,/udies 9 ,judaism ,fir/ ,s]ies by ,solomon ,s*e*t]1 ,m4,a41 ,litt4,d4 ,philadelphia ,! ,jewi% ,publication ,society ( ,am]ica #aiaa ,,cont5ts ,preface ,introduction ,i4 ,! ,*assidim ,,ii4 ,na*man ,kro*mal & ! 8,p]plexities ,( ,! ,"t0 ,,iii4 ,rabbi ,elijah ,wilna1 ,gaon ,,iv4 ,na*manides ,v4 ,a ,jewi% ,boswell ,,vi4 ,! ,dogmas ,( ,judaism ,,vii4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,tradition ,,viii4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,div9e ,retribution 9 ,rabb9ical ,lit]ature ,,ix4 ,! ,law ,& ,rec5t ,criticism ,x4 ,! ,hebrew ,collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum ,,xi4 ,titles ( ,jewi% ,books ,,xii4 ,! ,*ild 9 ,jewi% ,lit]ature ,,xiii4 ,woman 9 ,temple & ,synagogue ,,xiv4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,jewi% ,community 9 ,europe ,index ,footnotes ,cov] ,art ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! above cov] image 0 produc$ by ! submitt] at ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s1 & is be+ plac$ into ! public doma94 ,,to ,,! ,,ev],,*]i%$ ,,memory ,,( ,,! ,,late ,,dr4 ,p4 ,f4 ,,frankl1 ,,rabbi ,,9 ,,b]l9 ,,^! ,,/udies ,,are ,,rev]5tly ,,d$icat$ ,,preface ,^! /udies appe>$ orig9ally 9 _! fir/ =m 9 ,! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly & ,! ,jewi% ,*ronicle4 ,to ! ,editors ( ^! p]iodicals my be/ ?anks are due = _! read9ess 9 plac+ ! articles at my disposal = ! purposes ( ! pres5t volume4 ,! ,introductory ,essay is new4 ,i desire to express my s9c]e gratitude to ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,su!rl& ,black1 ( ,london1 = _! great k9dness 9 revis+ ! pro(s1 & = _m a valuable sugge/ion4 ,to ,mr4 ,claude ,g4 ,montefiore ,i am indebt$ = ! ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,essay on 8,*assidim0--my fir/ lit]>y ef=t 9 ?is c\ntry1 writt5 at 8 own sugge/ion4 ,9 ! translit]ation ( ,hebrew names1 ,i h giv5 ! famili> ,engli% =ms ( ! au?oris$ v]sion4 ,z reg>ds po/,biblical names1 ,i h ) few exceptions foll[$ ,z$n]'s ,catalogue ( ! ,hebrew ,books 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a ,hebrew ^w w be f\nd "h & !re 9 ! text2 ,i h purposely avoid$ bewild]+ devices = repres5t+ ! actual s\nd ( ! ^w1 cont5t+ myself ) ! ord9>y ,roman alphabet1 9 spite ( its %ortcom+s4 ,! au?orities us$ = ! v>i\s ,essays w be f\nd indicat$ 9 ! ,notes at ! end ( ! volume1 :]e ! read] w also f9d %ort biographical & bibliographical notices1 toge!r ) brief explanations ( te*nical t]ms = :i* no exact equival5t exi/s 9 ,engli%4 ,! index w1 x is hop$1 facilitate ref]5ce4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,cambridge1 ,febru>y #ahif4 ,,introduction ,! essays publi%$ 9 ?is volume "u ! title ( ,/udies 9 ,judaism h be5 writt5 on v>i\s occasions & at long int]vals4 ,!re is ?us no necess>y connection betwe5 !m4 ,if "s sort ( unity may be detect$ 9 ! book1 x c only be betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree essays--on ! ,*assidim1 ,kro*mal1 & ! ,gaon--9 :i* !re is a c]ta9 unity ( purpose4 ,! purpose 9 view 01 z may easily be ga!r$ f ! essays !mselves1 to br+ "u ! notice ( ! ,engli% public a type ( m5 produc$ by ! ,synagogue ( ! ,ea/]n ,jews4 ,t ,synagogue is widely diff]5t f ours4 ,its places ( wor%ip h no claims to 8beauty ( hol9ess10 be+ 9 _! outw>d appe>ance r b>e & bald1 if n repulsive2 :il/ ^? :o frequ5t !m are a noisy1 excitable p1 :o actually dance on ! 8,season ( ,rejoic+0 & cry bitt]ly on ! 8,days ( ,m\rn+40 ,b among all ^! vag>ies--or p]haps because ( !m--?is ,synagogue has _h its mom5ts ( grace1 :5 en?usiasm w$d$ to inspiration gave bir? to su* beautiful s\ls z ,baal%em1 su* f9e sceptics z ,kro*mal1 & su* sa9tly s*ol>s z ,elijah ,wilna4 ,! ,synagogue ( ! ,we/ is c]ta9ly ( a m pres5table "*1 & free f excesses2 ?\gh x is n devoid ( an en?usiasm ( its own :i* f9ds its outlet 9 an ard5t & self sacrific+ philan?ropic activity4 ,b ow+ to its practical t5d5cy !re is too little room 9 x = t play ( intellectual =ces :i* f9ds its extravagant expression 9 ! sa9t on ! "o h&1 & ! le>n$ h]etic on ! o!r4 ,eight ( ^! essays are m or less ( a !ological nature4 ,b 9 read+ ! pro(s ,i h be5 /ruck by ! fact t !re is assum$ 9 !m a c]ta9 conception ( ! ,synagogue :i*1 famili> ?\gh x be to ! ,jewi% /ud5t1 may appe> obscure & ev5 /range to ! g5]al ,engli% read]4 ,= brevity's sake ,i w call x ! ,high ,synagogue1 ?\gh x does n correspond 9 all details to :at "o is accu/om$ to und]/& "u ! t]m ( ,high ,*ur*4 ,! ,high ,synagogue has a hi/ory :i* is n altoge!r )\t its po9ts ( int]e/4 ,"s ye>s ago :5 ! waves ( ! ,high] ,criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t rea*$ ! %ores ( ?is c\ntry1 & su* que/ions z ! het]og5e\s composition ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! comp>atively late date ( ! ,levitical ,legislation1 & ! po/exilic orig9 ( c]ta9 ,prophecies z well z ( ! ,psalms began to be freely discuss$ by ! press & ev5 9 ! pulpit1 ! invidi\s rem>k 0 (t5 made3 ,:at w n[ become ( ,judaism :5 its la/ /ronghold1 ! ,law1 is be+ %ak5 to its v f\ndations8 ,su* a rem>k %[s a v sup]ficial acqua9tance ) ! nature ( an old hi/orical religion l ,judaism1 & ! ri*ness ( ! res\rces x has to fall back ^u 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,z a fact1 ! em]g5cy did n q surprise ,judaism4 ,! al>m signal 0 giv5 "s #aej ye>s ago by an ,italian ,rabbi1 ,abiad ,s> ,%alom ,bazilai1 9 8 pamphlet ,! ,fai? ( ! ,sages4 ,! pamphlet is1 z ! title indicates1 ( a polemical "*1 review+ ! "w ( ! ,jewi% rationali/ic s*ools2 & aft] w>m+ up 9 8 attacks aga9/ _! het]odox views1 ,bazilai exclaims3 8,nature & simple mean+1 !y are our mis=tune40 ,by 8nature & simple mean+0 ,bazilai1 :o wrote 9 ,hebrew1 und]/ood :at we w\ld call ,natural ,sci5ce & ,philology4 ,) ! "r in/9ct ( fai?1 ,bazilai hit on ! real sore po9ts4 ,= ?\gh he mo/ly argues aga9/ ! philosophical sy/ems ( ,ari/otle & 8 comm5tators1 he felt t x is n speculation t w ev] s]i\sly endang] religion4 ,!re is h>dly any metaphysical sy/em1 old or new1 :i* has n 9 c\rse ( "t be5 adapt$ by able dialecticians to ! cre$ :i* !y happ5$ to hold4 ,9 our own "t we h se5 ! glori\s1 ?\gh n entirely novel spectacle1 ( ,agno/icism itself becom+ ! rightful h&maid ( ,que5 ,!ology4 ,! real dang] lies 9 8nature0 7or ,natural ,sci5ce7 ) its /]n dem& ( law & regul>ity 9 all ph5om5a1 & 9 ! 8simple mean+0 7or ,philology7 ) its inconsid]ate insi/5ce on tru?4 ,( ! two1 ! 8simple mean+0 is ! m objectionable4 ,n only is x v (t5 at v>iance ) ,tradition1 :i* has its own code ( int]pretation1 b x is con/antly increas+ ! difficulties rais$ by sci5ce4 ,= if words c\ld only h m ?an "o mean+1 !re w\ld be no objection to read+ ! fir/ words ( ,g5esis1 8,9 a beg9n+ ,god evolv$40 ,! difficulties ( sci5ce w\ld !n be dispos$ ( easily en\gh4 ,maimonides1 :o 0 z bold an int]pret] z he 0 a deep metaphysician1 h9t$ pla9ly en\gh t 7 he z conv9c$ ( ! et]nity ( matt] z he 0 satisfi$ ( ! impossibility ( any corporeal quality 9 ! deity1 he w\ld feel z little compunction 9 expla9+ 7figuratively7 ! cont5ts ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis z he did 9 allegoris+ ! an?ropomorphic passages ( ! ,bible4 ,?us 9 ! end all ! difficulties resolve !mselves into ! "o great difficulty ( ! 8simple mean+40 ,! be/ way to meet ?is difficulty 0 f\nd to be to %ift ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ,judaism & to place x 9 ! second>y mean+1 ?us mak+ religion indep5d5t ( philology & all its dang]\s consequ5ces4 ,?is %ift+ "w 0 *iefly done1 p]haps n q consci\sly1 by ! hi/orical s*ool :i* foll[$ ^u t ( ,m5delssohn & 8 fir/ successors4 ,! hi/orical s*ool1 :i* is /ill 9 ! asc5dant1 comprises _m ( ! be/ ,jewi% writ]s :o ei!r by _! le>n+ or by _! ecclesia/ical pr(ession z ,rabbis & prea*]s 9 great communities h acquir$ "s important position among _! bre?r54 ,! m5 :o h inaugurat$ ?is movem5t 7 ,kro*mal 7#agheahda71 ,rapoport 7#agijahfg71 & ,zunz 7#agidahhf74 ,x is n a m]e co9cid5ce t ! fir/ repres5tatives ( ! hi/orical s*ool 7 also ! fir/ ,jewi% s*ol>s :o prov$ !mselves m or less ready to jo9 ! mod]n s*ool ( ,bible ,criticism1 & ev5 to contribute _! %>e to x4 ,! fir/ two1 ,kro*mal & ,rapoport1 e>ly 9 ! second qu>t] ( ?is c5tury accept$ & def5d$ ! mod]n view ab\t a second ,isaiah1 ! po/ exilic orig9 ( _m ,psalms1 & ! late date ( ,ecclesia/es2 :il/ ,zunz1 :o began 79 #ahcb7 ) d5y+ ! au!nticity ( ,ezekiel1 conclud$ 8 lit]>y c>e] 7#ahgc7 ) a /udy on ! ,bible 7,gesammelte ,s*rift51 i4 pp4 #bagbij71 9 :i* he express$ 8 view 8t ! ,book ( ,leviticus dates f a lat] p]iod ?an ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 lat] ev5 ?an ,ezekiel1 hav+ be5 compos$ dur+ ! age ( ! ,second ,temple1 :5 !re already exi/$ a welle/abli%$ prie/hood :i* sup]9t5d$ ! sacrificial wor%ip40 ,b :5 ,revelation or ! ,writt5 ,^w is r$uc$ to ! level ( hi/ory1 !re is no difficulty 9 elevat+ hi/ory 9 its aspect ( ,tradition to ! rank ( ,scripture1 = bo? h !n ! same human or div9e orig9 7accord+ to ! /ud5t's pr$ilection = ! "o or ! o!r adjective71 & emanate f ! same au?ority4 ,tradition becomes ?us ! means :]eby ! mod]n div9e seeks to comp5sate himself = ! loss ( ! ,bible1 & ! !ological balance is to ! satisfaction ( all p>ties happily readju/$4 ,jewi% ,tradition1 or1 z x is commonly call$1 ! ,oral ,law1 or1 z we may t]m x 79 consid]ation ( its claims to repres5t an int]pretation ( ! ,bible71 ! ,second>y ,mean+ ( ! ,scriptures1 is ma9ly embodi$ 9 ! works ( ! ,rabbis & _! subsequ5t foll[]s dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,h5ce ! zeal & en]gy ) :i* ! hi/orical s*ool appli$ itself to ! ,jewi% po/biblical lit]ature1 n only elucidat+ its texts by means ( new critical editions1 diction>ies1 & comm5t>ies1 b also try+ to trace its orig9s & to pursue its hi/ory ?r\gh its gradual developm5t4 ,to ! "w ( ,kro*mal 9 ?is direction a special essay is devot$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! lab\rs ( ,rapoport are m ( a biographical & bibliographical nature1 be+ occupi$ mo/ly ) ! m9or details 9 ! lives & writ+s ( v>i\s fam\s ,jewi% ,rabbis 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 ?us !y (f] b little opportunity = g5]al !ological comm5t4 ,( m importance 9 ?is respect are ! h9ts ?r[n out 9 8 v>i\s works by ,zunz1 :o 0 j z emphatic 9 ass]t+ ! claims ( ,tradition z he 0 advanc$ 9 8 views on ,bible criticism4 ,zunz's greate/ "w is ,die ,gottesdi5/li*5 ,vortrge--an awkw>d title1 :i* 9 fact means 8,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures z =m+ a "p ( ! div9e s]vice40 ,n[ if a "w display+ su* wide le>n+ & critical acum51 & writt5 9 su* an imp>tial _s c be said to h a bias1 x 0 t[>ds bridg+ ov] ! seem+ly wide gap betwe5 ! ,writt5 ,^w 7! ,scriptures7 & ! ,spok5 ,^w 7! ,oral ,law or ,tradition71 :i* 0 ! m deeply felt1 z mo/ ( ,zunz's old] contempor>ies 7 m51 gr[n up 9 ! habits ( ?\ght ( ! eighte5? c5tury--a c5tury di/+ui%$ bo? = its ignorance (1 & its p[] ( ignor+1 ! tea*+s ( hi/ory4 ,inde$ x w\ld seem t ages employ$ 9 mak+ hi/ory h no "t = /udy+ x4 ,zunz accompli%$ ! task he set himself1 by %[+1 z already indicat$1 ! late date ( c]ta9 portions ( ! ,bible1 :i* by sett+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,israel 9 an ideal light betray ! moralis+ t5d5cy ( _! au?ors1 & are1 9 fact1 little m ?an a traditional int]pretation ( old] portions ( ,scripture1 adapt$ to ! religi\s ne$s ( ! "t4 ,plac+ ?us ! orig9 ( ,tradition 9 ! ,bible itself1 x 0 a comp>atively easy matt] = ,zunz to prove its fur!r cont9uity4 ,prophecy & ,int]pretation are ) him ! natural expressions ( ! religi\s life ( ! nation2 & ?\gh by ! loss ( ,israel's political indep5d5ce ! voice ( ! prophets gradually di$ away1 ! voice ( ,god 0 /ill he>d4 ,israel cont9ues to consult ,god ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,scriptures1 & ,he answ]s ,8 p by ! m\? ( ! ,scribes1 ! ,sages1 ! ,int]pret]s ( ! ,law2 :il/ ! liturgy ( ! ,synagogue1 spr++ up at ! "t :5 ,psalms 7 /ill be+ compos$1 exp&s 9 its lat] /ages ?r\gh ! "w ( ! ,poets ( ! ,synagogue into su* a ri* luxuriance 8t x =ms 9 itself a treasure ( hi/ory1 poetry1 philosophy2 & prophecy & psalms are aga9 reviv$ 9 ! hymnology ( ! ,middle ,ages40 ,?is is 9 brief ! lesson to be le>n$ f ,zunz's ,gottesdi5/li*e ,vortrge z f> z x deals ) ! significance ( ,tradition2 & x is 9 ! introduction to ?is "w t ,zunz expresses himself to ! foll[+ effect3 ,indisp5sable is ! free ,spok5 ,^w4 ,mank9d has acquir$ all its ideal treasures only by ,^w ( ,m\?2 an education cont9u+ ?r\gh all /ages ( life4 ,9 ,israel1 too1 ! ,^w ( ,in/ruction transmitt$ f m\? to m\? 0 nev] sil5c$4 ,! hi/orical s*ool has nev]1 to my k1 (f]$ to ! _w a !ological programme ( its own4 ,by ! nature ( its task1 its lab\rs are mo/ly conduct$ 9 ! field ( philology & ar*ology1 & x pays b little att5tion to purely dogmatic que/ions4 ,on ! :ole1 its attitude t[>ds religion may be def9$ z an enlight5$ ,scepticism comb9$ ) a /aun* cons]vatism :i* is n ev5 :olly devoid ( a c]ta9 my/ical t\*4 ,z f> z we may ga!r f vague rem>ks & h9ts ?r[n out n[ & !n1 its !ological position may p]haps be ?us def9$3--,x is n ! m]e reveal$ ,bible t is ( fir/ importance to ! ,jew1 b ! ,bible z x repeats itself 9 hi/ory1 9 o!r words1 z x is int]pret$ by ,tradition4 ,! ,talmud1 t wond]ful m9e ( religi\s ideas f :i* x w\ld be j z easy to draw up a manual = ! mo/ or?odox z to extract a vademecum = ! mo/ sceptical1 l5ds "s c\nt5ance to ?is view by c]ta9 controv]sial passages--n to be tak5 s]i\sly--9 :i* 8! words ( ! scribes0 are plac$ almo/ above ! words ( ! ,torah4 ,s9ce !n ! int]pretation ( ,scripture or ! ,second>y ,mean+ is ma9ly a product ( *ang+ hi/orical influ5ces1 x foll[s t ! c5tre ( au?ority is actually remov$ f ! ,bible & plac$ 9 "s liv+ body1 :i*1 by reason ( its be+ 9 t\* ) ! ideal aspirations & ! religi\s ne$s ( ! age1 is be/ able to det]m9e ! nature ( ! ,second>y ,mean+4 ,?is liv+ body1 h[ev]1 is n repres5t$ by any section ( ! nation1 or any corporate prie/hood1 or ,rabbihood1 b by ! collective consci5ce ( ,ca?olic ,israel z embodi$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,synagogue4 ,! ,synagogue 8) its long1 cont9u\s cry aft] ,god = m ?an tw5ty ?ree c5turies10 ) its unremitt5t activity 9 tea*+ & develop+ ! ^w ( ,god1 ) its un9t]rupt$ succession ( prophets1 ,psalmi/s1 ,scribes1 ,assideans1 ,rabbis1 ,patri>*s1 ,int]pret]s1 ,elucidators1 ,em95ces1 & ,tea*]s1 ) its glori\s record ( ,sa9ts1 m>tyrs1 sages1 philosoph]s1 s*ol>s1 & my/ics2 ?is ,synagogue1 ! only true witness to ! pa/1 & =m+ 9 all ages ! sublime/ expression ( ,israel's religi\s life1 mu/ also reta9 its au?ority z ! sole true guide = ! pres5t & ! future4 ,& be+ 9 communion ) ?is ,synagogue1 we may also look hopefully = a safe & rational solution ( our pres5t !ological tr\bles4 ,= 0 x n ! ,synagogue :i* ev5 9 antiquity det]m9$ ! fate ( ,scripture8 ,on ! "o h&1 = example1 books l ,ezekiel1 ! ,song ( ,songs1 & ,ecclesia/es1 7 only decl>$ to be ,holy ,writ 9 virtue ( ! int]pretation put ^u !m by ! ,rabbis3 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ! veto ( ! ,rabbis :i* exclud$ f ! canon ! works t n[ pass "u ! "n ( ,apocrypha4 ,we may1 !re=e1 safely tru/ t ! ,synagogue w aga9 ass]t its div9e "r 9 pass+ judgm5t ^u ! ,bible :5 x feels call$ ^u to ex]cise t holy (fice4 ,x is 8,god :o has *os5 ! ,torah1 & ,moses ,8 s]vant1 & ,israel ,8 p40 ,b inde$ ,god's *oice inv>iably co9cides ) ! wi%es ( ,israel2 ,he 8p]=me? all ?+s0 ^u :i* ! c\ncils ( ,israel1 meet+ "u promise ( ! ,div9e pres5ce & communion1 h previ\sly agre$4 ,z ! ,talmud some:]e expresses itself ) reg>d to ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 8,!y h confirm$ above :at ,israel has accept$ bel[40 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ?is conception ( ,tradition is t x is nei!r ,scripture nor primitive ,judaism1 b g5]al cu/om :i* =ms ! real rule ( practice4 ,holy ,writ z well z hi/ory1 ,zunz tells u1 tea*es t ! law ( ,moses 0 nev] fully & absolutely put 9 practice4 ,lib]ty 0 always giv5 to ! great tea*]s ( e g5]ation to make modifications & innovations 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( exi/+ in/itutions4 ,h5ce a return to ,mosaism w\ld be illegal1 p]nici\s1 & inde$ impossible4 ,! norm z well z ! sanction ( ,judaism is ! practice actually 9 vogue4 ,its consecration is ! consecration ( g5]al use1--or1 9 o!r words1 ( ,ca?olic ,israel4 ,x 0 probably ) a view to ?is communion t ! lat] my/ics introduc$ a %ort pray] to be said be=e ! p]=mance ( any religi\s c]emony1 9 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 ! speak] pr(esses 8 read9ess to act 89 ! "n ( all ,israel40 ,x w\ld be out ( place 9 an introductory essay to pursue any fur!r ?is int]e/+ subject ) its f>rea*+ consequ5ces ^u ,jewi% life & ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,b ! =ego+ rem>ks may suffice to %[ t ,judaism did n rema9 q inactive at ! approa* ( ! great religi\s crisis :i* our g5]ation has witness$4 ,l s _m o!r religi\s communities1 x review$ its =ces1 entr5*$ itself on ! field ( hi/ory1 & :at x lo/ ( its old devotion to ! ,bible1 x has s\ght to make up by a r5ew$ rev]5ce = in/itutions4 ,9 ?is connection1 a m]e m5tion may suffice ( ! ultra,or?odox p>ty1 l$ by ! late ,dr4 ,s4 ,r4 ,hirs* ( ,frank=t 7#ahjhahhi7 ^: defiance ( reason & criticism ev5 a ,w>d might h envi$1 & ^: sa9tl9ess & sublimity ev5 a ,keble might h admir$4 ,&1 to take an example f ! opposite s*ool1 we mu/ at lea/ record ! "n ( t dev\t ,jew1 ,osias ,s*orr 7#ahafahie71 9 :om we h pr(\nd le>n+ comb9$ ) an uncompromis+ disposition ( m9d productive ( a typical *ampion ( ,radicalism 9 ?+s religi\s4 ,^! m5 are1 h[ev]1 repres5tative ( two extremes1 & _! foll[]s con/itute m]e m9orities2 ! majority is ) ! hi/orical s*ool4 ,h[ long ! position ( ?is s*ool w prove t5able is ano!r "q4 ,be+ br\ght up 9 ! old ,l[ ,synagogue1 :]e1 ) all atta*m5t to tradition1 ! ,bible 0 look$ ^u z ! cr[n & ! climax ( ,judaism1 ! old ,adam /ill ass]ts itself 9 me1 & 9 ungu>d$ mom5ts makes me rebel aga9/ ?is new rival ( revelation 9 ! %ape ( hi/ory4 ,at times ?is n[ fa%ionable exaltation ( ,tradition at ! exp5se ( ,scripture ev5 impresses me z a sort ( religi\s bimetallism 9 :i* bold speculators 9 !ology try to keep up ! m>ket value ( an inf]ior curr5cy by d5\nc+ l\dly ! bright %9+ gold :i*1 !y w\ld h u believe1 is less fitt$ to circulate 9 ! vulg> use ( daily life ?an ! small ca% ( hi/orical int]pretation4 ,nor c ,i q reconcile myself to ?is alliance ( religion ) hi/ory1 :i* seems to me bo? unwor?y & unnatural4 ,! ,jew1 "s writ] aptly rem>k$1 0 ! fir/ & ! fi]ce/ ,noncon=mi/ ( ! ,ea/1 & s ,judaism 0 always a prote/+ religion4 ,to break ! idols1 :e!r ( ! pa/ or ( ! pres5t1 has always be5 a sacr$ mission ( ,judaism1 & has inde$ be5 e/eem$ by x z a necess>y prelim9>y to ! adv5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god on e>?4 ,"o ( its daily pray]s 0 & /ill is3 8,we !re=e hope 9 ,!e1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 t we may spe$ily behold ! glory ( ,?y might1 :5 444 ! idols w be cut (f1 :5 ! _w w be p]fect$ "u ! k+dom ( ! ,almighty40 ,x b[$ be=e tru?1 b x _h nev] made a cov5ant ) facts only because !y 7 facts4 ,hi/ory _h to be re made & to sanctify itself be=e x f\nd its way into its sacr$ annals4 ,nor did ,judaism make a virtue ( swall[+ d[n in/itutions4 ,su* in/itutions z crept into x 9 c\rse ( "t _h1 :5 ! ,synagogue 0 consci\s ( _! claims to =m "p ( religion1 to submit to ! labori\s process ( a ?or\gh adaptation to prophetic notions be=e !y 7 =mally sanction$4 ,b :5 ?is process 0 deem$ impossible or impracticable1 ,judaism boldly d5\nc$ ! pa/ 9 su* fi]ce language z ! prophets us$ & z /ill f9ds its e*o 9 su* passages ( ! liturgy z 8,fir/ our ance/ors 7 wor%ipp]s ( idols & n[ ,god has br\ght u ne> to ,8 s]vice02 or 8,b ( a tru?1 we & our ance/ors h s9n$40 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be unfair to argue any fur!r aga9/ a !ological sy/em :i*1 z already said1 0 nev] av[$ di/9ctly by ! hi/orical s*ool--a s*ool1 moreov]1 ) :i* speculation is a matt] ( m9or importance4 ,! ma9 /r5g? ( ?is s*ool lies 9 its sci5tific "w1 = :i* ,judaism w always be "u a s5se ( deep gratitude4 ,& liv+ z we d 9 an age 9 :i* hi/ory reigns supreme 9 all dep>tm5ts ( human ?\ght1 we may hope t ev5 its !ology1 z f> z x goes1 w 8d0 = u1 ?\gh ,i nei!r hope nor believe t x w d = ^? :o come aft] u4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 humbly confess t ! six? essay 9 ?is volume 0 writt5 9 a _s ( rebellion aga9/ ?is allabsorb+ ,ca?olic ,israel1 ) its dec5tly veil$ scepticism on ! "o h&1 & its un=tunate t5d5cy ) _m p to deg5]ate into a s\lless con=mity on ! o!r h&4 ,!re is1 ,i am afraid1 n mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( ?is essay4 ,x is defici5t bo? 9 matt] & 9 /yle4 ,x prov$ to be a futile attempt to br+ )9 ! compass ( an essay :at a :ole book c\ld h>dly d ju/ice to4 ,! ,hebrew docum5ts be>+ ^u ! "q ( dogma :i* ,i h collect$ f v>i\s manuscripts & r>e pr9t$ books1 w\ld alone make a fairsiz$ volume4 ,i only v5ture to (f] x to ! public 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ bett]2 s9ce1 s f> z ,i "k1 no o!r attempt has ev] be5 made to treat ! subject ev5 9 its meagre/ outl9es4 ,i ev5 v5ture to hope t1 ) all its %ortcom+s1 x w contribute some?+ t[>ds de/roy+ ! illusion1 9 :i* s _m !ologians indulge1 t ,judaism is a religion )\t dogmas4 ,to decl>e t a religion has no dogmas is tantam\nt to say+ t x 0 wise en\gh n to commit itself to any vital pr9ciples4 ,b prud5ce1 useful z x may be 9 worldly affairs1 is q unwor?y ( a great spiritual p[]4 ,jewi% my/icism 9 ! ,middle ,ages & 9 mod]n times is repres5t$ 9 ?is volume by two essays 78,! ,*assidim0 & 8,na*manides074 ,b 9 ord] to avoid mi/akes :i* might be impli$ by my sil5ce1 ,i ?9k x desirable to /ate t !re are also to be f\nd _m my/ical elem5ts 9 ! old ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,my/icism1 n z a !osophic sy/em or z an occult sci5ce1 b z a manife/ation ( ! spiritual & z an expression ( man's agonies 9 8 /ruggle aft] communion ) ,god1 z well z ( 8 ineffable joy :5 he receives ! assurance t he has f\nd x1 is n1 z "s ma9ta91 =eign to ! _s ( old ,rabb9ic ,judaism4 ,!re 0 no ne$ = ! m$ival ,rabbi to borr[ ! elem5ts ( su* a my/icism f non,jewi% s\rces4 ,! p]usal ( ! old ,homilies on ! ,song ( ,songs1 & on ! ,lessons f ! ,prophets1 or ev5 a fair acqua9tance ) ! ,jewi% liturgy w\ld1 9 itself1 suffice to refute su* baseless ass]tions4 ,^? :o are at all famili> ) old ,rabb9ic lit]ature h>dly ne$ to be told t 8! sea ( ! ,talmud0 has also its gulf /ream ( my/icism :i*1 tak+ its orig9 9 ! moralis+ portions ( ! ,bible1 runs ?r\gh ! wide ocean ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 con/antly comm+l+ ) ! icy wat]s ( legalism1 & unceas+ly wa%+ ! desolate %ores ( an app>5tly mean+less c]emonialism1 communicat+ to x life1 w>m?1 & spirituality4 ,to draw att5tion to ?is fact a humble attempt has be5 made 9 ! n9? essay1 8,! ,law & ,rec5t ,criticism10 a subject :i* ,i h essay$ to exp\nd 9 a s]ies ( essays on 8,"s ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology10 n[ appe>+ 9 ,! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,! la/ five essays t\* r on c]ta9 social & famili> aspects ( ,judaism1 & ne$ no fur!r comm5t4 ,!y are m]e caus]ies & h>dly des]ve ! "n ( /udies4 ,p]haps x may be useful = ^? :o judge ( ! heav9ess ( a "w by its bulk to "k t !re is also a light] side ( ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,b ,i %all be bett] pleas$ if ! m s]i\s side ( ?is volume--,jewi% my/icism & ,rabb9ic !ology--%\ld attract ! att5tion ( /ud5ts1 & s draw "s fell[work]s into a field :i* is utt]ly neglect$4 ,not)/&+ ! num]\s ,manuals & ,introductions :i* all m or less t\* on ! subject ( ,rabb9ic !ology1 !re is1 aft] ne>ly #bej ye>s1 n a s+le "w among !m :i*1 ei!r 9 k ( facts or 9 _! int]pretation1 is a s+le /ep 9 advance ( ! ,cambridge ,platoni/1 ,john ,smi?1 9 8 ,select ,disc\rses4 ,b ^? :o try s h>d to det]m9e ! miracul\s di/ance ( ,*ri/ianity by ! eclipses 9 ,rabb9ism1 %\ld1 if !y wi% to be j or prove !mselves wor?y s*ol>s1 also endeav\r to make !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! numb]less bright />s t move 9 ! wide univ]se ( ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,we are (t5 told t no cre$ or !ological sy/em :i* has come d[n to u f antiquity c af=d to be judg$ by any o!r /&>d ?an by its spiritual & poetic possibilities3 ?is indulg5ce ,judaism is z ju/ly entitl$ to claim z any o!r religion4 ,! great & sa9tly ,franz ,delitzs* :o1 born ) an intellect ( admirable temp]1 0 also end[$ by ,heav5 ) a s\l--& a beautiful s\l x 0--0 "o ( ! few !ologians :o1 p>tly at lea/1 admitt$ ?is claim1 & s\ght e>ne/ly & dilig5tly aft] ^! spiritual & poetic possibilities1 & 0 amply rew>d$ = 8 lab\rs4 ,i4 ,,! ,,*assidim7#a7 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( t int]e/+ field ( ,!ological ,lit]ature :i* deals ) ! g5esis & c\rse ( religi\s movem5ts1 !re is probably none ^: hi/ory1 ev5 ^: "n1 is s little kn[n to ,engli% /ud5ts1 z t ( ! ,*assidim4 ,& yet x w\ld be difficult to po9t1 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 to a ,diss5t+ movem5t m /rik+ly complete 9 its developm5t1 m sugge/ive ( analogy1 m full ( int]e/ 9 its orig9al purpose1 m pregnant ( w>n+ 9 its decay4 ,! ,hebrew ^w 8,*assidim07#b7 m]ely means 8! ,pi\s10 & appe>s to h be5 complac5tly adopt$ by ! e>ly apo/les ( ! sect4 ,b ! ?+--,*assidism--01 9 its inception at all ev5ts1 a revolt among ! ,jews ( ,ea/]n ,europe aga9/ ! excessive casui/ry ( ! contempor>y ,rabbis4 ,x 0 9 fact "o m manife/ation ( ! ye>n+ ( ! human he>t t[>ds ! ,div9e idea1 & ( its ceaseless crav+ = direct communion ) ,god4 ,x 0 ! prote/ ( an emotional b un$ucat$ p aga9/ a "osid$ expression ( ,judaism1 pres5t$ to !m 9 cold & ov]subtle disquisitions :i* n only did !y n und]/&1 b :i* %ut out ! play ( ! feel+s & ! affections1 s t religion 0 made almo/ impossible to !m4 ,"s acc\nt ( ! sect is ! m necess>y because1 al?\gh ! ,*assidim h n be5 :olly ignor$ by hi/orians or noveli/s1 ! ref]5ces to !m h g5]ally1 = p]fectly intelligible reasons1 be5 ei!r biass$ or inaccurate4 ,! hi/orians :o h treat$ ( !m h be5 almo/ exclusively m5 saturat$ ) ,we/]n culture & rationalism4 ,to !m ! rude & unc\? manife/ations ( an undiscipl9$ religi\s _s c\ld n be o!r ?an repell5t2 to !m ,*assidism 0 a movem5t to be dismiss$ z un/hetic & irrational4 ,to ! purposes ( fiction ! romantic side ( ,*assidism l5ds itself readily1 b ! noveli/s :o h us$ ?is mat]ial h conf9$ !mselves to its ext]nals4 ,inde$1 to h done m w\ld h involv$ a t$i\s & unremun]ative /udy ( difficult ,hebrew texts1 an und]tak+ n to be expect$ f ! mo/ consci5ti\s writ]s ( ?is class4 ,?us ,franzos 9 8 ref]5ces to ! ,jews ( ,b>n[ describes fai?fully ! out] signs ( ! man1 8 long coat & tangl$ curls1 b ! inn] life1 ! _w 9 :i* ! ,*assid mov$ & _h 8 be+1 0 unkn[n to him & is !re=e unrecord$4 ,z to my treatm5t ( ! subject1 ,i confess t !re 0 a "t :5 ,i lov$ ! ,*assidim z !re 0 a "t :5 ,i hat$ !m4 ,& ev5 n[ ,i am n able to suppress ^! feel+s4 ,i h r tri$ to guide my feel+s 9 su* a way z to love 9 ,*assidism :at is ideal & noble1 & to hate 9 x :at turn$ out bad & p]nici\s = ,judaism4 ,h[ f> ,i h be5 successful is ano!r "q4 ,at lea/ ,i h endeav\r$ to write ?is pap] 9 su* a _s4 ,b ( "o ?+ ,i mu/ w>n ! read]--! desire to give "s cle> notion ( ! lead+ ideas ( ,*assidism has compell$ me to quote "s passages 9 :i* ! ,*assidim h spok5 9 v (f5sive t]ms ( _! oppon5ts4 ,9 ju/ice to ^! ,i mu/ rem>k t un=tunately religi\s /ruggles are usually conduct$ on ! mo/ irreligi\s pr9ciples4 ,?us ! ,*assidim imput$ to _! antagoni/s1 ! contempor>y ,rabbis1 _m vices f :i* !y 7 free4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re 01 z "o c read 9 e hi/ory ( ,jewi% religion1 some?+ wrong 9 ! /ate ( ,judaism4 ,b ,i "k p :o ma9ta9 t !re is some?+ v wrong 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,judaism1 & :o despair ( a reg5]ation4 ,b surely ?is is a silly exagg]ation4 ,! ,*assidim also exagg]at$4 ,x w\ld be bett] to take b little notice ( _! accusations & dwell m on t :i* 0 spok5 9 a k9d & lov+ _s4 ,z to ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 ,i c only say "h t ,i h made use ( e book ,i c\ld consult1 bo? 9 ,engli% & 9 =eign libr>ies4 ,b ,i _c pl$ge myself to be :at e>ly ,jewi% writ]s call$ 8a donkey :i* c>ries books40 ,i ex]cise my own *oice & my own judgm5t on _m po9ts4 ,z an active =ce = good1 ,*assidism 0 %ortliv$4 ,=1 z ,i propose to %[1 !re lurk$ among its c5tral t5ets ! g]ms ( ! deg5]acy :i* s spe$ily came ^u x4 ,b its e>ly purposes 7 high1 its doctr9es fairly pure1 its aspirations ideal & sublime4 ,! f\nd] ( ! sect 0 "o ,israel ,baal%em17#c7 & ! /ory ( 8 p>5tage1 bir?1 & *ildhood1 & ! curr5t anecdotes ( 8 subsequ5t c>e] play a consid]able "p 9 ,*assidic lit]ature4 ,b ! au!ntic mat]ials = 8 biography are ev]y:]e int]wov5 ) mu* t is pure leg5d & ) mu* m t is miracul\s4 ,?is 01 p]haps1 inevitable1 & is c]ta9ly n an unfamili> feature 9 ! p]sonal hi/ories ( religi\s re=m]s z pres5t$ by _! foll[]s & devotees4 ,! say+s & do+s ( ,baal%em are an ess5tial--p]haps ! mo/ ess5tial--portion ( any acc\nt ( ! sect4 ,= ,baal%em is ! c5tre ( ! ,*assidic _w1 & ,*assidism is s intimately b\nd up ) ! p]sonality ( its f\nd] t any sep>ation betwe5 !m is well nigh impossible4 ,to ! ,*assidim ,baal%em is n a man :o e/abli%$ a !ory or set =? a sy/em2 he himself 0 ! inc>nation ( a !ory & 8 :ole life ! revelation ( a sy/em4 ,ev5 ^? portions ( 8 hi/ory :i* are pla9ly leg5d>y h _! uses 9 indicat+ ! ideals & 9 illu/rat+ ! aspirations ( ! e>ly ,*assidim2 :ile _! circulation & ! ready cr$5ce !y receiv$ are valuable evid5ce ( ! real p[] & influ5ce ( ,baal%em's p]sonality4 ,9 ! tale z told by ! sect little is omitt$ ( ^? biographical accessories :i* are prop] to an ,avat>4 ,!re is all ! conv5tional h]ald+ ( a preorda9$ adv5t2 all ! usual signs & port5ts ( a new disp5sation may be recognis$ 9 ! almo/ pret]natural virtues ( ,baal%em's p>5ts1 9 ! miracul\s annunciation & exceptional circum/ances ( 8 nativity1 & 9 ! e>ly indication ( a /rong & fe>less individuality4 ,ev]y:]e x seems to be sugge/$ t ,baal%em f 8 infancy 0 consci\s ( a l(ty mission4 ,x is already 9 t5d] ye>s t he is made to give evid5ce ( an indiff]5ce to conv5tional re/ra9ts & accept$ ideals4 ,rabbi ,eliez] & 8 wife1 ! p>5ts ( ,baal%em1 dwelt1 z ! /ory goes1 9 ,moldavia4 ,!y are describ$ z a pi\s & ,godfe>+ c\ple1 :o1 :5 !y _h already rea*$ old age1 7 /ill *ildless4 ,!y are accr$it$ ) a spotless rectitude1 :i* 0 unimpair$ by a long s]ies ( /range vicissitudes & mis=tunes4 ,ultimately1 an angel ( ,god appe>$ to ,eliez] & ann\nc$ t1 z he _h successfully )/ood all ! temptations & suff]+s by :i* he _h be5 tri$1 ,god 0 ab\t to rew>d him ) a son1 :o 0 de/9$ to enlight5 ! eyes ( all ,israel4 ,!re=e 8 "n %\ld be ,israel1 = 9 him ! words ( ,scripture 7 to be fulfill$1 8,?\ art my s]vant1 ,israel1 9 :om ,i w be glorifi$40 ,9 due c\rse ! promise 0 fulfill$1 & to ! ag$ c\ple a son 0 born1 :o 0 nam$ ,israel accord+ to ! angel's ^w4 ,! date ( ,baal%em's bir? is ab\t #agjj2 8 bir?place1 9 ,buk[9a1 9 a hi!rto unid5tifi$ village :i* ! au?orities call ,ukop1 !n /ill belong+ to ,r\mania4 ,! *ild's "m di$ soon aft] he 0 wean$1 & 8 fa!r did n long survive h]4 ,b be=e ,eliez] di$ he took 8 *ild 9 8 arms1 & bless+ him1 bade him fe> naught1 = ,god w\ld always be ) him4 ,z ,eliez] _h be5 greatly hon\r$ 9 ! community 9 :i* he liv$1 8 orphan son 0 c>efully t5d$ & educat$4 ,he 0 e>ly suppli$ ) an in/ructor 9 ! ,holy ,law4 ,b ?\gh he le>n$ ) r>e facility1 he reject$ ! cu/om>y me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,"o day1 :ile /ill q "y1 8 tea*] miss$ him1 & on seek+ f\nd him sitt+ alone 9 ! =e/ t skirt$ 8 native village1 9 happy & fe>less solitude4 ,he repeat$ ?is escapade s (t5 t x 0 ?\ght be/ to leave him to foll[ 8 own b5t4 ,a little lat] we f9d him engag$ z assi/ant to a s*oolma/]4 ,8 duty 0 n to tea*1 b to take ! *ildr5 f _! homes to ! synagogue & !nce on to ! s*ool4 ,x 0 8 wont :ile accompany+ ! *ildr5 to ! synagogue to tea* !m solemn hymns :i* he sang ) !m4 ,9 ! synagogue he enc\rag$ !m to s+ ! responses1 s t ! voices ( ! *ildr5 p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! heav5s & mov$ ! ,div9e fa!r to compassion4 ,satan1 fe>+ le/ 8 p[] on e>? %\ld !reby be dim9i%$1 assum$ ! %ape ( a w]ewolf1 &1 appe>+ be=e ! procession ( *ildr5 on _! way to ! synagogue1 put !m to flight4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is al>m+ incid5t ! *ildr5's s]vices 7 susp5d$4 ,b ,israel1 recollect+ 8 fa!r's c\nsel to fe> naught1 bes\ght ! p>5ts to be all[$ to lead ! *ildr5 once m 9 ! old way4 ,8 reque/ 0 grant$1 & :5 ! w]ewolf appe>$ a second "t ,israel attack$ him ) a club & r\t$ him4 ,9 8 f\rte5? ye> ,israel became a beadle at ! ,be? ,hammidra%47#d7 ,"h he assidu\sly b secretly pursu$ ! /udy ( ! ,law4 ,yet1 be+ anxi\s t none %\ld "k 8 design1 he read & work$ only at night1 :5 ! s*oolroom 0 empty & ! usual s*ol>s _h retir$4 ,dur+ ! daytime he slept1 s t he 0 popul>ly believ$ to be bo? ignorant & lazy4 ,despite ^! precautions1 h[ev]1 8 true "* 0 reveal$ to "o p]son4 ,a c]ta9 holy man1 ! fa!r ( a "y /ud5t at ! college1 _h discov]$ "s old manuscripts :i* conta9$ ! deepe/ secrets4 ,be=e 8 dea? he bade 8 son repair to ,ukop1 ,israel's bir?place1 tell+ him t he w\ld f9d "o ,israel1 son ( ,eliez]1 to :om ! preci\s docum5ts 7 to be entru/$4 ,!y possess$1 s ! old man decl>$1 a c]ta9 my/ic & heav5ly aff9ity ) ,israel's s\l4 ,! /ud5t c>ri$ out 8 fa!r's in/ructions1 & at la/ discov]$ ! object ( 8 se>* 9 ! beadle ( ! ,be? ,hammidra%4 ,israel admitt$ him to 8 fri5d%ip & confid5ce on ! condition ( secrecy z to 8 real "*4 ,! /ud5t1 h[ev]1 paid de>ly = ?is acqua9tance ) ,israel4 ,contr>y to ,baal%em's advice1 he ent]$ ^u a dang]\s incantation 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he made a mi/ake s s]i\s t x co/ him 8 life4 ,^u ! dea? ( 8 fri5d1 ,baal%em left 8 native village & settl$ z a tea*] 9 a small t[n ne> ,brody4 ,"h1 al?\gh 8 true mission & "* 7 /ill unkn[n1 he became mu* respect$ = 8 rigid probity1 & 0 frequ5tly *os5 z umpire 9 disputes among ,jews4 ,on "o ( ^! occasions he arbitrat$ ) s mu* le>n+ & imp>tiality t n only did he satisfy bo? p>ties1 b "o ( !m1 a le>n$ man ( ,brody1 nam$ ,abraham1 (f]$ him 8 own daught] 9 m>riage4 ,israel1 to :om x _h be5 reveal$ t ,abraham's daught] 0 8 pr$e/9$ wife1 imm$iately accept$ ! (f] & ! act ( betro?al 0 drawn up4 ,b wi%+ 8 true "* to rema9 unkn[n he /ipulat$ t ,abraham1 al?\gh a 8,talmid ,*a*am0 7/ud5t77#e7 himself & !re=e presumably desir\s t 8 daught] %\ld m>ry a s*ol>1 %\ld omit f ! betro?alde$ all ! titles ( hon\r usually app5d$ to ! "n ( a le>n$ bridegroom4 ,:ile return+ to ,brody1 ,abraham di$1 & ,g]%on 8 son1 a s*ol> /ill great] & m celebrat$ ?an 8 fa!r1 0 surpris$ & %ock$ to f9d a de$ ( betro?al among 8 fa!r's pap]s1 f :i* x appe>$ t 8 si/] 0 to w$ a man ) app>5tly no claim to s*ol>%ip or le>n+4 ,he prote/$ to 8 si/]1 b %e decl9$ to ent]ta9 any objections to a m>riage :i* h] fa!r _h arrang$4 ,:5 ! "t = ! w$d+ 0 at h&1 ,israel gave up 8 po/ z tea*]1 & repair$ to ,brody4 ,disguis$ z a peasant he pres5t$ himself be=e 8 future bro!r9law1 :o 0 !n fulfill+ "s high judicial function4 ,g]%on tak+ him = a begg> (f]$ him alms1 b ,israel1 refus+ ! money1 ask$ = a private int]view1 /at+ t he _h an important secret to reveal4 ,he !n1 to ,g]%on's surprise & disgu/1 expla9$ :o he 0 & t he _h come to claim 8 bride4 ,z ! girl 0 det]m9$ to obey h] fa!r's w ! affair 0 settl$ & ! day fix$4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! w$d+ ,israel reveal$ to 8 bride 8 real "* & mission1 at ! same "t enjo9+ secrecy4 ,evil =tunes w\ld befall !m1 he said1 b a bett] "t w\ld ev5tually foll[4 ,aft] ! w$d+1 ,g]%on1 hav+ 9 va9 attempt$ to in/ruct 8 seem+ly ignorant bro!r9law1 decid$ to rid himself ( 8 pres5ce4 ,he gave 8 si/] ! *oice ( be+ sep>at$ f h] husb&1 or ( leav+ ! t[n 9 8 company4 ,%e *ose ! latt]1 & !reupon ! two left ,brody & began a life ( h>d%ip & suff]+4 ,israel *ose = 8 new home a spot on "o ( ! spurs ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s4 ,no ,jews liv$ !re1 & ,israel & 8 wife 7 ?us sep>at$ f ! society ( _! fell[s 9 a life ( complete & un*ang+ solitude4 ,israel dug lime 9 ! rav9es among ! m\nta9s1 & 8 wife convey$ x = sale to ! ne>e/ t[n4 ,_! life at ?is p]iod seems to h be5 "o ( great privation1 b ! h>d] ,israel's outw>d lot1 ! m he increas$ 9 spiritual greatness4 ,9 8 solitude he gave himself up entirely to devotion & religi\s contemplation4 ,8 habit 0 to climb to ! summit ( ! m\nta9s & w&] ab\t rapt 9 spiritual ec/asies4 ,he fa/$1 pray$1 made cont9ual ablutions1 & obs]v$ all ! cu/om>y outw>d & inw>d ex]cises ( piety & devotion4 ,aft] sev5 ye>s1 ,g]%on1 :o 0 well aw>e ( ! bitt] pov]ty :i* 8 si/] endur$1 rel5t$ & br\ght h] & h] husb& back to ,brody4 ,at fir/ he employ$ ,baal%em z 8 coa*man1 b z he prov$ :olly unfit = ?is "w ,g]%on r5t$ a small inn 9 a remote village1 & !re e/abli%$ 8 si/] & h] husb&4 ,! bus9ess ( ! inn 0 manag$ by ! wife1 :ile ,baal%em pass$ mo/ ( 8 "t 9 a hut 9 a neighb\r+ =e/4 ,"h he once m gave himself up to m$itation & prep>ation = 8 future "w1 & "h1 a little lat]1 :5 ne>ly =tytwo ye>s ( age1 to a few *os5 spirits1 aft]w>ds 8 mo/ f]v5t disciples1 he fir/ reveal$ 8 true "* & mission4 ,f ?is po9t un=tunately ! mat]ials = a cont9u\s biography are want+2 we next he> ( ,baal%em dis*>g+ ! functions ( an ord9>y ,rabbi at ,mi$ziboz 9 ,podolia1 b = ! rema9d] ( 8 p]sonal hi/ory we h to be cont5t ) deta*$ anecdotes & fragm5t>y passages 9 8 life1 ! sum total ( :i* goes to %[ t he resid$ 9 ,podolia & ,walla*ia1 tea*+ 8 doctr9es to 8 disciples & 8work+ ,wond]s40 ,he does n seem to h figur$ z a public prea*]1 nor has he left beh9d him any writt5 "w4 ,he appe>s r to h us$ ! me?od1 famili> to /ud5ts ( ,greek philosophy1 ( tea*+ by conv]sations ) 8 fri5ds & disciples4 ,^! conv]sations1 & ! p>ables ) :i* !y 7 l>gely int]sp]s$1 7 rememb]$ & /or$ up by 8 he>]s4 ,by 8 neighb\rs ! c\ntry folk1 ,baal%em 0 reg>d$ simply z 8a man ( ,god40 ,he 0 all[$ to pursue 8 c\rse undi/urb$ by p]secution ( ! s]i\s "* :i* 8 m aggressive successors provok$4 ,su* ( ! ,rabbis z 7 aw>e ( 8 exi/5ce despis$ him & 8 ways1 b ! ,rabb9ical _w 0 at t "t too mu* occupi$ 9 ! controv]sy betwe5 ,eybes*tz & ,emd5 to conc]n itself ) ! vag>ies ( an obscure & app>5tly 8unle>n$0 ecc5tric4 ,baal%em also took "p 9 ! disputes :i* 7 held 9 ,lemb]g1 ! capital ( ,galicia 7#ageg871 betwe5 ! ,rabbis & ! ,franki/s17#f7 :o d5\nc$ ! ,talmud to ! ,poli% ,gov]nm5t & want$ to h all ! ,rabb9ical books de/roy$4 ,baal%em suff]$ f ?is excitem5t 9 a mo/ t]rible way4 ,! abrogation ( ! ,oral ,law meant = him ! ru9 ( ,judaism4 ,baal%em1 9 =m+ ! little b& ( devot$ foll[]s :o 7 de/9$ to spread a k ( 8 cre$1 travell$ consid]ably ab\t ,walla*ia4 ,he at "o "t decid$ to make a pilgrimage to ,pale/9e1 b :5 he rea*$ ,con/ant9ople he felt himself inspir$ to return & cont9ue 8 "w at home4 ,he di$ at ,mi$ziboz on ! eve ( ,p5teco/1 #agfa4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 disciples1 ( :om "o ,be] ( ,mizriez 0 ! mo/ prom95t1 und]took ! proselytis+ mission = :i* ,baal%em _h prep>$ !m1 b f :i* he himself appe>s to h ab/a9$4 ,!y prea*$ & taught 9 all ! prov9ces ( ,russia :]e ,jews may reside1 & 9 ,r\mania1 & ,galicia4 ,! numb] ( ! sect at ! pres5t day is probably ab\t half a million4 ,return+ n[ to ,baal%em ! f\nd]1 x may be not$ t 8 appe>ance z a tea*] & re=m] 0 accompani$ & ju/ifi$ by a cu/om>y & adequate numb] ( miracles4 ,to "o disciple he reveal$ secrets :i* c\ld h become kn[n to him only by div9e revelation2 to ano!r he appe>$ ) a nimbus r\nd 8 head4 ,on ! evid5ce ( ! ,*assidim we le>n t ,baal%em p]=m$ all ! recognis$ signs & m>vels :i* h ev] be5 ! cu/om>y m9or *>act]i/ics ( m5 ( simil> type 9 simil> environm5t4 ,:5 ,baal%em desir$ to cross a /ream1 he spread =? 8 mantle ^u ! wat]s1 & /&+ !reupon pass$ safely to ! o!r side4 ,gho/s evacuat$ haunt$ h\ses at ! m]e m5tion ( 8 "n4 ,0 he alone 9 ! =e/ on a w9try night1 he _h b to t\* a tree ) 8 f+] tips & flames bur/ =?4 ,:5 8 _s w&]$ ?r\gh ! angelic sph]es1 z 0 frequ5tly ! case1 he obta9$ access to ,p>adise = millions ( p9+ s\ls :o _h va9ly wait$ )\t ?r\gh long ?\s&s ( m\rnful ye>s4 ,^! & o!r miracles ne$ n be exam9$4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( o!r su* blissful seasons ( grace1 !y 7 ! ephem]al ?\gh important accessories 9 e/abli%+ ! inspir$ "* ( 8 utt]ances & ! au?ority ( 8 injunctions4 ,x is n z a work] ( miracles1 b z a religi\s tea*] & re=m]1 t ,baal%em is int]e/+4 ,prop]ly to und]/& ! nature & special direction ( 8 tea*+1 x is necess>y 9 "s measure to realise ! "* ( ! field 9 :i* he work$2 to consid]1 9 o!r words1 ! moral & religi\s condition ( ! ,jews 9 ^? di/ricts :]e ,*assidism fir/ took root4 ,9 a ,hebrew ,hymn1 writt5 ab\t #ajjj ,a4,c41 & /ill recit$ 9 ! synagogue on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 ! poet expresses ! /range & bitt] =tunes ( 8 race 9 t\*+ words ( m+l$ sorr[ & exultation4 ,de/roy$ lies ,zion & pr(an$1 ,( spl5d\r & r5[n b]eft1 ,h] anci5t glories :olly wan$1 ,"o dea?less treasure only left2 ,/ill ours1 ,o ,"l1 ,?y ,holy ,^w4 ,& ?is ,div9e ,^w x 01 :i* a p]secut$ religion has s\ght to pres]ve intact ?r\gh s _m c5turies ( p]secution1 & = ! sake ( :i* no lab\r seem$ too sev]e1 no sacrifice too l>ge4 8,be?9k ,!e1 ,o ,god10 exclaim$ "o ( our ,jewi% sages :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! same p]iod1 8be?9k ,!e ( ,?y fai?ful *ildr5 :o1 amid _! pov]ty & want1 are busy 9 ! /udy ( ,?y ,law4 ,be?9k ,!e ( ! poor 9 ,israel :o are will+ to suff] hung] & de/itution if only !y c secure = _! *ildr5 ! k ( ,?y ,law40 ,& s inde$ x 04 ,old & "y1 weak & /rong1 ri* & poor1 all pursu$ t s+le /udy1 ! ,torah4 ,! product ( ?is prolong$ /udy is t gigantic lit]ature :i*1 z a long unbrok5 *a9 ( spiritual activity1 connects toge!r ! v>i\s p]iods ( ! ,jews' *equ]$ & ev5tful hi/ory4 ,all ages & all l&s h contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ?is supreme /udy4 ,= "u ! ^w ,torah 0 compris$ n only ! ,law1 b also ! contributions ( lat] times express+ ei!r ! ?\ghts or ! emotions ( holy & s9c]e m52 & ev5 _! hone/ scepticism 0 n entirely exclud$4 ,z 9 ! canon ( ! ,bible1 ,ecclesia/es & ! ,song ( ,solomon f\nd place 9 ! same volume t conta9s ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 s at a lat] "t p did n object to put ! philosophical works ( ,maimonides & ! songs ( ,judah ,hallevi on ! same level ) ! ,code ( ! ,law compil$ by ,r4 ,isaac ,alfasi1 & ! comm5t>ies on ! ,bible by ,r4 ,solomon b4 ,isaac47#g7 ,none ( !m 0 decl>$ infallible1 b also to none ( !m1 z soon z p 7 conv9c$ ( ! au?or's s9c]ity1 0 d5i$ ! homage due to seek]s aft] tru?4 ,almo/ e au?or 0 call$ ,rabbi 78my ma/]07 or ,rabb5u 78our ma/]0717#h7 & ne>ly e book 0 reg>d$ m or less z a contribution to ! great bulk ( ! ,torah4 ,x 0 call$ ,writ17#i7 & 0 treat$ ) a c]ta9 k9d ( piety4 ,b1 by a s]ies ( accid5ts too long to be relat$ "h1 s9c]ity ceas$ & sport took its place4 ,i ref] to ! casui/ic s*ools commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ,pilpuli/s7#aj7 7! 8season$0 or ! 8%>p0 ones71 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! la/ two c5turies prec$+ ours4 ,to ! au?ors ( ?is unhappy p]iod1 a few glori\s exceptions always all[$1 ! prec$+ ,jewi% lit]ature did n mean a 8f\nta9 ( liv+ wat]s10 supply+ m5 ) tru? & religi\s inspiration1 b r a k9d ( arm\ry provid+ !m ) juri/ic cases ov] :i* to fight1 & to outd ea* o!r 9 sophi/ry & subtlety4 ,z a consequ5ce !y c>$ little or no?+ = t "p ( ! ,jewi% lit]ature t appeals less to ! intellect ?an to ! feel+s ( m54 ,9 %ort1 religion consi/$ only ( complicat$ cases & innum]able ord9ances1 9 :i* ! wit ( ^! m5 f\nd delight4 ,b ! emotional "p ( x1 ^: root is ! ,fai? & ,love ( m51 0 almo/ entirely neglect$4 ,b x 0 precisely ^! high] religi\s emotions t 7 ,baal%em's peculi> prov9ce1 & x 0 to !m t he assign$ 9 8 religi\s sy/em a place befitt+ _! importance & _! dignity4 ,& ! locality :]e 8 m9i/ration lay 0 curi\sly adapt$ = su* propag&a4 ,to t univ]sal /udy ( ! ,law ( :i* ,i h j spok5 !re 0 "o exception4 ,t exception 0 among/ ! ,jews 9 ! t]ritories :i* bord]$ on ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 & comprise ! pr9cipalities ( ,moldavia1 & ,walla*ia1 ,buk[9a1 & ! ,ukra9e4 ,x is hi/orically c]ta9 t ! fir/ arrival ( ! ,jews 9 ,r\mania 0 at a v e>ly date1 b !re is no trace ( any intellectual productivity among ! immigrants until rec5t times1 & x is admitt$ t ! /udy ( ! ,law 0 almo/ entirely neglect$4 ,x 0 9 ^! di/ricts ( m5tal1 & p]haps we might add ( ev5 spiritual1 d>kness t ,*assidism took its rise & a*iev$ its fir/ success4 8,! sect ( ! ,*assidim10 says "o ( ! bitt]e/ b mo/ tru/wor?y ( _! oppon5ts1 8fir/ ga9$ gr\nd 9 ! mo/ uncivilis$ prov9ces2 9 ! wild rav9es ( ,walla*ia & ! dre>y /eppes ( ! ,ukra9e40 ,ap>t f ! g5ius ( its f\nd]1 ,*assidism ow$ its rapid gr[? to ! intellectual b>r5ness ( ^! di/ricts z comp>$ ) ! intellectual f]tility ( ! o!r regions :]e ,jews mo/ ?ickly congregat$4 ,! ,r\manian ,jews 7 to "s ext5t "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,rabbis ( ,pol&4 ,n[ ! ,poles 7 celebrat$ ev5 9 ,g]many = ! elaboration ( _! casui/ry4 ,^! ov]subtle ,rabbis1 delight+ 9 ! quibbles ( _! sophi/ry1 & r$uc+ religion to an un5d+ numb] ( juri/ic calculations & all sorts ( possibilities & impossibilities1 7 b too apt to =get ! claims ( feel+ 9 _! eag] desire to "q & to settle ev]y?+4 ,!y may h be5 satisfactory guides 9 matt]s spiritual to ! m5 ( _! own /amp1 b !y 7 ( no avail to _! ,r\manian bre?r5 :o fail$ to recognise religion 9 ! g>b ( casui/ry4 ,x 01 !re=e1 n surpris+ t a revolt aga9/ ! excess ( intellectualism %\ld h sprung up & fl\ri%$ 9 ^? di/ricts :]e ! inhabitants 7 con/itutionally incapable ( appreciat+ ! delights ( argum5t4 ,! field 0 ready1 & 9 ! fulness ( "t came ! s[] 9 ! p]son ( ,baal%em4 ,9 ! above e/imate ( ! ,poli% ,rabbis !re und\bt$ly lurks a t\* ( exagg]ation4 ,b x repres5ts ! view :i* ! ,*assidim took ( _! oppon5ts4 ,! :ole life ( ,baal%em is a prote/ aga9/ ! typical ,rabbi ?us conceiv$4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! ideals ( ! two p>ties is p]haps be/ illu/rat$ 9 ^? portions ( _! biographical lit]ature :]e leg5d treads mo/ closely ^u ! heels ( fact4 ,! h]o ( ,poli% ,rabb9ic biography at five ye>s ( age c recite by he>t ! mo/ difficult tractates ( ! ,talmud2 at eight he is ! disciple ( ! mo/ celebrat$ tea*] ( ! "t1 & p]plexes him by ! p5etrative subtlety ( 8 que/ions2 :ile at ?irte5 he appe>s be=e ! _w z a fullfl$g$ ,doctor ( ! ,law4 ,! h]o ( ! ,*assidim has a totally diff]5t education1 & 8 di/9ctive glory is ( ano!r k9d4 ,! leg5d>y /ories ab\t ,baal%em's y\? tell u little ( 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ,talmudic /udies2 in/ead ( sitt+ 9 ! ,be? ,hammidra% ) ! folios ( "s casui/ic treatise spread out be=e him1 ,baal%em passes 8 "t s++ hymns out ( doors1 or "u ! gre5 trees ( ! =e/ ) ! *ildr54 ,satan1 h[ev]1 says ! ,*assid1 is m afraid ( ^! innoc5t ex]cises ?an ( all ! controv]sies 9 ! ,meh]am ,%iff47#aa7 ,x 0 ?r\gh ext]nal nature1 ! woods ( 8 *ildhood1 ! hills & wild rav9es ( ! ,c>pa?ians :]e he pass$ _m ( 8 matur] ye>s1 t ,baal%em1 accord+ to 8 disciples1 rea*$ 8 spiritual confirmation4 ,! ,*assidic h]o _h no celebrat$ ,rabbi = 8 ma/]4 ,he 0 8 own tea*]4 ,if n selftaught1 x 0 f angelic lips1 or ev5 ! ,div9e voice itself1 t he le>n$ ! high] k4 ,f ! s\rce :5ce ! ,torah fl[$ ,baal%em receiv$ heav5ly lore4 ,8 me?od ( selfeducation1 8 ways ( life1 8 *oice ( associates 7 all in/ances ( revolt2 n only did he tea* a :olly diff]5t !ory & practice1 b he & 8 disciples seem to h miss$ no opportunity ( d5\nc+ ! old tea*]s z mislead+ & ungodly4 ,among ! _m anecdotes illu/rat+ ?is feature1 x is told h[ once1 on ! ev5+ be=e ! great ,day ( ,atonem5t1 ,baal%em 0 notic$ by 8 disciples to be1 contr>y to 8 usual cu/om1 depress$ & ill at ease4 ,! :ole subsequ5t day he pass$ 9 viol5t weep+ & lam5tations4 ,at its close he once m resum$ 8 wont$ *e]fulness ( mann]4 ,:5 ask$ = ! explanation ( 8 behavi\r1 he repli$ t ! ,holy ,_s _h reveal$ to him t heavy accusations 7 be+ made aga9/ ! ,jewi% p1 & a heavy puni%m5t _h be5 orda9$ ^u !m4 ,! ang] ( heav5 0 caus$ by ! ,rabbis1 ^: sole occupation 0 to inv5t ly+ premisses & to draw f !m false conclusions4 ,all ! truly wise ,rabbis ( ! old5 "t 7su* z ! ,tannaim1 ! ,amoraim7#ab7 & _! foll[]s1 :om ,baal%em reg>d$ z s _m sa9ts & prophets7 _h n[ /ood =? z ! accus]s ( _! mod]n successors by :om _! words 7 s grossly p]v]t$ f _! orig9al mean+4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,baal%em's te>s _h be5 %$1 & 8 pray]s z usual _h be5 successful4 ,! imp5d+ judgm5t 0 annull$4 ,on ano!r occasion1 :5 he ov]he>d ! s\nds ( eag]1 l\d discussion issu+ f a ,rabb9ical college1 ,baal%em1 clos+ 8 e>s ) 8 h&s1 decl>$ t x 0 su* disputants :o delay$ ! r$emption ( ,israel f captivity4 ,satan1 he said1 incites ! ,rabbis to /udy ^? portions ( ,jewi% lit]ature only on :i* !y c :et ! %>pness ( _! intellects1 b f all writ+s ( :i* ! read+ w\ld promote piety & ! fe> ( ,god he keeps !m away4 8,:]e !re is mu* /udy10 says a disciple ( ,baal%em1 8!re is little piety40 8,jewi% ,devils07#ac7 is "o ( ! num]\s polite epi!ts appli$ to ! ,rabbis by ! fri5ds ( ,baal%em4 8,ev5 ! wor/ s9n]s are bett] ?an !y2 s bl9d are !y 9 ! arrogance ( _! selfconceit t _! v devotion to ! ,law becomes a vehicle = _! s940 ,x w be f\nd :5 we deal ) ! mo/ positive side ( ,baal%em's tea*+ t ?is antagonism to ! attitude & me?ods ( ! contempor>y ,rabbis is fur!r emphasis$1 & x w readily be se5 t 8 :ole s*eme ( religion & ( conduct 9 relation to ,god & man r5d]$ ?is ackn[l$g$ ho/ility inevitable4 ,9 approa*+ ?is "p ( our subject x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 z /at$ above1 ,baal%em himself wrote no?+4 ,= a k ( 8 say+s we are !re=e dep5d5t on ! reports ( 8 fri5ds & disciples4 ,& x is n unfrequ5tly necess>y to supplem5t ^! by ! tea*+ ( 8 foll[]s1 :om we may suppose 9 l>ge measure to h caught ! _s ( _! ma/]4 ,un=tunately ! orig9al au?orities are 9 a difficult ,hebrew patois :i* (t5 obscures ! precise mean+ ( :ole passages4 ,! orig9ality ( ,baal%em's tea*+ has be5 frequ5tly impugn$1 *iefly by ! sugge/ion t he drew l>gely f ! ,zoh> 7,book ( ,brightness747#ad7 ,?is my/ical book1 8! ,bible ( ! ,cabbali/s10 :e!r we reg>d its subjectmatt] or its hi/ory & influ5ce1 is unique 9 lit]ature4 ,its pret5d$ au?or is ,simeon b5 ,yo*ai1 a great ,rabbi ( ! second c5tury1 b ! real writ] is probably "o ,moses de ,leon1 a ,spani% ,jew1 :o liv$ elev5 c5turies lat]4 ,! book is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ lit]>y =g]ies1 & is a m>vell\s mixture ( good & evil4 ,a passage ( delicate religi\s fancy is succe$$ by ano!r ( gross obsc5ity 9 illu/ration & sugge/ion2 true piety & wild blasphemy are /rangely m+l$ toge!r4 ,baal%em und\bt$ly _h /udi$ ! ,zoh>1 & he ev5 is report$ to h said t ! read+ ( ! ,zoh> _h enabl$ him to see into ! :ole univ]se ( ?+s4 ,b1 = all t1 ,baal%em 0 no copyi/2 & ! ,zoh>1 al?\gh x may h sugge/$ a h9t to him "h & !re1 0 n ! s\rce :5ce 8 inspiration 0 drawn4 ,its attraction = ,baal%em is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! fanta/ic1 imag9ative1 & emotional nature ( its cont5ts4 ,x l5t itself m easily ?an ! old] ,rabb9ical lit]ature to new explanations un?\ght ( by its au?or4 ,b ev5 ! ,talmud & its e>ly comm5t>ies became apocalyptic to ! h]oes ( ,*assidism4 ,nay1 ! drie/ & mo/ legal disquisitions ab\t meum & tuum c\ld be translat$ into p>ables & allegories & symbols full ( ! mo/ exalt$ mean+s4 ,baal%em1 l e o!r religi\s re=m]1 0 p>tially ! product ( 8 age4 ,! influ5ces ( ! pa/1 ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( 8 own p1 help$ to make him :at he 04 ,b !y d n rob him ( 8 orig9ality4 ,he 0 a religi\s revivali/ 9 ! be/ s5se2 full ( burn+ fai? 9 8 ,god & 8 cause2 conv9c$ utt]ly ( ! value ( 8 "w & ! tru? ( 8 tea*+4 ,al?\gh !re c be no real d\bt ( ,baal%em's claim to orig9ality1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 8 tea*+ is n only di/9ctively ,jewi%1 b t = e "p ( x p>allels & analogies c\ld be f\nd 9 ! old] ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,inde$ x is n wond]ful t 9 a lit]ature1 ext5d+ ov] #bjjj ye>s1 ( a p ^: *ief ?\ghts h be5 religion1 & :o h come 9 contact ) s _m ext]nal religi\s & philosophic influ5ces1 ! g]ms c be discov]$ ( almo/ e conceivable sy/em1 & ! outl9e ( almo/ e imag9able doctr9e4 ,! keynote ( all ,baal%em's tea*+s is ! ,omnipres5ce1 or m /rictly ! ,imman5ce1 ( ,god4 ,?is is ! s\rce f :i* fl[s naturally e article ( 8 cre$2 ! univ]sality ( ! ,div9ity is ! f\ndation ( ! entire ,*assidic fabric4 ,! idea ( ! con/ant liv+ pres5ce ( ,god 9 all exi/5ce p]meates ! :ole ( ,baal%em's s*eme2 x is insi/$ on 9 e relation2 f x is d$uc$ e important proposition & e rule 9 conduct ( 8 s*ool4 ,all creat$ ?+s & e product ( human intellig5ce owe _! be+ to ,god4 ,all g5]ation & all exi/5ce spr+ f ! ?\ght & w ( ,god4 ,x is incumb5t ^u man to believe t all ?+s are p]vad$ by ! div9e life1 & :5 he speaks he %\ld rememb] t x is ?is div9e life :i* is speak+ ?r\gh him4 ,!re is no?+ :i* is void ( ,god4 ,if we imag9e = a mom5t su* a ?+ to be1 x w\ld in/antly fall into no?+ness4 ,9 e human ?\ght ,god is pres5t4 ,if ! ?\ght be gross or evil1 we %\ld seek to raise & ennoble x by c>ry+ x back to its orig94 ,s1 if a man be sudd5ly ov]:elm$ by ! aspect ( a beautiful woman1 he %\ld rememb] t ?is spl5d\r ( beauty is ow+ to ! allp]vad+ emanation f ! div9e4 ,:5 he rememb]s t ! s\rce ( corporeal beauty is ,god1 he w n be cont5t to let 8 ?\ght abide ) ! body :5 he c rise to ! inw>d contemplation ( ! inf9ite s\l ( beauty1 :i* is ,god4 ,a disciple ( ,baal%em has said3 ,ev5 z 9 ! jewels ( 8 belov$ ! lov] sees only ! beauty ( h] he loves1 s does ! true lov] ( ,god see 9 all ! appe>ances ( ?is _w1 ! vitalis+ & g5]ative p[] ( 8 div9e ma/]4 ,if y d n see ! _w 9 ! light ( ,god y sep>ate ! creation f its ,creator4 ,he :o does n fully believe 9 ?is univ]sality ( ,god's pres5ce has nev] prop]ly ackn[l$g$ ,god's ,sov]eignty1 = he excludes ,god f an exi/+ portion ( ! actual _w4 ,! ^w ( ,god 7to ,baal%em1 a synonym = ,god himself71 :i* 8is settl$ 9 heav50 & 8e/abli%$ on e>?10 is /ill & always speak+1 act+1 & g5]at+ ?r\gh\t heav5 & e>? 9 endless gradations & v>ieties4 ,if ! vitalis+ ^w 7 to cease1 *aos w\ld come aga94 ,! belief 9 a s+le creation aft] :i* ! ,ma/] )drew f 8 complet$ "w1 is errone\s & h]etical4 ,! vivify+ p[] is nev] )drawn f ! _w :i* x animates4 ,creation is cont9u\s2 an un5d+ manife/ation ( ! goodness ( ,god4 ,all ?+s are an afflu5ce f ! two div9e attributes ( ,p[] & ,love1 :i* express !mselves 9 v>i\s images & reflections4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( univ]sality 9 ,*assidism4 ,god1 ! fa!r ( ,israel1 ,god ! ,m]ciful1 ,god ! ,allp[]ful1 ! ,god ( ,love1 n only creat$ ev]y?+ b is embodi$ 9 ev]y?+4 ,! necessity ( believ+ ?is doctr9e is ! c>d9al ,dogma4 ,b z creation is cont9u\s s also is revelation4 ,?is revelation is only to be grasp$ by fai?4 ,fai?1 !re=e1 is m efficaci\s ?an le>n+4 ,?us x is t 9 times ( p]secution1 ! wise & ! fooli%1 ! s9n] & ! sa9t1 are wont alike to give up _! life = _! fai?4 ,!y :o c\ld r5d] no answ] to ! que/ions ( ! casui/ are yet will+ to die ! mo/ cruel ( dea?s r ?an d5y _! fai? 9 ! ,"o & ,supreme ,god4 ,_! /r5g? to face dang] & dea? is ow+ to t div9e illum9ation ( ! s\l :i* is m exalt$ ?an k4 ,we %\ld ?us reg>d all ?+s 9 ! light ( s _m manife/ations ( ! ,div9ity4 ,god is pres5t 9 all ?+s2 !re=e !re is good1 actual or pot5tial1 9 all ?+s4 ,x is our duty ev]y:]e to seek out & to hon\r ! good1 & n to arrogate to ourselves ! "r to judge t :i* may seem to be evil4 ,9 ?9k+ !re=e ( a fell[ man1 we %\ld above all ?+s realise 9 him ! pres5ce ( ! _s ( good4 ,:5ce we h ! ,doctr9e t ea* ( u1 :ile ?9k+ humbly ( himself1 %\ld always be ready to ?9k well1 & always sl[ to ?9k evil1 ( ano!r4 ,?is expla9s ! ,*assidic attitude t[>ds err+ humanity4 ,baal%em view$ human s9 & infirmity 9 a v diff]5t light f t ( ! ord9>y ,rabbi4 ,ev] consci\s ( ! ,div9e side ( ,humanity1 he vigor\sly combat$ ! gratuit\s assumption ( s9fulness 9 man :i* 0 a f]tile subject ) contempor>y prea*]s4 ,!y1 among ! ,r\manian ,jews z 9 o!r communities1 delight$ *iefly to dwell on ! d>k side ( ?+s1 & f\nd _! fav\rite !me 9 elaborate descriptions ( ! inf]nal puni%m5ts t 7 await+ ! s9n] aft] dea?4 ,x is relat$ h[ on "o occasion ,baal%em rebuk$ "o ( ^!4 ,! prea*] _h be5 d5\nc+ woe to an audi5ce ( :om he knew no?+ :e!r = evil or = good4 ,baal%em1 indignant at ?is indiscrim9ative abuse & conceit$ arrogation ( ! div9e (fice ( judgm5t1 turn$ on him 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,woe ^u !e :o d>e/ to speak evil ( ,israel6 ,do/ n "k t e ,jew1 :5 he utt]s ev] s %ort a pray] at ! close ( day1 is p]=m+ a great "w be=e :i* ! angels 9 heav5 b[ d[n80 ,great1 z x w\ld seem1 0 ! value set by ,baal%em ^u ! smalle/ evid5ce ( ! high] nature 9 man1 & few !re 71 z he believ$1 :o1 if _! _s 0 n d>k5$ by pride1 did n n[ & aga9 give pro( ( ! div9e /amp 9 :i* ,god _h creat$ !m4 ,no s9 s sep>ates u f ,god t we ne$ despair ( return4 ,f e rung ( ! moral ladd]1 no matt] h[ l[1 let man seek ,god4 ,if he b fully believe t no?+ is void ( ,god1 & t ,god is conceal$ 9 ! mid/ ( app>5t ru9 & degradation1 he w n fe> le/ ,god be f> f him4 ,god is rega9$ 9 a mom5t ( rep5tance1 = rep5tance 8transc5ds ! limits ( space & "t40 ,& he :o leads ! s9n] to rep5tance causes a div9e joy2 x is z ?\gh a k+'s son _h be5 9 captivity & 7 n[ br\ght back to 8 fa!r's gaze4 ,baal%em refus$ to reg>d any "o z :olly irr$eemable4 ,8 0 an optimi/ic fai?4 ,god 0 to be prais$ 9 gladness by ! dwell]s 9 ?is glori\s _w4 ,! true believ]1 recognis+ ! reflection ( ,god 9 e man1 %\ld hopefully /rive1 :5 t reflection 0 obscur$ by s91 to re/ore ! lik5ess ( ,god 9 man4 ,! peculi> dete/ability ( s9 lies 9 ?is1 t man rejects ! e>?ly manife/ations ( ! ,div9ity & pollutes !m4 ,"o ( ,baal%em's disciples delight$ 9 ! say+ t ! mo/ h>d5$ s9n]s 7 n to be despair$ (1 b pray$ =4 ,none kn[s ! he>t ( man1 & none %\ld judge 8 neighb\r4 ,let him :o burns ) zeal = ,god's sake1 ex]cise 8 zeal on himself1 n o!rs4 ,baal%em said1 8,let no "o ?9k himself bett] ?an 8 neighb\r1 = all s]ve ,god2 ea* accord+ to ! measure ( und]/&+ :i* ,god has giv5 him40 ,f ?is position x is a natural /ep to ,baal%em's view ( pray]4 ,he is reput$ to h said t all ! greatness he _h a*iev$ 0 ! issue n ( /udy b ( pray]4 ,b true pray] 8mu/ move10 z ,baal%em phras$ x1 89 ! realms above10 & n be conc]n$ ) affairs sublun>y4 ,y\r pray] %\ld n be tak5 up ) y\r wi%es & ne$s1 b %\ld be ! means to br+ y nigh to ,god4 ,9 pray] man mu/ lay aside 8 own individuality1 & n ev5 be consci\s ( 8 exi/5ce2 = if1 :5 he prays1 ,self is n absolutely quiesc5t1 ! object ( pray] is unatta9able4 ,inde$ x is only ?r\gh ,god's grace t aft] true pray] man is yet alive2 to su* a po9t has ! annihilation ( self proce$$4 ,x may be necess>y to caution ! read] aga9/ ascrib+ to ,baal%em any mod]n rationali/ic notions on ! subject ( pray]4 ,! p[] ( pray]1 9 ! oldfa%ion$ s5se1 to produce an answ] f ,god 0 nev] d\bt$ by ,baal%em = a mom5t4 ,baal%em's deity is n re/rict$ t[>ds any side by any philosophic consid]ations4 ,all ,baal%em meant 0 t any ref]5ce or reg>d to e>?ly requirem5ts 0 unwor?y & de/ructive ( ?is communion ( man ) ,god4 ,! wise man1 says ,baal%em1 does n tr\ble ! k+ ) innum]able petitions ab\t trifles4 ,8 desire is m]ely to ga9 admission into ! k+'s pres5ce & to speak ) him )\t a gbetwe54 ,to be ) ! k+ :om he loves s de>ly is = him ! highe/ good4 ,b 8 love = ! k+ has its rew>d2 = ! k+ loves him4 ,x has already be5 impli$ t1 ) reg>d to our duty t[>ds our fell[man1 we mu/ n only hon\r him = ! good1 & ab/a9 f judg+ ! evil t may be 9 him1 b mu/ pray = him4 ,fur!rmore we mu/ "w = 8 spiritual & moral reclamation4 ,9 giv+ practical effect 9 8 own life to ?is doctr9e1 ,baal%em's conduct 0 9 /rik+ contra/ to t ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he habitually consort$ ) outca/s & s9n]s1 ) ! poor & un$ucat$ ( bo? sexes1 :om ! o!r tea*]s ignor$4 ,he ?us won = 8 doctr9es a way to ! he>t ( ! p by adapt+ 8 life & language to _! und]/&+ & sympa?ies4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is1 z well z ( 8 hatr$ ( vanity & display1 x is told h[1 on ! occasion ( 8 be+ accord$ a public reception by ! ,jews on 8 arrival at ,brody1 in/ead ( address+ to !m 9 ! conv5tional fa%ion "s subtle disc\rse ^u a ,talmudical difficulty1 he cont5t$ himself ) conv]s+ ^u trivial topics 9 ! local dialect ) "s ( ! less important p]sons 9 ! cr[d4 ,?is incid5t is p]haps ! m notewor?y because x occurr$ 9 ,brody1 :i* 0 at t "t a seat ( le>n+ & ,rabb9ic culture1--a place :]e1 = t v reason1 ,*assidism 0 nev] able to ga9 a foo?old4 ,x is probable en\gh t ,baal%em 9 8 visits to ?is t[n kept alo( f ! le>n$ & ! wise1 & s\ght to ga!r r\nd him ! neglect$ & humbl] elem5ts ( ,jewi% society4 ,x is well kn[n t ,baal%em consort$ a good deal ) ! innkeep]s ( ! di/rict1 :o 7 held 9 v l[ repute among _! bre?r54 ,! foll[+ rem>k by "o ( 8 foll[]s is v sugge/ive 9 ?is respect4 ,j z only sup]ficial m9ds atta* a c]ta9 hol9ess to special places1 :il/ ) ! deep] ones all places are alike holy1 s t to !m x makes no diff]5ce :e!r pray]s be said 9 ! synagogue or 9 ! =e/2 s ! latt] believe t n only prophecies & visions come f heav51 b t e utt]ance ( man1 if prop]ly und]/ood1 conta9s a message ( ,god4 ,^? :o are absorb$ 9 ,god w easily f9d ! div9e elem5t 9 ev]y?+ :i* !y he>1 ev5 ?\gh ! speak] himself be q ignorant ( x4 ,?is l9e ( conduct gave a fair op5+ = attack to 8 oppon5ts1 an opportunity ( :i* !y 7 n sl[ to avail !mselves4 ,baal%em 0 po9t$ at z ! associate ( ! l[e/ classes4 ,!y av5g$ !mselves = 8 neglect ( & ho/ility to ! le>n$ by imput+ ! wor/ motives to 8 indiff]5ce to appe>ances4 ,he 0 accus$ ( idl+ ab\t ! /reets ) disreputable *>act]s1 & "o polemical treatise draws ! vile/ inf]5ces f 8 app>5t famili>ity ) wom54 ,to ?is *>ge ,baal%em's conduct1 innoc5t 9 itself1 gave "s col\r2 = 8 views & habits 9 relation to wom5 m>k$ a /rong div]g5ce f curr5t cu/oms4 ,! position ( wom5 9 contempor>y circles 0 nei!r debas$ nor inevitably unhappy1 b x 0 di/9ctly subord9ate4 ,_! education 0 almo/ entirely neglect$1 & _! v exi/5ce 0 practically ignor$4 ,accord+ to ! ,*assidic doctr9e ( ,univ]sality1 woman 0 necess>ily to be hon\r$4 8,all ,jews10 says "o ,*assid1 8ev5 ! un$ucat$ & ! wom51 believe 9 ,god40 ,baal%em frequ5tly associat$ ) wom51 assign+ to !m n only social equality1 b a high degree ( religi\s importance4 ,8 own wife he rev]5c$ z a sa9t2 :5 %e di$ he ab&on$ ! hope ( ris+ to heav5 :ile yet alive1 l ,elijah ( old1 say+ m\rnfully t undivid$ su* translation might h happ5$1 b = him alone x 0 impossible4 ,!n aga9 9 a =m ( religion utilis+ s l>gely ! emotions ( ,fai? & ,love !re 0 a /rong appeal to ! female m9d4 ,! effect ( ?is 0 soon evid5t1 & ,baal%em did n neglect to pr(it by x4 ,among ! mo/ devot$ ( 8 e>ly adh]5ts 7 wom54 ,"o ( !m 0 ! h]o9e ( a fav\rite anecdote conc]n+ ,baal%em's "w ( ,love & ,rescue4 ,x is relat$ t 9 a c]ta9 village !re dwelt a woman ^: life 0 s disgraceful t h] bro!rs at la/ det]m9$ to kill h]4 ,) ?is object !y entic$ h] into a neighb\r+ wood1 b guid$ by ! ,holy ,_s ,baal%em int]v5$ at ! critical mom5t1 & dissuad+ ! m5 f _! purpose rescu$ ! s9n]4 ,! woman aft]w>ds became a sort ( ,magdal5 9 ! new community4 ,above ,i h endeav\r$ to ?r[ toge!r 9 "s ord] ( sequ5ce ! doctr9es & practical rules ( conduct :i* ,baal%em & 8 e>ly disciples seem to h d$uc$ f _! c5tral idea ( ! omnipres5ce ( ,god4 ,?is 0 necess>y 9 ord] to give a connect$ idea ( _! cre$1 b x is "r to say t n[h]e 9 ,*assidic lit]ature h ^! d$uctions be5 logically coord9at$4 ,p]haps _! solit>y attempt to =mulate & cond5se _! di/9ctive views is conf9$ to a /atem5t ( _! idea ( piety or s]vice ( ,god1 & an exam9ation ( ?ree c>d9al virtues1 ,humility1 ,*e]fulness1 & ,en?usiasm4 ,:at ! ,*assidim held z to true s]vice br+s into relief ,baal%em's *>act]i/ic mann] ( reg>d+ ! ,law4 ,by ! s]vice ( ,god 0 g5]ally und]/ood a life :i* fulfill$ ! precepts ( ! writt5 & oral law4 ,baal%em und]/ood by x a c]ta9 attitude t[>ds life z a :ole4 ,=1 z ,god is realis$ 9 life1 ea* activity ( life :5 rightly conceiv$ & execut$ is at once a manife/ation & a s]vice ( ! ,div9e4 ,all ?+s h be5 creat$ = ! glory & s]vice ( ,god4 ,! smalle/ worm s]ves ,him ) all its p[]4 ,?us1 :ile eat+1 dr9k+1 sleep+1 & ! o!r ord9>y functions ( ! body are reg>d$ by ! old ,jewi% morali/s z m]e means to an end1 to ,baal%em !y are already a s]vice ( ,god 9 !mselves4 ,all pleasures are manife/ations ( ,god's attribute ( love2 &1 s reg>d$1 !y are at once spiritualis$ & ennobl$4 ,man %\ld seek to rea* a high] level ( purity & hol9ess be=e p>tak+ ( food & dr9k1 ?an ev5 be=e ! /udy ( ! ,law4 ,= :5 ! ,torah _h once be5 giv5 by ,god ! :ole _w became in/9ct ) its grace4 ,he :o speaks ( worldly matt]s & religi\s matt]s z if !y 7 sep>ate & di/9ct1 is a h]etic4 ,^u ! cont9ual & un9t]rupt$ /udy ( ! ,law1 ,baal%em lays b little /ress4 ,he accept$ ! ord9>y belief t ! ,law 7"u :i* t]m are includ$ n only ! ,p5tateu*1 b ! :ole ,old ,te/am5t & ! major portion ( ! old ,rabb9ic lit]ature7 0 a revelation ( ,god4 ,b1 z ! _w itself is equally a div9e revelation1 ! ,torah becomes little m ?an a "p ( a l>g] :ole4 ,to und]/& x aright "o ne$s to p5etrate to ! inw>d reality--to ! inf9ite light :i* is reveal$ 9 x4 ,we %\ld /udy ! ,law n z we /udy a sci5ce = ! sake ( acquir+ k 7he :o /udies x s has 9 tru? be5 conc]n+ himself ) its m]e outw>d =m71 b we %\ld le>n f x ! true s]vice ( ,god4 ,?us ! /udy ( ! law is no end 9 itself4 ,x is /udi$ because1 z ! ^w ( ,god1 ,god is m easily disc]n$ & absorb$ 9 ?is revelation ( ,him ?an 9 any o!r4 ,! ,torah is et]nal1 b its explanation is to be made by ! spiritual lead]s ( ,judaism4 ,x is to be int]pret$ by !m 9 accordance ) ! ,attribute ( ! age4 ,= he reg>d$ ! _w z gov]n$ 9 e age by a diff]5t ,attribute ( ,god--"o age by ! ,attribute ( ,love1 ano!r by t ( ,p[]1 a ?ird aga91 by ,beauty1 & s on--& ! explanation ( ! ,torah mu/ be br\ght into agreem5t ) x4 ,! object ( ! :ole ,torah is t man %\ld become a ,torah himself4 ,e man be+ a ,torah 9 himself1 said a disciple ( ,baal%em1 has got n only 8 ,abraham & ,moses1 b also 8 ,balaam & ,haman3 he %\ld try to expel ! ,balaam & develop ! ,abraham )9 him4 ,e action ( man %\ld be a pure manife/ation ( ,god4 ,! reason :y we %\ld d :at ! ,law comm&s is n to ga9 grace !reby 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 b to le>n h[ to love ,god & to be unit$ to ,him4 ,! important ?+ is n h[ _m sep>ate injunctions are obey$1 b h[ & 9 :at _s we obey !m4 ,! object ( fulfill+ ^! v>i\s ord9ances is to put oneself1 z x 71 on ! same plane ) ,god1 & ?us1 9 ! ord9>y phrase ( ! religi\s my/ic1 to become "o ) ,him1 or to be absorb$ 9 ,him4 ,p %\ld get to "k1 says ,baal%em1 :at ! unity ( ,god really means4 ,to atta9 a "p ( ?is indivisible unity is to atta9 ! :ole4 ,! ,torah & all its ord9ances are f ,god4 ,if ,i !re=e fulfil b "o comm&m5t 9 & ?r\gh ! love ( ,god1 x is z ?\gh ,i h fulfill$ !m all4 ,i h n[ briefly to ref] to ! ?ree virtues to :i* ! ,*assidim assign$ ! highe/ place ( hon\r4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is call$ 9 ,hebrew 8,%iphlu?107#ae7 & is be/ r5d]$ by our ^w 8,humility10 b 9 ,*assidic usage x includes ! ideas ( mode/y1 consid]at5ess1 & sympa?y4 ,! prom95ce giv5 to ^! qualities is 9 %>p contra/ to ! faults ( conceit1 vanity1 & selfsatisfaction1 aga9/ :i* ,baal%em 0 nev] we>y ( prote/+4 ,he reg>d$ ^! z ! mo/ s$uctive ( all =ms ( s94 ,b a few m9utes be=e 8 dea? he 0 he>d to murmur1 8,o vanity1 vanity6 ev5 9 ?is h\r ( dea? ?\ d>e/ to approa* me ) ?y temptations3 #8,be?9k !e1 ,israel1 :at a gr& fun]al procession w be ?9e because ?\ ha/ be5 s wise & good4' ,o vanity1 vanity6 be%rew !e40 8,x %\ld be indiff]5t to man10 says ! ma/]1 8:e!r he be prais$ or blam$1 lov$ or hat$1 reput$ to be ! wise/ ( mank9d or ! greate/ ( fools4 ,! te/ ( ! real s]vice ( ,god is t x leaves beh9d x ! feel+ ( humility4 ,if a man aft] pray] be consci\s ( ! lea/ pride or selfsatisfaction1 if he ?9k1 = in/ance1 t he has e>n$ a rew>d by ! ard\r ( 8 spiritual ex]cises1 !n let him "k t he has pray$ n to ,god b to himself4 ,& :at is ?is b disguis$ idolatry8 ,be=e y c f9d ,god y mu/ lose y\rself40 ,! ,*assidim treat$ ,%iphlu? f two sides3 a negative side 9 ?9k+ humbly ( oneself1 a positive 9 ?9k+ highly ( "o's neighb\r1 9 o!r words ! love = our fell[man4 ,he :o loves ! fa!r w also love 8 *ildr54 ,! true lov] ( ,god is also a lov] ( man4 ,x is ignorance ( "o's own errors t makes "o ready to see ! errors ( o!rs4 8,!re is no sph]e 9 heav5 :]e ! s\l rema9s a %ort] "t ?an 9 ! sph]e ( m]it1 !re is none :]e x abides long] ?an 9 ! sph]e ( ,love40 ,! second ,c>d9al ,virtue is 8,*e]fulness10 9 ,hebrew 8,sim*ah407#af7 ,baal%em insi/$ on *e]fulness ( he>t z a necess>y attitude = ! due s]vice ( ,god4 ,once believe t y are really ! s]vant & ! *ild ( ,god & h[ c y fall aga9 into a gloomy condition ( m9d8 ,nor %\ld ! inevitable s9s :i* we all mu/ commit di/urb our glad s]5ity ( s\l4 ,= is n rep5tance ready at h& by :i* we may climb back to ,god8 ,e p5it5t ?\ght is a voice ( ,god4 ,man %\ld detect t voice 9 all ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 9 e sight & s\nd ( ext]nal nature4 ,x is ?r\gh 8 want ( fai? 9 ! univ]sality ( ,god's pres5ce t he is deaf to ^! subtle influ5ces & c read only ! lessons :i* are inscrib$ 9 books4 ,! read] w be prep>$ to le>n t ,baal%em1 tak+ ?is *e]ful view ( ?+s1 0 oppos$ to e k9d ( asceticism4 ,judaism1 or r ,israelitism1 x is true1 0 n orig9ally mu* ( an ascetic religion4 ,b !re c be little d\bt t 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory !re came 9 _m ascetic doctr9es & practices1 q en\gh at lea/ to enc\rage su* t5d] s\ls ! b5t ( ^: m9ds lay 9 ?is direction4 ,to "o ( ^!1 a =m] disciple1 ,baal%em wrote3 8,i he> t y ?9k y\rself compell$ f religi\s motives to ent] ^u a c\rse ( fa/s & p5ances4 ,my s\l is outrag$ at y\r det]m9ation4 ,by ! c\nsel ( ,god ,i ord] y to ab&on su* dang]\s practices1 :i* are b ! outcome ( a disord]$ bra94 ,is x n writt5 #8,?\ %alt n hide ?yself f ?9e own fle%8' ,fa/ !n no m ?an is prescrib$4 ,foll[ my comm& & ,god %all be ) y40 ,on ano!r occasion ,baal%em 0 he>d to obs]ve t x is a ma*9ation ( ,satan to drive u into a condition ( gloom & despond5cy 9 :i* ! smalle/ error is reg>d$ z a deadly s94 ,satan's object is to keep u away f ! true s]vice ( ,god1 & ,god c only be truly s]v$ f a happy & confid5t disposition4 ,anxi\s scrupulosity 9 details is !re=e to be avoid$4 ,x is ! c\nsel ( ! ,devil to p]suade u t we nev] h done & %all nev] d our duty fully1 & t moral progress is impossible4 ,su* ideas beget melan*oly & despair1 :i* are ( evil4 ,! ?ird virtue is call$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,*assidic lit]ature 8,hi?lahabu?107#ag7 & is d]iv$ f a v]b mean+ 8to k9dle0 or 8set on fire40 ,! sub/antive 8,hi?lahabu?10 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 0 fir/ co9$ by ,baal%em's foll[]s4 ,x is be/ r5d]$ by our ^w 8,en?usiasm40 ,e religi\s action1 to be ( any avail1 mu/ be done ) en?usiasm4 ,a m]e me*anical & lifeless p]=mance ( an ord9ance is valueless4 ,a man is no /ep ne>] ! goal if he ?9ks1 =soo?1 t he has done 8 duty :5 he has gone ?r\gh ! :ole r\nd ( laws 9 e section ( ! code4 ,?is ess5tial en?usiasm is only begott5 ( ,love4 ,! s]vice ( fe>1 if n :olly useless1 is yet necess>ily accompani$ by a c]ta9 repulsion & heav9ess1 :i* effectually prev5t ! ru% & ard\r ( en?usiasm4 ,! inspiration ( true s]vice is its own end4 ,!re is no ?