,transcriber's ,note3 ,this text includes characters that require ,,utf-#h 7,unicode7 file encoding3 7oe ligature7 7,greek7 8 0 7curly quotes7 7temperature degree sign7 ,if any of these characters do not display properly or if the apostrophes and quotation marks appear as garbage1 make sure your text reader's 8character set0 or 8file encoding0 is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,you may also need to change the default font4 ,additional notes are at the end of the book4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,xiv4 ,,october1 #ahga1 ,,to ,,march1 #ahgb4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,house1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahgb4 ,,john ,,ross ,,company1 ,,printers ,,and ,,stereotypers1 #bg ,,rose ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,contents4 ,affirmations1 #fhb ,afternoon at ,st4 ,lazare1 ,an1 #fhc ,air1 ,travels in the1 #geg ,american ,catholic ,bishops1 ,clarke's ,lives of the1 #efb ,arcueil1 ,the ,martyrs of1 #fac ,association1 ,the ,international1 #fid ,authority in ,matters of ,faith1 #ade ,catholic ,libraries1 ,on1 #gjg ,catholicity and ,pantheism1 #cgf1 #hcj ,chateau ,regnier1 #ebj ,christianity and ,positivism1 #a ,civilization1 ,egyptian1 ,according to the ,most ,recent ,discoveries1 #fc ,clarke's ,lives of the ,american ,catholic ,bishops1 #efb ,color--,its ,poetry and ,prose1 #bgi ,cooper's ,an ,englishman in ,china1 #cbb ,cosmic ,philosophy1 ,the1 #fcc ,craven's ,fleurange1 #fea1 #hac ,dllinger ,scandal1 ,the1 #bdh ,duties of the ,rich in ,christian ,society1 ,the1 #egg1 #gec ,egyptian ,civilization ,according to the ,most ,recent ,discoveries1 #fc ,elements of our ,nationality1 ,the1 #ia ,elinor's ,trial1 #gij ,englishman in ,china1 ,an1 #cbb ,executive ,document ,no4 #cg2 or1 ,several ,calumnies ,refuted1 #ffe ,faber1 ,dr41 ,the ,princeton ,review on1 #djj ,faith1 ,authority in ,matters of1 #ade ,fleurange1 #fea1 #hac ,foxvilles of ,foxville1 ,the1 #fjd ,fraction du ,centre in the ,german ,parliament1 ,the1 #bfi ,france1 ,recent ,events in1 #bhi ,gambetta1 ,m41 ,letter of ,mgr4 ,dupanloup to1 #hdi ,ghost ,story of the ,revolution1 ,a1 #bfa ,god is our ,aid1 #cfd ,history1 ,the ,new ,school of1 #edi ,holy ,father1 ,on the ,present ,condition of the1 #ggg ,house of ,yorke1 ,the1 #af1 #aeh1 #cje1 #dgc1 #ehb1 #gch ,international ,association1 ,the1 #fid ,island of ,saints1 ,the1 #cce ,lake ,george1 ,a ,week at1 #gh ,la ,roquette1 ,the ,place ,vendme and1 #abg1 #bcc1 #cdg ,lasserre's ,our ,lady of ,lourdes1 #ajj ,lateau1 ,louise1 ,the ,stigmata and ,ecstasies of1 #aga ,late ,general ,convention of the ,p4 ,e4 ,church1 #ejf ,la ,vende1 ,one ,christmas ,eve in1 #ddg ,leper of the ,city of ,aosta1 ,the1 #gfg ,letter of ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 ,bishop of ,orleans1 to ,m4 ,gambetta1 #hdi ,liquefaction of the ,blood of ,st4 ,januarius1 ,the1 #cb1 #bjj1 #cia1 #ebf ,lourdes1 ,our ,lady of1 #ajj ,lucas ,garcia1 #di1 #ahi ,maistre's ,leper of the ,city of ,aosta1 #gfg ,mammoth ,cave1 ,a ,visit to1 #fba ,martyrs of ,arcueil1 ,the1 #fac ,modern ,opera1 #dae ,nationality1 ,the ,elements of ,our1 #ia ,new ,school of ,history1 ,the1 #edi ,on ,catholic ,libraries1 #gjg ,on the ,present ,condition of the ,holy ,father1 #ggg1 ,one ,christmas ,eve in ,la ,vende1 #ddg ,opera1 ,modern1 #dae ,our ,lady of ,lourdes1 #ajj ,owen on ,spiritism1 #hjc ,pantheism1 ,catholicity and1 #cgf ,papal ,infallibility1 ,popular ,objections to1 #eig ,philosophy1 ,the ,cosmic1 #fcc ,place ,vendme1 ,the1 and ,la ,roquette1 #abg1 #bcc1 #cdg ,poetry and ,prose of ,color1 #bgi ,popular ,objections to ,papal ,infallibility1 #eig ,positivism1 ,christianity and1 #a ,princeton ,review on ,dr4 ,faber1 #djj ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 ,late ,general ,convention of the1 #ejf ,protestant ,rule of ,faith1 ,the1 #dhh ,recent ,events in ,france1 #bhi ,religious ,movement in ,germany1 and the ,fraction du ,centre in the ,german ,parliament1 #bfi ,revolution1 ,a ,ghost ,story of the1 #bfa ,rich1 ,duties of the1 #egg1 #gec ,riot of the ,twelfth1 ,the1 #aag ,rome1 ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day in1 #fdf ,rule of ,faith1 ,the ,protestant1 #dhh ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day in ,rome1 #fdf ,st4 ,januarius1 ,liquefaction of the ,blood of1 #cb1 #bjj1 #cia1 #ebf ,st4 ,lazare1 ,an ,afternoon at1 #fhc ,saints1 ,the ,island of1 #cce ,several ,calumnies ,refuted1 #ffe ,spiritism1 ,owen on1 #hjc ,stigmata1 ,the1 and ,ecstasies of ,louise ,lateau1 #aga ,study of ,sacred ,history1 #dba ,thoughts for the ,women of the ,times1 #dfg ,travels in the ,air1 #geg ,uncivil ,journal1 ,an1 #gba ,valentine1 #bad ,venite ,adoremus1 #eeg ,visit to ,mammoth ,cave1 ,a1 #fba ,week at ,lake ,george1 ,a1 #gh ,who is to ,educate ,our ,children81 #dcc ,women of ,our ,times1 ,thoughts for the1 #dfg ,yorke1 ,the ,house of1 #af1 #aeh1 #cje1 #dgc1 #ehb1 #gch ,,poetry4 ,annunciation1 ,the1 #hab ,bethlehem1 #dhg ,broad ,school1 ,the1 #ebe ,convert1 ,a1 #cj ,dante's ,purgatorio 7,new ,translation71 #ejc ,evening ,clouds1 #ae ,ever1 #dgb ,epiphany1 ,our1 #fcb ,lamartine's ,the ,wayside ,spring 7,translation71 #bac ,last ,days of ,oisin1 ,the ,bard1 #hde ,legends of ,oisin1 ,the1 #ahe1 #cdc ,limitation1 #dad ,martyrdom of ,st4 ,agnes1 ,the1 #hbh ,memory1 ,a1 #cjd ,mountain1 ,the1 #bgh ,new ,outspoken ,style1 ,the1 #eif ,our ,epiphany1 #fcb ,purgatorio1 ,dante's 7,new ,translation71 #ejc ,st4 ,agnes1 ,the ,martyrdom of1 #hbh ,true ,faith1 #bcb ,uhland's ,evening ,clouds 7,translation71 #ae ,veiled1 #fbj ,wayside ,spring1 ,the1 #bac ,,new ,,publications4 ,american ,home ,book of ,in-,door ,games1 ,amusements1 and ,occupations1 #gbj ,antidote to 8,gates ,ajar10 #egb ,arians of the ,fourth ,century1 ,the1 #heg ,augustine1 ,aurelius1 ,works of1 #bha ,bayle's ,pearl of ,antioch1 #gai ,benni's ,tradition of the ,syriac ,church of ,antioch1 #dbh ,beecher's ,life of ,jesus the ,christ1 #dbh ,biographical ,sketch of ,mother ,margaret ,mary ,hallahan1 #adc ,brightley's ,leading ,cases on the ,law of ,elections1 #dca ,catholic ,directory1 ,almanac1 and ,ordo1 ,sadliers'1 #ahgb1 #gbj ,catholic ,choir1 ,peters's1 #bhc ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 ,illustrated1 #bhd ,cineas2 or1 ,rome under ,nero1 #dbi ,collection of ,leading ,cases on the ,law of ,elections in the ,u4 ,s41 #dca ,congregation of ,st4 ,paul1 ,sermons by the ,fathers of1 #egf1 #gaf ,critical ,greek and ,english ,concordance of the ,new ,testament1 #bhf ,curci's ,taking of ,rome by the ,italian ,army1 #gah ,dahlgren1 ,ulric1 ,memoir of1 #hei ,doane's ,passion ,play1 #egf ,east and ,west ,poems1 #ege ,essays ,critical and ,historical1 #dbg ,florence ,o',neill1 #gah ,formby's ,pictorial ,bible and ,church ,history ,stories1 #bhd ,fourfold ,sovereignty of ,god1 #dbg ,four ,great ,evils of the ,day1 #bhf ,gates ,ajar1 ,antidote to1 #egb ,graduale de ,tempore et de ,sanctis1 #bhg ,grand ,demonstration in ,honor of the ,x,x,vth ,anniversary of the ,election of ,pius ,,ix41 #bhg ,hallahan1 ,mother ,margaret ,mary1 ,biographical ,sketch of1 #adc ,harte's ,east and ,west ,poems1 #ege ,harsha's ,life of ,john ,bunyan1 #bhg ,hastings and ,hudson's ,greek and ,english ,concordance of the ,new ,testament1 #bhf ,hewit's ,light in ,darkness1 #bhb ,ignatius ,loyola and the ,early ,jesuits1 #add ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 #bhd ,japan in ,our ,day1 #gbj ,johonnot's ,school ,houses1 #adc ,julia1 ,life of ,mother1 #bhe ,lenten ,sermons1 #hfj ,letters of ,mme4 de ,svign1 #dcj ,letters of ,lady ,mary ,wortley ,montagu1 #dcj ,life of ,card4 ,howard1 #gae ,life of ,jesus the ,christ1 #dbh ,life of ,john ,bunyan1 #bhg ,life of ,mother ,julia1 #bhe ,light in ,darkness1 #bhb ,lord's ,prophetic ,imperialism1 #egd ,macaronic ,poetry1 #gag ,mc,corry's ,mount ,benedict1 #add ,manning's ,fourfold ,sovereignty of ,god1 #db ,manning's ,four ,great ,evils of the ,day1 #bhf ,manual of ,piety1 #bhh ,martyrs of the ,coliseum1 #bhh ,memoir of ,ireland1 ,a1 #gai ,meehan's ,rise and ,fall of the ,irish ,franciscan ,monasteries1 #gai ,montagu's ,letters1 #dcj ,montalembert's ,monks of the ,west1 #bhc ,morgan's ,macaronic ,poetry1 #gag ,mount ,benedict2 or1 ,the ,violated ,tomb1 #add ,newman's ,arians of the ,fourth ,century1 #heg ,newman's ,essays ,critical and ,historical1 #dbg ,nieremberg's ,of ,adoration in ,spirit and ,truth1 #adc ,o',connell's ,memoir of ,ireland1 #gai ,o',reilly's ,martyrs of the ,coliseum1 #bhh ,of ,adoration in ,spirit and ,truth1 #adc ,palmer's ,life of ,card4 ,howard1 #gae ,pearl of ,antioch1 ,the1 #gai ,peters's ,catholic ,choir1 #bhc ,pictorial ,bible and ,church ,history ,stories1 #bhd ,pius ,,ix41 ,grand ,demonstration in ,honor of the ,election of1 #bhg ,preston's ,the ,vicar of ,christ1 #ega ,prisoners of ,st4 ,lazare1 ,the1 #egc ,prophetic ,imperialism1 #egd ,rise and ,fall of the ,irish ,franciscan ,monasteries1 #gai ,rose's ,ignatius ,loyola and the ,early ,jesuits1 #add ,sadliers' ,catholic ,directory1 ,almanac1 and ,ordo1 #ahgb1 #gbj ,st4 ,lazare1 ,the ,prisoners of1 #egc ,school-,houses1 #adc ,segneri's ,lenten ,sermons1 #hfj ,sermons by the ,fathers of the ,congregation of ,st4 ,paul1 #egf1 #gaf ,svign's ,letters1 #dcj ,smith's ,american ,home ,book1 #gbj ,spouse of ,christ1 ,the1 #hfj ,stewart's ,florence ,o',neill1 #gah ,taking of ,rome by the ,italian ,army1 #gah ,taylor's ,japan in ,our ,day1 #gbj ,the ,internationale--,communism1 #hei ,tissandier's ,wonders of ,water1 #gbj ,to and ,from the ,passion ,play1 #egf ,tradition of the ,syriac ,church of ,antioch1 #dbh ,vessels of the ,sanctuary1 ,the1 #hfj ,vicar of ,christ1 ,the1 #ega ,villefranch's ,cineas1 #dbi ,wonders of ,water1 #gbj ,works of ,aurelius ,augustine1 #bha ,,the #a ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiv41 ,no4 #gi4--,,october1 #ahga4 ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,christianity ,,and ,,positivism4#a ,dr4 ,mc,cosh had acquired a considerable reputation among ,presbyterians in his own country and ours1 by several philosophico-theological works he had published1 before he was invited to become the president of the ,new ,jersey ,college at ,princeton1 one of the most distinguished literary institutions of the ,union4 ,it had an able president1 also a ,scotsman1 in ,dr4 ,witherspoon1 one of the signers of the ,declaration1 and a devoted champion of ,american independence1 and1 though a ,presbyterian1 a sturdy defender of civil and religious liberty4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh comes to the presidency of the college with a high literary and philosophical reputation1 and comes under many advantages1 and its friends expect him to contribute much to raise still higher its character1 and place it on a level with ,harvard and ,yale1 perhaps even above them4 ,there is some ability and considerable knowledge displayed in the volume of lectures before us1 though not much originality4 ,the author professes to take the side of ,christianity against the false and mischievous theories of such men as ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 of ,edinburgh1 ,j4 ,stuart ,mill1 ,huxley1 ,darwin1 ,herbert ,spencer1 and others1 whom he classes as belonging to the ,positivist school4 ,we have every disposition in the world to think and speak well of the volume1 and to give it full credit for every merit it may claim4 ,it is directed against our enemy even more than against his4 ,positivism is the most open1 frank1 honest1 and respectable antagonist ,christianity or ,catholicity has had in modern times1 and1 we may add1 the ablest and the most logical1 especially as represented by avowed ,positivists4 ,in fighting against us1 positivism fights against our ,presbyterian doctor1 so far as he retains any element of ,catholic truth1 and there is no good reason why his war against it should not tend as far as it goes to the same end as ours4 ,positivism can be opposed and #b ,christianity defended only on ,catholic ground2 and so far as ,dr4 ,mc,cosh really does either1 he must assume our ground and serve in our ranks1 or at any rate be on our side2 and it would be churlish in us to reject or underrate his services because in certain other matters he is against us1 or is not enrolled in our ranks4 ,it is certain that in these lectures1 which show marks of much hard mental labor1 the author has said many good things1 and used some good arguments2 but having truth only in a mutilated form1 and only his private judgment to oppose to the private judgment of ,positivists1 he has been unable to give a full and conclusive refutation of positivism4 ,as a ,protestant trained in ,protestant schools1 he has no clear1 well-defined catholic principles to which he can refer the particular truths he advances1 and the special arguments he urges for their unity and support4 ,his book lacks unity1 lacks the mental grasp that comprehends in its unity and universality the whole subject1 under all its various aspects1 or in its principle1 on which it depends1 and which explains and justifies it4 ,his book is a book of particulars1 of details1 of general conclusions drawn from particular facts and statements1 like all ,protestant books4 ,this is not so much the fault of the author perhaps as of his ,protestantism1 which1 since it rejects catholicity and has nothing universal1 is essentially illogical1 and can deal only in particulars or with individual things4 ,the contents of the book are referred to no general principle1 and the particular conclusions drawn are of little value1 because isolated1 each standing by itself instead of being reduced to its principle and co-ordinated under its law4 ,the author lacks the conception of unity and universality2 he has particulars1 but no universals--variety1 but no identity--multiplicity1 but no unity1 except in words4 ,this is a great defect1 and renders his work inconclusive as an argument1 and exceedingly tedious to the reader as well as the reviewer4 ,this defect runs all through the author's philosophy4 ,in his ,intuitions of the ,mind1 there is no unity of intuition1 but a variety of isolated intuitions--no intuition of principle1 of the universal1 but simply intellectual apprehension of supersensible particulars1 as in ,the ,human ,intellect of ,prof4 ,porter1 who is a far abler man than ,dr4 ,mc,cosh4 ,we are utterly unable to analyze these lectures1 reduce their deliverances to a universal principle1 which1 if accepted1 is decisive of the whole controversy they attempt to settle1 or if rejected proves the whole worthless4 ,then we complain of the author for the indignity he offers to ,christianity by suffering the ,positivists to put it on the defensive1 and in attempting to prove it against positivism4 ,christianity is in possession1 and is not called upon to defend her right till strong reasons are adduced for ousting her4 ,consequently1 it is for those who would oust her to prove their case1 to make good their cause4 ,the ,christian controversialist at this late day does not begin with an apology or defence of ,christianity1 but attacks those who assail