,! ,gr[? ( a ,cry/al ,,be+ ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,rob]t ,,boyle ,,lecture ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,junior ,,sci5tific ,,club ,on ! #bj? ( ,may1 #aiaa ,,by ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,mi]s1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc4 7,,oxon471 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,london ,,univ]sity ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,fr[de1 ,,am5 ,,corn]1 ,e4,c4 ,,ed9burgh3 #ab ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet4 ,,glasg[3 #ajd ,,we/ ,,george ,,/reet ,,ox=d3 #aaf ,,high ,,/reet ,,new ,,york3 #bi-ce ,,we/ #cb,,nd ,,/reet ,,toronto3 #be-bg ,,ri*mond ,,/reet ,,we/ ,,melb\rne3 ,,ca!dral ,,build+s1 #bje ,,fl9d]s ,,lane #aiaa ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ox=d3 ,,horace ,,h>t ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,a ,,cry/al ,:5 ?is date 0 fix$ by y\r ,secret>y = ! deliv]y ( ! ,,boyle ,lecture1 ,i discov]$ t x happ5$ to be ! fifte5? anniv]s>y ( ! v day on :i* ,i 0 fir/ call$ ^u to address a g5]al audi5ce 9 ,ox=d4 ,on ,may #bj1 #ahif1 ,i deliv]$ an inaugural lecture z ,waynflete ,pr(essor ( ,m9]alogy2 :5 ,i look back ^u ! happy ye>s sp5t "h 9 tea*+ & /udy+ a sci5ce :i* is de> to me1 ,i feel t ! pres5t lecture %\ld be an opportunity = express+ gratitude = ^? peaceful ye>s1 n unm+l$ ) regret t !y l$ to no su* wor?y a*ievem5t on my "p z might h br\ght great cr$it to ! ,univ]sity & s h repaid some?+ ( ! debt :i* ,i owe to h]4 ,look+ back f ! busi] _w ( ,london1 x is easy to see h[ ideal are ! conditions "u :i* an ,ox=d ,pr(essor conducts 8 "w2 especially if 8 subject be "o :i* does n ov]:elm him ) /ud5ts :o pursue x only = ! purpose ( pass+ an exam9ation4 ,^? :o are attract$ to 8 ,laboratory probably come because !y h "s natural ta/e = ! subject2 he f9ds x a pleasure to devote 8 "t to !m2 :ile 8 vacations & ! conditions ( ,ox=d life give him unique opportunities = 8 own rese>*es4 ,x is true t ^? :o h mo/ leisure n infrequ5tly wa/e mo/ "t4 ,x is true also t ! cu/om ( ,ox=d is to burd5 h] /ud5ts & s*ol>s 9 addition to _! tea*+1 ) ! conduct ( affairs :i* c\ld be manag$ z well by p]sons specially appo9t$ = ! purpose4 ,/ill x is also c]ta9 t to ^? :o ent] into ! g5ius ( ! place1 & are animat$ by ! _s ( ,le>n+1 ,ox=d is prodigal ( opportunity1 & enables !m to live ! ,academic ,life 9 a way :i* is sc>cely possible else:]e4 ,i "k t ! doors ( ! ,univ]sity are be+ op5$ to all ! new] /udies1 & t _m a /ud5t sp5ds mo/ ( 8 "t 9 acquir+ ! useful k t is to equip him = 8 pr(ession & = ! direct purpose ( t pr(ession2 k :i* is to fit him to become lawy]1 doctor1 m9i/]1 eng9e]1 or tea*]2 yet an ,ox=d ,pr(essor may always ma9ta9 ! pursuit ( ,le>n+ = its own sake & keep ?is purpose be=e 8 /ud5ts ev5 9 _! mo/ te*nical "w4 ,n[ ,m9]alogy is "o ( ^? sci5ces ^: practical applications are cle>2 x is necess>y to ! m9] & ! eng9e]2 inde$1 x sprang f _! ne$s2 ev5 ,cry/allography 7t is1 ! /udy ( ,cry/als71 :i* has always hi!rto1 ?\gh ) little reason1 be5 treat$ = ,univ]sity purposes z a bran* ( ,m9]alogy1 has also become "p ( ! necess>y equipm5t ( ! practical *emi/ & geologi/2 b bo? ,sci5ces are1 9 _! g5]al aspects1 v f> remov$ f ! turmoil ( practical life2 x is ) ^! aspects t ,i w\ld fa9 deal1 & especially 9 relation to ! /udy ( cry/als4 ,9 ?is connexion1 a passage :i* ,i quot$ f ,,goe! fifte5 ye>s ago w be> repetition3 #8,!re is a flav\r1' he says1 #8( ! ,monk or ( ! old ,ba*elor ab\t ,cry/allography & !re=e x is self-suffici5t4 ,practical application 9 life x has none2 its r>e/ objects1 ! cry/alliz$ preci\s /ones1 h to be cut & poli%$ be=e we c adorn our ladies ) !m4' ,9 fact1 ?is lecture1 :i* ,i 0 con/ra9$ to prep>e dur+ a brief holiday 9 ,italy1 0 writt5 9 ! mid/ ( surr\nd+s :]e x 0 easi] to ?9k ( ,sci5ce z cultivat$ 9 ! quiet ( ! ,laboratory1 r ?an 9 ! re/less sc5es ( its practical applications1 al?\gh ,i am famili> ) bo?4 ,writ+ at a w9d[ ov]look+ ! m$iaeval t[n & anci5t walls ( ,p]ugia1 ) ! view ( peaceful ,assisi & ! sn[y cap ( ,monte ,subasio across ! pla91 x 0 easi] to recall ! h\rs ( quiet toil & reflection sp5t 9 "o's ,laboratory at ,ox=d ?an visits to ,m9+ ,camp1 or ,metallurgical ,works4 ,accord+ly :51 "u ^! circum/ances1 ,i set ab\t *oos+ a subject = ! pres5t occasion1 x occurr$ to me t ,i might be all[$ to take up my disc\rse :]e ,i laid x d[n 9 #ahif & 9 "s s5se to cont9ue & conclude ! rem>ks :i* ,i !n made to ! ,univ]sity2 &1 consid]+ h[ rec5tly ,i h left y1 ,i might reg>d ?is z my f>ewell address correspond+ to ! op5+ lecture :i* ,i !n deliv]$4 ,9 t address1 ,i recollect1 ,i began ) an inquiry into ! resemblances & diff]5ces betwe5 m9]als & o!r objects ( nature 9 respect ( _! beauty1 especially z reg>ds ! beauty ( =m :i* is s specially *>act]i/ic ( m9]als4 ,"s m9]als1 inde$1 are f\nd 9 delicate fronds & leaflets1 & 9 mossy tufts1 :i*1 9 _! =m & texture1 9 _! %e5 & lu/re1 s closely resemble plants t !y are (t5 mi/ak5 = !m4 ,^? :o he>d ,,rusk9',s lectures w rememb] ! delight ) :i* he describ$ ^! beauties ( ! m9]al k+dom & ! affection :i* he felt = !m4 ,i po9t$ out1 ,i rememb]1 t ^! delicate =ms are1 l ! fro/ patt]ns on a w9d[-pane1 really expressions ( ! cry/all9e %ape & symmetry ( ! m9]al2 ea* m9]al consi/s ( cry/als1 & !re=e has its own peculi> cry/all9e %ape :i* is "o ( its inh]5t prop]ties2 moreov]1 ?is p]si/s un*ang+ ?r\gh ! ages1 & "u all conditions1 & is 9 no way dep5d5t ^u ! environm5t 9 :i* ! m9]al is situat$4 ,! %ape ( a cry/al does n dep5d l t ( ! animal or ! plant ^u ! life :i* its =efa!rs h l$ or ! conditions "u :i* !y h gr[n4 ,!re are inde$ o!r features 9 :i* a m9]al or any cry/al may resemble a liv+ ?