,illu/ration3 ,a te/ ) books op54 7,fairhope1 ,alabama47 ,frontispiece4 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,to-,,morr[ ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,& ,,evelyn ,,dewey ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company #fha ,,fif? ,,av5ue ,,copyright1 #aiae ,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,fir/ ,pr9t+1 ,may1 #aiae4 ,second ,pr9t+1 ,augu/1 #aiae4 ,?ird ,pr9t+1 ,m>*1 #aiaf4 ,f\r? ,pr9t+1 ,m>*1 #aiaf4 ,fif? ,pr9t+1 ,july1 #aiaf4 ,six? ,pr9t+1 ,july1 #aiaf4 ,sev5? ,pr9t+1 ,jan'y1 #aiag4 ,eigh? ,pr9t+1 ,jan'y1 #aiag4 ,n9? ,pr9t+1 ,april1 #aiai4 ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ,,preface ,!re has be5 no attempt 9 ?is book to develop a complete !ory ( education nor yet review any 8sy/ems0 or discuss ! views ( prom95t educators4 ,?is is n a text book ( education1 nor yet an exposition ( a new me?od ( s*ool tea*+1 aim$ to %[ ! we>y tea*] or ! discont5t$ p>5t h[ education %\ld be c>ri$ on4 ,we h tri$ to %[ :at actually happ5s :5 s*ools />t out to put into practice1 ea* 9 its own way1 "s ( ! !ories t h be5 po9t$ to z ! s\nde/ & be/ ev] s9ce ,plato1 to be !n laid politely away z preci\s portions ( our 8intellectual h]itage40 ,c]ta9 views are well kn[n to e tea*] :o has /udi$ p$agogy1 & portions ( !m =m an accept$ "p ( e !ory ( education4 ,yet :5 !y are appli$ 9 a classroom ! public 9 g5]al & o!r tea*]s 9 p>ticul> cry out aga9/ t classroom z a place ( fads & caprices2 a place lack+ 9 any f> rea*+ aim or guid+ pr9ciple4 ,we h hop$ to sugge/ to ! read] ! practical mean+ ( "s ( ! m widely recogniz$ & accept$ views ( educational re=m]s by %[+ :at happ5s :5 a tea*] applies ^! views4 ,! s*ools we h us$ = purposes ( illu/ration are all ( !m direct$ by s9c]e tea*]s try+ e>ne/ly to give _! *ildr5 ! be/ !y h by work+ out concretely :at !y consid] ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( education4 ,m & m s*ools are gr[+ up all ov] ! c\ntry t are try+ to "w out def9ite educational ideas4 ,x is ! function ( ?is book to po9t out h[ ! applications arise f _! !ories & ! direction t education 9 ?is c\ntry seems to be tak+ at ! pres5t "t4 ,we hope t ?r\gh ! description ( classroom "w we may help to make "s !ories liv+ realities to ! read]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h dwelt on !oretical aspects 9 ord] to po9t out "s ( ! ne$s ( mod]n education & ! way 9 :i* !y are be+ met4 ,! s*ools t are us$ = illu/ration 7 *os5 m or less at r&om2 because we already knew ( !m or because !y 7 conv5i5tly locat$4 ,!y d n beg9 to repres5t all t is be+ done to-day to vitalize ! s*ool life ( *ildr54 ,s*ools ) l traits may be f\nd 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,space has =c$ u to omit a v important movem5t--! reorganization ( ! rural s*ool & ! utilization ( agriculture 9 education4 ,b ?is movem5t %[s ! t5d5cies t m>k ! s*ools we h describ$2 t5d5cies t[>ds great] fre$om & an id5tification ( ! *ild's s*ool life ) 8 environm5t & outlook2 &1 ev5 m important1 ! recognition ( ! rle education mu/ play 9 a democracy4 ,^! t5d5cies seem truly symptoms ( ! times1 & ) a s+le exception prov$ to be ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( all ! s*ools visit$4 ,)\t ! v mat]ial help & int]e/ ( ! tea*]s & pr9cipals ( ! s*ools visit$ ?is book w\ld n h be5 possible4 ,we ?ank !m mo/ s9c]ely = ! unfail+ c\rtesy !y h %[n 9 plac+ _! "t & ! mat]ial ( _! classrooms at our disposal4 ,our ?anks are especially due to ,mrs4 ,johnson ( ,fairhope & to ,miss ,georgia ,alex&] ( ,indianapolis = in=mation & sugge/ions4 ,! visit+ ( ! s*ools ) "o exception 0 done by ,miss ,dewey1 :o is also responsible = ! descriptive *apt]s ( ! book4 ,j4,d4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,education ,,z ,,natural ,,developm5t #a ,,ii ,,an ,,exp]im5t ,,9 ,,education ,,z ,,natural ,,developm5t #ag ,,iii ,,f\r ,,factors ,,9 ,,natural ,,gr[? #da ,,iv ,,! ,,reorganization ,,( ,,! ,,curriculum #fj ,v ,,play #ajc ,,vi ,,fre$om ,,& ,,individuality #acb ,,vii ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,to ,,! ,,community #afd ,,viii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,z ,a ,,social ,,settlem5t #bje ,,ix ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,educational ,,readju/m5t #bbi ,x ,,education ,,?r\gh ,,indu/ry #bea ,,xi ,,democracy ,,& ,,education #bhg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fac+ ,,page ,a ,,te/ ,,) ,,books ,,op54 7,,fairhope1 ,,ala47 ,frontispiece 7#a7 ,,nature ,,w\ld ,,h ,,*ildr5 ,,be ,,*ildr5 ,,be=e ,,!y ,,are ,,m54 #h 7#b7 ,,tea* ,,! ,,*ild ,,:at ,,is ,,( ,,use ,,to ,,him ,,z ,a ,,*ild4 7,,tea*]s' ,,college1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,city7 #h ,,to ,,le>n ,,to ,,?9k1 ,,we ,,mu/ ,,ex]cise ,,our ,,limbs4 7,,francis ,,p>k] ,,s*ool1 ,,*icago7 #ae 7#a7 ,,an ,,h\r ,a ,,day ,,sp5t ,,9 ,,! 8,,gym40 #cj 7#b7 ,,! ,,gully ,,is ,a ,,favorite ,,textbook4 7,,fairhope1 ,,ala47 #cj ,,games ,,(t5 ,,require ,,muscul> ,,skill1 ,,read+1 ,,writ+1 ,,& ,,ari?metic4 7,,univ]sity ,,s*ool1 ,,columbia1 ,,mo47 #de 7#a7 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,ye>',s ,,"w4 7,,indianapolis7 #eh 7#b7 ,,pr9t+ ,,tea*es ,,engli%4 7,,francis ,,p>k] ,,s*ool1 ,,*icago7 #eh ,,songs ,,& ,,games ,,help ,,ari?metic4 7,,public ,,s*ool #de1 ,,indianapolis7 #ge ,,! ,,pupils ,,build ,,! ,,s*ool-,,h\ses4 7,,int]lak5 ,,s*ool1 ,,ind47 #hg ,,real ,,g>d5s ,,= ,,city ,,nature ,,/udy4 7,,public ,,s*ool #de1 ,,indianapolis7 #ig 7#a7 ,,mak+ ,a ,,t[n1 ,,in/ead ,,( ,,do+ ,,gymna/ic ,,ex]cises4 7,,tea*]s' ,,college ,,playgr\nd1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,city7 #aji 7#b7 ,,gymnasium ,,dances ,,9 ,,sew+-,,class ,,co/umes4 7,,h[l& ,,s*ool1 ,,*icago7 #aji ,,con/ruct+ ,,9 ,,m9iature ,,! ,,?+s ,,!y ,,see ,,ar\nd ,,!m4 7,,play ,,s*ool1 ,,new ,,york ,,city7 #aah ,,us+ ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,dramatic ,,in/9ct ,,to ,,tea* ,,hi/ory4 7,,cottage ,,s*ool1 ,,riv]side1 ,,ill47 #abi ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,live ,,?r\gh ,,situations ,,t ,,are ,,typical ,,( ,,social ,,life4 7,,tea*]s' ,,college1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,city7 #adj ,,solv+ ,,problems ,,9 ,,s*ool ,,z ,,!y ,,w\ld ,,h ,,to ,,be ,,met ,,out ,,( ,,s*ool4 7,,francis ,,p>k] ,,s*ool1 ,,*icago7 #aei ,,! ,,pupil ,,/ays ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,build+ ,,f ,,day ,,nurs]y ,,?r\gh ,,high ,,s*ool4 7,,g>y1 ,,ind47 #agg ,,special ,,tea*]s ,,= ,,special ,,subjects ,,f ,,! ,,v ,,beg9n+4 7,,g>y1 ,,ind47 #aic 7#a7 ,,! ,,boys ,,l ,,cook+ ,,m ,,?an ,,! ,,girls ,,d4 #bah 7#b7 ,,m5d+ ,,_! ,,own ,,%oes1 ,,to ,,le>n ,,cobbl+4 7,,public ,,s*ool #bf1 ,,indianapolis7 #bah ,,le>n+ ,,m\ld+1 ,,& ,,manufactur+ ,,s*ool ,,equipm5t4 7,,g>y1 ,,ind47 #bee ,,real ,,"w ,,9 ,a ,,real ,,%op ,,beg9s ,,9 ,,! ,,fif? ,,grade4 7,,g>y1 ,,ind47 #bfi 7#a7 ,,*ildr5 ,,are ,,int]e/$ ,,9 ,,! ,,?+s ,,!y ,,ne$ ,,to ,,"k ,,ab\t4 7,,g>y1 ,,ind47 #bhd 7#b7 ,,mak+ ,,_! ,,own ,,clo!s ,,9 ,,sew+ ,,class4 7,,g>y1 ,,ind47 #bhd ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,h&1 ,,eye1 ,,& ,,bra9 ,,by ,,do+ ,,useful ,,"w4 7,,g>y1 ,,ind47 #big ,,s*ools ,,( ,,to-,,morr[ ,,*apt] ,i ,,education ,,z ,,natural ,,developm5t 8,we "k no?+ ( *ildhood1 & ) our mi/ak5 notions ( x ! fur!r we g 9 education ! m we g a/ray4 ,! wise/ writ]s devote !mselves to :at a man ought to "k )\t ask+ :at a *ild is capable ( le>n+40 ,^! s5t5ces are typical ( ! 8mile0 ( ,r\sseau4 ,he insi/s t exi/+ education is bad because p>5ts & tea*]s are always ?9k+ ( ! accompli%m5ts ( adults1 & t all re=m dep5ds ^u c5t]+ att5tion ^u ! p[]s & weaknesses ( *ildr54 ,r\sseau said1 z well z did1 _m fooli% ?+s4 ,b 8 insi/5ce t education be bas$ ^u ! native capacities ( ^? to be taught & ^u ! ne$ ( /udy+ *ildr5 9 ord] to discov] :at ^! native p[]s are1 s\nd$ ! key-note ( all mod]n ef=ts = educational progress4 ,x meant t education is n some?+ to be =c$ ^u *ildr5 & y\? f )\t1 b is ! gr[? ( capacities ) :i* human be+s are end[$ at bir?4 ,f ?is conception fl[ ! v>i\s consid]ations :i* educational re=m]s s9ce 8 day h mo/ emphasiz$4 ,x calls att5tion1 9 ! fir/ place1 to a fact :i* pr(essional educators are always =gett+3 ,:at is le>n$ 9 s*ool is at ! be/ only a small "p ( education1 a relatively sup]ficial "p2 & yet :at is le>n$ 9 s*ool makes artificial di/9ctions 9 society & m>ks p]sons (f f "o ano!r4 ,consequ5tly we exagg]ate s*ool le>n+ comp>$ ) :at is ga9$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( liv+4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 to correct ?is exagg]ation1 n by despis+ s*ool le>n+1 b by look+ into t ext5sive & m effici5t tra9+ giv5 by ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts = light ^u ! be/ ways ( tea*+ )9 s*ool walls4 ,! fir/ ye>s ( le>n+ proce$ rapidly & securely be=e *ildr5 g to s*ool1 because t le>n+ is s closely relat$ ) ! motives t are furni%$ by _! own p[]s & ! ne$s t are dictat$ by _! own conditions4 ,r\sseau 0 almo/ ! fir/ to see t le>n+ is a matt] ( necessity2 x is a "p ( ! process ( self-pres]vation & ( gr[?4 ,if we want1 !n1 to f9d out h[ education takes place mo/ successfully1 let u g to ! exp]i5ces ( *ildr5 :]e le>n+ is a necessity1 & n to ! practices ( ! s*ools :]e x is l>gely an adornm5t1 a sup]fluity & ev5 an unwelcome imposition4 ,b s*ools are always proce$+ 9 a direction oppos$ to ?is pr9ciple4 ,!y take ! accumulat$ le>n+ ( adults1 mat]ial t is q unrelat$ to ! exig5cies ( gr[?1 & try to =ce x ^u *ildr51 in/ead ( f9d+ out :at ^! *ildr5 ne$ z !y g along4 8,a man mu/ inde$ "k _m ?+s :i* seem useless to a *ild4 ,mu/ ! *ild le>n1 c he le>n1 all t ! man mu/ "k8 ,try to tea* a *ild :at is ( use to him z a *ild1 & y w f9d t x takes all 8 "t4 ,:y urge him to ! /udies ( an age he may nev] rea*1 to ! neglect ( ^? /udies :i* meet 8 pres5t ne$s8 ,b1 y ask1 w x n be too late to le>n :at he ought to "k :5 ! "t comes to use x8 ,i _c tell4 ,b ?is ,i "k2 x is impossible to tea* x soon]1 = our real tea*]s are exp]i5ce & emotion1 & adult man w nev] le>n :at befits him except "u 8 own conditions4 ,a *ild kn[s he mu/ become a man2 all ! ideas he may h z to man's e/ate are s _m opportunities = 8 in/ruction1 b he %\ld rema9 9 complete ignorance ( ^? ideas t are beyond 8 grasp4 ,my :ole book is "o cont9u$ argum5t 9 support ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( education40 ,probably ! greate/ & commone/ mi/ake t we all make is to =get t le>n+ is a necess>y incid5t ( deal+ ) real situations4 ,we ev5 g s f> z to assume t ! m9d is naturally av]se to le>n+--:i* is l assum+ t ! dige/ive organs are av]se to food & h ei!r to be coax$ or bulli$ into hav+ any?+ to d ) x4 ,exi/+ me?ods ( in/ruction give pl5ty ( evid5ce 9 support ( a belief t m9ds are oppos$ to le>n+--to _! own ex]cise4 ,we fail to see t su* av]sion is 9 reality a condemnation ( our me?ods2 a sign t we are pres5t+ mat]ial = :i* ! m9d 9 its exi/+ /ate ( gr[? has no ne$1 or else pres5t+ x 9 su* ways z to cov] up ! real ne$4 ,let u g fur!r4 ,we say only an adult c really le>n ! ?+s ne$$ by ! adult4 ,surely ! adult is mu* m likely to le>n ! ?+s befitt+ him :5 8 hung] = le>n+ has be5 kept alive cont9u\sly ?an aft] a premature diet ( adult nutrim5t has dead5$ desire to "k4 ,we are ( little fai? & sl[ to believe4 ,we are cont9ually uneasy ab\t ! ?+s we adults "k1 & are afraid ! *ild w nev] le>n !m unless !y are drill$ into him by in/ruction be=e he has any intellectual or practical use = !m4 ,if we c\ld really believe t att5d+ to ! ne$s ( pres5t gr[? w\ld keep ! *ild & tea*] alike busy1 & w\ld also provide ! be/ possible gu>antee ( ! le>n+ ne$$ 9 ! future1 trans=mation ( educational ideals might soon be accompli%$1 & o!r desirable *anges w\ld l>gely take c>e ( !mselves4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t ,r\sseau prea*es ! necessity ( be+ will+ to lose "t4 8,! greate/1 ! mo/ important1 ! mo/ useful rule ( education is3 ,d n save "t1 b lose x4 ,if ! infant sprang at "o b\nd f its "m's brea/ to ! age ( reason1 ! pres5t education w\ld be q suitable2 b its natural gr[? calls = q a diff]5t tra9+40 ,& he says1 aga91 8,! :ole ( our pres5t me?od is cruel1 = x consi/s 9 sacrific+ ! pres5t to ! remote & unc]ta9 future4 ,i he> f af> ! %\ts ( ! false wisdom t is ev] dragg+ u on1 c\nt+ ! pres5t z no?+1 & brea?lessly pursu+ a future t flies z we pursue2 a false wisdom t takes u away f ! only place we ev] h & nev] takes u any:]e else40 ,9 %ort1 if education is ! prop] gr[? ( t5d5cies & p[]s1 att5tion to ! process ( gr[+ 9 ! p>ticul> =m 9 :i* x goes on f day to day is ! only way ( mak+ secure ! accompli%m5ts ( adult life4 ,maturity is ! result ( ! sl[ gr[? ( p[]s4 ,rip5+ takes "t2 x _c be hurri$ )\t h>m4 ,! v mean+ ( *ildhood is t x is ! "t ( gr[?1 ( develop+4 ,to despise ! p[]s & ne$s ( *ildhood1 9 behalf ( ! atta9m5ts ( adult life1 is !re=e suicidal4 ,h5ce 8,hold *ildhood 9 rev]5ce1 & d n be 9 any hurry to judge x = good or ill4 ,give nature "t to "w be=e y take ^u y\rself h] bus9ess1 le/ y int]f]e ) h] deal+s4 ,y ass]t t y "k ! value ( "t & are afraid to wa/e x4 ,y fail to p]ceive t x is a great] wa/e ( "t to use x ill ?an to d no?+1 & t a *ild ill taught is fur!r f excell5ce ?an a *ild :o has le>n$ no?+ at all4 ,y are afraid to see him sp5d+ 8 e>ly ye>s do+ no?+4 ,:at6 ,is x no?+ to be happy1 no?+ to jump & run all day8 ,he w nev] be s busy aga9 all 8 life long4444 ,:at w\ld y ?9k ( a man :o refus$ to sleep le/ he %\ld wa/e "p ( 8 life80 ,rev]5ce = *ildhood is id5tical ) rev]5ce = ! ne$s & opportunities ( gr[?4 ,our tragic error is t we are s anxi\s = ! results ( gr[? t we neglect ! process ( gr[+4 8,nature w\ld h *ildr5 be *ildr5 be=e !y are m54 ,if we try to inv]t ?is ord] we %all produce a =c$ fruit1 immature & flavorless1 fruit t rots be=e x c rip54444 ,*ildhood has its own ways ( ?9k+1 see+1 & feel+40 ,physical gr[? is n id5tical ) m5tal gr[? b ! two co9cide 9 "t1 & normally ! latt] is impossible )\t ! =m]4 ,if we h rev]5ce = *ildhood1 our fir/ specific rule is to make sure ( a heal?y bodily developm5t4 ,ev5 ap>t f its intr9sic value z a s\rce ( effici5t action & ( happ9ess1 ! prop] developm5t ( ! m9d directly dep5ds ^u ! prop] use ( ! muscles & ! s5ses4 ,! organs ( action & ( reception are indisp5sable = gett+ into relation ) ! mat]ials ( k4 ,! *ild's fir/ bus9ess is self-pres]vation4 ,?is does n mean b>ely keep+ himself alive1 b pres]vation ( himself z a gr[+1 develop+ be+4 ,consequ5tly1 ! activities ( a *ild are n s aimless z !y seem to adults1 b are ! means by :i* he becomes acqua9t$ ) 8 _w & by :i* he also le>ns ! use & limits ( 8 own p[]s4 ,! con/ant re/less activities ( *ildr5 seem s5seless to gr[n-up p1 simply because gr[n-up p h got us$ to ! _w ar\nd !m & h5ce d n feel ! ne$ ( cont9ual exp]im5tation4 ,b :5 !y are irritat$ by ! ceaseless movem5ts ( a *ild & try to r$uce him to a /ate ( quiesc5ce1 !y bo? int]f]e ) ! *ild's happ9ess & heal?1 & cut him (f f 8 *ief means ( real k4 ,_m inve/igators h se5 h[ a s\nd bodily /ate is a negative condition ( normal m5tal developm5t2 b ,r\sseau anticipat$ our pres5t psy*ology z to ! ext5t 9 :i* ! action ( ! organs ( s5se & movem5t is a positive cause ( ! unfold+ ( intellig5ce4 8,if y foll[ rules t are ! opposite ( ! e/abli%$ practice & in/ead ( tak+ y\r pupil f> afield1 w&]+ to di/ant places1 f>-(f l&s1 remote c5turies1 ! ends ( ! _w & to heav5s !mselves1 y keep him to himself1 to 8 own conc]ns1 he w be able to p]ceive1 to rememb]1 & to reason 9 nature's ord] ( developm5t4 ,z ! s5ti5t infant gr[s into an active be+1 8 disc]nm5t keeps pace ) 8 increase 9 /r5g?4 ,n till /r5g? is develop$ beyond ! ne$s ( self-pres]vation is ! faculty ( speculation manife/$1 = ?is is ! faculty ( employ+ sup]flu\s /r5g? = o!r ?an necess>y purposes4 ,h5ce1 if y w\ld cultivate y\r pupil's intellig5ce1 cultivate ! /r5g? x is meant to control4 ,give 8 body con/ant ex]cise1 make x /rong & heal?y 9 ord] to make him good & wise2 let him "w1 let him d ?+s2 let him run & %\t2 let him be on ! g4444 ,x is a lam5table mi/ake to imag9e t bodily activity h9d]s ! work+ ( ! m9d1 z if ! two k9ds ( activity ought n to advance h& 9 h&1 & z if ! "o 7 n int5d$ to act z guide to ! o!r40 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,nature w\ld h *ildr5 be *ildr5 be=e !y are m54 ,illu/ration3 7#b7 ,tea* ! *ild :at is ( use to him z a *ild4 7,tea*]s ,college1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city47 ,9 ! foll[+ passage ,r\sseau is m specific z to ! way 9 :i* ! physical activities :i* conduce to heal? & ! gr[? ( m9d re9=ce ea* o!r4 8,physical ex]cise tea*es u to use our /r5g?1 to p]ceive ! relation betwe5 our own & neighbor+ bodies1 to use natural tools :i* are )9 our rea* & adapt$ to our s5ses4444 ,at eighte5 we are taught 9 our s*ools ! use ( ! lev]2 e village boy ( twelve kn[s h[ to use a lev] bett] ?an ! clev]e/ me*anician 9 ! academy4 ,! lessons ! s*ol>s give "o ano!r on ! playgr\nd are wor? a hundr$fold m ?an :at !y le>n 9 ! classroom4 ,wat* a cat :5 %e fir/ comes into a room4 ,%e goes f place to place2 %e sniffs ab\t & exam9es ev]y?+4 ,%e is n /ill = a mom5t4 ,x is ! same ) a *ild :5 he beg9s to walk & ent]s1 z x 71 ! room ( ! _w ab\t him4 ,bo? use sight1 & ! *ild uses 8 h&s z ! cat h] nose40 8,z man's fir/ natural impulse is to measure himself ^u 8 environm5t1 to f9d 9 e object he sees ! qualities t may conc]n himself1 s 8 fir/ /udy is a k9d ( exp]im5tal physics = 8 own pres]vation4 ,he is turn$ away f ?is1 & s5t to speculative /udies be=e he has f\nd 8 own place 9 ! _w4 ,:ile 8 delicate & flexible limbs & ke5 s5ses c adju/ !mselves to ! bodies ^u :i* !y int5d$ to act is ! "t to ex]cise s5ses & limbs 9 _! prop] bus9ess--! "t to le>n ! relation betwe5 !mselves & ?+s4 ,our fir/ tea*]s 9 natural philosophy are our feet1 h&s1 & eyes4 ,to sub/itute books = !m does n tea* u to reason2 x tea*es u to use ! reason ( o!rs r ?an our own2 x tea*es u to believe mu* & to "k little40 8,be=e y c get an art1 y mu/ fir/ get y\r tools2 & if y are to make good use ( y\r tools1 !y mu/ be fa%ion$ suffici5tly /rong to /& use4 ,to le>n to ?9k1 we mu/ accord+ly ex]cise our limbs1 our s5ses1 & our bodily organs1 = ^! are ! tools ( intellect4 ,to get ! be/ use ( ^! tools1 ! body t supplies u ) ^! tools mu/ be kept /rong & heal?y4 ,n only is x a mi/ake t true reason is develop$ ap>t f ! body1 b x is a good bodily con/itution t makes ! work+s ( ! m9d easy & correct40 ,! passage %[s h[ f> ,r\sseau 0 f consid]+ bodily developm5t z a complete end 9 itself4 ,x also indicates h[ f> ahead he 0 ( ! psy*ology ( 8 own day 9 8 conception ( ! relation ( ! s5ses to k4 ,! curr5t idea 7& "o t prevails too mu* ev5 9 our own "t7 0 t ! s5ses 7 a sort ( gateway & av5ue ?r\gh :i* impressions travel$ & !n built up k pictures ( ! _w4 ,r\sseau saw t !y are a "p ( ! app>atus ( action by :i* we adju/ ourselves to our environm5t1 & t in/ead ( be+ passive receptacles !y are directly connect$ ) motor activities--) ! use ( h&s & legs4 ,9 ?is respect he 0 m advanc$ ?an "s ( 8 successors :o emphasiz$ ! importance ( s5se contact ) objects1 = ! latt] ?\ght ( ! s5ses simply z purveyors ( in=mation ab\t objects in/ead ( in/rum5ts ( ! necess>y adju/m5ts ( human be+s to ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,consequ5tly1 :ile he makes mu* ( ! s5ses & sugge/s _m games = cultivat+ !m1 he nev] makes ! m]e tra9+ ( ! s5ses an object on its own acc\nt4 8,x is n en\gh10 he says1 8to use ! s5ses 9 ord] to tra9 !m2 we mu/ le>n to judge by _! means--we _c really see1 he>1 or t\* except z we h le>n$4 ,a m]ely me*anical use ( ! s5ses may /r5g!n ! body )\t improv+ ! judgm5t4 ,x is all v well to swim1 run1 jump1 :ip a top1 ?r[ /ones4 ,b we h eyes & e>s z well z arms & legs1 & ^! organs are necess>y = le>n+ ! use ( ! re/4 ,d n1 !n1 m]ely ex]cise /r5g?1 b ex]cise ! s5ses z ! p[]s by :i* /r5g? is guid$4 ,make ! be/ use ( e "o ( !m1 & *eck ! results ( "o by ano!r4 ,measure1 c\nt1 weigh1 comp>e4 ,d n use =ce till y h e/imat$ ! resi/ance2 let e/imation ( ! effect always prec$e application ( ! means4 ,get ! *ild int]e/$ 9 avoid+ sup]flu\s & insuffici5t ef=ts4 ,if y tra9 him to calculate ! consequ5ces ( :at he does & !n to correct ! errors ( 8 prevision by exp]i5ce1 ! m he does1 ! wis] he w become40 ,"o m contra/ betwe5 tea*+ :i* guides natural gr[? & tea*+ :i* imposes adult accompli%m5ts %\ld be notic$4 ,! latt] me?od puts a premium ^u accumulat+ in=mation 9 ! =m ( symbols4 ,quantity r ?an quality ( k is emphasiz$2 results t may be exhibit$ :5 ask$ = r ?an p]sonal attitude & me?od are dem&$4 ,developm5t emphasizes ! ne$ ( intimate & ext5sive p]sonal acqua9tance ) a small numb] ( typical situations ) a view to ma/]+ ! way ( deal+ ) ! problems ( exp]i5ce1 n ! pil+ up ( in=mation4 ,z ,r\sseau po9ts out1 ! facility ) :i* *ildr5 l5d !mselves to our false me?ods is a con/ant s\rce ( deception to u4 ,we "k--or fancy we "k--:at /atem5ts mean1 & s :5 ! *ild uses ! prop] =m ( words1 we attribute ! same und]/&+ to him4 8,! app>5t ease ) :i* *ildr5 le>n is _! ru94 ,we fail to see t ?is v ease proves t !y are n le>n+4 ,_! %9+1 poli%$ bra9 m]ely reflects1 z 9 a mirror1 ! ?+s we %[ !m40 ,r\sseau describes 9 a phrase ! defect ( tea*+ ab\t ?+s in/ead ( br++ to pass an acqua9tance ) ! relations ( ! ?+s !mselves4 8,y ?9k y are tea*+ him :at ! _w is l2 he is only le>n+ ! map40 ,ext5d ! illu/ration f geography to ! :ole wide realm ( k1 & y h ! gi/ ( mu* ( our tea*+ f ! elem5t>y s*ool ?r\gh ! college4 ,illu/ration3 ,to le>n to ?9k1 we mu/ ex]cise our limbs4 7,francis ,p>k] ,s*ool1 ,*icago47 ,r\sseau has ! opposite me?od 9 m9d :5 he says1 8,among ! _m %ort cuts to sci5ce we badly ne$ "o to tea* u ! art ( le>n+ ) difficulty40 ,( c\rse 8 idea is n to make ?+s difficult = ! sake ( hav+ !m difficult1 b to avoid ! simulation ( le>n+ f\nd 9 repeat+ ! =mulas ( le>n+1 & to sub/itute = x ! sl[ & sure process ( p]sonal discov]y4 ,textbooks & lectures give ! results ( o!r m5's discov]ies1 & ?us seem to provide a %ort cut to k2 b ! outcome is j a mean+less reflect+ back ( symbols ) no und]/&+ ( ! facts !mselves4 ,! fur!r result is m5tal confusion2 ! pupil loses 8 orig9al m5tal sure-foot$ness2 8 s5se ( reality is und]m9$4 8,! fir/ mean+less phrase1 ! fir/ ?+ tak5 = grant$ on ! au?ority ( ano!r )\t ! pupil's see+ its mean+ = himself1 is ! beg9n+ ( ! ru9 ( judgm5t40 ,& aga93 8,:at w\ld y h him ?9k ab\t1 :5 y d all ! ?9k+ = him80 7,& we mu/ n =get t ! organiz$ mat]ial ( our texts & set lessons repres5ts ! ?9k+ ( o!rs47 8,y !n complete ! task ( discr$it+ reason 9 8 m9d by mak+ him use su* reason z he has ^u ! ?+s :i* seem ( ! lea/ use to him40 ,if x 0 true 9 ,r\sseau's day t in=mation1 k1 z an end 9 itself1 is an 8unfa?omable & %oreless ocean10 x is mu* m c]ta9 t ! increase ( sci5ce s9ce 8 day has made absurd ! id5tification ( education ) ! m]e accumulation ( k4 ,! frequ5t criticism ( exi/+ education on ! gr\nd t x gives a smatt]+ & sup]ficial impression ( a l>ge & miscellane\s numb] ( subjects1 is j4 ,b ! desir$ rem$y w n be f\nd 9 a return to me*anical & meag] tea*+ ( ! ?ree ,r's1 b r 9 a surr5d] ( our fev]i% desire to lay out ! :ole field ( k into v>i\s /udies1 9 ord] to 8cov] ! gr\nd40 ,we mu/ sub/itute = ?is futile & h>mful aim ! bett] ideal ( deal+ ?or\ghly ) a small numb] ( typical exp]i5ces 9 su* a way z to ma/] ! tools ( le>n+1 & pres5t situations t make pupils hungry to acquire additional k4 ,by ! conv5tional me?od ( tea*+1 ! pupil le>ns maps in/ead ( ! _w--! symbol in/ead ( ! fact4 ,:at ! pupil really ne$s is n exact in=mation ab\t topography1 b h[ to f9d out = himself4 8,see :at a diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! k ( y\r pupils & ! ignorance ( m9e4 ,!y le>n maps2 he makes !m40 ,to f9d out h[ to make k :5 x is ne$$ is ! true end ( ! acquisition ( in=mation 9 s*ool1 n ! in=mation itself4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,an ,,exp]im5t ,,9 ,,education ,,z ,,natural ,,developm5t ,r\sseau's tea*+ t education is a process ( natural gr[? has influ5c$ mo/ !oriz+ ^u education s9ce 8 "t4 ,x has influ5c$ ! practical details ( s*ool "w to a less degree4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 exp]im5t]s h bas$ _! plans ^u 8 pr9ciples4 ,among ^! exp]im5ts is "o conduct$ by ,mrs4 ,johnson at ,fairhope1 ,alabama4 ,to ?is spot dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s /ud5ts & exp]ts h made pilgrimages1 & ! influ5ce ( ,mrs4 ,johnson's model has l$ to ! />t+ ( simil> s*ools 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mrs4 ,johnson c>ries on a summ] c\rse = tra9+ tea*]s by giv+ a work+ object lesson 9 h] ideas at ,gre5wi*1 ,connecticut1 :]e a s*ool = *ildr5 has be5 conduct$ z a model4 ,h] ma9 und]ly+ pr9ciple is ,r\sseau's c5tral idea2 namely3 ,! *ild is be/ prep>$ = life z an adult by exp]i5c+ 9 *ildhood :at has mean+ to him z a *ild2 &1 fur!r1 ! *ild has a "r to enjoy 8 *ildhood4 ,because he is a gr[+ animal :o mu/ develop s z to live successfully 9 ! gr[n-up _w1 no?+ %\ld be done to int]f]e ) gr[?1 & ev]y?+ %\ld be done to fur!r ! full & free developm5t ( 8 body & 8 m9d4 ,^! two developm5ts g on toge!r2 !y are insep>able processes & mu/ bo? be con/antly borne 9 m9d z ( equal importance4 ,mrs4 ,johnson criticizes ! conv5tional s*ool ( to-day4 ,%e says x is arrang$ to make ?+s easy = ! tea*] :o wi%es quick & tangible results2 t x disreg>ds ! full developm5t ( ! pupils4 ,x is arrang$ on ! fatal plan ( a ho?\se1 =c+ to a /]ile %[1 r ?an fo/]+ all-ar\nd gr[?4 ,x does n fo/] an individuality capable ( an endur+ resi/ance & ( creative activities4 ,x disreg>ds ! pres5t ne$s ( ! *ild2 ! fact t he is liv+ a full life ea* ye> & h\r1 n wait+ to live 9 "s p]iod def9$ by 8 eld]s1 :5 s*ool is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! di/a/e ( *ildr5 = s*ool is a natural & necess>y result ( su* mi/akes z ^!4 ,nature has n adapt$ ! "y animal to ! n>r[ desk1 ! cr[d$ curriculum1 ! sil5t absorption ( complicat$ facts4 ,8 v life & gr[? dep5d ^u motion1 yet ! s*ool =ces him into a cramp$ position = h\rs at a "t1 s t ! tea*] may be sure he is li/5+ or /udy+ books4 ,%ort p]iods ( ex]cise are all[$ z a bribe to keep him quiet ! re/ ( ! "t1 b ^! relaxations d n comp5sate = ! ef=ts :i* he mu/ make4 ,! *ild is eag] to move bo? m5tally & physically4 ,j z ! physical gr[? mu/ progress toge!r ) ! m5tal1 s x is 9 ! sep>ate acts ( a *ild4 ,8 bodily movem5ts & 8 m5tal awak5+ are mutually dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r4 ,x is n en\gh to /ate ?is pr9ciple )\t c>ry+ its pro( into practice1 says ,mrs4 ,johnson4 ,! *ild ) ! well-n\ri%$1 active body is ! *ild :o is mo/ anxi\s to d & to "k ?+s4 ,! ne$ ( activity mu/ be met 9 ! ex]cise ( ! s*ool1 h\r by h\r2 ! *ild mu/ be all[$ to move ab\t bo? 9 "w & 9 play1 to imitate & to discov] = himself4 ,! _w ( objects ar\nd him is an unexplor$ hemisph]e to ! *ild ev5 at ! age ( six ye>s1 a _w con/antly enl>g+ to 8 small vision z 8 activities c>ry him fur!r & fur!r 9 8 inve/igations1 a _w by no means s commonplace to him z to ! adult4 ,!re=e1 let ! *ild1 :ile 8 muscles are s(t & 8 m9d susceptible1 look = himself at ! _w ( ?+s bo? natural & artificial1 :i* is = him ! s\rce ( k4 ,in/ead ( provid+ ?is *ance = gr[? & discov]y1 ! ord9>y s*ool impresses ! little "o into a n>r[ area1 into a melan*oly sil5ce1 into a =c$ attitude ( m9d & body1 till 8 curiosity is dull$ into surprise at ! /range ?+s happ5+ to him4 ,v soon 8 body is tir$ ( 8 task & he beg9s to f9d ways ( evad+ 8 tea*]1 to look ab\t him = an escape f 8 little prison4 ,?is means t he becomes re/less & impati5t1 9 ! language ( ! s*ool1 t he loses int]e/ 9 ! small tasks set = him & consequ5tly 9 t new _w s allur+ a little :ile ago4 ,! disease ( indiff]5ce has attack$ 8 s5sitive s\l1 be=e he is fairly />t$ on ! road to k4 ,! reason = hav+ a s*ool :]e *ildr5 "w toge!r is t ! *ild mu/ le>n to "w ) o!rs4 ,grant+ ?is1 ,mrs4 ,johnson has tri$ to f9d a plan giv+ ! utmo/ lib]ty ( individual developm5t4 ,because ! "y *ild is unfitt$ by reason ( 8 s(t muscles & 8 immature s5ses to ! h>d task ( settl+ d[n to f9e "w on ! details ( ?+s1 he %\ld n beg9 s*ool life by le>n+ to read & write1 nor by le>n+ to h&le small play?+s or tools4 ,he mu/ cont9ue ! natural c\rse he began at home ( runn+ f "o int]e/+ object to ano!r1 ( inquir+ into ! mean+ ( ^! objects1 & above all ( trac+ ! relation betwe5 ! diff]5t objects4 ,all ?is mu/ be done 9 a l>ge way s t he gets ! names & be>+s ( ! obvi\s facts z !y appe> 9 _! ord]4 ,?us ! obscure & difficult facts come to light "o aft] ano!r )\t be+ =c$ ^u ! *ild's att5tion by ! tea*]4 ,"o discov]y leads to ano!r1 & ! int]e/ ( pursuit leads ! *ild ( 8 own accord into inve/igations t (t5 am\nt to sev]e intellectual discipl9e4 ,foll[+ ?is pa? ( natural gr[?1 ! *ild is l$ into read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 geography1 etc41 by 8 own desire to "k4 ,we mu/ wait = ! desire ( ! *ild1 = ! consci\sness ( ne$1 says ,mrs4 ,johnson2 !n we mu/ promptly supply ! means to satisfy ! *ild's desire4 ,!re=e1 ! age ( le>n+ to read is put (f until ! *ild is well gr\nd$ 9 8 exp]i5ce & k ( ! l>g] relations ( ?+s4 ,mrs4 ,johnson goes s f> z to prev5t *ildr5 f le>n+ to read at too e>ly an age4 ,at eight or n9e ye>s1 %e ?9ks !y are ke5 to explore books j z !y h previ\sly explor$ ?+s4 ,by ?is "t !y recognize ! ne$ & use ( ! in=mation conta9$ 9 books2 !y h f\nd out !y c get ?is in=mation 9 no o!r way4 ,h5ce1 ! actual le>n+ to read is h>dly a problem2 *ildr5 tea* !mselves4 ,"u ! /imulus ( int]e/ 9 arriv+ at ! k ( "s p>ticul> subject1 !y ov]come ! me*anical difficulty ( read+ ) ease & rapidity4 ,read+ is n to !m an isolat$ ex]cise2 x is a means ( acquir+ a mu*-desir$ object4 ,l climb+ ! pantry %elves1 its difficulties & dang]s are lo/ sight ( 9 ! absorb+ desire to satisfy ! m5tal appetite4 ,ea* ( ! subjects ( ! curriculum %\ld be giv5 to ! *ild to meet a dem& on 8 "p = a great] k ( relations ?an he c get f /udy+ objects4 ,ari?metic & ab/ract notions repres5t$ by figures are mean+less to ! *ild ( six1 b numb]s z a "p ( ! ?+s he is play+ ) or us+ e day are s full ( mean+ t he soon f9ds he _c get along )\t a k ( !m4 ,mrs4 ,johnson is try+ an exp]im5t "u conditions :i* hold 9 public s*ools1 & %e believes t h] me?ods are feasible = any public s*ool sy/em4 ,%e *>ges practically no tuition1 & any *ild is welcome4 ,%e calls h] me?ods ( education 8organic0 because !y foll[ ! natural gr[? ( ! pupil4 ,! s*ool aims to provide = ! *ild ! occupations & activities necess>y at ea* /age ( developm5t = 8 unfold+ at t /age4 ,!re=e1 %e insi/s t g5]al developm5t in/ead ( ! am\nt ( in=mation acquir$1 %all control ! classification ( ! pupils4 ,division into gr\ps is made :]e x is f\nd t ! *ildr5 naturally divide !mselves4 ,^! gr\ps are call$ 8,life ,classes0 in/ead ( grades4 ,! fir/ life class ends betwe5 ! eigh? & n9? ye>s2 ! second betwe5 ! elev5? & twelf?1 & s9ce an ev5 m m>k$ *ange ( int]e/s & ta/es occurs at ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce1 !re are di/9ct high-s*ool classes4 ,! "w )9 ! gr\p is !n arrang$ to give ! pupils ! exp]i5ces :i* are ne$$ at t age = ! developm5t ( _! bodies1 m9ds1 & spirits4 ,do+ =c$ tasks1 assignm5t ( lessons to /udy1 & ord9>y exam9ations h no %>e 9 ! ,fairhope curriculum4 ,h5ce1 ! *ildr5 d n acquire t dislike ( le>n+ & mi/ru/ ( :at a tea*] or text-book says1 :i* are un=tunately s common among s*ol>s 9 ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,!y ex]cise _! in/9cts to le>n naturally1 )\t t self-consci\sness :i* comes f hav+ be5 =c$ to keep _! m9ds on exam9ations & promotions4 ,bright & intellig5t *ildr5 (t5 acquire a di/a/e = ! s*oolroom & :at comes out ( x1 :i* !y n only nev] :olly outgr[ b :i* is a real h&icap to !m z !y gr[ up1 (t5 prev5t+ !m f tak+ _! college "w s]i\sly1 & mak+ !m suspici\s ( all ideas n actually d$uc$ f _! own exp]i5ce outside ! classroom4 ,p]haps !y gr[ s docile !y acquiesce 9 all au?oritative /atem5ts :atsoev]1 & lose _! s5se ( reality4 ,we tell our *ildr5 t books are ! /oreh\ses ( ! _w1 & t !y conta9 ! h]itage ( ! pa/ )\t :i* we w\ld be savages2 !n we tea* !m s t !y hate books ( in=mation & disc\nt :at a tea*] tells !m4 ,incompet5cy is g5]al n because p are n in/ruct$ en\gh z *ildr51 b because !y _c & d n make any use ( :at !y le>n4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is is due to an e>ly mi/ru/ ( s*ool & ! le>n+ associat$ ) x _c be ov]/at$4 ,! /ud5ts at ,fairhope w nev] h ?is h&icap to cont5d )4 ,!y are uni=mly happy 9 s*ool1 & en?usia/ically proclaim _! 8love0 = x4 ,n only is ! "w int]e/+ to ! gr\p z a :ole1 b no individual *ild is =c$ to a task t does n appeal2 ea* pupil may d z he pleases z long z he does n int]f]e ) any "o else4 ,! *ildr5 are n fre$1 h[ev]1 f all discipl9e4 ,!y mu/ keep at "w :ile !y are 9 s*ool1 & le>n n to bo!r _! neighbors1 z well z to help !m :5 necess>y4 ,caprice or laz9ess does n excuse a *ild f foll[+ a heal?y or useful rgime4 ,mrs4 ,johnson feels t *ildr5 9 _! e>ly ye>s are nei!r moral nor immoral1 b simply unmoral2 _! s5se ( "r & wrong has n yet begun to develop4 ,!re=e1 !y %\ld be all[$ z mu* fre$om z possible2 prohibitions & comm&s1 ! result ( :i* ei!r ^u !mselves or _! companions !y _c und]/&1 are b\nd to be mean+less2 _! t5d5cy is to make ! *ild secretive & deceitful4 ,give a *ild pl5ty ( heal?y activity4 ,:5 he mu/ be discipl9$1 d n appeal to a s5se :i* he has n got1 b %[ him by a little pa9 if necess>y :at 8 naughty act meant to 8 playmate4 ,if he is to %>e 9 fun & good ?+s ) 8 family & fri5ds1 he mu/ behave s t !y w want 8 company4 ,?is is a motive :i* a "y *ild c und]/&1 = he kn[s :5 8 fri5ds are agreeable or disagreeable to him4 ,!re is less 9 su* a s*eme ( discipl9e t impels ! *ild to %irk or conceal1 to lie or to become too consci\s ( 8 acts1 ?an 9 a discipl9e bas$ on moral gr\nds1 :i* seems to ! *ild to be a m]e excuse = =c+ him to d some?+ simply because "s gr[n p]son wants x done4 ,lack ( self-consci\sness is a positive ga9 on ! side ( happ9ess4 ,mrs4 ,johnson's s*eme ( discipl9e contributes t[>d t love ( s*ool & "w :i* all tea*+ aims to e/abli%4 ,:5 "w is int]e/+1 x is n necess>y to hamp] *ildr5 9 _! p]=mance ( x by mean+less re/rictions & petty prohibitions4 ,:5 *ildr5 "w will+ly !y come to associate le>n+ ) ! do+ ( :at is cong5ial4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ( positive moral value4 ,x helps develop a confid5t1 *e]ful attitude t[>d "w2 an ability to face a task )\t dislike or repulsion1 :i* is ( m real value 9 "* build+ ?an do+ h>d1 di/a/eful tasks1 or =c+ att5tion & ob$i5ce4 ,! division into age gr\ps or 8life classes0 takes away t emphasis ^u ! pupils' failures & %ortcom+s :i* is b\nd to be m or less evid5t :]e pupils are grad$ accord+ to _! pr(ici5cy 9 books4 ,! *ild :o is sl[ m5tally is n made to feel t he is disgrac$4 ,att5tion is n call$ to him & he is n prodd$1 scold$1 or 8flunk$40 ,unaw>e ( 8 own weaknesses1 he reta9s ! moral support ( confid5ce 9 himself2 & 8 h& "w & physical accompli%m5ts frequ5tly give him pre/ige among 8 fell[s4 ,mrs4 ,johnson believes t ! recitations & exam9ation ( ! ord9>y s*oolroom are m]ely devices to make ! "w easi] = ! tea*]2 :ile ! consci\sness ( :at he does or does n 8"k10 result+ f m>ks & grades1 is h>mful to ! *ild j z an emphasis ( 8 failures is h>mful4 ,especially m>k$ is ! contra/ ( ! classroom ex]cises at ,fairhope ) recitations :]e1 sitt+ /ill ) _! books clos$1 ! *ildr5 are subject to a fire ( que/ions f ! tea*] to f9d out h[ mu* !y rememb] ( a lesson !y are suppos$ to h 8/udi$0 alone4 ,to quote aga9 f ,r\sseau3 8,he 7! tea*]7 makes a po9t ( %[+ t no "t has be5 wa/$2 he provides 8 pupils ) goods t c be readily display$ 9 ! %op w9d[s1 accompli%m5ts :i* c be %[n (f at w4444 ,if ! *ild is to be exam9$1 he is set to display 8 w>es2 he spreads !m out2 satisfies ^? :o behold !m1 packs up 8 bundle1 & goes 8 way4 ,too _m que/ions are t$i\s & revolt+ to mo/ ( u & especially to *ildr54 ,aft] a few m9utes _! att5tion flags2 !y cease to li/5 to y\r ev]la/+ que/ions & !y answ] at r&om40 ,at ,fairhope ! *ildr5 d ! "w1 & ! tea*] is !re to help !m to "k1 n to h !m give back :at !y h memoriz$4 ,te/s are (t5 conduct$ ) books op51 s9ce !y are n to %[ ! tea*] :at ! *ild c rememb]1 b r to discov] 8 progress 9 ability to use books4 ,lessons are n assign$1 b ! books are op5 9 ! h&s ( ! pupils & ) ! tea*] !y discuss ! text1 gett+ out ( x all ! joy & in=mation possible4 ,?is /imulates a real love ( books1 s t ^! *ildr5 :o h nev] be5 assign$ a lesson to /udy1 volunt>ily /udy ! text aft] ! class "w4 ,!y are n tempt$ to *eat1 = !y are n put 9 ! position ( hav+ to %[ (f4 ,! result ( ?is sy/em ( discipl9e & /udy ov] & above satisfactory progress 9 ! 8?ree ,r's10 is fre$om f self-consci\sness on ! m5tal & moral side2 ! ability ( a *ild to put all 8 native initiative & en?usiasm into 8 "w2 ! p[] to indulge 8 natural desire to le>n2 ?us pres]v+ joy 9 life & a confid5ce 9 himself :i* lib]ates all 8 en]gies = 8 "w4 ,he likes s*ool & =gets t he is 8le>n+02 = le>n+ comes unconsci\sly z a by-product ( exp]i5ces :i* he recognizes z wor? :ile on _! own acc\nt4 ,! foll[+ activities h be5 work$ out at ,fairhope z a sub/itute = ! usual curriculum3 physical ex]cise1 nature /udy1 music1 h& "w1 field geography1 /ory tell+1 s5se culture1 fundam5tal conceptions ( numb]1 dramatizations1 & games4 ,9 ! second class map draw+ & descriptive geography are add$1 = read+ is acquir$1 & ! numb] "w is modifi$ by ! k ( figures4 ,ea* lesson is plann$ z a concrete exp]i5ce ) a def9ite end 9 view1 appeal+ to ! *ild z desirable4 ,z w\ld be expect$ f ! emphasis put ^u foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! *ild1 physical ex]cise plays an important "p 9 ! day's "w4 ,x comes e day1 dur+ ! regul> s*ool h\rs & usually 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! morn+ :ile ! *ildr5 are fre% & en]getic4 ,= an h\r ! s*ool is outdoors 9 a field ! *ildr5 call 8! gym40 ,b>s1 horses1 etc41 are scatt]$ ab\t1 & !re is "s "o !re to help !m try new ?+s & see t ! "w is well balanc$1 b =mal gymna/ics 9 ! accept$ mean+ ( ! t]m d n exi/4 ,mrs4 ,johnson believes t ! di/a/e ( *ildr5 is suffici5t reason = do+ away ) !m1 & t1 s9ce ! gr[+ *ild is con/antly seek+ ( 8 own accord opportunities to /ret* & ex]cise 8 muscles1 all ! s*ool ne$s to d is to supply ! opportunity1 see+ to x t ?is is n indulg$ to ! po9t ( h>m+ ! *ild4 ,! *ildr5 fall naturally into gr\ps2 ^? :o want to sw+ on ! b>s & r+s1 ^? :o want to climb1 to jump1 or run1 or ?r[1 etc4 ,runn+ usually takes ! =m ( races2 a tree is us$ z a t>get 9 ! /one ?r[+ conte/s4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves h inv5t$ games to use on ! app>atus1 & ! h\r 9 ! 8gym0 is "o ( ! busie/ 9 ! day4 ,x leaves ! *ildr5 eag] & /imulat$ = _! m5tal "w1 s9ce x has meant no ov]work+ ( "o set ( muscles1 no dull repetition ( mean+less movem5ts at "s "o else's comm&4 ,besides ?is regul> "t = ex]cise1 ! *ildr5 may /udy outdoors1 & _m ( ! classes are conduct$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,indoors !re are games1 h&work1 & dramatizations1 all ( :i* contribute to ! physical well-be+ ( ! *ildr54 ,!re are no cramp+ desks1 ! pupil may sit :]e or h[ he pleases1 or ev5 move f place to place if he does n di/urb 8 fell[s4 ,! classes g on 9 a room 9 :i* two gr\ps1 ea* ( fifte5 or m *ildr51 are work+1 & ! necess>y quiet & ord] exi/4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,an h\r a day sp5t 9 ! 8,gym40 ,illu/ration3 7#b7 ,! ,gully is a favorite textbook4 7,fairhope1 ,ala47 ,nature /udy & field geography are conduct$ almo/ entirely out ( doors4 ,! *ildr5 g into ! fields & woods & look at ! trees & fl[]s1 ask que/ions ab\t !m1 exam9e ! diff]5ces 9 b>k1 leaves1 & fl[]s1 tell ea* o!r :at !y ?9k1 & use _! books to answ] que/ions t ! trees & plants h sugge/$ to !m4 ,!y le>n ! mean+ ( ! words pi/ils1 /am5s1 & petals ) fl[]s !y h ga!r$1 or wat* a bee c>ry+ poll5 f plant to plant4 ,individual pupils are enc\rag$ to tell ! class :at !y may h le>n$ at home1 to br+ fl[]s f _! g>d5s1 or to tell ( ?+s !y h se54 ,! class visit a neighbor+ truck f>m1 recognize z _m vegetables z !y c1 & le>n ! names & *>act]i/ics ( ! new ones4 ,:5 !y are back 9 ! s*oolroom ^? t c write make a li/ ( all ! vegetables !y c rememb]1 ?us comb9+ ) _! nature lesson a lesson 9 writ+4 ,!re is a g>d5 9 ! s*ool gr\nds :]e ! pupils le>n to pl[1 rake1 & plant1 wat* _! se$s come up & gr[ & fl[]4 ,9 a little plot ( gr\nd t is _! own1 !y obs]ve all ! phases 9 ! cycle ( plant life1 & besides get ! b5efits ( ! moral tra9+ t comes f c>ry+ ?r\gh a piece ( "w t la/s sev]al mon?s & dem&s con/ant ?\ght & c>e4 ,?is sort ( "w plays a l>ge "p 9 ! curriculum ( ! y\ng] *ildr51 = x seems to belong p>ticul>ly to _! _w2 to ! _w ( def9ite concrete objects :i* !y see ab\t !m e day1 :i* !y c h&le & play )1 & :i* consequ5tly ar\se _! curiosity4 ,! field geography is conduct$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,ev5 ! v "y *ildr5 acquire a good idea ( ! diff]5t sorts ( rock =mations1 ( ! action ( ! w9d & ra91 ( riv] curr5ts1 by direct obs]vation2 if text-books are us$ !y come aft]w>ds1 to expla9 or amplify some?+ ! pupils h se54 ,! soil ab\t ! s*ool is clay & aft] a ra9 ! smalle/ /ream furni%es excell5t examples ( ! ways ( riv]s1 erosions1 wat]%$s1 floods1 or *ang+ curr5ts1 :ile an explanation ( tides or ! ,gulf ,/ream is made vital by a little trip to ! ,bay4 ,a gully ne> ! s*ool build+ n only furni%es a spl5did place = play b s]ves z a text-book 9 m\nta9 ranges1 valleys1 & soil & rock =mation4 ,all ?is s]ves z an excell5t f\ndation & illu/ration = ! descriptive geography :i* comes lat]4 ,! m advanc$ geography is pr9cipally comm]cial geography2 & ) ! sci5tific backgr\nd t ! pupils h already obta9$1 ! real significance ( ! relations betwe5 climates & crops1 indu/ries1 exports & imports1 & social conditions is mu* m likely to be und]/ood4 ,! value ( h&work is /rongly emphasiz$ at ,fairhope1 consi/5tly ) ! emphasis put on physical gr[?4 ,! little *ild mu/ g on le>n+ to cord9ate ) m & m skill 8 muscul> movem5ts if 8 body is to be develop$ to ! highe/ /&>ds ( heal? & effici5cy1 & no?+ contributes to ?is bett] ?an ! controll$ & r delicate motions necess>y = mak+ ?+s ) ! h&s4 ,! fact t he is mak+ ?