her1 and puts them on their defence4 ,it is for the scientists1 or ,positivists1 who oppose the ,christian religion1 to prove their positivism or science4 ,it is enough for the ,christian to show that the positivism or alleged science is not itself proven1 or1 if proven1 that it proves nothing against ,christ and his church4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh seems to have some suspicion of this1 and occasionally attempts to put positivism on its defence1 but he does it without laying down #c the principle which justifies it2 and in doing it he renders it useless1 by immediately running away after some pet speculation of his own1 which gives his opponent ample opportunity to resume the offensive4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 also1 more than half agrees with the ,positivists1 and concedes that the religious society1 as such1 has no right to judge of the bearings of the conclusions of the scientists on religion4 8,all this shows10 he says1 pp4 #e1 #f1 8that religious men qua religious men are not to be allowed to decide for us the truths of science4 ,conceive an cumenical ,council at ,rome1 or an ,assembly of ,divines at ,westminster1 or an ,episcopal ,convocation at ,lambeth1 or a ,congregational ,council at ,plymouth1 or a ,methodist ,conference in ,connecticut 7why not say ,baltimore87 taking upon it to decide for or against the discoveries of ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 or the grand doctrine established in our day of the conservation of force and the correlation of all the physical forces1 on the ground of their being favorable or unfavorable to religion60 ,this concedes to the ,positivists that science is independent of religion1 and that religion is to be accepted or rejected as it does or does not accord with science1 and wholly overlooks the fact that religion is the first science1 and that nothing can be true1 scientifically or otherwise1 that is contrary or unfavorable to religion4 ,religion is the word of ,god1 and every religious man says with the inspired apostle1 8,let ,god be true1 and every man a liar40 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 of course1 cannot say this1 for1 having no infallible authority to define what is or is not religious truth or the word of ,god1 he is obliged to place religion in the category of opinions which may or may not be true1 and therefore to deny it as the law for all intelligences4 ,supposing ,god has appointed an authority1 infallible through his gracious assistance1 to teach all men and nations his religion1 or the truth he has revealed1 and the law he commands all to obey1 this authority must be competent to decide whether any alleged scientific discoveries are or are not favorable to religion1 and must necessarily have the right to decide prior to all scientific investigation4 ,if this authority decides that this or that theory is unfavorable to religion1 we as religious men must pronounce it false1 and refuse to entertain it4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 as a ,presbyterian or ,protestant1 would have no right to say so1 but the ,catholic would have the right1 and it is his duty to say so2 because religion is absolutely true1 and the supreme law for reason as well as for conscience1 and what is or is not religion1 the authority unerringly decides for him4 ,nothing that is not in accordance with the teachings of religion can be true in science any more than in religion itself1 though many things may be true that are not in accordance with the opinions and theories held by religious men4 ,the moment the ,christian allows that the authority is not catholic2 that it is limited and covers only one part of truth2 and that there is by its side another and an independent authority1 another and independent order of truth1 he ceases to be able to meet successfully the ,positivists2 for truth is one1 and can never be in opposition to truth--that is1 in opposition to itself4 ,religion1 we concede1 does not teach the sciences1 or the various facts with which they are constructed1 but it does judge and pronounce authoritatively on the inferences or conclusions scientific men draw from these facts1 or the explanations they give of them1 and to decide whether they are or are #d not consistent with her own teachings4 ,if they are inconsistent with the revealed word1 or with what that word implies1 she pronounces them false2 and1 if warranted by the alleged facts1 she pronounces the alleged facts themselves to be misinterpreted1 misapprehended1 misstated1 or to be no facts4 ,her authority is higher than any reasonings of men1 than the authority even of the senses1 if it comes to that1 for nothing is or can be more certain than that religion is true4 ,we cannot as ,catholics1 as ,christians1 make the concession to the ,positivists the ,presbyterian doctor does1 that their science is an authority independent of religion1 and not amenable to it4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 we think1 is unwise1 in a controversy with ,positivists1 in separating natural theology1 as he calls it1 from revealed theology4 ,the two are only parts of one whole1 and1 in point of fact1 although distinguishable1 have never existed separately at any epoch of history4 ,the existence of ,god1 the immateriality of the soul1 and the liberty of man or free-will1 are provable with certainty by reason1 and are therefore truths of philosophy1 but they were not discovered by unassisted reason or the unassisted exercise of our natural powers before they were taught to our first parents by the ,creator himself1 and have never been held as simple natural truths1 unconnected with supernatural instruction or some reminiscences of such instruction4 ,natural theology1 or philosophy1 and revealed theology form one indissoluble whole1 and ,christianity includes both in their unity and catholicity4 ,in defending ,christianity against positivism1 which denies both1 we should defend both as a whole2 because the natural is incomplete and unable of itself alone to satisfy the demands of reason1 which is never sufficient for itself2 and the truths necessary to complete it and to solve the objections to the being and providence of ,god are not obtainable by reason alone or without the light of revelation4 ,we may assert and prove miracles as a fact1 but the objections of ,positivists to them cannot be scientifically answered till we have proved that they have their law in the supernatural order4 ,the inferences we draw from miracles will not be appreciated or allowed by men who deny the supernatural and reduce ,god to nature4 ,the author in reality has no method1 but he begins by attempting to prove the being of ,god1 then the existence of mind in man1 and the reality of knowledge1 and finally1 in the second part1 that the life of ,christ was the life of a real personage1 and proves the reality of his religion4 ,he offers only one argument to prove that ,god is1 and that is the well-known argument from design1 which he bases on the principle that every effect has its cause4 ,he does not develop this argument1 which has been so fully done by ,paley and the ,bridgewater ,treatises1 but simply asserts its sufficiency4 ,there are marks of design in adapting one thing to another throughout the universe1 which can be only the effect of the action of an intelligent designer4 ,giving this argument all possible force1 it does not carry the author in his conclusion beyond ,plato or ,aristotle1 neither of whom was properly a theist4 ,plato and ,aristotle both believed in an intelligent mind in the universe1 operating on an eternal uncreated matter1 forming all things from pre-existing materials1 and arranging them in an artistic order4 ,the argument from design can go no farther1 and this is all that is proved by ,paley's illustration of the watch1 which #e would be no illustration at all to a mind that had no intuition or conception of a designer4 ,neither ,plato nor ,aristotle had any conception of a creator or supermundane ,god4 ,whether the intelligent mind has created all things from nothing1 or has only formed and disposed all things from pre-existing matter1 as the soul of the world1 anima mundi1 is what can never be determined by any induction from the alleged marks of design discoverable in the universe4 ,we therefore hold1 and have always held1 that this famous argument1 the only one the ,baconian philosophy admits1 however valuable it may be in proving or illustrating the attributes or perfections of ,god1 when ,god is once known to exist1 is inconclusive when relied on alone to prove that ,god is1 or is that by which the mind first obtains the idea4 ,it may serve as a corroborative argument1 but of itself alone it cannot originate the idea in the mind1 or carry one beyond an intelligent soul of the world1 or the pantheism of ,plato and ,aristotle1 and of all ,gentile philosophy1 except the school of ,leucippus and ,democritus1 followed as to physics by ,epicurus--unless we must also except the sceptics1 ,pyrrho and ,sextus ,empiricus4 ,we think1 therefore1 the author has damaged the cause of ,christianity1 instead of serving it1 by risking it on a single argument1 by no means conclusive to his purpose4 ,a weak and inadequate defence is worse than no defence at all4 ,the principle that every effect has a cause1 on which the author bases his argument1 is no doubt true2 but we must know that the fact is an effect before we can infer from it that it has or has had a cause4 ,cause and effect are correlative terms1 which connote one another2 but this is no proof that this or that fact is an effect2 and we cannot pronounce it an effect unless we know that it has begun to exist2 nor even then1 unless we have the intuition of cause2 and no intuition even of a particular cause suffices1 unless we have intuition of a universal cause4 ,it is not so simple a thing1 then1 to pronounce a given fact an effect1 and to conclude that there is between it and something else1 the relation of cause and effect4 ,it is precisely this relation that ,hume1 ,kant1 ,thomas ,browne1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,dr4 ,mansel1 ,auguste ,comte1 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,huxley1 ,herbert ,spencer1 and all the so-called ,positivists deny or relegate to the region of the unknowable4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh does not refute them1 by assuming and arguing from the principle2 he simply begs the question4 ,now1 we venture to tell our learned and philosophic author that his whole argument for natural theology falls to the ground before a mind that has no intuition of the relation of cause and effect1 that is not previously furnished with the knowledge of design and of a designing cause4 ,hence1 from the alleged marks of design and adaptation of means to ends1 it is impossible to infer a designer4 ,when the watch was presented for the first time to the untutored savage1 he looked upon it as a living thing1 not as a piece of artificial mechanism constructed by a watchmaker4 ,he must know that it is a piece of artificial mechanism before he can conclude man has made it4 ,there falls under our observation no more perfect adaptation of means to ends than the octagonal cell of the bee4 ,does the bee work by design in constructing it8 ,does the beaver work by design1 by intelligent design1 in building its dam and constructing its house8 ,it is generally #f held that the bee as well as the beaver works by instinct1 or by a law of its nature1 as does the swallow in building its nest4 ,this proves that a designer cannot be inferred from the simple facts observed in nature1 as the ,positivists maintain4 ,this is the condemnation of the so-called inductive philosophy4 ,the induction1 to be valid1 must be by virtue of a principle already held by the mind1 intuitively or otherwise1 and therefore can never of itself supply or give its principle1 or by itself alone obtain its principle4 ,god is not an induction from the facts observed in nature2 and the ,positivists have shown1 demonstrated so much1 and have therefore shown that observation and induction alone can give no principle1 and1 therefore1 end in nescience--the termination of the so-called philosophie positive4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh is not wholly insensible to this conclusion1 and seeks to escape it by proving that there is a mind in man endowed with the capacity of knowing things as they are4 ,but if the existence of the mind needs to be proved1 with what can we prove it8 ,by consciousness1 the author answers2 but that is a sheer paralogism1 for consciousness is simply an act of the mind1 and presupposes it4 ,god can no more be an induction from the facts of consciousness than from the facts of nature4 ,in either case1 the ,god induced is a generalization2 in the one case1 the generalization of nature1 and1 in the other1 the generalization of consciousness4 ,the former usually goes by the name of atheism1 the latter by the name of egoism4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh very properly rejects ,hamilton's and ,mansel's doctrine of the pure relativity of all knowledge1 and ,herbert ,spencer's doctrine that all knowledge is restricted to the knowledge of phenomena or appearances1 though conceding that appearances are unthinkable without a reality beyond them1 but that the reality beyond them1 and which appears in them1 is itself unknowable2 and maintains truly that we know things themselves1 both sensibles and supersensibles4 ,we know them1 he contends1 by intuition1 or a direct looking on or beholding them by the simple intellectual force of our minds4 ,of this we are not so certain1 for we do not ourselves know by intuition why salt is bitter and sugar sweet1 and we think the doctor knows things themselves only in so far as he excepts their essence or substance1 and confounds the thing with its properties1 or its accidents1 as say the schoolmen1 in which case he makes no appreciable advance on ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer4 ,i know the appearances and the sensible properties of bread1 but ,i do not know its essence or substance4 ,has the ,presbyterian doctor1 who seems to have a holy horror of ,catholicity1 invented a philosophy for the express purpose of combating with apparent reason the mystery of transubstantiation1 by making it conflict with the positive testimony of the senses and the human intellect8 ,but let that pass4 ,the intuition the doctor recognizes is empirical intuition1 and intuition of particular or individual things1 not of principles1 causes1 relations4 ,and from the knowledge of those individual things1 he holds that man rises by generalization and abstraction--that is1 induction--from one degree of knowledge to another1 till he finally attains to the knowledge of ,god distinct from the world1 and clothes him with infinite perfections4 ,yet the good doctor claims to be a philosopher1 and enjoys a high reputation as such4 ,none of these individual things1 nor all of them together1 are ,god1 or contain him2 how1 