\ght ( ?is _w1 & !re is none ( ! _w to come4 ,9 ! ,talmud !re is frequ5t ref]5ce to "o ,rabbi ,eli%a b5 ,abuyah1 an apo/ate f ,judaism1 :o1 :5 urg$ to rep5t1 repli$ t rep5tance 0 useless1 & t = ?is m\rnful belief he _h direct div9e au?ority4 ,= he _h be5 told by a voice f heav5 t ev5 ?\gh he rep5t$ he w\ld be exclud$ f %>+ ! happ9ess ( ! _w to come4 ,( him x 0 said by "o ( ! ,*assidim1 8,?is man inde$ miss$ a gold5 opportunity4 ,h[ purely c\ld he h s]v$ ,god1 kn[+ t = 8 s]vice !re c\ld nev] be a rew>d60 ,f ! conception ( ,en?usiasm spr+s ! quality ( mobility1 sugge/+ spiritual progress1 & commonly oppos$ by ,baal%em & 8 foll[]s to ! dull religi\s /agnation ( selfsatisfi$ contempor>ies4 ,man %\ld n imag9e himself to h atta9$ ! level ( ! righte\s2 let him r reg>d himself z a p5it5t :o %\ld make progress e day4 ,always to rema9 on ! same religi\s plane1 m]ely repeat+ today ! religi\s r\t9e ( ye/]day1 is n true s]vice4 ,!re mu/ be a daily advance 9 ! k & love ( ! ,div9e ,ma/]4 ,m]e fre$om f active s9 is n suffici5t2 su* negative virtue may be b ano!r ^w = ! *ance abs5ce ( temptation4 ,:at boots x nev] to h committ$ a s9 if s9 lies conceal$ 9 ! he>t8 ,x is only ! un9t]rupt$ communion ) ,god :i* w raise & ennoble y\r ?\ghts & designs1 & cause ! roots ( s9 to die4 ,! patri>* ,abraham1 )\t any comm& f ,god1 fulfill$ ! :ole ,torah1 because he p]ceiv$ t ! ,law 0 ! life ( all creat$ ?+s4 ,9 ! ,messianic age ! law w no long] seem to man z some?+ orda9$ = him f )\t2 b ! law w be )9 ! he>ts ( m52 x w seem natural & selfevid5t to !m1 because !y w realise t ,god & life are manife/$ ?r\gh ! law4 ,baal%em1 :o dealt l>gely 9 p>able1 has left ! foll[+1 :i* we may fitly add to our some:at inadequate pres5tation ( 8 doctr9e4 ,!re 0 once a k+ :o built himself a glori\s palace4 ,by means ( magical illusion x seem$ z if ! palace 7 full ( devi\s corridors & mazes1 prev5t+ ! approa* to ! royal pres5ce4 ,b z !re 0 mu* gold & silv] heap$ up 9 ! entrance halls1 mo/ p 7 cont5t to g no fur!r1 b take _! fill ( treasure4 ,! k+ himself !y did n notice4 ,at la/ ! k+'s intimate _h compassion ^u !m & exclaim$ to !m1 8,all ^! walls & mazes :i* y see be=e y d n 9 tru? exi/ at all4 ,!y are m]e illusions4 ,pu% =w>d bravely1 & y %all f9d no ob/acle40 ,we mu/ n int]pret ! p>able to mean t ,baal%em d5i$ ! reality or ev5 ! importance ( ! actual ph5om5al _w4 ,! v contr>y is ! tru?4 ,! _w is = him full ( ,god1 p5etrat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by ! div9e1 & !re=e z real z ,god himself4 ,x 0 q 9 ,baal%em's mann] :5 "o ( 8 disciples decl>$ t only fools c\ld speak ( ! _w z vanity or empt9ess4 8,x is 9 tru? a glori\s _w4 ,we mu/ only le>n h[ rightly to make use ( x4 ,call no?+ common or pr(ane3 by ,god's pres5ce all ?+s are holy40 ,above we h review$ ! ess5tial doctr9es ( ,baal%em & 8 imm$iate foll[]s2 we h n[ to see h[ !y f>$ at ! h&s ( ! sect :i* he f\nd$4 ,?is is a sad "p ( our task1 = ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,*assidism is almo/ entirely a record ( decay4 ,z =mulat$ by its f\nd] ! new cre$ am\nt$ to a g5u9e ,re=mation1 pure & l(ty 9 ideal4 ,aft] 8 dea? unhappily x 0 rapidly corrupt$ & p]v]t$4 ,?is 0 due almo/ exclusively to ! dang]\s & exagg]at$ developm5t ( a s+le po9t 9 8 tea*+4 ,t po9t1 ! hon\r due to ! div9e 9 man1 0 relatively a m9or article 9 ! orig9al cre$4 ,b ! lat] ,*assidism has giv5 x a di/ort$ & almo/ exclusive importance :olly out ( proportion to ! gr&] & m ess5tial features ( ,baal%em's tea*+1 until ! di/9ctive feature ( ! ,*assidism ( today is an almo/ idolatr\s s]vice ( _! liv+ lead]s4 ,:at little !re is to say ( ! hi/ory ( ! sect aft] ,baal%em's dea? w\ld be un9telligible )\t "s explanation ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( ?is un=tunate p]v]sion4 ,x has be5 expla9$ t ,baal%em laid b little /ress ^u ! /udy ( ! ,law or ! obs]vance ( its precepts 9 !mselves1 b reg>d$ !m only z means to an end4 ,! end is union ) ,god4 ,man has to discov] ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 ! ,div9e ^w & w4 ,n[ ?is my/ical s]vice ( ,god1 al?\gh p]haps suffic+ to s5sitive & en?usia/ic natures1 is sc>cely pla9 or def9ite en\gh = ord9>y m54 ,few c realise ab/ractions3 & yet few] c delight 9 !m & f9d 9 _! contemplation suffici5t nurture = _! religi\s ne$s4 ,:at !n _h ,*assidism to (f] to ! ord9>y majority :o c\ld n recognise ,god 9 all ! pl5itude ( ,8 disguise8 ,! want ( some?+ tangible :]eon to fix ! m9ds ( ! p1 :i* has confront$ ! tea*]s ( s _m cre$s1 0 also enc\nt]$ by ! ,*assidim1 & !y un=tunately f\nd _! way out ( ! difficulty by rely+ on & develop+ _! doctr9e ( man's position 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,man's ideal is to be a law himself2 himself a cle> & full manife/ation ( ,god4 ,n[1 n only is he ,god's s]vant & *ild1 b 9 highe/ developm5t he becomes himself a "p ( ,god1 albeit 9 human %ape1 s t he may become :olly "o ) 8 div9e ,fa!r4 ,b if man may rea* ?is highe/ level ( hol9ess1 he is virtually a k9d ( ,godman1 :om 8 fell[m5 ( l[] levels p]ceive by reason ( 8 manhood1 b 8 ess5tial (fice consi/s 9 rais+ !m up to ,god by reason ( 8 ,div9ity4 ,! few *os5 spirits :o ?r\gh ! successful p]si/5cy ) :i* !y h s\ght ,god 9 all ?+s h become1 ?\gh yet on e>?1 absorb$ 9 ,him1 are kn[n 9 ,*assidic lit]ature by ! "n ( ! 8,zaddikim40 ,! ,hebrew ^w ,zaddik7#ah7 means 8j0 or 8righte\s10 & ! t]m 0 probably *os5 9 consci\s opposition to ! title ( ,rabb9ic h]oes1 8disciples ( ! wise40 ,= ! ,zaddik is n s mu* ! product ( le>n+ z ( intuition3 8 f9al consummation is rea*$ by a sudd5 & direct illum9ation f ,god4 ,! ,zaddik n only resembles ,moses1 b1 9 virtue ( 8 long communion ) ! ,div9e1 he is also ! true *ild ( ,god4 ,he is1 moreov]1 a vivify+ p[] 9 creation1 = he is ! connect+ bond betwe5 ,god & 8 creatures4 ,he is ! s\rce ( bless+ & ! f\nt ( grace4 ,man mu/ !re=e le>n to love ! ,zaddik1 s t ?r\gh ! ,zaddik he may w9 ,god's grace4 ,he :o does n believe 9 ! ,zaddik is an apo/ate f ,god4 ,"h !n we h ! fatal exagg]ation to :i* ,i h allud$1 & "h its logical consequ5ce4 ,! /ep to manwor%ip is %ort4 ,?is peculi> doctr9e ( ! ,int]m$i>y soon became ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ,*assidism4 ,by a ,*assid 0 und]/ood n a man :o held su* & su* op9ions 9 !ology & religion1 b a believ] 9 ! ,zaddik1 & "o :o s\ght to atta9 salvation ?r\gh ! wor%ip ( ! ,zaddik4 ,e o!r doctr9e ( ,*assidism 0 rapidly pu%$ into ! backgr\nd & ov]look$4 ,ev5 ! gr& & fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,omnipres5ce 9 ! ,creation 0 veil$ by ! special pres5ce 9 ! ,zaddik4 ,*assidism became m]e ,zaddikism1 & its subsequ5t hi/ory is id5tical ) ! d[nw>d developm5t ( t cult4 ,:e!r ,baal%em nam$ 8 successor is d\btful4 ,b ! lead aft] 8 dea? 0 assum$ by 8 disciple ,be] ( ,mizriez4 ,?is man's conv]sion to ,*assidism 0 an important ev5t = ! new community2 8 piety & le>n+ 7 beyond dispute1 &1 :]eas dur+ ,baal%em's life ,*assidism _h f\nd its *ief adh]5ts among ! l[] classes ( society1 ,be] manag$ to ga!r r\nd him _m ( ! mo/ le>n$ among 8 contempor>ies4 ,x 0 to ^! new & ard5t disciples ( ,be] t ! expansion ( ,*assidism 0 *iefly due4 ,!y came toge!r f _m qu>t]s1 & aft] ,be]'s dea? sep>at$ & prea*$ ! new doctr9e f> & wide4 ,_m ev5 w5t =? dur+ ! lifetime ( _! ma/]1 & at 8 comm&1 to f\nd fre% bran*es ( ! new sect4 ,l ,be] himself1 !y direct$ _! ef=ts ma9ly to w9n+ ov] ! educat$ sections ( ! ,jews4 ,! eld] m5 paid little he$ to _! ^w1 b ! y\?s1 j fre% f _! casui/ic /udies1 :i* _h %>p5$ _! wits & />v$ _! s\ls1 l5t a ready e> & an eag] he>t to ! new doctr9e4 ,! un$ucat$ 7 by no means exclud$2 to !m ,*assidism held out a deep] consolation & a gr&] hope ?an ! curr5t ,rabb9ism ( ! age2 !y !re=e jo9$ ! "y community 9 l>ge numb]s )\t any special ef=t be+ necess>y to ga9 !m ov]4 ,9 _! me?ods ( ,pray] ! ,*assidim mo/ conspicu\sly diff]$ f ! old] communities4 ,lay+ z !y did supreme /ress on ! importance & efficacy ( pray]1 !y soon f\nd x necess>y to sec$e f ! exi/+ synagogues & erect sep>ate build+s = !mselves4 ,! usual sal>i$ ,read] 8) ! beautiful voice & empty head10 :o naturally reg>d$ 8 function z a matt] ( bus9ess1 0 done away ) & 8 place tak5 ei!r by ! ,zaddik himself or by "s o!r di/+ui%$ p]son 9 ! community4 ,! ,*assidim also effect$ _m *anges 9 ! liturgy4 ,in/ead ( ! ,g]man !y adopt$ ! ,spani% ritual4 ,!y excis$ _m pray]s :i*1 lack+ ! au?ority ( antiquity1 7 cumbr\s 9 =m or objectionable 9 matt]4 ,!y ins]t$ new pray]s & hymns ( _! own4 ,!y paid little reg>d to ! prescrib$ h\rs at :i* public wor%ip %\ld be held4 ,pray] began :5 !y _h got !mselves into ! prop] devotional frame ( m9d4 ,frequ5t ablutions1 p]usal ( my/ical writ+s1 introspective m$itation 7 ! means by :i* !y s\ght to ga9 ! befitt+ mood4 ,! pray]s !mselves 7 accompani$ by ! usual ph5om5a ( religi\s excitem5t4 ,"s 9 ! zeal ( _! devotion began to dance2 o!rs 7 rapt 9 a motionless ec/asy2 "s pray$ al\d2 o!rs 9 solemn sil5ce4 ,!y ju/ifi$ _! abrogation ( fix$ h\rs = pray] by say+ t y _c ord] a *ild :5 to speak ) its fa!r3 su* re/ra9t 7 fit only = slaves4 ,z a rule ! l>g] numb] ( ! y\ng] ,*assidim 7 able to devote _! :ole "t to religi\s ex]cises4 ,x 0 ! cu/om among ! ,jews 9 ,ea/]n ,europe = ! "y m5 to live at ! exp5se ( _! own or _! wives' p>5ts1 9 ord] t !y might give !mselves up entirely to religi\s /udy4 ,accord+ to ! old notions1 ?is meant ! /udy ( ! ,talmud & its ,comm5t>ies2 ! ,*assidim :o c>$ little = ! legal side ( ,jewi% lit]ature betook !mselves to ! lit]ature ( edification & my/icism4 ,no small "p ( _! "t 0 tak5 up ) endless conv]sations ab\t ! ,zaddik1 8 piety1 goodness1 & self sacrifice & ! wond]ful miracles :i* he _h wr\ght4 ,if a ,zaddik 0 liv+ 9 8 own t[n1 ! y\?ful ,*assid sp5t z _m h\rs z he c\ld 9 ! ,zaddik's company1 9 ord] to obs]ve & /udy ?is embodi$ ,torah z con/antly z possible4 ,:]e no ,zaddik 0 at h&1 p]iodical pilgrimages 7 made to ! t[n 9 :i* he liv$1 & endless 7 ! tales :i* 7 aft]w>ds repeat$1 to ^? :o 7 oblig$ to /ay at home1 ( ! ,zaddik's m>vell\s wisdom & extraord9>y de$s4 ,! la/ h\rs ( ! ,sabba? day 7 look$ ^u z a special season ( grace1 & ! ,*assidim 7 !re=e 9 ! habit ( collect+ toge!r 9 ! wan+ ( ! ,sabba? & celebrat+ ! scall$ 8,supp] ( ! ,holy ,que540 ,! meal 0 accompani$ by ! usual conv]sations z well z by hymns & pray]s4 ,! ,*assidim 7 second to no o!r sect 9 _! loyalty & affection = ea* o!r4 ,no sacrifice = a bro!r ,*assid 0 too great4 ,!y knew no diff]5ce ( ri* & poor1 old & "y1 wise & ignorant2 = !y all1 ) "o accord1 wor%ipp$ "o common ideal1 ! ,zaddik1 :o 9 8 exalt$ position 0 equally rais$ above !m all4 ,be=e him all m9or diff]5ces ( rank disappe>$4 ,:5 a ,*assid travell$1 he _h no scruple 9 ask+ = lodg+ or ent]ta9m5t 9 ! h\se ( any ,*assid :o c\ld af=d to give !m4 ,if he 0 9 money difficulties ! purse ( 8 ho/ 0 at 8 disposal4 ,if t 0 n suffici5t1 x 0 supplem5t$ by a grant f ! fund ( ! community4 ,^! gifts 7 n look$ ^u 9 ! light ( *>ity ei!r by giv] or receiv]2 !y 7 made to ! ,zaddik1 to :om all ,*assidim alike 7 debtors4 ,x sometimes ev5 happ5$ t a ,zaddik said t ! son ( "s ri* m]*ant 0 to m>ry ! daught] ( a poor s*oolma/]1 & bo? p>ties 7 equally delight$ to fulfil ! wi% ( _! belov$ *ief4 ,x may easily be imag9$ t ! innovations ( ! ,*assidim provok$ ! wra? ( ! or?odox communities4 ,b 9 _! dete/ation ( ! ,rabbis ! ,*assidim return$ 9 full measure all ! hatr$ !y receiv$4 ,! ,zaddik is ! ,moses ( 8 age3 ! ,rabbis its ,korah & ,abiram4 ,:]e ! ,*assidic p>ty 9 any community ga9$ ! upp] h&1 ! ,rabbi 0 depos$ & a ,zaddik1 if t 0 possible1 elect$ 9 8 place4 ,! issue ( ^! bitt] attacks ^u ! old nobility ( ! ,jewi% race 0 a rigor\s p]secution4 ,9 _m places ! ,*assidim 7 excommunicat$1 9 o!rs _! lead]s 7 publicly sc\rg$ & put into ! /ocks4 ,_! books 7 burnt & _! synagogues =cibly clos$4 ,b p]secution produc$ only ! usual result ( increas+ ! popul>ity & ! numb]s ( ! sect4 ,! devotion ( ! ,*assidim to ea* o!r & to _! common cause 0 increas$ a hundr$fold by suff]+4 ,9 "o case a di/+ui%$ ,zaddik 0 accus$ ( treason1 be=e ! ,russian au?orities1 & 0 ?r[n into prison4 ,9 ,russia1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( money is consid]able1 & on paym5t ( a l>ge ransom n only 0 ! belov$ ,zaddik releas$ b z an obvi\s consequ5ce 8 reputation greatly pr(it$3 ! day ( 8 release 0 celebrat$ z a ye>ly fe/ival1 :ile 8 suff]+s 7 reg>d$ by 8 foll[]s z a s9(f]+ t aton$ = ! iniquities ( 8 age4 ,f ?is "t ! gov]nm5t ma9ta9$ a purely neutral attitude t[>ds ! new sect1 & ere long ! p]secution by ! or?odox ceas$4 ,! cessation ( p]secution may possibly be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ,*assidism z a secession soon ceas$ to be =midable4 ,!re 7 e>ly divisions )9 ! sect4 ,ev5 ,be]'s disciples began to qu>rel ov] !ological diff]5ces & to f\nd sep>ate communities4 ,:5 once ! c\rse ( corruption & spiritual decay _h begun1 x 0 ! int]e/ ( ! false ,zaddikim to acc5tuate ^! diff]5ces4 ,ea* ,zaddik s\ght to h a :ole little sect to himself1 f :i* to draw an undivid$ rev5ue4 ,& ea* delud$ little sect z x arose boa/$ ( ! exclusive possession ( ! true ,zaddik4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! /rictures apply to ! :ole class ( ,zaddikim4 ,! great] numb] ( ,baal%em's lead+ disciples z well z ,be]'s 7 beyond "q m5 ( pure1 unalloy$ piety1 :o w\ld h reject$ ) scorn any idea ( mak+ a trade ( _! sacr$ pr(ession4 ,_! motives & _! zeal 7 alike ideal4 ,_m gave up highly paid po/s z ,rabbis :5 !y jo9$ ! new sect4 ,"s emigrat$ to ,pale/9e to lead a holy life on holy gr\nd1 o!rs s\ght to become religi\s speciali/s1 foll[+ out practically1 al?\gh ) "s exagg]ation1 a fav\rite doctr9e ( ! ,f\nd]1 t he :o obs]ves b "o comm&m5t devot$ly & lov+ly1 may rea* ! goal desir$3 ! union ) ,god4 ,?us "o ,zaddik made x 8 bus9ess nev] to tell ! smalle/ falsehood1 :atev] ! co/ or ! inconv5i5ce ( tru? might be4 ,x is relat$ t ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 suspect+ ! ,jews ( 8 t[n ( smuggl+1 cons5t$ to )draw ! *>ge if he decl>$ 8 bre?r5 innoc5t4 ,hav+ no alt]native b ei!r to br+ mis=tune on 8 bre?r5 or to tell an untru?1 he pray$ to ,god to save him f ?is dilemma by s5d+ dea? ^u him4 ,& lo6 :5 ! (ficials came to fet* him be=e ! law c\rt !y f\nd him dead4 ,ano!r1 ?9k+ t ! comm&m5t 9 ,exodus xxiii4 #c1 relat+ to ! help t %\ld be giv5 to a neighb\r or enemy :5 88 ass is ly+ "u its burd510 0 practically unobs]v$1 devot$ himself to its fulfilm5t4 ,he 0 cont9ually to be se5 9 ! /reets1 help+ "o man to load 8 waggon1 & ano!r to drag 8 c>t out ( ! mire4 ,a ?ird made ! s]vice ( ! oppress$ 8 religi\s specialty4 ,x is said t "o day 8 wife1 hav+ _h a qu>rel ) h] maid1 0 sett+ out to ! magi/rate ( ! t[n to obta9 satisfaction4 ,notic+ t h] husb& 0 ab\t to accompany h]1 %e ask$ him :i!r he 0 b\nd4 ,he repli$1 8to ! magi/rate40 ,8 wife decl>$ t x 0 bel[ 8 dignity to take any "p 9 a qu>rel ) a s]vant4 ,%e c\ld deal ) ! matt] h]self4 ,! ,zaddik repli$1 8,t may be1 b ,i int5d to repres5t y\r maid1 :o :5 accus$ by my wife w f9d no "o will+ to take h] "p40 ,& !n1 bur/+ into a passion ( te>s1 he quot$ ,job xxxi4 #ac3 8,if ,i did despise ! cause ( my mans]vant or ( my maids]vant1 :5 !y cont5d$ ) me1 :at %all ,i d :5 ,god rise? up80 ,sev]al ,zaddikim 7 le>n$ m5 & ?9k]s ( no ord9>y k9d4 ,! works ( ,solomon ,ladi] or ( ,m5del ,witipsk]1 read ) att5tion & )\t ,we/]n preconceptions1 c]ta9ly give ! impression ( bo? orig9ality & dep? ( ?\ght4 ,b mo/ *>act]i/ic ( all is ! passionate ye>n+ ( au?ors su* z ^! t[>ds ! ,div9e4 ,! read] is a/oni%$ & mov$ by ! int5se s9c]ity & ard\r ( _! long+ aft] ,god4 ,b1 despite ! adh]5ce ( ^! wor?y m51 ! fate ( ,*assidism1 z a reg5]ative =ce1 0 seal$ f ! day :5 ,zaddikism replac$ ! orig9al doctr9es ( ! sect4 ,=1 ap>t f ! obvi\s !ological consid]ations already sugge/$1 !re are two po9ts ( inh]5t weakness 9 ! cult ( ! ,zaddik :i* naturally doom$ x to p]v]sion & failure4 ,! necess>y qualifications = 8,zaddik%ip0 are :olly undef9$4 ,we he> a great deal ab\t :at a ,zaddik actually is1 b we he> v little ab\t :at he %\ld be4 ,! ,zaddik has _m virtues1 b we are n[h]e told :at are 8 indisp5sable qualifications4 ,moreov]1 ! ,zaddik is a be+ :o c be compreh5d$ by ! und]/&+ z little z an angel1 or z ,god ,himself4 ,he is realis$ by fai?1 n conceiv$ by ?\ght4 ,h5ce !re is no human te/ ( a true ,zaddik except ! te/ ( miracles2 & e /ud5t ( religi\s hi/ory kn[s ! deceitful "* ( t te/4 ,! second s\rce ( dang] arose f ! ,*assidim hold+ x to be _! sacr$ duty to provide = ! ,zaddik a life ( com=t & ease4 ,! ,zaddik mu/ pursue 8 div9e avocations undi/urb$ by gross] c>es4 ,b :at 7 ! consequ5ces8 ,! ,*assidim believ$ !y c\ld w9 ! grace & bless+ ( ! ,zaddik by ! ri*ness & v>iety ( _! gifts4 ,a ,zaddik's c>e] became a v pr(itable conc]n4 ,! result ( bo? defects 0 t n only 0 ! opportunity giv5 = e s*em+ *>latan to become a ,zaddik1 b inducem5ts 7 (f]$ to make ! deception lucrative4 ,h5ce ! anxiety ( ! false ,zaddikim1 already notic$1 to f\nd sep>ate communities4 ,among ! ,*assidim ( today !re is n "o 9 t5 ?\s& :o has ! fa9te/ conception ( ^? sublime ideas :i* inspir$ ,baal%em & 8 imm$iate disciples4 ,x is /ill ! int]e/ ( ! wret*$ r+lead]s ( a widely spread delusion to cru% & keep d[n e trace ( reflection & ?\ght s t !y may play at w ) ! consci5ce & purses ( _! adh]5ts4 ,! new sci5tific movem5t1 inaugurat$ by su* m5 z ,kro*mal1 ,zunz1 & o!rs :o came "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,g]man critical _s1 f\nd 9 !m its hotte/ & mo/ fanatical oppon5ts4 ,t ! cult ( ! ,zaddikim has n l$ to /ill m disa/r\s consequ5ces is solely due to ! fact t ! ,*assidim 9 g5]al h rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,law4 ,x is ! ,law1 aga9/ ! excessive /udy ( :i* ! orig9al ,*assidim prote/$1 t has put limits to ! lic5se ( its mod]n false prophets4 ,amid mu* t is bad1 ! ,*assidim h pres]v$ ?r\gh ! :ole movem5t a w>m he>t1 & an ard5t1 s9c]e fai?4 ,!re is a c]ta9 op5ness ( "* & a ready fri5dl9ess ab\t ev5 ! mod]n ,*assidim :i* are v attractive4 ,religion is /ill to !m a matt] ( life & dea?4 ,_! fai? is /ill real en\gh to satisfy ! dem&s ( a ,lu!r1 b x is div]t$ & wa/$ ^u unwor?y objects4 ,if ,*assidism is to be re=m$1 its wor%ip mu/ no long] be ( man2 x mu/ be br\ght back aga9 to ! s\rce ( all ,beauty1 all ,wisdom1 & all ,goodness2 x mu/ be re/or$ to ,god4 ,,ii4 ,,na*man ,,kro*mal ,,& ,,! 8,,p]plexities ,,( ,,! ,,"t0 ,9 h] goodnatur$ panegyric ( m$iocrity :i* is kn[n "u ! title ( ,sc5es ( ,cl]ical ,life1 ,george ,eliot rem>k$3 8,let u hope t !re is a sav+ ignorance40 ,/range z ?is dem& may s\nd1 ! wi% ( ! great noveli/ to see h] fav\r$ m$iocrities 8sav$10 has be5 %>$ by ! great majority ( mank9d4 ,i "k t ,i1 at lea/1 e*o t desire ) all my he>t4 ,& ,i am afraid t ,i am prompt$ by "s r selfi% reasons4 ,x w\ld be some:at h>d1 :5 "o is born ) small abilities1 b a great desire = be+ sav$1 to be depriv$ ( ! hope held out by ! au?or ( ,adam ,b$e4 ,b !re are "s1 ,i am afraid1 :o are n satisfi$ ) ?is dictum ( ,george ,eliot4 ,!y %[ a /rong t5d5cy to make salvation a monopoly ( ignorance4 ,?is is a little too selfi%4 ,) all due respect to e =m ( ignorance1 sacr$ z well z pr(ane1 we ought1 ,i ?9k1 to believe t !re is also su* a ?+ z a sav+ k4 ,nay1 we might g ev5 f>!r4 ,!re may be c]ta9 epo*s 9 hi/ory :5 !re is h>dly any o!r pa? to salvation ?an k1 & ! deep se>* aft] tru?4 ,we all "k ! words ( ! ,psalmi/1 8,! ,"l pres]ve? ! simple40 ,b z !re are p]iods 9 ! life ( ! individual :5 navet has to give way to sagacity & reflection1 s !re are times 9 hi/ory at :i* ,provid5ce does n *oose to leave m5 9 simplicity4 ,at su* times d\bts arise1 z ?\gh ( !mselves2 que/ions sudd5ly become op5 :5 !y _h be5 suppos$ solv$ = c5turies2 & ! human m9d is /irr$ by a sceptical breeze ( :i* no man c tell :5ce x came4 ,"o may "u ^? circum/ances be indiff]5t1 b "o c be simple no m4 ,ev5 9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 man has no cause to despair4 ,:5 our de>e/ beliefs are %ak5 by all k9ds ( d\bts1 ,provid5ce s5ds u also great ?9k]s1 e>ne/ lov]s ( tru?1 :o devote _! lives to enlight5+ our puzzl$ m9ds4 ,n t ^! m5 try to answ] all ! que/ions by :i* we feel p]plex$4 ,!y endeav\r to satisfy u1 p>tly by %[+ t _m ( our difficulties are n difficulties at all1 b m]ely arise f sup]ficiality1 & p>tly by prov+ t ! great cause ab\t :i* we feel s mu* anxiety does n exactly dep5d on ! solution ( ! que/ions t are tr\bl+ u4 ,!y give to ! ?+s :i* are de>] to u ?an our life a fre% aspect1 :i* enables u to rema9 atta*$ to !m ) ! same devotion & love z be=e4 ,to speak aga9 9 ! words ( ! ,psalmi/3 8,?\ s5de/ =? ,?y ,_s1 & !y are creat$1 & ,?\ r5ewe/ ! face ( ! e>?40 ,?is _s t r5ews ! face ( ?+s is :at ,i und]/& by 8sav+ k40 ,z m5 ( t sav+ k we may reg>d ,rabban ,johanan b5 ,zaccai7#ai7 & 8 disciples1 :o made x possible = ,judaism to survive ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 :i* "s believ$ to involve ! end ( ! religion4 ,z su* m5 we may look ^u ,r4 ,saadiah ,gaon & 8 foll[]s1 :o work$ at a "t :5 ,judaism 0 m5ac$ 9 its inn] life1 namely 9 ! tradition1 by ! attempts ( ! n>r[m9d$ ,c>aites to conv]t x into a booki% religion47#bj7 ,su* m5 7 ,maimonides & 8 successors1 :o came to ! aid ( religion :5 x _h got into dogmatic tr\bles by reason ( its com+ into contact ) v>i\s philosophical sy/ems4 ,& 9 ord] to approa* ! subject ( ! pres5t essay1 ,i v5ture to say t a man ( su* sav+ k 0 also ,na*man ,kro*mal1 :o liv$ & lab\r$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,judaism _h be5 t]ribly %ak5 by ! scepticism ( ,voltaire1 & ! platitudes ( ! scall$ ,m5delssohnian s*ool4 ,na*man ,kro*mal 0 born on ! #ag? ( ,febru>y 9 ! ye> #aghe4 ,8 fa!r1 ,solomon ,kro*mal1 0 a m]*ant ( ,brody1 a comm]cial fronti] t[n 9 ! nor?ea/ ( ,galicia 9 ,au/ria4 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s ,solomon (t5 us$ to visit ,b]l9 = bus9ess purposes4 ,he is said to h se5 ,m5delssohn !re on "o occasion1 & to h le>n$ greatly to rev]e ! ,jewi% sage4 ,& x is n unlikely t ,na*man's subsequ5t admiration = ,m5delssohn 0 p>tly due to 8 fa!r's influ5ce4 ,solomon 0 a man ( consid]able weal?1 & he1 !re=e1 endeav\r$ to give 8 son ! be/ possible education4 ,b z a respectable memb] ( a ,poli% community a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,solomon _h to foll[ ! fa%ion adopt$ by 8 neighb\rs1 & ! be/ possible education consi/$ 9 af=d+ ! *ild an opportunity to /udy ! ,talmud & o!r ,rabb9ical works4 ,all o!r languages & _! lit]atures 7 seal$ books to ! *ild--a v absurd & regrettable fa%ion inde$4 ,b let u n be too h>d on ,poli% ,jews4 ,i h be5 told t !re are c\ntries on our globe :]e p h be5 driv5 by ! =ce ( fa%ion into ! opposite extreme2 :]e1 ) few exceptions1 !y ?9k t ! ,talmud1 z well z ! :ole ,hebrew lit]ature1 mu/ ne$s be exclud$ f ! programme ( a g5tleman's education4 ,happily1 or ! rev]se1 ,kro*mal's *ildhood did n la/ long1 = 9 ! ye> #agih we f9d t ,na*man1 a boy ( f\rte51 0 already m>ri$ to a ,miss ,hab]man 9 ,zolkiew4 ,z a result ( ?is fooli% cu/om ( m>ry+ at s v e>ly an age1 ,na*man 0 h>dly ev] a boy2 we h at once to deal ) him z a man4 ,x 0 !n cu/om>y 9 ,pol&1 & p]haps is s /ill1 = ! fa!r ( ! bride to provide = ! support ( ! "y c\ple = "s ye>s aft] _! m>riage4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! exp5se ( ?is arrangem5t1 ! bridegroom _h to reside 9 ! same h\se z 8 fa!r9law4 ,?us we see ,kro*mal remov+ f ,brody to ,zolkiew1 ! native t[n ( 8 wife4 ,"h ,kro*mal liv$ 9 ! h\se ( h] fa!r = _m ye>s1 entirely devot$ to 8 /udies2 & he c]ta9ly ne$$ all 8 "t = !m4 ,= he n[ began to exp& ! sph]e ( 8 education1 to embrace subjects q new to him4 ,by 8 m>riage ,na*man seems to h ga9$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( indep5d5ce1 & ! fir/ use he made ( x 0 to /udy ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$7#ba7 ( ,maimonides1 ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,ibn ,ezra on ! ,bible17#bb7 & o!r m or less philosophical works writt5 9 ! ,hebrew language4 ,8 next /ep 0 to le>n ,g]man2 b1 z 8 biograph]s in=m u1 he 0 n able to foll[ ?is c\rse )\t und]go+ _m /ruggles1 & ov]com+ _m ob/acles4 ,x w\ld lead u too f> to give a full acc\nt ( ! difficulties :i* ! "y s*ol> _h to conqu] :ile pursu+ 8 new /udies4 ,!y w be suffici5tly *>act]is$ by ! foll[+ extract f a ,hebrew lett] ( 8 disciple1 ,solomon ,leb ,rapoport1 :o1 writ+ 9 #ahda conc]n+ 8 ma/] & fri5d1 rem>ks3 8,consid] ?is1 ye inhabitants ( ,g]many0--&1 ,i may add1 ye inhabitants ( ,engl&--8& y w be a/\nd$4 ,x is easy = y to avoid be+ "osid$1 & to /udy diff]5t sci5ces1 = y possess _m s*ools & tea*]s f e bran* ( le>n+4 ,x is n s 9 ,pol& & ,russia ev5 at pres5t1 mu* less 0 x s =ty ye>s ago4 ,!re is no tea*]1 no guide1 no support]1 = ! ,jew :o desires any sort ( improvem5t4 ,! ,jew :o wi%es to ent] on a new pa? ( le>n+ has to prep>e ! road = himself4 ,& :5 he has ent]$ on x1 8 fri5d w come to him & ask1 #8,is x true t y h got sci5tific books 9 y\r h\se8 ,m9d y d n m5tion x to any "o4 ,!re are en\gh bigots 9 ! t[n to p]secute y & all y\r family if !y get sc5t ( x4' 0 ,x 0 "u ^! conditions t ,kro*mal pursu$ 8 /udies1 :i* 7 by no means few or easy1 = he 0 n cont5t ) a k ( only ! light] portions ( ,g]man lit]ature4 ,he soon began to read ! works ( ,less+1 ,m5delssohn1 & m especially ( ,kant1 :o always rema9$ 8 fav\rite philosoph]4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s he also became acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel4 ,b to ! la/ he c\ld n console himself = hav+ miss$ ! advantages ( a sy/ematic univ]sity education4 ,aft] hav+ le>n$ ,g]man1 ,kro*mal proce$$ to acquire a k ( ,lat9 & ,fr5*1 & to read ! be/ books writt5 9 ^? languages4 ,to deep5 8 k ( ,hebrew1 he /udi$ ,arabic & ,syraic1 b we are unable to say h[ f> he succe$$ 9 ma/]+ ^! languages4 ,) ^! /udies1 :i* appe> to h occupi$ our philosoph] = an int]val ( t5 ye>s aft] 8 m>riage1 ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 life seems also to end4 ,b ! h>d "w ( t5 ye>s did n pass ov] ! delicate y\? )\t und]m9+ 8 heal? = ev]4 ,at ! age ( tw5tyf\r1 ,kro*mal fell sick ( an illness :i* compell$ him to int]rupt 8 "w4 ,he 0 =c$ to g to ,lemb]g to consult ! doctors ( t t[n1 & he _h to rema9 !re = a long "t4 ,& n[ began ,kro*mal's c>e] z a tea*]4 ,= dur+ 8 /ay at ,lemb]g !re ga!r$ r\nd him a b& ( "y s*ol>s :om ,kro*mal's fame _h already rea*$4 ,x is useless to enum]ate ! names ( all ^! /ud5ts4 ,among !m figur$ ,isaac ,ert]1 ,samson ,blo*1 ,a4 ,bodek1 & _m o!rs4 ,! mo/ gift$ ( !m 0 und\bt$ly ,rapoport1 :o aft]w>ds became ev5 m fam\s ?an 8 ma/] ,kro*mal4 ,x is n easy to def9e accurately ! relation t subsi/$ betwe5 ^! two m54 ,graetz1 9 8 hi/ory1 calls ,rapoport a disciple ( ,kro*mal4 ,rapoport himself1 9 8 memoir ( ,kro*mal1 describes ! latt] z a de> fri5d ) :om he 0 wont to discuss lit]>y topics4 ,zunz does n m5tion ,rapoport at all 9 8 acc\nt ( our au?or4 ,x seems to me t ?is relation may be mo/ aptly def9$ by ! ,talmudic t]m 8,talmid,*ab]107#bc7 8disciple colleague40 ,inde$1 ,kro*mal's :ole me?od ( tea*+ 0 r t ( a companion ?an ( a pr(essor4 ,he gave no set lectures on p>ticul> subjects1 b convey$ 8 in/ruction r by means ( sugge/ive conv]sations ) 8 y\ng] fri5ds4 ,8 usual habit 0 to walk ) 8 pupils 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[n1 & to try to influ5ce _! m9ds ea* 9 accordance ) its b5t4 ,if any ( 8 disciples %[$ an incl9ation = poetry1 ,kro*mal s\ght to ref9e 8 ta/e by direct+ 8 att5tion to ! be/ works 9 ,hebrew & ,g]man lit]ature4 ,to ano!r1 ^: fancy /ray$ into my/icism1 he recomm5d$ ! writ+s ( ,philo & ,ibn ,ezra1 at ! same "t sugge/+ h[ ! works ( ! latt] %\ld be int]pret$4 ,a ?ird :o1 l ,rapoport1 0 int]e/$ 9 hi/orical rese>*es1 ,kro*mal in/ruct$ 9 ! me?ods ( critical inquiry4 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s fasc9at+ *>m 9 ,na*man's p]sonality1 :i* made him irresi/ible to all :o came into contact ) him4 ,rapoport has describ$ 8 fir/ int]view ) ,kro*mal4 8,x is m ?an ?irty ye>s s9ce ,i fir/ made 8 acqua9tance1 & beheld ! glory ( 8 pres5ce4 ,?\gh he 0 9 weak heal?1 /ill 8 s\l 0 /rong2 & z soon z ,i conv]s$ ) him !re came ov] me a _s ( judgm5t & k4 ,i felt almo/ trans=m$ into ano!r man40 ,else:]e ! same writ] says3 8,oh1 h[ sweet to me 7 ^! walks ) ,kro*mal--sweet] ?an all ! pleasures ( ?is _w4 ,i c\ld nev] h en\gh ( 8 wisdom2 ) 8 e ^w he convey$ a new lesson40 ,aft] a l5g?y /ay at ,lemb]g1 ,kro*mal p>tially1 ?\gh n entirely1 recov]$ f 8 sev]e illness2 he rema9$ weak & pale = ! re/ ( 8 days4 ,8 antagoni/s1 ! ,*assidim1 believ$ him to be possess$ by a demon :o c\ld f9d no bett] dwell+place ?an 9 ! p]son ( ?is ar*h]etic4 ,_h x be5 9 _! p[] !y w\ld probably h dragg$ him to "s exorci/ = ! purpose ( driv+ out 8 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,lat91 & o!r symptoms ( demoniacal h]esy4 ,happily ! or?odox 7 p[]less to d ?is1 s ,kro*mal 0 left unmole/$1 & 0 all[$ to resume 8 walks & /udies4 ,x may be "h rem>k$ t ,kro*mal 9 g5]al avoid$ giv+ ! ,*assidim any cause = reasonable compla9t4 ,rapoport ass]ts t 8 ma/] 0 8deeply religi\s & a /rict obs]v] ( ! law4 ,he 0 zeal\sly anxi\s to p]=m e ord9ance1 ,biblical or ,rabb9ical40 ,! only lib]ty t ,kro*mal claim$ = himself & 8 disciples 0 ! "r to /udy :at !y ?\ght be/ & 9 ! way !y ?\ght be/4 ,:5 ?is lib]ty 0 attack$1 he %[$ a firmness & resolution :i* w\ld h>dly h be5 expect$ f ?is quiet & g5tle man4 ,to "o ( 8 pupils1 :o made concessions to ! ,*assidim & _! ,zaddikim wor%ip1 ,kro*mal wrote3 8,be firm 9 ?is matt] unless y wi% to e>n ! contempt ( e hone/ man4 ,"o :o is afraid ( ^! p1 & debases himself be=e !m be>s a mean s\l t 0 born to slav]y4 ,! man t wi%es to rise above ! mob1 ) its confus$ notions & corrupt morality1 mu/ be c\rage\s z a lion 9 conqu]+ ! ob/acles t beset 8 pa?4 ,consid]ation ( :at p w say1 :at bigots w :isp]1 :at crafty enemies w s*eme--que/ions su* z ^! c h b "o effect1--to d>k5 ! intellect & confuse ! faculty ( judgm5t40 ,s ,kro*mal cont9u$ 8 /udies )\t int]ruption till #ahad1 :5 ! dea? ( 8 wife's "m br\ght 8 p]iod ( ease & com=t to an end4 ,8 fa!r9law seems to h di$ "s "t be=e1 & ,kro*mal 0 =c$ to seek 8 own liv+4 ,he became a m]*ant1 b x is to be regrett$ t he did n prove z successful a man ( bus9ess z he 0 a man ( lett]s4 ,he f\nd x a h>d /ruggle to e>n a liv+4 ,b ! sev]e/ trial :i* he _h to und]go 0 ! dea? ( 8 wife 9 #ahbf4 ,9 a lett]1 dat+ f ab\t ?is "t1 to a fri5d :o _h ask$ him = assi/ance 9 8 philosophical inquiries1 ,kro*mal wrote--8,h[ c ,i help y n[8 ,i am already an old man2 my head is gray1 & my heal? is brok54 ,9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s ,i h met ) _m mis=tunes4 ,my belov$ wife di$ aft] a long illness4 ,my daught] w soon leave me to get m>ri$1 my eld] son w dep>t to seek 8 livelihood1 & ,i %all be left alone ) only a *ild ( t5 ye>s1 ! son ( my old age4 ,i w lift up m9e eyes unto ! hills3 ,f :5ce %all my help come80 ,na*man 0 evid5tly 9 v l[ spirits at ?is "t1 b he 0 9 too true a s5se a philosoph] to despair4 ,he turn$ = com=t to 8 /udies1 & at ?is d>k epo* ( 8 life he fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ! ,philosophy ( ,hegel1 ^: sy/em he 0 wont to call ! 8,philosophy ( ,philosophies40 ,= ! next t5 ye>s ! works ( ,hegel & inquiries into ,jewi% hi/ory appe> to h absorb$ all ! leisure t 8 m]cantile occupation left him4 ,we %all pres5tly see :at ! result ( ^! /udies 04 ,no fre% subjects 7 und]tak5 by ,kro*mal 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life2 he _h already acquir$ a fund ( k va/ en\gh to engage all 8 ?\ghts4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s rema9+ po9ts 9 8 private circum/ances :i* x may n be un9t]e/+ to m5tion4 ,kro*mal1 z has be5 already relat$1 0 n prosp]\s 9 8 bus9ess4 ,?+s w5t f bad to worse1 & he 0 compell$ 9 #ahcf to seek a situation4 8,!re ought to be lit]>y m5 poor10 "s writ] has ma9ta9$1 8to %[ :e!r !y are g5u9e or n40 ,?is te/ ,kro*mal successfully pass$ ?r\gh4 ,ev5 z a "y man ,na*man's /r5g? ( "* 0 admir$ by 8 contempor>ies n less ?an 8 r>e le>n+4 ,9 8 subsequ5t di/ress1 he gave evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ?is judgm5t4 ,despite 8 pov]ty1 8 fri5ds c\ld n prevail ^u him to accept ! po/ ( ,rabbi 9 any ,jewi% community4 8,i am unwill+10 he wrote to a fri5d1 8to be ! cause ( diss5sions 9 any ,jewi% congregation4 ,i %\ld pref] to die ( hung] r ?an become a ,rabbi "u pres5t circum/ances40 ,he express$ 8 views on ?is subject ev5 m decid$ly on a lat] occasion :5 ! ,b]l9 congregation (f]$ him ! po/ ( ,*ief ,rabbi 9 t t[n4 ,9 a lett]1 convey+ 8 refusal ( ?is hon\rable (fice1 he says3 8,i nev] ?\ght ( becom+ ! ,consci5cec\nsellor 7,gewiss5sra?7 ( m54 ,my l9e ( /udies 0 n direct$ to t end1 nor w\ld x accord ) my disposition & s5tim5ts4 ,! only po/ t ,i %\ld c>e to accept w\ld be t ( tea*] 9 ! ,jewi% ,!ological ,sem9>y1 :i*1 z ,i 0 in=m$1 y 7 ?9k+ ( e/abli%+ 9 ,b]l940 ,! plan to f\nd su* an in/itution 0 n realis$ till =ty ye>s lat]1 & 9 ! int]val ,na*man _h to look = 8 liv+ 9 o!r regions ?an ,jewi% !ology4 ,be+ 9 poor circum/ances1 & z 8 *ildr5 & fri5ds _h left him1 he felt v lonely at ,zolkiew4 8,nobody c>es = me "h10 he writes1 8& ,i am equally indiff]5t40 ,8 "o desire 0 to obta9 a situation at ,brody1 possibly z bookkeep] ) a sal>y ( "s ?irty p\nds a ye>1 on condition t he w\ld be expect$ to devote only half ! day to 8 bus9ess duties1 ?us secur+ = himself leisure = philosophical /udies4 ,8 t]ms 7 accept$1 & he obta9$ ! humble po/ he s\ght4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,brody = ! next two ye>s1 #ahcfh1 b at ! end ( #ahch he fell s dang]\sly ill t he c\ld no long] resi/ ! press+ reque/ ( 8 daught] to live ) h] at ,t>nopol4 ,%e _h urg$ him to take ?is /ep ev5 previ\s to 8 removal to ,brody1 b he _h decl9$ on ! plea t he pref]r$ to live by ! lab\r ( 8 h&s4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 he yield$ to h] wi%1 & betook himself to ,t>nopol1 :]e = two ye>s long] he liv$ affectionately t5d$ by 8 *ildr5 & respect$ by all :o knew him4 ,9 ,may #ahdj1 ,kro*mal's illness began to develop fatal symptoms1 & he di$ 9 ! arms ( 8 daught] on ! #ca/ ( ,july 7! fir/ ( ,ab71 at ! age ( fiftyfive4 ,z ,zunz happily rem>k$3 8,?is great man 0 born on ! #g? ( ,ad>1 ! bir?day ( ,moses 7accord+ to ,jewi% tradition71 & di$ on ! fir/ ( ,ab1 ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ,a>on1 ! ,high ,prie/40 ,i h tri$ 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks to give a %ort sket* ( our ,rabbi's life accord+ to ! acc\nts ( ,zunz1 ,rapoport1 & ,lett]is4 ,!re is "o o!r po9t to :i* ,i mu/ allude1 z x involves a consid]ation on :i* ,lett]is seems to lay mu* /ress4 ,?is biograph] appe>s to ?9k t ,kro*mal 0 9 8 y\? greatly influ5c$ by ! society 9 :i* he mov$1 consi/+ z x did ( _m le>n$ & enlight5$ m54 ,!re is1 too1 ! (tquot$ say+ ( ,goe!3-- ,w] d5 ,di*t] w v]/eh5 ,muss 9 ,di*t]s ,l&e geh54 ,& ,i am probably expect$ to give "s acc\nt ( ! /ate ( society 9 :i* ,na*man grew up4 ,i regret t ,i mu/ ask to be excus$ f do+ s4 ,i _c cons5t to take ! read] to ,kro*mal's l&4 ,& if ,i might v5ture to give him my humble advice1 ,i %\ld only say1 8,by all means /op at home40 ,goe! may be "r ab\t ! poet1 b 8 rem>k does n apply to ! case ( ! s*ol>4 ,x may be true1 z "s ?9k1 t e great man is ! product ( 8 "t1 b x c]ta9ly does n foll[ t he is ! product ( 8 c\ntry4 ,nor c\ld ,i "n any o!r c\ntry ( :i* ,kro*mal 0 ! product4 ,_m a city no d\bt boa/$ itself a t[n full ( 8,*akhamim & ,soph]im07#bd7 z ! ,hebrew phrase is1 or1 z we w\ld express x1 8a seat ( le>n+10 full ( s*ol>s ( ! anci5t & mod]n s*ools4 ,b nei!r ^! anci5t s*ol>s nor ! mod]n 7 ( a k9d to produce a real s*ol> & an enlight5$ ?9k] l ,kro*mal4 ,!re 7 _m m5 :o knew by he>t ! :ole ( ! ,hala*ic works ( ,maimonides1 ! ,mi%nah1 & ev5 ! :ole ( ! ,babylonian ,talmud4 ,?is is v impos+4 ,b if y look a little clos]1 y w f9d t ) a few exceptions--su* z ! s*ool ( ,r4 ,elijah ,wilna--^! m51 g5]ally speak+1 h>dly des]ve ! "n ( s*ol>s at all4 ,!y 7 r a sort ( /udy+ eng9es4 ,! /eameng9e passes ov] a cont95t1 "h ?r\gh romantic sc5]y1 !re 9 ! mid/ ( arid des]ts1 by /ream & m\nta9 & valley1 always ) ! same monoton\s hum & %riek4 ,s ^! s*ol>s w5t ?r\gh ! ,talmud ) nev] *ang+ feel+s4 ,!y did n rejoice at ! description :i* is giv5 9 tractate ,biccurim7#be7 ( ! procession =m$ :5 ! fir/fruits 7 br\ght into ! ,holy ,temple4 ,!y 7 n mu* sadd5$ :5 read+ 9 tractate ,taani?7#bf7 ( ! unhappy days s recurr5t 9 ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,!y 7 n delight$ by ! wisdom ( ,s$] ,nezik917#bg7 :i* deals ) civil law2 nor 7 !y vex$ ( ,s$] ,tah>o?17#bh7 :i* treats ( ! laws ( cleanl9ess & uncleanl9ess1 t by _! exagg]ation gave cause to mu* diss5sion 9 ! "t ( ! ,temple4 ,! pre,talmudic lit]ature1 su* z ! ,siphra1 ,siphr1 & ,me*ilta7#bi7--! only exi/+ means ( obta9+ an insight into ! ,talmud--7 altoge!r neglect$4 ,all t ^! read]s c>$ = 0 to pu% on to ! end1 & ! pray] recit$ at ! close 0 ( m importance to !m ?an ! treatise !y _h p]us$4 ,n less melan*oly 0 ! spectacle pres5t$ by ! scall$ m5 ( 8,enlight5m5t0 7,aufklrung74 ,!y belong$ *iefly to ! rationali/ic s*ool ( ,m5delssohn1 b !y equall$ _! ma/] nei!r 9 k nor 9 moral "*4 ,x 0 an enlight5m5t )\t f\ndation 9 real s*ol>%ip1 & did n lead to an ideal life1 ?\gh aga9 ,i mu/ add t !re 7 exceptions4 ,^! m5 7 r :at ,g]mans w\ld t]m ,s*ngei/]1 a set ( dilettanti :o c>$ to /udy z little z possible1 & to write z mu* z possible4 ,!y wrote bad gramm>s1 sup]ficial comm5t>ies on ! ,bible1 & t]ribly dull poems4 ,( ?is lit]ature1 ) ! exception ( ,ert]'s ,wat*man17#cj7 !re is sc>cely a "w t "o w\ld c>e to read twice4 ,mo/ ( !m despis$ ,rabb9ism1 b )\t und]/&+ its noble/ =ms z !y are to be trac$ 9 ! ,talmud & lat] ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,!y did n dislike ,judaism1 b ! only ,judaism !y affect$ 0 "o 8:i* does n oppose itself to any?+ 9 p>ticul>02 or1 z ,he9e w\ld h describ$ x1 8,e9e re9li*e ,religion40 ,9 "o respect ^! little m5 7 great3 9 mutual admiration1 :i* rea*$ su* a pit* t su* titles z 8,great ,lum9>y10 8,_wfam$ ,sage10 7 consid]$ altoge!r too insignificant & commonplace4 ,i w n[ pass to ! writ+s ( ,kro*mal4 ,x mu/ be premis$ t ,kro*mal 0 n a volum9\s au?or4 ,all 8 writ+s1 includ+ a few lett]s :i* 7 publi%$ 9 v>i\s ,hebrew p]iodicals1 w\ld sc>cely occupy f\r hundr$ pages4 ,kro*mal us$ to call himself 8d] ewige ,/ud5t0 7! p]petual pupil74 ,he did n read books1 nor /udy philosophical sy/ems1 ) ! object ( writ+ books ( 8 own on !m4 ,he read & /udi$ 9 ord] t he might become a bett] & a wis] man4 ,besides1 he did n ?9k himself compet5t to judge on grave subjects1 nor did he consid] 8 judgm5t1 ev5 if he =m$ "o1 wor?y ( publication4 ,he c\nsell$ 8 fri5ds to be equally sl[ 9 publi%+ _! views to ! _w4 8,be n10 he wrote to a correspond5t1--8be n ha/y 9 =m+ y\r op9ions be=e y h /udi$ ! lit]ature ( ! subject ) c>e & devotion4 ,?is is no easy matt]1 = no man c obta9 any real k ( ! ,torah & philosophy unless he is prep>$ to give himself up 9 s+lehe>t$ devotion to 8 /udies40 ,sev]e ?\gh he 0 to 8 fri5ds1 he 0 /ill m sev]e to himself4 ,?\gh he _h be5 collect+ mat]ials on subjects ( ,jewi% hi/ory & philosophy f 8 e>ly y\?1 x 0 n until he _h endur$ mu* p]suasion & pressure f 8 fri5ds t he began to write d[n 8 ?\ghts 9 a connect$ =m4 ,we ?us possess only "o "w f ! p5 ( ?is au?or2 b t "w is ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$ ( ! ,"t17#ca7 a po/hum\s book publi%$ 9 #ahea1 elev5 ye>s aft] ,kro*mal's dea?4 ,8 "w _h be5 mu* int]rupt$ by illness dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 & z a necess>y consequ5ce _m p>ts ( 8 treatise f9ally rema9$ 9 an unf9i%$ /ate4 ,kro*mal commission$ 8 *ildr5 to h& ov] 8 pap]s to ,zunz1 :o 0 to arrange & edit !m z be/ he might4 ,zunz1 :o 9 8 rev]5ce = ,kro*mal w5t s f> z to call him ! man ( ,god1 gladly accept$ ! task1 9 :i* he 0 aid$ by ,/e9s*neid]4 ,un=tunately1 ! "w 0 publi%$ 9 ,lemb]g1 a place fam\s = spoil+ books4 ,ev5 ! skill ( ^! two great ma/]s did n suffice to save ,kro*mal's "w f ! fate to :i* all ! books pr9t$ 9 ,lemb]g seem inevitably doom$4 ,?us ,kro*mal's "w is pr9t$ on bad pap]1 & ) fa9t ink2 x is full ( mispr9ts & ! text is sometimes confus$ ) ! notes4 ,a second edition appe>$ 9 ,lemb]g 9 #ahfc2 b1 x is sc>cely necess>y to add1 ! repr9t is ev5 worse ?an ! orig9al issue4 ,! "w occupies "s #cej pages1 & is divid$ into sev5te5 *apt]s4 ,! op5+ six treat ( ,religion 9 g5]al4 ,! au?or fir/ indicates ! opposite dang]s to :i* m5 are liable4 ,on ! "o h&1 m5 are expos$ to extravagant phantasy 7,s*wrm]ei71 sup]/ition & c]emonialism 7,w]kheiligkeit74 ,"s1 on ! o!r h&1 9 _! endeav\r to avoid ?is dang]1 fall into ! opposite extreme1 mat]ialism1 unbelief1 & moral deg5]acy z a consequ5ce ( _! neglect ( all law4 ,he proce$s to say3 ,ev5 9 ! ritual "p ( religion1 su* z ! regulations ( ! ,sabba?1 ! diet>y laws & s =?1 we f9d ab/ract def9itions necess>y1 & diff]5ces ( op9ions preval5t4 ,9 ! dogmatic aspects ( religion1 deal+ z !y d ) ! grave subjects ( metaphysics1 ! my/]y ( life & dea?1 ! de/9y ( man1 8 relation to ,god1 rew>d & puni%m5t1 ! inn] mean+ ( ! laws1--9 ^! spiritual matt]s1 ! difficulty ( accurate def9ition mu/ be f> great] & ! opportunities = diff]5ce ( op9ion m frequ5t & important4 ,:at guide are we to foll[1 see+ t e error involves ! mo/ dang]\s consequ5ces8 ,%all we ab&on altoge!r ! ef=t ( ?9k+ on ^! grave subjects8 ,su* a c\rse is impossible4 ,d n believe1 says ,kro*mal1 t !re ev] 0 a "t :5 ! religi\s man 0 entirely satisfi$ by de$s ( righte\sness1 z "s p ma9ta94 ,on ! contr>y1 e man1 :e!r an indep5d5t ?9k] or a simple believ]1 always feels ! weight ( ^! que/ions ^u him4 ,e man desires to h "s ideal basis = 8 actions :i* mu/ con/itute 8 real life 9 its noble/ mom5ts4 ,kro*mal "h quotes a fam\s passage f ! ,midra%47#cb7 ,! ,torah1 accord+ to "o ( our anci5t sages1 may be comp>$ to two pa?s1 ! "o burn+ ) fire1 ! o!r cov]$ ) sn[4 ,if a man ent]s on ! =m] pa? he w die by ! heat2 if he walks by ! latt] pa? he w be froz5 by ! sn[4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ he d8 ,he mu/ walk 9 ! middle1 or1 z we %\ld say1 he mu/ *oose ! gold5 mean4 ,b1 z ,kro*mal sugge/s1 ! middle way 9 hi/orical & philosophical d\bts does n consi/1 z "s idle heads suppose1 9 a k9d ( compromise betwe5 two oppos+ views4 ,if "o ( two cont5d+ p>ties decl>es t twice two make six1 :ile 8 oppon5t ass]ts t twice two make eight1 a sort ( compromise might be arriv$ at by conc$+ t twice two make sev54 ,b su* a compromise w\ld be z false z ei!r extreme2 & ! seek] aft] ! tru? mu/ rev]t to t mean :i* is ! he>t ( all ?+s1 indep5d5tly ( all factions1 plac+ himself above !m4 ,hav+ dealt ) ! argum5ts relat+ to ! exi/5ce ( ,god z elaborat$ 9 ! philosophical sy/ems ( 8 "t1 ,kro*mal leads up to 8 treatm5t ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel by a *apt] on ! ideal gifts be/[$ ^u ! v>i\s anci5t nations1 :i*1 possess$ by !m ?r\gh _m c5turies1 7 lo/ :5 _! nationality ceas$4 ,we next come1 9 ,*apt] ,,vii41 to ! ideal gifts ( ,israel4 ,^! are ! religi\s gift & ! faculty & desire = seek+ ! ideal ( all ideals1 namely1 ,god4 ,b ,israel1 ^: mission x 0 to propagate ?is ideal1 01 ev5 z o!r nations1 subject to natural laws2 & its hi/ory pres5ts progress & reaction1 rise & decl9e4 ,kro*mal devotes 8 next ?ree *apt]s to %[+ h[1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 z 9 o!r hi/ories1 may be detect$ a triple process4 ,^! ?ree /ages are ! budd+1 ! p]iod ( maturity1 & ! decay4 ,z ! hi/ory ( ,israel is m a hi/ory ( religion ?an ( politics & battles1 its rise & decl9e correspond m or less ) ,israel's atta*m5t to ,god1 & its fall+ away f ,him4 ,! decay w\ld be associat$ ) ! adoption ( ei!r ( ! extremes1 ! dang]\s effects ( :i* h be5 already m5tion$4 ,b 8?r\gh progress & backslid+1 amid infecti\s contact ) idolatry1 amid survival ( old gr[?s ( sup]/ition1 ( ! crude practices ( ! pa/2 amid ! solicitation ( new aspects ( life2 9 mat]ial prosp]ity & 9 mat]ial ru910 ,israel 0 nev] :olly deta*$ f ,god4 ,9 ! wor/ times x _h its judges or its prophets1 its h]oes or its sages1 its ,rabbis or its philosoph]s1 :o /rove to br+ ,israel back to its mission1 & :o succe$$ 9 _! ef=ts to d s4 ,ev5 9 its decay traces ( ! ,div9e _s made !mselves felt1 & reviv$ ! nation1 :i* ent]$ aga9 on a triple c\rse & repeat$ its ?ree phases4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?reefold epo*s began1 accord+ to ,kro*mal's eigh? *apt]1 ) ! times ( ! ,patri>*s1 & end$ ) ! dea? ( ,g$aliah aft] ! de/ruction ( ! fir/ ,temple4 ,next1 9 ! foll[+ two *apt]s1 ,kro*mal f9ds ! second triple movem5t 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! prophets ( ! exile 9 ,babylon & ! dea? ( ,b>,co*ba ab\t #ace ,a4,c4 ,! au?or also h9ts at ! exi/5ce ( a ?ird su* epo* beg9n+ ) ,r4 ,judah ! ,patri>*1 ! compil] ( ! ,mi%nah 7#bbj ,a4,c4717#cc7 & end+ ) ! expulsion ( ! ,jews f ,spa9 7#adib74 ,?is idea is n fur!r develop$ by ,kro*mal2 b x w\ld be int]e/+ to ask1 by ! way1 9 :i* phase ( ! ?reefold process--rise1 maturity1 or decay--are we at ! pres5t "t8 ,! next five *apt]s may be reg>d$ z an excursus on ! prec$+ two4 ,kro*mal discusses ! ,biblical books :i* belong to ! p]iod ( ! ,exile & ( ! ,second ,temple1 su* z ! ,second ,isaiah1 c]ta9 ,exilic & ,maccabean psalms1 ,ecclesia/es1 c]ta9 ,apocryphal books1 & ! "w ( ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue4 ,!y conta91 aga91 rese>*es on ! v>i\s sects1 su* z ! ,assideans1 ,sadducees1 ,ph>isees1 ,ess5es1 ! ,gno/ics1 ! ,cabbali/s & _! relation to ! latt]1 & ! ,m9im17#cd7 :o are m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is excursus ,kro*mal describes ! sy/ems ( ! ,alex&rian ,jewi% philosoph]s1 su* z ,philo & ,ari/obulus1 & discusses _! relation to c]ta9 !osophic ideas 9 v>i\s ,midra%collections4 ,! au?or also attempts to prove ! necessity ( ,tradition2 he %[s its fir/ traces 9 ! ,bible1 & expla9s ! t]m ,soph]im 7scribes72 & he po9ts out ! mean+ ( ! phrase 8,a law unto ,moses f ,m\nt ,s9ai107#ce7 & simil> expressions4 ,he gives a summ>y ( ! developm5t ( ! ,hala*ah 9 its diff]5t /ages1 ! crit]ia by :i* ! old] ,hala*ahs may be discrim9at$2 he seeks to arrive at ! orig9 ( ! ,mi%nah1 & deals ) v>i\s cognate topics4 ,9 ano!r disc\rse ,kro*mal endeav\rs to expla9 ! t]m ,agadah17#cf7 its orig9 & developm5t2 ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,agadah & _! relative value4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 conta9s ! ,prolegom5a to a philosophy ( ! ,jewi% religion 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,hegel4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & la/ *apt] ! au?or gives a g5]al introduction to ! ,philosophy ( ,ibn ,ezra1 & quotes illu/rative extracts4 ,! space ( an essay does n p]mit me to give fur!r details ( ,kro*mal's book4 ,i am consci\s t ! prec$+ outl9e is defici5t 9 quality z well z 9 quantity4 ,yet1 ev5 f ?is meagre ab/ract1 ! read] w ga!r t ,kro*mal reviews _m ( ! great problems :i* conc]n religion 9 g5]al & ,judaism 9 p>ticul>4 ,zunz some:]e rem>ks t ,kro*mal 0 inspir$ 9 8 "w by ! /udy ( ,hegel1 j z ,maimonides _h be5 by ! /udy ( ,ari/otle4 ,i give ?is /atem5t solely on ! au?ority ( ,zunz1 z ,i myself h nev] made a /udy ( ! works ( ! ,g]man philosoph]1 & am !re=e unable to express an op9ion on ! "q4 ,n[ !re is no d\bt t ,kro*mal's book is n )\t defects4 ,! mat]ials are n always well arrang$1 !re is at times a want ( proportion 9 ! l5g? at :i* ! v>i\s po9ts are treat$1 & ! au?or occasionally seems to w&] f ! subject 9 h&4 ,b we %all be bett] able to acc\nt = ^! & simil> te*nical faults1 z well z to appreciate ! real value ( ! au?or's "w1 if we consid] ! foll[+ fact4 ,na*man ,kro*mal's object 0 to elaborate a philosophy ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 to trace ! lead+ ideas t ran ?r\gh x1 & ! ultimate causes t l$ to its v>i\s phases4 ,b1 un=tunately1 at ! "t :5 ,kro*mal began to write1 !re did n exi/ a ,jewi% hi/ory at all4 ,! lab\rs ( ,zunz 7 conduct$ 9 an altoge!r diff]5t field4 ,n to m5tion ! names ( ! y\ng] s*ol>s !n unborn1 ,graetz1 ! au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 & ,weiss1 :o wrote a hi/ory ( ! ,tradition1 7 /ill /udy+ at college4 ,frankel's ma/]ly essays on ! ,ess5es & ! ,septuag9t1 8 wellkn[n "w1 ,introduction to ! ,mi%nah1 & ! results ( ,geig]'s mo/ int]e/+ & sugge/ive rese>*es on ! old] & lat] ,hala*ah1 & on ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 _h yet to be writt54 ,rapoport's great treatise1 ,ere* ,mill917#cg7 _h n be5 publi%$ at t "t1 & ,/e9s*neid] 0 n yet work+ at 8 hi/orical sket* ( ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,x 0 n till six ye>s aft] ,kro*mal's dea? 7viz4 9 #ahdf7 t ,l&au]'s memorable /udies on ! ,jewi% my/ics 7 giv5 to ! _w4 ,ev5 ! bad books ( ,julius ,fr/1 su* z 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 & 8 /ill worse ,hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,lit]ature 9 ,babylon1 7 !n unwritt54 ,nei!r ! mo/ *>latanic ,hi/ory ( ! ,op9ions & ,tea*+s ( ,all ! ,jewi% ,sects1 by ,pet] ,be]1 ! univ]sal provid]1 nor ,jo/'s mo/ hone/ b n>r[m9d$ & sup]ficial ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 0 ( mu* use to ,kro*mal4 ,jo/'s m s*ol>ly works 7 n publi%$ till long aft]w>ds4 ,kro*mal 0 ?us )\t ! guidance ( ^? au?orities to :i* we are n[ accu/om$ to turn = in=mation4 ,except+ ! aid t he d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ,az>iah de ,rossi17#ch7 ,kro*mal 0 !re=e compell$ to prosecute all ! necess>y rese>* = himself2 he _h to e/abli% ! facts ( ,jewi% hi/ory z well z to philosophise ^u !m4 ,h5ce1 9 ! v mid/ ( 8 philosophical analysis1 ! au?or 0 b\nd to introduce digressions on hi/orical subjects1 9 ord] to ju/ify z well z to =m ! basis ( t analysis4 ,he _h to survey ! gr\nd & to collect ! mat]ials1 besides con/ruct+ ! plan ( ! edifice & work+ at its erection4 ,nev]!less1 x is precisely = ^! hi/orical excursuses t ,kro*mal has des]v$ ! gratitude ( po/]ity4 ,he x 0 :o taught ,jewi% s*ol>s h[ to submit ! anci5t ,rabb9ic records to ! te/ ( criticism & ! way 9 :i* !y might be utilis$ = ! purpose ( hi/orical /udies2 he x 0 :o enabl$ !m to trace ! g5esis ( ! tradition1 & to wat* ! inn] g]m9ation ( t va/ organism4 ,he ev5 indicat$ to !m h[ !y might cont9ue to connect _! own lives ) x1 h[ !y might d]ive n\ri%m5t f x1 & 9 _! turn fur!r its gr[?4 ,i may ass]t ) ! utmo/ confid5ce t !re is sc>cely a s+le page 9 ,kro*mal's book t did n aft]w>ds give bir? to "s essay or monograph or ev5 elaborate treatise1 ?\gh _! au?ors 7 n always v c>eful ab\t m5tion+ ! s\rce ( _! inspiration4 ,?us ,kro*mal ju/ly des]ves ! hon\rable title assign$ to him by "o ( our greate/ hi/orians1 :o t]ms him ! ,fa!r ( ,jewi% ,sci5ce4 ,s f>1 ,i h be5 speak+ ( ! importance ( ,kro*mal's treatise & ( its significance 9 ! region ( ,jewi% ,sci5ce4 ,x is necess>y1 ,i ?9k1 to add a few words ) reg>d to ! g5]al t5d5cy ( 8 :ole "w4 ,i h already allud$ to ! *>act]i/ic mode/y ( ,kro*mal2 ,i h po9t$ out h[ little he c>$ = publicity1 h[ de>ly he lov$ retirem5t4 ,! "q accord+ly pres5ts itself--,:at c h be5 ! real & suffici5t causes t prevail$ ^u him to yield to ! solicitations ( 8 fri5ds & to write ^u :at ! ,talmud w\ld t]m 8matt]s /&+ on ! heights ( ! _w08 ,! answ] to ?is "q may1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd 9 ! title ( ,kro*mal's book1 ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$ ( ! ,"t4 ,x is inde$ a r unusual co9cid5ce = ! title ( a ,hebrew book to h any connection ) its subject matt]4 ,! same m]it is possess$ by ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$ ( ,maimonides1 ! title ( :i* und\bt$ly sugge/$ t ( ,kro*mal's treatise4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o little addition 9 ,kro*mal's title t conta9s a mo/ important lesson = u4 ,i mean ! words 8( ! ,"t40 ,by ^! words ,kro*mal rem9ds u t1 great z are ! m]its ( ! immortal "w ( ,maimonides--& x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate its value & importance--/ill x w no long] suffice = u4 ,=1 z ,kro*mal himself rem>ks1 e "t has its own p]plexities1 & !re=e ne$s its own guide4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ^! words are no idle phrase1 ,i %all endeav\r to illu/rate !m by "o example at lea/4 ,9 ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$ ( ,maimonides1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,xxvi41 occurs a passage :i* runs ?us3 8,9 ! fam\s *apt]s kn[n z ! #8,*apt]s ( ,r4 ,eliez] ! ,great1'7#ci7 ,i f9d ,r4 ,eliez] ! ,great say+ some?+ m extraord9>y ?an ,i h ev] se5 9 ! utt]ances ( any believ] 9 ! ,law ( ,moses4 ,i ref] to ! foll[+ passage3 #8,:5ce 7 ! heav5s creat$8 ,he 7,god7 took "p ( ! light ( ,8 g>m5t1 ,he /ret*$ x l a clo?1 & ?us ! heav5s 7 ext5d+ cont9ually1 z x is said 7,ps4 civ4 #b73 ,he cov]e? ,himself ) light z ) a g>m5t1 ,he /ret*e? ! heav5s l a curta94 ,:5ce 0 ! e>? creat$8 ,he took ( ! sn[ "u ! ?rone ( glory1 & ?rew x2 accord+ to ! words 79 ,job xxxvii4 #f71 ,he said to ! sn[ be ?\ e>?4' ,^! are ! words giv5 !re 79 ! #8,*apt]s ( ,r4 ,eliez] ! ,great'71 & ,i1 9 my surprise1 ask1 ,:at 0 ! belief ( ?is sage8 ,did he ?9k x impossible t some?+ be produc$ f no?+8444 ,if ! t]ms #8! light ( ,8 g>m5t' & ! #8sn[ ( glory' mean some?+ et]nal 7z matt]7 !y mu/ be reject$4444 ,9 %ort1 x is a passage t greatly confuses ! notions ( all intellig5t & religi\s p]sons4 ,i am unable to expla9 x suffici5tly40 ,s f> ,maimonides2 & we are q able to conceive 8 p]plexity 9 deal+ ) ?is passage4 ,on "o side1 ,maimonides himself believ$ t ,judaism is a dogmatic religion1 & t "o ( its dogmas is ! pr9ciple ( ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,on ! o!r side1 he f\nd ,r4 ,eliez]--"o ( ! greate/ au?orities ( ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury--app>5tly d5y+ ?is dogma4 ,! p]plexity 0 inde$ a s]i\s "o = ,maimonides1 b we f9d no difficulty :atev] 9 extricat+ ourselves f x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are _m :o cl+ to ! !ory :i* holds t !re are no dogmas 9 ,judaism at all1 & to !m ,maimonides' difficulty w\ld h no relevance4 ,secondly1 ^? :o believe t !re are dogmas 9 ,judaism may reg>d su* expressions z ^? quot$ above f ! 8,*apt]s ( ,r4 ,eliez]0 9 ! light ( m]e poetical metaphors1 or may call !m fairy tales or leg5ds1 or include !m 9 "s o!r section ( lit]ature1 kn[n "u ! "n ( folklore1 :i* is an excuse = e absurdity1 ! =tunate au?ors ( :i* are responsible nei!r to philosophy nor to religion1 & sometimes n ev5 to common s5se4 ,b !re is a ?ird consid]ation t af=ds ! be/ solution ( ! difficulty4 ,! 8,*apt]s ( ,r4 ,eliez]10 despite _! pomp\s title1 are n ! "w ( ,r4 ,eliez] at all4 ,criticism has taught u to atta* no importance to ! head+ ( a *apt] or ! titlepage ( a book4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to judge f ! tone1 /yle1 & cont5ts ( ! "w1 t ! 8,*apt]s ( ,r4 ,eliez]0 is a lat] compilation ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & t its au?or c\ld n h be5 ,r4 ,eliez]1 ! tea*] ( ,r4 ,akiba1 9 ! second c5tury4 ,9 ?is way1 ^! p>ticul> difficulties ( ,maimonides solve !mselves = u 9 a suffici5tly easy way4 ,b x is j ^! solutions t op5 up new difficulties & p]plexities :i* did n exi/ = ! g5]ation ( ! great ,spani% philosoph]4 ,suppose t we accept ! view t ,judaism is n a dogmatic religion4 ,b h[ are we to conceive a religion )\t dogmas1 or1 if y pref] ! expression1 )\t pr9ciples or bases ( belief8 ,or is ,judaism1 z "s platitud9>ians ?9k1 a m]e national in/itute ) "s useful diet>y & sanit>y laws1 b ) no?+ t makes = ! sanctification ( man1 ) no guidance to (f] u 9 ! great problems ( our life1 & 9 ! greate/ anxieties ( ! human s\l8 ,on ! o!r h&1 grant$ t we may consid] c]ta9 ?+s z m]e leg5d1 h[ are we to discrim9ate betwe5 ^! & ! ?+s t mu/ be tak5 s]i\sly8 ,does x dep5d on ! nature ( ! subject1 or on ! position ( ! book 9 ! canon ( ,hebrew lit]ature8 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury symbolical mean+s 7 giv5 to c]ta9 difficult passages 9 ! ,talmud2 b ! process 0 c>ri$ fur!r1 & ! ,biblical n>ratives 7 subject$ by philosoph]s to a l treatm5t4 ,r4 ,solomon b5 ,ad]e? & 8 colleagues 79 ! ?irte5? c5tury7 settl$ ! "q by indiscrim9ately excommunicat+ all "y m5 :o %\ld /udy philosophy2 b ?is me?od is sc>cely "o to be comm5d$ = pres5t use4 ,! ?ird1 or ! philological solution ( difficulties1 leads to fre% tr\bles4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago m5 7 9 t happy /ate ( m9d 9 :i* !y knew ev]y?+4 ,!y knew ! exact au?or & date ( e ,psalm2 !y knew ! au?or ( ea* & e anci5t ,midra%2 !y knew ! orig9ator ( e law & ord9ance2 !y ev5 knew ! writ] ( ! ,zoh>1 & ( o!r my/ical books4 ,!re 7 c]ta9ly a few :o did n "k all ^! ?+s1 among !m ,ibn ,ezra1 ,az>iah de ,rossi1 & ! two ,delm$igos47#dj7 ,b !y 7 m]ely a mis]able hi/orical blund]1 m5 :o _h no "r to be born :5 !y 74 ,b ! philological me?od has swept away all ?is kn[+ness z by a deluge f heav51 & m5 f9d t !y "k no?+4 ,true1 !re l+] on a few :o /ill "k all ^! ?+s1 b x is !y :o are n[ ! ana*ronism4 ,^!1 & su* z ^!1 are ! p]plexities ( our "t1 to ! resolution ( :i* ! lab\rs ( ,kro*mal & ( a noble b& ( s*ol>s h be5 direct$ 9 ?is c5tury4 ,h ^! p]plexities1 we mu/ ask1 & ^! puzzles be5 solv$ by ,kro*mal & 8 coadjutors8 ,we may ) all c]ta9ty answ]3 ,!y h only po9t$ out ! way1 x is = ourselves to proce$ by x4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to expect t difficulties :i* h be5 accumulat+ dur+ ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s %\ld be solv$ by ! m5 ( "o or two g5]ations4 ,aga91 we live 9 a c5tury 9 :i* excavations & discov]ies 9 o!r fields h add$ at once to our k & to our unc]ta9ty4 ,ea* c\ntry1 we might almo/ say1 ov] & above ! p]plexities t tr\ble mank9d 9 g5]al1 has its own special difficulties :i* are entirely unkn[n to ^? :o dwell outside its fronti]s4 ,i am n dispos$ to discuss ^! difficulties 9 ?is place4 ,nor h ,i ! ability to d s4 ,b ( two ?+s ,i am p]fectly c]ta93 ! fir/ is1 t = a solution ( ^! difficulties :i*1 9 ! language ( ,maimonides1 8confuse ! notions ( all intellig5t & religi\s p]sons10 ! only hope is 9 true k & n 9 ignorance2 & secondly1 ?is k c only be obta9$ by a comb9ation ( ! utmo/ rev]5ce = religion & ! deepe/ devotion to tru?4 ,! poor old ,rabbis :o h be5 s f\lly decri$ by _! calumniators z h$oni/s1 & s fooli%ly prais$ by sorry apologi/s z mat]iali/ic optimi/s1 /rongly insi/$ t :5 a man woos ! tru?1 8 suit c only prosp] if he is influ5c$ by ! pure/ & mo/ s+lehe>t$ affection4 8,a man10 says ! ,siphr1 8mu/ n say3 #8,i w /udy ! ,torah 9 ord] t ,i may atta9 ! title ( ,rabbi or savant1 or t ,i may become ri* by x1 or t ,i may be rew>d$ = x 9 ! _w to come4' ,he mu/ /udy = love's sake40 ,su* a k1 :i* is free f all ta9t ( worldl9ess & ( o!rworldl9ess1 a k s\ght simply & solely = pure love ( ,god1 :o is ,tru?1--su* a k is 9 ! highe/ s5se a sav+ k1 & ,na*man ,kro*mal 0 9 possession ( x4 ,,iii4 ,,rabbi ,,elijah ,,wilna1 ,,gaon ,! ?ree great />s ( ,g]man lit]ature are usually *>act]is$ by ,g]man s*ol>s 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,goe! !y say repres5ts ! beautiful1 ,s*ill] ! ideal1 :ile ,less+ repres5ts tru?4 ,i ?9k t we may apply ! same *>act]i/ics to ! ?ree great lum9>ies1 ) :i* ! ,jewi% middle ages ceas$--= z ,zunz some:]e rem>k$1 ! ,jewi% middle ages la/$ till ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury--& ! mod]n age ( ,judaism op5$4 ,i am ?9k+ ( ,m5delssohn 9 ,g]many1 ,israel ,baal%em1 ! f\nd] ( ! sect ( ! ,*assidim 9 ,podolia1 & ,elijah ,wilna1 or z he is m frequ5tly call$1 ! ,gaon17#da7 ! ,great ,"o1 9 ,li?uania4 ,z to ,m5delssohn1 en\gh1 & p]haps m ?an en\gh1 has already be5 writt5 & spok5 ab\t 8 m]its 9 awak5+ ! s5se = ! beautiful & ! h>moni\s :i* 0 almo/ entirely dormant among ! ,jews ( 8 age4 ,9 reg>d to ! second1 namely1 ,israel ,baal%em1 ,i h only to ref] ! read] to ! fir/ essay 9 ?is volume4 ,! subject ( ! pres5t essay w be ,r4 ,elijah ,wilna1 :o1 among ! ,jews1 z ,less+ among ! ,g]mans1 repres5t$ tru?1 bo? by 8 life & by 8 lit]>y activity4 ,i say t ! ,gaon repres5t$ tru?1 b ^! words mu/ be tak5 cum grano salis4 ,= ,i d n mean at all to say t he 0 9 possession ( ! :ole tru?1 /ill less 9 exclusive possession ( x4 ,x is true z we %all le>n 9 ! c\rse ( ?is essay1 t ! ,gaon 0 a g5ius ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,b !re are matt]s ( tru?1 ! obta9+ ( :i* _c be accompli%$ by g5ius alone4 ,r4 ,elijah ,wilna did n "k any o!r language ?an ,hebrew4 ,tru?s1 !re=e1 :i* are only to be rea*$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( o!r languages1 rema9$ a secret to him4 ,aga91 records ( anci5t times :i* are buri$ 9 ! %elves ( remote libr>ies or "u ! ru9s ( pa/ civilisations are n always a matt] ( intuition4 ,ev5 ! mo/ gift$ ( m5 h to wait pati5tly till ^! are br\ght to light by ! aid ( spade & %ovel1 or ! p5 ( "s obscure copyi/4 ,b ,r4 ,elijah liv$ at a "t :5 excavation _h z yet done v little = ,semitic /udies1 & :5 a ,jew sc>cely got admittance into ! great libr>ies ( ,europe4 ,?us mu* tru? :i* we get n[ 9 a v easy way 0 beyond ?is se]'s eye4 ,b ev5 if all ! libr>ies on e>? _h be5 at 8 disposal1 ev5 if he _h read all ! cunei=m writ+s :i* ornam5t ! ,briti% ,museum1 & _h deciph]$ all ! ,hi]oglyphics :i* ! ,l\vre possesses1 ev5 9 t case we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 t]m+ him a repres5tative ( ! tru?1 )\t qualify+ our words4 8,tru?10 said ! old ,rabbis1 8is ! ,seal ( ! ,holy ,"o1 prais$ be ,he40 ,b ,heav5 has no ,"l ,*ancellor4 ,nei!r m5 nor angels are tru/$ ) ! great ,seal4 ,!y are only all[$ to cat* a glimpse ( x1 or r to long aft] ?is glimpse4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 ! long+ & ef=t = ?is glimpse w br+ man into communion ) ,god1 & make 8 life div9e4 ,& ! life ( ! ,gaon 01 z we %all see1 "o long ef=t & unceas+ long+ aft] ! tru?4 ,aga91 if ,i say t ! ,gaon repres5t$ tru?1 y mu/ n ?9k t he lack$ ! two o!r qualities4 ,a life entirely devot$ to su* a great cause z t ( seek+ ! tru? is1 ipso facto1 ideal & h>moni\s4 ,x is only 9 8 influ5ce on ,judaism--m p>ticul>ly on ! ,jews 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe--t ?is feature 9 8 life becomes m prom95t ?an 8 o!r admirable qualities4 ,9 :at ?is tru? consi/$1 h[ ! ,gaon arriv$ at x1 & by :at means he convey$ x to o!rs1 we %all see 9 ! c\rse ( ?is essay4 ,r4 ,elijah 0 born at ,wilna 9 ! ye> #agbj4 ,8 fa!r1 ,solomon ,wilna1 is call$ by 8 biograph]s ! great ,rabbi ,solomon1 & is said to h be5 ! desc5dant ( ,r4 ,moses ,rivkas1 ! au?or ( a le>n$ "w1 conta9+ notes to ! ,code ( ! ,law by ,r4 ,joseph ,c>o47#db7 ,hav+ quot$ ! biograph]s1 ,i mu/ po9t out t !re are only two biographies ( ! ,gaon3 ! "o by ,f9n1 9 8 book ,fai?ful ,city17#dc7 on ! celebrities ( ,wilna1 ! o!r by ,na*man ( ,horodna1 9 8 book ,asc5sion ( ,elijah47#dd7 ,! =m] is a v hone/ acc\nt ( ! ,gaon's life1 b a little too %ort4 ,! latt] is too long1 or r too mu* int]mix$ ) t sort ( absurd leg5d1 ! au?ors ( :i* are incapable ( m>k+ ! l9e :i* sep>ates ! mon/] f ! h]o4 ,ev5 9 ! region ( imag9ation we mu/ n = a mom5t =get ! good advice giv5 to u by "o ( our greate/ s*ol>s :o _h to deal ) a k9dr$ subject3 8,he10 says ?is s*ol>1 8:o bani%es ! ?\ght ( high] & l[] f 8 /udy1 degrades x into a m]e means ( gratify+ 8 curiosity1 & disqualifies x = ! l(ty task :i* x is call$ ^u to p]=m = mod]n society40 ,we %all ?us cl+ to ! high] & /op at ! h]o4 ,our h]o 0 ! fir/born ( five bro!rs4 ,!y 7 all fam\s m5 9 _! little _w4 ,accord+ to ! tradition 9 ,wilna1 ,elijah 0 a lovely *ild1 ) beautiful eyes1 & goodly to look at1 or z x is express$ 9 ano!r place1 8z beautiful z an angel60 ,! tradition1 or r ! leg5d1 relates t z a *ild ( six ye>s he 0 already ! pupil ( ,r4 ,moses ,m>gali?1 ! fam\s au?or ( a comm5t>y on ! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem4 ,at ! age ( sev5 ye>s he is said to h already p]plex$ ! ,*ief ,rabbi ( 8 native t[n by 8 controv]sial skill 9 ,talmudical subjects4 ,at ! e>ly age ( n9e he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,bible1 ! ,mi%nah1 ! ,talmud & its anci5t comm5t>ies2 & ev5 ! ,cabbali/ic works ( ,r4 ,isaac ,loria 7 no secret to ! y\?ful s*ol>47#de7 ,at ! age ( twelve ye>s he is said to h acquir$ ! sev5 lib]al arts1 & to h puzzl$ ! s*ol>s ( ,wilna by 8 a/ronomical k4 ,at ?irte51 :5 accord+ to ,jewi% law he atta9$ 8 majority1 he 0 already ! accompli%$ or 8! great "o0 7,gaon72 s f> tradition4 ,i am afraid t tradition is "h1 aga9/ all exp]i5ce1 too exact 9 its dates4 ,b we may le>n f x t ! *ild ,elijah %[$ _m signs ( ! future ,gaon1 & 0 !re=e consid]$ z ! prodigy ( 8 age4 ,aga9 x is likewise pretty c]ta9 t no man c\ld boa/ ( hav+ be5 ! ma/] ( ,elijah4 ,he 0 n ! product ( any s*ool1 nor 0 he biass$ by ! _m prejudices ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 all[$ to walk 8 own way 9 8 /ruggle aft] tru?4 ,x is r an un=tunate ?+ t hi/ory is s mu* made up ( p>allels & contra/s t ! hi/orian or ev5 ! biograph] _c possibly po9t out ! greatness ( "s m5 )\t t\*+1 h[ev] slightly1 on ! smallness ( o!rs4 ,x is only natural t e /rong %9+ object %\ld pu% ! m9or lights ( its surr\nd+s into ! backgr\nd & d>k5 !m4 ,?us1 :5 we are speak+ ( ! sup]iority ( ! ,gaon1 we _c escape h9t+ at lea/ at ! %ortcom+s ( 8 contempor>ies1 z well z ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,to indicate briefly 9 :at ?is sup]iority consi/$1 ,i w premise "h a few words f a ,responsum by "o ( 8 great pr$ecessors1 ! ,gaon ,rabbi ,hai47#df7 ,consult$ by a /ud5t z to ! mean+ ( c]ta9 my/ical passages 9 ! tractate ,*agigah17#dg7 ,rabbi ,hai1 9 w>n+ 8 correspond5t n to expect f him a long philosophical diss]tation1 writes z foll[s3 8,"k t x nev] 0 our bus9ess to palliate matt]s & expla9 !m 9 a way ( :i* ! au?or nev] c\ld h ?\ght4 ,?is is fa%ionable ) o!r p1 b our me?od is to expla9 ! words ( ?is or t au?ority 9 accordance ) 8 own mean+4 ,we d n pl$ge ourselves t ?is mean+ is #8"r rule' 9 itself1 = !re d exi/ /atem5ts made by ! old au?orities t _c be accept$ z norm40 ,?us f> ! words ( ! ,gaon ( ! t5? c5tury1 :i* speak volumes4 ,! ,gaon ( ! eighte5? c5tury foll[$ ! same c\rse4 ,all 8 ef=ts 7 direct$ to ?is po9t2 namely1 to f9d out ! true mean+ ( ! ,mi%nah1 ! true mean+ ( ! ,gem>a17#dh7 ! true mean+ ( ! ,gaonim1 ! true mean+ ( ! great codifi]s1 & ! true mean+ ( ! comm5tators on ! anci5t ,rabb9ical lit]ature4 ,:e!r ?is mean+ w\ld be acceptable to u matt]$ v little to him4 ,8 only object 0 to und]/& ! words ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & ?is he obta9$1 z we %all soon see1 by ! be/ critical means4 ,?is 0 ! me?od ( ! ,gaon2 t ( o!r s*ol>s 7at lea/ ( ! great majority7 0 dictat$ by entirely diff]5t consid]ations4 ,!y w\ld n suff] ! idea t ! great man c\ld be wrong at times4 ,to !m1 all t he said 0 8"r rule40 ,n[ suppose a great au?or l ,maimonides _h ov]look$ an important passage 9 ! ,talmud or any o!r /atem5t by a great au?ority1 ! alt]native rema9+ to !m 0 ei!r to expla9 away ! passage ( ! ,talmud or to give ! words ( ,maimonides a /range mean+4 ,?is l$ orig9ally to ! fam\s me?od ( ! ,pilpul 7casui/ry71 a k9d ( spiritual gymna/ic1 :i* ,r4 ,liva ( ,prague 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & _m o!rs condemn$ z mo/ p]nici\s to ,judaism & lead+ to ! decay ( ! /udy ( ! ,torah4 ,n[ x is beyond d\bt t ! me?od ( ! two ,gaonim is ! only "r "o4 ,b1 9 ju/ice to ! casui/ic s*ool1 :i* includes _m a great "n1 x is only "r to rememb] t ?is imp>tiality t[>ds ackn[l$g$ au?orities z ma9ta9$ by our h]o is n at all su* an easy matt] z we imag9e4 ,we quote (t5 ) great satisfaction ! fam\s say+1 ,amicus ,plato1 amicus ,socrates1 s$ magis amica v]itas1 8,plato is our fri5d1 s is ,socrates1 b ,tru? is1 or r ought to be1 our greate/ fri5d40 ,?is s\nds v nicely1 b let u only realise :at difficulties x involves4 ,to be a fri5d ( ,socrates or ,plato means to "k !m1 or 9 o!r words to h a ?or\gh k ( ! writ+s ( ! "o & ! record$ utt]ances ( ! o!r4 ,b su* a k c ) mo/ m5 only be obta9$ by devot+ "o's :ole life to ! /udy ( _! works1 s t !re is n left mu* "t = new fri5d%ips4 ,& ! few :o are able to save a few ye>s aft] long w&]+s ) ^! ,greek philosoph]s1 seldom see ! necessity ( new fri5d%ips4 ,= :at else did ^? long c\rt%ips ( ,plato or ,ari/otle mean except t ^? :o conduct$ !m ?\ght t !reby !y w\ld w$ ,tru?8 ,?is imp>tiality is ! m difficult :5 ^! fri5ds are inve/$ ) a k9d ( religi\s au?ority :]e humility & submission are mo/ important factors4 ,! hi/ory ( ,lanfranc1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,anselm ( ,cant]bury1 gives a /rik+ example ( :at ?is submission meant 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,"o day1 we are told1 :5 he 0 /ill an ord9>y monk1 he 0 read+ at ! table & pron\nc$ a ^w z x ought to be pron\nc$1 b n z seem$ "r to ! p]son presid+1 :o bade him say x diff]5tly2 8z if he _h said docre1 ) ! middle syllable long1 z is "r1 & ! o!r _h correct$ x into docre1 ) ! middle %ort1 :i* is wrong2 = t ,prior 0 n a s*ol>4 ,b ! wise man1 kn[+ t he ow$ ob$i5ce r to ,*ri/ ?an to ,donatus1 ! gramm>ian1 gave up 8 pronunciation1 & said :at he 0 wrongly told to say2 = to make a %ort syllable long1 or a long "o %ort1 he knew to be no deadly s91 b n to obey "o set ov] him 9 ,god's behalf 0 no light transgression407#di7 ,b ?is admiration--& "h we turn aga9 to ! ,gaon--mu/ n prev5t u f believ+ t ,provid5ce is n conf9$ to su* ungrammatical ,priors1 & t ! m5 :o are really work+ on behalf ( ,god are ^? :o tea* u to pron\nce rightly1 & to ?9k rightly1 & to take matt]s z !y are1 n z we desire !m to be on acc\nt ( our fri5ds4 ,z = ! critical means to :i* ,i h allud$1 ! ,gaon himself said some:]e t simplicity is ! be/ crit]ion ( tru?1 & ?is is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( all 8 lit]>y c>e]4 ,! ,gaon /udi$ ,hebrew gramm> 9 ord] to obta9 a cle> notion ( ! language 9 :i* ! ,scriptures are writt54 ,he tri$ to atta9 to ! k ( ! ,bible by read+ ! ,bible itself2 & 0 n satisfi$ to become acqua9t$ ) its cont5ts f ! num]\s quotations :i* are made f x 9 ,rabb9ical lit]ature4 ,aga91 he /udi$ ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 & philosophy1 z f> z !y c\ld be f\nd 9 ,hebrew books4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,gaon did n /udy ^! subjects = _! own sake1 & !y 7 consid]$ by him only z a means to ! end1 or z ! phrase goes1 z ! 8h&maid5s0 ( ,!ology1 ! que5 ( all sci5ces4 ,b x may be look$ ^u z a m>k ( great progress 9 an age :5 ,que5 ,!ology _h become r sulky1 cont9ually f9d+ fault ) h] h& maid5s1 & /igmatis+ e att5tion paid to !m z conducive to disloyalty4 ,to ^! accusations ! ,gaon answ]$ t ,que5 ,!ology does n /udy h] own int]e/s4 ,k ( all arts & sci5ces1 ! ,gaon ma9ta9$1 is necess>y = ! real und]/&+ ( ! ,torah :i* embraces ! :ole ( !m4 ,f 8 own writ+s x is evid5t t he himself 0 famili> ) ,euclid1 & 8 ,ayil ,me%ula% conta9s sev]al orig9al developm5ts ( ,euclid4 ,x 0 at 8 sugge/ion t a c]ta9 ,b>u* ( ,scl[ translat$ ,euclid into ! ,hebrew language4 ,ano!r way :i* l$ ! ,gaon to ! discov]y ( _m tru?s 0 8 /udy ( ! pre,talmudic lit]ature1 & ( ! ,j]usalem ,talmud4 ,by "s accid5t or o!r x came to pass t only ! ,babylonian ,talmud 0 recognis$ z a guide 9 ! practices ( religi\s life4 ,z ! great tea*]s & _! pupils c>$ m = satisfy+ ! religi\s wants ( _! flocks ?an = !oretic rese>*es1 ! consequ5ce 0 t a mo/ important "p ( ! anci5t ,rabb9ic lit]ature 0 almo/ entirely neglect$ by !m = _m c5turies4 ,& x 0 c]ta9ly no exagg]ation1 :5 ,r4 ,elijah said t ev5 ! ,gaonim & ,maimonides1 occupi$ z !y 7 ) ! practical "p ( ! law1 did n pay suffici5t att5tion to ! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem & ! ,tosephta47#ej7 ,! ,gaon 0 no (ficial head ( any ,jewi% community1 & 0 b little tr\bl$ by decisions ( que/ions :i* conc]n daily life4 ,he 0 ?us 9 a position to leave = a little :ile ! ,babylonian ,talmud & to become acqua9t$ ) ! guides ( ! guide4 ,i ref] to ,siphra1 ,siphr1 ,me*ilta1 ,tosephta1 ! ,s$] ,olam17#ea7 ! ,m9or ,tractates17#eb7 & above all ! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 :i*1 reg>d$ f an hi/orical & critical po9t ( view1 is ev5 ( m importance ?an its ,babylonian tw9bro!r4 ,b by ?is means !re came a new light ^u ! :ole ( anci5t ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,! words ( ! ,torah1 ! ,midra% says1 are poor 9 "o place1 b we %all f9d !m ri* 9 ano!r place4 ,! ,gaon by 8 acqua9tance ) ! :ole ( ! ,torah _h no difficulty :atev] 9 discov]+ ! ri* places4 ,if !re 0 a difficult passage 9 ?is or t ,tractate1 he %[$1 by giv+ a ref]5ce to "s o!r place1 t x 0 want+ 9 "s words or l9es4 ,obscure passages 9 ! ,mi%nah he tri$ to elucidate by p>allel passages 9 ! ,tosephta4 ,! too complicat$ controv]sies ( ! ,babylonian ,talmud he tri$ to expla9 by comp>+ !m ) ! m anci5t & m simple ,talmud ( ,j]usalem4 ,!re is little to be told ( ! ,gaon's private affairs4 ,ev5 ! date ( 8 m>riage ) a c]ta9 ,miss ,anna ( ,kaidon is n m5tion$ by 8 biograph]s4 ,b x may be tak5 = grant$ t1 9 accordance ) ! cu/om 9 ,pol&1 he m>ri$ at a v e>ly age1 say ab\t eighte5 ye>s4 ,x 0 also :5 a "y man t he travell$ = "s ye>s ?r\gh ,pol& & ,g]many4 ,x is r difficult to say :at 8 object may h be5 9 mak+ ^! travels--= ! ,gaon 0 n ! man to travel = pleasure's sake4 ,p]haps x 0 to become acqua9t$ ) ! great ,rabbis ( ^! c\ntries4 ,x is also possible1 z o!rs ma9ta91 t ! ,gaon consid]$ ! _m privations :i* a travell] _h to endure a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 z an atonem5t = 8 imag9>y s9s4 ,inde$ we f9d 9 _m ascetic books t travell+1 or z !y t]m x 8receiv+ ^u oneself to be bani%$ into ! exile107#ec7 is recomm5d$ z a v successful sub/itute = p5ance4 ,at lea/ x seems t ! coa*m5 :om ! ,gaon employ$ on 8 j\rneys look$ at x f ?is po9t ( view4 ,"o ( !m w5t s f> 9 add+ to ! privations ( ! ,gaon z to run away ) 8 c>riage :5 ! ,rabbi alight$ f x 9 ord] to read 8 pray]s4 ,b ! read+ ( ! ,eighte5 ,b5$ictions7#ed7 mu/ n be int]rupt$ except+ 9 ! case ( dang]2 & ! ,gaon did n consid] x v dang]\s to be left )\t money & )\t luggage4 ,^! travels end$ 9 ! ye> #agde4 ,! ,gaon left ,wilna aga9 at a lat] date ) ! purpose ( go+ to ,pale/9e & settl+ !re4 ,b he f\nd s _m ob/acles on 8 way t he 0 soon compell$ to give up 8 fav\rite plan & to return to 8 native t[n4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r he left ,wilna aga94 ,! position :i* ! ,gaon occupi$ 9 ,wilna 01 z already h9t$1 t ( a private man4 ,he c\ld nev] be prevail$ ^u to accept ! po/ ( ,rabbi or any o!r (fice 9 a ,jewi% community4 ,i am unable to give ! reason = 8 decl9+ all ! (f]s made to him 9 ?is direction4 ,b x may be sugge/$ "h t x 0 9 ! "t ( ! ,gaon t !re arose a bitt] /ruggle betwe5 ! ,rabbi & ! ,jewi% w>d5s ( 8 native t[n1 :i* end$ 9 ! abolition ( ! (fice ( ,rabbi4 ,! hi/ory ( ! /ruggle is ! m irritat+1 z x arose f ! pettie/ reasons imag9able4 ,p actually discov]$ t !re 0 no light 9 ! h\se ( ! ,rabbi aft] ! middle ( ! night1 :i* fact might lead to ! conclusion t he did n /udy lat] ?an #ab o'clock ,p4,m4 ,:at an idle man6 ,& ?is idl5ess 0 ! less p>donable 9 ! eyes ( ! community1 z ! ,rabbi's wife 0 s un=tunate z n to h be5 polite en\gh to "s ,mrs4 ,w>d54 ,"u su* circum/ances we mu/ n wond] if ! ,gaon did n f9d x v desirable to m$dle ) congregational affairs 9 an (ficial capacity4 ,! relation ( ! ,gaon to 8 contempor>ies resembles r ! position 9 ! old5 times ( a ,tanna or ,amora17#ee7 :o nei!r enjoy$ ! title ( ,nas9 or t ( ,ab ,be? ,d947#ef7 ,l ,r4 ,akiba1 or ,m> ,samuel1 ! ,gaon became influ5tial among 8 contempor>ies only by 8 tea*+ & 8 exempl>y life4 ,x mu/ be said 9 praise ( ! ,jews ( ,wilna t1 not)/&+ _! petty behavi\r t[>ds _! ecclesia/ical *ief1 !y will+ly submitt$ to ! au?ority ( ! ,gaon 7:o 0 devoid ( all (ficial au?ority74 ,!y rev]$ him z a sa9t4 ,to conv]se ) ! ,gaon 0 consid]$ z a happy ev5t 9 ! life ( a ,jew 9 ,wilna1 to be ( any use to him z ! greate/ di/9ction a man c\ld atta9 on e>?4 ,b :at is rem>kable is ! read9ess ) :i* ev5 s*ol>s ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( ! ,gaon4 ,s*ol>s are usually m sl[ 9 recognis+ greatness ?an simple mortals4 ,e new lum9>y does n only out%9e _! m9or lights & ?us hurt _! p]sonal vanity1 b x ?reat5s also sometimes to obscure c]ta9 traditions :i* !y wi% to keep prom95tly 9 view4 ,b ! lit]>y g5ius ( ! ,gaon 0 too great to be oppos$ ) success1 & 8 piety & devotion to religion f> above suspicion4 ,?us ! ,gaon 0 v soon recognis$ by 8 contempor>ies z _! ma/] & guide2 n only 9 lit]>y que/ions1 b also 9 matt]s ( belief & conduct4 ,x w\ld lead me too f> to "n "h all ! ,gaon's disciples4 ,x seems z if all ! great s*ol>s 9 8 c\ntry consid]$ !mselves to be m or less 8 pupils4 ,! ,gaon us$ to give 9 ! ,be? ,hammidra%1 :i* he f\nd$1 public lectures on v>i\s subjects1 & ! /ud5ts :o att5d$ ^! lectures also claim$ ! hon\r ( be+ call$ 8 pupils4 ,i %all m5tion "h only 8 greate/ disciple1 ,r4 ,*ayim ,walos91 :o1 aft] ! ,gaon1 influ5c$ 8 c\ntrym5 m ?an any o!r s*ol> ( t "t4 ,?is ,r4 ,*ayim also did n occupy any (ficial po/ among 8 bre?r54 ,he 0 a clo? manufactur] by pr(ession1 & 0 v prosp]\s 9 8 bus9ess4 ,b x did n prev5t him f be+ devot$ to ,hebrew lit]ature1 & he enjoy$ a widespread fame z a great s*ol>4 ,b z soon z ! fame ( ! ,gaon rea*$ him1 he left clo? manufactory & s*ol>%ip beh9d1 & w5t to ,wilna to 8le>n ,torah0 f ! m\? ( ! great ma/]4 ,x mu/ be notic$ t ev5 ! giv+ up ( 8 claim to s*ol>%ip 0 no little sacrifice4 ,all our le>n+1 said "s s*ol> 9 ,wilna1 disappe>$ z soon z we cross$ ! ?re%old ( ! ,gaon's h\se4 ,he made e disciple :o came into close contact ) him beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,he taught !m ,hebrew gramm>1 ,bible1 ,mi%nah1 & _m o!r subjects1 :i* 71 z already m5tion$1 v (t5 neglect$ by ! ,talmudi/s ( t "t4 ,r4 ,*ayim _h also to g ?r\gh all ?is c\rse4 ,"s w\ld h consid]$ su* treatm5t a degradation4 ,r4 ,*ayim1 h[ev]1 became ! m atta*$ to 8 ma/] = x4 ,9 su* a way ! life ( ! ,gaon 0 sp5t1 /udy+ by himself or tea*+ 8 pupils4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t to le>n ,torah meant = ! ,gaon m ?an m]e bra9 "w = ! purpose ( ga9+ k4 ,to him x 0 a k9d ( s]vice to ,god4 ,contempor>ies :o wat*$ him :5 he 0 /udy+ ! ,torah obs]v$ t ! effect wr\ght on ! p]sonality ( ! ,gaon 0 ! same z :5 he 0 pray+4 ,) e ^w 8 c\nt5ance flu%$ ) joy2 ) e l9e he 0 ga9+ /r5g? = proce$+ fur!r4 ,only by look+ at matt]s f ?is po9t ( view %all we be able to und]/& ! devotion & ! love ( ! ,gaon = /udy4 ,!re has be51 no d\bt1 among ! ,russian ,jews a /rong t5d5cy to exagg]ate ! intellectual qualities ( ! ,gaon4 ,b "o c readily excuse su* a t5d5cy4 ,he 0 gift$ by nature ) su* a wond]ful memory t1 hav+ read a book once1 he 0 able to recite x by he>t = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,n less admirable 0 8 sure grasp4 ,! mo/ complicat$ controv]sies 9 ! ,talmud1 into :i* o!r s*ol>s w\ld require :ole days & weeks to f9d _! way1 ! ,gaon 0 able to read by a glance at ! pages4 ,already z a boy he is said to h gone ?r\gh 9 a s+le night ! tractates ,zeba*im & ,m5a*o?17#eg7 conta9+ n less ?an two hundr$ & ?irty pages1 ! cont5ts ( :i* are sometimes s difficult z to make ev5 an ag$ s*ol> despair ( und]/&+ !m4 ,aga91 he possess$ s mu* commons5se t all ! intellectual tricks ( ! casui/ic s*ools did n exi/ = him4 ,& nev]!less 8 biograph]s tell u t he 0 s mu* occupi$ by 8 /udies1 t he c\ld n sp>e m ?an "o h\r & a half = sleep out ( tw5tyf\r h\rs4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 an exagg]ation4 ,b let u say five h\rs a day4 ,he _h n "t to take 8 meals regul>ly4 ,he us$ also1 accord+ to tradition1 to repeat e *apt] 9 ! ,bible1 e passage 9 ! ,talmud1 hundr$s ( times1 ev5 if !y pres5t$ no difficulty at all4 ,b x 01 z already said1 a matt] ( love = ! ,gaon2 ( love1 n ( pass+ affection4 ,no?+ on e>? c\ld be m despicable to ! ,gaon ?an amateurs :o dabble ) anci5t lit]ature4 ,to und]/& a ?+ cle>ly made him happy4 ,he is said to h sp5t m ?an six mon?s on a s+le ,mi%nah 9 ! tractate ,kilayim17#eh7 & felt himself ! happie/ man :5 he succe$$ 9 grasp+ its real mean+4 ,n to be able to g into ! dep? ( a subject1 to miss ! tru? emb$d$ 9 a s+le passage1 caus$ him ! mo/ bitt] grief4 ,a /ory told by 8 pupil1 ,r4 ,*ayim1 may illu/rate ?is fact4 ,"o ,friday1 n>rates ,r4 ,*ayim1 ! s]vant ( ! ,gaon came to him ) ! message t 8 ma/] want$ to see him z soon z possible4 ,r4 ,*ayim w5t in/antly4 ,:5 he came into ! h\se1 he f\nd ! ,gaon ly+ 9 b$ ) a b&age on 8 head & look+ v ill4 ,! wife ( ! ,gaon also report$ to him t x 0 m ?an ?ree days s9ce h] husb& _h tak5 any food1 & t he _h h>dly enjoy$ any sleep all ?is "t4 ,all ?is mis]y 0 caus$ by reason ( n hav+ be5 able to und]/& "s difficult passages 9 ! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ,gaon n[ ask$ 8 disciples to resume ) him _! rese>*es4 ,heav51 he said1 might h m]cy ^u !m & op5 _! eyes1 = x is writt51 8,two are bett] ?an "o03 & lo6 ,heav5 did h m]cy on !m2 !y succe$$ 9 gett+ ! true mean+ ( ! passage4 ,! ,gaon recov]$ in/antly1 & ma/] & disciple _h a v joyful ,sabba?4 ,he is also report$ to h said on "o occasion1 he w\ld n l to h an angel = 8 tea*] :o w\ld reveal to him all ! my/]ies ( ! ,torah4 ,su* a condition is only befitt+ ! _w to come1 b 9 ?is _w only ?+s :i* are acquir$ by h>d lab\r & great /ruggle are ( any value4 ,! ,g]man repres5tative ( tru? express$ ! same ?\ght 9 o!r words1 :i* are well wor? repeat+ "h3 8,did ! ,almighty10 says ,less+1 8hold+ 9 ,8 "r h& ,tru? & 9 ,8 left ,se>* aft] ,tru?1 deign to t5d] me ! "o ,i might pref]1 9 all humility & )\t hesitation ,i %\ld select ,se>* aft] ,tru?40 ,?is absorption ( all 8 be+ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,torah may also1 ,i ?9k1 acc\nt = ! fact t 8 biograph]s h s little to say ab\t ! family ( ! ,gaon4 ,( 8 wife1 we "k only t %e di$ 9 ! ye> #aghc4 ,n mu* full] is our k ab\t 8 *ildr54 ,! biograph]s speak ( !m z ( ! family 8:i* ! ,"l has bless$10 ref]r+ to 8 two sons1 ,rabbi ,aryeh ,leb & ,rabbi ,abraham1 :o 7 kn[n z great s*ol>s & v pi\s m54 ,! latt] "o is be/ kn[n by 8 edition ( a collection ( small] ,midra%im4 ,m5tion is also made ( ! ,gaon's sons9law1 especially "o ,rabbi ,moses ( ,p9sk4 ,b ?is is all1 & we are told no?+ ei!r ab\t _! lives or _! call+s4 ,f 8 fam\s lett] :i* he s5t to 8 family :5 on 8 way to ,pale/9e1 we see t he 0 r :at "o may call a sev]e fa!r4 ,he bids 8 wife puni% 8 *ildr5 mo/ sev]ely = swe>+1 scold+1 & speak+ untru?4 ,he also advises h] to live z retir$ a life z possible4 ,retirem5t he consid]s z a condition s9e qua non = a religi\s life4 ,he ev5 advises 8 daught] to read h] pray]s at home1 = 9 ! synagogue %e may get envi\s ( ! f9] dresses ( h] fri5ds1 :i* is a mo/ t]rible s94 ,! only t5d] feature 9 ?is lett] is p]haps :]e he implores 8 wife to be k9d to 8 "m on acc\nt ( h] be+ a wid[1 & x 7 a great s9 to cause h] ! lea/ annoyance4 ,f o!r passages we may ga!r t 8 family _h at times to suff] hung] & cold by ! excessive occupation ( _! fa!r ) ! /udy ( ! ,torah & o!r religi\s works4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,gaon 0 a "osid$1 sev]e ascetic1 & w\ld nev] h des]v$ ! title ( a good fa!r1 a good husb&1 an amiable man or any o!r appellation d]iv$ f ^? ord9>y 8h\sehold dec5cies0 :i*1 z ,macaulay in=ms u1 half ( ! tomb/ones claim = ^? :o lie beh9d !m4 ,b ,i am v mu* afraid t _m a great man :o has made 8 m>k 9 hi/ory c\ld nev] claim ^! h\sehold virtues z 8 own4 ,i d n want to ent] "h into ! "q :e!r ,judaism be an ascetic religion or n4 ,b ev5 ^? :o ?9k ,judaism id5tical ) :at is call$ 8mak+ ! be/ ( ?is life10 w n dispute ! fact t ,jewi% lit]ature conta9s )9 x en\gh ascetic elem5ts to ju/ify ! conduct ( our greate/ m5 ^: lives 7 "o longcont9u$ self d5ial & privation4 8,! ,torah10 says ! ,talmud1 8_c be obta9$ unless a man is prep>$ to give 8 life = x10 or z ! ,talmud puts x1 9 ano!r place1 8if x be ?y desire n to die1 cease to live be=e ?\ die/40 ,?is 0 ! pr9ciple by :i* ! ,gaon's life 0 actuat$4 ,& z he did n sp>e himself1 he c\ld n sp>e o!rs4 ,we c\ld n expect him to act diff]5tly4 ,! ,scriptures tell u3 8,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself40 ,b h[ is x ) ! man :o nev] lov$ himself1 :o nev] gave a ?\ght to himself1 :o nev] liv$ = himself1 b only = :at he consid]$ to be 8 duty & 8 mission f ,god on e>?8 ,su* a man we _c expect to sp5d 8 "t on coax+ & c>ess+ u4 ,z to ! *>ge ( "osid$ness at :i* ,i h h9t$1 if ! giv+ up ( ev]y?+ else = ! purpose ( devot+ oneself to a s*ol>ly & sa9tly life is "osid$ness1 ! ,gaon mu/ c]ta9ly be> ?is *>ge2 b 9 a _w :]e !re are s _m on ! o!r side1 we ought1 ,i ?9k1 to be only too grateful to ,provid5ce = s5d+ u f "t to "t great & /rong "osid$ m51 :o1 by _! c\nt]balanc+ influ5ce1 br+ ,god's spoilt _w to a c]ta9 equilibrium aga94 ,to appease my m t5d] read]s1 ,i %\ld l only to say t !re is no occasion at all = pity+ ,mrs4 ,gaon4 ,x w\ld be a mis]able _w inde$ if a good dige/ion & /upidity 71 z a c]ta9 au?or ma9ta9$1 ! only conditions ( happ9ess4 ,sa9ts are happy 9 _! suff]+s1 & noble s\ls f9d _! happ9ess 9 sacrific+ !mselves = ^! suff]]s4 ,ano!r sev]e feature 9 ! life ( ! ,gaon %[$ itself 9 8 dispute ) ! ,*assidim4 ,i regret n to be able to ent] "h ev5 into a brief acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ?is /ruggle4 ,i %all only take leave to say t ,i am afraid ea* p>ty 0 "r1 ! ,gaon z well z ! ,*assidim2 ! latt]1 9 attack+ ! ,rabbis ( _! "t1 :o mo/ly belong$ to ! casui/ic s*ools1 & 9 _! intellectual pursuits almo/ entirely neglect$ ! emotional side ( religion2 b none ! less 0 ! ,gaon "r 9 oppos+ a sy/em :i*1 z ,i h %[n above1 involv$ ! dang] ( lead+ to a wor%ip ( m54 ,except+ ?is incid5t1 ! ,gaon nev] m$dl$ ) public affairs4 ,he liv$ 9 retirem5t1 always occupi$ ) 8 own education & t ( 8 disciples & fri5ds4 ,x is mo/ rem>kable t1 9 spite ( 8 h>d "w & ! _m privations he _h to endure1 he enjoy$ good heal? almo/ all 8 life4 ,he nev] consult$ a doctor4 ,x 0 n until ! ye> #agia1 9 ! sev5tie? ye> ( 8 life1 t he began to feel ! decl9e ( 8 heal?4 ,b he 0 n mu* int]rupt$ by ! failure ( 8 p[]s4 ,z a means ( recov]y1 he e/eem$ v highly ! conv]sation ( ! prea*] ,jacob ( ,dubna1 bett] kn[n z ! ,dubna ,maggid17#ei7 ^: p>ables & sallies ( wit ! ,gaon us$ to enjoy v mu*4 ,on ! eve ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 9 ! ye> #agig1 he fell v ill & gave 8 bless+ to 8 *ildr54 ,he di$ on ! ?ird day ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 ) ! bran* ( ! ,lulab7#fj7 9 8 h&s4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,joy1 relates a contempor>y1 0 turn$ into days ( m\rn+4 ,9 all ! /reets ( ,wilna 7 he>d only lam5t+ & cry+ voices4 ,! fun]al orations deliv]$ on ?is occasion 9 ,wilna1 z well z 9 o!r ,jewi% communities1 w\ld =m a small libr>y4 ,8 disciples wept = _! ma/]1 ! p ( ,wilna = ! ornam5t ( _! native t[n1 & ! feel+ ( ! ,jews 9 g5]al 0 t 8! ,ark ( ,god 0 tak5 away40 ,aft] ! =ego+ sket*1 ! read] w h>dly expect me to give an acc\nt ( ! ,gaon's lit]>y productions4 ,! results ( s long a life & su* p[]s ( m9d devot$ to "o cause ) su* zeal & f]v\r1 w\ld furni% by !mselves ! subject ( a :ole s]ies ( essays4 ,! tomb/one set on 8 grave by 8 pi\s admir]s be>s ! inscription1 8,! ,gaon gave he$ & s\ght & set 9 ord]0--t is to say1 he wrote comm5t>ies or notes on--8! ,bible1 ! ,mi%nah1 bo? ,talmuds1 ! ,siphr1 ,siphra1 ! ,zoh>1 & _m o!r works40 ,inscriptions on tomb/ones are prov]bial = exagg]ation1 & we all "k ! say+1 8z m5daci\s z an epitaph40 ,b a glance at ! catalogue ( ! ,briti% ,museum "u ! head+ ( ,elijah ,wilna1 w %[ t ?is inscription makes a praisewor?y exception4 ,we w f9d t ?is li/ might be l5g!n$ by _m o!r works ( great importance = ,jewi% life & ?\ght4 ,8 comm5t>y to ! ,code ( ,r4 ,joseph ,c>o1 9 :i* "o w f9d t 9 _m cases he knew ! s\rces ( ! religi\s cu/oms & usages1 put toge!r 9 ?is "w1 bett] ?an its compil] himself1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t to place him at ! head ( ,hala*ic s*ol>%ip1 :il/ 8 notes & textual em5dations to ! ,tosephta & ,s$] ,olam1 to ! re/oration ( :i* he contribut$ s mu*1 w\ld h suffic$ to e/abli% 8 fame z a critic ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,& ?is is ! m a/oni%+ :5 we consid] t all ?is 0 done )\t manuscripts or any o!r aid1 & by m]e intuition4 ,we _c wond] t s*ol>s :o _h ! opportunity ( visit+ great libr>ies & saw h[ ! em5dations ( ! ,gaon agre$ sometimes ) ! read+s giv5 9 ! be/ manuscripts exclaim$ v (t53 8,only by inspiration c\ld he h f\nd out ^! secrets40 ,we h no ne$ to g s f>2 we %all simply say ) ! ,talmud1 8,! p[]s ( ! real sage surpass ^? ( ! prophet40 ,nay1 ev5 _h we possess$ only 8 ,glean+s1 :i* =m a k9d ( obit] dicta on v>i\s topics ( ,jewi% lit]ature1 ! ,gaon w\ld h rema9$ a model ( cle> ?9k+ & real +5uity = all future g5]ations4 ,h[ev]1 a real appreciation ( ! ,gaon's greatness z a s*ol> w\ld only be possible ei!r by a ?or\gh /udy ( 8 works1 to :i* ,i h allud$1 or by giv+ _m specim5s ( !m4 ,! %ort space ,i am limit$ to makes su* an und]tak+ impossible4 ,i %all !re=e use :at rema9s to me to say a few words on ! salut>y influ5ce ! ,gaon _h on 8 c\ntrym51 ! ,russian ,jews4 ,! ,russian ,jew is /ill a riddle to u4 ,we "k ?is /range be+ only f ! ,reports ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians or f bomba/ic phrases 9 public spee*es2 = he has always be5 ! victim ( plat=m orators1 ,s ov] viol5t or ov] civil1 ,t e man ) !m is ,god or ,devil4 ,f all1 h[ev]1 t ,i c ga!r f ! be/ ,jewi% writ]s 9 ,russia1 ,i c only judge t ! ,russian ,jew1 :5 transplant$ to a =eign soil1 :]e he is cut (f f ! pa/ & unc]ta9 ( 8 future1 is = ! "t at lea/ 9 a position 9 :i* 8 true "* _c be truly e/imat$4 ,8 real life is to be s\ght 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,!re1 amid/ 8 fri5ds & k9sm5 :o are all animat$ by ! same ideals1 atta*$ to ! same traditions1 & pr\d ( ! same religi\s & *>itable in/itutions1 ev]y?+ is full ( life & mean+ to him4 ,?us1 a c]ta9 ,russian writ] addresses 8 y\ng] colleagues :o f9d s mu* fault ) ! bygone _w3 8,g & see h[ ri* we always 7 9 excell5t m54 ,9 e t[n & e village y w\ld f9d s*ol>s1 sa9ts1 & philan?ropi/s4 ,_! m]its c\ld su/a9 worlds1 & ea* ( !m 0 an ornam5t ( ,israel40 ,& he proce$s to give doz5s ( names ( su* excell5t m51 :o are n all inde$ kn[n to u1 b ) :om ! ,russian ,jew connects _m noble & pi\s rem9isc5ces ( real greatness & h]oic selfd5ial1 & ( :om he is ju/ly pr\d4 ,! focus1 h[ev]1 ( all ?is spiritual life is ! ,ye%ibah 7,talmudical ,college77#fa7 9 ,walos94 ,i hope t a glance at its hi/ory & con/itution w n be f\nd un9t]e/+4 ,! intellectual orig9ator ( ?is in/itution :i* be>s ! "n ,ye%ibah ,ets ,*ayim 7,tree ( ,life ,college717#fb7 0 ! ,gaon himself4 ,be+ conv9c$ t ! /udy ( ! ,torah is ! v life ( ,judaism1 b t ?is /udy mu/ be conduct$ 9 a sci5tific1 n 9 a s*ola/ic way1 he bade 8 *ief disciple1 ! ,r4 ,*ayim already m5tion$1 to f\nd a college 9 :i* ,rabb9ical lit]ature %\ld be taught accord+ to 8 own true me?od4 ,x w\ld seem t1 z long z ! ,gaon 0 alive1 ,r4 ,*ayim pref]r$ to be a pupil r ?an a tea*]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,gaon di$1 ,r4 ,*ayim did n re/ till he _h c>ri$ out ! comm& ( 8 ma/]1 & 9 ! ye> #ahjc ! ,college 0 op5$ 9 ,walos94 ,! clo? manufactur] & disciple n[ became ,rabbi & ma/]4 ,he began on a small scale1 tea*+ at fir/ only a few pupils4 ,b ev5 = ! su/5ance ( a small numb] he _h n suffici5t means1 & 8 pi\s wife sold h] jewell]y to help him 9 accompli%+ 8 fav\rite plan4 ,?is is ! be/ refutation ( ! ,fr5* prov]b ,av>e comme une ,rabb9e4 ,! numb]1 h[ev]1 increas$ daily1 & be=e he di$ 7#ahbh71 he 0 =tunate en\gh to lecture to a hundr$ /ud5ts4 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts 9 ! ye> #ahhh am\nt$ to #djj1 & ! ,russian ,jews are ?us "r 9 ass]t+ t !y h ! greate/ ,talmudical ,college 9 ! _w4 ,x is evid5t t no private *>ity by a s+le man1 h[ev] great1 c\ld suffice to ma9ta9 su* l>ge numb]s4 ,?us ,r4 ,*ayim 0 already compell$ to appeal to ! lib]ality ( 8 ,russian bre?r54 ,! "n ( ,r4 ,*ayim1 & ! /ill great] "n ( 8 ma/]1 7 recomm5dation en\gh1 & besides private (f]+s1 _m communities promis$ l>ge sums t[>ds support+ ! /ud5ts 9 ,walos94 ,f "t to "t also mess5g]s are s5t out by ! committee to promote ! int]e/s ( ! ,ye%ibah4 ,! writ]s to :om ,i owe ^! data tell u t ^! mess5g]s travel to all p>ts ( ! _w to collect (f]+s = ,walos93 s t x is a /&+ joke ) ! /ud5ts t ! exi/5ce ( ! my?ical riv] ,sambatyon7#fc7 may be que/ion$ aft] all1 o!rwise x mu/ long h be5 discov]$ by ^! mess5g]s :o explore ! :ole _w 9 _! j\rneys4 ,b x w\ld seem t ?is _w is only a v small "o4 ,= ! :ole income ( ! ,ye%ibah has nev] exce$$ ! sum ( ab\t #ahjj4 ,( ?is a c]ta9 "p is sp5t 9 provid+ ! sal>ies ( ! tea*+ /aff & proctors1 & on ! repairs ( ! build+2 :il/ ! re/ is di/ribut$ among/ ! /ud5ts4 ,consid]+ t no s*ol>%ip exce$s #ac--;x is only ! =ty immortals ( ,walos9 :o receive su* high /ip5ds--consid]+ aga9 t ! great majority ( ! /ud5ts belong to ! poor] classes & ?us receive no remittance f _! p>5ts1 we may be sure t ! words ( ! ,talmud3 8,?is is ! way to /udy ! ,torah2 eat bread & salt1 dr9k wat] by measure1 sleep on ! e>?1 & live a life ( c>e10 are c>ri$ out by !m lit]ally4 ,b x w\ld seem t ! less !y eat & ! less !y sleep1 ! m !y "w4 ,inde$ ! indu/ry & ! en?usiasm ( ^! ,ba*urim 7alumni77#fd7 9 ! /udy ( ! ,torah is almo/ unsurpassable4 ,! (ficial h\rs alone ext5d f n9e 9 ! morn+ until t5 9 ! ev5+1 :ile _m ( ! /ud5ts volunte] to cont9ue _! /udies till ! middle ( ! night1 or to beg9 ! day at ?ree 9 ! morn+4 ,z to ! subject ( ^! /udies1 x is conf9$1 z may be imag9$1 to ! exploration ( ! old ,rabb9ic lit]ature 9 all its bran*es4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to ?9k t ! mod]n _s has left ,walos9 q unt\*$4 ,x w\ld be impossible t among #djj ?9k+ heads !re %\ld n be a few :o are int]e/$ 9 ma!matics1 o!rs aga9 9 philosophy or hi/ory1 :ile yet o!rs w\ld conjugate ! irregul> v]bs ( "s classical language :5 mov+ to & fro ov] _! ,talmud folios & pret5d+ to 8le>n40 ,inde$1 almo/ all ! writ]s :o dem& t ^! subjects %\ld be introduc$ z obligatory into ! programme ( ,walos91 belong$ !mselves to ?is ,ye%ibah4 ,& x is ^! writ]s :o betray ! secret h[ secul> k is n[ invad+ ! prec9cts ( ,walos91 z well z ( o!r ,talmudical ,colleges 9 spite ( all ob/acles & prohibitions4 ,9 conqu]+ ^! difficulties seem to consi/ ! pleasures ( life ( _m ,ba*urim at ,walos94 ,look only at t und]graduate1 h[1 aft] a heavy day's "w he is /&+ !re 9 ! /reet read+ ,buckle's ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ! moonlight6 ,poor man1 he is n s romantic z to pref] ! moonlight to a *e]ful1 w>m room1 ) ! m prosaic light ( a c&le1 b he has got tir$ ( knock+ at ! door1 = 8 l&lady1 to :om he has neglect$ to pay r5t = ! la/ ?ree t]ms1 made up h] m9d to let him freeze to night4 ,b /ill m cruel to him is 8 fell[suff]]1 :o is also w&]+ 9 ! /reets ) an ov]load$ bra9 & empty /oma*2 he r\ghly %akes him out ( 8 dreams by tell+ him t ,buckle is long ago antiquat$1 & t he _h bett] /udy ! works ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o has spok5 ! la/ ^w on e vital subject 9 ! _w4 ,/ill ^! two />v+ & freez+ repres5tatives ( ,engli% ?\ght 9 ,walos9 =m only an exception4 ,! g5]al fav\rites are ! repres5tatives ( ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,t su* books z ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$1 by ,maimonides1 ! ,metaphysical ,rese>*es ( ,levi b4 ,g]%om17#fe7 & o!r philosophical works ( ! ,spani% s*ool are read by ! ,walos9 /ud5ts x is ne$less to say4 ,^! books n[ =m a "p ( ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature1 & x w\ld be almo/ unor?odox to suspect _! read]s4 ,b is wor? notic+ t ev5 ! productions ( ! mod]n hi/oricocritical s*ool1 su* z ! works ( ,zunz1 ,frankel1 ,graetz1 ,weiss1 are v popul> ) ! ,ba*urim1 be+ mu* read & discuss$ by !m4 ,?us ,walos9 des]ves rightly to be consid]$ z ! c5tre ( ,jewi% ?\ght 9 ,russia1 9 :i* ! _s ( ! ,gaon is /ill work+4 ,i h v (t51 h[ev]1 he>d d\bts express$ z to ! cont9uance ( ?is _s :51 z x is to be hop$1 bett] times come = ! ,jews 9 ,russia4 ,is x n to be fe>$ t lib]ty & emancipation w r5d] unt5able ideas & notions :i* arose "u entirely diff]5t circum/ances8 ,!re is no ne$ ( ent]ta9+ su* fe>s4 ,rabbi ,j$aiah ( ,b$res7#ff7 concludes 8 philosophical "w ,exam9ation ( ! ,_w1 ) ! foll[+ words3 8,! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] is1 g ei!r to ! "r1 my he>t1 or g to ! left1 b believe all t ,r4 ,moses b5 ,maimon 7,maimonides7 has believ$1 ! la/ ( ! ,gaonim by "t1 b ! fir/ 9 rank40 ,ab\t five hundr$ ye>s h pass$ away s9ce ^! l9es 7 writt54 ,"t1 z we h se51 has br\ght ano!r ,gaon1 & probably ,"t w fav\r u 9 future ) /ill ano!r4 ,b times h also alt]$4 ,! rebelli\s he>ts ( a lib]al age are n likely to obey always ! comm&1 8believe all t ! ,gaon said40 ,b ! he>t ( man w 9 all ages reta9 idealism en\gh to love & rev]e ! greate/ ( m5 & to foll[ :at 0 be/ 9 !m4 ,,iv4 ,,na*manides7#fg7 ,r4 ,*ayim ,vital1 9 8 ,book ( ! ,transmigrations ( ,s\ls1 gives ! foll[+ bold *>act]i/ic ( ! two great tea*]s ( ,judaism1 ,maimonides & ,na*manides4 ,_! s\ls bo? sprang =? f ! head ( ,adam--x is a fav\rite idea ( ! ,cabbali/s to evolve ! :ole ( ideal humanity f ! ar*etype ,adam--b ! =m]1 ,maimonides1 _h 8 g5ius plac$ on ! left curl ( ,adam1 :i* is all judgm5t & sev]ity1 :il/ t ( ! latt]1 ,na*manides1 _h its place on ! "r curl1 :i* repres5ts r m]cy & t5d]ness4 ,i />t f ^! words 9 ord] to avoid disappo9tm5t4 ,= ,na*manides 0 a great ,talmudi/1 a great ,bible /ud5t1 a great philosoph]1 a great controv]siali/1 &1 p]haps1 also a great physician2 9 "o ^w1 great 9 e respect1 possess$ ( all ! culture ( 8 age4 ,b1 z ,i h already indicat$ by ! passage quot$ by way ( introduction1 x is n ( ,na*manides 9 any ( ^! excell5t qualities t ,i wi% to write "h4 ,= ^! aspects ( 8 life & m9d ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! works ( ,graetz1 ,weiss1 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,p]les1 & o!rs4 ,i %all mo/ly conf9e myself to ^? features & peculi>ities 9 8 c>e] & works :i* w illu/rate ,na*manides ! t5d] & compassionate1 ! ,na*manides :o repres5t$ ,judaism f ! side ( emotion & feel+1 z ,maimonides did f ! side ( reason & logic4 ,r4 ,moses b5 ,na*man1 or ,bona/ruc de ,portas1 z he 0 call$ by 8 fell[c\ntrym51 or ,na*manides1 z he is commonly call$ n[1 0 born 9 ,g]ona ab\t ! ye> #aaie4 ,g]ona is a little t[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,catalonia 9 ,spa94 ,b ?\gh 9 ,spa91 ,g]ona 0 n di/+ui%$ = its philosoph]s or poets l ,granada1 ,b>celona1 or ,tol$o4 ,situat$ z x 0 9 ! ,nor? ( ,spa91 ,g]ona 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ,franco ,jewi% sympa?ies1 & ?us its boa/ lay 9 ! great ,talmudi/s t x produc$4 ,i %all only m5tion ! "n ( ,r4 ,z]ahiah ,hallevi ,g]undi--s call$ aft] 8 native place--^: /rictures on ! ,code ( ,r4 ,isaac ,alfasi1 :i* he began z a y\? ( n9ete5 ye>s1 w always rema9 a m>vel ( critical insight & indep5d5t rese>*4 ,na*manides is suppos$ by "s au?ors to h be5 a desc5dant ( ,r4 ,isaac b5 ,reub5 ( ,b>celona1 ^: hymns are /ill to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 rituals4 ,! evid5ce = ?is is insuffici5t1 b we "k t he 0 a c\s9 ( ,r4 ,jonah ,g]undi1 n less fam\s = 8 ,talmudic le>n+ ?an = 8 sa9tl9ess & piety4 ,na*manides ?us belong$ to ! be/ ,jewi% families ( ,g]ona4 ,v>i\s great m5 are m5tion$ z 8 tea*]s1 b we h c]ta9ty only ab\t two1 namely ,r4 ,judah b5 ,yak>1 ! comm5tator ( ! pray]s1 & ,r4 ,meir b5 ,na?an ( ,tr9qu9ta9es4 ,! my/ic1 ,r4 ,ezra 7or ,azriel71 is inde$ alleg$ to h be5 8 in/ructor 9 ! ,cabbalah1 & ?is is n impossible1 z he also 0 an inhabitant ( ,g]ona2 b x is m probable t ,na*manides 0 initiat$ into ! ,cabbalah by ! ,r4 ,judah j m5tion$1 :o also belong$ to ! my/ical s*ool4 ,:oev] 8 ma/]s 71 !y mu/ h be5 well satisfi$ ) _! promis+ pupil1 = he und]took1 at ! age ( fifte51 to write supplem5ts to ! ,code ( ,r4 ,isaac ,alfasi4 ,nor 0 x at a mu* lat] date t he began to compose 8 "w1 ,! ,w>s ( ! ,"l1 9 :i* he def5ds ?is great codifi] aga9/ ! /rictures ( ,r4 ,z]ahiah1 to :i* we h ref]r$ above4 ,i %all 9 ! c\rse ( ?is essay h fur!r occasion to speak ( ?is latt] "w2 = ! pres5t we w foll[ ! c>e] ( its au?or4 ,conc]n+ ! private life ( ,na*manides v little has come d[n to u4 ,we only "k t he _h a family ( sons & daught]s4 ,he 0 n sp>$ ! greate/ grief t c befall a fa!r1 = he lo/ a son2 x 0 on ! day ( ! ,new ,ye>47#fh7 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ h be5 a great s\rce ( joy to him :5 he m>ri$ 8 son ,solomon to ! daught] ( ,r4 ,jonah1 :om he rev]$ z a sa9t & a man ( ,god4 ,z a tok5 ( ! admiration 9 :i* he held 8 fri5d1 ! foll[+ incid5t may be m5tion$4 ,x seems t x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,spa9 to "n ! fir/ *ild 9 a family aft] 8 pat]nal gr&fa!r2 b ,na*manides c$$ 8 "r 9 behalf ( 8 fri5d1 & ?us 8 daught]9law's fir/ son 0 nam$ ,jonah4 ,ano!r son ( ,na*manides :om we "k ( 0 ,na*man1 to :om 8 fa!r address$ 8 lett]s f ,pale/9e1 & :o also wrote ,novell to ! ,talmud1 /ill extant 9 ,,ms4 ,b ! lat] po/]ity ( ,na*manides is bett] kn[n to fame4 ,r4 ,levi b5 ,g]%om 0 "o ( 8 desc5dants2 s 0 also ,r4 ,simeon ,duran27#fi7 :il/ ,r4 ,jacob ,sasportas1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury17#gj7 d]iv$ 8 p$igree f ,na*manides 9 ! elev5? g5]ation4 ,z to 8 call+1 he 0 occupi$ z ,rabbi & tea*]1 fir/ 9 ,g]ona & aft]w>ds 9 ,b>celona4 ,b ?is meant z mu* z if we %\ld say ( a man t he is a philan?ropi/ by pr(ession1 ) ! only diff]5ce t ! treasures ( :i* ,na*manides dispos$ 7 m ( a spiritual k9d4 ,= 8 livelihood he probably dep5d$ ^u 8 m$ical practice4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ! life ( ,na*manides1 8^: words 7 held 9 ,catalonia 9 almo/ z high au?ority z ! ,scriptures10 0 n )\t its great public ev5ts4 ,at lea/ we "k ( two4 ,! "o 0 ab\t ! ye> #abcb1 on ! occasion ( ! great /ruggle ab\t ,maimonides' ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$1 & ! fir/ book ( 8 great ,comp5dium ( ! ,law4 ,! ,maimoni/s look$ ^u ^! works almo/ z a new revelation1 :il/ ! ,anti,maimoni/s condemn$ bo? z h]etical1 or at lea/ conducive to h]esy47#ga7 ,x w\ld be pr(itless to reproduce ! details ( ?is sad affair4 ,! motives may h be5 pure & good1 b ! actions 7 decid$ly bad4 ,p d5\nc$ ea* o!r1 excommunicat$ ea* o!r1 & did n 7f ei!r side7 sp>e ev5 ! dead f ! mo/ bitt] calumnies4 ,na*manides /ood betwe5 two fires4 ,! ,fr5* ,rabbis1 f :om mo/ ( ! ,anti,maimoni/s 7 recruit$1 he held 9 v high e/eem & consid]$ himself z _! pupil4 ,"s ( ! lead]s ( ?is p>ty 7 also 8 relatives4 ,he1 too1 _h1 z we %all see lat] on1 a !ory ( 8 own ab\t ,god & ! _w little 9 agreem5t ) t ( ,maimonides4 ,x is wor? not+ t ,na*manides object$ to call+ ,maimonides 8our tea*] ,moses0 7,rabb5u ,mo%eh717#gb7 ?9k+ x improp] to conf] ^u him ! title by :i* ! ,rabbis hon\r$ ! ,ma/] ( ! ,prophets4 ,! v fact1 h[ev]1 t he _h "s !ory ( ! ,univ]se %[s t he _h a problem to solve1 :il/ ! real ,fr5* ,rabbis 7 h>dly tr\bl$ by difficulties ( a metaphysical "*4 ,inde$1 ,na*manides pays !m ! r d\btful complim5t t ,maimonides' "w 0 n int5d$ = !m1 :o 7 b>ricad$ by _! fai? & happy 9 _! belief1 want+ no protection aga9/ ! works ( ,ari/otle & ,gal51 by ^: philosophy o!rs might be l$ a/ray4 ,9 o!r words1 _! /r5g? lay 9 an ignorance ( ,greek philosophy1 to :i* ! cultivat$ ,jews ( ,spa9 w\ld n aspire4 ,na*manides 0 also a great admir] ( ,maimonides1 ^: virtues & great m]its 9 ! s]vice ( ,judaism he describes 9 8 lett] to ! ,fr5* ,rabbis4 ,?us1 ! only way left op5 to him 0 to play ! "p ( ! conciliator4 ,! c\rse ( ?is /ruggle is fully describ$ 9 e ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,x is suffici5t to say t1 9 spite ( 8 great au?ority1 ,na*manides 0 n successful 9 8 ef=t to mod]ate ! viol5ce ( ei!r p>ty1 & t ! controv]sy 0 at la/ settl$ ?r\gh ! h>% int]f]5ce ( outsid]s :o wellnigh cru%$ ,maimoni/s & ,anti,maimoni/s alike4 ,! second public ev5t 9 ! life ( ,na*manides 0 8 ,disputation1 held 9 ,b>celona1 at ! ,c\rt & 9 ! pres5ce ( ,k+ ,jayme ,i41 ( ,aragon1 9 ! ye> #abfc4 ,x 0 ! usual /ory4 ,a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 nam$ ,pablo ,*ri/iani1 :o burn$ ) zeal\s anxiety to see 8 =m] coreligioni/s sav$1 aft] _m va9 attempts 9 ?is direction1 appli$ to ! ,k+ ( ,aragon to ord] ,na*manides to take "p 9 a public disputation4 ,pablo ma9ta9$ t he c\ld prove ! ju/ice ( ! ,messianic claims ( ,jesus f ! ,talmud & o!r ,rabb9ic writ+s4 ,if he c\ld only succe$ 9 conv9c+ ! great ,rabbi ( ,spa9 ( ! tru? ( 8 argum5t1 ! bulk ( ! ,jews 0 sure to foll[4 ,by ! way1 x 0 ! same ,talmud :i* "s tw5ty ye>s previ\sly 01 at ! in/ance ( ano!r ,jewi% conv]t1 burn$ 9 ,p>is1 = conta9+ passages aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,na*manides _h to con=m ) ! comm& ( ! k+1 &1 on ! #ba/ ( ,july1 #abfc1 0 begun ! controv]sy1 :i* la/$ = f\r or five days4 ,i d n ?9k t !re is 9 ! :ole doma9 ( lit]ature less pr(itable read+ ?an t ( ! controv]sies betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,^! public disputations occasionally =c$ ! ,jews !mselves to review _! position t[>ds _! own lit]ature1 & l$ !m to draw cle>] di/9ctions betwe5 :at !y reg>d$ z religion & :at z folklore4 ,b beyond ?is1 ! polemics betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians 7 b>r5 ( good results4 ,if y h read "o y h read en\gh = all "t4 ,! same casui/ry & ! same disreg>d ( hi/ory turn up aga9 & aga94 ,n]v\sness & humility are always on ! side ( ! ,jews1 :o "k t1 :atev] ! result may be1 ! end w be p]secution2 arrogance is always on ! side ( _! antagoni/s1 :o are support$ by a b& ( ,knights ( ! ,holy ,cross1 prep>$ to prove ! s\ndness ( _! cause at ! po9t ( _! dagg]s4 ,besides1 0 !re en\gh common gr\nd betwe5 ,judaism & ?irte5? c5tury ,*ri/ianity to h ju/ifi$ ! hope ( a mutual und]/&+8 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 almo/ =gott5 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,fir/ ,p]son 9 ! ,tr9ity 0 lead+ a sort ( %ad[y exi/5ce 9 art1 :i* c\ld only be ! m repulsive to a ,jew on t acc\nt4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( ,*ur* wor%ip 0 monopolis$ by devotion to ! ,virg9 ,"m1 pray]s to ! sa9ts1 & kneel+ be=e _! relics4 ,& a ,jew may well be p>don$ if he did n ent]ta9 high] views ( ?is =m ( wor%ip ?an ,lu!r & ,knox did at a lat] p]iod4 ,x w ?us n be wor? our :ile to dwell mu* on ! matt] ( ?is controv]sy1 9 :i* ! ess5ce ( ! real dispute is sc>cely t\*$4 ,!re are only two po9ts 9 x :i* are wor? notic+4 ,! fir/ is t ,na*manides decl>$ ! ,agado?7#gc7 9 ! ,talmud to be only a s]ies ( s]mons 7he uses ?is v ^w71 express+ ! individual op9ions ( ! prea*]1 & ?us possess+ no au?oritative weight4 ,! conv]t ,pablo is q agha/ at ?is /atem5t1 & accuses ,na*manides ( het]odoxy4 ,secondly1--& "h ,i take leave to complete ! r obscure passage 9 ! controv]sy by a p>allel 9 8 book1 ,! ,date ( ,r$emption17#gd7 quot$ by ,az>iah de ,rossi--t ! "q ( ! ,messiah is n ( t dogmatic importance to ! ,jews t ,*ri/ians imag9e4 ,= ev5 if ,jews suppos$ _! s9s to be s great t !y =feit$ all ! promises made to !m 9 ! ,scriptures1 or t1 on "s hidd5 gr\nd1 x w\ld please ! ,almighty nev] to re/ore _! national indep5d5ce1 ?is w\ld 9 no way alt] ! obligations ( ,jews t[>ds ! ,torah4 ,nor is ! com+ ( ! ,messiah desir$ by ,jews z an end 9 itself4 ,= x is n ! goal ( _! hopes t !y %all be able aga9 to eat ( ! fruit ( ,pale/9e1 or enjoy o!r pleasures !re2 n ev5 ! *ance ( ! re/oration ( sacrifices & ! wor%ip ( ! ,temple is ! greate/ ( ,jewi% expectations 7connect$ ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah74 ,:at makes !m long = 8 com+ is ! hope t !y w !n witness1 9 ! company ( ! prophets & prie/s1 a great] spread ( purity & hol9ess ?an is n[ possible4 ,9 o!r words1 ! possibility = !m to live a holy life aft] ! w ( ,god w be great] ?an n[4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]+ t su* a godly life "u a ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t requires great] sacrifices ?an x w\ld "u a ,jewi% k+2 &1 consid]+ aga9 t ! m]its & rew>ds ( a good act increase ) ! ob/acles t are 9 ! way ( execut+ x--consid]+ ?is1 a ,jew might ev5 pref] to live "u ! ,k+ ( ,aragon ?an "u ! ,messiah1 :]e he w\ld p]=ce act 9 accordance ) ! precepts ( ! ,torah4 ,n[ !re is 9 ?is /atem5t mu* t has only to be look$ ^u z a complim5t to ! gov]nm5t ( ,spa94 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t if ! alt]native laid be=e ,na*manides _h be5 a really practical "o1 he w\ld h decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! clem5t rule ( ! ,messiah 9 pref]5ce to t ( ! mo/ cruel k+ on e>?4 ,b ! fact t he repeats ?is /atem5t 9 ano!r place1 :]e !re 0 no occasion to be ov] polite to ! ,gov]nm5t1 t5ds to %[1 z we h said1 t ! belief 9 ! ,messiah 0 n ! basis on :i* ,na*manides' religion 0 built up4 ,! result ( ! controv]sy is conte/$ by ! diff]5t p>ties2 ! ,*ri/ian writ]s claim ! victory = ,pablo1 :il/ ! ,jewi% docum5ts ma9ta9 t ! issue 0 ) ,na*manides4 ,9 any case1 8,d] ,jude wird v]brannt40 ,= 9 ! next ye> 7#abfd7 all ! books ( ! ,jews 9 ,aragon 7 confiscat$ & submitt$ to ! c5sor%ip ( a commission1 ( :i* ! wellkn[n au?or ( ! ,pugio ,fidei1 ,raymund ,m>t9i1 01 p]haps1 ! mo/ important memb]4 ,! books 7 n burn$ ?is "t1 b _h to suff] a sev]e mutilation2 ! anti,*ri/ian passages1 or su* z 7 suppos$ to be s1 7 /ruck out or oblit]at$4 ,na*manides' acc\nt ( ! controv]sy1 :i* he probably publi%$ f a s5se ( duty t[>ds ^? :om he repres5t$1 0 decl>$ to conta9 blasphemies aga9/ ! dom9ant religion4 ,! pamphlet 0 condemn$ to be burn$ publicly1 :il/ ! au?or 01 z x seems1 puni%$ ) expulsion f 8 c\ntry4 ,x is n report$ :]e ,na*manides f\nd a home dur+ ! next ?ree ye>s2 probably he _h to accept ! hospitality ( 8 fri5ds1 ei!r 9 ,ca/ile or 9 ! s\? ( ,france2 b we "k t 9 ! ye> #abfg he left ,europe & emigrat$ to ,pale/9e4 ,na*manides 01 at ?is juncture ( 8 life1 already a man ( ab\t sev5ty4 ,b x w\ld seem z if ! sev5 decades :i* he _h sp5t 9 ! ,spani% ,p59sula 7 only meant z a prep>ation = ! ?ree ye>s :i* he 0 de/9$ to live 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 = x 0 dur+ ?is /age ( 8 life t ! greate/ "p ( 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,p5tateu* 0 writt54 ,9 ?is "w1 z is agre$ on all sides1 8 f9e/ ?\ghts & noble/ s5tim5ts 7 put d[n4 ,be=e proce$+ to speak ( 8 works1 let u fir/ ca/ a glance at 8 lett]s f ,pale/9e1 =m+ z !y d a c]ta9 l9k betwe5 8 =m] life & t :i* 0 to occupy him exclusively = ! re/ ( 8 days4 ,we h ?ree lett]s1 ! fir/ ( :i* ,i %all translate "h 9 ext5so4 ,! lett] 0 writt5 soon aft] 8 arrival at ,j]usalem 9 ! ye> #abfg4 ,x 0 address$ to 8 son ,na*man1 & runs z foll[s3-- 8,! ,"l %all bless !e1 my son ,na*man1 & ?\ %alt see ! good ( ,j]usalem4 ,yea1 ?\ %alt see ?y *ildr5's *ildr5 7,ps4 cxxviii471 & ?y table %all be l t ( our fa!r ,abraham67#ge7 ,9 ,j]usalem1 ! ,holy ,city1 ,i write ?is lett]4 ,=1 ?anks & praise unto ! rock ( my salvation1 ,i 0 ?\ght wor?y by ,god to arrive "h safely on ! #i? ( ! mon? ( ,elul1 & ,i rema9$ !re till ! day aft] ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,n[ ,i int5d go+ to ,hebron1 to ! sepul*re ( our ance/ors1 to pro/rate myself1 & !re to dig my grave4 ,b :at am ,i to say to y ) reg>d to ! c\ntry8 ,great is ! solitude & great ! wa/es1 &1 to *>act]ise x 9 %ort1 ! m sacr$ ! places1 ! great] _! desolation6 ,j]usalem is m desolate ?an ! re/ ( ! c\ntry3 ,juda m ?an ,galilee4 ,b ev5 9 ?is de/ruction x is a bless$ l&4 ,x has ab\t #bjjj inhabitants1 ab\t #cjj ,*ri/ians live !re :o escap$ ! sword ( ! ,sultan4 ,!re are no ,jews4 ,= s9ce ! arrival ( ! ,t>t>s1 "s fl$1 o!rs di$ by ! sword4 ,!re are only two bro!rs1 dy]s by trade1 :o h to buy _! +r$i5ts f ! gov]nm5t4 ,!re ! ,t5 ,m57#gf7 meet1 & on ,sabba?s !y hold s]vice at _! h\se4 ,b we enc\rag$ !m1 & we succe$$ 9 f9d+ a vacant h\se1 built on pill>s ( m>ble ) a beautiful ar*4 ,t we took = a synagogue4 ,= ! t[n is )\t a ma/]1 & :oev] w take possession ( ! ru9s c d s4 ,we gave our (f]+s t[>ds ! repairs ( ! h\se4 ,we h s5t already to ,%e*em to fet* "s scrolls ( ! ,law f !re :i* _h be5 br\ght ?i!r f ,j]usalem at ! invasion ( ! ,t>t>s4 ,?us !y w organise a synagogue & wor%ip !re4 ,= cont9ually p cr[d to ,j]usalem1 m5 & wom51 f ,damascus1 ,zobah 7,aleppo717#gg7 & f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry to see ! ,sanctu>y & to m\rn ov] x4 ,he :o ?\ght u wor?y to let u see ,j]usalem 9 h] des]tion1 he %all bless u to behold h] aga91 built & re/or$1 :5 ! glory ( ! ,"l w return unto h]4 ,b y1 my son1 & y\r bro!rs & ! :ole ( our family1 y all %all live to see ! salvation ( ,j]usalem & ! com=t ( ,zion4 ,^! are ! words ( y\r fa!r :o is ye>n+ & =gett+1 :o is see+ & enjoy+1 ,moses b5 ,na*man4 ,give also my peace to my pupil ,moses1 ! son ( ,solomon1 ! nephew ( y\r "m4 ,i wi% to tell him 444 t !re1 fac+ ! holy temple1 ,i h read 8 v]ses1 weep+ bitt]ly ov] !m4 ,may he :o caus$ 8 "n to re/ 9 ! ,holy ,temple increase y\r peace toge!r ) ! peace ( ! :ole community40 ,?is lett] may be illu/rat$ by a few p>allels tak5 f ! app5dix to ,na*manides' ,comm5t>y to ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* conta9s "s r incoh]5t notes :i* ! au?or seems to h jott$ d[n :5 he arriv$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,aft] a l5g?y acc\nt ( ! mat]ial z well z ! spiritual glories ( ! holy city 9 ! pa/1 he proce$s to say3-- 8,a m\rnful sight ,i h p]ceiv$ 9 !e 7,j]usalem72 only "o ,jew is "h1 a dy]1 p]secut$1 oppress$ & despis$4 ,at 8 h\se ga!r great & small :5 !y c get ! ,t5 ,m54 ,!y are wret*$ folk1 )\t occupation & trade1 consi/+ ( a few pilgrims & begg>s1 ?\gh ! fruit ( ! l& is /ill magnific5t & ! h>ve/s ri*4 ,inde$1 x is /ill a bless$ c\ntry1 fl[+ ) milk & honey4444 ,oh6 ,i am ! man :o saw affliction4 ,i am bani%$ f my table1 f> remov$ f fri5d & k9sman1 & too long is ! di/ance to meet aga94444 ,i left my family1 ,i =sook my h\se4 ,!re ) my sons & daught]s1 & ) ! sweet & de> *ildr5 :om ,i h br\ght up on my knees1 ,i left also my s\l4 ,my he>t & my eyes w dwell ) !m = ev]4444 ,b ! loss ( all ?is & ( e o!r glory my eyes saw is comp5sat$ by hav+ n[ ! joy ( be+ a day 9 ?y c\rts 7,o ,j]usalem71 visit+ ! ru9s ( ! ,temple & cry+ ov] ! ru9$ ,sanctu>y2 :]e ,i am p]mitt$ to c>ess ?y /ones1 to fondle ?y du/1 & to weep ov] ?y ru9s4 ,i wept bitt]ly1 b ,i f\nd joy 9 my te>s4 ,i tore my g>m5ts1 b ,i felt reliev$ by x40 ,( "s lat] date is 8 lett] f ,acra1 :i* may be consid]$ z a sort ( e?ical w1 & :i* has be5 ju/ly *>act]is$ z a eulogy ( humility4 ,"h is an extract f x3-- 8,accu/om y\rself to speak g5tly to all m5 at all times1 & ?us y w avoid ang]1 :i* leads to s mu* s94444 ,humility is ! fir/ ( virtues2 = if y ?9k h[ l[ly is man1 h[ great is ,god1 y w fe> ,him & avoid s9fulness4 ,on ! humble man re/s ! div9e glory2 ! man t is haughty to o!rs d5ies ,god4 ,look n boldly at "o :om y address4444 ,reg>d e "o z great] ?an ?yself4444 ,rememb] always t y /& be=e ,god1 bo? :5 y pray & :5 y conv]se ) o!rs4444 ,?9k be=e y speak4444 ,act z ,i h bidd5 y1 & y\r words1 & de$s1 & ?\ghts1 w be hone/1 & y\r pray]s pure & acceptable be=e ,god40 ,! ?ird lett] is address$ to 8 son 7,r4 ,solomon87 :o 0 /ay+ 79 ! s]vice ( ! k+7 9 ,ca/ile4 ,x is 9 its *ief cont5t a eulogy ( *a/ity47#gh7 ,probably ,na*manides _h "s dread ( ! dang]\s allurem5ts ( ! c\rt1 & he begs 8 son nev] to d any?+ ( :i* he kn[s t 8 fa!r w\ld n approve1 & to keep 8 fa!r's image always be=e 8 eyes4 ,z to 8 works1 we may divide !m into two classes4 ,! "o w\ld conta9 ^? ( a /rictly legali/ic 7,hala*ic71 :il/ ! o!r ^? ( a m homileticexegetical & devotional "* 7,agadic74 ,z already indicat$ 9 ! prelim9>y l9es ( ?is pap]1 ,i _c dwell long on ! =m] class ( our au?or's writ+s4 ,x consi/s ei!r ( ,glosses or ,novell to ! ,talmud1 9 ! /yle & mann] ( ! ,fr5* ,rabbis1 or ( ,comp5dia ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,law aft] ! model set by ,r4 ,isaac ,alfasi or ,maimonides1 or 9 def5ces ( ! 8,e>li] ,au?orities0 aga9/ ! /rictures made on !m by a lat] g5]ation4 ,a few words mu/ be said ) reg>d to ^! def5ces2 = !y reveal t deep respect = au?ority :i* =ms a special feature ( ,na*manides' writ+s4 ,8 ,w>s ( ! ,"l1 9 :i* he def5ds ,alfasi aga9/ ,r4 ,z]ahiah ( ,g]ona1 0 und]tak5 :5 he 0 v "y1 :il/ 8 def5ce ( ! au?or ( ! ,hala*o? ,g$olo?7#gi7 aga9/ ! attacks ( ,maimonides1 :i* he began at a mu* m mature age1 %[s ! same def]5ce 8to ! great ones ( ! pa/40 ,inde$1 he says 9 "o place1 8,we b[ be=e !m 7! e>li] au?orities71 & ?\gh _! words are n q evid5t to u we submit to !m02 or1 z he expresses himself else:]e1 8,only he :o dips 7deeply en\gh7 9 ! wisdom ( ! #8anci5t ones' w dr9k ! pure 7old7 w9e40 ,b x w\ld be unju/ to ! g5ius ( ,na*manides to repres5t him z a bl9d wor%ipp] ( au?ority4 ,humble & g5]\s 9 disposition1 he c]ta9ly w\ld b[ be=e e recognis$ au?ority1 & he w\ld also ?9k x 8 duty to take up ! cudgels = him z long z !re 0 ev5 ! lea/ *ance ( mak+ an hon\rable def5ce4 ,b :5 ?is *ance _h gone1 :5 ,na*manides 0 fully conv9c$ t 8 h]o 0 9 ! wrong1 he foll[$ no guide b tru?4 8,not)/&+10 he says 9 8 introduction to ! def5ces ( ! ,hala*o? ,g$olo?1 8my desire & delight to be ! disciple ( ! ,e>li] ,au?orities1 to ma9ta9 _! views & to ass]t !m1 ,i d n consid] myself a #8donkey c>ry+ books4' ,i w expla9 _! way & appreciate _! value1 b :5 _! views are inconceivable to my ?\ghts1 ,i w plead 9 all mode/y1 b %all judge accord+ to ! sight ( my eyes4 ,& :5 ! mean+ is cle> ,i %all flatt] none1 = ! ,"l gives wisdom 9 all times & ages40 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re seems to h be5 a c]ta9 sort ( lit]>y agno/icism ab\t ,na*manides :i* made x v difficult = him to f9d ! 8cle> mean+40 ,! passage 9 ! ,w>s ( ! ,"l to ! effect 8t !re is 9 ! art 7( comm5t+7 no su* c]ta9 demon/ration z 9 ma!matics or a/ronomy10 is well kn[n & has (t5 be5 quot$2 b /ill m *>act]i/ic ( ?is lit]>y agno/icism is ! fir/ p>agraph ( ! abovem5tion$ def5ces ( ! ,hala*o? ,g$olo?4 ,:il/ all 8 pr$ecessors accept$1 on ! au?ority ( ,r4 ,simlai17#hj7 ! numb] 7#fac7 ( ! comm&m5ts z an unconte/$ fact1 & bas$ _! compositions on x1 ,na*manides que/ions ! :ole matt]1 & %[s t ! passages relat+ to ?is enum]ation ( laws are only ( a homiletical nature1 & ?us ( little consequ5ce4 ,nay1 he goes s f> z to say1 8,inde$ ! sy/em h[ to numb] ! comm&m5ts is a matt] 9 :i* ,i suspect all ( u 7are mi/ak57 & ! tru? mu/ be left to him :o w solve all d\bts40 ,we %\ld ?us be incl9$ to ?9k t ?is adh]5ce to ! words ( ! e>li] ,au?orities 0 at lea/ z mu* due to ?is critical scepticism z to 8 cons]vative t5d5cies4 ,! space left to me ,i %all devote to ! second class ( 8 writ+s1 9 :i* ,na*manides work$ less aft] giv5 types4 ,^! reveal to u m ( 8 inn] be+1 & (f] u "s insight into 8 !ological sy/em4 ,! great problem :i* seems to h pres5t$ itself to ,na*manides' m9d 0 less h[ to reconcile religion ) reason ?an h[ to reconcile man ) religion4 ,:at is man8 ,! usual answ] is n flatt]+4 ,he is an animal t owes its exi/5ce to ! same in/9ct t produces ev5 ! l[] creatures1 & he is condemn$1 l !m1 to g to a place ( worm & maggot4 ,b1 may n "o ask1 :y %\ld a creature s l[ly born1 & doom$ to s hapless a future1 be burd5$ ) ! awful responsibility ( kn[+ t he is de/9$ 8to give reckon+ & judgm5t be=e ! ,k+ ( k+s1 ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he08 ,x is true t man is also end[$ ) a heav5ly s\l1 b ?is only br+s u back aga9 to ! anti!sis ( fle% & _s :i* 0 ! /umbl+block ( _m a !ological sy/em4 ,nor does x help u mu* t[>ds ! solution ( ! indicat$ difficulty2 = :at relation c !re be betwe5 ?is mat]ia impura ( body & ! pure intellect ( s\l8 ,& aga91 mu/ n ! unfav\rable condition 9 :i* ! latt] is plac$ ?r\gh ?is uncong5ial society heavily clog & suppress all aspiration = p]fection8 ,x is 8a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself10 doom$ to an ev]la/+ conte/1 )\t hope = coop]ation or ev5 ( h>mony4 ,! works ,! ,sacr$ ,lett] & ,! ,law ( ,man may be consid]$ z an attempt by ,na*manides1 if n to remove1 at lea/ to relieve ! h>%ness ( ?is anti!sis4 ,! =m]1 9 :i* he blames ,maimonides = foll[+ ,ari/otle 9 d5\nc+ c]ta9 desires implant$ 9 u by nature z ignom9i\s & unwor?y ( man1 may1 p]haps1 be *>act]is$ z a v9dication ( ! fle% f a religi\s po9t ( view4 ,! contempt 9 :i* 8t ,greek10 z ,na*manides t]ms ,ari/otle1 held ! fle% is inconsi/5t ) ! !ory ( ! religi\s man1 :o believes t ev]y?+ 7includ+ ! body1 ) all its functions7 is creat$ by ,god1 ^: "w is p]fect & good1 )\t impure or inh>moni\s p>ts4 ,x is only s9 & neglect t disfigure ,god's creations4 ,i _c ent] into any fur!r details ( ?is "w1 b ,i may be p]mitt$ to rem>k t !re is a v /rong simil>ity betwe5 ! t5d5cy ( ! ,sacr$ ,lett] & c]ta9 lead+ ideas ( ,milton4 ,inde$1 if ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ! =m] 7 a little cond5s$ & put into ,engli%1 !y c\ld n be bett] summ>is$ ?an by ! fam\s l9es 9 ! ,p>adise ,lo/3-- ,:atev] hypocrites au/]ely talk ,( purity1 & place1 & innoc5ce1 ,defam+ z impure :at ,god decl>es ,pure1 & comm&s to "s1 leaves free to all1 ,our ,mak] bids increase2 :o bids ab/a9 ,b our de/roy]1 foe to ,god & man8 ,hail1 w$d$ love1 my/]i\s law6444 ,f> be x t ,i %\ld write !e s9 or blame ,or ?9k !e unbefitt+ holie/ place1 ,p]petual f\nta9 ( dome/ic sweets4 ,! second ( ^! two works1 ! ,law ( ,man1 may be reg>d$ z a sanctification ( grief1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! grief ( griefs1 dea?4 ,! bulk ( ! book is legali/ic1 treat+ ( m\rn+ rites1 burial cu/oms1 & simil> topics2 b !re is mu* 9 ! preface :i* be>s on our subject4 ,= "h aga9 ,na*manides takes ! opportunity ( combat+ a *ill+ philosophy1 :i* tries to arm u aga9/ suff]+ by /ifl+ our emotions4 8,my son10 he says1 8be n p]suad$ by c]ta9 propositions ( ! great philosoph]s :o endeav\r to h>d5 our he>ts & to dead5 our s5sations by _! idle com=t1 :i* consi/s 9 d5y+ ! pa/ & despair+ ( ! future4 ,"o ( !m has ev5 decl>$ t !re is no?+ 9 ! _w ov] ! loss ( :i* x is wor? cry+1 & ! possession ( :i* w\ld ju/ify joy4 ,?is is an h]etical view4 ,our p]fect ,torah bids u to be joyful 9 ! day ( prosp]ity & to %$ te>s 9 ! day ( mis=tune4 ,x 9 no way =bids cry+ or dem&s ( u to suppress our grief4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,torah sugge/s to u t to m\rn ov] heavy losses is equival5t to a s]vice ( ,god1 lead+ u1 z x does1 to reflect on our end & pond] ov] our de/9y40 ,?is de/9y1 z well z ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t 9 g5]al1 is treat$ 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( ! ,law ( ,man1 :i* is kn[n "u ! title ( ,! ,gate ( ,rew>d47#ha7 ,na*manides does n conceal f himself ! difficulties besett+ inquiries ( ?is description4 ,he kn[s well en\gh t 9 ! la/ in/ance we mu/ appeal to t implicit fai? 9 ! inscrutable ju/ice ( ,god ) :i* ! believ] beg9s4 ,nev]!less he ?9ks t only ! 8despis]s ( wisdom0 w\ld fail to br+ to ?is fai? z full a conviction z possible1 :i* latt] is only to be ga9$ by speculation4 ,i %all h by & by occasion to ref] to ! results ( ?is speculation4 ,"h we mu/ only notice ! fact ( ,na*manides insi/+ on ! bodily resurrection :i* w take place aft] ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 & w be foll[$ by ! ,olam ,habba7#hb7 7! life 9 ! _w to come7 ( :i* ! ,rabbis spoke4 ,irrational z ?is belief may look1 x is only a consequ5ce ( 8 !ory1 :i*1 z we h se51 assigns ev5 to ! fle% an almo/ spiritual importance4 ,inde$1 he ?9ks t ! s\l may h su* an influ5ce on ! body z to trans=m ! latt] into s pure an ess5ce t x w become safe = et]nity4 ,=1 z he h9ts 9 ano!r place1 by ! cont9ual practis+ ( a ?+ ! :ole man1 ! body includ$1 becomes s id5tifi$ ) ! ?+ t we call him aft] x1 j z ! ,holy ,s+] said3 ,i am pray]17#hc7 s t-- ,(t conv]se ) heav5ly habitants ,beg9s to ca/ a beam on ! outw>d %ape1 ,! unpollut$ temple ( ! m9d1 ,& turns x by degrees to ! s\l's ess5ce1 ,till all be made immortal4 ,b if ev5 ! body holds su* a high position z to make all its in/9cts & functions1 if prop]ly regulat$1 a s]vice ( ,god1 & to de/9e x = a glori\s future ( et]nal bliss & rejoic+ 9 ,god1 we c easily imag9e :at a high place ! s\l mu/ occupy 9 ! sy/em ( ,na*manides4 ,to be sure x is a mu* high] "o ?an t to :i* philosophy w\ld fa9 admit h]4 ,a beautiful p>able ( ! ,p]sian poet ,yellalade5 7quot$ by ! late ,mr4 ,l[ell7 n>rates t 8,"o knock$ at ! belov$'s door1 & a voice ask$ f )91 #8,:o is !re8' & he answ]$1 #8,x is ,i4' ,!n ! voice said1 #8,?is h\se w n hold me & !e1' & ! door 0 n op5$4 ,!n w5t ! lov] into ! des]t & fa/$ & pray$ 9 solitude1 & aft] a ye> he return$ & knock$ aga9 at ! door1 & aga9 ! voice ask$ #8,:o is !re8' & he said #8,x is ?yself'2 & ! door 0 op5$ to him40 ,?is is also ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s*ools--! my/ical & ! philosophical--) reg>d to ! s\l4 ,) ! rationali/ ! s\l is inde$ a sup]ior ab/ract intellig5ce creat$ by ,god1 b1 l all ,8 creations1 has an exi/5ce ( its own1 & is ?us sep>at$ f ,god4 ,) ! my/ic1 h[ev]1 ! s\l is ,god1 or a direct emanation f ,god4 8,= he :o brea!s into ano!r ?+ 7,g54 ii4 #g7 gives unto x some?+ ( 8 own brea? 7or s\l710 & z x is said 9 ,job xxxii4 #h1 8,& ! s\l ( ! ,almighty give? !m und]/&+40 ,?is emanation1 or r imman5ce--= ,na*manides insi/s 9 ano!r place t ! ,hebrew t]m employ$ = x1 ,azilu?17#hd7 means a p]man5t dwell+ ) ! ?+ emanat+--:i* became manife/ ) ! creation ( man1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! mov+ s\l 7or ! ,nephe% ,*ayah717#he7 :i* is common to man ) all creatures4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h t ,na*manides end[s all animals ) a s\l :i* is d]iv$ f ! 8,sup]ior ,p[]s10 & its pres5ce is prov$ by c]ta9 m>ks ( intellig5ce :i* !y %[4 ,by ?is fact he tries to acc\nt = ! law prohibit+ cruelty to animals1 8all s\ls belong+ to ,god40 ,_! orig9al disposition 01 x w\ld seem1 accord+ to ,na*manides1 peaceful & h>mless4 ,ab\t !m frisk+ play$ ,all bea/s ( e>?1 s9ce wild1 & ( all *ase ,9 wood or wild]ness1 =e/ or d54 ,x 0 only aft] man _h s9n$ t w> ent]$ into creation1 b ) ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 :5 s9 w disappe>1 all ! liv+ be+s w rega9 _! primval g5tl5ess1 & be re9/itut$ 9 _! fir/ rights4 ,! special s\l ( man1 h[ev]1 or r ! 8ov]s\l10 0 pre exi/5t to ! creation ( ! _w1 treasur$ up z a wave 9 ! sea or f\nta9 ( s\ls--dwell+ 9 ! et]nal light & hol9ess ( ,god4 ,!re1 9 ,god1 ! s\l abides 9 its ideal exi/5ce be=e x ent]s into its mat]ial life ?r\gh ! m$ium ( man2 ?\gh x mu/ be not$ t1 accord+ to ,na*manides' belief 9 ! ,transmigration ( s\ls1 x is n necess>y to p]ceive 9 ! s\l ( e newborn *ild1 8a fre% message f heav50 com+ directly f ! f\nta9head4 ,na*manides f9ds ?is belief indicat$ 9 ! comm&m5t ( levirate m>riage1 :]e ! *ild born ( ! deceas$ bro!r's wife inh]its n only ! "n ( ! bro!r ( 8 actual fa!r1 b also 8 s\l1 & ?us p]petuates 8 exi/5ce on e>?4 ,! f\r? v]se ( ,ecclesia/es ii4 ,na*manides seems to int]pret to mean t ! v g5]ation :i* passes away comes up aga91 by :i* he tries to expla9 ! difficulty ( ,god's visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs on _! *ildr52 ! latt] be+ ! v fa!rs :o committ$ ! s9s4 ,h[ev]1 :atev] trials & *anges ! s\l may h to pass ?r\gh dur+ its bodily exi/5ce1 its orig9 is 9 ,god & ?i!r x w return 9 ! end1 8j z ! wat]s rise always to ! same high level f :i* _! s\rce sprang =?40 ,x is = ?is man1 ) a body s sup]ior1 & a s\l s sublime--m sublime ?an ! angels--t ! _w 0 creat$4 ,i emphasise ! la/ ^w1 = ! belief 9 ! creation ( ! _w by ,god f no?+ =ms1 accord+ to ,na*manides1 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree fundam5tal dogmas ( ,judaism4 ,! o!r two also ref] to ,god's relation to ! _w & man4 ,!y are ! belief 9 ,god's ,provid5ce & 8 ,y$iah47#hf7 ,creation f no?+ is = ,na*manides ! keynote to 8 :ole religion1 s9ce x is only by ?is fact1 z he po9ts out 9 _m places1 t ,god ga9s real dom9ion ov] nature4 ,=1 z he says1 z soon z we admit ! et]nity ( matt]1 we mu/ 7logically7 d5y ,god ev5 8! p[] ( enl>g+ ! w+ ( a fly1 or %ort5+ ! leg ( an ant40 ,b ! :ole ,torah is no?+ if n a record ( ,god's ma/]y 9 & ov] ! _w1 & ( ,8 miracul\s de$s4 ,"o ( ! fir/ proclamations ( ,abraham to 8 g5]ation 0 t ,god is ! ,"l 7or ,ma/]7 ( ! _w 7,g54 xviii4 #cc74 ,! injunction giv5 to ,abraham1 & repeat$ aft]w>ds to ! :ole ( ,israel 7,g54 xvii4 #b1 & ,deut4 xviii4 #ac71 to be p]fect ) ,god1 ,na*manides numb]s z "o ( ! #fac comm&m5ts1 & expla9s x to mean t man mu/ h a :ole belief 9 ,god )\t blemi% or res]vation1 & ackn[l$ge ,him possess$ ( p[] ov] nature & ! _w1 man & bea/1 devil & angel1 p[] be+ attributable to ,him alone4 ,inde$1 :5 ! angel said to ,jacob1 8,:y do/ ?\ ask aft] my "n0 7,g54 xxxii4 #bi71 he meant to indicate by 8 "q ! impot5ce ( ! heav5ly ho/1 s t !re is no use 9 kn[+ _! "n1 ! p[] & might belong+ only to ,god4 ,we may v5ture ev5 a /ep fur!r1 & ma9ta9 t 9 ,na*manides' sy/em !re is h>dly room left = su* a ?+ z nature or 8! ord] ( ! _w40 ,!re are only two categories ( miracles by :i* ! _w is gov]n$1 or 9 :i* ,god's ,provid5ce is se54 ,! "o is ! category ( ! manife/ miracles1 z ! t5 plagues 9 ,egypt1 or ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 ! o!r is t ( ! hidd5 miracles1 :i* we d n p]ceive z su*1 because ( _! frequ5cy & cont9uity4 8,no man10 he decl>es1 8c %>e 9 ! ,torah ( our ,tea*]1 ,moses 7t is1 c be consid]$ a foll[] ( ! ,jewi% religion71 unless he believes t all our affairs & ev5ts1 :e!r !y conc]n ! masses or ! individual1 are all miracles 7work$ by ! direct w ( ,god71 attribut+ no?+ to nature or to ! ord] ( ! _w40 ,"u ?is second ord] he classes all ! promises ! ,torah makes to ! righte\s1 & ! puni%m5ts ) :i* evildo]s are ?reat5$4 ,=1 z he po9ts out 9 _m places1 !re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ! comm&m5ts !mselves t w\ld make _! fulfilm5t necess>ily prolong ! life ( man1 & cause ! skies to p\r d[n ra91 or1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld associate disob$i5ce to !m ) fam9e & dea?4 ,all ^! results c1 !re=e1 only be accompli%$ 9 a sup]natural way by ! direct work+s ( ,god4 ,?us miracles are rais$ to a place 9 ! regul> s*eme ( ?+s1 & ! difficulty reg>d+ ! possibility ( ,god's int]f]5ces ) nature disappe>s by _! v multiplication4 ,b a /ill m important po9t is1 t1 by ?is unbrok5 *a9 ( miracles1 :i* unconditionally implies ,god's pres5ce to p]=m !m1 ,na*manides arrives at a !ory e/abli%+ a clos] contact betwe5 ! ,deity & ! _w ?an t set =? by o!r ?9k]s4 ,?us1 he insi/s t ! t]m ,%e*9ah1 or ,cabod7#hg7 7,glory ( ,god71 mu/ n be und]/ood1 ) "s ,jewi% philosoph]s1 z some?+ sep>ate f ,god1 or z glory creat$ by ,god4 8,7 ?is ! case10 he proce$s to say1 8we c\ld n possibly say1 #8,bless$ be ! glory ( ! ,"l f 8 place1' s9ce e m>k ( wor%ip to any?+ creat$ involves ! s9 ( idolatry40 ,su* t]ms z ,%e*9ah1 or ,cabod1 c !re=e only mean ! imm$iate div9e pres5ce4 ,?is proves1 z may be not$ 9 pass+1 h[ unphilosophical ! idea ( ^? writ]s is :o ma9ta9 t ! rigid mono!ism ( ! ,jews makes ,god s transc5d5tal t ,he is bani%$ f ! _w4 ,z we see1 x is j ?is ass]tion ( ,8 absolute ,unity :i* n only suff]s no sub/itute = ,god1 b also removes e sep>ation betwe5 ,him & ! _w4 ,h5ce also ,na*manides insi/s t ! prophecy ev5 ( ! successors ( ,moses 0 a direct communion ( ,god ) ! prophet1 & n1 z o!rs ma9ta9$1 furni%$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an angel4 ,! ?ird fundam5tal dogma1 ,y$iah1 includes1 accord+ to ,na*manides1 n only ! omnisci5ce ( ,god--z ! t]m is usually translat$--b also ,8 recognition ( mank9d & ,8 special conc]n 9 !m4 ,?us1 he expla9s ! words 9 ! ,bible ) reg>d to ,abraham1 8,= ,i "k him0 7,g54 xviii4 #ai71 to indicate ! special atta*m5t ( ,god's ,provid5ce to ! patri>*1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( 8 righte\sness1 0 to be un9t]rupt$ = ev]2 :il/ 9 o!r places we h to und]/&1 "u ,god's k ( a ?+1 8 det]m9ation to deal ) x compassionately1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ,scripture says t ,god knew 7,exod4 ii4 #be71 x means t ,8 relation to ,israel emanat$ f ,8 attribute ( m]cy & love4 ,b j z ,god kn[s 7:i* means loves7 ! _w1 ,he requires also to be recognis$ & kn[n by x4 8,= ?is 0 ! purpose ( ! :ole creation1 t man %\ld recognise & "k ,him & give praise to ,8 "n10 z x is said1 8,ev]y?+ t is call$ by my "n 7mean+1 *os5 to promulgate ,god's "n71 = my glory h ,i creat$ x40 ,x is ?is fact :i* gives ,israel _! high pr]ogative1 = by receiv+ ! ,torah !y 7 ! fir/ to "k ,god's "n1 to :i* !y rema9$ true 9 spite ( all adv]sities2 & ?us accompli%$ ,god's int5tion 9 creat+ ! _w4 ,x is1 aga91 by ?is ,torah t ! :ole ( ,israel n only succe$$ 9 be+ real prophets 7at ! mom5t ( ! ,revelation71 b also became ,segulah17#hh7 :i* indicates ! insep>able atta*m5t betwe5 ,god & ,8 p1 :il/ ! righte\s :o nev] disobey ,8 w become ! seat ( ,8 ?rone4 ,! position ( ! re/ ( humanity is also det]m9$ by _! relation to ! ,torah4 8,x is10 ,na*manides tells u1 8a ma9 pr9ciple to "k t all t man contrives to possess ( k & wisdom is only ! fruits ( ! ,torah or ! fruits ( its fruits4 ,b = ?is k !re w\ld be no diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! l[] animat$ species4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! civilis$ nations ( ! _w does n disprove ?is rule bo? ,*ri/ians & ,mahometans be+ also ! heirs ( ! ,torah4 ,= :5 ! ,romans ga9$ /r5g? ov] ,israel !y made !m translate ! ,torah :i* !y /udi$1 & !y ev5 accommodat$ "s ( _! laws & in/itutions to ^? ( ! ,bible40 ,^? nations1 h[ev]1 :o live f> away f ! c5tre ( ! _w 7! ,holy ,l&7 & nev] come into contact ) ,israel are outside ! pale ( civilisation1 & c h>dly be rank$ toge!r ) ! human species4 8,!y are ! isles af> (f1 t h n he>d my fame1 nei!r h se5 my glory40 ,:at ,na*manides meant by ma9ta9+ t all k & wisdom 7 8! fruits ( ! ,torah1 or ! fruits ( ^! fruits10 w be be/ se5 f 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,p5tateu*4 ,i h already made use ( ?is ,comm5t>y 9 ! prec$+ quotations1 b1 be+ ! greate/ ( ! works ( ,na*manides1 x calls = "s special att5tion by itself4 ,its g5]al purpose is edification1 or z he says1 8to appease ! m9d ( ! /ud5ts 7lab\r+ "u p]secution & tr\bles7 :5 !y read ! portion on ,sabba?s & fe/ivals1 & to attract _! he>t by simple explanations & sweet words40 ,! explanations occupy a consid]able space4 ,z ,dr4 ,p]les has %[n 9 8 able essay on ?is "w ( ,na*manides1 our au?or neglect$ no res\rce ( philology or ar*ology accessible 9 8 age :i* c\ld contribute to e/abli% ! 8simple explanations0 on a s\nd sci5tific basis4 ,! prom95t feature ( ?is ,comm5t>y1 h[ev]1 is ! 8sweet words40 ,inde$1 h[ sweet & soo?+ to 8 contempor>ies mu/ h be5 su* words z we read at ! end ( ! 8,song ( ,moses0 7,deut4 xxxii473 8,& behold !re is no?+ conditional 9 ?is ,song4 ,x is a *>t] te/ify+ t we %all h to suff] heavily = our s9s1 b t1 nev]!less1 ,god w n de/roy u1 be+ reconcil$ to u 7?\gh we %all h no m]its71 & =giv+ our s9s = 8 "n's sake alone4444 ,& s our ,rabbis said1 ,great is ?is song1 embrac+ z x does bo? ! pa/ 7( ,israel7 & ! future1 ?is _w & ! _w to come4444 ,& if ?is song 7 ! composition ( a m]e a/rolog] we %\ld be con/ra9$ to believe 9 x1 consid]+ t all its words 7 fulfill$4 ,h[ mu* m h we to hope ) all our he>ts & to tru/ to ! ^w ( ,god1 ?r\gh ! m\? ( 8 prophet ,moses1 ! fai?ful 9 all 8 h\se1 l unto :om !re 0 none1 :e!r be=e him or aft] him40 ,a "p ( ^! sweet words may also be se5 9 ! num]\s passages 9 :i* he attempts to acc\nt = v>i\s laws1 & to detect _! und]ly+ pr9ciples4 ,= ?\gh 8! ,torah is ! expression ( ,god's simple & absolute w1 :i* man has to foll[ )\t any consid]ation ( rew>d10 /ill ?is w is n arbitr>y1 & ev5 t class ( laws :i* are call$ *ukkim7#hi7 7:i* means1 accord+ to "s ,jewi% comm5tators1 motiveless decrees7 h _! good reasons1 not)/&+ t !y are unfa?omable to u4 8,!y are all meant = ! good ( man1 ei!r to keep alo( f u some?+ hurtful1 or to educate u 9 goodness1 or to remove f u an evil belief & to make u "k 8 "n4 ,?is is :at !y 7! ,rabbis7 meant by say+ t comm&m5ts h a purify+ purpose1 namely1 t man be+ purifi$ & tri$ by !m becomes z "o )\t alloy ( bad ?\ghts & unwor?y qualities40 ,inde$1 ! s\l ( man is s s5sitive to e impurity t x suff]s a sort ( infection ev5 by an un9t5tional s94 ,h5ce ! injunction to br+ a ,korban 7sacrifice7 ev5 9 ?is case2 ! effect ( ! ,korban1 z its etymology 7,k>ab77#ij7 indicates1 is to br+ man back to ,god1 or r to facilitate ?is approa*4 ,all ?is aga9 is1 z ,na*manides po9ts out1 only an afflu5ce f ,god's m]cy & love to mank9d4 ,god d]ives no b5efit f x4 8,if he be righte\s :at c he give !e80 ,& ev5 ^? laws & in/itutions :i* are int5d$ to commemorate ,god's wond]s & ! creation ( ! _w 7= in/ance1 ! ,passov] fe/ival & ! ,sabba?7 are n meant = ,8 glorification1 or1 z ,he9e malici\sly express$ x3-- ,d] ,weltkapell5mei/] hi] ob5 ,er selb/ sog> hrt g]ne lob5 ,glei*falls se9e ,w]ke4444 8,= all ! hon\r 7we give to ,him71 & ! prais+ ( ,8 "w are c\nt$ by ,him less ?an no?+ & z vanity to ,him40 ,:at ,he desires is t we may "k ! tru?1 & be confirm$ 9 x1 = ?is makes u wor?y ( f9d+ 9 ,him 8our ,protector & ,k+40 ,! lessons :i* ,na*manides draws f ! v>i\s ,biblical n>ratives also belong to ^! 8sweet words40 ,!y are mo/ly ( a typical "*4 ,=1 true z all ! /ories 9 ! ,scriptures are1 8! :ole ,torah is10 z he tells u 7) allusion to ,g54 v4 #a471 8! book ( ! g5]ations ( ,adam10 or1 z we %\ld say1 a hi/ory ( humanity writt5 9 advance4 ,?us ! acc\nt ( ! six days ( ! creation is turn$ into a prophecy ( ! mo/ important ev5ts :i* w\ld occur dur+ ! succe$+ six ?\s& ye>s1 :il/ ! ,sabba? is a =eca/ ( ! mill5nium 9 ! sev5? ?\s&1 :i* w be ! day ( ! ,"l4 ,jacob & ,esau are1 z 9 ! old ,rabb9ic homilies g5]ally1 ! prototypes ( ,israel & ,rome2 & s is ! battle ( ,moses & ,jo%ua ) ,amalek indicative ( ! w> :i* ,elijah & ! ,messiah ! son ( ,joseph w wage aga9/ ,edom 7! prototype ( ,rome71 be=e ! ,r$eem] f ! h\se ( ,david w appe>47#ia7 ,sometimes ^! /ories convey bo? a moral & a preju/ification ( :at 0 de/9$ to happ5 to ,israel4 ,s ,na*manides' rem>ks ) ref]5ce to ,s>ah's treatm5t ( ,hag> 7,g54 xvi4 #f73 8,our "m ,s>ah s9n$ greatly by inflict+ ?is pa9 on ,hag>1 z did also ,abraham1 :o all[$ su* a ?+ to pass2 b ,god saw h] affliction & rew>d$ h] by a son 7! ance/or ( a wild race71 :o w\ld inflict on ! se$ ( ,abraham & ,s>ah e sort ( oppression40 ,9 ?is he allud$ to ! ,islamic empires4 ,nor does he approve ( ,abraham's conduct on ! occasion ( 8 com+ to ,egypt1 :5 he ask$ ,s>ah to pass z 8 si/] 7,g54 xii474 8,un9t5tionally10 ,na*manides says1 8,abraham1 "u ! fe> ( be+ murd]$1 committ$ a great s9 :5 he expos$ 8 virtu\s wife to su* a temptation4 ,= he ought to h tru/$ t ,god w\ld save bo? him & 8 wife4444 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is de$ t 8 *ildr5 _h to suff] exile "u ! rule ( ,ph>aoh4 ,!re1 :]e ! s9 0 committ$1 also ! judgm5t took place40 ,x is also wor? notic+ t1 9 opposition to ,maimonides1 he all[s no apology = ! attack ( ,simeon & ,levi on ! population ( ,%e*em 7,g54 xxxiv4 #be74 ,x is true t !y 7 idolat]s1 immoral1 & /eep$ 9 e abom9ation2 b ,jacob & 8 sons 7 n commission$ ) execut+ ju/ice on !m4 ,! p ( ,%e*em tru/$ _! ^w1 !re=e !y ought to h sp>$ !m4 ,h5ce ,jacob's prote/1 & 8 curse aga9/ _! wra?1 :i* w\ld h be5 q unju/ifi$ _h he look$ on ! action ( 8 sons z a good "w4 ,besides ^! typical mean+s1 ! matt]s ( ! ,torah h also _! symbolical importance1 :i* places !m almo/ above ! sph]e ( human conception2 !y are nei!r exactly :at !y seem to be nor entirely :at _! "n implies1 b a reflex f ?+s unse51 :i* makes any human int]f]5ce bo? prepo/]\s & dang]\s4 ,( 8! ?+s call$ ,tree ( ,life & ,tree ( ,k10 ,na*manides tells u t _! my/]y is v great1 rea*+ into high] worlds4 ,o!rwise1 :y %\ld ,god1 :o is good & ! disp5s] ( good1 h prev5t$ ,adam f eat+ ! fruit 7( ! latt]71 :il/ 9 ano!r place he says3 8,& if ?\ wilt be wor?y1 & und]/& ! my/]y ( ! ^w ,b]e%i?7#ib7 7) :i* ! ,torah beg9s71 ?\ wilt see t 9 tru? ! ,scripture1 ?\gh app>5tly speak+ ( matt]s "h bel[ 7on e>?71 is always po9t+ to ?+s above 7heav5720 = 8e glory & e wond]1 & e deep my/]y1 & all beautiful wisdom are hidd5 9 ! ,torah1 seal$ up 9 h] treasures40 ,x is v *>act]i/ic ( ! b5t ( ,na*manides' m9d1 t he is p]haps ! fir/ ,jewi% writ] :o m5tions ! apocryphal book ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 :i* he knew f a ,syriac v]sion1 & :i* he believ$ to be g5u9e4 ,& :5 we read !re 7vii4 #gbe71 8,:]e=e ,i pray$ & und]/&+ 0 giv5 to me4 ,i call$ ^u ,god & ! _s ( wisdom came ^u me4444 ,= ,god has giv5 me unmi/akable k to "k h[ ! _w 0 made1 & ! op]ations ( ! planets4 ,! beg9n+1 end+1 & mid/ ( ! times1 ! alt]ations & ! turn+s ( ! sun1 ! *anges ( ! seasons1 ! natures ( ! liv+ creatures & ! furies ( ! wild bea/s1 ! =ce ( ! spirits & ! reason+s ( m51 ! div]sities ( plants & ! virtues ( ! roots4 ,all su* ?+s t are ei!r secret or manife/1 !m ,i knew0--! wise k+ 01 accord+ to ,na*manides 7:o quotes ! passages :i* ,i h j cit$71 speak+ ( ! ,torah1 :i* is id5tical ) ?is wisdom1 a wisdom :i* exi/$ be=e ! creation1 & by :i* ,god plann$ ! _w4 ,h5ce x be>s ! impression ( all ! univ]se1 :il/ on ! o!r h& :5 x is said1 8,! k+ br\ght me into 8 *amb]s10 ^? secret recesses ( ! ,torah are meant 9 :i* all ! great my/]ies relat+ to ,creation & to ! ,*>iot 7,ezekiel i47 are hidd54 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ^! few sp>ks /ruck f ! gl[+ fires ( ^! inn] comp>tm5ts1 :i*1 imp]fectly lum9\s z my treatm5t has left !m1 may yet %$ "s light on ! p]sonality ( ,na*manides1 :i* is ! ma9 object ( ?is essay4 ,b ,i d n propose to accompany ! my/ic into ! 8*amb]s ( ! k+10 le/ we may soon get into a labyr9? ( obscure t]ms & /range ways ( ?9k+ = :i* ! ,ariadne ?read is /ill want+4 ,we might also be confront$ by ! ,fifty ,gates ( ,und]/&+1 ! ,?irty,two ,pa?s ( ,wisdom1 & ! ,two ,hundr$ & ,?irty,"o ,p]mutations or ,ciph]s ( ! ,alphabet1 ! key to :i* ,i d n hold4 ,x is also que/ionable :e!r x w\ld always be wor? :ile to seek = x4 ,:5 "o1 = in/ance1 sees su* a heap+ on ( n\ns 7) "s ,cabbali/s7 z ! ,l& ( ,life1 ! ,l& ( ,promise1 ! ,"l ( ! ,_w1 ! ,f\ndation ,/one1 ,zion1 ,"m1 ,daught]1 ,si/]1 ! ,congregation ( ,israel1 ! ,tw9 ,roes1 ! ,bride1 ,blue1 ,end1 ,oral ,law1 ,sea1 ,wisdom1 etc41 meant to repres5t ! same ?+ or attribute1 & to pass "o into ano!r1 "o _c possibly help feel+ "s suspicion t "o /&s be=e a conglom]ate ( words run riot1 ov] :i* ! writ] _h lo/ all control4 ,inde$ ,na*manides himself1 9 ! preface to ! abovem5tion$ ,comm5t>y1 gives u ! k9d advice n to m$itate1 or r brood1 ov] ! my/ical h9ts :i* are scatt]$ ov] ?is "w1 8speculation be+ 79 su* matt]s7 folly1 & reason+ ov] !m fraught ) dang]40 ,inde$1 ! dang] is obvi\s4 ,i h1 to give "o or two in/ances1 already allud$ to ! !ory :i* accepts ! ,torah or ! ,wisdom z an ag5t 9 ! creation ( ! _w4 ,b ! my/ic pu%es fur!r1 & asks = ! ,primal ,be+ to :i* ?is ,wisdom owes its orig94 ,! answ] giv5 is f ! great ,no?+1 z x is writt51 ,& ! ,wisdom %all be f\nd f ,no?+47#ic7 ,:at is int5d$ by ?is1 if x means any?+1 is probably to dive/ ! fir/ cause ( e possible quality :i* by its v qualify+ nature mu/ be limit+ & exclusive4 ,h5ce1 ,god becomes ! ,unkn[able4 ,b suppose a metaphysical ,hamlet1 :o1 h&l+ words indelicately1 %\ld impetu\sly exclaim1 ,to be or n to be1 t is ! "q8--into :at abyss ( utt] negations w\ld he drag all ^? :o despair1 by 8 t]rible ,no?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 into :at gross an?ropomorphisms may we be drawn by r\ghly h&l+ c]ta9 metaphors :i* "s ,cabbali/s h employ$ 9 _! /ruggl+ aft] an adequate expression ( ,god's manife/ations 9 ,8 attribute ( love1 if we =get = a s+le mom5t t !y are only figures ( spee*1 b liable to get defil$ by ! slighte/ t\* ( an un*a/e ?