,account of the ,skeleton of the        
,mammoth                                
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,account                               
,,of ,,the                              
,,skeleton                              
,,of                                    
,the ,mammoth1                          
,a ,,non-,,descript                     
,,carnivorous ,,animal                  
,,of                                    
,,immense ,,size1                       
,found in ,america4                     
----------                              
,,by ,,rembrandt ,,peale1               
,,the ,,proprietor4                     
----------                              
,,london3               ,,printed ,,and 
,,sold ,,by ,e4 ,,lawrence1 ,,no4 #cgh1 
,,strand2                               
,,and ,,to ,,be ,,had ,,at ,,the        
,,exhibition-,,room1 ,,no4 #aah1 ,,pall 
,,mall4                                 
---                                     

#ahjb4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,to ,,sir ,,joseph ,,banks1 ,,bart4    
,,president ,,of ,,the ,,royal          
,,society1 c4                           
-------    ,receive1 ,sir1 as a small   
testimony of my high respect for a      
,character  rendered illustrious in the 
paths of ,science1 this plain recital of
  ,facts1 and first publication1 derived
 from authentic sources1 on a  subject  
in which ,you have declared ,yourself to
 feel the most lively  interest2 and    
which must interest every thinking mind1
 delighting in the  investigation of    
physical causes1 or disposed 8to look   
through ,nature up  to ,nature's ,god40 
,your much obliged1                     
,and humble ,servant1                   
,,rembrandt ,,peale4       ,london1     
,october1 #ahjb4                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,account                               

,,of                                    
,the ,skeleton                          
,,of                                    
,,the ,,mammoth4                        
-------    ,the curiosity of the        
scientific world has for a long time    
been justly  excited by the fossil      
remains of a non-descript animal1 which 
have been  found in ,north ,america and 
,siberia1 but generally in so mutilated 
a  condition as to give but very        
imperfect ideas either of the size or   
kind  of animal to which they must have 
belonged4 ,the first account of them    
which we can find1 is in the fifth      
volume of ,jones's ,philosophical       
,transactions abridged1 part second1    
page #aei1 in an extract of a letter    
from ,dr4 ,mather to ,dr4 ,woodward1    
dated ,boston1 ,nov4 #ag1 #agab2 in     
which  the ,doctor gives an account of a
 large work in manuscript1 intitled the 
,biblia ,americana4 ,this work ,dr4     
,mather recommends to the patronage of  
some ,mecnas1 to promote the publication

 of4 ,as a specimen of it he            
transcribes a passage out of it1 being a
 note on that passage in  ,genesis1     
chap4 vi4 verse #d1 relating to giants2 
and confirms the  opinion of there      
having been in the antediluvian world   
men of a very  large and prodigious     
stature1 by the bones and teeth of some 
large  animals found lately in ,albany  
in ,new ,england1 which1 for some       
reasons1  he thinks to be human2        
particularly a tooth brought from the   
place where  it was found to ,new ,york 
in #agje1 being a very large grinder1   
weighing  four pounds and three         
quarters2 with a bone supposed to be a  
thigh-bone1  seventeen feet long4 ,he   
also mentions another tooth1 broad and  
flat like  a fore-tooth1 four fingers   
broad2 the bones crumble to pieces in   
the air  after they are dug up2 they    
were found near a place called          
,cluverack1  about thirty miles on this 
side ,albany4 ,he then gives the        
description of  one which he resembles  

to the eye-tooth of a man3 ,he says it  
has four  prongs or roots1 flat and     
something worn on the top2 it was six   
inches  high1 wanting one-eighth as it  
stood upright on the root1 and almost   
thirteen inches in circumference2 it    
weighed two pounds four ounces ,troy    
weight4 ,there was another near a pound 
heavier1 found under the bank of        
,hudson's ,river1 about fifty leagues   
from the sea1 a great way beneath  the  
surface of the earth1 where the ground  
is of a different colour and  substance 
from the other ground1 for seventy-five 
feet long1 which they  suppose to be    
from the rotting of the body1 to which  
these bones and  teeth did1 as he       
supposes1 once belong4 ,it were to be   
wished he had  given an exact figure of 
these bones and teeth4    ,this account 
is only worth preserving1 as it fixes   
the time at which  these extraordinary  
remains of antiquity were first         
discovered in  ,america1 previous to    
their being found in ,siberia4 ,the     

supposition that  they were the bones of
 a giant was scarcely less probable than
 that they  should have belonged to a   
quadruped of which not the smallest     
vestige  could be                       
traced4--,prepossessed1 therefore1 with 
the certainty of their  being human     
bones1 a calculation was made of the    
height of the supposed  giant1 very     
probably from a broken piece of         
thigh-bone1 and a length of  seventeen  
feet was calculated in proportion to the
 thickness of that  which was subject to
 their examination2 for take either half
 of these  thigh-bones1 and nothing can 
more resemble that of the human leg1    
until  the whole is seen together1 when1
 from its thickness1 it is evidently    
that of a quadruped1 the human thigh    
being very long and slender4 ,the       
seventy-five feet of black earth1 which 
they calculated to be the length  of a  
man whose thigh-bone was supposed       
seventeen feet1 could have been  nothing
 but a small morass divested of its     

water2 and hence the decayed  state of  
the bones4    ,it appears that about the
 year #agdj1 great numbers of bones1 of 
a  similar kind1 were found in ,kentucky
 on the ,ohio2 but they were  collected 
with such eagerness1 and forwarded to   
,europe so hastily1 that  it shortly    
became impossible to distinguish one set
 of bones from  another1 so as to       
ascertain their number1 proportion1 and 
kind2 parts of  the same animal having  
been scattered over ,england1 ,france1  
and ,germany1  and there compared with  
similar ones from ,siberia4 ,buffon#a   
speaking of  one of these thigh-bones   
brought from the ,ohio by the way of    
,canada1  which he describes as being   
the tenth of an inch shorter than one   
from  ,siberia1 and yet an inch thicker1
 says2 8,this disproportion is so great 
as hitherto to deceive me with respect  
to this bone1 though it otherwise       
resembles1 both in the external figure  
and internal structure1 the femur  of   
the elephant 7he should have said1 the  