+s gives j ! /imulus ! *ild ne$s to enable him to keep on at ! task1 to repeat ov] & ov] ! same ef=ts ( m9d1 h&1 & eye1 to give him real control ( himself 9 ! process4 ,! b5efits ( h&work on ! utilit>ian side are j z great4 ,! *ild le>ns h[ to use ! ord9>y tools ( life1 ! scissors1 knife1 ne$le1 plane1 & saw1 & gets an appreciation ( ! arti/s' tools1 pa9t & clays1 :i* la/s ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,if he is a *ild ) initiative & inv5tiv5ess he f9ds a natural & pleasant outlet = 8 en]gies4 ,if he is dreamy or unpractical1 he le>ns a respect = manual "w1 & ga9s some?+ t[>d becom+ a well-r\nd$ human be+4 ,boys & girls alike d cook+ & c>p5try "w1 = ! object ( ! "w is n to tra9 !m = any trade or pr(ession1 b to tra9 !m to be capable1 happy memb]s ( society4 ,pa9t+ or clay model+ play q z l>ge a rle1 ev5 ) ! little ones1 z c>p5try or sew+1 provid+ !y s]ve a purpose or are suffici5tly connect$ ) o!r "w to hold ! pupil's int]e/4 ,a s5se ( ! beautiful is n consci\sly pres5t 9 small *ildr5 & mu/ be develop$ ?r\gh _! h&l+ ( e-day objects if x is to become a real =ce 9 _! lives4 ,!re=e 8art0 is taught z "p ( ! h&work1 ! /ory tell+1 ! dramatization1 or ! nature /udy4 ,! y\nge/ *ildr5 9 clay model+1 pa9t+1 weav+ pap] mats1 mak+ pap] or wood5 toys1 etc41 are ask$ z mu* z possible to sugge/ ?+s !y want to make4 ,) ! acquisition ( skill1 !y g on mak+ m & m difficult objects2 pupils ( n9e or t5 make raffia baskets1 boats1 & dolls' furniture4 ,! /ory tell+ & dramatization are v closely connect$ & 7up to ! age ( ab\t t57 take ! place ( ! usual bookwork4 ,/ories ( lit]>y value1 suit$ 9 subject matt] to ! age ( ! pupils1 are told or read to !m1 & !y 9 turn are ask$ to tell /ories !y h he>d outside ( s*ool4 ,aft] ! n9? or t5? ye>1 :5 ! *ildr5 h le>n$ to read1 !y read /ories f books1 ei!r to !mselves or al\d1 & !n ! :ole class discuss !m4 ,! ,greek my?s1 ! ,iliad1 & ! ,odyssey are favorites at ?is age1 & v frequ5tly )\t directions f ! tea*]1 a class w act out a :ole /ory1 su* z ! ,fall ( ,troy1 or any tale t has appeal$ especially to _! dramatic imag9ation4 ,! s*ool believes t ?is is ! true way = "y p to approa* lit]ature1 if !y are to le>n to love & appreciate x1 n simply to /udy ! text = /range words & figures ( spee*4 ,! pupils are n all[$ to use books until ! eigh? or n9? ye>1 & by ?is "t !y h realiz$ s ke5ly _! ne$1 !y beg = help 9 le>n+4 ,! long1 tiresome drill necess>y = six-ye>-old *ildr5 is elim9at$4 ,ea* *ild is anxi\s to read "s p>ticul> book1 s !re is little or no ne$ to trap 8 att5tion1 or to insi/ on an endless repetition4 ,mrs4 ,johnson believes also t x is bett] = ! natural physical & m5tal developm5t ( ! *ild1 if le>n+ to write & figure is put (f z late z possible4 ,!n pupils approa* x ) a consci\sness ( _! real ne$ = x1 ( ! help x w be to !m 9 _! daily life4 ,_! backgr\nd ( k ( ?+s & skill acquir$ ?r\gh h&work r5d]s ! actual processes ( le>n+ comp>atively simple4 ,mrs4 ,johnson is conv9c$ t a *ild :o does n le>n to read & write 9 h] s*ool until he is t5 ye>s old1 is z well read at f\rte51 & writes & spells z well z a *ild ( f\rte5 9 a s*ool :]e ! usual curriculum is foll[$4 ,! fundam5tal conception ( numb] is taught orally4 ,! smalle/ *ildr5 beg9 by c\nt+ "o ano!r or ! ?+s ab\t !m4 ,!n p]haps at ! blackbo>d !y w divide a l9e 9 half1 !n into ?ree p>ts1 !n qu>t]s4 ,by means ( objects or l9es on ! blackbo>d !y next beg9 to add1 to subtract1 to take ?ree-f\r?s1 ev5 to divide4 ,! oral drill 9 ?is k9d ( "w is con/ant1 & ! *ildr5 become ?or\ghly famili> ) ! fundam5tal processes ( ari?metic1 be=e !y c write a numb] or "k ! mean+ ( ! addition or multiplication sign4 ,!n :5 ! "t comes1 at ab\t ! age ( n9e1 to le>n to write numb]s1 ! drill is repeat$ by us+ ! conv5tional signs in/ead ( l9es or objects4 ,! s*ool has f\nd t ?is me?od does away ) ! usual /ruggles1 especially 9 le>n+ fractions & _! h&l+4 ,long division & ! o!r complicat$ processes are taught aft] ! pupils c write well & easily1 & no emphasis is put on =mal analysis until repeat$ drill has made ! *ildr5 fairly famili> )1 & pr(ici5t 91 ! process4 ,games & conte/s ( all sorts inv5t$ by ! individual tea*] are us$ to make ?is drill int]e/+ to ! pupils4 ,s5se culture means ! specific tra9+ ( ! *ild's body & muscles to respond accurately to ! desire to p]=m def9ite muscul> or o!r s5se acts2 or m te*nically x means motor-s5sory cord9ation4 ,besides ! g5]al tra9+ com+ f h&work & physical ex]cise1 special games are arrang$ to ex]cise ! diff]5t s5ses4 ,! y\nge/ class does relatively mo/ ( ?is s5se gymna/ic4 ,! :ole class sits motionless & 9 absolute sil5ce2 "s *ild tiptoes f 8 seat to ano!r "p ( ! room1 & !n ) 8 eyes %ut e o!r *ild tries to tell :]e he is2 or "o *ild says some?+ & ! o!rs try to guess :o x 01 by ! voice4 ,to tra9 ! s5se ( t\*1 a bl9dfold$ *ild is giv5 "s ord9>y objects1 & by t\*+ !m tries to recognize !m4 ,"o ( ! favorite games ( ! :ole s*ool 0 inv5t$ to tra9 muscul> accuracy4 ,*ildr5 ( diff]5t ages1 divid$ into gr\ps1 ?r[ /ones at a l>ge tree 9 ! y>d4 ,?is game has all ! ze/ ( competition1 :ile tea*+ ! eye & h& to "w toge!r1 & ex]cis+ ! :ole body4 ,! unusual physical control ( ! ,fairhope pupils is se5 be/ 9 ! c>p5t] %op1 :]e ev5 ! y\nge/ *ildr5 "w & h&le full-siz$ tools1 hamm]s1 saws1 & planes & d n hurt !mselves4 ,!re is a foot p[] jig-saw 9 ! %op & x is an in/ructive sight to see a *ild ( sev51 too small to "w ! p$al1 hold+ 8 piece ( wood1 turn+ & %ap+ x 9 ! saw )\t hurt+ himself4 ,! ,fairhope pupils comp>e favorably ) pupils 9 ! ord9>y public s*ools4 ,:5 = any reason !y make a *ange1 !y h always be5 able to "w ) o!r *ildr5 ( _! age )\t extra ef=t2 !y are apt to be /rong] physically & are mu* m capable ) _! h&s1 :ile !y h a real love ( books & /udy t makes !m equally /rong on ! purely cultural side ( _! "w4 ,! organic curriculum has be5 work$ out 9 detail & 9 use longe/ = ! y\ng] *ildr51 b ,mrs4 ,johnson is conv9c$ ! pr9ciple ( h] "w w apply equally well to high s*ool pupils & is beg9n+ an exp]im5t ) high s*ool *ildr54 ,"u h] direction ! s*ool has prov$ a decid$ success4 ,"t & l>g] opportunities w und\bt$ly correct ! weak spots & discrepancies t are b\nd to appe> :ile any s*ool is 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,! s*ool has provid$ conditions = :olesome1 natural gr[? 9 small en\gh gr\ps = ! tea*] 7z a lead] r ?an an in/ructor7 to become acqua9t$ ) ! weaknesses ( ea* *ild individually & !n to adapt ! "w to ! individual ne$s4 ,x has demon/rat$ t x is possible = *ildr5 to lead ! same natural lives 9 s*ool t !y lead 9 good homes outside ( s*ool h\rs2 to progress bodily1 m5tally1 & morally 9 s*ool )\t factiti\s pressure1 rew>ds1 exam9ations1 grades1 or promotions1 :ile !y acquire suffici5t control ( ! conv5tional tools ( le>n+ & ( /udy ( books--read+1 writ+1 & figur+--to be able to use !m indep5d5tly4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,f\r ,,factors ,,9 ,,natural ,,gr[? ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri1 at ,columbia1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,j4 ,l4 ,m]iam1 has mu* 9 common ) ,mrs4 ,johnson's s*ool at ,fairhope4 ,9 its fundam5tal idea1 t education %all foll[ ! natural developm5t ( ! *ild1 x is id5tical1 b its actual organization & op]ation are suffici5tly diff]5t to make a description ( x sugge/ive4 ,9 common ) mo/ educational re=m]s1 ,pr(essor ,m]iam believes ! s*ools ( ! pa/ h be5 too mu* conc]n$ ) tea*+ *ildr5 adult facts4 ,9 attempt+ to sy/ematize & /&>dize1 ! curriculum has ignor$ ! ne$s ( ! individual *ild4 ,he believes t ! "w & play ( ! s*ool %\ld be *ildr5's "w & play2 t ! *ildr5 %\ld enjoy s*ool4 ,! life !re %\ld be l1 only bett] ?an1 ! life ( ! *ildr5 outside ! s*ool2 bett] because !y are help$ to "k h[ to play & "w correctly & to d x ) o!r *ildr54 8,d *ildr5 rememb] h[ !y le>n$ to talk8 ,no1 b _! p>5ts rememb] = !m4 ,yet mo/ ( u1 bo? *ildr5 & adults1 rememb] h[ we /ruggl$ 9 le>n+ to read & write at s*ool4 ,we le>n$ to talk simply by talk+ :5 we 7 9 ne$ or _h some?+ to say4 ,we le>n$ to say1 #8,please1 ,mamma1 give me a dr9k1' :5 we want$ a dr9k4 ,we did n practice on su* words at n9e o'clock ea* morn+4 ,! pupils 9 ! ,univ]sity ,elem5t>y ,s*ool le>n to read1 to write1 to draw1 & to d o!r ?+s1 j :5 !y ne$ to d s4 ,! pupils d 9 ?is s*ool ab\t :at !y w\ld d at home1 b !y le>n to d x bett]4 ,!y "w & play4 ,at home !y are v active mo/ ( ! "t do+ _m ?+s2 & s !y are 9 ?is s*ool40 ,:at w\ld ^! *ildr5 naturally be do+ if !re 7 no s*ool8 ,on ! answ] to ?is "q ,pr(essor ,m]iam has bas$ 8 curriculum1 :i* conta9s b "o subject t appe>s on ! ord9>y program2 namely1 h&work4 ,!y w\ld1 he says1 be play+ outdoors1 ex]cis+ _! bodies by runn+1 jump+1 or ?r[+2 !y w\ld be talk+ toge!r 9 gr\ps1 discuss+ :at !y _h se5 or he>d2 !y w\ld be mak+ ?+s to use 9 _! play3 boats1 bean bags1 dolls1 hammocks1 or dresses2 if !y live 9 ! c\ntry !y w\ld be wat*+ animals or plants1 mak+ a g>d5 or try+ to fi%4 ,e "o recognizes t ! *ild develops q z mu* ?r\gh su* activities z ?r\gh :at he le>ns 9 s*ool1 & t :at he le>ns out ( s*ool is mu* m apt to become a "p ( 8 work+ k1 because x is entirely pleasurable & he recognizes ! imm$iate use ( x4 ,aga91 ^! occupations are all closely connect$ ) ! bus9ess ( liv+2 & we s5d our *ildr5 to s*ool to le>n ?is4 ,:at1 !n1 c\ld be m natural ?an mak+ ! s*ool's curriculum ( su* mat]ial8 ,?is is :at ,pr(essor ,m]iam does4 ,! day is divid$ into f\r p]iods1 :i* are devot$ to ! foll[+ elem5ts3 play1 /ories1 obs]vation1 & h&work4 ,= ! y\ng] *ildr5 ! "w is drawn almo/ entirely f ! community 9 :i* !y live2 !y sp5d _! "t f9d+ out m ab\t ! ?+s !y are already famili> )4 ,z !y gr[ old] _! int]e/ naturally rea*es out to remot] ?+s & to ! processes & reasons back ( ?+s2 & !y beg9 to /udy hi/ory1 geography1 & sci5ce4 ,! "t ( ! fir/ ?ree grades is divid$ 9 ?is way3 ,f #i to #aj3cj1 obs]vation2 #aj3cj to #aa1 physical ex]cises2 f #aa to #ab1 play2 #a3cj to #c1 /ories2 & #c to #d1 h&work4 ,illu/ration3 ,games (t5 require muscul> skill1 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 7,univ]sity ,s*ool1 ,columbia1 ,mo47 ,! obs]vation p]iod is devot$ to ! /udy ( "o topic1 & ?is topic may take only a s+le morn+ or x may take sev]al weeks4 ,:ile !re is a g5]al plan = ! ye>'s "w1 if ! *ildr5 br+ up any?+ :i* seems ( importance to !m & :i* fits 91 ! program is laid aside & ! tea*] helps ! pupils 9 _! /udy ( _! own problem4 ,?is might be true ( any ( ! /udies ( ! day2 ! program is flexible1 ! s*ool aims to meet ! individual ne$s ( ! *ild & ! gr\p4 ,! obs]vation p]iods ( ! fir/ ?ree grades are devot$ to a /udy ( fl[]s1 trees1 & fruits2 birds & animals1 ( ! wea!r & ! *ang+ seasons1 ( holidays1 ( ! t[n groc]y /ore1 or ! neighborhood dwell+s1 & ! clo?+ t ! *ildr5 see = sale 9 ! /ores4 ,! pupils le>n to read & write & figure only z !y feel ! ne$ ( x to enl>ge _! "w4 ,! nature "w is taught z mu* z possible out ( doors2 ! *ildr5 take walks ) ! tea*] & talk ab\t ! trees1 plants1 & animals !y meet on _! way2 !y ga!r tadpoles & fi% = ! s*ool aqu>ium & pick out a tree to wat* & keep a record ( = ! :ole ye>4 ,_! /udy ( ! wea!r also la/s ?r\gh ! :ole ye>2 !y wat* ! *ang+ seasons1 :at ?+s look l 9 ! fall & :at happ5s z w9t] beg9s1 :at ! plants & animals d 9 w9t]1 etc4 ,9 ?is way !y wat* ! :ole cycle ( ! ye>1 & le>n unconsci\sly ! relation betwe5 _! own climate & ! vegetation & animal life ab\t !m4 ,! /udy ( _! own food1 %elt]1 & clo?+ is conc5trat$ into a consecutive p]iod1 & z int]e/ & "t dictate x is add$ to by a /udy ( "s phases ( local life t are n conc]n$ ) ! actual necessities ( life4 ,!y le>n ab\t _! neighbors' recreations & pleasures by /udy+ ! jewelry /ore & ! circus1 or ! community int]e/s ( _! p>5ts by /udy+ ! local fire dep>tm5t & po/-(fice4 ,! me?od ( /udy is ! same = all "w4 ,fir/1 ) help f ! tea*] ! *ildr5 tell all !y "k ab\t ! subject !y are beg9n+ to /udy2 if x is food1 ea* *ild has an opportunity to say any?+ he c ?9k ( ab\t x2 :at 8 own family eats1 :]e ! food comes f1 h[ x is tak5 c>e (1 :at he has notic$ 9 ! groc]y /ores1 etc4 ,!n ! :ole class ) ! tea*] make a visit to ! groc]y /ore1 sp5d p]haps all ! morn+ !re1 ea* *ild try+ to see h[ mu* he c f9d out = himself4 ,be=e !y />t ! tea*] has call$ _! att5tion to ! fact t ! ?+s are sold by ! qu>t1 etc41 = ! subject ( weights & measures seems to be ( absorb+ int]e/ to ! *ildr5 :5 approa*$ f ?is side4 ,"s fir/ grade *ildr5 h prov$ to be rem>kably ke5 detectives 9 notic+ ! groc]'s innum]able devices = mak+ quantities look great] ?an !y are4 ,! pupils are also enc\rag$ to note & comp>e prices1 & to br+ food budgets f home :5ev] _! p>5ts are will+4 ,:5 !y return to _! classroom !y aga9 discuss :at !y h se51 & ^? :o c write make a li/ ) prices ( all ! articles :i* !y c rememb]1 or write an acc\nt ( _! visit1 :i* is dictat$ by ! tea*] f ! oral acc\nts ! *ildr5 !mselves h giv5 ( x4 ,! pupils :o _c read w draw a picture ( ! groc]y /ore or p]haps h a read+ lesson 9 ! catalogue ! groc] has giv5 !m4 ,lat] !y w /udy ! way ! groc] deliv]s 8 goods to 8 patrons1 & 9 a v g5]al way :]e ! ?+s come f4 ,!y w br+ groc]s' bills f home1 comp>e !m1 add !m up1 & discuss ! "q ( economical & nutriti\s food4 ,p]haps !y w d ! same ?+ ) ! milk & bak]y bus9ess1 be=e mov+ on to ! "q ( ! h\ses 9 ! neighborhood4 ,?is & ! clo?+ & recreation ( ! t[n w be /udi$ 9 ! same way4 ,lat] ! class w visit ! fire dep>tm5t & ! po/-(fice & f9d out :at ea* is = & h[ !y are conduct$4 ,?is & ! /udy ( local amusem5ts usually come 9 ! ?ird grade4 ,! opportunity = ! con/ant use ( read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 & = drill 9 ! correct use ( spok5 ,engli%1 is obvi\s4 ,pr(essor ,m]iam is insi/5t ^u ! fact t ?is /udy ( ! community 9 :i* ! *ild lives is made = ! educational value ( ! "w itself to ! pupil1 nev] z a m]e cloak = ! tea*+ ( 8! ?ree ,r's10 :i* mu/ be done only z x contributes directly to ! "w ! *ildr5 are do+4 ,! p]iod devot$ to games by ! fir/ ?ree grades is ( ! same educational value4 ,! *ildr5 are ex]cis+ _! bodies1 le>n+ to control !m & to make skillful motions aim$ at "s imm$iate result4 ,mu* v>iety & lib]ty is all[$ 9 ?is "w1 & ! tea*] is only an obs]v]4 ,mo/ ( ! games ! *ildr5 play are competitive1 = !y h f\nd t ! elem5t ( skill & *ance is :at ! pupils ne$ to make !m "w h>d at ! games4 ,bean bags & n9e p9s are favorites2 any game1 9 fact1 :]e !y c keep score2 ! tea*] acts z scorekeep] = ! little *ildr51 & :5 ! game is ov] !y copy ! score 9 a fold] to ref] to & see h[ !y progress4 ,! bett] !y play1 ! m !y enjoy ! game2 s !y wat* ! be/ play]1 /udy+ h[ he moves & /&s1 & make draw+s4 ,! tea*] also writes on ! bo>d "s ( ! ?+s ! pupils say z !y play1 & at ! end ( ! game !y f9d a read+ lesson :i* !y h made !mselves & :i* gives an acc\nt ( _! game2 9 copy+ ?is into _! fold]s !y h a writ+ lesson4 ,! *ildr5 are all[$ to talk & laugh z mu* z !y please :ile !y are play+1 & ?is is an ,engli% lesson4 ,great v>iety is introduc$ into ! games s z to enc\rage ! pupils to talk freely1 & add$ /imulus is giv5 by us+ int]e/+ ?+s to play )1 bright color$ balls1 dolls1 & gaily pa9t$ 8roly-polys40 ,! new words & phrases ! *ildr5 use are writt5 d[n 9 ! daily acc\nt ( ! game1 & 9 ?is way _! vocabul>y is enl>g$ 9 a natural way4 ,! h\r devot$ to /ories is no m a read+ & writ+ lesson ?an all ! re/ ( ! day's "w4 ,*ildr5 imm5sely enjoy good /ories1 !re=e !y ought to be giv5 pl5ty ( opportunity to become acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! tea*] & ! *ildr5 tell /ories to ea* o!r2 n /ories !y h /udi$ f _! prim]s1 b /ories t !y already "k1 t !y h li/5$ to1 or read because !y enjoy$ !m4 ,e *ild likes to be li/5$ to1 & !y soon discov] !y mu/ tell _! /ory well or !y w get no audi5ce4 ,"s /ories !y tell by act+ !m out1 o!rs by draw+4 ,soon !y want to le>n a new gr\p ( /ories1 & !n1 q naturally1 !y g to ! s*ool libr>y1 pick out a /ory book & read4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! fir/ grade pupils read f twelve to ?irty books dur+ ! ye>2 ! second grade pupils f tw5ty-five to fifty4 ,9 ?is way !y le>n to read1 to read good books--= !re is no?+ else 9 ! libr>y--& to read !m well1 = !y always h ! desire to f9d a /ory to tell to _! class1 or "o t !y c act4 ,appreciation ( good lit]ature beg9s v e>ly 9 ?is way1 or r1 x is nev] lo/4 ,v small *ildr5 always enjoy mo/ ! be/ /ories--,"m ,goose1 ,hans ,&]s51 or ,kipl+'s 8,j ,s ,/ories40 ,! dislike ( books ga9$ 9 s*ool turns *ildr5 f lit]ature to tra%4 ,b if *ildr5 are all[$ & enc\rag$ to he>1 & read1 & act out ^! /ories 9 s*ool j z !y w\ld at home--t is1 = ! sake ( ! fun !re is 9 x--!y w keep _! good ta/e & enjoym5t ( good books4 ,songs1 says ,pr(essor ,m]iam1 are ano!r sort ( /ory1 & little *ildr5 s+ = ! fun ( x1 = ! /ory ( ! song2 s ! s++ at ?is s*ool is "p ( ! /ory "w1 & ! *ildr5 "w & le>n to s+ bett]1 9 ord] to increase _! enjoym5t4 ,*ildr5 are always clamor+ to 8make some?+40 ,pr(essor ,m]iam takes ?is fact z suffici5t gr\nds = mak+ h&work a regul> "p ( ! curriculum & hav+ x occupy an h\r a day1 a p]iod :i* usually seems s %ort to ! pupils t !y take _! "w home4 ,! y\nge/ *ildr51 boys & girls alike1 g into ! c>p5t] %op & le>n to h&le tools & to make ?+s3 furniture = _! dolls1 a boat1 or "s pres5t to take home4 ,weav+ & sew+ int]e/ bo? boys & girls alike & give scope to ! "y *ild = beauty & utility1 s !y d a lot ( x4 ,! y\nge/ beg9 usually ) dolls' hammocks2 !n !y le>n to d co>se cross-/it*+ & cro*et+4 ,an entire class1 especially among ! y\nge/ *ildr51 usually make ! same ?+ at ! same "t1 b !y may sugge/ :at !y want to make1 & ! old] *ildr5 are all[$ a great deal ( lib]ty4 ,! "w naturally increases 9 v>iety & complexity z ! pupils gr[ old]1 & z !y acquire skill 9 ! h&l+ ( tools4 ,"s ( ! fif? & six? grade boys h made excell5t pieces ( furniture :i* are 9 con/ant use 9 ! s*ool4 ,! h&work furni%es ano!r opportunity = draw+ & color "w1 9 ! mak+ ( draw+s = patt]ns4 ,) ! f\r? grade !re is a m>k$ %ift 9 ! "w1 due to ! wid5+ int]e/s t are com+ to ! *ild4 ,! day is divid$ !n into ?ree p]iods1 :i* are devot$ to indu/ries1 /ories1 & h&work4 ,organiz$ games no long] appeal to ! pupils2 !y want _! play outdoors1 or 9 ! fre$om ( a big gymnasium1 :]e !y c play r\gh]1 noisi] games1 & !y are big en\gh to keep _! own scores 9 _! heads4 ,! 8indu/ries0 p]iod takes ! place ( ! 8obs]vation0 ( ! y\ng] *ildr51 & cont9ues ! same sort ( "w4 ,! *ild has le>n$ ! mean+ ( ! imm$iate objects he sees ab\t him1 _! relation to himself & 8 fri5ds1 & he is ready to g on & enl>ge ?is k s z to take 9 ! ?+s he _c see1 processes & reasons1 & relations t embrace ! :ole community1 or m communities1 & f9ally ! :ole _w4 ,9 ! same way t ! y\ng] *ildr5 /udy _! imm$iate environm5t1 ! f\r? grade /udies ! indu/ries t g on 9 _! own neighborhood3 ! %oe factory1 ! fl\r mill1 ! "w 9 ! :eat & corn fields4 ,!y g on excursions to ! factory & f>m1 & _! "w 9 ! classroom is bas$ on :at !y see on _! trips4 ,_! writ+ & composition are ! /ories ( _! trips1 :i* !y write2 _! read+1 ! books t tell ab\t f>m+ or %oemak+2 _! ari?metic ! practical problems !y f9d ! f>m] or =eman do+2 all done s t x w contribute to ! pupils' und]/&+ ( ! indu/ry he is /udy+4 ,geography too comes f ^! trips4 ,x answ]s ! que/ions3 ,:y d !y gr[ :eat8 ,:]e w x gr[ be/ 9 ! neighborhood & :y8 etc4 ,?is s*ool happ5s to be situat$ 9 a small t[n :]e ! indu/ries are *iefly agricultural1 b obvi\sly su* a plan c\ld easily be adapt$ to any community by sub/itut+ ! indu/ries t are f\nd 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood4 ,9 ! fif? & six? ye>s ! /udy ( indu/ries is cont9u$1 b ! scope is ext5d$ to include ! pr9cipal indu/ries ( ! _w4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 pupils mu/ le>n to sub/itute m & m ! pr9t$ page = _! =m] excursions4 ,?is includes drill 9 read+1 writ+1 & ma!matics1 relat$ to e>li] /udies1 & also m & m geography4 ,! use ( ! libr>y becomes ( great importance1 = ! pupils are n giv5 "o text-book f :i* !y /udy & recite4 ,"w 9 geography beg9s ) ?is "q3 ,:at becomes ( ! ?+s made 9 ?is t[n1 :i* we d n use up8 ,! next /ep is3 ,:]e else are ^! same ?+s made1 & are !y made 9 ! same way8 ,:at else is made 9 t place & h[ is x done8 ,!n1 :]e & h[ are ! ?+s made t we get f else:]e8 ,no "o text-book c\ld suffice = ?is "w1 & if x did x w\ld contradict ! idea ( ! s*ool t ! *ildr5 %\ld le>n by inve/igation4 ,!y mu/ f9d = !mselves f among ! books 9 ! libr>y ! ones t tell ab\t ! p>ticul> indu/ry !y are /udy+4 ,e *ild does n read ! same book1 & z f> z possible ea* pupil makes "s contribution to ! discussion4 ,j z 9 ! l[] grades1 ! old] pupils all make fold]s :]e !y keep _! descriptions ( ! indu/ries & illu/rations ( ma*9es & processes4 ,9 ! sev5? & highe/ grade 9 ! s*ool1 ! /udy ( indu/ries is cont9u$ z hi/ory2 t is1 ! hi/ory ( ! indu/ries connect$ ) clo?+1 fe$+1 & h\s+ is tak5 up4 ,! pupils /udy ! hi/ory ( %elt] f ! fir/ beg9n+s ) a cave or a bru% ?icket1 ?r\gh ! t5ts ( ! w&]+ tribes & ! ,greek & ,roman h\se1 to ! /eel skyscrap] ( to-day4 ,!y /udy ! hi/ory ( agriculture & le>n to und]/& ! developm5t ( ! /eam reap] & ?re%] f ! wood5 /ick ( ! savage4 ,! /udy ( ! indu/ries 9 ^! f\r high] grades includes a /udy ( ! in/itutions ( gov]nm5t4 ,! f\r? grade /udies ! local po/-(fice1 9 ! fif? & six? !y /udy ! mail sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !n h[ lett]s are c>ri$ to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! sev5? grade /udies ! hi/ory ( "s ( ^! in/itutions4 ,"p ( _! "t dur+ ! pa/ ye> 0 devot$ to f9d+ out h[ ! diff]5t peoples ( ! _w h f\ght _! battles & organiz$ _! armies1 fir/ by means ( read+ & !n by discuss+ :at !y _h read4 ,ea* pupil kept a record ( ?is "w1 writ+ a %ort pap] on ! army ( ea* c\ntry he /udi$ & illu/rat+ x z he c>$ to4 ,! /ory p]iod ( ! f\r highe/ grades cont9ues ! "w begun 9 ! l[] grades4 ,music & art become m & m conc5trat$ into x4 ,! *ildr5 cont9ue read+ & discuss+ :at !y h read4 ,ea* pupil keeps a record ( ! books he reads ) a %ort acc\nt ( ! /ory & reasons :y he lik$ x1 & ^! records are kept on a %elf 9 ! libr>y :]e any o!r pupil c consult !m = help 9 8 *oice ( books4 ,ev5 9 high s*ool1 ,pr(essor ,m]iam does n believe 9 tea*+ composition = its own sake1 nor lit]ature by ! usual me?od ( analysis4 ,all ! "w ( ! s*ool is a con/ant drill 9 ,engli%1 & by help+ ! pupils to use & write good ,engli% dur+ e s*ool h\r1 m is accompli%$ ?an by conc5trat+ ! "w into "o h\r ( =mal drill4 ,! tea*+ ( ,fr5* & ,g]man is also consid]$ "p ( /ory "w4 ,x is a /udy ! pupils take = ! pleasure !y get f talk+ & read+ ano!r language2 = ! sake ( ! lit]ature !y w be able to read4 ,= ?is reason x f9ds its place 9 ! curriculum among ! ?+s t are purely cultural3 = recreation & pleasure4 ,! /udies t come "u ! title ( 8/ories0 are ! only ones :]e homework is giv54 ,! *ildr5 come to s*ool to d _! "w1 & x is n fair to ask !m to d ?is same "w at home z well4 ,!y %\ld look =w>d to s*ool z a pleasure1 if !y are to get ! utmo/ b5efit out ( x1 b if ! do+ ( set tasks becomes associat$ ) s*ool "w1 ! pupil's int]e/ 9 8 "w 9 s*ool is b\nd to dim9i%4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! s*ool "w is reg>d$ z appropriate to leisure & recreation1 x is natural t ! *ildr5 %\ld keep on ) x out ( s*ool h\rs1 9 _! homes4 ,! s*ool has be5 work+ ) ?is program = eight ye>s1 & has ab\t #abj pupils4 ,! s*ool build+ has few rooms & ^! are connect$ ) l>ge fold+ doors4 ,at lea/ two & usually ?ree grades "w 9 ! same room1 & ! pupils are all[$ fre$om to move ab\t & talk to ea* o!r z long z !y d n di/urb _! classmates4 ,"o tea*] takes *>ge ( an entire room1 ab\t ?irty-five *ildr51 divid$ into sev]al gr\ps1 ea* do+ a diff]5t ?+4 ,individual tea*]s 9 "s ( ! neighbor+ c\ntry public s*ools h also foll[$ ! program ?r\gh "o grade & h f\nd t ! pupils 7 all ready = promotion at ! end ( ! ye> & t !y did _! "w 9 ! next grade ) z mu* ease z if !y _h foll[$ ! usual =mal drill4 ,records are be+ kept ( ! graduates ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,mo/ ( !m g into ! high s*ool ( ! univ]sity1 :]e !re is e opportunity to wat* !m closely4 ,!y f9d no unusual difficulty 9 keep+ up ) ! regul> college prep>atory "w1 & _! m>ks & ! age at :i* !y ent] college indicate t _! elem5t>y tra9+ has giv5 !m "s advantages ov] ! public s*ool pupils 9 ability to d ! h>d =mal /udy+4 ,pr(essor ,m]iam is also director ( ! high s*ool1 b has n z yet *ang$ ! regul> college prep>atory curriculum1 except 9 ! ,engli%4 ,he expects to d s1 h[ev]1 & believes an equally radical reorganization ( ! "w w h b5eficial results4 ,9 ! high s*ool1 ,engli% is n taught at all z a sep>ate /udy1 b "w on x is cont9u$ along ! same l9es foll[$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,a /udy ( a c]ta9 numb] ( graduates f ! univ]sity s*ools & an equal numb] f ! t[n high s*ool1 has indicat$ t ! pupils :o h receiv$ none ( ! usual tra9+ 9 ,engli% dur+ _! high s*ool c\rse d bett] "w 9 _! ,engli% c\rses 9 college ?an ^? :o h foll[$ ! regul> r\t9e4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,pr9t+ tea*es ,engli%4 7,francis ,p>k] ,s*ool1 ,*icago47 ,illu/ration3 7#b7 ,! basis ( ! ye>'s "w4 7,indianapolis47 ,( c\rse1 judg+ an educational exp]im5t by ! pupil's ability to 8keep up0 ) ! sy/em ! exp]im5t is try+ to improve1 is ( v little value4 ,! purpose ( ! exp]im5t is n to devise a me?od by :i* ! tea*] c tea* m to ! *ild 9 ! same l5g? ( "t1 or ev5 prep>e him m pleasantly = 8 college c\rse4 ,x is r to give ! *ild an education :i* w make him a bett]1 happi]1 m effici5t human be+1 by %[+ him :at 8 capabilities are & h[ he c ex]cise !m1 bo? mat]ially & socially1 9 ! _w he f9ds ab\t him4 ,if1 :ile a s*ool is /ill le>n+ h[ be/ to d ?is = its pupils1 x c at ! same "t give !m all !y w\ld h ga9$ 9 a m conv5tional s*ool1 we c be sure !re has be5 no loss4 ,any manual skill or bodily /r5g? t _! s*ool+ has giv5 !m1 or any enjoym5t ( ! tasks ( _! daily life & ! be/ t art & lit]ature has to (f]1 are fur!r def9ite ga9s t c be imm$iately se5 & measur$4 ,all contribute to ! l>g] aim1 b ! lives ( all ! pupils w furni% ! only real te/ ( ! success or failure ( any educational exp]im5t t aims to help ! :ole ( society by help+ ! :ole individual4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,reorganization ,,( ,,! ,,curriculum ,r\sseau1 :ile he 0 writ+ 8 mile1 0 all[+ 8 own *ildr5 to gr[ up entirely neglect$ by _! p>5ts1 ab&on$ 9 a f\ndl+ asylum4 ,x is n /range !n t 8 read]s & /ud5ts %\ld c5t] _! int]e/ 9 8 !ories1 9 8 g5]al contribution to education r ?an 9 8 acc\nt ( ! impractical me?ods he us$ to create t exempl>y prig--mile4 ,if ,r\sseau himself _h ev] tri$ to educate any real *ildr5 he w\ld h f\nd x necess>y to cry/allize 8 ideas into "s m or less fix$ program4 ,9 8 anxiety to rea* ! ideal describ$ 9 8 !ories1 ! emphasis ( 8 int]e/ w\ld h unconsci\sly %ift$ to ! me?ods by :i* he c\ld a*ieve 8 ideal 9 ! individual *ild4 ,! *ild %\ld sp5d 8 "t on ?+s t are suit$ to 8 age4 ,! tea*] imm$iately asks :at ^! ?+s are8 ,! *ild %\ld h an opportunity to develop naturally1 m5tally1 spiritually1 & physically4 ,h[ is ! tea*] to (f] ?is opportunity & :at does x consi/ 98 ,only 9 ! v simple/ environm5t :]e "o tea*] is work+ out h] own !ories is x possible to get along )\t a r def9ite embodim5t ( ! ideal 9 specific mat]ials & me?ods4 ,!re=e 9 review+ "s ( ! mod]n attempts at educational re=m1 we q naturally f9d t emphasis has be5 put ^u ! curriculum4 ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel 7 ! two educators mo/ zeal\s 9 r$uc+ inspiration got f ,r\sseau into ! details ( s*oolroom "w4 ,!y took ! vague idea ( natural developm5t & translat$ x into =mul :i* tea*]s c\ld use f day to day4 ,bo? 7 !ori/s1 ,froebel by temp]am5t1 ,pe/alozzi by necessity2 b bo? made vigor\s ef=ts to c>ry _! !ories into practice4 ,!y n only popul>iz$ ! new] ideas ab\t education1 b influ5c$ s*ool practice m ?an any o!r mod]n educators4 ,pe/alozzi sub/antially creat$ ! work+ me?ods ( elem5t>y education2 :ile1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 ,froebel creat$ a new k9d ( s*ool1 ! k9d]g>t51 = *ildr5 too "y to att5d regul> prim>y classes4 ,?is comb9ation ( !oretical & practical influ5ce makes x important to discrim9ate betwe5 ! po9ts :]e !y c>ri$ ! idea ( education z gr[? =w>d1 & ! po9ts :]e1 9 _! anxiety to supply a s*ool program to be foll[$ by ev]ybody1 !y fell back ^u me*anical & ext]nal me?ods4 ,p]sonally1 ,pe/alozzi 0 z h]oic 9 life z ,r\sseau 0 ! rev]se4 ,devotion to o!rs took ) him ! place occupi$ by a s5tim5tal egotism 9 ,r\sseau4 ,= ?is v reason1 p]haps1 he _h a firm grasp on a tru? :i* ,r\sseau nev] p]ceiv$4 ,he realiz$ t natural developm5t = a man means a social developm5t1 s9ce ! individual's vital connections are ) o!rs ev5 m ?an ) nature4 ,9 8 own words3 8,nature educat$ man = social relations1 & by means ( social relations4 ,?+s are important 9 ! education ( man 9 proportion to ! intimacies ( social relations into :i* man ent]s40 ,= ?is reason family life is ! c5t] ( education1 &1 9 a way1 furni%es ! model = e educational in/itution4 ,9 family life physical objects1 tables1 *airs1 ! trees 9 ! or*>d1 ! /ones ( ! f5ce1 h a social mean+4 ,!y are ?+s :i* p use toge!r & :i* influ5ce _! common actions4 ,education 9 a m$ium :]e ?+s h social uses is necess>y = intellectual z well z = moral gr[?4 ,! m closely & m directly ! *ild le>ns by ent]+ into social situations1 ! m g5u9e & effective is ! k he ga9s4 ,s9ce p[] = deal+ ) remot] ?+s comes f p[] ga9$ 9 manag+ ?+s close to u1 8! direct s5se ( reality is =m$ only 9 n>r[ social circles1 l ^? ( family life4 ,true human wisdom has = its b$rock an intimate k ( ! imm$iate environm5t & tra9$ capacity = deal+ ) x4 ,! quality ( m9d ?us eng5d]$ is simple & cle>-sight$1 =m$ by hav+ to d ) uncompromis+ realities & h5ce adapt$ to future situations4 ,x is firm1 s5sitive & sure ( itself40 8,! opposite education is scatt]+ & confus$2 x is sup]ficial1 hov]+ lightly ov] e =m ( k1 )\t putt+ any ( x to use3 a m$ley1 wav]+ & unc]ta940 ,! moral is pla93 ,k t is wor?y ( be+ call$ k1 tra9+ ( ! intellect t is sure to am\nt to any?+1 is obta9$ only by p>ticipat+ intimately & actively 9 activities ( social life4 ,?is is ,pe/alozzi's great positive contribution4 ,x repres5ts an insight ga9$ 9 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce2 = z an ab/ract ?9k] he 0 weak4 ,x n only goes beyond ,r\sseau1 b x puts :at is true 9 ,r\sseau ^u a s\nd basis4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 an idea t l5ds itself readily to =mal /atem5t or to me?ods :i* c be h&$ f "o to ano!r4 ,its significance is illu/rat$ 9 8 own e>ly und]tak+ :5 he took tw5ty vagabond *ildr5 into 8 own h\sehold & proce$$ to tea* !m by means ( f>m pursuits 9 summ] & cotton sp9n+ & weav+ 9 ! w9t]1 connect+1 z f> z possible1 book in/ruction ) ^! active occupations4 ,x 0 illu/rat$1 aga9 lat] 9 8 life1 :5 he 0 giv5 *>ge ( a ,swiss village1 :]e ! adults _h be5 practically wip$ out = resi/ance to an army ( ,napoleon4 ,:5 a visitor once rem>k$3 8,:y1 ?is is n a s*ool2 ?is is a h\sehold10 ,pe/alozzi felt he _h receiv$ 8 greate/ complim5t4 ,! o!r side ( ,pe/alozzi is f\nd 9 8 m (ficial s*ool tea*+ c>e]4 ,"h also he attack$ ! purely v]bal tea*+ ( curr5t elem5t>y education & /ruggl$ to sub/itute a natural developm5t4 ,b in/ead ( rely+ ^u contact ) objects us$ 9 active social pursuits 7l ^? ( ! home71 he fell back ^u b>e contact ) ! objects !mselves4 ,! result 0 a %ift 9 ,pe/alozzi's fundam5tal idea4 ,pres5tation ( objects by ! tea*] seem$ to take ! place ( gr[? by means ( p]sonal activities4 ,he 0 dimly consci\s ( ! inconsi/5cy1 & tri$ to ov]come x by say+ t !re are c]ta9 fix$ laws ( developm5t :i* c be ab/ract$ f ! v>i\s exp]i5ces ( p>ticul> human be+s4 ,education _c foll[ ! developm5t go+ on 9 individual *ildr5 at a p>ticul> "t2 t w\ld lead to confusion & *aos1 an>*y & caprice4 ,x mu/ foll[ g5]al laws d]iv$ f ! individual cases4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! emphasis is tak5 f p>ticipation 9 social uses ( ?+s & goes ov] to dep5d5ce ^u objects4 ,9 se>*+ = g5]al laws :i* c be ab/ract$ f p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 he f\nd ?ree con/ant ?+s3 geometrical =m1 numb]1 & language--! latt] ref]r+1 ( c\rse1 n to isolat$ v]bal expressions b to ! /atem5t ( ! qualities ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is phase ( 8 activity z tea*]1 ,pe/alozzi 0 p>ticul>ly zeal\s 9 build+ up s*emes ( object-lesson tea*+ 9 :i* *ildr5 %\ld le>n ! spatial & num]ical relations ( ?+s & acquire a vocabul>y = express+ all _! qualities4 ,! notion t object-lessons1 by means ( pres5tation ( ?+s to ! s5ses1 is ! /aple ( elem5t>y education ?us came f ,pe/alozzi4 ,s9ce x 0 conc]n$ ) ext]nal ?+s & _! pres5tation to ! s5ses1 ?is s*eme ( education l5t itself to def9ite =mulation ( me?ods :i* c\ld be pass$ on1 almo/ me*anically1 f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,9 develop+ su* me?ods1 ,pe/alozzi hit ^u ! idea t ! 8ord] ( nature0 consi/s 9 go+ f ! simple to ! complex4 ,x became 8 endeavor to f9d out 9 e subject ! ,a ,b ,c 7z he call$ x7 ( obs]vation 9 t topic--! simple/ elem5ts t c be put be=e ! s5ses4 ,:5 ^! 7 ma/]$1 ! pupils 7 to pass on to v>i\s complications ( ^! elem5ts4 ,?us1 9 le>n+ to read1 *ildr5 7 to beg9 ) comb9ations l ,a ,b1 ,e ,b1 ,i ,b1 ,o ,b2 !n take up ! rev]se comb9ations ,b ,a1 ,b ,e1 ,b ,i1 ,b ,o1 etc41 until hav+ ma/]$ all ! elem5ts1 !y c\ld g on to complex syllables & f9ally to words & s5t5ces4 ,numb]1 music1 draw+ 7 all taught by />t+ ) simple elem5ts :i* c\ld be put be=e ! s5ses1 & !n proce$+ to build up m complex =ms 9 a grad$ ord]4 ,s great 0 ! vogue ( ?is proc$ure t ! v ^w 8me?od0 0 und]/ood by _m to signify ?is sort ( analysis & comb9ation ( ext]nal impressions4 ,to ?is day1 x con/itutes1 ) _m p1 a l>ge "p ( :at is und]/ood by 8p$agogy40 ,pe/alozzi himself call$ x ! psy*ologiz+ ( tea*+1 &1 m accurately1 its me*aniz+4 ,he gives a good /atem5t ( 8 idea 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,9 ! _w ( nature1 imp]fection 9 ! bud means imp]fect maturity4 ,:at is imp]fect 9 its g]m is crippl$ 9 its gr[?4 ,9 ! developm5t ( its compon5t p>ts1 ?is is z true ( ! gr[? ( ! intellect z ( an apple4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 take c>e1 9 ord] to avoid confusion & sup]ficiality 9 education1 to make fir/ impressions ( objects z correct & z complete z possible4 ,we mu/ beg9 ) ! infant 9 ! cradle1 & take ! tra9+ ( ! race out ( ! h&s ( bl9d sportive nature1 & br+ x "u ! p[] :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! c5turies has taught u to ab/ract f nature's own processes40 ,^! s5t5ces might be giv5 a mean+ to :i* no "o c\ld object4 ,all ( ! educational re=m]s h rightly insi/$ ^u ! importance ( ! fir/ ye>s 9 :i* fundam5tal attitudes controll+ lat] gr[? are fix$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t if we c\ld regulate ! e>li] relations ( *ildr5 to ! _w ab\t !m s t all ideas ga9$ are c]ta91 solid1 def9ite1 & "r z f> z !y g1 we might give *ildr5 unconsci\s1 intellectual /&>ds :i* w\ld op]ate lat] on ) an efficacy q =eign to our pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,b ! c]ta9ty & def9it5ess ( geometrical =ms1 & ( isolat$ qualities ( objects are artificial4 ,correctness & complet5ess are ga9$ at ! exp5se ( isolation f ! e-day human exp]i5ce ( ! *ild4 ,x is possible = a *ild to le>n ! v>i\s prop]ties ( squ>es1 rectangles1 etc41 & to acquire _! names4 ,b unless ! squ>es & rectangles ent] into 8 purposeful activities he is m]ely accumulat+ s*ola/ic in=mation4 ,und\bt$ly x is bett] t ! *ild %\ld le>n ! names 9 association ) ! objects ?an to le>n m]e /r+s ( words4 ,b "o is almo/ z f> f real developm5t z ! o!r4 ,bo? are v f> f ! 8firm1 s5sitive1 & sure k0 :i* comes f us+ ?+s = ends :i* appeal to ! *ild4 ,! ?+s t ! *ild uses 9 8 h\sehold occupations1 9 g>d5+1 9 c>+ = animals1 9 8 plays & games1 h real simplicity & complet5ess ( mean+ = him4 ,! simplicity ( /raight l9es1 angles1 & quantities put be=e him j to be le>n$ is me*anical & ab/ract4 ,= a long "t ! practical influ5ce ( ,pe/alozzi 0 conf9$ to expell+ f ! s*ools reliance ^u memoriz+ words t _h no connection ) ?+s2 to br++ object-lessons into ! s*ools1 & to break+ up e topic into its elem5ts1 or ,a ,b ,c1 & !n go+ on by grad$ /eps4 ,! failure ( ^! me?ods to supply motives & to give real p[] made _m tea*]s realize t ?+s :i* ! *ild has a use = are really simpl] & m complete to him1 ev5 if he doesn't und]/& ev]y?+ ab\t !m1 ?an isolat$ elem5ts4 ,9 ! new] type ( s*ools1 !re is a m>k$ return 7?\gh ( c\rse q indep5d5tly ( any ref]5ce to ,pe/alozzi7 to 8 e>li] & m vital idea ( le>n+ by tak+ a %>e 9 occupations & pursuits :i* are l ^? ( daily life & :i* are engag$ 9 by ! fri5ds ab\t him4 ,diff]5t s*ools h work$ ! matt] out 9 diff]5t ways4 ,9 ! ,montessori s*ools !re is /ill a good deal ( ef=t to control ! gr[? ( m9d by ! mat]ial pres5t$4 ,9 o!rs1 z 9 ! ,fairhope exp]im5t1 ! mat]ial is incid5tal & in=mal1 & ! curriculum foll[s ! direct ne$s ( ! pupils4 ,mo/ s*ools fall1 ( c\rse1 betwe5 ^! two curr5ts4 ,! *ild mu/ develop1 & naturally1 b society has become s complicat$1 its dem&s ^u ! *ild are s important & cont9u\s1 t a great deal mu/ be pres5t$ to him4 ,nature is a v ext5sive z well z compact ?+ 9 mod]n life1 includ+ n only ! intricate mat]ial environm5t ( ! *ild1 b social relations z well4 ,if ! *ild is to ma/] ^! he mu/ cov] a great deal ( gr\nd4 ,h[ is ?is to be done 9 ! be/ way8 ,me?ods & mat]ials mu/ be us$ :i* are 9 !mselves vital en\gh to repres5t to ! *ild ! :ole ( ?is compact nature :i* con/itutes 8 _w4 ,! *ild & ! curriculum are two op]ative =ces1 bo? ( !m develop+ & react+ on ea* o!r4 ,9 visit+ s*ools ! ?+s t are int]e/+ & helpful to ! av]age s*ool tea*] are ! me?ods1 & ! curriculum1 ! way ! pupils sp5d _! "t2 t is1 ! way ! adju/m5t betwe5 ! *ild & 8 environm5t is br\ght ab\t4 8,le>n+ by do+0 is a slogan t might almo/ be (f]$ z a g5]al description ( ! way 9 :i* _m tea*]s are try+ to effect ?is adju/m5t4 ,! h>de/ lesson a *ild has to le>n is a practical "o1 & if he fails to le>n x no am\nt ( book k w make up = x3 x is ?is v problem ( adju/m5t ) 8 neighbors & 8 job4 ,a practical me?od naturally sugge/s itself z ! easie/ & be/ way ( solv+ ?is problem4 ,on ! face ( x1 ! v>i\s /udies--ari?metic1 geography1 language1 botany1 etc4--are 9 !mselves exp]i5ces4 ,!y are ! accumulation ( ! pa/ ( humanity1 ! result ( its ef=ts & successes1 = g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,! ord9>y s*ool /udies pres5t ?is n z a m]e accumulation1 n z a miscellane\s heap ( sep>ate bits ( exp]i5ce1 b 9 "s organiz$ way4 ,h5ce1 ! daily exp]i5ces ( ! *ild1 8 life f day to day1 & ! subject matt] ( ! s*oolroom1 are p>ts ( ! same ?+2 !y are ! fir/ & la/ /eps 9 ! life ( a p4 ,to oppose "o to ! o!r is to oppose ! infancy & maturity ( ! same gr[+ life2 x is to set ! mov+ t5d5cy & ! f9al result ( ! same p[] ov] aga9/ ea* o!r2 x is to hold t ! nature & ! de/9y ( ! *ild w> ) ea* o!r4 ,! /udies repres5t ! highe/ developm5t possible 9 ! *ild's simple e-day exp]i5ces4 ,! task ( ! s*ool is to take ^! crude exp]i5ces & organize !m into sci5ce1 geography1 ari?metic1 or :atev] ! lesson ( ! h\r is4 ,s9ce :at ! *ild already kn[s is "p ( "s "o subject t ! tea*] is try+ to tea* him1 ! me?od t w take advantage ( ?is exp]i5ce z a f\ndation /one on :i* to build ! *ild's consci\s k ( ! subject appe>s z ! normal & progressive way ( tea*+4 ,& if we c enl>ge ! *ild's exp]i5ce by me?ods :i* resemble z ne>ly z possible ! ways t ! *ild has acquir$ 8 beg9n+ exp]i5ces1 x is obvi\s t we h made a great ga9 9 ! effectiv5ess ( our tea*+4 ,x is a commonplace t until a *ild goes to s*ool he le>ns no?+ t has n "s direct be>+ on 8 life4 ,h[ he acquires ?is k1 is ! "q t w furni% ! clew = natural s*ool me?od4 ,& ! answ] is1 n by read+ books or li/5+ to explanations ( ! nature ( fire or food1 b by burn+ himself & fe$+ himself2 t is1 by do+ ?+s4 ,!re=e1 says ! mod]n tea*]1 he ought to d ?+s 9 s*ool4 ,education :i* ignores ?is vital impulse furni%$ by ! *ild is apt to be 8academic10 8ab/ract10 9 ! bad s5se ( ^! words4 ,if text-books are us$ z ! sole mat]ial1 ! "w is mu* h>d] = ! tea*]1 = besides tea*+ ev]y?+ h]self %e mu/ con/antly repress & cut (f ! impulses ( ! *ild t[>ds action4 ,tea*+ becomes an ext]nal pres5tation lack+ mean+ & purpose z f> z ! *ild is conc]n$4 ,facts :i* are n l$ up to out ( some?+ :i* has previ\sly occupi$ a significant place = its own sake 9 ! *ild's life1 are apt to be b>r5 & dead4 ,!y are hi]oglyphs :i* ! pupil is requir$ to /udy & le>n :ile he is 9 s*ool4 ,x is only aft] ! *ild has le>n$ ! same fact out ( s*ool1 9 ! activities ( real life1 t x beg9s to mean any?+ to him4 ,! numb] ( isolat$ facts to :i* ?is c happ51 :i* appe>1 say1 9 a geography text-book1 are necess>ily v small4 ,= ! speciali/ 9 any "o subject ! mat]ial is all classifi$ & arrang$1 b be=e x c be put 9 a *ild's text-book x mu/ be simplifi$ & greatly r$uc$ 9 bulk4 ,! ?