\ght4 ,b ! great] ! dang]s t beset ! pa? ( my/icism1 ! deep] ! int]e/ :i* we feel 9 ! my/ic4 ,9 connection ) ! above m5tion$ w>n+1 ,na*manides cites ! words f ! ,scriptures1 8,b let n ! prie/s & ! p break ?r\gh to come up unto ! ,"l1 le/ he break =? ^u !m0 7,exod4 xix4 #bd74 ,nev]!less1 :5 we read 9 ! ,talmud ! fam\s /ory ( ! f\r ,rabbis7#id7 :o w5t up into ! ,p>des1 or ,g>d5 ( ,my/ical ,contemplation1 we d n )hold our sympa?y1 ei!r f ,b5 ,azzai1 :o %ot a glance & di$1 or f ,b5 ,zoma1 :o %ot a glance & 0 /ruck 79 8 m9d74 ,nay1 we feel ! greate/ admiration = ^! d>+ spirits1 :o1 9 _! passionate attempt to 8break ?r\gh0 ! veil be=e ! ,inf9ite1 haz>d$ _! lives1 & ev5 t :i* is de>] ?an life1 _! m9ds1 = a s+le glance4 ,& did ,r4 ,meir d5y 8 sympa?ies ev5 to ,o!r ,"o or ,eli%a b5 ,abuyah1 :o 8cut d[n ! plants08 ,he is said to h he>d a voice f heav51 8,return1 oh backslid+ *ildr51 except ,o!r ,"o10 :i* prev5t$ 8 rep5tance4 ,poor fall5 ,a*]1 he mi/ook hell = heav54 ,b d n ! /ruggle & despair :i* l$ to ?is un=tunate confusion r plead = our commis]ation8 ,na*manides1 h[ev]1 9 8 g5tle way1 did n mean to /orm heav54 ,l ,r4 ,akiba1 8he ent]$ 9 peace1 & dep>t$ 9 peace40 ,& x 0 by ?is peacefulness ( 8 nature t he ga9$ an influ5ce ov] po/]ity :i* is equall$ only by t ( ,maimonides4 8,if he 0 n a pr(\nd ?9k]10 l ! au?or ( ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$1 he _h t :i* is next be/--8he felt pr(\ndly40 ,"s writ]s ( a r reaction>y "* ev5 w5t s f> z to assign to him a high] place ?an to ,maimonides4 ,?is is unju/4 ,:at a blank w\ld !re h be5 9 ,jewi% ?\ght b = ,maimonides' great "w1 on :i* ! noble/ ?9k]s ( ,israel f$ = c5turies6 ,z long z ,job & ,ecclesia/es hold _! prop] place 9 ! ,bible1 & ! ,talmud conta9s hundr$s ( passages sugge/+ difficulties relat+ to su* problems z ! creation ( ! _w1 ,god's exact relation to x1 ! orig9 ( evil1 free w & pr$e/9ation1 none w p]suade me t philosophy does n =m an integral "p ( ,jewi% tradition1 :i*1 9 its hi/orical developm5ts1 took ! %ape :i* ,maimonides & 8 successors gave to x4 ,if ,maimonides' ,guide1 :i* he consid]$ z an int]pretation ( ! ,bible & ( _m /range say+s 9 ! old ,rabb9ic homilies 9 ! ,talmud1 is ,ari/otelian 9 its tone1 s is tradition too2 ev5 ! ,talmud 9 _m places betrays all sorts ( =eign influ5ces1 & none w\ld ?9k ( decl>+ x un,jewi% on ?is gr\nd4 ,i may also rem>k 9 pass+ t ! c]ta9ty ) :i* "s writ]s deprecate ! aids :i* religion may receive f philosophy is a little too ha/y4 ,= ! "q w always rema91 ,:at religion8 ,! religion ( ,r4 ,moses ( ,ta*au or ,r4 ,joseph ,jabez7#ie7 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 greatly endang]$ by ! slighte/ t\* ( speculation1 :ile t ( ,ba*ya17#if7 ,maimonides1 ,j$aiah ( ,b$res1 & ,delm$igo und\bt$ly receiv$ f philosophy its noble/ support1 & became int5sifi$ by ! union4 ,b ap>t f t consid]ation1 ! sph]e ( ! activity ( ^! two lead]s seems to h be5 s widely diff]5t t x is h>dly j to consid] !m z antagoni/s1 or at lea/ to emphasise ! antagonism too mu*4 ,maimonides wrote 8 *ief "w1 ! ,guide1 = ! few elect1 :o1 l ,ibn ,tibbon7#ig7 = in/ance1 w\ld trav]se :ole cont95ts if a s+le syllogism w5t wrong4 ,& if he c\ld be ( use to "o wise man ( ?is /amp1 ,maimonides w\ld d s at ! risk ( 8say+ ?+s unsuitable = t5 ?\s& fools40 ,b ) ,na*manides1 x w\ld seem1 x 0 ^! t5 ?\s& :o =m$ ! ma9 object ( 8 t5d] c>e4 ,!y are1 z we h se51 cultivat$ m51 inde$ 8/ud5ts10 hav+ enjoy$ a prop] education2 b ! happy times ( ab/ract ?9k+ h gone1 & be+ "u a p]petual /ra9 ( p]secutions & c>es1 !y long = ! ,sabba? & ,fe/ivals1 :i* w\ld br+ !m bo? bodily & spiritual recreation4 ,!y f9d no fault ) religion1 a false syllogism does n j> on _! e>s2 :at !y are afraid ( is t1 be+ engag$ z !y are1 all ! six days ( "w1 9 _! dome/ic affairs1 religion may be too good a ?+ = !m4 8,to appease _! m9ds10 to edify !m1 to make life m sweet & dea? less t]rible to !m1 & to %[ !m t ev5 _! weaknesses1 z f> z !y are condition$ by nature1 are n irreconcilable ) a holy life1 0 :at ,na*manides /rove aft]4 ,n[ & !n he p]mits !m a glance into ! my/ical _w 9 :i* he himself lov$ to move1 b he does n c>e to /ifle _! s5ses into an idle contemplation1 & passes quickly to "s m practical application4 ,to be sure1 ! tab]nacle is no?+ b a complete map ( ! sup]lun> _w2 b nev]!less its r m9ute description is meant to tea* u 8t ,god desires u to "w40 ,?is t5d5cy t[>d be+ useful to ! great majority ( mank9d may acc\nt = ! want ( consi/5cy ( :i* ,na*manides 0 s (t5 accus$4 ,x is only ! logician :o c af=d to be ?or\ghgo+ 9 8 !ory1 & ev5 he w\ld become mo/ absurd & ev5 dang]\s b = ! r$eem+ fact 8t m5 are bett] ?an _! pr9ciples40 ,b ) ,na*manides ^! 8pr9ciples0 w\ld h prov$ ev5 m fatal4 ,c\ld he1 = in/ance1 h upset au?ority 9 ! face ( ! t5 ?\s&8 ,!y ne$ to be guid$ r ?an to guide4 ,b he does n want !m to foll[ ei!r ! ,gaon or anybody else slavi%ly1 8! gates ( wisdom nev] hav+ be5 %ut10 :il/ on ! o!r h& he h9ts to !m t !re is some?+ div9e 9 e man1 :i* places him at lea/ on ! same high level ) any au?ority4 ,take ano!r in/ance--8 wav]+ attitude betwe5 ! ,maimoni/s & ! ,anti,maimoni/s1 = :i* he 0 (t5 c5sur$4 ,ap>t f o!r reasons1 to :i* ,i h po9t$ above1 might he n h felt t1 9 spite ( 8 p]sonal admiration = ,maimonides' g5ius1 he _h no "r to put himself entirely on ! side :]e !re 0 little room = ! t5 ?\s& :o 7 entru/$ to 8 guidance1 :il/ ! ,fr5* ,rabbis1 ) all _! prejudices & intol]ance1 w\ld nev] d5y _! sympa?ies to simple emotional folk8 ,?is t5d] & absorb+ c>e = ! p 9 g5]al may also acc\nt = ! fact t we d n "k ( a s+le treatise by ,na*manides ( a purely ,cabbali/ic "* 9 ! /yle ( ! ,book ( ,weight1 by ,moses de ,leon1 or ! ,or*>d1 by ,r4 ,moses ,cordovora1 or ! ,tree ( ,life by ,r4 ,isaac ,loria47#ih7 ,! /ory t attributes to him ! discov]y ( ! ,zoh> 9 a cave 9 ,pale/9e1 f :5ce he s5t x to ,catalonia1 ne$s z little refutation z ! o!r /ory connect$ ) 8 conv]sion to ! ,cabbalah1 :i* is ev5 m silly & ( su* a nature z n to be> repetition4 ,! ,lilac ( ,my/]ies7#ii7 & o!r my/ical works pass$ also = a long "t "u 8 "n1 b _! claim to ?is hon\r has be5 entirely disprov$ by ! bibliograph]s1 & !y rank n[ among ! pseudepigraphica4 ,x is true t ,r4 ,nissim1 ( ,g]ona1 said ( ,na*manides t he 0 too mu* addict$ to ! belief 9 ! ,cabbalah1 & z a fell[c\ntryman he may h _h "s p]sonal k ab\t ! matt]4 ,b z f> z 8 writ+s g1 ?is belief f9ds expression only 9 incid5tal rem>ks & occasional citations f ! ,bahir17#ajj7 :i* he nev] ?ru/s ^u ! read]4 ,x 0 *iefly :5 philosophy call$ 9 "q 8 deep sympa?ies ) ev5 l[] humanity1 & ?reat5$ to )draw !m f ^? ennobl+ influ5ces "u :i* he want$ to keep !m1 t he ass]t$ 8 my/ical !ories4 ,na*manides' inconsi/5cy has also prov$ b5eficial 9 ano!r respect4 ,= my/icism has1 by its ov]emphasis+ ( ! div9e 9 man1 %[n a /rong t5d5cy to remove ,god altoge!r & replace ,him by ! creature ( ,8 h&s4 ,witness only ! !ological bubble ( ,%abbe?ai ,tsebi--happily x bur/ quickly en\gh--:i* result$ 9 m]e idolatry 79 m polite language1 ,h]o ,wor%ip7 on ! "o side1 & 9 ! grosse/ ant9omianism on ! o!r4 ,na*manides1 h[ev]1 ) a happy inconsi/5cy1 comb9$ ) ! belief ( man's orig9 9 ,god1 a n less /rong conviction ( man's liability to s91 ( ! fact t he does s9--ev5 ! patri>*s 7 n free f x1 z we h se5 above--& t ?is s9 does ali5ate man f ,god4 ,?is heal?y control ov] man's extravagant idea ( 8 own species 0 ) ,na*manides also a fruit ( ! ,torah1 )9 ! limits ( :i* ev]y?+ mu/ move1 ! my/ic & 8 aspirations includ$1 :il/ its fair admixture ( #cfe ,d n's ) #bdh ,d's pres]v$ him f t 8holy do+ no?+0 :i* s _m my/ics indulg$ 91 & made 8 a mo/ active life4 ,mu* ( ?is activity 0 display$ 9 ,pale/9e1 8! l& to :i* ! provid5ce ( ,god is especially atta*$10 & :i* 01 z ) ,r4 ,judah ,hallevi1 always 88 ideal home40 ,!re he n only complet$ 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,p5tateu*1 b also erect$ synagogues1 & engag$ 9 organis+ communities1 ^: tone he tri$ to elevate bo? by 8 lectures & by 8 s]mons4 ,8 c>e] 9 ,pale/9e 0 n a long "o1 = he liv$ !re only ab\t ?ree ye>s1 & 9 #abgj he mu/ already h be5 dead4 ,a pretty leg5d n>rates t :5 he emigrat$ to ,pale/9e 8 pupils ask$ him to give !m a sign enabl+ !m to asc]ta9 ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,he answ]$ !m t on t day a rift 9 ! %ape ( a lamp w\ld be se5 9 ! tomb/one ( 8 "m4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s a pupil sudd5ly notic$ ?is rift1 :5 ! m\rn+ ov] ! ,rabbi began4 ,?us1 /one1 or any?+ else e>?ly1 breaks f9ally1 & ! life ( ! ma/] passes into light4 ,:at life meant to him1 h[ deeply he 0 conv9c$ t !re is no o!r life b t orig9at+ 9 ,god1 h[ deeply /irr$ 8 s\l 0 by ! consci\sness ( s91 :at agonies ! ?\ght ( ! ali5ation f ,god caus$ him1 h[ he felt t !re is no?+ left to him b to ?r[ himself ^u ! m]cy ( ,god1 & h[ he rejoic$ 9 ! hope ( a f9al reunion ) ,him--( all ^! s5tim5ts we f9d ! be/ expression 9 ! foll[+ religi\s poem1 ) :i* ?is pap] may conclude4 ,na*manides compos$ x 9 ,hebrew1 & x is /ill pres]v$ 9 "s rituals z a hymn1 recit$ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,x is "h giv5 9 ! ,engli% translation ( ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,lucas47#aja7 ,ere "t began1 ere age to age _h ?rill$1 ,i wait$ 9 8 /oreh\se1 z he will$2 ,he gave me be+1 b1 my ye>s fulfill$1 ,i %all be summon$ back be=e ! ,k+4 ,he call$ ! hidd5 to ! light ( day1 ,to "r & left1 ea* side ! f\nta9 lay1 ,f out ! /ream & d[n ! /eps1 ! way ,t l$ me to ! g>d5 ( ! ,k+4 ,?\ gave/ me a light my pa? to guide1 ,to prove my he>t's recesses /ill untri$2 ,& z ,i w5t1 ?y voice 9 w>n+ cri$3 ,*ild6 fe> ?\ him :o is ?y ,god & ,k+6 ,true weight & measure le>n$ my he>t f !e2 ,if bless+s foll[1 !n :at joy = me6 ,if n\ght b s91 all m9e ! %ame mu/ be1 ,= t 0 n det]m9$ by ! ,k+4 ,i ha/51 trembl+1 to confess ! :ole ,( my transgressions1 ere ,i rea* ! goal ,:]e m9e own words mu/ witness 'ga9/ my s\l1 ,& :o d>es d\bt ! writ+ ( ! ,k+8 ,err+1 ,i w&]$ 9 ! wild]ness1 ,9 passion's grave nigh s9k+ p[]less2 ,n[ deeply ,i rep5t1 9 sore di/ress1 ,t ,i kept n ! /atutes ( ! ,k+6 ,) worldly long+s 0 my bosom fraught1 ,e>?'s idle toys & follies all ,i s\ght2 ,ah6 :5 he judges joys s de>ly b\ght1 ,h[ greatly %all ,i fe> my ,"l & ,k+6 ,n[ consci5ce/rick51 humbl$ to ! du/1 ,d\bt+ himself1 9 !e alone 8 tru/1 ,he %r9ks 9 t]ror back1 = ,god is j-- ,h[ c a s9n] hope to rea* ! ,k+8 ,oh1 be ?y m]cy 9 ! balance laid1 ,to hold ?y s]vant's s9s m lightly weigh$1 ,:51 8 confession p5it5tly made1 ,he answ]s = 8 guilt be=e ! ,k+4 ,?9e is ! love1 ,o ,god1 & ?9e ! grace1 ,t folds ! s9n] 9 its mild embrace2 ,?9e ! =giv5ess1 bridg+ o'er ! space ',twixt man's works & ! task set by ! ,k+4 ,unhe$+ all my s9s1 ,i cl+ to !e2 ,i "k t m]cy %all ?y foot/ool be3 ,be=e ,i call1 oh1 d ?\ answ] me1 ,= no?+ d>e ,i claim ( !e1 my ,k+6 ,o ?\1 :o make/ guilt to disappe>1 ,my help1 my hope1 my rock1 ,i w n fe>2 ,?\gh ?\ ! body hold 9 dungeon dre>1 ,! s\l has f\nd ! palace ( ! ,k+6 ,,po/script ,! ?ird lett] ( ,na*manides to :i* ,i h allud$ above1 is embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ w by ,r4 ,solomon1 son ( ! m>tyr ,isaac4 ,nei!r ! date nor ! c\ntry ( ! te/ator is kn[n1 b /yle & language make x probable t he 0 a ,spani% ,jew1 & liv$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,i give "h a translation f ! :ole docum5t z x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,manuscripts4 ,^! are ! regulations :i* ,i1 ,solomon1 ! son ( ! m>tyr1 ,rabbi ,isaac1 ! son ( ,r4 ,zadok1 ( bless$ memory1 draw up = myself4 ,t z long z ,i am 9 good heal?1 & free f accid5t1 & ?9k ( x1 ,i %all n eat be=e ,i h /udi$ "o page ( ! ,talmud or ( its comm5t>ies4 ,%\ld ,i transgress ?is rule int5tionally1 ,i mu/ n dr9k w9e on t day1 or ,i %all pay half a ,zehub7#ajb7 to *>ity4 ,aga91 t ,i %all e week read ! ,lesson twice 9 ! ,hebrew text1 & once 9 ! ,aramaic v]sion4 ,%\ld ,i int5tionally omit complet+ ! ,lesson z above1 !n ,i mu/ pay two ,zehubs to *>ity4 ,aga91 t ,i %all e ,sabba? take ?ree meals1 consi/+ ( bread or fruit4 ,%\ld ,i omit to d s1 ,i mu/ give 9 *>ity half a ,zehub4 ,aga91 9 ord] to subdue my appetites1 & n to enjoy 9 ?is _w m ?an is necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( my body1 ,i mu/ n eat at "o meal m ?an "o c\rse ( meat1 & n m ?an two c\rses altoge!r2 nor mu/ ,i dr9k m ?an two cups ( w9e at "o meal1 ap>t f ! bless+cup 7ov] :i* grace is said71 except on ,sabba?1 ,fe/ivals1 ,*anukah 7! ,maccabean ,d$ication ,fea/71 ,new ,moon1 & at o!r religi\s meals 7= in/ance1 w$d+d9n]s & simil> fe/ive occasions74 ,aga91 ,i mu/ n h any regul> meal on ! day prec$+ ,sabba? or ,fe/ivals4 ,i mu/ n h dur+ ! day m ?an "o c\rse1 s t ,i %all ent] ^u ! holy day ) a good appetite4 ,%\ld ,i transgress ?is resolve int5tionally ,i %all h to fa/ a day1 or to pay two ,zehubs4 ,aga91 t ,i %all n eat ! fi% call$ burbot17#ajc7 if ,i ?9k ( x4 ,aga91 ev5 on ! abovem5tion$ days1 ,i mu/ n eat m ?an ?ree c\rses at a meal1 nor dr9k m ?an ?ree cups ( w9e1 exclusive ( ! bless+cup4 ,aga91 444 ,i mu/ n swe> by ,god1 nor m5tion ! "n ( ,heav5 )\t a purpose1 nor curse any man 9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,%\ld ,i1 ,god =bid1 transgress x1 ,i mu/ n dr9k m ?an "o cup ( w9e on t day exclusive ( ! bless+cup4 ,%\ld ,i1 h[ev]1 transgress ?is aft] d9n]1 ,i mu/ ab/a9 f w9e ! foll[+ day4 ,%\ld ,i transgress x1 ,i h to pay half a ,zehub4 ,aga91 t ,i %all get up e night to praise ,god1 to supplicate = ,8 m]cy1 & to confess4 ,on ^? nights :5 confession is n to be said 7,sabba?s & ,fe/ivals71 ,i %all say hymns & psalms4 ,?is ,i %all d :5 ,i am 9 my h\se1 & 9 good heal?1 free f any accid5t4 ,%\ld ,i transgress x1 ,i %all dr9k n m ?an "o cup ( w9e ! foll[+ day1 except ! bless+cup4 ,i aga9 take ^u myself to give 9 *>ity ! foll[+ proportion ( my exp5diture--f ea* dress :i* ,i %all h made = myself or = "o memb] ( my family1 co/+ m ?an t5 ,zehubs1 ,i mu/ pay "o ,pa%ut7#ajd7 = ea* t5 ,zehubs4 ,aga91 if ,i %\ld buy an animal1 or a slave1 or a female slave1 or gr\nd1 t ,i %all also pay at ! same rate4 ,& if ,i %all buy clo!s = sale1 call$ fa%as1 ,i %all pay two ,pa%uts = ea* g>m5t4 ,z (t5 z ,i h occasion to say ! b5$iction ( ?anksgiv+s = hav+ escap$ dang] ,i %all pay a ,zehub1 except :5 ,i am travell+ also involv+ dang] 9 ^? times61 9 :i* case ,i %all h to pay a ,zehub on my arrival1 & two ,pa%uts daily dur+ ! j\rney4 ,aga91 f e k9d ( fi% b\ght = me1 co/+ m ?an a ,zehub1 ,i %all pay a ,pa%ut = ea* ,zehub4 ,& also1 if ,i %all be deem$ wor?y by ,god to m>ry my *ildr51 & to be pres5t at _! w$d+1 to cause !m to give to ! poor f ! d[ry br\ght to !m by _! wives1 :e!r 9 money or 9 k9d1 at ! rate ( "o p] c5t4 ,if ,god w f9d me wor?y ( hav+ sons1 ,i mu/ give 9 *>ity accord+ to my means at ! "t4 ,i %all also1 betwe5 ,new ,ye> & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 9 ea* ye>1 calculate my pr(its dur+ ! pa/ ye> & 7aft] d$uct+ exp5ses7 give a ti! !re( to ! poor4 ,%\ld ,i be unable to make an accurate calculation1 !n ,i %all give approximately4 ,?is ti! ,i %all put aside1 toge!r ) ! o!r money = religi\s 7*>itable7 purpose1 to dispose ( x z ,i %all deem be/4 ,i also propose to h ! lib]ty ( employ+ ! money 9 any pr(itable speculation ) a view to augm5t+ x4 ,b 9 respect ( all ,i h writt5 above ,i %all n hold myself guilty if ,i transgress1 if su* transgression be ! result ( =getfulness2 b 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ x1 ,i %all read ?is ?r\gh weekly4 ,i also comm& my *ildr5 to take ^u !mselves z _m ( ! above regulations z may be 9 _! p[] to obs]ve1 & also to b9d !m 7i4e4 ! regulations71 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ^u _! *ildr54 ,& he :o c>ries !m out1 & ev5 adds to !m1 at pa9 ( discom=t to himself1 %all m]it a special bless+4 ,& ?is is ! text ( ! w :i* ,i1 ! above m5tion$ ,solomon1 draw up = my *ildr51 may ,god pres]ve !m4 ,t !y %all pray ?rice daily1 & endeav\r always to utt] _! pray]s ) devotion4 ,aga91 t ?is pray] %all be said 9 ! ,be? ,hammidra%1 or 9 ! synagogue toge!r ) ! congregation4 ,aga91 t !y %all apply all _! p[]s to ma9ta9 ! synagogues & ! h\ses ( /udy1 :i* our ance/ors h built1 z well z to cont9ue ! end[m5ts e/abli%$ by my ance/ors & myself4 ,!y mu/ always endeav\r to imitate !m1 s t goodness %all nev] cease f among !m4 ,aga91 t !y %all always h a *air on :i* a volume ( ! ,talmud1 or "s o!r ,talmudical "w1 %all lie2 s t !y %all always op5 a book :5 !y come home4 ,at lea/1 !y %all read 9 any book !y l f\r l9es be=e tak+ _! meal4 ,aga91 t !y %all e week read ! ,lesson twice 9 ! ,hebrew text1 & once 9 ! ,aramaic v]sion4 ,aga91 to take ?ree meals on ! ,sabba?4444 ,aga91 t !y %all be always mode/1 m]ciful1 & *>itable1 = ^! are ! qualities by :i* ! *ildr5 ( ,israel are kn[n4 ,let also all _! ?\ghts & m$itations be always direct$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,"l1 & be z *>itable & b5evol5t z possible1 = ?is is all t rema9s to man ( 8 lab\r4 ,!y %all also endeav\r to regulate _! diet accord+ to ! rules laid d[n by ,rabbi ,moses 7b4 ,maimon1 or ,maimonides71 s z to fulfil ! words ( ,scripture3 8,! righte\s eate? to ! satisfy+ ( 8 s\l40 ,& let !m always be c>eful n to take ! "n ( ,god 9 va91 to be hone/ 9 all bus9ess transactions1 & let _! yea be always yea4 ,!y %all always be "u ! obligation to tra9 _! *ildr5 to ! ,/udy ( ! ,torah1 b "o %all devote 8 life exclusively to ! /udy !re(4 ,& x %all be incumb5t ^u 8 bro!rs to support ?is "o1 & to inve/ 8 moneys1 & to provide = him t he & 8 family may live respectably1 s t he be n di/ract$ by worldly c>es f 8 /udies4 ,let also ! eld] love ! y\ng] bro!rs z _! own *ildr51 & ! y\ng] respect ! eld] z a p>5t4 ,?us !y may always be> 9 m9d t !y are ( a ,godfe>+ family4 ,let !m love & hon\r s*ol>s1 ?us to m]it ! hon\r ( hav+ s*ol>s = _! sons & sons9law4 ,?is w !y %all !mselves read weekly1 & %all also make x incumb5t ^u _! *ildr51 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 to read weekly1 9 ord] to fulfil :at is writt5 7,g54 xviii4 #ai71 8,= ,i "k him t he w comm& 8 *ildr510 etc41 & also ! words ( ,isaiah 7lix4 #ba71 8,& ?is is my cov5ant10 etc4 ,b z (t5 z !y %all read ?is w1 !y %all also read ! two lett]s bel[ writt51 :i* ,rabbi ,moses b5 ,na*man s5t to 8 sons1 ) a view ( be+ s]viceable to !m 9 _m respects4 ,%\ld1 heav5 =bid1 !y be by any sad accid5t prev5t$ f fulfill+ ! injunctions above laid d[n1 !y mu/ f9e !mselves by n dr9k+ w9e on t day1 or by eat+ "o c\rse less at ! d9n]1 or by giv+ "s f9e 9 *>ity4444 ,& ?is is ! lett] :i* ! abovem5tion$ ,rabbi s5t f ! ,holy ,l& to ,ca/ile1 :5 8 son 0 /ay+ be=e ! k+ 79 8 s]vice73-- 8444 ,may ,god bless y & pres]ve y f s9 & puni%m5t4 ,behold1 our ma/]1 ,k+ ,david1 _h a son1 wise & ( an und]/&+ he>t1 l unto :om !re 0 nev] "o be=e or aft]4 ,nev]!less he said to him 7#a ,k+s ii4 #b73 #8,& keep ! *>ge ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1' etc4 ,he also said to him3 #8,& ?\1 my son1 "k ! ,god ( ?y fa!r' 7#a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #i74 ,n[1 my son1 if ?\ wilt measure ?yself ) ,solomon1 ?\ wilt f9d ?yself a worm--n a man1 m]ely an insect2 nev]!less1 if ?\ wilt seek ,god1 he w make !e great2 & if ?\ wilt =sake him1 ?\ wilt be turn$ out & =sak54 ,my son1 be c>eful t ?\ read ! ,%ema7#aje7 morn+ & ev5+1 z well z t ?\ say ! daily pray]s4 ,h always ) !e a ,p5tateu* writt5 correctly1 & read !re9 ! ,lesson = ea* ,sabba?4444 #8,ca/ ?y burd5 ^u ! ,"l1' = ! ?+ :i* ?\ believe/ f> f !e is (t5 v ne> unto !e4 ,"k1 aga91 t ?\ art n ma/] ov] ?y words1 nor ha/ p[] ov] ?y h&2 b ev]y?+ is 9 ! h& ( ! ,"l1 :o =me? ?y he>t4444 ,be especially c>eful to keep alo( f ! wom5 ( ! c\rt84 ,"k t our ,god hates immorality1 & ,balaam c\ld 9 no o!r way injure ,israel ?an by incit+ !m to un*a/ity4 ,"h come _m quotations f ,mala*i & ,ezra4444 ,my son1 rememb] me always1 & let ! image ( my c\nt5ance be nev] abs5t f be=e ?9e eyes4 ,love n t :i* ,i hate4444 ,let ! words ( ! ,psalmi/ be always ^u ?y lips1 #8,i am a /rang] 9 ! e>?3 hide n ?y comm&m5ts f me' 7,ps4 cxix4 #ai72 & ,god1 :o is good & ! disp5s] ( good1 %all increase ?y peace & prolong ?y life 9 peace & happ9ess1 & promote ?y hon\r accord+ to ?y wi% & ! wi% ( ?y fa!r :o begat !e1 ,moses b5 ,na*man40 ,v4 ,a ,,jewi% ,,boswell ,!re is a say+ 9 ! ,talmud 8,no?+ exi/s ( :i* !re is n "s indication 9 ! ,torah40 ,^! words are (t5 quot$1 & "s mod]n au?ors h press$ !m s f> z to f9d ev5 ! discov]ies ( ,columbus & ! inv5tions ( ,watt & ,/eph5son indicat$ 9 ! ,law4 ,?is is c]ta9ly misappli$ +5uity4 ,b x is h>dly an exagg]ation to ma9ta9 t !re is no noble manife/ation ( real religion1 no expression ( real piety1 rev]5ce1 & devotion1 to :i* ,jewi% lit]ature w\ld n (f] a fair p>allel4 ,?us x w h>dly be a/oni%+ to he> t ,jewi% lit]ature has its ,boswell to %[1 m ?an ?ree c5turies be=e ! ,scotti% g5tleman came to ,london to admire 8 ,johnson1 & m ?an f\r c5turies be=e ! ,sage ( ,*elsea deliv]$ 8 lectures on ,h]o ,wor%ip4 ,& ?is ,jewi% ,boswell 0 guid$ only by ! motives sugge/$ to him 9 ! old ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,9 ?is lit]ature ! rev]5ce = ! great man1 & ! absorption ( "o's :ole self 9 him1 w5t s f> t "o ,rabbi decl>$ t ! :ole _w 0 only creat$ to s]ve su* a man z company47#ajf7 ,aga91 ! fact t1 9 ! language ( ! ,rabbis1 ! t]m = /udy+ ! ,law & discuss+ x is 8to att5d0 or r 8to s]ve ! disciples ( ! ,wise0 may also h l$ p to ! important tru? t ! great man is n a lectur+ ma*9e1 b a sort ( liv+ ,law himself4 8,:5 ! man10 said "o ,rabbi1 8has :olly devot$ himself to ! ,torah1 & ?or\ghly id5tifi$ himself ) x1 x becomes almo/ 8 own ,torah40 ,?us p h n only to li/5 to 8 words b to obs]ve 8 :ole life1 & to pr(it f all 8 actions & movem5ts4 ,?is 0 :at ! ,jewi% ,boswell s\ght to d4 ,8 "n 0 ,rabbi ,solomon1 ( ,/4 ,go>1 a small t[n on ! ,rh9e1 :ile ! "n ( ! ma/] :om he s]v$ 0 ,r4 ,jacob1 ! ,levite1 bett] kn[n by 8 initials ,mah>il1 :o fill$ ! (fice ( ,*ief ,rabbi 9 ,may5ce & ,worms successively4 ,! ma9 activity ( ,mah>il falls 9 ! fir/ ?ree decades ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,^? 7 tr\bl\s times = a ,rabbi4 ,= ! prec$+ c5tury ) its p]secution & suff]+s--"o has only to ?9k ( ! ,black ,dea? & its t]rible consequ5ces = ! ,jews--l$ to ! de/ruction ( ! great ,s*ools1 ! decay ( ! /udy ( ! ,law1 & to ! dissolution ( _m congregations4 ,^? :i* rema9$ lo/ all t\* ) ea* o!r1 s t almo/ e l>g] ,jewi% community _h its own ,m9hag or ritual cu/om47#ajg7 ,x 0 ,mah>il :o br\ght "s ord] into ?is *aos1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t 8 influ5ce ass]t$ itself s /rongly t ! rules obs]v$ by him 9 ! p]=m+ ( religi\s c]emonies 7 accept$ by ! great majority ( ! ,jewi% communities4 ,?us ! p]sonality ( ,mah>il himself became a /&+ ,m9hag1 suppress+ all ! o!r ,m9hagim 7cu/oms74 ,b !re mu/ h be5 some?+ v /rong & v great ab\t ! p]sonality ( ! man :o c\ld succe$ 9 su* an ardu\s task4 ,= we mu/ n =get t ! ,m9hag or cu/om 9 its decay deg5]ates into a k9d ( religi\s fa%ion1 ! wor/ disease to :i* religion is liable1 & ! mo/ difficult to cure4 ,x is !re=e an irrep>able loss bo? = ,jewi% lit]ature & = ,jewi% hi/ory1 t ! greate/ "p ( ,mah>il's po/hum\s writ+s are no long] extant1 s t our k ab\t him is v small4 ,b ! little we "k ( him we owe *iefly to ! communicativ5ess ( 8 s]vant1 ! ,solomon ( ,/4 ,go> :om ,i m5tion$ above4 ,solomon n only gave u ! 8,cu/oms0 ( 8 ma/]1 b also obs]v$ him closely 9 all 8 movem5ts1 & consci5ti\sly wrote d[n all t he saw & he>d1 "u ! "n ( ,collectanea4 ,x seems t ! bulk ( ^! ,collectanea 0 also lo/4 ,b 9 ! fragm5ts t we /ill possess we are in=m$1 among o!r ?+s1 h[ ,mah>il address$ 8 wife1 h[ he treat$ 8 pupils1 h[ c>eful he 0 9 ! use ( 8 books1 & ev5 h[ clean 8 l95 04 ,is ?is n out,boswell+ ,boswell8 ,! mo/ /rik+ po9t ( agreem5t betwe5 ! ,boswell ( ! fifte5? & him ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 is t !y bo? use ! same passage f ! ,talmud to excuse ! int]e/ 9 trifles :i* _! lab\rs ( love betray$4 ,?us ,solomon prefaces 8 ,collectanea ) ! foll[+ words3 8,x is writt51 ,8 leaf %all n )]4 ,^! words 7 expla9$ by our ,sages to mean t ev5 ! idle talk ( ! disciples ( ! wise des]ves a /udy4 ,^u ?is int]pretation ,i h reli$4 ,9 my love to ,r4 ,jacob ! ,levite1 ,i collect$ ev]y?+ ab\t him4 ,i did n refuse ev5 small ?+s1 ?\gh _m d]id$ me4 ,ev]y?+ ,i wrote d[n1 = su* 0 ! desire ( my he>t40 ,?us f> ,solomon4 ,n[1 if we turn to ! introduction to ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson1 we read ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,= ?is almo/ sup]/iti\s rev]5ce1 ,i h f\nd v old & v5]able au?ority quot$ by our great mod]n prelate1 ,seck]1 9 ^: t5? s]mon !re is ! foll[+ passage3 #8,rabbi ,kim*i1 a not$ ,jewi% comm5tator :o liv$ ab\t five hundr$ ye>s ago1 expla9s t passage 9 ! fir/ ,psalm1 8,8 leaf also %all n )]0 f ,rabb9s yet old] ?an himself1 t ev5 ! idle talk1 s he express$ x1 ( a good man ought to be reg>d$4' 0 ,crok]'s note to ?is passage s\nds r /range4 ,?is editor says3 8,kim*i 0 a ,spani% ,rabbi1 :o di$ 9 #abdj4 ,"o wond]s t ,seck]'s good s5se %\ld h condesc5d$ to quote ?is f>fet*$ & futile int]pretation ( ! simple & beautiful metaphor1 by :i* ! ,psalmi/ illu/rates ! prosp]ity ( ! righte\s man40 ,n[ ,kim*i di$ at lea/ five ye>s e>li] ?an ,crok] /ates1 b dates1 we "k f ,macaulay's essay on ! subject1 7 n ,crok]'s /rong po9t4 ,b "o c h>dly =give ! editor ( ,boswell ?is lack ( sympa?y4 ,_h he kn[n :at /rong aff9ity !re 0 betwe5 8 mo/ ,*ri/ian au?or & ! humble ,jew ,solomon1 he w\ld h less res5t$ ?is condesc5sion ( ,ar*bi%op ,seck]4 ,z = ! ,jewi% ,boswell himself1 we "k v little ab\t him4 ,! only place 9 :i* he speaks ab\t 8 own p]son is t 9 :i* he d]ives 8 p$igree f ,r4 ,eleaz> b5 ,samuel ,hallevi 7di$ #aceg71 & says t he 0 g5]ally call$ 8,d] gute 7! good7 ,r4 ,salman40 ,he well des]v$ ?is appellation4 ,9 8 ,w we f9d ! foll[+ injunction to 8 *ildr53 8,be hone/1 & consci5ti\s 9 y\r deal+ ) m51 ) ,jews z well z ,g5tiles1 be k9d & oblig+ to !m2 d n speak :at is sup]flu\s40 ,& wisdom is surely r>e en\gh to r5d] inappropriate a *>ge ( sup]flu\sness aga9/ ! "w ( ^? :o 9 bygone times sp5t _! en]gies 9 ga!r+ ! crumbs t fell f ! tables ( ! wise4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,dogmas ,,( ,,judaism ,! object ( ?is essay is to say ab\t ! dogmas ( ,judaism a ^w :i* ,i ?9k ought n to be left unsaid4 ,9 speak+ ( dogmas x mu/ be und]/ood t ,judaism does n ascribe to !m any sav+ p[]4 ,! belief 9 a dogma or a doctr9e )\t abid+ by its real or suppos$ consequ5ces 7e4g4 ! belief 9 creatio ex nihilo )\t keep+ ! ,sabba?7 is ( no value4 ,& ! "q ab\t c]ta9 doctr9es is n :e!r !y possess or d n possess ! desir$ *>m aga9/ c]ta9 diseases ( ! s\l1 b :e!r !y ought to be consid]$ z *>act]i/ics ( ,judaism or n4 ,x mu/ aga9 be premis$ t ! subject1 :i* occupi$ ! ?\ghts ( ! greate/ & noble/ ,jewi% m9ds = s _m c5turies1 has be5 neglect$ = a comp>atively long "t4 ,& ?is = v>i\s reasons4 ,fir/1 !re is ,m5delssohn's ass]tion1 or suppos$ ass]tion1 9 8 ,j]usalem1 t ,judaism has no dogmas--an ass]tion :i* has be5 accept$ by ! majority ( mod]n ,jewi% !ologians z ! only dogma ,judaism possesses4 ,y c he> x pron\nc$ 9 scores ( ,jewi% pulpits2 y c read x writt5 9 scores ( ,jewi% books4 ,to admit ! possibility t ,m5delssohn 0 9 error 0 h>dly p]missible1 especially = ^? ) :om he enjoys a c]ta9 infallibility4 ,nay1 ev5 ! fact t he himself 0 n consi/5t 9 8 !ory1 & on ano!r occasion decl>$ t ,judaism has dogmas1 only t !y are pur] & m 9 h>mony ) reason ?an ^? ( o!r religions2 or ev5 ! m important fact t he publi%$ a s*oolbook = *ildr51 9 :i* ! scall$ ,?irte5 ,articles 7 embodi$1 only t in/ead ( ! =mula 8,i believe10 he sub/itut$ 8,i am conv9c$10--ev5 su* pat5t facts did n produce mu* effect ^u _m ( our mod]n !ologians47#ajh7 ,!y 7 ei!r ov]look$ or expla9$ away s z to make !m h>monise ) ! great dogma ( dogmalessness4 ,= x is "o ( ! attributes ( infallibility t ! words ( its happy possessor mu/ always be reconcilable ev5 :5 !y appe> to ! eye ( ! unbeliev] z gross contradictions4 ,ano!r cause ( ! neglect into :i* ! subject has fall5 is t our c5tury is an hi/orical "o4 ,x is n only books t h _! fate1 b also :ole sci5ces & lit]atures4 ,9 pa/ times x 0 religi\s speculation t =m$ ! fav\rite /udy ( s*ol>s1 9 our "t x is hi/ory ) its critical f\ndation on a s\nd philology4 ,n[ z ^! two mo/ important bran*es ( ,jewi% sci5ce 7 s long neglect$--7 p]haps nev] cultivat$ 9 ! true mean+ ( ! ^w1 & z ,jewi% lit]ature is s va/ & ,jewi% hi/ory s f>rea*+ & ev5tful1 we _c wond] t ^! /udies h absorb$ ! "t & ! lab\r ( ! greate/ & be/ ,jewi% writ]s 9 ?is c5tury4 ,!re is1 besides1 a c]ta9 t5d5cy 9 hi/orical /udies t is ho/ile to m]e !ological speculation4 ,! hi/orian deals ) realities1 ! !ologian ) ab/ractions4 ,! latt] likes to %ape ! univ]se aft] 8 sy/em1 & tells u h[ ?+s ought to be1 ! =m] tea*es u h[ !y are or h be51 & ! explanation he gives = _! be+ s & n o!rwise includes 9 mo/ cases also a k9d ( ju/ification = _! exi/5ce4 ,!re is also ! odium !ologicum1 :i* has be5 ! cause ( s mu* mis=tune t x is hat$ by ! hi/orian1 :il/ ! sup]ficial1 rationali/ic way 9 :i* ! !ologian manages to expla9 ev]y?+ :i* does n suit 8 sy/em is mo/ repulsive to ! critical _s4 ,b x _c be d5i$ t ?is neglect has caus$ mu* confusion4 ,especially is ?is noticeable 9 ,engl&1 :i* is ess5tially a !ological c\ntry1 & :]e p are b little prone to give up speculation ab\t ?+s :i* conc]n _! mo/ sacr$ int]e/ & greate/ happ9ess4 ,?us :il/ we are exce$+ly poor 9 all o!r bran*es ( ,jewi% le>n+1 we are comp>atively ri* 9 productions ( a !ological "*4 ,we h a sup]fluity ( essays on su* delicate subjects z et]nal puni%m5t1 immortality ( ! s\l1 ! day ( judgm5t1 etc41 & _m treatises on ! def9ition ( ,judaism4 ,b kn[+ little or no?+ ( ! progress rec5tly made 9 ,jewi% !ology1 ( ! _m prote/s aga9/ all k9ds ( infallibility1 :e!r canonis$ 9 ?is c5tury or 9 old5 times1 we 9 ,engl& /ill ma9ta9 t ,judaism has no dogmas z if no?+ to ! contr>y _h ev] be5 said4 ,we seek ! f\ndation ( ,judaism 9 political economy1 9 hygi5e1 9 ev]y?+ except religion4 ,foll[+ ! fa%ion ( ! day to e/eem religion 9 proportion to its ability to adapt itself to e possible & impossible metaphysical & social sy/em1 we are anxi\s to squeeze out ( ,judaism ! la/ drop ( fai? & hope1 & /rive to make x s flexible t we c turn x 9 e direction :i* x is our pleasure to foll[4 ,b alas6 ! flexibility has progress$ s f> z to classify ,judaism among ! inv]tebrate species1 ! l[e/ ord] ( liv+ ?+s4 ,x /rongly resembles a c]ta9 ,*ri/ian s*ool :i* addresses itself to ! _w 9 g5]al & claims to satisfy ev]ybody alike4 ,x claims to be socialism = ! adh]5ts ( ,k>l ,m>x & ,lassalle1 wor%ip ( man = ! foll[]s ( ,comte & ,/4 ,simon2 x c>efully avoids ! ^w 8,god0 = ! com=t ( agno/ics & sceptics1 :il/ on ! o!r h& x pret5ds to hold sway ov] p>adise1 hell1 & immortality = ! edification ( believ]s4 ,9 su* illusions _m ( our !ologians delight4 ,= illusions !y are2 y _c be ev]y?+ if y want to be any?+4 ,moreov]1 illusions 9 !mselves are bad en\gh1 b we are m5ac$ ) :at is /ill worse4 ,judaism1 dive/$ ( e high] religi\s motive1 is 9 dang] ( fall+ into gross mat]ialism4 ,= :at else is ! mean+ ( su* decl>ations z 8,believe :at y l1 b con=m to ?is or t mode ( life02 :at else does x mean b 8,we _c expect y to believe t ! ?+s y are bidd5 to d are comm&$ by a high] au?ority2 !re is n su* a ?+ z belief1 b y ought to d !m = conv5tionalism or = y\r own conv5i5ce40 ,b bo? ^! motives--! good op9ion ( our neighb\rs1 z well z our bodily heal?--h no?+ to d ) our nobl] & high] s5tim5ts1 & degrade ,judaism to a matt] ( exp$i5cy or diplomacy4 ,inde$1 ?+s h advanc$ s f> t wellmean+ b illadvis$ writ]s ev5 ?9k to r5d] a s]vice to ,judaism by decl>+ x to be a k9d ( enlight5$ ,h$onism1 or r a mod]ate ,epicureanism4 ,i h no int5tion ( "h answ]+ ! "q1 ,:at is ,judaism8 ,?is "q is n less p]plex+ ?an ! problem1 ,:at is ,god's _w8 ,judaism is also a great ,inf9ite1 compos$ ( z _m endless ,units1 ! ,jews4 ,& ^! ,unit,jews h be51 & are /ill1 scatt]$ ?r\gh all ! _w1 & h pass$ "u an imm5sity ( influ5ces1 good & bad4 ,if s1 h[ c we give an exact def9ition ( ! ,inf9ite1 call$ ,judaism8 ,b if !re is any?+ sure1 x is t ! highe/ motives :i* work$ ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ,judaism are ! /rong belief 9 ,god & ! un%ak5 confid5ce t at la/ ?is ,god1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 w be ! ,god ( ! :ole _w2 or1 9 o!r words1 ,fai? & ,hope are ! two mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ,judaism4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i %all try to give a %ort acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! two pr9ciples ( ,judaism f\nd expression1 f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! age ( ,m5delssohn2 t is1 to pres5t an outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,dogmas4 ,fir/1 a few obs]vations on ! position ( ! ,bible & ! ,talmud 9 relation to our !me4 ,insuffici5t & poor z !y may be 9 proportion to ! importance ( ^! two fundam5tal docum5ts ( ,judaism1 ^! rem>ks may nev]!less sugge/ a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! tea*+s ( ,jewi% antiquity & ^? ( ,maimonides & 8 successors4 ,i beg9 ) ! ,scriptures4 ,! ,bible itself h>dly conta9s a comm& bidd+ u to believe4 ,we are h>dly ord]$1 e4g41 to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,i say h>dly1 b ,i d n altoge!r d5y ! exi/5ce ( su* a comm&4 ,x is true t we d n f9d 9 ! ,scripture su* words z3 8,y are comm&$ to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god40 ,nor is any puni%m5t assign$ z await+ him :o d5ies x4 ,not)/&+ ^! facts1 _m ,jewi% au?orities--among !m su* important m5 z ,maimonides1 ,r4 ,judah ,hallevi1 ,na*manides--p]ceive1 9 ! fir/ words ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god10 ! comm& to believe 9 ,8 exi/5ce47#aji7 ,be ?is z x may1 !re _c be ! %ad[ ( a d\bt t ! ,bible1 9 :i* e comm& is dictat$ by ,god1 & 9 :i* all its h]oes are ! s]vants1 ! fri5ds1 or ! ambassadors ( ,god1 presumes su* a belief 9 e "o to :om ^? laws are dictat$1 & ^! h]oes address !mselves4 ,nay1 ,i ?9k t ! ^w 8belief0 is n ev5 adequate4 ,9 a _w ) s _m visible facts & invisible causes1 z life & dea?1 gr[? & decay1 light & d>kness2 9 a _w :]e ! sun rises & sets2 :]e ! />s appe> regul>ly2 :]e heavy ra9s p\r d[n f ! sky1 (t5 accompani$ by su* gr& ph5om5a z ?und] & lightn+2 9 a _w full ( su* m>vels1 b into :i* no notion has ent]$ ( all our mod]n true or false explanations--:o b ,god is beh9d all ^! ?+s8 8,h ! gates10 asks ,god1 8h ! gates ( dea? be5 op5 to !e8 or ha/ ?\ se5 ! doors ( ! %ad[ ( dea?8444 ,:]e is ! way :]e light dwelle?8 & z = d>kness1 :]e is ! place !re(8444 ,ha? ! ra9 a fa!r8 or :o ha? begott5 ! drops ( dew8444 ,can/ ?\ b9d ! sweet influ5ces ( ,pleiades1 or loose ! b&s ( ,orion8444 ,can/ ?\ s5d lightn+s1 t !y may g1 & say unto !e1 ,"h we are80 7,job xxxviii474 ,( all ^! wond]s1 ,god 0 n m]ely ! prima causa2 !y 7 ! result ( ,8 direct action1 )\t any int]m$i>y causes4 ,& x is z absurd to say t ! anci5t _w believ$ 9 ,god1 z = a future hi/orian to ass]t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t x believ$ 9 ! effects ( electricity4 ,we see !m1 & s antiquity saw ,god4 ,if !re 0 any dang]1 x lay n 9 ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 b 9 hav+ a wrong belief4 ,belief 9 z _m gods z !re are manife/ations 9 nature1 ! inve/+ ( !m ) false attributes1 ! misund]/&+ ( ,god's relation to m51 lead to immorality4 ,?us ! great] "p ( ! laws & tea*+s ( ! ,bible are ei!r direct$ aga9/ poly!ism1 ) all its l[ ideas ( ,god1 or r ( gods2 or !y are direct$ t[>ds regulat+ ,god's relation to m54 ,man is a s]vant ( ,god1 or ,8 prophet1 or ev5 ,8 fri5d4 ,b ?is relation%ip man obta9s only by 8 conduct4 ,nay1 all man's actions are c>efully regulat$ by ,god1 & connect$ ) ,8 hol9ess4 ,! #ai? *apt] ( ,leviticus1 :i* is consid]$ by ! ,rabbis z ! portion ( ! ,law 9 :i* ! mo/ important articles ( ! ,torah are embodi$1 is head$1 8,ye %all be holy1 = ,i ! ,"l y\r own ,god am holy40 ,& ea* law !re9 occurr+1 ev5 ^? :i* conc]n our relations to ea* o!r1 is n f\nd$ on utilit>ian reasons1 b is orda9$ because ! opposite ( x is an (f5ce to ! hol9ess ( ,god1 & pr(anes ,8 creatures1 :om ,he desir$ to be z holy z ,he is47#aaj7 ,?us ! :ole /ructure ( ! ,bible is built ^u ! visible fact ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 & ^u ! belief 9 ! relation ( ,god to m51 especially to ,israel4 ,9 spite ( all t has be5 said to ! contr>y1 ! ,bible does lay /ress ^u belief1 :]e belief is requir$4 ,! unbeliev]s are rebuk$ aga9 & aga94 8,= all ?is !y s9n$ /ill1 & believ$ n = ,8 wondr\s "w10 compla9s ,asaph 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #cb74 ,& belief is prais$ 9 su* exalt$ words z1 8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,i rememb] !e1 ! k9dness ( ?y y\?1 ! love ( ?9e esp\sals1 :5 ?\ w5te/ aft] me 9 ! wild]ness1 9 a l& t 0 n s[n0 7,j]4 ii4 #b74 ,! ,bible1 especially ! books ( ! prophets1 consi/s1 9 great "p1 ( promises = ! future1 :i* ! ,rabbis ju/ly t]m$ ! 8,consolations407#aaa7 ,= our purpose1 x is ( no great consequ5ce to exam9e :at future ! prophets _h 9 view1 :e!r an imm$iate future or "o m remote1 at ! end ( days4 ,at any rate1 !y inculcat$ hope & confid5ce t ,god w\ld br+ to pass a bett] "t4 ,i ?9k t ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ ,bible critic--provid$ he is n guid$ by "s mod]n ,aryan reasons--mu/ p]ceive 9 su* passages z1 8,! ,"l %all reign = ev] & ev]10 8,! ,"l %all rejoice 9 8 works10 & _m o!rs1 a hope = m ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( ! 8national ,deity among 8 vot>ies 9 ,pale/9e40 ,we h n[ to pass ov] an int]val ( _m c5turies1 ! l5g? ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! views held z to ! date ( ! close ( ! canon1 & exam9e :at ! ,rabbis1 ! repres5tatives ( ! prophets1 ?\ght on ?is subject4 ,n t ! views ( ! au?or ( ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ( ,philo & ,ari/obulus1 & _m o!rs ( ! ,judo ,alex&rian s*ool w\ld be un9t]e/+ = u4 ,b someh[ _! influ5ce on ,judaism 0 only a pass+ "o1 & _! doctr9es nev] became au?oritative 9 ! ,synagogue4 ,we mu/ "h conf9e ourselves to ^? :o1 ev5 by ! te/imony ( _! bitt]e/ enemies1 occupi$ ! seat ( ,moses4 ,! successors ( ! prophets _h to deal ) new circum/ances1 & accord+ly _! tea*+s 7 adapt$ to ! wants ( _! times4 ,z ! result ( manifold =eign influ5ces1 ! visible fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god z manife/$ 9 ! ,bible _h be5 some:at obscur$4 ,prophecy ceas$1 & ! ,holy ,_s :i* inspir$ a few *os5 ones took its place4 ,aft]w>ds ?is influ5ce 0 r$uc$ to ! he>+ ( a ,voice f ,heav51 :i* 0 audible to /ill few]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,rabbis _h ?is advantage t !y 7 n call$ ^u to fight aga9/ idolatry z _! pr$ecessors ! prophets _h be54 ,! evil incl9ation to wor%ip idols 01 z ! ,talmud expresses x allegorically1 kill$ by ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue1 or1 z we %\ld put x1 x 0 suppress$ by ! suff]+s ( ! captivity 9 ,babylon4 ,?is *ange ( circum/ances is m>k$ by ! foll[+ fact3--,:il/ ! prophets mo/ly consid]$ idolatry z ! cause ( all s91 ! ,rabbis %[ a /rong t5d5cy to ascribe s9 to a defect 91 or a want (1 belief on ! "p ( ! s9n]4 ,!y tea* t ,adam w\ld n h s9n$ unless he _h fir/ d5i$ ! 8,root ( all0 7or ! ma9 pr9ciple71 namely1 ! belief 9 ! ,omnipres5ce ( ,god4 ,( ,ca9 !y say t be=e murd]+ 8 bro!r he decl>$3 8,!re is no judgm5t1 !re is no judge1 !re is no _w to come1 & !re is no rew>d = ! j1 & no puni%m5t = ! wick$407#aab7 ,9 ano!r place we read t ! commission ( a s9 9 secret is an imp]t95t attempt by ! do] to ou/ ,god f ! _w4 ,b if unbelief is consid]$ z ! root ( all evil1 we may expect t ! rev]se ( x1 a p]fect fai?1 w\ld be prais$ 9 ! mo/ exalt$ t]ms4 ,s we read3 ,fai? is s great t ! man :o possesses x may hope to become a wor?y vessel ( ! ,holy ,_s1 or1 z we %\ld express x1 t he may hope to obta9 by ?is p[] ! highe/ degree ( communion ) 8 ,mak]4 ,! ,patri>* ,abraham1 not)/&+ all 8 o!r virtues1 only became 8! possessor ( bo? worlds0 by ! m]it ( 8 /rong fai?4 ,nay1 ev5 ! fulfilm5t ( a s+le law :5 accompani$ by true fai? is1 accord+ to ! ,rabbis1 suffici5t to br+ man nigh to ,god4 ,& ! future r$emption is also conditional on ! degree ( fai? %[n by ,israel47#aac7 ,x has (t5 be5 ask$ :at ! ,rabbis w\ld h ?\ght ( a man :o fulfils e comm&m5t ( ! ,torah1 b does n believe t ?is ,torah 0 giv5 by ,god1 or t !re exi/s a ,god at all4 ,x is inde$ v difficult to answ] ?is "q ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,rabbis p 7 /ill too simple = su* a diplomatic religion1 & con=mity 9 ! mod]n s5se 0 q an unkn[n ?+4 ,b f ! =ego+ rem>ks x w\ld seem t ! ,rabbis c\ld n conceive su* a mon/rosity z a!i/ic or?odoxy4 ,=1 z we h se51 ! ,rabbis ?\ght t unbelief mu/ ne$s end 9 s91 = fai? is ! orig9 ( all good4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! case j suppos$ !y w\ld h ei!r suspect$ ! man's or?odoxy1 or w\ld h d5i$ t 8 views 7 really :at he pr(ess$ !m to be4 ,/ill m important ?an ! above cit$ ,agadic passages is "o :i* we are ab\t to quote f ! tractate ,sanh$r94 ,?is tractate deals ) ! con/itution1 ( ! supreme lawc\rt1 ! exam9ation ( ! witnesses1 ! functions ( ! judges1 & ! diff]5t puni%m5t to be inflict$ on ! transgressors ( ! law4 ,aft] hav+ enum]at$ v>i\s k9ds ( capital puni%m5t1 ! ,mi%nah adds ! foll[+ words3 8,^! are 7! m57 :o are exclud$ f ! life to come3 ,he :o says !re is no resurrection f dea?2 he :o says !re is no ,torah giv5 f heav51 & ! ,epikurus407#aad7 ,?is passage 0 consid]$ by ! ,rabbis ( ! ,middle ,ages1 z well z by mod]n s*ol>s1 ! locus classicus = ! dogma "q4 ,!re are _m passages 9 ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature :i* exclude man f ! _w to come = ?is or t s94 ,b ^! are m or less ( an ,agadic 7leg5d>y7 "*1 & ?us l5d !mselves to exagg]ation & hyp]bolic language4 ,!y _c1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z s]i\s legal dicta1 or z ! g5]al op9ion ( ! ,rabbis4 ,! ,mi%nah 9 ,sanh$r91 h[ev]1 has1 if only by its position 9 a legal tractate1 a c]ta9 ,hala*ic 7obligatory7 "*4 ,& ! fact t s e>ly an au?ority z ,r4 ,akiba made additions to x gu>antees its high antiquity4 ,! fir/ two s5t5ces ( ?is ,mi%nah are cle> en\gh4 ,9 mod]n language1 & positively speak+1 !y w\ld repres5t articles ( belief 9 ,resurrection & ,revelation4 ,great difficulty is f\nd 9 def9+ :at 0 meant by ! ^w ,epikurus4 ,! au?orities ( ! ,middle ,ages1 to :om ,i %all aga9 h to ref]1 expla9 ! ,epikurus to be a man :o d5ies ! belief 9 rew>d & puni%m5t2 o!rs id5tify him ) "o :o d5ies ! belief 9 ,provid5ce2 :ile o!rs aga9 consid] ! ,epikurus to be "o :o d5ies ,tradition4 ,b ! p>allel passages 9 :i* x occurs incl9e "o r to ?9k t ?is ^w _c be def9$ by "o k9d ( h]esy4 ,x implies r a frivol\s treatm5t ( ! words ( ,scripture or ( ,tradition4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] 7,tradition7 x is c]ta9ly n hone/ diff]5ce ( op9ion t is condemn$2 = ! ,rabbis !mselves diff]$ v (t5 f ea* o!r1 & ev5 ,m$ival au?orities did n feel any compunction ab\t expla9+ ,scripture 9 v>iance ) ! ,rabb9ic int]pretation1 & sometimes !y ev5 w5t s f> z to decl>e t ! view ( ?is or t great au?ority 0 only to be consid]$ z an isolat$ op9ion n des]v+ p>ticul> att5tion4 ,:at !y did blame 01 z already said1 sc(f+ & impiety4 ,we may ?us safely ass]t t rev]5ce = ! tea*]s ( ,israel =m$ ! ?ird ess5tial pr9ciple ( ,judaism47#aae7 ,i h /ill to rem>k t !re occur 9 ! ,talmud su* passages z 8! ,jew1 ev5 if he has s9n$1 is /ill a ,jew10 or 8,he :o d5ies idolatry is call$ a ,jew40 ,^! & simil> passages h be5 us$ to prove t ,judaism 0 n a positive religion1 b only involv$ ! negation ( idolatry4 ,b x has be5 ov]look$ t ! /atem5ts quot$ h m a legal ?an a !ological "*4 ,! ,jew belong$ to 8 nationality ev5 aft] hav+ committ$ ! greate/ s91 j z ! ,engli%man does n cease to be an ,engli%man--9 reg>d to treason & ! l--by hav+ committ$ a he9\s crime4 ,b he has c]ta9ly act$ 9 a v un,engli% way1 & hav+ outrag$ ! feel+s ( ! :ole nation w h to suff] = 8 misconduct4 ,! ,rabbis 9 a simil> mann] did n ma9ta9 t he :o gave up ! belief 9 ,revelation & ,resurrection1 & treat$ irrev]5tly ! tea*]s ( ,israel1 sev]$ 8 connection ) ! ,jewi% nation1 b t1 = 8 crime1 he 0 go+ to suff] ! heavie/ puni%m5t4 ,he 0 to be exclud$ f ! _w to come4 ,/ill1 important z is ! passage quot$ f ,sanh$r91 x w\ld be errone\s to ?9k t x exhau/$ ! cre$ ( ! ,rabbis4 ,! liturgy & innum]able passages 9 ! ,midra%im %[ t !y ard5tly clung to ! belief 9 ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah4 ,all _! hope 0 turn$ to ! future r$emption & ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 on e>?4 ,judaism1 /ripp$ ( ?is belief1 w\ld h be5 = !m devoid ( mean+4 ,! belief 9 rew>d & puni%m5t is also repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! old ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,a m emphatic decl>ation ( ! belief 9 ,provid5ce ?an is convey$ by ! foll[+ passages is h>dly conceivable4 8,ev]y?+ is =ese51 & free w is giv54 ,& ! _w is judg$ by grace40 ,or1 8! born are to die1 & ! dead to revive1 & ! liv+ to be judg$4 ,= to "k & to notify1 & t x may be kn[n t ,he 7,god7 is ! ,fram] & ,he ! ,creator1 & ,he ! ,disc]n]1 & ,he ! ,judge1 & ,he ! ,witness10 etc47#aaf7 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t x 0 n ! habit ( ! ,rabbis to lay d[n1 ei!r = conduct or = doctr9e1 rules :i* 7 commonly kn[n4 ,:5 !y urg$ ! ?ree po9ts /at$ above !re mu/ h be5 "s hi/orical reason = x4 ,probably ^! pr9ciples 7 controv]t$ by "s h]etics4 ,inde$1 ! :ole tone ( ! passage cit$ f ,sanh$r9 is a prote/ aga9/ c]ta9 unbeliev]s :o are ?reat5$ ) puni%m5t4 ,o!r beliefs1 n less ess5tial1 b less disput$1 rema9 unm5tion$1 because !re 0 no necessity to ass]t !m4 ,x 0 n till a mu* lat] "t1 :5 ! ,jews came into clos] contact ) new philosophical s*ools1 & also new cre$s :i* 7 m liable ?an hea!nism 0 to be confus$ ) ,judaism1 t ?is necessity 0 felt4 ,& ?us we are l$ at once to ! p]iod :5 ! ,jews became acqua9t$ ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,mohamm$an s*ools4 ,! ,c>aites came v e>ly into contact ) non,jewi% sy/ems4 ,& s we f9d t !y 7 also ! fir/ to =mulate ,jewi% dogmas 9 a fix$ numb]1 & 9 a sy/ematic ord]4 ,x is also possible t _! sep>ation f ! ,tradition1 & _! e>ly division into little sects among !mselves1 compell$ !m to take ?is /ep1 9 ord] to avoid fur!r sect>ianism4 ,! numb] ( _! dogmas am\nts to t54 ,accord+ to ,judah ,hadasi 7#aaej71 :o w\ld appe> to h d]iv$ !m f 8 pr$ecessors1 _! dogmas include ! foll[+ articles3--#a4 ,creatio ex nihilo2 #b4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,creator1 ,god2 #c4 ,?is ,god is an absolute unity z well z incorporeal2 #d4 ,moses & ! o!r prophets 7 s5t by ,god2 #e4 ,god has giv5 to u ! ,torah1 :i* is true & complete 9 e respect1 n want+ ! addition ( ! scall$ ,oral ,law2 #f4 ,! ,torah mu/ be /udi$ by e ,jew 9 ! orig9al 7,hebrew7 language2 #g4 ,! ,holy ,temple 0 a place elect$ by ,god = ,8 manife/ation2 #h4 ,resurrection ( ! dead2 #i4 ,puni%m5t & rew>d aft] dea?2 #aj4 ,! ,com+ ( ! ,messiah1 ! son ( ,david4 ,h[ f> ! pr$ecessors ( ,hadasi 7 influ5c$ by a c]ta9 ,joseph ,alba%ir 7ab\t #iej71 ( :om !re exi/s a manuscript "w1 8,rudim5ts ( ,fai?10 ,i am unable to say4 ,! little we "k ( him reveals m ( 8 intimacy ) ,arabic ?\ghts ?an ( 8 importance = 8 sect 9 p>ticul> & = ,judaism 9 g5]al4 ,aft] ,hadasi ,i %all m5tion "h ,elijah ,ba%azi1 a ,c>aite writ] ( ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is au?or1 :o 0 mu* influ5c$ by ,maimonides1 omits ! second & ! sev5? articles4 ,9 ord] to make up ! t5 he numb]s ! belief 9 ! et]nity ( ,god z an article1 & divides ! f\r? article into two4 ,9 ! fif? article ,ba%azi does n emphasise s /rongly ! complet5ess ( ! ,torah z ,hadasi1 & omits ! portion :i* is direct$ aga9/ ,tradition4 ,x is int]e/+ to see ! di/9ction :i* ,ba%azi draws betwe5 ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,prophets4 ,:ile he ?9ks t ! five books ( ,moses c nev] be alt]$1 he reg>ds ! words ( ! ,prophets z only relat+ to _! contempor>ies1 & ?us subject to *anges4 ,z ,i d n want to anticipate ,maimonides' sy/em1 ,i mu/ refra9 f giv+ "h ! articles laid d[n by ,solomon ,troki 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,= ! articles ( ,maimonides are copi$ by ?is writ] ) a few slight alt]ations s z to dress !m 9 a ,c>aite g>b4 ,i mu/ dismiss ! ,c>aites ) ^! few rem>ks1 my object be+ *iefly to discuss ! dogmas ( ! ,synagogue f :i* !y _h sep>at$ !mselves4 ,besides1 z 9 ev]y?+ ,c>aitic1 !re is no fur!r developm5t ( ! "q4 ,z ,ba%azi laid !m d[n1 !y are /ill taught by ! ,c>aites ( today4 ,i return to ! ,rabbanites47#aag7 ,z is well kn[n1 ,maimonides 7#aacjabje71 0 ! fir/ ,rabbanite :o =mulat$ ! dogmas ( ! ,synagogue4 ,b !re are indications ( e>li] attempts4 ,r4 ,saadiah ,gaon's 7#hibidb7 "w1 ,cre$s & ,op9ions1 %[s su* traces4 ,he says 9 8 preface1 8,my he>t sick5s to see t ! belief ( my coreligioni/s is impure & t _! !ological views are confus$40 ,! subjects he treats 9 ?is book1 su* z creation1 unity ( ,god1 resurrection ( ! dead1 ! future r$emption ( ,israel1 rew>d & puni%m5t1 & o!r k9dr$ !ological subjects might ?us1 p]haps1 be consid]$ z ! ess5tials ( ! cre$ t ! ,gaon desir$ to pres5t 9 a pure & rational =m4 ,r4 ,hannaneel1 ( ,kair[an17#aah7 9 ! fir/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 says 9 "o ( 8 comm5t>ies t to des]ve et]nal life "o mu/ believe 9 f\r ?+s3 9 ,god1 9 ! prophets1 9 a future _w :]e ! j w be rew>d$1 & 9 ! adv5t ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,f ,r4 ,judah ,hallevi's ,cus>i1 writt5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 we might argue t ! belief 9 ! election ( ,israel by ,god 0 ! c>d9al dogma ( ! au?or47#aai7 ,abraham ,ibn ,daud1 a contempor>y ( ,maimonides1 9 8 book ,! ,high ,belief17#abj7 speaks ( rudim5ts1 among :i*1 besides su* metaphysical pr9ciples z unity1 rational conception ( ,god's attributes1 etc41 ! belief 9 ! immutability ( ! ,law1 etc41 is includ$4 ,/ill1 all ^! works are int5d$ to furni% evid5ce f philosophy or hi/ory = ! tru? ( religion r ?an to give a def9ition ( ?is tru?4 ,! latt] task 0 und]tak5 by ,maimonides4 ,i ref] to ! ?irte5 articles embodi$ 9 8 fir/ "w1 ,! ,comm5t>y to ! ,mi%nah4 ,!y are app5d$ to ! ,mi%nah 9 ,sanh$r91 ) :i* ,i dealt above4 ,b ?\gh !y d n =m an indep5d5t treatise1 ,maimonides' rem>ks mu/ n be consid]$ z m]ely incid5tal4 ,t ,maimonides 0 q consci\s ( ! importance ( ?is exposition c be ga!r$ f ! conclud+ words address$ to ! read]3 8,"k ^! 7words7 & repeat !m _m times1 & ?9k !m ov] 9 ! prop] way4 ,god kn[s t ?\ w\ld/ be deceiv+ ?yself if ?\ ?9ke/ ?\ ha/ und]/ood !m by hav+ read !m once or ev5 t5 times4 ,be n1 !re=e1 ha/y 9 p]us+ !m4 ,i h n compos$ !m )\t deep /udy & e>ne/ reflection40 ,! result ( ?is deep /udy 0 t ! foll[+ ,?irte5 ,articles con/itute ! cre$ ( ,judaism4 ,!y are3-- #a4 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,creator2 #b4 ,! belief 9 ,8 ,unity2 #c4 ,! belief 9 ,8 ,incorporeality2 #d4 ,! belief 9 ,8 ,et]nity2 #e4 ,! belief t all wor%ip & adoration are due to ,him alone2 #f4 ,! belief 9 ,prophecy2 #g4 ,! belief t ,moses 0 ! greate/ ( all ,prophets1 bo? be=e & aft] him2 #h4 ,! belief t ! ,torah 0 reveal$ to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 #i4 ,! belief 9 ! ,immutability ( ?is reveal$ ,torah2 #aj4 ,! belief t ,god kn[s ! actions ( m52 #aa4 ,! belief 9 ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t2 #ab4 ,! belief 9 ! com+ ( ! ,messiah2 #ac4 ,! belief 9 ! ,resurrection ( ! dead4 ,! impulse giv5 by ! great philosoph] & /ill great] ,jew 0 eag]ly foll[$ by succe$+ g5]ations1 & ,judaism ?us came into possession ( a dogmatic lit]ature su* z x nev] knew be=e ,maimonides4 ,maimonides is ! c5tre ( ?is lit]ature1 & ,i %all accord+ly speak 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is essay ( ,maimoni/s & ,anti ,maimoni/s4 ,^! t]ms really apply to ! great controv]sy t rag$ r\nd ,maimonides' ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$1 b ,i %all1 *iefly = brevity's sake1 employ !m 9 ^! pages 9 a re/rict$ s5se to ref] to ! dispute conc]n+ ! ,?irte5 ,articles4 ,among ! ,maimoni/s we may probably include ! great majority ( ,jews1 :o accept$ ! ,?irte5 ,articles )\t fur!r "q4 ,maimonides mu/ inde$ h fill$ up a great gap 9 ,jewi% !ology1 a gap1 moreov]1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 v g5]ally p]ceiv$4 ,a c5tury _h h>dly elaps$ be=e ! ,?irte5 ,articles _h become a !me = ! poets ( ! ,synagogue4 ,& almo/ e c\ntry :]e ,jews liv$ c %[ a poem or a pray] f\nd$ on ^! ,articles4 ,r4 ,jacob ,mol9 7#adbj7 ( ,g]many speaks ( metrical & rhym$ songs 9 ! ,g]man language1 ! burd5 ( :i* 0 ! ,?irte5 ,articles1 & :i* 7 read by ! common p ) great devotion4 ,! num]\s comm5t>ies & homilies writt5 on ! same topic w\ld =m a small libr>y 9 !mselves47#aba7 ,b on ! o!r h& x mu/ n be d5i$ t ! ,anti,maimoni/s1 t is to say ^? ,jewi% writ]s :o did n agree ) ! cre$ =mulat$ by ,maimonides1 or agre$ only 9 "p ) him1 =m also a v /rong & respectable m9ority4 ,!y des]ve our att5tion ! m z x is _! works :i* br\ght life into ! subject & deep5$ x4 ,x is n by a p]petual ,am5 to e utt]ance ( a great au?ority t tru? or lit]ature ga9s any?+4 ,! ,anti,maimoni/s c be divid$ into two classes4 ,! "o class categorically d5ies t ,judaism has dogmas4 ,i %all h occasion to t\* on ?is view :5 ,i come to speak ( ,ab>banel4 ,"h ,i pass at once to ! second class ( ,anti,maimoni/s4 ,?is consi/s ( ^? :o agree ) ,maimonides z to ! exi/5ce ( dogmas 9 ,judaism1 b :o diff] f him z to :at ^! dogmas are1 or :o give a diff]5t enum]ation ( !m4 ,z ! fir/ ( ^! ,anti,maimoni/s we may reg>d ,na*manides1 :o1 9 8 fam\s ,s]mon 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ! ,k+1 speaks ( ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples3 ,creation 7t is1 nonet]nity ( matt]71 ,omnisci5ce ( ,god1 & ,provid5ce4 ,next comes ,r4 ,abba ,m>i b5 ,moses1 ( ,montpelli]4 ,he wrote at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & is fam\s 9 ,jewi% hi/ory = 8 zeal aga9/ ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,we possess a small pamphlet by him deal+ ) our subject1 & x =ms a k9d ( prologue to 8 collection ( controv]sial lett]s aga9/ ! rationali/s ( 8 "t47#abb7 ,he lays d[n ?ree articles z ! fundam5tal tea*+s ( ,religion3 #a4 ,metaphysical3 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god1 includ+ ,8 ,unity & ,incorporeality2 #b4 ,mosaic3 ,creatio ex nihilo by ,god--a consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple is ! belief t ,god is capable ( alt]+ ! laws ( nature at ,8 pleasure2 #c4 ,e?ical3 ,special ,provid5ce--i4e4 ,god kn[s all our actions 9 all _! details4 ,abba ,m>i does n m5tion ,maimonides' ,?irte5 ,articles4 ,b x w\ld be false to conclude t he reject$ ! belief 9 ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 or any o!r article ( ,maimonides4 ,! :ole tone & t5d5cy ( ?is pamphlet is polemical1 & x is !re=e probable t he only urg$ ^? po9ts :i* 7 ei!r d\bt$ or expla9$ 9 an unor?odox way by ! sceptics ( 8 "t4 ,ano!r s*ol>1 ( ,prov5ce1 :o wrote b tw5ty ye>s lat] ?an ,abba ,m>i--,r4 ,david b5 ,samuel d',e/ella 7#acbj7--speaks ( ! sev5 pill>s ( religion4 ,!y are3 ,revelation1 ,provid5ce1 ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t1 ! ,com+ ( ! ,messiah1 ,resurrection ( ! ,dead1 ,creatio ex nihilo1 & ,free ,w47#abc7 ,( au?ors liv+ 9 o!r c\ntries1 ,i h to m5tion "h ,r4 ,%em>iah1 ( ,crete1 :o fl\ri%$ at ab\t ! same "t z ,r4 ,david d',e/ella1 & is kn[n f 8 ef=ts to reconcile ! ,c>aites ) ! ,rabbanites4 ,?is au?or wrote a book = ! purpose ( furni%+ ,jewi% /ud5ts ) evid5ce = :at he consid]$ ! five fundam5tal tea*+s ( ,judaism1 viz43 #a4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,god2 #b4 ,! ,incorporeality ( ,god2 #c4 ,8 ,absolute ,unity2 #d4 ,t ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?2 #e4 ,t ,god creat$ ! _w aft] ,8 w #eajf ye>s ago--#eajf 7#acdf ,a4,c471 be+ ! ye> 9 :i* ,%em>iah wrote ^! words47#abd7 ,9 ,portugal1 at ab\t ! same "t1 we f9d ,r4 ,david b5 ,yom,tob ,bilia add+ to ! articles ( ,maimonides ?irte5 ( 8 own1 :i* he calls ! 8,fundam5tals ( ! ,?9k+ ,man40 ,five ( ^! articles relate to ! functions ( ! human s\l1 t1 accord+ to him1 emanat$ f ,god1 & to ! way 9 :i* ?is div9e s\l receives its puni%m5t & rew>d4 ,! o!r eight articles are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( spiritual be+s--angels2 #b4 ,creatio ex nihilo2 #c4 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ano!r _w1 & t ?is o!r _w is only a spiritual "o2 #d4 ,! ,torah is above philosophy2 #e4 ,! ,torah has an outw>d 7lit]al7 mean+ & an inw>d 7allegorical7 mean+2 #f4 ,! text ( ! ,torah is n subject to any em5dation2 #g4 ,! rew>d ( a good action is ! good "w itself1 & ! do] mu/ n expect any o!r rew>d2 #h4 ,x is only by ! 8comm&s relat+ to ! he>t10 = in/ance1 ! belief 9 "o et]nal ,god1 ! lov+ & fe>+ ,him1 & n ?r\gh good actions1 t man atta9s ! highe/ degree ( p]fection47#abe7 ,p]haps x w\ld be suitable to m5tion "h ano!r contemporane\s writ]1 :o also enum]ates tw5tysix articles4 ,! "n ( ?is writ] is unkn[n1 & 8 articles are only ga!r$ f quotations by lat] au?ors4 ,x w\ld seem f ^! quotations t ! articles ( ?is unkn[n au?or consi/$ mo/ly ( /atem5ts emphasis+ ! belief 9 ! attributes ( ,god3 z1 ,8 ,et]nity1 ,8 ,wisdom & ,omnipot5ce1 & ! l47#abf7 ,m important = our subject are ! productions ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 especially ^? ( ,spani% au?ors4 ,! fifte5 articles ( ,r4 ,lipman ,muhlhaus51 9 ! preface to 8 wellkn[n ,book ( ,victory7#abg7 7#adaj71 diff] b slightly f ^? ( ,maimonides4 ,9 accordance ) ! anti,*ri/ian t5d5cy ( 8 polemical book1 he lays m /ress on ! two articles ( ,unity & ,incorporeality1 & makes ( !m f\r4 ,we c !re=e dismiss him ) ?is %ort rem>k1 & pass at once to ! ,spani% ,rabbis4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,r4 ,*asdai ,ibn ,crescas1 :o compos$ 8 fam\s treatise1 ,! ,light ( ,god1 ab\t #adje4 ,*asdai's book is well kn[n = its attacks on ,ari/otle1 & also = its influ5ce on ,sp9oza4 ,b ,*asdai deals also ) ,maimonides' ,?irte5 ,articles1 to :i* he 0 v /rongly oppos$4 ,already 9 8 preface he attacks ,maimonides = speak+1 9 8 ,book ( ! ,comm&m5ts1 ( ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god z an 8affirmative precept40 ,*asdai ?9ks x absurd2 = e comm&m5t mu/ be dictat$ by "s au?ority1 b on ^: au?ority c we dictate ! acceptance ( ?is au?ority8 ,8 g5]al objection to ! ,?irte5 ,articles is t ,maimonides conf\nd$ dogmas or fundam5tal beliefs ( ,judaism1 )\t :i* ,judaism is inconceivable1 ) beliefs or doctr9es :i* ,judaism inculcates1 b ! d5ial ( :i*1 ?\gh involv+ a /rong h]esy1 does n make ,judaism impossible4 ,he ma9ta9s t if ,maimonides meant only to c\nt fundam5tal tea*+s1 !re are n m ?an sev52 b t if he int5d$ also to include doctr9es1 he ought to h enum]at$ sixte54 ,z beliefs ( ! fir/ class--namely1 fundam5tal beliefs--he consid]s ! foll[+ articles3 #a4 ,god's k ( our actions2 #b4 ,provid5ce2 #c4 ,god's omnipot5ce--ev5 to act aga9/ ! laws ( nature2 #d4 ,prophecy2 #e4 ,free w2 #f4 ,! aim ( ! ,torah is to make man long aft] ! close/ communion ) ,god4 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,*asdai ?9ks1 is an axiom ) :i* e religion mu/ beg91 & he is !re=e unc]ta9 :e!r to include x z a dogma or n4 ,z to ! doctr9es :i* e ,jew is b\nd to believe1 b )\t :i* ,judaism is n impossible1 ,*asdai divides !m into two sections3 7a7 #a4 ,creatio ex nihilo2 #b4 ,immortality ( ! s\l2 #c4 ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t2 #d4 ,resurrection ( ! dead2 #e4 ,immutability ( ! ,torah2 #f4 ,sup]iority ( ! prophecy ( ,moses2 #g4 ,t ! ,high ,prie/ receiv$ f ,god ! in/ructions s\ght =1 :5 he put 8 que/ions ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,urim & ,?ummim2 #h4 ,! com+ ( ! ,messiah4 7b7 ,doctr9es :i* are express$ by c]ta9 religi\s c]emonies1 & on belief 9 :i* ^! c]emonies are condition$3 #a4 ,! belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray]--z well z 9 ! p[] ( ! b5$iction ( ! prie/s to convey to u ! bless+ ( ,god2 #b4 ,god is m]ciful to ! p5it5t2 #c4 ,c]ta9 days 9 ! ye>--= in/ance1 ! ,day ( ,atonem5t--are especially qualifi$ to br+ u ne> to ,god1 if we keep !m 9 ! way we are comm&$4 ,t ,*asdai is a little arbitr>y 9 ! *oice ( 8 8doctr9es10 ,i ne$ h>dly say4 ,inde$1 ,*asdai's importance = ! dogma"q consi/s m 9 8 critical sugge/ions ?an 9 8 positive results4 ,he 01 z we h se51 ! fir/ to make ! di/9ction betwe5 fundam5tal tea*+s :i* =m ! basis ( ,judaism1 & ^? o!r simple ,jewi% doctr9es )\t :i* ,judaism is n impossible4 ,v d>+ is 8 rem>k1 :5 prov+ t ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t1 ,immortality ( ! s\l1 & ,resurrection ( ! dead mu/ n be consid]$ z ! basis ( ,judaism1 s9ce ! highe/ ideal ( religion is to s]ve ,god )\t any hope ( rew>d4 ,ev5 m d>+ are 8 words conc]n+ ! ,immutability ( ! ,law4 ,he says3 8,"s h argu$ t1 s9ce ,god is p]fection1 s mu/ also ,8 law be p]fect1 & ?us unsusceptible ( improvem5t40 ,b he does n ?9k ?is argum5t conclusive1 ?\gh ! fact 9 itself 7! ,immutability ( ! ,law7 is true4 ,= "o might answ] t ?is p]fection ( ! ,torah c\ld only be 9 accordance ) ! intellig5ce ( ^? = :om x 0 meant2 b z soon z ! recipi5ts ( ! ,torah h advanc$ to a high] /ate ( p]fection1 ! ,torah mu/ also be alt]$ to suit _! advanc$ intellig5ce4 ,a pupil ( ,*asdai illu/rates ! words ( 8 ma/] by a m$ical p>allel4 ,! physician has to adapt 8 m$icam5ts to ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* 8 pati5t has to pass4 ,t he *anges 8 prescription does n1 h[ev]1 imply t 8 m$ical k is imp]fect1 or t 8 e>li] rem$ies 7 ignorantly *os52 ! v>y+ condition ( ! invalid 0 ! cause ( ! v>iation 9 ! doctor's treatm5t4 ,simil>ly1 7 n ! ,immutability ( ! ,torah a 8doctr9e10 "o might ma9ta9 t ! p]fection ( ! ,torah w\ld n be inconsi/5t ) ! assumption t x 0 susceptible ( modification1 9 accordance ) our *ang+ & progressive circum/ances4 ,b all ^! argum5ts are purely ( a !oretic "*2 =1 practically1 e ,jew1 accord+ to ,*asdai1 has to accept all ^! beliefs1 :e!r he t]ms !m fundam5tal tea*+s or only ,jewi% doctr9es47#abh7 ,"s ye>s lat]1 ?\gh he f9i%$ 8 "w 9 ! same ye> z ,*asdai1 ,r4 ,simeon ,duran 7#acffaddd17 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ! =m]1 made 8 rese>*es on dogmas4 ,8 /udies on ?is subject =m a k9d ( introduction to 8 comm5t>y on ,job1 :i* he f9i%$ 9 ! ye> #adje4 ,duran is n s /rongly oppos$ to ! ,?irte5 ,articles z ,*asdai1 or z ano!r 8?9k] ( our p10 :o ?\ght !m an arbitr>y imitation ( ! ?irte5 attributes ( ,god4 ,duran tries to ju/ify ,maimonides2 b nev]!less he agrees ) 8e>li] au?orities10 :o =mulat$ ! ,jewi% cre$ 9 ,?ree ,articles--,! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,revelation1 & ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t--"u :i* ,duran ?9ks ! ,?irte5 ,articles ( ,maimonides may be easily class$4 ,mo/ int]e/+ are 8 rem>ks conc]n+ ! validity ( dogmas4 ,he tells u t only ^? are to be consid]$ z h]etics :o abide by _! own op9ions1 ?\gh !y "k t !y are contradictory to ! views ( ! ,torah4 ,^? :o accept ! fundam5tal tea*+s ( ,judaism1 b are l$ by _! deep /udies & e>ne/ reflection to diff] 9 details f ! op9ions curr5t among _! coreligioni/s1 & expla9 c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,scripture 9 _! own way1 mu/ by no means be consid]$ z h]etics4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ,duran proce$s to say1 n blame su* m5 z ,maimonides1 :o gave an allegorical int]pretation to c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,bible ab\t miracles1 or ,r4 ,levi b5 ,g]%om1 :o foll[$ c]ta9 un ,jewi% views 9 relation to ! belief 9 ,creatio ex nihilo4 ,only ! views are condemnable1 n ^? :o *]i% !m4 ,god =bid1 says ,duran1 t su* a ?+ %\ld happ5 9 ,israel z to condemn hone/ inquir]s on acc\nt ( _! diff]+ op9ions4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ( h[ _m div9es z tol]ant z ?is p]secut$ ,jew ! fifte5? c5tury c boa/47#abi7 ,we c n[ pass to a m popul> b less orig9al writ] on our !me4 ,i ref] to ,r4 ,joseph ,albo1 ! au?or ( ! ,roots17#acj7 :o 0 ! pupil ( ,*asdai1 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,duran1 & wrote at a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ^! au?ors4 ,graetz has ju/ly d5i$ him mu* orig9ality4 ,! *ief m]it ( ,albo consi/s 9 popul>is+ o!r p's ?\ghts1 ?\gh he does n always take c>e to m5tion _! names4 ,& ! /ud5t :o is a little famili> ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,roots w easily f9d t ,albo has tak5 8 be/ ideas ei!r f ,*asdai or f ,duran4 ,z x is ( little consequ5ce to u :e!r an article ( fai? is call$ 8/em10 or 8root10 or 8bran*10 !re is sc>cely any?+ fre% left to quote 9 ! "n ( ,albo4 ,! late ,dr4 ,lw1 ( ,szeg$91 0 inde$ "r1 :5 he answ]$ an adv]s>y :o *all5g$ him--8,:o w\ld d>e to decl>e me a h]etic z long z ,i confess ! ,?ree ,articles laid d[n by ,albo80 ) ! words 8,albo himself40 ,=1 aft] all ! subtle di/9ctions ,albo makes betwe5 diff]5t classes ( dogmas1 he decl>es t e "o :o d5ies ev5 ! immutability ( ! ,law or ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 :i* are1 accord+ to him1 articles ( m9or importance1 is a h]etic :o w be exclud$ f ! _w to come4 ,b !re is "o po9t 9 8 book :i* is wor? notic+4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to him by ,maimonides1 inde$2 /ill ,albo has ! m]it ( hav+ emphasis$ x z x des]ves4 ,among ! articles :i* he calls 8bran*es0 ,albo c\nts ! belief t ! p]fection ( man1 :i* leads to et]nal life1 c be obta9$ by ! fulfill+ ( "o comm&m5t4 ,b ?is comm& mu/1 z ,maimonides po9ts out1 be done )\t any worldly reg>d1 & only = ! love ( ,god4 ,:5 "o consid]s h[ _m platitudes are repeat$ ye> by ye> by c]ta9 !ologians on ! subject ( ,jewi% legalism1 we _c lay en\gh /ress on ?is article ( ,albo1 & we ought to make x bett] kn[n ?an x has hi!rto be547#aca7 ,?\gh ,i _c ent] "h into ! enum]ation ( ! ,maimoni/s1 ,i mu/ n leave unm5tion$ ! "n ( ,r4 ,nissim b5 ,moses ( ,m>seilles1 ! fir/ great ,maimoni/1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 0 consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ?9k]s ( 8 age47#acb7 ,ano!r great ,maimoni/ des]v+ special att5tion is ,r4 ,abraham b5 ,%em,tob ,bibago1 :o may p]haps be reg>d$ z ! mo/ prom95t among ^? :o und]took to def5d ,maimonides aga9/ ! attacks ( ,*asdai & o!rs4 ,bibago wrote ,! ,pa? ( ,belief7#acc7 9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 01 z ,dr4 ,/e9s*neid] aptly describes him1 a ,d5kglubig]4 ,b1 above all1 he 0 a believ+ ,jew4 ,:5 he 0 once ask$1 at ! table ( ,k+ ,john ,,ii41 ( ,aragon1 by a ,*ri/ian s*ol>1 8,are y ! ,jewi% philosoph]80 he answ]$1 8,i am a ,jew :o believes 9 ! ,law giv5 to u by our tea*] ,moses1 ?\gh ,i h /udi$ philosophy40 ,bibago 0 su* a devot$ admir] ( ,maimonides t he c\ld n tol]ate any opposition to him4 ,he speaks 9 "o passage ( ! prud5t p ( 8 "t :o1 9 desir+ to be look$ ^u z or?odox by ! great mob1 calumniat$ ! ,tea*] 7,maimonides71 & depreciat$ 8 m]its4 ,bibago's book is v int]e/+1 especially 9 its controv]sial p>ts2 b 9 respect to dogmas he is1 z already said1 a ,maimoni/1 & does n contribute any new po9t on our subject4 ,to return to ! ,anti,maimoni/s ( ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,z su* may be consid]$ ,r4 ,isaac ,aramah1 :o speaks ( ?ree f\ndations ( religion3 ,creatio ex nihilo1 ,revelation 7871 & ! belief 9 a _w to come47#acd7 ,next to be m5tion$ is ,r4 ,joseph ,jabez1 :o also accepts only ?ree articles3 ,creatio ex nihilo1 ,individual ,provid5ce1 & ! ,unity ( ,god47#ace7 ,"u ^! ?ree heads he tries to classify ! ,?irte5 ,articles ( ,maimonides4 ,! la/ ,spani% writ] on our subject is ,r4 ,isaac ,ab>banel4 ,8 treatise on ! subject is kn[n "u ! title ,top ( ,amanah17#acf7 & 0 f9i%$ 9 ! ye> #adie4 ,! greate/ "p ( ?is treatise =ms a def5ce ( ,maimonides1 _m po9ts 9 :i* are tak5 f ,bibago4 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is fact1 ,ab>banel mu/ n be consid]$ a ,maimoni/4 ,x is only a feel+ ( piety t[>ds ,maimonides1 or p]haps r a fondness = argum5t1 t made him def5d ,maimonides aga9/ ,*asdai & o!rs4 ,8 own view is t x is a mi/ake to =mulate dogmas ( ,judaism1 s9ce e ^w 9 ! ,torah has to be consid]$ z a dogma = itself4 ,x 0 only1 says ,ab>banel1 by foll[+ ! example ( non,jewi% s*ol>s t ,maimonides & o!rs 7 induc$ to lay d[n dogmas4 ,! non,jewi% philosoph]s are 9 ! habit ( accept+ 9 e sci5ce c]ta9 indisputable axioms f :i* !y d$uce ! propositions :i* are less evid5t4 ,! ,jewi% philosoph]s 9 a simil> way s\ght = fir/ pr9ciples 9 religion f :i* ! :ole ( ! ,torah ought to be consid]$ z a d$uction4 ,b1 ?9ks ,ab>banel1 ! ,torah z a reveal$ code is "u no necessity ( d$uc+ ?+s f ea* o!r1 = all ! comm&s came f ! same div9e au?ority1 &1 !re=e1 all are alike evid5t1 & h ! same c]ta9ty4 ,on ?is & simil> gr\nds ,ab>banel refus$ to accept dogmatic articles = ,judaism1 & he ?us became ! head ( ! s*ool t =ms a class by itself among ! ,anti ,maimoni/s to :i* _m ( ! greate/ ,cabbali/s also belong4 ,b x is idle talk to cite ?is s*ool 9 aid ( ! mod]n !ory t ,judaism has no dogmas4 ,z we h se51 x 0 r an emb>ras de ri*esse t prev5t$ ,ab>banel f accept+ ! ,?irte5 ,articles ( ,maimonides4 ,to him & to ! ,cabbali/s ! ,torah consi/s ( at lea/ #fac ,articles4 ,ab>banel wrote 8 book ) :i* we h j dealt1 at ,naples4 ,& x is ,italy to :i*1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,jews f ,spa91 we h to look *iefly = religi\s speculation4 ,b ! philosoph]s ( ,italy are /ill less indep5d5t ( ,maimonides ?an _! pr$ecessors 9 ,spa94 ,?us we f9d t ,r4 ,david ,mess] ,leon1 ,r4 ,david ,vital1 & o!rs 7 ,maimoni/s4 ,ev5 ! o!rwise ref9$ & orig9al ?9k]1 ,r4 ,elijah ,delm$igo 7:o di$ ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury7 becomes almo/ impolite :5 he speaks ( ! adv]s>ies ( ,maimonides 9 respect to dogmas4 8,x 0 only10 he says1 8! w\ldbe philosoph] t d>$ to "q ! articles ( ,maimonides4 ,our p h always ! bad habit ( ?9k+ !mselves compet5t to attack ! greate/ au?orities z soon z !y h got "s k ( ! subject4 ,g5u9e ?9k]s1 h[ev]1 atta* v little importance to _! objections407#acg7 ,inde$1 x seems z if ! en]getic prote/s ( ,delm$igo sc>$ away ! ,anti,maimoni/s = m ?an a c5tury4 ,ev5 9 ! foll[+ sev5te5? c5tury we h to notice only two ,anti,maimoni/s4 ,! "o is ,r4 ,tobijah1 ! ,prie/ 7#afeb71 :o 0 ( ,poli% desc5t1 /udi$ 9 ,italy1 & liv$ z a m$ical man 9 ,france4 ,he seems to refuse to accept ! belief 9 ! ,immutability ( ! ,torah1 & 9 ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 z fundam5tal tea*+s ( ,judaism47#ach7 ,! o!r1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7#afie71 is ,r4 ,abraham ,*ayim ,vit]bo1 ( ,italy4 ,he accepts only six articles3 #a4 ,exi/5ce ( ,god2 #b4 ,unity2 #c4 ,incorporeality2 #d4 ,t ,god 0 reveal$ to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & t ! prophecy ( ,moses is true2 #e4 ,revelation 7includ+ ! hi/orical p>ts ( ! ,torah72 #f4 ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t4 ,z to ! o!r articles ( ,maimonides1 ,vit]bo1 9 opposition to o!r halfhe>t$ ,anti,maimoni/s1 decl>es t ! man :o d5ies !m is n to be consid]$ z a h]etic2 ?