+ 9 a way ev5 m surpris+ ?an 9 its =m4 ,two ( ! mo/ rem>kable are ^!3 x gr[s out ( a solution z ?\gh x 7 alive2 &1 if x is w\nd$ or brok51 x heals itself & replaces ! miss+ "p j z a liv+ organism may d4 ,b1 z ,i po9t$ out1 !re is ?is radical diff]5ce4 ,! cry/al is n responsive to ! *ange ( its surr\nd+s2 its =m is n ! result ( ext]nal =ces2 x does n adapt itself to its environm5t2 x is n und]go+ any progressive evolution2 b rema9s fix$ & un*ang+4 ,its =m is ! expression ( its p]man5t composition1 & s f> z we "k has always be5 ! same4 ,inde$1 until x has be5 conv]t$ into its con/itu5t elem5ts & de/roy$1 x is 9 a s5se n only un*ang+1 b imp]i%able4 ,=1 take a cry/al & break or dissolve x away until only ! t9ie/ fragm5t rema9s2 t fragm5t 7e4 g4 sug>71 ?\gh x may be only an invisible speck1 w1 if imm]s$ 9 ! appropriate solution1 cont9ue to gr[ aga9 & w once m assume ! =m ( a p]fect cry/al4 ,nei!r does x make any diff]5ce if ! cry/al fragm5t has be5 kept = ye>s or ev5 c5turies2 x w1 :5 suppli$ ) n\ri%m5t f ! appropriate solution1 heal itself & cont9ue to gr[ z ?\gh ! process _h nev] be5 susp5d$4 ,9 a s5se x is immortal1 =1 if n de/roy$1 x nev] loses ! my/]i\s p[] ( gr[?1 & is !re=e m imp]i%able ?an any se$ or g]m ( life4 ,! ma9 conclusion ( my lecture 0 t1 hav+ be5 l$ by analogy to comp>e ! gr[+ cry/al ) ! gr[+ plant1 "o f9ds ! gr[? & life ( ! cry/al to be totally unlike ! gr[? & life ( any organism4 ,its life is only an un*ang+ p]si/5ce )\t ! display ( any /ruggle = exi/5ce1 any movem5t1 any adaptation1 or response to environm5t2 its gr[? is only ! addition ( new mat]ial on ! surface ( ! old1 )\t assimilation1 s t ! cry/al rema9s uni=m & increases 9 size2 !re is no di/9ction ( any "o "p f any o!r2 ! cry/al gr[s1 !re=e1 )\t ! developm5t ( any organs4 ,"o appe>s to be left ) ! conclusion t ! cry/al %\ld be reg>d$ r z a type ( dea? ?an ( immortality4 ,,s*op5hau] express$ ?is idea :5 he said3 #8,! cry/al has only "o manife/ation ( life1 cry/allization1 :i* aft]w>ds has its fully adequate & exhau/ive expression 9 ! rigid =m--! corpse ( t mom5t>y life4' ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! conclusion :i* ,i w\ld h y draw f ! facts2 & ,i %all ask y on ! pres5t occasion to accompany me 9 pursu+ a little fur!r ! inquiry into :at we may call ! vitality ( a cry/al & ! mann] 9 :i* x is display$2 al?\gh ?is vitality is n to be conf\nd$ 9 any way ) t ( a liv+ plant or creature4 ,x is1 ,i hope1 n unfitt+ t ! subject ( cry/al gr[? %\ld be dealt ) 9 a ,,boyle ,lecture1 = ,,rob]t ,,boyle 0 himself "o ( ! fir/ to treat x 9 a sci5tific _s4 ,he 0 ! exact contempor>y ( ,,nicolas ,,/5o1 ! fam\s ,dani% physician :o laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n cry/allography2 & ,,boyle1 9 8 treatise on ! orig9 & virtues ( gems1 0 ! fir/ to express ! conviction :i* 0 almo/ simultane\sly express$ by ,,/5o--t gems mu/ h solidifi$ f ! liquid /ate4 ,"o ( 8 reasons = ?9k+ s 0 _! cry/all9e =m1 :i* resembles t ( salts :i* cry/allize f solutions4 ,let me quote 8 exact words3 #8,! orig9 assign$ to gems may be c\nt5anc$ by ! ext]nal figuration ( div]s ( !m4 ,= we pla9ly see t ! corpuscles ( nitre1 alum1 vitriol1 & ev5 common salt1 be+ suff]$ to coagulate 9 ! liquors !y swam 9 be=e1 w conv5e into cry/als ( curi\s & det]m9ate %apes4' ,& !n he po9ts out t :5 a salt su* z nitre cry/allizes 9 a vessel x is only :]e x is free to gr[ 9 ! liquid1 & away f contact ) ! sides ( ! vessel1 t x c acquire ?is %ape4 ,^! cry/als 7he says71 #8hav+ a fluid ambi5t to %oot 91 w h ^? p>ts ( _! bodies t are contigu\s to ! liquor curi\sly =m$ into su* prismatical %apes z are prop] to nitre4' ,:5 ,,boyle wrote ^! words he _h n se5 ! "w ( ,,/5o1 :i* _h j be5 publi%$4 ,i may1 !re=e1 claim t he 0 ! fir/ p]son to deal 9 a sci5tific _s ) ! subject :i* ,i h *os5 = ?is lecture1 ! #8,gr[? ( a ,cry/al4' ,?ree ye>s be=e ,i came back to ,ox=d--on ,may #af?1 #ahic1 ! subject ( cry/al /ructure _h be5 treat$ 9 ! second ,,boyle ,lecture 9 a mo/ orig9al & ma/]ly mann] by no less a p]son ?an ,,"l ,,kelv94 ,i well rememb] t ,lecture1 at :i* ,i _h ! good =tune to be pres5t2 & to "o :o 0 already int]e/$ 9 cry/als x 0 a wond]fully illum9at+ & inspir+ address4 ,on t occasion my v5]able pr$ecessor & tea*]1 ,pr(essor ,,/ory ,,maskelyne1 conduct$ ,,"l ,,kelv9 to ! lecture table4#a ,footnote #a3 ,x is ) ! deepe/ regret t ,i add t my old fri5d & rev]$ tea*] di$ on ! v day on :i* ^! words 7 spok54--,h4 ,a4 ,m4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no laboratory 9 ,ox=d = m9]alogical & cry/allographical rese>*2 ! ,pr(essor only _h a lecture-room1 he did n reside 9 ,ox=d1 & 8 sci5tific "w 0 necess>ily c>ri$ on else:]e4 ,to-day ,i am m =tunate 9 be+ able to draw ^u ! res\rces ( ! well-equipp$ laboratory ( my successor1 & =m] pupil1 ,pr(essor ,,b[man1 & ^u 8 /ill m valuable p]sonal assi/ance & t ( ,mr4 ,,b>k]2 s t1 ?\gh ,i only h to deal ) ideas t are simple comp>$ ) ^? :i* issu$ ) fi]y vig\r f ! f]tile bra9 ( ! ,,boyle ,lectur] ( #ahic1 ,i h a bett] opportunity ( %[+ to an ,ox=d audi5ce to-day ! actual ?