then1 from them1 supposing you know them1 #g rise scientifically to him8 and what by abstraction and generalization is that to which the mind attains8 ,only their generalization or abstraction1 which as a creation of the mind is a nullity4 ,he1 like ,hamilton1 in this would make philosophy end in nescience4 ,we1 of course1 hold that we apprehend and know things themselves1 not phenomena merely1 and as they are1 not as they are not--that is1 in their real relations1 not to us only1 but in the objective world4 ,but to know things as they are1 in their real objective relations1 or to know them at all1 demands intuition of them1 in their contingency or in their character of creatures or effects--that is to say1 as existences1 not as independent1 self-existent beings1 which they are not4 ,and this is not possible without the intuition of the necessary1 of real being1 on which they depend and from which they are derived4 ,when ,i say a thing is an effect1 ,i say it has been caused1 and therefore1 in order to say it1 ,i must have intuition of cause2 and if ,i say of a thing that it is a particular cause1 ,i deny that it is a universal cause1 which ,i could not do without the intuition of universal cause4 ,so when ,i say of a thing it is contingent1 ,i simply deny it to be necessary being1 and ,i could not deny a thing to be necessary being if ,i had no intuition of necessary being4 ,if the author means by abstracting and generalizing our knowledge of things or individual existence1 distinguishing this ideal intuition1 or the intuition of real necessary and universal being--what philosophers sometimes call necessary ideas--from the intuition of things or contingent existences1 along with which it is presented in thought1 and as the necessary condition of our apprehending them1 and by reflection and contemplation ascertaining that this ideal1 necessary and universal1 is really ,god1 though not intuitively known to be ,god1 we do not object to the assertion that we rise from our knowledge of things to the knowledge of ,god himself4 ,what we deny is that ,god can be concluded from the intuition or apprehension of things4 ,we rise to him from the ideal intuition1 or intuition of the real and necessary1 which enters the mind with the intuition of the things1 and without which we never do or could have intuition of them1 any more than they could exist without the creative act of real and necessary being creating them from nothing and sustaining them in existence2 but it needs to be disengaged by a mental process from the empirical intuition with which it is presented4 ,this ideal intuition is not immediate and direct intuition of ,god1 as the pseudo-ontologists contend1 and which the church has condemned2 but is intuition under the form of necessary1 universal1 eternal1 and immutable ideas--of that which the mind1 by reasoning1 reflection1 and contemplation1 proves really is ,god4 ,what misleads the author and so many others who use the argument he uses1 is that the intuition of real and necessary being1 and the intuition of contingencies1 are given both in the same thought1 the one along with the other1 and most minds fail to distinguish them--which is done1 according to ,st4 ,thomas1 by the intellectus agens1 in distinction from the passive or receptive intellect--and hence they suppose that they conclude the ideal intuition from the empirical intuition4 ,this is decidedly the case with ,dr4 ,mc,cosh4 ,the learned doctor admits intuitions1 but only intuitions of individual existences--what we call empirical intuitions--whether causes or effects1 not intuition of #h the ideal2 and hence his argument for the existence of ,god proves nothing1 for the universal is not derivable from the particular1 the necessary from the contingent1 nor being from existences4 ,had he recognized that along with1 as its necessary condition1 the intuition of the particular there always is the intuition of the universal1 etc41 he would have placed theology against positivism on an impregnable foundation4 ,the necessary ideas1 the universal1 the eternal1 the immutable1 the necessary1 connoted in all our thoughts1 cannot be simply abstractions1 for abstractions have no existence a parte rei1 and are formed by the mind operating on the concrete object of empirical intuition4 ,as these ideas are objects of intuition1 they are real2 and if real1 they are either being or existences4 ,but no existences are or can be necessary1 universal1 eternal1 immutable1 for they depend to be on another1 as is implied in the very word existence1 from ex-stare4 ,then they must be being1 and identifiable in the one universal1 eternal1 real1 and necessary being1 and distinguishable from existences or things1 as the creator from his creatures1 the actor from the act4 ,we have said that the ideal intuition is not intuition of ,god1 but of that which is ,god2 we say now that the ideal intuition is not formally intuition of ens or being1 as erroneously supposed by some to be maintained by ,gioberti and ,dr4 ,brownson1 but of that which is ens4 ,the process of demonstrating that ,god is consists in identifying1 by reflection and reasoning1 the necessary ideas or ideal intuition with real1 necessary1 universal1 eternal1 and immutable being1 and real and necessary being in which they are all identified with ,god4 ,this process is demonstration1 not intuition4 ,when ,i say1 in the syllogism1 the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises1 ,i have intuition of the necessary1 else ,i could not say it2 but ,i have not intuition of the fact that the necessary is being1 far less that it is ,god4 ,this is known only by reflection and reasoning1 disengaging the ideal from the empirical4 ,the idea must be real1 or there could be no intuition of it1 but if real1 it must be being2 if being1 it must be real and necessary being2 and real and necessary being is ,god4 ,so of all the other necessary ideas4 ,as the intuition is of both the ideal or necessary and the contingent in its principle1 and in their real relation1 it gives the principles of a complete demonstration of the being of ,god as creator1 and of the universe as the effect of his creative act1 and therefore of the complete refutation of pantheism4 ,the vice of ,dr4 ,mc,cosh's argument is that it proceeds on the denial of ideal intuition1 and the assumption that being1 ,god1 is obtainable by generalization and abstraction from the individual things given in empirical intuition4 ,it is not obtained by reflection from them1 but from the ideal intuition1 never separable from the empirical4 ,this process of proving that ,god is may be called the ideal process1 or the argument from universal and necessary ideas intuitively given4 ,it is not a priori1 because the ideal is held by intuition2 nor is it an argument from innate ideas1 as ,descartes held2 nor--since really objective1 and present to the mind--is it an argument from the primitive beliefs or constituent principles of human nature1 as ,dr4 ,reid and the ,scottish school maintained1 and which is only another form of the ,cartesian doctrine of innate ideas2 or an argument drawn from our own fonds1 as ,leibnitz imagined1 or from the a priori #i cognitions or necessary forms of the intellect1 as ,kant held1 and which is only the doctrine of the ,scottish school of ,reid and ,stewart differently stated2 but from principles or data really presented in intuition1 and along with the empirical intuition of things4 ,it places1 therefore1 the being of ,god on as firm a basis and renders it as certain to the understanding as our own existence1 or as any fact whatever of which the human mind has cognizance2 indeed1 renders it absolutely certain and undeniable4 ,but while we say this1 and while we maintain that the ideal intuition is given along with the empirical intuition1 with which our author confounds it1 and from which philosophy or natural theology disengages it1 we by no means believe that the race is indebted to this ideal or metaphysical process--which is too difficult not only for the ,positivists1 but for their great opponent1 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh--for the origin of their belief in ,god4 ,all ages and nations1 even the most barbarous and savage tribes1 have some sort of belief in ,god1 some religious notions which imply his existence2 and1 hovering above the various ,eastern and ,western mythologies1 we find the belief in one ,god or the divine unity1 though neglected or rejected for the worship of inferior gods or demons1 or the elements--that is1 the worship of creatures1 which is idolatry1 since worshipped as ,god4 ,the ignorant savage1 but a grade above the beasts1 has never risen to the conception of ,god or of the ,great ,spirit from the contemplation of nature1 nor has he attained to religious conceptions by a law of his nature or by instinct1 as the bee constructs its cell or the beaver its dam4 ,it is very true1 nothing more true than that 8the heavens show forth the glory of ,god1 and the firmament declareth the work of his hands10 but to him only who has the idea of ,god or already believes that he is4 ,nothing more true than ,god can be traced in all his works1 or that 8the invisible things of him1 even his eternal power and divinity1 are clearly seen from the creation of the world1 being understood by the things that are made10 but only by those who have already learned that he is1 are intent on answering the question1 ,quid est ,deus8 not the question1 ,an sit ,deus8 ,hence we so far agree with the traditionalist1 not indeed that the existence of ,god cannot be proved by reason prior to faith1 but that1 as a fact1 ,god revealed himself to man before his expulsion from the garden2 and the belief1 clear and distinct or dim and confused1 in the divine being1 universally diffused among all races and conditions of men1 originated in revelation and is due to the tradition1 pure or impure1 in its integrity or mutilated and corrupted1 of the primitive revelation made by ,god himself to man4 ,in this way the fact of the universality of the belief in some form is a valid argument for the truth of the belief1 and we thus obtain a historical argument to corroborate the already conclusive ideal or metaphysical argument1 the principles of which we have given4 ,we bear willing testimony to the good-will and laudable intention of our author1 but we cannot regard him as able1 with his mutilated theology and his imperfect and rather superficial philosophy--though less superficial than the philosophy generally in vogue among ,british and ,american ,protestants--to carry on a successful war against the ,positivists4 ,we are almost tempted to say to him3 ,non tali auxilio nec defensoribus istis ,tempus eget4 ,he is too near of kin to the ,positivists themselves1 and adopts too #aj many of their principles and conclusions1 to be able to battle effectively against them4 ,no doubt he urges much that is true against them1 but his arguments1 as far as effective1 are inconsistent with his position as a ,protestant1 and are borrowed from ,catholicity1 or from what he has retained from ,catholic instruction and ,catholic tradition1 not from his ,protestantism4 ,having no authority but his own private interpretation of the ,scriptures to define what is or is not ,christianity1 he knows not how much or how little he must defend against the ,positivists1 or how much or how little he is free to concede to them4 ,he practically concedes to them the ,creator4 ,he defends ,god as the efficient cause1 indeed1 but not as ,creator1 producing all things by his word from nothing4 ,he would seem to hold it enough to defend him as the organizer and disposer of materials already furnished to his hand4 ,god does not seem to him to be his own causa materialis4 ,he works on a pre-existing matter4 ,he constructs1 the author concedes1 the existing worlds out of 8star-dust10 or disintegrated stars1 without telling us who made the stars that have dissolved and turned to dust1 and without bearing in mind1 or without knowing1 that ,christianity teaches us that 8in the beginning ,god created the heavens and the earth10 and therefore could not have formed them out of 8star-dust0 or any other material4 ,the ,protestant divine accepts and defends ,darwin's theory of the origin of species by 8natural selection10 though he does not believe that it applies universally1 or that man has been developed from the ape or the tadpole4 ,he denies that ,huxley's protoplasm can be developed from protein1 or life from dead matter2 maintains that all life proceeds from a living organism1 that the plant can spring only from a seed1 and the animal only from a living cell or germ2 and yet concedes that some of the lower forms of organic life may spring or may have sprung from spontaneous generation1 and even goes so far as to tell us that some of the most eminent of the fathers held or conceded as much4 ,what becomes1 then1 of the assertion that life cannot be evolved from dead matter8 ,he would seem to hold or to concede that man lived1 for an indefinite time1 a purely animal life1 before the ,almighty breathed into his nostrils and he became a spiritual man1 and quotes to prove it ,st4 ,paul's assertion that 8not first that which is spiritual1 but that which is animal2 afterwards that which is spiritual0 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #df74 ,he seems1 in fact1 ready to concede any and everything except the intelligent ,mind recognized by ,plato and ,aristotle1 that has arranged all things according to a preconceived plan1 and throughout the whole adapted means to ends4 ,he insists on efficient causes and final causes1 but hardly on ,god as the causa causarum or as the causa finalis of all particular final causes4 ,throughout1 as we have already remarked1 there is a want of unity and universality in his philosophy1 as there necessarily must be in his ,protestant theology1 and a sad lack of logical consistency and order1 or co-ordination4 ,his world is a chaos1 as is and must be the ,protestant world4 ,herbert ,spencer undertakes to explain the universe without ,god1 or1 what is the same thing1 with an absolutely unknowable ,god1 which is of course an impossibility2 but he has a far profounder intellect and a far more logical mind than ,dr4 ,mc,cosh4 ,he is heaven-wide from the truth1 yet nearer to it than his ,presbyterian critic4 ,his logic is good2 his principles being granted1 his #aa conclusions1 though absurd1 cannot be denied4 ,his error lies in his premises1 and1 if you correct them1 your work is done4 ,he will correct all details1 and arrive at just conclusions without further assistance4 ,but ,dr4 ,mc,cosh is one who1 however much he may talk about them1 never reduces his doctrines to their generic principles1 or reasons from principles4 ,he is a genuine ,protestant1 and cannot be refuted in refuting his principles1 which vary with the exigencies of his argument1 and are really no principles at all1 but must be refuted in detail2 and when you have convinced him twice three are six1 you have still to prove that three times two are also six4 ,now1 such