femur found in ,siberia71  mentioned    
under the number ,,dcdlxxxvii4 ,the     
difference in thickness1  which appeared
 excessive1 seemed sufficient to        
attribute this bone to  another animal  
which must have been larger than the    
elephant2 but as no  such animal is     
known1 recourse must be had to the      
pretended ,,mammoth1 a  fabulous animal 
supposed to inhabit the regions of the  
north1 where are  frequently found      
bones1 teeth1 and tusks of the          
elephant40 ,here again  the word        
elephant is improperly introduced2      
,messrs4 ,buffon and ,daubenton  having 
conceived an idea that all the ,siberian
 and some of the ,american  bones       
belonged unquestionably to elephants1   
render their observations  almost       
unintelligible1 from the confident use  
of the term elephant in  cases where it 
was at least doubtful1 especially as it 
is now evident1  that the same animal   
was native in the north of both         
countries2 with one  probable           

difference1 that the bones of the       
,american animal are  comparatively     
thicker than the ,siberian2 and with    
this striking  difference between them  
both and the elephant1 that the         
thigh-bones of  the latter are round as 
well as slender1 whereas those of the   
,mammoth  are much flattened1 so as to  
stand obliquely in the animal4 ,after   
reciting the account given by ,mr4      
,fabry1 who states the place and manner 
in which ,mr4 le ,baron de ,longueuil1  
,mr4 de ,bienville1 and ,mr4 de ,lignery
  7lieutenant in ,canada71 found some of
 these bones and teeth on the ,ohio  in 
#agdj1 he proceeds2 8,mr4 du ,hamel1 of 
the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences1       
informs us that ,mr4 de ,longueuil had  
likewise brought1 in #agdj1 some  very  
large grinders found in ,canada1 and    
perhaps with the tusk and femur  which  
,i shall mention4 ,these teeth have no  
characters in common with  those of the 
elephant1 but greatly resemble the teeth
 of the  hippopotamus1 so that there is 

reason to believe they may be part of   
that animal2 for it can never be        
supposed that these teeth could have    
been taken from the same head with the  
tusks1 or that it could have made  part 
of the same skeleton with the femur     
above-mentioned3 ,in supposing  this1 it
 would be necessary to suppose an       
,,unknown ,,animal1 which had  tusks    
similar to those of the elephant1 and   
grinders resembling those of  the       
hippopotamus4 7,voyez les ,memoires de  
l',academie ,royale des  ,sciences1     
,anne #agfb740      ,footnote #a3 ,vol4 
,,xi4 ,page #afi1 ,no4 ,,mxxxv4 ,autre  
,femur d',elephante4      ,here ,m4 de  
,buffon1 however unwillingly1 has drawn 
a true picture of the  ,mammoth1 with   
some little variation1 inasmuch as the  
tusks do resemble  those of the         
elephant1 except in having a greater    
curve and spiral  twist1 and as the     
teeth do resemble those of the          
hippopotamus1 except  that in the latter
 there are never more than three prongs1

 or  blunt-pointed protuberances1 on the
 grinding surface2 whereas in this      
animal the large teeth have five and    
six1 and the small teeth three and  four
 prongs1 very differently arranged from 
those of the former4    ,the elephant1  
which is a graminivorous animal1 is     
armed with tusks1 more  properly called 
by the ,french defences2 but to me it   
appears nothing  inconsistent with the  
nature of a carnivorous animal that it  
should be  furnished with a similar     
weapon of offence and defence1 and      
indeed from  their form somewhat better 
calculated to answer those objects2     
therefore  the number of instances in   
which these tusks and those carnivorous 
teeth  were found with bones resembling 
the bones of the elephant1 though       
larger1 should have been taken as the   
strongest presumption that they  were   
the fragments of one animal1 which1 from
 its fossil remains  7accompanied with  
the most terrific and fabulous          
accounts71 has been  distinguished1 both

 in ,russia and ,america1 by the name of
 ,,mammoth4    ,mr4 ,collinson1 ,member 
of the ,royal ,society1 in a letter on  
this subject  to ,m4 ,buffon#b1 after   
describing the situation of the salt    
lick on the  ,ohio1 where an amazing    
number of bones of the elephant1 as he  
imagined  them to be1 were found1       
together with teeth totally unlike those
 of the  elephant1 concludes thus3 8,but
 the large teeth which ,i send you1     
,sir1  were found with those tusks or   
defences2 others yet larger than these  
shew1 nay demonstrate1 that they did not
 belong to elephants4 ,how shall  we    
reconcile this paradox8 ,may we not     
suppose that there existed  formerly a  
large animal with the tusks of the      
elephant and the grinders  of the       
hippopotamus8 ,for these large grinders 
are very different from  those of the   
elephant4 ,mr4 ,croghan thinks1 from the
 great number of this  kind of teeth1   
that is1 the tusks and grinders which he
 saw in that  place1 that there had been

 at least thirty of these animals2 yet  
the  elephant never was known in        
,america1 and probably could not have   
been  carried there from ,asia3 the     
impossibility that they could have lived
  there1 owing to the severity of the   
winters1 and where1 notwithstanding     
such a quantity of their bones is found1
 is a paradox which we leave to  your   
eminent wisdom to solve40 ,this         
determination ,m4 ,buffon gives us in   
the following terms1 although in direct 
contradiction to those passages  in     
which he labours to prove that the bones
 found in ,siberia and ,america  were   
bones of the elephant3 8,thus every     
thing leads us to believe that  this    
ancient species1 which must be regarded 
as the first and largest of  terrestrial
 animals1 has not existed since the     
earliest times1 and is  totally unknown 
to us2 for an animal whose species was  
larger than that  of the elephant1 could
 hide itself in no part of the earth so 
as to  remain unknown2 besides1 it is   

evident from the form of these teeth    
alone1 from their enamel and the        
disposition of their roots1 that they   
bear no resemblance to the cachelots1 or
 other cetaceous animals1 and  that they
 really belonged to a terrestrial animal
 whose species  approached that of the  
hippopotamus more than any other40      
,footnote #b3 ,buffon1 ,tome ,,xiii4    
,notes justificative1 ,page #bbd4       
,the world is now in possession of two  
undisputed skeletons of this  animal1   
found in such situations as leave no    
room for conjecture2 each  skeleton     
being dug up in a separate place1       
without any intermixture of  foreign    
bones1 and each bone exactly adapted to 
its corresponding points  of            
articulation4 ,one of these skeletons is
 erected as a permanent  establishment  
at the ,museum1 ,philadelphia2 the other
 ,i have brought with  me1 with an      
intention to travel through ,europe1    
beginning with the  metropolis of       
,england4    ,i shall here give a short 