\ght provok+ "* is obscur$ & ! organiz+ function disappe>s4 ,! *ild's reason+ p[]s1 ! faculty ( ab/raction & g5]alization1 are n adequately develop$4 ,?is does n mean t ! text-book mu/ disappe>1 b t its function is *ang$4 ,x becomes a guide = ! pupil by :i* he may economize "t & mi/akes4 ,! tea*] & ! book are no long] ! only in/ructors2 ! h&s1 ! eyes1 ! e>s1 9 fact ! :ole body1 become s\rces ( in=mation1 :ile tea*] & text-book become respectively ! />t] & ! te/]4 ,no book or map is a sub/itute = p]sonal exp]i5ce2 !y _c take ! place ( ! actual j\rney4 ,! ma!matical =mula = a fall+ body does n take ! place ( ?r[+ /ones or %ak+ apples f a tree4 ,le>n+ by do+ does n1 ( c\rse1 mean ! sub/itution ( manual occupations or h&work = text-book /udy+4 ,at ! same "t1 all[+ ! pupils to d h&work :5ev] !re is opportunity = x1 is a great aid 9 hold+ ! *ild's att5tion & int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,songs & games help ari?metic4 7,public ,s*ool #de1 ,indianapolis47 ,public ,s*ool #de ( ! ,indianapolis s*ool sy/em is try+ a numb] ( exp]im5ts :]e ! *ildr5 may be said to be le>n+ by do+4 ,! "w done is t requir$ by ! /ate curriculum1 b ! tea*]s are con/antly f9d+ new ways to prev5t ! "w becom+ a m]e drill 9 text-book facts1 or prep>ation = exam9ations4 ,9 ! fif? grade1 class activities 7 c5t]$ ar\nd a bungal[ t ! *ildr5 7 mak+4 ,! boys 9 ! class made ! bungal[ 9 _! manual tra9+ h\rs4 ,b be=e !y />t$ x e pupil _h drawn a plan to scale ( ! h\se1 & work$ out1 9 _! ari?metic p]iod1 ! am\nt & co/ ( ! lumb] !y w\ld ne$1 bo? = _! own play bungal[ & = a full siz$ "o2 !y _h done a l>ge numb] ( problems tak5 f ! measurem5ts = ! h\se1 su* z f9d+ ! floor & wall areas & air space ( ea* room1 etc4 ,! *ildr5 v soon inv5t$ a family = _! h\se & decid$ !y w\ld h !m live on a f>m4 ,! ari?metic "w 0 !n bas$ on ! :ole f>m4 ,fir/ ?is 0 laid out = plant+1 plans 7 drawn to scale1 & f in=mation ! *ildr5 !mselves ga!r$ !y made _! own problems1 bas+ !m on _! play f>m3 su* z ! size ( ! corn field1 h[ _m bu%els ( se$s w\ld be ne$$ to plant x2 h[ big a crop !y c\ld expect1 & h[ mu* pr(it4 ,! *ildr5 %[$ great int]e/ & +5uity 9 inv5t+ problems conta9+ ! p>ticul> ari?metical process !y 7 le>n+ & :i* /ill w\ld fit _! f>m4 ,!y built f5ces1 cem5t sidewalks1 a brick wall1 did ! m>ket+ = ! family1 sold ! butt]1 milk & eggs1 & took out fire insurance4 ,:5 !y 7 pap]+ ! h\se ! numb] ( area problems connect$ ) buy+1 cutt+1 & fitt+ ! pap]1 7 en\gh to give !m all ! necess>y drill 9 measurem5t ( areas4 ,engli% "w c5t]$ 9 mu* ! same way ar\nd ! build+ ( ! bungal[ & ! life ( its inhabitants4 ,! spell+ lessons came f ! words !y 7 us+ 9 connection ) ! build+1 etc4 ,! plans = ! complet$ bungal[1 a description ( ! h\se & ! furni%+s1 or ! life ( ! family t dwelt 9 x1 furni%$ inexhau/ible mat]ial = compositions & writ+ lessons4 ,criticism ( ^! compositions z !y 7 read al\d to ! class by _! au?ors became "w 9 rhetoric2 ev5 ! gramm> "w became m int]e/+ because ! s5t5ces 7 ab\t ! f>m4 ,art lessons 7 also drawn f ! "w ! *ildr5 7 actually do+ 9 build+ & furni%+ ! h\se4 ,! pupils 7 v anxi\s t _! h\se %\ld be beautiful1 s ! color s*eme = bo? ! inside & outside furni%$ a numb] ( problems 9 color+ & arrangem5t4 ,lat] !y f\nd l>ge opportunities = design1 9 mak+ wallpap] = ! h\se1 *oos+ & !n decorat+ curta9s & uphol/]y4 ,ea* pupil made 8 own design1 & !n ! :ole class decid$ :i* "o !y want$ to use4 ,! pupils also design$ & made clay tiles = ! ba?room floor & wall1 & plann$ & laid out a fl[] g>d54 ,! girls design$ & made clo!s = ! doll inmates ( ! h\se4 ,! :ole class enjoy$ _! draw+ lessons imm5sely because !y drew ea* o!r pos+ z diff]5t memb]s ( ! family 9 _! diff]5t occupations on ! f>m4 ,! "w ( ?is grade 9 expression consi/$ pr9cipally 9 dramatizations ( ! life on ! f>m :i* ! *ildr5 work$ out = !mselves4 ,n only 7 ! *ildr5 8le>n+ by do+0 9 ! s5se t ne>ly all ! s*ool "w c5t]$ ar\nd activities :i* _h intr9sic mean+ & value to ! pupils1 b mo/ ( ! initiative = ! "w came f ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,!y made _! own numb] problems2 sugge/$ ! next /ep 9 ! "w on ! h\se2 criticis$ ea* o!r's compositions1 & work$ out _! own dramatizations4 ,9 almo/ all ! grades 9 ! s*ool ! pupils 7 conduct+ ! recitations !mselves :5ev] !re 0 an opportunity4 ,"o pupil took *>ge ( ! class1 call+ on ! o!rs to recite2 ! tea*] becom+ a m]e obs]v] unless h] int]f]5ce 0 necess>y to correct an error or keep ! lesson to ! po9t4 ,:5 ! class is n actually 9 *>ge ( a pupil1 e me?od is us$ to h ! *ildr5 d all ! "w1 n to keep all ! responsibility & initiative 9 ! h&s ( ! tea*]4 ,! pupils are enc\rag$ to ask ea* o!r que/ions1 to make _! objections & corrections al\d1 & to ?9k out = !mselves ea* problem z x comes up4 ,?is is n done by giv+ a class a set lesson 9 a text-book z an introduction to a new problem1 b by sugge/+ ! problem to ! class & by means ( que/ions & discussion1 help$ out :5ev] possible by actual exp]im5ts by ! pupils1 try+ to br+ out ! solution ( ! problem1 or at ! lea/ to give ! pupil an und]/&+ ( :at ! problem is ab\t be=e he sees x 9 pr9t4 ,! me?od c be appli$ to all ! classroom "w1 b "o illu/ration tak5 f a geography lesson is especially sugge/ive4 ,"o grade 0 /udy+ ! ,panama ,canal1 & _h great difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! purpose or work+ ( ! canal1 & especially ! locks2 9 o!r words1 !y 7 n intellectually int]e/$ 9 :at ! tea*] told !m4 ,%e *ang$ h] me?od entirely & />t+ f ! beg9n+1 ask$ ! class to pret5d t ,japan & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 at w>1 & t !y 7 ! ,gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton & _h to run ! army4 ,!y at once became int]e/$1 & discov]$ t a canal across ,panama 0 a necessity if ! ,unit$ ,/ates' %ips 7 to arrive 9 ! ,pacific 9 "t to def5d ! coa/ & ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s4 ,! m\nta9 range seem$ an impossible b>ri]1 until ! locks 7 expla9$ to !m aga91 :5 !y seiz$ ! pr9ciple4 ,_m ( !m1 inde$1 became s int]e/$ t !y made models ( locks at home to br+ to s*ool4 ,!y us$ ! map freely & accurately 9 _! int]e/ 9 sav+ ! c\ntry f invasion1 b until "o pupil ask$ :y ! ,unit$ ,/ates did n actually build a canal across ! ,i/hmus1 !y did n notice t _! excit+ game _h any?+ to d ) ! puzzl+ facts t !y _h previ\sly be5 try+ to memorize f _! text-book4 ,! tea*]s 9 ! s*ool make use ( any illu/rations f ! practical life ab\t !m t fit 9 well ) ! "w ! grade is do+4 ,?us ! ?ird grade set up a p>cel po/ sy/em 9 _! classroom1 bas+ all _! ,engli% & ari?metic "w on x = "s "t1 & le>n+ to use a map & scales & weights z well4 ,a retail %oe /ore gave ! fir/ grade pl5ty ( "w & fun1 & games & dances ) little songs h prov$ a great help 9 _! numb] "w4 ,mo/ ( ! furniture 9 ! s*ool (fice 0 made by ! big boys 9 _! %op "w1 & sev]al ( ! rooms are decorat$ ) /5cil designs ! pupils made 9 _! art lessons4 ,! numb] "w ( ! :ole s*ool is taught f ! concrete side4 ,! little *ildr5 h boxes ( too?-picks & pap] c\nt]s1 :i* !y use = add+ & subtract+2 ! old] pupils may te> pap] or draw squ>es :5 !y are le>n+ a new process4 ,! class is giv5 some?+ to d :i* illu/rates ! process to be taught2 !n ! *ildr5 !mselves analyze :at !y h done &1 z ! la/ /ep1 !y d examples ) pure numb]s4 ,_m ( ! public s*ools ( ,*icago are also try+ 9 e way possible to vitalize _! "w2 to introduce into ! curriculum mat]ial :i* ! *ildr5 !mselves c h&le & f :i* !y may get _! own lessons4 ,?is "w is fitt$ into ! regul> curriculum2 x is n dep5d5t on any peculi>ities ( an individual tea*]1 b may be introduc$ ?r\gh\t ! entire sy/em1 j z text-books are n[ uni=m ?r\gh a l>ge numb] ( s*ools4 ,! "w has be5 appli$ pr9cipally 9 hi/ory & civics = ! y\ng] grades1 b x is easy to imag9e h[ ! same sort ( ?+ c\ld be us$ 9 geography or "s ( ! o!r subjects4 ,! hi/ory 9 ! y\ng] grades is taught l>gely by means ( s& tables4 ,! *ildr5 are p]haps /udy+ ! primitive me?ods ( build+ h\ses1 & on _! s& table !y build a bru% h\se1 a cave dwell+1 a tree h\se1 or an eskimo sn[ hut4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves d all ! "w4 ,! tea*] /eps 9 ) advice & help only :5 necess>y to prev5t real errors1 b ! pupils are giv5 ! problem ( ! manufacture ( ! h\se !y are /udy+1 & are expect$ to solve x = !mselves4 ,s& tables are us$ 9 ! same way by a ?ird grade 9 _! /udy ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*icago4 ,!y mold ! s& into a r\gh relief map ( ! neighborhood & !n ) twigs build ! =ts & log cab9s ( ! fir/ fronti] settlem5t1 ) an ,indian encampm5t j outside ! /ockade4 ,!y put real wat] 9 _! lake & riv]1 & float canoes 9 x4 ,o!r grades d ! same ?+ ) ! hi/ory ( transportation among ! fir/ settl]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ) ! logg+ & lumb] indu/ry4 ,! old] grades are /udy+ ! gov]nm5t ( _! city1 & make s& tables to illu/rate ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( city gov]nm5t4 ,"o room has a life-sav+ /ation1 ) diff]5t types ( boats1 & life l9es t "w4 ,o!rs h ! telephone1 mail c>ri]1 & p>cel po/s sy/ems1 & a sy/em ( /reet clean+ ( :i* ! *ildr5 are p>ticul>ly pr\d1 because !y h copi$ conditions :i* !y actually f\nd 9 "s ( ! alleys ne> ! s*ool build+s4 ,beside ! alleys :i* 7 dirty1 l ^? 9 ! neighborhood1 !y h con/ruct$ a model alley ) sanit>y g>bage appliances made on ! be/ plane bas$ on :at ! tea*] has told !m ab\t sy/ems 9 o!r cities4 ,9 ano!r build+ all ! pupils above ! f\r? grade h organiz$ into civic clubs4 ,!y divid$ ! s*ool di/rict into small] di/ricts & "o club took *>ge ( ea* di/rict1 mak+ surveys & maps ( _! own t]ritory1 c\nt+ lamp po/s1 alleys1 & g>bage cans1 & ! numb] ( policem51 or go+ int5sively into ! "o ?+ :i* int]e/$ !m mo/4 ,!n ea* club decid$ :at !y want$ to d = _! own di/rict & set out to accompli% x1 :e!r x 0 ! clean+ up ( a bad alley or ! bett] light+ ( a /reet4 ,!y us$ all ! me?ods t an adult citiz5s' club w\ld employ1 writ+ lett]s to ! city dep>tm5ts1 call+ at ! ,city ,hall1 & besides actually w5t into ! alleys & clean$ !m up4 ,! int]e/ & en?usiasm ( ! pupils 9 ?is "w 0 rem>kable & !y are n[ und]tak+ a campaign to get a playgr\nd = ! s*ool1 by means ( adv]tis+ & hold+ neighborhood meet+s4 ,! ,engli% "w 9 ^! grades is bas$ on ! "w ( ! clubs2 ! pupils keep track ( ! "w !y d1 make maps & write lett]s4 ,mo/ ( ! h& & indu/rial "w1 :i* is n taught = /rictly vocational purposes illu/rates ! pr9ciples :i* 8le>n+ by do+0 /& =4 ,examples ( ?is are to be f\nd 9 ne>ly all s*ools to-day :i* aim to be progressive4 ,_m s*ool sy/ems all ov] ! c\ntry h tri$ hav+ a pr9t+ press op]at$ by pupils ) great success4 ,! presses 7 in/all$ n to tea* ! pupils ! diff]5t processes 9 ! trade1 b s t ! *ildr5 might !mselves pr9t "s ( ! pamphlets1 po/]s1 or o!r pap]s t any s*ool is con/antly ne$+4 ,besides ! int]e/ t ! pupils h %[n 9 sett+ up ! type1 op]at+ ! presses1 & gett+ out ! pr9t$ matt]1 ! "w has prov$ itself especially valuable 9 ! tea*+ ( ,engli%4 ,type sett+ is an excell5t me?od ( drill+ 9 spell+1 punctuation1 p>agraph+1 & gramm>1 = ! fact t ! copy is go+ to be pr9t$ furni%es a motive = elim9at+ mi/akes :i* ex]cises writt5 by a pupil = 8 tea*] nev] provides4 ,pro(read+ is ano!r ex]cise ( ! same sort4 ,9 su* s*ools ! press publi%es practically all ! pr9t$ matt] t is ne$$ dur+ ! ye>1 includ+ spell+ li/s1 programs1 & s*ool pap]s4 ,s*ools are try+ all sorts ( exp]im5ts to make ! "w 9 ,engli% concrete4 ,! text-book me?od ( tea*+--le>n+ rules & def9itions & !n do+ ex]cises 9 _! application--has prov$ unsuccessful4 ,e tea*] is famili> ) ! /ory ( ! boy :o wrote1 8,i h gone10 on a piece ( pap] fifty times1 9 ord] to impress ! correct =m on 8 m9d1 & !n on ! bottom ( ! page left a note = ! tea*] beg9n+1 8,i h w5t home40 ,a purpose 9 ,engli% "w seems absolutely necess>y1 = ! *ild sees no ga9 9 effici5cy 9 ! ?+s he is mo/ int]e/$ 9 due to progress 9 isolat$ gramm> or spell+4 ,:5 ! progress is br\ght ab\t z a by-product ( ! s*ol>s' o!r "w ! case is q o!rwise4 ,give him a reason = writ+1 = spell+1 punctuat+1 & p>agraph+1 = us+ 8 v]bs correctly1 & improvem5t becomes a natural dem& ( exp]i5ce4 ,mr4 ,wirt 9 ! ,g>y1 ,ind41 s*ools has f\nd ?is s true t ! regul> ,engli% requir$ by ! /ate curriculum has be5 supplem5t$ by 8application p]iods 9 ,engli%40 ,9 ^! h\rs ! class 9 c>p5try or cook+ discusses ! ,engli% us$ 9 do+ _! "w 9 ^? subjects1 & corrects f ! language po9t ( view any writt5 "w done z "p ( _! o!r activity4 ,a pupil 9 "o ( ^! classes1 :o _h be5 correct$ = a mi/ake 9 gramm>1 0 ov]he>d say+1 8,well1 :y didn't !y tell u t 9 ,engli%80 to :i* h] neighbor answ]$1 8,!y did1 b we didn't "k :at !y 7 talk+ ab\t40 ,9 "s s*ools z 9 ! ,francis ,p>k] ,s*ool1 ,*icago1 & 9 ! ,cottage ,s*ool at ,riv]side1 ,ill41 ,engli% is n taught z a sep>ate subject to ! y\ng] grades1 b ! pupils h compositions to write = _! hi/ory lessons1 keep records ( _! excursions1 & ( o!r "w :]e !y d n use text-books4 ,! emphasis is put on help+ ! *ild to express 8 ideas2 b su* "w af=ds ample opportunity = ! drill 9 ! requir$ me*anics ( writ+4 ,gramm> no long] appe>s z a sep>ate subject 9 ! ,*icago public s*ool curriculum2 ! tea*] gives a lesson 9 gramm> e "t any "o 9 ! classroom talks & ) e writt5 ex]cise4 ,illu/ration3 ,! pupils build ! s*oolh\ses4 7,int]lak5 ,s*ool1 ,ind47 ,h[ev]1 gramm> c be giv5 a purpose & made int]e/+ ev5 to elev5-ye>-old *ildr51 if ! pupils are help$ to make _! own gramm> & rules by do+ _! own analyz+ z ! fir/ /ep in/ead ( ! la/4 ,?is is be+ done ) great success 9 ! ,phbe ,?orn ,exp]im5tal ,s*ool ( ,bryn ,mawr ,college4 ,gramm> _h no place on ! curriculum1 b ! pupils ask$ s _m que/ions t _! tea*] decid$ to let !m discov] _! own grammatical rules1 />t+ f ! que/ions !y _h ask$4 ,a few m9utes 7 tak5 f ! ,engli% h\r two or ?ree times a week = _! lessons4 ,at ! end ( ?ree mon?s ! class c\ld analyze any simple s5t5ce1 c\ld tell a transitive f an intransitive v]b in/antly1 & 7 ?or\ghly famili> ) ! rules gov]n+ ! v]b to be4 ,! gramm> lesson 0 "o ( ! favorite lessons2 ! tea*] & pupils toge!r _h inv5t$ a numb] ( games to help _! drill4 ,= example1 "o *ild _h a slip ( pap] p9n$ to h] back describ+ a s5t5ce 9 grammatical t]ms2 ! class made s5t5ces t fitt$ ! s5t5ce1 & ! fir/ pupil _h to guess :at h] pap] said4 ,no text book 0 us$ 9 ! "w1 & ! tea*] />t$ ) ! s5t5ce1 call$ x a t[n1 & by discussion help$ ! pupils to divide x up into di/ricts--s+ul>1 plural1 etc4 ,/>t+ f ?is1 !y develop$ o!r grammatical rules4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy 9 ! progressive s*ools to-day1 nev]!less1 seems to be t[>d ! elim9ation ( ! sep>ate /udy ( gramm>1 & t[>d mak+ x & ! rema9d] ( ! ,engli% "w 7) ! exception ( lit]ature7 a "p ( o!r subjects :i* ! class is /udy+4 ,! motto ( ! boys' s*ool at ,int]lak51 ,ind41 8,to tea* boys to live10 is ano!r way ( say+1 8le>n+ by do+40 ,"h ?is is accompli%$1 n s mu* by special devices to r5d] ! curriculum m vital & concrete1 & by ! abolition ( text-books ) ! old-fa%ion$ res]voir & pump relation ( pupil & tea*]1 z by giv+ ! boys an environm5t :i* is full ( int]e/+ ?+s t ne$ to be done4 ,! s*ool build+s h be5 built by ! pupils1 includ+ f\r or five big log /ructures1 ! plans be+ drawn1 ! f\ndations dug & laid1 & ! c>p5try & pa9t+ on ! build+ done by boy labor4 ,! electric light & heat+ plant is run by ! boys1 & all ! wir+ & bulbs 7 put 9 & are kept 9 repair by !m4 ,!re is a six hundr$ acre f>m1 ) a dairy1 a pigg]y & h5n]y1 & crops to be s[$ & ga!r$4 ,ne>ly all ?is "w is also done by pupils2 ! big boys driv+ ! reap]s & b9d]s & ! little boys go+ along to see h[ x is done4 ,! inside ( ! h\ses are tak5 c>e ( 9 ! same way by ! /ud5ts4 ,ea* boy looks aft] 8 own room1 & ! "w 9 ! corridors & s*oolrooms is att5d$ to by *ang+ %ifts4 ,!re is a lake = swimm+ & canoe+1 & pl5ty ( "t = ! conv5tional a?letics4 ,mo/ ( ! boys are prep>+ = college1 b ?is outdoor & manual "w does n mean t !y h to take any long] = _! prep>ation ?an ! boy 9 ! city high s*ool4 ,! s*ool has also b\ght ! local newspap] f ! neighbor+ village & edits & pr9ts a f\r-page weekly pap] ( local & s*ool news4 ,! boys ga!r ! news1 d mu* ( ! writ+ & all ( ! edit+ & pr9t+1 & are ! bus9ess manag]s1 gett+ adv]tisem5ts & t5d+ to ! subscription li/4 ,! in/ructors 9 ! ,engli% dep>tm5t give ! boys any ne$$ assi/ance4 ,!y d all ^! ?+s1 n because !y want to "k c]ta9 processes t w help !m e>n a liv+ aft] !y are ?r\gh s*ool1 b because to use tools1 to move f "o k9d ( "w to ano!r1 to meet diff]5t k9ds ( problems1 to ex]cise outdoors1 & to le>n to supply "o's daily ne$s are educat+ influ5ces1 :i* develop skill1 initiative1 indep5d5ce1 & bodily /r5g?--9 a ^w1 "* & k4 ,"w 9 nature /udy is und]go+ reorganization 9 _m s*ools 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! attempt is to vitalize ! "w1 s t pupils %all actually get a feel+ = plants & animals1 toge!r ) "s real sci5tific k1 n simply ! r s5tim5tal descriptions & rhapsodiz+s ( lit]ature4 ,x is also diff]5t f ! in=mation ga!r+ type ( nature /udy1 :i* is no m real sci5ce ?an is ! lit]>y type4 ,"h ! pupils are taught a l>ge numb] ( isolat$ facts1 />t+ f mat]ial t ! tea*] ga!rs 9 a m or less miscellane\s way2 !y le>n all ab\t "o object aft] ano!r1 ea* "o unrelat$ to ! o!rs or to any g5]al plan ( "w4 ,ev5 ?\gh a *ild has gone ov] a l>ge numb] ( facts ab\t ! outdoor _w1 he ga9s little or no?+ :i* makes nature itself m real or m und]/&able4 ,if nature /udy is turn$ into a sci5ce1 ! real mat]ial ( ! subject mu/ be at h& = ! /ud5ts2 !re mu/ be a laboratory1 ) provision = exp]im5tation & obs]vation4 ,9 ! c\ntry ?is is easy1 = nature is j outside ! s*ool doors & w9d[s4 ,! "w c be organiz$ 9 ! complete way t has already be5 describ$ 9 ! s*ools at ,fairhope & ,columbia4 ,! ,cottage ,s*ool at ,riv]side1 ,ill41 & ! ,little ,s*ool 9 ! ,woods at ,gre5wi*1 ,conn41 bo? put a great deal ( /ress on _! nature /udy "w4 ,at ! =m]1 ! *ildr5 h a g>d5 :]e !y plant e>ly & late vegetables1 s t !y c use !m = _! cook+ class 9 ! spr+ & fall2 ! pupils d all ! "w "h1 plant1 we$1 & ga!r ! ?+s4 ,ev5 m important is ! "w !y d ) animals4 ,!y h1 = example1 a r>e bird t is z mu* a p]sonality 9 ! s*ool life z any ( ! *ildr51 & ! *ildr51 hav+ c>$ = him & wat*$ 8 gr[? & habits1 h become mu* m int]e/$ 9 wild birds4 ,9 ! backy>d is a goat1 ! be/ lik$ ?+ on ! place1 :i* ! *ildr5 h rais$ f a little kid2 & !y /ill d all ! "w ( c>+ = him4 ,!y are enc\rag$ 9 e way to wat* & report on ! s*ool pets & also on ! animals !y f9d 9 ! woods4 ,9 ! ,little ,s*ool 9 ! ,woods at ,gre5wi* outdoor "w is ! basis ( ! :ole s*ool organization4 ,nature /udy plays a l>ge "p 9 ?is4 ,gr\ps ( pupils take long walks ?r\gh ! woods 9 all seasons & wea!rs1 le>n+ ! trees 9 all _! dresses1 & ! fl[]s :i* come ) ea* season4 ,!y le>n to "k ! birds & _! habits2 !y /udy insects 9 ! same way1 & le>n ab\t ! />s4 ,9 fact1 s mu* ( _! "t is sp5t out ( doors1 t ! pupils acquire fir/ h& a l>ge fund ( k ( ! _w ( nature 9 all its phases4 ,! basis ( ?is "w1 ! director ( ! s*ool calls ,woodcraft2 he believes t exp]i5ce 9 ! ?+s ! woodman does--rid+1 hunt+1 camp+1 sc\t+1 m\nta9e]+1 ,indian-craft1 boat+1 etc4--w make /rong1 heal?y1 & indep5d5t "y p ) well develop$ *>act]s & a true s5se ( ! beauty ( nature4 ,! nature /udy !n is a "p ( ?is o!r tra9+4 ,a tea*] is always ) ! pupils1 :e!r !y are boat+1 walk+1 or g>d5+1 to expla9 :at !y are do+ & :y1 & to call _! att5tion to ! ?+s ab\t !m4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ool1 ev5 ! v little ones1 h a k & appreciation ( nature :i* are v r>e ev5 among c\ntry *ildr54 ,nature /udy 9 ! big city1 :]e ! only plants are 9 p>ks & =mal y>ds & :]e ! only animals are ! deliv]y horse & ! alley cat1 (f]s a v diff]5t problem4 ,! tea*] may well be puzzl$ z to ! be/ way to tea* h] pupils to love nature :5 !y nev] see x2 or be d\btful z to ! value ( try+ to develop p[]s ( obs]vation :5 ! ?+s :i* !y are ask$ to obs]ve n only d n play any "p 9 ! lives ( ! pupils b are 9 q artificial surr\nd+s4 ,yet :ile wild nature1 ! _w ( woods & fields & /reams1 is almo/ mean+less to ! city br$ *ild1 !re is pl5ty ( mat]ial available to make nature a v real ?+ ev5 = ! *ild :o has nev] se5 a tree or c[4 ,! mod]n tea*] takes z a />t+ po9t any?+ t is famili> to ! class2 a cag$ can>y1 a b[l ( gold fi%1 or ! du/y trees on ! playgr\nd1 & />t+ f ^! %e introduces ! *ildr5 to m & m ( nature1 until !y c really get "s idea ( 8! c\ntry0 & ! "p x plays 9 ! lives ( e "o4 ,! vegetable g>d5 is ! obvi\s />t+ po9t = mo/ city *ildr52 if !y d n h t9y g>d5s 9 _! own backy>ds1 !re is a neighbor :o has1 or !y are int]e/$ to f9d out :]e ! vegetables !y eat come f & h[ !y are gr[n4 ,bo? 9 ,indianapolis & ,*icago1 ! public s*ools realize ! value ( ?is sort ( "w = ! *ildr54 ,9 ,indianapolis1 g>d5+ is a regul> dep>tm5t 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades & ! high s*ool4 ,! city has b\ght a l>ge tract ( l& f> en\gh 9 t[n to be accessible1 & any *ild :o _c h a g>d5 at home may1 by ask+1 h a g>d5 plot toge!r ) lessons 9 ! !ory & practice ( g>d5+4 ,! plots are l>ge en\gh = ! pupils to ga9 consid]able exp]i5ce & to put into practice :at !y le>n 9 ! classroom4 ,bo? boys & girls h ! g>d5s1 & are giv5 cr$it = "w 9 !m j z = o!r "w4 ,all ?r\gh ! s*ool sy/em e attempt is made to ar\se an int]e/ 9 g>d5+4 ,f ! fir/ grade on1 /ati/ics are kept ( ! numb]s ( *ildr5 ) g>d5s at home1 :e!r !y are vegetable or fl[] g>d5s1 & :at is gr[n4 ,se$s are giv5 to ! *ildr5 :o wi% to gr[ new ?+s1 & ! *ild is suppos$ to acc\nt to 8 grade = ! use he has made ( 8 g>d54 ,?is "w has become a matt] ( c\rse 9 _m rural di/ricts2 e "o is famili> ) ! 8corn clubs0 among ! s*ool *ildr5 ( ! ,s\? & ,we/1 & ! spl5did example !y h set ! f>m]s z to ! possibilities ( ! soil4 ,9 _m small t[ns se$s are giv5 to ! *ildr5 :o want g>d5s1 & 9 ! fall a competitive fl[] & vegetable %[ is held1 :]e prizes are giv51 z a means ( keep+ track ( ! "w & ar\s+ community int]e/4 ,x is true t mo/ ( ^! ef=ts h be5 graft$ on to ! s*ools by ! local agricultural int]e/s1 9 an ef=t to improve ! crops & s increase ! weal? ( ! neighborhood2 b local s*ool bo>ds are beg9n+ to take ! "w ov]1 & x is no less real nature /udy "w because ( its utilit>ian color4 ,x may be made a means ( mak+ a real sci5ce ( nature /udy2 9 no way does x h9d] ! tea*+ ( ! beauty & usefulness ( nature1 :i* 0 ! object ( ! old-fa%ion$ /udy4 ,9 fact1 x is ! /ronge/ weapon ! s*ool c make use ( = ?is purpose4 ,e "o1 & *ildr5 especially1 enjoy & respect mo/ ! ?+s ab\t :i* _! fund ( k is l>ge/4 ,! true value ( any?+ is mo/ app>5t to ! p]son :o kn[s some?+ ab\t x4 ,famili>ity ) gr[+ ?+s & ) ! sci5ce ( gett+ food supplies = a p1 _c fail to be a big influ5ce t[>ds habits ( indu/ry & obs]vation1 = only ! g>d5] :o wat*es all ! /ages & conditions ( 8 g>d51 seek+ con/antly = causes1 w be successful4 ,add$ to ?is is ! purely economic value ( hav+ our "y p gr[ up ) a real respect = ! f>m] & 8 "w1 a respect :i* %\ld c\nt]act t ov]:elm+ fl[ ( population t[>d conge/$ cities4 ,illu/ration3 ,real g>d5s = city nature /udy4 7,public ,s*ool #de1 ,indianapolis47 ,! "w 9 ! ,*icago public s*ools has n be5 organiz$ z x is 9 ,indianapolis1 b 9 "s di/ricts ( ! city a great deal ( emphasis is put on nature /udy "w ?r\gh g>d5s4 ,_m ( ! s*ools h s*ool g>d5s :]e all ! *ildr5 get an opportunity to d real g>d5+1 ^! g>d5s be+ us$ z ! basis = ! nature /udy "w1 & ! *ildr5 gett+ in/ruction 9 sci5tific g>d5+ besides4 ,! "w is giv5 a civic turn2 t is to say1 ! value ( ! g>d5s to ! *ild & to ! neighborhood is demon/rat$3 to ! *ild z a means ( mak+ money or help+ 8 family by supply+ !m ) vegetables1 to ! community 9 %[+ h[ g>d5s are a means ( clean+ up & beautify+ ! neighborhood4 ,if ! resid5ts want _! backy>ds & empty lots = g>d5s1 !y are n go+ to ?r[ rubbi% into !m or let o!r p d s4 ,especially 9 ! /reets ar\nd "o s*ool has ?is "w made a diff]5ce4 ,/>t+ ) ! int]e/ & ef=t ( ! *ildr51 ! :ole community has become trem5d\sly int]e/$ 9 />t+ g>d5s1 us+ e bit ( available gr\nd4 ,! di/rict is a poor "o &1 besides trans=m+ ! y>ds1 ! g>d5s h be5 a real economic help to ! p4 ,) ! help ( "o s*ool a gr\p ( adults 9 ! di/rict hir$ q a l>ge tract ( l& outside ! city & />t$ truck g>d5s4 ,! exp]im5t 0 a great success4 ,inexp]i5c$ city dwell]s1 by tak+ advantage ( ! opportunities = in/ruction :i* ! s*ool c\ld (f]1 7 able to plan & d ! "w & make ! g>d5 a success f ! />t4 ,! advantage to ! s*ool 0 j z great1 = a l>ge gr\p ( =eign p>5ts came into close t\* ) x1 discov]$ t x 0 a real =ce 9 ! neighborhood1 & t !y c\ld cop]ate ) x4 ,?is elem5t ( ! population usually /&s q alo( f ! s*ool its *ildr5 g to1 ?r\gh timidity & ignorance1 or simply ?r\gh feel+ t x is an in/itution above !m4 ,! impetus to 8civic nature /udy0 9 ,*icago1 aside f ! di/rict j describ$1 has come l>gely f ! ,*icago ,tea*]s' ,college1 :]e ! tea*] ( biology has devot$ himself especially to work+ out ?is problem4 ,9 addition to ! famili> g>d5+ "w1 ) especial att5tion to ! organization ( truck g>d5+1 plants are gr[n 9 ! classroom = purposes ( develop+ appreciation ( beauty1 sci5tific illu/ration1 & assi/ance 9 geography4 ,b plants are select$ ) special ref]5ce to local conditions1 & ) ! desire to furni% a /imulus to beautify+ ! pupils' own environm5t4 ,= x is f\nd t ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( botany c be taught by means ( gr[+ plants :i* are adapt$ to home use z well z by specim5s select$ on ab/ract sci5tific gr\nds4 ,by mak+ a special /udy ( ! p>ks1 playgr\nds1 & y>ds ( _! surr\nd+s1 ! *ildr5 le>n :at c be done to beautify _! city1 & secure an add$ practical motive = acquir+ in=mation4 ,!y keep pets 9 ! s*oolroom1 su* z :ite mice1 fi%1 birds1 & rabbits4 ,:ile ^! are utiliz$1 ( c\rse1 = illu/rat+ pr9ciples ( animal /ructure & physiology1 !y are also employ$ to tea* human5ess to animals & a g5]al sympa?y = animal life4 ,?is is easy1 = *ildr5 are naturally ev5 m int]e/$ 9 animals ?an 9 plants1 & ! animals become real individualities to ! *ildr5 ^: ne$s are to be respect$4 ,z ! effect ( conditions ^u ! heal? & vigor ( _! pets is not$1 !re is a natural gr[? ( int]e/ 9 que/ions ( p]sonal hygi5e4 ,x w be obs]v$ t :ile nature /udy is us$ to in/ill ! elem5ts ( sci5ce1 its *ief uses are to cultivate a sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ! place ( plants & animals 9 life & to develop emotional & /hetic int]e/4 ,9 ! l>g] cities ! situation is v diff]5t f t ( rural life & ! c\ntry village4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( *ildr5 :o believe t cem5t & bricks are ! natural cov]+ ( ! gr\nd1 trees & grass be+ to !m ! unusual & artificial ?+4 ,_! ?\ghts d n g beyond ! fact t milk & butt] & eggs come f ! /ore2 c[s & *ick5s are unkn[n to !m--s mu* s t 9 a rec5t reunion ( old settl]s 9 a conge/$ di/rict ( ,new ,york "o ( ! greate/ curiosities 0 a live c[ import$ f ! c\ntry4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x is difficult to make ! sci5tific problems ( nature /udy ( vital int]e/4 ,!re are no situations ( ! *ildr5's exp]i5ce into :i* ! facts & pr9ciples ent] z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,ev5 ! wea!r is temp]$ & ! c\rse ( ! *ang+ seasons has no special effect ^u ! lives ( ! pupils1 save ^u ! ne$ = great] w>m? 9 w9t]4 ,nature /udy 9 ! city is l "o ( ! f9e arts1 su* z pa9t+ or music2 its value is /hetic r ?an directly practical4 ,nature is su* a small factor 9 ! activities ( ! *ildr5 t x is h>d to give x mu* 8discipl9>y0 value1 save z x is turn$ to civic ends4 ,a vague feel+ = ?is /ate ( affairs probably acc\nts = mu* ( ! haphaz>d & half-he>t$ nature /udy tea*+ :i* goes on 9 city s*ools4 ,!re is a s]i\s problem 9 f9d+ mat]ial = city *ildr5 :i* w d = obs]vation :at ! facts ( nature accompli% 9 ! case ( rural *ildr54 ,a valuable exp]im5t ) ?is end 9 view is c>ri$ on 9 ! little 8,play ,s*ool0 taught by ,miss ,pratt 9 "o ( ! mo/ conge/$ di/ricts ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,nature /udy is n taught at all to ^! little *ildr54 ,if !y g to ! p>k or h pets & plant fl[]s x is because ^! ?+s make good play mat]ial1 because !y are beautiful & int]e/+2 if ! *ildr5 ask que/ions & want to "k m ab\t !m1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,in/ead ( tell+ !m ab\t leaves & grass1 c[s & butt]flies1 & hunt+ out ! r>e opportunities = ! *ildr5 to obs]ve !m1 use is made ( ! multitudes ( ?+s :i* ! *ildr5 see ab\t !m 9 ! /reets & 9 _! homes4 ,! new build+ go+ up across ! /reet furni%es j z mu* = obs]vation & que/ion+ z does ! p>k1 & is a mu* m famili> sight to ! *ildr54 ,!y f9d out h[ ! m5 get ! bricks & mort> to ! upp] floors2 !y see ! s& c>t unload+2 possibly "o *ild kn[s t ! driv] has be5 to ! riv] to get ! s& f a boat4 ,!y notice ! deliv]y man go+ ?r\gh ! /reets1 & f9d out :]e he got ! bread to take to _! mo!rs4 ,!y see ! *ildr5 on ! playgr\nd & le>n t besides ! fun !y h1 ! play+ is good = _! bodies4 ,!y walk to ! riv] & see ! f]ries c>ry+ p back & =? & ! coal b>ges unload+4 ,all ^! facts are m closely relat$ to !m ?an ! ?+s ( c\ntry life2 h5ce x is m important t !y und]/& _! mean+ & _! relation to _! own lives1 :ile acut5ess ( obs]vation is j z well tra9$4 ,su* "w is also equally valuable z a f\ndation = ! sci5ce & geography ! pupils w /udy lat] on4 ,besides awak5+ _! curiosity & faculties ( obs]vation1 x %[s !m ! elem5ts ( ! social _w1 :i* ! lat] /udies are meant to expla94 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool at ,columbia1 ,miss\ri1 has arrang$ its curriculum accord+ to ! same pr9ciple4 ,all ! mat]ial f nature :i* ! *ildr5 use & /udy !y f9d ne> ! s*ool or _! homes1 & _! /udy ( ! seasons & ! wea!r is made f day to day1 z ! ,columbia wea!r & seasons *ange4 ,ev5 m important is ! "w ! *ildr5 d 9 /udy+ _! own t[n1 _! food1 clo?+1 & h\ses1 s t ! basis ( ! /udy is n in/ruction giv5 by ! tea*] b :at ! *ildr5 !mselves h be5 able to f9d out on excursions & by keep+ _! eyes op54 ,! mat]ial be>s a relation to _! own lives1 & s is ! m available = tea*+ *ildr5 h[ to live4 ,! reasons = tea*+ su* ?+s to ! city br$ *ild are ! same z ^? = tea*+ ! c\ntry *ild ! elem5ts ( g>d5+ & ! possibilities ( ! local soil4 ,by und]/&+ 8 own environm5t *ild or adult le>ns ! measure ( ! beauty & ord] ab\t him1 & respect = real a*ievem5t1 :ile he is lay+ ! f\ndations = 8 own control ( ! environm5t4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,play ,all peoples at all times h dep5d$ ^u plays & games = a l>ge "p ( ! education ( *ildr51 especially ( "y *ildr54 ,play is s spontane\s & inevitable t few educational writ]s h accord$ to x 9 !ory ! place x held 9 practice1 or h tri$ to f9d out :e!r ! natural play activities ( *ildr5 af=d$ sugge/ions t c\ld be adopt$ )9 s*ool walls4 ,plato among ! anci5ts & ,froebel among ! mod]ns are ! two great exceptions4 ,f bo? ,r\sseau & ,pe/alozzi1 ,froebel le>n$ ! pr9ciple ( education z a natural developm5t4 ,unlike bo? ( ^! m51 h[ev]1 he lov$ intellectual sy/em & _h a p5*ant = a some:at my/ical metaphysics4 ,accord+ly we f9d 9 bo? 8 !ory & practice some?+ ( ! same inconsi/5cy not$ 9 ,pe/alozzi4 ,x is easi] to say natural developm5t ?an to f9d ways = assur+ x4 ,!re is mu* t is 8natural0 9 *ildr5 :i* is also naturally obnoxi\s to adults4 ,!re are _m manife/ations :i* d n seem to h any "p 9 help+ on gr[?4 ,impati5t desire = a me?od :i* w\ld cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 & be f9al s z to be capable ( use by any tea*]1 l$ ,froebel1 z x has l$ s _m o!rs1 into work+ out alleg$ 8laws0 ( developm5t :i* 7 to be foll[$ irrespective ( ! v>y+ circum/ances & exp]i5ces ( diff]5t *ildr54 ,! or?odox k9d]g>t51 :i* has (t5 be5 m ,froebellian ?an ,froebel himself1 foll[$ ^! laws2 b n[ we f9d attempts to return to ! _s ( 8 tea*+1 ) m or less radical *anges 9 its lett]4 ,:ile ,froebel's own sympa?y ) *ildr5 & 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce l$ him to emphasize ! in/9ctive expressions ( *ild-life1 8 philosophy l$ him to believe t natural developm5t consi/$ 9 ! unfold+ ( an absolute & univ]sal pr9ciple already enfold$ 9 ! *ild4 ,he believ$ also t !re is an exact correspond5ce betwe5 ! g5]al prop]ties ( ext]nal objects & ! unfold+ qualities ( m9d1 s9ce bo? 7 manife/ations ( ! same absolute reality4 ,two practical consequ5ces foll[$ :i* (t5 got ! upp] h& ( 8 int]e/ 9 *ildr5 on _! own acc\nt4 ,"o 0 t1 s9ce ! law ( developm5t c\ld be laid d[n 9 g5]al1 x is n aft] all s important to /udy *ildr5 9 ! concrete to f9d out :at natural developm5t consi/s 94 ,if !y v>y f ! requirem5ts ( ! univ]sal law s mu* ! worse = !m1 n = ! 8law40 ,tea*]s 7 suppos$ to h ! complete =mula ( developm5t already 9 _! h&s4 ,! o!r consequ5ce 0 t ! pres5tation & h&l+1 accord+ to prescrib$ =mul1 ( ext]nal mat]ial1 became ! me?od 9 detail ( secur+ prop] developm5t4 ,s9ce ! g5]al relations ( ^! objects1 especially ! ma!matical ones1 7 manife/ations ( ! univ]sal pr9ciple beh9d developm5t1 !y =m$ ! be/ means ( br++ out ! hidd5 exi/5ce ( ! same pr9ciple 9 ! *ild4 ,ev5 ! spontane\s plays ( *ildr5 7 ?\ght to be educative n because ( :at !y are1 directly 9 !mselves1 b because !y symbolize "s law ( univ]sal be+4 ,*ildr5 %\ld ga!r1 = example1 9 a circle1 n because a circul> gr\p+ is conv5i5t = social & practical purposes1 b because ! circle is a symbol ( inf9ity :i* w t5d to evoke ! inf9ite lat5t 9 ! *ild's s\l4 ,! ef=ts to return to ,froebel's _s ref]r$ to above h tri$ to keep ! be/ 9 8 contributions4 ,8 emphasis ^u play1 dramatization1 songs & /ory tell+1 :i* involve ! con/ructive use ( mat]ial1 8 deep s5se ( ! importance ( social relations among ! *ildr5--^! ?+s are p]man5t contributions :i* !y reta94 ,b !y are try+ ) ! help ( ! advances ( psy*ological k s9ce ,froebel's "t & ( ! *anges 9 social occupations :i* h tak5 place to utilize ^! factors directly1 r ?an indirectly1 ?r\gh translation into a metaphysics1 :i*1 ev5 if true1 is highly ab/ract4 ,9 ano!r respect !y are return+ to ,froebel himself1 aga9/ an alt]ation 9 8 ideas introduc$ by _m ( 8 disciples4 ,^! foll[]s h set up a %>p contra/ betwe5 play & useful activity or "w1 & ?is has r5d]$ ! practices ( _! k9d]g>t5s m symbolic & s5tim5tal ?an !y o!rwise w\ld h be54 ,froebel himself emphasiz$ ! desirability ( *ildr5 %>+ 9 social occupations q z mu* z did ,pe/alozzi--^: s*ool he _h visit$4 ,he says1 = example1 8,! "y1 gr[+ human be+ %\ld be tra9$ e>ly = out] "w1 = creative & productive activities4 ,lessons ?r\gh & by "w1 ?r\gh & f life1 are ! mo/ impressive & ! mo/ intelligible1 ! mo/ cont9u\s & progressive1 9 !mselves & 9 _! effect ^u ! le>n]4 ,e *ild1 boy & y\?1 :atev] 8 position & condition 9 life1 %\ld devote1 say1 at lea/ "o or two h\rs a day to "s s]i\s active occupation con/ruct+ "s def9ite ext]nal piece ( "w4 ,x w\ld be a mo/ :olesome arrangem5t 9 s*ool to e/abli% actual work+ h\rs simil> to exi/+ /udy h\rs1 & x w surely come to ?is40 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ,froebel %[$ himself a true prophet ( :at has be5 accompli%$ 9 "s ( ! s*ools su* z we are deal+ ) 9 ?is book4 ,s*ools all ov] ! c\ntry are at pres5t mak+ use ( ! *ild's in/9ct = play1 by us+ organiz$ games1 toy mak+1 or o!r con/ruction bas$ on play motives z "p ( ! regul> curriculum4 ,?is is 9 l9e ) ! vitalization ( ! curriculum t is go+ on 9 ! high] grades by mak+ use ( ! environm5t ( ! *ild outside ! s*oolroom4 ,if ! mo/ tell+ lessons c be giv5 *ildr5 ?r\gh br++ into ! s*ool _! occupations 9 _! free h\rs1 x is only natural to use play z a l>ge %>e ( ! "w = ! y\nge/ pupils4 ,c]ta9ly ! greate/ "p ( ! lives ( v "y *ildr5 is sp5t 9 play+1 ei!r games :i* !y le>n f old] *ildr5 or ^? ( _! own inv5tion4 ,! latt] usually take ! =m ( imitations ( ! occupations ( _! eld]s4 ,all little *ildr5 ?9k ( play+ h\se1 doctor1 or soldi]1 ev5 if !y are n giv5 toys :i* sugge/ ^! games2 inde$1 half ( ! joy ( play+ comes f f9d+ & mak+ ! necess>y ?+s4 ,! educational value ( ?is play is obvi\s4 ,x tea*es ! *ildr5 ab\t ! _w !y live 94 ,! m !y play ! m elaborate becomes _! p>aph]nalia1 ! :ole game be+ a fairly accurate picture ( ! daily life ( _! p>5ts 9 its sett+1 clo!d 9 ! language & be>+ ( ! *ildr54 ,?r\gh _! games !y le>n ab\t ! "w & play ( ! gr[n-up _w4 ,besides notic+ ! elem5ts :i* make up ?is _w1 !y f9d out a good deal ab\t ! actions & processes t are necess>y to keep x go+4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,mak+ a t[n1 in/ead ( do+ gymna/ic ex]cises4 7,tea*]s ,college ,playgr\nd1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city47 ,illu/ration3 7#b7 ,gymnasium dances 9 sew+-class co/umes4 7,h[l& ,s*ool1 ,*icago47 ,:ile ?is is ( real value 9 tea*+ ! *ild h[ to live1 x is evid5t z well t x supplies a /rong influ5ce aga9/ *ange4 ,imitative plays t5d1 by ! tra9+ ( habit & ! turn !y give to ! *ild's att5tion & ?\ghts1 to make 8 life a replica ( ! life ( 8 p>5ts4 ,9 play+ h\se *ildr5 are j z apt to copy ! co>s5ess1 blund]s1 & prejudices ( _! eld]s z ! ?+s :i* are be/4 ,9 play+1 !y notice m c>efully & ?us fix 9 _! memory & habits1 m ?an if !y simply liv$ x indiff]5tly1 ! :ole color ( ! life ar\nd !m4 ,!re=e1 :ile imitative games are ( great educational value 9 ! way ( tea*+ ! *ild to notice 8 environm5t & "s ( ! processes t are necess>y = keep+ x go+1 if ! environm5t is n good ! *ild le>ns bad habits & wrong ways ( ?9k+ & judg+1 ways :i* are all ! h>d] to break because he has fix$ !m by liv+ !m out 9 8 play4 ,mod]n k9d]g>t5s are beg9n+ to realize ?is m & m4 ,!y are us+ play1 ! sort ( games !y f9d ! *ildr5 play+ outside ( s*ool h\rs1 n only z a me?od ( mak+ "w int]e/+ to ! *ildr51 b = ! educational value ( ! activities x involves1 & = giv+ ! *ildr5 ! "r sort ( ideals & ideas ab\t e day life4 ,*ildr5 :o play h\se & simil> games 9 s*ool1 & h toys to play ) & ! mat]ial to make ! ?+s !y ne$ 9 _! play1 w play h\se at home ! way !y play$ x 9 s*ool4 ,!y w =get to imitate ! l\d & co>se ?+s !y see at home1 _! att5tion w be c5t]$ on problems :i* 7 design$ by ! s*ool to tea* bett] aims & me?ods4 ,! k9d]g>t5 ( ! ,tea*]s' ,college ( ,columbia ,univ]sity c\ld h>dly be recogniz$ z a k9d]g>t5 at all by a visitor :o 0 ?9k+ ( ! me*anism ( in/ruction work$ out by ,froebel's disciples4 ,! k9d]g>t5 is "p ( ! tra9+ s*ool ( ! univ]sity1 & f ! />t has be5 consid]$ z a real "p ( ! s*ool sy/em1 z ! fir/ /ep 9 an education1 n z a m or less unnecess>y 8extra40 ,) a view to lay+ a p]man5t basis = high] education1 ! au?orities h be5 develop+ a curriculum t %\ld make use ( :atev] 0 ( real wor? 9 exi/+ sy/ems ( education & 9 ! exp]im5ts tri$ by !mselves4 ,to f9d :at is ( real wor?1 exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$1 design$ to answ] ! foll[+ que/ions3 8,among ! app>5tly aimless & valueless spontane\s activities ( ! *ild is x possible to discov] "s :i* may be us$ z ! po9t ( dep>ture = ends ( recogniz$ wor?8 ,are !re "s ( ^! crude expressions :i*1 if prop]ly direct$1 may develop into beg9n+s ( ! f9e & indu/rial arts8 ,h[ f> does ! pres]vation ( ! individuality & fre$om ( ! *ild dem& self-initiat$ activities8 ,is x possible = ! tea*] to set problems or ends suffici5tly *ildlike to fit 9 ) ! mode ( gr[?1 & to inspire _! adoption ) ! same f9e en?usiasm :i* accompanies ! self-initiat$ ones80 ,! result %[$ t ! be/ success came :5 ! *ildr5's in/9ctive activities 7 l9k$ up ) social int]e/s & exp]i5ces4 ,! latt] c5t]1 ) "y *ildr51 9 _! home4 ,_! p]sonal relations are ( ! greate/ importance to !m4 ,*ildr5's int5se int]e/ 9 dolls is a sign ( ! significance atta*$ to human relations4 ,! doll ?us furni%$ a conv5i5t />t+ po9t4 ,) ?is z a motive1 ! *ildr5 h c\ntless ?+s !y wi% to d & make4 ,h& & con/ruction "w ?us acquir$ a real purpose1 ) ! add$ advantage ( requir+ ! *ild to solve a problem4 ,! doll ne$s clo!s2 ! :ole class is eag] to make !m1 b ! *ildr5 d n "k h[ to sew or ev5 cut clo?4 ,s !y />t ) pap] & scissors1 & make patt]ns1 alt]+ & exp]im5t+ on ! doll = !mselves1 receiv+ only sugge/ions or criticisms f ! tea*]4 ,:5 !y h made successful patt]ns1 !y *oose & cut ! clo?1 & !n le>n to sew x4 ,if ! g>m5ts are n :olly successful1 ! class has _h a great deal ( fun mak+ !m1 & has _h ! tra9+ t comes f work+ t[>ds a def9ite end1 besides acquir+ z mu* control ov] scissors1 pap]1 & ne$le1 & manual dext]ity z w\ld accrue f ! conv5tional pap] cutt+1 prick+1 & sew+ ex]cises4 ,! doll ne$s a h\se4 ,9 a corn] ( ! room !re is a great *e/ ( big blocks1 s l>ge t x takes ! :ole class to build ! h\se1 & !n x is n done 9 "o day4 ,!re are flat long blocks l bo>ds = ! walls & ro(1 & squ>e blocks = ! f\ndations & w9d[ frames4 ,:5 ! h\se is done1 x is big en\gh = two or ?ree *ildr5 to g into to play ) ! doll4 ,"o readily sees t x has tak5 a great deal ( h>d ?9k+ & exp]im5t+ to make a h\se t w\ld really /& up & s]ve su* uses4 ,!n ! h\se ne$s furniture2 ! *ildr5 le>n to h&le tools 9 fa%ion+ tables1 *airs1 & b$s1 f blocks ( wood & ?9 bo>ds4 ,gett+ ! legs on a table is an especially int]e/+ problem to ! class1 & ov] & ov] aga9 !y h discov]$ = !mselves h[ x c be done4 ,di%es = ! doll family furni% ! motive = clay model+ & decoration4 ,dress+ & undress+ ! dolls is an occupation ! *ildr5 nev] tire (1 & x furni%es excell5t practice 9 button+ & unbutton+ & ty+ b[s4 ,! *ang+ seasons ( ! ye> & ! procession ( outdoor games !y br+ furni% o!r motives = production t meet a real ne$ ( ! *ildr54 ,9 ! spr+-"t !y want m>bles & tops1 9 ! fall1 kites2 ! dem& = wagons is n limit$ to any "o season4 ,:5ev] possible ! *ildr5 are all[$ to solve _! own problems4 ,if !y want m>bles !y exp]im5t until !y f9d a good way to make !m r\nd1 :ile if !y are mak+ some?+ m difficult :]e ! :ole process is obvi\sly beyond !m1 !y are help$4 ,?is help1 h[ev]1 nev] takes ! =m ( dictation z to h[ to p]=m ea* /ep 9 its ord]1 = ! object ( ! "w is to tra9 ! *ild's initiative & self-reliance1 to tea* him to ?9k /raight by hav+ him "w on 8 own problems4 ,! little c>ts :i* ! old] *ildr5 make w\ld be beyond !m if !y _h to plan & %ape ! mat]ial = !mselves2 b :5 !y are giv5 ! saw$ bo>ds & r\nd pieces = :eels1 !y f9d out by try+ h[ !y c be put toge!r1 & ?us make usable little wagons4 ,mak+ bags = _! m>bles1 & aprons to protect _! clo!s :ile !y are pa9t+ ! dolls' furniture or wa%+ ! di%es aft] lun*1 (f] additional opportunities = sew+4 ,f ! ne$s ( an individual doll ! *ild's int]e/ naturally develops to ! ne$s ( a family & !n ( a :ole community4 ,) pap] dolls & boxes1 ! *ildr5 make & furni% dolls' h\ses = !mselves1 until all toge!r !y produce an entire village4 ,on _! s& table ! :ole class may make a t[n ) h\ses & /reets1 f5ces & riv]s1 trees & animals = ! g>d5s4 ,9 fact1 ! play ( ! *ildr5 furni%es m opportunity = mak+ ?+s ?an !re is "t = 9 ! s*ool ye>4 ,?is con/ruction "w n only fills ! *ildr5 ) ! int]e/ & en?usiasm !y always %[ = any good game1 b tea*es !m ! use ( "w4 ,9 supply+ ! ne$s ( ! dolls & _! own games1 !y are supply+ 9 m9iature ! ne$s ( society1 & are acquir+ control ov] ! tools t society actually uses 9 meet+ ^! wants4 ,boys & girls alike take ! same int]e/ 9 all ^! occupations1 :e!r !y are sew+ & play+ ) dolls1 or m>ble mak+ & c>p5try4 ,! idea t c]ta9 games & occupations are = boys & o!rs = girls is a purely artificial "o t has develop$ z a reflection ( ! conditions exi/+ 9 adult life4 ,x does n occur to a boy t dolls are n j z fasc9at+ & legitimate a play?+ = him z = 8 si/]1 until "s "o puts ! idea into 8 head4 ,! program ( ?is k9d]g>t5 is n devot$ exclusively to play con/ruction4 ,x occupies ! place ( ! pap] fold+1 prick+ & sew+ & ! object lesson "w ( ! old] k9d]g>t5s1 leav+ pl5ty ( "t e day to try _! play?