd1 referring to his hammer1 whereat a grim laugh arose4 ,the next day being the first of the week1 which the ,romans call the ,day of the ,sun1 ,i was pondering the words of the ,law in my little study chamber near the roof of my father's house in the ,street of the ,bakers near ,herod's ,palace1 which at that time was inhabited by the ,procurator1 when suddenly ,i heard the patter of many feet in the street beneath me1 and looking out1 ,i saw them all hurrying1 as it seemed1 to the ,temple4 ,i put on my sandals1 and taking my staff in my hand and drawing my mantle over my head1 hurried out after the passersby4 ,but when they came to the ,broad ,place before the ,water ,gate1 they turned sharp to the right1 and went down the ,tyropon as far as the ,fountain ,gate1 where ,i overtook them4 ,there ,i found all the most turbulent of the city population4 ,some of the men ,i knew had been engaged in the recent riot under ,jesus ,bar ,abbas4 ,others were the leading ,zealots in ,jerusalem1 and all were men eager for the freeing of the city from the ,romans4 ,and among them1 too1 were others who cared not for freedom1 nor hated the ,romans1 but would only be too pleased if the city were given up to disorder and rapine4 ,while these waited there1 we heard cries from behind us1 and looking back1 saw filing out from the ,temple courts on to the ,xystus ,bridge1 and down into the ,tyropon1 the brigade of beggars who pass almost their whole life in the ,court of the ,gentiles4 ,these came down slowly1 for among them were many halt and some blind1 and all were old and feeble of limb4 8,why come they forth from the courts80 ,i asked2 8and why are we waiting80 ,then said one near me1 8,knowest thou not that ,jesus the ,nazarene enters the city today8 ,and men say he is to deliver us40 ,and at that moment a cry arose among the folk1 8,lo6 there he is40 ,looking south1 for a time ,i could see nothing1 for the midday sun of the spring solstice was shining with that radiance which we ,jews think is only to be seen in our land4 ,but after a while ,i could discern1 turning the corner of the ,jericho ,road near ,en ,rogel1 a mounted man1 surrounded by a number of men and women on foot4 8,it is ,jesus--it is ,jesus60 all cried2 8let us to meet him60 ,and with that1 all but the lame rushed forward to meet him1 and ,i with them4 ,it is but three hundred paces from the ,fountain ,gate to ,en ,rogel1 and the ,nazarene and his friends had advanced somewhat to meet us1 but in that short space the enthusiasm of the crowd had arisen to a very fever1 and as we neared him one cried out1 and all joined in the cry1 8,hosanna ,barabba6 ,hosanna ,barabba60 and then they shouted our usual cry of welcome1 8,blessed be he that cometh in the name of the ,lord60 and one bolder than his fellows called out1 8,blessed be the coming of the kingdom60 ,at that there was the wildest joy among the people4 ,some tore off branches of palms1 and stood by the way and waved them in front of ,jesus2 others took off each his talith and threw it down in front of the young ass on which ,jesus rode1 as if to pave the way into the ,holy ,city with choice linen4 ,but when ,i looked upon the face of ,jesus1 there were no signs there of the coming triumph2 he sat with his head bent forward1 his eyes downcast1 and his face all sad4 ,and a chill somehow came over me4 ,i thought of that play of the ,greeks which thou gavest me to read1 in which the king of men1 driving to his own palace at ,argos1 is enticed to enter it1 stepping upon soft carpets like an idol of your gods1 and so incurs the divine jealousy4 ,as we approached the ,fountain ,gate1 the beggars from the ,temple had come down to it1 and joined in the shouting and the welcome2 and one of them1 ,tobias ben ,pinchas by name1 who had1 ever since men had known him1 walked with a crutch1 suddenly1 in his excitement1 raised his crutch and waved it over his head1 and danced before ,jesus1 crying1 8,hosanna ,barabba6 ,hosanna ,barabba60 and all men cried out1 8,a miracle1 a miracle6 what cannot this man perform80 ,and so1 with a crowd surrounding him1 ,jesus entered ,jerusalem and went up into the ,temple4 ,but ,i that year had been appointed one of the overseers who distributed the unleavened bread to the poor of the city for the coming ,passover1 and ,i had then to attend the meeting of my fellowoverseers4 ,that night there was no talk in ,jerusalem but of the triumphant entry of ,jesus4 ,the city was crowded by ,israelites who had come up to the capital for the festival1 and a whisper went about that many of the strangers had been summoned by ,jesus to ,jerusalem to help in the coming revolt4 ,during that night1 wherever a ,roman sentry stood1 a crowd of the unruly would collect round him and jeer at him2 and in one place the sentry had to use his spear1 and wounded one of the crowd4 ,so great was the tumult that1 when the sentries were changed for the midnight watch1 a whole company of soldiers accompanied the officer's guard and helped to clear the streets4 ,meanwhile1 where was ,jesus8 ,and what was he doing in the midst of this tumult8 ,i made inquiry1 for perchance he might have been holding disputations about the ,law1 as is the custom with our ,sages2 but ,i learnt that he had left the city at the eleventh hour1 and gone back to the village of ,bethany1 where he was staying4 ,but ,i was thinking through all that evening of the strange contrast between the triumphant joy of his followers and the saddened countenance of the ,nazarene4 ,men knew not what was to become of this movement in favor of him4 ,most of the lower orders were hoping for a rising against the ,romans to be led by this ,jesus4 ,shrewder ones among the ,better thought that the man was about to initiate a change in the spiritual government of our people4 ,some thought he would depose the ,sadducees1 and place the ,pharisees in their stead4 ,others feared that he would carry into practice the ideals of the ,ebionim1 and raise the ,poor against the ,rich4 ,others said1 8,why did he not enter by the gate of the ,essenes1 for he holdeth with them80 ,all knew that the coming ,passover would be a trying time for ,israel1 owing to the presence of the man ,jesus in ,jerusalem1 and the manifest favor in which he was held by the common folk4 ,but amidst all this ,i could see only the pale1 sad face of ,jesus4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,cleansing ,,of ,,the ,,temple4 ,on the morrow1 being the second day of the week1 which the ,romans call the ,day of the ,moon1 ,jesus of ,nazara came early into ,jerusalem1 and as soon as it was known that he had entered the city1 all those that had gone out to greet him on the previous day1 and many more with them who had heard of the miracle that he had performed1 went to meet him in the ,broad ,place4 ,and near upon the time of the midday sacrifice1 ,jesus and all these men went up to the ,temple4 ,now1 ,i have told thee how1 when ,jesus had first come to ,jerusalem1 he had driven forth from the ,court of the ,gentiles all those who were engaged in selling beasts of sacrifice1 or in changing foreign moneys for the shekels4 ,but the moneychangers and others had been replaced by the orders of the ,high ,priest ,hanan1 and nothing had come of this action1 nor in his later visits to ,jerusalem had he done aught in the matter1 and it was thought that he had acknowledged the right and the power of the priests to have the monopoly of the sale of sacrifices4 ,now1 that day of the ,moon was the tenth day of the month ,nisan1 and upon it were purchased all the lambs for the forthcoming ,passover sacrifices1 as it is said in the ,law1 8,in the tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb according to the house of their fathers1 a lamb for an house40 ,as this ,paschal sacrifice is the only home sacrifice of us ,jews1 thou mightest imagine that each householder could obtain his lamb whence he would2 but the priests say 8,no0 to this1 for if a man could take any chance lamb1 it might not be without blemish4 ,so it had grown to be a custom that1 on the morning of the tenth day of ,nisan1 the heads of households in ,jerusalem should wend their way to the courts of the ,temple1 there to select each man a lamb4 ,and the priests had their profit in this1 for they claimed from those who sold the lambs dues for every animal allowed to be in the courts4 ,and the sellers again were agreeable to this1 for none that had not the favor could sell the ,paschal lambs4 ,whence it was that the price of a lamb in the ,paschal week was more than three times as much as at any time of the year1 and the poorer people murmured greatly4 ,thus it happened that upon this day1 when ,jesus came into the courts of the ,temple1 these were crowded with all the householders of ,jerusalem1 and much chaffering and haggling was going on in the purchase of the lambs for the ,passover4 ,but ,jesus1 with the favor he had won from the people1 was for this day at least ,ruler of ,jerusalem1 and men wondered what he would do with regard to this sale and purchase of the beasts of sacrifice2 for on his first coming to ,jerusalem1 as ,i have told thee1 he had driven the sellers away1 but afterwards1 when they had been restored to their places1 he had seemed to acquiesce4 ,what would he do now1 men thought1 as they saw him advancing over the ,xystus ,bridge1 the head of a vast concourse of people who would do all that he told them8 ,they had not long to wait1 for no sooner had he entered the ,temple courts1 than he spake to those around him1 and ordered them to remove the tables of the moneychangers1 with their weights and scales1 without which no purchase could be2 and no man dared say him nay1 for all knew that the people were with him4 ,and they1 indeed1 were rejoiced1 for they took this as permission to buy their ,paschal lambs where they would2 and many of those who had been bargaining in the courts of the ,temple went off at once to the market1 and got them their lambs from thence4 ,all this ,i heard of in the inner courts of the ,temple1 for it chanced that day that ,i had to offer a sin offering1 and was waiting my turn in the ,court of the ,israelites while the priests were preparing the midday sacrifice4 ,and ,i saw one coming up to ,hanan and to ,joseph ,caiaphas1 who were presiding over the sacrifice1 and they spake earnestly to one another1 and stopped the sacrifice1 and came