account of the place and manner of      
finding  these4    ,in the spring of    
#ahja1 having heard that in the fall of 
#agii many bones  of this animal had    
been found in the state of ,new ,york1  
in the vicinity  of ,newburgh1 which is 
situated on the ,hudson or ,north       
,river1 about  sixty-seven miles from   
the capital1 my father1 ,c4 ,w4 ,peale1 
immediately  proceeded to the spot1 and 
through the politeness of ,dr4 ,graham1 
who  lived in the neighbourhood1 and had
 been present when most of the bones    
were dug up1 received every information 
with respect to what had been  done1 and
 the most probable means of future      
success4 ,the bones that had  been found
 were then in the possession of the     
farmer who owned the land1  heaped      
together on the floor of his garret1    
where they were occasionally  visited by
 the curious4    ,these my father was   
fortunate to make a purchase of1        
together with the  right of digging up  
the remainder2 and immediately packing  

them up1 sent  them on to ,philadelphia3
 ,they consisted of all the neck1 most  
of the  vertebr of the back1 and some of
 the tail2 most of the ribs1 in greater 
part broken2 both scapul2 both humeri1  
with the radii and uln2 one  femur2 a   
tibia of one leg1 and a fibula of the   
other2 some large  fragments of the     
head2 many of the fore and hind feet    
bones2 the pelvis  somewhat broken2 and 
a large fragment1 five feet long1 of the
 left tusk1  about mid way4 ,he         
therefore was in want of some of the    
back and tail  bones1 some of the ribs1 
the under jaw1 one whole tusk and part  
of the  other1 the breast-bone1 one     
thigh1 and a tibia and fibula1 and many 
of  the feet bones4 ,but as the farmer's
 fields were then in grain1 the         
enterprize of searching for the         
remainder was postponed for a short     
time4 ,two or three weeks were spent in 
mending such bones as were  broken1 and 
arranging the whole2 but the            
deficiencies were such1 that  very few  

of them could be put together4    ,not  
willing to lose the advantage of the dry
 season1 when the springs in  the morass
 of course were low1 we proceeded on the
 arduous enterprize4  ,in ,new ,york    
every article was provided which might  
be necessary in  surmounting expected   
difficulties2 such as a pump1 ropes1    
pullies1  augers1 c42 boards and plank  
were provided in the neighbourhood1 and 
timber was in sufficient plenty on the  
spot4    ,the whole of this part of the 
country abounding with morasses1 it is  
the  custom of the farmers to assist    
each other in turns with personal or    
specific labour1 each man giving a route
 or frolick on the occasion1 in  order  
to obtain a large quantity of their     
contents for manure4 ,pits are  dug     
generally twelve feet long and five feet
 wide4 ,it was in digging one  of these1
 on the farm of ,mr4 ,masten1 that one  
of the men1 in thrusting  his spade     
deeper than usual1 struck something     
which he imagined to be a  log of wood1 

but on cutting it to ascertain the kind1
 it was perceived  to be bone3 it was   
quickly cleared from the surrounding    
earth1 and  proved to be that of the    
thigh1 three feet nine inches in length1
 and  eighteen inches in circumference  
in the smallest part4 ,the search was   
continued1 and the same evening several 
other bones were discovered4 ,the  fame 
of it soon spread through the           
neighbourhood1 and excited a general    
interest in the pursuit2 and all were   
eager1 at the expence of some           
exertions1 to gratify their curiosity1  
to see the ruins of an animal so        
gigantic1 of which few among them had   
ever heard4 ,for the two succeeding     
days upwards of an hundred men were     
actively engaged1 encouraged by  several
 gentlemen1 chiefly physicians1 of the  
neighbourhood1 and success  the most    
sanguine attended their labours2 but    
unfortunately the habits  of the men    
requiring the use of spirits1 it was    
afforded them in too  great profusion1  

and they quickly became so impatient and
 unruly that  they had nearly destroyed 
the skeleton2 in one or two instances   
using  oxen and chains to drag them from
 the clay1 the head1 hips1 and tusk1    
were much broken2 some parts being drawn
 out and others left behind4 ,so  great 
a quantity of water1 from springs in the
 bottom of the pit1 rose  upon the men1 
that it required several score of hands 
to lade it out  with all the buckets    
they could collect in the neighbourhood4
 ,all their  ingenuity was exerted to   
overcome difficulties that every hour   
increased  upon their hands2 they even  
made and sunk a large coffer-dam1 and   
within  it found many valuable small    
bones4 ,the fourth day so much water had
  risen in the pit1 that they had not   
courage to attack it again4 ,in this    
state we found it in #ahja4             
,confident that nothing could be done   
without having a perfect command of  the
 water1 the first idea was to drain it  
by a ditch2 but the necessary  distance 

of perhaps half a mile1 presented a     
length of labour that  appeared immense4
 ,it was therefore resolved to throw the
 water into a  natural bason about sixty
 feet distant1 the upper edge of which  
was  about ten feet above the level of  
the water4 ,an ingenious millwright     
constructed the machinery2 and after a  
week of close labour1 completed a  large
 scaffolding and a wheel twenty feet    
diameter1 wide enough for  three or four
 men to walk abreast in3 a rope round   
this turned a small  spindle1 which     
worked a chain of buckets regulated by a
 floating  cylinder2 the water emptied  
into a trough which conveyed it to the  
bason2 a ship's pump assisted1 and      
towards the latter part of the          
operation1 a pair of half barrels in    
removing the mud4 ,the second day  the  
water was lowered so that they began to 
dig1 and in a few hours were  rewarded  
with several small bones4    ,every     
farmer with his wife and children1 for  
twenty miles round in every  direction1 

with waggons1 carriages1 and horses1    
flocked to see the  operation2 and a    
swamp always noted for being the        
solitary and dismal  abode of snakes and
 frogs1 became the active scene of      
curiosity and  bustle2 the greater part 
astonished at the whim of an old man in 
travelling two hundred miles from his   
home1 to dig up as a treasure1 at       
incredible risk1 labour1 and expence1 a 
pile of bones1 which1 although  all were
 astonished to see1 many imagined fit   
for nothing better than to  rot and     
serve for manure4    ,for several weeks 
no exertions were spared1 and those the 
most  unremitting were required to      
insure success2 bank after bank fell in2
  the increase of water was a constant  
impediment1 the extreme coldness of     
which benumbed the workmen3 ,every day  
bones and pieces of bones were  found   
between six and seven feet deep1 but    
none of the most important  ones4 ,but  
the greatest obstacle to the search was 
occasioned by the  shell marle which    