+s ( :i* ,i am speak+1 & may help to make my mean+ cle> to ^? :o _c "k mu* f p]sonal exp]i5ce conc]n+ ! gr[? ( cry/als4#b ,:5 ,i deliv]$ my own inaugural lecture ,i _h no means ( mak+ visible to an audi5ce ! a/oni%+ features ( cry/al gr[?4 ,beautiful effects may easily be witness$ by anyone ) a few drops ( common solution & a magnify+ glass1 yet ,i believe t !y are witness$ by comp>atively few p]sons4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is lecture 0 beautifully illu/rat$ by excell5t slides %[+ ! actual gr[? ( cry/als4--,,ed4 ,i h allud$ to laws ( cry/all9e /ructure1 to :i* ,,"l ,,kelv9 _h direct$ att5tion3 ^! are ! laws ( geometrical arrangem5t :i* prove cry/als to be con/ruct$ 9 an entirely diff]5t mann] f ! liv+ plants :i* !y may s closely resemble2 ^! laws1 h[ev]1 7 n e/abli%$ by obs]vations or exp]im5ts ^u ! gr[? ( cry/als4 ,!y 7 ! result ( a c5tury ( pati5t measurem5ts ( ! ext]nal %ape ( c\ntless cry/als2 m ?an a c5tury ( accurate det]m9ations ( :at happ5s :5 heat & light are transmitt$ ?r\gh !m & ( numb]less o!r exp]im5ts made by physici/s2 &1 add$ to ?is1 ! lab\rs ( ma!maticians :o /udi$ ! mann] 9 :i* solid p>ticles c\ld be arrang$ s z to correspond to ! geometrical & physical proportions ?us det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,b all ^! 7 exp]im5ts & reason+ ^u matt] :i* appe>s to be z ne>ly z possible in]t2 !y entirely ignore ! p[] ( gr[? possess$ by cry/als2 inde$1 no su* p[] is contemplat$ by ! ord9>y !ories ( cry/al /ructure or c\ld be pr$ict$ f !m4 ,s f>1 !n1 we may reg>d ! comp>ison ( cry/als ) plants & all ! fanciful ideas conc]n+ _! connexion ) ! orig9 ( life :i* 7 sugge/$ by t comp>ison z only "o m example ( ! dang]s ( reason+ f analogy4 ,! recollections t ,i reta9 ( ! allusions to t process--9 text-books ( logic & treatises on ,sci5ce alike--give me ! impression t examples ( reason+ f analogy are g5]ally quot$ only z in/ances ( its dang] & futility4 ,t1 inde$1 might seem to be ! conclusion ( my own inaugural lecture2 =1 :5 we come to exam9e ! gr[? & /ructure ( cry/als1 s f> f f9d+ t !re is any real lik5ess to ! life & /ructure ( ! plants :i* !y resemble1 we f9d no?+ b a pr(\nd diff]5ce4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n my real op9ion1 & 0 n my op9ion fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h ! greate/ belief 9 analogy z "o ( ! mo/ useful guides to discov]y1 & z ! means by :i* 9 practice new l9es ( inve/igation are mo/ frequ5tly op5$ & new hypo!ses sugge/$4 ,9 fact1 ,i ?9k t mo/ ( ! advances :i* are made 9 sci5ce1 & especially 9 sci5tific !ory1 h be5 made ) ! help ( analogies4 ,if an explanation ( any fact 9 ,nature consi/s 9 correlat+ x ) "s app>5tly di/9ct fact1 & %[+ t ! two h a common cause1 or are connect$ 9 a def9ite mann]1 h[ (t5 has ! explanation ( a new occurr5ce be5 sugge/$ by ! analogy ( "s o!r kn[n occurr5ce :i* is br\ght to m9d by ! memory2 n by a consci\s ef=t ( ! reason1 b by ! recollection ( a resemblance4 ,d n "s ( ! /&>d me?ods :i* are famili> 9 ! descriptions or criticisms ( sci5tific discov]y1 su* z #8reason+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n'1 #8! adoption ( a work+ hypo!sis'1 #8! sci5tific use ( ! imag9ation'1 (t5 resolve !mselves on analysis into ! simple process ( be+ /ruck by an analogy & be+ l$ by x to adopt an explanation or to try an exp]im5t sugge/$ by x8 ,i d>esay t sci5tific discov]]s are a%am$ to confess t !y may h be5 l$ to a !ory by a sup]ficial analogy j z !y are a%am$ to confess t !y h hit ^u a discov]y or an inv5tion by *ance1 & h f\nd "o ?+ :5 !y 7 look+ = ano!r4 ,b !re is no ne$ to be a%am$1 = ! discov]ies only come to ^? :o h ! eyes to see1 or ! k :i* enables !m to rememb] a resemblance1 & :o h fur!r ! intellectual p[] to make use ( x4 ,sci5ce gr[s on ! acquisition ( new k & we mu/ n hesitate to grasp x :]e we c4 ,!re is a dang] le/ ! =mulation ( ! me?ods ( sci5ce may det] ! inquisitive /ud5t f seek+ k :]ev] x is to be f\nd1 & make him believe t x is only by ! or?odox processes ( reason+ bas$ ^u a lifetime ( tra9+ t he is to discov] any?+ new4 ,r let him be enc\rag$ to seek any resemblance or analogy t may po9t a way 9 ! gloom4 ,x is true t 9 ! pa/ ! argum5t f analogy has (t5 prov$ dang]\s :51 because ! ?+s possess c]ta9 attributes 9 common1 x 0 inf]r$ t !y are alike 9 o!r respects4 ,yet ev5 "h x may prove useful4 ,,newton only ass]t$ t ! diamond is inflammable because x resembles o!r inflammable sub/ances 9 possess+ a high refractive p[]2 & yet he turn$ out to be "r1 al?\gh 8 analogy 0 wrong4 ,moreov]1 x 0 ! analogy :i* prompt$ ! exp]im5t4 ,to detect an analogy1 to te/ x1 & to f9d t x _c be ma9ta9$1 may be z useful an addition to k z ! e/abli%m5t ( a real causal relation%ip3 x has _h ! effect ( sett+ ! work] on to new exp]im5ts or obs]vations1 & e su* /ep is necess>ily an advance4 ,! consci5ti\s se>* = "o ?+ almo/ inv>iably leads to ! discov]y ( ano!r2 &1 ev5 if x does n1 :o %all say t x may n be z important & useful1 say1 to e/abli% a diff]5ce z to prove ! resemblance :i* has be5 suspect$8 ,if1 h[ev]1 reason+ f an analogy may be fallaci\s :5 inf]5ces are drawn f ! fact t two ?+s possess ! same attributes 9 common1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 a saf] guide :5 x is us$ to sugge/ a new hypo!sis2 a corpuscul> !ory ( light may be sugge/$ by ! analogy betwe5 ! reflexion ( light & ! reb\nd+ ( ela/ic bodies2 an undulatory !ory by ! analogy ( a wave propagat$ along a /r+ or on ! surface ( wat]4 ,! "o !ory may be f\nd to fit ! facts & ! o!r may be condemn$2 b )\t "s analogy z a guide h[ are su* !ories to be devis$8 ,:at we require 9 sci5ce are cont9ual /imuli to />t u on new exp]im5ts1 new obs]vations1 & new ideas1 & prev5t u1 especially ^? :o are tea*]s1 f con/antly repeat+ ! old ones4 ,i %all be satisfi$ if ! pres5t lecture is reg>d$ z a plea = ! use ( reason+ f analogy1 & z an illu/ration ( its value4 ,let me1 !n1 aft] ?is exhortation1 return to my problem ( ! gr[? ( cry/als1 & %[ h[ ,i /ill ?9k t we may be guid$ by analogy 9 seek+ to und]/& x4 ,s f> f reg>d+ ! gr[? ( a cry/al z ( no fur!r importance aft] x has be5 prov$ to be q diff]5t f ! gr[? ( a plant1 we mu/ /ill ?9k ( x z "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & my/]i\s ev5ts1 & ! "o ?r\gh :i* we may hope to get ! cle>e/ insight into ! nature ( ! cry/al itself4 ,=1 aft] all1 :5 aft] mak+ physical exp]im5ts ^u ! solid cry/al & /udy+ its action ^u heat & light we are l$ to speculate ^u ! mann] 9 :i* x is con/ruct$1 we mu/ n =get t x grew1 & t ! mat]ial 0 laid d[n "u conditions :i* we c only und]/& by /udy+ :at happ5s on ! surface z x gr[s4 ,,"l ,,curzon devot$ 8 ,,romanes ,lecture to ! consid]ation ( ,fronti]s1 & expla9$ _! int]e/ & importance 9 ! gr[? ( nations4 ,9 ! /udy ( ,sci5ce also no?