through the ,court of the ,israelites and went down the ,court of the ,women1 and all of us followed them thither4 ,and when we came to the ,beautiful ,gate1 and turned to the right round the corner of the ,temple1 behold1 we saw the flocks of ,paschal lambs being driven through the ,western ,gates4 ,and in the midst of the court stood ,jesus1 surrounded by a multitude clamoring and shouting4 ,then saw ,i ,hanan lean over to ,joseph ,caiaphas1 his soninlaw1 and speak somewhat to him4 ,then the latter advanced in front of the priests and the scribes1 who had come forth with him1 and asked1 8,who hath done this80 ,and ,jesus said1 8,it is ,i40 ,then spake ,joseph again and said1 8,tell us1 by what authority doest thou these things8 ,and who gave thee this authority80 ,now1 ,joseph the ,high ,priest was clad this day in the robes of his office1 with tiara on head1 the ephod on his breast1 and silver bells and pomegranates round the edge of his garment4 ,whereas ,jesus the ,nazarene wore his wonted garb of a common country workman4 ,yet for the moment this common workman was the greater power of the two2 since all men knew how he had been received by the people when he had come into ,jerusalem1 and that what he willed1 all the people of ,jerusalem willed also at that time4 ,so all were hushed to hear what this ,jesus would say to the question of the ,high ,priest1 since now they thought he must declare himself1 and justify the power he was exercising4 ,but here again1 as on former occasions1 ,jesus answered not directly to the question of the priests1 but rather questioned them4 ,he said1 8,i also ask you one thing1 which if ye tell me1 ,i likewise will tell you by what authority ,i do these things4 ,the baptism of ,jochanan1 was it from heaven or of men8 ,answer me40 ,and they answered and said unto ,jesus1 8,we cannot tell40 ,then said ,jesus unto them1 8,then neither will ,i tell by what authority ,i do these things4 ,to what is the matter like8 ,there was a man had two sons4 ,and the man came to the first1 and said1 #8,my son1 go work in my vineyard4' ,but he said1 #8,i will not4' ,howbeit afterward he repented1 and went to work4 ,but the man went to the second1 and spake in like manner4 ,but he answered1 #8,i go1 sir4' ,but yet he went not4 ,whether of these twain did the will of his father80 ,and we all answered1 8,the first40 ,then ,jesus looked slowly around at us all1 and said1 8,this ,i say unto you1 the publicans and harlots enter into the kingdom of heaven before you4 ,for ,jochanan came unto you in the way of righteousness1 and ye heeded him not1 but the harlots and the publicans heeded him3 but ye1 even when ye saw this1 repented not40 ,now1 at this public insult to all of priestly rank1 ,i saw dart forward ,hanan the ,high ,priest1 as if he would have rent the man ,jesus4 ,but ,caiaphas his soninlaw caught him by the wrist1 and whispered words in his ear4 ,but ,hanan broke loose1 and called out in a loud voice1 8,my guard1 my guard60 ,whereat many of the folk who had come with ,jesus into the ,court of the ,gentiles came forward round him1 and put their hands to their weapons4 ,he indeed said naught1 nor seemed aware of the conflict that threatened4 ,but ,caiaphas turned1 and in a loud voice said1 8,i go to perform the midday sacrifice10 and walked slowly out of the court back to the ,temple4 ,and we all followed him4 ,now1 when we returned from performing the sacrifice1 ,jesus had left the courts of the ,temple1 which had become bare and empty of people4 ,and as ,i went homeward to my house in the ,street of the ,bakers1 ,i looked down from the ,xystus ,bridge1 and saw trooping down the ,tyropon ,jesus and a great multitude of the people1 who crowded round him1 as if eager to touch the hem of his garment4 ,i stood and watched till they reached the ,fountain ,gate1 through which he passed2 and shortly afterwards ,i could see him on the road to the ,fountain of ,rogel1 still accompanied by many of the people4 ,what was to come of that day's work ,i knew not4 ,for the first time the discontent of the common folk with the management of the ,temple by the priests had come to a head1 and had resulted in this open conflict between ,jesus and the ,high ,priests4 ,the city was full of strangers excited by thoughts of the coming festival4 ,the common people had not yet calmed themselves from the thoughts of rebellion which had been raised by the rising of ,jesus ,bar ,abbas and others4 ,the whole city was as tow ready for the spark of fire4 ,,xii4 ,,the ,,woes4 ,now1 on the morrow1 being the third day of the week1 ,jesus of ,nazara came again into the city1 and the rumor of his coming spread through all the streets and places of ,jerusalem4 ,and going forth after the morning prayers1 ,i found ,jesus with many around him in the ,broad ,place before the ,water ,gate4 ,and as ,i approached near to them1 ,i saw the crowd part asunder and a procession coming through1 and almost all the men there bowed and did reverence to the men who were passing through4 ,now1 these were mostly of the ,pharisaic sect1 who were going to the ,great ,beth ,hamidrash1 to pursue the study of the ,law and to give decisions on legal questions which the common folk put to them4 ,and at their head walked ,jochanan ben ,zaccai1 the ,president of the ,tribunal4 ,he was regarded as the most capable exponent of the ,law since the death of ,hillel1 whose favorite pupil he had been1 and men were wont to refer to him for decision in all the most difficult questions of life4 ,he was walking at the head of the procession in his long talith with large borders and in his broad phylacteries4 ,and he passed ,jesus with a salutation1 indeed1 but in it was mingled some of the pride and contempt with which the masters of the ,law regarded all those whom they call the ,countryfolk4 ,when these had passed1 ,jesus turned round to the people1 and spake these words3 8,the scribes and the ,pharisees sit in ,moses' seat3 all therefore whatsoever they bid you observe1 that observe and do2 but do not ye after their works3 for they say1 and do not4 ,for they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne1 and lay them on men's shoulders2 but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers4 ,but all their works they do for to be seen of men3 they make broad their phylacteries1 and enlarge the borders of their garments1 and love the chief place at feasts1 and the chief seats in the synagogues1 and greetings in the markets1 and to be called of men1 #8,rabbi1 ,rabbi4' 8,but be not ye called ,rabbi3 for ,one is your ,master1 and all ye are brethren4 8,and call no man your father upon the earth3 for ,one is your ,father1 which is in heaven4 8,neither be ye called ,masters1 for ,one is your ,master4 8,but he that is greatest among you shall be your servant4 ,and whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased2 and he that shall humble himself shall be exalted4 8,but woe unto you1 scribes and ,pharisees1 hypocrites6 for ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men3 for ye neither go in yourselves1 neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in4 8,woe unto you1 scribes and ,pharisees1 hypocrites6 for ye devour widows' houses1 and for a pretence make long prayers3 therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation4 8,woe unto you1 scribes and ,pharisees1 hypocrites6 for ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte1 and when he is made1 ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves4 8,woe unto you1 blind guides1 which say1 #8,whosoever shall swear by the ,temple1 it is nothing2 but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the ,temple1 he is bound6' ,ye fools and blind6 for whether is greater1 the gold1 or the ,temple that sanctifieth the gold8 ,and1 #8,whosoever shall swear by the altar1 it is nothing2 but whosoever sweareth by the gift that is upon it1 he is bound6' ,ye fools and blind6 for whether is greater1 the gift1 or the altar that sanctifieth the gift8 ,whoso1 therefore1 shall swear by the altar1 sweareth by it1 and by all things thereon4 ,and whoso shall swear by the ,temple1 sweareth by it1 and by him that dwelleth therein4 ,and he that shall swear by heaven1 sweareth by the throne of ,god1 and by him that sitteth thereon4 8,woe unto you1 scribes and ,pharisees1 hypocrites6 for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin1 and have omitted the weightier matters of the ,law1 judgment1 mercy1 and faith2 these ought ye to have done1 and not to leave the other undone4 8,ye blind guides1 which strain out the gnat and swallow a camel6 8,woe unto you1 scribes and ,pharisees1 hypocrites6 for ye make clean the outside of the cup and of the platter1 but within they are full of extortion and excess4 ,thou blind ,pharisee6 cleanse first that which is within the cup and platter1 that the outside of them may be clean also4 8,woe unto you1 scribes and ,pharisees1 hypocrites6 for ye are like unto whited sepulchres1 which indeed appear beautiful outward1 but are within full of dead men's bones1 and of all uncleanness4 ,even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men1 but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity4 8,woe unto you1 scribes and ,pharisees1 hypocrites6 because ye build the tombs of the prophets1 and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous1 and say1 #8,if we had been in the days of our fathers1 we would not have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets4' ,fill ye up1 then1 the measure of your fathers4 ,ye serpents1 ye generation of vipers1 how can ye escape the damnation of hell80 ,and all the people were astonished at these words1 for in many of his sayings and most of his actions ,jesus had seemed to incline more to the sect of the ,pharisees than to any other section of the house of ,israel4 ,and1 indeed1 in the opening words of his discourse he had granted their right to interpret the ,law and to lead the people4 ,yet wherefore had he denounced them all without distinction as men insincere and void of truth8 ,hypocrites there were among them as among other classes of men4 ,often1 indeed1 their acts did not go with their words2 but of what man can it be said that all his acts and words go together8 ,these men were occupied in building a rampart to the ,law1 and holding the fortress against enemies without and dissensions within4 ,those ramparts might