formed the lower stratum2 this1 rendered
 thin by the  springs at the bottom1 and
 by the weight of the whole morass1     
always  pressed upwards on the workmen  
to a certain height2 which1 without an  
incalculable expence1 it was impossible 
to prevent4 ,twenty-five hands1  at high
 wages1 were almost constantly employed 
at work so uncomfortable  and severe1   
that nothing but their anxiety to see   
the head1 and  particularly the under   
jaw1 could have kept up their           
resolution4 ,the  patience of employer  
and workmen was at length exhausted1 and
 the work  relinquished without         
obtaining those interesting parts       
without which it  was impossible to form
 a skeleton4    ,through the polite     
attention of ,dr4 ,galatian1 the next   
place we directed  our attention to was 
a morass1 eleven miles distant from the 
former1  belonging to a ,captain ,joseph
 ,barber1 where1 eight years before1    
four  ribs had been found in digging a  
pit4 ,from the description which was    

given of their position1 and the        
appearance of the morass1 which was a   
small one1 we began our operations with 
all the vigour a certainty of  success  
could inspire4 ,almost an entire set of 
ribs were found1 lying  pretty much     
together1 and very entire2 but as none  
of the back-bones  were found near them1
 sufficient proof of their having been  
scattered1  our latitude for search was 
extended without limits2 therefore1     
after  working about two weeks1 we found
 nothing belonging to the head but two  
rotten tusks 7part of one of them is    
with the skeleton here71 three or  four 
small grinders1 a few vertebr of the    
back and tail1 a broken  scapula1 some  
toe-bones and the ribs2 these were found
 between four and  seven feet deep4     
,our next place of search 7about twenty 
miles west from the ,hudson7 was a  most
 dismal morass2 the most awful silence  
reigned throughout it1 and  not the     
smallest breath of air was felt2 every  
step was taken on rotten  timber and the

 spreading roots of tall trees1 the     
luxuriant growth of a  few years1 half  
of which were tottering over our heads4 
,it was almost a  dead level1 and the   
holes dug for the purpose of manure1 out
 of which a  few bones had been taken   
six or seven years before1 were full of 
water1  and connected with others       
containing a vast quantity3 so that to  
empty  one was to empty them all4       
,machinery was erected1 pumps and       
buckets were  employed1 and a long      
course of troughs conducted the water1  
among the  distant roots1 to a fall of a
 few inches4    ,here alternate success 
and disappointment amused and fatigued  
us for a  long while2 until our pockets 
emptied1 our spirits low1 our workmen   
languid1 we were about to quit the      
morass with but a small collection1     
though in good preservation1 of ribs1   
toe and leg bones1 c4 ,in the  meanwhile
 the ground was searched in various     
directions with  long-pointed rods and  
cross handles3 after some practice we   

were able to  distinguish by the feel   
whatever substances we touched harder   
than the  soil2 and by this means1 in a 
very unexpected direction1 struck upon a
  large collection of bones1 which were 
dug to and taken up with every  possible
 care4 ,they proved to be a humerus1 or 
large bone of the right  leg1 with the  
radius and ulna of the left1 the right  
scapula1 the atlas1  and1 the great     
object of our pursuit1 a complete under 
jaw6    ,after such a variety of labour 
and length of fruitless expectation1    
this  success was extremely grateful to 
all parties1 and the woods echoed with  
repeated huzzas4 8,gracious ,god1 what a
 jaw6 how many animals have been        
crushed between it60 was the exclamation
 of all2 a fresh supply of grog  went   
round1 and the hearty fellows1 covered  
with mud1 continued the  search4 ,the   
upper part of the head was found twelve 
feet distant1 but so  extremely rotten  
that we could only preserve the teeth   
and a few  fragments4 ,in its form it   

exactly resembled the head found at     
,masten's1  but as that was much injured
 by rough usage1 this from its small    
depth  beneath the surface1 had the     
cranium so rotted away as only to shew  
the  form around the teeth and thence   
extending to the condyles of the neck2  
the rotten bone formed a black and      
greasy mould above that part which  was 
still entire1 yet so tender as to break 
to pieces on lifting it from  its bed4  
,this collection was rendered still more
 complete by the addition of  those     
formerly taken up1 and presented to us  
by ,drs4 ,graham and ,post4  ,they were 
a rib1 the sternum1 a femur1 tibia and  
fibula1 and a patella  or knee-pan4     
,some of the neighbours1 with an eye to 
the certain prospect of profit1  began  
to think of finding a similar treasure  
in their morasses2 and one  actually    
began his operations1 but was quickly   
deterred by the rising  difficulties1   
although he had some reason to hope for 
success1 eighteen  years before1 several

 bones having been discovered in the    
same spot1 and  by a ,german physician  
forwarded to ,england4 ,we examined the 
place1 and  were of opinion1 as the     
morass had been since drained1 that the 
remaining bones must necessarily have   
decayed in consequence of their         
exposure to the air1 alternately wet and
 dry4    ,we visited every spot in the  
neighbourhood where any bones had ever  
been  found1 and we knew of seven within
 ten miles square2 but there appeared   
no prospect of success adequate to the  
expence and difficulty3 ,so that1  after
 a laborious campaign of three months1  
we carefully packed up1 in  distinct    
cases1 our venerable relics1 and loading
 two waggons with them1  bade adieu to  
the vallies and mountains of            
,shawangunk4    ,after the laborious    
task of mending the ribs and other      
bones1 and  putting together the        
fragments of the head 7of which no other
 idea could  be formed than appears in  
the skeleton71 it remained to determine 

the  number and situation of each kind4 
,the three setts were kept distinct2    
out of the two collections which were   
most numerous it was intended to  form  
two skeletons1 by still keeping them    
separate1 and filling up the            
deficiencies in each by artificial      
imitations from the other1 and from     
counterparts in themselves4 ,for        
instance1 in the first skeleton the     
under jaw was formed from this1 which is
 the only entire one we have  ever heard
 of1 although we have seen considerable 
fragments of at least  ten different    
jaws2 while on the other hand1 the upper
 jaw of this  animal1 which was found in
 the extreme of decay1 was completed1 so
 far  as it goes1 from the more solid   
fragment in the former skeleton4        
,several  feet-bones in this skeleton   
were made from that2 and a few in that  
were  made from this4 ,in this the right
 humerus being real1 the imitation for  
the left one was made with the utmost   
certainty2 and the radius and ulna  of  

the left leg being real1 those on the   
right side followed in course4  ,the    
collection of ribs in both cases was    
pretty entire2 therefore1  having       
discovered from a correspondence between
 the number of vertebr  and ribs in both
 animals1 that there were nineteen pair 
of the latter1  it was only necessary in
 four or five instances where there was 
not a  complete pair1 either to make an 
artificial counterpart1 or to take the  
same formed rib from the collection     
found at ,captain ,barber's4 ,in this   
manner the two skeletons were formed1   
and are in both instances composed  of  
the appropriate bones of the animal1 or 
exact imitations from the  real bones in
 the same animal1 or from those of the  
same proportion in  the other3 ,nothing 
is imaginary1 and what we do not        
unquestionably know1  we leave          
deficient2 which happens in only two    
instances1 the summit of  the head and  
the end of the tail4    ,the tusk which 
belongs to the skeleton at              