a man--and he is1 perhaps1 above the average of ,presbyterian divines--is the last man in the world to attempt the refutation of positivism4 ,no ,protestant can do it4 ,indeed1 all the avowed ,positivists we have known regard ,protestant ,christianity as too insignificant a matter to be counted4 ,it is too vague and fluctuating1 too uncertain and indefinite1 too unsubstantial and intangible1 too unsystematic and illogical1 to command the least respect from them4 ,they see at a glance that it is too little to be a religion and too much to be no-religion4 ,it cannot1 with its half affirmations and its whole denials1 stand a moment before an intelligent ,positivist who has a scientific cast of mind4 ,the ,positivist rejects the church1 of course1 but he respects ,catholicity as a logical system1 consistent with itself1 coherent in all its parts1 and for him there is no via media between it and positivism4 ,if he were not a ,positivist1 he says openly1 he would be a ,catholic1 by no means a ,protestant1 which he looks upon as neither one thing nor another2 and we respond that1 could we cease to be a ,catholic1 we should be a ,positivist1 for to a logical mind there is no medium between the church and atheism4 ,the middle systems1 as ,protestantism1 ,rationalism1 ,deism1 etc41 are divided against themselves1 and cannot stand1 any more than a house divided against itself4 ,their denials vitiate their affirmations and their affirmations vitiate their denials4 ,they are all too much or too little4 ,the ,positivists reject for what they call the scientific age both theology and metaphysics4 ,they believe in the progress of the race1 and indeed in all races1 as does ,dr4 ,mc,cosh4 ,they distinguish in the history of the human race or of human progress three epochs or stages--first1 the theological2 second1 the metaphysical2 and third1 the scientific4 ,theology and metaphysics each in its epoch were true and good1 and served the progress of man and society4 ,they have now passed away1 and the race is now entering the scientific age1 which is the final stage1 though not to last forever2 for when the field of science is exhausted1 and all it yields is harvested1 the race will expire1 and the world come to an end1 as having no more work to do4 ,it will be seen there is here a remarkable difference between the real ,positivists1 or believers in ,auguste ,comte1 and our author and his ,protestant brethren4 ,the ,positivists never calumniate the past1 but seek to appreciate its services to humanity1 to acknowledge the good it did1 and to bury it with honor1 as the children of the ,new ,dispensation did the ,old1 when it had lived its day4 ,one of the finest appreciations from the point of view of humanity of the services of the medival monks we have ever read is from the pen of ,m4 ,e4 ,littr1 the chief of the ,french ,positivists1 and one of the most learned men of ,france4 ,it said not all a ,catholic would say1 but scarcely a word #ab that could grate on a ,catholic ear4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh also believes in progress1 in the progress of our species1 and1 for aught we know1 in the progress of all species and genera1 and that we outgrow the past2 but he takes pleasure only in calumniating it1 and like a bad son curses the mother that bore him4 ,because he has outgrown his nurse1 he contends the nurse was of no use in his childhood1 was a great injury1 and it would have been much better to leave him to himself1 to toddle about at will1 and toddle into the fire or the cistern1 as he saw proper4 ,now1 we think1 if one believes in the progress of the species or the perfectibility of man by development or by natural agencies1 the ,positivist doctrine is much the most reasonable as well as far the most amiable4 ,its effect1 too1 is far better4 ,we--we speak personally--owed much to the doctrine1 which we borrowed not from ,comte1 but from ,comte's master1 ,saint-,simon1 the influence of which1 under the grace of ,god1 disposed us to return to the old church4 ,it softened the animosity1 the bitter hatred1 toward the past which we had inherited from our ,protestant education1 and enabled us to study it with calm and gentle feelings1 even with gratitude and respect1 and disposed us to view it with impartiality and to appreciate it with justice4 ,studying the past1 and especially the old church which we had complacently supposed the race had outgrown as the man has outgrown the bib and tucker of his childhood1 in this new and better mood1 we soon discovered that there was much more in the past than we had ever dreamed of1 and that it was abundantly able to teach us much more than we or any of our ,protestant contemporaries supposed2 and we were not long in beginning to doubt if we had really outgrown it1 nor in becoming convinced that1 instead of outgrowing it1 we had fallen below it2 that the old church1 the central institution of the world1 was as needful to us now as in the beginning2 and that1 in comparison with the full noonday light which beamed from her divine countenance1 the light in which we had hitherto walked1 or stumbled1 rather1 was but a fading twilight1 nay1 midnight darkness4 ,of course we differ far more from positivism than does ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 but we can as ,catholics better discriminate than he what is true and just in them1 and better understand and refute their errors or false principles1 because we have the whole truth to oppose to them1 not merely certain fragments or disfigured aspects of truth4 ,it is only ,catholics who can really set right the class of men ,dr4 ,mc,cosh wars against4 ,protestants cannot do it4 ,when ,theodore ,parker published his ,discourse of ,matters pertaining to ,religion1 we had not--we speak personally again--outgrown the ,protestantism in which we had been trained4 ,we set about refuting him1 and we saw at once we could not do it on ,protestant grounds1 and we planted ourselves on ,catholic ground1 as far as we then knew it1 and our refutation was a total failure except so far as we opposed to the ,discourse the principles of the ,catholic ,church4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh has tried his hand in the volume before us against ,theodore ,parker and the ,free ,religionists1 and with no success save so far as he abandons his ,protestantism and quietly appropriates the arguments of ,catholics1 to which he has no more right than he has to his neighbor's horse4 ,it was hardly generous in the learned doctor1 while using their arguments--and they were the only arguments that availed him anything--to turn upon ,catholics and twit them of #ac 8ignorance and superstition40 ,was he afraid that people might discover the source whence he drew the small stock of wisdom and truth he displayed8 ,we might have made ,dr4 ,mc,cosh's lectures the occasion of presenting a formal refutation of positivism1 but we had already taken up from time to time the false principles1 the errors and untenable theories and hypotheses1 which his lectures treat1 and refuted them1 so far as they are hostile to ,christianity1 far more effectively1 in our judgment1 than he has done or could do4 ,he may be more deeply versed in the errors and absurd hypotheses of the false scientists of the day1 who are laboring to explain and account for the universe without creation and ,providence1 than we are2 but we have not found in his volume anything of any value which we have not ourselves already said1 and said too1 perhaps1 in a style more easily understood than his1 and in better ,english than he ordinarily uses4 ,our readers could learn nothing of positivism from him1 and just as little of the principles and reasonings that ,christianity is able to oppose to it4 ,he writes as a man who measures the known by what he himself knows1 and is now and then out in his measurement4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 also1 adopts rather too depreciatory a tone in speaking of our countrymen1 especially considering that he has but just come among us1 and knows us at best only imperfectly4 ,we own it was no striking indication of ,american intelligence and judgment the importation of him to preside over one of the best ,protestant ,american institutions of learning and science2 but men often loom up larger at a distance than they are when seen close by1 and there is no country in which bubble reputations from abroad more speedily collapse than our own4 ,the doctor will find1 when he has lived longer among us1 and becomes better acquainted with us1 that if ,england is nearer ,germany1 ,german speculations are known to ,americans and appreciated by them at least as soon as they are by ,englishmen or ,scotsmen4 ,kant1 ,fichte1 ,schelling1 ,hegel1 were known to ,american scholars before there was much knowledge of them in ,england or ,scotland4 ,the ,english and ,scotch are now just becoming acquainted with and are carried away by theories and speculations in philosophy which had been examined here1 and exploded more than thirty years ago by ,americans4 ,the doctor underrates the scholarship and intelligence even of his ,american ,presbyterian friends1 and there are scholars1 men of thought1 of science1 general intelligence1 in the country many degrees above ,presbyterians1 respectable as they are4 ,presbyterians are not by any means the whole ,american people1 nor the most advanced portion of them4 ,they are really behind the ,congregationalists1 to say nothing of 8the ignorant and superstitious0 ,catholics1 whose scholars are in science and learning1 philosophy1 theology1 especially in the history of the church1 it is no boast to say1 superior to either1 and know and understand better the movements of the age1 intellectual1 moral1 social1 and political theories1 crotchets1 and tendencies of the present1 than any other class of ,american citizens4 ,it takes more than a ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 although for a time a professor in ,belfast1 ,ireland1 to teach them more than they already know4 ,we pass over the second part of the lectures1 devoted to ,apologetics1 as of no importance4 ,one needs to know what ,christianity is1 and to have clearly in his mind the entire ,christian plan1 before one can successfully defend it against the class of persons the author calls #ad ,positivists4 ,this is more than the author knows1 or as a ,protestant can know4 ,his ,christianity is an indefinite1 vague1 variable1 and uncertain opinion1 and he has no conception at all of the ,christian plan1 or what ,st4 ,paul calls 8the new creation40 ,no doubt the miracles are provable by simple historical testimony by and to one who knows nothing of the ,christian plan1 or of its supernatural character2 but to the unbelievers of our time it is necessary to set forth1 in its unity and catholicity1 the ,christian schema1 if we may be allowed the term1 and to show that miracles themselves have their reason or law in the divine plan or decree1 and are no more anomalies1 in relation to that plan or decree1 or ex parte ,dei1 than are earthquakes and volcanoes4 ,it is only in this way we can satisfy the demand for order and regularity4 ,the unbeliever may not be able to resist the testimony which proves the miracle a fact1 but till we show him that in a miracle the natural laws are not violated1 or that nature does not go out of her course1 as he imagines1 we cannot satisfy him that he can yield to the miracle without surrendering his natural reason1 and the law and order of the universe4 ,now1 this the ,protestant cannot do2 and though he might adduce the historical evidences of ,christianity satisfactory to a simpler age1 or to minds1 though steeped in error1 yet retaining from tradition a full belief in the reality of a supernatural order1 he cannot as a ,protestant do it to minds that deny that there is or can be anything above nature1 and that refuse utterly to admit the supernatural order1 which the miracles manifest1 or that reject miracles1 not because the testimony is insufficient1 but because they cannot be admitted without admitting the reality of the supernatural4 ,the prejudice against the supernatural must be removed as the preliminary work1 and this can be done only by presenting ,christianity as a whole in its unity and catholicity1 and showing that1 according to it1 the supernatural or ,christian order enters into the original decree of ,god1 and is necessary to complete what is initial in the cosmos1 or to perfect the natural order and to enable it to fulfil the purpose for which it exists1 or realize its destiny or final cause1 in which is its beatitude or supreme good4 ,this done1 the prejudice against the supernatural is removed1 miracles are seen to be in the order1 not indeed of nature1 as ,carlyle pretends1 but in the order of the supernatural1 and demanding only ordinary historical testimony to be proved1 and consequently ,hume's famous argument against miracles1 refuted by no ,protestant that has protested against it1 shown to have no force4 ,now1 this requires a profound knowledge of ,christianity1 which is not attainable by private judgment from the ,scriptures1 or outside of the infallible authority of the church with which the revelation of ,god1 the revealed word1 is deposited as its guardian and interpreter4 ,m4 ,migne1 indeed1 admits some treatises written by ,protestants into his collection of works he has published under the title of ,evangelical ,demonstration1 which are not without their merit1 but are valuable only on certain points1 and on those only so far as they rest on ,catholic principles and use ,catholic arguments4 ,christianity being supernatural1 a revelation of the supernatural1 it1 of course1 while addressed to natural reason1 cannot be determined or defined by natural reason1 and can be determined or defined1 preserved or #ae presented1 in its purity and integrity1 only by an authority supernaturally instituted and assisted for that very purpose4 ,even what the author calls natural theology1 since it is only initial1 like the cosmos1 is incomplete1 and1 though not above natural reason1 needs the supernatural to fulfil it1 and therefore the supervision and control of the same supernaturally instituted and assisted authority to preserve it from error1 from a false development1 or from assuming a false direction1 as we see continually occurring with those who have not such an authority for guide and monitor4 ,hence1 even in matters not above the province of natural reason1 natural reason is not a sufficient guide1 or else whence come those errors of the ,positivists in the purely scientific order the learned doctor combats with so many words1 if not thoughts--with so many assertions1 if not arguments8 ,hence1 since ,protestants have no such authority1 and make it their capital point to deny that anybody has it1 it follows that they are unable to present any authoritative statement1 or any statement at all which an unbeliever is bound to respect1 of what ,christianity really is1 or what is the authentic meaning of the term4 ,they can give only their private views or opinions of