confine our actions within a narrow space1 yet is it not well for all men to be kept perforce in the path of duty8 ,i know thou thinkest otherwise1 ,aglaophonos4 ,thy ,master the ,stagyrite has taught thee that man should be a law unto himself2 but we ,jews willingly bear the yoke of the ,law1 because we believe it to be the yoke of the ,lord4 ,and in this matter ,jesus had in every way shown himself to be a ,jew of the ,jews4 ,why1 then1 was he so in wrath against the interpreters of the ,law8 ,yet were the common folk not displeased at these sayings of ,jesus2 nay1 rather they applauded them4 ,for in many ways our ,sages have failed to find favor with the common folk of ,israel2 for besides that they would regulate their lives at every point1 so that no man dare do this or do that except in the way the ,sages prescribe1 but chiefly the rabbis were out of favor with the folk for that they did openly despise and condemn all but those who were learned in the ,law4 ,the unlearned they called the ,countryfolk4 ,wherefore did the people hear with pleasure the bitter words ,jesus spake against the scribes and the ,pharisees4 ,the night of that same day an event occurred which roused the city of ,jerusalem to a pitch of expectation such as ,i had never seen there4 ,two young ,zealots1 artisans1 that were popular with their fellows for their kindness of heart and good humor1 fell into an altercation with a ,roman officer near the ,sheep ,gate1 not far from ,antonia1 where all the ,roman soldiers lie4 ,without a word of warning1 the ,roman officer drew his sword and killed one of these young men1 and when his companion and the passers by rebuked him1 and would have seized him to take him before the procurator1 he gave a signal1 and a multitude of soldiers poured forth from ,antonia and struck without mercy among the crowd4 ,five were killed and many were wounded1 and the whole city was in an uproar at this proof of ,roman insolence4 8,how long1 ,o ,lord80 the graybeards said1 raising their hands to heaven4 ,and the younger men said1 8,let us but wait the coming of ,jesus the ,liberator2 surely before the ,passover he will free us from the rule of the ,goyim40 ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,great ,,refusal4 ,thou canst imagine with what feelings of expectation all ,jerusalem awaited the coming of ,jesus next morning4 ,many of the ,pharisees had come together the eve before1 and spoken of the public insult ,jesus had given to their sect on the preceding day4 ,hanan the ,high ,priest1 we heard1 had quarrelled furiously with his soninlaw ,joseph ,caiaphas1 for that he had not allowed him to summon his guard after the humiliation he had put upon them in the ,temple4 ,yet neither the ,pharisees nor the ,sadducees who followed the ,high ,priests dared lay hands upon this ,jesus1 because of the evident favor in which he was held by the common folk of ,jerusalem1 and above all by the many from country parts who had come up1 like him1 to spend the ,passover in the ,holy ,city4 ,among all these there was no talk but of ,jesus the ,liberator2 nay6 many spake of him as ,jesus the ,christ4 ,and if he were indeed to be the ,christ1 the ,king of ,israel1 the ,founder of the ,new ,kingdom1 it could not be that he would suffer longer the yoke of the ,romans to lie upon the neck of ,israel4 ,yet there was one thing that perplexed many1 and opinion went hither and thither among the minds of men concerning it4 ,the ,christ who was to deliver ,israel and to rule over mankind1 was he not to be the son of ,david8 ,yet this ,jesus was of ,galilee1 where the admixture of blood had been greatest in all ,israel4 8,there is no unleavened bread in all ,galilee10 the scoffers used to say1 meaning thereby that their genealogy was sprinkled with yeast1 as we call foreign admixture4 ,and for this man's genealogy1 who could declare it8 ,many1 indeed1 as ,i have told thee1 thought him to have no right even to be called son of his father4 ,a mamzer shall not sit in the congregation of ,israel4 ,how1 then1 could one ascend ,israel's throne8 ,when1 therefore1 ,jesus came next morning from his lodging in ,bethany1 all ,jerusalem turned out to welcome him1 for the ,passover was coming anear1 and if aught was to be done to clear the city of the ,romans1 it must be done quickly1 must be done on that day4 ,never saw ,i the courts of the ,temple so crowded as on that day when ,i came thither1 and found ,jesus standing in the ,court of the ,gentiles1 with almost all the leading men of ,jerusalem and many of the common folk surging about him4 ,scarce room was left for the ,roman sentry to march his guard in front of the ,beautiful ,gate4 ,yet he took no heed of us barbarians1 but with shield and spear shouldered his way backward and forward1 backward and forward1 a sign to all men that the house of ,god was in the hands of ,god's enemies4 ,never saw ,i the men of ,jerusalem so exultant as on that morning4 ,wherever ,i looked1 joy--a grim joy--was on every man's countenance1 and there was no man there but was armed1 save only ,jesus himself and some ten or a dozen men who had come with him from ,bethany1 and these1 indeed1 were the only men who had not shown joy4 ,never had ,i seen the ,nazarene with a countenance so saddened and aweary4 ,yestermorn he had been flashing with anger and indignation as he spake his words against the ,pharisees1 but on this day his force seemed to be spent1 and he appeared like one who had passed through a great agony4 ,now1 as they were standing there1 ,i saw a man1 one of the leaders of the ,zealots1 armed as if for battle1 go up and lay a hand upon one of those with ,jesus4 ,he spake eagerly with him1 and pointed with his thumb to the ,roman soldier as he passed to and fro4 ,but the other shook his head vehemently1 and took his arm away from the grasp of the ,zealot and turned his back upon him4 ,now1 at this moment certain of the ,pharisees came through the crowd and advanced to ,jesus4 ,so great was the crowd that ,i heard not at first what they said unto him2 but it must have been some question about the matter that was in all men's minds1 for ,i heard his reply1 and that1 as was his wont1 was in the form of a counterquestion to their inquiry1 for he said1 8,what think ye of the ,christ8 ,whose son is he80 ,and they1 speaking with the thought of all ,israel1 said1 8,the ,christ is the son of ,david40 ,then all men watched with expectancy to hear what the ,nazarene would say to this2 for if he agreed with them1 then would he deny himself to be the ,christ3 for his genealogy had by no means been proven4 ,but yet1 how could he disprove the belief of all ,israel1 that the ,christ was the ,son of ,david8 ,yet that did he after the manner of our ,sages1 using words of ,scripture as his confirmation2 for he said unto them1 8,how then is it that ,david himself saith in the ,book of ,psalms1 #8,the ,lord said unto my ,lord1 ,sit thou on my right hand until ,i make thine enemies thy footstool'8 ,david therefore himself calleth the ,christ ,lord2 how then can the ,christ be his son80 ,at this the ,pharisees knew not what to say1 for no man had hitherto used that stichos of the ,psalms1 and they knew not what to reply4 ,but the common folk were rejoiced exceedingly2 joy spread on their faces1 and ,i saw many a fist raised and shaken in exultant defiance at the ,roman sentry1 who walked hither and thither on his guard as if he were a living mass of steel4 ,thereupon certain of the crowd who were known to be followers of ,herod had speech with ,jesus1 and spake to him3 8,master1 we know that thou art true1 and carest for no man2 that thou regardest not the person of men1 but teachest the way of ,god in all truth--tell us1 therefore1 what thinkest thou3 is it lawful to give tribute to ,csar or not8 shall we give1 or shall we not give80 ,all men were silent1 and drew their breath to hear what ,jesus might say to this4 ,for if he claimed to be the ,anointed ,one1 to whom but to the ,king of ,israel should ,israel's tribute be paid8 ,but he said unto them1 8,why tempt ye me8 ,bring me a denarius1 that ,i may see it40 ,and they brought one and put it into his hand4 ,and he held it forth unto them1 and said1 8,whose is this image and superscription80 ,and they answered1 8,csar's40 ,and then ,jesus said unto them1 8,render to ,csar the things that are ,csar's1 and to ,god the things that are ,god's40 ,and these ,herodians marvelled at the subtlety with which he had answered them1 but the common folk were amazed and dumfounded at his answer4 ,and soon ,i heard one say to another1 8,he denieth3 he would pay tribute to ,csar40 ,and gradually all the men drew away from him1 leaving him alone with only the company with him from ,bethany4 ,but he1 seeing this1 turned to one of those with him1 and said1 8,peter1 of whom do the kings of the earth take custom8 of their own children1 or of the aliens80 ,and ,peter answered and said1 8,of the aliens40 ,then ,jesus said to him1 8,then are the children free80 ,and ,peter said to him1 8,yes40 ,then said ,jesus unto him1 8,then do thou also give1 as being an alien to them40 ,the common folk heard this1 indeed1 but were in no wise satisfied4 ,if they were to give tribute to the ,romans for whatever cause1 they were still to be under subjection to ,rome1 and then ,jesus refused to be their ,liberator2 that had become clear to them of a sudden4 ,and they drew still further away from him4 ,and a deep silence of mortification fell upon all men there1 so that thou couldst hear distinctly the tread of the ,roman sentry as he moved on his march4 ,amid the deep silence suddenly came a gentle tinkling1 as of silver bells2 it came nearer and nearer1 and a crier called out1 8,way for the ,high ,priests60 ,then ,hanan the ,high ,priest1 with ,caiaphas his soninlaw1 and others of the priests accompanied by their guard1 came down the steps from the ,beautiful ,gate4 ,the ,roman sentry stopped his march and stood upright1 with spear on ground1 and all made way as the procession of the ,high ,priests passed through the court4 ,all men were silent1 and thou couldst hear the tinkling of the silver bells which were attached to the hems of the ,high ,priests' garments4 ,hanan walked at the head of the procession with his usual haughty gait1 and had nearly passed through the court1 when he saw ,jesus and those with him4 ,at once he halted1 and summoned one