,philadelphia1 ,i have brought  with me3
 in taking it from the ground it was    
broken into three pieces1  but they were
 carefully put together1 and give the   
entire form1 composed  of a strong arch 
and a spiral twist resembling an ox's   
horn1 ten feet  six inches in length and
 twenty-one inches in circumference4 ,in
 the  ,leverian ,museum there is a      
fossil elephant's tusk found in         
,england1  about seven feet in length3  
,on making a comparison between these it
 will  be observed1 that in the         
,leverian tusk there is not the smallest
 twist1  and but a gentle curve2 whereas
 in this animal they are much more      
crooked in every respect2 the           
consequence of which is1 that as the    
cavities for the reception of the tusks 
lie more horizontal 7from a  similar    
direction between the teeth and the     
condyle of the neck71 the  tusks are    
much more elevated1 and the ends        
pointing backwards4 ,it is the  opinion 
of many1 that these tusks might have    

been reversed in the living  animal1    
with their points downwards2 but as we  
know not the kind of  enemy it had to   
fear1 we judged only by analogy in      
giving them the  direction of the       
elephant1 especially as we know of no   
other carnivorous  animal with only     
eight grinders and two tusks3 ,neither  
the tusk itself1  nor the cavities for  
the reception of them1 could assist in  
the  determination1 as they were both   
very straight1 and would equally answer 
one way as the other4    ,there is one  
bone less in the neck of this animal    
than in the elephant2  and we are       
confident of having the whole1 for two  
reasons2 #ast1 ,the  neck-bones were    
found with the first skeleton all       
together1 in their  natural positions1  
and the first bone of the back1 with    
which the sixth  vertebr of the neck    
articulated as exactly as it did with   
the fifth2  and1 from the configuration 
of these bones1 every anatomist knows   
this  could not be the case was there a 

bone wanting3 ,this is strong           
presumption1 had we not the completely  
satisfactory proof of finding  them all 
together4 ,and1 #b;dly1 ,among the      
collections of bones which we  have     
seen1 we have never met with a single   
bone resembling a seventh  vertebra of  
the neck4    ,it was a more difficult   
task to determine the number of dorsal  
and  lumber vertebr1 as those we dug up 
ourselves were not only found much      
scattered1 but several which had been   
dug up by the farmer were in the        
possession of some of the workmen in the
 neighbourhood1 to the distance  of     
seven miles round3 these we collected   
with all possible care1 and had  the    
satisfaction to find they agreed in     
number with those of the  elephant2     
still further corroborated by a perfect 
agreement between them  and the nineteen
 pair of ribs1 leaving three vertebr for
 the loins4    ,but in the head the     
great distinguishing characters are to  
be found4 ,i  believe it has been well  

enough ascertained that the teeth of    
this  animal are perfectly carnivorous1 
as they have every quality of form and  
substance that is required3 the roots   
are not in such a massy body as  the    
elephant's1 and the teeth are composed  
of a bony substance  projecting into    
strong obtuse points to form the        
grinding surface1 and  all this surface 
encrusted with a strong coat of enamel2 
whereas all  graminivorous animals have 
teeth whose grinding surface is flat1   
and  composed of an intermixture of bone
 and enamel2 the enamel running in      
lamin or veins from the surface to the  
roots4 ,in carnivorous animals  the     
surface of the enamel is constantly     
changing1 and is finally worn  off and  
the teeth rendered useless2 but in      
graminivorous animals the  veins of     
enamel always present the same figure1  
only that in youth they  are regularly  
protuberant1 and in age regularly worn  
down by a  side-motion of the under jaw1
 which all of them have4 ,the jaw of the

  ,mammoth was incapable of this motion1
 as is very evident from the  condyloid 
process1 which is finished with an      
oblong head inserted into a  transverse 
groove2 and from the teeth1 which are   
worn1 not horizontally1  but the lower  
front ones on the inside1 the upper     
front ones on the  outside2 the lower   
back ones on the outside in part1 and   
the upper back  ones on the inside in   
part2 in such a manner that they fit    
into each  other like the teeth of two  
saws1 and when shut are immoveable2 and 
hence were certainly incapable of       
masticating1 like graminivorous         
animals1 either grass or leaves4 ,these 
teeth were supposed by some  writers1   
,buffon1 ,croghan and ,collinson among  
others1 to have been the  teeth of the  
hippopotamus1 deposited in these places1
 together with the  remains of          
elephants1 in the general deluge2 but   
they are very different  from those of  
the hippopotamus1 the largest of which  
have only three  obtuse points composing

 the surface1 arranged triangularly2    
whereas the  smallest teeth in this     
animal have three rows of double points 
arranged  parallel to each other1 and   
the largest ones four and five in the   
same  manner4    ,although a simple     
comparison between the teeth of this    
animal and the  elephant be sufficient  
to prove that the former is as certainly
 of a  carnivorous as the latter of a   
graminivorous nature1 yet the anatomist 
in examining further1 will find complete
 satisfaction1 from the internal        
structure of the jaw1 as well as the    
position and growth of the teeth4 ,i    
shall only observe here1 that in the jaw
 of this animal1 like those of  all     
others of a carnivorous nature1 the     
roots or fangs are inserted into  the   
mass of bone1 which not only surrounds  
the roots1 but divides one  tooth from  
the other2 whereas in the elephant the  
grinders occupy one  large and uniform  
cavity1 from which they are gradually   
protruded as  they are required for the 