\gh he ought to believe !m47#aci7 ,i h n[ arriv$ at ! limit ,i set to myself at ! beg9n+ ( ?is essay4 ,=1 betwe5 ! times ( ,vit]bo & ^? ( ,m5delssohn1 !re is h>dly to be f\nd any s]i\s opposition to ,maimonides wor? notic+ "h4 ,/ill ,i mu/ m5tion ! "n ( ,r4 ,saul ,b]l9 7di$ #agid72 !re is mu* 9 8 op9ions on dogmas :i* w help u ! bett] to und]/& ! ,?irte5 ,articles ( ,maimonides4 ,z ! read] has se51 ,i h refra9$ s f> f reproduc+ "h ! apologies :i* 7 made by _m ,maimoni/s 9 behalf ( ! ,?irte5 ,articles4 ,=1 aft] all _! elaborate pleas1 none ( !m 0 able to cle> ,maimonides ( ! *>ge ( hav+ conf\nd$ dogmas or fundam5tal tea*+s ) doctr9es4 ,x is also true t ! ,fif? ,article--t pray] & wor%ip mu/ only be (f]$ to ,god--_c be consid]$ ev5 z a doctr9e1 b z a simple precept4 ,& !re are o!r difficulties :i* all ! di/9ctions ( ! ,maimoni/s w nev] be able to solve4 ,! only possible ju/ification is1 ,i ?9k1 t sugge/$ by a rem>k ( ,r4 ,saul4 ,?is au?or1 :o 0 himself--l 8 fri5d & old] contempor>y ,m5delssohn--a /rong ,anti,maimoni/1 among o!r rem>ks1 ma9ta9s t dogmas mu/ nev] be laid d[n b ) reg>d to ! necessities ( ! "t47#adj7 ,n[ ,r4 ,saul c]ta9ly did n d\bt t ,judaism is bas$ on et]nal tru?s :i* c 9 no way be %ak5 by new modes ( ?9k+ or *ang$ circum/ances4 ,:at he meant 0 t !re are 9 e age c]ta9 beliefs :i* ought to be ass]t$ m emphatically ?an o!rs1 )\t reg>d to _! !ological or r logical importance4 ,x is by ?is maxim t we %all be able to expla9 ! articles ( ,maimonides4 ,he ass]t$ !m1 because !y 7 necess>y = 8 "t4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 f a lett] ( 8 son & f o!r contempor>ies1 t x 0 j at 8 "t t ! belief 9 ! incorporeality ( ,god 01 9 ! op9ion ( ,maimonides1 a little relax$4 ,maimonides1 :o ?\ght su* l[ notions ( ! ,deity dang]\s to ,judaism1 !re=e laid d[n an article aga9/ !m4 ,he tells u 9 8 ,guide t x 0 f> f him to condemn any "o :o 0 n able to demon/rate ! ,incorporeality ( ,god1 b he /igmatis$ z a h]etic "o :o refus$ to believe x4 ,?is position might be p>allel$ by t ( a mod]n a/ronom] :o1 :ile consid]+ x unreasonable to expect a ma!matical demon/ration ( ! movem5ts ( ! e>? f an ord9>y unsci5tific man1 w\ld yet reg>d ! p]son :o refus$ to believe 9 su* movem5ts z an ignorant faddi/4 ,aga91 ,maimonides und\bt$ly knew t !re may be f\nd 9 ! ,talmud--t bottomless sea ) its innum]able und]curr5ts--passages t are n q 9 h>mony ) 8 articles2 = in/ance1 ! well kn[n dictum ( ,r4 ,hillel1 :o said1 !re is no ,messiah = ,israel--a passage :i* has already be5 quot$ ad nauseam by e oppon5t ( ,maimonides f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! ye> ( grace #ahif4 ,maimonides 0 well aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is & simil> passages4 ,b1 be+ deeply conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( ! belief 9 a future r$emption ( ,israel--9 opposition to o!r cre$s :i* claim ?is r$emption exclusively = _! own adh]5ts--,maimonides simply ignor$ ! say+ ( ,r4 ,hillel1 z an isolat$ op9ion :i* contradicts all ! consci\sness & traditions ( ! ,jew z express$ 9 ?\s&s ( o!r passages1 & especially 9 ! liturgy4 ,mo/ int]e/+ is ,maimonides' view ab\t su* isolat$ op9ions 9 a lett] to ! wise m5 ( ,m>seilles4 ,he deals !re ) ! "q ( free w & o!r !ological subjects4 ,aft] hav+ /at$ 8 own view he goes on to say3 8,i "k t x is possible to f9d 9 ! ,talmud or 9 ! ,midra% ?is or t say+ 9 contradiction to ! views y h he>d f me4 ,b y mu/ n be tr\bl$ by !m4 ,"o mu/ n refuse to accept a doctr9e1 ! tru? ( :i* has be5 prov$1 on acc\nt ( its be+ 9 opposition to "s isolat$ op9ion held by ?is or t great au?ority4 ,is x n possible t he ov]look$ "s important consid]ations :5 he utt]$ ?is /range op9ion8 ,x is also possible t 8 words mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally1 & h to be expla9$ 9 an allegorical way4 ,we c also ?9k t 8 words 7 only to be appli$ ) reg>d to c]ta9 circum/ances ( 8 "t1 b nev] int5d$ z p]man5t tru?s4444 ,no man mu/ surr5d] 8 private judgm5t4 ,! eyes are n direct$ backw>ds b =w>ds40 ,9 ano!r place ,maimonides calls ! suppression ( "o's own op9ions--= ! reason ( _! be+ irreconcilable ) ! isolat$ views ( "s great au?ority--a moral suicide4 ,by su* motives ,maimonides 0 guid$ :5 he left c]ta9 views haz>d$ 9 ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature unhe$$1 & foll[$ :at we may p]haps call ! religi\s in/9ct1 tru/+ to 8 own consci5ce4 ,we may aga9 be c]ta9 t ,maimonides 0 cle>head$ en\gh to see t ! words ( ! ,torah3 8,& !re arose no prophet s9ce 9 ,israel l unto ,moses0 7,deut4 xxxiv4 #aj71 7 z little int5d$ to imply a doctr9e z ! passage relat+ to ! k+ ,josiah1 8,& l unto him 0 !re no k+ be=e him t turn$ to ! ,"l ) all 8 he>t 444 nei!r aft] him arose !re any l him0 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #be74 ,& none w\ld ?9k ( decl>+ ! man a h]etic :o %\ld believe ano!r k+ to be z pi\s z ,josiah4 ,b liv+ among foll[]s ( ! 8imitat+ cre$s0 7z he calls ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$ism71 :o claim$ t _! religion _h sup]s$$ ! law ( ,moses1 ,maimonides1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 felt himself compell$ to ass]t ! sup]iority ( ! prophecy ( ,moses4 ,& s we may guess t e article ( ,maimonides :i* seems to (f] difficulties to u conta9s an ass]tion ( "s relax$ belief1 or a prote/ aga9/ ! pret5sions ( o!r cre$s1 ?\gh we are n always able to discov] ! exact necessity = !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,maimonides did n ass]t ! belief 9 free w1 = :i* he argu$ s e>ne/ly 9 8 ,guide4 ,! common 8man10 ) 8 simple unspeculative m9d1 = :om ^! ,?irte5 ,articles 7 int5d$1 8nev] dream$ t ! w 0 n free10 & !re 0 no necessity ( impress+ on 8 m9d ?+s :i* he _h nev] d\bt$47#ada7 ,s mu* ab\t ,maimonides4 ,z to ! ,anti,maimoni/s1 x c\ld h>dly escape ! read] t 9 "s ( ! quot$ sy/ems ! diff]5ce f ! view ( ,maimonides is only a logical "o1 n a !ological4 ,( "s au?ors aga91 especially ^? ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 x is n at all c]ta9 :e!r !y int5d$ to oppose ,maimonides4 ,o!rs aga91 z = in/ance ,r4 ,abba ,m>i1 ,r4 ,lipman1 & ,r4 ,joseph ,jabez1 act$ on ! same pr9ciple z ,maimonides1 urg+ only ^? tea*+s ( ,judaism :i* !y ?\ght endang]$4 ,"o c\ld n[1 inde$1 animat$ by ! praisewor?y example giv5 to u by ,maimonides1 also propose "s articles ( fai? :i* are sugge/$ to u by ! necessities ( our own "t4 ,"o might1 = in/ance1 ins]t ! article1 8,i believe t ,judaism is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a div9e religion1 n a m]e complex ( racial peculi>ities & tribal cu/oms40 ,"o might aga9 propose an article to ! effect t ,judaism is a proselytis+ religion1 hav+ ! mission to br+ ab\t ,god's k+dom on e>?1 & to include 9 t k+dom all mank9d4 ,"o might also submit = consid]ation :e!r x w\ld n be advisable to urge a little m ! pr9ciple t religion means *iefly a ,weltans*auung & wor%ip ( ,god by means ( hol9ess bo? 9 ?\ght & 9 action4 ,"o w\ld ev5 n object to accept ! article laid d[n by ,r4 ,saul1 t we h to look ^u ourselves z s9n]s4 ,morbid z su* a belief may be1 x w\ld1 if prop]ly impress$ on our m9d1 h p]haps ! :olesome effect ( cool+ d[n a little our selfimportance & our mutual admiration t makes all progress among u almo/ impossible4 ,b x 0 n my purpose to v5tilate "h ! "q :e!r ,maimonides' articles are suffici5t = u1 or :e!r we ought n to add new ones to !m4 ,nor d ,i attempt to decide :at sy/em we ought to pref] = recitation 9 ! ,synagogue--t ( ,maimonides or t ( ,*asdai1 or ( any o!r writ]4 ,i d n ?9k t su* a recital is ( mu* use4 ,my object 9 ?is sket* has be5 r to make ! read] ?9k ab\t ,judaism1 by prov+ t x regulates n only our actions1 b also our ?\ghts4 ,we usually urge t 9 ,judaism religion means life2 b we =get t a life )\t guid+ pr9ciples & ?\ghts is a life n wor? liv+4 ,at lea/ x 0 s consid]$ by ! greate/ ,jewi% ?9k]s1 & h5ce _! ef=ts to =mulate ! cre$ ( ,judaism1 s t m5 %\ld n only be able to d ! "r ?+1 b also to ?9k ! "r ?+4 ,:e!r !y succe$$ 9 _! attempts t[>ds =mulat+ ! cre$ ( ,judaism or n w always rema9 a "q4 ,?is conc]ns ! logician m ?an ! !ologian4 ,b surely ,maimonides & 8 successors did succe$ 9 hav+ a religion dep5d+ directly on ,god1 ) ! mo/ ideal & l(ty aspirations = ! future2 :il/ ! ,judaism ( a great "p ( our mod]n !ologians rem9ds "o v mu* ( ! words ) :i* ! au?or ( ,m>ius ! ,epicurean *>act]ises ! ,roman religion 9 ! days ( h] decl9e3 a religion :i* _h be5 always some?+ to be done r ?an some?+ to be ?\ght1 or believ$1 or lov$4 ,political economy1 hygi5e1 /ati/ics1 are v f9e ?+s4 ,b no sane man w\ld = !m make ^? sacrifices :i* ,judaism requires f u4 ,x is only = ,god's sake1 to fulfil ,8 comm&s & to accompli% ,8 purpose1 t religion becomes wor? liv+ & dy+ =4 ,& ?is c only be possible ) a religion :i* possesses dogmas4 ,x is true t e great religion is 8a conc5tration ( _m ideas & ideals10 :i* make ?is religion able to adapt itself to v>i\s modes ( ?9k+ & liv+4 ,b !re mu/ always be a po9t r\nd :i* all ^! ideas conc5trate !mselves4 ,?is c5tre is ,dogma4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,jewi% ,,tradition ,!re is an anecdote ab\t a fam\s !ologian to ! effect t he us$ to tell 8 pupils1 8,%\ld ,i ev] gr[ old & weak--:i* usually drives p to embrace ! saf] side--& alt] my op9ions1 !n pray d n believe me40 ,! conclud+ volume ( ,weiss's ,hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,tradition7#adb7 %[s t !re 0 no ne$ = our au?or to w>n 8 pupils aga9/ ! dang]s accompany+ old age4 ,= ?\gh ,weiss _h1 :5 he began to write ?is la/ volume1 already exce$$ 8 ?reescore & t51 &1 z we read 9 ! preface1 _h "s misgiv+s z to :e!r he %\ld cont9ue 8 "w1 !re is no trace 9 x ( any abatem5t ( ! great p[]s ( ! au?or4 ,x is m>k$ by ! same fre%ness 9 diction1 ! same m>vell\s s*ol>%ip1 ! same display ( a/oni%+ critical p[]s1 & ! same imp>tial & /raight=w>d way ( judg+ p]sons & ?+s1 = :i* ! prec$+ volumes 7 s mu* di/+ui%$ & admir$4 ,?is book1 :i* is recognis$ z a /&>d "w abroad1 is1 ,i fe>1 ow+ to ! fact ( its be+ writt5 9 ! ,hebrew language1 n suffici5tly kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,weiss does n want our recognition2 we are r 9 ne$ ( 8 in/ruction4 ,"s g5]al view ( 8 e/imate ( ,jewi% ,tradition may1 !re=e1 be ( s]vice to ! /ud5t4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! only "w ( its k9d4 ,zunz has conf9$ himself to ! hi/ory ( ! ,agadah4 ,graetz gave mo/ ( 8 att5tion to ! political side ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,b comp>atively little has be5 done = ! ,hala*ah1 ?\gh ,frankel1 ,geig]1 ,h]zfeld1 & o!rs h treat$ "s s+le po9ts 9 v>i\s monographs4 ,?us x 0 left = ,weiss to write ! ,hi/ory ( ,tradition1 :i* includes bo? ! ,agadah & ! ,hala*ah4 ,! treatm5t ( ?is latt] mu/ h prov$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! intricate & intractable nature ( its mat]ials1 by f> ! m difficult portion ( 8 task4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,tradition1 a t]m :i* sugge/s ! fluctuat+ "* ( a ?+1 its orig91 developm5t1 progress1 & retrogression1 we h already indicat$ t ,weiss does n consid] ev5 ! ,hala*ah z hav+ come d[n f heav51 readymade1 & def9itely fix$ = all "t4 ,to def9e x m cle>ly1 ,tradition is1 ap>t f ! few ord9ances & c]ta9 usages = :i* !re is no prec$5t 9 ! ,bible1 ! hi/ory ( int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures1 :i* 0 con/antly liable to v>iation1 n on gr\nds ( philology1 b ?r\gh ! subjective notions ( successive g5]ations reg>d+ religion & ! me?od & scope ( its application4 ,weiss's /&po9t ) ref]5ce to ! ,p5tateu* is ! cons]vative "o1 ma9ta9+ bo? its unity & its ,mosaic au?or%ip4 ,^? passages & acc\nts 9 ! ,bible 9 :i* ! mod]n critic disc]ns traces ( diff]5t traditional s\rces1 are = ,weiss only indicative ( ! v>i\s /ages ( int]pretation ?r\gh :i* ! ,p5tateu* _h to pass4 ,! e>lie/ /age 0 a v crude "o1 z may be se5 f ! case ( ,jeph?ah's v[1 = :i* only a mis9t]pretation ( c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,p5tateu* 7,g54 xxii4 #b2 ,num4 xxv4 #d7 c\ld be made responsible4 ,nor 0 ,jeph?ah1 :o felt himself b\nd to c>ry out 8 v[1 acqua9t$ ) ! provision = dissolv+ v[s7#adc7 t 0 suffici5tly famili> to lat] ages4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ,j]emiah decl>$ sacrifices to be altoge!r sup]flu\s1 & said t ,god did n comm& ,israel1 :5 he br\ght !m f ! l& ( ,egypt1 conc]n+ burnt (f]+s or sacrifices 7vii4 #bb71 he 0 n 9 contradiction ) ,leviticus1 b int]pret$ ! laws conta9$ 9 ?is book z a concession to popul> cu/om1 ?\gh n desirable on _! own acc\nt4 ,?is concession1 :5ev] x 0 ( a h>mless nature1 ! prophets c>ri$ s f> z to p]mit alt>s outside ! ,tab]nacle or ,temple1 ?\gh ?is 0 aga9/ ! pla9 s5se ( ,deut]onomy4 ,elijah ev5 bewail$ _! de/ruction 7#a ,k+s xix4 #aj74 ,he & o!r prophets probably int]pret$ ! law 9 "q z direct$ aga9/ ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( sev]al *ief sanctu>ies1 b n aga9/ sacrific+ 9 diff]5t places on m9or occasions4 ,?is is evid5tly a free int]pretation1 or r application1 ( ! ,law4 ,occasionally ! conception z to :5 & h[ a law %\ld be appli$ took a completely negative =m4 ,9 ?is mann] is to be expla9$ ! action ( ,solomon 9 susp5d+ ! ,fa/ ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t be=e ! fe/ival he 0 go+ to celebrate 9 hon\r ( ! consecration ( ! ,temple 7#a ,k+s viii4 #fe71 ! k+ be+ conv9c$ t on ?is unique occasion ! latt] 0 ( m religi\s importance ?an ! =m]4 ,weiss ?9ks t ! lat] cu/om ( hold+ public dances 9 ! v9ey>ds on ! #aj? ( ,ti%ri might h _h its orig9 9 ?is solemn1 b also joyful1 fe/ival4 ,ezekiel1 aga91 ?\gh allud+ m frequ5tly ?an any o!r prophet to ! laws 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 is exce$+ly bold 9 8 int]pretation ( !m1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 he says t prie/s %all n eat any?+ t is dead or torn 7xliv4 #ca71 :i* %[s t he took ! v]ses 9 ,exod4 xxii4 #cj1 & ,deut4 xiv4 #bj1 to h be5 meant only z a good advice to ! laym5 to refra9 f eat+ ^! unclean ?+s1 b n z hav+ = !m ! =ce ( a real comm&m5t4 ,/>t+ f ?is proposition1 t !re exi/$ always "s sort ( int]pretation runn+ side by side ) ! recognis$ ,scriptures1 :i* f ! v loos5ess ( its connection ) ! lett] ( ! ,scripture c\ld claim to be consid]$ a ?+ indep5d5t 9 itself1 & might !re=e be reg>d$ z ! ,oral ,law1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,writt5 ,law1 ! au?or passes to ! age ( ! ,second ,temple1 ! p]iod to :i* ! re/ ( ! fir/ volume is devot$4 ,9 ^! pages ,weiss reviews ! activity ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 ! ord9ances ( ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue1 ! in/itutions ( ! ,scribes1 ! ,lives ( ! scall$ ,pairs17#add7 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ?ree sects1 ! ,sadducees1 ,ph>isees1 & ,ess5es1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! s*ools ( ,%ammai & ,hillel4 ,to ea* ( ^! subjects ,weiss gives 8 fulle/ att5tion1 & 8 discussions ( !m w\ld =m p]fect monographs 9 !mselves4 ,to reproduce all ! int]e/+ matt] w\ld mean to translate ! :ole ( ?is portion ( 8 "w into ,engli%4 ,i %all only draw att5tion to "o or two po9ts4 ,fir/1 ?is lib]al int]pretation 0 active dur+ ! :ole p]iod ref]r$ to4 ,o!rwise no au?ority c\ld h aboli%$ ! lex talionis1 or h p]mitt$ w> on ,sabba?1 or made ! condition t no crime %\ld be puni%$ )\t a prec$+ w>n+ 7:i* 0 *iefly ow+ to ! av]sion ( ! ,rabbis to ! infliction ( capital puni%m5t71 or h sanction$ ! sacrific+ ( ! ,passov] :5 ! #ad? ( ,nisan fell on ,sabba?4 ,inde$ ,%emaiah & ,abtalyon1 9 ^: "n ,hillel communicat$ ?is la/ law1 7 call$ ! ,great ,int]pret]s47#ade7 ,secondly1 z to ! scall$ laws giv5 to ,moses on ,s9ai47#adf7 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ^!4 ,! di/9ction claim$ = !m by "s s*ol>s1 viz4 t !y 7 nev] conte/$1 is n t5able1 consid]+ t !re prevail$ mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t "s ( !m4 ,nor is ! !ory t !y 7 anci5t religi\s usages1 dat+ f "t immemorial1 entirely satisfactory4 ,= ?\gh ! fact may be true 9 itself1 ?is c\ld n h ju/ifi$ ! ,rabbis 9 call+ !m all ,s9aitic laws1 especially :5 !y 7 aw>e t n a few ( !m 7 conte/$ by c]ta9 ( _! colleagues1 a ?+ t w\ld h be5 q impossible if !y _h a g5u9e claim to ,mosaic au?ority4 ,b if we und]/& ,weiss rightly ^! laws are only to be consid]$ z a specim5 ( ! :ole ( ! ,oral ,law1 :i* 0 believ$ to emanate1 bo? 9 its in/itutional & 9 its expository "p1 f ! same au?ority4 ,! conviction 0 firmly held t ev]y?+ wise & good1 be x e?ical or c]emonial 9 its "*1 ^: effect w\ld be to /r5g!n ! cause ( religion1 0 at lea/ pot5tially conta9$ 9 ! ,torah1 & t x only requir$ an e>ne/ religi\s m9d to f9d x !re4 ,h5ce ! fam\s adage t 8ev]y?+ :i* any /ud5t w tea* at any future "t 0 already communicat$ to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai02 or ! injunction t any acceptable tru?1 ev5 if discov]$ by an insignificant man 9 ,israel1 %\ld be consid]$ z hav+ ! au?ority ( a great sage or prophet1 or ev5 ( ,moses himself4 ,! pr9ciple 0 t ! words ( ! ,torah are 8fruitful & multiply40 ,x w probably be said t ! laws ( clean & unclean1 & su* l1 h prov$ r too prolific2 b if we read ,weiss c>efully1 we %all be rem9d$ t x 0 by ! same process ( propagation t ! ,rabbis develop$ f ,deut4 xxii4 #h1 a :ole code ( sanit>y & police laws :i* c\ld ev5 n[ be /udi$ ) pr(it2 f ! few scanty civil laws 9 ,exod4 xxi41 a :ole corpus juris1 :i* might well excite ! int]e/ & ! admiration ( any lawy]2 & f ! words 8,& ?\ %alt tea* !m dilig5tly unto ?y *ildr510 a complete s*ool sy/em on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r ! rsum ( a liturgy t appe>s to h suffic$ = ! spiritual ne$s ( m ?an fifty g5]ations ( ,israelites4 ,be=e we pass to ! age ( ! ,tannaim17#adg7 ! subject ( ,weiss's second volume1 we mu/ take acc\nt ( two important ev5ts :i* h greatly influ5c$ ! fur!r developm5t ( ,tradition4 ,i ref] to ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple & ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,) ! =m] ev5t ,judaism ceas$ to be a political commonweal?1 & if 8! nation 0 already 9 ! times ( ,ezra conv]t$ into a *ur*10--an ass]tion1 by ! way1 :i* has n ! lea/ basis 9 fact1--x became ! m s aft] x _h lo/ ! la/ rema9s ( its indep5d5ce4 ,b x 0 a *ur* )\t prie/s1 or1 s9ce su* a ?+1 z f> z hi/ory tea*es u1 has nev] exi/$1 let u r call x a ,synagogue4 ,f ?is fact div]se results fl[$4 ,a ,synagogue c exi/ n only )\t prie/s1 b also )\t sacrifices1 = :i* pray] & *>ity 7 a suffici5t sub/itute4 ,) ! progress ( "t also _m agricultural laws1 z well z o!rs relat+ to sac]dotal purity1 gradually became obsolete1 ?\gh !y l+]$ on = "s g5]ations1 &1 z a v5]able rem9isc5ce ( a glori\s "t1 ent]$ l>gely into ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,?is disappe>ance ( s _m laws & ! weak5+ ( ! national elem5t1 h[ev]1 requir$1 if ,judaism 0 to cont9ue to exi/1 ! /r5g!n+ ( religion f ano!r side4 ,! fir/ ?+ ne$$ 0 ! creation ( a new religi\s c5tre :i* w\ld n only replace ! ,temple to a c]ta9 degree1 b also br+ ab\t a great] solid>ity ( views1 su* z w\ld r5d] impossible ! anci5t diff]5ces t divid$ ! s*ools ( ,hillel & ,%ammai4 ,! creator ( ?is c5tre 0 ,r4 ,johanan b5 ,zaccai1 :o f\nd$ ! s*ool ( ,jamnia1 & inve/$ x ) ! same au?ority & importance z ! ,sanh$r9 _h enjoy$ dur+ ,temple times4 ,! consci\sness t !y 7 /&+ be=e a new />t+po9t 9 hi/ory1 ) a l>ge religi\s inh]itance f ! pa/1 actuat$ !m n only to collect ! old traditional laws & to take /ock ( _! religi\s in/itutions1 b also to give !m m def9ite %ape & great] /ability4 ,z _m ( ^! traditions 7 by no means undisput$1 ! be/ ?+ 0 to br+ !m "u "o or o!r head+ ( ! ,scriptures4 ,?is desire gave ! impulse to ! fam\s h]m5eutic s*ools ( ,r4 ,akiba & ,r4 ,i%mael4 ,! next cause t contribut$ to give a m det]m9ate expression to ! ,law 0 ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is n ! place to give an acc\nt ( ! views :i* ! ,rabbis ent]ta9$ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,suffice x to say !y c\ld n see 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,law its fulfilm5t4 ,!y also ?\ght t "u c]ta9 conditions x is n only ! lett] t kille?1 b also ! _s1 or r t ! _s may sometimes be clo!d 9 a lett]1 :i*1 9 its turn1 w slay m victims ?an ! lett] aga9/ :i* ! l\de/ d5unciations h be5 levell$4 ,_s )\t lett]1 let !ologians say :at !y w1 is a m]e phantasm4 ,h[ev]1 ! new sect made claims to ! gift ( prophecy1 :i*1 z !y ?\ght1 plac$ !m above ! ,law4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is 0 a "t ( special excitem5t4 ,! /ud5t ( ! ,talmud f9ds t su* m>vels z pr$ict+ ! future1 reviv+ ! dead1 ca/+ out demons1 cross+ riv]s dry%od1 cur+ ! sick by a t\* or pray]1 7 ! ord] ( ! day1 & p]=m$ by scores ( ,rabbis4 ,voices f heav5 7 (t5 he>d1 & /range visions 7 frequ5tly beheld4 ,napoleon ,i4 is said to h =bidd5 ! holy coat ( ,treves to "w miracles4 ,! ,jewi% legislature1 h[ev]1 _h no means ( prev5t+ ^! sup]natural work+s2 b :5 ! ,rabbis saw _! dang]\s consequ5ces1 !y insi/$ t miracles %\ld h no influ5ce on ! int]pretation & developm5t ( ! ,law4 ,h5ce ! say+ ) reg>d to ,lev4 xxvii4 #cd1 t no prophet is au?oris$ to add a new law4 ,& :5 ,r4 ,eliez] b4 ,hyrkanos 7ab\t #abj ,a4,c47 ?\ght to prove ! ju/ice ( 8 case by ! int]v5tion ( miracles1 ! majority answ]$ t ! fact ( ?is or t v>iation1 effect$ at 8 bidd+1 9 ! e/abli%$ ord] ( nature1 prov$ no?+ = ! s\ndness ( 8 argum5t4 ,nay1 !y ev5 ignor$ ! ,ba?,kol7#adh7 7! cele/ial voice71 :i* decl>$ itself 9 fav\r ( ,r4 ,eliez]1 ma9ta9+ t ! ,torah hav+ once be5 giv5 to mank9d1 x is only ! op9ion ( ! majority t %\ld decide on its int]pretation & application4 ,v *>act]i/ic is ! leg5d connect$ ) ?is fact4 ,:5 "o ( ! ,rabbis aft]w>ds met ,elijah & ask$ him :at !y ?\ght 9 heav5 ( ! audacity ( 8 colleagues1 ! prophet answ]$1 8,god rejoic$ & said1 my *ildr5 h conqu]$ me40 ,into su* discr$it did miracles fall at t p]iod1 :il/ ! op9ion ( ! int]pret+ body1 or ! ,sanh$r91 became m p[]ful ?an ev]4 ,^! 7 m]ely dogmatical consequ5ces4 ,b new laws 7 enact$ & old ones reviv$1 ) ! object ( resi/+ ,*ri/ian influ5ces ov] ! ,jews4 ,to exp& ! ,oral ,law1 & give x a firm basis 9 ! ,scriptures1 7 consid]$ ! be/ means ( pres]v+ ,judaism intact4 8,moses desir$10 an old leg5d n>rates1 8t ! ,mi%nah also 7t is ,tradition7 %\ld be writt5 d[n20 b =esee+ ! "t :5 ! nations ( ! _w w\ld translate ! ,torah into ,greek1 & w\ld ass]t _! title to rank z ! ,*ildr5 ( ,god1 ! ,"l refus$ to p]mit tradition to be record$ o!rwise ?an by ^w ( m\?4 ,! claim ( ! ,g5tiles might !n be refut$ by ask+ !m :e!r !y 7 also 9 possession ( 8! ,my/]y40 ,! ,rabbis !re=e conc5trat$ _! att5tion ^u 8! ,my/]y10 & ?is contribut$ l>gely t[>ds mak+ ! expository me?ods ( ,r4 ,akiba & ,r4 ,i%mael1 to :i* ,i h above ref]r$1 ! ma9 object ( _! /udy 9 ! s*ools4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a mi/ake to ?9k t ! ,sanh$r9 n[ sp5t _! p[]s 9 8en=c+ retrograde measures & creat+ a /range exegesis40 ,i especially advise ! /ud5t to read c>efully t admirable *apt] 7,,vii41 ( ,vol4 ,,ii47 9 :i* ,weiss classifies all ! ,ord9ances1 8,f5ces10 ,decrees1 & ,in/itutions1 dat+ bo? f ?is & f e>li] ages1 "u t5 head+s1 & also %[s _! und]ly+ pr9ciples4 ,! ma9 object 0 to pres]ve ! ,jewi% religion by /r5g!n+ ! pr9ciple ( ,jewi% nationality1 & to pres]ve ! nationality by ! aid ( religion4 ,b sometimes ! ,rabbis also consid]$ x necess>y to pres]ve religion aga9/ itself1 s to speak1 or1 z !y express$ x1 8,:5 !re is "t to "w = ! ,"l1 !y make void ?y ,torah40 ,?is au?oris$ ! ,be? ,d97#adi7 to act 9 c]ta9 cases aga9/ ! lett] ( ! ,torah4 8,! welf>e ( ! ,_w0 0 ano!r great consid]ation4 ,by 8,_w0 !y und]/ood bo? ! religi\s & ! secul> _w4 ,f a reg>d to ! =m] result$ su* 8,f5ces0 & ,ord9ances z 7 direct$ aga9/ 8! transgressors10 z well z ! g5]al injunction to 8keep alo( f :at is morally unseemly1 & f :atev] be>s any lik5ess !reto40 ,9 ! int]e/s ( ! latt]--! welf>e ( ! secul> _w--!y enact$ su* laws z ei!r t5d$ to elevate ! position ( wom51 or to promote ! peace & welf>e ( memb]s ( _! own community1 or to improve ! relations betwe5 ,jews & _! ,g5tile neighb\rs4 ,!y also held ! great pr9ciple t no?+ is s injuri\s to ! cause ( religion z increas+ ! numb] ( s9n]s by ne$less sev]ity4 ,h5ce ! introduction ( _m laws 8= ! b5efit ( p5it5ts10 & ! maxim n to issue any decree :i* may prove too heavy a burd5 to ! majority ( ! community4 ,! relaxation ( c]ta9 traditional laws 0 also p]mitt$ :5 !y involv$ a s]i\s loss ( prop]ty1 or ! sacrifice ( a man's dignity4 ,"s old decrees 7 ev5 p]mitt$ to fall into oblivion :5 public op9ion 0 too /rong aga9/ !m1 ! ,rabbis hold+ t x 0 (t5 bett] = ,israelites to be unconsci\s s9n]s ?an wilful transgressors4 ,! ,m9hag1 or religi\s cu/om1 also play$ an important "p1 x be+ assum$ t x mu/ h be5 fir/ introduc$ by "s em95t au?ority2 b1 if !re 0 reason to believe t ! cu/om ow$ its orig9 to "s fancy ( ! populace1 & t x _h a p]nici\s effect on ! multitude1 no compunction 0 felt 9 aboli%+ x4 ,v important x is to note t ! ,oral ,law _h n at ?is p]iod assum$ a "* ( su* rigidity t all its ord9ances1 etc41 _h to be look$ ^u z irremovable = all times4 ,) ^? :o ?9k o!rwise1 a fav\rite quotation is ! adm9i/ratory measure laid dawn 9 ,tractate ,evid5ces17#aej7 ,i4 #e1 :]e we read t no ,be? ,d9 has ! "r ( annull+ ! dicta ( ano!r ,be? ,d91 unless x is /rong] 9 numb]s 7hav+ a l>g] majority7 & great] 9 wisdom ?an its fell[ tribunal4 ,confess ) becom+ mode/y t ! _w is always go+ d[nhill1 decreas+ bo? 9 numb]s & 9 wisdom1 & ! result foll[s t any decision by ! e>li] ,rabbis is fix$ law = all et]nity4 ,weiss refutes su* an idea n only z inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( ,tradition1 b also z contradictory to ! facts4 ,he proves by num]\s in/ances t ! ,rabbis did aboli% ord9ances & decrees introduc$ by prec$+ au?orities1 & t ! :ole conception is bas$ on a misund]/&+4 ,= ! rule 9 "q1 z ,weiss cle>ly po9ts out1 orig9ally only meant t a ,be? ,d9 has no "r to undo ! decrees ( ano!r contempor>y ,be? ,d91 unless x 0 ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s by ! weight ( its great] au?ority4 ,?is 0 necess>y if a c5tral au?ority 0 to exi/ at all4 ,weiss is inde$ ( op9ion t ! :ole passage is a lat] int]polation f ! age ( ,r4 ,simeon b4 ,gamaliel ,,ii41 :5 c]ta9 ,rabbis tri$ to emancipate !mselves f ! au?ority ( ! ,patri>*4 ,b x 0 n meant t ! decision ( a ,be? ,d9 %\ld h p]petual b9d+ p[] = all po/]ity4 ,?is 0 left to ! discretion ( ! legislature ( ea* g5]ation1 :o _h to exam9e :e!r ! orig9al cause = ma9ta9+ su* decision /ill exi/$4 ,! re/ ( ?is volume is = ! great] "p tak5 up ) complete monographs ( ! ,patri>*s & ! heads ( ! s*ools ( t age1 :il/ ! conclud+ *apt]s give u ! hi/ory ( ! lit]ature1 ! ,midra%1 ,me*ilta1 ,siphra1 ,siphr1 ,mi%nah1 etc41 :i* conta9 bo? ! ,hala*ic & ! ,agadic say+s emanat+ f ^! au?orities4 ,) reg>d to ^! ,patri>*s1 ,i %\ld l only to rem>k t ,weiss def5ds !m aga9/ ! *>ge made by ,s*orr & o!rs1 :o accuse !m ( hav+ assum$ too mu* au?ority on acc\nt ( _! noble desc5t1 & :o describe _! oppon5ts z ! true fri5ds ( ! p4 ,weiss is no lov] ( su* speci\s phrases4 ,! qualifications requir$ = ! lead]%ip ( ! p 7 a "r in/9ct = ! necessities ( _! "t1 a fair am\nt ( secul> k1 &1 :at is ( *ief importance1 an unb\nd$ love & devotion to ^? ov] ^: int]e/s !y 7 call$ to wat*4 ,^! di/9ctions1 z ,weiss proves1 ! desc5dants ( ,hillel possess$ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,x is true t occasionally1 z = in/ance 9 ! fam\s controv]sy ( ,r4 ,gamaliel ,,ii4 ) ,r4 ,jo%ua b4 ,hananiah1 or t ( ,r4 ,simeon b4 ,gamaliel ,,ii4 ) ,r4 ,na?an & ,r4 ,meir1 !y made _! au?ority too heavily felt27#aea7 b ?is 0 aga9 ano!r necessity ( ^? tr\bl$ times1 :5 only real unity c\ld save ,israel4 ,h[ev]1 ,weiss is no p>tisan1 & ! love he lavi%es on 8 fav\rite h]oes does n exhau/ 8 res\rces ( sympa?y & appreciation = memb]s ( ! o!r s*ools4 ,weiss is no apologi/ ei!r1 & does n make ! slighte/ attempt t[>ds expla9+ away ev5 ! defects ( ,r4 ,akiba 9 8 some:at arbitr>y me?od ( int]pretation1 :i* our au?or ?9ks mu* inf]ior to ! expository rules ( ,r4 ,i%mael2 b ?is does n prev5t him f admir+ 8 excell5ces4 ,altoge!r x w\ld seem t ,weiss ?9ks ,r4 ,akiba m happy 9 8 quality z a great sa9t ?an 9 t ( a great exegete4 ,:at is mo/ admirable is ! in/9ct ) :i* ,weiss und]/&s h[ to emphasise ! "r ?+ 9 its "r place4 ,z an indication ( ! lit]>y hone/y & m>vell\s indu/ry ( our au?or1 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! fact t ! sket* ( ,r4 ,akiba & 8 s*ool alone is bas$ on m ?an two ?\s& quotations scatt]$ ov] ! :ole area ( ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature2 b he po9ts 9 a special note to a s5t5ce attribut$ to ,r4 ,akiba1 :i* pres5ts ! :ole man & 8 g5]ation 9 a s+le /roke4 ,i ref] to t passage 9 ,tractate ,joys17#aeb7 9 :i* ,r4 ,akiba speaks ( ! f\r types ( suff]]s4 ,he draws ! comp>ison ( a k+ *a/is+ 8 *ildr52 ! fir/ son ma9ta9s /ubborn sil5ce1 ! second simply rebels1 ! ?ird supplicates = m]cy1 & ! f\r? 7! be/ ( sons7 says3 8,fa!r1 proce$ ) ?y *a/isem5t1 z ,david said1 ,wa% me ?or\ghly f m9e iniquity & cleanse me f my s90 7,ps4 li4 #d74 ,?is absolute submission to ! w ( ,god1 :i* p]ceives 9 suff]+ only an expression ( ,8 fa!rly love & m]cy1 0 ! ideal ( ,r4 ,akiba4 ,! great lit]>y production ( ?is p]iod 0 ! ,mi%nah1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! high au?ority ( its compil]1 ,r4 ,judah ! ,patri>*1 8 sa9tl9ess & popul>ity1 soon sup]s$$ all ! collections ( a simil> k9d1 & became ! (ficial textbook ( ! ,oral ,law4 ,b a text requires int]pretation1 :il/ o!r collections also dem&$ "s att5tion4 ,?is br+s u to ! two ,talmuds1 namely1 ! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem & ! ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ! orig9 & hi/ory ( :i* =m ! subject ( ,weiss's ?ird volume4 ,"h aga9 ! fir/ *apt]s are m ( a prelim9>y "*1 giv+ ! /ud5t "s insight into ! labyr9? ( ! ,talmud4 ,! two *apt]s entitl$ 8,! in/rum5ts employ$ 9 erect+ ! great ,edifice10 & ! 8,workman%ip display$ by ! ,build]s10 give evid5ce ( almo/ unrivall$ famili>ity ) ! ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 & ( critical p[]s ( ! r>e/ k9d4 ,n[ ^! in/rum5ts 7 by no means new1 =1 z ,weiss %[s1 ! ,amoraim employ$ 9 int]pret+ ! ,mi%nah ! same explanatory rules t are kn[n to u f ! ,s*ool ( ,r4 ,i%mael z 8! ,?irte5 ,rules by :i* ! ,torah is expla9$10 ?\gh !y appe> 9 ! ,talmud "u o!r names1 & are 9 reality only a species ( ,midra%4 ,besides ?is !re comes ano!r elem5t into play4 ,x 0 ! exagg]at$ awe ( all e>li] au?orities t endeav\r$ to reconcile ! mo/ contradictory /atem5ts by means ( a subtle dialectic = :i* ! s*ools 9 ,babylon 7 especially fam\s4 ,!re 7 c]ta9ly _m oppon5ts ( ?is sy/em1 & f ! monographs :i* ,weiss gives on ! v>i\s heads ( ! we/]n & ea/]n s*ools we see t n all foll[$ ?is me?od1 & "s among !m ev5 condemn$ x 9 ! /ronge/ words4 ,h[ev]1 x _c be d5i$ t !re is a /rong s*ola/ic feature 9 ! ,talmud1 :i* is v f> f :at we %\ld look = 9 a tru/wor?y exegesis4 ,?us we mu/ n always expect to f9d 9 ! ,talmud ! true mean+ ( ! say+s ( _! pr$ecessors1 & x is c]ta9 t a m sci5tific me?od 9 _m cases has l$ to results ! v opposite ( ^? at :i* ! lat] ,rabbis h arriv$4 ,?is fact 0 already recognis$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?\gh only 9 "p1 by ,r4 ,yom,tob ,hell] & o!rs4 ,only he insi/$ t 9 ?is matt] a l9e mu/ be drawn betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,b ,weiss gives irrefragable pro(s t ev5 ?is l9e 0 (t5 ov]/epp$ by ! greate/ au?orities1 ?\gh !y rema9$ always )9 ! limits ( ,tradition4 ,inde$1 z ,weiss po9ts out1 n e say+ to be f\nd 9 ! ,talmud is to be look$ ^u z repres5t+ ,tradition2 = !re is mu* 9 x :i* only gives ! individual op9ion or is m]ely an int]polation ( lat] h&s2 nor does ! ,talmud conta9 ! :ole ( ,tradition1 ?is latt] proce$+ & advanc+ ) ! "t1 & correspond+ to its conditions & notions4 ,z we read ,weiss1 ! conviction is borne 9 ^u u t !re 0 a ,talmud be=e1 & ano!r aft] ,! ,talmud4 ,mu* space 9 ?is volume is giv5 to ! ,agadah & ! scall$ 8,tea*]s ( ! ,agadah40 ,weiss makes no attempt at apology = t :i* seems to u /range1 or ev5 repugnant 9 ?is "p ( ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,! greate/ fault to be f\nd ) ^? :o wrote d[n su* passages z appe> objectionable to u is1 p]haps1 t !y did n obs]ve ! wise rule ( ,johnson1 :o said to ,boswell on a c]ta9 occasion1 8,let u get s]i\s1 = !re comes a fool40 ,& ! fools un=tunately did come 9 ! %ape ( c]ta9 ,jewi% comm5tators & ,*ri/ian controv]siali/s1 :o took z s]i\s ?+s :i* 7 only ! expression ( a mom5t>y impulse1 or repres5t$ ! op9ion ( "s isolat$ individual1 or 7 meant simply z a piece ( humor\s byplay1 calculat$ to enliv5 ! int]e/ ( a languid audi5ce4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 z ,weiss proves1 ! ,agadah conta9s also _m elem5ts ( real edification & et]nal tru?s z well z abundant mat]ial = build+ up ! edifice ( dogmatic ,judaism4 ,talmudical quotations ( su* a nature are scatt]$ by ?\s&s ov] ,weiss's "w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? *apt]s 9 :i* he describes ! lives ( ! greate/ ,rabb9ical h]oes4 ,b ! au?or lays ! /ud5t "u special obligations by putt+ toge!r 9 ! conclud+ pages ( ?is volume "s ( ^! s5t5ces1 & classify+ !m "u v>i\s head+s4 ,i give "h a few extracts4 ,= ! ref]5ces to au?orities ,i mu/ direct ! read] to ! orig9al3-- 8,! unity ( ,god is ! key/one ( dogmatic ,judaism4 ,! ,rabbis give ,israel ! cr$it ( hav+ proclaim$ to ! _w ! unity ( ,god4 ,!y also say t ,israel took an oa? nev] to *ange ,him = ano!r ,god4 ,?is only ,god is et]nal1 incorporeal1 & immutable4 ,& ?\gh ! prophets saw ,him 9 diff]5t aspects1 ,he w>n$ !m t !y mu/ n inf] f ! visions v\*saf$ to !m t !re are diff]5t ,gods4 #8,i am ! fir/1' ,he tells !m1 :i* implies t he _h no fa!r1 & ! words1 #8,!re is no ,god besides me1' mean t he has no son4 ,n[1 ?is ,god1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 is holy 9 e ?9kable way ( hol9ess4 ,he is m]ciful & graci\s1 z x is said1 #8,& ,i w be graci\s to :om ,i w be graci\s1' ev5 ?\gh he :o is ! recipi5t ( ,god's grace has no m]it ( 8 own4 #8,& ,i w %[ m]cy to :om ,i w %[ m]cy1' t is1 ev5 to ^? :o d n des]ve x4 ,8 attributes are righte\sness1 lov+k9dness1 & tru?4 ,god speaks words ( et]nal tru?1 ev5 z ,he himself is ! et]nal life4 ,all t ! ,m]ciful ,"o does is only = good1 & ev5 9 ! "t ( ,8 ang] ,he rememb]s ,8 graci\sness1 & (t5 suppresses ,8 attribute ( judgm5t be=e ,8 attribute ( m]cy4 ,b ) ! righte\s ,god is m sev]e ?an ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 & :5 ,8 h& falls 9 *a/5+ on ,8 sa9ts ,8 "n becomes awful1 rev]$1 & exalt$4 ,?is ,god ( ,israel1 aga91 ext5ds ,8 provid5ce ov] all mank9d1 & especially ov] ,israel4 ,by ,8 eye ev]y?+ is =ese51 yet fre$om ( *oice is giv51 & ! _w is judg$ by grace1 yet all accord+ to ! works wr\ght4 ,h5ce1 "k :at is above !e1 a see+ eye & a he>+ e>1 & t all ?y de$s are writt5 9 a book4 8,!y ! ,rabbis believ$ t ,god creat$ ! _w out ( no?+1 )\t toil & )\t we>9ess4 ,?is _w 0 creat$ by ! comb9ation ( ,8 two attributes1 m]cy & ju/ice4 ,he rejoices 9 ,8 creation1 & if ! ,mak] praises x1 :o d>es to blame x8 ,& if ,he exults 9 x1 :o %all f9d a blemi% 9 x8 ,nay1 x is a glori\s & a beautiful _w4 ,x is creat$ = man1 & its o!r d5iz5s 7 all meant b to s]ve him4 ,?\gh all mank9d are =m$ aft] ! type ( ,adam1 no "o is l 8 fell[man 7ea* "o hav+ an individuality ( 8 own74 ,?us he is able to say1 #8,= my sake1 also1 0 ! _w creat$'2 & ) ?is ?\ght 8 responsibilities increase4 ,b ! greate/ love %[n to man is t he 0 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,man is a be+ possess$ ( free w1 &1 ?\gh ev]y?+ is giv5 on pl$ge1 :osoev] wi%es to borr[ may come & borr[4 ,ev]y?+ is 9 ! gift ( ,heav5 except ! fe> ( ,god4 ,9 man's he>t abide bo? ! evil incl9ation & ! good incl9ation2 & ! words ( ,scripture1 #8,?\ %alt n b[ d[n be=e a /range god1' po9t to ! /range god :o is )9 man himself1 :o entices him to s9 9 ?is _w1 & gives evid5ce aga9/ him 9 ! next4 ,b ! ,holy ,"o--bless$ be ,he6--said1 #8,i h creat$ ! evil incl9ation1 b ,i h also creat$ its antidote1 ! ,torah4' ,& :5 man is occupi$ ) ! ,torah & 9 works ( *>ity1 he becomes ! ma/] ( ! evil incl9ation2 o!rwise1 he is its slave4 ,:5 man reflects ! image ( ,god1 he is ! "l ( creation1 & is fe>$ by all creatures2 b ?is image is defac$ by s91 & !n he has no p[] ov] ! univ]se1 & is 9 fe> ( all ?+s4 8,ano!r pr9ciple ( ,judaism is ! belief 9 rew>d & puni%m5t4 #8,i am ! ,"l1 y\r ,god1' means1 #8x is ,i :o am prep>$ to recomp5se y = y\r good actions1 & to br+ retribution ^u y = y\r evil de$s4' ,god does n all[ to pass unrew>d$ ev5 ! m]it ( a k9d & consid]ate ^w4 ,by ! same measure :i* man metes out1 x %all be met$ out to him4 ,because ?\ dr[n$/ o!rs1 !y h dr[n$ !e1 & at ! la/ !y :o dr[n$ !e %all !mselves be dr[n$4 ,?\gh x is n 9 our p[] to expla9 ei!r ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ or ! affliction ( ! righte\s1 nev]!less "k be=e :om ?\ toile/1 & :o ?y employ] is1 :o w pay !e ! rew>d ( ?y lab\r4 ,"h at ?y door is a poor man /&+1 & at 8 "r h& /&e? ,god4 ,if ?\ grante/ 8 reque/1 be c]ta9 ( ?y rew>d2 b if ?\ refuse/1 ?9k ( him :o is by ! side ( ! poor1 & w av5ge x on !e4 #8,god seeke? ! p]secut$' to def5d him1 ev5 ?\gh x be ! wick$ :o is p]secut$ by ! righte\s4 ,! s\l ( man is immortal1 ! s\ls ( ! righte\s be+ treasur$ up "u ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,"k t ev]y?+ is accord+ to ! reckon+1 & let n ?y imag9ation give !e hope t ! grave w be a place ( refuge = !e1 = p]=ce ?\ wa/ =m$1 & p]=ce ?\ wa/ born1 & ?\ live/ p]=ce1 & p]=ce ?\ wilt die1 & p]=ce ?\ wilt 9 ! future h to give acc\nt & reckon+ be=e ! ,supreme ,k+ ( k+s1 ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he4 8,! adv5t ( ! ,messiah is ano!r article ( ! belief ( ! ,rabbis4 ,b if a man tell !e t he kn[s :5 ! r$emption ( ,israel w take place1 believe him n1 = ?is is "o ( ! unreveal$ secrets ( ! ,almighty4 ,! mission ( ,elijah is to br+ peace into ! _w1 :ile ! ,messiah1 9 ^: days ,israel w rega9 8 national indep5d5ce1 w lead ! :ole _w 9 rep5tance to ,god4 ,on ?is1 x is believ$1 w foll[ ! resurrection ( ! dead4 8,ano!r ma9 pr9ciple 9 ! belief ( ! ,rabbis is ! election ( ,israel1 :i* imposes on !m special duties1 & gives !m a peculi> mission4 ,belov$ are ,israel1 = !y are call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 & ,8 fir/born4 #8,!y %all endure = ev]' ?r\gh ! m]it ( _! fa!rs4 ,!re is an especial cov5ant e/abli%$ betwe5 ,god & ! tribes ( ,israel4 ,god is _! fa!r1 & ,he said to !m1 ,my *ildr51 ev5 z ,i h no contact ) ! pr(anity ( ! _w1 s also )draw y\rselves f x4 ,& z ,i am holy1 be ye also holy4 ,nay1 sanctify ?yself by refra9+ ev5 f t :i* is n =bidd5 !e4 ,!re is no hol9ess )\t *a/ity4 8,! ma9 duty ( ,israel is to sanctify ! "n ( ,god1 = ! ,torah 0 only giv5 t ,8 great "n might be glorifi$4 ,bett] is x t a s+le lett] ( ! law be ca/ out ?an t ! "n ( ,heav5 be pr(an$4 ,& ?is also is ! mission ( ,israel 9 ?is _w3 to sanctify ! "n ( ,god1 z x is writt51 #8,?is p h ,i =m$ = myself1 t !y may %[ =? my praise4' ,or1 #8,& ?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god1' :i* means1 ,?\ %alt make ,god belov$ by all creatures1 ev5 z ,abraham did4 ,israel is ! light ( ! _w2 z x is said1 #8,& nations %all walk by ?y light4' ,b he :o pr(anes ! "n ( ,heav5 9 secret w suff] ! p5alty !re( 9 public2 & ?is :e!r ! ,heav5ly ,"n be pr(an$ 9 ignorance or 9 wilfulness4 8,ano!r duty t[>ds ,god is to love ,him & to fe> ,him4 ,god's only repres5tative on e>? is ! ,godfe>+ man4 ,woe unto ^? :o are occupi$ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,torah1 b :o h no fe> ( ,god4 ,b a /ill high] duty x is to p]=m ! comm&m5ts ( ,god f love4 ,= great] is he :o submits to ! w ( ,god f love ?an he :o does s f fe>4 8,n[1 h[ %all man love ,god8 ,?is is answ]$ 9 ! words ( ,scripture1 #8,& ^! words %all be ^u ?y he>t4' ,= by !m ?\ wilt recognise ,him ^: ^w call$ ! _w into exi/5ce1 & foll[ ,8 div9e attributes4 8,god is righte\s2 be ye also righte\s1 ,o ,israel4 ,by righte\sness ! ,rabbis und]/& love ( tru?1 hatr$ ( ly+ & backbit+4 ,! seal ( ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 is ,tru?1 ( :i* ! actions ( man %\ld also be> ! impress4 ,h5ce1 let ?y yea be yea1 & ?y nay1 nay4 ,he :o is hone/ 9 money transactions1 unto him ?is is reckon$ z if he _h fulfill$ ! :ole ( ! ,torah4 ,great] is he :o e>ns 8 livelihood by ! lab\r ( 8 h&s ?an ev5 ! ,godfe>+ man2 :il/ ! righte\s judge is1 z x 71 ! companion ( ,god 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,= ^u ?ree ?+s ! _w /&s3 ^u tru?1 ^u judgm5t1 ^u peace2 z x is said1 #8,judge ye ! tru? & ! judgm5t ( peace 9 y\r gates4' ,b he :o breaks 8 ^w1 8 s9 is z great z if he wor%ipp$ idols2 & ,god1 :o puni%$ ! p ( ! "t ( ! ,flood1 w also puni% him :o does n /& by 8 ^w4 ,su* a "o belongs to "o ( ! f\r classes :o are n admitt$ into ! pres5ce ( ! ,%e*9ah2 ^! are ! sc(f]s1 ! hypocrites 7:o br+ ! wra? ( ,god into ! _w71 ! li>s1 & ! sl&]]s4 ,! s9 ( ! sl&]] is l t ( "o :o w\ld d5y ! root 7! root ( all religion1 i4e4 ! exi/5ce ( ,god74 ,! greate/ ( li>s1 h[ev]1 is he :o p]jures himself1 :i* also involves ! s9 ( pr(anation ( ! "n ( ,god4 ,! hypocrite1 :o ins9uates himself into p's good op9ions1 :o we>s 8 phylact]ies & is enwrapp$ 9 8 g[n ) ! fr+es1 & secretly commits s9s1 equally transgresses ! comm&1 #8,?\ %alt n take ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va94' 8,god is graci\s & m]ciful2 !re=e man also %\ld be graci\s & m]ciful4 ,h5ce1 #8,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself1' :i* is a ma9 pr9ciple 9 ! ,torah4 ,:at is unpleasant to ?yself1 d n unto ?y neighb\r4 ,?is is ! :ole ,torah1 to :i* ! re/ is only to be consid]$ z a comm5t>y4 ,& ?is love is also ext5d$ to ! /rang]1 = z x is said ) reg>d to ,israel1 #8,& ?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself1' s is x also said1 #8,& ?\ %alt love him 7! /rang]7 z ?yself4' ,& ?us said ,god to ,israel1 #8,my belov$ *ildr51 ,am ,i 9 want ( any?+ t ,i %\ld reque/ x ( y8 ,b :at ,i ask ( y is t y %\ld love1 hon\r1 & respect "o ano!r4' ,!re=e1 love mank9d1 & br+ !m ne> to ! ,torah4 ,let ! hon\r ( ?y fri5d be z de> to !e z ?9e own4 ,condemn n ?y fell[man until ?\ art come into 8 place1 & judge all m5 9 ! scale ( m]it4 ,say n #8,i w love s*ol>s1 b hate _! disciples2' or ev51 #8,i w love ! disciples1 b hate ! ignorant1' b love all1 = he :o hates 8 neighb\r is z bad z a murd]]4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! age ( ! second ,temple1 m5 /udi$ ! ,torah & ! comm&m5ts1 & p]=m$ works ( *>ity1 b !y hat$ ea* o!r1 a s9 t outweighs all o!r s9s1 & = :i* ! holy ,temple 0 de/roy$4 ,be c>eful n to )draw ?y m]cy f any man1 = he :o does s rebels aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,god on e>?4 ,walk 9 ! ways ( ,god1 :o is m]ciful ev5 to ! wick$1 & z ,he is graci\s alike to ^? :o "k ,him1 & to ^? :o "k ,him n1 s be ?\4 ,inde$1 *>ity is "o ( ! ?ree pill>s on :i* ! _w is bas$4 ,x is m preci\s ?an all o!r virtues4 ,! man :o gives *>ity 9 secret is great] ev5 ?an ,moses our tea*]4 ,an act ( *>ity & love x is to pray = our fell[man1 & to admoni% him4 #8,?\ %alt 9 any wise rebuke ?y neighb\r1 & n suff] s9 ^u him' 7,lev4 xix4 #ah71 means x is ?y duty to admoni% him a hundr$ times if ne$ be1 ev5 if he be ?y sup]ior2 = ,j]usalem 0 only de/roy$ = ! s9 ( its p 9 n admoni%+ "o ano!r4 ,! man ^: prote/ w\ld be ( any weight1 & :o does n ex]cise 8 au?ority 7:5 any wrong is ab\t to be committ$71 is held responsible = ! :ole _w4 8,peacefulness & humility are also ! fruit ( love4 ,be ( ! disciples ( ,a>on1 lov+ peace1 & pursu+ peace4 ,let e man be cauti\s 9 ! fe> ( ,god2 let him ev] give ! s(t answ] t turne? away wra?2 let him promote peace1 n only among 8 own relatives & acqua9tances1 b also among ! ,g5tiles4 ,= 7! lab\r (7 all ! prophets 0 to plant peace 9 ! _w4 ,be exce$+ l[ly ( _s1 s9ce ! hope ( man is b ! worm4 ,be humble z ,hillel1 = he :o is humble causes ! ,div9e pres5ce to dwell ) man4 ,b ! pr\d man makes ,god say1 #8,i & he _c dwell 9 ! same place4' ,he :o runs aft] glory1 glory flees f him1 & he :o flees f glory1 glory %all pursue him4 ,be ( ^? :o are despis$ r ?an ( ^? :o despise2 ( ! p]secut$ r ?an ( ! p]secutors2 be ( ^? :o be> _! reproa* 9 sil5ce & answ] n4 8,ano!r di/9ctive m>k ( ,judaism is fai? 9 ,god1 & p]fect confid5ce 9 ,him4 ,:i* is ! "r c\rse = a man to *oose = himself8 ,let him h a /rong fai? 9 ,god1 z x is said1 #8,m9e eye %all be ^u ! fai?ful 7mean+ ^? possess+ fai? 9 ,god7 ( ! l&4' ,& s also ,habakkuk bas$ ! :ole ,torah on ! pr9ciple ( fai?1 z x is said1 #8,& ! j %all live by 8 fai?' 7ii4 #d74 ,he :o b fulfils a s+le comm&m5t 9 absolute fai? 9 ,god des]ves t ! ,holy ,_s %\ld re/ on him4 ,bless$ is ! man :o fe>s ,god 9 private1 & tru/s 9 ,him ) all 8 he>t1 = su* fe> & tru/ arms him aga9/ e mis=tune4 ,he :o puts 8 tru/ 9 ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 ,god becomes 8 %ield & protection 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next4 ,he :o has bread 9 8 basket = today1 & says1 #8,:at %all ,i h to eat tomorr[8' is a man ( little fai?4 ,"o consequ5ce ( real fai? is always to believe 9 ! ju/ice ( ,god's judgm5ts4 ,x is ! duty ( man to ?ank ,god :5 he is visit$ ) mis=tune z he does 9 ! "t ( prosp]ity4 ,!re=e1 bless$ is ! man :o1 :5 visit$ by suff]+1 que/ions n ,god's ju/ice4 ,b :at %all he d8 ,let him exam9e 8 conduct & rep5t4 8,= rep5tance is ! greate/ pr]ogative ( man4 ,bett] is "o h\r ( rep5tance & good de$s 9 ?is _w ?an ! :ole life ( ! _w to come4 ,! aim ( all wisdom is rep5tance & good de$s4 ,! place :]e ! truly p5it5t %all /& is high] ?an t ( ! righte\s4 ,rep5tance f9ds its special expression 9 pray]2 & :5 x is said 9 ,scripture1 #8,s]ve ,god ) all ?y he>t1' by ?is is meant1 s]ve ,him by pray]1 :i* is ev5 great] ?an wor%ip by means ( sacrifices4 ,nev] is a pray] entirely unansw]$ by ,god4 ,!re=e1 ev5 ?\gh ! sword be on a man's neck1 let him n cease to supplicate ,god's m]cy4 ,b reg>d n ?y pray] z a fix$ me*anical task1 b z an appeal = m]cy & grace be=e ! ,all,pres5t2 z x is said1 #8,= ,he is graci\s & full ( m]cy1 sl[ to ang]1 ab\nd+ 9 lov+k9dness1 & rep5te? him ( ! evil4' 0 ,! la/ two volumes ( ,weiss's "w deal ) ! hi/ory ( ,tradition dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 t is1 f ! conclusion ( ! ,talmud to ! compilation ( ! ,code ( ! ,law by ,r4 ,joseph ,c>o4 ,i h already indicat$ t ) ,weiss ,tradition did n t]m9ate ) ! conclusion ( ! ,talmud4 ,x only means t a c]ta9 undef9able k9d ( lit]ature1 mo/ly held 9 dialogue =m & conta9+ _m elem5ts ( ,tradition1 0 at la/ br\ght to an end4 ,! au?orities :o did ?is editorial "w 7 ! scall$ ,rabbanan ,saburai7#aec7 & ! ,gaonim1 ^: lives & lit]>y activity are fully describ$ by ,weiss4 ,b1 :ile ?us engag$ 9 pres]v+ _! inh]itance f ! pa/1 !y 7 also enri*+ ,tradition by new contributions1 bo? ! ,saburai & ! ,gaonim hav+ n only add$ to & dim9i%$ f ! ,talmud1 b hav+ also introduc$ av[$ly new ord9ances & decrees1 & creat$ new in/itutions4 ,n[1 x _c be d5i$ t a few ( ^! ord9ances & decrees _h a re=m+ t5d5cy 7see ! second & tw5tie? *apt]s ( vol4 iv472 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 !y took a m cons]vative turn ?an 0 ! case 9 ! previ\s ages4 ,?is mu/ be ascrib$ to ! ev5t ( ! great s*ism )9 ! ,rabb9ical camp itself4 ,i ref] to ! rise ( ,c>aism1 :i* took place dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,!re is probably no "w 9 :i* ! ,hala*ic or legali/ic side ( ?is sect is bett] describ$ ?an 9 ?is volume ( ,weiss4 ,i regret t ,i am unable to ent] into its details4 ,b ,i _c refra9 f po9t+ to "o ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! ,c>aites4 ,?is 0 8,se>* ! ,scriptures40 ,n[ ?is does n look v dissimil> f ! pr9ciple held by ! ,rabbis4 ,= :at else is ! ,talmud1 b a ?or\gh se>*+ ?r\gh ! ,bible = :atev] 0 sugge/ive by "t & circum/ances8 ,! light :i* ! ,c>aites appli$ to ! se>*+ ( ! ,scriptures 0 ! same :i* illum9$ ! pa?s ( ! ,rabbis' inve/igations4 ,!y employ$ mo/ ( ! expository rules ( ! ,tannaite s*ools4 ,! fact is t !y 7 only det]m9$ to f9d some?+ diff]5t f :at ! ,rabbis f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,!y want$ to h gloomy ,sabba?s & ,fe/ivals1 & discov]$ au?ority = x 9 ! ,bible2 !y want$ to reta9 mo/ ( ! diet>y laws :i* _h _! root only 9 ,tradition1 b insi/$ on petty diff]5ces :i* !y ?\ght might be inf]r$ f ! ,scriptures1 & !y creat$ a new 8ord] ( inh]itance10 & v>i$ ! =bidd5 degrees 9 m>riage1 9 all :i* ! only m]it 0 t !y 7 9 contradiction to ! int]pretation ( ! ,rabbis4 ,!y also refus$ to accept ! ,liturgy ( ,rabb9ical ,judaism1 b nev] succe$$ 9 produc+ m ?an a pat*"w f v]ses ( ! ,bible1 :i*1 ?us reca/1 !y call$ a pray]book4 ,!re 7 und\bt$ly among _! lead]s _m s]i\s & s9c]e m51 b !y give u ! impression ( prigs1 z = in/ance1 ,moses ,d>ai1 :5 he reproa*es ! ,rabb9ical ,jews = hav+ an 8easy religion10 or ,israel ,hamma>abi1 :5 he recomm5d$ 8 book on ! laws reg>d+ ! slaught]+ ( animals1 z hav+ ! special advantage t 8 decisions 7 always on ! m /r+5t side4 ,^? :o made a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l& 7 by ! ,c>aites canonis$ z 8m\rn]s40 ,! ,rabbanite ,r4 ,judah ,hallevi also visit$ ! ru9s ( ,j]usalem1 b he did some?+ m ?an 8m\rn & sigh & cry10 he became a ,godintoxicat$ s+]1 & wrote ! 8,zion ,elegy40 ,! novel t]m9ology :i* !y use 9 _! exegetical & !ological works1 0 only inv5t$ to spite ! ,rabbanites1 & m>ks its au?ors z p$ants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n to be d5i$ t _! oppon5ts did n employ ! be/ means to conciliate !m4 ,! ,middle ,ages knew no o!r rem$y aga9/ s*ism ?an excommunication1 & ! ,gaonim 7 ! *ildr5 ( _! "t4 ,nor 7 ! argum5ts :i* ! latt] br\ght =w>d 9 def5ce ( ,tradition always calculat$ to conv9ce ! ,c>aites ( _! error4 ,:5 ,r4 ,saadiah1 9 8 apology = ! in/itution ( ! ,second ,day ( ! ,fe/ival17#aed7 w5t ! l5g? ( assign+ to x a ,s9aitic orig91 he c\ld only succe$ 9 mak+ ! ,c>aites m suspici\s ( ! claims ( ,tradition ?an be=e4 ,9 a lat] g5]ation "o ( 8 own p>ty1 ,r4 ,hai ,gaon1 _h to decl>e 8 pr$ecessor's words a 8controv]sial exagg]ation40 ,! zeal :i* "s ( ! ,gaonim %[$ 9 _! def5ce ( su* works z ! ,*amb]s & ! ,measure ( ! ,/ature7#aee7 0 a n less un=tunate ?+1 = x involv$ ! ,rabbanites 9 unnecess>y responsibilities = a new class ( lit]ature ( d\btful orig91 :i* 9 succe$+ c5turies 0 dis[n$ by ! be/ m9ds 9 ,judaism4 ,! ,gaonic p]iod1 to :i* we also owe ! rise ( ! ,massorah & ! introduction ( po9ts 9 ! text ( ! ,bible--( :i* ,weiss treats fully 9 ! tw5ty?ird & tw5tyf\r? *apt]s ( vol4 iv4--comes to an end ) ! dea? ( ,r4 ,hai4 ,! fam\s s*ools ( ,sura & ,pumb$i?a1 ov] :i* ^! two ,gaonim presid$1 fell into decay1 & ,babylon ceas$ to be ! c5tre ( ,judaism4 ,to be m exact1 we %\ld say t ,judaism _h no long] any real c5tre4 ,in/ead ( dwell+ 9 "o place = c5turies1 we n[ h to be p]petually on our j\rney1 accompany+ our au?ors ?r\gh all ! inhabit$ p>ts ( ! _w--,france1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 ) an occasional trip to ,africa & ,russia4 ,!re we %all meet ) ! new s*ools1 ea* ( :i*1 ?\gh int]pret+ ! same ,torah1 occupi$ ) ! /udy ( ! same ,talmud1 & ev5 con=m+ m or less to ! same mode ( life1 has an individuality & "* ( its own1 reflect+ ! ?\ght & habits ( ! c\ntry :i* x repres5ts4 ,?us 8geographical ,judaism0 becomes a factor 9 hi/ory :i* no s*ol> c af=d to neglect4 ,x is true t ,judaism nev] rema9$ entirely unbiass$ by =eign ideas1 & our au?or po9ts 9 _m a place to ,p]sian1 ,greek1 & ,roman influ5ces on ,tradition2 /ill1 ^! influ5ces seem to h und]gone su* a ?or\gh 8,judaization0 t x is only ! practis$ eye ( ! s*ol> t is able to see ?r\gh ! trans=mation4 ,b x requires no great skill to discrim9ate betwe5 ! "w produc$ by a ,spani% & t ( a ,fr5* ,rabbi4 ,?\gh bo? w\ld write 9 ,hebrew1 !y betray !mselves v soon by ! /yle1 diction1 & tra9 ( ?\ght peculi> to ea* c\ntry4 ,! ,spani>d is always logical1 cle>1 & sy/ematis+1 :il/ ! ,fr5* ,rabbi has v little s5se ( ord]1 is always writ+ occasional notes1 has a great t5d5cy to be obscure1 b is mo/ly pr(\nd & critical4 ,h5ce ! fact t :il/ ,spa9 produc$ ! greate/ codifi]s ( ! law1 we owe to ,france & ,g]many ! be/ comm5t>ies on ! ,talmud4 ,:at ^! codes & comm5t>ies meant = ,judaism ! /ud5t w f9d 9 ,weiss's book1 & /ill m fully 9 8 admirable essays on ,ra%i 7,solomon b4 ,isaac71 ,maimonides1 & ,r4 ,jacob ,tam 7publi%$ 9 8 p]iodical1 ,be? ,talmud1 & also sep>ately74 ,x is en\gh = u "h only to notice ! fact ( ! bread? ( ,tradition1 :i* c\ld include )9 its folds m5 ( su* diff]5t types z ! sceptics1 ,maimonides1 ,solomon b4 ,gabirol1 & ,abn ,ezra on "o side1 & ! simple 8non que/ion+0 ,rabb5u ,g]%om1 ,ra%i1 & ,jacob ,tam on ! o!r4 ,! la/ ?ree c5turies1 :i* occupy our au?or's att5tion 9 ! fif? volume1 are n rem>kable = _! progress4 ,! _w lives on ! pa/4 ,! rationali/s write treatises on ,maimonides' philosophical works1 :il/ ! ,g]man ,talmudi/s add comm5t>y to comm5t>y4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! reign ( au?ority1 8modifi$ by accid5ts40 ,su* an accid5t 0 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,maimoni/s & ,anti,maimoni/s1 or ! rise ( ! ,cabbalah1 or ! frequ5t controv]sies ) ,*ri/ians1 all ( :i* t5d$ to direct ! m9ds ( p into new *annels ( ?\ght4 ,b ?\gh ?is p]iod is less orig9al 9 its "w1 x is n on t acc\nt less sympa!tic4 ,"o _c read ^? beautiful descriptions :i* ,weiss gives ( ,r4 ,meir ( ,ro!nburg & 8 s*ool1 or ( ,r4 ,a%] & 8 desc5dants1 )\t feel+ t "o is 9 an atmosph]e ( sa9ts1 :o are ! m attractive ! less !y 7 consci\s ( _! own sa9tl9ess4 ,! only mi/ake1 p]haps1 0 t ! successors ( ^! 8,*assidim or pi\s m5 ( ,g]many0 look$ on _m ( ! religi\s cu/oms t 7 m]ely ! volunt>y expression ( p>ticul>ly dev\t s\ls z wor?y ( imitation by ! :ole community1 & made !m obligatory ^u all4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q ( ! ,code already m5tion$ 7by ,r4 ,joseph ,c>o71 ) :i* ,weiss's "w concludes4 ,i h already transgress$ ! limits ( an essay1 )\t flatt]+ myself t ,i h done any?+ l ju/ice to ! greate/ "w on ,jewi% ,tradition :i* mod]n ,jewi% g5ius has produc$4 ,b ,i %\ld n l ! read] to c>ry away ) him ! false impression t our au?or %>es 9 ! g5]al cry1 8,save u f ! ,codifi]s40 ,weiss1 himself a ,rabbi1 & ! disciple ( ! greate/ ,rabbis ( ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury1 is q aw>e ( ! impossibility ( hav+ a law )\t a k9d ( manual to x1 :i* br+s ! fluid matt] into "s fix$ =m1 classify+ x "u its prop] head+s1 & ?is is :at we call codify+ ! law4 ,& ?us he nev] passes any attempt made 9 ?is direction )\t pay+ due tribute to its au?or--be x ,maimonides or ,c>o4 ,b h[ev] great ! lit]>y value ( a code may be1 x does n inve/ x ) ! attribute ( infallibility1 nor does x exempt ! /ud5t or ! ,rabbi :o makes use ( x f ! duty ( exam9+ ea* p>agraph on its own m]its1 & subject+ x to ! same rules ( int]pretation t 7 always appli$ to ,tradition4 ,inde$1 ,weiss %[s t ,maimonides deviat$ 9 "s cases f 8 own code1 :5 x 0 requir$ by circum/ances4 ,nor d ,i "k any mod]n au?or :o is m 9 fav\r ( /rong au?ority ?an ,weiss4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,patri>* ,r4 ,gamaliel & 8 adv]s>ies1 :i* ,i h t\*$ on above1 proves ?is suffici5tly4 ,:at ,weiss really objects to1 is a weak au?ority--,i mean t phonographl au?ority :i* is always busy 9 reproduc+ ! voice ( o!rs )\t an op9ion ( its own1 )\t orig9ality1 )\t initiative & discretion4 ,! real au?orities are ^? :o1 draw+ _! inspiration f ! pa/1 also und]/& h[ to reconcile u ) ! pres5t & to prep>e u = ! future4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,div9e ,,retribution ,,9 ,,rabb9ical ,,lit]ature 8,bless$ be he :o kn[s40 ,^! are ! words ) :i* ,na*manides1 9 8 classical treatise1 ,gate ( ,rew>d1 dismisses a c]ta9 !ory ( ! ,gaonim ) reg>d to ?is "q2 aft] :i* he proce$s to exp\nd ano!r !ory1 :i* seems to him m satisfactory4 ,?is mode ( treatm5t implies t1 unsatisfactory z ! "o or o!r !ory may appe> to u1 x w\ld be presumptu\s to reject ei!r entirely1 !re be+ only ,"o :o kn[s ! exact tru? ab\t ! great my/]y4 ,b we may indicate our d\bt ab\t "o doctr9e by putt+ by its side ano!r1 :i* we may affirm to be n m absolutely true1 b m probable4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! attitude1 too1 ( ! compil]s ( ! anci5t ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 9 :i* ! mo/ conflict+ views ab\t ?is grave subject 7 embodi$4 ,nor did ! ,synagogue 9 g5]al feel call$ ^u to decide betwe5 ^! views4 ,!re is inde$ no want ( !odicies1 = almo/ e important exp\nd] ( ,job1 z well z e ,jewi% philosoph] ( note1 has "o ) its own sy/em ( retribution4 ,?us ,judaism has no fix$ doctr9e on ! subject4 ,x refus$ a he>+ to no !ory1 = fe> t x %\ld conta9 "s g]m ( tru?1 b on ! same gr\nd x accept$ none to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs4 ,^! !ories may1 p]haps1 be conv5i5tly r$uc$ to ! two foll[+ ma9 doctr9es t are 9 direct opposition to ea* o!r1 :il/ all o!r views ab\t ! subject w be treat$ z ! m or less logical results ( ! "o or o!r doctr9e4 #a4 ,!re is no dea? )\t 7prec$+7 s91 nor affliction )\t 7prec$+7 transgression47#aef7 ,?is view is cit$ 9 ! "n ( ,r4 ,ammi1 :o quot$ 9 corroboration ! v]ses ,ez4 xviii4 #bj1 & ,ps4 lxxxix4 #cc4 ,?\gh ?is ,rabbi fl\ri%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury1 !re is h>dly any d\bt t 8 view 0 held by ! au?orities ( a mu* e>li] date4 ,= x c only be "u ! sway ( su* a notion ( ,retribution t ! ,tannaim 7 s anxi\s to assign "s great crime z ! antec$5t to e s]i\s calamity by :i* mank9d 0 visit$4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations w suffice3--8,pe/il5ce comes into ! _w = capital crimes m5tion$ 9 ! ,torah1 :i* are n br\ght be=e ! e>?ly tribunal4444 ,noisome bea/s come into ! _w = va9 swe>+ & = pr(anation ( ! "n 7( ,god74 ,captivity comes ^u ! _w = /range wor%ip & ince/1 & = %$d+ ( blood & = 7n7 giv+ release to ! l&40 ,z an example ( ! mis=tune befall+ ! individual ,i w m]ely allude to a passage 9 ano!r tractate ( ! ,talmud1 accord+ to :i* leprosy is to be reg>d$ z ! p5alty = immorality1 sl&]1 p]jury1 & simil> s9s47#aeg7 ,if we 7 n[ to complem5t ,r4 ,ammi's view by add+ t !re is no happ9ess )\t "s prec$+ m]it--& !re is no s]i\s objection to mak+ ?is addition--!n x w\ld resolve itself into ! !ory ( ,measure = ,measure1 :i* =ms a v common /&>d ( rew>d & puni%m5t 9 ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,"h are a few in/ances3--8,because ! ,egyptians want$ to de/roy ,israel by wat] 7,exod4 i4 #bb71 !y 7 !mselves de/roy$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 z x is said1 ,!re=e ,i w measure _! =m] "w into _! bosom 7,is4 lxv4 #g720 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 we read1 8,because ,abraham %[$ himself hospitable t[>ds /rang]s1 provid+ !m ) wat] 7,g54 xviii4 #d71 ,god gave to 8 *ildr5 a c\ntry bless$ ) pl5ty ( wat] 7,deut4 viii4 #a740 ,sometimes ?is =m ( retribution goes s f> z to def9e a special puni%m5t to t "p ( ! body :i* mo/ly contribut$ to ! committ+ ( ! s94 ,?us we read1 8,samson rebell$ aga9/ ,god by 8 eyes1 z x is said1 ,get h] 7! ,phili/9e woman7 = me1 = %e pleases my eyes 7,judg4 xvi4 #ba72 !re=e 8 eyes 7 put out by ! ,phili/9es 7,judg4 xviii4 #i702 :il/ ,absalom1 ^: s9ful pride began by 8 hair 7#b ,sam4 xiv4 #be71 met 8 fate by 8 hair 7#b ,sam4 xviii4 #i747aeh7 ,nahum ( ,gemzo himself expla9$ 8 bl9dness & ! maim$ condition ( 8 arms & legs z a consequ5ce ( a specific (f5ce 9 hav+ neglect$ ! duty ( succ\r+ a poor man4 ,address+ ! dead body ( ! suppliant :o p]i%$ :ile ,nahum 0 delay+ 8 help1 he said1 8,let my eyes 7:i* _h no pity = y\r pitiful gaze7 become bl9d2 may my h&s & legs 7t did n ha/5 to help ?9e7 become maim$1 & f9ally my :ole body be cov]$ ) boils407#aei7 8,?is 0 ! h& t wrote x10 said ,cranm] at ! /ake2 8!re=e x %all fir/ suff] puni%m5t40 ,x is wor? notic+ t ?is retribution does n always consi/ 9 a mat]ial rew>d1 b1 z ,b5 ,azzai express$ x3 8,! rew>d ( a comm& is a comm&1 & ! rew>d ( a transgression is a transgression407#afj7 ,s aga93 8,because ,abraham %[$ himself s magnanim\s 9 8 treatm5t ( ! k+ ( ,sodom1 & said1 ,i w n take f !e a ?read2 !re=e1 8 *ildr5 enjoy$ ! privilege ( hav+ ! comm& ( ,zizi?1 consi/+ 9 putt+ a ?read or fr+e 9 ! bord] ( _! g>m5ts40 ,9 ano!r passage we read1 8,he :o is anxi\s to d acts ( *>ity w be rew>d$ by hav+ ! means enabl+ him to d s407#afa7 ,9 m g5]al t]ms ! same ?\ght is express$ :5 ! ,rabbis expla9$ ! words1 ,ye %all sanctify y\rselves1 & ye %all be holy 7,lev4 xi4 #dd71 to ! effect t if man takes ! initiative 9 hol9ess1 ev5 ?\gh 9 a small way1 ,heav5 w help him to rea* x to a mu* high] degree47#afb7 ,not)/&+ ^! passages1 to :i* _m m might be add$1 x _c be d5i$ t !re are 9 ! ,rabb9ical lit]ature _m passages hold+ out promises ( mat]ial rew>d to ! righte\s z well z ?reat5+ ! wick$ ) mat]ial puni%m5t4 ,nor is !re any ne$ ( d5y+ x4 ,simplem9d$ m5--& su* ! majority ( ! ,rabbis 7--w nev] be p]suad$ into look+ ) indiff]5ce on pa9 & pleasure2 !y w be f> f ?9k+ t pov]ty1 loss ( *ildr51 & sickness are no evil1 & t a ri* h>ve/1 hope ( po/]ity1 & good heal?1 are n desirable ?+s4 ,x does lie 9 our nature to consid] ! =m] z curses & ! latt] z bless+s2 8& if ?is be wrong !re is no "o to be made responsible = x b ! ,creator ( nature40 ,accord+ly ! "q mu/ arise1 ,h[ c a j & omnipot5t ,god all[ x to happ5 t m5 %\ld suff] innoc5tly8 ,! mo/ natural sugge/ion t[>ds solv+ ! difficulty w\ld be t we are n innoc5t4 ,h5ce ,r4 ,ammi's ass]tion t affliction & dea? are bo? ! outcome ( s9 & transgression2 or1 z ,r4 ,*an9a b5 ,dossa express$ x1 8,x is n ! wild bea/ b s9 :i* kills407#afc7 ,we may ?us p]ceive 9 ?is !ory an attempt 8to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man40 ,un=tunately x does n correspond ) ! real facts4 ,! cry wrung f ! prophets aga9/ ! peace enjoy$ by ! wick$1 & ! pa9s inflict$ on ! righte\s1 :i* f9ds its e*o 9 s _m ,psalms1 & rea*es its climax 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 0 by no means sil5c$ 9 ! times ( ! ,rabbis4 ,if long exp]i5ce c\ld be ( any use1 x only s]v$ to deep5 p]plexity4 ,= all ?is suff]+ ( ! p ( ,god1 & ! prosp]ity ( _! wick$ p]secutors1 :i* p]plex$ ! prophets & _! imm$iate foll[]s1 7 repeat$ dur+ ! dea? /ruggle = indep5d5ce aga9/ ,rome1 & 7 n less5$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity z ! dom9ant religion4 ,! only com=t :i* "t br\ght !m 01 p]haps1 t ! long cont9uance ( mis=tune made !m less s5sible to suff]+ ?an _! ance/ors 74 ,inde$1 a ,rabbi ( ! fir/ c5tury said t 8 g5]ation _h by cont9u\s exp]i5ce ( mis]y become z ins5sible to pa9 z ! dead body is to a prick ( a ne$le47#afd7 ,! an/hetic effect ( long suff]+ may1 inde$1 help "o to endure pa9 ) m pati5ce1 b x _c s]ve z an apology = ! de$ ( ! inflictors ( ! pa94 ,! "q1 !n1 h[ to reconcile h>d reality ) ! ju/ice ( ,god1 rema9$ z difficult z ev]4 ,! mo/ important passage 9 ,rabb9ical lit]ature relat+ to ! solution ( ?is problem is ! foll[+3--,) ref]5ce to ,exod4 xxxiii4 #ac1 ,r4 ,johanan said1 9 ! "n ( ,r4 ,jos1 t1 among o!r ?+s1 ,moses also ask$ ,god to expla9 to him ! me?od ( 8 ,provid5ce1 a reque/ t 0 grant$ to him4 ,he ask$ ,god1 ,:y are !re righte\s p :o are prosp]\s1 & righte\s :o suff]2 wick$ :o are prosp]\s & wick$ :o suff]8 ,! answ] giv5 to him 01 accord+ to ! "o view1 t ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ & ! suff]+ ( ! righte\s are a result ( ! conduct ( _! ance/ors1 ! =m] be+ ! desc5dants ( righte\s p>5ts & enjoy+ _! m]its1 :il/ ! latt]1 com+ f a bad /ock1 suff] = ! s9s ( ^? to :om !y owe _! exi/5ce4 ,?is view 0 sugge/$ by ! ,scriptural words1 8,keep+ m]cy = ?\s&s 7( g5]ations7 444 visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr50 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #g71 :i* 7 reg>d$ z ! answ] to ,moses' "q 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ( ,exodus47#afe7 ,preval5t1 h[ev]1 z ?is view may h be5 9 anci5t times1 ! ,rabbis nev] all[$ x to pass )\t "s qualification4 ,x is true t !y _h no objection to ! =m] "p ( ?is doctr9e1 & !y speak v frequ5tly ( ! 8,m]its ( ! ,fa!rs0 = :i* ! remote/ po/]ity is rew>d$2 = ?is c\ld be expla9$ on ! gr\nd ( ! b\ndless goodness ( ,god1 :i* _c be limit$ to ! %ort space ( a lifetime4 ,b !re 0 no possibility ( ov]com+ ! moral objection aga9/ puni%m5t ( p = s9s !y h n committ$4 ,x w suffice to m5tion "h t1 ) ref]5ce to ,jo%ua vii4 #bd1 #be1 ! ,rabbis ask$ ! "q1 ,if he 7,a*an7 s9n$1 :at ju/ification c\ld !re be = putt+ 8 sons & daught]s to dea?8 ,& by ! =ce ( ?is argum5t !y int]pret$ ! words ( ! ,scriptures to mean t ! *ildr5 ( ! crim9al 7 only compell$ to be pres5t at ! execution ( _! fa!r4 ,su* passages1 !re=e1 z w\ld imply t *ildr5 h to suff] = ! s9s ( _! p>5ts are expla9$ by ! ,rabbis z ref]r+ to cases 9 :i* ! *ildr5 p]petuate ! crimes ( _! fa!rs47#aff7 ,! view ( ,r4 ,jos1 :i* ,i h already quot$1 _h1 !re=e1 to be dropp$1 & ano!r v]sion 9 ! "n ( ! same ,rabbi is accept$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! suff]] is a p]son ei!r 8entirely wick$0 or 8n p]fectly righte\s10 :il/ ! prosp]\s man is a p]son ei!r 8p]fectly righte\s10 or 8n entirely wick$40 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t !re is /ill some?+ want+ to supplem5t ?is view1 = ! giv5 classification w\ld place ! n entirely wick$ on ! same level ) ! p]fectly righte\s1 & on a mu* high] level ?an ! imp]fectly righte\s1 :o are und\bt$ly f> sup]ior4 ,! foll[+ passage may be reg>d$ z supply+ ?is miss+ some?+3--8,! wick$ :o h done "s good "w are z amply rew>d$ = x 9 ?is _w z if !y 7 m5 :o h fulfill$ ! :ole ( ! ,torah1 s t !y may be puni%$ = _! s9s 9 ! next _w 7)\t int]ruption72 :il/ ! righte\s :o h committ$ "s s9 h to suff] = x 79 ?is _w7 z if !y 7 m5 :o burn$ ! ,law10 s t !y may enjoy _! rew>d 9 ! _w to come 7)\t int]ruption747#afg7 ,?us ! real retribution takes place 9 ! next _w1 ! fleet+ exi/5ce on e>? n be+ ! fit "t ei!r to comp5sate righte\sness or to puni% s94 ,b z1 on ! "o h&1 ,god nev] all[s 8t ! m]it ( any creature %\ld be cut %ort10 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ,he deals v sev]ely ) ! righte\s1 puni%+ !m = ! slighte/ transgression2 s9ce1 too1 ?is rew>d & puni%m5t are only ( %ort duration1 !y mu/ take place 9 ?is %ort t]re/rial exi/5ce4 ,!re is ?us e/abli%$ a sort ( div9e economy1 le/ ! h>mony ( ! next _w %\ld be di/urb$4 ,yet ano!r objection to ! doctr9e "u discussion rema9s to be notic$4 ,x is t x ju/ifies ,god by accus+ man1 decl>+ e suff]] z m or less ( a s9n]4 ,b su* a notion1 if c>ri$ to its la/ consequ5ces1 mu/ result 9 tempt+ u to )hold our sympa?ies f him4 ,&1 inde$1 x w\ld seem t !re 7 "s non,jewi% philosoph]s :o argu$ 9 ?is way4 ,?us a c]ta9 ,roman (ficial is report$ to h said to ,r4 ,akiba1 8,h[ c y be s eag] 9 help+ ! poor8 ,suppose only a k+1 :o1 9 8 wra? aga9/ 8 slave1 7 to set him 9 ! gaol1 & give ord]s to )hold f him food & dr9k2 if1 !n1 "o d>$ to act to ! contr>y1 w\ld n ! k+ be angry ) him807#afh7 ,!re is "s appe>ance ( logic 9 ?is notion put into ! m\? ( a hea!n4 ,! ,rabbis1 h[ev]1 7 inconsi/5t p1 & respond$ to ! appeal :i* suff]+ makes to e human he>t )\t ask+ too _m que/ions4 ,)\t ent]+ "h into ! topic ( *>ity 9 ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature1 :i* w\ld =m a v int]e/+ *apt]1 ,i %all only allude n[ to ! foll[+ incid5t1 :i* w\ld %[ t ! ,rabbis did n ab&on ev5 ^? afflict$ ) leprosy1 :i*1 accord+ to _! own notion1 giv5 above1 foll[$ only z a puni%m5t = ! wor/ crimes4 ,"o ,friday1 we are told1 :5 ! day 0 ab\t to d>k51 ! ,*assid ,abba ,ta*nah 0 return+ home1 be>+ on 8 %\ld]s ! baggage t conta9$ all 8 =tune2 he saw a lepr\s man ly+ on ! road1 :o address$ him3 8,rabbi1 d me a de$ ( *>ity & take me into ! t[n40 ,! ,rabbi n[ ?\ght1 8,if ,i leave my baggage1 :]e %all ,i f9d ! means ( obta9+ subsi/5ce = myself & my family8 ,b if ,i =sake ?is lepr\s man ,i %all commit a mortal s940 ,9 ! end1 he all[$ ! good incl9ation to prevail ov] ! evil "o1 & fir/ c>ri$ ! suff]] to ! t[n47#afi7 ,! only practical conclusion t ! ,rabbis drew f su* !ories z id5tify suff]+ ) s9 7 = ! suff]] himself1 :o o!rwise might be incl9$ to blame ,provid5ce1 or ev5 to blaspheme1 b w\ld n[ look ^u 8 affliction z a rem9d] f heav5 t !re is some?+ wrong 9 8 moral /ate4 ,?us we read 9 tractate ,b]a*o?37#agj7 8,if a man sees t affliction comes ^u him1 he ought to inquire into 8 actions1 z x is said1 ,let u se>* & try our ways1 & turn aga9 to ! ,"l 7,lam4 iii4 #dj740 ,?is means to say t ! suff]] w f9d t he has be5 guilty ( "s (f5ce4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is /atem5t we may p]haps consid] ! /ory ab\t ,r4 ,huna1 occurr+ 9 ! same tractate47#aga7 ,( ?is ,rabbi x is said t he once exp]i5c$ heavy pecuni>y losses1 :]eupon 8 fri5ds came to 8 h\se & said to him1 8,let ! ma/] b exam9e 8 conduct a little clos]40 ,on ?is ,r4 ,huna answ]$1 8,d y suspect me ( hav+ committ$ "s misde$80 ,8 fri5ds rejo9$1 8,& d y ?9k t ,god w\ld pass judgm5t )\t ju/ice80 ,r4 ,huna !n foll[$ _! h9t1 & f\nd t he did n treat 8 t5ant f>m] s g5]\sly z he ought4 ,he (f]$ r$ress1 & all turn$ out well 9 ! end4 ,some?+ simil> is to be f\nd 9 ! /ory ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,gamaliel & ,r4 ,i%mael b5 ,eli%a4 ,( ^! ,rabbis we are told t on _! way to be execut$ ! "o said to ! o!r1 8,my he>t leaves me1 = ,i am n aw>e ( a s9 des]v+ su* a dea?02 on :i* ! o!r answ]$1 8,x might h happ5$ t 9 y\r function z judge y sometimes--= y\r own conv5i5ce--7 sl[ 9 adm9i/]+ ju/ice407#agb7 ,b ev5 if ! p]sonal actions ( ! righte\s 7 blameless1 !re might /ill be suffici5t gr\nd = 8 be+ afflict$ & mis]able4 ,?is may be f\nd 9 8 relations to 8 k9d & surr\nd+s1 or1 to use ! t]m n[ m popul>1 by reason ( human solid>ity4 ,n[1 aft] ! above rem>ks on ! objections ent]ta9$ by ! ,rabbis aga9/ a man's be+ puni%$ = ! s9s ( o!rs1 x is h>dly necess>y to say t _! idea ( solid>ity has little 9 common ) ! crude notions ( x curr5t 9 v anci5t times4 ,/ill1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! relation ( ! individual to ! community 0 m ke5ly felt by ! ,rabbis ?an by ! lead]s 9 any o!r society1 mod]n or anci5t4 ,accord+ to ! view giv5 by an anci5t ,rabbi ^: "n is unkn[n1 x w\ld1 inde$1 seem t to !m ! individual 0 n simply a memb] ( ! ,jewi% commonweal?1 or a coreligioni/1 b a limb ( ! great & s+le body 8,israel10 & t z su* he communicat$ bo? = good & evil ! s5sations ( ! "o "p to ! :ole4 ,9 ! ,midra%1 :]e a p>allel is to be f\nd to ?is idea1 ! responsibility ( ! individual t[>ds ! community is fur!r illu/rat$ by ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,yo*ai1 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,x is10 we read !re1 8to be comp>$ to p sitt+ on bo>d a %ip1 "o ( ! pass5g]s ( :i* took an awl & began to bore holes 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,ask$ to desi/ f 8 dang]\s occupation1 he answ]$1 #8,:y1 ,i am only mak+ holes on my own seat1' =gett+ t :5 ! wat] came 9 x w\ld s9k ! :ole %ip40 ,?us ! s9 ( a s+le man might endang] ! :ole ( humanity4 ,x 0 9 con=mity ) ! view ( 8 fa!r t ,r4 ,eliez]1 ! son ( ,r4 ,simeon 7b5 ,yo*ai7 said1 8,! _w is judg$ aft] ! m]its or dem]its ( ! majority1 s t a s+le individual by 8 good or bad actions c decide ! fate ( 8 fell[creatures1 z x may happ5 t he is j ! "o :o con/itutes ?is majority407#agc7 ,nor does ?is responsibility cease ) ! man's own actions4 ,accord+ to ! ,rabbis man is responsible ev5 = ! conduct ( o!rs--& z su* liable to puni%m5t--if he is indiff]5t to ! wrong t is be+ p]petrat$ ab\t him1 :il/ an en]getic prote/ f 8 side c\ld h prev5t$ x4 ,& ! great] ! man ! great] is 8 responsibility4 ,he may suff] = ! s9s ( 8 family :i* is fir/ rea*$ by 8 influ5ce2 he may suff] = ! s9s ( ! :ole community if he c\ld hope to f9d a will+ e> among !m1 & he may ev5 suff] = ! s9s ( ! :ole _w if 8 influ5ce ext5d s f>1 & he =be> f ex]t+ x = good47#agd7 ,?us ! possibility is giv5 t ! righte\s man may suff] ) ju/ice1 ?\gh he himself has nev] committ$ any transgression4 ,z a mu* high] aspect ( ?is solid>ity--& z may h already sugge/$ itself to ! read] f ! passage cit$ above f ! anonym\s ,rabbi--we may reg>d ! suff]+ ( ! righte\s z an atonem5t = ! s9s ( _! contempor>ies4 8,:5 !re w be nei!r ,tab]nacle nor ! ,holy ,temple10 ,moses is said to h ask$ ,god1 8:at w become ( ,israel80 ,:]eupon ,god answ]s1 8,i w take f among !m ! righte\s man :om ,i %all consid] z pl$g$ = !m1 & w =give all _! s9s20 ! dea? ( ! p]fect man1 or ev5 8 suff]+ be+ look$ ^u z an expiation = ! %ortcom+ ( 8 g5]ation47#age7 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem9d ! read] ( ! aff9ity ( ?is idea ) t ( sacrifices 9 g5]al1 z 9 bo? cases x is ! innoc5t be+ :i* has to suff] = ! s9s ( ano!r creature4 ,b !re is "o vital po9t :i* makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,x is t 9 our case ! suff]+ is n en=c$1 b is a volunt>y act on ! "p ( ! sacrifice1 & is ev5 desir$ by him4 ,)\t ent]+ "h on ! (t5 discuss$ !me ( ! suff]+ ( ! ,messiah1 ,i ne$ only m5tion ! words ( ,r4 ,i%mael :o1 on a v slight provocation1 exclaim$1 8,i am ! atonem5t = ! ,jews10 :i* means t he took ^u him all _! s9s to suff] = !m47#agf7 ,?is desire seems to h its orig9 9 no?