of the crowd to him4 ,then we saw much eager talk between this man and the ,high ,priest4 ,and ,hanan summoned the captain of his guard1 who would have turned towards ,jesus1 but that ,joseph ,caiaphas stayed him and spake unto ,hanan1 pointing to the ,roman sentry4 ,after much talk between these1 the ,high ,priests resumed their march and left the ,temple4 ,and all the other men began to pass away from the court1 leaving ,jesus and his men alone with none to listen to him4 ,for the word passed swiftly in the mouths of all the men of ,jerusalem1--8,he refuseth2 he would have us be slaves of the ,romans forever40 ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,hananites4 ,the next day being the fifth day of the week1 and the thirteenth day of the month ,nisan in that year1 many rumors went about the city as to the man ,jesus4 ,there were who said that he had been seized by the guards of ,hanan2 others said that he had left the village of ,bethany and gone no man knew whither4 ,but for that day ,jesus came not into ,jerusalem1 and men's minds were occupied more with one of the difficulties of our ,law which form the occupation and delight of our ,sages4 ,i must explain this unto thee1 for upon it turn the events of the next day1 so fateful for the man about whom thou art inquiring4 ,thou canst easily understand what ,i shall say1 for thou hast1 ,i know1 a copy of the ,scriptures in ,greek1 for did ,i not procure it for thee8 ,it is said in the ,law1 thou wilt find1 that the ,passover lamb is to be killed in the twilight between the fourteenth and the fifteenth of ,nisan1 and it is also said in our ,law that the whole of the lamb must be consumed that evening4 ,now1 in the years when the fifteenth of ,nisan1 which is the first day of the ,passover1 falleth upon the ,sabbath1 the killing and roasting of the lamb would take place on the ,sabbath eve1 when no killing must take place and no fire must be lit4 ,hence arises a conflict of the ,law of the ,passover with the ,law of the ,sabbath4 ,now1 the older view was1 that the ,passover was superior to the ,sabbath1 and its law was to be followed in preference4 ,this the priests held and followed1 and in this they seemed to have the authority of the great ,hillel1 who also declared the ,passover superior to the ,sabbath4 ,but many among the ,pharisees and the more pious preferred to slay the ,passover lamb on the eve between the thirteenth and the fourteenth day of ,nisan1 and to eat it on the fourteenth day2 that is1 in those years when the ,passover fell on the ,sabbath1 as was the case in the year of which ,i am now writing4 ,it would appear that ,jesus and his followers held with the latter opinion1 for1 as ,i have heard1 on the eve of the fourteenth of ,nisan he came stealthily into the city of ,jerusalem1 and ate the ,passover lamb concealed in an upper chamber of one of his friends in the city4 ,it showeth how earnest this man was in following the larger precepts of the ,law1 though in smaller matters he seemed to neglect it4 ,for by this time he must have known that he was no longer safe in ,jerusalem2 and1 indeed1 he proved this by his secret entry into it4 ,yet in order to fulfil the ,law1 which saith1 8,the ,passover lamb is to be eaten in ,jerusalem10 he risked his own and his followers' lives4 ,yet was he careful of them2 for1 as thou shalt soon hear1 as soon as he had gone through the meal prescribed by the ,law1 he escaped out of ,jerusalem4 ,now1 that night ,i was standing at the door of my house1 looking upon the city bathed in the light of the moon1 which was near its full1 when suddenly a man seized me by the arm and said1 8,thou art wanted40 ,i looked1 and behold it was ,simon ,kantheros1 my brotherinlaw4 ,and ,i said to him1 8,who wants me8 and wherefore80 ,and ,simon answered me and said1 8,hanan the ,high ,priest has summoned suddenly a meeting of the ,sanhedrim at his house on the ,mount of ,olives40 ,then said ,i1 8,but if it be at his house1 it can only be the ,priestly ,sanhedrim of ,twenty,three that he summons40 8,nay1 nay1 man10 answered ,simon1 8the case is urgent4 ,he saith1 #8any member of the ,sanhedrim4' ,come1 then1 with me1 and quickly40 ,so with that ,i seized my mantle and my staff1 and went forth with him4 ,so we hurried across the marketplace towards the ,fish ,gate1 and as we passed near the ,tower ,antonia1 we saw the flashing of red lights1 and heard hoarse cries of command1 and knew not what was toward4 ,but when we arrived at the ,fish ,gate1 we found them changing the sentries of the first watch1 and knew that the second watch had begun4 ,at first the sentry would not let us through the gate2 but the officer was called1 and ,simon showed him his badge as member of the ,sanhedrim4 ,but even this would not have sufficed1 but that ,simon then pointed to his toga and the purple stripe1 which showed that he was a ,roman citizen of rank4 ,thereat the officer spake to the sentry1 and we passed through the gate1 and turned sharply to the right1 and went down the road which leads to the valley of the ,kidron4 ,and as we were passing the ,brook ,kidron1 we looked and saw dots of red light moving up the hill from the ,garden of ,gethsemane4 ,and as we advanced up the hill of the ,mount of ,olives1 we could see from time to time these red sparks preceding us2 and when we came within sight of the ,high ,priest's house1 we saw them enter in and disappear4 ,soon we ourselves had come up to the gate1 and when we knocked1 a wicket was opened1 and a face peered out1 and our names were asked4 ,when we had told them1 the gate was closed1 and we had to wait some time4 ,but at last the door was opened1 and the captain of the guard received us4 ,he took us through the passage which led into the open court1 with the waterbasin in the centre1 round which we skirted1 and ascended the steps into the inner house4 ,and again we stopped before the halldoor while our names were asked1 and again we had to wait till the door was at last opened4 ,then at last we entered the hall1 and found ,joseph ,caiaphas the ,high ,priest and many of his kinsmen seated round a long table4 ,caiaphas rose1 and motioned us to two seats at the end of this table1 and we seated ourselves4 ,when my eyes had become accustomed to the light1 ,i looked round1 and said the greeting of peace unto those ,i knew of the assembly4 ,i can still remember many of their names4 ,there was ,ishmael ben ,phabi1 who had at first replaced ,hanan as ,high ,priest4 ,there were also the four sons of ,hanan--,eleazar1 ,jonathan1 ,theophilus1 and ,matthias4 ,then there were ,kamithos the priest1 and his two sons1 ,simon and ,joseph4 ,and beside these1 ,i remember two men of my own generation--,elioni ben ,kantheros and ,chananyah ben ,nedebai4 ,most of these men had been1 or were afterwards1 ,high ,priests1 and were all at this time members of the ,priestly ,sanhedrim4 ,on the left of ,caiaphas was a low stool1 and1 even as ,i looked1 ,hanan ben ,seth the ,high ,priest came in swiftly from a side door1 and took a seat thereon4 ,he glanced sharply round at each of us1 counting our numbers1 and we were exactly three and twenty4 ,and when he saw me1 he rose and spake somewhat harshly1 8,meshullam ben ,zadok1 what dost thou here8 ,this is a meeting of the ,priestly ,sanhedrim4 ,thou art a son of ,israel40 ,and ,i answered and said1 8,simon ,kantheros here1 my kinsman1 summoned me to the meeting1 saying that any member of the ,sanhedrim could attend40 ,the ,high ,priest thought for a moment--he seemed as if he were counting us again--then he said1 8,be it so2 thou art at least a true son of ,israel1 and this is not a formal meeting of the priests40 ,he sat him down again1 and we waited4 ,at last an attendant entered by the same door1 and1 going up to the ,high ,priest1 spake to him4 ,he nodded quickly1 and dismissed him with a wave of his hand4 ,and when he had passed through the door1 ,hanan the ,high ,priest rose1 and spake to us these words3-- 8,kinsmen and colleagues1 ye have all heard1 if ye have not witnessed1 how ,jesus of ,nazara entered the ,holy ,city on the first day of this week1 amid the acclamations of his followers and many of the lower people1 who even went so far as to hail him as the ,deliverer4 ,now1 tomorrow1 as ye know1 is the ,passover4 ,who knows1 if the thoughts of deliverance from ,egypt1 which come at that time1 may not cause this man1 or1 if not him1 his followers1 to attempt a rising against the ,romans our masters8 ,we know that any such attempt would be entirely futile1 but the very attempt itself would be the ruin of the nation4 ,ye know the character of the man ,pontius ,pilate4 ',tis but a short time since he slew1 of wanton cruelty1 certain ,galilans1 even while they were making sacrifices1 and all for mere suspicion of disaffection4 ,ye cannot but remember the building of ,solomon's ,aqueduct4 ,because money was taken from the ,temple treasury for the building thereof1 the people were inflamed1 and would have risen against them4 ,what did he but send his soldiers1 disguised in civil garb and armed with clubs1 among the people1 when they came to make their protest8 ,and without warning1 and in mere wanton cruelty1 did he give the signal for massacre4 ,if he did this at a mere threat of a rising1 what will happen should an actual rising take place tomorrow8 ,it is our duty to see that such a calamity fall not upon this nation because of the presence of this rude provincial in our midst4 ,better one man should die than the nation should suffer4 ,no time was to be lost1 and ,i therefore have had this ,jesus arrested1 and he now awaits our pleasure in the atrium4 8,before ,i summon him to our presence1 ,i would briefly state to you what seems to me and some of our friends here the right course to be followed4 ,we purpose to hand him over at dawn to ,pontius ,pilate1 to deal with him as he will4 ,for he1 by his spies1 and by the demonstration on the first day of the week1 must be aware of the danger of a rising tomorrow night1 caused by this man's presence in our city4 ,indeed1 it is for the very purpose of preventing a rising that he cometh up each year about the ,passover to ,jerusalem4 ,let it1 then1 be his care to prevent it how he will2 we shall have done our part1 and he cannot punish the nation1 or us its leaders4 8,but some of you will say1 ,why should we deliver this man up to the ,romans1 perhaps1 or even