what it is1 and these the unbeliever is not bound to place in any respect above his own1 especially since they vary with every ,protestant sect1 and1 we may almost say1 with every individual ,protestant who thinks enough to have an opinion of any sort4 ,even if they borrow ,catholic traditions1 ,catholic principles1 and ,catholic doctrines and definitions1 these in their hands lose their authoritative character1 and become simply opinions resting on private reason4 ,they can present as ,christianity nothing authentic to be defended by the ,christian1 or to be accepted or rejected by the unbeliever4 ,clearly1 then1 ,protestants are in no condition to manage apologetics with acute1 scientific1 and logical unbelievers2 and if we wanted any proof of it we could find it1 and in abundance1 in the volume before us4 #a ,christianity and ,positivism4 ,a ,series of ,lectures to the ,times1 on ,natural ,theology and ,apologetics1 delivered in ,new ,york1 ,january #af to ,march #bj1 #ahga1 on the 8,ely ,foundation0 of the ,union ,theological ,seminary4 ,by ,james ,mc,cosh1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,president of the ,college of ,new ,jersey1 ,princeton4 ,new ,york4 ,carter ,brothers4 #ahga4 #afmo1 pp4 #cfi4 ---------- ,,evening ,,clouds4 ,a ,,translation ,,of ,,uhland's 8,,abendwetter40 ,i see the clouds at eventide ,all in the sunset floating wide1 ,clouds now in gold and purple dyed ,that hung so dark and hoary3 ,and my dreaming heart says1 ,wait6 ,a sunset comes1 though come it late1 ,that shall life's shadows dissipate1 ,light up its clouds in glory4 ---------- ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 #af ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,breaking ,,the ,,ice4 ,shortly after ,mr4 ,rowan's baptism1 a miniature avalanche of letters reached the ,yorke family4 ,mrs4 ,rowan-,williams wrote to ,edith1 in a very scrawly hand1 in lines that sloped down1 in a depressing manner1 toward the southeastern corner of the page3 8,do come and make me a visit1 now that ,dick is at home4 ,you have no idea how handsome1 and good1 and smart he is4 ,mr4 ,williams thinks the world of him2 and as to ,ellen--well1 it wouldn't become me to say what ,i think4 ,but it's of no use for her to try4 ,now1 do come4 ,this is the twentieth time ,i have asked you4 ,we will go everywhere1 see all that is worth seeing1 and you shall be waited on like a lady1 as you are4 8,so the old clay bank has slipped down again1 and the bushes have tumbled into the mud1 and the men have piled their lumber over the ashes of my poor home4 ,o ,edith6 my heart is buried under those boards4 ,thank you1 dear1 for going to see it for me40 ,dick wrote3 8,which is ,mohammed1 and which is the mountain8 ,i must see you1 and if you cannot come here1 ,i shall go to ,seaton1 though that would not be easy for me to do now4 ,besides1 ,i want you to see your namesake4 ,i have not long to stay1 for the ship is about ready to start1 and we take our cargo in at ,new ,york4 ,it would be almost like a soldier deserting his army on the eve of battle for me to go away now4 ,do come if you can4 ,it seems to me that you must wish to40 ,this young man1 we may remark1 has got quite beyond the model letter-writer and the practice of penmanship4 ,he writes quite in his own way1 and is a very creditable writer1 too4 ,he has also a fair education1 and can converse more intelligently on most subjects of general interest than many a young man for whom education has done its best4 ,when ,dick ,rowan spoke1 he said something1 and one never heard from his lips inanities1 meanness1 nor malice4 ,neither did he say much of such things1 even in condemnation4 ,he looked on them with a sort of wonder1 a flitting expression of disgust1 then forgot all about them4 ,his time had been too much occupied1 his mind too busy for trifling4 ,he had studied constantly and methodically1 and the little library in his cabin on board ship was a treasury of science1 art1 and belles-lettres4 ,so far as it went1 it was the library of a man of cultivated mind4 ,his life1 too1 had educated him1 and been a perpetual commentary on1 or illustration or refutation of1 his books4 ,the phenomena of the sea he had studied not merely as a sailor1 but as a student of natural history4 ,whatever culture can be derived from the intelligent visiting of foreign countries1 without going into society there1 that he had4 ,he had not spent his time about wharves1 and ships1 and sailors' boarding-houses4 ,aside from his own tastes1 he never forgot that he was aspiring toward a girl who1 if she should visit these lands1 would walk in palaces4 ,therefore1 whatever was #ag famous in nature or art in those places1 he sought and examined4 ,many a traveller who fancied himself perfectly cultivated brought away less pleasant and valuable information than this sailor from the cities they had both visited4 ,moreover1 ,dick had studied hard to acquire something of the language of every port he stopped at1 and was already able to speak ,french and ,italian with ease1 if not with elegance4 ,the elegance he did his best to improve by reading the best authors in those languages1 and by a few lessons in pronunciation1 when he could find time4 ,therefore1 ,miss ,edith ,yorke's friend and correspondent was by no means one whom she had reason to be ashamed of4 ,but the ,rowans were not the only ones who insisted on ,edith's visiting ,boston at this time4 ,miss ,clinton dictated a letter to ,mr4 ,yorke1 and ,carl1 suppressing his laughter1 wrote it3 8,i have sent three times for that girl1 and this is my last invitation to her4 ,why is she not allowed to come8 ,has she nothing to wear8 ,i enclose a check for a gown and a pair of shoes4 ,when she reaches here1 ,i will give her what she may need to make her decent4 ,or is it that ,amy ,yorke is jealous because her own daughters are not invited8 ,if one of them must come as company for ,edith1 ,i will pay her passage up1 but ,i don't want her here4 ,she can go to ,hester's or ,alice ,mills's4 ,melicent has too ridiculous an idea of her own consequence1 and ,clara is too sharp and impudent4 ,bird has read me her book1 and ,i think it a very disagreeable book4 ,she had better learn to cook and mend her stockings1 and let writing alone40 8,have you finished80 the old lady asked1 as ,carl1 with pen suspended1 looked up from his writing4 8,yes60 8,then sign my name40 8,shall ,i write #8yours respectfully' or #8yours affectionately'80 ,carl asked1 with perfect gravity4 8,neither60 she replied curtly4 8,sign my name without any compliment40 8,may ,i add a few lines for myself80 the young man asked1 when he had signed the name as directed4 8,there is a whole page left40 8,yes40 ,the answer was given very softly1 and a smile of singular sweetness flitted across the old lady's face as she looked at the writer4 ,miss ,clinton was very fond of ,carl1 in a tyrannical1 tormenting1 selfish way1 and liked nothing so much as to have him ask favors of her4 ,he wrote rapidly a few minutes1 and was about closing the letter1 when she stopped him4 8,read me what you have written10 she said4 ,carl blushed slightly1 and hesitated4 8,it was not written to read to you10 he answered4 8,no matter1 it will be all the more interesting10 she persisted4 8,read it6 ,you read mine40 ,carl hesitated yet a moment longer1 then1 casting his eyes up to the ceiling1 read1 as if he saw it written1 in the painting there1 a preposterous eulogy of ,miss ,clinton1 with a minute account of her cat's health4 8,i won't have it60 she cried out4 8,read what you have written there1 or give it to me1 and ,bird shall come and read it4 ,if you were a decent writer1 ,i should have eyes enough left to read it myself40 ,carl dropped his laughing manner4 8,miss ,bird will write a letter for you10 he said1 and was about holding the one he had in the flame of a taper1 when she stopped him4 8,oh6 send it as it is1 since you are so stubborn2 though ,i haven't a doubt that you have written the most #ah dreadful things of me40 ,the ,yorkes were highly amused by this letter4 8,you see1 ,edith1 she is a dragon10 her uncle said4 8,you will have to carry yourself very gingerly40 8,i am not sure that is the best way to keep the peace with her10 ,mrs4 ,yorke remarked4 8,it would do with some1 but she grows more overbearing with indulgence4 ,if she were touched by sweetness and submission1 it would be different4 ,i have thought of late years that such persons are benefited by a firm resistance40 ,clara also wrote3 8,let mamma come with ,edith1 and stay at my house1 of course4 ,it is really a shame that she has never visited me in the city yet4 ,come right away1 and we will all go back to ,seaton together4 ,you should come for poor ,carl's sake1 to cheer him up a little1 if for nothing else1 for he must lead a miserable life with that awful old woman4 ,you would not have believed he could be so patient4 ,indeed1 he would have left long ago1 if it had not been for the hope of bringing you all back here again4 ,if he were the only one in question1 he would not stay a day40 ,miss ,mills also wrote in the same strain1 and the result of it all was that the invitations were accepted1 with a difference4 8,i will stop at ,miss ,clinton's1 since you think it better10 ,edith said to her aunt4 8,but ,i must see a good deal of the ,rowans40 8,certainly1 dear10 ,mrs4 ,yorke replied4 8,but say as little as possible of the ,rowans to ,miss ,clinton4 ,it will only make her disagreeable4 ,hester will be happy to see the young man and his mother1 and since he is a ,catholic1 ,i should think that ,alice might be civil to him40 ,her invitation accepted1 ,miss ,clinton began to look at the dark side4 8,are you sure that the girl is not very green1 ,carl10 she asked4 8,i detest country manners40 8,oh6 she is very green--very60 was the reply4 ,carl sat looking out into the garden1 unconscious that his companion was observing him curiously4 8,are you in love with that girl80 she asked after a moment4 ,bold and hardened as she was1 she started and shrank at the glance he gave her4 ,no words could have been more haughty and repelling4 8,well10 she said pettishly1 8you need not look daggers at me1 if the question is not to your liking4 ,you are not obliged to answer it40 ,he looked out the window again1 and said nothing4 8,she shall learn to keep her claws off me10 he thought4 ,no one but himself knew what a price ,carl ,yorke was paying for his expected inheritance4 ,the ceaseless irritation and annoyance1 the enforced giving up of his studies1 and those literary labors which now seemed to him his vocation1 and the constant confinement1 were almost more than he could bear4 ,but one thought supported him1 and that was that he should some day be able to restore his family to their lost home1 and to pursue those plans of his own which their reverses had interrupted4 ,he was also1 not quite unconsciously1 gaining something better than gold4 ,he was seeing all the deformity of selfishness1 and the unloveliness of that wit whose chief power is to wound4 ,in asking the bitter questions1 ,what is this woman living for8 what good does her life do the world8 echo had repeated the same questions in his own soul--,what are you living for8 what good does the world derive from #ai your being in it8 ,what in him and in others had been vices or faults1 veiled with a certain decorum so as to look almost like virtues1 in this woman's character were stripped of the veil1 and showed in all their native hatefulness4 ,here1 too1 were free-thinking and atheism au naturel1 without the crown on their brows1 the lustre he had fancied their faces radiated1 and without their airy grace4 ,he saw a scoffer1 and it was as though he saw a devil4 ,he had not the consolation of thinking her really worse than himself1 for he could not shut his eyes to the fact that the difference between them had been in manner1 not in essence4 ,he had shown more good taste and delicacy1 that was all4 8,after all10 he thought1 as he sat there that day1 looking out the window1 8however it may be with men1 women need religion4 ,i would not trust a woman without it4 ,i will not retract my saying that religion is a strait-jacket1 and intended only for those who cannot stand straight without it1 but ,i begin to think that we are all of us partial lunatics40 8,i have heard say that parlor means a place to parle in10 remarked ,miss ,clinton presently4 8,the orioles are building in this tree10 ,carl said1 quite as though nothing unpleasant had happened4 ,she tossed her head4 ,what did she care about orioles8 8,how blood will show1 both good blood and bad10 she said with the air of one who has just discovered a great truth4 8,wealth1 associates1 travel1 occupations1 education1 neither will efface the signature4 ,the original stamp remains in spite of circumstances40 ,at the beginning1 ,carl scented battle1 but he assumed an air of great cheerfulness4 8,you are quite right10 he said4 8,that great parvenu1 ,adam1 and that still more frightfully new person1 his wife1 have left an indelible stain upon their progeny4 ,we can see it to this day1 faintly in some1 more strongly marked in others4 ,and1 on the other hand1 that prince of the ancien rgime1 ,lucifer--0 8,nonsense60 interrupted ,miss ,clinton4 8,i was going to say1 if you can stop your most disagreeable and disrespectful mocking--,i was going to say that you have some of the ,bohemian lounging ways of your father1 though you never saw him1 and though you have been under the training of ,charles ,yorke since your babyhood40 8,do you think ,i have my father's ways80 ,carl asked1 with an air of delight4 8,how glad ,i am6 ,no one else ever told me so1 and ,i was afraid ,i might be all ,arnold4 ,my mother is1 of course1 an angelic lady2 but some of her family have had traits which--really--well1 ,i should a little rather not inherit4 ,and so you think me like my father8 ,thank you60 8,the ,arnolds and the ,clintons1 sir1 are families from whom you may be proud to inherit anything60 the old lady cried1 beating the table with her fan4 8,they were among the lite of ,boston and ,new ,york when this country was a ,british province4 ,we had colonial governors and judges1 sir1 when your father's people were painting signs and door-steps4 ,it is rather late in the day1 young man1 for you to have to be told what my descent is60 ,she stopped1 choking with anger4 ,the young man seemed to be much interested in this recital4 8,indeed60 he said1 8this is very delightful to know1 and it makes such a difference6 ,though ,i had always understood that your descent had been very--precipitous60 ,miss ,clinton glared at him1 unable to utter a word1 and seemed only #bj just able to restrain herself from throwing her snuff-box at him4 ,he rose wearily1 and went out of the room1 having half a mind to run away altogether4 ,but ah6 who met him at the door1 bringing sunshine and peace in her fair face1 holding out two dear little hands1 and scattering with a word all his annoyance8 8,dear ,carl10 ,edith said1 8are you really glad to see me--really glad80 8,how could you imagine such a