+ is m int]e/+ & important ?an fronti] problems4 ,9 two s5ses is ?is true4 ,! problems :i* lie on ! bord]l& betwe5 two sci5ces are ! mo/ fruitful ( all1 because !y ?r[ light ^u ea* sci5ce1 &1 by br++ into h>mony ?+s t 7 previ\sly di/9ct & sep>ate1 lead to an imm$iate ext5sion ( k4 ,& also 9 a m re/rict$ s5se4 ,y w f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t ! sc5es ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ev5ts 9 ,nature are g5]ally ^? places :]e diff]5t ?+s come into contact & :]e !re is consequ5tly /ir & action2 :]e two sub/ances meet to =m a new *emical comp\nd2 :]e two bodies t\* & react ^u ea* o!r2 at ! surface ( a solid or a liquid2 ^! are ! regions 9 :i* ev5ts are tak+ place t we c /udy & measure ) ! prospect ( discov]y4 ,impress$ by ! analogy betwe5 ! gr[? ( cry/als & ( liv+ ?+s1 ,i h always felt t1 = a prop] und]/&+ ( ! ?+s !mselves1 ! /udy ( _! gr[? is z important = ! "o z = ! o!r2 t to obta9 ?is und]/&+ x is necess>y to /udy :at is happ5+ on ! surface ( ! gr[+ cry/al :]e ! advanc+ solid is 9 actual contact ) ! solidify+ liquid4 ,if y wi% to und]/& a plant or an animal x is n en\gh to /udy dri$ specim5s or specim5s 9 spirits1 b to wat* ! liv+ organisms gr[+ "u natural conditions2 & 9 ! same way x is surely wor? :ile to /udy ! gr[+ cry/al surr\nd$ by ! solution :i* fe$s x1 & ev5 to make "u ^! conditions ! measurem5ts & obs]vations :i* are usually made ^u cry/als only aft] !y h be5 tak5 out ( ! solution & h ceas$ to gr[4 ,9 ! case ( liv+ ?+s1 we "k t gr[? takes place by int]nal processes & n only by new mat]ial add$ on ! surface4 ,h[ mu* easi]1 !n1 %\ld x be to /udy ! gr[? ( a cry/al :5 we h f\nd t x is only a surface activity1 & does n involve int]nal *anges8 ,z ,i h already said1 :5 ,i came to ,ox=d !re 0 no laboratory ( ,m9]alogy nor any app>atus = rese>*1 b ,i br\ght ) me a piece ( app>atus :i* ,i _h con/ruct$ a few ye>s previ\sly = ?is exact purpose2 to measure ! angles ( cry/als :ile !y are gr[+ 9 ! solution & to asc]ta9 :e!r any *anges take place 9 ^? angles1 9 ! hope ( gett+ "s insight into ! nature ( ! surface & :at ,i h call$ ! fronti] problem4 ,_m days & also nights _h ,i sp5t ) ?is app>atus 9 ! absorb+ pursuit ( measur+ gr[+ cry/als1 wat*+ ! curi\s *anges t take place 9 ! position ( _! facets1 excit$ by ! k t ,i 0 look+ at ?+s t _h c]ta9ly n be5 se5 be=e1 & by ! expectation ( :at !y might disclose4 ,i ne$ n we>y ?is audi5ce ) any description ( ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* d\btless seem m int]e/+ & important to _! au?or ?an to anyone else4 ,b ,i wi% to draw y\r att5tion to ! result t came out ( !m4 ,i f\nd t x 0 possible ) ! same app>atus to measure ! refractive p[] ( ! liquid 9 absolute contact ) ! gr[+ cry/al & f ?is to calculate ! exact /r5g? ( ! solution at t spot4 ,x 0 ?us possible to prove t ! solution 9 contact ) ! cry/al is r /rong] ?an at a v %ort di/ance f x1 & to "k exactly h[ mu* /rong]4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile a cry/al (1 say1 alum is gr[+1 ! liquid 9 contact ) x conta9s m p>ticles ( alum & less p>ticles ( wat]1 or is ri*] 9 alum1 ?an ! liquid at a %ort di/ance f x4 ,i w ask y to be> ?is 9 m9d 9 :at foll[s4 ,!re is ano!r curi\s fact connect$ ) ?is subject4 ,cry/als ( nitrate ( soda h almo/ exactly ! same %ape & almo/ ! same physical prop]ties z cry/als ( ! common m9]al calcite1 :i*1 9 its pure/ & mo/ p]fect =m ( transp>5t glassy cry/als1 is kn[n z ,icel& sp>4 ,n[1 :5 a p]fectly clean cry/al ( ,icel& sp> is imm]s$ 9 a /rong solution ( nitrate ( soda1 al?\gh x is n dissolv$ by ! liquid itself & !re=e _c cry/allize out ( x1 ! ,icel& sp> actually cont9ues to gr[1 & becomes envelop$ by ! nitrate ( soda s z to =m :at is app>5tly a s+le cry/al4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 highly probable t a cry/al ( nitrate ( soda & a cry/al ( ,icel& sp> behave alike 9 ?is respect :5 plac$ 9 a /rong solution ( ! nitrate2 ea* draws to itself ! liquid nitrate 9 ! solution1 !n draws x out ( ! solution 9 ! solid /ate1 & fur!r arranges ! p>ticles ^u its own surface 9 a p]fectly regul> mann]1 s t ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles 9 ! %ell ( nitrate is ! same z ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles 9 ! sp> :i* x surr\nds2 j z a bricklay] sets ^u ! ris+ wall new bricks arrang$ 9 ! same way z ^? :i* he has already laid4 ,i rememb] t on ,,"l ,,kelv9',s la/ visit to ,ox=d1 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 m9dful ( 8 ,,boyle ,lecture1 ,i %[$ him1 9 company ) my pupil1 ,mr4 ,,b>k]1 ?is beautiful exp]im5t1 ) :i* he 0 at t "t n famili>1 & ,i %all nev] =get ! int]e/ & en?usiasm ) :i* he witness$ ! beautifully regul> & in/antane\s gr[? ( ! nitrate cry/als4 ,he always 0 z en?usia/ic & inquir+ z a boy1 & ^! *>act]i/ics 7 exhibit$ on t