probably1 to his death8 ,i say1 that even apart from the danger which he offers to the ,state1 he is worthy of death for his manifest blasphemies4 ,he speaketh of himself as very ,god1 and claims to be the ,anointed ,one1 and puts aside the ,law as it pleaseth him4 ,i say naught of his insolence in the ,temple cloisters1 for this matter concerns us that be priests1 and in the matter of judgment we must not take account of aught that deals with our private concerns2 yet it is manifest that he hath no reverence for the ,lord's house3 witnesses shall prove to you that he hath said he would sweep it away and build another4 ,i wonder not that horror is expressed in your faces at this blasphemy4 8,yet1 as ye know1 our ,law hath in mercy provided that none shall be condemned unless on the testimony of witnesses4 ,the ,law shall be fulfilled4 ,even now1 as ,i speak1 one of his followers1 ,judas1 a man of ,kerioth1 is drawing forth from him his blasphemies before two witnesses1 concealed1 as is the custom4 ,and even if he fail1 ,i know this man ,jesus2 in his arrogance he will not scruple to repeat his blasphemies1 even before us4 8,time presses1 and ,i have but this to add before the prisoner is summoned3 it is a wise provision of our ,law1 that in capital charges no final condemnation shall occur until the second day of the trial4 ,the day before the ,passover began this eve4 ,if we keep to the ,law1 no condemnation can take place till after the first day of the ,passover1 by which time all the mischance may have come to pass4 ,if the power of life and death were solely in our hands1 ,i would not depart in aught from the wise provision of our forefathers2 but1 in truth1 if this man be put to death1 it will not be our doing1 for his fate rests with ,pilate4 ,i would remind the younger members of the ,sanhedrim that the final decision is not with us1 and if they vote for this man's death1 as ,i cannot doubt they will1 considering the pressing danger to our nation1 they need not fear to be called members of a bloodthirsty ,sanhedrim1 since his death1 if death he suffers1 will be at the hands of the ,roman ,procurator4 ,in this strait ,i propose1 therefore1 to examine this man at once1 and if1 as ,i doubt not1 he avows his guilt1 to wait till the morning for his final condemnation1 and in this way fulfil the ,law4 ,summon the prisoner to our presence40 ,then1 turning to ,caiaphas1 he said1 8,this is a matter between us and the ,romans1 for whom thou1 ,joseph1 art the ,high ,priest4 ,take thou1 then1 the interrogatory40 ,,xv4 ,,the ,,examination ,,before ,,the ,,sanhedrim4 ,then from the lower end of the hall entered ,jesus the ,nazarene1 with his arms bound with withes behind his back1 and he was led by the captain of the guard up to the centre of the table opposite ,caiaphas the ,high ,priest4 ,then ,caiaphas rose1 and1 looking at a paper in his hand which ,hanan had given him1 said unto ,jesus1 8,jesus of ,nazara1 thou art accused before us of blasphemy1 and of leading the people of ,israel astray3 what sayest thou thereto80 ,jesus gazed haughtily at him1 and answered1 8,i spake openly to all the world1 ,i have taught in the synagogue and in the ,temple1 and in secret ,i have said nothing4 ,why askest thou me8 ,ask them which heard me what ,i have said unto them4 ,behold1 they know what ,i have said40 ,then one of the men who had led ,jesus in struck him with the palm of his hand1 and said1 8,answerest thou the ,high ,priest so80 ,but ,jesus turned1 and said to him in a milder voice1 8,if ,i have said aught that is evil1 bear witness thereof2 but if well1 why smitest thou me80 ,and ,caiaphas the ,high ,priest bade the man begone and bring in the witnesses4 ,then one man came forward and said he had heard ,jesus call himself the ,son of ,god4 ,and another1 that he had spoken of himself as if he were very ,god1 and could do all that the ,holy ,one1 blessed be ,he1 can perform4 ,and yet another came forward and said he had heard ,jesus speak of himself as ,son of ,man1 and had thereby1 as he thought1 claimed to do what the ,son of ,man is said to do in the ,prophets ,daniel and ,enoch4 ,but no two of these witnesses agreed as to time and seasons1 as is required by our ,law4 ,at last1 however1 two of them declared that on the preceding day in the ,temple they had heard him say1 8,i will destroy this ,temple that is made with hands1 and in three days ,i will build another without hands40 ,now1 during all this time ,jesus had said naught1 but looked before him with that rapt expression that ,i had seen upon him on the second occasion when ,i had heard him preach in the synagogue of the ,galilans4 ,so ,caiaphas the ,high ,priest spake to him1 saying1 8,answerest thou naught to what these men witness against thee80 ,and ,jesus made as if he heard not4 ,then ,hanan the ,high ,priest leaned over to ,caiaphas his soninlaw and spake some words to him4 ,then ,caiaphas1 rising1 spake thus to ,jesus3 8,art thou the ,christ1 the ,son of the ,holy ,one1 blessed be ,he80 ,then ,jesus raised his head1 and gazing fixedly at the ,high ,priest1 said in a loud voice1 8,thou hast said4 ,and hereafter ye shall see the ,son of ,man sitting on the right hand of power1 and coming on the clouds of heaven40 ,then ,hanan the ,high ,priest rose and rent his clothes1 as is our wont in time of mourning or when blasphemy is heard1 and he called out in his keen1 shrill voice1 8,what need we any further witnesses8 ,ye have heard the blasphemy2 what think ye80 ,and he waved his hand to the captain of the guard1 who removed the prisoner4 ,when the door was closed behind him1 ,hanan said1 8,what need we of further words8 let us proceed to the judgment40 ,and glancing over to ,chananyah ben ,nedebai1 he said1 8,chananyah1 thou art the youngest2 it is thine to pronounce judgment first4 ,is not this man guilty of death for his manifest blasphemy here before us80 ,and ,chananyah said1 8,yea40 ,and so said all till ,hanan had called upon thirteen to give judgment4 ,then said ,hanan1 8,this man is for certain condemned to death1 or at least to be handed over to the ,roman ,procurator3 for already a majority of two have declared his death1 even if all the rest were for an acquittal1 as ,i cannot think possible4 ,the ,court will rise and reassemble at the time of the saying of the morning prayer1 in order to confirm this judgment4 ,ye will not have long to wait1 for even now ,i heard the crowing of the cock1 and the dawn cannot be far off40 ,then the ,court broke up1 and many of the younger members met together and discussed the case4 ,and ,i was somewhat surprised to find that very few words of compassion were raised for ,jesus4 ,the stubborn conduct of the prisoner had set them against him in the first place1 and his wild outburst had confirmed their ill thoughts of him4 ,but most of all they were influenced by the thought that this was but a preliminary trial1 and could only result in handing him over to the ,roman ,procurator1 with whom the last word would be4 ,none of them had seen aught of ,jesus but during the last few days in the ,temple1 when he had interfered with their order and prerogatives4 ,i cannot say ,i was convinced1 either by ,hanan's harangue at first1 or by these men's arguments afterwards4 ,but ,i was somewhat perplexed1 feeling myself in some wise an intruder in their midst1 not being of the priestly order4 ,and as is my custom in such cases1 ,i went out into the open air down the steps into the atrium4 ,there ,i found a great fire had been lit in the court1 for the night was chilly4 ,near the fire ,jesus was seated1 with the ,high ,priest's guard around him4 ,as ,i came near1 behold1 one of the guard threw part of his mantle across the face of ,jesus so as to blindfold him1 and then struck him1 saying1 8,thou art a ,prophet2 prophesy who hath struck thee40 ,and all the soldiers laughed and jeered4 ,then sought ,i the captain of the guard and told him this1 and he said1 8,they mean naught of ill--they be rude fellows2 howbeit1 ,i will stop them40 ,and he went up to them and reproved them4 ,and ,i paced up and down the courtyard1 with the silent stars above and the glowing fire beneath1 till an apparitor of the ,high ,priest summoned me1 saying1 8,it beginneth to dawn at the back of the house2 the ,council will resume its sitting40 ,when ,i entered the councilchamber1 ,i found all seated as before1 but in the midst was a smaller table1 at which was seated a scribe1 with a roll in front of him4 ,then ,hanan the ,high ,priest came in1 and said1 8,ye have all had the time of deliberation prescribed by our sages in capital cases1 or at least as much time as the urgency of the matter permits4 ,we must proceed to the formal ratification of this man's sentence1 for ,i cannot doubt that ye will see fit to confirm the righteous judgment which your zeal for the ,lord caused you to pass just now upon this man4 ,and again ,i would bid you remember you are voting1 not so much for this man's death1 as whether he is to be delivered to the ,romans4 ,scribe1 read the roll40 ,and with that the scribe began to read our names1 and we all answered to them4 ,then said ,hanan1 8,we will now proceed to the voting10 and called upon ,chananyah ben ,nedebai to record his vote4 ,and he voted as before1 for death4 ,then each in his turn1 and all voted as before4 ,and when my name was called upon ,i arose and hesitated1 and ,hanan looked over to me and said1 8,thou speakest here by our courtesy1 ,meshullam ben ,zadok2 if thou disagree with the unanimous opinion of thy colleagues1 thou hadst best instruct us in thy reasons4 ,what sayest thou8 ,is not he guilty of death who is guilty of blasphemy against the ,most ,high80 8,yea10 said ,i4 8,and was not this man ,jesus manifestly guilty of blasphemy before us80 8,yea10 said ,i4 ,then said ,hanan swiftly to the scribe1 8,he voteth for death10 and waved me down to my seat4 ,and thereafter all the remaining members of the ,council voted for death1 finishing with ,hanan as the oldest1 who merely gave a grim nod to the scribe4 ,by this time it was quite light1 and all the ,council and many of ,hanan's household joined together to say the morning prayers4 ,after prayers most of the ,council1 with ,hanan and ,caiaphas at our head1 followed the soldiers who guarded ,jesus down from the ,mount of ,olives4 ,as we came near the ,brook ,kidron1 behold1 a man with haggard face darted