thing80 he replied4 8,then ,i will go back to ,seaton again4 ,good-by60 ,she took a step toward the street-door1 only a step1 both her hands being strongly held4 8,you forget1 then1 silvern speech and golden silence10 the young man said4 8,no10 she replied4 8,but solid silver is better than airy gold4 ,if people say kind things to you1 then you are sure1 and have something to remember2 but looks fade1 and you can think that you mistake1 or mistook4 ,oh6 ,i like silence1 ,carl1 but it must be a silence that follows after speech4 ,that is the sole golden silence40 8,i am glad to see your face and hear your voice once more1 ,edith10 he said seriously4 8,i have many a time longed for both40 8,dear ,carl60 she exclaimed4 8,but what is that ,i hear8 ,is it a parrot80 ,carl laughed4 8,hush6 ,it is ,miss ,clinton4 ,she is calling out to know who has come4 ,we will go in and see her40 ,miss ,clinton had one pleasant expression1 and that was a smile1 when she was so delighted by something out of herself as to forget herself4 ,this smile brightened her face as she watched the young couple approach her1 hand in hand4 ,she leaned back in her chair1 and contemplated ,edith1 without thinking of returning her greeting4 8,i'm sure that is a golden silence10 ,carl said1 laughing4 8,but what do you think of her1 aunt8 ,she likes to have people speak first1 and look afterward40 8,you are welcome1 dear60 the old lady said softly1 and extended her hand1 but without leaning forward4 ,to take it1 therefore1 ,edith had to come very near1 and was drawn gently down to the footstool by ,miss ,clinton's chair4 ,the old lady took off the girl's hat1 and dropped it on to the carpet1 then studied her face with delight4 ,she loosened one of the braids of hair wound around her head1 and held it out to a sunbeam to see the sparkle of it4 ,she pushed it back from the face4 8,did you ever see such ears80 she said to ,carl4 8,they are rose-leaves6 ,there must be a large pearl hung in each4 ,she drew her finger along the smooth curve of the brows4 8,a great artist and physiognomist once told me that such brows show a fine nature4 ,broken brows1 he said1 indicate eccentricities of character1 brows bent toward the nose a tyrannical disposition1 heavy brows reserve and silence1 but this long1 smooth brow versatility and grace4 ,read ,lavater if you want to know all about eyebrows40 ,she took the cheek1 now glowing with blushes1 in the hollow of her hand1 and held the eyelids down to admire the lashes4 8,they make the eyes look three shades darker than they really are4 ,but what color are the eyes8 ,they are no color4 ,did you ever see a shaded forest spring1 ,carl8 ,these eyes are as limpid40 8,oh6 please don't60 the girl begged1 trying to hide her face4 #ba 8,my dear1 ,i shall call you ,eugnie1 and shall adore you10 ,miss ,clinton continued4 8,i hope they have not told you horrible stories about me1 or that1 if they have1 you will not believe them4 ,people are fond of saying that ,i am sharp1 but ,i quote ,victor ,hugo to them1 #8,la rose du ,bengale1 pour tre sans pines1 est aussi sans parfum4' ,a character without any sharpness would be like an ocean without salt4 ,temper sweetens4 ,when any person is recommended to me as of a very mild and placid position1 never getting angry1 ,i always say1 ,keep that person out of my sight6 ,yes1 ,i shall call you ,eugnie4 ,i dislike the ,edith on account of old ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,she and ,i always quarrelled1 dear4 ,we were what some one has called #8intimate enemies4' ,but ,i don't mean to quarrel with her grand-daughter4 ,you have your father's eyes and hair1 ,eugnie1 but your mother's features4 ,i hope you have not her disposition4 ,she was too positive1 and1 besides1 she ran away with another woman's beau40 ,edith drew back1 and stood up1 turning to ,carl4 8,there6 she is angry the first thing10 the old lady cried4 8,no danger of anybody's thinking her sans pines4 ,take her down to get some breakfast1 ,carl40 8,dick ,rowan is here10 ,edith said1 as the two went down-stairs2 8and he is a ,catholic2 and he has a new ship which he has named for me40 ,there was no reply4 ,they were going through the shady entry1 and1 if the young man frowned at the news1 the frown was not seen4 8,aunt ,amy has gone to ,hester's10 ,edith went on4 8,she got over the journey nicely1 and wants to see you very soon4 ,she will send ,hester up to see me presently4 ,i am too tired to go out to-day1 would you believe it8 ,you see1 travel was so new to me that ,i could not sleep4 ,i stayed on deck as long as ,i could1 then ,i listened all night4 ,it seemed so strange to be on the water1 out of sight of land40 ,later1 while the young traveller was resting in the chamber assigned her1 a visitor entered gently1 unannounced4 8,i thought ,i might come1 dear10 ,miss ,mills said4 ,edith raised herself1 and eagerly held out her arms4 ,the lady embraced her tenderly1 then dropped1 rather than sat down1 in a chair by the bed4 ,she looked with a strange mingling of feelings on this child of her lost lover4 ,when she recognized the tint of his hair and eyes in ,edith's1 she bent toward her with yearning love2 but then appeared some trait of the mother--a turn of the head1 a smile unconsciously proud1 an exquisitely fine outline of feature2 and1 at sight of it1 that wounded heart shrank back as from a deadly enemy4 ,the interview was friendly1 and even tender1 and engagements were made for future meetings2 but the lady was glad to get away4 ,the sight of ,robert ,yorke's child had wakened all the sleeping past1 and for a time the years that had intervened since her parting with him faded like a mist4 ,since that day1 more than one power1 at first pride1 later religion1 had strengthened her1 had raised up new hopes and new joys2 but they were not the sweet human hopes and joys that every man and woman looks naturally for2 they were those born of struggle and self-denial4 ,she had lived truly and nobly1 but she was human2 and to-day her humanity rose1 and swept over her like a flood4 ,miss ,mills locked herself into her room1 and for once gave herself up #bb to regret4 ,it was no ordinary affection which she mourned4 ,it had entered her heart silently1 and been welcomed like an angel visitant2 it had been held sacred4 ,she had watched it with awe and delight as it grew1 that strange1 beautiful1 terrible power6 ,how complex it had become1 entering into every feeling1 every interest6 ,how it had changed and given a new meaning to life1 and a new idea and comprehension of herself6 ,then1 when it had got to seem that she alone was not a complete being1 but only about to become perfect--then destruction came4 8,jove strikes the ,titans down1 ,not when they set about their mountain-piling1 ,but when another rock would crown their work40 ,if the foundation merely of an edifice be overthrown1 there is hope that it may be rebuilt2 but destruction overtaking when the topmost height is almost attained is destruction indeed4 ,in the evening a knock was heard at the chamber door1 which she had all day refused to open1 a note was pushed under the door1 and a servant waited outside for her to read it4 ,she rose wearily1 lighted the gas1 and glanced over the lines4 8,i am sorry you have headache1 sorry for you and for me4 ,edith is talking with ,mr4 ,rowan1 and ,i am1 consequently1 de trop4 ,there is no one ,i care to see to-night but you4 ,send me word if you are better40 8,tell him to wait10 she ordered1 and1 hastily dressing for a walk1 went down4 ,the front parlor was not lighted1 but she saw him sitting by a window there4 8,come out60 she said4 8,i wanted to go to the chapel1 and you are just in time40 ,scarcely a word was spoken as they went through the streets together4 ,they entered the chapel1 and turned aside into a shady corner4 ,carl sat1 and his companion1 too exhausted to kneel1 sat beside him4 ,in a room near by1 a choir was singing that most beautiful of hymns-- 8,jesus1 lover of my soul40 8,alice10 ,carl whispered1 8that is enough to break one's heart60 ,her tears broke forth afresh4 8,no1 ,carl1 it is enough to heal a heart already broken40 ,she listened1 and looking toward the altar1 repeated over and over1 8,other refuge have ,i none40 ,the solitude and quiet were soothing to both--the sense of a divine presence more than soothing to her who had faith in it4 ,they had not been there long when a gentleman came up the aisle with a firm1 but light step1 passed by without noticing them1 and knelt down just before them4 ,carl sat and gazed at him in astonishment4 ,that ,dick ,rowan should outwardly and publicly conform to the church1 for ,edith's sake1 was not surprising1 but that he should come privately to the chapel to pray was inexplicable4 ,could it be that a brave1 manly fellow like this could sincerely believe8 ,utterly unconscious of observation1 the sailor knelt there motionless1 with his face hidden in his hands1 and when ,carl's companion whispered to him1 and they both went out1 that figure had not stirred4 ,edith ,yorke's friend began at once to show her what was notable in the city2 but1 as often happens1 what they considered worth seeing disappointed the neophyte1 and what they passed without notice she would fain have paused to look at4 ,inexperienced persons who have read much usually overestimate the magnitude of the wonders they have not seen4 ,what young traveller1 entering for the first time a city1 ever found its houses as palatial1 its streets as superb1 its monuments as #bc grand1 as fancy had pictured them8 8,everything looks so much smaller and more shabby10 ,edith confessed privately to ,dick ,rowan4 8,trees and waters are finer than any pictures of them that ,i have seen1 and faces that speak and smile are more beautiful than any painted ones4 ,only some pictures of ,italian scenes delight me4 ,now1 ,dick1 please do not be shocked when ,i tell you that ,i quite long to stop and look at the organ-grinders and their monkeys1 and to gaze in at the shop windows4 ,but ,i can't1 you know1 for that would make ,carl and ,hester and ,miss ,mills ashamed of me40 ,the result of this confidence was that1 dressed to attract as little attention as possible1 these two friends set the others aside1 and went on long tramps together4 ,they paid not much attention to the finer sights1 but dived into all sorts of byways4 ,they looked in at shop windows1 at birds and shells and jewels1 and more than one shopkeeper was smilingly pleased to display his best wares at the young lady's shy request1 though informed beforehand that she did not mean to buy4 ,they watched the organ-grinders and their monkeys to their hearts' content2 they amused themselves with the gamins1 and held various conversations with them2 they were bountiful to street-beggars4 ,ragged urchins were astonished by showers of candy that seemed to descend from heaven on their heads1 poor little weeping outcasts were asked to tell their griefs1 and listened to with tender sympathy1 tears perhaps rising into one pair of eyes that looked at them4 ,sometimes a wretched pauper1 walking with downcast face through the street1 felt something touch his hand and leave a bit of money there1 and looked up to see a lady and gentleman just passing1 and one sweet face glance momentarily back with a smile at once arch and pitying4 8,shall ,i ruin you1 ,dick80 ,edith asks gleefully4 8,i have ruined myself2 but that didn't take long4 ,my poor little money is all gone4 ,are you very rich80 8,oh6 immensely60 ,dick replies4 8,i have chests of gold4 ,give away as much as you wish to40 ,one blind man gone astray long remembered how a soft hand took one of his1 and a firm hand the other1 and his two guides led him home1 inquiring into his misfortune by the way1 and commiserating him more tenderly than brother or sister ever had4 8,it is so sad to have all the beautiful world shut out10 said the sweet voice out of the dark4 8,but one might1 ,i think1 see heavenly things the more plainly40 ,the poor man never lost himself afterward1 but he looked blindly1 and listened to hear once more those two voices1 and to feel the clasp of those two hands1 one soft as charity1 the other strong as faith4 ,and since they never came to him again1 to his imprisoned soul it seemed as though heavenly visitants had led him1 and spoken sacred words for him to remember4 ,these two young creatures1 out of the happy world of the rich and prosperous1 were not afraid of soiling their hands or their clothes1 and did not look on the poor as they did on the paving-stones4 8,o ,dick60 ,edith said in one of those walks1 8,i do not wonder that the ,lord could not stay in heaven when he saw the misery of earth1 and knew that there was no comfort even in another world for it4 ,what a trial it must have been for him to sit above there1 and hear all the cries of pain that went up1 and see all the weeping faces that were raised4 ,why1 ,dick1 it seems to me that if ,i could see and know at #bd once all the suffering there is to-day in this one city1 it would kill me4 ,i wish we could do something besides play1 as we do4 ,perhaps we ought to work all our lives for the wretched1 you and ,i2 who can tell80 8,yes60 the young man replied slowly1 and was silent a moment1 thinking4 8,that idea comes into my mind sometimes10 he added4 8,i always fancy that the poor and the wicked look at me in an asking way1 differently from what they do to others1 as if they expected me to do something for them4 ,it may be only because they see how ,i look at them4 ,i never see one but ,i think1 ,how should ,i feel if that were my father or my mother8 ,but ,i don't know what great work ,i could do4 ,my life seems mapped out40 ,sometimes their expeditions were merrier4 ,they went to the ,back ,bay lands1 then not filled in1 and stood so close to the railroad tracks that the passing trains blew in their faces4 8,i like strength and force10 ,edith said2 8and ,i like the wind in my face4 ,it would be pleasant to ride in a car with an open front1 and the engine on behind4 ,does it not seem like that in a ship at sea1 ,dick80 8,better than that10 he answered1 his eyes brightening4 8,for at sea you have a clear track1 and can fly on without stopping or turning out for anything40 8,now1 let's go and see that large building10 the girl said4 8,isn't it fine to go about in this way8 ,you are ,haroun-al-,raschid1 and ,i am anybody1 and we are exploring our capital4 ,we are1 perhaps1 invisible4 ,stop a minute4 ,there are fishes in this ditch4 ,i am going to catch one with a crooked pin40 ,they looked at the large building1 ,chickering's piano-forte factory1 and ,dick described foreign buildings to his companion1 and described so vividly and so simply that the structures seemed to rise before her4 ,he was remarkably gifted in this respect4 ,his clear eyes took in the general effect1 and caught here and there a salient point to give it character and sharpness1 and his descriptions were never blurred by superfluous words1 or by imagination1 which often destroys the outlines of tangible things by its perceptions of their intangible meaning4 ,one morning they went to ,mass to receive communion together4 ,the morning was lovely1 the spring green all freshness1 the birds singing1 the sun stealing goldenly through a faint mist4 ,edith rose happy1 and everything added to her happiness4 ,it was delightful to have some one to go to ,mass with4 ,it only now occurred to her that she had been lonely in her religion4 8,i hope that ,i shall make a good communion10 she said to herself1 as she began to dress4 8,what should ,i do8 ,let me think6 ,if ,i had a house of my own1 rather a poor little place1 and some one ,i loved and honored were coming to visit me1 ,i should first make my house clean4 ,then ,i should adorn it all ,i could1 and prepare a little feast4 ,i have no servant1 ,i will say1 and must do everything myself4 ,i am rather glad of that1 for ,i can show my good-will so4 ,i will not mind getting on my knees to scrub out the darkest corners4 ,but ,i must let in light to see where to cleanse4 ,come1 ,holy ,spirit6 enlighten my soul1 and let no darkness remain where a sin can hide itself4 ,then comes my confession2 but what poor things confessions are6 ,i wish ,i could say1 ,i accuse myself of having broken all the ten commandments of ,god1 and the six commandments of the church1 and of having committed the seven deadly sins1 and every sin that could be committed1 and each a #be thousand times over4 ,then ,i should be sure to get them all in4 ,but ,father ,rasle says that1 if our dispositions are good1 the sins we forget1 or do not understand1 are included and forgiven with those we confess4 ,as when a woman sweeps her room1 she sweeps out1 perhaps1 some things she does not see4 ,well1 say that my house is clean1 what have ,i to adorn it with80 ,she paused with the brush half-drawn through her hair1 and the first sunbeams1 shining in her face1 shone on gathering tears4 ,she recollected herself1 and went on with her dressing4 8,such a bare reception6 ,nothing to offer6 ,how about faith1 hope1 and charity8 ,i believe everything1 ,i could believe a thousand times more2 but even the devils believe1 ,father ,rasle says4 ,i don't know whether ,i hope in the right way4 ,hope is a hard virtue to manage4 ,do ,i love him8 ,yes6 ,even though ,i do wrong1 still ,i love him4 ,it is no sign that you do not love a person1 even if you do things to vex him4 ,what good work can ,i do to-day8 ,i will read ,miss ,clinton to sleep1 and let ,bird go out4 ,that will be something1 because ,i would rather go out myself4 ,and ,i will ask ,miss ,clinton if ,i may read a paper to her4 ,that will be awfully hard1 for she will stare at me1 and then laugh in that way that makes me want to run out of the room4 ,and ,i will--yes--no--will ,i8 ,yes1 ,i will try to kiss her1 if ,i possibly can4 ,she would be pleased2 but ,i shouldn't be4 ,those will be like little daisies at the doorstep when he comes in4 ,but my house is bare yet4 ,if only ,i had some pain to offer60 ,her eyes chanced to fall on a coil of picture-cord1 and the sight of it gave her a new and startling thought4 ,she paused a moment1 then1 rising1 pulled her curtains close1 opened the door to assure herself that there was no one in the corridor outside1 then shut the door and locked it4 ,this done1 she looped and knotted the cord into a discipline--ah6 not in vain had she once asked ,father ,rasle what that was4 ,her hands trembled with eagerness while she fastened the five lashes together4 ,then1 with one glowing upward glance1 she knelt1 and brought the discipline1 with the full force of her arm1 round across her shoulders4 ,a faint cry followed the first blow1 and the blood rushed crimson over her face and neck4 8,o ,lord6 ,i did not mean to cry out60 she whispered1 and listened1 and struck again1 and yet again4 8,one for each of the five wounds1 one for each of the times he prayed in the garden40 ,she paused1 and dropped forward with her face on the floor1 writhing in silent pain4 8,now1 one for each station of the way of the cross40 ,tears ran down her cheeks1 but her strong young arm and heart did not falter4 8,now1 a decade of the rosary40 ,sobbing1 half-fainting1 she rose after a while1 and hid the precious pencil1 with which she had painted a picture for the wall of her little reception-room4 8,i must put on something extra1 so that the blood shall not show through my dress10 she said2 but1 looking to wipe away the blood1 behold6 not a drop was there1 but only long welts of red and white crossing her fair shoulders4 ,edith hid her face1 with a feeling of utter humiliation and grief4 ,she had been agonizing under the blows which had produced only a few marks1 and yet fancying that she imitated him whose flesh had been torn by the lash1 and whose blood had flowed in streams4 8,i can do nothing1 nothing6 ,i am silly and presumptuous10 were the thoughts with which she finished her preparation to go out4 #bf ,but1 trivial as her penance had been1 it brought humility1 and a deeper sense of the sufferings of our ,lord4 ,a servant who was washing the steps as ,edith went out1 smiled gratefully to the pleasant greeting of the young lady1 and looked after her as she went down the street4 ,the servants1 all ,catholics1 were very proud and fond of this young ,catholic in their ,protestant household4 8,since ,i cannot do anything10 ,edith pursued1 as she walked on toward the church1 8,i will ask the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,joseph to come first1 and be in my house when the ,lord shall enter4 ,he will be pleased to find them there4 ,then1 when the time comes1 ,i will go and meet him at the door2 but how dreadfully ashamed ,i shall be6 ,i shall not dare to look up1 but ,i shall say1 #8,welcome1 ,lord6' and kneel down1 and kiss his feet4 ,then1 if there is anything more to be done1 he will do it1 for ,i can do nothing4 ,how odd it is that ,i should feel so ashamed at having him come to me1 and yet should want him to come6 ,i wouldn't put it off for anything40 ,dick was waiting inside the chapel-door for her4 ,he pointed her to a confessional1 then took his place near the altar4 ,when it came time for communion1 they knelt side by side1 but retired again to different seats4 ,how long ,edith knelt there she did not know4 ,she had covered her face with her hands1 shutting out the sight of all about her1 and her soul had entered a new scene4 ,there was a simple1 small room1 bare save for two vague1 luminous presences1 one at either side1 lighting the place4 ,there was an open door1 with vines swinging about it1 and a half-seen picture of verdure1 and deep blue heavens outside4 ,up through that pure1 intense color stretched two lines of motionless winged forms1 as if they bowed at either side of a path down which one had come4 ,within the door1 under the vines1 stood the ,lord1 and she was prostrate on the floor1 with her arms clasped around1 and her lips pressed to1 his feet4 ,she did not look up1 and he did not speak nor stir1 but his smile shone down through all her being4 ,let it last so for ever6 ,the tinkling of a bell awoke her as from a sound sleep--a flicker1 as of flames in the wind1 moved those heavenly lines of receding faces1 and ,edith lifted her head1 and recollected where she was1 seeming to be suddenly transported back there from a distance4 ,the priest was carrying the host away from the altar of the chapel up to the church4 ,he held the sacred burden clasped closely to his breast1 and bent his head slightly toward it4 ,he looked at it as he walked1 yet chose his steps with care4 ,he wrapped around it the golden veil1 of which the fringe glistened like fire as he moved4 ,no mother could carry a sleeping infant more tenderly4 ,edith stretched out her hands1 with a momentary feeling of bereavement1 for the ,lord was going away4 8,oh6 take my heart with thee60 she prayed4 ,the lights disappeared1 the sound of the bell grew fainter up the stairs1 and ceased4 ,she sighed1 then smiled again1 and became aware of ,dick sitting at the furthest end of the bench1 and waiting for her4 ,they went out by separate aisles1 and met at the door4 8,i would like to have followed up into the church1 and waited till he was at rest again1 and seen where they lay him10 ,edith said after a #bg while4 ,dick smiled quietly1 and said nothing4 ,he was looking quite pale1 but bright4 ,she made no comment on his looks1 thinking that the communion was the cause of his emotion4 ,they went to the public gardens before going home4 ,it was very lovely there4 ,the mists of the morning had slowly gathered themselves into detached clouds1 and they scarcely moved1 the air was so still4 ,the trees and the many pink flowers about glistened with dew4 ,edith began to love her quietude1 and grow merry1 but with an angelic merriment4 8,do you think that the ,lord came down to the garden only at evening80 she asked4 8,i think he came at early morning1 unless he stayed all night--morning is so beautiful6 ,how alive everything is6 ,you can almost see eyes in the flowers4 ,see the swans on the water4 ,they float like clouds in the sky4 ,fancy a pink swan in a large blue lake1 throwing up sprays as white as snow over his bosom6 ,do you think that the earth was any more beautiful when it was first made8 ,is it not lovely now80 ,there was no answer in words1 but the young man's eyes1 glancing about1 were eloquent1 and his smile was one of peaceful delight4 8,come10 the girl said1 8let's play that this is really the ,garden of ,eden1 and that you and ,i are just taking our first walk in it1 wondering over everything4 ,let us look at ourselves in the water1 and see if we are as beautiful as all the rest40 ,he smiled at the childish fancy1 took the hand she offered him1 and went with her over the water4 ,the swans passed by1 and sent ripples over their mirror1 but it was clear enough to give back the image of a sweet oval face with bright eyes and lips1 and of another face more richly tinted1 peach-colored with sun and wind1 with eyes that sparkled1 and white teeth that laughed through a chestnut beard4 8,adam10 said the woman1 8thou art more stately than the palm1 and thine eyes have beams like the sun4 ,let us praise the ,creator who hath formed thee in his own image60 ,dick's hand and voice trembled1 his face grew red in the water1 then grew pale4 8,eve10 he said1 8thou art whiter and more graceful than the swan1 and1 while thou art speaking1 the birds listen4 ,i praise him who has given thee to me to be mine alone and for ever--my mate in this world and in the next40 ,speaking1 his light clasp grew tight on her hand4 ,the face and throat that had shown swan-white in the water grew rose-red1 then disappeared as ,edith started back4 8,how could ,i look forward to anything else1 ,edith80 the young man exclaimed desperately4 8,i have never dreamed of any other life4 ,i have worked1 and studied1 and hoped for you4 ,what6 will you turn away from me now1 for the first time8 ,god have mercy on me60 ,she did not utter a word at first4 ,she was too much confounded4 ,it was to her as though the friend she had so long known had been suddenly snatched from her side1 and a stranger like1 and yet unlike1 him put in his place4 ,this man with the pallid face and trembling voice was not ,dick ,rowan4 ,she wanted to get away from him4 ,but after a step or two she turned back again4 8,who would have thought it80 she said1 looking at him anxiously1 as though half hoping that the whole was a jest4 8,who would have thought anything else80 he replied1 taking courage4 #bh ,she turned away again1 but he walked on beside her4 ,it was too late to withdraw4 ,having spoken1 he must say all4 8,i think you were the only person who did not see what ,i lived for10 he said4 8,but it is nonsense60 she exclaimed4 8,we have always known each other4 ,we are like brother and sister4 ,is it only strangers who marry80 he asked4 8,marry6 ,fie6 ,i never thought of such a thing60 she said angrily4 8,won't you please think of it now1 ,edith80 he asked1 in a voice so gentle and controlled that it recalled her own self-possession4 8,this has been the great thought of my life4 ,it made me ambitious1 for your sake4 ,i am a ,catholic1 thank ,god6 and a sincere one1 but it was love of you that led me to study and think on that subject4 ,when my life hangs in the balance1 ,i am sure you will at least stop to think1 dear40 ,she looked at him1 but he did not return her glance4 ,his eyes were fixed on the ground1 and it really seemed as though his life did hang in the balance4 8,i'd like to stop and talk about it a little while1 ,dick10 she said4 8,sit here4 ,now1 be reasonable1 and ,i will not be cross again4 ,forgive me6 ,i was so surprised1 you know2 for ,i have been studying all my life1 and never thought about this4 ,now1 it seems to me1 ,dick1 that ,i shall never want to be married to any one whatever4 ,i shall live with ,aunt ,amy1 and1 when she is dead1 ,i will go into a convent1 or1 if ,i should have money1 will do something for the poor1 perhaps4 ,if you want to have me with you1 some time ,i can go on a voyage in your ship1 and you can always come to see me when you come home4 ,won't that do80 ,he smiled faintly4 8,oh6 thank you60 she said1 greatly relieved4 8,has any one else ever spoken to you in this way1 ,edith80 he asked1 looking at her searchingly4 8,oh6 no10 she answered with decision4 8,i am not at all engaged1 or anything like it4 ,no one ever cared anything about me4 ,and ,i hope you are satisfied now1 ,dick4 ,it is very well for people to marry who are afraid of losing each other2 but we can live close by when we grow old1 or perhaps in the same house40 8,i have disturbed and troubled you1 ,edith10 the young man said after awhile1 8but ,i could not help it4 ,there must be a beginning to everything1 and ,i had to make a beginning of this4 ,i don't expect you to treat it seriously now1 but ,i want you to think of it4 ,it seemed right that ,i should speak1 or some one else might speak while ,i am gone1 and take you away from me40 8,but ,i should never think of having any one else1 if you want me10 she replied with perfect conviction4 8,i may not ever marry at all1 but1 if ,i do1 you will have the first chance40 ,dick ,rowan's whole face caught fire4 8,why1 darling60 he exclaimed joyfully1 8do you mean that80 ,she was astonished and pleased at the effect of her words1 8,truly10 she answered4 8,you know very little of me if you do not know that ,i have always considered myself to belong more to you than to any one else40 ,they had now reached ,miss ,clinton's door1 and there they parted without more words4 ,but ,edith's indecision was of shorter duration than either she or her friend had anticipated4 ,the subject was so foreign to her thoughts #bi that at first she had comprehended nothing1 and had received ,dick ,rowan's avowal in a most childish manner4 ,but a few hours' consideration had set the whole in a different light4 ,she went down to ,hester's as soon as dinner was over1 and asked for her aunt4 ,mrs4 ,yorke was in her own room1 writing a letter1 and she only glanced up with a smile as her niece entered4 8,all well at ,miss ,clinton's80 she asked1 folding the