purpose of grinding4 ,to those who wish 
to  study this subject more profoundly1 
it will be well to read1 in the         
,philosophical ,transactions for #agii1 
two learned papers by ,mr4 ,corse and   
,mr4 ,home4    ,between the temporal    
bone of this animal and that of the     
elephant there  is a considerable       
difference in every part2 ,i shall only 
observe1 that  where the socket of the  
eye in the elephant appears scooped out 
of the  anterior projection of the      
temporal bone1 in this animal there is  
not  the least appearance of such an    
orbit1 but instead thereof1 a great mass
  of bone4    ,to those who have not    
seen the originals1 words are inadequate
 to convey  a correct idea of the       
difference in form between the jaw of   
this animal  and that of the elephant4  
,the under jaw of the elephant          
terminates in a  point1 which in its    
direction corresponds with the tusks2   
the same part  in this animal is        
composed of a large projection of a     

foliated  appearance like the leaf of   
the mallard4 ,and although the lip of   
the  elephant is large and powerful1 in 
this there appears the origin of one    
infinitely more so2 perhaps a long and  
powerful assistant to the  proboscis    
which it probably had4 ,there is no     
positive proof that it had  a proboscis1
 but from the shortness of the neck and 
magnitude of the  tusks1 it is          
reasonable to suppose that it was       
furnished with some such  contrivance2  
that part in which it must have         
originated is deficient in  both        
skeletons2 and although ,i have met with
 several accounts of the  distance      
between the orbits of the eyes in       
fragments of heads1 they were  never    
accompanied with any mention of such    
place of insertion for a  proboscis4    
,the general form of the under jaw of   
this animal is made up of three         
distinct angles2 one horizontal1 on     
which the jaw rests 7when placed on  a  
table71 from the front to the back1     

where a small corner appears cut  off1  
whence it rises perpendicularly to the  
condyle4 ,the same view of  the         
elephant's jaw exhibits very nearly a   
regular portion of a circle  without any
 angles4 ,the arms of this animal's jaw 
7composed of the  condyloid and coronoid
 processes and their bases71 are short  
as well as  flat1 adapted to the        
peculiar form of the upper jaw1 which ,i
 shall  proceed to describe2 whereas    
those of the elephant are comparatively 
thick1 and generally as long as1 and    
frequently longer than1 the body of  the
 jaw itself3 ,this length is adapted to 
the great elevation of the  cavity for  
the condyloid process1 taking the level 
of the teeth as a  base from which to   
measure4 ,the angle from the teeth to   
the condyles of  the neck in the        
elephant is at least forty-five degrees1
 and sometimes  more2 but in the        
,mammoth the same angle does not exceed 
ten or fifteen  degrees2 hence the      
comparative disproportion of their jaws 

with respect  to length and height4     
,in the back of the elephant's head     
there is a very deep cavity for the     
reception of muscles from the spines of 
the back to support the head2  which    
cavity commences immediately from the   
condyle of the neck3 ,the  back of this 
animal's head presents a very different 
outline1 for there  is scarcely any     
appearance of a cavity2 and the whole of
 the back part  of the head is angular1 
in contradistinction to that of the     
elephant1  which is composed of two     
lobes receding forwards from the condyle
 of the  neck4 ,i have been here        
particular1 as in this respect the two  
animals  are vastly different1 and it   
may lead to curious speculations        
concerning  the structure of the unknown
 parts and the habits of the animal4    
,the hips were somewhat broken1 but the 
parts uninjured were sufficient  to shew
 a very different form from those of the
 elephant1 which are high  in comparison
 with their breadth2 and consequently   

the rump of this  animal was even more  
depressed than the elephant's1 in the   
manner of the  ,american bison or       
buffaloe4 ,in the elephant the angles   
from the oss  tabul to the lateral      
processes of the ilium1 are very great2 
whereas  in the ,mammoth they are almost
 on a straight line4    ,from all the   
drawings of elephants1 and from such of 
their real ribs as  ,i have seen1 ,i    
have observed one universal character2  
towards their  junction with the        
cartilage they are broad and more or    
less bent  sidewise in an undulating    
form2 whereas those of the ,mammoth are 
very  small in the same place1 and in   
form without any lateral bend4    ,in   
the ,mammoth the spinus processes are   
much longer and thicker1 in  proportion 
with the rest of the animal1 than they  
are in the elephant1  whose head is     
drawn up close to them by the ligaments 
attached to the  deep cavity in the back
 of the head before-mentioned2 in the   
,mammoth  this cavity being situated    

higher from the condyle of the neck and 
attached to much longer spines1 must act
 with an advantage proportioned  to the 
magnitude of the head and the weight of 
the tusks or defenses4  ,besides1 these 
spines are so long1 and the form of the 
ribs such1 that  unless we suppose them 
covered with a superfluous quantity of  
flesh1 the  back of the animal could not
 have been round like that of the       
elephant1 but sharp like that of a hog4 
,as the inhabitant of a cold climate1 it
 is probable the ,mammoth was  clothed  
with hair or wool1 which in most        
situations was quickly liable  to decay4
 ,the only instance of hair being found 
with the remains of this  animal1       
occurred in a morass belonging to ,mr4  
,a4 ,colden1 in the  neighbourhood where
 this skeleton was found4 ,the hair was 
coarse1 long  and brown1 a large mass of
 it together1 and so rotten that1 after 
a few  days exposure to the air1 it fell
 into a powder4    ,the skeleton of the 
,mammoth#c1 merely as a skeleton1 is    

certainly  entitled to some attention2  
as the skeleton of a very large and     
non-descript animal it becomes more     
interesting1 to those in particular  who
 are disposed to think on the subject2  
whether its extirpation be  attributed  
to the power of man1 the prevalence of  
famine1 or the violent  and sudden      
irruption of water4 ,there are many     
facts to support this  latter opinion1  
which ,i confess myself disposed to     
adopt4      ,footnote #c3 ,strahlenberg1
 in his ,historico-,geographical        
,description1  observes1 that the       
,russian name is ,mammoth1 which is a   
corruption from  ,memoth1 a word derived
 from the ,arabic ,mehemot1 signifying  
the same  as the ,behemot of ,job4 ,this
 word is applied to any animal of       
extraordinary size4      ,orange and    
,ulster counties in the state of ,new   
,york1 are situated  westward of the    
,hudson and northward of ,west ,point2  
from the ,shawangunk  mountain1 which is
 a long ridge east of the blue          