out from the shrubs by the wayside1 and rushing up to ,hanan the ,high ,priest1 dashed down at his feet a bag which chinked1 and then disappeared into the wayside again4 ,but ,hanan only motioned with his finger to the bag at his feet1 and the captain of his guard lifted it up and poured out its contents into his hand1 and1 behold1 it was a number of new shekels from the ,temple treasury4 ,then ,hanan smiled grimly1 and bade the captain put them aside4 ,thereupon we resumed our march1 and soon came to the ,aldgate4 ,there we inquired where the ,procurator was1 and learnt that he had taken up his dwelling at the ,palace of ,herod1 so that he might be in ,jerusalem during the ,passover1 as was his wont1 for fear of a rising at that time4 ,then we marched across and halted in front of the palace4 ,and on our way the rumor spread throughout the city that ,jesus the ,nazarene was being carried before the ,procurator1 and soon our procession was joined by all who were free from household duties4 ,i have explained to thee1 have ,i not1 how that for those of the older opinion this sixth day of the week was the day on which the ,paschal lamb was to be sacrificed1 and for all good ,jews the morning would be devoted to the final search after the leaven4 ,that morning1 therefore1 all the householders of ,jerusalem and all the heads of families were occupied in the search after leaven1 or in preparation for the ,paschal sacrifice1 and it was only the younger men1 and those who cared not for acts of piety1 who followed our procession on the way to ,herod's ,palace4 ,now1 all those of the ,council were of the older opinion as to the ,paschal sacrifice1 and were about to perform it on the evening of that day4 ,wherefore it behoved them not to enter the dwellings of the heathen during that day1 since it is their custom to bury the bodies of men in their gardens or in their houses1 which render them a defilement to us ,jews4 ,therefore on the day of a sacrifice no ,jew may enter a heathen's house1 above all the ,high ,priest1 upon whose sanctity the holiness of the nation depends4 ,when1 therefore1 we came within twenty paces of the ,procurator's dwelling1 ,hanan caused our procession to halt1 and a summons to be sounded upon the trumpet4 ,thereat a lictor appeared1 who asked our business1 and to him ,hanan gave a message to the ,procurator4 ,and here for the first time since he had been arrested ,i could see the countenance of ,jesus near me1 and it surprised me much to observe that all traces of anxiety and weariness had disappeared from it4 ,he seemed relieved and resigned1 and paid no heed to what was passing around him1 seeming only to commune with himself1 or perhaps1 ,i should say1 with some inward friend and comforter4 ,then ,pontius ,pilate came forward and spake to ,joseph ,caiaphas the ,high ,priest1 and asked him what he would with him4 ,and ,caiaphas answered and said1 pointing to ,jesus1 8,this man have we captured and brought unto thee1 finding that he was perverting the people1 and declaring that he was the ,anointed ,one of ,israel1 and therefore the rightful ,king of the ,jews4 ,him therefore have we brought to thee1 seeing it is a matter which toucheth our master the ,emperor40 ,thereupon ,pontius ,pilate turned round1 and said something in the barbarian tongue1 and the guard of ,roman soldiers came forward and took ,jesus from the ,high ,priest's guard1 and took him with them up the steps of the palace4 ,then ,pilate courteously invited the ,high ,priests to enter the judgmenthall with him2 but they1 in answer1 pointed out that on that holy day they dared not enter to any house but their own and the house of ,god4 ,then ,pilate turned his back with scanter courtesy1 and rentered the palace1 and we and the common people remained outside waiting4 ,,xvi4 ,,condemnation ,,and ,,execution4 ,and after a while of waiting1 ,pontius ,pilate reappeared1 and coming down to ,caiaphas said1 8,he hath confessed2 he shall join the other criminals that are to be executed this day40 ,then one among those who were waiting in the crowd came forward unto ,pilate1 and said unto him1 8,master1 it is a grace of our lord the ,emperor that at our ,passover there be released unto us one of the prisoners that are condemned to death40 ,and ,pilate answered and said1 8,that is so3 whom will ye that ,i release80 ,and many of those in the crowd called out1 8,jesus40 ,and ,pilate stepped back1 and summoned to him a lictor4 ,and shortly after soldiers came forward in the portico1 bearing with them ,jesus the ,nazarene4 ,upon him was a purple robe of royalty1 and upon his brow had been placed the faded rosewreath of some reveller which had been put on in haste1 and some of the thorns had torn the flesh1 and blood was trickling down4 ,when the people saw him1 many cried out1 8,not this ,jesus1 but ,jesus ,bar ,abbas40 ,and one man among the crowd called out1 8,better ,jesus ,bar ,abba7#aj7 than ,jesus ,bar ,amma207#aa7 and laughter and jeers followed4 ,then ,pilate seemed puzzled1 and called to him one of his lictors1 who spake earnestly to him for a time1 and then received an order from him4 ,and going up the steps1 he entered the palace4 ,and shortly afterwards there came forward the man ,jesus ,bar ,abbas of ,jerusalem1 of whom ,i have spoken to thee before4 ,now1 he had been very popular among the folk1 and had lost his liberty in a rising against the ,romans1 in which a ,roman sentry had been slain4 ,and there stood the two ,jesuses--the one that had risen against the ,romans1 and the one that had told the people they should pay tribute to their ,roman lords4 ,it was manifest that the newcomer1 who had done naught against the ,romans1 was more in favor with ,pilate the ,procurator1 while the folk who had welcomed him on the first day of the week1 on this the sixth day reviled and despised him because he had refused to lead a rising against the ,romans as the other one had done4 ,then ,pilate called out to them and said1 8,whom will ye that ,i release unto you3 ,jesus who is called ,bar ,abbas1 or ,jesus who is called ,christ80 ,and almost all the multitude cried1 8,jesus ,bar ,abbas6 ,jesus ,bar ,abbas60 ,then ,pilate gave command1 and the soldiers took tack ,jesus the ,nazarene into the palace again1 while others removed the fetters from ,jesus ,bar ,abbas1 and he came down the steps and disappeared among the crowd4 ,after a while1 there came forward from the side gate a company of ,roman soldiers1 who took their stand in front of the steps of the palace1 moving the crowd away therefrom4 ,and shortly after1 other soldiers brought down from above three men1 each carrying two pieces of timber1 one fixed across the top of the other1 like unto the letter tau4 ,one of these was ,jesus the ,nazarene1 clad once more in his own garments1 and without the rose wreath2 yet couldst thou see the mark of the thorns upon his brow4 ,the others were1 as ,i learnt1 malefactors that had been condemned for robbery4 ,just at this moment one touched me on the shoulder1 and1 turning1 ,i found it was one of the servants of my household1 who spake unto me and said1 8,meshullam ben ,zadok1 thy father would speak with thee40 ,and as the house was not far off1 ,i went with him and spake to my father1 who would have me accompany him on the search for leaven on that morn4 ,for at that time ,i was betrothed1 and next year ,i should have a house of my own1 and would have to conduct the search for leaven as a master of a household4 ,so ,i went round the house with my father--peace be upon him6--and searched for the leaven4 ,by the time the search for the leaven had been concluded1 the hour had come for the midday meal1 at which all the members of my family assembled4 ,but ,i hurried forth1 as soon as the grace after meals had been said1 to ascertain what had been the fate of the ,nazarene4 ,i could not go to the place of execution1 for it is not seemly for a member of the ,sanhedrim to attend an execution4 ,i soon learnt that the ,roman soldiers had conducted ,jesus and the two others to the ,hill ,golgotha1 somewhat apart from the place of stoning1 where our ,jewish executions were held4 ,as ,i have explained to thee1 ,aglaophonos1 our ,sages have mercifully interpreted the words of the ,law relating to the four modes of capital punishment among us--stoning1 burning1 beheading1 and strangulation4 ,for stoning they have substituted throwing down from a height after the criminal has been made to feel naught by drinking a mixture of frankincense1 myrrh1 and vinegar1 which the ladies of ,jerusalem supply as one of their pious duties4 ,the criminal condemned to be burnt is in reality strangled1 and then a lighted wick placed for a moment in his open mouth4 ,in every way the aim of the ,sages is to shorten the sufferings of the condemned man4 ,but the ,romans1 at least in their execution of all but ,roman citizens1 seem rather to aim at the opposite of this2 for they have selected1 as their method of execution for slaves and criminals that are not citizens1 suspension on a cross1 by which all the organs of the body are strained and tortured till some vital organ gives way4 ,it was this cruel form of punishment that the ,romans were dealing out to ,jesus the ,nazarene4 ,it happeneth oft that men live for two or three days on the cross1 till they die even of hunger4 ,i learnt to my dismay that ,jesus had refused1 with words of menace1 to take the draught of myrrh and wine which the ladies of ,jerusalem1 as ,i have said1 prepare for all men condemned to capital punishment1 so that they may not feel the pain and torture4 ,i could not go to the place of execution1 as a member of the ,sanhedrim4 ,i hurried1 therefore1 to the northern slopes of the ,temple mount1 whence one can see ,golgotha4 ,at first ,i could discern naught1 for sombre clouds covered all the heights of ,scopus4 ,but suddenly a flash came forth from them1 followed by a dull roll of thunder1 and ,i could see for a moment three crosses raised side by side on the top of ,golgotha4 ,which of these held ,jesus ,i knew not4 ,i only knew that there was dying one who had seemed born to do honor to his nation1 to help to deliver ,israel from the men who were now torturing him to his death4 ,since the night before1 events had so hurried past me that ,i had had no time to think of their import till now1 when ,i sat me down in the purple shadow of ,antonia1 and gazed