+s & to take c>e ( _! little g>d5s out ( doors1 z well z = gr\p games1 /ories & songs4 ,an int]e/+ application ( ! play motive is be+ tri$ at ! ,tea*]s' ,college playgr\nd1 by ! same tea*]s :o are conduct+ ! k9d]g>t54 ,!re is an outdoor playgr\nd = ! use ( ! y\ng] grades aft] s*ool h\rs4 ,in/ead ( sp5d+ _! "t do+ gymna/ic ex]cises or play+ gr\p games ! *ildr5 are mak+ a t[n4 ,!y use l>ge pack+ cases = h\ses & /ores1 two or ?ree *ildr5 tak+ c>e ( ea* "o2 & h work$ out q an elaborate t[n organization1 ) a telephone1 mail & police s]vice1 a bank to co9 money1 & +5i\s s*emes = keep+ ! ca% 9 circulation4 ,mu* ( ! "t is sp5t 9 c>p5try "w1 build+ & repair+ ! h\ses & mak+ wagons1 furniture = ! h\ses1 or /ock = ! two /ores4 ,! "w af=ds almo/ z mu* physical ex]cise z ! ord9>y sort ( playgr\nd4 ,x keeps ! *ildr5 busy & happy 9 a mu* m effective way1 = besides heal?y play 9 ! op5 air !y are le>n+ to take a useful & responsible %>e 9 a community4 ,a k9d]g>t5 conduct$ along ! same l9es exi/s 9 ,pittsburgh z "p ( ! city univ]sity4 ,x is call$ 8,! ,s*ool ( ,*ildhood10 & emphasizes ! heal?y physical developm5t ( ! *ildr54 ,! "w is c5t]$ ar\nd ! natural int]e/s ( *ildr52 & :ile !y app>5tly d n d z mu* con/ruction "w z 9 ! ,tea*]s' ,college k9d]g>t51 !re is m individual play4 ,! writ] has n visit$ ! s*ool1 b x seems to embrace a numb] ( novel elem5ts t ought to be sugge/ive to any "o int]e/$ 9 educational exp]im5ts4 ,! 8,play ,s*ool0 conduct$ by ,miss ,pratt 9 ,new ,york ,city organizes all ! "w ar\nd ! play activities ( little *ildr54 ,quot+ ,miss ,pratt1 h] plan is3 8,to (f] an opportunity to ! *ild to pick up ! ?read ( life 9 8 own community1 & to express :at he gets 9 an individual way4 ,! exp]im5t conc]ns itself ) gett+ subject-matt] fir/ h&1 & x is assum$ t ! *ild has mu* in=mation to beg9 )1 t he is add+ to x day by day1 t x is possible to direct 8 att5tion s t he may get 8 in=mation 9 a m relat$ way2 & ) apply+ su* in=mation to individual s*emes ( play ) relat$ toys & blocks z well z express+ himself ?r\gh su* g5]al means z draw+1 dramatization1 & spok5 language40 ,! *ildr5 are ( k9d]g>t5 age & come f homes :]e ! opportunities = real activity are limit$4 ,ea* *ild has floor space ( 8 own ) a rug1 & scre5s to isolate him suffici5tly s t 8 "w is really individual4 ,!re is a small "w %op 9 ! room :]e ! pupils c make or alt] ?+s !y ne$ 9 _! play4 ,! tools are full size1 & miscellane\s scraps ( wood are us$4 ,9 cupbo>ds & %elves ar\nd ! room are all sorts ( mat]ial3 toys1 big & little blocks1 clay1 pieces ( clo?1 ne$le & ?read1 & a set ( ,montessori mat]ial4 ,ea* *ild has scissors1 pap]1 pa9ts1 & p5cil ( 8 own1 & is free to use all ! mat]ial z he *ooses4 ,he selects ei!r isolat$ objects he wants to make1 or lays out "s l>g] con/ruction1 su* z a railroad track & /ations1 or a doll's h\se1 or a small t[n or f>m1 & !n f ! mat]ial at h& works out 8 own execution ( 8 idea4 ,"o piece ( "w (t5 la/s ov] sev]al days1 & involves consid]able incid5tal con/ruction1 su* z tracks & signals1 clay di%es1 furniture or new clo!s = ! doll4 ,! rle ( ! tea*] is to tea* ! pupil processes & control ( tools1 n 9 a pre>rang$ scale b z !y are ne$$ 9 con/ruction4 ,! tea*] has e opportunity to see ! individual's weaknesses & abilities & s to *eck or /imulate at ! prop] "t4 ,besides ! motor control :i* ! pupils develop ?r\gh _! h&l+ ( mat]ial1 !y are con/antly increas+ _! +5uity & initiative4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,con/ruct+ 9 m9iature ! ?+s !y see ar\nd !m4 7,play ,s*ool1 ,new ,york ,city47 ,! elem5ts ( numb] "w are taught 9 connection ) ! con/ruction2 & if a *ild %[s a desire to make lett]s or signs 9 connection ) 8 o!r "w1 he is help$ & %[n h[4 ,! toys us$ are p>ticul>ly good4 ,!re are flat wood5 dolls ab\t half an in* ?ick1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 ^: jo9ts b5d s t !y w /ay 9 any position2 all sorts ( f>m animals & two or ?ree k9ds ( little wagons t fit ! dolls2 quantities ( big blocks t fa/5 toge!r ) wood5 pegs1 s t ! h\ses & bridges d n fall d[n4 ,ev]y?+ is /rongly made on ! simple/ plan1 s t mat]ial c be us$ n only freely b also effectively4 ,ea* success is a /imulus to new & m complicat$ ef=t4 ,!re is no disc\ragem5t f slip%od /uff4 ,! pupils take c>e ( ! toys !mselves1 gett+ !m out & putt+ !m away4 ,!y also c>e = ! classroom & s]ve _! mid-morn+ lun*eon4 ,?is "w1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t ! con/ructions are almo/ always m9iature copies ( ! ?+s t ! pupils see 9 _! community1 saves ! "w f any h9t ( artificiality4 ,! *ildr5's con/ructions gr[ out ( ! obs]vations already spok5 ( 7p4 #ajj71 & give a motive = talk+ ov] :at !y h se5 & mak+ new1 m ext5sive & m accurate obs]vations4 ,! natural desire ( *ildr5 to play c1 ( c\rse1 be made ! mo/ ( 9 ! l[e/ grades1 b !re is "o elem5t ( ! play in/9ct :i* s*ools are utiliz+ 9 ! high] grades--t is1 ! in/9ct = dramatization1 = make-believe 9 action4 ,all *ildr5 love to pret5d t !y are "s body or ?+ o!r ?an !mselves2 !y love to make a situation real by go+ ?r\gh ! motions x sugge/s4 ,ab/ract ideas are h>d to und]/&2 ! *ild is nev] q sure :e!r he really und]/&s or n4 ,all[ him to act out ! idea & x becomes real to him1 or ! lack ( und]/&+ is %[n 9 :at is done4 ,action is ! te/ ( compreh5sion4 ,?is is simply ano!r way ( say+ t le>n+ by do+ is a bett] way to le>n ?an by li/5+--! diff]5ce ( dramatization f ! "w already describ$ lies 9 ! ?+s ! *ild is le>n+4 ,he is no long] deal+ ) mat]ial :]e ?+s are ne$$ to c>ry an act to a successful result1 b ) ideas :i* ne$ action to make !m real4 ,s*ools are mak+ use ( dramatization 9 all sorts ( diff]5t ways to make tea*+ m concrete4 ,= old] *ildr5 dramatization is us$ pr9cipally 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w2 t is1 by hav+ pupils act 9 plays1 ei!r z a means ( mak+ ! ,engli% or hi/ory m real1 or simply = ! emotional & imag9ative value ( ! "w4 ,) ! little *ildr5 x is us$ z an aid 9 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory1 ,engli%1 read+1 or ari?metic1 & is (t5 comb9$ ) o!r =ms ( activity4 ,_m s*ools use dramatization z a help 9 tea*+ ! fir/ /eps ( any subject1 especially 9 ! l[] grades4 ,a fir/ ye> class1 = example1 act ! subject-matt] ( _! regul> read+ lesson1 ea* *ild hav+ ! "p ( "o ( ! *>act]s ( ! /ory1 animal or p]son4 ,?is insures an idea ( ! situation z a :ole1 s t read+ ceases to be simply an attempt to recognize & pron\nce isolat$ words & phrases4 ,moreov]1 ! int]e/ ( ! situation c>ries *ildr5 along1 & enli/s att5tion to difficulties ( phraseology :i* might1 if attack$ z sep>ate ?+s1 be disc\rag+4 ,! dramatic factor is a great assi/ance 9 ! expressive side ( read+4 ,tea*]s are always hav+ to urge *ildr5 to read 8naturally10 8to read z !y talk40 ,b :5 a *ild has no motive = communication ( :at he sees 9 ! text1 kn[+ z he does t ! tea*] has ! book & c tell x bett] ?an he c1 ev5 ! naturalness t5ds to be =c$ & artificial4 ,e obs]v] kn[s h[ (t5 *ildr5 :o dep>t f humdrum dron+1 le>n to exhibit only a sup]ficial brea?less sort ( livel9ess & a make-believe animation4 ,dramatization secures bo? att5tion to ! ?\ght ( ! text & a spontane\s endeavor1 free f pret5se & self-consci\sness1 to speak l\dly en\gh to be he>d & to enunciate di/9ctly4 ,9 ! same way1 *ildr5 tell /ories mu* m effectively :5 !y are l$ to visualize = !mselves ! actions go+ on1 ?an :5 !y are simply repeat+ some?+ z a "p ( ! s*ool r\t9e4 ,:5 *ildr5 are draw+ sc5es involv+ action & po/ure1 x is f\nd t prior action is a great assi/ance4 ,9 ! case ( a pose ( ! body1 ! *ild :o has done ! pos+ is (t5 f\nd to draw bett] ?an ^? :o h m]ely look$ on4 ,he has got ! 8feel0 ( ! situation1 :i* readily influ5ces 8 h& & eye 9 ! subsequ5t reproduction4 ,9 ! e>ly grades :5 pupils fail 9 a concrete problem 9 ari?metic1 x is frequ5tly f\nd t resort to 8act+ out0 ! situation supplies all ! assi/ance ne$$4 ,! real difficulty 0 n ) ! numb]s b 9 failure to grasp ! mean+ ( ! situation 9 :i* ! numb]s 7 to be us$4 ,9 ! upp] grades1 lit]ature & hi/ory1 z already indicat$1 are (t5 ren=c$ by dramatic activities4 ,a six? grade 9 ,indianapolis engag$ 9 dramatiz+ 8,sleep+ ,beauty10 n m]ely compos$ ! words & ! /age directions1 b also wrote songs & ! music = !m4 ,su* conc5tration on a s+le purpose ( /udies usually pursu$ indep5d5tly /imulates "w 9 ea*4 ,lit]>y expression is less monoton\s1 ! phras+ ( an idea m delicate & flexible1 ?an :5 composition is an end 9 itself2 & :ile ( c\rse ! music is n likely to be rem>kable1 x almo/ always has a fre%ness & *>m exce$+ t :i* c\ld be atta9$ f ! same pupils if !y 7 m]ely writ+ music4 ,a %oe /ore 9 ! second grade furni%$ ! basis ( ! "w = sev]al days4 ,! *ildr5 set up a %op & *ose pupils to take ! "p ( ! %oe cl]k1 ! %oemak]1 & ! family go+ to buy %oes4 ,!n !y act$ out ! /ory ( a "m & *ildr5 go+ to ! /ore = %oes4 ,ari?metic & ,engli% lessons 7 bas$ on ! /ore1 & ! class wrote /ories ab\t x4 ,?is same class sang & act$ out to a simple tune a little v]se ab\t ! comb9ations t make t54 ,! same pupils 7 do+ problems 9 m5tal ari?metic t 7 mu* beyond ! "w usually f\nd 9 a second grade1 add+ almo/ in/antly numb]s l #gd & #eg4 ,!y probably c\ld n h gone s rapidly if !y _h n _h s mu* ( ! dramatization "w4 ,x s]v$ to make _! ab/ract problems seem real4 ,9 do+ problems ab\t ,mrs4 ,baldw9's %oes !y _h come to ?9k ( numb]s z hav+ "s mean+ & purpose1 s t :5 a problem 9 pure numb]s 0 giv5 !y did n approa* x ) misgiv+s & unc]ta9ty4 ,"o ( ! fif? grades _h in/all$ a p>cel po/ (fice2 !y made money & /amps & br\ght bundles to s*ool1 !n !y play$ po/ (fice2 two boys took ! "p ( po/m51 weigh$ ! packages1 look$ up ! rate ( po/age1 & gave *ange = ! cu/om]s4 ,tables ( weights ceas$ to be v]bal =ms to be memoriz$2 consultation ( ! map 0 a necessity2 ! multiplication table 0 a necessity2 ! sy/em & ord] requir$ 9 successful activity 7 impress$4 ,! ,francis ,p>k] ,s*ool is "o ( _m us+ ! dramatic int]e/ ( ! pupils z an aid 9 tea*+ hi/ory4 ,! f\r? grade /udies ,greek hi/ory1 & ! "w includes ! mak+ ( a ,greek h\se1 & writ+ poems ab\t "s ,greek my?4 ,! *ildr5 make ,greek co/umes & we> !m e day 9 ! classroom4 ,to quote ,miss ,hall1 :o tea*es ?is grade3 8,!y play sculptor & make clay /atuettes ( _! favorite gods & m\ld figures to illu/rate a /ory4 ,!y model ,myc5 9 s&-pans1 ru9 x1 cov] x1 & become ! excavators :o br+ its treasures to light aga94 ,!y write pray]s to ,dionysius & /ories su* z !y ?9k ,orpheus might h sung4 ,!y play ,greek games & we> ,greek co/umes1 & are cont9ually act+ out /ories or incid5ts :i* please !m4 ,to-day z h]oes ( ,troy1 !y h a battle at recess "t ) wood5 swords & b>rel cov]s4 ,9 class "t1 ) pray]s & dances & extempore song1 !y hold a ,dionysiac fe/ival4 ,aga91 half ( !m are ,a!nians & half ( !m ,sp>tans 9 a w> ( words z to :i* city is m to be desir$4 ,or !y are freem5 ( ,a!ns1 reply+ spirit$ly to ! haughty ,p]sian message40 ,besides ^! daily dramatizations1 !y write & act = ! :ole s*ool a little play :i* illu/rates "s incid5t ( hi/ory t has p>ticul>ly appeal$ to !m4 ,hi/ory taught 9 ?is way to little *ildr5 acquires mean+ & an emotional cont5t2 !y appreciate ! ,greek _s & ! ?+s :i* made a great p4 ,! "w s becomes a "p ( _! lives t x is rememb]$ z any p]sonal exp]i5ce is reta9$1 n z texts are committ$ to memory to be recit$ ^u4 ,! ,francis ,p>k] ,s*ool takes advantage ( ! social value ( dramatizations 9 its morn+ ex]cises4 ,/udy+ alone out ( a book is an isolat$ & unsocial p]=mance2 ! pupil may be le>n+ ! words be=e him1 b he is n le>n+ to act ) o!r p1 to control & arrange 8 actions & ?\ght s t o!r p]sons h an equal opportunity to express !mselves 9 a %>$ exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ! classes repres5t by action :at !y h le>n$ f books1 all ! memb]s h a "p1 s t !y le>n to *]i% socially1 z well z to develop1 p[]s ( expression & ( dramatic & emotional imag]y4 ,:5 !y act 9 front ( ! :ole s*ool !y get ! value ( ! "w = !mselves individually & help ! gr[? ( a _s ( unity & cop]ation 9 ! entire s*ool4 ,all ! *ildr51 big & little1 become int]e/$ 9 ! sort ( ?+ t is go+ on 9 ! o!r grades1 & le>n to appreciate ef=t t is simple & s9c]e1 :e!r x comes f ! fir/ grade or ! s5iors 9 high s*ool4 ,9 _! ef=ts to int]e/ ! :ole s*ool ! actors le>n to be simple & direct1 & acquire a new respect = _! "w by see+ its value = o!rs4 ,summ>ies ( ! "w 9 diff]5t subjects are giv5 9 ! morn+ ex]cises by any grade :i* ?9ks x has some?+ to say t w\ld int]e/ ! o!r *ildr54 ,! dramatic elem5t is sometimes small1 z 9 ! descriptions ( excursions1 ( curi\s processes 9 ari?metic or ( "s topic 9 geography2 b ! *ildr5 always h to ?9k cle>ly & speak well1 or _! audi5ce w n und]/& !m1 & maps or diagrams & all sorts ( illu/rative mat]ial are introduc$ z mu* z possible4 ,o!r ex]cises1 su* z ! ,greek play writt5 by ! f\r? grade1 or a dramatization ( "o ( ,cic]o's orations aga9/ ,catal9e1 are purely dramatic 9 _! int]e/4 ,! production ( plays by graduat+ classes or = "s specific purpose is ( c\rse a well-kn[n me?od ( int]e/+ pupils or adv]tis+ a s*ool4 ,b rec5tly s*ools h be5 giv+ plays & fe/ivals = _! educational value z well z = _! int]e/ to *ildr5 & ! public4 ,! valuable tra9+ :i* comes f speak+ to an audi5ce1 us+ ! body effectively & work+ ) o!r pupils = a common end1 is pres5t1 :atev] ! nature ( ! play2 & s*ools usually try to h _! productions ( "s lit]>y value4 ,b until rec5tly ! res\rces ( ! daily "w ( ! pupils = dramatic purposes h be5 ov]look$4 ,be+ = purposes ( public ent]ta9m5t1 plays 7 add$ on aft] s*ool h\rs4 ,b s*ools are beg9n+ to utilize ?is natural desire ( "y p to 8act some?+0 = amplify+ ! curriculum4 ,9 _m s*ools :]e dramatization ( a r elaborate "* is employ$ = public p]=mances1 ! subject-matt] is n[ tak5 f ,engli% & hi/ory1 :ile writ+ ! play supplies ano!r ,engli% lesson4 ,! rehe>sals take ! place ( lessons 9 expression & elocution1 & involve self-control4 ,! /age sett+s & co/umes are made 9 ! %op & art p]iods1 ! plann+ & managem5t be+ done by ! pupils1 ! tea*] help+ en\gh to prev5t blund]s & disc\ragem5t4 ,at ,riv]side "o ( ! classes _h be5 read+ ,tol/oi's 8,:]e ,love ,is ,!re ,is ,god0 = _! "w 9 lit]ature4 ,!y rewrote ! /ory z a play & rehe>s$ x 9 _! ,engli% lessons1 ! :ole class act+ z coa* & critic4 ,z _! int]e/ grew !y made co/umes & arrang$ a /age sett+ & f9ally gave ! play to an audi5ce ( ! s*ool & its fri5ds4 ,at ano!r "t ! ,engli% class gave an outdoor p]=mance ( a sket* :i* !y _h writt51 bas$ on ! ,odyssey4 ,! ,am]ican hi/ory class at ! ,spey] ,s*ool give a play :i* !y write ab\t "s incid5t 9 pione] hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! rehe>sal ne>ly all ! *ildr5 try ! p>ts1 q reg>dless ( sex or o!r qualifications1 & ! :ole class *ooses ! f9al ca/4 ,! fif? grade 0 /udy+ ,irv+'s 8,sket* ,book0 9 connection ) its hi/ory & lit]ature "w1 & dramatiz$ ! /ory ( ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 do+ all its own coa*+ & co/um+4 ,illu/ration3 ,us+ ! *ild's dramatic in/9ct to tea* hi/ory4 7,cottage ,s*ool1 ,riv]side1 ,ill47 ,! ,h[l& ,s*ool1 "o ( ! public s*ools ( ,*icago situat$ 9 a =eign di/rict1 gave a l>ge fe/ival play dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,! pr9cipal wrote & arrang$ a pageant illu/rat+ ! /ory ( ,columbus1 & ! :ole s*ool took "p 9 ! act+4 ,! /ory gave a simple outl9e ( ! life ( ,columbus4 ,a few tableaux 7 add$ ab\t "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ ev5ts 9 pione] hi/ory1 arrang$ to br+ out ! fact t ?is c\ntry is a democracy4 ,! *ildr5 made _! own co/umes = ! mo/ "p1 & all ! dances !y _h le>n$ dur+ ! ye> 9 gymnasium 7 introduc$4 ,?us ! :ole exhibition pres5t$ a v good picture ( ! outl9e ( our hi/ory & ! _s ( ! c\ntry1 & at ! same "t (f]$ an int]e/+ summ>y ( ! ye>'s "w4 ,its value z a unify+ influ5ce 9 a =eign community 0 consid]able1 = besides tea*+ ! *ildr5 some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( _! new c\ntry1 x gave ! p>5ts1 :o made up ! audi5ce1 an opportunity to see :at ! s*ool c\ld d = _! *ildr5 & ! neighborhood4 ,! patriotic value ( su* ex]cises is great] ?an ! daily flag salute or patriotic poem1 = ! *ildr5 und]/& :at !y are suppos$ to be en?usia/ic ab\t1 z !y see be=e !m ! ?+s :i* naturally ar\se patriotic emotions4 ,ex]cises to commemorate holidays or seasons are m int]e/+ & valuable ?an ! old-fa%ion$ ent]ta9m5t :]e individual pupils recit$ poems1 & adults made spee*es1 = !y conc5trate 9 a social expression ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,! community is m int]e/$ because p>5ts "k t _! own *ildr5 h _h _! %>e 9 ! mak+ ( ! production1 & ! *ildr5 are m int]e/$ because !y are work+ 9 gr\ps on some?+ :i* appeals to !m & = :i* !y are responsible4 ,! graduat+ ex]cises at _m s*ools are n[ ( a k9d to pres5t 9 a dramatic review ! regul> "w ( ! ye>4 ,ea* grade may take "p1 pres5t+ a play :i* !y h writt5 = "w 9 ,engli%1 danc+ "s ( ! folk or fancy dances !y h le>n$ 9 gymnasium1 etc4 ,_m s*ools h a ,?anksgiv+ ex]cise 9 :i* diff]5t grades give sc5es f ! fir/ ,?anksgiv+ at ,plym\?1 or pres5t dramatic pictures ( ! h>ve/ fe/ivals ( diff]5t nations4 ,9 simil> fa%ion ,*ri/mas ent]ta9m5ts are (t5 made up ( songs1 poems & read+s by *ildr5 f diff]5t grades1 or by ! :ole grade1 :i* h be5 arrang$ 9 ! ,engli% & music classes4 ,! possibilities = plays1 fe/ivals1 & pageants arrang$ on ?is plan are endless2 = x is always possible to f9d subject-matt] :i* w give ! *ildr5 j z mu* tra9+ 9 read+1 spell+1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 or ev5 "s phases ( geography1 z w\ld dry ,gradgr9d facts ( a r\t9e text-book type4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fre$om ,,& ,,individuality ,! read] has und\bt$ly be5 /ruck by ! fact t 9 all ( ! "w describ$1 pupils mu/ h be5 all[$ a great] am\nt ( fre$om ?an is usually ?\ght compatible ) ! necess>y discipl9e ( a s*oolroom4 ,to ! great majority ( tea*]s & p>5ts ! v ^w s*ool is synonym\s ) 8discipl9e10 ) quiet1 ) r[s ( *ildr5 sitt+ /ill at desks & li/5+ to ! tea*]1 speak+ only :5 !y are spok5 to4 ,!re=e a s*ool :]e ^! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics are lack+ mu/ ( necessity be a poor s*ool2 "o :]e pupils d n le>n any?+1 :]e !y d j z !y please1 q reg>dless ( :at !y please1 ev5 ?\gh x be h>mful to ! *ild himself or disagreeable to 8 classmates & ! tea*]4 ,!re is a c]ta9 accumulation ( facts t e *ild mu/ acquire or else gr[ up to be illit]ate4 ,^! facts relate pr9cipally to adult life2 !re=e x is n surpris+ t ! pupil is n int]e/$ 9 !m1 :ile x is ! duty ( ! s*ool to see t he kn[s !m nev]!less4 ,h[ is ?is to be done8 ,obvi\sly by seat+ ! *ildr5 9 r[s1 f> en\gh ap>t s t !y _c easily talk to ea* o!r1 & hir+ ! mo/ effici5t p]son available to tea* ! facts2 to tell !m to ! *ild1 & h him repeat !m (t5 en\gh s t he c reasonably be expect$ to rememb] !m1 at lea/ until aft] he is 8promot$40 ,aga91 *ildr5 %\ld be taught to obey2 effici5cy 9 do+ z "o is told is a useful accompli%m5t1 j z ! do+ ( di/a/eful & un9t]e/+ tasks is a "* build]4 ,! pupil %\ld be taught to 8respect0 8 tea*] & le>n+ 9 g5]al2 & h[ c he be taught ?is lesson if he does n sit quietly & receptively 9 ! face ( bo?8 ,b if he w n be receptive1 he mu/ at lea/ be quiet1 s t ! tea*] c tea* him anyway4 ,! v fact t ! pupil s (t5 is lawless1 de/ructive1 rude & noisy z soon z re/ra9t is remov$ proves1 accord+ to ! advocates ( 8discipl9e0 by au?ority1 t ?is is ! only way ( deal+ ) ! *ild1 s9ce )\t su* re/ra9t ! *ild w\ld behave all day long z he does :5 x is remov$ = a few unc]ta9 m9utes4 ,if ?is /atem5t ( ! discipl9>ian's case s\nds h>% & unadorn$1 ?9k = a mom5t ( ! ?+s t visitors to 8que] s*ools0 say aft] ! visit is ov]2 & consid] :e!r !y d n =ce ! unprejudic$ obs]v] to ! conclusion t _! idea ( s*ools & s*ool+ is j su* a h>% & unadorn$ affair4 ,! discussion ( fre$om v]sus au?oritative discipl9e 9 s*ools resolves itself aft] all into a "q ( ! conception ( education :i* is ent]ta9$4 ,are we to believe1 ) ! /rict discipl9>ian1 t education is ! process ( mak+ a little savage into a little man1 t !re are _m virtues z well z facts t h to be taught to all *ildr5 s t !y may z ne>ly z possible approa* ! adult /&>d8 ,or are we to believe1 ) ,r\sseau1 t education is ! process ( mak+ up ! discrepancy betwe5 ! *ild at 8 bir? & ! man z he w ne$ to be1 8t *ildhood has its own ways ( see+1 ?9k+1 & feel+10 & t ! me?od ( tra9+ ^! ways to :at a man w ne$ is to let ! *ild te/ !m ^u ! _w ab\t him8 ,! phrase1 8au?oritative discipl9e10 is us$ purposely1 = discipl9e & fre$om are n contradictory ideas4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,r\sseau %[s v pla9ly :at a heavy taskma/] ev5 8 fre$om 01 a fre$om s (t5 tak5 to mean m]e lawlessness & lic5se4 8,give him ! pupil no ord]s at all1 absolutely none4 ,d n ev5 let him ?9k t y claim any au?ority ov] him4 ,let him "k only t he is weak & y are /rong1 t 8 condition & y\rs puts him at y\r m]cy2 let ?is be p]ceiv$1 le>n$ & felt4 ,let him e>ly f9d ^u 8 pr\d neck ! heavy yoke :i* nature has impos$ ^u u1 ! heavy yoke ( necessity1 "u :i* e f9ite be+ mu/ b[4 ,let him f9d ! necessity 9 ?+s1 n 9 ! caprices ( man2 let ! curb be ! =ce ( conditions1 n au?ority40 ,surely no discipl9e c\ld be m sev]e1 m apt to develop "* & reasonabl5ess1 nor less apt to develop disord] & laz9ess4 ,9 fact ! real reason = ! feel+ aga9/ fre$om 9 s*ools seems to come f a misund]/&+4 ,! critic confuses physical lib]ty ) moral & intellectual lib]ty4 ,because ! pupils are mov+ ab\t1 or sitt+ on ! floor1 or h _! *airs scatt]$ ab\t in/ead ( 9 a /raight l9e1 because !y are us+ _! h&s & tongues1 ! visitor ?9ks t _! m9ds mu/ be relax$ z well2 t !y mu/ be simply fool+1 ) no m re/ra9t = _! m9ds & morals ?an appe>s = _! bodies4 ,le>n+ 9 s*ool has be5 s long associat$ ) a docile or passive m9d t because t useful organ does n squirm or talk 9 its op]ations1 obs]v]s h come to ?9k t none ( ! *ild %\ld d s1 or x w int]f]e ) le>n+4 ,assum+ t educational re=m]s are "r 9 suppos+ t ! function ( education is to help ! gr[+ ( a helpless "y animal into a happy1 moral1 & effici5t human be+1 a consi/5t plan ( education mu/ all[ en\gh lib]ty to promote t gr[?4 ,! *ild's body mu/ h room to move & /ret* itself1 to ex]cise ! muscles & to re/ :5 tir$4 ,e "o agrees t swaddl+ clo!s are a bad ?+ = ! baby1 cramp+ & int]f]+ ) bodily functions4 ,! swaddl+ clo!s ( ! /raight-back$ desk1 head to ! front & h&s fold$1 are j z cramp+ & ev5 m n]ve rack+ to ! s*ool *ild4 ,x is no wond] t pupils :o h to sit 9 ?is way = sev]al h\rs a day break out 9 bur/s ( immod]ate noise & fool+ z soon z re/ra9+ influ5ces are remov$4 ,s9ce !y d n h a normal outlet = _! physical en]gy to sp5d itself1 x is /or$ up1 & :5 opportunity (f]s x breaks =? all ! m impetu\sly because ( ! n]v\s irritation previ\sly suff]$ 9 repress+ ! action ( an imp]fectly tra9$ body4 ,give a *ild lib]ty to move & /ret* :5 he ne$s x1 ) opportunities = real ex]cise all ?r\gh ! day & he w n become s n]v\sly ov]wr\ght t he is irritable or aimlessly boi/]\s :5 left to himself4 ,tra9$ 9 do+ ?+s1 he w be able to keep at "w & to ?9k ( o!r p :5 he is n "u re/ra9+ sup]vision4 ,a truly sci5tific education c nev] develop s long z *ildr5 are treat$ 9 ! lump1 m]ely z a class4 ,ea* *ild has a /rong individuality1 & any sci5ce mu/ take /ock ( all ! facts 9 its mat]ial4 ,e pupil mu/ h a *ance to %[ :at he truly is1 s t ! tea*] c f9d out :at he ne$s to make him a complete human be+4 ,only z a tea*] becomes acqua9t$ ) ea* "o ( h] pupils c %e hope to und]/& *ildhood1 & x is only z %e und]/&s x t %e c hope to evolve any s*eme ( education :i* %all approa* ei!r ! sci5tific or ! arti/ic /&>d4 ,z long z educators d n "k _! individual facts !y c nev] "k :e!r _! hypo!ses are ( value4 ,b h[ are !y to "k _! mat]ial if !y impose !mselves ^u x to su* an ext5t t ea* portion is made to act j l e o!r portion8 ,if ! pupils are m>*$ into l9e1 in=mation pres5t$ to !m :i* !y are !n expect$ to give back 9 uni=m fa%ion1 no?+ w ev] be f\nd out ab\t any ( !m4 ,b if e pupil has an opportunity to express himself1 to %[ :at are 8 p>ticul> qualities1 ! tea*] w h mat]ial on :i* to base h] plans ( in/ruction4 ,s9ce a *ild lives 9 a social _w1 :]e ev5 ! simple/ act or ^w is b\nd up ) ! words & acts ( 8 neighbors1 !re is no dang] t ?is lib]ty w sacrifice ! int]e/s ( o!rs to caprice4 ,lib]ty does n mean ! removal ( ! *ecks :i* nature & man impose on ! life ( e individual 9 ! community1 s t "o individual may indulge impulses :i* g aga9/ 8 own welf>e z a memb] ( society4 ,b lib]ty = ! *ild is ! *ance to te/ all impulses & t5d5cies on ! _w ( ?+s & p 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 suffici5tly to discov] _! "* s t he may get rid ( ^? :i* are h>mful1 & develop ^? :i* are useful to himself & o!rs4 ,education :i* treats all *ildr5 z if _! impulses 7 ^? ( ! av]age ( an adult society 7^: weaknesses & failures are moreov] con/antly deplor$7 is sure to g on reproduc+ t same av]age society )\t ev5 f9d+ out :e!r & h[ x might be bett]4 ,education :i* f9ds out :at *ildr5 really are may be able to %ape itself by ?is k s t ! be/ c be kept & ! bad elim9at$4 ,meantime mu* is lo/ by a m]e ext]nal suppression ( ! bad :i* equally prev5ts ! expression ( ! bett]4 ,if education dem&s lib]ty be=e x c %ape itself accord+ to facts1 h[ is x to use ?is lib]ty = ! b5efit ( ! *ild8 ,give a *ild fre$om to f9d out :at he c & c n d1 bo? 9 ! way ( :at is physically possible & :at 8 neighbors w /& =1 & he w n wa/e mu* "t on impossibilities b w b5d 8 en]gies to ! possibilities4 ,! physical en]gy & m5tal inquisitiv5ess ( *ildr5 c be turn$ into positive *annels4 ,! tea*] w f9d ! spontaneity1 ! livel9ess1 & initiative ( ! pupil aids 9 tea*+1 in/ead ( be+1 z "u ! co]cive sy/em1 nuisances to be repress$4 ,! v ?+s :i* are n[ int]f]5ces w become positive qualities t ! tea*] is cultivat+4 ,besides pres]v+ qualities :i* w be ( use to ! man & develop+ habits ( indep5d5ce & indu/ry1 all[+ ! *ild ?is fre$om is necess>y if pupils are really to le>n by do+4 ,mo/ do+ w lead only to sup]ficial muscle tra9+ if x is dictat$ to ! *ild & prescrib$ = him /ep by /ep4 ,b :5 ! *ild's natural curiosity & love ( action are put to "w on useful problems1 on f9d+ out = himself h[ to adju/ 8 environm5t to 8 ne$s1 ! tea*] f9ds t ! pupils are n only do+ _! lessons z well z ev]1 b are also le>n+ h[ to control & put to productive use ^? en]gies :i* are simply di/urb+ 9 ! av]age classroom4 ,unless ! pupil has "s real "w on :i* to ex]cise 8 m9d by means ( 8 s5ses & muscles1 ! tea*] w n be able to d away ) ! ord9>y discipl9>y me?ods4 ,= 9 a classroom :]e ! tea*] is do+ all ! "w & ! *ildr5 are li/5+ & answ]+ que/ions1 x w\ld be absurd to all[ ! *ildr5 to place !mselves :]e !y please1 to move ab\t1 or to talk4 ,:]e ! tea*]'s rle has *ang$ to t ( help] & obs]v]1 :]e ! developm5t ( e *ild is ! goal1 su* fre$om becomes z mu* a necessity ( ! "w z is quiet :]e ! *ildr5 are simply recit+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,le>n+ to live ?r\gh situations t are typical ( social life4 7,tea*]s ,college1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city47 ,at pres5t1 ! mo/ talk$ ( s*ools 9 :i* fre$om & lib]ty are necess>y = ! *ildr5's "w are ! s*ools ( ,madame ,m>ia ,montessori 9 ,italy & ^? ( h] pupils 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,madame ,montessori believes1 ) _m educators 9 ?is c\ntry1 t lib]ty is necess>y 9 ! classroom if ! tea*] is to "k ! ne$s & capabilities ( ea* pupil1 if ! *ild is to receive 9 s*ool a well-r\nd$ tra9+ mak+ = ! be/ developm5t ( 8 m9d1 "*1 & physique4 ,9 g5]al1 h] reasons = insi/+ ^u ?is lib]ty1 :i* is ! basis ( h] me?od1 correspond ) ^? outl9$ above1 ) "o exception4 ,%e holds t lib]ty is necess>y = ! *ild if a sci5tific education is to be creat$1 because )\t x data on :i* to base pr9ciples c n be collect$2 also t x is necess>y = ! physical welf>e ( ! pupils & = ! be/ developm5t ( _! *>act]s 9 tra9+ !m to be indep5d5t4 ,! po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,italian educator & mo/ re=m]s 9 ?is c\ntry lies 9 _! respective views ( ! value ( lib]ty 9 ! use ( mat]ial1 & ?is po9t w be tak5 up lat]4 ,madame ,montessori believes t repress+ *ildr5 physically :ile !y are 9 s*ool & tea*+ !m habits ( m5tal passivity & docility is mi/ak+ ! function ( ! s*ool & do+ ! *ildr5 real h>m4 ,sci5tific education n only ne$s fre$om = ! *ild 9 ord] to collect data1 b lib]ty is its v basis2 8lib]ty is activity10 says ,madame ,montessori 9 h] book call$ 8,! ,montessori ,me?od40 ,activity is ! basis ( life1 consequ5tly tra9+ *ildr5 to move & act is tra9+ !m = life1 :i* is ! prop] (fice ( ! s*oolroom4 ,! object ( lib]ty is ! be/ int]e/s ( ! :ole gr\p2 ?is becomes ! end ( ! lib]ty all[$ ! *ildr54 ,ev]y?+ :i* does n contribute to x mu/ be suppress$1 :ile ! greate/ c>e is tak5 to fo/] e action ) a useful scope4 ,9 ord] to give ! pupils ! l>ge/ possible scope = su* useful activity1 !y are all[$ a v l>ge am\nt ( fre$om 9 ! classroom4 ,!y may move ab\t1 talk to ea* o!r1 place _! tables & *airs :]e !y please1 &1 :at is ( m significance1 ea* pupil may *oose :at "w he w d1 & may "w at "o ?+ z long or z %ort a "t z he wi%es4 ,%e says1 8,a room 9 :i* all ! *ildr5 move ab\t usefully1 intellig5tly1 & volunt>ily1 )\t committ+ any r\gh or rude act1 w\ld seem to me a classroom v well discipl9$ inde$40 ,discipl9e1 9 %ort1 is ability to d ?+s indep5d5tly1 n submission "u re/ra9t4 ,9 ord] to br+ ab\t ?is active discipl9e1 :i* all[s free scope = any useful "w1 & at ! same "t does n /ifle ! spontane\s impulses ( ! *ild1 ! ord9>y me?ods ( discipl9e are done away )1 & a te*nique is develop$ to emphasize ! positive1 n ! negative1 side ( discipl9e4 ,montessori has describ$ x 9 ?is way3 8,z to puni%m5ts1 we h _m times come 9 contact ) *ildr5 :o di/urb$ ! o!rs1 )\t pay+ any att5tion to our corrections4 ,su* *ildr5 7 at once exam9$ by ! physician4 ,:5 ! case prov$ to be t ( a normal *ild1 we plac$ "o ( ! little tables 9 a corn] ( ! room1 & 9 ?is way isolat$ ! *ild1 hav+ him sit 9 a com=table little arm*air1 s plac$ t he might see 8 companions at "w1 & giv+ him ^? games & toys to :i* he 0 mo/ attract$4 ,?is isolation almo/ always succe$$ 9 calm+ ! *ild2 f 8 position he c\ld see ! entire assembly ( 8 companions1 & ! way 9 :i* !y c>ri$ on _! "w 0 an object-lesson mu* m efficaci\s ?an any words ( ! tea*] c\ld possibly h be54 ,little by little he w\ld come to see ! advantages ( be+ "o ( ! company work+ s busily be=e 8 eyes1 & he w\ld really wi% to g back & d z ! o!rs did40 ,! corrections :i* ! tea*]s fir/ (f] nev] take ! =m ( scold+s2 ! *ild is quietly told t :at he is do+ is n polite or di/urbs ! o!r *ildr54 ,!n he is told h[ he ought to behave to be a pleasant companion1 or 8 att5tion is div]t$ to a piece ( "w4 ,because *ildr5 are work+ on some?+ ( _! own *oice1 & :5 !y want to1 & because !y may move & talk en\gh s t !y d n get n]v\sly tir$1 !re is v little ne$ = any 8puni%m5t40 ,except = an isolat$ case ( real lawlessness1 su* z ,montessori ref]s to 9 ! quotation j cit$1 ! visitor to "o ( h] s*ools sees v little ne$ ( negative discipl9e4 ,! tea*]s' corrections are practically all = small brea*es ( mann]s or = c>elessness4 ,activity f\nd$ on lib]ty be+ ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! ,montessori s*ools1 activity is exp5d$ by ! *ild on two sorts ( mat]ial4 ,montessori believes t ! *ild ne$s practice 9 ! actions ( daily life2 t1 = example1 he %\ld be taught h[ to take c>e ( & wait on himself4 ,"p ( ! "w is accord+ly direct$ to ?is end4 ,%e also believes t ! *ild possesses innate faculties :i* %\ld be all[$ to develop to _! fulle/2 consequ5tly "p ( ! "w is design$ to give adequate expression to ^! faculties4 ,^! ex]cises = ! culture ( ! inn] pot5tialities ( ! *ild %e consid]s ! m important ( ! two4 ,! *ild ne$s to "k h[ to adju/ himself to 8 environm5t 9 ord] to be indep5d5t & happy2 b an imp]fect developm5t ( ! *ild's faculties is an imp]fect developm5t ( life itself2 s ! real object ( education consi/s 9 furni%+ active help to ! normal expansion ( ! life ( ! *ild4 ,^! two l9es ( developm5t ,madame ,montessori consid]s to be s di/9ct "o f ! o!r t ! ex]cises ( practical life _c p]=m ! function ( ! ex]cises arrang$ to tra9 ! faculties & s5ses ( ! *ild4 ,! ex]cises ( practical life are design$ to tea* ! *ild to be indep5d5t1 to supply 8 own wants1 & to p]=m ! actions ( daily life ) skill & grace4 ,! pupils keep ! s*oolroom 9 ord]1 du/+ & arrang+ ! furniture1 & putt+ away ea* piece ( mat]ial z soon z !y are ?r\gh ) x4 ,!y wait on !mselves :ile !y are work+1 gett+ out ! ?+s !y want1 f9d+ a conv5i5t place to "w1 & !n tak+ c>e ( ! app>atus :5 !y h work$ ) x z long z !y l4 ,9 s*ools :]e ! *ildr5 d n live 9 ! build+1 a midday lun* is s]v$ = ! pupils2 &1 except = ! cook+1 ! *ildr5 d all ! "w connect$ ) ! meal1 sett+ tables1 s]v+ food1 & !n cle>+ away & wa%+ ! di%es4 ,all ! pupils %>e alike 9 ?is "w1 reg>dless ( _! age2 *ildr5 ( ?ree & f\r soon le>n to h&le ! plates & glasses1 & to pass ! food4 ,:]ev] possible ! s*ools h g>d5s1 :i* ! *ildr5 c>e =1 & animal pets ( a useful sort--h5s & *ick5s or pigeons4 ,ev5 ! y\nge/ *ildr5 put on _! own wraps1 button & unbutton _! aprons & slipp]s1 & :5 !y c n d x = !mselves1 !y help ea* o!r4 ,! necessity ( ! pupils' le>n+ to take c>e ( !mselves z e>ly z possible is s mu* insi/$ ^u t 9 ord] to help ! y\nge/ 9 le>n+ ?is lesson1 ,montessori has design$ sev]al appliances to give !m practice be=e !y beg9 to wait ^u !mselves4 ,^! are wood5 frames1 fitt$ ) clo? :i* is op5$ d[n ! c5t]4 ,!n ! edges are jo9$ ei!r ) buttons1 hooks & eyes1 or ribbons1 & practice consi/s 9 op5+ & clos+ ^! edges by button+1 hook+1 or ty+ z ! case may be4 ,^! appliances may be tak5 z a bridge betwe5 ! two sorts ( ex]cises 9 use 9 ! ,montessori s*ools4 ,!y m>k a transition f ! pr9ciples :i* are common to mo/ educational re=m]s to ^? associat$ p>ticul>ly ) ! me?od work$ out by ,madame ,montessori4 ,ano!r quotation f h] fir/ book gives ! clew to an und]/&+ ( ?is me?od3 8,9 a p$agogical me?od :i* is exp]im5tal ! education ( ! s5ses mu/ und\bt$ly assume ! greate/ importance4444 ,! me?od us$ by me is t ( mak+ a p$agogical exp]im5t ) a didactic object & await+ ! spontane\s reaction ( ! *ild4444 ,) little *ildr51 we mu/ proce$ to ! mak+ ( trials1 & mu/ select ! didactic mat]ials 9 :i* !y %[ !mselves to be int]e/$4444 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ,i h arriv$ at a selection ( objects repres5t+ ! m9imum necess>y to a practical s5se education40 ,madame ,montessori />t$ h] c>e] z a tea*] among defici5t *ildr5 9 ! hospitals :]e ,segu9 _h work$4 ,naturally %e exp]im5t$ ) ! mat]ial us$ ) h] subnormal pupils :5 %e began work+ ) normal *ildr54 ,x is equally natural t _m ( ! objects :i* _h prov$ useful ) ! =m] 7 also usable ) ! av]age s*ool *ild4 ,ord9>y s*ool me?ods succe$ ) defici5t *ildr5 :5 us$ m sl[ly & ) m pati5ce2 & 9 ! same way ,madame ,montessori f\nd t _m ( ! appliances :i* _h be=e be5 us$ only = defici5ts produc$ rem>kably successful results ) ord9>y *ildr51 :5 us$ ) m rapidity & lib]ty4 ,!re=e h] 8didactic mat]ial0 includes _m ?+s t are us$ g5]ally to develop s5sory consci\sness among defici5ts4 ,b in/ead ( us+ ! mat]ial 9 a fix$ ord] & "u ! guidance ( a tea*]1 ! normal *ild is all[$ complete lib]ty 9 its use2 = ! object is no long] to awak5 p[]s t are ne>ly lack+1 b to ex]cise p[]s t ! *ild is us+ con/antly 9 all 8 daily actions1 s t he may h a m & m accurate & skillful control ov] !m4 ,! ex]cises to develop ! faculties ( ! *ild are especially s arrang$ z to tra9 ! p[] to discrim9ate & to comp>e4 ,8 s5sory organs are ne>ly all ex]cis$ ) app>atus design$1 l ! button frames1 to all[ ! *ild to d "o ?+ = "o purpose4 ,! pupil does n h to use ^! objects 9 any fix$ ord] or "w = any l5g? ( "t on "o ?+4 ,except = ! v y\nge/ *ildr51 :o d only ! v simple/ ex]cises1 pupils are at lib]ty to "w at any "o !y wi% & = z long z !y wi%4 ,montessori believes t ! *ild w turn naturally to ! ex]cise he is ready =4 ,! mat]ials to develop ! s5se ( t\* are among ! simple/4 ,!re are small bo>ds ) /rips ( s&pap] runn+ f ! r\ghe/ to ! smoo!/1 & pieces ( diff]5t k9ds ( clo?2 ^! ! *ild rubs 8 h&s ov] :ile 8 eyes are bl9dfold$1 di/+ui%+ ! diff]5ces4 ,! appliances design$ to tea* ! *ild to di/+ui% diff]5ces ( =m & size use ! s5se ( t\* z a /rong aid to sight4 ,!re are blocks ( wood ) holes ( diff]5t diamet]s & dep?s1 & cyl9d]s to fit ea* hole4 ,! *ild takes all ! cyl9d]s out1 rubs 8 f+]s ar\nd _! edge & !n ar\nd ! rim ( ! holes & puts !m back 9 ! prop] hole4 ,! ability to judge ( size is also ex]cis$ by giv+ ! *ild a set ( graduat$ wood5 blocks ) :i* he builds a t[]1 & ano!r set :i* he may use to make a /air4 ,! p[] to di/+ui% =m is develop$ by wood5 insets ( all %apes :i* fit into holes 9 a ?9 bo>d4 ,! *ild takes out ! insets1 feels ( !m & !n replaces !m4 ,lat] ! tea*] tells him ! geometrical "n ( ea* =m :ile he is t\*+ x1 & !n has him di/+ui% !m by "n4 ,!re are sets ( c>dbo>d =ms to correspond to ! wood5 ones1 & metal plaques :]e ! =m appe>s z a hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! plaque4 ,^! are us$ 9 games :i* consi/ 9 mat*+ ! same =m 9 ! diff]5t mat]ials1 & = draw+ ! =m 9 outl9e on pap] to be fil$ 9 ) color$ p5cils4 ,! me?od ( tea*+ read+ & writ+ uses ! s5se ( t\* to ren=ce ! lesson ! pupil gets ?r\gh ! eye & e>4 ,s&pap] alphabets ) ea* lett] pa/$ on a squ>e ( c>dbo>d are giv5 a *ild4 ,he rubs 8 f+] ov] ^! z if he 7 writ+ & makes ! s\nd ( ! lett] z he rubs4 ,movable lett]s are us$ only aft] ! *ild is famili> ) ! lett]s by t\*1 & ) !m he makes words4 ,writ+ usually prec$es read+ :5 *ildr5 le>n 9 ?is way2 :5 !y take p5cil or *alk1 !y are able to trace ! lett]s ) v little difficulty because ! muscles z well z ! eye are famili> ) ! =ms4 ,! s5se ( he>+ is ex]cis$ by means ( two sets ( bells1 "o fix$ to give ! scale1 ! o!r movable1 s t ! *ild c make 8 own scale by comp>+ ) ! fix$ scale4 ,! *ildr5 play a numb] ( games :]e !y are z quiet z possible1 act+ out simple1 :isp]$ directions f ! tea*]4 ,!re is z well a s]ies ( rattles fill$ ) s&1 gravel1 & gra9s1 & ! game is to guess :i* rattle is be+ %ak54 ,! s5se ( color is develop$ 9 ! same way by means ( specially arrang$ app>atus4 ,?is consi/s ( small tablets w\nd ) color$ silks 9 all colors & %ades1 :i* are us$ 9 _m diff]5t ways1 accord+ to ! age & skill ( ! pupil4 ,! y\nge/ le>n to di/+ui% two or ?ree colors & to tell d>k f light %ades4 ,! old] pupils :o are famili> ) ! colors acquire en\gh skill 9 _! manipulation to be able to glance at "o tablet & !n g to ! o!r side ( ! room & br+ ei!r an exact mat* or ! next %ade light] or d>k]1 accord+ to :at ! tea*] has ask$ =4 ,muscul> developm5t is provid$ = by giv+ ! *ildr5 pl5ty ( "t dur+ ! s*ool day to run & play1 & by means ( app>atus = free gymna/ics1 :ile ! f9] cord9at+ muscles are be+ con/antly ex]cis$ :ile ! *ild is manipulat+ ! appliances = s5se tra9+4 ,! faculty ( spee* is tra9$ by hav+ ! *ildr5 practice ! pronunciation ( words & syllables4 ,! fundam5tal conceptions ( numb] are taught mu* z are read+ & writ+4 ,besides ! s&pap] numb]s & ! pla9 c>dbo>d ones1 !re is a s]ies ( wood5 b>s v>y+ 9 l5g? f "o to t5 met]s1 :i* ! *ildr5 use 9 connection ) numb]s 9 le>n+ ! comb9ations up to t54 ,! =ego+ description ( ! didactic mat]ial is v brief & g5]al & omits _m ( ! uses ( ! appliances z well z ref]5ce to "s ( ! less us$ mat]ial1 b x s]ves to illu/rate ! nature & purpose ( ! "w done by ! *ildr54 ,pupils acquire a m>k$ skill 9 ! h&l+ ( ! mat]ial :i* appeals especially to !m1 & *ildr5 ( f\r & five le>n to write ) v little ef=t4 ,9 fact1 ,madame ,montessori believes t ! av]age *ild is ready = _m ( ! ideas :i* he usually does n get until 8 six? ye> at an e>li] age1 :5 !y c be acquir$ m easily2 & t a sy/em su* z h]s :i* all[s ! *ild to p]=m "o set ( acts at ! "t :5 he is ready = x saves him a great deal ( "t lat] on1 besides giv+ a m p]fect result ?an c\ld !n be a*iev$4 ,ea* piece ( mat]ial is design$ to tra9 s+ly "o specific s5se ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( "o set ( fix$ acts4 ,consequ5tly if lib]ty is conf\nd$ ) do+ z "o pleases1 ?is me?od mu/ appe> v /rict4 ,lib]ty is f\nd 9 ! use ! *ildr5 make ( mat]ial4 ,! am\nt ( fre$om ! pupils are all[$ 9 ! classroom has already be5 describ$1 & ! rle ( ! tea*] is made to correspond ) ?is lib]ty4 ,%e is tra9$ n to int]f]e ) any spontane\s activity ( ! *ild & nev] to =ce 8 att5tion :]e x is n giv5 naturally4 ,:5 a *ild has turn$ ( 8 own accord to a c]ta9 app>atus ! tea*] may %[ him ! prop] use ( x2 or 9 r>e cases %e may try to direct ! *ild's att5tion to a diff]5t type ( "w if he seems incl9$ to conc5trate to excess on "o ?+1 b if %e fails %e nev] insi/s4 ,9 fact no?+ is done by ! tea*] to call ! *ild's att5tion to 8 weaknesses & failures1 or to ar\se any negative associations 9 8 m9d4 ,madame ,montessori says1 8,if he ! *ild makes a mi/ake1 ! tea*] mu/ n correct him1 b mu/ susp5d h] lesson to take x up aga9 ano!r day4 ,inde$1 :y correct him8 ,if ! *ild has n succe$$ 9 associat+ ! "n ) ! object1 ! only way 9 :i* to succe$ w\ld be to repeat bo? ! action ( ! s5se /imuli & ! "n2 9 o!r words1 to repeat ! lesson4 ,b :5 ! *ild has fail$1 we %\ld "k t he 0 n at t in/ant ready = ! physic associations :i* we wi%$ to provoke 9 him1 & we mu/ !re=e *oose ano!r mom5t4 ,if we %\ld say1 9 correct+ ! *ild1 #8,no1 y h made a mi/ake1' all ^! words1 :i*1 be+ 9 ! =m ( a repro(1 w\ld /rike him m =cibly ?an o!rs1 w\ld rema9 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild1 ret>d+ ! le>n+ ( ! names4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! sil5ce :i* foll[s ! error leaves ! field ( consci\sness cle>1 & ! next lesson may successfully foll[ ! fir/40 ,! simplicity & passivity ( ! tea*]s' rle are increas$ by ! nature ( ! didactic mat]ial4 ,once ! *ild has be5 taught ! nom5clature connect$ ) ! app>atus1 ! tea*] ceases to tea*4 ,%e becomes m]ely an obs]v] z f> z t pupil is conc]n$ until he is ready to move on to ano!r appliance4 ,?is is possible because ( :at ,montessori calls ! 8self-corrective0 nature ( h] mat]ial4 ,t is1 ea* ?+ is arrang$ s t ! *ild c d b "o complete ?+ ) x1 s t if he makes a mi/ake ! app>atus does n "w4 ,?us a *ild work+ ) any "o ?+ does n h to be told :5 he makes a mi/ake h[ to correct x4 ,he is confront$ ) an obvi\s problem1 :i* is solv$ by 8 own h&l+ ( ! mat]ial4 ,! *ild is educat+ himself 9 t he sees 8 own mi/akes & corrects !m1 & ! f9i%$ result is p]fect2 p>tial success or failure is n possible4 ,take ! simple/ piece ( mat]ial1 ! block ( wood 9 :i* solid cyl9d]s are set4 ,!re are t5 ( ^! cyl9d]s1 ea* v>y+1 say1 9 l5g? ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* f ! "o next x4 ,! *ild takes all ^! cyl9d]s f _! prop] holes & mixes !m up2 !n he puts !m back 9 _! "r places aga94 ,if he puts a cyl9d] 9 a hole too deep = x1 x disappe>s2 if ! hole is too %all[ x /icks up too f>1 :ile if e cyl9d] is put 9 its prop] hole1 ! *ild has a solid block ( wood aga94 ,all ! geometrical insets are self-corrective 9 exactly ! same way4 ,ev5 ! y\nge/ *ild w\ld "k :e!r he _h succe$$ ) ! button & lac+ frames4 ,! t[] blocks w n pile up into a t[] unless ! *ild piles !m "o on top ( ! o!r 9 decreas+ sizes1 nor w ! /air blocks make a /air unless !y are laid side by side accord+ to ! same pr9ciple4 ,9 us+ ! color tablets ! *ild ne$s r m prep>ation2 b :5 he has le>n$ to di/+ui% ! eight diff]5t %ades ( "o ( ! eight colors1 he is ready to arrange !m s t !y bl5d f d>k to light1 & if he makes a mi/ake ! tablet plac$ 9 wrong sequ5ce w appe> to him z an inh>moni\s blot4 ,once ! pupil gets ! idea ) "o color he is able to "w x out = himself = ! o!r sev54 ,s9ce ! pupils are nev] all[$ m]ely to play ) an app>atus1 x becomes associat$ 9 8 m9d ) p]=m+ ! "r set ( actions1 s a mis/ep appe>s to him z some?+ to be undone1 some?+ call+ = ano!r trial4 ,! educational purpose ,montessori aims to s]ve 9 mak+ h] mat]ial self-corrective1 is t ( lead+ ! *ild to conc5trate ^u ! diff]5ces 9 ! p>ts ( ! appliances he is work+ )2 t is1 9 try+ = ! fix$ end he has to comp>e & discrim9ate betwe5 two colors1 two s\nds1 two dim5sions1 etc4 ,x is 9 mak+ ^! comp>isons t ! intellectual value ( tra9+ ! s5ses lies4 ,! p>ticul> faculty or s5se t ! *ild is ex]cis+ 9 us+ any "o app>atus is %>p5$ by conc5tration ^u ! relations betwe5 ! ?+s4 ,s5se-developm5t ( an intellectual "* comes f ! gr[? ( ?is p[] ( ! s5se organ to comp>e & discrim9ate1 n f tea*+ ! *ild to recognize dim5sions1 s\nds1 colors1 etc41 nor yet f simply go+ ?r\gh c]ta9 motions )\t mak+ a mi/ake4 ,montessori claims t intellectual result diff]5tiates h] "w f ! appliances ( ! k9d]g>t54 ,z we said above1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,montessori me?od & ! views ( ,am]ican re=m]s lies n 9 a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! value ( lib]ty1 b r 9 a diff]5t conception ( ! be/ use to be made ( x4 ,physically ! pupils ( a ,montessori class are fre] ?an !y are 9 ! classes ( mo/ ,am]ican educators ) ^: views ?is book has be5 deal+2 intellectually !y are n s free4 ,!y c come & g1 "w & be idle1 talk & move ab\t q volunt>ily2 gett+ in=mation ab\t ?+s & acquir+ skill 9 movem5t are ! ends secur$4 ,ea* pupil works indep5d5tly on mat]ial t is self-corrective4 ,b !re is no fre$om all[$ ! *ild to create4 ,he is free to *oose :i* app>atus he w use1 b nev] to *oose 8 own ends1 nev] to b5d a mat]ial to 8 own plans4 ,= ! mat]ial is limit$ to a fix$ numb] ( ?+s :i* mu/ be h&l$ 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,mo/ ,am]ican educators ?9k t ! tra9+ ( ! pupil to habits ( "r ?9k+ & judgm5t is be/ accompli%$ by means ( mat]ial :i* pres5ts to him real problems1 & !y ?9k t ! measure ( reality is f\nd 9 connection ) ! exp]i5ces ( life out ( s*ool4 ,! big ?+ t *ildr5 h to le>n is tw(old2 = _! adju/m5t to ! _w 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves involves relations to p & to ?+s4 ,adju/m5t means n simply ! ability to control _! bodies1 b an intellectual adju/m5t z well1 an ability to see ! relations betwe5 ?+s1 to look beh9d _! surface & p]ceive _! mean+ n alone to ! individual1 b to ! community z well4 8,! be/ way ( mak+ sure t *ildr5 le>n ?is d\ble adju/m5t is10 says ! ,am]ican s*ool-tea*]1 8to give !m "w :i* repres5ts truly ! conditions !y h to deal ) out ( s*ool40 ,illu/ration3 ,solv+ problems 9 s*ool z !y w\ld h to be met out ( s*ool4 7,francis ,p>k] ,s*ool1 ,*icago47 ,outside ! classroom ! *ild is con/antly hav+ to b5d mat]ial ?+s to 8 own ne$s1 & to satisfy ! dem&s t are made ^u him because he lives ) o!r p4 ,if he is to accompli% ?is successfully = himself & o!rs x is important t he le>n to see ?+s z !y are2 t he be able to use 8 s5ses accurately to und]/& ! mean+ t ?+s & p h to & = him z a memb] ( society4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( fre$om to meet & solve ^! problems 9 s*ool1 mu* z "o has to d out ( s*ool4 ,madame ,montessori1 on ! o!r h&1 believes t ! te*nique ( liv+ c be/ be le>n$ by ! *ild ?r\gh situations t are n typical ( social life1 b :i* h be5 arrang$ 9 ord] to ex]cise "s special s5se s z to develop ! faculties ( discrim9ation & comp>ison4 ,! diff]5ce ( op9ion resolves itself into ! acceptance ( diff]5t views ( ! nature ( ! human intellig5ce4 ,montessori1 9 common ) ! old] psy*ologi/s1 believes t p h ready-made faculties :i* c be tra9$ & develop$ = g5]al purposes1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! acts by :i* !y are ex]cis$ h any mean+ o!r ?an ! tra9+ !y af=d4 ,! *ild is born ) undevelop$ faculties :i* c be made to blossom by suitable appliances1 & !n devot$ at w to o!r uses4 ,mo/ educators 9 ?is c\ntry agree ) ! new] psy*ological !ories t skill c n be a*iev$ indep5d5tly ( ! tools us$ & ! object fa%ion$ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( a special end4 ,ex]cises :i* di/+ui% = ! *ild ! ab/ract qualities l l5g? & color1 reg>dless ( ! ?+s ( :i* !y are qualities1 may give ! *ild great skill 9 p]=m+ ! special ex]cise1 b w n necess>ily result 9 mak+ him m successful 9 deal+ ) ^! qualities z !y appe> z factors 9 ! situations ( life4 ,mu* less w !y tra9 p[]s ( comp>+ & discrim9at+ at l>ge s t !y may be transf]r$ to any use4 ,a *ild is n born ) faculties to be unfold$1 b ) special impulses ( action to be develop$ ?r\gh _! use 9 pres]v+ & p]fect+ life 9 ! social & physical conditions "u :i* x goes on4 ,if1 accord+ly1 ! *ild 9 an ,am]ican progressive s*ool does n usually h z mu* fre$om ( mov+ ab\t & ( *oice ( 8 "t = do+ "w1 ! explanation does n consi/ 9 a less degree ( belief 9 ! value ( lib]ty4 ,! emphasis falls on ! l>g] fre$om ( us+ & te/+ s5ses & judgm5t 9 situations typical ( life4 ,because ^! situations are social1 !y require t *ildr5 "w m toge!r 9 common pursuits2 because !y are social !y p]mit & (t5 require ! tea*]'s aid1 j z "o ga9s assi/ance f o!rs 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life4 ,help f o!rs is n to be fe>$ z an encroa*m5t ^u lib]ty1 b t k9d ( help :i* re/ricts ! use ( ! *ildr5's own intellig5ce 9 =m+ ends & us+ +5uity1 initiative & inv5tiv5ess 9 ! selection & adaption ( mat]ials4 ,! limitation ( mat]ial to p]=m+ ex]cises calculat$ to tra9 an isolat$ s5se--a situation t nev] pres5ts itself 9 life--seems to ! ,am]ican tea*] a great] limitation ( fre$om ?an t :i* arises f ! ne$ ( cop]ation ) o!rs 9 ! p]=mance ( common activities4 ,x is desirable n m]ely t ! *ild %\ld le>n n to int]f]e ) o!rs z !y execute _! own ends1 b also t he %\ld le>n to "w ) !m 9 an intellig5t way4 ,h5ce ! scope ( ! mat]ial %\ld n be limit$ to tra9+ ! discrim9ations & comp>isons ( a s+le s5se 7h[ev] valuable ?is may be ) v "y *ildr5 :o are incapable ( cop]ative activity & ^: ma9 bus9ess is to ma/] ! use ( _! organs71,a b %\ld be v>i$ en\gh to (f] typical problems call+ = ! k9d ( comp>ison & discrim9ation us$ 9 ord9>y life-situations4 ,& :5 pupils are mak+ real ?+s = real uses1 or f9d+ out ab\t ! activities & mat]ials ( out-(-s*ool life1 sev]al *ildr5 ne$ to "w at ! same ?+ & keep at "o ?+ ) "s consecutiv5ess4 ,a ,x is significant t _m :o h exp]im5t$ ) ! app>atus hold t its value is greate/ ) q "y *ildr5--?ree & f\r ye>s old4 ,b if ! educators ( ?is c\ntry diff] ) ,montessori z to ! exi/5ce ( innate faculties :i* c be tra9$ = g5]al application by special ex]cises design$ only = tra9+ & n = ! accompli%m5t ( results 9 :i* tra9+ is incid5tal1 !y welcome h] ef=ts to secure t degree ( fre$om 9 ! s*oolroom :i* w enable tea*]s to become acqua9t$ ) ! real p[]s & int]e/s ( ! *ild & ?us secure ! data = a sci5tific me?od 9 education4 ,!y appreciate ! =ce ( h] po9t t artificial conditions ( re/ra9t prev5t tea*]s f gett+ true k ( ! mat]ial ) :i* !y are deal+1 s t in/ruction is limit$ to repetition ( traditional processes4 ,!y p]ceive t h] insi/5ce ^u t\* associat$ ) muscul> movem5t z a factor 9 le>n+ to write & read1 is a real contribution to ! te*nique ( elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,%e has become a mo/ important factor 9 ! popul>iz+ ( ! gospel ( lib]ty z indisp5sable to any true education4 ,) a wid] und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( intellectual & moral fre$om1 & ! accompany+ breakd[n ( ! negative & co]cive ideas ( discipl9e1 ! *ief ob/acle to ! use ( ! tea*]'s own p[]s ( obs]vation & exp]im5tation w disappe>4 ,! sci5tific int]e/ :i* requires p]sonal obs]vation1 reflection1 & exp]im5tal activity1 w be add$ to ! tea*]'s sympa!tic int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( *ildr54 ,education t associates le>n+ ) do+ w replace ! passive education ( imp>t+ ! le>n+ ( o!rs4 ,h[ev] well ! latt] is adapt$ to feudal societies1 9 :i* mo/ individuals are expect$ to submit con/antly & docilely to ! au?ority ( sup]iors1 an education :i* proce$s on ?is basis is inconsi/5t ) a democratic society :]e initiative & indep5d5ce are ! rule & :]e e citiz5 is suppos$ to take "p 9 ! conduct ( affairs ( common int]e/4 ,x is significant ( ! wide-rea*+ developm5t ( ! democratic _s t ! voice mo/ influ5tially id5tifi$ at ! pres5t "t ) ! ideal ( lib]ty 9 education %\ld s\nd =? f ,italy4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,to ,,! ,,community ,"w is ess5tially social 9 its "*1 = ! occupations :i* p c>ry on are = human ne$s & ends4 ,!y are conc]n$ ) ma9ta9+ ! relations ) ?+s & ) o!rs :i* make up ! _w we live 94 ,ev5 ! acts t are conc]n$ ) keep+ alive are arrang$ to fit into a social s*eme :i* has modifi$ all man's in/9ctive acts & ?\ghts4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t ?is s*eme is dep5d5t ^u ! ability ( p to "w toge!r successfully4 ,if !y c d ?is a well-balanc$1 happy & prosp]\s society results4 ,)\t ^! occupations1 :i* are ess5tially social life--t is human life--civilization c n g on4 ,! result is a sort ( social education by necessity1 s9ce e "o mu/ le>n to adapt himself to o!r individuals & to :ole communities4 ,:5 x is left to circum/ances ?is education1 al?\gh necess>y1 is haphaz>d & only p>tial4 ,we s5d *ildr5 to s*ool suppos$ly to le>n 9 a sy/ematic way ! occupations :i* con/itute liv+1 b to a v l>ge ext5t ! s*ools ov]look1 9 ! me?ods & subject-matt] ( _! tea*+1 ! social basis ( liv+4 ,in/ead ( c5t]+ ! "w 9 ! concrete1 ! human side ( ?+s1 !y put ! emphasis on ! ab/ract1 h5ce ! "w is made academic--unsocial4 ,"w !n is no long] connect$ ) a gr\p ( p all engag$ 9 occupations1 b is isolat$1 selfi% & individuali/ic4 ,x is bas$ on a conception ( society :i* no long] fits ! facts1 an e-man-=-himself society :i* ceas$ to exi/ a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! ord9>y s*ool curriculum ignores ! sci5tific democratic society ( to-day & its ne$s & ideals1 & goes on fitt+ *ildr5 = an individuali/ic /ruggle = exi/5ce1 s(t5$ by a little intellectual 8culture0 = ! individual's enjoym5t4 ,s*ools />t$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 pione] days1 :5 a comp>atively small numb] ( p 7 scatt]$ ov] an imm5se c\ntry t (f]$ !m unlimit$ & unexplor$ opportunities4 ,! pione] 0 dep5d5t ^u 8 own ability 9 seiz+ ^! opportunities1 9 gett+ ahead1 9 8 use ( nature's raw mat]ial4 ,he liv$ mu* alone & = himself2 no "o 0 really dep5d5t ^u 8 relations ) o!rs2 = !re 7 few p1 endless mat]ial1 & unorganiz$ communities1 )\t traditions or in/itutions4 ,! welf>e ( ! c\ntry 0 dep5d5t ^u ! spread ( ! doctr9es ( gett+ on1 & e man = himself4 ,x 0 entirely natural t ! new s*ools %\ld reflect ?is ideal & %ape _! "w to drive home ! lesson4 ,our e>ly settl]s came f c\ntries ) traditions ( culture & 8le>n+02 & x 0 natural t !y %\ld look to _! s*ools to keep alive ^! transplant$ ideals 9 ! mid/ ( _! /ruggle ) nature4 ,culture did n mean to !m a h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! *ild's faculties1 b x meant r ! /or+ up ( hi/orical facts & ! acquir+ ( k & ! lit]atures ( ! pa/4 ,le>n+1 too1 did n mean f9d+ out ab\t ! ?+s ar\nd !m or ab\t :at 0 go+ on 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 x meant review+ ! a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/1 le>n+ to read ! dead languages1 ! dead] ! language ! great] ! reputation = 8le>n+40 ,! s*ool curriculums 7 pr9cipally devot$1 !re=e1 to turn+ ! eyes ( ! pupils to ! pa/1 :]e alone !y c\ld f9d ?+s wor? /udy+ & :]e1 too1 !y might f9d ! ref9em5ts ( e/hetic & intellectual developm5t4 ,a k ( ! 8?ree ,r's0 & a little natural 8sm>tness0 0 all ! social equipm5t ! *ild ne$$1 all ! prep>ation t 0 necess>y = him to beg9 to get on 9 ! _w4 ,once he _h t equipm5t ! s*ools c\ld !n turn _! att5tion to giv+ him culture4 ,h[ev] int]e/+ or enlight5+ su* culture might be to ! individual1 obvi\sly ! fir/ bus9ess ( ! public s*ool is to tea* ! *ild to live 9 ! _w 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 to und]/& 8 %>e 9 x1 & to get a good />t 9 adju/+ himself to x4 ,only z he c d ^! ?+s successfully w he h "t or incl9ation to cultivate purely intellectual activities4 ,! public s*ools />t$ ) ! awak5+ ( ! _s ( lib]ty & democracy4 ,m & m p realiz$ t !re 0 no possibility ( an equal *ance = e "o1 if a v small m9ority ( ! population _h entire control ( ! mat]ial ( sci5ce1 :i* 0 s rapidly *ang+ all social & indu/rial conditions4 ,naturally en\gh :5 ^! popul> s*ools 7 />t$1 ! community turn$ to ! s*ools already 9 exi/5ce = _! curriculum & organization4 ,! old s*ools1 h[ev]1 7 n conduct$ to give equal opportunity to all1 b = j ! opposite purpose1 to make m m>k$ ! l9e betwe5 classes1 to give ! leisure & money$ classes some?+ :i* e "o c\ld n get1 to cat] to _! desire = di/9ction & to give !m occupation4 ,p liv$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation 9 ! same place1 c>ry+ on ! same occupations "u ! same conditions4 ,_! _w 0 s small t x did n seem to (f] mu* 9 ! way ( mat]ial = a s*ool education2 & :at x did (f] 0 prim>ily conc]n$ ) e>n+ a liv+4 ,b ! s*ools 7 = p :o did n e>n _! own liv+s1 = p :o wi%$ to be accompli%$1 poli%$ & int]e/+ socially1 s ! mat]ial 0 ab/ract1 purposely sep>at$ f ! concrete & ! useful4 ,ideals ( culture & education 7 & /ill are to a surpris+ ext5t bas$ entirely ^u ! int]e/s & dem&s ( an ari/ocratic & leisure class4 ,hav+ su* an ideal ( culture x 0 natural to ! pione]s to copy ! curriculum ( ! s*ools made = ?is ideal1 ev5 :5 ! purpose ( _! s*ools 0 to give an equal indu/rial & social *ance to all4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ( ! public s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry ! mat]ial ( ! curriculum reflect$ social conditions :i* 7 rapidly pass+ away3 ideals ( education t a feudal society1 dep5d5t ^u its ari/ocracy1 _h develop$4 ,! trem5d\s *ange 9 society :i* ! application ( sci5ce to indu/ry br\ght ab\t1 *anges :i* caus$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! g5]al revolution ( #ahdh1 effect$ a recon/ruction ( ne>ly all ! in/itutions ( civilization1 ! dea? ( a great _m1 & ! bir? ( _m m4 ,! ne$ ( popul> education 0 "o ( ! results ( ! *ange1 & ) ?is ne$ came ! public s*ools4 ,z _! =m did n adapt itself to ! new conditions1 b simply copi$ ! s*ools already exi/+1 ! process ( recon/ruction to fit ! new society is /ill go+ on1 & is only j beg9n+ to become consci\s4 ,a democratic society1 dep5d5t ^u applications ( sci5ce = all its prosp]ity & welf>e1 c n hope to use ) any great success a sy/em ( education :i* grew up = ! rul+ body 9 an autocratic society us+ only human p[] = its indu/ries & weal?4 ,! ev]-increas+ dissatisfaction ) ! s*ools & ! exp]im5ts 9 trade & indu/rial tra9+ :i* are be+ />t$1 are prote/s aga9/ cl++ to ?is outworn inh]itance4 ,!y are ! fir/ /eps 9 ! process ( build+ a new education :i* %all really give an equal *ance to e "o1 because x w base itself on ! _w 9 :i* ! *ildr5 live4 ,!re are ?ree ?+s ab\t ! old-fa%ion$ s*ool :i* mu/ be *ang$ if s*ools are to reflect mod]n society3 fir/1 ! subject-matt]1 second1 ! way ! tea*] h&les x1 & ?ird1 ! way ! pupils h&le x4 ,! subject-matt] w n be alt]$ z to "n4 ,read+1 writ+1 ari?metic & geography w always be ne$$1 b _! sub/ance w be greatly alt]$ & add$ to4 ,9 ! fir/ place mod]n society realizes t ! c>e & gr[? ( ! body are j z important z ! developm5t ( ! m9d2 m s1 = ! latt] is dep5d5t ^u ! =m]1 s s*ools w become places = *ildr5 to le>n to live physically z well z m5tally4 ,aga9 we ne$ to "k h[ to read & write n[adays s t we may be able to d ! simple/ daily actions1 take ! "r /reet-c>1 avoid dang]\s places1 & keep 9 t\* ) p & ev5ts we c n see1 &1 9 fact1 d almo/ ev]y?+ connect$ ) our occupations4 ,b ! s*ools are /ill tea*+ read+ & writ+ z if !y 7 ends 9 !mselves1 simply luxuries to be acquir$ by pupils = _! private edification4 ,! same ?+ is true ( geography2 pupils le>n b\nd>ies1 populations & riv]s z if _! object 0 to /ore up facts t ev]ybody may n "k4 ,b 9 a society :]e railroads & /eamboats1 newspap]s & telegraph1 h made ! :ole _w neighbors1 & :]e no community is self-support+1 ! desirability ( really kn[+ ab\t ^! neighbors is obvi\s4 ,9 o!r words our _w has be5 s trem5d\sly enl>g$ & complicat$1 our horizons s wid5$ & our sympa?ies s /imulat$1 by ! *anges 9 our surr\nd+s & habits br\ght ab\t by ma*9]y1 t a s*ool curriculum :i* does n %[ ?is same gr[? c be only v p>tially successful4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! s*oolroom mu/ be enl>g$ to take 9 ! new elem5ts & ne$s ( society4 ,?is c be done )\t ov]burd5+ ! pupils by effect+ ! second & ?ird necess>y *anges4 ,! complication & multiplication due to ma*9]y & ! increase 9 ! m]e numb] ( facts t are kn[n ab\t ?+s ?r\gh sci5tific discov]ies1 make ! task ( ma/]+ ev5 "o subject almo/ impossible4 ,:5 we consid] all ! facts connect$ ) tea*+ ! geography ( our own c\ntry1 ! climatic & geological facts1 ! racial facts1 ! indu/rial & political facts1 & ! social & sci5tific facts1 we beg9 to realize ! hopelessness ( tea*+ ) li/s ( facts4 ,geography embraces ne>ly ! entire range ( human k & endeavor4 ,! same ?+ is true to a less] ext5t ( all ! subjects 9 ! curriculum4 ,! great numb] ( facts at our disposal 9 any "o bran* makes a m]e classification ( ! pr9cipal ones seem l a make%ift4 ,s tea*]s1 in/ead ( hav+ _! classes read & !n recite facts f textbooks1 mu/ *ange _! me?ods4 ,facts pres5t !mselves to e "o 9 c\ntless numb]s1 & x is n _! nam+ t is useful1 b ! ability to und]/& !m & see _! relation & application to ea* o!r4 ,s ! function ( ! tea*] mu/ *ange f t ( a cic]one & dictator to t ( a wat*] & help]4 ,z tea*]s come to wat* _! individual pupils ) a view to all[+ ea* "o ! fulle/ developm5t ( 8 ?9k+ & reason+ p[]s1 & to use ! tables ( read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic z means ( tra9+ ! *ild's abilities to judge & act1 ! rle ( ! *ild necess>ily *anges too4 ,x becomes active in/ead ( passive1 ! *ild becomes ! que/ion] & exp]im5t]4 ,x is ! r>e m9d t c get relations or draw conclusions f simply he>+ facts4 ,mo/ p mu/ see & h&le ?+s be=e !y c tell h[ ^! ?+s w behave & :at _! mean+ is4 ,! tea*] !n becomes ! "o :o sees t ! pupils get prop] mat]ial1 & t !y use x 9 ways t are true2 t is1 9 ways t repres5t relations & conditions t actually exi/ outside ! classroom4 ,?is is simply ano!r way ( say+ t 9 a society :]e e "o is suppos$ to take c>e ( himself1 & is suppos$ to h lib]ty ( p]son & action1 up to ! po9t ( h>m+ o!rs1 x is pretty important t e "o %\ld be able to conduct himself1 t is1 to act s t he c take c>e ( himself successfully4 ,= its own sake society c n af=d to tra9 up its *ildr5 9 a way t blunts & dulls ! quickness & accuracy ( judgm5t ( ! baby be=e x beg9s s*ool4 ,if x does ?is x is increas+ ! numb] ( incompet5ts :o w be a drag on ! :ole ( society4 ,dogmatic me?ods :i* prescribe & make = docility & passivity n only become ineffective 9 mod]n society b !y actually h9d] ! developm5t ( ! l>ge/ possibilities ( society4 ,all ! educational re=m]s foll[+ ,r\sseau h look$ to education z ! be/ means ( reg5]at+ society4 ,!y h be5 fight+ aga9/ ! feudal & pione] notion t ! reason = a good education 0 to enable y\r *ildr5 & m9e to get ahead ( ! re/ ( ! community1 to give individuals ano!r weapon to use 9 mak+ society contribute m to _! purse & pleasure4 ,!y h believ$ t ! real reason = develop+ ! be/ possible education 0 to prev5t j ?is1 by develop+ me?ods :i* w\ld give a h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! p[]s4 ,?is c be done by socializ+ education1 by mak+ s*ools a real "p ( active life1 n by all[+ !m to g _! own way1 %unt+ (f all outside influ5ces1 & isolat+ !mselves4 ,froebel1 ,pe/alozzi1 & _! foll[]s tri$ to effect j ?is l9k+ up ) society :i* w\ld result 9 ! developm5t ( a social _s 9 e "o4 ,b !y did n h ! means = mak+ _! s*ools embryo communities4 ,! dem& = popul> education 0 /ill s small t ! community 0 n will+ to recognize ! s*ools z an integral "p1 & ! idea t *ildr5 7 any?+ b m9iature gr[n-ups1 0 /ill s new t successful me?ods ( h&l+ gr\ps ( *ildr5 _h n be5 develop$4 ,! rle ( ! community 9 mak+ ! s*ools vital is j z important z ! rle ( ! s*ool itself4 ,= 9 a community :]e s*ools are look$ ^u z isolat$ in/itutions1 z a necess>y conv5tion1 ! s*ool w rema9 l>gely s 9 spite ( ! mo/ skillful me?ods ( tea*+4 ,b a community t dem&s some?+ visible f its s*ools1 t recognizes ! "p !y play 9 ! welf>e ( ! :ole j z x recognizes its police & fire dep>tm5ts1 t uses ! en]gies & int]e/ ( its y\?ful citiz5s1 n simply controll+ _! "t until !y are prep>$ to be turn$ out z citiz5s--su* a community w h social s*ools1 & :atev] its res\rces1 x w h s*ools t develop community _s & int]e/s4 ,a great deal has be5 writt5 lately ab\t ! public s*ool sy/em at ,g>y1 ,ind41 ) special ref]5ce to ! novel features ( s*ool adm9i/ration t are be+ work$ out !re1 or else ) emphasis on ! opportunities = indu/rial tra9+4 ,b ! bigge/ idea !re is ! "o beh9d ^! new features4 ,x is ! social & community idea4 ,mr4 ,wirt1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 has _h an opportunity to make ! s*ools ( ! /eel t[n almo/ f ! v beg9n+ ( ! t[n1 & he has want$ to d x "r4 ,he did n visit ! mo/ fam\s s*ools all ov] ! c\ntry or s5d = ! be/ s*ool ar*itect2 in/ead he /ay$ "r at home1 & =gett+ :at _h or _h n be5 done 9 o!r places1 he tri$ to make ! be/ possible s*ools = ,g>y4 ,! "q he tri$ to answ] 0 ?is3 ,:at did ! ,g>y *ildr5 ne$ to make !m good citiz5s & happy & prosp]\s human be+s1 & h[ c\ld ! money available = educational purposes supply all ^! ne$s8 ,! indu/rial features ( 8 s*ools w be tak5 up lat]1 b x may be well to po9t out 9 pass+ t !y 7 n in/itut$ to turn out good work]s = ! /eel company1 nor to save ! factories ! exp5se ( tra9+ _! own work]s1 b = ! educational value ( ! "w !y involv$4 ,9 ! same way x w\ld be a mi/ake to consid] ! ,g>y s*ools simply z an attempt to take ! unpromis+ immigrant *ild & turn him into a self-support+ immigrant1 or z an attempt to meet ! dem& ( an indu/rial class = a c]ta9 sort ( tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! pupil /ays 9 ! same build+ f day nurs]y ?r\gh high s*ool4 7,g>y1 ,ind47 ,mr4 ,wirt f\nd himself ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 9 an ,am]ican t[n1 responsible = ?\s&s ( *ildr5 com+ f all sorts ( surr\nd+s4 ,x 0 8 problem to take c>e ( !m = a numb] ( ye>s 9 su* a way t at ! end ( ! "t ea* *ild w\ld be able to f9d 8 own job & d x successfully1 :e!r ?is 0 fe$+ a ma*9e or manag+ a bus9ess1 :e!r x 0 tak+ c>e ( a family or work+ 9 an (fice1 or tea*+ s*ool4 ,8 problem is n to give ! special in=mation ea* "o may ne$ = ! details ( 8 "w1 b to keep ! natural int]e/s & en?usiasms ( *ildhood1 to enable ea* pupil to ga9 control ( 8 m9d & body1 & to insure 8 be+ able to d ! re/ = himself4 ,to be successful z a human be+ & an ,am]ican citiz51 is ! goal t ! public s*ools ( ! c\ntry h set = _! pupils3 e>n+ a liv+ =ms "p ( ?is ideal1 & foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse if ! l>g] tra9+ is successful4 ,!re are _m factors to be consid]$ 9 decid+ on ! be/ ways ( rea*+ ?is goal3 su* z ! individual peculi>ities ( e *ild t goes to s*ool2 ! p t w tea*2 ! neighborhood 9 :i* ! *ild lives2 & ! l>g] community :i* pays = ! s*ools4 ,mr4 ,wirt's plan takes advantage to _! full value ( ! contributions ea* "o has to make to ! :ole s*eme4 ,ea* factor is a contributory asset2 )\t x ! o!rs c\ld n p]=m _! "w2 !re=e x means a weak spot 9 ! result if any?+ is ov]look$4 ,a trem5d\s wa/e 9 ! organization ( ! ord9>y public s*ool appe>s at ! fir/ glance to a critic :o is seek+ to sp5d ! s*ool taxes ) ! greate/ possible b5efit to ! *ildr5 & to ! taxpay]s4 ,! entire s*ool equipm5t ( build+1 y>d1 & supplies /&s empty = half ( e s*ool day1 besides summ] vacation & ,saturdays4 ,! build+s are exp5sive & = ! great] "p ( ! "t are n 9 use at all4 ,?is is an extravagance 9 itself1 b :5 we consid] ! way ! av]age *ild :o goes to public s*ool 9 t[n or city sp5ds ! h\rs :5 he is n 9 s*ool1 & ! v incomplete education he gets dur+ ! s*ool h\rs1 we beg9 to realize j h[ s]i\s ?is extravagance is4 ,mr4 ,wirt decid$ to keep ! s*ools op5 all day 9 ,g>y1 s t ! *ildr5 w\ld n be =c$ to sp5d ! great] "p ( _! "t play+ 9 ! alleys & on cr[d$ /reet corn]s1 expos$ to all ! dang]s to heal? & morals t su* places (f] = ! loit]]4 ,/ill ! build+s w\ld be clos$ = _m h\rs a day & = _m weeks1 & he decid$ t ! p :o built ! build+s--! taxpay]s--ought to h a *ance to use !m = public purposes dur+ ?is "t1 s ! ,g>y s*ools h ev5+ s*ool1 ,saturday classes1 & summ] sessions4 ,?is makes ! up-keep ( ! build+s mu* m exp5sive ?an hav+ !m op5 = a few mon?s only1 !re=e "s way ( runn+ ! plant m economically mu/ be discov]$4 ,*ildr5 c n sit /ill all day at _! desks z !y d = five h\rs 9 mo/ s*ools2 !re=e o!r ?+s mu/ be provid$ = !m to d if !y are to keep well & busy dur+ eight h\rs ( s*ool4 ,! ,g>y build+s obta9 ?is necess>y economy by us+ a build+ = twice z _m pupils z ! ord9>y build+ is suppos$ to be able to take c>e (4 ,!re are two s*ools 9 e h\se1 "o f eight to ?ree & ! o!r f n9e to f\r1 & ea* takes its turn at ! regul> classrooms dur+ alt]nate h\rs1 ! rema9+ half ( ! day be+ sp5t 9 ! v>i\s occupations t make ,g>y unique4 ,9 ?is way en\gh money is sav$ to equip %ops & pay extra tea*]s = ! subjects t supplem5t ! regul> curriculum1 & to pay = ! extra sessions4 ,?us ) taxes ( ord9>y size ! p ( ,g>y get s*ools t utilize ! *ildr5's "t1 & give !m greatly increas$ facilities = le>n+1 besides (f]+ ! adults ( ! community opportunities = special c\rses 9 ev5+ s*ool4 ,at pres5t 9 ,g>y ! numb] ( adults us+ ! s*ool build+s is great] ?an ! numb] ( *ildr51 ?\gh ( c\rse ! numb] ( h\rs !y att5d s*ool is mu* %ort]4 ,by hav+ two duplicate s*ools 9 e build+ "o half ! usual co/ p] classroom is sav$1 & en\gh money to supply heal?y activities = ! *ildr5 = eight h\rs a day & to keep ! s*ools op5 ev5+s1 holidays & ,sundays = adults is obta9$4 ,ea* build+ is equipp$ ) a gymnasium1 swimm+ pool1 & playgr\nd1 & has physical directors t are 9 att5dance = ! entire eight h\rs4 ,physical tra9+ is z mu* a "p ( ! regul> s*ool "w z any?+ else1 & besides ! "w t is "p ( e pupil's program !re are two h\rs a day :5 ! playgr\nd is op5 = ! *ildr5 to use z !y please4 ,in/ead ( go+ to ! /reets to play1 ! *ildr5 /ay 9 ! s*ool & use ! play opportunities x (f]s4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! physical tra9+ takes ! =m ( sup]vis$ play & app>atus "w4 ,exp]im5tation has %[n "h z 9 s _m o!r places t ! pupils are n really int]e/$ 9 ! =mal gr\p ex]cises1 & t !y g ?r\gh ) !m "u compulsion & s lose mo/ ( ! b5efit4 ,s = ! gymna/ic drill1 swimm+ pool1 t5nis c\rts1 & app>atus are l>gely sub/itut$4 ,! directors see t ! individual gets ! special ex]cise t he ne$s s t ! "w does n lose its ord]l9ess or effectiv5ess1 & besides gett+ physical developm5t suit$ to 8 ne$s1 e *ild has a heal?y & pleasant place to play or o!rwise sp5d 8 "t outdoors4 ,! ,g>y pupil is expect$ to ga9 physically dur+ ! s*ool ye> j z he is expect$ to keep up ) 8 grade 9 8 o!r "w4 ,ea* *ild is exam9$ by a doctor1 & ! pupils :o are n /rong en\gh = ! /ra9 ( ! classroom "w are n s5t home to d no?+ until !y are /rong]1 b are kept 9 s*ool & giv5 a program suit$ to _! /r5g?1 _! classroom "t is cut d[n to a m9imum1 & !y sp5d mo/ ( ! day on ! playgr\nd or 9 ! gymnasium1 do+ ! sort ( ?+s ! doctor says !y ne$ to get /rong4 ,! physical gr[? ( ! pupils is j z important z ! m5tal1 & by devot+ ! same c>e to x t is giv5 to ! *ild's progress ?r\gh ! grades1 ! s*ools g a long way t[>ds mak+ !mselves a small community :i* gives e opportunity = a normal & natural life4 ,! s*ools are op5 eight h\rs a day1 b ! grade tea*]s tea* = only six h\rs1 :ile ! physical directors are on duty = ! :ole "t4 ,f\r h\rs ( ea* s*ool's "t is giv5 to ! regul> classroom "w or laboratories1 & "o h\r = ! auditorium & "o h\r = 8application0 or play4 ,!n !re are ! o!r two h\rs :5 ! *ildr5 may use ! play facilities if !y wi%1 & !y all d use !m4 ,by rotat+ ! classes ! numb] ( tea*]s does n h to be increas$1 & ! pupils get ! b5efit ( tea*]s especially tra9$ = ! subject !y are tea*+4 ,by divid+ ea* s*ool into gr\ps ( pupils ! classes are small] ?an 9 mo/ public s*ools4 ,= ! fir/ two h\rs 9 ! morn+--f #h3ae to #aj3ae--"o s*ool has ! use ( ! classrooms1 /udios1 %ops & laboratories1 "o gr\p 9 a recitation room = ! fir/ h\r & 9 ! %ops = ! second1 ! second gr\p beg9n+ ) ! %op "w4 ,! o!r s*ool uses ! playgr\nd = ! fir/ h\r & att5dance is n compulsory1 = ! second h\r "o gr\p goes to ! auditorium & ! o!r rema9s on ! playgr\nd = sy/ematic gymna/ics or has an 8application0 p]iod4 ,!n at #aj3ae ! fir/ s*ool goes to ! auditorium & playgr\nds = its "w & ! second s*ool takes possession ( ! class & %op rooms = two h\rs4 ,grades "o to five h two h\rs daily 9 regul> classrooms = =mal in/ruction 9 language1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & ma!matics4 ,grades six to twelve h ?ree h\rs daily = ?is =mal in/ruction4 ,! additional h\r is tak5 f ! play & application p]iods4 ,grades "o to five h "o h\r ( laboratory "w 9 sci5ce or %op "w 9 indu/rial tra9+1 ?irty m9utes = music or lit]ature1 & ?irty m9utes = physical tra9+4 ,grades six to twelve h ! entire two h\rs = %op "w 9 indu/rial tra9+1 laboratory "w 9 sci5ce1 or music & draw+4 ,by ?is s*eme ( alt]nation ( classes & s*ools twice ! numb] ( *ildr5 t are usually c>$ = 9 "o build+ are tak5 c>e ( 9 small] classes by tea*]s :o are speciali/s 9 _! subjects4 ,= besides ! indu/rial tea*]s1 !re are tea*]s = ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 lit]ature1 music1 art1 nature /udy1 & ! sci5ces4 ,?is additional effici5cy is paid = by ! sav+ on build+s effect$ by ! two s*ool sy/ems4 ,ea* grade room is us$ by at lea/ f\r diff]5t classes1 s ea* *ild does n h a desk :]e he keeps 8 ?+s & belong+s1 b has a lock] = 8 books & *anges 8 classroom at ! end ( ! h\r4 ,no "o tea*] is responsible = "o set ( pupils1 b = h] own "w1 & 9 ! same way ! pupils are responsible = !mselves4 ,obvi\sly su* a s*eme z ?is requires a real _s ( cop]ation among ! pupils & tea*]s1 & also good bus9ess managem5t4 ,mr4 ,wirt believes t lack ( j ?is has be5 "o ( ! reasons :y ! public s*ools h lo/ s _m ( ! opportunities t ,g>y is us+4 ,runn+ a big in/itution successfully f ! bus9ess end is a l>ge ord] 9 itself1 & ,mr4 ,wirt feels t s*ool pr9cipals & sup]visors h be5 too greatly h&icapp$ 9 be+ expect$ to d ?is bus9ess :ile c>ry+ out an educational program4 ,he believes t ! s*ool pr9cipal or sup]9t5d5t %\ld be a bus9ess manag]1 an adm9i/rative (fic] simply = ! build+ or = ! city4 ,! educational policy ( ! s*ools1 ! program1 & me?ods %\ld be look$ out = by exp]ts :o are free f ! details ( adm9i/ration4 ,^! sup]vis+ educators %\ld n be appo9t$ = di/ricts b = subjects1 & %\ld move _! (fices f "t to "t f "o s*ool to ano!r1 s t !y may really keep 9 t\* ) all ! "w 9 _! subject1 & s t no "o s*ool w be ov]/rong 9 "o subject4 ,^! sup]visors %\ld act z ! educational pr9cipals ( ! s*ools :]e !y h _! (fices = ! "t1 & ! :ole body ( sup]visors arrange ! curricula = all ! s*ools4 ,g>y has too few s*ools z yet to enable ! completion ( su* a plan1 b ! pres5t organization %[s ! same broad-m9d$ness & desire to get ! cop]ation & value ( all ! "w ( all ! tea*]s ?r\gh ! sy/em1 f ! newe/ assi/ant to ! sup]9t5d5t himself4 ,9 discipl9e1 9 social life1 & 9 ! curriculum ! ,g>y s*ools are do+ ev]y?+ possible1 9 cop]ation ) *ur* & home1 to use to ! be/ educational purpose e res\rce ( money1 organization & neighborhood influ5ce4 ,! s*ool is a small community 9 its discipl9e1 & a democratic "o4 ,! "w is s well arrang$ t ! *ildr5 want to g to s*ool2 !re is no ne$ to drag !m ) truant (fic]s or ov]awe !m by a %[ ( /]n au?ority4 ,once 9 ! s*ool build+ !y feel at home & take ! same int]e/ & responsibility 9 ! "w t !y take 9 _! own homes4 ,ea* *ild kn[s :at all ! o!r *ildr5 & classes are do+1 = all ! *ildr5 are con/antly meet+ 9 ! lock] rooms or z !y pass ?r\gh ! halls = _! *ange ( classroom at ! end ( e h\r4 ,! auditorium & ! sy/em ( visit+ classes1 & ! repair+ & manufactur+ ( s*ool equipm5t by ! /ud5ts1 are /rong factors 9 creat+ ! _s t prevails among ! s*ol>s4 ,!re is a /ud5t c\ncil 9 ea* s*ool elect$ by ! /ud5ts to att5d to ! int]e/s ( ! /ud5t body & to ! ord] ( ! build+4 ,!re are heal? campaigns c>ri$ on by ! s*ool doctors cop]at+ ?r\gh ! s*ool pr9t+ press ) ! ,engli% classes & ! auditorium p]iods4 ,! *ildr5 take su* a ke5 int]e/ 9 ^!1 & "w s h>d t !re is a l>g] p]c5t ( contagi\s diseases among ! *ildr5 "u s*ool age ?an among ^? 9 s*ool1 9 spite ( ! great] *ances = contagion among ! latt]4 ,in/ead ( simply en=c+ ! heal? laws1 ! s*ool au?orities tell ! *ildr5 :at ! laws are1 :y !y 7 made & h[ !y c help to keep d[n contagion & all sorts ( sickness2 9 *emi/ry & cook+ ! pupils are taught en\gh ab\t g]ms & physiology s t !y und]/& :at contagion & dirt mean4 ,! result is t ! *ildr5 !mselves take e precaution to prev5t sickness1 & :5 a classmate is sick !y see to x t qu>ant9e is en=c$ & t ! s*ool doctor is notifi$4 ,! s*ools h c>ri$ on a pure milk campaign 9 ! same way2 ! pupils br\ght samples ( milk f home & te/$ x1 & !n saw t _! p>5ts did some?+ ab\t x if impurities 7 f\nd4 ,an anti-fly campaign goes on all ! "t & meets ) a real response f ! *ildr54 ,9 ! matt] ( heal? ! s*ools n only d _! %>e z a "p ( ! :ole community1 !y d m ?an ?is1 act+ z assi/ants to ! bo>d ( heal? & gett+ rid ( ! prejudice & fe> ( city doctors :i* is s common 9 our =eign communities1 & :i* makes x s h>d to keep d[n disease & take c>e ( s*ool *ildr54 ,once ! cop]ation & und]/&+ ( ! *ildr5 is ga9$ by ! city doctors1 x is n h>d to h _! ad5oids or eyes att5d$ to4 ,! *ildr5 "k :y ^! ?+s ne$ to be done ev5 if _! p>5ts d n1 & !y see to x t ! p>5ts are kept f int]f]+ & t !y help4 ,ano!r difficult problem = ! public s*ools 9 an indu/rial community ) a =eign population is to keep ! *ildr5 9 s*ool aft] ! legal age at :i* !y may leave4 ,! ,g>y s*ools g ab\t ?is j z !y attack ! "q ( public heal?1 n by mak+ m rules or try+ compulsion1 b by gett+ ! *ildr5 !mselves to help1 by mak+ ! s*ools s obvi\sly useful = ea* individual t he wants to /ay4 ,!re are no 8,high ,s*ools0 9 ,g>y6 ,a pupil goes to s*ool 9 "o build+ f ! day he ent]s k9d]g>t5 until he is ready = college or until he goes into bus9ess or ! factory4 ,!re is no graduation ) a celebration & a diploma at ! end ( ! eigh? grade4 ,:5 a pupil beg9s ! n9? grade 8 program deviates f ! plan ( previ\s ye>s1 b o!rwise !re is no?+ done to make ! *ild ?9k he has gone z f> z he ne$s1 t f n[ on he w simply be gett+ frills & luxuries4 ,! tea*]s d n *ange4 ,! same hi/ory1 language & lit]ature tea*]s conduct all ! grades2 & 9 ! %ops ! pupils get a *ance to le>n "s "o ?+ ?or\ghly4 ,! pupils d n look =w>d to ! la/ f\r ye>s ( s*ool ) dread ( a h>d & useless gr9d1 !y look at x z a cont9uation ( _! s*ool life1 gett+ h>d] f ye> to ye> z _! own ability increases4 ,& especially !y reg>d ?is p]iod z an opportunity to get tra9+ ^: imm$iate value !y c see4 ,! argum5ts ( ! s*ool to p]suade ! pupils to /ay 9 s*ool are practical1 tell+ argum5ts1 ?+s ! *ildr5 c see4 ,! s*ool press pr9ts f "t to "t bullet9s expla9+ to ! pupils & _! p>5ts ! opportunities t ! ,g>y s*ools (f] 9 ! way ( g5]al education & ( special tra9+4 ,^! bullet9s give /ati/ics & in=mation ab\t ! opportunities 9 ! diff]5t fields ( "w2 !y %[ ! boys & girls 9 figures ! relative positions & sal>ies ( high-s*ool graduates & ^? :o leave s*ool at f\rte5--z !y appe> "o1 two1 or t5 ye>s aft] leav+ s*ool4 ,bus9ess m5 come to ! s*ools & tell ! /ud5ts :at ! *ances = graduates & non-graduates are 9 _! bus9ess & :y !y want bett] educat$ employees4 ,/ati/ics ( ,g>y pupils are kept & %[n to ! pupils4 ,! usual break betwe5 ! eigh? grade & high s*ool does n exi/1 &1 !re=e1 p>5ts d n ?9k x necess>y to take _! *ildr5 out ( s*ool4 ,!y f9d t ! sacrifices !y h made to keep ! *ildr5 9 c be kept up = a few ye>s m4 ,if *ildr5 are go+ to le>n a trade bett] by /ay+ 9 s*ool ?an by leav+1 & if *ildr5 are ke5 to cont9ue 9 s*ool ) def9ite plans = ! future1 ev5 ! mo/ pov]ty-/rick5 p>5t is unwill+ to ?w>t ! advantage ( 8 *ildr54 ,x is well kn[n t 9 big cities :]e ! proportion ( pupils :o leave s*ool at f\rte5 is ov]:elm+1 & :]e ! usual reason giv5 is t ! p>5ts ne$ ! f9ancial help ( ! *ildr51 ! real reason = defection is ! indiff]5ce ( ! pupils !mselves to s*ool4 ,! almo/ inv>iable answ] giv5 by ! *ild to ! "q1 8,:y did y leave s*ool80 is1 8,because ,i did n l x40 ,?is fact tak5 ) ! pov]ty at home is en\gh to make !m leave s*ool at ! fir/ *ance4 ,give ! *ild "w t he recognizes z int]e/+ & valuable & a *ance to play1 & 8 hatr$ ( s*ool w spe$ily be =gott54 ,! inflexibility ( ! ord9>y public s*ool t5ds to pu% ! pupils out ( s*ool in/ead ( keep+ !m 94 ,! curriculum does n fit !m1 & !re is no way ( mak+ x fit )\t upsett+ ! entire organization ( ! s*ool4 ,"o failure sets a pupil back 9 all 8 "w1 & he soon gets ! feel+ t 8 own ef=ts are n important1 because ! s*ool ma*9]y works on at ! same rate1 reg>dless ( any individual pupil or /udy4 ,indiff]5ce or dislike is almo/ surely ! result ( feel+ t "w is mak+ no impression1 t ! ma*9e = :i* he is work+ is n aft] all affect$ or dep5d5t ^u 8 "w4 ,9 ,g>y organization has be5 made to fit ea* individual *ild1 & is flexible en\gh s t ev5 ! mo/ difficult pupil c n upset its work+4 ,! *ild & ! s*ool get along toge!r4 ,we h expla9$ 9 an e>li] p>agraph h[ ! two-s*ool sy/em works s t an individual c sp5d m or less "t on any "o subject1 or c drop x altoge!r4 ,! *ild :o is weak physically sp5ds mu* ( 8 "t on ! playgr\nd1 :ile ! *ild :o is weak 9 ari?metic or geography c take ^! lessons ) bo? s*ools or ev5 ) a grade bel[1 & hundr$s ( *ildr5 9 ! same build+ c make ! same sort ( *ange 9 _! program )\t di/urb+ ! ord]ly conduct ( ! s*ool r\t9e4 ,a pupil :o is /rong] 9 "o subject ?an 9 ! re/ ( 8 "w1 c take t subject ) a high] grade4 ,! pupil :o is los+ int]e/ 9 s*ool & fall+ beh9d 9 mo/ ( 8 /udies1 or :o is beg9n+ to talk ( leav+1 is n puni%$ = ?is lack ( int]e/ by be+ put /ill fur!r back4 ,8 tea*]s f9d out 9 :at he is good & give him pl5ty ( "t to "w at x1 & to get ahead 9 x s t 8 int]e/ 9 8 "w is /imulat$4 ,if he lat] wakes up to an int]e/ 9 ! regul> s*ool program1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,e facility is giv5 him to cat* up ) 8 grade 9 all ! "w4 ,if ?is awak5+ does n come1 ! boy or girl has /ill be5 kept 9 s*ool until he or %e le>n$ "s "o ?+1 probably ! "o mo/ suit$ to ! pupil's ability1 in/ead ( leav+ or fail+ entirely by be+ held back 9 ev]y?+ until ev5 ! "o /rong faculty di$ & ! pupil 0 )\t ei!r tra9+ or ! moral /imulus ( success4 ,illu/ration3 ,special tea*]s = special subjects f ! v beg9n+4 7,g>y1 ,ind47 ,! s*ool program is reorganiz$ e two mon?s & ! pupil may *ange 8 entire program at any "o ( ^! times1 in/ead ( hav+ to /ruggle along = half a ye> ) "w t is too h>d or too easy or n prop]ly apportion$4 ,= adm9i/rative conv5i5ce ! s*ools /ill keep ! grade classifications1 b pupils are classifi$ n accord+ to ! grade numb]1 b z 8rapid10 8av]age10 & 8sl[0 work]s4 ,rapid pupils f9i% ! twelve ye>s ( s*ool at ab\t sixte5 ye>s ( age1 av]age work]s at eighte51 & sl[ work]s at tw5ty4 ,?is classification does n describe ! quality ( "w done4 ,! sl[ work] may be a m ?or\gh s*ol> ?an ! rapid work]4 ,! classification is us$ n to di/+ui% betwe5 ! abilities ( s*ol>s1 b to take advantage ( ! natural gr[? ( ! *ild by lett+ 8 "w keep abrea/ ) x4 ,! rapid *ild moves z quickly z possible f grade to grade in/ead ( be+ held back until 8 "w has no /imulus = him1 & ! sl[ work] is n pu%$ into "w be=e he is ready = x4 ,does ?is flexible sy/em "w successfully or does x result 9 easy-go+1 slap-da% me?ods8 ,we h only to visit ! s*ools & see ! pupils h>d at "w1 ea* "o responsible = 8 own movem5ts ?r\gh ! day1 to be conv9c$ t ! *ildr5 are happy & int]e/$2 :ile f ! po9t ( view ( ! tea*] & educator1 ! answ] is ev5 m positively favorable1 :5 we consult ! s*ool records4 ,fifty-sev5 p] c5t4 ( all ! s*ool *ildr5 9 ,g>y :o are ?irte5 ye>s old are 9 ! sev5? grade or above x4 ,?is is a bett] %[+ ?an mo/ indu/rial communities c make1 & means t ! majority ( all ! ,g>y s*ool *ildr5 g ?r\gh s*ool at ab\t ! same rate z ! av]age pupil :o is prep>+ = college4 ,ev5 m rem>kable ?an ?is are ! figures reg>d+ ! pupils :o h gone on to high] s*ools or colleges aft] leav+ ! ,g>y s*ools4 ,"o-?ird ( all ! pupils t h left ! ,g>y s*ools dur+ ! eight ye>s ( _! exi/5ce are n[ 9 ! /ate univ]sity1 9 an eng9e]+ s*ool1 or a bus9ess college4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! population ( ,g>y is made up pr9cipally ( labor]s 9 ! /eel mills1 & is sixty p] c5t4 =eign born1 & comp>e ) ?is ! usual s*ool hi/ory ( ! second g5]ation 9 ?is c\ntry1 we realize h[ successful ,mr4 ,wirt has be5 9 mak+ a sy/em :i* meets ! ne$s ( ! pupils1 a sy/em t appeals to ! community z s good t !y want to g on & get m education ?an m]e necessity requires4 ,! motive back ( ^! *anges f ! r\t9e curriculum is always a social "o4 ,mr4 ,wirt believes t if ! social end ( ! s*ool is prop]ly emphasiz$ ! p$agogical w take c>e ( itself4 ,! public s*ools mu/ /udy ! ne$s & qualities ( its pupils1 ! ne$s ( ! community & ! opportunities t ! community contributes to ! s*ools' welf>e4 ,we h se5 h[ ! physical life ( ! *ild & ! heal? ( ! community are us$ 9 ! s*ool curriculum1 s z to make ! curriculum m int]e/+1 & = ! good ( ! community z well4 ,?is same close connection is kept up betwe5 ! s*ool "w & o!r community int]e/s & matt]s ( daily life4 ,e advantage is tak5 ( ! social in/9cts ( *ildr5 9 ! tea*+4 ,in/ead ( isolat+ ea* grade & cutt+ (f ! y\ng] *ildr5 f ! old]1 ! two are ?r[n toge!r z mu* z possible4 ,! y\ng] grades use ! laboratories & %ops :i* w\ld be an unw>rant$ extravagance if ! high-s*ool pupils 7 n 9 ! same build+s & us+ !m also = te*nical tra9+4 ,!y use !m n only = beg9n+ lessons 9 sci5ce or manual tra9+1 b !y g into !m :5 ! old] classes are work+ !re to act z help]s or z an audi5ce = ! high] grades4 ,f\r? & fif? grade pupils ?us assi/ sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? grade /ud5ts 9 %ops1 /udios1 & laboratories4 ,! old] *ildr5 le>n responsibility & cop]ation f hav+ to look out = ! little p1 & ! latt] le>n an a/oni%+ am\nt ab\t ! subject f wait+ on1 wat*+1 & ask+ que/ions ( ! old] pupils4 ,bo? grades f9d out :at is go+ on 9 ! s*ool & get !reby a l>ge feel+ ( fell[%ip1 :ile ! int]e/ ( ! l[] "o gr[s & f9ds reasons = /ay+ 9 s*ool4 ,! "w ( ! old] *ildr5 is us$1 :]ev] x is feasible1 9 tea*+ ! l[] grades4 ,maps & *>ts made 9 draw+ are us$ = less advanc$ pupils 9 nature /udy or geography2 ! pr9t+ %op makes ! spell+ li/s & problem %eets = ! :ole s*ool2 ! doctor 9 8 heal? campaigns calls 9 ! art & ,engli% work]s to make po/]s & pamphlets4 ,! halls ( ! s*ools are hung ) notices ( :at is go+ on 9 ! s*ool1 ) especially good & int]e/+ draw+s or maps1 ) in=mation ab\t :at is be+ made 9 ! diff]5t %ops1 or ab\t any?