mountains1 they appear  as an immense   
plain1 bounded on every side by         
stupendous mountains1 the  situation of 
which certainly tend to confirm the     
authenticity of an  ,indian tradition1  
which states them formerly to have been 
the boundaries  of a great lake2 and it 
would now be a lake if the high         
mountains on  each side of the ,hudson  
near ,west ,point were united1 as       
probably they  may have been4 ,it is a  
fact that all over the country1 the     
stones1 which  in a curious manner are  
strewed over the ground1 from the       
largest to the  smallest1 have been worn
 round by long-continued friction1 as if
 by the  agitation of water2 more       
particularly in the lowest and flat     
situations1  where the stones are       
larger1 and gradually becoming smaller  
in the  higher situations4 ,the surface 
of the country1 though by no means so   
level as it appears from the mountains1 
is formed of single hills1  prominences1
 or swelling knolls1 which have the     

appearance of having  been caused by the
 agitation of water4 ,many of the       
cavities between  these knolls are dry1 
others are in the state of ponds1 but an
 infinite  number contain morasses1     
which must originally have been ponds1  
supplied  by springs which still flow at
 their bottoms1 and filled1 in the      
course  of ages1 with a succession of   
shellfish and the decay of vegetables2  
so  that at present they are covered    
with timber1 and have been so within    
the memory of man4 ,an old man1 upwards 
of sixty1 informed us1 that all  the    
difference he could remark between these
 morasses now and what they  were fifty 
years ago1 was1 that then they were     
generally covered with  firs1 and now   
with beech4 ,this was verified by the   
branches and logs of  fir which we found
 in digging2 many pieces of which had   
been cut by  beavers1 the former        
inhabitants of these places when in the 
state of  ponds4 ,scarcely a fir is now 
to be found in the country4    ,on      

digging into these morasses you         
generally have to remove from one to    
two feet of peat or turf2 you then enter
 on a stratum1 from one to two  feet    
thick1 of what the farmers call the     
yellow marle1 composed of  vegetable    
earth intermixed with long yellow roots2
 next the grey marle1  which resembles  
wet ashes1 to the further depth of two  
feet2 and finally  a bed of decayed     
shells1 which they call shell-marle1 the
 upper surface  of which forms a        
horizontal line across the morass1      
consequently it is  thicker in the      
center than at the edges2 under this1   
forming the bottom  of the pond or      
morass1 is found gravel and slate       
covering a thick  stratum of clay4 ,it  
was in the white and yellow marle the   
bones were  generally found2 those in   
the white in the highest preservation1  
less so  in the grey2 and where an end  
happened to rise into the yellow stratum
  it was proportionally decayed3 ,one   
cause of this must have been the        

accession of air when the springs in dry
 seasons were low4    ,the grey marle1  
in which most of the bones lay1 by      
analysis was found to  contain          
seventy-three parts in the hundred of   
lime3 when dried in the  sun it cracks  
into thin horizontal lamin1 and becomes 
extremely light1  as hard as baked clay1
 and brittle2 in this state it burns    
with a bright  flame for a long while1  
and instead of leaving ashes1 it remains
 a  strong black coal1 apparently well  
adapted to the purposes of the arts4    
,these various strata are the production
 of a long succession of ages1  and1 in 
my opinion1 have been formed over the   
bones4 ,in two of the  morasses there   
was not depth sufficient to have bemired
 an animal of  such magnitude and       
strength2 and in the third the bones    
were lying near  the sloping edge1 from 
which some of them had already been     
washed  farther in3 ,the animals have   
either died or been destroyed generally 
over the country1 and only in these     

situations have been preserved2 or  they
 have sought these cool places to die   
in2 or perhaps both4    ,no calculation 
can be made of the length of time       
necessary to have  formed these         
morasses1 although we are certain that1 
as in fifty years  past scarcely any    
change appears1 it must have been       
proportionally  slower in the           
commencement2 and a period has elapsed  
in which all  accounts of this animal   
have dwindled into oblivion1 except a   
confused  ,indian tradition4    ,in the 
neighbourhood of these morasses are     
found an infinite number of             
petrifactions1 a few specimens of which 
,i have brought with me3 they are  in   
strange and unknown figures1 and appear 
to be generally marine  productions1 as 
various species of coral and sea-urchins
 were likewise  found among them4 ,two  
revolutions in nature must have         
contributed to  this effect2 one in     
which the petrifactions were formed by a
 copious  incrustation of calcareous    

matter1 in a semifluid state2 and a     
subsequent one1 in which the stones have
 been broken to pieces1 worn  into a    
round shape1 and finally deposited1 an  
hundred miles from the  sea1 and many   
hundreds from those seas where corals   
are produced4    ,here a question of    
some importance arises2 could this      
animal have been  destroyed in a deluge1
 which must have been sudden and        
powerful enough  to produce those great 
effects8 ,and was the entire race of    
them thereby  rendered extinct8 ,certain
 it is that they are no where to be     
found1 nor  their footsteps traced4     
,among the ,indians of ,north ,america1 
from nation  to nation1 the tradition   
has spread and prevails1 which relates  
their  former existence and their sudden
 extirpation4 ,i shall here give a      
tradition1 said to be in the very terms 
of a ,shawanee ,indian1 as  published in
 ,winterbotham's ,history of ,america1  
which appears in an  embellished dress  
from an ,english pen1 but founded on a  

real tradition4  ,i have questioned1    
through their interpreters1 various and 
distant  nations of ,indians1 and have  
known of many others1 and all their     
accounts agree in the main story1 though
 they vary in some of the  subordinate  
parts4                                  
,,indian ,,tradition4    8,ten thousand 
moons ago1 when nought but gloomy       
forests covered this  land of the       
sleeping sun2 long before the pale men1 
with thunder and  fire at their command1
 rushed on the wings of the wind to ruin
 this  garden of nature2 when nought but
 the untamed wanderers of the woods1    
and men as unrestrained as they1 were   
the lords of the soil2 a race of        
animals existed1 huge as the frowning   
precipice1 cruel as the bloody  panther1
 swift as the descending eagle1 and     
terrible as the angel of  night4 ,the   
pines crashed beneath their feet1 and   
the lake shrunk  when they slaked their 
thirst2 the forceful javelin in vain was
 hurled1  and the barbed arrow fell     

harmless from their side4 ,forests were 
laid  waste at a meal2 the groans of    
expiring animals were every where heard2
  and whole villages1 inhabited by men1 
were destroyed in a moment4 ,the  cry of
 universal distress extended even to the
 region of peace in the  west2 and the  
good ,spirit interposed to save the     
unhappy4 ,the forked  lightning gleamed 
around1 and loudest thunder rocked the  
globe6 ,the  bolts of heaven were hurled
 upon the cruel destroyers alone1 and   
the  mountains echoed with the          
bellowings of death4 ,all were killed   
except  one male1 the fiercest of the   
race1 and him even the artillery of the 
skies assailed in vain4 ,he ascended the
 bluest summit which shades the  source 
of the ,monangahela1 and1 roaring aloud1
 bid defiance to every  vengeance4 ,the 
red lightning scorched the lofty firs1  
and rived the  knotty oaks1 but only    
glanced upon the enraged monster4 ,at   
length1  maddened with fury1 he leaped  
over the waves of the west at a bound1  