+ else ?an a deep sympa?y & compassion ) ,israel4 ,to suff] =1 or1 at lea/ ) ,israel 01 accord+ to ! ,rabbis1 already ! ideal ( ,moses4 ,he is said1 inde$1 to h brok5 ! ,two ,tables ) ! purpose ( committ+ "s s91 s t he w\ld h ei!r to be condemn$ toge!r ) ,israel 7= ! s9 ( ! gold5 calf71 or to be p>don$ toge!r ) !m47#agg7 ,& ?is conduct 0 expect$ n only f ! lead]s ( ,israel1 b almo/ f e ,jew4 8,:5 ,israel is 9 a /ate ( affliction 7z1 = in/ance1 fam9e7 "o mu/ n say1 ,i w r live by myself1 & eat & dr9k1 & peace be unto !e1 my s\l4 ,to ^? :o d s ! words ( ! ,scriptures are to be appli$3 ,& 9 t day did ! ,"l ,god ( ,ho/s call to weep+ & to m\rn+1 444 & behold joy & gladness4444 ,surely ?is iniquity %all n be purg$ out f y till ye die0 7,is4 xxii4 #abad74 ,ano!r passage is to ! effect t1 :5 a man %[s himself indiff]5t to ! suff]+ ( ! community1 !re come ! two angels 7:o accompany e ,jew71 put _! h&s on 8 head1 & say1 8,?is man :o has sep>at$ himself %all be exclud$ f _! consolations407#agh7 ,we might n[ *>act]ise ?is sort ( suff]+ z ! *a/isem5t ( love 7( ! righte\s7 to mank9d1 or r to ,israel4 ,b we mu/ n confuse x ) ! ,*a/isem5t ( ,love (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud1 ?\gh ?is idea also seems calculat$ to acc\nt = ! suff]+ ( ! righte\s4 ,"h ! love is n on ! side ( ! suff]]1 b proce$s f him :o inflicts ?is suff]+4 8,him10 says ,r4 ,huna1 89 :om ,god delights he cru%es ) suff]+40 ,z a pro( ( ?is !ory ! words ( ,is4 liii4 #aj are giv51 :i* are int]pret$ to mean3 him :om ! ,"l delights 9 ,he puts to grief4 ,ano!r passage1 by ! same au?ority1 is to ! effect t :]e !re is no suffici5t cause = puni%m5t 7! man be+ entirely free f s971 we h to reg>d 8 suff]+ z a *a/isem5t ( love1 = x is said3 8,:om ! ,"l love? ,he correcte?0 7,prov]bs iii4 #aa747agi7 ,to :at purpose ,he corrects him may1 p]haps1 be se5 f ! foll[+ passage3 8,r4 ,eleaz> b5 ,jacob says3 ,if a man is visit$ by affliction he has to be ?ankful to ,god = x3 = suff]+ draws man to1 & reconciles him ) ,god1 z x is said3 ,= :om ,god love? he correcte?407#ahj7 ,x is 9 con=mity ) su* a high conception t affliction1 f> f be+ dread$1 becomes almo/ a desirable end1 & we he> _m ,rabbis exclaim1 8,belov$ is suff]+10 = by x fa!rly love is %[n to man by ,god2 by x man obta9s purification & atonem5t1 by x ,israel came 9 possession ( ! be/ gifts1 su* z ! ,torah1 ! ,holy ,l&1 & et]nal life47#aha7 ,& s also ! suff]]1 f> f be+ consid]$ z a man ) a suspect$ pa/1 becomes an object ( v5]ation1 on :om ! glory ( ,god re/s1 & he br+s salvation to ! _w if he be>s 8 affliction ) joyful submission to ! w ( ,god47#ahb7 ,cont9u\s prosp]ity is by no means to be long$ aft]1 =1 z ,r4 ,i%mael taught1 8,he :o has pass$ =ty days )\t meet+ adv]sity has already receiv$ 8 7%>e ( !7 _w 7to come7 9 ?is life407#ahc7 ,nay1 ! /&+ rule is t ! really righte\s suff]1 :il/ ! wick$ are suppos$ to be 9 a prosp]\s /ate4 ,?us1 ,r4 ,jannai said1 8,we 7av]age p7 enjoy nei!r ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ nor ! afflictions ( ! righte\s107#ahd7 :il/ 8 contempor>y1 ,rab1 decl>$ t he :o exp]i5ces no affliction & p]secution does n belong to !m 7! ,jews747#ahe7 #b4 ,! second ma9 view on ,retribution is t record$ by ! ,rabbis z 9 direct opposition to t ( ,r4 ,ammi4 ,x is t !re is suff]+ z well z dea? )\t s9 & transgression4 ,we may n[ j z well inf] t !re is prosp]ity & happ9ess )\t prec$+ m]its4 ,& ?is is1 inde$1 ! view held by ,r4 ,meir4 ,= 9 contradiction to ! view cit$ above1 ,r4 ,meir decl>es t ! reque/ ( ,moses to h expla9$ to him ! my/]i\s ways ( ,provid5ce 0 n grant$1 & ! answ] he receiv$ 01 8,& ,i w %ew m]cy on :om ,i w %ew m]cy0 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #ai71 :i* means to say1 ev5 ?\gh he to :om ! m]cy is %[n be unwor?y ( x4 ,! old "q arises h[ su* a proc$ure is to be reconcil$ ) ! ju/ice & omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,! comm5t>ies try to evade ! difficulty by sugge/+ "s ( ! views giv5 above1 z t ! real rew>d & puni%m5t are only 9 ! _w to come1 or t ! affliction ( ! righte\s is only *a/isem5t ( love1 & s on4 ,f ! passages ,i am ab\t to quote1 h[ev]1 "o ga9s ! impression t "s ,rabbis r ?\ght t ?is great problem w inde$ n be> discussion or solution at all4 ,?us we h ! leg5d3 8,! angels said to ,god1 :y h y puni%$ ,adam ) dea?8 ,he answ]$1 ,on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ transgress$ my comm&m5t 7) reg>d to ! eat+ ( ! tree ( k74 ,b :y _h ,moses & ,a>on to die8 ,! reply giv5 to !m is ! words1 ,eccl4 ix4 #b3 #8,all ?+s come alike to all2 !re is "o ev5t to ! righte\s & to ! wick$1 to ! good & to ! clean & to ! unclean4' 07#ahf7 ,ano!r leg5d records1 8,:5 ,moses asc5d$ to heav51 ,god %[$ him also ! great m5 ( futurity4 ,r4 ,akiba 0 sitt+ & int]pret+ ! law 9 a mo/ wond]ful way4 ,moses said to ,god3 ,?\ ha/ %[n me 8 wor?1 %[ me also 8 rew>d2 on :i* he is bidd5 to look back4 ,!re he p]ceives him dy+ ! mo/ cruel ( dea?s1 & 8 fle% be+ sold by weight4 ,moses n[ asks3 ,is ?is ! rew>d ( su* a life8 :]eupon ,god answ]s him3 ,be sil5t2 ?is ,i h det]m9$407#ahg7 ,x is impossible n to ?9k ( ! f9e l9es ( ! ,g]man poet3-- ,w>um s*leppt si* blut5d1 el5d1 ,unt] ,kreuzla/ d] ,g]e*te1 ,whr5d glckli* als e9 ,sieg] ,trabt auf hohem ,ross d] ,s*le*te8 ,also frag5 wir be/ndig1 ,bis man uns mit e9] ,h&voll ,erde endli* /opft die ,mul]-- ,ab] i/ das e9e ,antwort8 ,/ill1 "o might p]haps sugge/ t ^! passages :5 exam9$ a little clos]1 n only conta9 a rebuke to man's importunity 9 want+ to intrude into ! secrets ( ,god1 b also h9t at ! possibility t ev5 ,god's omnipot5ce is submitt$ to a c]ta9 law--?\gh design$ by ,8 own holy w--:i* ,he c\ld n alt] )\t detrim5t to ! :ole creation4 ,inde$1 9 "o ( ! my/ical acc\nts ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,r4 ,akiba & o!r great ,rabbis1 ,god is repres5t$ z ask+ ! suff]]s to accept ,8 h>d decree )\t prote/1 unless !y wi% ,him to de/roy ! :ole _w4 ,9 ano!r place aga91 we read ( a c]ta9 r5[n$ ,rabbi1 :o liv$ 9 great pov]ty1 t once 9 a dream he ask$ ! div9e ,%e*9ah h[ long he w\ld h /ill to endure ?is bitt] privation8 ,! answ] giv5 to him 03 8,my son1 w x please y t ,i de/roy ! _w = y\r sake807#ahh7 ,x is only 9 ?is light t we %all be able to und]/& su* passages 9 ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature z t ,god almo/ suff]s ,himself :5 ,he has to inflict puni%m5t ei!r on ! individual or on :ole communities4 ,?us ,god is repres5t$ z m\rn+ = sev5 days 7z 9 ! case :5 "o loses a *ild7 be=e ,he br\ght ! deluge on ! _w2 ,he bemoans ! fall ( ,israel & ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 & ! ,%e*9ah lam5ts ev5 :5 ! crim9al suff]s 8 j puni%m5t4 ,& x is n by rebell+ aga9/ ^! laws t ,he tries to r$eem ,8 suff]+4 ,he himself has rec\rse to pray]1 & says3 8,may x be my w t my m]cy conqu] my wra?1 t my love ov]rule my /rict ju/ice1 s t ,i may treat my *ildr5 ) love407#ahi7 ,if n[ man is equal to ,god1 he has nev]!less1 or r on t acc\nt1 to submit to ! law ( ,god )\t any outlook = rew>d or puni%m5t2 or1 z ,antigonos express$ x1 8,be n z slaves t m9i/] to ! ,"l ) a view to receive recomp5se407#aij7 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld be haz>d\s to ma9ta9 t ,antigonos's say+ 0 a consequ5ce ( ?is doctr9e2 b1 at any rate1 we see a cle> t5d5cy to keep ! ?\ght ( rew>d 79 spite ( ! prom95t "p x holds 9 ! ,bible7 out ( view4 ,/ill m cle>ly is x se5 :51 ) ref]5ce to ,ps4 cxii41 8,bless$ is ! man 444 t delighte? greatly 9 8 comm&m5ts10 ,rabbi ,eleaz> rem>ks t ! mean+ is t ! man desires only to d ,8 comm&m5ts1 b he does n want ! rew>ds connect$ ) !m47#aia7 ,?is is ! m rem>kable1 z ! :ole cont5ts ( ?is psalm are no?+ else ?an a long s]ies ( promises ( v>i\s rew>ds1 s t ! explanation ( ,rabbi ,eleaz> is 9 almo/ direct contradiction to ! simple mean+ ( ! words4 ,on ! o!r h&1 also1 e compla9t ab\t suff]+ mu/ cease4 ,n only is affliction no direct *a/isem5t by ,god 9 ! way ( rev5ge2 b ev5 :5 x w\ld seem to u t we suff] innoc5tly1 we h no "r to murmur1 z ,god himself is also suff]+1 &1 z ! ,talmud expresses x1 8,x is en\gh = ! slave to be 9 ! position ( 8 ma/]407#aib7 ,?is ?\ght ( ! compassion--9 its /ricte/ s5se ( fell[ suff]+--( ,god ) ,8 creatures becomes a new motive = avoid+ s94 8,woe to ! wick$10 exclaims a ,rabbi1 8:o by _! bad actions turn ! m]cy ( ,god into /rict ju/ice407#aic7 ,& ! lat] my/ics expla9 di/9ctly t ! great crime ( s9 consi/s 9 caus+ pa91 s to speak1 to ! ,%e*9ah4 ,"o ( !m comp>$ x ) ! slave :o abuses ! goodness ( 8 ma/] s f> z to buy ) 8 money arms to w\nd him4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x becomes1 r inconsi/5tly1 also a new s\rce ( com=t2 =1 9 ! end1 ,god w h to r$eem ,himself f ?is suff]+1 :i* _c be accompli%$ s long z ,israel is /ill "u puni%m5t47#aid7 ,mo/ int]e/+ is ! noble pray] by a ,rabbi ( a v late my/ical s*ool3 8,o ,god1 spe$ily br+ ab\t ! r$emption4 ,i am n 9 ! lea/ ?9k+ ( :at ,i may ga9 by x4 ,i am will+ to be condemn$ to all tortures 9 hell1 if only ! ,%e*9ah w cease to suff]407#aie7 ,if we 7 n[ to ask = ! attitude ( ! ,synagogue t[>ds ^! two ma9 views1 we %\ld h to answ] t--z already h9t$ at ! op5+ ( ?is pap]--x nev] decid$ = ! "o or ! o!r4 ,r4 ,david ,rocca ,m>t9o d>$ ev5 to write a :ole book 9 ,def5ce ( ,adam prov+ t he committ$ no s9 9 eat+ ! fruit ( ! tree ( k aga9/ ! lit]al s5se ( ! ,scriptures1 :i* 7 also tak5 by ! ,rabbis lit]ally47#aif7 ,by ?is he de/roy$ ! prospects ( _m a !odicy1 b x is n kn[n to me t he 0 sev]ely rebuk$ = x4 ,x has be5 said by a great writ] t ! be/ !ology is t :i* is n consi/5t1 & ?is advantage ! !ology ( ! ,synagogue possesses to its utmo/ ext5t4 ,x accept$ ) ,r4 ,ammi ! /]n pr9ciple ( div9e retribution1 9 z f> z x makes man feel ! responsibility ( 8 actions1 & makes suff]+ a discipl9e4 ,b x nev] all[$ ?is pr9ciple to be c>ri$ s f> z to d5y ! suff]] our sympa?y1 & by a s]ies ( consci\s & unconsci\s modifications1 he pass$ f ! /ate ( a s9n] into ! z5i? ( ! sa9t & ! p]fectly righte\s man4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,synagogue also gave entrance to ! v opposite view :i*1 ab&on+ e attempt to acc\nt = suff]+1 bids man d 8 duty )\t any hope ( rew>d1 ev5 z ,god also does ,84 ,h5ce ! rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! works ( lat] ,jewi% morali/s1 t1 :il/ !y nev] we>y ( ! mo/ detail$ acc\nts ( ! puni%m5ts await+ ! s9n] & ! rew>ds 9 /ore = ! righte\s1 !y w>n u mo/ emphatically t our actions mu/ n be guid$ by ^! unwor?y consid]ations1 & t our only motive %\ld be ! love ( ,god & submission to ,8 holy w4 ,nor mu/ x be ?\ght t ! views ( ! ,rabbis are s widely div]g5t f ^? enunciat$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! g]m ( almo/ all ! lat] ideas is already to be f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,x only ne$$ ! process ( "t to br+ into prom95ce ^? features :i* prov$ at a lat] p]iod mo/ acceptable4 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem t !re is also a sort ( dome/ication ( religi\s ideas4 ,on _! fir/ association ) man !re is a c]ta9 rude viol5ce ab\t !m :i*1 :5 left to ! managem5t ( untutor$ m9ds1 w\ld c]ta9ly d great h>m4 ,b1 let only ?is association la/ = c5turies1 dur+ :i* ^! ideas h to be subdu$ by practical use1 & !y w1 9 due "t1 lose _! =m] r\ghness1 w become !ologically workable1 & turn out ! greate/ bless+ to inconsi/5t humanity4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,law ,,& ,,rec5t ,,criticism7#aig7 ,pr(essor ,toy's "w1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 gives an admirable conspectus ( ! results ( ! mod]n critical s*ool 9 _! be>+ on ! g5esis ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! au?or takes v>i\s important doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 traces !m back to _! orig9 9 ,israelitism1 pursues _! c\rse ?r\gh _! v>i\s phases 9 ,judaism1 until !y rea* _! f9al developm5t 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus & ,8 disciples1 :i*1 9 ! au?or's judgm5t1 is ! consummation ( t :i* ! prophets & _! successors _h to give to ! _w4 ,lay+ s mu* /ress z ,pr(essor ,toy does on ! say+1 8,by _! fruits %all ye "k !m10 he ought also1 p]haps1 to h told u :at1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 has become ( ^! sev]al doctr9es4 ,= :51 = in/ance1 ) reg>d to ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 he rem>ks t 89 c]ta9 sy/ems ( ,*ri/ian !ology ! human race is involv$ 9 ! condemnation ( ! fir/ man0 7p4 #ahe1 n4 #a72 or t1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 8! dem& = a m$iat+ p[] betwe5 ,god & humanity is pu%$ to ! f>!/ po9t :i* ?\ght c occupy consi/5tly ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! absolut5ess ( ! "o ,supreme ,deity0 7p4 #aba71 he is r evad+ a difficulty ?an answ]+ x4 ,su* elaboration w\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 outside ! scope ( ,pr(essor ,toy's book1 :i* claims only to be a sket* ( ! progress ( ?\ght f ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,new4 ,= 8 own solution ( ! indicat$ difficulty1 ,toy1 to judge f 8 lib]al /&po9t1 w\ld probably ref] u to ,dr4 ,hat*'s ,hibb]t lectures2 ! issue ( su* an appeal mu/1 ,i imag9e1 rema9 = long d\btful & disput$4 ,a delightful *>act]i/ic ( ,toy's book is its transp>5t cle>ness & sobriety1 :i* w make x int]e/+ read+1 ev5 to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! writ]'s au?orities 9 _! orig9al s\rces4 ,almo/ entirely new1 z well z mo/ sugge/ive1 is ! ju/ice :i* ,toy does to ! law 9 recognis+ x z a factor = good 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,9 ?is po9t ,toy is n only up to 8 date1 b beyond x4 ,x is true t ev5 ! ,ph>isees h made "s advance 9 ! e/imation ( ! lib]al s*ool4 ,!y are no long] condemn$ en masse z s _m hypocrites4 ,x is ev5 admitt$ t !re 7 a few hone/ m5 among !m1 su* z ,rabban ,gamaliel1 ! tea*] ( ,paul1 or ,r4 ,akiba1 ! patriot ( ,be?>4 ,we are n[ too polite to be p]sonal4 ,b ) reg>d to ! law1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is at pres5t a m>k$ly opposite t5d5cy4 ,! g5]al idea seems to be t1 z ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ mu/ be loosely int]pret$ 9 a spiritual s5se1 x mu/ logically h be5 prec$$ by a univ]sal spiritual dea?1 & ! g]ms ( ! disease :i* br\ght ?is dea? ab\t are to be s\ght = 9 ! law4 ,h5ce ! /ra9$ ef=ts to discov] 9 ! law ! s\rce ( all religi\s evil1--cant1 hypocrisy1 =malism1 ext]nalism1 transc5d5talism1 & z _m 8isms0 m1 ( bad reputation4 ,x 0 probably ) ?is curr5t repres5tation ( ! law 9 view t ,toy1 :5 speak+ ( ! ,levitical legislation1 & ( its fix+ 8m5's m9ds on c]emonial details :i*1 9 "s cases1 x put into ! same category & on ! same level ) moral duties10 asks ! "q3 8,w\ld !re n !nce result a dimm+ ( ! moral s5se & a confusion ( moral di/9ctions8 ,! e?ical attitude ( a man :o c\ld reg>d a failure 9 ! r\t9e ( sacrifice z n less blamewor?y ?an an act ( !ft _c be call$ a l(ty "o0 7p4 #ahf74 ,! answ] :i* he gives is m fav\rable ?an su* a lead+ "q w\ld induce u to expect4 ,he tells u t1 89 po9t ( fact1 ! result 0 diff]5t0 7ibid74 8,! ,levitical law is n to be look$ on z a m]e ext5sion & organisation ( ! ritual4444 ,its ritual 01 9 great "p1 ! organis$ expression ( ! consci\sness ( s90 7p4 #bbf74 ,( ! law 9 g5]al ,toy says t x _h 8l>g] consequ5ces ?an its m]e details w\ld sugge/10 = x 8cultivat$ ! moral s5se ( ! p into results above its me*anical prescriptions10 & 8x develop$ ! s5se ( s91 z ,paul po9ts out0 7,gal4 iii4 #ai71 8& !re) a fre] feel+1 :i* br\ght ! s\l into m imm$iate contact ) ,god0 7p4 #bbg72 :il/ 9 ano!r place he rem9ds u 8t mu* ( ! law is moral1 & t no "o c\ld fail to see a spiritual significance b5ea? its lett]0 7p4 #bde71 & he ev5 admits t 8! great legal s*ools :i* grew up 9 ! second c5tury1 if we may judge by ! say+s ( ! tea*]s :i* h come d[n to u1 did n fail to discrim9ate betwe5 ! outw>d & ! inw>d1 ! c]emonial & ! moral0 7p4 #ahf74 ,^! & simil> passages w suffice to %[ t ,toy's e/imate ( ! law is a v diff]5t "o f t ( ,sm5d & 8 s*ool4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t he is n on ! lookout = ! g]ms ( ! disease4 ,he mu/ f9d ^! g]ms some:]e1 or else ! progress1 :i* 8 book is int5d$ to illu/rate1 w\ld be difficult to detect4 ,& ?us he repeats ! old accusations1 ?\gh n )\t modification4 ,pr(essor ,toy's objections may1 p]haps1 be summ$ up 9 ! passage 9 :i* he repres5ts ! ,jewi% law z 8an attempt to def9e all ! beliefs & acts ( life0 7p4 #bci71 or z 8! embodim5t ( devotion to a fix$ rule ( belief & conduct0 7p4 #bcg74 ,toy does n entirely condemn ?is sy/em1 & ev5 speaks ( x z a 8l(ty attempt0 7p4 #bci72 b1 on ! :ole1 he consid]s t x mu/ h result$ 9 bad !ology1 z well z 9 d\btful conduct4 ,)\t foll[+ ,pr(essor ,toy ov] ! :ole area ( 8 inve/igations1 :i* w\ld require a volume = itself1 ,i w only take ! opportunity ( mak+ a few g5]al rem>ks ^u ! nature & "* ( ?is legal sy/em1 :i* seems to hold ! key to ! spiritual hi/ory ( ,judaism4 ,fir/1 z to its !ology1 ,toy's description ( ! law z an attempt to def9e all ! beliefs ( life--an ass]tion :i* is also made by ,s*r]--is n :olly accurate4 ,= su* an attempt 0 nev] made by ,judaism4 ,! few dogmas :i* ,judaism possesses1 su* z ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,provid5ce1 ,rew>d1 & ,puni%m5t--)\t :i* no reveal$ religion is conceivable--c h>dly be call$ a cre$ 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 :i* implies some?+ ext]nal & =eign to man's own k1 & receiv$ only 9 def]5ce to ! weight ( au?ority4 ,to ! ,jew ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ^! simpl] dogmas 7 s selfevid5t t x w\ld h co/ him ! greate/ ef=t n to believe !m4 ,h5ce ! fact t1 :il/ !re h come d[n to u s _m controv]t$ po9ts betwe5 ! ,sadducees & ,ph>isees ) reg>d to c]ta9 juri/ic & ritual que/ions1 we "k ( only "o ( an ess5tially dogmatic "*1 viz4 ! dispute conc]n+ ! ,resurrection4 ,x is ?us difficult to imag9e to :at ,pr(essor ,toy c be allud+ :5 he speaks ( ! 8int]e/ !y 7! ,jews7 ?rew into ! discussion & det]m9ation ( m9uti ( fai?0 7p4 #bda74 ,discussions ^u m9uti ( fai? are only to be read 9 ! works ( ! lat] s*oolm5 7z ,saadiah1 ,maimonides & _! foll[]s71 9 :i* su* subtle problems z ,creatio ex nihilo1 ! orig9 ( evil1 pr$e/9ation1 free w & simil> subjects are exam9$2 b ?is p]iod is v di/ant f t ) :i* ,toy is conc]n$4 ,! old] s*ools & ! scall$ h\ses ( ,%ammai & ,hillel1 mo/ ( ^: memb]s 7 ! contempor>ies ( ! ,apo/les1 %[ v little pr$ilection = su* m9uti4 ,_! discussions & diff]5ces ( op9ion ab\t ritual matt]s are v num]\s1 scatt]$ z !y are ov] ! :ole ( ! anci5t ,rabb9ic lit]ature1 b ,i c only rememb] two ( a metaphysical "*1 or t\*+ ^u ! m9uti ( fai?4 ,! "o1 deal+ ) ! efficacy ( c]ta9 sacrifices1 discusses :e!r x only ext5ds to ! remission ( ! p5d+ puni%m5t = s9s1 or also includes _! purification & wa%+ away2 ! o!r consid]s ! "q :e!r x w\ld n h be5 bett] = man n to h be5 creat$47#aih7 ,b ?is latt] controv]sy1 :i* is said to h la/$ = two ye>s & a half1 by no means l$ to any big metaphysical or !ological sy/em1 b only to ! practical advice t1 z we h be5 creat$1 we ought to be wat*ful ov] our conduct4 ,x is1 inde$1 a notewor?y feature ( ,judaism t !ological speculations h nev] result$ 9 ! =mulation ( any impos+ or univ]sal doctr9e1 b usually 9 div]s c]emonial practices4 ,to give "o illu/ration3 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,toy 7p4 #baj7 ! conclusion :i* ! au?or ( #a ,tim4 ii4 #aaad draws f ! fact t woman 0 ! imm$iate ag5t ( ! introduction ( s9 0 ! subord9ation ( h] sex4 ,! ,rabbis also notic$ ! same fact1 & 9 _! less ab/ract language speak ( woman z hav+ br\ght dea? & grief into ! _w2 b ! conclusion :i* !y drew 0 t s9ce woman _h ext+ui%$ ! 8light ( ! _w10 %e ought to atone = x by light+ ! c&les = ! ,sabba?47#aii7 ,nor is ,toy q correct :5 he ma9ta9s t ! conception ( ! ,memra z ,creator & ,"l1 etc41 & z 8repres5tative ( ! imm$iate div9e activity10 did n keep its hold on ,jewi% ?\ght1 hav+ be5 disc>d$ 9 ! lat] lit]ature 7p4 #ajd74 ,= ! ,%e*9ah ( ! ,talmud1 ! ,metatron7#bjj7 ( ! ,gaonicmy/ical lit]ature1 ! ,active ,intellig5ce ( ! philosophical s*ools1 z well z ! ,t5 ,sephiro?7#bja7 7,emanations7 ( ! ,cabbali/s1 all owe _! exi/5ce to ! same !osophic scruples & subtleties 9 :i* ! ,logos ( ,philo & ! ,memra7#bjb7 ( ! ,t>gums orig9at$4 ,?us1 !y always kept--?\gh "u v>i\s =ms--_! hold on ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,judaism 0 always broad en\gh to accommodate itself to ^! =mul1 :i* = ! "o may mean ! mo/ holy my/]ies1 & = ! o!r empty & mean+less cat*words4 ,! objection--9 fact1 ! active opposition--( ! ,synagogue began :5 ^! possible or impossible explanations ( ! univ]se t5d$ to transgress ! b\nds ( ab/ract speculation1 &1 pass+ ov] into real concrete be+s1 to be wor%ipp$ z su*4 ,an in/ance f comp>atively mod]n times might be f\nd 9 "o ( ! vag>ies ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,pseudo,messiah1 ,%abbe?ai ,tsebi4 ,= _m g5]ations ! controv]sy _h rag$ among ! ,cabbali/s1 :e!r ! fir/ ( ! abovem5tion$ ,t5 ,emanations 7call$ by "s ,orig9al ,adam1 by o!rs1 ,cr[n7#bjc77 is to be consid]$ z a "p ( ! ,deity or z some?+ sep>ate1 & s to speak1 hav+ a reality 9 itself4 ,! dang] ( e/abli%+ a ,be+ ne> ! ,deity1 hav+ an exi/5ce ( its own & inve/$ ) div9e attributes1 c\ld n h escap$ ! ?\ghtful1 & !re are inde$ "s indications to ?is effect4 ,! ,synagogue z su*1 h[ev]1 rema9$ dur+ ! :ole controv]sy /rictly neutral1 & all[$ ^! !osophi/s to fight 9 ! air z mu* z !y lik$4 ,b ! mom5t t ! sect ( ,%abbe?ai ,tsebi id5tifi$ ! inc>nate ,orig9al ,adam ) _! lead]1 & wor%ipp$ him z a sort ( ,god,messiah1 ! ,synagogue at once took up a ho/ile attitude aga9/ ^? :o sep>at$ ,god f ,8 _w1 &1 decl>+ ,%abbe?ai ,tsebi & 8 foll[]s to be apo/ates1 exclud$ !m f ,judaism = ev]4 ,nor c x be prov$ t legalism or nomism has ev] t5d$ to suppress ! spiritual side ( religion1 ei!r 9 respect ( consci\sness ( s91 or ( individual love & devotion4 ,) an equal logic q ! opposite might be argu$4 ,pr(essor ,toy tells u himself t x is no 8accid5t t along ) ?is m def9ite expression ( e?icalreligi\s law we f9d ! fir/ traces ( a m spiritual conception ( righte\sness 9 ! #8new he>t' ( ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel0 7p4 #bce71 :il/ 9 ano!r passage we read t 8a turn+ po9t is m>k$ by ! ,deut]onomi/ ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 :o ann\nce ! pr9ciples ( individual responsibility & inw>dness ( ob$i5ce0 7p4 #ahd74 ,n[1 two ?+s are c]ta92 fir/1 t ,ezekiel urges ! necessity ( ! new he>t z well z ( individual responsibility m ke5ly ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors2 secondly1 t 9 ,ezekiel ! legali/ic t5d5cy is m evid5t ?an 9 ,deut]onomy & ,j]emiah4 ,! logical conclusion w\ld ?us be t ! high] ideals ( religion are n only n inconsi/5t ) legalism1 b are ! v outcome ( x1 & ! scall$ ,prie/ly ,code1 by ! v fact ( its m>k$ly legali/ic t5d5cy1 %\ld be consid]$ z a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,! latt] ass]tion s\nds l a p>adox1 b x w seem less s :5 ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is portion ( ! ,p5tateu*1 z giv5 ev5 by ,ku551 :o is by no means a *ampion ( ! ,law1 is borne 9 m9d4 8,! c5tre ( gravity10 accord+ to ! great ,dut* critic1 8lies = ! prie/ly au?or else:]e ?an = ! prophet2 x lies 9 man's attitude1 n t[>ds 8 fell[m51 b t[>ds ,god2 n 9 8 social1 b 9 8 p]sonal life0 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #afa74 ,x is "h t we seem to /rike ! keynote ( ! ,weltans*auung ( ! ,prie/ly ,legislation4 ,9 x man is m ?an a social be+4 ,he has also an individual life ( 8 own1 8 joys & sorr[s1 8 hi/orical claims1 8 traditions ( ! pa/1 & 8 hopes = ! future--& all ^! h to be br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( religion1 & to become sanctifi$ ?r\gh _! relation to ,god4 ,h5ce1 ! "w ( ! ,prie/ly n>rator & legislator op5s ) a cosmogony ( 8 own1 9 :i* we f9d ! gr& !ological idea ( man be+ creat$ 9 ! ,div9e image2 h5ce1 too1 8 religi\s conception ( ! hi/ory ( ! nation & ! control claim$ by him ov] all ! details ( human life1 :i* became ) him s _m opportunities = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,to him1 ,god is n a m]e figurehead2 ,he n only reigns1 b gov]ns4 ,ev]y:]e1--9 ! temple1 9 ! judge's seat1 9 ! family1 9 ! f>m1 & 9 ! m>ketplace1--,8 pres5ce is felt 9 en=c+ ! laws be>+ ,8 imprimatur1 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god40 ,by ?us diffus+ religion ov] ! :ole doma9 ( human life--n conf9+ x to ! social in/itutions :i* are repres5t$ only by a few p]sonages1 su* z ! k+1 ! pr9ces1 ! prie/s1 ! judges or eld]s--!y made x ! common good ( ! :ole p1 & ! feel+ ( p]sonal responsibility = ?is good became mu* deep] ?an be=e4 ,?us x came to pass t :il/1 dur+ ! fir/ temple1 ! apo/asy ( k+s & ari/ocracy involv$ ! entire p1 s t ! words 8,& he 7! k+7 did evil 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l10 embrace ! :ole nation1 dur+ ! second temple x 0 no long] ( mu* consequ5ce :i* side ! political lead]s took4 ,bo? dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]secutions1 z well z aft]w>ds 9 ! /ruggles ( "s ,maccabean k+s ) ! ,ph>isees1 ! bulk ( ! p %[$ t !y consid]$ religion z _! own p]sonal affair1 n to be regulat$ by ! consci5ce ( ei!r prie/ or pr9ce4 ,x is true t ?is success may be l>gely ascrib$ to su* contempor>y religi\s factors z ! ,synagogue ) its m9imum ( =m1 ! ,scribes ) _! activity z tea*]s1 & ! ,psalmi/s ) _! div9e en?usiasm2 b ! v circum/ance t ^! factors arose & fl\ri%$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,prie/ly ,code w\ld suffice to prove t its t5d5cy 0 n s sac]dotal z "s writ]s w\ld h u believe4 ,jewi% tradition inde$ attributes ! composition ( ! daily public pray]s1 z well z ( o!rs = private wor%ip1 to ! v m5 :om mod]n biblical criticism holds responsible = ! introduction ( ! ,prie/ly ,code4 ,n[ ?is fact may p]haps be disput$1 b !re is little d\bt t ! age 9 :i* ^! pray]s 7 compos$ 0 "o ( fl\ri%+ legalism4 ,nor is !re any pro( t ! synagogues & _! ritual 7 9 opposition to ! temple4 ,f ! few docum5ts belong+ to ?is p]iod1 x is cle> t !re 0 no opposition to ! legali/ic _s by :i* ! ,prie/ly ,code 0 actuat$4 ,?is w\ld prove t legalism meant some?+ m ?an ti!s & sacrifices = ! b5efit ( ! prie/s4 ,nor is x true t ! legal t5d5cy aim$ at n>r[+ ! m9d ( ! nation1 turn+ all its ?\ghts into ! "o direction ( ! law4 ,ap>t f ! fact t ! ,torah conta9$ o!r elem5ts besides its legalism1 ! prophets 7 n =gott51 b 7 read & int]pret$ f a v e>ly age4 ,x 0 "u ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,law t ! ,wisdom lit]ature 0 compos$1 :i* is by no means n>r[ or "osid$1 b is ev5 suppos$ by "s critics to conta9 _m =eign elem5ts4 ,9 ! book ( ,job1 ! great problems ( man's exi/5ce are treat$ ) a dep? & gr&eur nev] equall$ be=e or s9ce4 ,?is book alone ought p>tly to comp5sate ! mod]n s*ool = ! disappe>ance ( prophecy1 :i* is usually br\ght z a *>ge aga9/ ! ,law4 ,!n1 too1 ! ,psalms1 plac$ by ! same s*ool 9 ! po/exilic p]iod1 are no?+ b ano!r aspect ( prophecy1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 p]haps1 t 9 ! ,prophets ,god speaks to man1 :ile 9 ! ,psalms x is man :o e/abli%es ! same communion by speak+ to ,god4 ,!re is no reason :y ! critical s*ool1 ) its broad conception ( inspiration1 & ) its insi/5ce t prophecy does n mean pr$iction1 %\ld s /rongly emphasise ?is diff]5ce4 ,if 8x is no long] z 9 ! days ( ,amos1 :5 ! ,"l ,yahveh did no?+ )\t reveal+ 8 c\nsel to 8 s]vants ! prophets10 !re is 9 ! days ( ! ,psalmi/s no?+ 9 man's he>t1 no elem5t 9 8 long+s & m$itations & aspirations1 :i* 0 n reveal$ to ,god4 ,nay1 x w\ld seem t at times ! ,psalmi/ h>dly ev] desires ! revelation ( ,god's secrets4 ,let future ev5ts be :at !y may1 he is cont5t1 = he is ) ,god4 ,aft] all 8 trials1 he exclaims1 8,& yet ,i am cont9ually ) !e2 ?\ ha/ tak5 hold ( my "r h&4 ,accord+ to ?y purpose wilt ?\ lead me1 & aft]w>ds receive me ) glory4 ,:om h ,i 7to c>e =7 9 heav58 & possess+ !e1 ,i h pleasure 9 no?+ ^u e>?4 ,?\gh my fle% & my he>t %\ld h wa/$ away1 ,god w\ld = ev] be ! rock ( my he>t & my portion0 7,ps4 lxxiii4 #bcbf74 ,h[ an age produc+ a lit]ature conta9+ passages l ^!--( :i* ,wellhaus5 9 8 ,abriss 7p4 #ie7 ju/ly rem>ks1 t we are n wor?y ev5 to repeat !m--c be consid]$ by ! mod]n s*ool z want+ 9 intimate relation to ,god & inf]ior to t ( ! prophets is inde$ a puzzle4 ,n[ a few words z to ! actual life "u ! ,law4 ,"h1 aga91 !re is a fre% puzzle4 ,on ! "o side1 we he> ! op9ions ( s _m le>n$ pr(essors1 proclaim+ ex ca!dr1 t ! ,law 0 a mo/ t]rible burd51 & ! life "u x ! mo/ unbe>able slav]y1 dead5+ body & s\l4 ,on ! o!r side we h ! te/imony ( a lit]ature ext5d+ ov] ab\t tw5tyfive c5turies1 & includ+ all sorts & conditions ( m51 s*ol>s1 poets1 my/ics1 lawy]s1 casui/s1 s*oolm51 tradesm51 workm51 wom51 simpletons1 :o all1 f ! au?or ( ! #aai? ,psalm to ! la/ pre,m5delssohnian writ]--) a small exception :i* does n ev5 des]ve ! "n ( a vani%+ m9ority--give unanim\s evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is ,law1 & ( ! bliss & happ9ess ( liv+ & dy+ "u x1--& ?is1 ! te/imony ( p :o 7 actually liv+ "u ! ,law1 n m]ely !oris+ ^u x1 & :o exp]i5c$ x 9 all its difficulties & inconv5i5ces4 ,! ,sabba? w give a fair example4 ,! law ( ! ,sabba? is "o ( ^? in/itutions ! /rict obs]vance ( :i* 0 already ! object ( attack 9 e>ly ,new ,te/am5t times4 ,nev]!less1 ! doctr9e proclaim$ 9 "o ( ! ,gospels--t ! son ( man is ,"l also ( ! ,sabba?--0 also curr5t among ! ,rabbis4 ,!y1 too1 taught t ! ,sabba? _h be5 deliv]$ into ! h& ( man 7to break1 if necess>y71 & n man deliv]$ ov] to ! ,sabba?47#bjd7 ,& !y ev5 laid d[n ! axiom t a s*ol> :o liv$ 9 a t[n1 :]e among ! ,jewi% population !re c\ld be ! lea/ possibility ( d\bt z to :e!r ! ,sabba? might be brok5 = ! b5efit ( a dang]\sly sick p]son1 0 to be despis$ z a man neglect+ 8 duty2 =1 z ,maimonides po9ts out1 ! laws ( ! ,torah are n meant z an infliction ^u mank9d1 8b z m]cy1 lov+ k9dness1 & peace407#bje7 ,! attacks ^u ! ,jewi% ,sabba? h n abat$ ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,! day is /ill describ$ by almo/ e ,*ri/ian writ] on ! subject 9 ! mo/ gloomy col\rs1 & long li/s are giv5 ( m9ute & easily transgress$ obs]vances connect$ ) x1 :i*1 in/ead ( a day ( re/1 w\ld make x to be a day ( sorr[ & anxiety1 almo/ worse ?an ! ,scot* ,sunday z depict$ by cont95tal writ]s4 ,b x s happ5s t we h ! pray] ( ,r4 ,zadok1 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ! ,apo/les1 :i* runs ?us3 8,?r\gh ! love ) :i* ,?\1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 love/ ,?y p ,israel1 & ! m]cy :i* ,?\ ha/ %[n to ! *ildr5 ( ,?y cov5ant1 ,?\ ha/ giv5 unto u 9 love ?is great & holy ,sev5? ,day407#bjf7 ,& ano!r ,rabbi1 :o probably fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 expresses himself 7) allusion to ,exod4 xxxi4 #ac3 ,v]ily my ,sabba?s ye %all keep 444 t ye may "k t ,i am ! ,"l t do? sanctify y7--8,! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 said unto ,moses1 ,i h a good gift 9 my treasures1 & ,sabba? is its "n1 :i* ,i wi% to pres5t to ,israel4 ,g & br+ to !m ! good tid+s407#bjg7 ,! =m aga9 ( ! ,bless+ ov] ! ,sanctification cup7#bjh7--;a c]emony kn[n long be=e ! de/ruction ( ! ,second ,temple--runs3 8,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ,?y comm&m5ts1 & ha/ tak5 pleasure 9 u1 & 9 love & grace ha/ giv5 u ,?y holy ,sabba? z an inh]itance40 ,all ^! ,rabbis evid5tly reg>d$ ! ,sabba? z a gift f heav51 an expression ( ! inf9ite m]cy & grace ( ,god :i* ,he manife/$ to ,8 belov$ *ildr54 ,& ! gift 01 z already said1 a good gift4 ,?us ! ,rabbis p>aphrase ! words 9 ! ,scripture 8,see1 = t ! ,"l ha? giv5 y ! ,sabba?0 7,exod4 xvi4 #bi73 ,god said unto ,israel behold ! gem ,i gave y1 ,my *ildr5 ,i gave y ! ,sabba? = y\r good4 ,sanctify or hon\r ! ,sabba? by *oice meals1 beautiful g>m5ts2 delight y\r s\l ) pleasure & ,i w rew>d y 7= ?is v pleasure72 z x is said3 8,& if ?\ wilt call ! ,sabba? a delight & ! holy ( ! ,"l hon\rable 7t is hon\r+ ! ,sabba? 9 ?is way7 444 !n %alt ?\ delight ?yself 9 ! ,"l0 7,is4 lviii4 #ac1 #ad747bji7 ,! delight ( ! ,sabba? 0 ke5ly felt4 ,israel fell 9 love ) ! ,sabba?1 & 9 ! hyp]bolic language ( ! ,agadah ! ,sabba? is p]sonifi$ z ! 8,bride ( ,israel10 :il/ o!rs call$ x 8,que5 ,sabba?107#baj7 & !y are actually jeal\s ( a c]ta9 class ( semi proselytes :o1 z x seems1 7 will+ to obs]ve ! ,sabba?1 b decl9$ to submit to ! cov5ant ( ,abraham4 ,! ,g5tile ,sabba? keep]s--:o1 l all ! nations ( ! _w1 envy ,israel _! ,sabba?--! ,rabbis consid]$ z %ameless intrud]s des]v+ puni%m5t47#baa7 ,no1 x 0 ,israel's own ,que5 or ,bride ,sabba? ^: appe>ance 9 all h] heav5ly glory !y 7 impati5tly await+4 ,?us we are told ( ,r4 ,judah b4 ,ilai t :5 ! eve ( ! ,sabba? came 8he made 8 ablutions1 wrapp$ himself up 9 8 :ite l95 ) fr+$ bord]s look+ l an angel ( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s10 ?us prep>$ = ! solemn reception ( ,que5 ,sabba?4 ,ano!r ,rabbi us$ to put on 8 be/ clo!s1 & arise & invite ! ,sabba? ) ! words3 8,come 9 ,bride1 come 9407#bab7 ,:at ! ,bride br\ght 0 peace & bliss4 ,nay1 man is provid$ ) a sup] s\l = ! ,sabba?1 enabl+ him to be> bo? ! spiritual & ! mat]ial delights ( ! day ) dignity & solemnity47#bac7 ,! v light 7or expression7 ( man's face is diff]5t on ,sabba?1 te/ify+ to 8 inw>d peace & re/4 ,& :5 man has recit$ 8 pray]s 7on ! eve ( ! ,sabba?7 & ?us borne te/imony to ,god's creation ( ! _w & to ! glory ( ! ,sabba?1 !re appe> ! two angels :o accompany him1 lay _! h&s on 8 head & imp>t to him _! bless+ ) ! words3 8,& ?9e iniquity is tak5 away & ?y s9 purg$0 7,is4 vi4 #g747bad7 ,= no?+ is all[$ to di/urb ! peace ( ! ,sabba?2 n ev5 8! sorr[s ( s910 ?\gh ! ,sabba? _h su* a solemn effect on p t ev5 ! worldly man w\ld n utt] an untru? on ! ,day ( ! ,"l4 ,h5ce x 0 n only =bidd5 to pray on ,sabba? = "o's own 7mat]ial7 ne$s1 b ev]y?+ 9 ! liturgy ( a m\rnful "* 7z = in/ance ! confession ( s91 supplication = p>don7 0 c>efully avoid$4 ,x 0 ) difficulty1 z ! ,rabbis say1 t !y made an exception 9 ! case ( condol+ ) p :o _h suff]$ loss ?r\gh ! dea? ( ne> relatives4 ,!re is no room = morbid s5tim5t on ,sabba?1 = ! bless+ ( ! ,"l make? ri*1 & ,he adde? no sorr[ ) x 7,prov4 x4 #bb747bae7 ,! burd5 ( ! ,sabba? pray]s is = peace1 re/1 sanctification1 & joy 7?r\gh salvation7 & praise ( ,god = ?is ineffable bliss ( ! ,sabba?4 ,su* 0 ! ,sabba? ( ! old ,rabbis & ! same _s cont9u$ ?r\gh all ages4 ,! ,sabba? 0 & is /ill celebrat$ by ! p :o did & d obs]ve x1 9 hundr$s ( hymns1 :i* w\ld fill volumes1 z a day ( re/ & joy1 ( pleasure & delight1 a day 9 :i* man enjoys "s =eta/e ( ! pure bliss & happ9ess :i* are /or$ up = ! righte\s 9 ! _w to come4 ,somebody1 ei!r ! le>n$ pr(essors1 or ! millions ( ! ,jewi% p1 mu/ be "u an illusion4 ,:i* x is ,i leave to ! read] to decide4 ,x is also an illusion to speak ( ! burd5 :i* a scrupul\s c>e to obs]ve six hundr$ & ?irte5 comm&m5ts mu/ h laid ^u ! ,jew4 ,ev5 a sup]ficial analysis w discov] t 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ _m ( ^! comm&m5ts 7 already obsolete 7z = in/ance ^? relat+ to ! tab]nacle & to ! conque/ ( ,pale/9e71 :ile o!rs conc]n$ only c]ta9 classes1 z ! prie/s1 ! judges1 ! soldi]s1 ! ,nazirites1 or ! repres5tatives ( ! community1 or ev5 only "o or two individuals among ! :ole population1 z ! ,k+ & ! ,high ,prie/4 ,o!rs1 aga91 provid$ = cont+5cies :i* c\ld occur only to a few1 z = in/ance ! laws conc]n+ divorce or levirate m>riages1 :il/ _m--su* z ^? conc]n+ idolatry1 & ince/1 & ! sacrifice ( *ildr5 to ,molo*--c\ld sc>cely h be5 consid]$ z a practical prohibition by ! pre,*ri/ian ,jew2 j z little z we c speak ( ,engli%m5 z ly+ "u ! burd5 ( a law prev5t+ !m f burn+ wid[s or m>ry+ _! gr&mo!rs1 ?\gh su* acts w\ld c]ta9ly be consid]$ z crimes4 ,?us x w be f\nd by a c>eful enum]ation t b>ely a hundr$ laws rema9 :i* really conc]n$ ! life ( ! bulk ( ! p4 ,if we rememb] t ev5 ^! include su* laws z belief 9 ! unity ( ,god1 ! necessity ( lov+ & fe>+ ,him1 & ( sanctify+ ,8 "n1 ( lov+ "o's neighb\r & ! /rang]1 ( provid+ = ! poor1 exhort+ ! s9n]1 hon\r+ "o's p>5ts & _m m ( a simil> "*1 x w h>dly be said t ! c]emonial side ( ! p's religion 0 n well balanc$ by a fair am\nt ( spiritual & social elem5ts4 ,besides1 x w\ld seem t ! l9e betwe5 ! c]emonial & ! spiritual is too (t5 only arbitr>ily drawn4 ,) _m comm&m5ts x is r a matt] ( op9ion :e!r !y %\ld be relegat$ to ! "o category or ! o!r4 ,?us1 ! we>+ ( ,tephill97#baf7 or phylact]ies has1 on ! "o h&1 be5 cont9ually condemn$ z a mean+less sup]/ition1 & a pretext = =malism & hypocrisy4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,maimonides1 :o c 9 no way be suspect$ ( sup]/ition or my/icism1 describ$ _! importance 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,great is ! hol9ess ( ! ,tephill92 = z long z !y are on ! arm & head ( man he is humble & ,godfe>+1 & feels no attraction = frivolity or idle ?+s1 nor has he any evil ?\ghts1 b w turn 8 he>t to ! words ( tru? & righte\sness40 ,! view :i* ,r4 ,johanan1 a ,pale/9ian tea*] ( ! ?ird c5tury1 took ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,law1 w probably be f\nd m rational ?an t ( _m a rationali/ ( today4 ,^u ! basis ( ! la/ v]se 9 ,hosea1 8,! ways ( ! ,"l are "r1 & ! j %all walk 9 !m1 b ! transgressors %all fall !re910 he expla9s t :ile "o man1 = in/ance1 eats 8 pas*al lamb ) ! purpose ( do+ ! w ( ,god :o comm&$ x1 & !reby does an act ( righte\sness1 ano!r ?9ks only ( satisfy+ 8 appetite by ! lamb1 s t 8 eat+ x 7by ! v fact t he pr(esses at ! same "t to p]=m a religi\s rite7 becomes a /umbl+block = him47#bag7 ,?us all ! laws by virtue ( _! div9e au?ority--& 9 ?is !re 0 9 ! fir/ c5tury no diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians--h _! spiritual side1 & to neglect !m implies1 at lea/ f ! individual's own po9t ( view1 a moral (f5ce4 ,! legali/ic attitude may be summ>ily describ$ z an attempt to live 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god1 c>+ less = :at ,god is ?an = :at ,he wants u to be4 ,b1 nev]!less1 on ! :ole ?is life nev] deg5]at$ into religi\s =malism4 ,ap>t f ! fact t dur+ ! second temple !re grew up laws1 & ev5 beliefs1 :i* %[ a decid$ t5d5cy t[>ds progress & developm5t1 !re 7 also c]emonies :i* 7 popul> ) ! masses1 & o!rs :i* 7 neglect$4 ,m5 7 n1 !re=e1 ! m]e s\lless slaves ( ! ,law2 p]sonal sympa?ies & dislikes also play$ a "p 9 _! religion4 ,nor 7 all ! laws actually put ^u ! same level4 ,) a happy inconsi/5cy m5 always spoke ( heavi] & slight] s9s1 & by ! latt]--except+1 p]haps1 ! pr(anation ( ! ,sabba?--!y mo/ly und]/ood c]emonial transgressions4 ,! /atem5t made by ,pr(essor ,toy 7p4 #bdc71 on ! au?ority ( ,james 7ii4 #aj71 t 8! pr9ciple 0 e/abli%$ t he :o (f5d$ 9 "o po9t 0 guilty ( all10 is h>dly correct2 = ! passage seems r to be lay+ d[n a pr9ciple1 or argu+ t logically ! law ought to be look$ ^u z a :ole1 ?an /at+ a fact4 ,! fact 0 t p did n consid] ! :ole law z ( equal importance1 b made a diff]5ce betwe5 laws & laws1 & ev5 spoke ( c]ta9 comm&m5ts1 su* z ^? ( *>ity & k9dness1 z outweigh+ all ! re/ ( ! ,torah4 ,x 0 9 con=mity ) ?is _s t 9 times ( great p]secution ! lead]s ( ! p _h no compunction 9 r$uc+ ! :ole ,law to ! ?ree prohibitions ( idolatry1 ( ince/1 & ( blood%$4 ,only ^! ?ree 7 consid]$ ( suffici5t importance t m5 %\ld r become m>tyrs ?an transgress !m4 ,^!1 !n1 are "s ( ! illusions & misrepres5tations :i* exi/ ) reg>d to ! ,law4 ,!re are _m o!rs1 ( :i* ! complete exposure w\ld require a book by itself4 ,mean:ile1 9 ! abs5ce ( su* a book to balance & correct ! innum]able volumes ^u ! o!r side1 ,pr(essor ,toy has done ! be/ he c\ld ) exi/+ mat]ials1 & produc$ a m]itori\s "w des]v+ ( wide recognition & approval4 ,x4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,collection ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum ,! ,hebrew collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum =ms "o ( ! greate/ c5tres ( ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,x is only surpass$ by ! treasures :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d4 ,! fame ( ^! magnific5t collections has spread f> & wide4 ,x has p5etrat$ into ! remote/ c\ntries1 & ev5 ! ,ba*urim 7alumni7 ( "s obscure place 9 ,pol&1 :o o!rwise nei!r c>e nor "k any?+ ab\t ,briti% civilisation1 h a dim notion ( ! nature ( ^! m9es ( ,jewi% le>n+4 ,all sorts ( leg5ds circulate among/ !m ab\t ! 8millions0 ( books :i* belong to ! 8,que5 ( ,engl&40 ,!y speak my/]i\sly ( an autograph copy ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 pres5t$ to ! ,que5 ( ,%eba on ! occasion ( h] visit to ,j]usalem1 & br\ght by ! ,engli% troops z a trophy f _! visit to ,abyss9ia1 :i* is /ill rul$ by ! desc5dants ( t fam\s lady4 ,!y also talk ( a copy ( ! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem :i* once belong$ to ,titus1 aft]w>ds to a ,pope1 0 pres5t$ by ! latt] to a ,russian ,cz>1 & tak5 away f him by ! ,engli% 9 ! ,crimean w>2 ( a manuscript ( ! book ,light is ,s[n17#bah7 :i* is s l>ge t no %elf c hold x1 & :i* !re=e hangs on iron *a9s4 ,h[ !y long to h a glance at ^! preci\s ?+s6 ,w\ld n a man get wis] only by look+ at ! autograph ( ! wise/ ( m58 ,b ev5 ! /ud5ts ( ,g]many & ,au/ria1 :o are inaccessible to su* fables1 & by ! aid ( ,z$n]'s1 ,/e9s*neid]'s1 & ,neubau]'s catalogues h a fair notion ( our libr>ies1 *]i% ! belief t !y w\ld ga9 9 s*ol>%ip & wisdom by exam9+ ^! gr& collections4 ,h[ (t5 h ,i be5 ask$ by ,jewi% /ud5ts abroad3 8,h y really be5 to ! ,briti% ,museum8 ,h y really se5 ?is or t r>e book or manuscript8 ,_h y n great difficulties 9 see+ !m8 ,is n ! place :]e ^! heaps ( jewels are treasur$ up always cr[d$ by /ud5ts & visitors80 ,yet h[ little does our ,engli% public "k ( ^! wond]ful ?+s6 ,we are fairly int]e/$ 9 ,grco,roman art4 ,we betray mu* curiosity ab\t ! diff]5t ,egyptian dyna/ies4 ,we look ) admiration at ! cunei=m inscriptions 9 ! ,nimrod room4 ,we d n ev5 grudge a glance at ! abom9able idols ( ! savage tribes4 ,b z to ! productions ( ,jewi% g5ius1--well1 x is be/ to quote "h ! words ( ,he9e1 :o ridicul$ ?is indiff]5ce to ev]y?+ t is ,jewi%1 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,alte ,mumi51 ausge/opfte1 ,ph>aon5 von gypt51 ,m][+] ,s*att5kn'ge1 ,ungepud]te ,p]tick51 ,au* die ,zopfmon>*5 ,*9a's ,porzellanpagod5kais]-- ,alle l]n5 sie answ5dig1 ,kluge ,md*51 ab]1 ,himmel6 ,fragt man sie na* gross5 ,nam51 ,aus dem gross5 ,goldzeitalt] ,d] arabis*al?ispanis* ,jdis*5 ,poet5s*ule1 ,fragt man na* dem ,dreige/irn ,na* ,jehuda b5 ,halevy1 ,na* dem ,salomon ,gabirol ,und dem ,moses ,ib5 ,esra4 ,fragt man na* d]glei*5 ,nam51 ,dann mit gross5 ,aug5 s*aun ,uns die ,kle95 an--alsdann ,/ehn am ,b]ge die ,o*s9n54 ,n[ ,he9e goes on to advise 8 belov$ "o to /udy ! ,hebrew language4 ,x w\ld be inde$ ! be/ rem$y aga9/ ?is indiff]5ce4 ,b ?is is s radical a cure t "o _c hope t x w be made use ( by _m4 ,a few rem>ks 9 ,engli%1 try+ to give "s notion ( ! ,hebrew collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 may1 !re=e1 n be consid]$ altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,! ,hebrew collection 9 ! ,museum may be divid$ into two sections3 ,pr9t$ ,books1 & ,manuscripts4 ,! numb] ( ! pr9t$ books am\nt$ 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 9 :i* ,z$n] conclud$ 8 catalogue1 to #aj1ajj volumes4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5tyeight ye>s ab\t #ejjj m h be5 add$4 ,?is enorm\s collection has gr[n out ( v small beg9n+s4 ,! ,briti% ,museum 0 fir/ op5$ to ! public 9 ! ye> #agei4 ,among/ ! #ejj1jjj volumes :i* x possess$ at t "t only a s+le ,jewi% "w1 ! editio pr9ceps ( ! ,talmud 7,bomb]g1 ,v5ice1 #aebjaebc7 0 to be f\nd on its %elves4 ,accord+ to an article by ,z$n] 9 ! ,hebris*e ,bibliographie 7ii4 p4 #hh71 ?is copy ( ! ,talmud once belong$ to ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,b v soon ! ,museum 0 enri*$ by a small collection ( ,hebrew books1 pres5t$ to x by ,mr4 ,solomon da ,co/a1 surnam$ ,a?ias1 :o _h emigrat$ to ,engl& f ,holl&4 ,! translation ( ! ,hebrew lett] ) :i* ! donor accompani$ 8 pres5t to ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,museum 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y #agfj1 & 0 aft]w>ds republi%$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,l4 ,gre51 9 an article 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ronicle1 #ahei4 ,i %all only reproduce "h ! passage relat+ to ! hi/ory ( ?is collection4 ,aft] express+ 8 gratitude to ! 8cr[n+ city1 ! city ( ,london1 9 :i* he dwelt = fiftyf\r ye>s 9 ease & quietness & safety10 & tell+ u t he bequea?s ^! books to ! ,briti% nation z a tok5 ( 8 gratitude1 ,da ,co/a proce$s to say t !y are #ahj books1 :i* _h be5 ga!r$ & b\nd = ,*>les ,,ii41 ) valuable b9d+s & m>k$ ) ! k+'s own ciph]4 ,^! books 7 int5d$ z a pres5t f ! ,london ,jewi% community to ,*>les = c]ta9 privileges :i* he _h be/[$ on !m4 ,! sudd5 dea? ( ! k+ seems to h fru/rat$ ! int5tion ( ! fir/ donors4 ,! books 7 scatt]$1 & ,da ,co/a _h to collect !m aga94 ,small z ?is collection is1 x is mo/ valuable on acc\nt ( its includ+ _m e>ly editions ( ,v5ice1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,naples1 etc4 ,! orig9al lett] ( ,da ,co/a1 ) a full li/ ( ! #ahj books1 is pres]v$ 9 a ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,additional1 #dgajaa74 ,( /ill great] importance is ! ,mi*aelis collection4 ,x consi/s ( #ddbj volumes1 & 0 b\ght by ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,museum 9 #ahdh4 ,o!r successive acquisitions1 especially ! pur*ase ( a l>ge numb] ( pr9t$ books f ! ,almanzi collection1 br\ght ! ,museum into possession ( "o ( ! mo/ complete & "o ( ! l>ge/ ,hebrew libr>ies 9 ! _w4 ,aft] ! =ego+ rem>ks on ! quantity ( ?is collection1 ,i %all n[ attempt to give "s idea ( its quality4 ,! foll[+ table1 tak5 f ! ,preface ( ,z$n]'s ,catalogue1 %[s its manifold cont5ts3-- #a4 ,bibles1 #abfj #b4 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,bible1 #eaj #c4 ,talmud1 #gcj #d4 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,talmud1 #gjj #e4 ,codes ( ,law1 #abfj #f4 ,decisions1 #ebj #g4 ,midra%1 #afj #h4 ,cabbalah1 #dfj #i4 ,s]mons1 #djj #aj4 ,liturgies1 #abjj #aa4 ,div9e ,philosophy1 #fij #ab4 ,sci5tific works1 #ahj #ac4 ,gramm>s1 ,diction>ies1 #dej #ad4 ,hi/ory1 ,geography1 #cbj #ae4 ,poetry1 ,criticism1 #ggj ,! read] c see t almo/ e bran* ( human ?\ght1 religi\s & secul>1 is amply repres5t$ 9 ?is collection4 ,look+ at ?is table f a geographical po9t ( view1 we may p]haps classify ! au?ors 9 ! foll[+ way3--,france & ,g]many 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,pol& & ! ,ea/ 9 mod]n times1 are repres5t$ by ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? classes4 ,! ,rabbis ( ,spa9 & ,italy w\ld probably excel 9 ! la/ five classes4 ,9 ! productions ( classes eight & n9e all ! be=em5tion$ c\ntries w\ld h an equal %>e4 ,engli% ,judaism1 by reason ( its l>ge numb] ( occasional pray]s & w$d+ hymns 7,z$n]1 pp4 #dgb1 #feb71 may p]haps be repres5t$ 9 ! la/ class 7criticism exclud$74 ,we 9 ,engl& are a pi\s1 devotional p1 & leave ! ?9k+ to o!rs4 ,b :at is /ill m welcome to ! /ud5t is ! fact t all ^! bran*es ( ,jewi% le>n+ are repres5t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum by ! be/ editions4 ,x w\ld be a r t$i\s task to enum]ate "h all ! e>ly editions ( :i* ?is collection c boa/4 ,!re is h>dly any ,hebrew book ( importance f ! ,bible d[n to ! ,code ( ,r4 ,joseph ,c>o ( :i* ! ,museum does n possess ! fir/ pr9t$ edition4 ,!re are also _m books & editions 9 ! ,museum ( :i* no second copy is kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce4 ,an enum]ation ( ^! r>e books & editions w\ld require long li/s1 ! p]usal ( :i* w\ld be r try+4 ,b ,i %all say a few words to %[ ! importance ( su* e>ly editions = ! /ud5t4 ,!y possess1 fir/1 ! advantage ( be+ free f ! mispr9ts :i* crept 9 ) e fre% republication4 ,! art ( edit+ books 9 a correct & sci5tific way is ( a v rec5t date4 ,& ev5 ,hebrew lit]ature does n f9d t support f ! public :i* w\ld enable s*ol>s to edit ,jewi% books 9 su* a way z ,roman & ,greek classics are prep>$ by ,ox=d & ,cambridge /ud5ts4 ,a new edition ( a ,hebrew book meant !re=e an addition ( new mi/akes & mispr9ts4 ,& x is only by exam9+ ! editiones pr9cipes t ! s*ol> f9ds 8 way out ( ^! p]plexities4 ,ano!r advantage is ! fact t ^! e>ly editions escap$ ! h& ( ! c5sor1 ^: (fice 0 n introduc$ till a comp>atively late date4 ,! same advantage is also possess$ by ! ,hebrew books publi%$ at ,con/ant9ople1 ,salonica1 & o!r ,mohamm$an cities4 ,only ,*ri/ian c\ntries indulg$ 9 ! b>b>\s pleasure ( burn+ & disfigur+ ,jewi% books4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ po9ts 9 ! life ( ,r4 ,david ,opp5heim1 ( ,prague1 :o sp5t all 8 life & =tune 9 collect+ ,hebrew works1 & ^: collection n[ =ms "o ( ! greate/ ornam5ts ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 t he 0 n all[$ by ! c5sor to enjoy ! use ( 8 treasures4 ,he _h to put !m "u ! protection ( ,lipman ,coh51 8 fa!r9law 9 ,hanov]1 _m hundr$s ( miles f 8 own home4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,bible h>dly any ,jewi% books escap$ mutilation4 ,9 c]ta9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries "s books 7 n all[$ to be publi%$ at all2 ( o!rs1 aga91 :ole *apt]s _h to be omitt$1 :ile ( o!rs _m passages _h to be expung$4 ,! words ,roman1 ,greek1 ,g5tile1 7 /rictly =bidd51 & _h to be *ang$ into ,turks1 ,arabs1 ,sam>itans1 or wor%ipp]s ( ! />s & planets4 ,"o c imag9e :at confusion su* /upid alt]ations caus$4 ,fancy :at blund]s w\ld h be5 committ$ 9 hi/ory if ! old *ronicl]s _h be5 compell$ to *ange ! ,pope into ! ,gr& ,turk or ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia1 ! ,*ri/ian rul]s into z _m califs & pa%as1 or ,rome & ,a!ns into ,pek9 & ,mecca6 ,x may p]haps be int]e/+ to le>n t ,jews sometimes imitat$ _! bitt] enemies 9 ?is "w ( mutilation4 ,?us 9 ! lat] editions ( ! ,book ( ,g5ealogies by ,abraham ,zacuto17#bai7 a passage 0 left out reproduc+ ! evid5ce giv5 by ! wid[ ( ,moses de ,leon to ! effect t ! cabbali/ic "w1 ! ,zoh>1 0 a =g]y manufactur$ by h] poor de> husb&4 ,ano!r omission ( ?is k9d is to be f\nd 9 ! ,code ( ,r4 ,joseph ,c>o1 m5tion$ above4 ,"h ! e>lie/ editions decl>e1 9 ! head+ ( section #fje1 8a c]ta9 religi\s usage0 to be 8a cu/om ( folly40 ,9 ! republications1 ! la/ ?ree words 7 left out4 ,f su* nons5sical omissions & *anges only ! e>lie/ editions1 :i* are abundant 9 ! ,museum1 7 exempt4 ,a rem>kable feature ab\t ! books ( ?is ,hebrew collection also is t _m ( !m are provid$ 9 ! m>g9 ) manuscript notes by _! =m] possessors4 ,^! (t5 happ5 to be> v great names 9 lit]ature4 ,i %all only m5tion "h ,r4 ,jacob ,emd51 ,almanzi1 ,mi*ael1 ,g]undi1 & ,heid5heim4 ,( ! works writt5 by ,r4 ,jacob ,emd51 ! ,museum possesses an almo/ complete au?or's copy ) abundant corrections1 notes1 & em5dations by ! au?or himself4 ,8 works are /ill v popul> among ,poli% & ,russian ,jews1 especially 8 ,pray] ,book1 & 8 ,responses4 ,x w\ld be advisable = publi%]s 9 ^! c\ntries to avail !mselves ( ?is copy on ! occasion ( a new edition4 ,( ,*ri/ian s*ol>s ,i %\ld "n "h ,isaac ,casaubon4 ,a r amus+ mi/ake occurs 9 ,b5,jacob's ,treasure ( ,books 9 connection ) ?is "n4 ,among ! _m valuable copies ( ,kim*i's grammatical "w ,p]fection17#bbj7 possess$ by ! ,museum1 !re is includ$ "o :i* belong$ to ,casaubon1 & is full ( notes by him4 ,! au?or ( ! ,treasure speaks ( a ,p]fection ) notes by ,rabbi ,yitz*ak ,kasuban4 ,i 0 at fir/ at a loss to guess :o t ,rabbi ,casaubon might be4 ,:5 exam9+ ,z$n] ,i f\nd x 0 no o!r ?an ! fam\s ,*ri/ian s*ol>1 ,isaac ,casaubon4 ,x is n kn[n t ,casaubon's ambition lay 9 ?is direction4 ,b :5 ,philo 0 reg>d$ z a ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur*1 ,b5 ,gabirol quot$ = _m c5turies z a ,mohamm$an philosoph]1 :y %\ld n ,casaubon obta9 = once ! dignity ( a ,rabbi8 ,aft] hav+ giv5 ! read] "s notion ( ! collection ( pr9t$ works1 ,i %\ld l n[ to invite him to accompany me ?r\gh ! ,manuscript ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,museum4 ,b ,i am afraid t ,i %all make a bad guide "h2 = ! ,museum is /ill )\t a descriptive catalogue ( ! ,hebrew manuscripts1 :i* is ! only means ( enabl+ ! /ud5t to obta9 a g5]al view ( ! numb] & nature ( ^! works4 ,! manuscript catalogue ( ,dukes goes only z f> z #ahef4 ,x 01 z we %all soon see1 j aft] ?is "t t ! ,museum made its l>ge/ &1 to a c]ta9 degree also1 its mo/ valuable acquisitions 9 ,hebrew manuscripts4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks mu/1 !re=e1 n be tak5 z ! result ( a sy/ematic /udy ( ?is collection1 :i* w\ld be q impossible )\t ! aid ( a catalogue4 ,!y re/ p>tly on ! descriptions giv5 ( a c]ta9 numb] ( manuscripts 9 ! catalogue by ,dukes1 b = ! great] "p on occasional glances at ?is or t ,,ms4 ,z to ! hi/ory ( ! collection1 x has gr[n out ( small beg9n+s j z t ( pr9t$ books4 ,! collection ( ,dr4 ,sloane1 :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ! ,museum ,libr>y1 conta9$ only n9e ,hebrew ,,mss4 ,lat] acquisitions1 z ! ,h>leian collection1 ! ,cottonian collection1 ! ,royal collection1 & _m o!r small] collections m>k$ z ,additional up to #ahed1 increas$ ! numb] ( ! ,hebrew manuscripts to #bcb4 ,( mu* m importance 0 ! ,almanzi collection1 b\ght by ! tru/ees ( ! ,museum 9 #ahfe1 & consi/+ ( #cce ,,mss4 ,( succe$+ acquisitions ,i %all m5tion "h only ! ,yem5 ,,mss41 :i* 7 br\ght to ?is c\ntry by ! fam\s ,%apira4 ,! numb] ( ,hebrew ,,mss4 at ! pres5t day is said to exce$ "o ?\s&4 ,b we mu/ n =get t _m ,,mss4 conta9 m ?an "o "w2 9 "s cases ev5 ?ree or f\r1 s t ! numb] ( ,hebrew works is f> great] /ill4 ,i %all n[ speak ( ! nature & importance ( ^! ,,mss4 ,z to _! cont5ts !y may be easily gr\p$ "u ! foll[+ head+s3 ,biblical ,,mss41 ,comm5t>ies 7to ! ,bible7 & ,sup],comm5t>ies1 p>ts ( ! ,talmud & _! ,comm5t>ies1 ,!ology1 ,philosophy & ,e?ics1 ,massorah1 ,gramm> & ,lexicography1 ,cabbalah1 ,poetry1 ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,a/rology & ,magic1 ,hi/orical & ,polemical ,lit]ature1 etc4 ,all ^! bran*es ( !ological & secul> le>n+ & ev5 ( human folly are fairly repres5t$ 9 ! collection ( ,hebrew ,,mss4 9 ! ,museum1 ?\gh (t5 only by a "p or a fragm5t ( a "w4 ,?us ! ,babylonian ,talmud is to be f\nd only 9 two ,,mss4 7,h>l4 #eejh & ,add4 #be1gag7 bo? ( !m includ+ #aa ,tractates1 h>dly a ?ird "p ( ! :ole "w4 ,inde$ poor 8,rabb9us ,talmud0 _h to g to ! auto de f on s _m occasions t "o _c wond] if only disjo9t$ limbs are to be f\nd ( him 9 libr>ies4 ,! only complete ,,ms4 copy :i* escap$ ?is v&alism is t 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y 9 ,muni*1 f :i* ,mr4 ,rabb9[icz has edit$ 8 monum5tal "w1 ,v>iae ,lectiones ( ! ,talmud4 ,all o!r libr>ies1 ,ox=d includ$1 h to be satisfi$ ) fragm5ts4 ,/ill worse1 z x is se51 f>$ ! ,j]usalem ,talmud1 & except+ ! wellkn[n copy 9 ,leyd5 f :i* ! ,v5ice edition 0 prep>$1 n ev5 fragm5ts ( ?is ,talmud are to be f\nd 9 ! majority ( libr>ies4 ,to my k x is only ! ,briti% ,museum :i* c boa/ ( ! ,j]usalem ,talmud 9 ,,ms4 ext5d+ ov] ,ord] ( ,se$s & "o tractate ( ,ord] ( ,fe/ivals7#bba7 7,or4 #babbbd7 ) comm5t>ies ( ,r4 ,solomon ,syrillo1 ! fir/ few pages ( :i* 7 edit$ by ,dr4 ,lehmann ( ,may5ce4 ,! ,museum also possesses a great "p ( ! ,tosephta ext5d+ ov] #ad ,tractates 7,add4 #bg1bif74 ,( ,midra%im we f9d 9 ! ,museum two excell5t manuscripts ( ! ,g5esis ,rabbah1 "o ( ! ,leviticus ,rabbah1 & "o ( ! ,siphra & ! ,siphr 7,add4 #bg1afi & #af1djf71 besides two copies ( ! ,midra% ,haggadol & o!r ,aagadic collections br\ght f ,yem54 ,! ,midra% by ,ma*ir b4 ,abba ,m>i to ! m9or prophets includ$ 9 ! ,h>leian collection 7#egjd7 is unique4 ,( ,liturgies1 besides a great numb] ( ,,mss4 repres5t+ ! mo/ peculi> rites1 ,i %all m5tion ! ,ma*zor7#bbb7 ,vitri 7,add4 #bg1bjja7 compos$ by ! disciples ( ,r4 ,solomon b4 ,isaac1 & =m+ 9 itself almo/ a small libr>y4 ,=1 ap>t f ! pray]s = fe/ivals & week days :i* gave x its title1 x includes1 besides ! ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs ) a l>ge comm5t>y1 ?ree ( ! ,m9or ,tractates ( ! ,talmud1 _m responses by ,g]man & ,fr5* ,rabbis1 & a :ole s]ies ( religi\s hymns by ,g]man & ,spani% au?ors1 & _m o!r lit]>y pieces4 ,cabbalah is repres5t$ by v>i\s valuable writ+s ( ! pre ,zoh>i/ic "t 7see = in/ance ,add4 #ae1bii7 & ! works ( ,r4 ,moses de ,leon & ,r4 ,abraham ,abulafia4 ,( ,poetry1 ,i %all po9t "h to ! ,t>%i% ( ,r4 ,moses ,ibn ,ezra1 ! ,makames by ,judah ,al ,*>isi 7,add4 #bg1abb71 & ! ,divan ( ,r4 ,abraham ( ,b$res 7,add4 #bg1ahh74 ,( works relat+ to gramm> & lexicography1 ,i may ref] to a ,codex 7,add4 #bg1bad7 :i* conta9s ! lexicon ( ,r4 ,m5ahem b5 ,s>uk1 :i* is consid]$ z ! olde/ ,hebrew ,,ms4 9 ! ,museum1 dat+ f ! ye> #ajia4 ,( hi/orical works1 ,i m5tion ! *ronicle ( ,r4 ,joseph ! ,prie/ 7,add4 #bg1abb7 & ! lett] ( ,r4 ,%]ira ,gaon 7,arundel #ea71 ! olde/ exi/+ copy ( ?is "w 7#aahi71 :i* 0 edit$ by ,dr4 ,neubau] 9 8 ,m$ival ,jewi% ,*ronicles4 ,^! examples w suffice to %[ ! significance ( ! ,,mss4 collection ( ?is ,libr>y4 ,& ! /ud5t may re/ assur$ t 9 :atev] bran* ( ,jewi% ?\ght he is int]e/$1 he w always f9d 9 ! ,museum "s ,hebrew manuscript useful = 8 purpose4 ,i ought n[ to say a few words z to ! value ( ?is collection ( manuscripts4 ,n[1 if ! "w conta9$ 9 a ,,ms4 has nev] be5 edit$1 z = in/ance ! ,ma*zor ,vitri7#bbc7 & s _m o!rs1 its value is e/abli%$ by ! m]e fact ( its exi/5ce4 ,= ^? :o publi%$ ,,mss4 7 n always guid$ by ! be/ lit]>y motives4 ,& :ile !y publi%$ & republi%$ _m books ( :i* "o edition w\ld h be5 m ?an en\gh1 _m o!r works ( ! greate/ importance = ,jewi% lit]ature & hi/ory rema9$ 9 manuscript4 ,z an in/ance1 x w suffice to m5tion "h ! ,zoh>1 :i* has pass$ ?r\gh tw5tyf\r editions s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 :il/ ! e>lie/ ,jewi% ,midra%1 ! ,pessikta de ,rab ,kahana1 _h to l+] 9 ! libr>ies till ! ye> #ahfh1 :5 x 0 edit$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,bub]4 ,?us !re are /ill _m pe>ls ( ,jewi% lit]ature :i* exi/ only 9 ,,ms4 ,likewise mo/ publi%]s 7 c>eless 9 _! *oice ( ! manuscript f :i* our editions h be5 prep>$4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ,jewi% lit]ature w h to be re edit$ be=e a sci5tific /udy ( x w be possible4 ,b su* critical editions c only be obta9$ by ! aid ( ! ,,mss4 n yet made use (1 9 :i* bett] read+s are to be f\nd4 ,f ?is fact ev5 ^? ,,mss4 ! cont5ts ( :i* h be5 sev]al times repr9t$1 z = in/ance ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,midra% ,rabbah1 ga9 ! greate/ lit]>y importance4 ,& ! m ,,mss4 ! editor ( a "w has at 8 disposal1 ! m c]ta9 is he ( be+ able to furni% u ) a good text4 ,b ev5 :5 ! :ole ( ,jewi% lit]ature lies be=e ! /ud5t 9 ! be/ ( texts1 !re w /ill rema9 a great *>m ab\t manuscripts4 ,pr9t$ books1 l ! great mass ( ! mod]n society = :i* !y are prep>$1 are devoid ( any orig9ality4 ,!y int]e/ u only z classes1 & x is v seldom t !y h a /ory ( _! own to tell4 ,x is q diff]5t ) manuscripts1 :]e ! fact ( _! hav+ be5 produc$ by a liv+ be+ inve/s !m ) a c]ta9 k9d ( individuality4 ,?is is specially ! case ) ,hebrew ,,mss41 :i* 7 n copi$ by m5 %ut up 9 cloi/]s1 b by sociable p liv+ 9 ! _w & %>+ its joys & sorr[s4 ,ev5 wom5 7 employ$ 9 ?is art1 & ,i rememb] to h read 9 "s ,,ms4 or catalogue a po/script by ! lady copyi/1 :i*1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 ran z foll[s3 8,i besee* ! read] n to judge me v h>%ly :5 he f9ds t mi/akes h crept into ?is "w2 = :5 ,i 0 engag$ 9 copy+ x ,god bless$ me ) a son1 & ?us ,i c\ld n att5d to my bus9ess prop]ly40 ,to be sure1 "s ( ^! copyi/s 7 curi\s folk4 ,_! m9d z well z t ( ! _w ar\nd !m mu/ h be5 ( a peculi> con/itution h>dly conceivable to u4 ,take1 = example1 ,b5jam91 ! copyi/ ( a c]ta9 ,ma*zor 9 ! ,museum 7,add4 #aa1fci74 ,?is ,ma*zor 0 writt5 9 times ( bitt] p]secution4 ,! copyi/1 :o 0 himself a le>n$ man1 alludes 9 "o place to ! suff]+s :i* ! ,jews 9 a c]ta9 ,fr5* t[n _h to und]go 9 ! ye> #abgf4 ,on "o ( !m1 ! m>tyr ,r4 ,samson1 ,b5jam9 ! copyi/ compos$ a lam5tation writt5 9 a mo/ m\rnful /ra94 ,b ?is lam5tation is foll[$ by a w9esong1 "o ( ! jollie/ & wilde/ p>odies = ! fea/ ( ,purim4 ,speak+ ( ?is ,ma*zor ,i %\ld l to rem>k t x =ms "o ( ! greate/ ornam5ts ( ! ,museum4 ,besides includ+ ! :ole ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! abovem5tion$ ,t>%i% by ,r4 ,moses ,ibn ,ezra1 & _m o!r small] lit]>y pieces :i* w\ld require a small volume to describe !m prop]ly1 ?is ,,ms4 is mo/ ri*ly illum9at$1 & conta9s v _m illu/rations4 ,! subjects ( ^! illu/rations are biblical1 sometimes also apocryphal1 su* z--,adam & ,eve 9 ,p>adise1 ,noah 9 ! ,ark1 ,abraham meet+ ! angels1 ,s>ah beh9d ! door li/5+ to ! conv]sation ( h] husb& ) 8 gue/s1 ,moses ) ! rod 9 8 h&s divid+ ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,samson rid+ on ! back ( a lion1 ,solomon on 8 ?rone1 ,daniel 9 ! lion's d51 ! k+ ,ahasu]us hold+ out ! gold5 sceptre to ,e/h]1 ,judi? address+ ,hol(]nes1 ! ,levia?an1 ! my?ical bird ,b> ,yo*ni1 & _m o!r simil> subjects4 ,9 pass+ ,i recomm5d ^! illu/rations & illum9ations to ! att5tion ( ! arti/ z ! mo/ wor?y examples ( ,jewi% ecclesia/ical art1--if !re is su* a ?+ z a special ,jewi% art4 ,! arti/ w f9d ! ,museum be/ suit$ = ?is purpose1 its collection be+ consid]$ z ! ri*e/ ( ! k9d4 ,besides ?is ,ma*zor ,i mu/ also allude to ! illum9at$ ,bible 7,or4 #bbbfbh7 writt5 9 ,lisbon = ,r4 ,judah ,al*ak9--x is said to be "o ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( su* works--& ! illum9at$ ,mi%neh ,torah ( ,maimonides1 execut$ = ,r4 ,joseph ( ! fam\s ,ya*ya family1 also ?\ght to be mo/ arti/ically done4 ,! liturgies = ! ,passov] ,eve s]vice w also (f] to ! arti/ a ri* h>ve/1 especially ,codex1 ,add4 #bg1baj1 :i* ! weal?y ,lady ,rosa ,galico pres5t$ to h] son9law on 8 w$d+day1 & ,codex1 ,add4 #ad1gfb1 ev5 ! b9d+ ( :i* is consid]$ z an arti/ic curiosity4 ,leav+ n[ ^! m>vels to ! appreciation ( ! arti/1 ! greate/ wond] :i* sugge/s itself to u is h[ ! ,jews c\ld ma9ta9 su* a cultur$ ta/e 9 su* unhappy times1 & get ! means ( satisfy+ x4 ,^! reflections ab\t ! own]s pres5t !mselves ! m /rongly to our m9d :5 we meet ) "o ( ^? old ,jewi% pray]books1 :i* 9 _m cases =m$ ! :ole religi\s & lit]>y treasure ( ! family4 ,9 _! flyleaves1 9 :i* ! bir?s & dea?s ( successive g5]ations are v (t5 regi/]$1 ! spiritus famili>is seems to be /ill haunt+ ! pages4 ,:5 y turn !m ov] & see ! s]vice = ,passov] ,eve1 are y n b\nd to ?9k ( ! anxiety ) :i* ^! poor creatures engag$ 9 ?is c]emony le/ !y might be attack$ sudd5ly by a fanatic mob8 mu/ y n ask h[ !y c\ld be> life "u su* circum/ances8 ,& :5 y turn a few m pages & arrive at ! pray]s read = ! dead1 mu/ y n ask h[ did !y die8 ,7 !y p]haps burnt alive ad majorem ,dei gloriam1 or torn to pieces by a 8sa9tly mob08 ,take aga9 ! illum9at$ copies ( ! ,bible & ! ,mi%neh ,torah1 bo? ( :i* 7 f9i%$ only a few ye>s be=e ! great expulsion ( ! ,jews f ,spa9 & ,portugal1 times :5 ! e>? already 8burnt "u _! feet1 & ! heav5 0 also v unk9d to !m40 ,& nev]!less ,jews 7 /ill1 z ^! ,,mss4 %[ u1 cultivat+ sci5ce & art4 ,ano!r in/ance ( su* a devotion to sci5ce 9 spite ( ! unfav\rable times may be se5 f a colophon to ,codex ,or4 #ci4 ,x conta9s ! book ,nissim1 a philosophical treatise on ! fundam5tal tea*+s ( ,judaism1 toge!r ) a philosophical comm5t>y on ! ,p5tateu* by ,r4 ,nissim ( ,m>seilles1 a contempor>y ( ,r4 ,solomon b5 ,ad]e? 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ,museum copy 0 writt5 by ,r4 ,jacob1 ! son ( ,david1 :o also add$ "s annotations to ! book4 ,at ! end he says3 8,i h copi$ ?is book ,nissim = my own use1 t ,i may /udy 9 x1 ,i & my *ildr5 & my gr&*ildr54444 ,i h f9i%$ x today1 ,sunday1 ! #bh? ( ,ab1 #eccc 7#aegc71 at ,v5ice1 9 ! ye> ( ! expulsion :i* befell u on acc\nt ( our s9s40 ,n[1 only obs]ve ?is poor ,r4 ,jacob1 :o has to g ?r\gh all ^! horrors1 yet is /ill occupi$ 9 copy+ ,,mss4 = 8 own pleasure1 & 9 m$itat+ on ! mo/ complicat$ problems ( philosophy & religion4 ,b x is n always /ories ( ?is h]oic nature t ! ,,mss4 tell u4 ,!y betray also v mu* ( ! in/ability ( human affairs & _! weakness4 ,y f9d 9 _m copies ! words t !y mu/ n 8be sold or giv5 9 mortgage40 ,b sc>cely a g5]ation has pass$ away1 & !y are already 9 ! possession ( a new own]1 :o writes ! same injunction to be brok5 aga9 by 8 *ildr5 9 _! turn4 ,9 ,codex #bg1abb1 we f9d comm5datory lett]s = a wor?y poor man1 :o is s unhappy z to h two gr[nup daught]s1 & n to h ! means ( supply+ !m ) m>riage portions4 ,inde$1 he mu/ h be5 v poor1 n possess+ ev5 a book 9 8 h\se1 or else 8 tr\bles c\ld n h be5 s great4 ,= 9 ,codex ,h>l4 #egjb1 we f9d ! own] say+3 8,to et]nal memory t ,i h acquir$ ?is ,?ird ,book ( ,avic5a f ! h&s ( my fa!r9law1 ,r4 ,jeku?iel1 z a "p ( my d[ry40 ,z a sign ( human weakness ,i give ! foll[+ two in/ances4 ,!re lies be=e me a cabbali/ic ,codex 7,add4 #bg1aii71 :i* acquir$ "s notoriety f ! fact ( its hav+ be5 copi$ by ! fam\s gramm>ian1 ,r4 ,elijah ,levita1 = 8 pupil ,c>d9al ,aegidius4 ,at ! end ( ?is ,,ms4 we read3 8,i 7,levita7 h f9i%$ 7! copy+ (7 ?is book on ,w$nesday1 ! day ( ,ho%ana ,rabba17#bbd7 #ebgg 7#aeaf71 on :i* day ,i h se5 my head 9 ! %ad[ ( ! moon4 ,prais$ be ,god 7= x71 = n[ ,i am sure n to die 9 ! foll[+ ye>40 ,^! words relate to a wellkn[n sup]/ition1 accord+ to :i*1 :5 a man is go+ to die 9 ! c\rse ( ! next ye> 8 %ad[ disappe>s f him on ! prec$+ ,ho%ana ,rabba4 ,b is x n humiliat+ to see t ! great ,levita1 :o 0 sup]ior to _m prejudices ( 8 "t1 & taught ,*ri/ians ,hebrew1 & :o d5i$ ! antiquity ( ! v[els 9 ! ,bible1 :i* 0 consid]$ by ! great majority ( 8 contempor>ies z a mortal h]esy--is x n humiliat+ to see ?is enlight5$ man trembl+ = 8 life on ?is night1 & anxi\sly obs]v+ 8 %ad[8 ,ano!r ,codex lies be=e me 7,add4 #ag1jec71 conta9+ ! ,novell to ?ree tractates ( ! ,talmud4 ,its own] mu/ accord+ly h be5 a le>n$ man4 ,b 9 ! flyleaf ( ?is ,,ms4 we read ! foll[+ words3 8,memor&um--,?ursday1 ! #be? ( ,sivan1 #ebie 7#aece71 ,i h tak5 an oa? 9 ! pres5ce ( ,r4 ,david ,ibn ,%u%an & ,r4 ,moses de ,ca/ro1 etc41 n to play 7c>ds7 any m40 ,i might p]haps sugge/ on ?is occasion t 9 our days :5 all sorts ( ,judaisms are circulat+1 a cook+ ,judaism1 a rac+ ,judaism1 a muscul> ,judaism1 & s _m ,judaisms m--x w\ld be int]e/+ to take up also ! subject ( play+ ,judaism1 & to write its hi/ory4 ,9 conclusion ,i %all m5tion ! colophon to ,codex ,h>l4 #egac1 :i* may h "s int]e/ = ! ,engli% read]4 ,x runs3 8,i h writt5 x 9 hon\r ( ! noble & pi\s1 etc41 ,humphrey ,wanley1 ! noble ,libr>ian ( my ,"l ,treasur]4 ,may 8 glory be increas$4 ,9 ! ye> #edgd 7#agad7 9 ! holy community ( ,london1 "u ! reign ( ! noble & happy ,que5 ,anne4 ,may ! ,"l increase h] spl5d\r & glory40 ,! signature ( ! copyi/ is 8,a>on ! son ( ,moses1 born 9 ! city ( ,navas*adok 9 ,pol&40 ,by ! way1 we le>n f ?is signature t ! immigration ( ,poli% ,jews into ?is c\ntry _h already begun 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,anne1 & p]haps /ill e>li]4 ,?us ev]y?+ 9 a ,,ms41 ! arrangem5t ( ! matt]1 ! rem>ks ( ! own]s1 ! signature ( ! copyi/1 sets ! read] ?9k+1 & contributes _m a sidelight to ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,,xi4 ,,titles ,,( ,,jewi% ,,books ,x is n[ m ?an half a c5tury s9ce ,isaac ,reggio 9 8 edition ( ,elijah ,delm$igo's ,exam9ation ( ,religion1 made ! rem>k t ?is book adds to its o!r m]its t ( be>+ a title correspond+ to its cont5ts1--a m]it t is v r>e 9 ,jewi% books4 ,reggio proce$s to give a few specim5s confirm+ 8 ass]tion1 & concludes 8 rem>ks ) a eulogy on ,delm$igo1 :o 9 ?is respect also _h ! c\rage to diff] f 8 contempor>ies4 ,zunz also once wrote an article on titles ( books4 ,b ?is article un=tunately appe>$ 9 "s ,g]man p]iodical :i* ! ,briti% ,museum does n possess1 & ,i c\ld n ev5 succe$ 9 asc]ta9+ :e!r ,zunz treats at all ( titles ( ,hebrew books1 nor am ,i aw>e t ! subject has be5 tak5 up by any o!r s*ol>1 ,isaac ,d',israeli's few notes on ! subject 9 8 ,curiosities ( ,lit]ature be+ sc>cely wor? m5tion4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ en\gh to des]ve "s illu/ration1 ?\gh ,i c by no means hope to be complete4 ,! titles ( ! books conta9$ 9 ! ,bible ne$ n be discuss$ "h2 in=mation conc]n+ !m is to be f\nd 9 e critical introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,rabb9ical works dat+ f antiquity also (f] little opportunity = reflection on _! titles4 ,! ,talmud1 z a "w1 has no title at all2 = ,talmud simply means 8tea*+0 or 8/udy40 ,sometimes x is t]m$ ,sha,s,s1 an abbreviation ( ,%i%a ,s$>im17#bbe7 mean+ ! ,six ,ord]s or divisions conta9$ 9 ! ,mi%nah4 ,?is la/ ^w means1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 8,repetition40 ,o!r ,tannaitic collections ( laws or expositions ( ! ,scriptures are call$ 8! ,book0 7,siphra71 8! ,books0 7,siphr71 or 8,additions0 7,tosephta to ! ,mi%nah74 ,! ^w ,b>ai?a7#bbf7 means ! ext]nal ,mi%nah t enjoy$ less au?ority ?an ! ,mi%nah ( ,r4 ,judah ! ,patri>*4 ,"s approa* to titles we f9d 9 ! names giv5 to ! diff]5t tractates includ$ 9 ! ,mi%nah1 z ,b]a*o?1 because x treats ( ,b5$ictions1 ,peah7#bbg7 7,corn]7 :i* conta9s ! p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! law 9 ,lev4 xix4 & s =?4 ,( ! few works quot$ 9 ! ,talmud x w suffice to m5tion ! ,s$] ,olam1 ! ,ord] ( ! ,_w1 ! "n ( :i* is v suitable to ! *ronological cont5ts ( ! book4 ,9 g5]al1 ,i may obs]ve t z long z ! law :i* prohibit$ ! writ+ d[n ( ! ,oral tea*+s 0 9 =ce1 !re h>dly exi/$ ,jewi% books4 ,b :]e !re are no books !re is also no ne$ = titles4 ,! few titles1 h[ev]1 :i* c be prov$ to be hi/orical are simple & to ! po9t4 ,x is n till ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ?is prohibitive law _h1 = reasons n to be expla9$ "h1 be5 aboli%$1 t we c speak ( ,hebrew books4 ,b "h also ! ,titleconfusion beg9s4 ,9 ord] t we may h "s g5]al view ( ! ?\s&s ( titles t are catalogu$ by ! ,jewi% bibliograph]s1 x w p]haps be well to arrange !m "u ! foll[+ six classes3-- ,i4 ,simple titles1 t h no o!r object ?an t ( indicat+ ! subject matt] ( ! book4 ,^! are1 z we h j se51 ! only k9d ( titles kn[n to antiquity4 ,! few books :i* ! ,gaonim left u be> su* simple titles z c\ld h s]v$ z models to lat] g5]ations4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ! ,hala*o? or collection ( ,laws1 ,cre$s & ,op9ions1 by ,r4 ,saadiah ,gaon1 ! ,book on ,buy+ & ,sell+1 by ,r4 ,hai ,gaon1 conta9+ ! laws relat+ to comm]cial transactions4 ,x may be notic$ t ?is la/ book is "o ( ! be/ arrang$ 9 ,jewi% lit]ature1 & displays m sy/ematis+ p[]s ?an ev5 ! ,code ( ,maimonides4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! lit]>y activity ( ! ,gaonim consi/s 9 _! ,responsa1 9 :i* !y gave decisions on ritual que/ions1 or explanations ( difficult passages 9 ! ,talmud4 ,! titles borne by ! v>i\s collections ( ^? ,responsa belong to a p]iod lat] ?an ! au?or's4 ,! great majority ( ! books produc$ by ! ,franco,g]man s*ool may also be includ$ 9 ?is class4 ,!y are t]m$ 8,comm5t>ies10 8,additions0 or 8,glosses10 8,novell10 or 8,confirm+ ,pro(s10 & simil> mode/ titles :i* %[ bo? _! relation to1 & dep5d5ce on1 ano!r old] au?ority4 ,! l>ge/ collection ( ,midra%im we possess be>s ! simple title 8,bag407#bbh7 ,_m ( ! ,responsa satisfy !mselves ) ! words 8,que/ions to1 & ,answ]s by40 ,,ii4 ,titles tak5 f ! fir/ ^w ) :i* ! book beg9s1 or f ! fir/ ^w ( ! ,scriptural v]se occurr+ fir/ 9 ! book4 ,?is class is /rongly repres5t$ by ! ,midra%im4 ,?us ! ,midra% to ! ,song ( ,songs is also quot$ z ! ,midra% ,*azi?a17#bbi7 8,midra%1 ,see/ ?