+ t ! :ole s*ool ought to see or "k4 ,ano!r /rong elem5t 9 mak+ public op9ion is ! auditorium1 :]e e pupil 9 ! s*ool sp5ds "o h\r ea* day1 sometimes = *oral s++1 sometimes to he> an old] grade tell ab\t an int]e/+ exp]im5t 9 physics1 to f9d out f a cook+ class ab\t *eap & nutriti\s bills ( f>e1 or to he> ! doctor tell h[ ! s*ool c improve ! heal? conditions 9 its home neighborhoods4 ,! auditorium p]iod is = ! use ( ! g5]al community z well4 ,m9i/]s1 politicians1 any "o 9 ! city :o is do+ any?+ int]e/+1 may come 9 & tell ! *ildr5 ab\t x4 ,! s*ool invites all social ag5cies 9 ! neighborhood to come 9 9 ?is way4 ,! h\r = 8application0 contributes to ! same end4 ,! *ildr5 g to ! ne>e/ public libr>y to read or to look up ref]5ces = _! class "w1 or simply = a lesson on ! use ( libr>y books2 or !y may g to ! neighbor+ ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 build+ to use ! gymnasium or to li/5 to a lecture2 or !y may g to any *ur* or club t (f]s religi\s in/ruction desir$ by ! p>5ts4 ,! s*ool is a social cle>+ h\se = ! neighborhood4 ,! application p]iod is also us$ to supplem5t ! regul> classroom /udies by means ( practical "w 9 ! %ops or on ! playgr\nd4 ,?us an ari?metic class may get a lesson 9 appli$ ma!matics by lay+ out ! f\ndation = a h\se on ! playgr\nd1 or by sp5d+ an h\r 9 ! s*ool /ore1 a room fitt$ up l a groc]y /ore1 :]e ! *ildr5 get practice 9 m5tal & oral ari?metic & 9 ,engli% by play+ 8/ore40 ,! application p]iod may also be sp5t 9 do+ "w = ! s*ool build+4 ,?us an old] pupil1 /udy+ /5ography & typewrit+ or bookkeep+1 might g to ! s*ool (fice & d an h\r ( real "w1 help+ "o ( ! cl]ks4 ,! boys 9 ! fif? grade put 9 ?is "t 9 t5d+ ! s*ool /or]oom4 ,!y take entire *>ge ( ! s*ool supplies1 *eck up all ! mat]ial s5t 9 by ! bo>d & di/ribut+ x ?r\gh ! build+ to ! tea*]s & janitors4 ,! records ( ! pupils 9 ! diff]5t %ops are kept by o!r pupils 9 _! application "t4 ,"o paid bookkeep] has g5]al *>ge ( an (fice1 :]e ! pupils come ) pr9t$ slips fill$ out by ! %op tea*]1 giv+ !m cr$it = s mu* "t at a c]ta9 rate ( skill2 ! pupil cl]ks give ! pupils cr$it on _! record = ?is "w & keep all ! records4 ,pupils also run a po/ (fice = ! build+1 & ! writ] saw a six? grade boy deliv]+ sal>y *ecks & collect+ receipts = !m ?r\gh ! build+4 ,*ildr5 :o d ?is k9d ( "w are n only le>n+ ari?metic & bookkeep+1 !y are le>n+ z well responsibility & reliability4 ,!y get an appreciation ( :at _! s*ool means1 & are made wide-awake to its welf>e2 !y le>n t !y are ! real s*ool1 id5tical ) its int]e/s4 ,! s*ool lun* room is conduct$ by ! cook+ dep>tm5t4 ,:5 ! ,em]son ,s*ool 0 fir/ built x 0 equipp$ ) ! regulation cook+ s*ool desks1 individual gas burn]s1 tables & lock]s4 ,all ?is has s9ce be5 turn$ into a s]v+ table :]e /ud5t wait]s s]ve ! food !y h cook$--real lun*es to _! fell[ /ud5ts1 :o pay a /ud5t ca%i]4 ,! y\ng] girls get _! cook+ lessons by go+ to ! old] girls' cook+ lessons z help]s & wat*]s4 ,! girls d all ! m5u plann+ & buy+ = ! lun* room & keep ! acc\nts4 ,!y h to pay exp5ses & s]ve m5us t come up to ! /&>d set by ! *emi/ry dep>tm5t1 :]e !y h analyz$ food & made tables ( comp>ative values4 ,! result is /eam+ hot food1 n\ri%+ & well cook$1 sold v *eaply4 ,! daily m5u is po/$ ) ! price ( ea* article & its food value1 & ! walls ( ! lun* room are hung ) po/]s & *>ts %[+ ! relative values ( food/uffs1 sample m5us = *eap & n\ri%+ meals1 & ! extravagance ( poor food4 ,^! h all be5 made by ! cook+ s*ool /ud5ts & are ! result ( actual exp]im5tation4 ,g>y s*ools d n tea* civics out ( a textbook4 ,pupils le>n civics by help+ to take c>e ( _! own s*ool build+1 by mak+ ! rules = _! own conduct 9 ! halls & on ! playgr\nds1 by go+ into ! public libr>y1 & by li/5+ to ! /ories ( :at ,g>y is do+ z told by ! p :o are do+ x4 ,!y le>n by a mock campaign1 ) p>ties1 prim>ies1 boo?s & ballots = ! election ( _! own /ud5t c\ncil4 ,pupils :o h made ! furniture & ! cem5t walks ) _! own h&s1 & :o "k h[ mu* x co/1 are sl[ to de/roy walks or furniture1 nor are !y go+ to be v easily fool$ z to ! value !y get 9 s]vice & improvem5ts :5 !y !mselves become taxpay]s4 ,! heal? campaigns1 ! application "w :i* takes !m to ! social ag5cies1 ( ! city1 ! auditorium p]iods :5 !y le>n m ab\t _! city1 all give civics lessons t make _! own appeal4 ,! *ildr5 c see ! ?+s ) _! own eyes2 !y are le>n+ citiz5%ip by be+ good citiz5s4 ,! value ( ?is practical civics is d\bly great because ( ! l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 ) =eign p>5ts1 :o "k no?+ ab\t ! gov]nm5t or organization ( ! city 9 :i* !y are liv+1 & :o1 because !y d n und]/& :at !y see ab\t !m1 _c "k its possibilities & limitations4 ,! p>5ts le>n no?+ ( ! laws until !y break !m1 ( public heal? until !y endang] x1 nor ( social res\rces until !y want some?+4 ,!y are naturally suspici\s ( gov]nm5t & social au?ority 9 consequ5ce1 & x is v important t _! *ildr5 %\ld h "s real k on :i* to base a s\nd] judgm5t4 ,besides giv+ !m ?is1 ! s*ools try to tea* ,am]ican /&>ds ( liv+ to ! pupils & s to _! p>5ts4 ,on ent]+ s*ool e pupil gives ! s*ool (fice1 besides ! usual "n1 age1 & address1 c]ta9 in=mation ab\t 8 family1 its size1 its res\rces1 & ! "* ( ! home he lives 94 ,?is record is kept 9 ! s*ool & transf]r$ if ! *ild moves out ( ! s*ool di/rict4 ,e grade tea*] takes a c]ta9 numb] ( squ>es 9 ! s*ool di/rict1 & !y make plans ( ?is area4 ,! *ildr5 make a l>ge scale map1 ) /reets1 walks1 lamp po/s & mail boxes1 locat+ e h\se1 b>n1 or %$ & e empty lot4 ,?is is alt]$ z *anges are made4 ,e *ild br+s measurem5ts ( ! rooms 9 8 home & draws a floor plan ( 8 h\se4 ,^! plans are kept ) ! tea*]'s map ( h] di/rict1 s t %e has a complete map ( ! neighborhood & home ( e *ild liv+ 9 x4 ,by comp>+ ^! ) any family record1 x is a simple matt] to tell if ! family are liv+ "u prop] moral & hygi5ic conditions4 ,! tea*] has a di/rict small en\gh to "k x ?or\ghly1 & z f> z possible %e gets acqua9t$ ) all ! *ildr5 liv+ 9 x4 ,if bad conditions are due to ignorance or pov]ty1 ! tea*] f9ds out :at c be done to rem$y !m1 & sees to x t ! family le>n h[ !y c bett] !mselves4 ,if conditions are v bad1 neighborhood public op9ion is work$ up ?r\gh ! o!r *ildr5 on ! block4 ,f "t to "t an auditorium p]iod is devot$ to %[+ ^! maps & po9t+ out ! good & bad features ( blocks & neighborhoods4 ,*ildr5 always c>ry ! news home to _! p>5ts1 & z r5ts & accommodations are freely discuss$1 ^! reports are (t5 act$ ^u4 ,! p>5ts are enc\rag$ to come to ! s*ool & ask = in=mation1 & on m ?an "o occasion "s newly arriv$ family has mov$ f an ov]cr[d$ re> %ack to a com=table flat ) ! same r5t because ?r\gh ! *ildr5 !y f\nd out t _! bad qu>t]s 7 unnecess>y4 ,because ! s*ool does ?is "w to help1 & z "p ( its regul> program1 x is accept$ by ! *ildr5 & _! p>5ts z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,in=mation ab\t improvem5ts1 sanitation1 ! size & com=t ( ! h\ses1 & ! r5ts1 is giv5 to ! p>5ts4 ,if a block is poor a good block ne> by :]e conditions are bett] & ! r5ts ! same1 is %[n !m4 ,?us ! s*ools n only tea* ! !ory ( good citiz5%ip & social conditions1 !y give ! *ildr5 actual facts & conditions1 s t !y c see :at is wrong & h[ x c be bett]$4 ,g>y s*ools use ! community z mu* z possible z a contributor to ! educational facilities1 & 9 s do+ !y give good return 9 imm$iate results1 besides ! l>g] return 9 al]t & intellig5t citiz5s4 ,conditions 9 ,g>y are n ideal4 ,! s*ools h no l>g] sums to sp5d ?an any city ( its size1 ! tea*]s might be f\nd 9 any o!r t[n1 & ! pupils come = ! mo/ "p f homes t (f] _! *ildr5 no tra9+1 :ile ! p>5ts are try+ to adju/ !mselves to entirely new surr\nd+s4 ,b ^! s*ools h done mu* by %[+ a good bus9ess managem5t1 by sp5d+ ! taxpay]s' money 9 an economical way s z to give ! y\ng] g5]ation ! l>ge/ possible facilities = sp5d+ _! "t pr(itably4 ,! results ( ! sy/em z se5 9 ! s*ool build+s & playgr\nds1 ! al]t & happy /ud5ts1 & ! /ati/ics ( _! progress ?r\gh s*ool z well z _! c>e]s aft]w>ds1 are d\bly inspir+ j because !y h be5 accompli%$ ) ! res\rces available 9 any public s*ool4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,z ,a ,,social ,,settlem5t ,s*ools all ov] ! c\ntry are f9d+ t ! mo/ direct way ( vitaliz+ _! "w is ?r\gh clos] relations ) local int]e/s & occupations4 ,t p]iod ( ,am]ican s*ool hi/ory :i* 0 devot$ to build+ up uni=mity ( subject-matt]1 me?od1 & adm9i/ration1 0 oblig$ to neglect ev]y?+ *>act]i/ic ( ! local environm5t1 = att5tion to t meant deviation f uni=mity4 ,?+s remote 9 "t & space1 & ?+s ( an ab/ract nature1 are mo/ readily r$uc$ to uni=mity & dol$ out 9 doses to *ildr5 9 a mass4 ,un=tunately ! consequ5ces 7 too (t5 t 9 aim+ to hit all *ildr5 by exactly ! same educational ammunition1 none ( !m 7 really deeply t\*$4 ,ef=ts to br+ ! "w into vital connection ) pupils' exp]i5ces necess>ily began to v>y s*ool mat]ials to meet ! special ne$s & def9ite features ( local life4 ,?is clos] contact ) imm$iate neighborhood conditions n only enri*es s*ool "w & /r5g!ns motive =ce 9 ! pupils1 b x increases ! s]vice r5d]$ to ! community4 ,no s*ool c make use ( ! activities ( ! neighborhood = purposes ( in/ruction )\t ?is use influ5c+1 9 turn1 ! p ( ! neighborhood4 ,pupils1 = example1 :o le>n civics by mak+ local surveys & work+ = local improvem5ts1 are c]ta9 to influ5ce ! life ( ! locality1 :ile lessons 9 civics le>n$ f ! purely g5]al /atem5ts ( a text-book are mu* less likely to h ei!r applicability or application4 ,9 turn1 ! community p]ceives ! local effici5cy ( ! s*ools4 ,x realizes t ! s]vice r5d]$ to welf>e is n remote1 to appe> :5 ! pupils become adults1 b a "p ( ! regul>1 daily c\rse ( education4 ,! /atem5t t ! s*ools exi/ = a democratic purpose1 = ! good ( citiz5%ip1 becomes an obvi\s fact & n a =mula4 ,a community :i* p]ceives :at a /rong factor its s*ool is 9 civic activities1 is quick to give support & assi/ance 9 return1 ei!r by ext5d+ ! use ( its own facilities 7z happ5s 9 ,g>y7 or by ! direct assi/ance ( labor1 money1 or mat]ial :5 ^! are ne$$4 ,! sup]vis+ pr9cipal ( public s*ool ,no4 #bf 9 ,indianapolis is try+ an exp]im5t unlike any o!r kn[n to u 9 an ef=t to make 8 plant a true s*ool2 t is1 a place :]e ! *ildr5 ( 8 neighborhood %all become heal?y1 happy1 & compet5t bo? economically & socially1 & :]e ! connection ( in/ruction ) ! life ( ! community %all be directly recogniz$ bo? by *ildr5 & p>5ts4 ,mr4 ,val5t9e's s*ool is locat$ 9 ! poor1 cr[d$ color$ di/rict ( ! city & has only color$ pupils4 ,x is n an attempt to solve ! 8race "q0 nor yet an exp]im5t suit$ only to color$ p4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! s*ool n entirely practical 9 any di/rict :]e ! *ildr5 come f homes ) limit$ res\rces & meag] surr\nd+s4 ,a visitor :5 leav+ ?is s*ool c n fail to wi% t su* v5tures might be />t$ 9 all our great cities1--inde$ 9 any community :]e p ne$ to be ar\s$ to a s5se ( _! ne$s1 includ+ ! fact t if !y are to contribute to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! community1 !y mu/ be taught h[ to e>n a liv+1 & h[ to use _! res\rces = !mselves & _! neighbors bo? 9 leisure "t & 9 work+ h\rs4 ,mr4 ,val5t9e's s*ool is a s*ool = color$ *ildr5 only 9 ! s5se t ! "w has be5 arrang$ 9 relation to ! conditions 9 ! neighborhood2 ^! modify ! ne$s ( ! p>ticul> *ildr5 :o are ! pupils4 ,yet ! success ( ! exp]im5t w\ld mean a real /ep =w>d 9 solv+ ! 8race "q0 & peculi> problems ( any immigrant di/rict z well4 ,mr4 ,val5t9e is n int]e/$ 9 illu/rat+ any !ories on ^! po9ts1 b 9 mak+ up = gaps 9 ! home life ( ! pupils2 giv+ !m opportunities to prep>e = a bett] future2 9 supply+ pl5ty ( heal?y occupation & recreation2 & 9 see+ to x t _! s*ool "w reacts at once to improve neighborhood conditions4 ,mr4 ,val5t9e's s*ool is really a social settlem5t = ! neighborhood1 b x has a decid$ advantage ov] ! av]age settlem5t1 = x comes 9 contact ) all ! *ildr5 liv+ )9 its di/rict = a numb] ( h\rs ea* day1 :ile mo/ settlem5ts rea* ! *ildr5 = only a few scatt]$ h\rs ea* week4 ,! s*ool has a l>g] influ5ce ?an mo/ settlem5ts because x is a public in/itution = :i* ! p :o use x are pay+ _! %>e2 !y feel t _! relation to x is a bus9ess "o1 n a matt] ( philan?ropy4 ,because ( ?is bus9esslike relation ! s*ool is able really to tea* ! doctr9es ( social welf>e4 ,9 any settlem5t ! "w is always h&icapp$ by ! fact t ! p :o make use ( x feel t !y are receiv+ some?+ = :i* !y d n pay1 t some?+ is be+ done = !m by p :o are bett] (f f9ancially ?an !y are4 ,b giv+ a community facilities t x lacks = special classes & recreation ?r\gh ! public s*ool ( ! di/rict put ! "w on a diff]5t basis4 ,! s*ool is really ! prop]ty ( ! p ( ! di/rict2 !y feel t !y are m or less responsible = :at is done !re4 ,any wid] activities t a s*ool may und]take are to a c]ta9 ext5t ! "w ( ! p !mselves2 !y are simply mak+ use ( ! s*ool plant = _! own ne$s4 ,! neighborhood ar\nd ,mr4 ,val5t9e's s*ool is "o ( ! poore/ 9 ,indianapolis1 & once _h a bad reputation = lawlessness & disord] z well4 ,! s*ool _h /ruggl$ along = ye>s ) little or no support f ! community z a :ole or f individual p>5ts4 ,! p] c5t4 ( truancy 0 high1 & a l>ge numb] ( cases 7 s5t to ! juv5ile c\rt ea* ye>4 ,! *ildr5 took no int]e/ 9 _! "w z a :ole1 & cases ( extreme disord] 7 n infrequ5t2 "o pupil tri$ to rev5ge himself on 8 tea*] = a m]it$ puni%m5t ) a but*]'s knife1 9 ano!r case x 0 necess>y to arre/ a boy's fa!r z a lesson to ! neighborhood4 ,besides ?is attitude ( ho/ility & ( unwill+ att5dance1 ! s*ool _h to cont5d ) immoral surr\nd+s :i* f9ally made x necess>y to d some?+ to isolate ! s*ool build+ f neighbor+ h\ses4 ,f9ally ! s*ool bo>d b\ght ! tract ( l& & wood5 t5em5ts ar\nd ! s*ool build+4 ,x 0 at fir/ propos$ to te> d[n ! old build+s1 b ! au?orities 7 p]suad$ to turn !m ov] to ! s*ool = its use4 ,! s*ool n[ f\nd itself ! possessor ( a l>ge playgr\nd & ( ?ree frame t5em5ts 9 ! wor/ possible condition1 ! bo>d hav+ /ipulat$ t ?is add$ prop]ty %\ld mean no fur!r exp5se to ! city aft] its pur*ase & ! clean+ up ( ! gr\nds4 ,x 0 decid$ to use ! build+s = social & indu/rial purposes4 ,"o ( !m 0 fitt$ up by ! pupils & neighbors int]e/$ z a manual tra9+ build+4 ,9 ?is !re is a c>p5t] %op1 a sew+ room1 & a room = ! class 9 %oemak+4 ,ea* grade devotes a regul> numb] ( h\rs a week to h& "w1 & has an opportunity to jo9 o!r indu/rial classes aft] s*ool4 ,! imm$iate practical appeal ( ! "w is nev] lo/ sight (1 & ! "w is arrang$ to fit ! ne$s ( ! individual pupil4 ,! c>p5t] %op is op5 all day1 & !re are classes = ! girls z well z = ! boys4 ,pupils are at lib]ty to g into ! %op & "w :5ev] !y h any free "t4 ,! "w is n conf9$ to ex]cises to tra9 ! *ild 9 ! use ( tools1 b ea* pupil makes some?+ t he ne$s or wants1 some?+ t w be ( real use to him4 ,processes & control ( tools are taught ! pupil by means ( ! piece ( "w he is do+4 ,?is is ! keynote to all ! indu/rial "w done 9 ! s*ool4 ,! m remote end ( tea*+ ! *ild processes :i* w be useful to him lat] is n lo/ sight (1 b mat]ial is always us$ :i* has "s imm$iate value to ! *ild or to ! s*ool4 ,! boys h le>n$ c>p5try "w by mak+ ?+s t 7 ne$$ 9 ! s*ool build+--tables1 cupbo>ds1 & bookcases--& by do+ "s ( ! repair+ on ! build+4 ,! girls h le>n$ to sew by mak+ clo!s = !mselves1 = _! bro!rs & si/]s1 & by mak+ curta9s & l95 = ! s*ool4 ,!y h le>n$ to cook by mak+ s\p = hot lun*es = ! s*ool & ! neighbors1 & by cook+ a :ole meal = _! own class4 ,besides ! cook+ & sew+ dep>tm5t = ! girls1 !re is a class 9 mill9]y & 9 cro*et+4 ,^! two classes are conduct$ f ! comm]cial po9t ( view1 to tea* ! girls to d some?+ t w enable !m to e>n "s money4 ,9 ! mill9]y class ! pupils />t by mak+ & trimm+ hats = !mselves1 s t !y le>n ! diff]5t processes 9 ! trade4 ,! girls 9 ! class :o %[ ! mo/ skill are !n all[$ to take ord]s f fri5ds & neighbors & trim or make hats = !m4 ,besides ! co/ ( ! mat]ial ! buy] pays a v small sum = ! "w1 & ?is goes into ! s*ool treasury4 ,! mill9]y class has done q a bus9ess 9 ! neighborhood1 & turn$ out "s v successful hats4 ,cro*et+ is taught z a trade1 & any girl :o wi%es to make "s money has an opportunity to le>n h[ to make lace1 table doilies1 & all sorts ( cro*et$ articles1 l hoods1 etc41 :i* w sell4 ,z ! girls are le>n+1 !y are work+ on some?+ :i* !y c use = !mselves or 9 _! homes4 ,! "w = ! boys is arrang$ 9 ! same way4 ,besides ! c>p5t] "w & ! repair+ !re is a boys' cook+ class1 a %oe-repair+ dep>tm5t1 & a tailor+ %op4 ,! cook+ class is ev5 m popul> ) ! boys ?an ) ! girls4 ,9 ! %oe-repair+ %op1 :i* holds classes aft] s*ool h\rs1 ! boys le>n to m5d _! own %oes4 ,a pr(essional cobbl] is ! tea*]1 & ! m5d+ mu/ be neatly done4 ,! boys beg9 "w on _! own old %oes & z !y progress 9 skill1 are all[$ to br+ %oes f home to be repair$1 or to m5d = ! girls & = ! y\ng] boys 9 ! s*ool1 :o1 h[ev]1 pay a small sum = ! "w4 ,! tailor+ dep>tm5t is run on ! same plan1 to tea* habits ( p]sonal neatness & ( indu/ry ?r\gh giv+ ! pupils "w t results 9 neatness & gives "s manual skill & control ( tools4 ,! class is taught by a tailor1 & ! boys le>n to pat* & m5d _! own clo!s1 z well z to sponge & press !m4 ,att5dance is entirely volunt>y1 & ! class meets aft] ! regul> s*ool "w is ov]4 ,kn[+ h[ to keep !mselves tidy has result$ 9 a v m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! appe>ance & habits ( ! boys 9 ! class1 & has _h an influ5ce n only on ! :ole s*ool1 b on ! neighborhood z well4 ,! boys no long] res5t ! attempts ( ! tea*]s to influ5ce !m t[>ds cleanl9ess & neatness1 = !y h become consci\s ( ! advantages ( ^! habits4 ,! cook+ & dome/ic sci5ce classes are taught 9 "o ( ! t5em5ts turn$ ov] to ! s*ool )\t hav+ be5 repair$1 al?\gh ! cook+ equipm5t 0 suppli$ by ! city4 ,all ! o!r "w on ! build+--clean+1 pa9t+1 repair+1 furni%+1 & decorat+--0 done & paid = by ! pupils ( ! s*ool ) help f ! neighborhood clubs t use ! build+4 ,!re is a l>ge cook+ room1 a demon/ration d9+ & sitt+ room1 & two b$rooms4 ,! girls n only le>n to cook real meals1 b !y le>n h[ to s]ve !m1 & !n h[ to take c>e ( ! demon/ration h\se4 ,! dome/ic sci5ce classes include lessons 9 buy+1 ! comp>ative co/s & values ( food1 some?+ ( food *emi/ry & values1 & l>ge quantity cook+4 ,?is "w is done 9 connection ) ! s\p kit*54 ,a gr\p ( girls h *>ge ( ! kit*5 long en\gh to really le>n ab\t ! "w4 ,!y plan ! m5u & d ! buy+1 cook+ & s]v+ ( ! s\p1 sell+ x = ?ree c5ts a b[l to ! pupils ( ! s*ool & to neighbors4 ,!y keep all ! acc\nts & n only h to make all _! exp5ses1 b are expect$ to make "s pr(it = ! use ( ! s*ool z well4 ,!y h made en\gh pr(it 9 "o ye> to furni% mo/ ( ! demon/ration h\se4 ,aside f tea*+ h[ to d h\sework ?or\ghly & easily1 ! purpose ( ! h\se is to furni% an example ( :at c be done to make "o ( ! regul> frame t5em5ts ( ! di/rict com=table & attractive1 )\t m exp5se ?an mo/ ( ! p n[ put into _! homes4 ,! h\se is v simply furni%$1 ) *eap & /rong ?+s1 9 pla9 colors t are easily kept clean2 ! pa9t+ & pap]+ 0 done by ! pupils4 ,! sew+ class has made all ! curta9s & l95 = ! h\se1 & made furniture by cov]+ boxes1 etc4 ,besides ! class "w t goes on 9 ! build+1 ! rooms are also us$ z a social c5t] = ! girls ( ! s*ool4 ,! ?ird build+ left /&+ on ! gr\nd pur*as$ by ! s*ool au?orities has be5 turn$ into a boys' club h\se4 ,!re is a gymnasium1 two club rooms1 & a %[] ba? room4 ,?is h\se 0 9 exce$+ly bad condition :5 x became "p ( ! s*ool prop]ty1 & !re 0 no money & n mu* lumb] available to repair x4 ,b ! boys ( ! s*ool want$ ! club h\se1 & 7 n disc\rag$ because x 0 n giv5 to !m all f9i%$4 ,!y />t$ out1 z !y _h done 9 ! manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce build+s1 to d ! "w !mselves4 ,"u ! direction ( ! manual tra9+ tea*]1 !y pull$ (f old pap] & brok5 pla/]1 tore up unev5 floors & took out p>titions4 ,!n !y laid floors1 put 9 woodwork & pa9t$ x1 rehung doors1 m5d$ w9d[s1 & made furniture & gymna/ic app>atus4 ,:5 !re 0 a job !y c\ld n d1 su* z ! pla/]+ & plumb+1 !y w5t among _! fri5ds & ask$ = money or help 9 "w4 ,plumb]s & pla/]]s :o liv$ ne> ! s*ool came 9 & gave _! "t & "w to help ! boys get _! build+ 9 ord]1 & o!r fri5ds gave en\gh money to f9i% ! "w4 ,m5 9 ! neighborhood dug a long dit* ?r\gh ! s*ool gr\nds = sew]age connections4 ,gradually !y are add+ to ! gymnasium app>atus & to ! simple ba?+ facilities1 :ile clean+ & keep+ up ! pa9t+ cont9ue to supply opportunities = useful "w4 ,z already indicat$1 ! reflex effect ^u homes 9 ! vic9ity has be5 m>k$4 ,! s*ool bo>d _h int5d$ to wreck ! ?ree t5em5t h\ses :5 !y b\ght ! l&2 b ,mr4 ,val5t9e saw ! opportunity to give ! community some?+ :i* !y ne$$1 & at ! same "t to ar\se a _s ( cop]ation & int]e/ among bo? p>5ts & pupils 9 place ( ! old _s ( di/ru/ & antagonism1 :5 he p]suad$ ! bo>d to turn ! build+s ov] to ! s*ool4 ,he told ! pupils :at c\ld be done ) !m & ask$ = _! help 9 do+ x4 ,he got a he>ty response at once1 & s w5t out into ! di/rict ) ! *ildr5 & told _! p>5ts :at he propos$ to d & ask$ = help4 ,he got ! same g5]\s response = ! fir/ build+1 ! manual tra9+ %ops1 z = ! boys' club4 ,besides ! "t & mat]ial :i* ! skill$ work]s ( ! community h contribut$1 ! community has giv5 #cej 9 ca%1 no small sum = p z poor z !y are4 ,! value ( ! "w be+ done 9 ^! build+s & ( ! tra9+ ! boys h _h 9 mak+ !m ov]1 is prov$ by ! fact t ! community & ! boys !mselves want$ ! "w badly en\gh to pay = gett+ x 9 money & "w4 ,:ile x has und\bt$ly be5 a /ruggle = ! s*ool & ! di/rict to contribute s mu*1 ! b5efit to ! s*ool & to ! community has be5 great] j because ( ^! sacrifices & /ruggles4 ,! "w has made ov] ! relations betwe5 ! s*ool & ! pupils4 ,! *ildr5 l to g to s*ool n[1 :]e be=e !y _h to be =c$ to g ) ?reats ( ! truant (fic]1 & _! behavior is bett] :5 !y get to s*ool4 ,! *ildr5's p>5ts h *ang$ _! attitude 9 ! same way4 ,!y n only see t ! *ildr5 g to s*ool1 b !y want !m to g because !y appreciate t ! s*ool is giv+ !m ?+s !y ne$ to make !m self-support+2 b !y also see t !y h _! own %>e to d if ! "w is to be successful4 ,! s*ool has be5 ! cause ( ! gr[? ( community _s 9 increas$ civic & social activities ( ! di/rict4 ,) improv$ att5dance & discipl9e1 ! numb] ( cases s5t to ! juv5ile c\rt has decreas$ "o-half 9 proportion to ! numb] ( pupils 9 s*ool4 ,mean:ile ! educational value ( ! "w done has und\bt$ly be5 great] ?an t ( "w done 9 disconnect$ %ops & kit*5s4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,! boys l cook+ m ?an ! girls d4 ,illu/ration3 7#b7 ,m5d+ _! own %oes1 to le>n cobbl+4 7,public ,s*ool #bf1 ,indianapolis47 ,! s*ool is also c>ry+ on def9ite "w to ar\se ! pupils to a s5se ( responsibility = _! community & neighbors4 ,giv+ ! pupils z mu* lib]ty & responsibility z possible ar\nd ! s*ool build+s is an important factor4 ,ea* pupil 9 ! high] grades is giv5 "s small *ild 9 "o ( ! l[] grades to look out =4 ,on ! playgr\nd !y see to x t ! *>ge has a fair *ance to play1 & t he behaves himself2 !y see t ! little boy or girl comes to s*ool clean & tidy1 if necess>y do+ ! wa%+ or m5d+ !mselves4 ,?is "w has prov$ especially successful 9 do+ away ) bully+ & 9 ar\s+ p]sonal pride & a s5se ( responsibility 9 ! old] *ildr52 ! y\ng] ones are bett] look$ aft] ?an be=e & h _m opportunities to le>n ?+s f ! old] & m advanc$ pupils4 ,! old] pupils are also enc\rag$ 9 e way to help 9 c>ry+ on ! outside activities ( ! s*ool4 ,!y make calls & write notes to keep up ! att5dance at ! night s*ool2 !y see to ! ord] ( ! pr9cipal's (fice & keep ! boys' club h\se 9 ord]4 ,all ! tea*]s ( ! s*ool are agre$ ^u a policy ( frank discussion ( ! pov]ty ( ! di/rict1 & ( urg+ ! pupils to e>n money to help _! p>5ts by becom+ z ne>ly self-support+ z possible4 ,ea* grade keeps track ( :at its memb]s e>n & h[ !y e>n x1 & ! grade ) ! l>ge/ sum to its cr$it feels t x has accompli%$ some?+ wor? :ile dur+ ! ye>4 ,!re is a sav+s bank 9 ! s*ool to tea* ! *ildr5 habits ( ?rift & economy2 "h a pupil may deposit any sum f a p5ny up4 ,! pupil receives a bank book 9 :i* /amps are pa/$ = 8 deposits1 ! money be+ kept 9 a city sav+s bank4 ,! s*ool also has a bran* libr>y1 & ! pupils are taught h[ to use x4 ,"p ( ! playgr\nd has be5 made into a s*ool g>d51 & "h e pupil 9 ! high] grades has a g>d5 plot1 also in/ruction :i* enables him to gr[ successfully "s ( ! common] fruits & fl[]s4 ,?is "w is made v practical2 ! *ildr5 h ! sort ( g>d5 t w\ld be useful & ornam5tal if x 7 9 _! own back y>d4 ,! s*ool c>ries on a neighborhood campaign = home g>d5s1 & ! pupils ) s*ool g>d5s d mu* ( ?is "w1 tell+ ! p :o want g>d5s :at to plant1 & giv+ !m practical help ) _! plot until x is well e/abli%$4 ,9 all ^! ways ! tea*]s are try+ to make ambiti\s1 responsible citiz5s out ( ! /ud5t body4 ,inside ! s*ool pupils are taught high] /&>ds ( liv+ ?an prevail 9 _! homes1 & !y are taught z well trades & processes :i* w at lea/ give !m a />t t[>ds prosp]ity1 & !n1 too1 !y are ar\s$ to a feel+ ( responsibility = ! welf>e ( ! :ole community4 ,all ^! ?+s are done z "p ( ! regul> "w ( ! s*ool1 & to a l>ge ext5t dur+ regul> s*ool h\rs4 ,b !re are _m o!r activities :i*1 :ile n contribut+ s directly to ! education ( ! *ildr51 are important = ! g5]al welf>e ( ! :ole community4 ,!re is a night s*ool = ! adults ( ! neighborhood :o want to g on le>n+1 ! %ops be+ us$ z well z ! s*oolrooms4 ,a gr\p ( p especially int]e/$ 9 ! s*ool h =m$ a club to promote ! int]e/ ( ! night s*ool1 & to see t ! m5 ( ! community und]/& ! opportunities x (f]s = !m to p]fect !mselves 9 a trade or 9 _! k & use ( ,engli%4 ,?is club is made up ( m5 :o live ne> ! s*ool & :o are suffici5tly alive to ! ne$s ( ! s*ool & ! community to "w v h>d to let all ! di/rict "k :at ! s*ool is already do+ = its welf>e & :at x c d z ! p come to dem& m & m f x4 ,besides keep+ up ! att5dance at ! night s*ool1 ! club has done mu* = ! g5]al welf>e ( ! s*ool1 l help+ raise money = remodel+ ! build+s & giv+ an exp5sive phonograph to ! s*ool4 ,! success ( ! s*ool z a social c5t] & ! ne$ = su* a c5t] are realiz$ :5 we rememb] t ?is club is made up ( m5 :o live 9 ! di/rict1 ^: *ildr5 are us+ ! s*ool1 & :o are p]haps !mselves go+ to ! night s*ool4 ,!re is also a vacation s*ool dur+ ! summ] "t = ! *ildr5 ( ! neighborhood1 ) "s classroom "w & a great deal ( "t sp5t on ! playgr\nd & 9 ! work%ops4 ,! s*ool has an active alumni association :i* uses ! s*ool build+ = social purposes & keeps track ( ! pupils t leave4 ,a p>5ts' club has be5 />t$ z an aid 9 ga9+ ! cop]ation ( ! pupils' p>5ts 9 ! "w ( ! s*ool & z a means ( f9d+ out ! real ne$s ( ! neighborhood4 ,! p>5ts are br\ght 9 ev5 clos] contact ) ! s*ool ?r\gh ! s]ies ( teas giv5 by ! grades = _! p>5ts dur+ ! ye>4 ,ea* grade s]ves tea once a ye> 9 ! dome/ic sci5ce h\se = ! mo!rs ( its pupils4 ,! *ildr5 d ! "w = ! teas z "p ( _! dome/ic sci5ce "w1 & write ! invitations 9 _! ,engli% class4 ,! tea*]s use ^! teas z an opportunity = visit+ ! *ildr5's homes & gett+ acqua9t$ ) _! mo!rs4 ,! tea*] :o kn[s ! home conditions ( ea* *ild is mu* bett] able to adju/ ! "w to ! *ild1 be+ aw>e ( 8 weak & /rong po9ts4 ,to pov]ty-/rick51 ov]work$ mo!rs ^! social ga!r+s come z a real ev5t4 ,! pupils ( ! s*ool are giv5 social z well z educational opportunities ?r\gh _! s*ool life4 ,! boys' club h\se is op5$ ne>ly e night to local boys' clubs1 "s ( !m be+ s*ool organizations & "s indep5d5t ones4 ,!re are rooms = ! boys to hold meet+s & to play games1 & a well-equipp$ gymnasium4 ,! tea*]s ( ! s*ool take turns sup]vis+ ^! ev5+ ga!r+s4 ,! att5dance is l>ge = ! size ( ! build+4 ,giv+ ! boys a place = :olesome activities has done mu* to break up ! habits ( /reet loaf+ & ! gangs :i* 7 s common 9 ! di/rict4 ,! girls ( ! s*ool use ! dome/ic sci5ce h\se = social purposes4 ,two *apt]s ( ! ,camp ,fire girls hold regul> meet+s 9 ! build+ & get help & advice f ! tea*]s4 ,ea* dome/ic sci5ce class aims to tea* ! girls h[ to live a com=table & self-respect+ life1 z well z h[ to d h\sework1 & s becomes a social c5t] ( its own4 ,! girls le>n to cook & s]ve good *eap meals1 & !n !y sit d[n toge!r & eat :at !y h cook$4 ,!y talk ov] _! individual problems ) ! tea*] & ) ea* o!r1 & give ea* o!r mu* practical help4 ,! dome/ic sci5ce tea*] helps ! girls :o h "s skill f9d "w to d aft] s*ool h\rs s t !y c help _! families by help+ !mselves2 %e helps ! pupils f9d /eady "w z !y leave s*ool & !n keeps track ( !m1 enc\rag+ !m to g on fitt+ !mselves = bett] "w4 ,! success ( ! settlem5t "w ! s*ool has done po9ts /rongly to ! fact t ! s*oolh\se is ! natural & logical social c5t] 9 a neighborhood1 ! tea*]s com+ into clos] & m natural contact ) bo? *ildr5 & p>5ts ?an is possible 9 ! case ( o!r di/rict work]s4 ,!re are l>ge economies comb9+ ! s*ool & ! settlem5t 9 di/ricts :]e ! social & economic /&>ds ( liv+ are s l[ t ! p are n especially successful citiz5s4 ,bo? ! s*ool & settlem5t facilities are enl>g$ by us+ ! same gr\p ( build+s = bo? purposes4 ,! settlem5t has ! use ( bett] & l>g] %ops & classrooms ?an mo/ settlem5ts c comm&1 & ! s*ool uses ! social rooms & activities to become itself a community4 ,! s*ool comes 9 contact ) almo/ all ! families 9 a di/rict s t community action is mu* easi] to e/abli%4 ,b ev5 m important ?an ^! economies are ! f>-rea*+ results :i* come f ! fact t ! s*ool settlem5t is a democratic community1 really reflect+ ! conditions ( ! community4 ,9 us+ ! s*ool plant = any activities1 :e!r simply = ! usual eight classes or to supply ! community ) all sorts ( opportunities1 z ! ,g>y s*ools are do+ & z ,mr4 ,val5t9e's s*ool is do+1 ! p ( ! community feel t !y are us+ = _! own ends public facilities :i* h be5 paid = by _! taxes4 ,!y want to see real1 tangible results 9 ! way ( m prosp]\s & effici5t families & bett] civic conditions1 com+ f ! increas$ plant 9 ! di/rict s*ool4 ,because ! s*ools are public in/itutions 9 fact z well z 9 "n1 p "k :e!r ! s*ools are really meet+ _! ne$s & !y are will+ to "w to see t !y d4 ,! s*ool settlem5t reaps all ! advantages ( work+ = def9ite ends & ( hav+ ! bus9esslike coop]ation ( ! community z a body4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! "w ( ,mr4 ,val5t9e's s*ool has be5 hamp]$ by lack ( funds1 & t "s ( ! special ?+s done are suit$ to "o p>ticul> local population1 ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! neighborhood 9 ! relation betwe5 ! s*ool & ! p>5ts1 & 9 ! _s ( ! pupils 9 _! s*ool attitude1 %[ :at a public s*ool may mean to its neighborhood :5 x ceases to be an isolat$ academic in/itution4 ,! ,g>y s*ools & ,mr4 ,val5t9e's s*ool h effect$ an entire reorganization 9 ord] to meet ! p>ticul> ne$s ( ! *ildr5 ( ! community1 physically1 intellectually1 & socially4 ,bo? s*ools are look+ t[>ds a l>g] social ideal2 t[>ds a community :]e ! citiz5s w be prosp]\s & indep5d5t1 :]e !re w be no pov]ty-ridd5 population unable to produce good citiz5s4 ,:ile *anges 9 social conditions mu/ take place be=e ?is c happ51 ^! s*ools believe t su* an education z !y provide is "o ( ! natural ways & p]haps ! sure/ way ( help+ along ! *anges4 ,tea*+ p f ! "t !y are *ildr5 to ?9k cle>ly & to take c>e ( !mselves is "o ( ! be/ safegu>ds aga9/ exploitation4 ,a great _m s*ools are do+ "s ( ! same sort ( "w1 us+ ! activities ( ! community z a means ( enri*+ ! curriculum1 & us+ ! s*ool plant = a neighborhood c5t]4 ,! civic clubs ( ! ,*icago public s*ools1 :i* h already be5 describ$1 are aim+ at ! same ?+3 ! bett] equipm5t ( pupils = _! life 9 ! community ) ! hope ( improv+ ! community itself4 ,! ,cottage ,s*ool at ,riv]side1 ,ill9ois1 :]e pupils all come f well-to-d ,am]ican families1 has f\nd a simil> club valuable = ! pupils & ( real use to ! t[n4 ,! s*ool organiz$ by ! pupils into a civic league has made itself responsible = ! conditions ( ! /reets 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! t[n1 & is n only clean+ up b try+ to get ! re/ ( ! t[n int]e/$ 9 ! problem4 ,mock elections & 8self-gov]nm5ts0 bas$ ^u political organization are examples ( attempts ( education to meet ! ne$ = tra9+ 9 good citiz5%ip4 ,us+ ! s*ool plant z a social c5t] is recognition ( ! ne$ = social *ange & ( ! community's responsibility to help effect x4 ,! attempt to make ?is enl>g$ use ( ! s*ool plant is n s mu* 9 ord] to tra9 "y p s t !y c assume ! burd5 ( improvem5t = !mselves z to give ! neighborhood "s imm$iate opportunities :i* x lacks = recreation1 int]c\rse & improvem5t4 ,! s*ool plant is ! natural & conv5i5t place = su* und]tak+s4 ,e community has ! "r to expect & dem& t s*ools support$ at public exp5se = public ends %all s]ve community uses z widely z possible4 ,z attempts 9 socializ+ education h met ) su* success & su* en?usiasm among ! *ildr5 t _! value z educational tools is e/abli%$1 s giv+ ! p ( ! community a real %>e 9 activities c5t]$ 9 s*ool build+s & employ+ s*ool equipm5t1 is "o ( ! sure/ ways ( giv+ !m a m intellig5t public _s & a great] int]e/ 9 ! "r education ( ! y\? ( ! l&4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,educational ,,readju/m5t ,! *ief ef=t ( all educational re=ms is to br+ ab\t a readju/m5t ( exi/+ s*ola/ic in/itutions & me?ods s t !y %all respond to *anges 9 g5]al social & intellectual conditions4 ,! s*ool1 l o!r human in/itutions1 acquires in]tia & t5ds to g on do+ ?+s t h once got />t$1 irrespective ( pres5t dem&s4 ,!re are _m topics & me?ods 9 exi/+ education :i* date back to social conditions :i* are pass+ away4 ,!y are p]petuat$ because ( tradition & cu/om4 ,especially is x true ( our in/itutions ( le>n+ t _! controll+ ideals & ideas 7 fix$ :5 indu/rial me?ods diff]$ radically f ^? ( ! pres5t4 ,!y grew up :5 ! place ( indu/ry 9 life 0 mu* less important ?an x is n[ :5 practically all political & social affairs are b\nd up ) economic que/ions4 ,!y 7 =m$ :5 !re 0 no positive connection betwe5 sci5ce & ! op]ations ( production & di/ribution ( goods2 :ile at ! pres5t1 manufactur+1 railways1 electric transportation1 & all ! ag5cies ( daily life1 repres5t j s mu* appli$ sci5ce4 ,economic *anges h br\ght ab\t a clos] int]dep5d5ce among m5 & /r5g!n$ ! ideal ( mutual s]vice4 ,^! political1 intellectual1 & moral *anges make que/ions connect$ ) indu/rial education ! mo/ important problem ( pres5t-day public education 9 ,am]ica4 ,! fact t ! ,greek ^w f :i* our ^w 8s*ool0 is d]iv$ meant leisure sugge/s ! nature ( ! *ange :i* has tak5 place4 ,x is true at all times t education means relief f ! pressure ( hav+ to make a liv+4 ,! "y h to be support$ m or less by o!rs :ile !y are be+ in/ruct$4 ,!y mu/ be sav$ f ! impact ( ! /ruggle = mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,opposition to *ild labor goes h& 9 h& ) ! ef=t to ext5d ! facilities ( public s*ools to all ! w>ds ( ! nation4 ,!re mu/ be free "t = s*ool+1 & pupils mu/ n come to _! /udies physically worn out4 ,moreov]1 ! use ( imag9ation1 ?\ght & emotion 9 education dem&s m9ds :i* are free f h>ass+ que/ions ( self-support4 ,!re mu/ be an atmosph]e ( leisure if !re is to be a truly lib]al or free education4 ,su* ?+s are z true n[ z :5 s*ools 7 nam$ aft] ! idea ( leisure4 ,b !re 0 once assum$ a p]man5t division betwe5 a leisure class & a labor+ class4 ,education1 beyond at lea/ ! m]e rudim5ts1 0 int5d$ only = ! =m]4 ,its subject-matt] & its me?ods 7 design$ = ^? :o 7 suffici5tly well (f s t !y did n h to "w = a liv+4 ,! /igma atta*$ to work+ ) ! h&s 0 especially /rong4 ,9 ari/ocratic & feudal c\ntries su* "w 0 done by slaves or s]fs1 & ! s5se ( social inf]iority atta*$ to ^! classes naturally l$ to contempt = ! pursuits 9 :i* !y 7 engag$4 ,tra9+ = !m 0 a s]vile sort ( education1 :ile lib]al education 0 an education = a free man1 & a free man 0 a memb] ( ! upp] classes1 "o :o did n h to engage 9 labor = 8 own support or t ( o!rs4 ,! antagonism to indu/ry :i* 0 g5]at$ ext5d$ itself to all activities requir+ use ( ! h&s4 ,a 8g5tleman0 w\ld n use 8 h&s or tra9 !m to skill1 save = sport or w>4 ,to employ ! h&s 0 to d useful "w = o!rs1 :ile to r5d] p]sonal s]vice to o!rs 0 a badge ( a dep5d5t social & political /atus4 ,/range z x may seem1 ! v notions ( k & ( m9d 7 influ5c$ by ?is ari/ocratic ord] ( society4 ,! less ! body 9 g5]al1 & ! h&s & ! s5ses 9 p>ticul>1 7 employ$1 ! high] ! grade ( intellectual activity4 ,true ?\ght result+ 9 true k 0 to be c>ri$ on :olly )9 ! m9d )\t ! body tak+ any "p at all4 ,h5ce /udies :i* c\ld be c>ri$ on ) a m9imum ( physical action 7 alone ! /udies belong+ to a lib]al education4 ,fir/ 9 ord] came su* ?+s z philosophy1 !ology1 ma!matics1 logic1 etc41 :i* 7 purely m5tal4 ,next 9 rank came lit]ature & language1 ) gramm>1 rhetoric1 etc4 ,! pursuit ( ev5 :at we call ! f9e arts 0 relegat$ to a l[] grade1 because success 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 etc41 requir$ te*nical & manual tra9+4 ,music alone 0 exempt f condemnation1 p>tly because vocal music did n require ! tra9+ ( ! h&s1 & p>tly because music 0 us$ = devotional purposes4 ,o!rwise education %\ld tra9 m5 to appreciate art1 n to produce x4 ,^! ideas & ideals p]si/$ 9 educational !ory & practice long aft] ! political & indu/rial conditions :i* g5]at$ !m _h begun to give way4 ,practically all ! conceptions associat$ ) culture & cultural education 7 creat$ :5 ! imm5se sup]iority ( a leisure class ov] all work+ classes 0 a matt] ( c\rse4 ,ref9em5t1 poli%1 e/hetic ta/e1 k ( classic lit]atures1 acqua9tance ) =eign languages & ) bran*es ( sci5ces :i* c\ld be /udi$ by purely 8m5tal0 means1 & :i* 7 n put to practical uses1 7 ! m>ks ( culture1 j z !y 7 ! m>ks ( leisure "t & sup]ior weal?4 ,! le>n$ pr(essions--div9ity1 law1 &1 to a less ext5t1 m$ic9e--7 admitt$ ^u suffrance to ! sph]e ( high] education1 = ! manual elem5t 9 ! s]vice r5d]$ to o!rs 0 n s great z 9 indu/rial pursuits4 ,b pr(essional education 0 look$ ^u ) disp>agem5t 9 contra/ ) a lib]al education j because its aim 0 r5d]+ s]vice to o!rs4 ,& = a long "t m$ic9e 9 p>ticul> occupi$ a m$iocre & dubi\s position j because x requir$ p]sonal att5tion to ! bodily ne$s ( o!rs4 ,opposition to ! introduction into high] education ( ! natural sci5ces 0 due n only to ! cons]vative dread ( *ange on ! "p ( e/abli%$ in/itutions1 b also to ! fact t ^! sci5ces emphasiz$ ! use ( ! s5ses 7:i* are physical organs71 ( physical app>atus1 & ( manual skill requir$ 9 its manipulation4 ,ev5 ! repres5tatives ( ma!matical sci5ce jo9$ ^? ( lit]>y /udies 9 assum+ t ! natural sci5ces mu/ be less cultural ?an sci5ces l geometry1 algebra1 & calculus1 :i* c\ld be pursu$ 9 a m purely m5tal way4 ,ev5 :5 ! progress ( social *anges =c$ m & m useful /udies into ! curriculum1 ! idea ( a grad$ rank 9 ! cultural value ( /udies p]si/$4 ,occupations l bank+ & comm]ce involv$ less manual activity & less direct p]sonal s]vice to o!rs ?an h\sekeep+1 manufactur+1 & f>m+1 consequ5tly ! /udies :i* prep>$ = !m 7 at lea/ m 8g5teel0 ?an /udies hav+ to d ) ! latt]4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t _m p associate m5tal activity ) physical acquiesc5ce4 ,! fir/ brea* 9 ?is ord] ( ideas occurr$ 9 elem5t>y education4 ,along ) ! spread ( democratic ideas :i* took place 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 !re develop$ ! idea t education 0 a ne$ & "r ( ! masses z well z a privilege ( ! upp] classes4 ,9 read+ ,r\sseau & ,pe/alozzi1 an ,am]ican /ud5t1 :o is us$ to ! democratic idea ( univ]sal education1 is n likely to notice t _! conception ( ! educational developm5t ( all z a social necessity is ev5 m revolution>y ?an ! p>ticul> me?ods :i* !y urg$4 ,b su* 0 ! case4 ,ev5 s enlight5$ a lib]al z ,john ,locke wrote 8 educational essay ) ref]5ce to ! education ( a g5tleman1 & assum$ t ! tra9+ ( ! labor+ classes %\ld be ( a radically diff]5t k9d4 ,! idea t all ! p[]s ( all memb]s ( society are capable ( developm5t & t society ow$ x to itself & to its con/itu5t memb]s to see t ! latt] receiv$ ?is developm5t1 0 ! fir/ great intellectual tok5 ( ! democratic revolution :i* 0 occurr+4 ,x is notewor?y t ,r\sseau 0 ,swiss by bir?1 t democratic political ideas 7 rife 9 ,france :5 he wrote1 & t ,pe/alozzi 0 n only ,swiss by bir? b did 8 "w 9 t republican c\ntry4 ,:ile ! developm5t ( public elem5t>y s*ools = ! masses inevitably puts emphasis ^u ! usefulness ( /udies z a reason = education1 ! gr[? ( ! public curriculum & me?ods 0 pr(\ndly affect$ by ! surviv+ ideals ( leisure class education4 ,elem5t>y education1 j because x 0 an education = ! masses1 0 reg>d$ z a k9d ( necess>y political & economic concession r ?an z a s]i\s educative ent]prise4 ,a /rict l9e 0 drawn betwe5 x1 ) its useful /udies1 & ! high] education ( ! few conduct$ = g5u9ely cultural purposes4 ,read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 ! ?ree ,r's1 7 to be taught because ( _! utility4 ,!y 7 ne$$ to make individuals capable ( self-support1 ( 8gett+ on0 bett]1 & s capable ( r5d]+ bett] economic s]vice "u *ang$ comm]cial conditions4 ,x 0 assum$ t ! great] numb] ( pupils w\ld leave s*ool z soon z !y _h ma/]$ ! practical use ( ^! tools4 ,no bett] evid5ce c\ld be f\nd t prim>y education is /ill reg>d$ ) respect to ! l>g] numb] ( pupils1 z a practical social necessity1 n z an intr9sic educative measure1 ?an ! fact t ! great] numb] ( pupils leave s*ool ab\t ! fif? grade--t is1 :5 !y h acquir$ rudim5t>y skill 9 read+1 writ+ & figur+4 ,! opposition ( influ5tial memb]s ( ! community to ! introduction ( any /udies1 save p]haps geography & hi/ory1 beyond ! ?ree ,r's1 ! t5d5cy to reg>d o!r ?