and  this moment reigns the uncontrouled
 monarch of the wilderness1 in  despite 
of even ,omnipotence itself40    ,the   
idea of a carnivorous animal1 which the 
,indians appear to have had  of it1     
corresponds with the teeth of this2 and 
the name ,bull1 which they  give to it1 
might have been derived from the        
hornlike appearance of the  tusks2 but  
it is perhaps still more probable1 that 
in the course of time  the ideas of two 
distinct animals are confounded2 for ,i 
have brought  with me a plaister cast   
from a bone presented last ,june to the 
,philosophical ,society of              
,philadelphia1 by ,major ,brown1 of     
,kentucky3 it  is unquestionably a      
fragment of an animal of the ox kind1   
but of a most  stupendous magnitude4 ,it
 consists of a large portion of one side
 of the  back part of the head1 and part
 of the other2 and the internal         
substance  or pith1 which was covered by
 the horn1 twenty-one inches in         
circumference1 and with the horn on it1 

must have been at least  twenty-four or 
twenty-five4 ,this bone was found1 in a 
creek which  empties into the ,ohio1    
some years ago1 and by the proprietors  
supposed  to have been part of the      
,mammoth4 ,it is impregnated with       
ferruginous  earth1 and in high         
preservation2 and must have been broken 
with  violence1 but no one knows of any 
other portion of it4    ,various bones1 
generally pieces of the head of the oxen
 kind1 have been  found in all parts of 
,europe and in ,asia1 having the same   
character  which distinguishes the one  
from which this cast was made1 in the   
form  and direction of the horn2 it     
descends backwards1 and then rising1    
points forwards4 ,there are several     
specimens of these in the ,british      
,museum1 but none so large as this4     
,a few years since some large bones1 of 
an uncommon kind1 were found in a  cave 
in ,virginia1 highly preserved by lying 
in earth abounding with  nitre4 ,they   
were sent to the ,philosophical         

,society1 and an account of  them       
published in the fourth volume of their 
,transactions3 ,by permission  of the   
,society1 ,i have made accurate casts of
 them4    ,hence it appears that four   
animals of enormous magnitude have      
formerly  existed in ,america1 perhaps  
at the same time1 and of natures very   
opposite3 #ast1 ,the ,mammoth1          
carnivorous2 #b;d1 ,an animal whose     
graminivorous teeth1 larger than1 and   
different from1 those of the  elephant1 
are sometimes found2 #c;d1 ,the great   
,indian bull2 and1 #dth1  ,an animal    
probably of the sloth kind1 as appears  
on comparison with the  bones found in  
,virginia1 and a skeleton found in      
,south ,america1 and  preserved in the  
,museum at ,madrid4    ,mr4 ,jefferson1 
on the ,mammoth bones1 says1 8,to       
whatever animal we  ascribe these       
remains1 it is certain such a one has   
existed in ,america1  and that it has   
been the largest of all terrestrial     
beings4 ,it should  have sufficed to    

have rescued the earth it inhabited and 
the atmosphere  it breathed1 from the   
imputation of impotence in the          
conception and  nourishment of animal   
life on a large scale2 to have stifled  
in its  birth1 the opinion of a         
writer#d1 the most learned too of all   
others in  the science of animal        
history1 that1 in the new world1 #8,la  
nature  vivante est beaucoup moins      
agissante1 beaucoup moins forte3' ,that 
nature is less active1 less energetic on
 one side of the globe than she  is on  
the other40      ,footnote #d3 ,buffon4 
,it was my intention to have closed this
 account with ,dr4 ,dunter's essay1     
whose accuracy in the examination1 and  
knowledge in the discrimination  of     
those few bones which were within his   
reach1 had already given to his  opinion
 the weight of unquestionable authority2
 but as his paper was  somewhat long1   
and as the facts since he wrote are more
 numerous1 and  subject in the skeleton 
which we have1 to the examination of    

every one2  ,i shall only introduce his 
concluding sentence1 that1 8,if this    
animal  was indeed carnivorous1 which ,i
 believe cannot be doubted1 though we   
may  as philosophers regret it1 as men  
we cannot but thank ,heaven that its    
whole generation is probably extinct40  
,,dimensions ,,of ,,the ,,skeleton4     
,ft4 ,inch4         ,height over the    
shoulders                               
#aa     #j       ,ditto over the hips   
#i     #j       ,length from the chin to
 the rump                      #ae      
#j       ,from the point of the tusks to
 the end of the tail1         following 
the curve                               
#ca     #j       ,length in a straight  
line                             #bj    
#j       ,width of the hips and body    
#e     #h       ,length of the under jaw
                                #b      
#aj       ,weight of the same      #fc  
pounds       ,width of the head         
#c     #b       ,length of the          
thigh-bone                              

#c     #g       ,smallest circumference 
of the same                     #a      
#f       ,length of the tibia           
#b     #j       ,length of the humerus1 
or large bone of the fore-leg   #b      
#aj       ,largest circumference of the 
same                      #c    #b      
,smallest ditto ditto                   
#a     #e       ,length of the radius   
#b    #e       ,circumference round the 
elbow                          #c     #h
       ,length of the scapula1 or       
shoulder-blade               #c     #a  
,length of the longest vertebra1 or     
backbone            #b     #c           
,longest rib1 without cartilage         
#d     #g       ,length of the first rib
                                #b      
#j       ,ditto of the breast-bone      
#d     #j       ,length of the tusks1   
defences1 or horns               #aj    
#g       ,circumference of one tooth or 
grinder                  #a    #f       
,weight of the same1 #d pounds #aj      
ounces       ,the whole skeleton weighs 

about #ajjj pounds4                     
,,finis4     ,lawrence1 ,printer1       
,no4 #cgh1 ,strand4                     
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcriber's note3    ,page #af1      
#8thursting' changed to #8thrusting1'   
8in thrusting his spade  deeper0        
,pages #bd-be1 all instances of         
#8intire' changed to #8entire4'    ,page
 #cf1 #8beach' changed to #8beech1' 8and
 now with beech40    ,page #dd1 #8les'  
changed to #8less1' 8active1 less       
energetic on one0