occasion 9 8 old age4 ,x is an exp]im5t :i* sets "o ?9k+1 & ,i h no d\bt t1 if ,,"l ,,kelv91 ev5 at t advanc$ age1 _h set 8 m9d to consid] x1 he w\ld h be5 able to d$uce f> m ?an x has yet sugge/$ to ^? :o h witness$ x4#c ,footnote #c3 ,! exp]im5t 0 !n %[n1 exactly z x 0 %[n to ,"l ,kelv94--,,ed4 ,"s two ye>s or s be=e ! "t ( :i* ,i am speak+1 ,mr4 ,,b>k] _h at my sugge/ion made an exhau/ive /udy ( a great numb] ( diff]5t sub/ances 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :i* ( !m behave t[>ds "o ano!r l nitrate ( soda & calcite1 & :y !y d s1 & he has really discov]$ ! secret4 ,:5 two sub/ances l nitrate ( soda & calcite h ne>ly ! same %ape & resemble "o ano!r closely 9 _! physical prop]ties1 ! geometrical laws ( cry/all9e /ructure ( :i* ,i h already spok5 make x c]ta9 t !y consi/ ( p>ticles arrang$ 9 ! same way4 ,we d n "k :at ^! p>ticles are or :at is _! %ape or size1 b we may be sure t !y are arrang$ 9 ! same way4 ,i am p]haps us+ ! ^w p>ticles 9 a loose s5se1 = !y might be holl[ cells or !y might be ! space occupi$ by mov+ p>ticles1 or any?+ else1 b :atev] !y may be x is pretty c]ta9 t !y are arrang$ 9 ! same way4 ,well1 ,mr4 ,,b>k] has prov$ t1 if two cry/als gr[ toge!r l nitrate ( soda & calcite1 _! p>ticles are n only arrang$ 9 ! same way1 b !y mu/ be ( ! same size1 or at any rate occupy ! same space4 ,9 m sci5tific language1 ! two cry/als n only h ! same molecul> /ructure1 b ! same molecul> volume4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ma9ly a "q ( fitt+ toge!r1 &1 if ! two /ructures d n fit1 !y _c gr[ toge!r1 l nitrate ( soda & ,icel& sp>1 z a cont9u\s cry/al4 ,let me illu/rate by a sugge/ive comp>ison4 ,! bee's cell is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & symmetrical /ructures 9 nature4 ,its regul>ity is probably due to ! fact t bees ( ! same size are1 9 mak+ x1 s closely cr[d$ toge!r2 !re is "o bee's head 9 ea* cell1 & !re=e y may say t ! arrangem5t ( ! bees is ! same z t ( ! cells4 ,= example1 if y place 9 ea* cell a ball :i* exactly fits x & !n take away ! cells1 y h an arrangem5t ( balls :i* is ! same z t ( ! cells1 ea* be+ 9 contact ) six neighb\rs4 ,x may be call$ a hexagonal arrangem5t4 ,y h only to pu% toge!r a numb] ( balls on a table1 & !y w fall into ?is arrangem5t4 ,x 0 a contempor>y & associate ( ,,boyle1 & an ,ox=d man1 ,dr4 ,,rob]t ,,hooke1 :o po9t$ out t ) balls pil$ toge!r 9 ?is way y c build up ! %apes ( cry/als1 & t1 = example1 a pyramid ( cannon-balls /ack$ toge!r 9 ! mann] t ,i h j %[n1 has ! %ape & angles ( an alum cry/al4 ,n[1 if two su* arrangem5ts are to fit toge!r1 !y mu/ be ( ! same size1 :e!r !y consi/ ( bees1 or cells1 or balls1 or molecules4 ,9 ! same way ,mr4 ,,b>k] has prov$ t ,icel& sp> & nitrate ( soda mu/ consi/ ( mat]ials :i* are n only arrang$ 9 ! same way1 b are ( ! same size1 al?\gh we d n "k 9 ! lea/ :at t mat]ial is1 nor :at its actual size may be4 ,b ?is1 ( c\rse1 is n ! end ( ! :ole my/]y3 = n only d two su* /ructures fit toge!r1 z might be expect$1 b ea* has ! rem>kable prop]ty ( mak+ ! o!r cry/allize & gr[1 & t means1 z ,i h j expla9$1 t x draws ! o!r out ( ! solution :]e x is liquid into ! cry/al :]e x becomes "p ( a solid /ructure & lays x d[n 9 ! exact position 9 :i* x fits1 j z "o bee's cell is add$ to ano!r 9 ! gr[? ( ! comb4 ,we h advanc$ a /ep1 b only "o /ep1 t[>ds ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! my/]y1 & ,i w\ld beg y to note h[ we are cont9ually l$ on by analogies :i* may be q false1 b :i* are at any rate fruitful4 ,n[ let me pass to ano!r s]ies ( rese>*es :i* 7 conduct$ by ,miss ,,isaac & myself = a few ye>s be=e ,i left ,ox=d & h s9ce be5 c>ri$ on by h] ) conspicu\s success4 ,/ill exp]im5t+ ) ! same app>atus1 & endeav\r+ to trace h[ a solution *anges 9 /r5g? :ile x is cry/alliz+1 we came across "s curi\s & unexpect$ results4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n t if a cry/al1 say ( alum1 is plac$ 9 a weak solution ( alum x is dissolv$1 & only has ! effect ( mak+ ! solution /rong]1 b t at la/ a /age is rea*$ at :i* ! solution becomes #8saturat$' & c dissolve no m1 j z a /age is rea*$ at :i* a soak+ sponge w hold no m wat]4 ,at ?is po9t a cry/al1 if put into x1 rema9s un*ang$4 ,b x is q easy to make ! solution /ill /rong]1 n by add+ alum to x1 b by tak+ wat] away f x by evaporation3 x !n becomes ov]saturat$ or #8sup]saturat$'1 & n[ a cry/al ( alum dipp$ into ! liquid w at once beg9 to gr[ & to make ! solution weak]4 ,9 fact1 ?is is an unfail+ te/ by :i* we c tell :e!r a solution is saturat$ or sup]saturat$2 &1 m ?an ?is1 until a bit ( solid cry/al gets into x ! liquid does n cry/allize4 ,keep x 9 a clos$ vessel s t no speck ( alum c fall into x1 & x w rema9 liquid = weeks or ye>s or z long z y please4 ,b let ! smalle/ possible gra9 ( an alum cry/al fall into x1 & cry/allization w be />t$2 inoculate x ) an invisible g]m ( alum du/1 su* z mu/ be fly+ ab\t 9 ! air ( any room :]e dry alum is or has be5 kept1 & y w see ! life & gr[? ( a cry/al beg9 :5 t g]m is introduc$4 ,?is is ! mo/ extraord9>ily s5sitive te/1 & "o t c easily be appli$4 ,9 _m ( our exp]im5ts we f\nd t dur+ ! fir/ day :5 we 7 work+ ) "s new sub/ance x w\ld n cry/allize f an expos$ solution2 b on ! second day1 :5 ! air ( ! laboratory _h become impregnat$ ) cry/al g]ms1 an expos$ solution w\ld beg9 to cry/allize at once4 ,dr4 ,,tutton1 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ inve/igators ( cry/als1 ^: ref9$ & beautiful rese>*es 7 = _m ye>s c>ri$ on 9 ,ox=d1 has fully describ$ ^! effects 9 8 two books on cry/als j publi%$1 & confirms !m f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 ,miss ,,isaac & ,i h f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( our rese>*es t1 z ! solution becomes /rong] & /rong]--say1 by ! evaporation ( "s ( its wat]1 x cont9ues to be 9 ! ord9>y /ate ( sup]saturation 9 :i* x does n cry/allize save by inoculation ) a g]m ( solid alum cry/al1 b at la/ x sudd5ly rea*es a condition 9 :i* x c cry/allize spontane\sly1 & at ?is mom5t x is en\gh to /ir or %ake ! solution1 & y w at once witness ! bir? ( ?