+s z 8frills & fads10 is evid5ce ( ! way 9 :i* purely elem5t>y s*ool+ is reg>d$4 ,a full] & wid] culture 9 lit]ature1 sci5ce & ! arts may be all[$ 9 ! case ( ^? bett] (f1 b ! masses are n to be educatively develop$ s mu* z tra9$ 9 ! use ( tools ne$$ to make !m effective work]s4 ,elem5t>y in/ruction to a l>g] ext5t ?an we usually admit1 is a sub/itute1 "u ! *ang$ circum/ances ( production & di/ribution ( goods1 = ! old] appr5tice%ip sy/em4 ,! latt] 0 nev] treat$ z educational 9 a fundam5tal s5se2 ! =m] is only p>tially conduct$ z a ?or\ghly educational ent]prise4 ,9 "p ! old] ideals ( a pr$om9antly lit]>y & 8intellectual0 education invad$ & captur$ ! new elem5t>y s*ools4 ,= ! small] numb] ( pupils :o might g on to a high] & cultural education1 ! ?ree ,r's 7 ! tools ( le>n+1 ! only really indisp5sable tools ( acquir+ k4 ,!y are all ( !m conc]n$ ) language1 t is1 ) symbols ( facts & ideas1 a fact :i* ?r[s a flood ( light ^u ! prevail+ ideas ( le>n+ & k4 ,k consi/s ( ! ready-made mat]ial :i* o!rs h f\nd out1 & ma/]y ( language is ! means ( access to ?is fund4 ,to le>n is to appropriate some?+ f ?is ready-made /ore1 n to f9d out some?+ = "o's self4 ,educational re=m]s may g on attack+ p\r+-9 me?ods ( tea*+ & passive reception me?ods ( le>n+2 b z long z ^! ideas ( ! nature ( k are curr5t1 !y make little headway4 ,! sep>ation ( ! activity ( ! m9d f ! activity ( ! s5ses 9 direct obs]vation & f ! activity ( ! h& 9 con/ruction & manipulation1 makes ! mat]ial ( /udies academic & remote1 & compels ! passive acquisition ( in=mation imp>t$ by textbook & tea*]4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 0 = a long "t a natural division ( labor betwe5 ! book-le>n+ ( ! s*ools & ! m direct & vital le>n+ ( out-(-s*ool life4 ,x is impossible to exagg]ate ! am\nt ( m5tal & moral tra9+ secur$ by our =efa!rs 9 ! c\rse ( ! ord9>y pursuits ( life4 ,!y 7 engag$ 9 subdu+ a new c\ntry4 ,indu/ry 0 at a premium1 & in/ead ( be+ ( a r\t9e nature1 pione] conditions requir$ initiative1 +5uity1 & pluck4 ,= ! mo/ "p m5 7 work+ = !mselves2 or1 if = o!rs1 ) a prospect ( soon becom+ ma/]s ( _! own affairs4 ,:ile ! citiz5s ( old-_w mon>*ies _h no responsibility = ! conduct ( gov]nm5t1 our =efa!rs 7 engag$ 9 ! exp]im5t ( conduct+ _! own gov]nm5t4 ,!y _h ! inc5tive ( a p>ticipation 9 ! conduct ( civic & public affairs :i* came directly home to !m4 ,production _h n yet be5 conc5trat$ 9 factories 9 conge/$ c5t]s1 b 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh villages4 ,m>kets 7 local r ?an remote4 ,manufactur+ 0 /ill lit]ally h&-mak+1 ) ! use ( local wat]-p[]2 x 0 n c>ri$ on by big ma*9es to :i* ! employ$ 8h&s0 7 me*anical adjuncts4 ,! occupations ( daily life engag$ ! imag9ation & en=c$ k ( natural mat]ials & processes4 ,*ildr5 z !y grew up ei!r engag$ 9 or 7 9 intimate contact ) sp9n+1 weav+1 blea*+1 dye+1 & ! mak+ ( clo!s2 ) lumb]+1 & lea!r1 saw-mills1 & c>p5try2 ) work+ ( metals & mak+ ( c&les4 ,!y n only saw ! gra9 plant$ & reap$1 b 7 famili> ) ! village gri/-mill & ! prep>ation ( fl\r & ( food/uffs = cattle4 ,^! ?+s 7 close to !m1 ! processes 7 all op5 to inspection4 ,!y knew :]e ?+s came f & h[ !y 7 made or :]e !y w5t to1 & !y knew ^! ?+s by p]sonal obs]vation4 ,!y _h ! discipl9e t came f %>+ 9 useful activities4 ,:ile !re 0 too mu* tax+ toil1 !re 0 also /imulus to imag9ation & tra9+ ( indep5d5t judgm5t along ) ! p]sonal k ( mat]ials & processes4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! s*ools c\ld h>dly h done bett] ?an devote !mselves to books1 & to tea*+ a comm& ( ! use ( books1 especially s9ce1 9 mo/ communities1 books1 :ile a r>ity & a luxury1 7 ! sole means ( access to ! great _w beyond ! village surr\nd+s4 ,b conditions *ang$ & s*ool mat]ials & me?ods did n *ange to keep pace4 ,population %ift$ to urban c5t]s4 ,production became a mass affair1 c>ri$ on 9 big factories1 in/ead ( a h\sehold affair4 ,gr[? ( /eam & electric transportation br\ght ab\t production = di/ant m>kets1 ev5 = a _w m>ket4 ,indu/ry 0 no long] a local or neighborhood conc]n4 ,manufactur+ 0 split up into a v great v>iety ( sep>ate processes ?r\gh ! economies incid5t ^u extreme division ( labor4 ,ev5 ! work+-m5 9 a p>ticul> l9e ( indu/ry r>ely h any *ance to become acqua9t$ ) ! entire c\rse ( production1 :ile outsid]s see practically no?+ b ei!r ! raw mat]ial on "o h& or ! f9i%$ product on ! o!r4 ,ma*9es dep5d 9 _! action ^u complicat$ facts & pr9ciples ( nature :i* are n recogniz$ by ! work] unless he has _h special intellectual tra9+4 ,! ma*9e work]1 unlike ! old] h& work]1 is foll[+ bl9dly ! intellig5ce ( o!rs in/ead ( 8 own k ( mat]ials1 tools1 & processes4 ,) ! pass+ ( pione] conditions pass$ also ! days :5 almo/ e individual look$ =w>d to be+ at "s "t 9 control ( a bus9ess ( 8 own4 ,great masses ( m5 h no o!r expectation ?an to be p]man5tly hir$ = pay to "w = o!rs4 ,inequalities ( weal? h multipli$1 s t dem& = ! labor ( *ildr5 has become a press+ m5ace to ! s]i\s education ( great numb]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *ildr5 9 weal?y families h lo/ ! moral & practical discipl9e t once came f %>+ 9 ! r\nd ( home duties4 ,= a l>ge numb] !re is little alt]native1 especially 9 l>g] cities1 betwe5 irksome *ild labor & demoraliz+ *ild idl5ess4 ,inquiries conduct$ by compet5t au?orities %[ t 9 ! great c5t]s ( population opportunities = play are s inadequate t free "t is n ev5 sp5t 9 :olesome recreations by a majority ( *ildr54 ,^! /atem5ts d n beg91 ( c\rse1 to cov] ! contra/s betwe5 pres5t social conditions & ^? to :i* our e>li] s*ool facilities 7 adapt$4 ,!y sugge/1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! obvi\s *anges ) :i* education mu/ reckon if x is to ma9ta9 a vital connection ) contempor>y social life1 s z to give ! k9d ( in/ruction ne$$ to make effici5t & self-respect+ memb]s ( ! community4 ,! sket* w\ld be ev5 m incomplete1 h[ev]1 if x fail$ to note t along ) ^! *anges !re has be5 an imm5se *eap5+ ( pr9t$ mat]ial & an imm5se increase 9 ! facilities = its di/ribution4 ,libr>ies ab\nd1 books are _m & *eap1 magaz9es & newspap]s are ev]y:]e4 ,consequ5tly ! s*ools d n any long] be> ! peculi> relation to books & book k :i* !y once did4 ,:ile out ( s*ool conditions h lo/ _m ( ! educative features !y once possess$1 !y h ga9$ imm5sely 9 ! provision !y make = read+ matt] & = /imulat+ int]e/ 9 read+4 ,x is no long] necess>y or desirable t ! s*ools %\ld devote !mselves s exclusively to ?is phase ( in/ruction4 ,b x is m necess>y ?an x us$ to be t ! s*ools %all develop su* int]e/ 9 ! pupils z w induce !m to read mat]ial t is intellectually wor? :ile4 ,:ile m]ely le>n+ ! use ( language symbols & ( acquir+ habits ( read+ is less important ?an x us$ to be1 ! "q ( ! use to :i* ! p[] & habits %all be put is mu* m important4 ,to le>n to use read+ matt] means t s*ools %all ar\se 9 pupils problems & int]e/s t lead /ud5ts bo? 9 s*ool & aft] !y leave s*ool to seek t subject-matt] ( hi/ory1 sci5ce1 biography1 & lit]ature :i* is inh]5tly valuable1 & n to wa/e !mselves ^u ! tra% :i* is s abundantly provid$4 ,x is absolutely impossible to secure ?is result :5 s*ools devote !mselves to ! =mal sides ( language in/ead ( to develop+ deep & vital int]e/ 9 subject-matt]4 ,educational !ori/s & s*ool au?orities :o attempt to rem$y ! deplorable read+ habits ) :i* _m y\? leave s*ool by means ( a great] am\nt ( direct att5tion to language /udies & lit]atures1 are engag$ 9 a futile task4 ,enl>gem5t ( intellectual horizon1 & awak5+ to ! multitude ( int]e/+ problems pres5t$ by contempor>y conditions1 are ! sure/ gu>antees = good use ( "t ) books & magaz9es4 ,:5 books are made an end 9 !mselves1 only a small & highly specializ$ class w devote !mselves to really s]viceable books4 ,:5 !re is a lively s5se ( ! int]e/ ( social affairs1 all :o possess ! s5se w turn z naturally to ! books :i* fo/] t int]e/ z to ! o!r ?+s ( :i* !y feel a ne$4 ,^! are "s ( ! reasons = say+ t ! g5]al problem ( readju/m5t ( education to meet pres5t conditions is mo/ acute at ! angle ( indu/ry4 ,! v>i\s details may be summ$ up 9 ?ree g5]al moral pr9ciples4 ,fir/1 nev] be=e 0 x z important z x is n[ t ea* individual %\ld be capable ( self-respect+1 self-support+1 intellig5t "w--t ea* %\ld make a liv+ = himself & ^? dep5d5t ^u 8 ef=ts1 & %\ld make x ) an intellig5t recognition ( :at he is do+ & an intellig5t int]e/ 9 do+ 8 "w well4 ,secondly1 nev] be=e did ! "w ( "o individual affect ! welf>e ( o!rs on su* a wide scale z at pres5t4 ,mod]n conditions ( production & ex*ange ( commodities h made ! :ole _w "o to a degree nev] approximat$ be=e4 ,a w> to-day may close banks & p>alyze trade 9 places ?\s&s ( miles away f ! sc5e ( action4 ,?is is only a co>se & s5sational manife/ation ( an int]dep5d5ce :i* is quietly & p]si/5tly op]at+ 9 ! activity ( e f>m]1 manufactur]1 labor]1 & m]*ant1 9 e "p ( ! civiliz$ globe4 ,consequ5tly !re is a dem& :i* nev] exi/$ be=e t all ! items ( s*ool in/ruction %all be se5 & appreciat$ 9 _! be>+ ^u ! network ( social activities :i* b9d p toge!r4 ,:5 m5 liv$ 9 small gr\ps :i* _h little to d ) ea* o!r1 ! h>m done by an education :i* pursu$ exclusively intellectual & !oretic aims 0 comp>atively slight4 ,k might be isolat$ because m5 7 isolat$4 ,b to-day ! accumulation ( in=mation1 j z in=mation1 ap>t f its social be>+s1 is worse ?an futile4 ,acquisition ( modes ( skill ap>t f realization ( ! social uses to :i* !y may be put is fairly crim9al4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 indu/rial me?ods & processes dep5d to-day ^u k ( facts & laws ( natural & social sci5ce 9 a mu* great] degree ?an ev] be=e4 ,our railways & /eamboats1 traction c>s1 telegraphs1 & telephones1 factories & f>ms1 ev5 our ord9>y h\sehold appliances1 dep5d = _! exi/5ce ^u intricate ma!matical1 physical1 *emical1 & biological insight4 ,!y dep5d = _! be/ ultimate use ^u an und]/&+ ( ! facts & relation%ips ( social life4 ,unless ! mass ( work]s are to be bl9d cogs & p9ions 9 ! app>atus !y employ1 !y mu/ h "s und]/&+ ( ! physical & social facts beh9d & ahead ( ! mat]ial & appliances ) :i* !y are deal+4 ,?us put1 ! problem may seem to be s va/ & complicat$ z to be impossible ( solution4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t we are deal+ ) a problem ( readju/m5t1 n ( orig9al creation4 ,x w take a long "t to complete ! readju/m5t :i* w be br\ght ab\t gradually4 ,! ma9 ?+ n[ is to get />t$1 & to />t 9 ! "r direction4 ,h5ce ! great importance ( ! v>i\s exp]im5tal /eps :i* h already be5 tak54 ,& we mu/ also rememb] t ! ess5tial ?+ to be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! *ange is n amass+ m in=mation1 b ! =mation ( c]ta9 attitudes & int]e/s1 ways ( look+ at ?+s & deal+ ) !m4 ,if accompli%m5t ( ! educational readju/m5t meant t pupils mu/ become aw>e ( ! :ole scope ( sci5tific & social mat]ial involv$ 9 ! occupations ( daily life1 ! problem w\ld be absolutely impossible ( solution4 ,b 9 reality accompli%+ ! re=m means less att5tion ?an "u pres5t conditions to m]e bulk ( k4 ,:at is want$ is t pupils %all =m ! habit ( connect+ ! limit$ in=mation !y acquire ) ! activities ( life1 & ga9 ability to connect a limit$ sph]e ( human activity ) ! sci5tific pr9ciples ^u :i* its successful conduct dep5ds4 ,! attitudes & int]e/s ?us =m$ w !n take c>e ( !mselves4 ,if we take ari?metic or geography !mselves z subjects isolat$ f social activities & uses1 !n ! aim ( in/ruction mu/ be to cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,any failure to d s w m>k a defect 9 le>n+4 ,b n s if :at we1 z educators1 are conc]n$ ) is t pupils %all realize ! connection ( :at !y le>n ab\t numb]1 or ab\t ! e>?'s surface1 ) vital social activities4 ,! "q ceases to be a matt] simply ( quantity & becomes "o ( motive & purpose4 ,! problem is n ! impossible "o ( acqua9t+ ! pupil ) all ! social uses to :i* k ( numb] is put1 b ( tea*+ him 9 su* a way t ea* /ep :i* he takes 9 advance 9 8 k ( numb] %all be connect$ ) "s situation ( human ne$ & activity1 s t he %all see ! be>+ & application ( :at is le>nt4 ,any *ild :o ent]s ^u ! /udy ( numb] already has exp]i5ces :i* involve numb]4 ,let 8 in/ruction 9 ari?metic l9k itself to ^! ev]yday social activities 9 :i* he already %>es1 &1 z f> z x goes1 ! problem ( socializ+ in/ruction is solv$4 ,! indu/rial phase ( ! situation comes 91 ( c\rse1 9 ! fact t ^! social exp]i5ces h _! indu/rial aspect4 ,?is does n mean t 8 numb] "w %all be crassly utilit>ian1 or t all ! problems %all be 9 t]ms ( money & pecuni>y ga9 or loss4 ,on ! contr>y1 x means t ! pecuni>y side %all be relegat$ to its proportionate place1 & emphasis put ^u ! place occupi$ by k ( weight1 =m1 size1 measure1 num]ical quantity1 z well z money1 9 ! c>ry+ on ( ! activities ( life4 ,! purpose ( ! readju/m5t ( education to exi/+ social conditions is n to sub/itute ! acquir+ ( money or ( bread & butt] = ! acquir+ ( in=mation z an educational aim4 ,x is to supply m5 & wom5 :o z !y g =?1 f s*ool %all be intellig5t 9 ! pursuit ( ! activities 9 :i* !y engage4 ,t a "p ( t intellig5ce w1 h[ev]1 h to d ) ! place :i* bread & butt] actually occupy 9 ! lives ( p to-day1 is a necessity4 ,^? :o fail to recognize ?is fact are /ill imbu$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ) ! intellectual prejudices ( an ari/ocratic /ate4 ,b ! prim>y & fundam5tal problem is n to prep>e individuals to "w at p>ticul> call+s1 b to be vitally & s9c]ely int]e/$ 9 ! call+ ^u :i* !y mu/ ent] if !y are n to be social p>asites1 & to be in=m$ z to ! social & sci5tific be>+s ( t call+4 ,! aim is n to prep>e bread-w9n]s4 ,b s9ce m5 & wom5 are normally engag$ 9 bread-w9n+ vocations1 !y ne$ to be intellig5t 9 ! conduct ( h\seholds1 ! c>e ( *ildr51 ! managem5t ( f>ms & %ops1 & 9 ! political conduct ( a democracy :]e indu/ry is ! prime factor4 ,! problem ( educational readju/m5t ?us has to /e] betwe5 ! extremes ( an inh]it$ booki% education & a n>r[1 s-call$ practical1 education4 ,x is comp>atively easy to clamor = a ret5tion ( traditional mat]ials & me?ods on ! gr\nd t !y alone are lib]al & cultural4 ,x is comp>atively easy to urge ! addition ( n>r[ vocational tra9+ = ^? :o1 s x is assum$1 are to be ! draw]s ( wat] & ! hew]s ( wood 9 ! exi/+ economic rgime1 leav+ intact ! pres5t booki% type ( education = ^? =tunate en\gh n to h to engage 9 manual labor 9 ! home1 %op1 or f>m4 ,b s9ce ! real "q is "o ( reorganization ( all education to meet ! *ang$ conditions ( life--sci5tific1 social1 political--accompany+ ! revolution 9 indu/ry1 ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made ) ?is wid] end 9 view are especially des]v+ ( sympa!tic recognition & intellig5t exam9ation4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,education ,,?r\gh ,,indu/ry ,! exp]im5ts ( "s ( our cities 9 giv+ _! *ildr5 tra9+ :i* %all make !m intellig5t 9 all ! activities ( _! life1 includ+ ! important "o ( e>n+ a liv+1 furni% excell5t examples ( ! be/ t is be+ done 9 indu/rial education4 ,! cities *os5 = description are ,g>y1 ,*icago1 & ,c9c9nati4 ,?is book is n conc]n$ ) s*ools or c\rses :i* are design$ simply to give ! pupils control ( "o specializ$ field ( k2 t is1 :i* tra9 p = ! processes ( "o p>ticul> indu/ry or pr(ession4 ,x is true t mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts 9 indu/rial education tri$ s f> 9 ?is c\ntry h tak5 ! mat]ial (f]$ by ! l>ge/ skill$ indu/ries ( ! neighborhood = _! basis1 & z a result h tra9$ pupils = "o or m def9ite trades4 ,b :]ev] ! exp]im5t has be5 prompt$ by a s9c]e int]e/ 9 education & 9 ! welf>e ( ! community ?is has n be5 ! object ( ! "w4 ,! int]e/ ( ! tea*]s is n c5t]$ on ! welf>e ( any "o indu/ry1 b on ! welf>e ( ! "y p ( ! community4 ,if ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( a community is due almo/ entirely to "o or two indu/ries1 obvi\sly ! welf>e ( ! individuals ( ! community is v closely connect$ ) ^? indu/ries4 ,!n ! educational purpose ( tra9+ ! *ildr5 to ! mo/ intellig5t use ( _! own capabilities & ( _! environm5t1 is mo/ easily s]v$ by us+ ^! indu/ries z ! mat]ial = ! /rictly utilit>ian "p ( ?is tra9+4 ,! problem ( g5]al public-s*ool education is n to tra9 work]s = a trade1 b to make use ( ! :ole environm5t ( ! *ild 9 ord] to supply motive & mean+ to ! "w4 ,9 ,g>y ?is has be5 done m completely ?an 9 any o!r s+le place4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,wirt believes firmly 9 ! value ( muscul> & s5se tra9+ = *ildr52 & in/ead ( arrang+ artificial ex]cises = ! purpose1 he gives *ildr5 ! same sort ( ?+s to d t occupy _! p>5ts & call = muscul> skill & f9e cord9ation 9 ! bus9ess ( ev]yday life4 ,e *ild 9 ,g>y1 boy & girl1 has be=e 8 eyes 9 s*ool f9ely equipp$ work%ops1 :]e he may1 z soon z he is old en\gh1 d 8 %>e ( ! actual "w ( runn+ & keep+ 9 ord] ! s*ool build+s4 ,all ( ! s*ools except "o small "o :]e !re are no high s*ool pupils1 h a lun* room :]e ! girls le>n to cook1 & a sew+ room :]e !y le>n to make _! own clo!s2 a pr9t+ %op1 & c>p5t]1 electrical1 ma*9e1 patt]n1 =g+1 & mold+ %ops1 :]e boys1 & girls if !y wi%1 c le>n h[ mo/ ( ! ?+s t !y see ab\t !m e day are made4 ,!re are pa9t+ dep>tm5ts1 & a metal work+ room1 & also bookkeep+ & /5ography classes4 ,! sci5ce laboratories help give ! *ild "s und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples & processes at "w 9 ! _w 9 :i* he lives4 ,! money & space requir$ to equip & run ^! %ops are sav$ f an ord9>y siz$ s*ool budget by ! 8two s*ool sy/em0 t has be5 describ$ above1 & by ! fact t all ! exp5se usually *>g$ by a s*ool to repairs & paid out to contractors1 is sp5t on ^! %ops & = ! sal>ies ( ! skill$ workm5 :o tea* 9 !m4 ,! build+s are kept 9 bett] repair ?an :]e all ! "w is done dur+ ! summ] vacation1 because z soon z any?+ ne$s to be fix$ ! pupils :o are work+ 9 ! %op t does t k9d ( "w get at ! repairs "u ! direction ( ! tea*]4 ,^! %ops c n be consid]$ 9 any way an unnecess>y luxury because !y are us$ also by ! high s*ool pupils :o are specializ+ = "o k9d ( "w & by ! night & summ] s*ool = _! vocational classes4 ,! s*ool managem5t says 9 reg>d to ! success ( ?is plan1 8,:5 y h provid$ a plant :]e ! *ildr5 may live a complete life eight h\rs a day 9 "w1 /udy1 & play1 x is ! simple/ ?+ imag9able to p]mit ! *ildr5 9 ! work%ops1 "u ! direction & ) ! help ( well-tra9$ m5 & wom51 to assume ! responsibility = ! equipm5t & ma9t5ance ( ! s*ool plant4 ,an indu/rial & comm]cial s*ool = e *ild is ?us provid$ )\t extra co/ to ! taxpay]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,le>n+ m\ld+1 & manufactur+ s*ool equipm5t4 7,g>y1 ,ind47 ,! fir/ ?ree grades sp5d "o h\r a day 9 manual tra9+ & draw+1 :i* take ! =m ( simple h&-"w & are n done 9 ! %ops1 b 9 an especially equipp$ room ) a tra9$ tea*]4 ,! pupils draw1 d pa9t+ & clay model+1 sew+ & simple c>p5try "w4 ,! five high] grades sp5d twice z mu* "t on manual tra9+ & draw+4 ,! little *ildr5 g into ! %ops z help]s & wat*]s1 mu* z !y g into ! sci5ce laboratories1 & !y pick up almo/ z mu* !ory & und]/&+ ( processes z ! old] *ildr5 possess4 ,! art "w & simpl] =ms ( h&-"w are kept up = ! def9ite tra9+ 9 control & te*nique t comes f c>ry+ ?r\gh a problem indep5d5tly4 ,because ! small *ild's love ( creat+ is v great1 !y cont9ue until ! pupils are old en\gh to *oose :at %op !y w g into z appr5tices to ! tea*]4 ,s9ce six? grade *ildr5 are old en\gh & /rong en\gh to beg9 do+ ! actual "w ( repair+ & ma9ta9+ ! build+1 9 ?is grade !y cease to be wat*]s & help]s & become real work]s4 ,di/ribut+ s*ool supplies1 keep+ ! s*ool records & tak+ c>e ( ! gr\nds are done by ! pupils "u ! direction ( ! s*ool (fice or ! botanical laboratory1 & con/itute a c\rse 9 %op "w j z mu* z does pa9t+ or repair+ ! electric lights4 ,! s*ool heat & p[] plant is also a laboratory = ! pupils1 9 :i* !y le>n ! pr9ciples ( heat+ & light+ 9 a ?or\ghly practical way because !y d mu* ( ! "w connect$ ) keep+ ! plant runn+4 ,! %op & sci5ce c\rses ( ! s*ools la/ only a ?ird ( ! ye>1 & !re is a %ort] probation c\rse ( five weeks4 ,! pupils *oose ) ! advice ( _! tea*]s :at %op c\rse !y w take2 if at ! end ( five weeks !y d n l x !y may *ange4 ,!y mu/ *ange twice dur+ ! ye>4 ,9 ?is way ! "w c n lose its educational "* & become simply a me?od ( mak+ juv5ile factory h&s to d ! s*ool repairs4 ,tak+ ?ree %op c\rses 9 "o s*ool ye> results 9 giv+ ! pupil m]ely a sup]ficial k ( ! !ory & processes ( any "o k9d ( "w4 ,b ?is is z x %\ld be1 = ! pupils are n tak+ ! c\rses to become c>p5t]s1 or electricians1 or dressmak]s1 b to f9d out h[ ! "w ( ! _w is done4 ,mov+ z !y d f "o ?+ to ano!r !y le>n z mu* ( ! !ory ( ! indu/ry z *ildr5 ( _! age c und]/&1 :ile an all-ar\nd muscul> & s5se tra9+ is insur$4 ,to conf9e ! gr[+ *ild too long to ! same k9d ( muscul> activity is h>mful bo? m5tally & physically2 to keep on gr[+ he mu/ h "w :i* ex]cises 8 :ole body1 :i* pres5ts new problems1 keeps tea*+ him new ?+s1 & ?us develops 8 p[]s ( reason+ & judgm5t4 ,any manual labor ceases to be educative ! mom5t x becomes ?or\ghly famili> & automatic4 ,9 ,g>y1 ! *ild ( ! newly arriv$ immigrant f ! agricultural di/ricts ( ea/]n ,europe has z mu* *ance to prep>e = a vocation1 t is really to le>n 8 own capabilities = ! environm5t 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 z ! *ild ( ! educat$ ,am]ican4 ,f ! "t he ent]s ! public s*ool sy/em1 :e!r day nurs]y1 k9d]g>t51 or fir/ grade1 he is among p :o are int]e/$ 9 mak+ him see ?+s z !y are1 & 9 tea*+ him h[ to d ?+s4 ,9 ! nurs]y he has toys to play ) :i* tea* him to control 8 body2 & he le>ns unconsci\sly1 by be+ well tak5 c>e (1 "s ( ! pr9ciples ( hygi5e & "r liv+4 ,9 ! k9d]g>t5 ! "w to tra9 8 gr[+ body to p]=m useful & accurate motions & cord9ation goes on4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree grades1 emphasis is put on tea*+ him to read & write & obta9 a good f\ndation = ! !oretical k :i* comes f books4 ,8 physical gr[? is tak5 c>e ( on ! playgr\nd1 :]e he sp5ds ab\t two h\rs a day1 do+ ?+s t develop 8 :ole body 9 a natural way & play+ games t give him opportunity to satisfy 8 desire to play4 ,at ! same "t he is tak+ ! fir/ /eps 9 a tra9+ :i* is m specifically vocational1 9 t x deals ) ! practical bread & butt] side ( life4 ,he le>ns to h&le ! mat]ials :i* lie at ! f\ndations ( civilization 9 mu* ! same way t primitive p us$ !m1 because ?is way is suit$ to ! degree ( skill & und]/&+ he has rea*$4 ,on a little h& loom he weaves a piece ( co>se clo?2 ) clay he makes di%es or o!r objects t are famili> to him2 ) re$s or raffia he makes baskets2 & ) p5cil or pa9ts he draws = ! pleasure ( mak+ some?+ beautiful2 ) ne$le & ?read he makes himself a bag or apron4 ,all ^! activities tea* him ! fir/ /eps 9 ! manufacture ( ! ?+s :i* are necess>y to our life z we live x4 ,! weav+ & sew+ %[ him h[ our clo?+ is made2 ! arti/ic turn t is giv5 to all ?is "w1 ?r\gh model+ & draw+1 tea* him t ev5 ! simple/ ?+s 9 life c be made beautiful1 besides furni%+ a necess>y me?od ( self-expression4 ,9 ! f\r? grade ! pupils /op ! mak+ ( isolat$ ?+s1 ! value ( :i* lies entirely 9 ! process ( mak+1 & :]e ! ?+'s value lies solely 9 its int]e/ to ! *ild4 ,!y /ill h "t1 h[ev]1 to tra9 :atev] arti/ic ability !y may possess1 & to develop ?r\gh _! music & art ! e/hetic side ( _! nature4 ,b ! re/ ( _! h&-"w takes a fur!r vocational turn4 ,! "t = manual occupation is n[ all sp5t on int5sive & useful "w 9 "s "o k9d ( "w or indu/ry4 ,^! pupils are n[ less int]e/$ 9 games1 s !y sp5d less "t play+ & m "t mak+ ?+s4 ,! girl goes into ! dressmak+ dep>tm5t & le>ns to sew f ! po9t ( view ( ! work] :o has to produce h] own ?+s4 ,%e is /ill too "y to c>ry ?r\gh a long1 h>d piece ( "w1 s %e goes = ! fir/ two ye>s z a wat*] & help]1 li/5+ to ! lessons 9 !ory t ! sev5?1 eigh?1 or n9? grade pupils are tak+1 & help+ !m ) _! "w4 ,a girl may *oose dressmak+ = h] fir/ c\rse1 b at ! end ( ?ree mon?s %e mu/ *ange to "s o!r dep>tm5t1 p]haps help+ cook ! lun* = ! s*ool & le>n+ ab\t :olesome foods & food *emi/ry = ! next ?ree mon?s4 ,or if %e is fond ( draw+1 %e may devote ne>ly all h] "t = %op "w to develop+ h] tal5t = t4 ,9 ! same way ! boy *ooses :at %op he w g into = ?ree mon?s4 ,9 ! c>p5t] %op he w be old en\gh really to make = himself "s ( ! simpl] ?+s ne$$ 9 ! s*ool build+4 ,if he *oose ! =g+ or ca/+ %op he w h a *ance to help at %oe+ ! horses = ! use ( ! dep>tm5t ( education1 or to help an old] boy make ! mold = ! iron /& to a s*ool desk4 ,9 su* ways he f9ds out some?+ ab\t ! way iron is us$ = s _m ( our commone/ ?+s4 ,9 ! fif? & six? grades ne>ly all ! boys try to get at lea/ "o c\rse 9 /ore keep+4 ,"h !y g into ! s*ool /or]ooms ) ! janitor2 & ) ! s*ool li/s at h& unpack & *eck up ! mat]ial :i* comes 9 bo? f ! work%ops & f outside4 ,!n z ^! ?+s are ne$$ ?r\gh ! build+ !y take ! requisitions f ! (fice1 di/ribute ! mat]ial1 & make ! prop] entries on ! books4 ,!y are taught practical bookkeep+ & are responsible = ! smoo? runn+ ( ! supply dep>tm5t :ile !y are work+ !re4 ,z !y le>n ! co/ ( all ! mat]ial z well z ! me?od ( c>+ = x & di/ribut+ x1 !y get a good idea ( ! way a city sp5ds its taxes & ( ! g5]al bus9ess me?ods 9 use 9 /ores4 ,bo? boys & girls may take a beg9n]s' c\rse 9 bookkeep+ & (fice managem5t4 ,"h !y g into :at is call$ ! s*ool bank1 & keep ! records ( ! %op "w ( all ! pupils 9 ! s*ool4 ,be=e pupils c graduate f s*ool !y mu/ h complet$ a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs ( satisfactory "w 9 ! s*ool %ops4 ,9 ord] to fit ! ne$s ( e individual pupil1 ! am\nt ( cr$it does n dep5d ^u ! m]e att5dance ?r\gh a ?ree mon?s' c\rse1 b ea* pupil is giv5 cr$it by ! %op tea*] = s _m h\rs ( "w = ! piece ( "w he has done4 ,! rate ( "w is /&>diz$1 & ?us a m equal tra9+ is insur$ = all1 = ! sl[ work] w get cr$it = only s mu* complet$ "w reg>dless ( ! "t x has tak5 him1 & ! fa/ work] w get cr$it = all he does ev5 if he out/rips ! av]age4 ,a fix$ numb] ( 8/&>d h\rs0 ( "w entitle ! pupil to 8"o cr$it10 = :i* ! pupil receives a cr$it c]tificate4 ,:5 he has eight ( ^! he has complet$ ! "w requir$ by ! vocational section ( ! ,g>y s*ools = graduation4 ,all ! "w connect$ ) keep+ ! records = ^! cr$it c]tificates is done by pupils "u ! direction ( an advanc$ pupil4 ,f ! sev5? grade ! pupils are ! responsible work]s 9 all ! %ops4 ,a pupil :o kn[s t he has to leave s*ool :5 he has f9i%$ ! eigh? grade c n[ beg9 to specialize 9 ! workrooms ( "s "o dep>tm5t4 ,if he wi%es to become a pr9t] he c "w on ! s*ool presses = an entire ye>1 or he c put 9 all 8 %op "t 9 ! bookkeep+ dep>tm5t if he is attract$ by (fice "w4 ,! girls beg9 to take *>ge ( ! lun* room1 do+ all ! m>ket+ & plann+ = ! m5us & keep+ ! books4 ,sew+ "w takes 9 m & m ( ! complications ( ! indu/ry4 ,! girls le>n patt]n draw+ & design+1 & may take a mill9]y c\rse4 ,! "w = ! /ud5ts 9 (fice "w is n[ ext5d$ to include /5ography & typewrit+ & bus9ess me?ods4 ,! art "w also broad5s to take 9 design+ & h& metal "w4 ,!re is no break betwe5 ! "w ( ! grades & ! high s*ool 9 ! vocational dep>tm5t1 except t z ! pupil gr[s old] he naturally t5ds to specialize t[>d :at is to be 8 life "w4 ,! vocational dep>tm5t is on exactly ! same level z ! academic1 & ! s*ool takes ! :olesome attitude t ! boy :o int5ds to be a c>p5t] or pa9t] ne$s to /ay 9 s*ool j z _m ye>s z ! boy :o is go+ to college4 ,! result is ! v high p] c5t4 ( pupils :o g on to high] s*ools4 ,! ord9>y view among *ildr5 ( labor+ p 9 l>ge cities is t only ^? :o are go+ to be tea*]s ne$ to cont9ue at s*ool aft] ! age ( f\rte52 x does n make any diff]5ce t "o is leav+ to g into a factory or %op4 ,b s9ce ! fir/ day ! ,g>y *ild began go+ to s*ool he has se5 boys & girls 9 _! la/ ye> ( high s*ool /ill le>n+ h[ to d ! "w t is be+ done :]e1 p]haps1 he expects ultimately to g to "w4 ,he kn[s t ^! pupils all h a trem5d\s advantage ov] him 9 ! %op1 t !y w e>n m1 get a high] grade ( "w to d1 & d x bett]4 ,?r\gh ! !ory lessons 9 ! s*ool %op he has a g5]al idea ( ! scope & possibilities 9 8 *os5 trade1 & :at is m to ! purpose1 he kn[s h[ mu* m he has to le>n ab\t ! "w4 ,he is famili> ) ! /ati/ics ( work]s 9 t trade1 kn[s ! wages = ! diff]5t degrees ( skill & h[ f> additional tra9+ c take a man4 ,) all ?is in=mation ab\t1 & outlook ^u1 8 vocation x is n /range t s few1 comp>atively1 ( ! pupils leave s*ool1 or t s _m ( ^? :o h to leave come back = ev5+ or ,sunday classes4 ,! pupil :o /ays 9 a ,g>y s*ool ?r\gh ! f\r ye>s ( high s*ool kn[s ! purpose ( ! "w he is do+1 :e!r he is go+ to college or n4 ,if he wants to g into (fice "w1 he %apes 8 c\rse to t end1 ev5 be=e he gets 8 gramm> grades diploma p]haps4 ,b he is n tak+ any %ort cut to m]e e>n+ capacity 9 ! fir/ /eps ( (fice "w4 ,he is do+ all ! "w necess>y to give him ! wide/ possible outlook4 ,8 /udies include1 ( c\rse1 lessons 9 typewrit+ & /5ography1 bookkeep+ & acc\nt+1 fil+1 etc42 b !y include z well suffici5t practice 9 ,engli%1 gramm>1 & spell+ s t he w be able to d 8 "w well4 ,!y include "w 9 hi/ory1 geography & sci5ce1 s t he w f9d 8 "w int]e/+1 & w h a backgr\nd ( g5]al k :i* w enri* 8 :ole life4 ,! /ud5t prep>+ = college does ! "w necess>y = 8 entrance exam9ations1 & a great deal ( manual "w besides1 :i* mo/ high s*ool pupils are n suppos$ to h "t =4 ,x is j z valuable = ! man :o works ) 8 bra9 to "k h[ to d "s ( ! ?+s t ! factory work] is do+1 z x is = ! latt] to "k h[ ! patt]ns = ! ma*9e he is mak+ 7 drawn1 & ! pr9ciples t gov]n ! p[] supply 9 ! factory4 ,9 ,g>y ! "w is vocational 9 all ( ^! s5ses4 ,be=e ! pupil leaves s*ool he has an opportunity to le>n ! specific processes = any "o ( a l>g] numb] ( pr(essions4 ,b f ! fir/ day he w5t to s*ool he has be5 do+ "w t tea*es ! motives & pr9ciples ( ! uses to :i* ! mat]ial _w is put by 8 social environm5t1 s t :atev] "w he goes into w really be a vocation1 a call+ 9 life1 & n a m]e r\t9e engag$ 9 only = ! sake ( pay4 ,! value ( ! pupils' tra9+ is greatly increas$ by ! fact t all ! "w done is productive4 ,all ! %ops are manufactur+ plants = ! ,g>y s*ool2 ! bus9ess s*ool f9ds a laboratory 9 ! s*ool (fice4 ,9 dressmak+ or cook+ ! girls are mak+ clo!s :i* !y ne$1 or else cook+ _! own & o!r p's lun*es4 ,! sci5ce laboratories use ! "w ( ! %ops = ! illu/ration ( _! !ories4 ,! *emi/ry is ! *emi/ry ( food2 botany & zology include ! c>e ( ! s*ool gr\nds & animals4 ,draw+ includes dress design+ & h\se decoration1 or patt]n draw+ = ! h& metal %op4 ,ari?metic classes d ! problems = _! c>p5try class1 & ,engli% classes put emphasis on ! ?+s :i* ! pupils say !y ne$ to "k to "w 9 ! pr9t+ %op3 usually p>agraph+1 spell+1 & punctuation4 ,! result ( ?is cop]ation is to make ! book "w bett] ?an if !y put 9 all _! "t on books4 ,! practical _w is ! real _w to mo/ p2 b ! _w ( ideas becomes int5sely int]e/+ :5 its connection ) ! _w ( action is cle>4 ,because ! "w is real "w con/ant opportunities are furni%$ to c>ry out ! s*ool policy ( meet+ ! ne$s ( ! individual pupil4 ,! classification accord+ to fa/1 sl[1 & av]age work]s1 bo? 9 ! vocational & academic dep>tm5ts1 has already be5 describ$4 ,x enables ! pupil to d 8 "w :5 he is ready = x1 )\t be+ pu%$ ahead or held back by 8 fell[ pupils2 ! sl[ work] may le>n z mu* z ! rapid work]1 & ! latt] 9 turn does n develop %iftless habits because he has n en\gh to d4 ,b if = any reason a pupil does n fit into any ( ! usual programs ( classification1 he is n =c$ to ! conclusion t ! s*ool holds no place = him4 ,! pupil :o is physically unfit to sit at a desk & /udy goes to s*ool1 & sp5ds all 8 "t outdoors1 ) a tea*] to help him get /rong4 ,9 ! same way ! two-s*ool sy/em enables ! *ild :o is weak 9 ari?metic to cat* up )\t los+ 8 /&+ 9 o!r subjects4 ,he simply takes ! ari?metic lessons ) two grades4 ,9 ! %ops ! poor pupil simply works long] on "o ?+1 b z 8 progress is n b\nd up ) t ( ! class x makes no diff]5ce4 ,! pupil :o ?9ks he hates s*ool1 or is too /upid to keep on go+1 is n dealt ) by ?reats & puni%m5ts4 ,8 tea*]s take x = grant$ t !re is some?+ wrong ) 8 program1 & ) 8 help fix x = him4 ,! *ild :o ha/5s to leave s*ool )\t any reason z soon z he may1 is told t he may come back & sp5d all 8 "t on ! ?+ t he likes4 ,?is (t5 results 9 w9n+ back a pupil1 = aft] he has work$ = a few mon?s 9 8 favorite %op or ! art room1 he f9ds he ne$s m book k to keep on !re & s he asks to g back to 8 grade4 ,! l>ge numb] ( =eign pupils is also m effici5tly dealt )4 ,! newcom] conc5trates on ,engli% & read+ & writ+ until he is able to g into ! grade :]e 8 age w\ld naturally place him1 & ! pupil :o expects to g to s*ool only a v %ort "t be=e go+ to "w c be put into ! classes :i* w give him :at he ne$s mo/1 reg>dless ( 8 age or grade4 ,! "w ar\nd ! s*ool build+s :i* c n be done by ! pupils "u ! direction ( ! %op or dep>tm5t heads1 is n done by outside hir$ help1 b is giv5 to "s s*ool pupil :o is int]e/$ 9 t sort ( "w & is ready to leave s*ool4 ,?is pupil holds ! position = a few mon?s only1 until he has no m to le>n f 8 "w or gets a bett] position outside4 ,^! pupil assi/ants are paid sightly less ?an !y c\ld e>n if !y w5t into an (fice1 b ! plan (t5 s]ves to keep a pupil "u s*ool influ5ces & le>n+ :5 he w\ld o!rwise h to leave s*ool 9 ord] to e>n money1 p]haps j be=e he f9i%es 8 te*nical tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,real "w 9 a real %op beg9s 9 ! fif? grade4 7,g>y1 ,ind47 ,g>y has =tunately be5 able to beg9 ) su* an all-ar\nd sy/em ( education1 putt+ x into op]ation 9 all h] s*ools 9 a ne>ly complete =m1 because ! t[n 0 made1 z x 71 at a /roke & has gr[n rapidly f a wa/e /ret* ( s& dunes to a prosp]\s t[n4 ,b _m o!r cities are realiz+ m & m /rongly ! necessity ( l9k+ _! curriculum m closely to ! lives ( _! pupils1 by furni%+ ! *ildr5 ) a g5]al tra9+ & outlook on life :i* w fit !m = _! place 9 ! _w z adults4 ,rec5tly ! ,*icago public s*ools h be5 introduc+ vocational "w 9 "s ( ! s*ool build+s1 :ile te*nical high s*ools give c\rses t are vocational1 besides "w 9 trade-tra9+4 ,( c\rse su* elaborate equipm5t z t 9 ,g>y is impractical 9 a build+ :]e ! %ops are n us$ by ! high s*ool z well z ! grades4 ,tw5ty or m ( ! regul> s*ool build+s 9 ! city h be5 fitt$ up ) c>p5t] %ops & cook+ & sew+ rooms z well z laboratories = "w 9 sci5ce4 ,ea* "o ( ^! s*ools has a g>d5 :]e ! pupils le>n h[ to d practical city g>d5+4 ,f "o-f\r? to ev5 a half ( ! *ildr5's "t is sp5t on manual tra9+ in/ead ( "o-eigh? z 9 ! o!r s*ools ( ! city1 & 9 o!r respects ! regul> curriculum is be+ foll[$4 ,! tea*]s 9 ! s*ools :o 7 !re be=e ! *ange ( program feel conv9c$ t ! pupils n only get ?r\gh ) z mu* book "w z !y did :5 practically all _! "t 0 giv5 to x1 b t !y actually d _! "w bett] because ( ! motive furni%$ by ! h& "w4 ,! c\rses giv5 by ! s*ools are n uni=m1 b mo/ ( ! s*ools include c\rses 9 me*anical draw+1 patt]n mak+1 metal "w1 woodwork1 & pr9t+ = ! boys1 & = ! girls1 "w 9 sew+1 weav+1 cook+1 mill9]y1 laundry1 & g5]al home-mak+4 ,bo? boys & girls h "w 9 design+1 pott]y1 bookb9d+1 & g>d5+4 ,! program diff]s some:at 9 diff]5t s*ools to meet ! ne$s ( ! neighborhood or because ( ! res\rces ( ! build+2 b all ! pupils ( "o s*ool take ! same "w1 s t :5 a pupil graduates f ! eigh? grade 9 "o ( ^! s*ools he has acquir$ a good beg9n]'s k ( ! pr9ciples & processes und]ly+ two or ?ree trades4 ,?is special "w is supplem5t$ by ! regul> "w 9 music & art & ?is1 ) "w 9 ! elem5t>y processes ( sew+ & weav+ & pott]y1 con/itutes ! "w = ! y\ng] grades4 ,! object ( ?is tra9+ is to enable ! *ild to pick up ! ?read ( life 9 8 own community1 by giv+ him an und]/&+ ( ! elem5ts ( ! occupations t supply man's daily ne$s2 x is n to conf9e him to ! indu/ries ( 8 neighborhood by tea*+ him "s "o skill$ trade4 ,! laboratories = ! /udy ( ! elem5ts ( sci5ce play a mo/ important "p 9 ?is "w4 ,9 !m ! *ild le>ns to und]/& ! f\ndations ( mod]n indu/ry1 & s comes to 8 environm5t z a :ole4 ,)\t ?is compreh5sive vision no true vocational tra9+ c be successful1 = x is only z he sees ! place ( diff]5t k9ds ( "w & _! relation to ea* o!r t ! y\? c truly *oose :at 8 own vocation is to be4 ,elem5t>y c\rses 9 physics1 *emi/ry1 & botany are giv5 pupils1 & ! be>+ ( ! "w on :at !y are do+ 9 ! %ops is made cle>4 ,! botany is taught 9 connection ) ! g>d5+ classes1 *emi/ry = ! girls is giv5 9 ! =m ( ! elem5ts ( food *emi/ry4 ,"o s*ool gives a laboratory class 9 electricity1 :]e ! pupils make ! indu/rial application ( ! laws !y are /udy+1 le>n+ h[ to wire :5 !y are le>n+ ab\t curr5ts1 & h[ to make a dynamo :5 !y are work+ on magnets1 etc4 ,all ! pupils take a c\rse 9 ! elem5ts ( sci5ce1 s t !y may get a true basis = _! ideas ab\t ! way ?+s "w4 ,!re is no d\bt t ev5 9 ?is r t5tative =m ! vocational s*ools h prov$ !mselves a decid$ success1 enabl+ pupils to d _! book "w bett] ?an be=e4 ,l9k+ x ) ! ?+s ( ev]yday life gives x mean+ & ze/1 & at ! same "t furni%es a m5tal & muscul> control ov] ! sort ( ?+ !y are go+ to ne$ z adults :ile e>n+ a liv+4 ,!re are five te*nical high s*ools 9 ,*icago1 f\r = boys & "o = girls4 ,9 all ( ^! & 9 ?ree o!r s*ools !re are giv5 :at is kn[n z 8prevocational0 c\rses4 ,^! are = pupils :o h rea*$ ! legal age = leav+ s*ool1 b :o are s backw>d 9 _! "w t !y ought n to be all[$ to d s1 :ile at ! same "t ?is backw>dness makes !m wi% n to /ay4 ,^! classes h prov$ aga9 ! great value ( tra9+ = ! practical ?+s ( ev]yday life to ! city *ild4 ,! boys & girls :o are put into ^! classes are by no means defici5t3 !y are simply *ildr5 :o = "o reason or ano!r h n be5 able to get along 9 ! ord9>y grade s*ool z well z !y ought2 (t5 ! reason has be5 poor heal?1 or because ! *ild has _h to move f "o s*ool to ano!r1 or simply because ! usual curriculum made s little appeal t !y 7 n able to hold !mselves to ! "w4 ,! prevocational classes include ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? grades1 & give ! great] "p ( ! "t to tra9+ ! *ild ?r\gh develop+ skill ) 8 h&s4 ,book "w is n neglect$1 h[ev]1 & ! pupils are held up to ! same /&>ds t !y w\ld h to rea* 9 an ord9>y s*ool1 ?\gh !y d n cov] q s mu* gr\nd4 ,! "w c be made m v>i$ ?an 9 ! vocational gramm> s*ool because ! equipm5t ( ! high s*ool is available4 ,moreov]1 _! ambition is s /imulat$ t v l>ge numb]s ( !m d additional "w & transf] to ! regul> te*nical high s*ool "w1 :]e 9 spite ( _! prior backw>dness !y d z well z ! regul> /ud5ts4 ,ord9>ily n a s+le "o ( !m w\ld ev] h ent]$ a high s*ool4 ,! girls' te*nical high s*ool does ab\t :at ! vocational gramm> s*ools are do+ except+ t ! "w is m ?or\gh1 s t ! graduate is m ne>ly prep>$ to take up "w 9 "s "o indu/ry4 ,! cook+ includes "w 9 ! s*ool lun* room1 & tra9+ 9 m>ket+1 kit*5 g>d5+ & g5]al h\sekeep+4 ,! vocational classes prop] take up l>ge-quantity cook+1 h\sehold adm9i/ration1 & re/aurant managem5t4 ,9 sew+ ! girls le>n h[ to make _! own clo!s1 b !y le>n z ! "w w\ld h to be le>n$ 9 a good dressmak+ e/abli%m5t2 !re is a c\rse 9 ma*9e op]at+ = ! girls :o wi% x4 ,m advanc$ "w tea*es su* pr9ciples ( patt]n mak+ & design+ z w\ld be ne$$ by a %op manag]4 ,b ! mo/ important diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! emphasis t is put on ! arti/ic side ( wom5's traditional occupations4 ,draw+ is taught :ile ! girls are le>n+ to design dresses1 & color 9 ! same way2 h[ to make ! home pleas+ to ! eye is made a vital problem 9 ! h\sekeep+ dep>tm5t1 & ! art dep>tm5t has decorat$ ! model rooms4 ,! patt]n & color+ = any piece ( "w1 :e!r x is a c5t]piece to be embroid]$1 a dress1 a piece ( pott]y1 or weav+1 has be5 c>efully work$ out 9 ! art dep>tm5t by ! work] h]self be=e %e beg9s ^u x 9 ! %op4 ,! girls are n simply le>n+ h[ to d ! drudg]y ( h\sework m effici5tly2 !y are le>n+ h[ to lift x above drudg]y by mak+ x into a pr(ession4 ,! vocational c\rses 9 ! boys' te*nical high s*ools cont9ue ! pupils' /udy 9 ! regul> academic subjects1 & give !m "w 9 excell5tly equipp$ %ops4 ,!re is "w 9 pr9t+1 c>p5try1 =g+1 metal "w1 me*anical draw+1 & 9 ! ma*9e %op1 well supplem5t$ by ! art dep>tm5t4 ,! pupil does n specialize 9 "o k9d ( "w1 b secures g5]al tra9+4 ,! object ( all ! vocational c\rses 9 ! gramm> s*ools is to prep>e ! pupils = any bran* ( "w t !y may want to take up by giv+ !m an outlook ov] all ! bran*es ( "w c>ri$ on ar\nd !m4 ,! "w is cultural 9 mu* ! same way t x is cultural 9 ,g>y4 ,! success ( ^! c\rses 9 br++ boys back to s*ool1 9 enabl+ o!rs to cat* up ) _! grade1 & 9 keep+ o!rs 9 s*ool1 po9ts /rongly to ! fact t = a great _m pupils at lea/ "s "w :i* w l9k _! s*ool c\rse to ! activities ( ev]yday life is necess>y4 ,! te*nical high s*ools give two-ye> c\rses = ! pupils :o c n af=d to /ay 9 s*ool = f\r ye>s4 ,!y are design$ to give a boy tra9+ = a def9ite vocation1 & are at ! same "t broad en\gh to c\nt = ! fir/ two ye>s ( high s*ool "w if ! boy %\ld be able to g on lat]4 ,at ! ,lane ,s*ool two-ye> c\rses are giv5 9 patt]nmak+1 ma*9e %op "w1 c>p5try1 electricity1 pr9t+ & me*anical draw+2 all ( ^! c\rses include "w 9 ,engli%1 %op ari?metic1 draw+1 & physiology4 ,! f\r-ye> pupils take "o ( ?ree c\rses1 accord+ to :at !y expect to d4 ,! te*nical c\rse prep>es /ud5ts = college1 ! ar*itectural c\rse prep>es = "w 9 an ar*itect's (fice1 & ! g5]al trade c\rse prep>es = imm$iate entry into indu/ry4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s ( "w ! /ud5t devotes 8 "t to ! /udy ( g5]al subjects1 & dur+ ! la/ two ! major "p ( 8 "t is put 9 on "w t leads directly to ! vocation t he has *os54 ,! two-ye> c\rse has n cut d[n ! total att5dance at ! s*ool by (f]+ a %ort cut to pupils :o w\ld o!rwise /ay f\r ye>s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has drawn a diff]5t class ( boys to s*ool1 ^? :o _h expect$ to g directly to "w1 b :o 7 glad to make a sacrifice to /ay on 9 s*ool two ye>s long] :5 an opportunity appe>$ to put ^? two ye>s to def9ite acc\nt 9 tra9+ = ! *os5 occupation4 ,all ^! te*nical high s*ools h %[n conclusively t boys & girls l to g to s*ool & l to le>n1 :5 !y c see :i!r _! lessons are lead+4 ,giv+ ! "y "w !y want to d is a m effective me?od ( keep+ !m 9 s*ool ?an are truant (fic]s or laws4 ,9 ! ,lane ,s*ool ! "w ( ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts is closely connect$ s t ! pupil sees ! relations ( any "o k9d ( "w to ev]y?