\0 7! fir/ text ) :i* ?is ,midra% deals be+ ,prov]bs xxii4 #bh74 ,! ,midra% to ! ,psalms is call$ ,midra% ,%o*] ,tob17#bcj7 8,midra%1 ,he t dilig5tly seeke? ! good0 7,prov4 xi4 #cg74 ,! ,midra% conta9+ ! leg5d>y /ory ( ! w>s ( ! sons ( ,jacob ) ! ,canaanites is quot$ z ,midra% ,v'yisseu17#bca7 8,midra%1 ,& !y j\rney$10 z ! /ory beg9s ) ! v]se f ,g54 xxxv4 #e4 ,& ?is is ! case ) ! titles ( _m o!r ,midra%im4 ,:e!r ! "w cit$ "u ! /range "n ( ,meat on ,coals did n beg9 ) ^? words1 conta9+ "s law relat+ to ! salt+ ( meat1 ,i d n v5ture to decide4 ,"u ?is class we may also arrange ^? books t are call$ aft] a phrase :i* is (t5 us$ 9 ! book1 e4g41 ! ,midra% ,yelamd5u 7,he may tea* u71 or ! ,vehizhir1 8,& ,he comm&$ u10 almo/ e p>agraph 9 ^! books beg9n+ ) ! phrases m5tion$47#bcb7 ,probably all ! books belong+ to ?is class receiv$ f ! h&s ( _! au?ors or compil]s no titles at all4 ,! /ud5t :o _h to quote !m gave !m names aft] ! phrase or ^w :i* fir/ caught 8 eye4 ,9 lat] c5turies ?is class disappe>s almo/ entirely 7see1 h[ev]1 ,b5,jacob's ,treasure1 p4 #bja1 ,no4 #hbg74 ,,iii4 ,pomp\s titles4 ,! l>ge/ contributions to ?is class 7 made by ! my/ical writ]s4 ,books :i* pr(ess to "k :at is go+ on 9 ! heav5s above & ! e>? b5ea? _c possibly be satisfi$ ) mode/ titles4 ,?us we h ! 8,book ( ,brightness0 7,zoh>71 8! %9+ book0 7,bahir71 8! ,confid5tial ,%eph]d0 7,moses747#bcc7 ,! books :i* ! ,zoh> quotes be> su* titles z ! ,book ( ,adam1 ! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,! only excuse = ! ,zoh> is t ! manufactur+ ( su* books ) pseudoepigraphical titles _h already begun 9 antiquity4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 till ! ,gaonic p]iod t a :ole apocryphal lit]ature sudd5ly em]ges :i* p]plexes ! ,gaonim !mselves4 ,no "o is sp>$4 ,angels1 patri>*s1 & m>tyrs are call$ ^u to l5d _! names to ^! books4 ,:at "o res5ts mo/ is t hi/ory came )9 ! range ( ! =g]'s activity4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! ,josippon1 :i* pr(esses to be writt5 by ,josephus1 ! wellkn[n ,jewi% hi/orian ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,b 9 spite ( all ! c>e tak5 by ! au?or to disguise himself 9 ! g>b ( antiquity1 ! ,josippon is a =g]y ( ! n9? or t5? c5tury4 ,( a simil> k9d is ! ,book ( ,ja%]1 conta9+ leg5d>y /ories relat+ to ,biblical p]sonages4 ,x pret5ds to be id5tical ) ! ,book ( ,ja%] quot$ 9 ,jo%ua x4 #ac & #b ,sam4 i4 #ah4 ,"s sixty ye>s ago a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,samuel ( ,liv]pool _h ! mis=tune to make himself ridicul\s by ma9ta9+ ! pret5sions ( ?is book2 =1 inde$1 x does n require mu* k ( ! ,agadic lit]ature to see t ! ,book ( ,ja%] is only a compilation ( comp>atively late ,midra%im4 ,,iv4 ,titles sugge/$ by o!r ,titles4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is we may take ,maimonides' great ,code ( ,law1 :i* be>s ! title ,mi%neh ,torah4 ,! importance ( ! book made x ! object ( /udy = hundr$s ( s*ol>s1 :o wrote _! comm5t>ies & glosses on x4 ,among ! titles ( ! comm5t>ies su* ,titleg5ealogies may be discov]$ z ,maggid ,mi%neh1 ,mi%neh ,lammele*2 :i* la/ ^w aga9 sugge/$ su* titles z ,emek ha,mele*1 ,%a> ha,mele*1 & s on47#bcd7 ,! same process may be obs]v$ 9 o!r /&>d works1 ! importance ( :i* made !m a subject ( inve/igation & int]pretation z ! 8,prep>$ ,table10 "o ( ! glosses to :i* is call$ ,mappah1 8,tableclo?10 :il/ o!rs provid$ x ) ! ,%ewbread & ) ,new ,fruit4 ,v4 ,euphemi/ic ,titles1 z 8,! ,tractate ( ,joys10 treat+ ( fun]al c]emonies & k9dr$ subjects4 ,x does n seem t ?is title 0 kn[n to antiquity1 b x is c]ta9 t already ! e>li] au?orities quot$ x by ?is "n4 8,! ,book ( ,life0 7! ,g]man ,jewi% title ( :i* is ,alle ,d9im1 von ,freud571 is ! "n ( a v popul> book conta9+ ! pray]s to be read 9 ! h\se ( m\rn+ z well z 9 ! cemet]y1 :i* is also call$ ! ,h\se ( ,life4 ,,vi4 ,titles tak5 f ! ,bible1 or ,fancy ,titles4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ class ( all1 ?\gh x 0 utt]ly unkn[n 9 antiquity4 ,x w be1 p]haps1 conv5i5t to arrange ?is class ( titles "u ! foll[+ subdivisions4 7a7 ,titles tak5 f ! ,bible1 b also fulfill+ ! purpose ( indicat+ ! "n ( ! au?or4 ,= in/ance1 8,se$ ( ,abraham0 7,ps4 cv4 #f71 is ! title ( n9e diff]5t books1 ! "n ( ^: au?ors happ5$ to be ,abraham2 8,& ,isaac entreat$0 7,g54 xxv4 #ba71 is by ,isaac ,satan[ on ! ,pray]s2 8,!n ,isaac s[$0 7ibid4 xxvi4 #ab71 edit$ by ,r4 ,isaac ,p]les1 conta9s an index to ! ,zoh>4 8,jacob %all take root0 7,is4 xxvii4 #f7 is ! "n ( a book on ,gramm> & ,massorah by ,r4 ,jacob ,bassani4 ,r4 ,joseph ( ,pos5 left two collections ( s]mons & comm5t>ies on ! ,p5tateu*1 ( :i* ! "o is call$ 8,& ,joseph n\ri%$0 7,g54 xlvii4 #ab71 ! o!r 8,& ,joseph ga!r$0 7ibid4 #ad74 ,au?ors ) ! "n ( ,judah are repres5t$ among o!rs by su* titles z 8,& ?is ( ,judah0 7,deut4 xxxiii4#g71 a treatise on ! laws conc]n+ ! kill+ ( animals2 or 8,judah %all g up0 7,judges i4 #b71 a pamphlet conta9+ a collection ( pray]s to be said on a j\rney4 8,moses began0 7,deut4 i4 #e7 =ms ! title ( ?ree diff]5t books on v>i\s subjects1 ! au?ors ( :i* _h ! "n ,moses4 8,moses %all rejoice10 a phrase occurr+ 9 ! morn+ pray] = ,sabba?s1 is also ! title ( two books1 ! au?ors ( :i* 7 nam$ ,moses4 ,! 8,rod ( ,a>on0 enjoy$1 z x seems1 a goodly popul>ity2 !re are f\r be>+ ?is "n1 n to speak ( a fif?1 8,! ,rod ( ,a>on br\ght =? buds0 7,exod4 xvii4 #bc71 :i* is ! "n ( a collection ( ,responsa by ,r4 ,a>on b5 ,*ayim4 ,b o!r ,rods also 7 fa%ionable2 !re are1 besides ! five ,rods ( ,moses1 also ,rods ( ,ephraim1 ,dan1 ,judah1 ,joseph1 ,naphtali1 & ,manasseh4 ,by au?ors ( ! "n ( ,david we f9d books ) ! title 8,& ,david said10 or a 8,pray] ( ,david10 & o!r phrases occurr+ 9 ! ,psalms relat+ to ,david2 :il/ ! 8,t[] ( ,david0 became ! /ronghold ( o!r writ]s1 & ! 8,%ield ( ,david0 protect$ z _m z n9e m4 ,! 8,*>iot ( ,solomon0 7,cant4 iii4 #i7 adorns ! titlepages ( five books by au?ors nam$ ,solomon4 ,! ,c>aite ,solomon ,troki 0 s fond ( t title t he call$ 8 two polemical treatises 8,he made himself a *>iot10 :ile ,r4 ,solomon ( ,mir's collection ( s]mons has ! title1 8,?is ,b$ :i* is ,solomon's0 7,cant4 iii4 #g74 ,z to family names1 !re 7 n _m au?ors 9 ! enjoym5t ( t luxury 7especially among ! ,g]man ,jews71 b we f9d !m indicat+ ! fact ( _! be+ ,prie/s or ,levites4 ,among su* books are ! collection ( ,responsa1 by ,r4 ,raphael ,coh51 :i* has ! title 8,& ! ,prie/ %all come aga90 7,lev4 xiv4 #ci71 & ! ,cabbali/ic treatise by ,r4 ,abraham ,coh51 ( ,lask1 ) ! title 8,& ! ,prie/ %all reckon unto him0 7,lev4 xxvii4 #ah74 ,probably ! au?or deals ) numb]s4 ,r4 ,hirs* ,horwitz1 ! ,levite1 call$ 8 ,novell to ! ,talmud 8,! ,camp ( ,levi40 ,! title 8,! ,s]vice ( ! ,levite0 7) allusion to ,exodus xxxviii4 #ba7 is borne by five o!r books by au?ors :o 7 ,levites4 ,& !re may be f\nd hundr$s ( books ) titles sugge/+ ! ,prie/ly or ,levitical desc5t ( _! au?ors4 ,mo/ anxi\s is ,joseph ,ibn ,kaspi 7,joseph ! ,silv]n1 s call$ aft] 8 native place ,arg5tire1 9 ! s\? ( ,france7 to provide mo/ ( 8 num]\s books ) "s ,biblical titles comb9$ ) silv]1 z a 8,b[l ( ,silv]0 7,numb4 vii4 #ac71 or 8,po9ts ( ,silv]0 7,song ( ,songs i4 #aa71 or 8,figures ( ,silv]0 7,prov4 xxv4 #aj71 & o!r simil> phrases4 ,on ! o!r h& ,azulai manages to indicate at lea/ "o ( 8 ?ree ,hebrew names1 ,*ayim ,joseph ,david1 9 mo/ ( 8 works1 ( :i* ! numb] exce$s sev5ty1 z ,*ayim ,%aal17#bce7 8,he ask$ ,life0 7,ps4 xxi4 #d71 or 8,! knees ( ,joseph0 7allud+ to ,g54 xlviii4 #ab71 & 8,tru? unto ,david0 7,ps4 cxxxii4 #aa74 7b7 ,! ,tab]nacle ) its furniture 0 also a great fav\rite ) _m au?ors4 ,!re are n only six tab]nacles 7two on ,cabbalah1 two on gramm>1 & two on ,talmudical subjects71 b also ?ree 8,arks ( ! ,te/imony10 two 8,alt>s ( gold10 two 8,tables ( ,%ewbread10 f\r 8,c&le/icks ( ! ,light10 two 8,sockets ( ,silv]10 & two 8,pill>s ( ,silv]40 ,o!rs aga9 pref]r$ ! ve/m5ts ( ! prie/s z ! 8,plate ( ,judgm5t10 ! 8,robe ( ! ,ephod10 ! 8,mitre ( ,a>on10 ! 8,plate ( ,gold10 ! 8,bell & ,pomegranate10 8,wrea!n ,*a9s10 & ! 8,ar*es ( ,gold40 ,_m ( ^! books 7 writt5 by au?ors claim+ to be prie/s4 7c7 ,b besides ! canonical1 o!r co/umes 7 also fa%ionable4 ,r4 ,mordecai ,yafeh compos$ t5 books1 e "o ( !m be>+ ! "n ( "s g>m5t or app>el1 z 8,app>el ( ,royalty10 8,app>el ( ,blue10 8,app>el ( ,:ite10 & s ! :ole suit ) :i* ,mordecai w5t out f ! pres5ce ( ! k+ 7,e/h] viii4 #ae74 ,^! t5 works range f codifications ( ! law & occasional s]mons to philosophy1 a/ronomy1 & ,cabbalah4 ,by o!r writ]s we h ?ree 8,coats ( _m col\rs0 7,g54 xxxvii4 #d71 "o 8,bridal ,attire10 & ! 8,?read ( ,sc>let0 is n miss+4 7d7 ,! +r$i5ts = inc5se z well z o!r articles us$ 9 ! ,tab]nacle or 9 ! ,temple 7 also fanci$ by "s au?ors1 & we h two books ) ! title ( 8,pr9cipal ,spices10 two 8,pure ,myrrh10 ?ree 8,arts ( ! ,apo!c>y10 "o 8,oil ( ,holy ,o9tm5t10 five 8,meat ,(f]+s m+l$ or dry10 ?ree or f\r 8,fl\r ( ! ,meat ,(f]+10 & also "o 8,two ,"y ,pigeons0 7,b5e ,yonah7 by ,r4 ,jonah ,z&soph]4 ,b ! appetite ( ! au?ors did n /op at ^! holy ?+s4 ,x ext5d$ also to su* lay articles z 8,spic$ ,w9e10 8,juice ( ,pomegranate0 7,cant4 viii4 #b71 8,=e/s ( ,honey10 ! 8,book ( ! ,apple10 & 8,sev5 ,k9ds ( ,dr9k40 7e7 ,field & flock also sugge/$ to ,hebrew writ]s z well z to ,mr4 ,rusk9 su* titles z 8,! ,fruit ( ! ,h&10 ! 8,rose ( ,%>on10 ! 8,lily ( ! ,valleys10 or 8,! ,%eph]ds' ,t5ts10 & 8,9 ! ,gre5 ,pa/ures0 7,ps4 xxiii4 #b74 ,! specim5s giv5 = e class may ) v little tr\ble be d\bl$ & r$\bl$4 ,b x is n my int5tion to reproduce "h :ole catalogues4 ,reggio ?9ks all su* titles1 :i* d n correspond ) ! context ( ! book1 absurd & confus+4 ,he sugge/s t ! ,jews foll[$ 9 ?is respect ! ,arabic writ]s4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,reggio is n altoge!r wrong 9 8 compla9t4 ,almo/ all ! titles includ$ 9 class vi41 z ! read] might h obs]v$1 nev] indicate to ! /ud5t ! subject ( :i* ! books treat4 ,h[ c "o guess t ! ,responsa1 ! ,dance ( ,mahanaim 7two companies71 is ( a polemical nature aga9/ ! t5d5cies ( re=m8 ,?is li/ may be l5g!n$ by hundr$s ( titles4 ,b ev5 ^! incompreh5sible titles are bett] ?an ! ,*ad ,gadyah ,lo ,israel 7,"o ,kid ,no ,israel717#bcf7 ! un,hebrew title ( a pamphlet try+ to prove ! un,jewi% orig9 ( ! wellkn[n folksong sung on ,passov] ,eve4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ev5 ?is class has1 ?\gh n always1 some?+ sugge/ive & ev5 practical ab\t x4 ,! 8,*oice ( ,pe>ls0 is und\bt$ly m attractive ?an ! prosaic 8,collection ( ,prov]bs & ,say+s10 :i* is :at ! book conta9s4 8,und]/&+ ( ! ,seasons0 7#a ,*r4 xii4 #cb71 s\nds also bett] ?an ! simple 8,collection ( ,s]mons on diff]5t occasions40 8,! ,lips ( ^? :o ,sleep0 recomm5ds itself z a v sugge/ive title = a catalogue1 especially :5 "o ?9ks ( ! ,agadic explanation giv5 to ,cant4 vii4 #aj1 accord+ to :i* ! /udy ( ! book ( a dep>t$ au?or makes ! lips ( ! dead man to speak4 ,su* titles z 8,bun* ( ,lilies0 = a collection ( poems are /ill usual ) u4 ,su* a title z ! 8,jeal\sy ,(f]+10 or ! 8,law ( ,jeal\sies10 9 polemical lit]ature is v appropriate = its subject4 ,r4 ,jacob ,emd51 :o nam$ "o ( 8 pamphlets 8,rod = ! fool's back0 7,prov4 xxvi4 #c71 w be envi$ = 8 *oice by _m a controv]siali/ ev5 today4 ,wittily devis$ is ! puntitle1 8,city ( ,sihon0 = a ma!matical book by ,r4 ,joseph ,ts>pha?i1 allud+ to ,numb4 xxi4 #bg1 8,= ,hesbon 7reckon+7 is ! ,city ( ,sihon40 ,o!r titles 7 probably int5d$ m z mottoes ?an titles4 8,g =? & behold1 ye daught]s ( ,zion0 7,cant4 iii4 #aa71 is put 9 ! title page ( ,r4 ,jacob's ,g]man,jewi% p>aphrase ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* 0 writt5 *iefly = ! use ( ladies4 8,let ano!r man praise !e & n ?9e own m\?1 a /rang] & n ?9e own lips0 7,prov4 xxvii4 #b71 =ms ! title ( a book ext5d+ ov] only "o & a half page 9 qu>to4 ,x conta9s lett]s by sev5 ,rabbis 7among !m ,r4 ,liva ( ,prague7 recomm5d+ ! ,ascetic1 ,r4 ,abraham ,wangos1 :o has a daught] to m>ry1 & wants also to make a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l&1 z des]v+ ! support ( 8 bre?r54 ,!re is also ano!r objection to ^! titles4 ,x is t !y seem sometimes n q consonant ) our notions ( mode/y4 ,?us we h 8,desirable & ,sweet0 on a/ronomy1 8,sweet] ?an ,honey0 or 8,he %all com=t u10 & _m o!rs ( ?is k9d4 ,b x mu/ n be ?\ght t we h a "r to inf] f ! title to ! au?or4 ,!re is1 inde$1 an anecdote t ?ree au?ors 7 r too little c>eful ab\t ! *oice ( _! titles1 namely ,maimonides 9 call+ 8 ,code ,mi%neh ,torah 7:i* is ! traditional title ( ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy71 ,r4 ,moses ,al%e* 9 call+ 8 homiletical comm5t>ies ,torah ( ,moses1 & ,r4 ,isaiah ,horwitz 9 call+ 8 book ,%5e ,lu*o? ha,b]i? 7,! ,two ,tables ( ! ,cov5ant74 ,^! au?ors1 z ! /ory goes1 _h = _! puni%m5t t _! works are nev] quot$ by ! titles !y gave to !m1 ! =m] two be+ usually cit$ z ,rambam or ,al%e*1 :il/ ! la/ is m kn[n by its abbreviat$ title ( ,s,he,la7#bcg7 ?an by its full "n4 ,i d n rememb] :]e ,i h read ?is /ory1 b ,i am q sure t its pi\s au?or w\ld h be5 m c>eful ab\t repeat+ x _h he kn[n t ?is accusation aga9/ ,maimonides 0 a fav\rite topic ) apo/ates1 :o ?\ght to hit ,judaism 9 ! p]son ( its repres5tative ,maimonides4 ,b1 z ,r4 ,solomon ,duran 9 8 polemical "w rem>ks1 ,maimonides 0 too mu* ( a truly great man to f9d any satisfaction 9 su* petty vanity4 ,nor d ,i believe t ev5 ! "* ( lesskn[n au?ors c 9 any way be impugn$ by ! seem+ly conceit$ titles ( _! books2 j z on ! o!r h& ! humility ( ! au?or is n prov$ by call+ 8 book 8,! ,(f]+ ( ! ,poor10 or o!r mode/ titles4 ,! fancy title 0 9 common use1 & 0 !re=e a commonplace ) no significance :atev]4 ,! real disadvantage ( su* titles lies 9 ! fact t1 z already po9t$ out1 !y conceal f ! /ud5t ! cont5ts ( ! book :i* he might o!rwise consult 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es4 ,did ^! au?ors p]haps =esee t !re w\ld come a "t 9 :i* indexk w\ld pass = deep s*ol>%ip8 & did !y ?us by us+ ^! obscure titles try to put a *eck on ! dabbl]s :o speak ! m ( a book ! less !y h read ( its cont5ts8 ,if ?is be ! case we c only admire _! =esight4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,*ild ,,9 ,,jewi% ,,lit]ature 8,i saw a ,jewi% lady only ye/]day ) a *ild at h] knee1 & f ^: face t[>ds ! *ild !re %one a sweetness s angelical t x seem$ to =m a sort ( glory r\nd bo?4 ,i prote/ ,i c\ld h knelt be=e h]1 too1 & ador$ 9 h] ! div9e b5efic5ce 9 end[+ u ) ! mat]nal /org :i* began ) our race & sanctifies ! hi/ory ( mank9d40 ,^! words1 :i* are tak5 f ,?ack]ay's ,p5d5nis1 may s]ve z a />t+po9t = ?is pap]4 ,! fact t ! great /ud5t ( man p]ceiv$ ?is glory j r\nd ! head ( a ,jewi% lady r\ses 9 me ! hope t ! small /ud5t ( lett]s may1 ) a little se>*1 be able to discov] 9 ! rema9s ( our pa/ _m simil> traces ( ?is div9e b5efic5ce & sanctify+ s5tim5t4 ,c]ta9ly ! glimpses :i* we %all cat* f ! fad$ leaves ( anci5t volumes1 dat+ f bygone times1 w n be s bright z ^? :i* ! noveli/ 0 s =tunate z to cat* f ! face ( a lady :om he saw b ! previ\s day4 ,! mo!rs & fa!rs1 ab\t :om ,i am go+ to write 9 ?is essay1 h gone long ago1 & ! objects ( _! anxiety & tr\bles h also long ago vani%$4 ,b :at ! subject w lose 9 brightness1 x may p]haps ga9 9 reality & int5sity4 ,a few mom5ts ( enraptur$ devotion d n make up ! sa9t4 ,x is a :ole s]ies ( feel+s & s5tim5ts betray$ on diff]5t occasions1 express$ 9 diff]5t ways1 a :ole life ( sore tr\bles1 ( bitt] disappo9tm5ts1 b also mom5ts ( mo/ elevat$ joys & real happ9ess4 ,& surely ^! manife/ations ( ! div9e b5efic5ce1 :i* appe> 9 _! brighte/ glory 9 ! lit]ature ( e nation :5 deal+ ) ! *ild1 %9e /ronge/ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,9 x1 to possess a *ild 0 always consid]$ z ! greate/ bless+ ,god c\ld be/[ on man1 & to miss x z ! greate/ curse4 ,! patri>* ,abraham1 ) :om ,israel ent]s into hi/ory1 compla9s--8,oh ,"l1 :at wilt ,?\ give me1 see+ ,i g *ildless60 ,! ,rabbis reg>d$ ! *ildless man z dead1 :il/ ! ,cabbali/ 9 ! ,middle ,ages ?\ght ( him :o di$ )\t po/]ity z ( "o :o _h fail$ 9 8 mission 9 ?is _w1 s t he w\ld h to appe> aga9 on our planet to fulfil ?is duty4 ,to trace out ! feel+s :i* accompani$ ! object ( _! greate/ anxiety1 to let !m pass be=e ! read] 9 "s way approa*+ to a *ronological ord]1 to draw att5tion to "s po9ts m wor?y ( be+ emphasis$ ?an o!rs1 is ! aim ( ?is essay4 ,i said t ,i propose to treat ! subject 9 *ronological ord]4 ,i meant by ?is t ,i %all foll[ ! *ild 9 ! diff]5t /ages ?r\gh :i* x has to pass f its bir? until x ceases to be a *ild & atta9s its majority4 ,?is latt] p]iod is ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? ye> 9 ! case ( a female1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? ye> 9 ! case ( a male4 ,i %all h occasion lat] on to exam9e ?is po9t m closely4 ,b !re is ! embryop]iod :i* =ms a k9d ( prelim9>y /age 9 ! life ( ! *ild1 & plays a v important "p 9 ! region ( ,jewi% leg5ds4 ,human imag9ation always occupies itself mo/ ) ! ?+s ( :i* we "k lea/4 ,& s x got hold ( ?is semiexi/5ce ( man1 ! lea/ accessible to exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & surr\nd$ x by a :ole cycle ( leg5ds & /ories4 ,!y are too num]\s to be relat$ "h4 ,b ,i %all h9t at a few po9ts :i* ,i reg>d z ! mo/ conspicu\s features ( ^! leg5ds4 ,^! leg5ds are *iefly bas$ on ! notion ( ! preexi/5ce ( ! s\l on ! "o h&1 b on ! o!r h& !y are a vivid illu/ration ( ! say+ ( ! ,fa!rs1 8,?\ art born aga9/ ?y w40 ,?us ! s\l1 :5 x is br\ght be=e ! ?rone ( ,god1 & is comm&$ to ent] into ! body1 pleads be=e ,him3 8,o ,"l1 till n[ h ,i be5 holy & pure2 br+ me n into contact ) :at is common & unclean40 ,!reupon ! s\l is giv5 to und]/& t x 0 = ?is de/9y alone t x 0 creat$4 ,ano!r rem>kable feature is ! w>n+ giv5 to man be=e 8 bir? t he w be responsible = 8 actions4 ,he is regul>ly sworn 94 ,! oa? has ! d\ble purpose ( impress+ ^u him ! consci\sness ( 8 duty to lead a holy life1 & ( arm+ him aga9/ ! dang] ( all[+ a holy life to make him va94 ,z if to r5d] ?is oa? m impressive1 ! unborn h]o is provid$ ) two angels :o1 besides tea*+ him ! :ole ( ! ,torah1 take him e morn+ ?r\gh p>adise & %[ him ! glory ( ! j ones :o dwell !re4 ,9 ! ev5+ he is tak5 to hell to witness ! suff]+s ( ! reprobate4 ,b su* a lesson w\ld make free w impossible4 ,8 future conduct w\ld only be dictat$ by ! fe> ( puni%m5t & hope ( rew>d4 ,& ! moral value ( 8 actions also dep5ds1 accord+ to ,jewi% notions1 ^u ! p[] to commit s94 ,?us ano!r leg5d records3 8,:5 ,god creat$ ! _w1 ,he produc$ on ! second day ! angels ) _! natural incl9ations to d good1 & ! absolute inability to commit s94 ,on ! foll[+ days aga9 ,he creat$ ! bea/s ) _! exclusively animal desires4 ,b ,he 0 pleas$ ) nei!r ( ^! extremes4 ,if ! angels foll[ my w1 said ,god1 x is only on acc\nt ( _! impot5ce to act 9 ! opposite direction4 ,i %all !re=e create man1 :o w be a comb9ation ( bo? angel & bea/1 s t he w be able to foll[ ei!r ! good or evil incl9ation4 ,8 evil de$s w place him b5ea? ! level ( animals1 :il/ 8 noble aspirations w enable him to obta9 a high] position ?an angels40 ,c>e is !re=e tak5 to make ! *ild =get all x has se5 & he>d 9 ^! upp] regions4 ,be=e x ent]s ! _w an angel /rikes x on ! upp] lip1 & all 8 k & wisdom disappe> at once4 ,! pit 9 ! upp] lip is a result ( ?is /roke1 :i* is also ! cause :y *ildr5 cry :5 !y are born4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ^! leg5ds1 ! ma9 features ( :i* are already to be f\nd 9 ! ,talmud1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! rese>*es ( ,lw & o!rs47#bch7 ,"h we h only to wat* ! effect :i* ^! leg5ds _h ^u ! m9ds ( ,jewi% p>5ts4 ,! newly born *ild 0 9 consequ5ce look$ ^u by !m z a high] be+1 :i*1 b a few seconds be=e1 _h be5 conv]s+ ) angels & sa9ts1 & _h n[ condesc5d$ into our pr(ane _w to make two ord9>y mortals happy4 ,! treatm5t :i* ! *ild exp]i5c$ f its p>5ts1 z well z f ! :ole ( ! community1 0 !re=e a comb9ation ( love & v5]ation4 ,"o may g ev5 fur!r & say t ! belief 9 ^! leg5ds det]m9es greatly ! de/9ation ( ! *ild4 ,:at o!r de/9ation c\ld a be+ ( su* a glori\s pa/ h ?an to be :at an old ,g]man ,jewi% poem express$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,gebor5 soll es wehr5 ,zu ,gottes ,ehr54 8,! *ild %\ld be born to ! hon\r ( ,god40 ,! mission ( ! *ild is to glorify ! "n ( ,god on e>?4 ,& ! :ole br++ up ( ! *ild 9 ! old ,jewi% communities 0 m or less calculat$ to ?is end4 ,! words ( ! ,bible1 8,& ye %all be unto me a k+dom ( prie/s10 7 tak5 lit]ally4 ,e man felt x 8 duty to br+ up 8 *ildr51 or at lea/ "o memb] ( 8 family1 = ?is call+4 ,h[ !y c>ri$ out ?is programme we %all see lat] on4 ,n[1 reg>d+ almo/ e infant z a pr$e/9$ prie/1 & ?9k+ ( x z hav+ receiv$ a c]ta9 prep>ation = ?is call+ be=e x came into ?is _w1 we _c wond] t ! *ild 0 suppos$ to %[ signs ( piety f ! days ( its e>lie/ exi/5ce1 & ev5 e>li]4 ,?us we read t ev5 ! unborn *ildr5 jo9$ 9 ) ! *orus on ! ,r$ ,sea & sang ! ,song 7( ,moses74 ,david1 aga91 compos$ ,psalms be=e p]ceiv+ ! face ( ?is _w4 ,on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t !y us$ to communicate to ! unborn *ild1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its "m1 t on ?is great day x _h to be satisfi$ ) ! good x _h receiv$ ! day be=e4 ,& :5 a c]ta9 *ild1 aft]w>ds nam$ ,%abbe?ai1 refus$ to li/5 to su* a reque/1 ,r4 ,johanan appli$ to x ! v]se f ! ,psalm1 8,! wick$ are e/rang$ f ! womb40 ,inde$1 ,%abbe?ai turn$ out a great s9n]4 ,x w p]haps be int]e/+ to he> :at 8 s9 04 ,x consi/$ 9 =e/all+ ! corn 9 ! m>ket & aft]w>ds sell+ x to ! poor at a mu* high] price4 ,( a c]ta9 *ild ! leg5d tells t x 0 born ) ! ^w eme? 7tru?7 engrav$ on its =ehead4 ,its p>5ts nam$ x ,amiti17#bci7 & ! *ild prov$ to be a great sa9t4 ,! prie/1 h[ev]1 c\ld n ent] into 8 (fice )\t "s consecration4 ,z ! fir/ /ep 9 ?is consecration ( ! *ild we may consid] ! ,cov5ant ( ,abraham4 ,b ?is 0 prefac$ by a few o!r solemn acts :i* ,i mu/ m5tion4 ,"o ( ! olde/ c]emonies connect$ ) ! bir? ( a *ild 0 t ( treeplant+4 ,9 ! case ( a boy !y plant$ a c$>1 9 t ( a girl a p9e2 & on _! m>riage !y cut bran*es f ^! trees to =m ! w$d+canopy4 ,o!r rites foll[$1 b !y 7 m ( a m$ical "*1 & w\ld be bett] appreciat$ by ! physician4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages sup]/ition play$ a great "p4 ,to be sure1 ,i h spok5 ( sa9ts2 b we ought n to =get t sa9ts1 too1 h _! fooli% mom5ts1 especially :5 !y are fight+ aga9/ ho/s ( demons1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is only gu>ante$ by _! own ov]excit$ bra9s4 ,jewi% p>5ts 7 = _m c5turies tr\bl$ by ! fe> ( ,lili?17#bdj7 ! devil's "m1 :o 0 suspect$ ( /eal+ *ildr5 & kill+ !m4 ,! precautions !y took to prev5t ?is atrocity 7 z fooli% z ! object ( _! fe>4 ,i d n int5d to enum]ate "h all ^! v>i\s precautions4 ,e c\ntry almo/ has its own usages & *>ms1 "o m absurd ?an ! o!r4 ,x w suffice to ref] "h to ! mo/ popul> ( ^! *>ms1 9 :i* c]ta9 angels are invok$ to protect ! *ild aga9/ its dang]\s enemy ,lili?4 ,b ( :atev] orig9 !y may be1 ,judaism c\ld d bett] )\t !m4 ,! only excuse = _! exi/5ce among u is to my m9d t !y provok$ ! fam\s ,dr4 ,ert] to ! composition ( "o ( ! f9e/ satires 9 ! ,hebrew language4 ,( a less revolt+ "* 0 ! scall$ c]emony ( ! 8,read+ ( ! ,%ema407#bda7 ,x consi/$ 9 tak+ all ! little *ildr5 ( ! community into ! h\se ( ! newlyborn *ild1 :]e ! tea*] made !m read ! ,%ema1 sometimes also ! n9etyfir/ ,psalm4 ,! fact t little *ildr5 7 ! *ief actors 9 ?is c]emony reconciles "o a little to x despite its r d\btful orig94 ,9 "s communities ^! read+s took place e ev5+ up to ! day :5 ! *ild 0 br\ght into ! cov5ant ( ,abraham4 ,9 o!r places !y p]=m$ ! c]emony only on ! eve ( ! day ( ! ,b]i? ,milah7#bdb7 7,c]emony ( ! ,circumcision74 ,inde$1 ?is 0 ! night dur+ :i* ,lili? 0 suppos$ to play h] wor/ tricks1 & ! wat* ov] ! *ild 0 r$\bl$4 ,h5ce ! "n 8,wa*na*t10 or ! 8,night ( ,wat*+40 ,!y rema9$ awake = ! :ole night1 & sp5t x 9 fea/+ & 9 /udy+ c]ta9 portions ( ! ,bible & ! ,talmud1 mo/ly relat+ to ! ev5t :i* 0 to take place on ! foll[+ day4 ,?is c]emony 0 already kn[n to ,jewi% writ]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 x is consid]$ by ! be/ au?orities on ! subject to be ( =eign orig94 ,q ,jewi%1 z well z entirely free f sup]/iti\s ta9t1 0 ! visit :i* 0 paid to ! infantboy on ! fir/ ,sabba? ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,x 0 call$ 8,%alom ,za*>107#bdc7 probably mean+ 8,peace boy10 9 allusion to a wellkn[n passage 9 ! ,talmud to ! effect t ! adv5t ( a boy 9 ! family br+s peace to ! _w4 ,at la/ ! dawn ( ! great day ( ! ,b]i? came4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 only t\* "h on ! social aspects ( ?is rite4 ,its popul>ity began1 z x seems1 9 v e>ly times4 ,! p]secutions :i* ,israel suff]$ = x 9 ! times ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 8:5 ! pr9ces & eld]s m\rn$1 ! virg9s & ! "y m5 7 made feeble1 & ! beauty ( wom5 0 *ang$1 & :5 c]ta9 wom5 7 put to dea? = caus+ _! *ildr5 to be circumcis$10 are ! be/ pro( ( ! atta*m5t ( ! p to x4 ,! repeat$ attempts aga9/ ?is law1 bo? by hea!n & by ,*ri/ian h&s1 only s]v$ to increase its popul>ity4 ,inde$ ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,eleaz> *>act]is$ x z ! law = :i* ,israel br\ght ! sacrifice ( m>tyrdom1 & !re=e held firmly by x4 ,9 o!r words !y suff]$ = x1 & x became ende>$ to !m4 ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,gamaliel decl>es x to be ! only law :i* ,israel fulfils ) joy & exultation4 ,z a sign ( ?is joy we may reg>d ! eag]ness & ! lively int]e/ :i* rais$ ?is c]emony f a /rictly family affair to a matt] 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! community p>ticipat$4 ,?us we f9d t already 9 ! times ( ! ,gaonim ! c]emony 0 transf]r$ f ! h\se ( ! p>5ts to ! synagogue4 ,"h x took place aft] ! pray]s1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole congregation4 ,! synagogue us$ to be specially illum9at$ 9 hon\r ( ! ev5t4 ,c]ta9 pieces ( ! daily pray]1 ( a r doleful nature1 su* z ! confession ( s9s1 7 omitt$1 le/ ! h>mony ( ! fe/ival %\ld be di/urb$4 ,z a sub/itute = ^! pray]s1 v>i\s hymns suitable = ! occasion 7 compos$ & ins]t$ 9 ! liturgy = ! day4 ,z ! mo/ prom95t memb]s among ^? pres5t figur$ ! happy fa!r ( ! *ild & ! m$ical man :o p]=m$ ! c]emony1 usually call$ ! ,mohel or ,goz]17#bdd7 bo? we>+ _! fe/al g>m5ts & hav+ c]ta9 privileges1 su* z be+ call$ up to ! ,read+ ( ! ,law & *ant+ c]ta9 portions ( ! pray]s4 ,x is n be=e ! t5? c5tury t a ?ird memb] sudd5ly em]ges to become almo/ z important z ! fa!r ( ! *ild4 ,i ref] to ! ,s&ek or ,godfa!r4 ,9 "s c\ntries he 0 also call$ ! ,baal ,b]i? 7,ma/] ( ! ,cov5ant74 ,9 ,italy !y seem$ to h _h two ,s&eks4 ,?is ^w 0 = a long "t suppos$ to be ! ,greek ^w 4 ,b x is n[ prov$ beyond d\bt t x is a corruption ( ! ^w us$ 9 ! ,greek *ur* = godfa!r4 ,9 ! *ur* he 0 ! man :o lift$ ! neophyte f ! baptismal wat]s4 ,among ! ,jews1 ! (fice ( ! ,s&ek 0 to keep ! *ild on 8 knees dur+ ! p]=mance ( ! rite4 ,! ,s&ek's place 01 or is /ill1 ne> ! seat ( hon\r1 :i* is call$ ! ,?rone ( ,elijah1 :o is suppos$ to be ! angel ( ! cov5ant4 ,o!r angels1 too1 7 believ$ to (ficiate at ?is rite4 ,?us ! angel ,gabriel is also said to h p]=m$ ! (fice ( ,s&ek to a c]ta9 *ild4 ,accord+ to o!r s\rces ! ar*angel ,metatron himself att5d$4 ,probably x 0 on ?is acc\nt t lat] ,rabbis admoni%$ ! p>5ts to take only a pi\s & good ,jew z ,s&ek = _! *ildr54 ,*ri/ian !ologians also decl>$ t no good ,*ri/ian mu/ r5d] su* a s]vice to a ,jew4 ,! fam\s ,buxtorf _h to pay a f9e ( #ajj flor9s = hav+ att5d$ ! ,b]i? ( a *ild1 ^: fa!r he _h employ$ z read] :5 edit+ ! well kn[n ,basel ,bible4 ,! poor read] himself1 :o 0 ! cause ( ,buxtorf's (f5ce1 0 f9$ #djj flor9s4 ,( an opposite case 9 :i* a ,jew s]v$ z godfa!r to a ,*ri/ian *ild1 we f9d a detail$ acc\nt 9 ,s*udt's ,m]kwrdigkeit5 d] ,jud51 a v le>n$ & v fooli% book4 ,:5 ! fa!r 0 summon$ be=e ! magi/rate1 & 0 ask$ h[ he d>$ to *>ge a ,jew ) su* a holy ,*ri/ian c]emony1 he coolly answ]$1 because he knew t ! ,jew w\ld pres5t him ) a silv] cup4 ,z to ! pres5t1 ,i h to rem>k t ) ! ,jews also ! godfa!r 0 expect$ to be/[ a gift on ! *ild4 ,9 "s communities he _h to defray ! exp5ses ( ! fe/ivald9n]1 ( :i* ,i %all speak pres5tly4 ,9 o!rs1 aga91 he _h also to give a pres5t to ! "m ( ! *ild4 ,mu* old] ?an ! in/itution ( ! ,s&ek is ! fe/ivald9n] j allud$ to1 :i* 0 held aft] ! c]emony4 ,jewi% leg5d supplies _m p>ticul>s ( ! d9n] ! patri>* ,abraham gave at ! ,b]i? ( 8 son ,isaac4 ,?is is a little too leg5d>y1 b !re is ample hi/orical evid5ce t su* meals 7 already cu/om>y 9 ! times ( ! ,second ,temple4 ,! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem gives u a detail$ acc\nt ( ! proce$+s :i* took place at ! ,b]i? d9n] ( ,eli%a b5 ,abuyah1 :o aft]w>ds obta9$ a sad celebrity z ,a*]4 ,consid]+ t ,eli%a's bir? mu/ h fall5 )9 ! fir/ decades aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 & t ^! sad times 7 mo/ unsuitable = introduc+ new fe/ivals1 we may safely date ! cu/om back to ! times ( ! ,temple4 ,! way 9 :i* ! gue/s ent]ta9$ !mselves is also to be ga!r$ f ! passage ref]r$ to4 ,fir/ came ! d9n]1 9 :i* all ! gue/s p>ticipat$2 aft]w>ds ! great m5 ( ,j]usalem occupi$ "o room1 indulg+ !re 9 s++1 h& clapp+1 & danc+4 ,! s*ol>s aga91 :o app>5tly did n belong to ! great m51 7 conf9$ to ano!r room1 :]e !y employ$ !mselves 9 discuss+ biblical subjects4 ,9 lat] times special hymns1 compos$ = ?is fe/ival1 7 ins]t$ 9 ! grace aft] d9n]4 ,aft] ! d9n]1 s]mons or spee*es us$ also to be giv51 ! cont5ts ( :i* 7 usually made up ( reflections on biblical & ,talmudical passages relat+ to ! ev5t ( ! day4 ,sometimes !y consi/$ ( a k9d ( le>n$ puns on ! "n :i* ! *ild receiv$ on ?is occasion4 ,) ?is meal ! fir/ consecration ( ! *ildprie/ 0 conclud$4 ,9 "s places !y us$ to come to ! fa!r's h\se on ! ?ird day aft] ! circumcision ) ! purpose ( mak+ inquiries aft] ! *ild's heal?4 ,9 ! case :5 ! *ild 0 ! fir/born ! c]emony ( 8r$eem+ ! *ild07#bde7 9 accordance ) ,exodus xiii4 us$ to take place4 ,! details ( ?is c]emony are to be f\nd 9 almo/ e pray]book1 & !re is no?+ fre% to add4 ,b p]haps ,i may be all[$ to draw att5tion to ano!r di/9ction t ! fir/born receiv$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i ref] to an acc\nt giv5 by ! au?or ( ! book1 ,! ,ord9ance ( ! ,law17#bdf7 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,he says3 ,our pr$ecessors made ! rule to de/9e e fir/born to ,god1 & be=e its bir? ! fa!r _h to say1 8,i take ! v[ t if my wife pres5ts me ) a son1 he %all be holy unto ! ,"l1 & 9 ,8 ,torah he %all m$itate day & night40 ,on ! eigh? day aft] ! ,b]i? ,milah !y put ! *ild on cu%ions1 & a ,bible on its head1 & ! eld]s ( ! community1 or ! pr9cipal ( ! college1 imp>t$ _! bless+s to x4 ,^! fir/born sons =m$1 :5 gr[n up1 ! *ief cont+5t ( ! ,ye%ibo? 7,talmudical ,colleges71 :]e !y devot$ ! greate/ "p ( _! lives to ! /udy ( ! ,torah4 ,9 lat] c5turies ! v[ 0 dropp$1 b f ! abundance ( ! ,ye%ibo? 9 ,pol& & else:]e x seems z if almo/ e *ild 0 consid]$ z hav+ no o!r call+ b ! /udy ( ! ,torah4 ,inde$1 ! gr[+ p]secutions requir$ a /r5g!n+ ( ! religi\s =ce4 ,) ^! c]emonies ! fir/ act ( consecration end$ 9 ! case :]e ! newborn *ild 0 a boy4 ,i w n[ ref] to ! c]emony ( ! "ngiv+1 :i* 0 common to males & females4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] ?is c]emony 0 connect$ ) ! ,b]i? ,milah4 ,! olde/ =mula1 :i* is already to be f\nd 9 ! ,ritual ,rab ,amram ,gaon1 is compos$ 9 ,aramaic4 ,x is1 l _m pray]s 9 t language1 a mo/ beautiful composition1 & v suitable = ! occasion4 ,our pres5t ,hebrew pray] is f> less beautiful1 & dates f a mu* lat] age4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! c]emony ( nam+ 0 repeat$ 9 ! h\se ( ! p>5ts4 ,x took place on ! ,sabba?1 :5 ! "m return$ home f h] fir/ visit to ! synagogue aft] h] recov]y4 ,"h ! fri5ds & relatives ( ! family assembl$1 & aft] arrang+ !mselves r\nd ! cradle ( ! *ild !y lift$ x ?ree times1 %\t+ ! new "n at e lift+4 ,?is "n 0 ! scall$ 8pr(ane0 "n1 :il/ ! "n x receiv$ 9 ! synagogue 0 ! 8sacr$0 or ,hebrew "n4 ,! c]emony conclud$ ) ! usual fe/ivald9n]4 ,by ! way1 !re 0 p]haps a little too mu* fea/+ 9 ^? days4 ,! contempor>y ,rabbis tri$ inde$ to suppress "s ( ! banquets1 & put all sorts ( re/rictions on d9n]hunt+ p4 ,b consid]+ ! fact t1 z ,jews1 !y 7 exclud$ f e public amusem5t1 we _c grudge !m ! pleasure !y drew f ^! semireligi\s celebrations4 ,= p ( an ascetic disposition x 01 p]haps1 ! only opportunity ( enjoy+ a prop] meal4 ,9 ! same way1 9 our days1 ! mo/ sev]e fa!r w\ld n d5y 8 lively daught] ! pleasure ( danc+ or s++ *>itably = ! b5efit ( suff]+ humanity4 ,! c]emony describ$ 0 kn[n to ! au?ors ( ! ,middle ,ages by ! "n ( ,holle ,krei%4 ,^! words are prov$ by ,dr4 ,p]les to be ( ,g]man orig91 & bas$ on "s ,teutonic sup]/ition into ! explanation ( :i* ,i _c ent] "h4 ,( mu* m importance 0 ! c]emony ( "ngiv+ 9 ! case ( a girl1 x be+ ! only att5tion ! female *ild receiv$ f ! synagogue4 ,! usages v>i$4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! "n 0 giv5 on ! fir/ ,sabba? aft] ! bir? ( ! *ild4 ,! fa!r 0 8call$ up to ! ,read+ ( ! ,law10 on :i* foll[$ ! =mula1 8,he :o bless$ our ance/ors ,abraham10 etc41 8may ,he also bless10 etc41 includ+ ! bless+ & ann\ncem5t ( ! *ild's "n4 ,aft] ! pray] ! congregation assembl$ 9 ! h\se ( ! p>5ts to congratulate !m4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! c]emony took place on ! ,sabba? :5 ! "m att5d$ ! synagogue aft] ! recov]y4 ,! c]emony ( ,holle ,krei% seems to h be5 especially obs]v$ 9 ! case ( a girl4 ,?\gh ! fea/+ 0 n[ ov] = ! p>5ts1 ! *ild /ill liv$ 9 a holiday atmosph]e = a long "t4 ,9 ! leg5d ( ! 8,ages ( ,man0 ! *ild is describ$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( its exi/5ce z a little pr9ce1 ador$ & pett$ by all4 ,! "m h]self n\ri%$ & t5d$ ! *ild4 ,al?\gh ! ,bible already speaks ( nurses1 _m passages 9 ! lat] ,jewi% lit]ature %[ a /rong av]sion to ^! sub/itutes = ! "m4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! fa!r ( ! *ild dy+1 ! "m 0 =bidd5 to m>ry be=e h] suckl+ infant rea*$ ! age ( two ye>s1 le/ a new c\rt%ip might lead to ! neglect ( ! *ild4 ,m difficult is x to say :]e9 ! o!r signs ( loyalty to ! little pr9ce consi/$2 z1 = in/ance1 :e!r ,jews possess$ any?+ l lullabies to soo! ! little pr9ce into happy & sweet slumb]4 ,at lea/ ,i am n aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( su* songs 9 ! anci5t ,jewi% lit]ature1 nor are !y quot$ by m$ival writ]s4 ,! 8,s*lumm]li$10 by an unkn[n ,jewi% b>d1 ab\t :i* ,g]man s*ol>s wrote s mu*1 conta9s m hea!n ?an ,jewi% elem5ts4 ,f ! prote/ 9 ,! ,book ( ! ,pi\s1 aga9/ us+ non,jewi% cradlesongs1 x seems t little ,mo%e*5 0 lull$ to sleep by ! same tunes & words z little ,johnny4 ,! only ,jewi% lullaby ( :i* ,i "k1 is to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( a mod]n writ] :o liv$ 9 ,russia4 ,h[ f> its popul>ity goes 9 t c\ntry ,i h no means ( asc]ta9+4 ,?is j+le runs z foll[s3-- ,o6 hu% !e1 my d>l+1 sleep s\ndly my son1 ,sleep s\ndly & sweetly till day has begun2 ,= "u ! b$ ( good *ildr5 at night ,!re lies1 till ! morn+1 a kid sn[y :ite4 ,we'll s5d x to m>ket to buy ,se*ora17#bdg7 ,:ile my little lad goes to /udy ,torah4 ,sleep s\ndly at night & le>n ,torah by day1 ,!n ?\'lt be a ,rabbi :5 ,i h gr[n gray4 ,b ,i'll give !e tomorr[ ripe nuts & a toy1 ,if ?\'lt sleep z ,i bid !e1 my own little boy47#bdh7 ,b naturally ! holiday atmosph]e ,i spoke ( 0 v (t5 d>k5$ by cl\ds result+ f ! illness ( ! *ild4 ,except+ smallpox1 ! *ild 0 subject to mo/ ( ^? diseases :i* s (t5 prove fatal to our *ildr54 ,^! diseases 7 kn[n "u ! collective "n ( 8! difficulties 7or ! pa97 ( br++ up *ildr540 ,^! difficulties seem to h be5 /ill great] 9 ,pale/9e1 :]e "o ( ! old ,rabbis exclaim$ t x 0 easi] to see a :ole =e/ ( "y olive trees gr[ up ?an to re> "o *ild47#bdi7 ,to avoid s m\rnful a subject1 ,i refra9 f repeat+ ! t\*+ /ories relat+ to ! dea? ( *ildr54 ,! pa9 0 ! m ke5ly felt s9ce !re 0 no o!r way ( expla9+ ! mis=tune :i* befell ! innoc5t creature ?an t x _h suff]$ = ! s9s ( ! p>5ts2 & ! only com=t ! latt] _h 0 t ! *ild c\ld n h lo/ mu* by its be+ remov$ f ?is vale ( te>s at su* an e>ly p]iod4 ,a rem>kable leg5d describes ,god ,himself z giv+ lessons s _m h\rs a day to ^! prematurely deceas$ *ildr547#bej7 ,inde$1 to ! m9d ( ! old ,rabbis1 ! only ?+ wor? liv+ = 0 ! /udy ( ! ,law4 ,consequ5tly ! *ild t suff]$ innoc5tly c\ld n h a bett] comp5sation ?an to le>n ,torah f ! m\? ( ! ,ma/] ( ma/]s4 ,b ev5 :5 ! *ild 0 heal?y1 & food & climate prov$ cong5ial to its con/itution1 !re /ill rema9$ ! tr\bles ( its spiritual education4 ,& to be sure x 0 n an easy matt] to br+ up a 8prie/40 ,! fir/ condition = ?is call+ 0 le>n+4 ,b le>n+ _c be acquir$ )\t hone/ & h>d indu/ry4 ,x is true t ,r4 ,akiba numb]s wisdom among ! virtues :i* are h]$it>y f fa!r to son4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has %[n t x is seldom ! case1 & ! ,rabbis 7 already tr\bl$ ) ! "q h[ x happ5s t *ildr5 s little resemble _! fa!rs 9 respect ( le>n+4 ,c]ta9ly ,jewi% leg5ds c boa/ ( a :ole s]ies ( prodigies4 ,?us a c]ta9 ,rabbi is said to h be5 s %>p z to h _h a cle> recollection ( ! midwife :o made him a citiz5 ( ?is _w4 ,b5 ,sira aga91 in/antly aft] 8 bir?1 ent]ta9s 8 t]rifi$ "m ) _m a wise & fooli% say+1 refuses ! milk %e (f]s him1 & asks = solid food4 ,a c]ta9 ,na*man 0 born ) a prophecy on 8 lips1 pr$ict+ ! fate ( all nations on e>?1 z well z fix+ ! date = ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah4 ,! y\nge/ ( sev5 sons ( ,hannah1 :o became m>tyrs "u ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 0 accord+ to "o v]sion ag$ two ye>s1 six mon?s1 six h\rs1 & ?irty m9utes4 ,b ! way 9 :i* he defi$ ! ?reats ( ! tyrant 0 really wor?y ( "o ( sev5ty4 ,r4 ,judah de ,mod5a is said to h read ! lesson f ! prophets 9 ! synagogue at ! age ( two ye>s & a half4 ,a fam\s ,cabbali/1 ,nahum1 at ! age ( ?ree1 gave a lecture on ! decalogue t la/$ = ?ree days4 ,! ,*assidim pret5d$ ( "o ( _! ,zaddikim t he rememb]$ all t he _h be5 taught by ! angels be=e 8 bir?1 & ?us excus$ _! ,zaddik's utt] neglect ( /udy+ any?+4 ,p]haps ,i may m5tion 9 ?is place a s5t5ce f ,s*udt1 :i* may reconcile "o to ! h>mless exagg]ations ( ! ,*assidim4 ,x relates to a case :]e a ,jewi% girl ( six 0 tak5 away by a ,*ri/ian ) ! int5tion ( baptis+ h]1 = he ma9ta9$ t ?is 0 ! wi% & pleasure ( ! *ild4 ,probably ! little girl receiv$ h] in/ruction f ! ,*ri/ian s]vant ( ! h\se1 z has happ5$ _m times4 ,s*udt proves t ?is wi% ought to be grant$ 9 spite ( ! m9ority ( ! *ild4 ,he argues3 ,z !re is a maxim1 8,:at is want+ 9 ye>s may be suppli$ by wick$ness10 :y c\ld n also ! rev]se be true t 8,:at is want+ 9 ye>s c be suppli$ by grace08 ,( a c]ta9 ,r4 ,me%ullam1 aga91 we "k t he prea*$ 9 ! synagogue at ,brody1 at ! age ( n9e1 & p]plex$ ! *ief ,rabbi ( ! place by 8 deep ,talmudical le>n+4 ,z ! ,rabbi _h a daught] ( sev51 ! clev]ness exhibit$ by ! boy ,rabbi did n end )\t v s]i\s consequ5ces = all 8 life4 ,happily all ^! prodigies or *ildr5 ( grace are only exceptional4 ,i say happily1 = ! ,rabbis !mselves dislik$ su* creatures4 ,!y 7 m satisfi$ ) ^? signs ( intellig5ce t indicate future greatness4 ,! foll[+ /ory may s]ve z an in/ance3--,r4 ,jo%ua b5 ,hananiah once made a j\rney to ,rome4 ,"h he 0 told t among/ ! captives f ,j]usalem !re 0 a *ild ) bright eyes1 its hair 9 r+lets1 & its features /rik+ly beautiful4 ,! ,rabbi made up 8 m9d to r$eem ! boy4 ,he w5t to ! prison & address$ ! *ild ) a v]se f ,isaiah1 8,:o gave ,jacob = a spoil & ,israel to ! robb]s80 ,on ?is ! *ild answ]$ by cont9u+ ! second half ( ! same v]se1 8,did n ! ,"l1 ,he aga9/ :om we h s9n$8 ,= !y w\ld n walk 9 ,8 ways1 nei!r 7 !y ob$i5t unto ,8 law0 7,isaiah xlii4 #bd74 ,! ,rabbi 0 s delight$ ) ?is answ]1 t he said3 8,i am sure he w gr[ up to be a tea*] 9 ,israel4 ,i take an oa? to r$eem him1 co/ :at x may40 ,! *ild 0 aft]w>ds kn[n "u ! "n ( ,r4 ,i%mael b5 ,eli%a4 ,su* *ildr5 7 ideals ( ! ,rabbis1 b !y hat$ ! baby s*ol>1 :o v (t5 grew imp]t95t & abus$ 8 eld]s4 ,! ,rabbis mu* pref]r$ ! majority ( ^? t9y creatures1 :o are *>act]is$ by ! already m5tion$ leg5ds on ! 8,ages ( ,m50 z little animals play+1 laugh+1 cry+1 danc+1 & committ+ all sorts ( mis*ief4 ,b ^! *ildr5 mu/ be taught4 ,n[1 !re is ! wellkn[n advice ( ,judah b5 ,tema1 :o us$ to say t ! *ild at five ye>s 0 to be taught ,scripture1 at t5 ye>s ,mi%nah1 at ?irte5 to fulfil ! ,law1 etc4 ,?is say+1 incorporat$ 9 mo/ editions 9 ! fif? ,*apt] ( ! ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 is usually consid]$ z ! programme ( ,jewi% education4 ,b1 l s _m programmes1 ?is tells u r h[ ?+s ought to h be5 ?an h[ !y 74 ,9 ! times ( ! ,temple1 ! p>ticipation ( ! y\? 9 religi\s actions began at ! t5d]e/ age4 ,z soon z !y 7 able to walk a c]ta9 di/ance ) ! support ( _! p>5ts1 ! *ildr5 _h to accompany !m on _! pilgrimages to ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! ,sabbatical ye> !y 7 br\ght to ! ,temple1 to be pres5t at ! read+ ( ,deut]onomy by ! k+47#bea7 ,! p]iod at :i* ! *ild's allegiance to ! ,synagogue began is /ill m di/9ctly describ$4 ,( ! _m ,talmudical passages relat+ to ?is "q1 ,i %all select ! foll[+ quotation f a lat] ,midra%1 because x is ! mo/ concise4 ,9 allusion to ,leviticus xix4 #bc1 #bd1 conc]n+ ! prohibition ( eat+ ! fruits ( a tree 9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 ?is ,midra% goes on to say3 8,& ?is is also ! case ) ! ,jewi% *ild4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ! *ild is unable to speak1 & !re=e is exempt$ f e religi\s duty1 b 9 ! f\r? ye> all its fruits %all be holy to praise ! ,"l1 & ! fa!r is oblig$ to initiate ! *ild 9 religi\s works40 ,accord+ly ! religi\s life ( ! *ild began z soon z x 0 able to speak di/9ctly1 or ) ! f\r? ye> ( its life4 ,z to ! "* ( ?is initiation we le>n f ! same ,midra% & also f o!r ,talmudical passages1 t x consi/$ 9 tea*+ ! *ild ! v]ses1 8,he>1 ,o ,israel3 ! ,"l our ,god is ,"o0 7,deut4 vi4 #d71 & 8,moses comm&$ u a ,torah1 ! inh]itance ( ! congregation ( ,jacob0 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #d74 ,x 0 also 9 ?is ye> t ! boys began to accompany _! p>5ts to ! synagogue1 c>ry+ _! pray]books4 ,at :at age ! girls fir/ came out--n = _! fir/ p>ty1 b ) ! purpose ( go+ to ! synagogue--is difficult to decide ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,b if we 7 to tru/ a r d\btful read+ 9 ,tractate ,soph]im17#beb7 we might ma9ta9 t _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! synagogue 0 also at a v t5d] age4 ,i hope t !y behav$ !re m respectfully ?an _! bro!rs1 :o play$ & cri$ in/ead ( jo9+ 9 ! responses & s++ ) ! congregation4 ,9 "s communities !y prov$ s great a nuisance t a c]ta9 ,rabbi decl>$ x w\ld be bett] to leave !m at home r ?an to h ! devotion ( ! :ole congregation di/urb$ by ^! ur*9s4 ,ano!r ,rabbi recomm5d$ ! praisewor?y cu/om ( ! ,seph>dim17#bec7 :o conf9$ all ! boys 9 ! synagogue to "o place1 & set a special ov]se] by _! side1 ) a :ip 9 8 h&s1 to compel !m to keep quiet & to wor%ip ) due devotion4 ,a /range cu/om is kn[n among ! ,arabian & ,pale/9ian ,jews "u ! "n ( ,*alaka4 ,x means ! fir/ haircutt+ ( ! boy aft] 8 f\r? bir?day4 ,z on ?is occasion loyalty to ! ,scripture is %[n by n t\*+ ! 8corn]s0 7,lev4 xix4 #ag71 ! :ole action is consid]$ a religi\s c]emony ( great importance4 ,9 ,pale/9e x usually takes place on ! second day ( ! ,fea/ ( ! ,passov] :5 ! c\nt+ ( ! sev5 weeks beg9s4 ,on ?is day fri5ds & relatives assemble at ! h\se ( ! p>5ts4 ,?i!r ! boy is br\ght1 dress$ 9 8 be/ g>m5ts1 & e "o ( ! assembly is entru/$ ) ! duty ( cutt+ a few hairs1 :i* is consid]$ a great privilege4 ,! c]emony is z usual foll[$ by a d9n] giv5 to ! gue/s4 ,! ,jews 9 ,saf$ & ,tib]ias p]=m ! c]emony ) great pomp 9 ! c\rty>d surr\nd+ ! 7suppos$7 grave ( ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,yo*ai1 9 "o ( ! neighb\r+ villages4 ,ano!r cu/om already m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud1 b :i* q disappe>$ 9 lat] times1 is t ( weigh+ ! *ild4 ,x w\ld be wor? reviv+ if p]=m$ 9 ! way 9 :i* ! "m ( ,doeg b5 ,joseph did x4 ,?is t5d]he>t$ "m weigh$ h] only son e day1 & di/ribut$ among ! poor1 9 gold1 ! am\nt ( ! increas$ weight ( h] *ild4 ,i pass n[ to ! second great consecration ( ! boy1--! rites p]=m$ on ! day :5 ! boy w5t to s*ool = ! fir/ "t4 ,?is day 0 celebrat$ by ! ,jews1 especially 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 9 su* a way z to ju/ify ! high e/eem 9 :i* !y held ! s*ool4 ,! s*ool 0 look$ ^u z a second ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ! day on :i* ! *ild ent]$ x z ! ,fea/ ( ,revelation4 ,( ! _m diff]5t cu/oms1 ,i %all m5tion "h t accord+ to :i* ?is day 0 fix$ = ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+1 :ile x 0 /ill d>k1 ! *ild 0 wa%$ & dress$ c>efully4 ,9 "s places !y dress$ x 9 a 8g[n ) fr+es40 ,z soon z day dawn$ ! boy 0 tak5 to ! synagogue1 ei!r by 8 fa!r or by "s wor?y memb] ( ! community4 ,arriv$ at _! de/9ation1 ! boy 0 put on ! ,almemor1 or read+ dais1 be=e ! ,scroll ( ! ,law1 f :i* ! n>rative ( ! ,revelation 7,exod4 xx4 #bbf7 0 read z ! portion ( ! day4 ,f ! synagogue ! boy 0 tak5 to ! h\se ( ! tea*]1 :o took him into 8 arms4 ,!reupon a slate 0 br\ght1 conta9+ ! alphabet 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 ! v]se1 8,moses has comm&$10 etc4 9 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #d1 ! fir/ v]se ( ! ,book ( ,leviticus1 & ! words1 8,! ,torah w be my call+40 ,! tea*] !n read ! names ( ! lett]s1 :i* ! boy repeat$4 ,aft] ! read+1 ! slate 0 besme>$ ) honey1 :i* ! boy lick$ (f4 ,?is 0 done 9 allusion to ,ezekiel iii4 #c1 :]e x is said3 8,& x 7! roll7 0 9 my m\? z honey = sweetness40 ,! boy 0 also made to eat a sweet cake1 on :i* 7 writt5 passages f ! ,bible relat+ to ! importance ( ! /udy ( ! ,torah4 ,! c]emony 0 conclud$ by invok+ ! names ( c]ta9 angels1 ask+ !m to op5 ! he>t ( ! boy1 & to /r5g!n 8 memory4 ,by ! way1 ,i am v mu* afraid t ?is invocation 0 answ]able = ! abolition ( ?is c]emony4 ,! ye> 9 :i* ?is c]emony took place is unc]ta91 probably n be=e ! fif?1 nor lat] ?an ! sev5?1 accord+ to ! good or bad heal? ( ! *ild4 ,! rev]5ce = ! *ild already h9t$ at 0 /ill fur!r increas$ :5 ! boy ent]$ ! s*ool4 8,! *ildr5 ( ! h\se 7s*ool7 ( ! ma/]0 is a regul> phrase 9 ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,x is on _! pure brea? t ! exi/5ce ( ! _w dep5ds1 & x is _! m]it t ju/ifies u 9 appeal+ to ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,words ( ,scripture1 utt]$ by !m q innoc5tly1 7 consid]$ z oracles2 & _m a ,rabbi gave up an und]tak+ on acc\nt ( a v]se pron\nc$ by a s*oolboy1 :o h>dly und]/ood its import4 ,take only "o in/ance3 ,r4 ,johanan 0 long+ to see 8 fri5d ,m> ,samuel 9 ,babylon4 ,aft] _m di/urbances & delays1 he at la/ und]took ! j\rney4 ,on ! way he pass$ a s*ool :]e ! boys 7 recit+ ! v]se f #a ,samuel xxviii4 #c1 8,& ,samuel di$40 ,?is 0 accept$ by him z a h9t giv5 by ,provid5ce t all 0 ov] ) 8 fri5d4 ,especially fam\s = _! wisdom & %>pness 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,j]usalem4 ,( ! _m illu/rative /ories giv5 9 ! ,midra% to ,lam5tations1 let ! foll[+ suffice3 ,r4 ,jo%ua 0 "o day rid+ on 8 donkey along ! high road4 ,z he pass$ a well1 he saw a little girl !re1 & ask$ h] to give him "s wat]4 ,%e accord+ly gave wat] to him & to 8 animal4 ,! ,rabbi ?ank$ h] ) ! words3 8,my daught]1 y act$ l ,rebecca40 8,to be sure10 %e answ]$1 8,i act$ l ,rebecca2 b y did n behave l ,eleaz>40 ,i mu/ add t !re are passages 9 ,jewi% lit]ature f :i*1 ) a little +5uity1 x might be d$uc$ t ,jewi% babies are ! mo/ beautiful ( _! k9d4 ,! ass]tion made by a monk t ,jewi% *ildr5 are inf]ior to ,*ri/ian *ildr5 is a dreadful libel4 ,! au?or ( ! ,old ,victory17#bed7 9 ^: pres5ce ?is ass]tion 0 made1 0 probably *ildless1 or he w\ld h simply scrat*$ out ! eyes ( ?is malici\s monk1 in/ead ( giv+ a my/ical reason = ! sup]ior beauty ( any o!r *ildr5 ?an 8 own4 ,ano!r po9t to be emphasis$ is t ! boys 7 n conf9$ all day long to ! close air ( ! s*oolroom4 ,!y _h also _! h\rs ( recreation4 ,?is recreation consi/$ *iefly1 z "o c imag9e1 9 play+4 ,_! fav\rite game 0 ! ball1 boys z well z girls be+ fond ( ?is =m ( amusem5t4 ,!y did n d5y !mselves ?is pleasure ev5 on fe/ivals4 ,!y 7 also fond ( ! kite & games ) nuts1 9 :i* _! mo!rs also took "p4 ,lett]games & riddles also occupi$ _! m9ds 9 ! recreation h\rs4 ,! angel ,s&alphon17#bee7 :o also be>s 9 ! ,cabbalah ! "n ( 8,boy10 0 consid]$ by ! *ildr5 z _! special patron1 & !y invok$ him 9 _! plays1 address+ to him ! words3 8,s&alphon1 ,"l ( ! =e/1 protect u f pa940 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !re are v few di/9ctively ,jewi% games4 ,f ! rese>*es ( ,zunz1 ,gdemann1 & ,lw on ?is subject1 x is cle> t ! ,jews always adopt$ ! pa/imes ( ! peoples among :om !y dwelt4 ,b x mu/ n be ?\ght t !re 0 too mu* play+4 ,altoge!r1 ,jewi% education 0 f> f spoil+ ! *ildr54 ,& ?\gh x 0 recomm5d$--if su* recomm5dation 7 necess>y--to love *ildr5 m ?an "o's own s\l1 ! ,rabbis /rongly condemn$ t bl9d p>tiality t[>ds our own (fspr+1 :i* ends 9 burd5+ our _w ) s _m good=no?+s4 ,! sad exp]i5ce ( c]ta9 biblical p]sonages s]v$ z a w>n+ = po/]ity4 ,ev5 f ! q natural behavi\r ( ,jacob t[>ds 8 son ,joseph1 :i* _h ! be/ possible results 9 ! end1 !y drew ! lesson t a man mu/ nev] %[ to "o ( 8 *ildr5 m>ks ( great] fav\r ?an to ! o!rs4 ,9 lat] times !y h be5 ev5 anxi\s to conceal ?is love altoge!r1 & "s ,rabbis w5t s f> z to refra9 f kiss+ _! *ildr54 ,! sev]ity ( ,akabya b5 ,mahalaleel is wor? m5tion+1 if n imitat+4 ,:5 ?is ,rabbi1 only a few m9utes be=e 8 dea?1 0 ask$ by 8 son to recomm5d him to 8 fri5ds & colleagues1 ! answ] ! poor boy receiv$ 03 8,?y conduct w recomm5d !e to my fri5ds1 or w e/range !e f !m40 ,ano!r ,rabbi decl>$ 7) ref]5ce to ,prov4 xxviii4 #bg7 t x is lifegiv+ to a y\? to tea* him temp]ance 9 8 diet1 & n to accu/om him to meat & w9e4 ,r4 ,judah1 ! ,pi\s1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 gives ! advice to ri* p>5ts to )draw _! res\rces f _! sons if !y lead a disord]ly life4 ,! /ruggle = _! exi/5ce1 & ! h>d%ip ( life1 w\ld br+ !m back to ,god4 ,:5 ! old ,rabbi said t pov]ty is a mo/ becom+ ornam5t = ,israel1 8 rem>k 0 probably sugge/$ by a simil> ?\ght4 ,& _m a passage 9 ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature gives expression to ! same idea z t 9 ,goe!'s div9e l9es3-- ,w] nie se9 ,brot mit ,?rn5 ass1 ,w] nie die kumm]voll5 ,n*te ,auf se9em ,bette we95d sass1 ,d] k5nt ,eu* ni*t1 ,ihr himmlis*5 ,m*te4 ,i h spok5 ( a k+dom ( prie/s1 b !re is "o great disadvantage ( su* a polity4 ,"o or two prie/s 9 a community may be su/a9$ by ! lib]ality ( ! congregation4 ,b if a community consi/$ ( only prie/s1 h[ c\ld x !n be ma9ta9$8 ,besides1 ! old ,jewi% ideal expect$ ! tea*] to be possess$ ( a div9e goodness1 imp>t+ 8 b5efits only z an act ( grace4 ,sal>ies1 !re=e1 ei!r = tea*+ or prea*+1 or = giv+ ritual decisions1 7 /rongly =bidd54 ,! solution ( ! "q put by ! ,bible1 8,& if ye %all say1 ,:at %all we eat80 is to be f\nd 9 ! law t e fa!r 0 oblig$ to tea* 8 son a h&icraft1 enabl+ him to obta9 a liv+4 ,i h n[ to speak ( ! "t :5 *ildhood is br\ght to a conclusion4 ,x is1 z ,i /at$ above1 9 ! case ( a girl at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? ye>1 & 9 t ( a boy at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? ye>4 ,z a reason = ?is priority ,i w reproduce ! words ( ,r4 ,*isda1 :o said t ,god has end[$ woman ) a great] portion ( intellig5ce ?an man1 & !re=e %e obta9s h] maturity at an e>li] p]iod ?an man does4 ,a v nice complim5t1 inde$2 b l all complim5ts x is ( no practical consequ5ce :atev]4 ,x is n always ! wis] :o get ! be/ ( x 9 life4 ,:il/ ! day on :i* ! girl obta9$ h] majority pass$ unnotic$ ei!r by h] or by h] family1 x 0 m>k$ 9 ! case ( ! boy z ! day on :i* he became a ,son ( ! ,law17#bef7 & 0 signalis$ by v>i\s rites & c]emonies1 & by ! be/[+ on him ( beautiful pres5ts4 ,i miss only ! wig1 :i* us$ to =m ! *ief ornam5t ( ! boy on ?is happy day4 ,less kn[n1 h[ev]1 is ! orig9 ( ?is c]emony1 & ! reason = fix+ its date4 ,x _c claim a v high antiquity4 ,i may rem>k t 9 _m cases c5turies elapse be=e an idea or a notion takes practical %ape & is cry/allis$ into a cu/om or usage1 & /ill long] be=e ?is cu/om is fossilis$ into a law or fix$ in/itution4 ,z f> z ! ,bible goes1 !re is n ! slighte/ indication ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a c]emony4 ,f ,lev4 xxvii4 #e1 & ,num4 xiv4 #bi1 x w\ld r seem t x 0 n be=e ! tw5tie? ye> t ! man 0 consid]$ to h obta9$ 8 majority1 & to be responsible = 8 actions4 ,x 0 only 9 ! times ( ! ,rabbis1 :5 ,roman influ5ce became preval5t 9 juri/ic matt]s at lea/1 t ! date ( ?irte51 or r ! pub]tas1 0 fix$ z giv+ ! boy 8 majority4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to ?9k t be=e hav+ obta9$ ?is majority ! boy 0 consid]$ z "u age 9 e respect4 ,c]ta9ly ! law made e possible ef=t to connect him ) ! synagogue1 & to initiate him 9 8 religi\s duties long be=e ! age ( ?irte54 ,we h se5 t ! boy's fir/ appe>ance 9 ! synagogue 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? ye>4 ,we h notic$ ! compla9ts ab\t 8 tr\blesome behavi\r4 ,b h[ c\ld we expect ! poor *ild to be att5tive to ?+s :i* q surpass$ ! intellectual p[]s ( 8 t5d] age8 ,!re 0 no bett] reason = ?is att5dance ei!r 9 ! ,temple or 9 ! synagogue ?an t ! p>5ts might be rew>d$ by ,god = ! tr\ble ( tak+ _! *ildr5 !re4 ,^! c>es1 by ! way1 fell mo/ heavily ^u ! wom54 ,! "m ( ,r4 ,jo%ua enjoy$ ?is burd5 s mu* t %e c>ri$ h] boy1 :5 /ill 9 ! cradle1 to ! 8,h\se ( ,/udy ( ! ,law10 9 ord] t 8 e>s might be accu/om$ to ! s\nd ( ! ,torah4 ,9 lat] times !re 0 ano!r excuse = tak+ ! little *ildr5 to ! synagogue4 ,!y 7 !re all[$ to sip ! w9e ( ! ,sanctification ,cup17#beg7 :i* 0 ! exclusive privilege ( ! *ildr52 an easy way ( wor%ipp+1 b1 z y c obs]ve1 x is a me?od t !y enjoy & und]/& mo/ excell5tly4 ,!y did n less enjoy & und]/& ! s]vice ) :i* !y 7 *>g$ on ! day ( 8,! ,rejoic+ ( ! ,law407#beh7 ,on ?is fea/ !y 7 provid$ ) flags1 :i* !y c>ri$ be=e ! be>]s ( ! ,torah1 :o fea/$ !m aft] ! s]vice ) sweets4 ,ano!r treat 0 t ( be+ call$ up on ?is day to ! ,torah1 a cu/om t is /ill extant4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages !y w5t 9 "s c\ntries s f> z to all[ ^! little fell[s :o did n we> caps 8to be call$ up0 to say ! bless+s ov] ! ,law b>ehead$4 ,a beautiful cu/om 0 t e ,sabba?1 aft] f9i%+ ! weekly lesson & dress+ ! ,scroll ( ! ,law1 ! *ildr5 us$ to come up to ! ,almemor & kiss ! ,torah4 ,leav+ ! synagogue !y kiss$ ! h&s ( ! s*ol>s4 ,at home ! initiation began ) ! bless+ ! *ild receiv$ on e eve ( ! ,sabba?1 & ) its in/ruction 9 8,he> ,o ,israel0 & o!r v]ses z already m5tion$4 ,%ort pray]s1 consi/+ ( a s+le s5t5ce1 7 also *os5 = *ildr5 ( ?is age4 ,! function ( ! *ild on ! eve ( ! fir/ day ( ,passov] is well kn[n4 ,besides ! putt+ ( ! f\r que/ions = ! mean+ ( ! /range c]emony 7,exod4 xiii4 #ad71 ! boy _h also to recite1 or r to s+1 ! 8,praise407#bei7 ,b ,i am afraid t !y enjoy$ bett] ! song ( 8,"o ,kid10 :i* 0 compos$ or r adapt$ = _! special ent]ta9m5t f an old ,g]man poem4 ,)9 ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] ent]+ ! synagogue1 & ) ! gr[? ( intellect & /r5g?1 ! religi\s duties ( ! boy increas$1 & became ( a m s]i\s "*4 ,he _h n only to att5d ! s*ool1 :i* 0 tr\blesome en\gh1 b he 0 also expect$ to att5d ! s]vices m regul>ly1 & to ga9 some?+ by x4 ,yet ! ,rabbis 7 n s tyrannical z to put unju/ dem&s on ! pati5ce ( ! *ild4 ,! voice ( ,god on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ! ,rabbis said1 0 adapt$ to ! intellect & p[]s ( all :o witness$ ! ,revelation--adapt$1 z ! ,midra% says1 to ! p[]s ( old & "y1 *ildr5 & wom54 ,x 0 9 accordance ) ?is s5tim5t t ! ,rabbis suit$ _! language to ! ne$s ( ! less educat$ classes4 ,?us we read 9 ! ,tractate ,soph]im t accord+ to ! law ! portion ( ! week1 aft] hav+ be5 recit$ 9 ,hebrew1 mu/ be translat$ into ! language ( ! v]nacul> = ! b5efit ( ! unle>n$ p1 ! wom51 & ! *ildr54 ,ano!r consid]ation *ildr5 exp]i5c$ f ! ,rabbis 0 t at ! age ( n9e or t5 ! boy 0 initiat$ into ! obs]vance ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t by fa/+ a few h\rs4 ,le/1 h[ev]1 ?is good "w might be ov]done1 & ?us endang] ! *ild's heal?1 ! sage ,r4 ,a*a us$ to tell 8 congregation aft] ! ,addition,pray] 8,my bre?r51 let e "o ( y :o has a *ild g home & make x eat40 ,9 lat] c5turies1 :5 ! disease ( smallpox became s fatal1 "s ,rabbis decl>$ x to be ! duty ( e fa!r to leave ! t[n ) 8 *ildr5 z soon z ! plague %[$ itself4 ,! joy ) :i* ! ,rabbis hail$ ,dr4 ,j5n]'s discov]y des]ves our recognition4 ,none ( !m p]ceiv$ 9 vacc9ation a defiance ( ,provid5ce4 ,r4 ,abraham ,nansi*1 f ,london1 wrote a pamphlet to prove its lawfulness4 ,! ,cabbali/ ,buzagli disput$ ,dr4 ,j5n]'s priority1 b nev]!less approv$ ( vacc9ation4 ,r4 ,israel ,lips*tz decl>$ t ! ,doctor acquir$ salvation by 8 new rem$y4 ,) 8 advanc+ age1 n only ! boy's duties b also 8 rights 7 increas$4 ,an enum]ation ( all ^! rights w\ld lead me too f>1 b ,i %all m5tion ! cu/om :i* all[$ ! boy ! recital ( 8,magnifi$07#bfj7 & 8,bless ye07#bfa7 9 ! synagogue4 ,n[ ?is privilege is re/rict$ to ! orphan boy4 ,x is int]e/+ to he> t girls 7 also admitt$ to recite ! ,magnifi$ 9 ! synagogue1 9 cases :]e _! p>5ts left no male issue4 ,i h myself witness$ su* a case4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! boy _h ! exclusive privilege ( read+ ! pray]s on ! ev5+s ( ! fe/ivals & ,sabba?s4 ,r4 ,samson b5 ,eleaz>1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 receiv$ 8 family "n ,b>u* ,%eam>7#bfb7 f ! skill ) :i* he recit$ ?is pray] :5 a boy4 ,he *ant$ x s well t he 0 call$ by ! memb]s ( ! community ,ma/] ,b>u* ,%eam>4 ,z to ! "q :e!r ! boy1 :ile "u age1 might lawfully be consid]$ z "o ( ! ,t5 :5 su* a quorum 0 requir$1 or "o ( ! ?ree 9 ! case ( grace aft] meals1 ,i c only say t ! au?orities nev] agre$ 9 ?is respect4 ,:il/ ! "o insi/$ ^u 8 hav+ obta9$ 8 majority1 ! o!r 0 satisfi$ ) 8 %[+ su* signs ( intellig5ce z w\ld enable him to p>ticipate 9 ! c]emony 9 "q4 ,"h is an in/ance ( su* a sign4 ,abaye & ,raba1 ! two celebrat$ h]oes ( ! ,babylonian ,talmud1 7 sitt+ at ! table ( ,rabbah4 ,be=e say+ grace he ask$ !m1 8,d y "k to :om ^! pray]s are address$80 ,!reupon "o boy po9t$ to ! ro(1 :il/ ! o!r boy w5t out & po9t$ to ! sky4 ,! exam9] 0 satisfi$ ) _! answ]4 ,! privilege ( putt+ on ! phylact]ies =ms n[ 9 mo/ c\ntries ! *ief di/9ction ( 8,! ,son ( ! ,law02 9 old5 times1 h[ev]1 e boy _h claim to x z soon z he %[$ himself capable ( behav+ respectfully :5 we>+ ! holy symbol4 ,x ev5 happ5$ t c]ta9 hon\rs ( ! synagogue 7 be/[$ on boys1 ?\gh "u age4 ,we possess a copy ( a ,jewi% epitaph dat+ f ab\t ! ?ird c5tury1 :i* 0 writt5 9 ,rome = a boy ( eight ye>s1 :o is !re designat$ z ar*on4 ,! fact is ! m curi\s1 z on ! o!r h& ! ,pale/9ian ,r4 ,abuha1 :o liv$ 9 ! same c5tury1 ma9ta9$ t no man mu/ be elect$ z ,w>d5 be=e he has a*iev$ 8 fiftie? ye>4 ,t boys 7 admitt$ to prea* 9 ! synagogue ,i h already m5tion$47#bfc7 ,f all ^! rem>ks x w easily be se5 t 9 old5 times ! boy enjoy$ almo/ all ! rights ( majority long be=e ! day ( 8 be+ 8,! ,son ( ! ,law40 ,! condition ( ! novice is h>dly di/+ui%able f t ( ! initiat$ prie/4 ,! ,talmud1 ! ,gaonim1 & ev5 ,r4 ,isaac ,alfasi & ,maimonides knew nei!r ! t]m 8,! ,son ( ! ,law0 79 our s5se ( ! ^w7 nor any c]emony connect$ ) x4 ,!re is only "o slight ref]5ce to su* an in/itution1 record$ 9 ! ,tractate ,soph]im1 ) ! quotation ( :i* ,i %all conclude ?is pap]4 ,we read !re3 8,9 ,j]usalem !re 0 ! godly cu/om to initiate ! *ildr5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? ye> by fa/+ ! :ole ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,dur+ ?is ye> !y took ! boy to ! prie/s & le>n$ m5 t !y might bless him1 & pray = him t ,god might ?9k him wor?y ( a life devot$ to ! /udy ( ! ,torah & pi\s works40 ,=1 ?is au?or says1 8!y 7 beautiful1 & _! lives h>moni\s & _! he>ts direct$ to ,god40 ,,xiii4 ,,woman ,,9 ,,temple ,,& ,,synagogue ,! le>n$ ,woman has always be5 a fav\rite subject ) ,jewi% /ud5ts2 & h] intellectual capabilities h be5 fully v9dicat$ 9 _m an essay & ev5 fairsiz$ book4 ,less att5tion1 h[ev]1 has be5 paid to woman's claims z a devotional be+ :om ! ,temple1 & aft]w>ds ! ,synagogue1 m or less recognis$4 ,at lea/ x is n kn[n to me t any attempt has be5 made to give1 ev5 9 outl9e1 ! hi/ory ( woman's relation to public wor%ip4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! pres5t sket*1 :i* is meant to supply ?is want 9 "s measure1 lays no claim to complet5ess2 b ,i v5ture to hope t x w help to direct ! att5tion ( ! fri5ds ( rese>* to ! matt]1 & t x may induce o!rs to deal m fully ) ! subject & d x ! ju/ice x des]ves4 ,! e>lie/ allusion to wom5's p>ticipation 9 public wor%ip1 is t 9 ,exodus xxxviii4 #h1 to ! wom5 :o assembl$ to m9i/] at ! door ( ! 8t5t ( meet+10 ( ^: mirrors ! lav]s ( brass 7 made 7cf4 #a ,sam4 ii4 #bb74 ,philo1 :o is n exactly enam\r$ ( ! emancipation ( wom51 & seeks to conf9e !m to ! 8small /ate10 is "h full ( _! praise4 8,=10 he says1 8?\gh no "o enjo9$ !m to d s1 !y ( _! own spontane\s zeal & e>ne/ness contribut$ ! mirrors ) :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ to deck & set (f _! beauty1 z ! mo/ becom+ fir/fruits ( _! mode/y1 & ( ! purity ( _! m>ri$ life1 &1 z "o may say1 ( ! beauty ( _! s\ls40 ,9 ano!r passage ,philo describes ! ,jewi% wom5 z 8compet+ ) ! m5 !mselves 9 piety1 hav+ det]m9$ to ent] ^u a glori\s conte/1 & to ! utmo/ ext5t ( _! p[] to ex]t !mselves s z n to fall %ort ( _! hol9ess40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v difficult to asc]ta9 9 :at ?is m9i/ry ( wom5 consi/$4 ,! ,hebrew t]m 8,zobeo?07#bfd7 w\ld sugge/ ! ?\ght ( a species ( religi\s ,amazons1 :o =m$ a gu>d ( hon\r r\nd ! ,sanctu>y4 ,"s comm5tators ?9k t ! m9i/ry consi/$ 9 p]=m+ religi\s dances accompani$ by v>i\s in/rum5ts4 ,! ,septuag9t aga9 speaks 8( ! wom5 :o fa/$ by ! doors ( ! ,tab]nacle40 ,b mo/ ( ! old ,jewi% expositors1 z well z ,onkelos1 conceive t ! wom5 w5t to ! t5t ( meet+ to pray4 ,ibn ,ezra (f]s ! int]e/+ rem>k1 8,& behold1 !re 7 wom5 9 ,israel s]v+ ! ,"l1 :o left ! vanities ( ?is _w1 & n be+ desir\s ( beautify+ !mselves any long]1 made ( _! mirrors a free (f]+1 & came to ! tab]nacle e day to pray & to li/5 !re to ! words ( ! comm&m5ts40 ,:5 we f9d t 9 #a ,sam4 i4 #ab1 8,hannah cont9u$ to pray be=e ! ,"l10 %e 0 only do+ !re :at _m ( h] si/]s did be=e & aft] h]4 ,we may also judge t x 0 f ! numb] ( ^! noble wom51 :o made religion ! aim ( _! lives1 t ! 8tw5tytwo0 h]o9es & prophetesses sprang :o =m "p ( ! glory ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,sometimes x ev5 happ5$ t _! husb&s d]iv$ _! religi\s inspiration f !m4 ,?us ! husb& ( ! prophetess ,deborah is said to h be5 an unlett]$ man4 ,b 8 wife made him c>ry to ! ,sanctu>y ! c&les :i* %e h]self _h prep>$1 ?is be+ ! way 9 :i* %e enc\rag$ him to seek communion ) ! righte\s4 ,! language 9 :i* ! husb& ( ! 8,great ,woman0 ( ,%unem addresses 8 wife3 8,:]e=e wilt ?\ g to him0 7! prophet78 8x is nei!r ,new ,moon nor ,sabba?0 7#b ,k+s iv4 #bc71 proves t on ,fe/ivals & ,sabba?s ! wom5 us$ to att5d "s k9d ( wor%ip1 p]=m$ by ! prophet1 ?\gh we _c say 9 :at ?is wor%ip consi/$4 ,! ,new ,moon 0 especially a woman's holiday1 & 0 s obs]v$ ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 = ! wom5 refra9$ f do+ "w on t day4 ,! explanation giv5 by ! ,rabbis is t :5 ! m5 broke (f _! gold5 e>r+s to supply mat]ial = ! gold5 calf1 ! wom5 refus$ to contribute _! tr9kets1 = :i* good behavi\r a special day ( repose 0 grant$ to !m4 ,"s ,cabbali/s ev5 ma9ta9 t ! orig9al wor%ipp]s ( ! gold5 calf cont9ue to exi/ on e>?1 _! s\ls hav+ successively migrat$ into v>i\s bodies1 :ile _! puni%m5t consi/s 9 ?is1 t !y are rul$ ov] by _! wives4 ,r int]e/+ z well z complim5t>y to wom5 is ! rem>k :i* ! ,rabbis made ) reg>d to ! 8,great ,woman40 ,z w be rememb]$1 x is %e :o says1 8,i p]ceive t ?is 7,eli%a7 is a holy man ( ,god0 7#b ,k+s iv4 #ai74 ,9 allusion to ?is v]se ! ,talmud says3 8,f ?is fact we may inf] t woman is quick] 9 recognis+ ! wor? ( a /rang] ?an man40 ,! great woman1 or wom51 cont9u$ to pray & to jo9 9 ! public wor%ip also aft] ! de/ruction ( ! fir/ ,temple4 ,?us ,e/h] is report$ by tradition to h address$ ,god 9 a long extempore pray] be=e %e pres5t$ h]self be=e ! ?rone ( ,ahasu]us to plead h] p's cause2 & wom5 7 always enjo9$ to att5d ! read+ ( ! ,book ( ,e/h]4 ,:5 ,ezra read ! ,law = ! fir/ "t1 he did s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! m5 & ! wom5 7,neh4 viii4 #c74 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,maccabees we read ( 8,! wom5 girt ) sackclo? 444 & ! maid5s t ran to ! gates4444 ,& all hold+ _! h&s t[>ds heav5 made supplication40 ,9 ! ,judi? leg5d1 m5tion is also made ( 8,e man & woman 444 :o fell be=e ! ,temple1 & spread out _! sackclo? be=e ! face ( ! ,"l 444 & cri$ be=e ! ,god ( ,israel40 ,9 ! second ,temple1 ! wom51 z is well kn[n1 possess$ a c\rt res]v$ = _! exclusive use4 ,!re ! great illum9ations & rejoic+s on ! ev5+ ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles us$ to be held4 ,on ?is occasion1 h[ev]1 ! wom5 7 conf9$ to gall]ies specially erect$ = !m4 ,x 0 also 9 ?is ,wom5's ,hall t ! great public read+ ( c]ta9 portions ( ! ,law by ! k+1 once 9 sev5 ye>s1 us$ to take place1 & wom5 _h also to att5d at ! function4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is h>dly necess>y to say t wom5 7 exclud$ f p]=m+ any important s]vice 9 ! ,temple4 ,if we 7 to tru/ a c]ta9 passage 9 ! 8,*apt]s ( ,r4 ,eliez]10 we might p]haps conclude t dur+ ! fir/ ,temple1 ! wives ( ! ,levites =m$ a "p ( ! *oir1 b ! mean+ ( ! passage is too obscure & d\btful = u to be ju/ifi$ 9 bas+ on x s important an inf]5ce4 ,nor c ! ?ree hundr$ maid5s :o 7 employ$ = ! weav+ ( ! curta9s 9 ! ,temple1 be look$ ^u z hav+ /ood 9 clos] connection ) ! ,temple1 or z hav+ =m$ an ord] ( wom5prie/s or girldevotees 7z "o might wrongly be induc$ to ?9k by c]ta9 passages 9 ,apocryphal writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t74 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is n improbable t _! frequ5t contact ) ! ,sanctu>y ( ! nation produc$ 9 !m t religi\s en?usiasm & zeal :i* may acc\nt = ! h]oic dea? :i*--accord+ to ! leg5d--!y s\ght & f\nd aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t1 accord+ to ! law1 wom5 7 ev5 exempt$ f putt+ _! h&s on ! head ( ! victim1 :i* =m$ an important item 9 ! sacrificial wor%ip4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /at$ by an eyewitness1 t ! au?orities p]mitt$ !m to p]=m ?is c]emony if !y desir$ to d s1 & t _! reason = ?is concession 0 8to give calmness ( ! _s1 or satisfaction1 to wom540 ,/ill great]1 p]haps1 0 8! calmness ( _s0 giv5 to wom5 9 ! synagogue4 ,we f9d 9 anci5t epitaphs t su* titles ( hon\r 7 conf]r$ ^u !m z 8,mi/ress ( ! ,synagogue10 & 8,"m ( ! ,synagogue10 &1 ?\gh !y held no actual (fice 9 ! ,synagogue1 x is n improbable t !y acquir$ ^! titles by m]itori\s "w connect$ ) a religi\s in/itution1 viz43 ,*>ity4 ,!re 01 inde$1 a t5d5cy to exclude wom5 f ! synagogue at c]ta9 seasons1 b almo/ all ! au?orities prote/ aga9/ x1 _m ( !m decl>+ su* a notion to be q un,jewi%4 ,"s ,jewi% s*ol>s ev5 ?9k t ! anci5t synagogues knew ( no p>tition = wom54 ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k t ! synagogue took = its model ! arrangem5ts 9 ! ,temple1 & ?us conf9$ wom5 to a place ( _! own4 ,b1 :e!r !y sat side by side ) ! m5 or occupi$ a special portion ( ! edifice1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ,jewi% wom5 7 great synagogue go]s4 ,to give only "o in/ance4 ,"o ,rabbi asks ano!r3 ,giv5 ! case t ! memb]s ( ! synagogue are all desc5dants ( ,a>on1 to :om !n w\ld !y imp>t _! bless+8 ,! answ] is1 to ! wom5 :o are !re4 ,( ! s]mon !y 7 ev5 m fond ?an _! husb&s4 ,?us "o woman 0 s mu* int]e/$ 9 ! lectures ( ,r4 ,meir1 :i* he 0 9 ! habit ( giv+ e ,friday ev5+1 t %e us$ to rema9 !re s long t ! c&les 9 h] h\se burnt !mselves out4 ,h] lazy husb&1 :o /opp$ at home1 s /rongly res5t$ hav+ to wait 9 ! d>k1 t he w\ld n p]mit h] to cross ! ?re%old until %e gave "s (f5ce to ! prea*]1 :i* w\ld make him sure t %e w\ld n v5ture to att5d 8 s]mons aga94 ,! pray]s !y said 7 ! ,eighte5 ,b5$ictions :i* 7 prescrib$ by ! ,law4 ,b x w\ld seem t occasionally !y (f]$ %ort pray]s compos$ by !mselves z sugge/$ by _! p]sonal feel+s & ne$s4 ,?us1 to give "o in/ance1 ,r4 ,johanan relates t "o day he obs]v$ a "y girl fall on h] face & pray3 8,"l ( ! _w1 ,?\ ha/ creat$ ,p>adise1 ,?\ ha/ creat$ hell1 ,?\ ha/ creat$ ! wick$1 ,?\ ha/ creat$ ! righte\s2 may x be ,?y w t ,i may n s]ve z a /umbl+block to !m40 ,! f9e ,hebrew 9 :i* ! pray] is express$1 & ! notion ( ! responsibility ( ,provid5ce = our actions1 manife/ a high degree ( intellig5ce & reflection4 ,x w\ld also seem t "s wom5 w5t s f> 9 _! religi\s s5sibility z to lead a regul> ascetic life1 &1 accord+ to ! sugge/ion ( "s s*ol>s1 ev5 took ! v[ ( celibacy4 ,( ^! ! ,rabbis did n approve1 & /igmatis$ !m z ! 8de/roy]s ( ! _w40 ,p]haps x 0 j at ?is p]iod t ,judaism c\ld n af=d to give free play to ^? morbid feel+s1 deg5]at+ into religi\s hy/]ics1 :i* l$ "s to jo9 rival sects1 & o!rs to ab&on !mselves to ! gross immorality we read ( 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,! same circum/ances may h be5 ! cause ( public op9ion be+ l$ to accept ! view ( ,r4 ,eliez]1 :o ?\ght x inadvisable--x w\ld seem on moral gr\nds--to p]mit woman to /udy ! ,law4 ,?is op9ion 0 oppos$ to t ( ,b5 ,azzai1 :o consid]$ x incumb5t ^u e fa!r to tea* 8 daught] ,torah4 ,b ju/ifi$ z ! advice ( ,r4 ,eliez] may h be5 9 8 own "t1 x 0 r un=tunate t lat] g5]ations cont9u$ to take x z ! guid+ pr9ciple = ! education ( _! *ildr54 ,_m great wom5 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory inde$ became lawbreak]s & /udi$ ,torah2 b ! majority 7 entirely dep5d5t on m51 & became 9 religi\s matt]s a sort ( app5dix to _! husb&s1 :o by _! good actions insur$ salvation also = !m1 & sometimes ! rev]se4 ,?us !re is a /ory ab\t a woman :i*1 put into mod]n language1 w\ld be to ! effect t %e m>ri$ a m9i/] & copi$ 8 s]mons = him2 he di$1 & %e !n m>ri$ a cruel usur]1 & kept 8 acc\nts = him4 ,! fact t wom5 7 exempt$ f c]ta9 affirmative laws1 :i* become op]ative only at special seasons--e4g41 ! tak+ ( ! palm bran* on ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles--mu/ also h contribut$ to weak5 _! position z a religi\s factor 9 ,judaism4 ,! idea t wom5 %\ld vie ) m5 9 ! fulfilm5t ( e law1 became ev5 = ! ,rabbis a notion connect$ only ) ! remote/ pa/4 ,?is is ! impression "o ga9s :5 read+ ! leg5d ab\t ,mi*al1 ! daught] ( ,saul1 putt+ on phylact]ies1 or ! wife ( ! prophet ,jonah mak+ a pilgrimage to ,j]usalem at ! ?ree ,fe/ivals4 ,x w\ld inde$ seem z if wom5 7 l$ to /rive = ! satisfaction ( _! religi\s wants 9 ano!r direction4 ,yet x 0 said ( ,jewi% wom51 8,! daught]s ( ,israel 7 /r+5t & laid c]ta9 re/rictions on !mselves40 ,!y 7 also all[$ to =m a quorum by !mselves = ! purpose ( say+ ! ,grace1 b !y c\ld n be c\nt$ along ) males = ?is end4 ,x 0 also aga9/ ! e>ly notion ( ! dignity ( ! congregation t wom5 %\ld p]=m any public s]vice = m54 ,"o privilege 0 left to wom5--t ( weep+4 ,9 ,judges xi4 #dj1 we read ( ! daught]s ( ,israel t w5t ye>ly to lam5t ! daught] ( ,jeph?ah2 :ile 9 #b ,*ronicles xxxv4 #be1 we are told h[ 8all ! s++ m5 & ! s++ wom5 spake ( ,josiah 9 _! lam5tations40 ,( ?is privilege !y 7 n depriv$1 & if !y 7 n all[$ to s+ any long]1 !y at lea/ reta9$ ! "r to weep z mu* z !y pleas$4 ,ev5 9 lat] times !y held a public (fice z m\rn+ wom5 at fun]als4 ,9 ! ,talmud fragm5ts ( compositions by wom5 = su* occasions are to be f\nd4 ,inde$1 woman became 9 ^! times ! type ( grief & sorr[4 ,%e _c reason1 b %e feels mu* m deeply ?an man4 ,"h is "o in/ance f an old leg5d3 ,j]emiah said1 8,:5 ,i w5t up to ,j]usalem 7aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple7 ,i lift$ my eyes & saw !re a lonely woman sitt+ on ! top ( ! m\nta91 h] dress black1 h] hair di%evell$1 cry+1 #8,:o w com=t me8' ,i approa*$ h] & spake to h]1 #8,if ?