upon the hill of execution1 where from time to time flashes showed me the three crosses on the hill4 ,this1 then1 was the end of the hopes connected with ,jesus of ,nazara1 and of the empire which he had wielded over men's minds6 ,but five days agone welcomed as a king1 today executed with the ignominy reserved for the basest slave4 ,each day of his sojourn in ,jerusalem he had made another and yet another class of the nation his enemies4 ,first he threatens the power of the priests2 next he insults their opposites1 the ,pharisees2 and then he puts to naught the hope of the common folk that he would help them rise against the ,romans4 ,between ,sabbath and ,sabbath he had lost every friend2 not even his immediate followers stood by his side in the hour of trial4 ,and yet no man had appeared in ,israel for many generations endowed in so high a degree with all the qualities which mark us ,israelites out from the nations around4 ,he was tender to the poor2 and which of the nations has given thought for its poor1 their feelings as well as their welfare1 like unto ,israel8 ,he bare the yoke of the ,law willingly1 yet as a son1 not as a slave1 of the ,most ,high4 ,god was to him1 as to all of us1 as an ever present ,father1 to love1 to chasten1 and to reward2 not as a harsh taskmaster or as a booncompanion1 as with the commoner minds of thy people1 ,aglaophonos2 nor as a vain figment of the reason1 as with thy higher minds4 ,even in what thou regardest as defects in our nation1 this ,jesus seemed also to share4 ,thou makest us the reproach that we give no thought to the beauties and grandeur of nature1 and in nothing that ,i had seen and heard of him did the ,nazarene differ from the rest of us in this4 ,thou complainest that we look upon life with all too much seriousness4 8,ye cannot see the smile upon the face of things10 thou saidst once to me4 ,in this surely ,jesus was a ,jew of the ,jews4 ,we never saw him smile1 still less heard him laugh4 ,thou wouldst hold up to me as a model ,socrates thy teacher1 who taught the ,hellenes truth with a smile4 ,that man there1 dying upon the cross1 had tried to teach ,israel the truth with tears and threats4 ,herein he followed the exemplar of our prophets4 ,only in ,israel have the men who have led us farthest reviled us most4 ,as our ,god1 who has been to us a ,father1 has chastened us while he loved us1 so our prophets have rebuked us their brethren4 ,many generations of men have passed since the last of the prophets spake his words of loving reproof4 ,now has appeared this ,jesus1 who again takes up their work4 ,but in one thing1 and that a great thing1 he differs from our prophets4 ,all these spake never but as messengers of the ,most ,high4 ,this man alone of the prophets speaketh in his own name3 therefore he hath been a stumblingblock and an offence unto us4 ,he spake as one having authority1 and it seemed to us as arrogance4 ,and when we would speak with him in the gates1 and know his own thought1 he evaded our questionings and eluded our testings4 ,he seemed aloof from us and our desires4 ,all ,israel was pining to be freed from the ,roman yoke1 and he would have us pay tribute to ,rome for aye4 ,did he feel himself in some way as not of our nation8 ,i know not2 but in all ways we failed to know him4 ,and as ,i was communing thus1 the sun shone forth from a rift in the clouds and illumined for a space the crown of ,calvary1 and ,i stretched forth my hands to the figures on the cross1 and cried aloud in my perplexity1 8,jesus1 what art thou80 ,and then ,i bethought me1 and my hands fell to my side1 and ,i said1 8,what wert thou1 ,jesus80 ,naught answered me but the distant rumbling from the gloomy clouds4 ,but the sun was setting over ,israel1 and ,i turned to my father's house1 there once more to celebrate the ,feast of the ,deliverance from ,egypt4 ,,epilogue4 ,thus far had ,i written to thee1 ,aglaophonos1 as to what ,i knew of that ,jesus the ,nazarene about whom thou hast made so earnest inquiry4 ,i had minded to hand it to ,alphus ben ,simon1 my cousin1 who goeth this week in the galley to ,cyprus1 and thence would have passed it on to thee by the hands of one of our brethren who visit ,greece from year to year4 ,but there has happened to me an event which has given me much to think of with regard to this very matter of ,jesus4 ,it chanced that the day before yesterday ,i went from the ,jewish quarter in this city of ,alexandria for my usual walk along the ,lochias1 which adjoins it4 ,there it is my custom to catch the sea air and to watch the vessels put into the ,inner ,port4 ,now1 it chanced that as ,i came upon the ,lochias1 the vessel of ,joppa had just hovedto in the ,inner ,port1 and the passengers were being landed up the ,broad ,steps4 ,now these1 by their talith and their faces1 ,i knew to be ,jews1 and ,i went up to them1 and greeted them with the greeting of peace4 ,but among them one came to me with the look of recognition in his eyes1 and said1 8,knowest thou me not1 ,meshullam ben ,zadok80 ,and1 behold1 it was ,rufus ben ,simon1 whom ,i had known before ,i left the ,holy ,city4 ,so ,i welcomed him1 and brought him home to this house of mine4 ,and here he remaineth till the morrow1 when he starteth forth to go to ,cyrene4 ,now1 in my inquiries about old friends left behind1 and new things that had happened since ,i went away1 ,i failed not to ask about the followers of the ,nazarene4 ,to my wonder1 ,i found that this ,rufus had become one of them1 even though he was but a child when ,jesus died4 ,yet is he a good ,jew in all else4 ,he eateth only our meat1 and keepeth our ,sabbaths and festivals4 ,but he avers that the ,anointed ,one1 whom we expect1 has already appeared1 and that he was ,jesus the ,nazarene4 ,and upon my inquiry how he could know aught of ,jesus but from the common talk1 he put in my hand some ,memorabilia of him1 written down in ,hebrew by one of his chief followers1 ,matathias47#ab7 ,this have ,i read again and again1 and pondered much thereon4 ,nor have ,i been able to sleep these two nights for the new thoughts about ,jesus that have come to me from reading these memoirs of him4 ,for1 behold1 he appeareth in these records of him by his own followers in far other wise than he showed himself to us in public at ,jerusalem4 ,in all his public acts among us he was full of scornful rebukes2 among his own followers he was tender and loving4 ,scarcely ever could we get him to speak out to us plainly his views about matters of public concern4 ,he would always give us an answer full of evasion and enigma1 but to his followers he would explain all his meaning over and over again1 illustrated with parable4 ,there at ,jerusalem he almost always turned to the people his harsher side4 ,i saw him on every occasion on which he appeared in public in ,jerusalem1 and1 save only in his sermons1 he was always rebuking one or another1 just like the prophets of old4 ,and the manner of his rebuking towards us was as with scorpions1 whereas among his own he would mingle tenderness even with his reproaches4 ,nor1 saving his sermons1 which few heard but those who already followed him1 had he aught novel to tell us about the things of life4 ,he seemed to us as if he would destroy the temple of our faith1 nor in his public actions did he give any promise of building it up anew4 ,yet to those with him he would continually be telling what to do and how to do it1 till1 behold1 a new manner of life1 fair and seemly1 stood before them1 fulfilled of ,jewish righteousness1 with a tender mercy which was the man's very own4 ,i need not detail to thee1 ,aglaophonos1 what these acts and words were which have given me an altogether new light as to the character and thoughts of the man ,jesus4 ,from certain words of thine in thy letter1 which ,i understood not then when ,i first read it1 ,i can see now that thou must have had some such account of the life and death of ,jesus before thee as this which ,rufus hath shown unto me4 ,now ,i can understand wherefore thou hast inquired about this ,jesus with such eager insistence4 ,and to thee as a ,gentile the revelation of his character would come with more attractive force than to us that be ,jews4 ,for in almost every way this ,jesus fulfilleth the idea of a ,jew as we have it in these later days4 ,working with his hands1 yet teaching with his voice2 obedient to the ,law1 yet ever eager to take a new law upon himself2 doing acts of love among men1 yet rebuking in love their ill acts1 and doing all things as in the presence of the ,glory2--in all this ,jesus was as the best of our ,sages4 8,wherefore1 then1 did ye suffer him to be killed80 thou wilt ask me1 and indeed ,i ask myself4 ,if ,i were to answer thee in the way ,jesus was wont to answer us1 ,i would say1 8,why did ye ,hellenes condemn ,socrates to the hemlock80 ,for he was as much the ,ideal of the ,hellenes as ,jesus of the ,jews4 ,every ,hellene would be eloquent and reasonable1 and that was ,socrates4 ,every ,jew would be wise and good and pious1 and that was ,jesus4 ,yet each of these men1 if ,i read their lives aright1 died the death of a criminal1 because he cared not for that which his fellowcountrymen cared for most4 ,socrates died because he would force his countrymen to examine by their reason the ideas and ideals which they all accepted4 ,jesus died for the same reason1 but also for another--for that he cared naught for our national hopes4 ,we were all panting for national freedom2 he would have naught of it4 ,whether it was that he felt in some sort to be not of our nation1 ,i know not2 but in all his teaching he dealt with us as men1 not as ,jews4 ,it is this1 ,i can see1 that has attracted thee to his doctrine1 whereas thou wert always scornful of our ,jewish pretensions1 as thou calledst them4 ,yet herein again was he at one with the best thoughts of our ,sages4 ,our ,god is the ,god of all1 and his ,law shall be one day the ,law of all4 ,if we yearn for the universal realm of the ,messiah1 it is as much for the sake of the world as for ourselves4 ,but methinks ,i see in the thoughts of this ,jesus an idea quite other than ours as to what the ,anointed ,one shall be and shall do4 ,we hope for him as a ,deliverer and a ,conqueror with force of arms by ,god's aid4 ,now1 ,jesus seemed not to think of the ,anointed ,one in any way like this4 ,his mind seemed to be filled rather with the picture