+ he is do+4 ,a problem be+ set to a gr\p ( /ud5ts1 su* z ! mak+ ( a gasol9e eng9e or a vacuum clean]1 ! diff]5t elem5ts 9 its solution are work$ out 9 ! diff]5t classrooms4 ,= ! vacuum clean]1 = in/ance1 ! pupils mu/ h rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t 9 physics & electrical "w be=e !y are capable ( try+ to make ! ma*9e1 s9ce ea* pupil becomes 9 a s5se ! inv5tor1 work+ out ev]y?+ except ! idea ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 !y are famili> ) ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! clean] !y make r\gh sket*es1 :i* are discuss$ 9 ! ma*9e %op & alt]$ until ! sket* holds ! promise ( a practical result4 ,9 me*anical draw+1 accurate draw+s are made = ! :ole ?+ & = ea* "p1 f :i* patt]ns are made 9 ! patt]n %op4 ,! pupils make _! own molds & ca/+s & :5 !y h all ! p>ts !y con/ruct ! vacuum clean] 9 ! ma*9e & electrical %ops4 ,! problem ( ! gasol9e eng9e is work$ out 9 a l way2 & s9ce all ! "w t is giv5 ! pupils has be5 *os5 = its utility z well z its educational value1 ! pupil does ev]y?+ connect$ ) its production himself1 f work+ out ! !ory 9 ! laboratory or classroom to screw+ ! la/ bolt4 ,! connection ( !ory & practice n only makes ! =m] concrete & und]/&able1 b x prev5ts ! manual "w f be+ r\t9e & n>r[4 ,:5 a pupil has complet$ a problem ( ?is sort he has increas$ k & p[]4 ,he has te/$ ! facts he le>n$ & kn[s :at !y /& = 9 t]ms ( ! use ! _w makes ( !m2 & he has made a useful ?+ 9 a way :i* develops 8 own s5se ( indep5d5t intellig5t p[]4 ,! attempts ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ool bo>d to give ! s*ool *ildr5 ( t city a bett] education1 by giv+ !m a bett] prep>ation = ! future1 h be5 made f a some:at diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! s*ool *ildr5 ( ,c9c9nati1 z ( s _m o!r cities1 leave s*ool :5 !y are f\rte5 ye>s old2 mo/ ( !m d n g beyond ! fif? grade4 ,!y d ?is because !y feel !y mu/ g to "w 9 ord] to give help at home4 ,( c\rse a fif?-grade pupil ( f\rte5 is fitt$ to d only ! easie/ & mo/ me*anical "w & s receives v l[ pay4 ,once at "w 9 factory or %op on ?is r\t9e k9d ( "w1 ! *ances = ! work] to advance1 or to become ma/] ( any trade1 or bran* ( 8 trade1 are slight4 ,8 s*ool+ has giv5 him only an elem5t>y control ( ! ?ree ,r's1 & usually no k ( ! !ory or practice ( ! bus9ess he is engag$ 94 ,he soon f9ds himself 9 a position :]e he is n le>n+ any m4 ,x is only ! v exceptional p]son :o w g on educat+ himself & pu% ahead to a position ( indep5d5ce or responsibility "u su* conditions4 ,! p]son :o becomes economically swamp$ 9 ! *eape/ grades ( "w is n go+ to %[ mu* en]gy or intellig5ce 9 8 life z citiz54 ,! exp]im5ts ( ! ,c9c9nati s*ools 9 introduc+ manual & indu/rial tra9+ h be5 direct$ to rem$y+ ?is evil by mak+ ! s*ool "w su* t ! pupil w desire to /ay 9 s*ool if ?is is 9 any way possible2 & if x is n1 by giv+ him opportunities to g on ) 8 education :ile work+4 ,! ,ohio law requires *ildr5 to /ay 9 s*ool until !y are sixte5 unless !y mu/ g to "w1 :5 !y are giv5 a c]tificate p]mitt+ !m to "w = ! employ] ) :om !y h f\nd _! fir/ position4 ,?is p]mission mu/ be r5ew$ ) ea* *ange ( position4 ,consequ5tly ! pupil is kept 9 s*ool until he has f\nd "w1 & if = any reason he /ops work+1 ! s*ool keeps 9 t\* ) him & c see t he goes back to s*ool4 ,! city also conducts cont9uation s*ools1 :]e mo/ ( ! pupils :o leave betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & sixte5 h to return to s*ool = a few h\rs a week1 receiv+ !oretical in/ruction 9 ! "w !y are do+4 ,! ca% girl has lessons 9 bus9ess ,engli%1 ari?metic ( ! sort %e has to use1 & lessons 9 salesman%ip1 & receives a c]ta9 am\nt ( g5]al in/ruction ab\t h] special bran* ( trade4 ,!re are volunt>y cont9uation classes = work]s above sixte5 ye>s ( age1 by means ( :i* any %op or /ore is able to use ! facilities ( ! public s*ools to make _! work]s m effici5t by giv+ !m m k ( ! !ory ( ! trade4 ,^! cont9uation classes are und\bt$ly ( ! greate/ value to ! employee :o c n g back to s*ool1 b !y d n give him t grasp ( pres5t problems & conditions :i* w\ld enable him intellig5tly to *oose ! "w = :i* he is be/ suit$4 ,!y improve him 9 a p>ticul> call+1 b ! call+ may h be5 select$ by accid5t4 ,_! function is to make up to ! *ild some:at = :at he has lo/ by hav+ to become a wage e>n] s "y4 ,! cop]ative plan :i* is be+ ?or\ghly tri$ out 9 ,c9c9nati is less ( a make%ift & m ( a di/9ct contribution to education1 & has s f> prov$ s successful z to be ( great sugge/ive value4 ,m ?an any o!r vocational plan x takes advantage ( ! educational value ( ! indu/ries t are mo/ important 9 ! community4 ,! factory %ops ( ! city become ! s*ool %ops = ! pupils4 ,_m ( ! big factories ( ! city h %[n !mselves will+ to cop]ate ) ! city = ! fir/ ye> ( ! exp]im5t4 ,?is has prov$ s successful t _m m factories are anxi\s to get _! beg9n+ work]s 9 ?is way4 ,9 a s5se x is a return to ! old-fa%ion$ appr5tice%ip me?od t prevail$ :5 manufactur+ 0 done by h&2 = ! pupils get _! manual skill & ! necess>y practice 9 processes & %op conditions by work+ = wages 9 ! city factories4 ,:5 ! plan is fur!r along ! factories & /ores w n be ! only community in/itutions t w furni% laboratories = ! s*ool *ildr5 ( ! city4 ,! city college w beg9 its plan ( hav+ ! dome/ic sci5ce pupils get _! practice by work+ z nurses1 cooks1 h\sekeep]s1 or bookkeep]s 9 ! city hospital1 & ! eng9e]+ & ar*itectural /ud5ts w get !irs by work+ 9 ! ma*9e %ops & draught-room ( ! city4 ,z f> z possible ! dep>tm5ts ( ! city gov]nm5t w be us$ = ! pupils' work%ops2 :]e !y c n furni% opportunities = ! k9d ( "w ! pupil ne$s1 he w g into an (fice1 /ore1 or factory :]e conditions rea* ! /&>d set by ! bo>d ( education4 ,s f> ?is plan has be5 te/$ only ) ! boys & girls :o are tak+ ! te*nical c\rse 9 ! city high s*ools4 ,! pupils :o h f9i%$ ! fir/ two ye>s ( "w1 :i* corresponds to ! "w ( any good te*nical high s*ool1 beg9 work+ alt]nate weeks 9 %op & s*ool4 ,! pupil *ooses a k9d ( "w 9 :i* he wi%es to specialize1 & is !n giv5 a position 9 "o ( ! factories or %ops :i* are cop]at+ ) ! s*ools4 ,he receives pay = 8 "w z any beg9n] w\ld1 & does ! regul> "w ( ! place1 "u ! direction (1 & responsible to1 ! %op sup]9t5d5t4 ,"o week he works "h "u trade conditions1 meet+ ! requirem5ts ( ! place1 ! next week he returns to s*ool1 & 8 place 9 ! factory is tak5 by ano!r pupil :o has *os5 ! same l9e ( "w4 ,! week 9 s*ool is devot$ entirely to !oretical "w4 ,! pupil cont9ues 8 "w 9 ,engli%1 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 draw+1 & sci5ce1 & enri*es 8 trade exp]i5ce by a ?or\gh /udy ( ! indu/ry1 all its processes & ! sci5ce !y involve1 ! use1 hi/ory1 & di/ribution ( ! goods1 & ! hi/ory ( ! indu/ry4 ,?is alt]nation betwe5 factory & %op is kept up = ! la/ two ye>s ( ! c\rse1 & also dur+ ! pupil's college c\rse1 provid$ he goes on to a te*nical c\rse 9 ! city univ]sity4 ,f ! /&po9t ( vocational guidance1 ?is me?od has c]ta9 di/9ct advantages ov] hav+ ! pupil rema9 9 ! classroom until he goes into a %op p]man5tly4 ,8 practical "w 9 ! factory is 9 ! nature ( an exp]im5t4 ,if 8 fir/ *oice proves a failure1 ! pupil does n get ! moral setback t comes f a failure to ! self-support+ p]son4 ,! s*ool takes ! attitude t ! pupil did n make ! "r *oice2 by cop]at+ ) him1 ! ef=t is made to h 8 second factory exp]i5ce correspond m ne>ly to 8 abilities & int]e/4 ,a c>eful record ( ! pupil's "w 9 ! factory is kept z well z ( 8 classroom "w1 & ^! two records are /udi$1 n z sep>ate items1 b z int]act+ & insep>able4 ,if 8 class "w is good & 8 factory record poor1 x is evid5t t he is 9 ! wrong factory2 & ! nature ( ! class "w w (t5 give a h9t ( ! sort ( "w to :i* ! pupil ought to *ange4 ,if all ! "w is m$iocre1 a *ange to ano!r k9d ( practical "w w (t5 result 9 a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! !oretical "w if ! *ange has be5 ! "r "o4 ,! pupil has an opportunity to te/ 8 own int]e/s & abilities1 to f9d if 8 judgm5t ( !m is correct2 if x is n1 he has a sci5tific basis on :i* to =m a m correct judgm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,*ildr5 are int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s !y ne$ to "k ab\t4 7,g>y1 ,ind47 ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ _! own clo!s 9 sew+ class4 7,g>y1 ,ind47 ,! "w is n approa*$ f ! trade po9t ( view2 t is1 ! s*ools d n aim to turn out work]s :o h f9i%$ a two ye>s' appr5tice%ip 9 a trade & are to t ext5t qualifi$ z skill$ workm5 = t p>ticul> ?+4 ,! aim is to give ! pupil "s k ( ! actual conditions 9 trade & indu/ry s t he w h /&>ds f :i* to make a f9al intellig5t *oice4 ,! s*ool "w =ms a necess>y "p ( ! tra9+ = ?is *oice1 = x is j z mu* a guide to ! int]e/s & b5t ( ! boy z w\ld be 8 success 9 any "o %op4 ,& x lifts 8 judgm5ts f ! plane ( m]e likes & dislikes to t ( k bas$ on !ory z well z practice4 ,= ! exceptional pupil :o really kn[s :at he wants1 & is eag] to g ahead ) x1 ?is plan (f]s di/9ct advantages4 ,! boy's desire to get to "w is satisfi$ by 8 weeks 9 ! %op1 & 9 8 classroom he is le>n+ en\gh ( ! l>g] aspects & possibilities ( ! trade to make him realize ! value ( additional !oretical tra9+ = ! satisfaction ( 8 own practical purposes4 ,z a result ( ! fir/ ye> ( work+ on ?is plan a l>ge numb] ( factories1 at fir/ indiff]5t to ! plan1 h ask$ to receive appr5tices 9 ?is way1 & a numb] ( pupils h decid$ to g to college :o1 :5 !y 7 sp5d+ all _! "t 9 s*ool1 _h no su* int5tion4 ,! te*nical c\rse = girls includes only ^? occupations t are traditionally suppos$ to belong to wom5 because !y are connect$ ) home-mak+4 ,!y may cont9ue = ! f\r ye>s work+ 9 s*ool1 :i* is made practical by hav+ ! pupils trim hats to we>1 make _! own clo!s1 d "s comm]cial cook+1 ) ! buy+1 sell+1 & bookkeep+ connect$ ) x2 or !y may specialize dur+ ! la/ two ye>s z ! boys d1 by work+ alt]nate weeks 9 %op & s*ool4 ,s f> girls h gone only into mill9]y or sew+ e/abli%m5ts1 :]e !y "w j z d ! boys "u actual trade conditions4 ,! aim ( ! "w = ! girl1 j z x is = ! boy1 is to help h] f9d h] life "w1 to fit h]self = x m5tally & morally1 & to give h] an intellig5t attitude t[>d h] pr(ession & h] community1 us+ ! %op exp]i5ce n z an end 9 itself b a means to ^! l>g] ends4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,democracy ,,& ,,education ,! s*ools t h be5 describ$ 7 select$ n because ( any conviction t !y repres5t all ( ! be/ "w t is be+ done 9 ?is c\ntry1 b simply because !y illu/rate ! g5]al tr5d ( education at ! pres5t "t1 & because !y seem fairly repres5tative ( diff]5t types ( s*ools4 ,( necessity a great deal ( mat]ial t w\ld und\bt$ly prove j z sugge/ive z :at has be5 giv51 has be5 omitt$4 ,no attempt has be5 made to t\* ^u ! important movem5t = ! vitalization ( rural education3 a movem5t t is j z f> rea*+ 9 its scope & :olesome 9 its aims z any?+ t is be+ done1 s9ce x purposes to ov]come ! disadvantages ( isolation t h h&icapp$ ! c\ntry s*ooltea*]1 & to make use ( ! natural environm5t ( ! *ild to give him a vocational education1 9 ! same way t ! city s*ools use _! artificial environm5t4 ,& except z _! "w illu/rates a l>g] educational pr9ciple1 v little att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! "w ( individual tea*]s or s*ools 9 _! attempt to tea* ! conv5tional curriculum 9 ! mo/ effici5t way4 ,:ile devices & +5i\s me?ods = gett+ results f pupils (t5 seem mo/ sugge/ive & ev5 inspir+ to ! tea*]1 !y d n fit into ! plan ( ?is book :5 !y h to d simply ) ! bett] use ( ! usual mat]ial ( ! traditional education4 ,we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! m fundam5tal *anges 9 education1 ) ! awak5+ ( ! s*ools to a realization ( ! fact t _! "w ought to prep>e *ildr5 = ! life !y are to lead 9 ! _w4 ,! pupils :o w pass ?is life 9 intellectual pursuits1 & :o get ! necess>y tra9+ = ! practical side ( _! lives f _! home environm5t1 are su* a small factor num]ically t ! s*ools are n act+ wisely to %ape all ! "w = !m4 ,! s*ools we h be5 discuss+ are all work+ away f a curriculum adapt$ to a small & specializ$ class t[>ds "o :i* %all be truly repres5tive ( ! ne$s & conditions ( a democratic society4 ,:ile ^! s*ools are all alike 9 t !y reflect ! new _s 9 education1 !y diff] greatly 9 ! me?ods t h be5 develop$ to br+ ab\t ! desir$ results2 _! surr\nd+s & ! class ( pupils dealt ) are v>i$ en\gh to sugge/ ! influ5ce t local conditions mu/ ex]cise ov] me?ods ev5 :5 ! aim is id5tical4 ,to ! educator = :om ! problems ( democracy are at all real1 ! vital necessity appe>s to be t ( mak+ ! connection betwe5 ! *ild & 8 environm5t z complete & intellig5t z possible1 bo? = ! welf>e ( ! *ild & = ! sake ( ! community4 ,! way ?is is to be accompli%$ w1 ( c\rse1 v>y accord+ to ! conditions ( ! community & to a c]ta9 ext5t accord+ to ! temp]am5t & beliefs ( ! educator4 ,b great z ! diff]5ces are betwe5 ! diff]5t s*ools1 betwe5 su* a plan z t work$ out by ,mr4 ,m]iam 9 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri1 & ! curriculum ( ! ,*icago public s*ools1 an analysis ( ! ideas back ( ! app>5t extreme div]g5ce ( views1 reveals c]ta9 resemblances t seem m fundam5tal ?an ! diff]5ces4 ,! resemblances are m fundam5tal because !y illu/rate ! direction t educational re=m is tak+1 & because _m ( !m are ! direct result ( ! *anges t mod]n sci5ce & psy*ology h br\ght ab\t 9 our way ( look+ at ! _w4 ,curi\sly en\gh mo/ ( ^! po9ts ( simil>ity are f\nd 9 ! views advocat$ by ,r\sseau1 ?\gh x is only v rec5tly t !y h begun to enjoy any?+ m ?an a !oretical respect4 ,! fir/ po9t ( simil>ity is ! importance t is accord$ to ! physical welf>e ( ! pupils4 ,! necessity ( insur+ ! heal? ( all "y p z ! f\ndation on :i* to build o!r qualities & abilities1 & ! hopelessness ( try+ to build :]e ! body is weak1 ill-n\ri%$1 or uncontroll$1 is n[ s well recogniz$ t x has become a commonplace & ne$s only a pass+ m5tion "h4 ,heal? is z important f ! social po9t ( view z f ! individual1 s t att5tion to x is d\bly necess>y to a successful community4 ,:ile all s*ools realize ! importance ( heal?y pupils1 ! possibilities ( us+ ! activities ( ! *ild t are employ$ 9 giv+ him a /rong heal?y body1 = g5]al educational purposes1 are n s well und]/ood4 ,z yet x is ! pione] 9 education :o realizes ! ext5t to :i* "y *ildr5 le>n ?r\gh ! use ( _! bodies1 & ! impossibility ( insur+ g5]al intellig5ce ?r\gh a sy/em :i* does n use ! body to tea* ! m9d & ! m9d to tea* ! body4 ,?is is simply a re/atem5t ( ,r\sseau's proposition t ! education ( ! "y *ild re/s l>gely on :e!r he is all[$ to 8develop naturally0 or n4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out to :at an ext5t ,mrs4 ,johnson dep5ds on ! physical gr[? ( h] pupils z a tool = develop+ _! intellectual ability1 z well z ! important "p t muscul> skill plays 9 ! educational sy/em ( ,madame ,montessori4 ,?is seems n only reasonable b necess>y :5 we ?9k ( ! m]e am\nt ( movem5t1 h&l+1 & feel+ ( ?+s t a baby mu/ indulge 9 to und]/& ! mo/ famili> objects 9 its environm5t1 & rememb] t ! *ild & ! adult le>n ) ! same m5tal ma*9]y z ! v small *ild4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ! way ! organism works aft] x is able to talk & walk2 ! diff]5ce lies 9 ! great] complexity ( activities :i* is made possible by ! prelim9>y ex]cises4 ,mod]n psy*ology has po9t$ out ! fact t ! native in/9cts ( a human be+ are 8 tools = le>n+4 ,in/9cts all express !mselves ?r\gh ! body2 !re=e education :i* /ifles bodily activities1 /ifles in/9cts1 & s prev5ts ! natural me?od ( le>n+4 ,to ! ext5t ( mak+ an educational application ( ?is fact1 all ! s*ools describ$ are us+ ! physical activities ( _! pupils1 & s ! means ( _! physical developm5t1 z in/rum5ts = tra9+ p[]s ( judgm5t & "r ?9k+4 ,t is to say ! pupils are le>n+ by do+4 ,aside f ! psy*ological reasons = tea*+ by ?is me?od1 x is ! logical consequ5ce ( a realization ( ! importance ( ! physical welf>e ( ! *ild1 & necess>ily br+s *anges 9 ! mat]ial ( ! s*oolroom4 ,:at are ! pupils to d 9 ord] to le>n8 ,m]e activity1 if n direct$ t[>d "s end1 may result 9 develop+ muscul> /r5g?1 b x c h v little effect on ! m5tal developm5t ( ! pupils4 ,^! s*ools h all answ]$ ! "q 9 ! same g5]al way1 ?\gh ! def9ite problems on :i* !y "w diff]4 ,! *ildr5 mu/ h activities :i* h "s educative cont5t1 t is1 :i* reproduce ! conditions ( real life4 ,?is is true :e!r !y are /udy+ ab\t ?+s t happ5$ hundr$s ( ye>s ago or :e!r !y are do+ problems 9 ari?metic or le>n+ to plane a bo>d4 ,! hi/orical facts :i* are pres5t$ mu/ be true1 & :e!r ! pupils are writ+ a play bas$ on !m or are build+ a vik+ boat1 ! details ( ! "w z well z ! ma9 idea mu/ con=m to ! kn[n facts4 ,:5 a pupil le>ns by do+ he is reliv+ bo? m5tally & physically "s exp]i5ce :i* has prov$ important to ! human race2 he goes ?r\gh ! same m5tal processes z ^? :o orig9ally did ^! ?+s4 ,because he has done !m he kn[s ! value ( ! result1 t is1 ! fact4 ,a /atem5t1 ev5 ( facts1 does n reveal ! value ( ! fact1 or ! s5se ( its tru?--( ! fact t x is a fact4 ,:]e *ildr5 are f$ only on book k1 "o 8fact0 is z good z ano!r2 !y h no /&>ds ( judgm5t or belief4 ,take ! *ild /udy+ weights & measures2 he reads 9 8 text-book t eight qu>ts make a peck1 b :5 he does examples he is apt1 z e s*ooltea*] kn[s1 to sub/itute f\r = eight4 ,evid5tly ! /atem5t z he read x 9 ! book did n /& = any?+ t goes on outside ! book1 s x is a matt] ( accid5t :at figure lodges 9 8 bra91 or :e!r any does4 ,b ! groc]'s boy :o has measur$ out pecks ) a qu>t measure kn[s4 ,he has made pecks2 he w\ld laugh at anybody :o sugge/$ t f\r qu>ts made a peck4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ^! two cases8 ,! s*oolboy has a result )\t ! activity ( :i* x is ! result4 ,to ! groc]'s boy ! /atem5t has value & tru?1 = x is ! obvi\s result ( an exp]i5ce--x is a fact4 ,?us we see t x is a mi/ake to suppose t practical activities h only or ev5 ma9ly a utilit>ian value 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,!y are necess>y if ! pupil is to und]/& ! facts :i* ! tea*] wi%es him to le>n2 if 8 k is to be real1 n v]bal2 if 8 education is to furni% /&>ds ( judgm5t & comp>ison4 ,) ! adult x is und\bt$ly true t mo/ ( ! activities ( practical life h become simply means ( satisfy+ m or less imp]ative wants4 ,he has p]=m$ !m s (t5 t _! mean+ z types ( human k has disappe>$4 ,b ) ! s*ool *ild ?is is n true4 ,take a *ild 9 ! s*ool kit*52 he is n m]ely prep>+ t day's midday meal because he mu/ eat2 he is le>n+ a multitude ( new ?+s4 ,9 foll[+ ! directions ( ! recipe he is le>n+ accuracy1 & ! success or failure ( ! di% s]ves z an excell5t measure ( ! pupil's success4 ,9 measur+ quantities he is le>n+ ari?metic & tables ( measures2 9 mix+ mat]ials1 he is f9d+ out h[ sub/ances act :5 !y are manipulat$2 9 bak+ or boil+ he is discov]+ "s ( ! elem5t>y facts ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,repetition ( ^! acts by adults1 aft] ! muscul> & intellectual ma/]y ( ! adju/m5ts !y call = has be5 e/abli%$1 gives ! casual ?9k] ! impression t pupils also are do+ no m ?an wa/+ _! "t on insignificant ?+s4 ,! groc]'s boy kn[s :at a peck is because he has us$ x to measure ?+s )1 b s9ce 8 /ock ( k is n increas$ z he goes on measur+ out peck aft] peck1 ! po9t is soon rea*$ :]e intellectual discov]y ends & m]e p]=mance ( a task takes its place4 ,?is is ! po9t :]e ! s*ool c see t ! pupil's intellectual gr[? cont9ues2 :ile ! activity ( ! m]e work] :o is do+ ! ?+ = its imm$iate practical use becomes me*anical4 ,! s*ool says ! pupil has _h en\gh ( ?is p>ticul> exp]i5ce2 he kn[s h[ to d ?is ?+ :5 he ne$s to & he has und]/ood ! pr9ciples or facts :i* x illu/rates2 x is "t he mov$ on to o!r exp]i5ces :i* w tea* him o!r values & facts4 ,:5 ! pupil has le>n$ h[ to foll[ a recipe1 h[ to h&le food/uffs & use ! /ove he does n g on repeat+ ! same elem5t>y /eps2 he beg9s to ext5d 8 "w to take 9 ! l>g] aspects ( cook+4 ,! educative value ( ! cook+ lessons cont9ues because he is n[ /udy+ que/ions ( food values1 m5us1 ! co/ ( food1 & ! *emi/ry ( food /uffs1 & cook+4 ,! kit*5 becomes a laboratory = ! /udy ( a fundam5tal factor 9 human life4 ,illu/ration3 ,tra9+ ! h&1 eye1 & bra9 by do+ useful "w4 7,g>y1 ,ind47 ,! moral advantages ( an active =m ( education ren=ce its intellectual b5efits4 ,we h se5 h[ ?is me?od ( tea*+ necessitates great] fre$om = ! pupil1 & t ?is fre$om is a positive factor 9 ! intellectual & moral developm5t ( ! pupils4 ,9 ! same way ! sub/itution ( practical activities = ! usual isolat$ text-book /udy a*ieves positive moral results :i* are m>k$ to any tea*] :o has us$ bo? me?ods4 ,:]e ! accumulation ( facts pres5t$ 9 books is ! /&>d1 memory mu/ be reli$ ^u z ! pr9cipal tool = acquir+ k4 ,! pupil mu/ be /imulat$ to rememb] facts2 x makes comp>atively little diff]5ce :e!r he has to rememb] !m 9 ! exact words ( ! book1 or 9 8 own words1 = 9 ei!r case ! problem is to see t he does /ore up in=mation4 ,! inevitable result is t ! *ild is rew>d$ :5 8 memory is successful1 & puni%$ by failure & l[ m>ks :5 x is n successful4 ,! emphasis %ifts f ! importance ( ! "w t is done to ! pupil's degree ( ext]nal success 9 do+ x4 ,s9ce no "o's p]=mance is p]fect1 ! failures become ! obvi\s & emphasiz$ ?+4 ,! pupil has to fight con/antly aga9/ ! disc\ragem5t ( nev] rea*+ ! /&>d he is told he is expect$ to rea*4 ,8 mi/akes are con/antly correct$ & po9t$ out4 ,su* successes z he a*ieves are n especially inspir+ because he does no m ?an reproduce ! lesson z x already exi/s 9 ! book4 ,! virtues t ! good s*ol> w cultivate are ! colorless1 negative virtues ( ob$i5ce1 docility1 & submission4 ,by putt+ himself 9 an attitude ( complete passivity he is m ne>ly able to give back j :at he he>d f ! tea*] or read 9 ! book4 ,rew>ds & high m>ks are at be/ artificial aims to /rive =2 !y accu/om *ildr5 to expect to get some?+ besides ! value ( ! product = "w !y d4 ,! ext5t to :i* s*ools are compell$ to rely ^u ^! motives %[s h[ dep5d5t !y are ^u motives :i* are =eign to truly moral activity4 ,b 9 ! s*ools :]e ! *ildr5 are gett+ _! k by do+ ?+s1 x is pres5t$ to !m ?r\gh all _! s5ses & c>ri$ ov] into acts2 x ne$s no feat ( memory to reta9 :at !y f9d out2 ! muscles1 sight1 he>+1 t\*1 & _! own reason+ processes all comb9e to make ! result "p ( ! work+ equipm5t ( ! *ild4 ,success gives a gl[ ( positive a*ievem5t2 artificial inducem5ts to "w are no long] necess>y1 & ! *ild le>ns to "w f love ( ! "w itself1 n = a rew>d or because he is afraid ( a puni%m5t4 ,activity calls = ! positive virtues--en]gy1 initiative1 & orig9ality--qualities t are wor? m to ! _w ?an ev5 ! mo/ p]fect fai?fulness 9 c>ry+ out ord]s4 ,! pupil sees ! value ( 8 "w & s sees 8 own progress1 :i* spurs him on to fur!r results4 ,9 consequ5ce 8 mi/akes d n assume undue importance or disc\rage him4 ,he c actively use !m z helps 9 do+ bett] next "t4 ,s9ce ! *ildr5 are no long] work+ = rew>ds1 ! temptation to *eat is r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,!re is no motive = do+ di%one/ acts1 s9ce ! result %[s :e!r ! *ild has done ! "w1 ! only end recogniz$4 ,! moral value ( work+ = ! sake ( :at is be+ done is c]ta9ly high] ?an t ( work+ = rew>ds2 & :ile x is possible t a really bad "* w n be re=m$ by be+ plac$ 9 a situation :]e !re is no?+ to be ga9$ except+ ?r\gh an indep5d5t & en]getic habit ( "w1 ! weak "* w be /r5g!n$ & ! /rong "o w n =m any ( ^? small bad habits t seem s unimportant at fir/ & t are s s]i\s 9 _! cumulative effect4 ,ano!r po9t t mo/ ( ! pres5t day re=m]s h 9 common1 9 di/9ction f ! traditional way ( look+ at s*ool "w1 is ! attempt to f9d "w ( int]e/ to ! pupils4 ,?is us$ to be look$ at z a matt] ( v little importance2 9 fact a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w t did n int]e/ 0 suppos$ to be a v good ?+ = ! moral "* ( ! pupil4 ,?is "w 0 suppos$ to h ev5 great] discipl9>y qualities ?an ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,=c+ ! *ild to c>ry ?r\gh a task :i* did n appeal to him 0 suppos$ to develop p]sev]ance & /r5g? ( "*4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ability to p]=m an irksome duty is a v useful accompli%m5t1 b ! usefulness does n lie 9 ! irksom5ess ( ! task4 ,?+s are n useful or necess>y because !y are unpleasant or tiresome1 b 9 spite ( ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,! habit ( giv+ "w to pupils solely = ! sake ( its 8discipl9>y0 value w\ld seem to indicate a bl9dness to moral values r ?an an excess ( moral zeal1 = aft] all ! habit is little m ?an hold+ up a ?+'s defects z its virtues4 ,b if lack ( int]e/ is n to be admitt$ z a motive 9 selection ( class "w1 x is fair en\gh to object t int]e/ c n s]ve z a crit]ion1 ei!r4 ,if we take int]e/ 9 its n>r[e/ s5se1 z mean+ some?+ :i* amuses & appeals to ! *ild because ( its p[] ( ent]ta9m5t1 ! objection has tru?4 ,! critic ( ! new _s 9 education is apt to assume t ?is n>r[ s5se is :at is meant :5 he he>s t ! pupils ought to be int]e/$ 9 :at !y are do+4 ,!n logically en\gh he goes on to po9t out t su* a sy/em lacks moral fib]1 t x cat]s to ! :ims ( *ildr51 & is 9 reality an example ( ! g5]al s(t5+ ( ! social fib]1 ( e "o's desire = ! easy way4 ,b ! "w is n made easy = ! pupils2 nor yet is !re any attempt to give ! traditional curriculum a sug> coat+4 ,! *ange is ( a m fundam5tal "* & is bas$ on s\nd psy*ological !ory4 ,! "w giv5 to ! *ildr5 has *ang$2 ! attempt is n to make all ! *ild's tasks int]e/+ to him1 b to select "w on ! basis ( ! natural appeal x makes to ! *ild4 ,int]e/ ought to be ! basis = selection because *ildr5 are int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s !y ne$ to le>n4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! way a baby w sp5d a long "t mak+ ov] & ov] aga9 ! same motions or feel+ ( "s object1 & ( ! int5se int]e/ *ildr5 two & ?ree ye>s old take 9 build+ a t[] ( blocks1 or fill+ a pail ) s&4 ,!y d x n once b scores ( times1 & always ) ! same deep absorption1 = x is real "w to !m4 ,_! gr[+1 un=m$ muscles h n yet le>n$ to act automatically2 e motion t is aim$ at some?+ mu/ be repeat$ "u ! consci\s direction ( ! *ild's m9d until he c make x )\t be+ aw>e ( ef=t t[>ds an adju/m5t4 ,s9ce ! little *ild mu/ adju/ ! ?+s ab\t him1 8 int]e/s & 8 ne$s are id5tical2 if !y 7 n he c\ld n live4 ,z a *ild gr[s old] 8 control ov] 8 imm$iate ne$s s rapidly becomes automatic1 t we are apt to =get t he /ill le>ns z ! baby does4 ,! necess>y ?+ is /ill1 z x w be all 8 life1 ! p[] ( adju/m5t4 ,good adju/m5t means a successful human be+1 s t in/9ctively we are m int]e/$ 9 le>n+ ^! adju/m5ts ?an 9 any?+ else4 ,n[ ! *ild is int]e/$ 9 adju/+ himself ?r\gh physical activity to ! ?+s he comes up aga9/1 because he mu/ ma/] 8 physical environm5t to live4 ,! ?+s t are ( int]e/ to him are ! ?+s t he ne$s to "w on4 ,x is !n ! "p ( wisdom 9 select+ ! "w = any gr\p ( *ildr51 to take x f t gr\p ( ?+s 9 ! *ild's environm5t :i* is ar\s+ _! curiosity & int]e/ at t "t4 ,obvi\sly z ! *ild gr[s old] & 8 control ( 8 body & physical environm5t increases he w rea* out to ! m complicat$ & !oretical aspects ( ! life he sees ab\t him4 ,b 9 j ?is same way ! "w 9 ! classroom rea*es out to include facts & ev5ts :i* d n belong 9 any obvi\s way to ! *ild's imm$iate environm5t4 ,?us ! range ( ! mat]ial is n 9 any way limit$ by mak+ int]e/ a /&>d = selection4 ,"w t appeals to pupils z wor? :ile1 t holds out ! promise ( result+ 9 some?+ to _! own int]e/s1 involves j z mu* p]si/5ce & conc5tration z ! "w :i* is giv5 by ! /]ne/ advocate ( discipl9>y drill4 ,! latt] requires ! pupil to /rive = ends :i* he c n see1 s t he has to be kept at ! task by means ( (f]+ artificial ends1 m>ks1 & promotions1 & by isolat+ him 9 an atmosph]e :]e 8 m9d & s5ses are n be+ con/antly besieg$ by ! call ( life :i* appeals s /rongly to him4 ,b ! pupil pres5t$ ) a problem1 ! solution ( :i* w give him an imm$iate s5se ( accompli%m5t & satisfi$ curiosity1 w b5d all 8 p[]s to ! "w2 ! end itself w furni% ! /imulus necess>y to c>ry him ?r\gh ! drudg]y4 ,! conv5tional type ( education :i* tra9s *ildr5 to docility & ob$i5ce1 to ! c>eful p]=mance ( impos$ tasks because !y are impos$1 reg>dless ( :]e !y lead1 is suit$ to an autocratic society4 ,^! are ! traits ne$$ 9 a /ate :]e !re is "o head to plan & c>e = ! lives & in/itutions ( ! p4 ,b 9 a democracy !y int]f]e ) ! successful conduct ( society & gov]nm5t4 ,our fam\s1 brief def9ition ( a democracy1 z 8gov]nm5t ( ! p1 = ! p & by ! p10 gives p]haps ! be/ clew to :at is involv$ 9 a democratic society4 ,responsibility = ! conduct ( society & gov]nm5t re/s on e memb] ( society4 ,!re=e1 e "o mu/ receive a tra9+ t w enable him to meet ?is responsibility1 giv+ him j ideas ( ! condition & ne$s ( ! p collectively1 & develop+ ^? qualities :i* w insure 8 do+ a fair %>e ( ! "w ( gov]nm5t4 ,if we tra9 our *ildr5 to take ord]s1 to d ?+s simply because !y are told to1 & fail to give !m confid5ce to act & ?9k = !mselves1 we are putt+ an almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acle 9 ! way ( ov]com+ ! pres5t defects ( our sy/em & ( e/abli%+ ! tru? ( democratic ideals4 ,our ,/ate is f\nd$ on fre$om1 b :5 we tra9 ! ,/ate ( to-morr[1 we all[ x j z little fre$om z possible4 ,*ildr5 9 s*ool mu/ be all[$ fre$om s t !y w "k :at its use means :5 !y become ! controll+ body1 & !y mu/ be all[$ to develop active qualities ( initiative1 indep5d5ce1 & res\rcefulness1 be=e ! abuses & failures ( democracy w disappe>4 ,! spread ( ! realization ( ?is connection betwe5 democracy & education is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ & significant phase ( pres5t educational t5d5cies4 ,x acc\nts = ! gr[+ int]e/ 9 popul> education1 & con/itutes a /rong ren=cem5t to ! argum5ts ( sci5ce & psy*ology = ! *anges :i* h be5 outl9$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! text-book me?od ( education is well suit$ to t small gr\p ( *ildr5 :o by environm5t are plac$ above ! necessity ( engag+ 9 practical life & :o are at ! same "t int]e/$ 9 ab/ract ideas4 ,b ev5 = ?is type ( p]son ! sy/em leaves great gaps 9 8 grasp ( k2 x gives no place to ! "p t action plays 9 ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 & x tra9s along ! l9es ( ! natural incl9ations ( ! /ud5t & does n develop ! practical qualities :i* are usually weak 9 ! ab/ract p]son4 ,= ! great majority ^: int]e/s are n ab/ract1 & :o h to pass _! lives 9 "s practical occupation1 usually 9 actually work+ ) _! h&s1 a me?od ( education is necess>y :i* bridges ! gap betwe5 ! purely intellectual & !oretical sides ( life & _! own occupations4 ,) ! spread ( ! ideas ( democracy1 & ! accompany+ awak5+ to social problems1 p are beg9n+ to realize t e "o1 reg>dless ( ! class to :i* he happ5s to belong1 has a "r to dem& an education :i* %all meet 8 own ne$s1 & t = its own sake ! ,/ate mu/ supply ?is dem&4 ,until rec5tly s*ool education has met ! ne$s ( only "o class ( p1 ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 k = its own sake1 tea*]s1 s*ol>s1 & rese>* work]s4 ,! idea t tra9+ is necess>y = ! man :o works ) 8 h&s is /ill s new t ! s*ools are only j beg9n+ to admit t control ( ! mat]ial ?+s ( life is k at all4 ,until v rec5tly s*ools h neglect$ ! class ( p :o are num]ically ! l>ge/ & ^u :om ! :ole _w dep5ds = its supply ( necessities4 ,"o reason = ?is is ! fact t democracy is a comp>atively new ?+ 9 itself2 & until its adv5t1 ! "r ( ! majority1 ! v p :o "w ) _! h&s1 to supply any ( _! l>g] spiritual ne$s 0 nev] admitt$4 ,_! function1 almo/ _! reason = exi/5ce1 0 to take c>e ( ! mat]ial wants ( ! rul+ classes4 ,two great *anges h occurr$ 9 ! la/ c5tury & a half :i* h alt]$ m5's habits ( liv+ & ( ?9k+4 ,we h j se5 h[ "o ( ^!1 ! gr[? ( democratic ideals1 dem&s a *ange 9 education4 ,! o!r1 ! *ange t has come ab\t ?r\gh sci5tific discov]ies1 mu/ also be reflect$ 9 ! classroom4 ,to piece toge!r all "o's hi/orical in=mation into a r\gh picture ( society be=e ! discov]y ( ! /eam eng9e & ( electricity1 w h>dly s]ve to del9eate suffici5tly ! *anges 9 ! v fundam5tals ( society t ^! & simil> discov]ies h br\ght ab\t4 ,! "o possibly mo/ significant f ! po9t ( view ( education is ! incr$ible increase 9 ! numb] ( facts t mu/ be "p ( ! m5tal furniture ( any "o :o meets ev5 ! ord9>y situations ( life successfully4 ,!y are s _m t any attempt to tea* !m all f text-books 9 s*ool h\rs w\ld be simply ridicul\s4 ,b ! s*ools in/ead ( fac+ ?is frankly & !n *ang+ _! curriculum s t !y c\ld tea* pupils h[ to le>n f ! _w itself1 h gone on bravely tea*+ z _m facts z possible4 ,! *anges made h be5 9 ! way ( inv5t+ s*emes t w\ld increase ! consumption ( facts4 ,b ! *ange t is dem&$ by sci5ce is a m radical "o2 & z f> z x has be5 work$ out at pres5t x foll[s ! g5]al l9es t h be5 sugge/$ 9 ?is book4 ,?is includes1 z ! curricula ( ^! diff]5t s*ools h %[n1 n alone tea*+ ( ! sci5tific laws t h br\ght ab\t ! *anges 9 society s9ce _! discov]y1 b ! sub/itution ( real "w :i* itself tea*es ! facts ( life = ! /udy & memorization ( facts aft] !y h be5 classifi$ 9 books4 ,if s*ools are to recognize ! ne$s ( all classes ( pupils1 & give pupils a tra9+ t w insure _! becom+ successful & valuable citiz5s1 !y mu/ give "w t w n only make ! pupils /rong physically & morally & give !m ! "r attitude t[>ds ! /ate & _! neighbors1 b t w z well give !m en\gh control ov] _! mat]ial environm5t to enable !m to be economically indep5d5t4 ,prep>ation = ! pr(essions has always be5 tak5 c>e (2 x is1 z we h se51 ! future ( ! work] 9 indu/ry :i* has be5 neglect$4 ,! complications ( mod]n indu/ry due to sci5tific discov]ies make x necess>y = ! work] :o aspires to real success to h a good f\ndation ( g5]al education on :i* to build 8 te*nical skill1 & ! complications ( human nature make x equally necess>y t ! beg9n] %all f9d 8 way into "w t is suit$ to 8 ta/es & abilities4 ,a discussion ( g5]al educational pr9ciples is conc]n$ only ) indu/rial or vocational education :i* supplies ^! two ne$s4 ,! que/ions ( specific trade & pr(essional tra9+ fall :olly outside ! scope ( ?is book4 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9 facts connect$ ) ! movem5t to pu% indu/rial tra9+ 9 its n>r[] s5se h a direct be>+ on ! l>g] "q4 ,= !re is great dang] j at pres5t t1 z ! "w spreads1 ! really educative type ( "w t is be+ done 9 ,g>y & ,*icago may be ov]look$ 9 favor ( trade tra9+4 ,! att5tion ( influ5tial citiz5s is m easily focus$ on ! ne$ ( skill$ work]s ?an on t ( a g5]al educational readju/m5t4 ,! =m] is br\ght home to !m by _! own exp]i5ce1 p]haps by _! self-int]e/4 ,!y are readily impress$ ) ! ext5t to :i* ,g]many has made te*nical trade tra9+ a national asset 9 pu%+ ! comm]cial rivalries ( t empire4 ,no?+ seems s direct & practical z to e/abli% a sy/em ( cont9uation s*ools to improve work]s betwe5 ! ages ( f\rte5 & eighte5 :o h left s*ool at ! e>lie/ age1 & to set up sep>ate s*ools :i* %all prep>e directly = v>i\s l9es ( %op "w1 leav+ ! exi/+ s*ools practically un*ang$ to prep>e pupils = high] s*ools & = ! walks ( life :]e !re is less manual "w4 ,cont9uation s*ools are valuable & important1 b only z palliatives & make%ifts2 !y deal ) conditions :i* ought n to exi/4 ,*ildr5 %\ld n leave s*ool at f\rte51 b %\ld /ay 9 s*ool until !y are sixte5 or eighte51 & be help$ to an intellig5t use ( _! en]gies & to ! prop] *oice ( "w4 ,x is a commonplace among tea*]s & work]s :o come 9 contact ) any numb] ( pupils :o leave s*ool at f\rte5 to g to "w1 t ! reason is n s mu* f9ancial pressure z x is lack ( conviction t s*ool is do+ !m any good4 ,( c\rse !re are cases :]e ! *ild enjoys s*ool b is =c$ to leave at ! fir/ opportunity 9 ord] to e>n money4 ,b ev5 9 ^! r>e in/ances x w\ld usually be wis] to cont9ue ! family arrangem5ts t 7 9 vogue up to ! *ild's f\rte5? bir?day1 ev5 if !y include *>ity4 ,! wages ( ! *ild ( f\rte5 & fifte5 are s l[ t !y make a mat]ial diff]5ce only to ! family :o is already liv+ on an inadequate scale4 ,! hopelessness ( ! situation is increas$ by ! fact t ^! *ildr5 increase _! e>n+ capacity mu* m sl[ly & rea* z _! maximum a mu* l[] level ?an ! *ild :o is kept 9 s*ool1 s t 9 ! long run ! loss bo? to ! *ild & 8 family m ?an (fsets ! prec>i\s tempor>y ga94 ,b ! commone/ reason advanc$ by pupils = leav+ s*ool is t !y did n l x1 & 7 anxi\s to get "s real "w to d4 ,n t !y 7 prep>$ to g to "w1 or _h f9i%$ any c\rse ( tra9+1 b simply t s*ool seem$ s futile & satisfi$ s few ( _! int]e/s t !y seiz$ ! fir/ opportunity to make a *ange to some?+ t seem$ m real1 some?+ :]e !re 0 a visible result4 ,:at is ne$$ !n is a reorganization ( ! ord9>y s*ool "w to meet ! ne$s ( ?is class ( pupils1 s t !y w wi% to /ay 9 s*ool = ! value ( :at !y are le>n+4 ,! pres5t sy/em is bungl+ & %ort-sight$2 cont9uation s*ools pat* up "s ( its defects2 !y d n ov]come !m1 nor d !y enable ! pupils to a*ieve a belat$ intellectual gr[?1 :]e ! maladju/m5t ( ! elem5t>y s*ool has s]v$ to *eck x4 ,! ideal is n to use ! s*ools z tools ( exi/+ indu/rial sy/ems1 b to use indu/ry = ! reorganization ( ! s*ools4 ,!re is dang] t ! conc5trat$ int]e/s ( bus9ess m5 & _! influ5tial activity 9 public matt]s w segregate tra9+ = indu/ry to ! damage ( bo? democracy & education4 ,educators mu/ insi/ ^u ! primacy ( educational values1 n 9 _! own behalf1 b because ^! repres5t ! m fundam5tal int]e/s ( society1 especially ( a society organiz$ on a democratic basis4 ,! place ( indu/ry 9 education is n to hurry ! prep>ation ( ! individual pupil = 8 individual trade4 ,x %\ld be us$ 7z 9 ! ,g>y1 ,indianapolis1 & o!r s*ools7 to give practical value to ! !oretical k t e pupil %\ld h1 & to give him an und]/&+ ( ! conditions & in/itutions ( 8 environm5t4 ,:5 ?is is done ! pupil w h ! necess>y k & intellig5ce to make ! "r *oice ( "w & to direct 8 own ef=ts t[>ds gett+ ! necess>y te*nical skill4 ,8 *oice w n be limit$ by ! fact t he already kn[s h[ to d "o ?+ & only "o2 x w be dictat$ only by 8 own ability & natural aptitude4 ,! trade & cont9uation s*ools take _! pupils be=e !y are old en\gh or h k en\gh ( _! own p[] to be able to make a wise *oice1 & !n !y drill !m 9 "o n>r[ groove1 bo? 9 _! !oretical "w & 9 _! manual skill1 s t ! pupil f9ds himself m>k$ = "o occupation only4 ,if x proves n to be ! "r "o = him x is /ill ! only "o he is tra9$ =4 ,su* a sy/em does n give an opportunity = ! be/ developm5t ( ! individual's abilities1 & x t5ds to keep p fix$ 9 classes4 ,! v indu/ries t seem to b5efit mo/ by receiv+ skill$ work]s = ! fir/ /eps ( ! trade w lose by x 9 ! m difficult processes1 = ! work]s w n h ! backgr\nd ( g5]al k & wid] exp]i5ce t ! graduate ( a te*nical high s*ool or vocational s*ool %\ld h acquir$4 ,b ! introduction ( ! mat]ial ( occupations into ! s*ools = ! sake ( ! control ( ! environm5t br\ght by _! use w d mu* to give u ! proportion ( indep5d5t1 intellig5t citiz5s t are ne$$ 9 a democracy4 ,x is fatal = a democracy to p]mit ! =mation ( fix$ classes4 ,diff]5ces ( weal?1 ! exi/5ce ( l>ge masses ( unskill$ labor]s1 contempt = "w ) ! h&s1 inability to secure ! tra9+ :i* enables "o to =ge ahead 9 life1 all op]ate to produce classes1 & to wid5 ! gulf betwe5 !m4 ,/atesm5 & legislation c d some?+ to combat ^! evil =ces4 ,wise philan?ropy c d some?+4 ,b ! only fundam5tal ag5cy = good is ! public s*ool sy/em4 ,e ,am]ican is pr\d ( :at has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! pa/ 9 fo/]+ among v div]se elem5ts ( population a _s ( unity & ( bro!rhood s t ! s5se ( common int]e/s & aims has prevail$ ov] ! /rong =ces work+ to divide our p into classes4 ,! increas+ complexity ( our life1 ) ! great accumulation ( weal? at "o social extreme & ! condition ( almo/ dire necessity at ! o!r makes ! task ( democracy con/antly m difficult4 ,! days are rapidly pass+ :5 ! simple provision ( a sy/em 9 :i* all individuals m+le is en\gh to meet ! ne$4 ,! subject-matt] & ! me?ods ( tea*+ mu/ be positively & aggressively adapt$ to ! end4 ,!re mu/ n be "o sy/em = ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts :o h m leisure & ano!r = ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o are wage-e>n]s4 ,! physical sep>ation =c$ by su* a s*eme1 :ile unfavorable to ! developm5t ( a prop] mutual sympa?y1 is ! lea/ ( its evils4 ,worse is ! fact t ! ov] booki% education = "s & ! ov] 8practical0 education = o!rs br+s ab\t a division ( m5tal & moral habits1 ideals & outlook4 ,! academic education turns out future citiz5s ) no sympa?y = "w done ) ! h&s1 & ) absolutely no tra9+ = und]/&+ ! mo/ s]i\s ( pres5t day social & political difficulties4 ,! trade tra9+ w turn future work]s :o may h great] imm$iate skill ?an !y w\ld h _h )\t _! tra9+1 b :o h no enl>gem5t ( m9d1 no insight into ! sci5tific & social significance ( ! "w !y d1 no education :i* assi/s !m 9 f9d+ _! way on or 9 mak+ _! own adju/m5ts4 ,a division ( ! public s*ool sy/em into "o "p :i* pursues traditional me?ods1 ) incid5tal improvem5ts1 & ano!r :i* deals ) ^? :o are to g into manual labor means a plan ( social pr$e/9ation totally =eign to ! _s ( a democracy4 ,! democracy :i* proclaims equality ( opportunity z its ideal requires an education 9 :i* le>n+ & social application1 ideas & practice1 "w & recognition ( ! mean+ ( :at is done1 are unit$ f ! beg9n+ & = all4 ,s*ools su* z we h discuss$ 9 ?is book--& !y are rapidly com+ into be+ 9 l>ge numb]s all ov] ! c\ntry--are %[+ h[ ! ideal ( equal opportunity = all is to be transmut$ into reality4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,illu/rations h be5 reposition$ betwe5 ne>by p>agraphs4 ,9 "s cases1 !y n[ appe> on diff]5t pages ?an ! ones 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/ration4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,page #aeb3 8"o to t5 met]s0 probably is a mispr9t = 8c5timet]s04 ,page #aed3 89 o!r words0 0 pr9t$ z 8o!rs04 ,page #bhh3 8truly repres5tive0 0 pr9t$ t way4