\ art a woman1 speak to me4 ,if ?\ art a gho/1 begone4' ,%e answ]$1 #8,do/ ?\ n "k me8444 ,i am ! ,"m1 ,zion4' 0 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! pr9ciple appli$ to wom5 03 ,! k+'s daught] )9 ! palace is all glori\s 7,psalm xlv4 #ad71 b n outside ( x4 ,9 ! face ( ! 8,fem9a 9 ecclesia taceat10 :i* 0 ! rul+ maxim ) o!r religions1 ,jewi% wom5 c\ld only feel flatt]$ by ?is polite treatm5t by ! ,rabbis1 ?\gh x meant ! same ?+4 ,we mu/ n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ?is prev5t$ !m f att5d+ ! s]vice ( ! synagogue4 ,accord+ to ! ,tractate ,soph]im1 ev5 8! little daught]s ( ,israel 7 accu/om$ to g to ! synagogue40 ,9 ! same tractate we f9d x laid d[n z 8a duty to translate = !m ! portion 7( ! ,law7 ( ! week1 & ! lesson f ! prophets0 into ! language !y und]/&4 ,! 8,k+'s daught]0 occasionally ass]t$ h] rights )\t undue reliance on ! op9ion ( ! au?orities4 ,& ?us be+ ignorant ( ! ,hebrew language wom5 pray$ 9 ! v]nacul>1 ?\gh ?is 0 at lea/ aga9/ ! lett] ( ! law4 ,& _m fam\s ,rabbis ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies express _! wond] t ! 8cu/om ( wom5 pray+ 9 o!r 7non,hebrew7 languages ext5d$ ov] ! :ole _w40 ,x is notewor?y t !y did n suppress ! practice1 b on ! contr>y1 !y endeav\r$ to give to ! ,law su* an int]pretation z w\ld br+ x into accord ) ! g5]al cu/om4 ,"s ev5 recomm5d$ x1 z1 = example1 ! au?or ( ,! ,book ( ! ,pi\s1 :o gives advice to wom5 to le>n ! pray]s 9 ! language famili> to !m4 ,at ab\t ! same p]iod a l5g?y controv]sy 0 be+ wag$ by ! comm5tators ( ! ,talmud & ! codifi]s1 ab\t woman's p>tak+ 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! laws = special seasons1 f :i*1 z already rem>k$1 !y 7 exempt$4 ,to ! action itself !re c\ld n be mu* objection1 b ! difficulty arose :5 wom5 also insi/$ on utt]+ ! bless+4 ,n[ ! po9t at issue 0 :e!r !y c\ld be p]mitt$ to say1 = in/ance1 8,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 etc41 :o ha/ sanctifi$ u by ,?y ,comm&m5ts1 & ha/ comm&$ u1 conc]n+ ! tak+ ( ! ,palm bran*10 s9ce 9 reality ! wom5 _h n be5 comm&$ to d x4 ,to su* logical & sy/ematic m9ds z ,maimonides & ,r4 ,joseph ,c>o1 ! difficulty 0 insurm\ntable1 & !y =bade wom5 to use ! =mula2 b ) ! less consi/5t majority wom5 c>ri$ _! po9t4 ,r int]e/+ is ! answ] receiv$ by ,r4 ,jacob1 ( ,corbeil1 ) reg>d to ?is "q4 ,?is ,rabbi is said to h enjoy$ ! my/]i\s p[] :i* enabl$ him to appeal 9 cases ( d\bt to ! cele/ial au?orities4 ,be=e !m he put also ?is wom5's case = decision4 ,judgm5t 0 communicat$ to him 9 ! v]se f ! ,scriptures1 8,9 all t ,s>ah sai? unto ,!e1 he>k5 unto h] voice0 7,g54 xxi4 #ab74 ,nor 0 x unkn[n = a pi\s ,jew to compose a special hymn = 8 wife's use 9 hon\r ( ! ,sabba?4 ,h[ long ?is cu/om ( wom5 pray+ 9 ! v]nacul> la/$1 we h no means ( asc]ta9+4 ,probably 0 already ext9ct ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,= ,r4 ,solomon ,portaleone1 :o liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 already regrets ! abolition ( 8?is beautiful & wor?y cu/om40 8,:5 !y pray$ 9 ! v]nacul>10 he says1 8!y und]/ood :at !y 7 say+1 :il/ n[ !y only gabble (f _! pray]s40 ,z a sort ( compromise we may reg>d ! v>i\s 8,supplications027#bfe7 !y =m a k9d ( additional pray]s supplem5t>y to ! ord9>y liturgy1 & are writt5 9 ,g]man4 ,*iefly compos$ by wom51 !y specially answ] ! ne$s ( ! sex on v>i\s occasions4 ,^! pray]s des]ve a full description by !mselves1 into :i* ,i _c ent] "h2 ,i %\ld l only to m5tion t 9 "o ( ^! collections 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 a special supplication is add$ = s]vantmaids1 & if ,i am n q mi/ak51 also "o = _! mi/resses4 ,x is also wor? notic+ t ! manuals on ! 8,?ree ,wom5's ,comm&m5ts0 7mo/ly compos$ 9 ,g]man1 sometimes also 9 rhymes71 conta9$ mu* m ?an _! titles w\ld sugge/4 ,!y r s]v$ z head+s to gr\ps ( laws1 arrang$ "u ea* comm&m5t4 ,?us ! fir/ 7ab\t c]ta9 laws 9 ,lev4 xii4 & xv47 becomes ! motto = purity 9 body & s\l2 ! second 7! consecration ( ! fir/ cake ( ! d\gh7 includes all matt]s relat+ to *>ity1 9 :i* wom5 7 ev5 rem9d$ to enc\rage _! newly m>ri$ husb&s n to )hold f ! poor ! ti!s ( ! bridal d[ry1 z well z ( _! future ye>ly income2 :il/ ! ?ird 7! light+ ( ! ,sabba? lamp7 becomes ! symbol = spiritual light & sweetness 9 e relation ( human life4 ,z ano!r compromise may also be consid]$ ! in/itution ( 8,vorsug]n0 7womanread]7 or ! 8,woilk5nivdicke0 7! wellkn[+ "o7 :o reads ! pray]s & translates !m into ! v]nacul> = ! b5efit ( h] less le>n$ si/]s4 ,9 ,pol& & 9 ,russia1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 su* a womanread] is to be f\nd 9 e synagogue1 & f :at ,i h he>d ! in/itution is by no means unkn[n 9 ,london4 ,! v>i\s pray]books conta9+ ! ,hebrew text z well z ! ,jewi% ,g]man translation1 :i* appe> 9 su* frequ5t editions 9 ,russia1 are mo/ly int5d$ = ! use ( ^! pray+ wom54 ,n un9t]e/+ is ! titlepage ( ,r4 ,a>on ,b5 ,samuel's ,jewi%,g]man translations & collections ( pray]s :i* appe>$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he address$ ! ,jewi% public 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,my de> bre?r51 buy ?is lovely pray]book or :olesome tonic = body & s\l1 :i* has nev] appe>$ 9 su* ,g]man pr9t s9ce ! _w began2 & make y\r wives & *ildr5 read x (t51 ?us !y w refre% _! bodies & s\ls1 = ?is light w %9e =? into y\r v he>ts4 ,z soon z ! *ildr5 read x !y w und]/& _! pray]s1 by :i* !y w enjoy bo? ?is _w & ! _w to come40 ,an e>li] translator ( ! pray]book addresses himself directly to ! 8pi\s wom50 :om he invites to buy 8 book1 89 :i* !y w see v beautiful ?+s40 ,rec5t c5turies seem1 on ! :ole1 to h be5 di/+ui%$ = ! numb] ( pray+wom5 !y produc$4 ,! virtues :i* con/itut$ ! claim ( wom5 to religi\s di/9ction 7 mode/y1 *>ity1 & daily att5dance at ! synagogue morn+ & ev5+4 ,9 ! memorial books ( ! "t hundr$s ( su* wom5 are notic$4 ,"s us$ also to sp9 ! 8,fr+es10 :i* !y pres5t$ to _! fri5ds2 o!rs fa/$ frequ5tly1 :il/ 8,old ,mrs4 ,he*ele0 n only att5d$ ! synagogue e day1 & did *>ity to poor & ri*1 b also und]/ood ! art ( midwif]y1 :i* %e practis$ 9 ! community )\t accept+ paym5t = h] s]vices4 ,accord+ to ,r4 ,*4 ,j4 ,ba*ra* wom5 us$ also to say ! 8,magnifi$0 pray] 9 ! synagogue :5 _! p>5ts left no male po/]ity4 ,9 br++ to a close ?is v incomplete sket*1 p]haps ,i ought to notice ! confirmation ( girls introduc$ dur+ ?is c5tury 9 "s communities 9 ,g]many1 :i* ! 8,re=m$0 ,rabbis recomm5d$1 b ( :i* ! 8,or?odox0 ,rabbis disapprov$4 ,x w\ld be well if 9 ! heat ( su* controv]sies bo? sides w\ld rememb] ! words ( ,r4 ,z$ekiah b4 ,abraham1 ( ,rome1 :o ) reg>d to a c]ta9 diff]5ce ( op9ion on "s ritual "q1 says3 8,e man receives rew>d f ,god = :at he is conv9c$ is ! "r ?+1 if ?is conviction has no o!r motive b ! love ( ,god40 ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,jewi% ,,community ,,9 ,,europe ,roman ,judaism has disappe>$ f our guidebooks4 ,civilisation has levell$ d[n ! walls ( ! ,ghetto1 & its =m] inhabitants are n any long] 8a p t dwell alone40 ,b ) ?is welldes]v$ de/ruction a good deal ( ! int]e/ 0 also de/roy$ :i* ! travell] us$ to atta* to 8! peculi> p0 enclos$ 9 t t]rible slum ( ,rome4 ,/ill1 if !re is any?+ et]nal 9 ! 8et]nal city10 :i* 0 nei!r recon/ruct$ by ! ,cs>s1 nor improv$ ^u by ! ,popes1 x is ! little ,jewi% community at ,rome4 ,x has surviv$ ! =m]2 x has suff]$ = _m c5turies "u ! latt]1 &1 p>tak+ 9 ! g5]al revival :i* has come ^u ! ,italian nation1 x may /ill be de/9$ = a great future4 ,inde$1 ! hi/ory ( ! relation ( ,israel to ,rome is s old t x is n lack+ ev5 9 leg5d>y elem5ts4 ,on ! day on :i* ,k+ ,solomon m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,ph>aoh1 ! ,rabbis n>rate1 !re came d[n ! angel ,gabriel4 ,he put a re$ into ! sea1 :i*1 by means ( ! slime t adh]$ to x1 =m$ itself1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 into a l>ge isl&1 on :i* ! city ( ,rome 0 built--an ev5t ) :i* ! tr\bles ( ,israel began4 ,^! 7 ! evil consequ5ces ( ! fir/ msalliance4 ,ev5 m un=tunate = ,israel 7& x is n impossible t ?is is ! mean+ ( ! leg5d7 7 ! results ( t spiritual mix$ m>riage betwe5 ,judaism & paganism :i* took place at a mu* lat] p]iod1 :]eat a blunt soldi]1 :o sympa?is$ ) nei!r1 & 8:o dealt 9 salvation z he dealt 9 prov9ces10 act$ z be/ man4 ,z a fact1 ! p>ties conc]n$ nev] und]/ood ea* o!r prop]ly4 ,! decl>ation ( love1 & ! f9al proposal1 7 made 9 an ,alex&r9e j>gon1 /range to bo?1 ! obscurities ( :i* only grew ) ! comm5t>ies ea* successive g5]ation add$ to !m4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 a happy union 0 n to be expect$1 & ! family qu>rel :i* fills ! annals ( civilis$ ,europe soon broke out4 ,judaism1 m p>ticul>ly ,roman ,judaism1 witness$ ?is /ruggle f ! beg9n+1 & its =tunes 7 greatly dep5d5t on ! *ance :i* ( ^! two elem5ts1 ! ,jewi% or ! pagan1 won ! asc5d5cy4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am !ologis+ too mu*1 :il/ ,i am deviat+ f ! subject ( ^! l9es4 ,nor c\ld ,i ?9k ( giv+ "h1 ev5 9 outl9e1 ! hi/ory ( ! olde/ ,jewi% community 9 ,europe4 ,?is has be5 already admirably done by ,dr4 ,a4 ,b]l9]1 :o has made ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews ( ,rome ! subject ( 8 /udies = ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,i int5d only to reproduce "h1 9 a /ray fa%ion1 "s ( ^? impressions & reflections :i*1 ,i am c]ta91 mu/ occur to e ,jewi% travell] 9 ,italy4 ,n[ ,i d n ?9k = a mom5t t we ,jews %\ld h a po9t ( view ( our own = look+ at ?+s & m5 9 ?is p>adise ( ,europe4 ,x w\ld be z silly to h a ,jewi% ,ba$ek] z to ?9k ( or?odox ma!matics or an ecclesia/ical logic or a racial morality--?\gh un=tunately !re exi/ su* ?+s4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 if we h n1 l ! fox 9 ! fable1 left our he>t at home1 let u n d viol5ce to our feel+s by pass+ ov] ev]y?+ ,jewi%1 ov] sights :i* might rem9d u ( our hi/ory1 ) a c]ta9 indiff]5ce :i* w\ld be affect$ on our "p4 ,we are n all little ,goe!s1 nor ev5 little ,rusk9s1 & our arti/ic enjoym5t is h>dly s int5se z to %ut our he>ts aga9/ impressions :i* =ce !mselves ^u u ei!r by ! way ( remembrance ( ! pa/1 or ev5 z a liv+ contra/ 9 ! pres5t4 ,x s happ5$ t my fir/ visit to ! ,vatican 0 on a ,friday4 ,aft] do+ my "w 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 :i* is op5 till noon1 ,i w5t into ! adjo9+ ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,"o %\ld be1 l ! angel ( dea? 9 ! leg5d1 full ( eyes1 prop]ly to see all ! wond]s ( art & m>vels ( ar*itecture at :i* human g5ius & piety lab\r$ busily ?r\gh c5turies1 9 adorn+ ! gr&e/ ( sacr$ build+s 9 ! _w4 ,b !re is ,ba$ek] or ,murray s]v+ at lea/ z a pair ( good spectacles to ! layman1 & x 0 by _! aid t ,i made my r\nd 9 ,/4 ,pet]4 ,b lo1 :il/ y are obs]v+ ! celebrat$ ,piet by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 &1 accord+ to ! in/ruction ( y\r guides1 admir+ bo? ! grief ( ! ,"m & ! dea? ( ! ,son1 y notice 9 its vic9ity a little column1 surr\nd$ by rails to :i* ! pilgrims approa* ) a c]ta9 awe2 = 8,tradition affirms x to h be5 br\ght f ,j]usalem40 ,naturally1 "o is in/antly rem9d$ ( ! report1 giv5 by ! fam\s travell] ( ,tudela1 ( ! curiosities ( ,rome1 :i* among o!r ?+s records1 8,t !re are also to be se5 9 ,/4 ,giovanni 9 ,porta ,lat9a 7probably meant = ,lat]an7 ! two braz5 pill>s1 con/ruct$ by ,k+ ,solomon ( bless$ memory1 ^: "n1 ,solomon1 ! son ( ,david1 is engrav$ ^u ea*2 ( :i* he 0 also told t e ye> ab\t ! #i? ( ,ab 7! anniv]s>y ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem71 ^! pill>s sweat s mu* t wat] runs d[n f !m40 ,s f> ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 our days pill>s weep no long]1 & ev5 ( m5 x is consid]$ a special sign ( good bre$+ to behave pill> l2 b a sigh is /ill p]missible at ! sight ( ?is templecolumn1 :i* 9 its captivity symbolises1 n less ?an ! ,piet1 ! grief ( a :ole p4 ,( c\rse1 n possess+ on ! spot ei!r ! ,it9]>y or ev5 ,urlick1 "o is unable to e/abli% ! connection betwe5 ^! two traditions & _! claim to au!nticity4 ,p]haps "o may ev5 com=t oneself on ! same gr\nd on :i* ! fam\s cur tri$ to appease 8 flock :o 7 sobb+ bitt]ly at 8 tell+ !m ! ,passion /ory4 ,he exclaim$3 8,my *ildr51 d n weep s mu*2 x happ5$ long ago1 & ev5 p]haps is n q true40 ,h[ev]1 ! ,vatican is ! la/ place 9 ! _w to ex]cise y\r critical faculties2 y are s deeply absorb$ 9 see+1 t y h no "t to ?9k4 ,s on ,i w5t1 f aisle to aisle1 f ni*e to ni*e1 f *apel to *apel1 look+1 />+1 & admir+1 till ( a sudd5 my eyes 7 /ruck by a l>ge /atue1 on :i* ! words1 8,?\ %alt h no o!r ,god be=e me10 are engrav$4 ,!re ,i /ood be=e a "q ( exegesis1 :]e "o is p]mitt$ to use 8 "r s5ses )\t any reg>d to ! /hetic side4 ,yet n all ! manifold expositions ( ! ,decalogue1 nor all ! talk ab\t ! subjectiveobjective1 ! absolute & ! real1 ) :i* metaphysicians h tri$ to confuse ! notion ( ! ,unity ( ,god1 w reconcile "o to ! mean+ :i* ,m$ival ,art has impress$ ^u ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,! tru? has to be s\ght else:]e1 & ?us my ?\ghts 7 turn$ to ! synagogue1 & ?i!r ,i w5t4 ,! day 0 already draw+ to its close1 &1 by a m>vell\s co9cid5ce1 ,i arriv$ at ! synagogue j z ! congregation 0 inton+ ! words3 8,! ,"l is "o1 & ,8 "n is "o to ,8 r5[n & glory40 ,"h 0 s\nd1 simple exegesis1 ?\gh sadly lack+ 9 ! illu/rative matt] 9 :i* ! ,vatican is s ri*4 ,b :at ne$ 0 !re ( any real or artificial 8aid to ! believ]10 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a liv+ fai?1 z enabl$ ?is little community to ma9ta9 its prote/+ position 9 ! tee? ( ! mi/ress ( ! _w6 ,& ?is ev5 at a "t1 :5 x only requir$ a h9t f ! successors ( ! old ,roman ,emp]ors to make ! :ole _w r5\nce its "r ( ?9k+ & judg+1 &1 7 we to believe ,h]r ,janss51 ev5 to feel p]fectly happy 9 ?is torpor4 ,b1 by ! way1 are our own times mu* bett]8 ,z ,i write ^! l9es 7,octob] #ahic7 ,i he> t a ,bill has be5 br\ght into ! ,g]man ,diet1 ask+ t ! ,talmud %\ld be submitt$ to a ,commission 7:i* en passant1 has be5 sitt+ 9 unbrok5 session 9 t c\ntry s9ce ! days ( ,pfeff]korn 9 ! fifte5? c5tury7 ) ! purpose ( exam9+ its cont5ts1 :ile 9 ! ,vatican ! v pupils ( ,loyola are (f]+ e conv5i5ce & com=t to ! /ud5t :o %\ld c>e to devote 8 "t to ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,does n ! "w ( a great numb] ( our poets1 hi/orians1 !ologians1 & scall$ se]s 9 ?is bless$ c5tury ( ours1 9 _m respects prove b a /ra9$ ef=t to de/roy ! few humanit>ian pr9ciples :i* 7 e/abli%$ a few g5]ations ago1 z well z to deify e brutal w>rior :o 0 successful 9 8 day8 ,aga91 is ! national idea s mu* sublim]1 s mu* gr&]1 ?an t ( a univ]sal religion1 t we w\ld will+ly p]mit ! =m] to employ ! means :i* h be5 d5i$ to ! latt] z inhuman & b>b>\s8 ,e age has its own idolatry1 & ! et]nal w&]+ ,jew w always be ! *os5 victim ( ! ,molo* 9 fa%ion4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 return to ! synagogue1 :i* )/ood _m a cruelty1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,! place :]e ! synagogue /&s is ne> ! ,ghetto1 n[ call$ ,piazza di ,scuola4 ,x is1 besides a few o!r communal h\ses1 ! only build+ left !re1--all ^? n>r[1 dirty1 & typhoidbre$+ /reets :i* =m$ ! old ,ghetto hav+ be5 demoli%$ by a sage & humane gov]nm5t1 :i* by ?is action wip$ out ! la/ /a9 f its hi/ory4 ,!re1 on ?is va/ blank is ! synagogue1 a comp>atively small1 insignificant build+1 lad5 ) heavy age & look+ d[n on h] *ildr5 :om %e has be5 nurs+1 consol+1 & protect+ = c5turies1 b :o1 n[ gr[n old1 h =sak5 h] & scatt]$ to all ! ends ( ! city4 ,( all h] =m] acqua9tances !re appe>s to be left only fa!r ,tib]1 :o w\ld seem to be murmur+ to h] _m an old tale ( ! times be=e %e 0 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,& if he li/5$ to ! special pray]s recit$ )9 h] walls by ! deputies ( ! ,jewi% communities1 :5 prep>+ !mselves to g to ! c\rt ( ! ,pope1 ! ,tib] he>d _m a sigh & cry1 wrung out f ! he>t ( a ,jewi% captive :o1 pref]r+ dea? to slav]y ev5 "u ! ma/]s ( ! _w1 f\nd 8 la/ repose 9 its wat]s4 ,b insignificant z ?is synagogue appe>s1 %e prov$ ! spiritual bulw>k aga9/ all ! attacks ( ! "t1 & y admire h] brave resi/ance all ! m :5 y look at t multitude ( *ur*es & cloi/]s 9 ! close/ vic9ity ( ! ,ghetto1 impress+ y z s _m intr5*m5ts1 all direct+ _! missiles & weapons aga9/ ?is humble1 def5celess build+1 ?reat5+ x ) dea? & de/ruction4 ,"o ( ^! *ur*es1 probably f\nd$ by "s ,jewi% conv]t1 :o ga9$ 9 x bo? salvation & a good liv+1 be>s on its gates 9 ,hebrew lett]s ! inscription3 8,i h spread out my h&s all ! day unto a rebelli\s p1 :i* walke? 9 ! way t 0 n good1 aft] _! own ?\ghts4 ,a p t provoke? me to ang] cont9ually to my face0 7,isaiah lxv4 #b1 #c74 ,m5ace is foll[$ by p]suasion1 ! cit$ v]ses be+ accompani$ by ! ,lat9 words3 8,indulg5tia pl5>ia quotodiana p]petua pro vivis et defunctis40 ,!ologians :o l to qu>rel mo/ ab\t ?+s !y c "k lea/1 h = ages discuss$ ! "q1 :e!r pray]s = ! dead are ( any use2 "h ! matt] is decid$ by a simple adv]tisem5t4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t "o w\ld enjoy ! =tunes accumulat$ by "o's late s9n] ( an uncle all ! bett] = be+ sure t a few p5nywor?s ( pray] enable ! legatee to make "o's b5efactor 9 ,hades com=table & happy4 ,! ?\ght is v consol+ inde$1 & x is n to be wond]$ at t ! ,roman synagogue c\ld n entirely )/& its temptations1 & introduc$ into ! (f]+bless+ aft] "o is call$ up to ! ,torah1 ! words3 8,to ! advanc+ ( ! s\l ( ! dep>t$40 ,( c\rse mu* ( ?is t5d5cy may be attribut$ to ! ,=d ,jabbok17#bff7 :i* 0 & is /ill v popul> 9 t c\ntry2 b ! fact t ! au?or ( ?is ,jewi% 8,book ( ! ,dead0 0 an ,italian 7f ,mod5a71 %[s cle>ly t !re 0 "s ,ca?olic influ5ce at "w1 f :i* ev5 ! fell[c\ntrym5 ( ,az>iah de ,rossi & ,judah ,mess] ,leon c\ld n entirely emancipate !mselves4 ,i ought to h spok5 ( ,roman synagogues1 s9ce ! build+ 9 ! ,ghetto to :i* ,i h be5 con/antly allud+ comprises f\r pray] h\ses devot$ to ,spani% & ,italian rites4 ,x says mu* = ,roman ,judaism1 t !y did n consid] ritual diff]5ces ( su* importance z to prev5t !m f =m+ "o community = all *>itable & congregational purposes4 ,9 ,v]ona & 9 ,mod5a "s congregations ev5 reta9$ ! ,g]man rite1 :i* _! ance/ors :o immigrat$ f ! ,rh9e prov9ces br\ght ) !m1 :il/ !y accept$ ! ,spani% pronunciation4 ,i wi% t ! ,anglo,jewi% community c\ld see _! way to imitate _! example4 ,n t ,i ?9k = a mom5t t ! ,spani% pronunciation is m correct ?an ! ,g]man4 ,ea* sy/em has its own mi/akes & corruptions2 & x is m ?an probable t ! prophet ,isaiah1 or ev5 ! au?or ( ,ecclesia/es1 w\ld be z little able to foll[ ! pray]s 9 ,bevis ,m>ks z 9 ,duke's ,place4 ,b s9ce ! non ,jewi% sci5tific _w has1 ?\gh only by pure accid5t1 accept$ ! ,spani% way ( read+ ! ,hebrew1 ,i %\ld l to see ?is trifl+ diff]5ce ( ,baru* ov] ,buru* at la/ disappe>1 by pron\nc+ ! cametsv[el a in/ead ( o1 & accept+ simil> little *anges1 :i* are ( no real importance to u4 ,! inside ( ^! synagogues is ev5 m simple ?an _! outside4 ,i 0 told t ! synagogue :i* 0 burn$ d[n la/ w9t]1 & :i* also =m$ a "p ( ?is build+1 c\ld boa/ ( _m f9e decorations & c>v+s1 etc41 b ,i c\ld obs]ve no?+ ( ! k9d 9 ! synagogues ,i _h occasion to frequ5t4 ,nor is !re mu* ( natural decorum 9 !m1 & !y reconcile "o p]fectly to ! wor/ ( ! ,small ,synagogues else:]e4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t 9 ?is respect1 too1 we h to recognise ,ca?olic influ5ce4 ,x 01 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ! lead]s 9 ! ,ox=d ,movem5t :o express$ 8 delight at see+ 9 ,italy a woman poorlydress$ com+ into ! *ur*1 :o1 aft] putt+ d[n ! basket f h] back1 kneels be=e "o ( ! _m alt>s & says h] pray]s4 ,a good deal ( ?is famili>ity 9 ! place ( wor%ip may also be notic$ 9 ! ,roman synagogues1 :]e ,i h se5 a woman come into ! p>tition = m51 not)/&+ _! hav+ a sep>ate gall]y1 )\t bonnet or hat on h] head1 & ) an infant 9 h] arms1 & li/5 !re to ! pray]s1 till %e walk$ home ) h] husb&4 ,! o!r p 7 also v re/less1 com+ & go+ (t51 :il/1 z soon z ! read+ ( ! ,law 0 ov]1 ! great] "p ( ! wor%ipp]s left ! synagogue4 ,x 0 n a v delightful sight4 ,a m9us ( decorum does n always mean a plus ( devotion2 j z little z a maximum ( respectability & /iffness are to be tak5 z signs ( true piety4 ,x is n un9t]e/+ to notice t ! ,roman synagogue1 9 spite ( its old traditions1 did n entirely %ut itself aga9/ mod]n re=ms4 ,among !m !re is t ( 8call+ up ! p to ! ,torah0 by ! simple =mula1 8,let ! ,prie/0 7or 8! ,levite07 8/ep =?107#bfg7 & s on1 n m5tion+ ei!r names or titles1 :i* ,i %\ld l to recomm5d mo/ /rongly to our congregations4 ,i hope t no man w suspect me ( su* h]esy z t ( que/ion+ ! wisdom ( ! ,synagogue ,regulations4 ,b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! bus9ess ( conf]r+ ! degrees ( ,rabbi1 8,associate0 or 8,ma/]10 does n exactly fall )9 ! sph]e ( activity ( ! ,w>d5s4 ,! matt] c\ld only be decid$ by a prop] ,bo>d ( exam9ation4 ,z ! ,c\ncil is n provid$ ) su* a ,bo>d1 nor is e aspirant to ?is hon\r prep>$ to und]go ! exam9ation requir$1 ! wise/ c\rse w\ld be to give up titles altoge!r1 call+ up all p alike 9 ! way indicat$4 ,! robes ! m9i/]s we> 7some:at simil> to ^? ( ! ,greek cl]gy71 are probably also an innovation ( mod]n date1--! old or?odox ,rabbis look+ at any special ve/m5t = ! ,prea*] or ,read] ) ! same feel+ ( disgu/ :i* ! old ,puritans ent]ta9$ = surplice or mitre4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( 8,! ,beauty ( ,hol9ess0 prov$ too /rong = resi/ance1 & x 0 only a p>donable vanity :5 ! re=m]s appli$ x to _! own p]sons2 8,vanity ( vanities10 sai? ! prea*]1 s (t51 t he gets r to l x4 ,?is vanity is greatly r$eem$ by ! fact t ! prea*] does n grudge 8 uni=m to 8 humbl] bro!r1 ! beadle1 :o is 9 mo/ cases to be di/+ui%$ f ! (ficiat+ m9i/ry only by ! brassplate on 8 brea/1 on :i* ! ^w 8,s]vant0 is engrav$4 ,consid]+ ! great confusion aris+ f ! mean+less 8,rev]5d0 & ! univ]sal :ite necktie1 su* a label1 indicat+ ! prop] (fice ( ! be>]1 might1 p]haps1 prove z useful among ! ,engli% ,jews z x is among ! ,jews ( ,rome4 ,x 0 ) a pupil ( ! ,rabb9ical ,college1 9 company ) 8 fri5ds1 t ,i took my fir/ walk ?r\gh anci5t ,rome4 ,i felt attract$ to him by 8 /rik+ face ( t peculi> f9e ,jewi% type1 :i* is m common among ! ,jews 9 ! ,ea/ ?an among u4 ,& :5 he 0 read+ ! lesson f ! ,prophets 9 ! synagogue1 :]e ,i made 8 acqua9tance1 he rem9d$ me ( t ,jewi% boy ) bright eyes1 black curls1 & features /rik+ly beautiful walk+ z a captive f ,j]usalem ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome "s sev5te5 c5turies ago1 ^: pr(ici5cy 9 ! words ( ,isaiah caus$ 8 r$emption4 ,x w\ld be an exagg]ation to say t my companion's rem>ks 7 v in/ructive f an arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,be+ born & br$ 9 ,rome1 he pass$ ) utt] indiff]5ce _m objects :i* we are bidd5 to admire1 :il/ at o!rs he actually %\t$ out 8,image10 or made "s o!r prosaic rem>k4 ,b 9 a c\ntry :]e "o is det]m9$ to play ! hea!n = s _m weeks1 to wor%ip sup]annuat$ deities1 to get into raptures at e rem9isc5ce ( sup]s$$ & vani%+ religions1 & to be delight$ at ! sights ( 8greasy sa9ts & m>tyrs hairy10 !re c be no great h>m 9 be+ call$ back to "o's true nature4 ,! feel+s cr[d+ ^u "o1 :5 ent]+ t "p ( ! anci5t city :i* probably 0 9 ! m9d ( ! ,rabbis :5 !y spoke ( 8,guilty ,rome10 are ( a conflict+ nature4 ,e /one & e brick !re saw ! humiliation ( ,israel1 9 e !atre & e circus ! ,jew s]v$ z a comic figure1 & 0 held up to ridicule1 :il/ !re 01 p]haps1 h>dly a s+le lane or gate ?r\gh :i* ^? :o res5t$ ! yoke ( ! 8anti,semites ( ,antiquity0 did n pass1 9 ord] to 8be but*]$ to make a ,roman holiday40 ,:at conc]ns a ,jew mo/ 9 ?is p]i%$ _w ( ru9s1 & at ! same "t causes him ! deepe/ grief1 is ! triumphal ar* ( ,titus1 8commemorat+ ! defeat ( ! ,jews1 & d$icat$ to him by 8 successor1 ,domitian40 ,en\gh has be5 said & writt5 ab\t x bo? by antiqu>ians & !ologians1 ! =m] admir+ ! workman%ip ( ! reliefs1 ! latt] p]ceiv+ 9 x a pro( ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! wellkn[n passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 :i* came to pass 9 spite ( ! ef=ts made by ,titus to save x4 ,^? :o h read ,b]nay's essay on ! 8,*ronik des ,sulpicius ,sev]us0 "k t ! behavi\r ( 8! delight ( ! human species0 on t occasion is r op5 to d\bt1 & x is m probable t1 in/ead ( try+ to rescue x1 he comm&$ t x %\ld be set on fire4 ,josephus1 :o witness$ ! %ame ( 8 compatriots & coreligioni/s1 has left u a full acc\nt ( ! triumphal procession4 ,only a flunkey l ,josephus c\ld ma9ta9 t calm indiff]5ce ) :i* he describes ! ev5ts ( ! 8bitt] day10 ! p]usal ( :i* makes "o's blood boil4 ,8 description fairly agrees ) ! fam\s relief on ! ar*1 %[+ t "p ( ! procession 9 :i* ! table ) ! %ewbread1 ! c&le/ick ) ! sev5 lamps1 & ! gold5 trumpets figure z ! *ief objects4 ,! only ?+ :i* we miss is ! 8,law ( ! ,jews10 :i*1 accord+ to ,josephus1 0 c>ri$ 9 ! triumph z 8! la/ ( all ! spoils40 ,0 x only an ov]sight ( ! arti/1 or _h he no place = x1 or is x ,josephus :o committ$ ! error1 mi/ak+ "s o!r object = ! ,scroll ( ! ,law8 ,i de>ly hope t ?is la/ 0 ! case1 & t ,he9e 0 "u ! impulse ( a true & real & poetic inspiration :5 he wrote 7speak+ ( ! ,holy ,scripture to :i* he ow$ 8 conv]sion73 8,! ,jews1 :o appreciate ! value ( preci\s ?+s1 knew "r well :at !y did :51 at ! burn+ ( ! second temple !y left to _! fate ! gold5 & silv] implem5ts ( sacrifice1 ! c&le/icks & lamps1 ev5 ! brea/plate ( ! ,high ,prie/ adorn$ ) great jewels1 b sav$ ! ,bible4 ,?is 0 ! real treasure ( ! temple1 &1 ?anks be to ,god6 x 0 n left a prey to ! flames1 nor to ! fury ( ,titus ,vespasian1 ! wret*1 :o1 z ! ,rabbi tells u1 met ) s dreadful a dea?40 ,h[ev]1 !re 7 o!rs :o br\ght ! glad tid+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ,rome long be=e !re exi/$ a ,new "o4 ,& ?is is1 on ! o!r side1 :at makes ,rome a sort ( ,t]ra ,sancta ev5 to ! ,jew4 ,x is true t we h n to look = ! footpr9ts ( ! prophets1 = :om ev5 tradition nev] claim$ 8! gift ( mission>ytravell+40 ,b might n ! gr\nd !re h receiv$ a sort ( consecration by ! fact t x 0 trav]s$ by ! ambassadors ( ,judas ,maccabu 7ab\t #afa ,b4,c47 8to make a league ( amity & conf$]acy0 ) ! ,roman ,s5ate8 ,( ! embassy ( ,simon ! ,maccabee 7ab\t #adj ,b4,c47 !re is actual hi/orical evid5ce t !y began to propagate 9 ,rome ! ,jewi% religion4 ,"s sev5ty or eighty ye>s lat] ! ,jews _h already _! own qu>t] 9 ,rome1 ) _! own synagogues1 :i* !y 7 9 ! habit ( visit+1 8mo/ especially on ! sacr$ ,sabba? days1 :5 !y publicly cultivate _! national philosophy40 ,t _m ( ! olde/ tea*]s ( ,israel1 ! ,tannaim1 w5t to ,rome z deputies1 & t "o ( !m 7,r4 ,ma?ia b5 ,*>es7 f\nd$ a s*ool !re e>ly 9 ! second c5tury1 is also an au!nticat$ fact4 ,"o w\ld l to "k :at !y taught1 & 9 :at way !y exp\nd$ _! national philosophy4 ,mo/ ( all "o w\ld l to "k :at 7 ! spiritual means !y employ$ 9 _! proselytis+ "w1 9 :i* !y 71 accord+ to ! te/imony ( hi/ory1 s successful4 ,did !y prea* 9 ! /reets8 ,or did !y hold public controv]sies8 ,or did !y ev5 s5d out ,epi/les :i*1 9 =m at lea/1 s]v$ z a model to apo/les ( ano!r cre$8 ,h[ _m a problem w\ld be solv$2 h[ _m a miracle w\ld disappe>2 h[ _m a book w\ld become sup]flu\s1 if we c\ld obta9 c]ta9ty ab\t ^! po9ts6 ,! ,talmud tells u little1 almo/ no?+1 ab\t ^! important ?+s1 :il/ we get f ! ,roman writ]s only sne]s & raill]y4 ,to ^! respectable ,romans ! ,jews 7 only a mob ( unlett]$ a!i/s4 ,inde$1 to a good or?odox hea!n1 a religion )\t images & /atues1 ) a ,god )\t a p$igree & )\t a !ogony1 0 an impossible ?+4 ,^? poor metaphysicians6 ,h[ev]1 :y dwell s long on a pa/ _w8 ,a fam\s ,rabbi once exclaim$3 8,if a man w\ld ask !e1 #8,:]e is ?y ,god8' answ] him3 #8,9 ! great city ( ,rome4' 0 ,! und]ly+ idea 0 ! my/ical notion t :]ev] ,israel _h to migrate1 !y 7 accompani$ by ! ,div9e pres5ce4 ,& ,rome 01 9 ! times ( ! ,rabbis1 ! po9t to :i* ! /reams ( ,jewi% migration f ! ,holy ,l& *iefly conv]g$4 ,b n[1 in/ead ( to ,rome1 might we n po9t to ,london & ,new ,york z c5tres ( ,jewi% migrations8 ,,index ,?is ,index conta9s ! mo/ important names ( p]sons1 titles ( books1 te*nical t]ms & ,hebrew words occurr+ 9 ! text4 ,9 ! notes to ! text1 ! ,hebrew words are = ! mo/ "p giv5 also 9 ,hebrew *>act]s4 ,ab>banel1 ,isaac1 #agc1 #agd ,abaye1 #caa ,ab ,be? ,d91 #hd ,abba ,m>i b4 ,moses1 #afe1 #agi ,abba ,ta*nah1 ! ,*assid1 #bba ,abraham1 ,baal%em's fa!r9law1 #g ,abraham1 son ( ,elijah ,wilna1 #hh ,abraham ( ,b$res1 #bfb ,abraham ,abulaphia1 #bfb ,abraham ,ibn ,daud1 #afb ,abraham ,ibn ,ezra1 #ej1 #eb1 #fd1 #ga1 #baj1 #cad ,abraham b4 ,%em--,tob ,bibago1 #agb1 #agc ,abtalyon1 #ahf ,abuha1 #caa ,a*a1 #caj ,a*]1 #bib ,adam1 ,primal1 #bci ,agadah1 pl4 ,agado?1 #fd1 #aje1 #ahc1 #aig ,agadic1 #aaj1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aic1 #bfb1 #bgi ,ages ( ,man1 #bie ,akabyah b4 ,mahalaleel1 #cje ,akiba1 #gj1 #hd1 #acj1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aid1 #bbj1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcd ,almemor1 #cjb ,ammi1 #bad1 #bag1 #bbf1 #bca ,amora1 pl4 ,amoraim1 #ag1 #hd1 #aie ,amram ,gaon1 #bic ,anna ( ,kaidon1 wife ( ,elijah ,wilna1 #hb ,anselm1 ,/41 ( ,cant]bury1 #gi ,antigonos ( ,so*o1 #bbi ,anti,maimoni/s1 #acc ,ari/otle1 #gi1 #afg ,aryeh ,leb1 son ( ,elijah ,wilna1 #hh ,asc5sion ( ,elijah1 #ge ,a%] b4 ,je*iel1 #baj ,assideans1 #fd ,ayil ,me%ula%1 #ha ,az>iah de ,rossi1 #ff1 #ga1 #aje1 #ccc ,azilu?1 #aag ,azulai1 #bgg ,baal%em1 ,israel1 #cab1 #adce1 #gc ,ba*ra*1 ,*4 ,j41 #cbe ,ba*ur1 pl4 ,ba*urim1 #ie1 #ig ,ba*ya1 #aca ,b>ai?a1 #bga ,b>u* ,%eam>1 #caa ,ba%azi1 #afa ,ba?,kol1 #aij ,be] ( ,mizriez1 #aa1 #cg ,be]1 ,pet]1 #ff ,b5 ,azzai1 #acj1 #baf1 #cai ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 #cbi ,b5,jacob1 #bei ,b5 ,sira1 #big ,b5 ,zoma1 #acj ,b]e%i?1 #abg ,b]i? ,milah1 #bhh1 #bib1 #bic ,b]l9]1 ,a41 #cbg ,b]nays1 ,isaak1 #ccg ,be? ,d91 #aiaaic ,be? ,hammidra%1 #g1 #af1 #hd1 #aci ,be? ,talmud1 #baj ,biccurim1 #eh ,blo*1 ,samson1 #ea ,bodek1 ,a41 #ea ,book ( ,brightness 7see ,zoh>7 ,book ( ! ,pi\s1 #bie1 #cbb ,book ( ,victory1 #afg ,book ( ,weight1 #acc ,boswell1 #adb1 #aig ,buckle1 #if ,burbot1 #ach ,buzagli1 ! ,cabbali/1 #caj ,cabbalah1 ,cabbali/s1 #ii1 #abh1 #abi1 #acc1 #baj1 #bhc1 #cae ,cabod1 #abj1 #aba ,c>aites1 #dh1 #afj1 #afa1 #bjg1 #bjh ,casaubon1 ,isaac1 #bei ,*agigah1 #gg ,*akhamim1 #eg ,*amb]s1 !1 #bjh ,*an9a b4 ,dossa1 #bag ,*anukah1 #ach ,*apt]s ( ,r4 ,eliez] ! ,great1 #fh1 #fi1 #caf ,*asdai ,ibn ,crescas1 #afgagc1 #ahj ,*assidim1 ,*assid1 ,*assidic1 ,*assidism1 #ad1 #aa1 #ab1 #adaf1 #ba1 #bb1 #bebg1 #cj1 #cc1 #ceda1 #dcde1 #ec1 #gc1 #ij1 #bih ,*ayim ,vital1 #ii ,*ayim ,walos91 #he1 #hg1 #id ,*isda1 #cjg ,*ukkim1 #abd ,code ( ! ,law1 by ,c>o1 #ge1 #ib1 #bjf1 #baa1 #beg ,collectanea1 #add ,comm5t>y on ! ,p5tateu*1 by ,na*manides1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #abc1 #ace ,cre$s & ,op9ions1 by ,saadiah ,gaon1 #afb ,cr[n1 #bci ,cus>i1 #afb ,date ( ! ,r$emption1 #aje ,david ,rocca ,m>t9o1 #bcj ,david ,mess] ,leon1 #agd ,david b4 ,samuel d',e/ella1 #afe1 #aff ,david b4 ,yom,tob ,bilia1 #aff4 ,def5ce ( ,adam1 #bcj ,delm$igo1 #ga1 #aca1 #age ,disputation1 by ,na*manides1 #ajc ,dukes1 ,l41 #bfj ,eighte5 ,b5$ictions1 #hc ,eleaz>1 #bbi ,eleaz> b4 ,jacob1 #bbe ,eliez]1 fa!r ( ,baal%em1 #e ,eliez] b4 ,hyrkanos1 #ahi1 #cai ,eliez] b4 ,samuel ,hallevi1 #ade ,eliez] b4 ,simeon1 #bbc ,elijah ,levita1 #bfh ,elijah ,wilna1 #eg1 #gcgg1 #haib1 #if1 #ig ,eli%a b4 ,abuyah1 #cc1 #acj1 #bib ,emd51 ,jacob1 #aj1 #bei ,epikurus1 #aeg ,ere* ,mill91 #ff ,ert]1 ,isaac1 #ea1 #ei1 #bhh ,ess5es1 #fd1 #ahe ,exam9ation ( ! ,_w1 #ig ,eybes*tz1 ,j41 #aj ,ezra1 or ,azriel1 ! my/ic1 #ajj ,fai?ful ,city1 !1 #ge ,fi*te1 #ea ,f9n1 #ge ,=d ,jabbok1 #ccc ,franki/s1 #aj ,frankl1 ,z41 #fe1 #ig ,fr/1 ,j41 #ff ,gamaliel ,i41 #bcd ,gamaliel ,,ii41 #aid1 #bab ,gaon1 pl4 ,gaonim1 #gc1 #gfgh1 #ig1 #ih1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bhi1 #cab ,g>d5 ( ,my/ical ,contemplation1 #abi ,gate ( ,rew>d1 #aae1 #bac ,geig]1 ,a41 #ff ,gem>a1 #gh ,g]%on1 bro!r9law ( ,baal%em1 #h1 #i ,ghetto1 #cbf1 #ccaccc ,gno/ics1 #fd ,goe!1 #eg1 #gc1 #cjf1 #cbh ,goz]1 #bij ,graetz1 #fe1 #ig1 #ii1 #ahc ,great ,int]pret]s1 #ahf ,gre51 ,a4 ,l41 #bee ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$1 #di1 #fh1 #ig1 #ajb1 #acj1 #aca1 #agi ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$ ( ! ,"t1 #fj1 #fg ,hadasi1 ,judah1 #afj1 #afa ,hai ,gaon1 #gg1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bgb ,hala*ah1 pl4 ,hala*o?1 #fd1 #ff1 #ahc ,hala*ic1 #eg1 #ib1 #aaj1 #aeg1 #aic1 #bjg ,hala*o? ,g$olo?1 #aaa1 #aab ,hannaneel ( ,kairwan1 #afb ,hegel1 #ea1 #ed1 #fd1 #fe ,he9e1 #ei1 #abd1 #bed ,high ,belief1 #afb ,hillel ! ,great1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aic1 #bcg ,hillel1 ,r41 #agg ,hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,tradition1 #fe1 #ahb ,hi?lahabu?1 #cb ,holle ,kreis*1 #bid1 #bie ,huna1 #bba1 #bbe ,isaac ,alfasi1 #ac1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aaa1 #cab ,isaac ,aramah1 #agc ,isaac ,loria1 #gf1 #acc ,isaac b4 ,rub51 #ajj ,i%mael1 #ahh1 #aij1 #bbd ,i%mael b4 ,eli%ah1 #bbb1 #bii ,israel ,baal%em 7see ,baal%em1 ,israel7 ,jacob ( ,corbeil1 #cbb ,jacob ,dubna1 #ia ,jacob ! ,levite1 or ,mah>il1 #adc1 #add ,jacob ,sasportas1 #aja1 #ajb ,jacob ,tam1 #baj ,jannai1 #bbf ,j$aiah ( ,b$res1 #ig1 #aca ,j]usalem1 by ,m5delssohn1 #adg ,johanan1 #bdi1 #bhg1 #cjc1 #cah ,johanan b4 ,zaccai1 #dh1 #ahh ,jonah ,g]undi1 #ajj1 #aja ,jonah1 son ( ,na*manides1 #aja ,jos1 #bah1 #bai ,joseph ,alba%ir1 #afj ,joseph ,albo1 #aga1 #agb ,joseph ,c>o1 #ge1 #ib1 #bjf1 #baa1 #cbb ,joseph ,jabez1 #aca1 #agc1 #agi ,jo%ua b4 ,hananiah1 #aid1 #bii1 #cjd1 #cjh ,jo/1 ,m41 #ff ,judah ,al*>isi1 #bfb ,judah ,hallevi1 #ac1 #cd1 #aeb1 #afb1 #bjh ,judah b4 ,ilai1 #bdf ,judah ,mess] ,leon1 #ccc ,judah de ,mod5a1 #bih ,judah ! ,patri>*1 #fc1 #aie ,judah ! ,pi\s1 #cjf ,judah b4 ,tema1 #bii ,judah b4 ,yak>1 #ajj ,k>ab1 #abd ,kilayim1 #hg ,kim*i1 ,d41 #ade ,korban1 #abd ,kro*mal1 ,na*man1 #dd1 #df1 #dhfh1 #ga1 #gb ,ku551 #bdj ,law ( ,man1 #aacaae ,laws unto ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 #fd ,less+1 #gc ,lett]is1 ,m41 #ef1 #eg ,levi b4 ,g]%om1 #ig1 #aja1 #aga ,light ( ,god1 #afg ,lilac ( ,my/]ies1 #acc ,lili?1 #bhg1 #bhh ,lipman ( ,mhlhaus51 #afg1 #agi ,liva ( ,prague1 #gh ,l[ell1 ,r41 #aaf ,lw1 ,l41 #aga1 #bhe1 #cje ,lucas1 ,mrs4 ,h5ry1 #ace ,macaulay1 #hi ,maggid1 #ai ,magnifi$1 #caj ,maimonides1 or ,moses b4 ,maimon1 #ac1 #dh1 #di1 #fh1 #gj1 #gh1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #abf1 #acj1 #acc1 #adj1 #afaafh1 #agjaha1 #baj1 #baa1 #bdi1 #bgd1 #bhj1 #bha1 #cab1 #cbb ,maimoni/s1 ,anti,maimoni/s1 #afcafe1 #agc1 #baj ,m> ,samuel1 #hd ,ma?ia b4 ,*>es1 #cci ,measure ( ! ,/ature1 #bjh ,me*ilta1 #eh1 #ha1 #aic ,meh]am ,s*iff1 #af ,meir1 #acj1 #aid1 #bbf1 #cah ,meir b4 ,na?an ( ,tr9qu9ta9es1 #ajj ,meir ( ,ro!nburg1 #baj ,memra1 #bch ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue1 #fd1 #ahe ,m5a*o?1 #hf ,m5delssohn1 ,moses1 #dh1 #eh1 #gc1 #adg1 #aea1 #agf ,metatron1 #bch ,midra%1 pl4 ,midra%im1 #fa1 #fd1 #ga1 #ha1 #aic1 #aie1 #bbb1 #bfb1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #cjd ,milton1 #aad ,m9hag1 pl4 ,m9hagim1 #adc1 #aib ,m9im1 #fd ,m9or ,tractates1 #ha ,mi%nah1 #eg1 #fd1 #ff1 #gf1 #gh1 #hb1 #he1 #hg1 #ia1 #aeg1 #aij1 #aic1 #aie1 #bga ,mi/ress ( ! ,synagogue1 #cag ,moses ,cordevora1 #acc ,moses ,ibn ,ezra1 #bfb ,moses de ,leon1 #ah1 #acc1 #beh1 #bfb ,moses ( ,ta*au1 #aca ,"m ,zion1 #cba ,na*man1 son ( ,na*manides1 #aja ,na*manides1 or ,moses b4 ,na*man1 #iiada1 #bac ,nahum ( ,gemzo1 #bae ,nasi1 #hd ,na?an1 #aid ,nephe% ,*ayah1 #aag ,neubau]1 ,dr4 ,a41 #bfc ,night ( ,wat*+1 #bhh ,nissim ( ,g]ona1 #acc ,nissim ( ,m>seilles1 #bfg ,olam ,habba1 #aae ,old ,victory1 #cjd ,oral ,law1 #aj ,or*>d1 !1 #acc ,ord9ance ( ! ,law1 #bic ,pablo ,*ri/iano1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajf ,pairs1 !1 #ahe ,p>adise ,lo/1 #aad ,p>des1 #abi ,pa%ut1 #ach ,pa? ( ,belief1 #agb ,p]les1 ,j41 #ii1 #abc1 #bid ,ph>isees1 #fd1 #ahe1 #bcg1 #bda ,philo1 #eb1 #fd1 #aed1 #bch ,pilpul ,pilpuli/1 #ac1 #gh ,plato1 #gh ,pugio ,fidei1 #ajg ,raba1 #caa ,rabbanan ,saburai1 #bjf ,rabbah1 #caa ,rabb5u1 #ac ,rabb5u ,mo%eh1 #ajc ,rabb9[icz1 ,r4 ,n4 ,n41 #bfa ,raimund ,m>t9i1 #ajg ,rapoport1 ,solomon ,leb1 #ej1 #ec1 #ef1 #ff ,reggio1 ,isaac1 #bgj ,roots1 !1 #aga ,rusk91 #cbh ,saadiah ,gaon1 #dh1 #afb1 #ajh1 #bgb ,sacr$ ,lett]1 #aac ,sadducees1 #fd1 #ahe1 #bcg ,salman ! ,good1 #ade ,sambatyon1 #ie ,sanctificationcup1 #bde ,s&alphon1 #cje ,s&ek1 #bij ,sanh$r91 !1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aia ,saul ,b]l91 #agf1 #ahj ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 ,abo?1 #bfb1 #bii ,s*ell+1 #ea ,s*ill]1 #gc ,s*lumm]li$1 #bie ,s*orr1 ,o41 #aic ,s*udt1 #bia1 #bih ,se*orah1 #bif ,s$] ,nezik91 #eh ,s$] ,olam1 #ha1 #ib ,s$] ,tah>o?1 #eh ,segulah1 #abb ,seph>dim1 #cja ,seph]1 #ac ,sephiro?1 ,t51 #bch ,s]mon 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ! ,k+1 by ,na*manides1 #afe ,%abbe?ai ,tsebi1 #acd1 #bci ,%alom ,za*>1 #bhi ,%ammai1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #bcg ,%e*9ah1 #abj1 #aba1 #bbhbcj ,%ema1 read+ ( !1 #ada1 #bhh ,%emaiah1 #ahf ,%em>iah ( ,crete1 #aff ,%]ira ,gaon1 #bfc ,%iphlu?1 #cj ,sim*ah1 #ca ,simeon ,duran1 #aja1 #agj1 #aga ,simeon b4 ,eleaz>1 #bhi ,simeon b4 ,gamaliel1 #bbb ,simeon b4 ,gamaliel ,,ii41 #aic1 #aid ,simeon b4 ,yo*ai1 #ah1 #bbc ,simlai1 #aab ,siphra1 #eh1 #ha1 #ia1 #aic1 #bfb ,siphr1 #eh1 #ha1 #ia1 #aic1 #bfb ,solomon b4 ,ad]e?1 #gj1 #bfg ,solomon b4 ,gabirol1 #baj ,solomon ( ,/4 ,go>1 #adcade ,solomon b4 ,isaac1 ,ra%i1 #ac1 #baj ,solomon b4 ,isaac b4 ,zadok1 #acg ,solomon ,ladi]1 #dc ,solomon ,portaleone1 #cbc ,solomon1 son ( ,na*manides1 #aaj ,solomon ,syrillo1 #bfb ,solomon ,wilna1 #ge ,son ( ! ,law1 #cjg1 #cab ,soph]im1 #fd ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #ig ,/e9s*neid]1 ,m41 #ii1 #agb ,taani?1 #eh ,talmid ,*ab]1 #eb ,talmid ,*akam1 #g ,talmud 7( ,j]usalem or ,babylon71 #af1 #ai1 #cc1 #di1 #eb1 #egei1 #fd1 #gf1 #gh1 #ha1 #hb1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #ia1 #ib1 #if1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aaa1 #abi1 #aca1 #adj1 #aea1 #aee1 #aeh1 #aie1 #aif1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bji1 #baj1 #bch1 #beb1 #bedbef1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgg ,tanna1 pl4 ,tannaim1 #ag1 #hd1 #ahg ,tephill91 #bdi ,?ack]ay1 #bhb ,?irte5 ,articles ( ! ,cre$1 #adh1 #afc1 #afd1 #agj1 #agf1 #agi ,?irte5 ,rules 7( ,int]pretation71 #aie ,tobijah1 ! ,prie/1 #age ,tosephta1 #ha1 #hb1 #ib1 #bfb1 #bga ,toy1 ,pr(41 #bccbci1 #bea ,tractate ,b]a*o?1 #bba1 #bga ,tractate ,evid5ces1 #aib ,tractate ,joys1 #aid ,tractate ,sanh$r91 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei ,tractate ,soph]im1 #cja1 #cab1 #cba ,tree ( ,life1 !1 #acc ,troki1 ,solomon1 #afa ,v>iae ,lectiones 7( ! ,talmud71 #bfa ,vit]bo1 ,abraham ,*ayim1 #age1 #agf ,vorsug]91 #cbd ,w>s ( ! ,"l1 #aja ,wat*man1 !1 #ei ,weiss1 ,t4 ,h41 #fe1 #ig1 #ii1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #aheahg1 #aiaaig1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjibab ,wellhaus51 #bdc ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 #abg1 #aed ,woilk5nivdicke1 #cbd ,y$iah1 #aai ,ye%ibah1 pl4 ,ye%ibo?1 #idif1 #bic ,yom,tob ,hell]1 #aif ,zaddik1 pl4 ,zaddikim 7,zaddikism71 #cfdd1 #ec1 #bih ,zadoc1 #bde ,zeba*im1 #hf ,z$n]1 #bedbef ,zehub1 #acgaci ,z]ahiah ,hallevi ( ,g]ona 7or ,g]ondi71 #ajj1 #aja1 #aaa ,zion,elegy1 #bjh ,zobeo?1 #cad ,zoh>1 #ah1 #ai1 #ga1 #ia1 #acc1 #beh ,zunz1 ,leopold1 #dd1 #eb1 #ef1 #fj1 #fe1 #gc1 #ig1 #ahc1 #bgi1 #cje ,,footnotes #a ,,subjo9$ ,,is ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,select$ ,,au?orities ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,*assidim4--,hi/orical & ,bibliographical ,works3 ,graetz 7xi4 includ+ ! polemical lit]ature quot$ 9 ! ,app5dix71 ,jo/1 ,pet] ,be]1 ,m4 ,bodek 7 1 ,lemb]g1 #ahfe71 ,a4 ,wald5 7 1 ,w>s*au1 #ahfd71 ,f9n 7 1 ,wilna1 #ahfj71 ,d4 ,kahana 7 9 ! p]iodical 1 iv471 ,z$]baum 7 1 ,odessa1 #ahfh74 ,essays & ,satires3 ,t4 ,ert] 71 ,wi51 #aheh71 ,s4 ,szant 7,jahrbu* fr ,israelit51 p4 #ajhagh1 #ahfg71 ,a4 ,gottlob] 79 8 p]iodical 1 iii471 ,l4 ,lw 7,b5 ,*ananjah1 ii471 ,rud]mann 71 vi471 ,rapoport 7 1 ,lemb]g1 #ahgc1 p4 #aj71 ,frhli* 71 ,w>s*au1 #ahgf1 p4 #fc seq471 ,s4 ,maimon 7,autobiographie1 ,b]l91 #agib74 ,comp>e also ! ,hebrew novels by ,p4 ,smol5sky1 ,l4 ,gordon1 ,m4 ,br&/tt]1 ,a4 ,gottlob] & ,b4 ,hor[itz 7,g]man74 ,occasional ref]5ces to ! liturgy or ! sy/em ( ! ,*assidim 9 ! 8,responses0 ( ,r4 ,eze*iel ,l&au1 ,moses ,soph]1 ,e4 ,flekeles & ,t4 ,/e9h>t1 & 9 ! works ( ,israel ,samo/s*1 ,salomon ,*elma & ,*ayim ,walos94 ,comp>e also ,zunz 7,gottesdi5/li*e ,vortrge1 p4 #dgg7 & ,l4 ,lw 7,mannheim] ,album1 ,wi51 #ahgd71 ,s5ior ,sa*s 71 i4 #fa7 & ,b4 ,l4 ,zeitl9 7 1 ,p>is1 #ahdf74 ,! be/ book on ! :ole subject is ,e4 ,zweifel's "w 7,zitomyr #ahfh1 ?ree p>ts71 :i* ,i /rongly recomm5d to /ud5ts4 ,! books writt5 by ! ,*assidim w\ld am\nt to m ?an #bjj4 ,!y are catalogu$ by ,bodek & ,wald54 ,i %all only draw ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t to ! works ( ,be]1 ,salomon ,ladi]1 & ,m5del ,witipsk] on "o side1 :o develop$ ! !ory ( ! ,imman5ce1 & ^? ( ,na*man ,braslaw & ,mele* ,liez5sk]1 :o1 on ! o!r h&1 c>ri$ ! !ory ( ,zaddikism to its utmo/ consequ5ces4 ,! /ud5t w f9d a fair collection ( say+s & s5t5ces arrang$ accord+ to !ological subjects 9 ! books & 7,anon41 ,lemb]g1 #ahgf74 #b 1 8pi\s ones0 7,ps4 xxxvii4 #bh1 lxx4 #b1 etc474 ,! read] is probably acqua9t$ ) ! t]m f ! ,maccabean hi/ory 7#a ,macc4 ii4 #db1 vii4 #ac71 9 :i* ! /rict p>ty1 oppos$ to all ,hell5i/ic influ5ce1 are call$ 8,assideans0 ,r4,v4 8,hasidaeans01 ,gr4 4 #c 1 8,! ,ma/] ( ! ,"n10 a t]m usually appli$ to exorci/s1 :o ca/ out devils & p]=m$ o!r miracles ?r\gh adjuration by ! "n ( ,god 7or angels74 ,! unbeliev+ ,rabbis ma9ta9$ inde$ t 9 8 exorcisms ,baal%em employ$ 8impure names0 7( devils71 :il/ ! ,*assidim1 on ! o!r h&1 decl>$ t _! ,ma/] nev] us$ 8names0 at all1 8 miracles be+ p]=m$ by ! div9e 9 ,baal%em to :i* all nature owes ob$i5ce4 ,occasionally ! ,*assidim call him 7,! ,man ( ,good ,"n71 9 allusion to ,eccles4 vii4 #a1 %ort5$ by "s into ,be%t4 #d --8,h\se ( ,rese>*0 or ( 8/udy0 7( ! ,law71 b 9 :i* also div9e s]vice is held ?rice a day4 #e --8,disciple ( ! ,wise10 ! usual title ( a s*ol> or /ud5t4 #f ,a ,jewi% sect1 s call$ aft] _! f\nd] ,jacob ,leibovicz ,frank1 :o 0 himself "o ( ! apo/les ( ! pseudo,messiah ,%abbe?ai ,tsebi ( ,smyrna 9 ,turkey4 ,among 8 o!r doctr9es he taught also a sort ( ,tr9ity1 consi/+ ( ! ,holy ,anci5t ,"o1 ! ,holy ,k+ or ! ,messiah1 & a fem99e p]son 9 ! ,godhead1 9 :i* he1 l 8 ma/]1 repres5t$ ! ,second ,p]son4 ,! sect ultimately aboli%$ ! ,law1 &1 aft] _m controv]sies ) ! ,rabb9ic ,jews1 w5t ov] to ,ca?olicism1 ! dom9ant religion 9 ,pol&1 by :i* !y 7 soon absorb$4 ,eybes*tz1 *ief ,rabbi ( ,prague & ,hamburg1 0 suspect$ by ,emd5 to be a secret adh]5t ( ,%abbe?ai ,tsebi1 :i* 0 tantam\nt to apo/asy f ,judaism4 ,eybes*tz prote/$4 ,! litigants excommunicat$ ea* o!r1 & ! ,rabbis divid$ into two camps1 tak+ sides ei!r ) ,emd5 or ) 8 antagoni/4 #g ,! works ( ,maimonides or ,moses b4 ,maimon 7#aaceabjd7 are too _m to be enum]at$ "h4 ,! mo/ important are ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$ 7 7 & 8 ,comp5dium ( ! ,law 7 74 ,judah ,hallevi or ,abul ,hassan fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,he is well kn[n z a poet by 8 ,divan & z a deep religi\s ?9k] by 8 ,cus>i4 ,! =m] conta9s also _m songs ( a secul> nature4 ,isaac ,alfasi 7di$ #aajc7 is be/ kn[n by 8 ,comp5dium ( ! ,talmud1 :i* 0 s greatly admir$ by 8 contempor>ies t !y decl>$ x c\ld nev] h be5 compos$ 8)\t ! aid ( ! ,holy ,_s40 ,r4 ,solomon b4 ,isaac1 also call$ by 8 initials ,ra%i 7#ajdjaaje71 is well kn[n by 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,bible & ! ,talmud4 #h 4 #i 1 ,seph]4 #aj ,! ,hebrew ^w is 1 mean+ subtle discussion & %>p di/9ction4 ,! ^w is closely relat$ to or 1 :i* means 8pepp]0 or 8season+40 #aa ,r4 ,meir ,%iff1 ^: novell on ! ,talmud are ( a v subtle k9d1 & 7 v popul> ) ! /ud5ts ( ?is "w4 #ab --1 8,! ,repeat]s10 & 8,! ,int]pret]s40 ,! say+s & /atem5ts ( ! =m] are embodi$ 9 ! ,mi%nah1 a "w compil$ by ,r4 ,judah ! ,sa9t ab\t #bbj ,a4,c41 & cov]+ a p]iod ( ab\t #bej ye>s 7#cj ,b4,c4#bbj ,a4,c474 ,! latt] occupi$ !mselves ma9ly ) ! int]pretation ( ! ,mi%nah1 & _! discussions & controv]sies are incorporat$ 9 ! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem & t ( ,babylon1 & ext5d ov] ! p]iod f #bbjejj ,a4,c4 ,! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem is mo/ly ! product ( ! s*ools ( ,pale/9e4 ,! ,talmud ( ,babylon is a gr[? ( t c\ntry4 ,! au?orities ( ?is latt] ,talmud be+ f> away f ! place :]e ! fir/ great ,rabbis liv$ & lab\r$1 _! traditions are naturally n s hi/orically reliable z ^? ( ! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem4 ,! au?orities ( ,pale/9e 7 also simpl] 9 _! me?od ( int]pretation4 ,^! aga9 are foll[$ by ! ,babylonian s*ools ( new int]pret]s 7( ! ,talmud74 #ac 1 an expression t goes back z f> z to ! ,zoh>4 #ad 1 8,brightness40 ,cf4 ,dan4 xii4 #c1--! au?ors ( 8,! ,brightness0 pret5d+ to be ! ,maskilim or 8,wise ,ones0 m5tion$ 9 ?is v]se4 #ae 4 #af 4 #ag 4 #ah 1 pl4 4 #ai ,r4 ,johanan b4 ,zaccai 0 a contempor>y ( ! ,apo/les1 & di$ ab\t #aaj ,a4,d4 ,he belong$ to ! peace p>ty 9 opposition to ! ,zealots1 & obta9$ p]mission f ! ,roman gov]nm5t to e/abli% ! s*ool ( ,jamnia1 :i*1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 became ! c5tre ( ,jewi% religi\s life4 ,see also p4 #ahh4 #bj ,r4 ,saadiah ,gaon 0 born 9 ,egypt 9 #hib1 & di$ z ! head ( ! s*ool ( ,sura 9 ,babylon 9 #idb4 ,he is kn[n by 8 translations ( & comm5t>ies on ! ,bible1 & _m o!r works1 especially 8 philosophical treatise ,cre$s & ,op9ions4 ,he 0 also a great controv]siali/4 ,mo/ ( 8 polemical writ+s are direct$ aga9/ ! ,c>aites 77 or 8,scripturali/s10 a ,jewi% sect f\nd$ by ,anan 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,!y prote/$ aga9/ ! ,oral ,law1 & d5i$ ,tradition4 ,on ! title 8,gaon10 see note #a to ,elijah ,wilna4 #ba 1 ,moreh ,nebu*im1 g5]ally consid]$ to be ! greate/ philosophical "w by any ,jewi% ?9k]4 #bb ,r4 ,abraham ,ibn ,ezra1 :o sp5t "s "t 9 ,london1 di$ ab\t #aafa4 ,he is be/ kn[n by 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,bible4 ,he 0 ! fir/ writ] :o d\bt$ ! unity ( ! book ( ,isaiah4 #bc 4 #bd 1 mean+ 8sages0 & 8scribes10 b us$ by lat] writ]s 9 ! s5se giv5 9 ! text4 #be 1 deal+ ) ! laws relat+ to ! fir/fruits :i* 7 br\ght to ! temple 7,ex4 xxiii4 #ai74 ,! processions =m$ by ! pilgrims are v vividly describ$ aft] ! said tractate by ,delitzs* 9 8 ,iris1 p4 #aij sq4 7,engli% ed474 ,see also by ! same au?or1 ,jdis*es ,h&w]k]leb5 zur ,zeit ,jesu1 p4 #ff seq4 #bf 1 8,fa/10 or 1 8,fa/s40 #bg 1 8,ord] ( ,damages10 treat+ ( ! civil law ( ! ,jews1 ! proc$ure ( c\rts ( ju/ice1 & k9dr$ subjects4 ,?is ,ord] also includes ! tractate 1 ,abo? or 8,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs10 :i* is v important = ! /udy ( ,rabb9ic doctr9e & e?ics4 #bh 1 8,ord] ( ,purities10 deal+ ) ! laws reg>d+ ,levitical purity4 #bi 7or 71 1 4 ,^! ?ree works =m ! olde/ ,rabb9ic comm5t>y on ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 & ,deut]onomy4 ,! au?orities cit$ 9 ^! comm5t>ies all belong to ! p]iod ( ! ,tannaim4 ,see above1 note #ab to ! ,*assidim4 ,con/itut+ z !y d1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "o ( ! s\rces us$ by ! ,gem>a1 !y are naturally indisp5sable = a sci5tific /udy ( ! ,talmud4 #cj 1 8,hatsophe10 a spirit$ satire aga9/ ! or?odox & especially aga9/ ! !n prevail+ belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls taught by ! my/ical s*ools4 ,! book is writt5 9 ! pure/ biblical ,hebrew4 #ca 4 #cb 1 pl4 7,midra%im71 8,rese>*10 8,rese>*es10 a "n usually appli$ to ! homiletical "p ( ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 ,! mo/ important collection ( ?is k9d is ! ,midra% ,rabbah to ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! usual way ( quot+ x is ,g5esis ,rabbah1 ,exodus ,rabbah1 & s on4 #cc ,see above1 note #ab to ! ,*assidim4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,footnote on ! ,tannaim & ,amoraim4 #cd 1 8,h]etics10 appli$ to ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 & m s to c]ta9 ,gno/ic sects4 #ce 1 see bel[1 p4 #ahf & note4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! footnote on 8laws giv5 to ,moses on ,s9ai40 #cf or --1 8rule10 8me?od10--8n>rative40 ,! =m] deals ) ! legal side ( ! ,scriptures1 & is ?us m ( a juri/ic nature2 ! latt] repres5ts a collection ( homilies hav+ mo/ly z _! text ! hi/orical & exhortatory p>ts ( ! ,bible1 & is ?us m ( an edify+ "*4 ,! !ological side ( ,judaism1 z well z its ideal aspirations & ,messianic hopes1 f9d _! expression 9 ! ,agadah4 ,! two words are also us$ z adjectives1 z ,hala*ic 7legali/ic1 juri/ic1 & obligatory7 & ,agadic 7poetic1 edify+1 & hyp]bolic74 #cg 1 a sort ( encyclopdia to ! ,talmud1 ( :i* only ! fir/ lett] appe>$4 #ch ,m5ahem ,az>iah de ,rossi1 an ,italian ,jew :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,8 great "w1 1 ,meor ,enayim1 8,light ( ! ,eyes10 is ! fir/ attempt made by a ,jew to submit ! /atem5ts ( ! ,talmud to a critical exam9ation1 & to "q ! value ( tradition 9 its hi/orical records4 #ci 4 #dj ,italian ,jews ( ! fifte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! "o1 ,elijah ,delm$igo1 wrote an ,exam9ation ( ,religion1 :il/ 8 gr&son1 ,joseph ,solomon ,delm$igo1 wrote v>i\s pamphlets ( a deeply sceptical "*4 ,see ,geig]'s ,introduction to 8 ,melo ,*(nayim 7,b]l91 #ahdj74 #da 1 8,! ,great ,"o40 ,! au?orities ( ! ,babylonian s*ools aft] ! six? c5tury 7 also call$ ! ,gaonim 771 8_! ,em95ces40 ,! title 0 also giv5 aft]w>ds to great ,rabbis di/+ui%$ = _! le>n+4 #db ,r4 ,joseph ,c>o 7#adhhaege7 liv$ 9 ,saf$4 ,! title ( 8 code is 1 ,prep>$ ,table4 ,?is is a code ( ! ,oral ,law compil$ f ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 #dc 1 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! ,jewi% wor?ies ( t city4 #dd 4 #de ,a fam\s my/ic ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 f ,saf$1 :o 0 ! m admir$ ! less 8 pupils und]/ood him4 #df ,hai 0 ! la/ ( ! au?orities call$ ,gaon4 ,) 8 dea? 7#ajch7 ! s*ools ( ,babylon fell into decay & soon disappe>$4 #dg 1 treat+ ( ! volunt>y (f]+s br\ght by ! pilgrims to ,j]usalem4 #dh 1 8,p]fection or ,supplem5t>y ,explanations40 ,by ?is is und]/ood ! int]pretation giv5 to ! ,mi%nah by ! s*ools 9 ,pale/9e & ,babylon4 ,see above1 note #ab to ! ,*assidim4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,footnote on ! ,tannaim & ,amoraim4 #di ,see ,dean ,*ur*'s ,/4 ,anselm1 f :i* ?is /ory is tak54 #ej 1 8,addition0 7to ! ,mi%nah71 b also conta9+ only ! say+s & discussions ( ! p]iod ( ! ,tannaim4 #ea 1 8,ord] ( ! ,_w10 deal+ ) ! ,*ronology ( ! ,bible1 & dat+ f ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury4 #eb ,^! 8,m9or ,tractates0 include1 among o!rs1 treatises on proselytes1 on ! laws conc]n+ fun]als1 ! writ+ ( ! ,law1 & ! l4 ,o!rs are m ( an edify+ nature1 treat+ ( good mann]s1 conduct1 etc4 #ec 4 #ed 1 8,eighte540 ,!y are recit$ ?rice a day1 & =m ! orig9al g]m ( ! pray]s1 f :i* a v ri* liturgy develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 #ee ,! titles ( ! old au?orities f #gj ,b4,c4 to #ejj ,a4,c4 ,see above1 note #ab to ! ,*assidim4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,footnote on ! ,tannaim & ,amoraim4 #ef 1 1 8,pr9ce10 or 8,patri>*10 religi\s head1 ( ! ,jews 7n political71 & 8,fa!r 7or presid5t7 ( ! ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice40 #eg 1 1 8,sacrifices10 8,(f]+s40 ,!y treat ( ! laws relat+ to sacrifices & meal(f]+s4 #eh 1 ! laws relat+ to div]se se$s & g>m5ts ( div]se sorts4 ,cf4 ,deut4 xxii4 #iaa4 #ei 1 8,tell]10 a sort ( travell+ prea*]4 #fj 1 8palm bran*40 ,cf4 ,lev4 xxiii4 #dj4 #fa 1 8,high ,s*ool10 or 8,academy10 9 :i* ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature is /udi$4 #fb 4 #fc 1 a my?ical riv] :i* is suppos$ to /op its c\rse on ,sabba?4 #fd 1 s+4 1 8,"y man10 by :i* t]m ! ,jews usually und]/& ! alumni ( _! ,talmudical s*ools4 #fe ,levi b4 ,g]%om 7#abhfacdd7 is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! greate/ successor ( ,maimonides4 ,besides 8 rationali/ic comm5t>ies on ! ,bible1 he wrote v>i\s treatises on metaphysics1 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 m$ic9e1 etc4 #ff 4 #fg ,9 ,/e9s*neid]'s ,catalogue ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 "u ! "n ( ,moses ,na*manides1 pp4 #aidgaife1 all ! works :i* are ascrib$ to ?is au?or are put toge!r1 & also discuss$ z to _! au!nticity4 ,!re are only to be add$ ! new edition ( ! ,d]a%a by ,jell9ek 7,vi5na1 #ahgb71 9 :i* ! v>iants f ,s*orr's ,,ms4 71 viii4 #afb7 are already incorporat$2 a new edition ( ! 1 & ! comm5t>y to ,is4 lii4liii4 by ,/e9s*neid] 7,b]l91 #ahfj72 a ,s]mon = ! ,new ,ye>1 ed4 by ,h4 ,b]l9] 7,libanon1 v4 #efd72 & ano!r ,s]mon at a w$d+ 7871 ed4 by ,s*orr 7,he*alus1 xii4 #c74 ,= ! lit]ature on ,na*manides1 besides ! ref]5ces giv5 by ,/e9s*neid]1 9 8 ,catalogue1 & ! ,add5da1 p4 cxviii4 7cf4 also ! p$igree 9 ! ,catalogue #bcje71 see also ,graetz1 ,ges*i*te1 vii41 pp4 #aabadc1 & p4 #adg seq42 ,mi*ael1 1 ,no4 #aabe1 & ,weiss1 1 v4 #d seq42 ,p]les' ,monatss*rift1 #ahfj1 p4 #age2 ,zomb]1 ibid4 #dba2 & ,z4 ,frankel1 ibid4 #ahfh1 p4 #ddi1 & ,! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 iv4 #bde seq4 ,= ,na*manides' disputation we h to add ,m4 ,loeb 9 ! ,rvue des tudes ,juives1 xv4 #a seq41 & xviii4 #eb 7ab\t ,abn]71 & ,dr4 ,neubau]'s ,essay on ,jewi% ,controv]sy 9 ! ,expositor1 vol4 vii4 7?ird s]ies71 p4 #ih seq41 ) ! ref]5ces giv5 !re4 ,see also 8 article on ! ,bahir & ! ,zoh> 9 ,! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 iv4 #ceg4 ,) reg>d to ,na*manides' my/ical sy/em see ! ref]5ces to ,s4 ,sa*s 7^: rem>ks are mo/ sugge/ive71 ,kro*mal1 & ,jell9ek 9 ,/e9s*neid]1 col4 #aidi & #aifd1 ,p]les' ,monatss*rift1 #aheh1 p4 #hc seq41 & ,/e9s*neid] 9 ! ,heb4 ,bibliographie1 i4 #cd4 ,see also ,pr(essor ,kaufmann's ,die ,ges*i*te d] ,attribut5lehre1 & ! ref]5ces giv5 9 ! index "u ?is "n4 ,! ,novell by 8 son ,r4 ,na*man1 allud$ to 9 ! text1 are 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,cambridge 7,add4 #aahg1 #b74 ,! is extant 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,,ms4 ,add4 #bf1hid1 & ! passage quot$ by ,de ,rossi is to be f\nd on p4 #afc;b1 b a few words are eras$ by ! c5sor4 ,z to ! poem giv5 at ! end ( ?is pap]1 see ,zunz1 ,synagogale ,poesie1 p4 #dgh2 ,l&%ut1 ,amude ha,abodah s4v41 ! ref]5ces 9 ,sa*s' ,religise ,poesie d] ,jud51 & ,luzzatto 9 ! ,oz> ,ne*mad1 ii4 #bg4 ,comp>e also ,pr(essor ,*eyne's ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,psalt]1 p4 #dba4 #fh ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 on ! fir/ ( ,ti%ri4 ,x is 9 autumn4 #fi ,a fam\s ,rabbi ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 kn[n by 8 v>i\s casui/ical & philosophical works4 #gj ,*iefly kn[n ?r\gh 8 controv]sial writ+s aga9/ ! adh]5ts ( ! pseudo,messiah ,%abbe?ai ,tsebi4 ,he 0 = "s "t ! ,rabbi ( ! ,portuguese congregation 9 ,london4 #ga ,! ma9 objections ( ! oppon5ts ( ,maimonides 7 direct$ aga9/ 8 rationali/ic notions ( ,revelation1 & 8 allegoris+ int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures1 :i* am\nt$ 9 "s places to a d5ial ( miracles4 ,he 0 also suspect$ ( hav+ d5i$ bodily resurrection4 ,a hi/ory ( ,jewi% rationalism is /ill a desid]atum4 ,i am c]ta9 t x w\ld prove at lea/ z int]e/+ z ,reut]'s ,ges*i*te d] religis5 ,aufklrung im ,mittelalt] 7,b]l91 #ahdefj74 #gb 4 #gc 1 8,homilies40 ,see above1 p4 #fd & note4 #gd 1 8,! end ( ! ,r$emption10 t is ! "t :5 ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah is to be expect$4 #ge ,?is patri>* is fam\s 9 ,jewi% leg5d = 8 hospitality4 ,see ,be]'s ,leb5 ,abrahams1 pp4 #cg & #ef4 #gf ,?is is ! quorum necess>y to =m a congregation 77 = ! purpose ( hold+ div9e s]vice4 #gg ,by ,zobah1 or ,aram ,zobah1 ! ,jews ( ! ,middle ,ages usually und]/ood ,aleppo4 ,see ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela's ,it9]>y1 i4 #hh1 ii4 #abd 7,london & ,b]l91 #ahdjda74 #gh ,see bel[1 p4 #ada1 :]e a full translation ( ! lett] is giv54 #gi 1 a comp5dium ( ! ,law1 dat+ f ! n9? c5tury1 by ,r4 ,simon ,c>o4 #hj ,r4 ,simlai fl\ri%$ 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,he is be/ kn[n z an ,agadic tea*] & a great controv]siali/4 ,accord+ to him1 #fac comm&m5ts 7 giv5 to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ( :i* #cfe are prohibitive laws1 :il/ ! rema9+ #bdh are positive injunctions4 #ha 1 8,treatise on ,rew>d 7& ,puni%m5t740 #hb 4 #hc ,ps4 cix4 #d2 4 #hd 4 #he 4 #hf 1 8,k10 8,=ekn[l$ge10 8,omnisci5ce40 #hg 1 4 #hh 4 ,see ,exod4 xix4 #e4 #hi 4 #ij 1 4 #ia ,accord+ to a ,jewi% tradition 7! date ( :i* is unc]ta97 ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 ! ,son ( ,david1 w be prec$$ by t ( ! ,messiah1 ! ,son ( ,joseph4 ,! latt] w p]i% 9 ! battle aga9/ ,gog & ,magog 7! ,anti*ri/ ( ,jewi% lit]ature71 b w soon be br\ght back to life on ! appe>ance ( ! =m]4 ,cf4 ,g4 ,h4 ,dalman's ,d] leid5de und d] /]b5de ,messias d] ,synagoge 7,b]l91 #ahha74 #ib 1 8,9 ! beg9n+10 ,g54 i4 #a4 #ic 2 ,job xxvii4 #ab4 #id ,*agigah #ad;b4 ,! activity ( ^! f\r ,rabbis falls *iefly 9 ! second c5tury4 ,r4 ,akiba di$ z a m>tyr 9 ! ,hadrianic p]secution 7ab\t #acj74 ,eli%a b4 ,abuyah1 ! apo/ate1 0 usually call$ 1 ,a*]1 8! o!r "o40 #ie ,! =m] liv$ 9 ! twelf?1 ! latt] 9 ! sixte5?1 c5tury4 ,!y are bo? kn[n = _! ho/ility to philosophy4 #if ,ba*ya wrote 9 ! elev5? c5tury a fam\s book call$ 1 ,! ,duties ( ! ,he>t4 ,= ! o!rs see above1 p4 #ac & note1 p4 #di & note1 p4 #ajb & note1 p4 #ig & note1 p4 #ga & note4 ,!y all belong to ! rationali/ic s*ool4 #ig ,a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,maimonides1 :o translat$ ! ,guide f ,arabic into ,hebrew4 #ih 4 ,see above1 p4 #ah4 ,r4 ,moses ,cordovora1 ! au?or ( ! 1 liv$ 9 ,saf$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,= ,r4 ,isaac ,loria1 ! au?or ( ! 1 see above1 note #e to ,elijah ,wilna4 #ii 4 #ajj 1 a =g]y by a ,prov5al ,jew ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o attribut$ x to a ,rabbi ( ! fir/ c5tury4 #aja ,?is hymn is n[ incorporat$ 9 h] excell5t little book1 ,songs ( ,zion1 pp4 #acae4 #ajb 1 a gold piece4 ,! c\ntry & ! date ( ! writ] n be+ c]ta91 x is impossible to det]m9e ! value ( ?is co94 #ajc ,! lawfulness ( eat+ ?is fi% 7 /urgeon87 0 conte/$ = _m c5turies1 & ! controv]sy /ill cont9ues4 #ajd 1 a small] co9 ?an ! ,zehub4 #aje 1 8,he>10 ! v]ses f ,deut4 vi4 #di1 xi4 #acba1 & ,num4 xv4 #cgda1 recit$ twice a day by ! ,jews4 #ajf ,sabba?1 #cj;b4 #ajg 1 pl4 7,m9hagim71 appli$ usually to ^? ritual cu/oms & c]emonies = :i* !re is no di/9ct au?ority 9 ! ,scriptures or ev5 9 ! ,talmud4 #ajh ,j]usalem1 9 ,m5delssohn's ,smmtli*e ,w]ke 7,vi5na1 #ahch71 especially f p4 #bfd onw>ds1 & a lett] by him publi%$ 9 ,frankel,graetz's ,monatss*rift1 #ahei1 p4 #agc4 ,= ,m5delssohn's position1 see ,graetz's ,ges*i*te1 xi4 #hf seq41 especially p4 #hh & note #a2 ,kays]l+1 ,leb5 und ,w]ke ( ,m41 #b;d ed41 p4 #cid2 ,/e9heim1 ,moses ,m5delssohn 7,hamburg1 #ahdj71 p4 #cj seq42 ,holdheim1 ,moses ,m5delssohn 7,b]l91 #ahei71 p4 #ah seq42 ,leopold ,lw's pamphlet1 ,jdis*e ,dogm5 7,pe/h1 #ahga74 #aji ,see ! ,comm5t>ies on ,maimonides' 1 especially ,r4 ,simeon ,duran's 2 cf4 also anci5t & mod]n comm5t>ies on ,exod4 xx4 #b4 #aaj ,see ,siphra 7ed4 ,weiss71 pp4 #hf;b1 #ic;b4 #aaa ,baba ,ba?ra1 #ad;b2 cf4 ,fr/'s ,kanon1 p4 #ae4 #aab ,see ,sanh$r91 #ch;b1 & ,pseudo,jona?an to ,g54 iv4 #h4 #aac ,me*ilta1 #cc;b4 #aad 1 ,lat4 ,epicurus4 #aae ,see ,mi%nah1 ,sanh$r91 x4 e1 #a1 & ,talmud1 ibid4 #ij;a & b1 & ,rabb9[icz's ,v>iae ,lectiones1 ix4 p4 #bdg notes4 ,besides ! ord9>y comm5t>ies on ! ,talmud1 acc\nt mu/ also be tak5 ( ! rem>ks ( ,crescas1 ,duran1 ,albo1 & ,ab>banel on ! subject4 ,cf4 also ,kmpf 9 ! ,monatss*rift 7#ahfc71 p4 #add seq42 ,opp5heim1 ibid4 7#ahfd71 p4 #add2 ,fri$mann 9 ! ,be? ,talmud1 i4 p4 #baj seq4 ,see also ,talmudical ,diction>ies1 s4v4 4 ,! explanation ,i h adopt$ agrees p>tly ) ,fri$mann's & p>tly ) ,opp5heim's views4 #aaf ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 iii4 #i1 & iv4 #bb4 #aag ,see 7,jovsl[1 #ahce71 p4 #dh4 ,9 my exposition ( ! dogmas ( ! ,c>aites ,i h ma9ly foll[$ ! late ,dr4 ,frankl's article 8,k>ait50 9 ,ers* u4 ,grub]'s ,encyclopdie 7sec4 ii4 vol4 xxxvi4 pp4 #abah74 ,see also 8 ,e9 mutazilitis*] ,kalam & 8 ,beitrge zur ,lit]aturges*i*te d] ,k>er 7,b]l91 #ahhg7 on ,ba%azi4 ,cf4 also ,jo/'s ,ges*i*te1 ii4 c4 #ac4 #aah ,kair[an 0 "o ( ! greate/ c5tres ( ,jewi% le>n+ 9 ,nor? ,africa dur+ t p]iod4 #aai ,see1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,d4 ,kaufmann's note 9 ! ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 i4 p4 #dda4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t ! cre$ ( ,r4 ,judah ,hallevi may be =mulat$ 9 ! foll[+ articles3--,! conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ( ,8 et]nity1 ( ,8 guidance ( our fa!rs1 ( ! ,div9e ,orig9 ( ! ,law1 & ( ! pro( ( all ?is1 ! pl$ge or tok5 ( its tru?1 ! exodus f ,egypt4 #abj 1 ,emunah ,ramah1 pp4 #dd & #fi2 cf4 ,gulmann1 ,monatss*rift1 #ahgh1 p4 #cjd4 #aba ,= ! v>i\s translations ( ! ,?irte5 ,articles :i* 7 orig9ally compos$ 9 ,arabic1 see ,/e9s*neid]1 ,cat4 ,bodl4 col4 #ahhg4 ,cf4 ,ros91 ,e?ik des ,maimonides1 p4 #cj2 ,weiss1 ,be? ,talmud1 i4 p4 #ccj1 & ,b5 ,*ananjah1 #ahfc1 p4 #idb1 & #ahfd1 pp4 #fdh & #fig1 & ,l&%ut1 1 p4 #bca4 #abb 4 ,see pp4 #aaf4 #abc ,see ,hammaskir1 viii4 pp4 #fc & #ajc4 #abd ,see ,/e9s*neid]1 ,cat4 ,mn*51 ,no4 #baj4 #abe ,see ! ,collection 1 by ,a%k5azi1 pp4 #ef;b seq4 #abf ,see ,albo1 c4 iii4 ,probably id5tical ) ! au?or m5tion$ by ,duran1 #ac;b4 #abg 1 8,seph] ,nizza*on40 #abh ,see 7ed4 ,johannisburg71 preface1 & pp4 #bj;a1 #dd;b1 #ei;b1 & else:]e4 ,! /yle ( ?is au?or is v obscure4 ,cf4 ,joel's pamphlet on ?is au?or 7,breslau1 #ahgd74 #abi ,see ! fir/ pages ( ! 7,leghorn1 #ageh71 & 8 1 pp4 #ac seq4 #acj 1 ,ikk>im1 8,fundam5tals40 #aca ,see ,ikk>im1 i4 c4 #bc1 & ,maimonides' ,comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah 7end ( tractate ,macco?74 ,on ,albo comp>e ,s*les+]'s ,introduction & notes to ! ,ikk>im1 ,joel's pamphlet1 p4 #hb2 ,paulus1 ,monatss*rift1 #ahgd1 p4 #dfc1 & ,brll's ,jahrb4 iv4 p4 #eb4 #acb ,i "k 8 "w f a ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,ori5t4 #ci4 #acc 1 ,d]e* ,emunah4 ,cf4 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,monatss*rift1 #ahhc1 p4 #gi seq4 #acd ,see 1 gate #ee4 #ace ,see 8 & 4 #acf 4 #acg ,see 1 ed4 ,reggio1 p4 #bh4 #ach ,see 7,v5ice1 #agjg71 #af;a & #bc;a4 ,8 language is v vague4 #aci ,see ! ,collection by ,a%k5azi 7z above1 note #ah71 p4 #bi;b4 #adj ,see 8 1 p4 #cca4 #ada ,see ,weiss's admirable monograph on ,maimonides1 publi%$ 9 ! ,be? ,talmud1 i4 #adb ,! ,hebrew title ( ! "w is 4 #adc ,t is1 v[s ( an ascetic nature 7n v[s or oa?s en=c$ by a c\rt ( ju/ice71 :i* ! tribunal c\ld annul :5 !re 0 suffici5t reason = x4 #add ,! t5 ,rabbis :o are nam$ z ! be>]s ( tradition dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 #agj & #cj ,b4,c4 ,! 8pair0 9 ea* case is suppos$ to h consi/$ ( ! presid5t & ! vicepresid5t ( ! ,sanh$r9 = ! "t be+4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,ku551 ,gesammelte ,s*rift51 p4 #di seq4 #ade 4 #adf 4 ,!y am\nt1 9 ! :ole ( ,rabb9ic lit]ature1 to ab\t =ty1 ( :i* m ?an t5 conc]n ! prep>ation ( ! phylact]ies1 :il/ o!rs relate to ! libations ( wat] at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles & simil> subjects4 #adg ,?is is ! "t :5 ! s*ool ( ,r4 ,johanan b4 ,zaccai began its activity4 ,o!rs place ! ,tannaitic age 9 ,hillel's "t 7#cj ,b4,c474 #adh 4 #adi 1 lit4 8,c\rt ( ,ju/ice10 z above1 note #af to ,elijah ,wilna1 b x means also a sort ( p]man5t ,synod1 9 :i* ( c\rse ju/ice 0 also adm9i/]$ z a "p ( religion4 #aej 1 8,evid5ces giv5 by ,witnesses40 ,! tractate consi/s mo/ly ( a numb] ( laws atte/$ by v>i\s ,rabbis z hav+ come d[n to !m z old traditions4 #aea ,! family ( ,hillel1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be desc5d$ f ! h\se ( ,david1 suppli$ ! ,jews ) patri>*s = _m g5]ations4 ,gamaliel ,,ii4 fl\ri%$ ab\t #abj ,a4,c41 :il/ ,simon b4 ,gamaliel's activity z ,patri>* falls ab\t #afj ,a4,c4 #aeb 1 ,sema*o?4 ,x is a euphemi/ic title1 ! tractate deal+ ) ! laws relat+ to fun]al c]emonies & m\rn+4 #aec 1 8,elucidators0 or 8,expla9]s40 ,! heads ( ! s*ools 9 ,babylon dur+ ! fif? & six? c5turies 7 s designat$4 #aed ,! ,rabb9ic ,jews ( ! disp]sion add "o day to ea* fe/ival1 & ?us celebrate ! ,passov] eight days1 ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks two days1 etc4 ,! cu/om arose out ( ! unc]ta9ty ab\t ! fir/ day ( ! mon?1 ! pr]ogative ( fix+ ! ,new ,moon re/+ ) ! great ,be? ,d9 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* _h n always ! means ( communicat+ 9 "t ! evid5ce giv5 be=e !m t ! ,new ,moon _h be5 se5 by qualifi$ witnesses4 ,! pr]ogative 0 aboli%$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & ! cal5d> fix$ = all future "t1 b ! additional day is /ill kept by ! ,rabb9ic ,jews z ! 8,cu/om ( _! ,fa!rs40 #aee 1 1 8,*amb]s 7( ,heav570 & ! 8,measure ( ! ,/ature10 my/ical works 9 :i* occasionally gross an?ropomorphisms are to be f\nd4 ,_! au?or%ip is unkn[n4 #aef ,sabba?1 #ee;a4 #aeg ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs 7ed4 ,c4 ,taylor71 v4 #abae4 ,see also ,sabba?1 #cb seq41 & ,me*ilta 7ed4 ,fri$man71 #ie;b4 ,ara*91 #af;a4 #aeh ,see ,me*ilta1 #be;a1 #cb;b4 ,g54 ,rabbah1 *4 #dh1 & ,tossephta ,sotah1 iv4 #g1 & p>allels4 #aei ,taani?1 #ba;a4 #afj ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 iv4 #e4 #afa ,baba ,ba?ra1 #i;b4 #afb ,yoma1 #ci;a4 #afc ,b]a*o?1 #cc;a4 #afd ,sabba?1 #ac;b4 #afe ,b]a*o?1 #g;a4 #aff ,see ,me*ilta1 #fh;b1 & p>allels4 ,siphra1 #aab;b4 ,pessikta ( ,r4 ,kahana1 #afg;b4 ,cp4 ,sanh$r91 #dd;a4 #afg ,abo? de ,r4 ,na?an1 #dj;a1 #ei;b1 & #fb;b4 #afh ,baba ,ba?ra1 #aj;a4 #afi ,eccles4 ,rabbah1 ix4 #g4 #agj #e;a4 #aga #g;b4 #agb ,see ,me*ilta1 #ie;b1 & p>allels4 #agc ,see ,kiddu%91 #dj;b4 ,me*ilta1 #fc;b4 ,lev4 ,rabbah1 iv4 #agd ,see ,sabba?1 #ed;a4 #age ,exodus ,rabbah1 c4 #ce1 & p>allels4 #agf ,see ,negaim1 ii4 #a4 #agg ,exod4 ,rabbah1 c4 #df4 #agh ,taani?1 #aa;a4 #agi ,see ,b]a*o?1 #e;a4 #ahj ,tan*uma1 1 #b4 ,cp4 ,me*ilta1 #gb;b4 #aha ,siphr1 #gc;b1 & p>allels4 #ahb ,taani?1 #h;a4 #ahc ,ara*91 #af;b4 #ahd ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 iv4 #ae4 #ahe ,see ,*agigah1 #e;a4 #ahf ,sabba?1 #ee;a4 #ahg ,m5a*o?1 #bi;b4 #ahh ,taani?1 #be;a4 #ahi ,g54 ,rabbah1 xxvii42 ,pessikta1 #acf;b2 ,sanh$r91 vi4 #e2 ,b]a*o?1 #g;a4 #aij ,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 i4 #c1 p4 #bg1 ed4 ,taylor4 ,see also note #h4 #aia ,abodah ,z>ah1 #ai;a2 ,siphr1 #gi;b4 #aib ,b]a*o?1 #eh;b4 #aic ,see ,exod4 ,r41 #cj1 & p>allels4 #aid ,see 1 i4 #i4 #aie ,see 1 #cc;b4 #aif ,see ,sabba?1 #ee;b1 & ,siphra1 #bg;a4 #aig ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 a ,sket* ( ! ,progress ( ,?\ght f ,old ,te/am5t to ,new ,te/am5t1 by ,c4 ,h4 ,toy1 ,pr(essor 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,london1 #ahij4 #aih ,see ,pessikta ( ,r4 ,kahana1 #fa;b1 & p>allels1 & ,erub91 #ac;b4 #aii ,tal4 ,j]41 ,sabba?1 #e;b4 #bjj 1 ! "n ( an angel1 already f\nd 9 ! ,talmud1 b play+ a m important "p 9 ! ,book ( ,*amb]s1 :]e he is id5tifi$ ) ,eno*4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w is d\btful1 "s au?ors consid]+ x to be ( ,p]sian orig9 7,mi?ra72 o!rs aga9 d]iv+ x f ! ,greek 1 or 4 #bja 4 #bjb 1 8,! ,^w10 sometimes sub/itut$ = ,god4 ,see ,j4 ,levy's ,*aldis*es ,wrt]bu*1 s4v4 #bjc 1 4 #bjd ,me*ilta1 #ajd;a4 #bje ,see ,tal4 ,j]41 ,yoma1 #de;b4 ,cf4 ,maimonides1 ,mi%neh ,torah1 4 #bjf ,tosephta ,b]acko?1 iii4 #g4 #bjg ,sabba?1 #aj;b4 ,! "n ( ! ,rabbi is n giv51 b ! fact t ,r4 ,simeon b4 ,gamaliel 7#afj ,a4,c47 already ref]s to ?is int]pretation makes x cle> t its anonym\s au?or mu/ h liv$ at lea/ a g5]ation be=e4 #bjh 4 #bji ,see ,midra% to ! ,psalms xcii4 & ,deut4 ,rabbah iii4 ,! ,rabbis p]ceiv$ 9 ! words 7,isa4 lviii4 #ac71 a comm& to make ! ,sabba? a day ( pleasure1 :il/ ! ^w 0 und]/ood by !m to mean 8ne$s10 8wants10 or 8bus9ess0 7n 8pleasure074 ,cf4 ,sabba?1 #aac;a & b4 #baj ,see ,g54 ,rabbah1 xi4 7& p>allels71 & ,sabba?1 #aai;a4 #baa ,see ,maaseh ,torah 7ed4 ,s*nblum7 & ,deut4 ,rabbah1 i4 #bab ,sabba?1 #be;b & #aai;a4 #bac ,betsah1 #af;a4 ,cf4 ,ba]'s notes 9 8 ,pray],book1 p4 #bjc seq4 #bad ,see ,sabba?1 #aai;b1 & ,g54 ,rabbah1 xi4 #bae ,see ,sabba?1 #aj;b1 & ,g54 ,rabbah1 ibid4 #baf 4 #bag ,nazir1 #bc;b4 #bah by ,r4 ,isaac b4 ,moses ( ,vi5na 7?irte5? c5tury71 mo/ly on legal subjects4 #bai 1 ,yu*as94 #bbj 1 ,miklal4 #bba 1 1 ! =m] treat+ ( ! agricultural laws ( ! ,bible1 ! latt] ( ^? relat+ to ! ,sabba?1 ,passov]1 & o!r fe/ivals4 #bbb 1 8,cycle10 conta9+ ! liturgy = ! fe/ivals4 #bbc ,s9ce !n edit$ by ! ,mekize ,nirdamim4 #bbd ,eve ( ! la/ day ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles4 #bbe 4 4 #bbf 4 #bbg 4 #bbh 1 ,yalkut4 #bbi 4 #bcj 4 #bca 4 #bcb 4 #bcc 4 #bcd 1 1 1 1 4 #bce 4 #bcf 4 #bcg 4 4 #bch ,! ma9 au?orities on ! subjects ( ?is essay are ,die ,leb5salt]1 by ,dr4 ,leopold ,lw2 ,! ,jewi% ,rite ( ,circumcision1 by ,dr4 ,a%]2 an article by ,dr4 ,p]les 9 ! ,graetz ,jubels*rift1 p4 #bc seq42 ,m]kwrdigkeit5 d] ,jud51 by ,s*udt2 ! & o!r works on ritual cu/oms2 ,gdemann's ,ges*i*te des ,erziehungswes5s und d] ,cultur d] ,jud52 & ,das ,k9d 9 ,brau* und ,sitte d] ,vlk]1 by ,dr4 ,ploss4 #bci 1 4 #bdj 1 ,is4 xxxiv4 #ad4 #bda ,see above1 note #ci to ,na*manides4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! footnote on ,%ema4 #bdb 1 8,cov5ant ( ,circumcision40 ,?is is ! usual expression 9 ,hebrew lit]ature = ! rite ( circumcision4 #bdc 4 #bdd 1 4 #bde 4 #bdf 1 on educational matt]s4 #bdg 1 8bus9ess10 or 8w>es40 #bdh ,i am indebt$ = ! ,engli% adaptation to ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,lucas4 #bdi ,b]e%i? ,rabbah1 *apt] xx4 ,= ano!r read+ see 7ed4 ,crac[71 p4 #cgd4 #bej ,abodah ,z>ah1 #c;b4 #bea ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ,deut4 xxxi4 #ajab 0 expla9$4 #beb 1 8,scribes02 treat+ ( ! regulations conc]n+ ! writ+ ( ! ,law1 b conta9+ also mu* liturgical matt]4 #bec 1 by :i* "n ! ,jews ( ! ,spani% rite are designat$4 #bed 1 a controv]sial "w publi%$ by ,wag5seil4 ,see above1 p4 #bjc1 = ano!r victory4 #bee 1 :o is probably kn[n to ! ,engli% read] f ,longfell['s poem4 #bef 4 #beg 1 8,sanctification0--8b5$iction0--on ! eve ( ,sabba?1 :i* is pron\nc$ ov] a cup ( w9e4 #beh 1 or on ! #bcrd ( ,ti%ri1 :5 ! la/ portion f ! ,p5tateu* is read4 #bei 1 8,praise10 i4e4 ,ps4 cxiii4cxviii4 #bfj 1 ! "n ( a pray] comm5c+ 1 8,magnifi$ & sanctifi$ be10 etc4 #bfa ,pray] beg9n+ 1 8,bless ye10 etc4 #bfb 1 beg9n+ ( a pray]1 8,bless$ be ,he10 etc4 #bfc ,see ,s*r]'s ,die ,geme9dev]fassung d] ,jud5 9 ,rom1 p4 #bd4 ,cf4 ,hebris*e ,bibliographie1 xix4 p4 #gi4 #bfd 4 #bfe 4 #bff 4 #bfg 4 ,9 old5 times ! weekly lesson f ! ,law us$ to be read by sev5 memb]s ( ! congregation :o 7 8call$ up0 = ?is purpose2 ! ,prie/ & ! ,levite took prec$5ce ( laym5 = ?is hon\r4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! memb]s ( ! congregation are /ill call$ up1 b ! actual read+ is p]=m$ by an (ficial4