\s&s ( t9y cry/als :i* appe> z a cl\d 9 ! liquid & beg9 to gr[ rapidly4 ,a v easy way 9 :i* to make ?is exp]im5t is to dip a clean ne$le into a drop ( evaporat+ solution on a glass plate & to scrat* ! glass on :i* ! drop lies3 = a "t no?+ happ5s1 & !n sudd5ly1 z ! liquid passes into ! new condition1 a *a9 ( t9y cry/als appe>s along ! l9e ( scrat*4 ,t ?is susp5d$ cry/allization has a fix$ limit 0 suspect$1 & _h be5 pr$ict$ by ! ,g]man *emi/ ,,o/wald1 b c\ld nev] be prov$ until we made our exp]im5ts1 & x 0 ,mr4 ,,h>tley :o fir/ help$ u to int]pret our results4 ,he has subsequ5tly1 ) 8 pupils1 made a numb] ( inve/igations on ! same subject4 ,i c %[ y ! two conditions 9 "o & ! same drop by us+ a solution ( common potassium bi*romate4 ,cry/als beg9 to gr[ at ! edge ( ! drop :]e ! liquid fir/ becomes suffici5tly /rong1 & cont9ue to gr[ sl[ly 9 ! evaporat+ liquid :i* is only slightly sup]saturat$4 ,b 9 a few mom5ts o!r p>ts ( ! drop :i* are ?9n] become s /rongly sup]saturat$ t !y beg9 to cry/allize spontane\sly2 & !re y c witness ! bir? ( new cry/als :i* gr[ rapidly 9 all directions1 because !y are gr[+ 9 a solution :i* is mu* /rong] ?an t 9 :i* ! fir/ cry/als are gr[+ sl[ly4 ,does n all ?is set "o ?9k+8 ,:at is tak+ place we _c tell1 b we c only ?9k ( x z 9 "s way analog\s to ! bir? ( a cl\d2 & 9 bo? in/ances we h to picture to ourselves m9ute invisible p>ticles1 ( ^: %ape & size we "k no?+1 com+ toge!r & coalesc+ till !y gr[ into a drop or a cry/al t we c see4 ,b :y !y d n beg9 to coalesce z soon z ! liquid is sup]saturat$ x is difficult to say4 ,we h to conceive ! alum solution z made up ( mov+ p>ticles ( alum & ( wat]1 & x may be t ! p>ticles are con/antly coalesc+ into m9ute gr\ps1 b z rapidly be+ brok5 up aga91 until a mom5t arrives at :i* ! alum p>ticles are suffici5tly d5se to coh]e p]man5tly2 b h[ !y attract "o ano!r & arrange !mselves into ! wond]ful /ructure :i* makes a cry/al1 ( ?is we are entirely ignorant4 ,! "q br+s u back aga9 to our initial my/]y1 h[ does ! cry/al actually gr[8 ,b ?is is n all4 ,i h said t all solutions seem to behave 9 ! same way1 & among !m nitrate ( soda1 :i* we h already se5 gr[+ 9 p]fect regul>ity on ,icel& sp>4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,,b>k]1 ,miss ,,isaac1 ,m4 ,,*evali] 7:o 0 ano!r ( my pupils71 & myself1 t ,icel& sp> behaves 9 ?is respect also exactly l nitrate ( soda4 ,9 a solution :i* is sup]saturat$1 b is n /rong en\gh to cry/allize spontane\sly1 n only w inoculation ) a cry/al ( nitrate produce in/ant cry/allization2 b inoculation ) a cry/al ( ,icel& sp> produces ! same result4 ,s we h a /ill m conv9c+ pro( ( :at ,i sugge/$ a %ort "t ago1 t two cry/als1 :i* h /ructures s ne>ly id5tical t !y c fit toge!r1 possess also ! p[] ( draw+ ea* o!r f ! liquid /ate into ! solid =m ( a cry/al4 ,:atev] x is :i* conditions ! fitt+ toge!r ( two /ructures mu/ !n also conf] ^u !m ?is extraord9>y p[] ( mak+ ea* o!r gr[4 ,if ,i _h m "t1 ,i %\ld l to give an acc\nt ( "s ( ! m important discov]ies t h be5 made ab\t cry/als dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 = !y w\ld make x easi] to und]/& ! pres5t /ate ( our k conc]n+ !m4 ,i w only ref] to two3 "o is an exp]im5tal fact1 & ! o!r is a !oretical speculation1 & bo? are connect$ ) ! subject t ,i h be5 discuss+4 ,x 0 discov]$ %ortly be=e t "t1 & has be5 f\nd by _m exp]im5ts s9ce1 t !re are c]ta9 sub/ances :i* are 9 a real s5se cry/als1 al?\gh !y are liquid2 t is to say1 !y affect light 9 its passage ?r\gh !m j z solid cry/als d4 ,^! extraord9>y sub/ances1 :i* _h be5 inve/igat$ by ,pr(essor ,,lehmann1 7 fir/ %[n 9 ,engl& by ,mr4 ,,b[man & ,mr4 ,,h>tley1 :o 7 !n work+ 9 my laboratory1 at a conv]sazione at ! ,royal ,society1 n long aft] _! discov]y1 & ,i c well rememb] ! int]e/ ) :i* !y 7 witness$ by ,sir ,,george ,,/okes & o!rs4 ,we c only picture ^! liquids z consi/+ ( p>ticles :i*1 :ile !y are free to move 9 all directions1 always cont9ue to face ! same way1 l a gr\p ( danc]s :o 9 all _! evolutions cont9ue to face ! audi5ce1 in/ead ( turn+ z !y move4 ,:5 ! me*anism :i* r5d]s possible ?is rem>kable behavi\r is bett] und]/ood1 we may be sure t x w br+ ab\t a bett] und]/&+ ( ! mann] 9 :i* a solid cry/al is con/ruct$4 ,! int]e/+ ?+ ab\t x is t "h at any rate ! p>ticles are 9 viol5t movem5t in/ead ( be+ comp>atively /ation>y1 z !y are 9 a solid cry/al4 ,"o is naturally l$ to imag9e t be=e any solution beg9s to cry/allize 9 ! solid =m x passes into ?is liquid /ate1 & t ! p>ticles h begun to set !mselves & all to face ! same way be=e !y beg9 to coh]e & to build !mselves into a solid4 ,b s f> z ,i "k !re is no evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is sugge/ion--a solution be=e solid cry/als beg9 to appe> does n behave l a liquid cry/al1 b rema9s an ord9>y solution up to ! la/ mom5t :5 new cry/als are born 9 x or are />t$ by inoculation ) a cry/al g]m4 ,! o!r discov]y1 :i* is 9 ! nature ( a speculation1 is t ( ano!r p]son :om ,i am pr\d to reckon among my =m] pupils1 namely1 ,pr(essor ,,pope ( ,cambridge1 work+ 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,,b>l[4 ,mr4 ,,b>l[ _h already be5 ref]r$ to by ,,"l ,,kelv9 9 8 ,,boyle ,lecture z ! au?or ( +5i\s rese>*es ^u ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* mat]ials c be pack$ toge!r1 & ! diff]5t arrangem5ts & /ructures :i* result f ?is pack+4 ,^! two work]s h n[ prop\nd$ a !ory accord+ to :i*1 if ! v>i\s atoms :i* con/itute a sub/ance are repres5t$ by sph]es ^: sizes repres5t ! val5cy ( ! atoms1 & if ^! sph]es are pack$ toge!r z closely z !y w g1 ! result+ /ructure w repres5t v ne>ly ! /ructure ( ! cry/al2 & s x may be possible = ! fir/ "t f a k ( ! *emical con/itution ( a sub/ance to pr$ict ! /ructure ( its cry/als & !re=e ! =m 9 :i* x w cry/allize4 ,y rememb] ! bee's cell arrangem5t & ! simil> arrangem5t ( balls got by plac+ a ball 9 ea* cell & !n remov+ ! cells4 ,ano!r way ( gett+ ! same arrangem5t is to place a numb] ( equal balls on a table & to squeeze !m toge!r until !y are pack$ z closely z possible4 ,?is arrangem5t ( close/ pack+1 ! arrangem5t ( a pyramid ( cannon-balls1 is precisely ! same z be=e1 ! "o 9 :i* ea* ball on ! table is 9 contact ) six o!rs4 ,accord+ to ,,pope & ,,b>l[ ! atoms 9 a cry/al simply pack !mselves toge!r z closely z possible1 b in/ead ( be+ equal 9 size !y h g5]ally to be repres5t$ z ( diff]5t sizes accord+ to _! val5cies4 ,if we imag9e ! coalesc5ce ( atoms to =m a cry/al to be due to _! mutual attraction1 x is v reasonable to suppose t !y w get z close toge!r z is possible1 & !re=e t ! ways ( close pack+ are ! ways ( cry/al /ructure4 ,! !ory !re=e sugge/s a reason = ! gr[? z well z = ! %ape ( a cry/al4 ,i may rem9d y t ! bee's cell itself1 :i* is 9 ! _w ( life ! ?+ t mo/ ne>ly resembles cry/all9e /ructure1 is due to ?is same pr9ciple ( close pack+2 = 9 _! ef=ts to get z closely toge!r z possible ! bees are con/ra9$ to get into ! hexagonal arrangem5t4 ,! bees cr[d _! heads toge!r & to ea* bee's head corresponds "o cell4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pr(essor ,,sollas has br\ght =w>d "s mo/ sugge/ive & conv9c+ speculations conc]n+ c]ta9 cry/als :i* are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( op51 & n close1 pack+4 ,8 model ( silv] iodide1 = example1 is well kn[n 9 ,ox=d4 ,i h m5tion$ ^! rec5t contributions to sci5ce1 n only ) ! object ( indicat+ t our k ( cry/als is /eadily increas+1 b also 9 ord] to po9t out t little has yet be5 done to expla9 ! my/]ies ( _! gr[?4 ,all t has be5 effect$ up to ! pres5t is an attempt to expla9 h[ !y are con/ruct$1 n ! process by :i* ! con/ruction takes place4 ,x is z ?\gh we 7 to analyse ! =m & /ructure ( animals & plants & nev] to wat* !m z !y gr[1 b only to /udy !m f fossils or f museum specim5s4 ,& ,i believe ! reason to be ?is4 ,all ! speculations conc]n+ cry/als p]si/ 9 reg>d+ ! p>ticles ( :i* !y consi/ z fix$ & immovable3 ! !ories are all /atical4 ,& yet we "k t ! p>ticles ( matt]1 :atev] !y may be1 are really 9 lively movem5t4 ,is x n possible t 9 ord] to get a correct und]/&+ ( ! gr[? ( a cry/al we %\ld take acc\nt n only ( ! positions1 b ( ! movem5ts1 ( its p>ticles8 ,)\t "s k ( ^! we are n able to approa* ! problem1 or to asc]ta9 h[ a cry/al ei!r ( nitrate ( soda or ( ,icel& sp> draws ! nitrate ( soda out ( ! solution & makes x gr[ into a solid4 ,rememb] t :5 we say we "k h[ ! p>ticles ( a cry/al are arrang$ we really "k no?+ ab\t _! nature1 & c only repres5t !m by sph]es1 or solid figures1 or cells1 or ev5 po9ts1 9 ord] to get a repres5tation ( _! arrangem5t4 ,b we might arrange 9 ! same way a numb] ( bodies ea* ( :i* is :irl+ 9 a fix$ orbit1 l a planet1 ab\t ! correspond+ po9t1 or vibrat+ ab\t x l ! prong ( a tun+-=k1 or pulsat+ l a brea?+ animal2 & s f> f ! arrangem5t be+ indep5d5t ( ! movem5ts x may be due to !m4 ,if ,i may seek ano!r analogy1 let me take a gr\p ( figure skat]s2 _! c5tre rema9s fix$ at ! orange1 maybe1 ab\t :i* _! figures are execut$1 b ! gr\p ( skat]s is at "o mom5t ext5d$ :5 !y circle out to _! fur!/ sweep1 & at ano!r mom5t conc5trat$ :5 !y conv]ge to ! c5tre2 & ?is alt]nat+ expansion & compression occurs 9 a regul> rhy?m4 ,imag9e a pond cov]$ by a numb] ( su* gr\ps ( skat]s2 ! mann] 9 :i* !y w fit 91 & h to arrange !mselves1 w dep5d bo? ^u ! dim5sions & ! rhy?m ( _! curves1 & !y may ev5 int]lace & become "p ( "o great figure sy/em cov]+ ! :ole pond4 ,may n ! gr[? ( a cry/al be some?+ ( ?is sort8 ,all ! devices :i* ,i h quot$ = pictur+ to ourselves ! ar*itecture ( a cry/al ,i w\ld reg>d z m]ely models repres5t+ some?+ t may be really q diff]5t4 ,b ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! "t has come :5 we %\ld make use ( mov+ & n /ation>y models4 ,"o ne$ n g fur!r ?an a sp9n+ top = an illu/ration ( /ability due to movem5t1 & !re is no?+ unreasonable 9 ! sugge/ion t ! rigidity ( a cry/al /ructure may be due to ! motion ( its p>ts4 ,"o curi\s obs]vation :i* ,i h made is sugge/ive4 ,i h _m times notic$ t :5 ! appropriate cry/al is introduc$ into a sup]saturat$ solution1 :i* is n /rong en\gh to cry/allize spontane\sly1 x may cause cry/als to gr[ n only 9 actual contact ) itself1 b at "s little di/ance 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ! cry/alliz+ =ce1 ! p[] ( propagat+ cry/al gr[?1 is n m]ely a fronti] problem1 b c be ex]cis$ ?r\gh ! liquid to a di/ance4 ,if ,i try to picture to myself :at is happ5+1 ,i mu/ aga9 h rec\rse to analogy2 ,i c only ?9k ( ! mann] 9 :i* a /r+ or a tun+-=k is set 9 vibration & responds to a simil> /r+ or tun+-=k :i* is giv+ out its note at ! o!r end ( ! room2 & s is x n possible t ! movem5ts1 :atev] !y are1 vibrations or pulsations or regul> oscillations ( "s sort1 :i* con/itute cry/all9e gr[? may be communicat$ ?r\gh ! almo/ cry/alliz+ liquid1 & culm9ate at "s po9t :]e !y set simil> mat]ial vibrat+1 t is to say1 cry/alliz+1 9 ! same way8 ,i rememb]1 :5 ,i fir/ began to be int]e/$ 9 cry/als 9 und]graduate days1 read+ 9 ,nature an acc\nt ( two pap]s :i* seem$ to h a possible be>+ on ! subject4 ,"o is an example ( a /ation>y arrangem5t ( rigid bodies4 ,! o!r illu/rates ! pr9ciple :i* ,i am n[ sugge/+1 & is an arrangem5t ( pulsat+ bodies ^: positions are due to _! movem5ts4 ,! fir/ 0 a description ( ,,may]',s exp]im5t on float+ magnets :i* 01 if ,i rememb] "r1 %[n "h 9 a ,,boyle ,lecture by ,sir ,,joseph ,,?omson a few ye>s ago2 an exp]im5t 9 :i* magnets susp5d$ 9 wat] by corks & ) _! ,nor? poles project+ s t !y repel "o ano!r1 are br\ght toge!r by ! attraction ( a l>ge magnet held1 ) its ,s\? pole d[nw>ds1 above ! surface ( ! wat]2 "u ! jo9t influ5ce ( ?is attraction & _! own mutual repulsions1 !y gr\p !mselves into a numb] ( int]e/+ geometrical figures v sugge/ive ( ! geometrical regul>ity ( cry/al /ructure4 ,inde$1 attempts h be5 made by ,,lehmann to expla9 ! ar*itecture ( a cry/al by a gr\p+ ( magnetic sy/ems4 ,& ! o!r 0 ! exp]im5t ( ,,bj]knes 9 #ahgf 7describ$ 9 ,nature 9 #ahha71 9 :i* a numb] ( holl[ ela/ic balls 7 made to exp& & contract by means ( air tubes atta*$ to !m4 ,^! pulsat+ balls1 :5 plac$ 9 wat]1 attract$ & repell$ "o ano!r l magnets1 & arrang$ !mselves 9 a regul> mann]2 ?us sugge/+ t !re may be _m unexpect$ ways 9 :i* rhy?mical motion c ex]cise an attractive & directive action su* z is requir$ to produce a cry/al4 ,let me illu/rate :at ,i mean by ano!r crude analogy4 ,take a room full ( danc]s2 if !y are all danc+ to diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t ways !re w be no ord] or arrangem5t 9 ! cr[d1 & x w rema9 an incoh]5t jo/l+ assembly ( indep5d5t p]sons4 ,b if !re are among !m ^? :o are mov+ to ! same /ep & 9 ! same mann]1 & if !y come toge!r1 !y c become p>tn]s & c cont9ue to dance toge!r2 & if ! room be fill$ ) su* danc]s1 !n ! :ole assembly c gr[ toge!r into an ord]ly movem5t1 & only ^? ^: /ep does n fit into ! dance w be eject$ & left out4 ,or take ano!r example3 soldi]s m>*+ toge!r h n ceas$ to be individual m51 b :5 !y fell into /ep !y became 9 addition an organiz$ body ) a /ructure & a coh]5ce t does n belong to a miscellane\s cr[d4 ,ev5 s may ! p>ticles ( dissolv$ salt be end[$ ) a movem5t :i* enables !m to ent] into p>tn]%ip & coh]e1 & s to build !mselves into ! ord]ly /ructure :i* makes up a cry/al4 ,& ev5 s d cry/als gr[ out ( a mix$ solution z a pure & homog5e\s sub/ance & reject ! o!r mat]ials :i* are dissolv$ 9 ! liquid4 ,"o o!r sugge/ion4 ,if ! gr[? ( a cry/al is really ! com+ toge!r ( vibrat+ p>ticles :i* coh]e because !y are 9 tune ) "o ano!r & s ent] into a p>tn]%ip l t ( ! danc]s or ! figure skat]s1 !n is x n possible t we may be able to communicate ^! vibrations to a sup]saturat$ solution1 :i* is s d5sely cr[d$ t x is ready to cry/allize1 by "s o!r means ?an by inoculat+ x ) ! appropriate cry/al8 ,i ?9k t ! "t has come :5 we may be able to get "s k ( ! mann] ( ^! movem5ts by exp]im5tal me?ods2 p]haps by /udy+ ! sort ( %ock or movem5t1 if !re be any su*1 :i* />ts cry/allization 9 a sup]saturat$ solution2 p]haps by f9d+ o!r sub/ances1 ^: movem5ts we und]/&1 :i* are able to />t ! cry/allization :5 !y are introduc$ into c]ta9 solutions4 ,i h said t ! fronti] problems 9 sci5ce are int]e/+2 & t ?is is true n only ( ! ev5ts t take place :5 diff]5t bodies meet1 b 9 ano!r & m g5]al s5se4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & fruitful problems are ^? :i* deal ) ! bord]l& betwe5 two sci5ces1 :5 ! difficulties ( ! "o are enlight5$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! o!r1 or :5 ! same problem is look$ at f two diff]5t sides4 ,let me only quote z an illu/ration ! "w connect$ ) osmosis1 :i* attract$ fir/ ! botani/s & !n ! physical *emi/s1 & rem9d y ( ! enorm\s importance :i* x has assum$ by _! comb9$ ef=ts4 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t ^! problems ( cry/al gr[? are ( ?is bord]l& nature4 ,& su* problems c only be satisfactorily attack$ by ^? :o are m ?an m]e speciali/s & c be l$ by ! exp]i5ce or ! analogies ( o!r sci5ces4 ,i said t ,i %\ld l to reg>d ?is lecture z an attempt to ju/ify ! value ( analogy4 ,we poor speciali/s grope )9 ! conf9es ( our own sci5ce1 & :at little advance we make is made 9 "p by ! light we borr[ f ! o!r sci5ces4 ,9 ^! days ( increas+ specialization :at we ne$ is to int]e/ 9 our own problems1 n only ^? :o are till+ ! same fields ) ourselves1 b ev5 m1 ^? :o live on ! o!r side ( ! f5ce :i* surr\nds u3 to call to !m across ! fronti]1 to seek _! advice & assi/ance & ! b5efit ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,?is is "o ( ! great advantages ( a ,univ]sity1 t work]s & ?9k]s 9 diff]5t subjects are br\ght toge!r & c make _! difficulties kn[n to ea* o!r4 ,! connect+ l9ks betwe5 !m are ! analogies :i* !y p]ceive & :i* excite an int]e/ t !y w\ld n o!rwise feel 9 ea* o!r's "w4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,i h endeav\r$ to set be=e y a v special problem 9 a v elem5t>y way & z f> z possible )\t us+ te*nical t]ms4 ,x is ) ! hope ( attract+ ! int]e/ ( work]s 9 o!r subjects to ?is fasc9at+ problem ( cry/al gr[? :i*1 f ! "t ( ,,boyle to t ( ,,rusk91 & m especially1 z ,i h %[n y1 9 rec5t ye>s1 has engag$ ! att5tion ( ,ox=d /ud5ts ( cry/als4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,page #h1 #8allum' *ang$ to #8alum1' 8corpuscles ( nitre1 alum1 vitriol10