of the ,servant of ,god as drawn by the ,prophet ,esaias4 ,thou knowest the passage1 ,aglaophonos2 ,i remember thy laughter when first ,i read it thee1 that men could look forward to contempt and hatred as a good4 ,truly the idea is far different from the saying of the barbarian1 8,woe to the conquered60 ,and surely to us all1 ,jew and ,gentile1 ,greek and barbarian1 the greatest of joys is this--to worst an equal foe in fair fight4 ,but to ,esaias the prophet1 and to ,jesus the ,nazarene after him1 the higher victory is with him that is worsted in the battle of life4 ,that will come as good tidings to nine out of every ten of men4 ,therefore1 if ,jesus thought of himself as the ,anointed ,one1 it was as being anointed with the woes of the vanquished1 with the sweat and the blood of the lowly and despised4 ,now ,i know why he seemed so sad when he was greeted at ,jerusalem as a victor4 ,he had spent his life in trying to impress a new ideal upon his people1 and they had welcomed him only as the fulfilment of the old ideal which he desired to replace4 ,none of thy poets have given a drama with more of eironeia in it than this4 ,yet why did he remain silent before us as to these ideas of his8 ,if1 indeed1 these were his ideas2 for even with the new light given by the ,hebrew ,memorabilia1 ,i can see his thought but dimly4 ,why spake he not his own thought to the people in ,jerusalem1 and tell us no longer to hope for worldly dominion as the best means for spreading the ,law of the ,lord1 but rather to be as servants of ,god1 even as ,esaias the ,prophet hath spoken8 ,was it that he wished to carry out the description of the prophet even to every iota of his text8 ,for1 behold1 the prophet sayeth1 8,he let himself be humbled1 and opened not his mouth40 ,if so1 then was the death of ,jesus but a sublime suicide4 ,for surely by this silence he has committed a grievous sin against us his people4 ,for if we committed aught of sin and crime that handed him over to the ,romans as a pretender to empire1 he indeed shared our sin and crime by his silence4 ,ye ,hellenes were at least greater in fault than we in the matter of ,socrates2 for ye condemned him after he had spoken his whole mind and made known his whole thought to his people2 whereas we condemned one who1 ,i make bold to say1 was even greater than thy ,socrates1 mainly because of what seemed to us his sullen and arrogant silence1 broken only by a confession of guilt when he knew he was not guilty4 ,but yet1 let me not be as harsh in judgment upon him after his death1 as perhaps ,i was when ,i allowed the sentence to be declared against him without protest4 ,he1 least of all men1 could have died with a lie upon his lips4 ,in some sort and in some way he must have combined the thought of the triumphant ,messiah and of the despised ,servant of ,god4 ,for in those ,memorabilia of him which have come into my hands during the last days as being a message from him that is dead1 ,i find these two things combined4 ,he speaketh ever of the blessedness of the poor and the humble and the despised1 even as the ,ebionim speak4 ,so that if a man would be blessed1 he would choose a lowly career1 even as did ,jesus4 ,yet withal he speaketh oft of himself as the ,son of ,man1 and every ,jew that heard him would think he knew what he thereby claimed4 ,for in the ,prophets ,daniel and ,enoch it is clearly said that the ,son of ,man would come in victory over the world2 and what other could this universal victor be than the ,anointed ,one whom the prophets had foretold8 ,if ,jesus put another meaning upon the prophetic words1 why spake he not his meaning fully unto the people8 ,all we may have gone like sheep astray1 but he that might have been our shepherd went apart alone with ,god4 ,o ,jesus1 why didst thou not show thyself to thy people in thy true character8 ,why didst thou seem to care not for aught that we at ,jerusalem cared for8 ,why1 arraigned before the appointed judges of thy people1 didst thou keep silence before us1 and1 by thus keeping silent1 share in pronouncing judgment upon thyself8 ,we have slain thee as the ,hellenes have slain ,socrates their greatest1 and our punishment will be as theirs4 ,then will ,israel be even as thou wert1 despised and rejected of men--a nation of sorrows among the nations4 ,but ,israel is greater than any of his sons1 and the day will come when he will know thee as his greatest4 ,and in that day he will say unto thee1 8,my sons have slain thee1 ,o my son1 and thou hast shared our guilt40 ,,religious ,,books ,serviceable1 ,timely1 and ,helpful4 ,riverside ,parallel ,bible4 ,containing the ,authorized ,version and the ,revised ,version in parallel columns4 ,large type1 cloth1 #e4jj2 ,persian1 #aj4jj2 morocco1 #ae4jj4 ,bible ,dictionary4 ,dr4 ,,smith',s ,,great ,,bible ,,dictionary4 ,edited for ,america by ,professor ,,hackett and ,dr4 ,,ezra ,,abbot4 ,by far the fullest and best ,bible ,dictionary in the ,english language4 #d vols4 #hvo1 #eif illustrations1 #cfig pages1 cloth1 #bj4jj4 ,other bindings from #be4jj to #bg4ej4 ,the ,new ,testament4 ,superbly illustrated with engravings from designs after the ,old ,masters4 ,royal #dto1 cloth1 full gilt1 #aj4jj2 morocco1 #bj4jj4 ,robinson's ,palestine4 ,biblical ,researches in ,palestine4 ,by ,,edward ,,robinson4 ,a work very highly commended by ,dean ,stanley4 ,with ,maps1 plans1 etc4 #c vols4 #hvo1 #aj4jj4 ,physical ,geography of the ,holy ,land4 #hvo1 #c4ej4 ,history of the ,sacred ,scriptures of the ,new ,testament4 ,probably the fullest and best work on this subject4 ,by ,,eduard ,w4 ,e4 ,,reuss4 ,translated by ,e4 ,l4 ,,houghton4 #b vols4 #hvo1 #e4jj4 ,neander's ,church ,history4 ,general ,history of the ,christian ,religion and ,church4 ,translated by ,rev4 ,,joseph ,,torrey4 ,with a very full index4 #f vols4 #hvo1 #bj4jj4 ,dr4 ,schaff pronounced ,neander the greatest church historian of the nineteenth century4 ,into ,his ,marvellous ,light4 ,studies in ,life and ,belief4 ,by ,,charles ,,cuthbert ,,hall1 ,d4 ,d41 of ,brooklyn4 #a4ej4 ,the ,london ,christian ,world pronounces these discourses 8most inspiring10 and the ,christian ,intelligencer finds 8a rare keenness of insight1 a reflection of taste that is special1 a spirit that is most ,christian pervading the whole book40 ,the ,divinity of ,jesus ,christ4 ,by the ,editors of the ,andover ,review4 ,a series of noteworthy papers contributed to that ,review1 and forming a symmetrical and very interesting treatment of the great topic they discuss4 #afmo1 #a4jj4 ,the ,evolution of ,christianity4 ,the remarkable ,lectures at the ,lowell ,institute1 in #ahib1 by ,dr4 ,,lyman ,,abbott4 ,thoroughly revised1 and forming a book which the ,christian ,register says1 8for the breadth of its sympathies1 for the generosity of its inclusions1 for the largeness of its spiritual apprehensions1 can hardly be too highly praised40 #a4be4 ,the ,world to ,come4 ,a book of vigorous1 very readable discourses by ,dr4 ,,william ,,burnett ,,wright1 with a ,lecture full of curious information about ,christmas 7#a4be72 8,ancient ,cities10 a volume of popular character1 describing the most representative cities of the ,bible 7#a4be74 ,on the ,threshold4 ,dr4 ,,munger',s wise and delightful book for young men and women 7#a4jj72 8,freedom of ,faith0 and 8,the ,appeal to ,life10 two books of broad1 noble1 readable sermons 7#a4ej each71 and 8,lamps and ,paths10 a volume of exceedingly sensible and attractive sermons to children 7#a4jj74 ,who ,wrote the ,bible8 ,dr4 ,gladden's frank1 scholarly1 yet popular book1 treating wisely and reverently a very important question 7#a4be72 a book of admirable discourses on 8,the ,lord's ,prayer0 7#a4jj71 and 8,applied ,christianity10 treating very suggestively the moral aspects of social questions 7#a4be74 ,the ,lily ,among ,thorns4 ,a very interesting book on the ,biblical drama called ,the ,song of ,songs4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,elliot ,,griffis1 ,d4 ,d4 #a4be4 ,an ,american ,missionary in ,japan4 ,a book of great interest1 and giving a great deal of information about the social and religious development of ,modern ,japan4 ,by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,gordon1 for twenty years an able and devoted missionary in that country4 #a4be4 ,the ,republic of ,god4 ,by ,,elisha ,,mulford1 ,,ll4 ,d4 #b4jj4 8,a unique work1 and devotes to the great topics of theology a kind of thinking of which we have had little in ,english literature and need much40--,the ,independent4 ,as ,it ,is ,in ,heaven4 ,the ,unseen ,friend4 ,at the ,beautiful ,gate4 ,three books by ,,lucy ,,larcom1--religious1 cheerful1 delightful to read1 and of the finest quality in every way4 ,the lastnamed is a book of exquisite religious lyrics4 ,each1 #a4jj4 ,for sale by all ,booksellers4 ,sent1 postpaid1 on receipt of price by the ,publishers1 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,company1 #d ,park ,street1 ,boston2 #aa ,east #agth ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,,footnotes #a ,this1 like most other utterances of ,jesus1 found in this book but not in the ,gospels1 is also found in the early patristic literature4--,,ed4 #b 1 seemingly the translation of the ,hebrew used for those unlearned in the ,law2 this term seems to have passed through much the same history as 8pagan40--,,ed4 #c ,each of the ,jewish rabbis used to sum up his teaching in some pregnant sentence4 ,these are given in the ,talmudic treatise1 ,the ,ethics of the ,fathers4--,,ed4 #d ,jos ben ,joeser said1 8,let thy place be a place of meeting for the wise2 dust thyself with the dust of their feet1 and drink greedily of their teaching0 7,pirke ,aboth1 i4 #d74--;,,ed4 #e ,the rabbis use this expression1 ,bath ,kol1 for any supernatural revelation4--,,ed4 #f ,this ,logion is only found elsewhere in one ,,ms4 of the ,gospels1 viz41 in the ,codex ,bez at ,cambridge4--,,ed4 #g ,it must have been from a report of this discourse1 and that given on p4 #ib1 that the majority of those utterances of ,jesus have been derived which are known in modern theology as 8,agrapha40--,,ed4 #h ,the gospel version reads 8,samaritan40--,,ed4 #i ,see note on p4 #db4--;,,ed4 #aj ,bar ,abba means 8son of his father40 #aa ,bar ,amma means 8son of his mother40--,,ed4 #ab ,probably the socalled ,primitive ,gospel1 the common foundation of our ,synoptics4 ,but the date is somewhat early4--,,ed4