letter4 8,yes1 very well40 8,anything new80 8,miss ,clinton told me last night that her will is made1 leaving everything to ,carl1 and that1 if ,i marry to suit her1 ,i am to have her jewels1 shawls1 and laces4 ,i do not want them1 though ,i would rather have fresh new things for myself1 if they are not so rich40 8,whom does she wish you to marry80 ,mrs4 ,yorke asked1 directing her letter4 8,she did not say10 ,edith replied in a constrained voice1 looking down4 ,mrs4 ,yorke glanced at her niece1 then put her arm out and drew her close4 8,you have something to tell me1 dear10 she said4 ,edith began to tremble4 8,yes1 ,aunt ,amy4 ,dick ,rowan has been talking to me this morning1 and1 if you and ,uncle ,charles are willing1 and if ,i should ever marry any one1 ,i am going to marry him40 ,mrs4 ,yorke's brows contracted slightly1 rather with anxiety than displeasure4 8,dear child1 are you sure of yourself80 she asked4 8,one may have a very great affection for a person1 and not be willing to marry him4 ,don't be hasty4 ,take time to think of it till he shall come back again4 ,if you promise1 you may regret it4 ,i must say1 dear1 ,i think it selfish of him to speak so when you have seen nothing but birds and books1 and do not know your own mind40 ,edith raised her head from her aunt's shoulder4 8,oh6 ,dick isn't selfish1 and he only asked me to think of it1 and to know that he wanted me40 ,it was useless to oppose4 ,after a little more talk1 ,mrs4 ,yorke promised to consent if both were of the same mind after a year4 8,and now1 ,edith1 ,i have concluded to start for home to-morrow1 and ,i want to see ,carl right away40 ,she did not say that she had only come to this conclusion since ,edith had entered her room4 8,and ,i also wish to see ,mr4 ,rowan10 she added4 8,did he not mean to consult me80 8,oh6 yes10 ,edith said eagerly4 8,he is coming up this evening2 and1 ,aunt ,amy0--very hesitatingly--8don't let me be married for a great while1 till ,i am twenty-five1 at least4 ,of course10 looking up quickly1 as if some doubt had been expressed--8of course1 ,i think the world of him1 and don't wish to marry any one else2 but ,i cannot1 cannot hurry40 ,mrs4 ,yorke had a long conversation with her niece's lover1 that evening1 and laid down the law rather severely to him4 ,no one but ,edith1 herself1 and ,mr4 ,yorke were to know of his proposal4 8,i do not wish her to be talked about1 and assigned to any one1 when nothing is decided10 she said4 8,it is for that purpose that ,i am taking her away so soon1 to prevent talk4 ,if1 when you come home next year1 she wishes it1 and nothing has happened to raise any new objection1 ,i shall not oppose you40 ,he sat a moment silent4 ,he asked nothing better than he had got2 but his proud spirit rebelled at the manner in which the promise was given4 ,he was tolerated because they could not help themselves4 #cj 8,do you agree to that80 she asked1 after waiting a moment4 8,certainly60 he replied4 8,i forgot to say so1 and to thank you1 because1 excuse me6 ,i was thinking how much poorer an offering is a man's whole heart and faithful allegiance than a full purse40 8,if you had millions1 it would make no difference1 ,mr4 ,rowan10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said hastily1 her color rising4 8,if ,i am not cordial in welcoming you into this relation1 my reasons are not mercenary1 nor--0 her manner softened--8nor because ,i do not respect and like you40 ,she held her hand out to him4 ,he bent gallantly over it1 murmured a word of thanks1 and took leave without saying any more4 ,he was willing1 almost glad1 that ,edith should go home4 ,he welcomed any stir and progress in events which would seem to pass the time more quickly along4 ,let him get over his year of probation1 and1 during it1 be separated from her1 if they chose4 ,her doubt and trouble in their new relations troubled him4 ,when he should come again1 all would be settled4 ,he was full of hope and triumph1 and far removed from jealousy4 ,she had said that she should not think of marrying any one but him2 and what ,edith said was as sure as sunrise4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- 7,,in ,,memoriam47 ,a ,,convert4 #ahef4 7,these lines express the feelings of one1 now at rest1 who was loved and honored by all who knew him--including1 probably1 those who cast him off47 ,i4 ,ah me6 my alienated friends1 ,whose friendship1 like a branch half-broke1 ,with all its mildewed blossoms bends1 ,and piecemeal rots2--how kind the stroke ,that bond--your bondage--sent to sever6 ,yet1 can ,i wish it8 ,never1 never6 ,,ii4 ,i hear them tread your festal floors3 ,when now the lights no longer burn1 ,alone ,i haunt your darkened doors3 ,the guests are gone2 yet ,i return3 ,in dreamless sleep outstretched you lie3 ,i dream of all the days gone by4 ,,iii4 #ca ,against myself your part ,i take3 8,i was of those whose spring is fair2 ,whom men but love in hope1 and wake ,to find 7youth flown7 the worse for wear3 ',gainst the defaulter judgment goes3 ,i lived on trust1 and they foreclose40 ,,iv4 ,and many times ,i say3 8,they feel ,in me the faults they spare to name2 ,nor flies unjust the barbd steel1 ,though loosened with a random aim40 ,officious zeal6 for them ,i plead ,who neither seek such aid1 nor need4 ,v4 ,give up thy summer wealth at last1 ,sad tree2 and praise the frost that bares ,thy boughs1 ere comes that wintry blast ,which fells the grove that autumn spares4 ,there where thou lov'st thou liv'st6 ,bequeath1 ,except thy bones1 no spoils to death6 ,,vi4 ,to others sovereign ,faith exalts ,her voice from temple and from shrine3 ,for me she rears from funeral vaults ,a cross that bleeds with drops divine2 ,and ,hope--above a tombstone--lifts ,her latest1 yet her best of gifts4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ---------- ,,the ,,liquefaction ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,of ,,st4 ,,januarius4 #cb ,,no4 ,,ii4 ,when was this liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius first seen by men8 ,it is not easy to answer the question4 ,some ,neapolitan writers have maintained that it occurred probably on the very day when the remains of the sainted bishop were first solemnly transferred to ,naples4 ,for then1 naturally and as a matter of course1 the vials of the blood must have been brought into close proximity with the relics of the head4 ,and this proximity1 now intentionally brought about at each exposition1 seems to be ordinarily the necessary and sufficient condition for the occurrence of the liquefaction4 ,others1 however1 prefer to be guided by positive historical evidence1 and have come to a different conclusion4 ,there is in existence a life of the saint written in or near ,naples1 about the year #ibj4 ,it combines historical accounts and later legends1 and evidently omits nothing which the writer thought would promote veneration toward the saint4 ,it is diffuse on the subject of miracles4 ,there is also in existence a panegyric of the saint1 written perhaps half a century earlier still4 ,no mention whatever is made in either of them of this ,liquefaction4 ,we may1 therefore1 conclude that in the year #ibj it was not known4 ,four hundred and fifty years later1 it was known1 and had been known so long as to be reputed of ancient standing4 ,about #achj1 ,lupus dello ,specchio wrote the life of ,st4 ,peregrine of ,scotland1 who came to ,naples about the year #aajj1 and died there probably about #aacj4 ,in that life it is stated that ,st4 ,peregrine came to witness this celebrated and continual miracle--quotidianum et insigne miraculum4 ,now1 it may well be that the author1 writing about two hundred and fifty years after the death of ,st4 ,peregrine1 had access to documents and evidences clearly establishing this fact1 although such documents do not now exist1 five hundred years later1 or1 at least1 have not as yet been exhumed from some dusty library1 where they may be lying unnoticed4 ,or1 on the contrary1 it may possibly be that in #achj ,lupus believed that the miracle1 so regular in its occurrence at his day1 had regularly occurred since the year of the translation of the body1 and took it as a matter of course that ,st4 ,peregrine had witnessed it2 and so put that down among the facts of his life4 ,but this1 even though a harsh criticism1 and one we think unwarranted1 if not excluded1 by the words of the life1 would imply at least that1 in #achj1 the ,liquefaction had occurred for so long a time that men had ordinarily lost the memory of its commencement4 ,maraldus the ,carthusian1 who accompanied his abbot ,rudolph to the coronation of ,roger1 ,king of ,sicily1 as historiographer1 tells us in his ,chronicon--or perhaps his continuator--how1 in #aadj1 ,roger visited ,naples1 and how there he venerated the relics of the head and of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,the ,liquefaction is not mentioned in so many words4 ,but these relics would not have been singled out from all others in the city1 and made so prominent1 without some special #cc reason--a reason1 perhaps1 so well known and so obvious that it did not occur to the writer to state it explicitly1 any more than to say that the king venerated the relics in the daytime and not at night4 ,the learned and critical ,bollandists1 who have carefully weighed all that can be said on this question1 incline to hold that the ,liquefaction commenced somewhere between the years #ijj and #ajjj4 ,prior to the century between those years1 ,st4 ,januarius had been ranked among the minor patrons of the church of ,naples4 ,after that century1 he holds the most prominent place and rank in their calendar4 ,this change is unusual and important1 and must have been based on some sufficient reason4 ,the most probable one under the circumstances--if not the only one that can be assigned--is that during that century the ,liquefactions became known4 ,the contemporary records of ,naples for that time were very few2 for it was a period of incessant warrings1 devastations1 and tumults4 ,those that did exist probably perished in the not unfrequent destruction of the monastic libraries4 ,still1 some venerable manuscript may even yet come to light1 telling us how on some festival day1 or day of supplication1 the relics were all on the altar1 the vials of the blood near to the head2 how some of the crowd that prayed before the altar saw that the blood in the vial had become liquid2 how the wonderful thing was spoken of and seen by many2 how1 on other occasions1 it occurred again and again2 until at last it came to be regularly looked for1 as a part1 and the most wonderful part1 of the celebration4 ,after #adjj1 the notices of the ,liquefaction are more frequent4 neas ,sylvius ,piccolomini 7afterwards ,pope ,pius ,,ii47 gives an account of it4 ,robert ,gaguin1 the old ,french historian1 narrating the journey of ,charles ,,viii4 into ,italy1 mentions his visiting ,naples in #adie1 and his witnessing and examining this miracle of the ,liquefaction4 ,in #adgj1 ,angelo ,catone1 a physician of ,salerno1 who devoted the later years of his life to literature and to travelling1 has written a brief but clear account of it4 ,picus de la ,mirandola1 the wonder of his age1 has also left his testimony as an eye-witness4 ,it is needless to say that1 since the invention of printing and the multiplication of books1 we have numberless accounts of it from travellers and authors1 in ,latin1 ,italian1 ,german1 ,polish1 ,english1 ,french1 ,spanish1 and every language of ,europe4 ,ever since ,september1 #afei--ten years after the opening of the new ,tesoro chapel--an official diary has been kept in it1 recording day by day the expositions of the relics2 in what state and condition the blood was found when extracted from the armoire1 or closet2 after the lapse of what length of time the change1 if any1 occurred2 what was its course and character2 in what condition the blood was1 when safely replaced in its closet in the evening2 and1 generally1 any other facts of the day which the officers charged with this duty deemed worthy of note4 ,there are also printed forms in blank to the same effect1 which one of them fills out and signs in the sacristy attached to the ,tesoro1 and distributes each day of exposition to those who desire them4 ,we have several in our possession4 ,another diary is kept in the archiepiscopal archives4 ,it was commenced long before that of the ,tesoro4 ,we had an opportunity of looking over it4 ,down to the year #aebf1 it seems to be made up from previous documents and extracts from various authors4 ,in #aebf1 it assumes the #cd character of an original diary4 ,here and there come intervals during which it appears not to have been regularly kept on4 ,these omissions would be supplied from other sources1 when1 after a time1 the diary would be resumed4 ,from #afcb it is complete4 ,we have before us a manuscript abstract of it1 from which we will quote hereafter4 ,the church of ,naples celebrates three festivals of ,st4 ,januarius each year2 the feast proper of the saint1 commemorating his martyrdom2 the feast of the translation1 commemorating the transfer of his body from ,marcian to ,naples2 and the feast of the patronage1 a votive one of thanksgiving4 ,we take them up in the order of time as they occur each year4 ,i4 ,the first ,sunday of ,may is the feast of the translation4 ,on the preceding ,saturday--the vigil1 as it is termed--a solemn procession1 during the forenoon1 bears the bust containing the relics of the head of the saint from the cathedral to the church of ,santa ,chiara1 or ,st4 ,clare4 ,in the afternoon1 another more imposing procession conveys the reliquary of the blood to the same church1 in which the liquefaction is then looked for4 ,about sunset1 both relics are borne back in procession to the cathedral and ,tesoro chapel1 and at the proper hour are duly locked up4 ,on the next day1 ,sunday1 they are brought out1 first to the altar of the ,tesoro chapel1 and thence1 after a couple of hours1 to the high altar of the cathedral4 ,in the afternoon1 at the appointed hour1 they are again brought back to the ,tesoro chapel1 and are duly replaced in their closet1 or armoire4 ,the same is repeated on ,monday1 and on each succeeding day of the octave up to the following ,sunday1 inclusive4 ,thus1 for this festival in ,may there are nine successive days of exposition4 ,and1 inasmuch as in the mind of the church the vigil1 the feast1 and the octave are all united together1 as the celebration of one festival in a more solemn form1 so we naturally look on those nine expositions not as isolated and distinct1 one from the other1 but as in some way connected together and united to compose a single group4 ,the feast and its vigil are found in ancient calendars of the church of ,naples4 ,the octave was added about the year #afdf1 on the occasion of completing and consecrating the new ,tesoro chapel1 the work and the pride of the city4 ,the processions on the vigil were at first directed to such churches as the ecclesiastical authorities might from time to time select1 to meet the convenience or the wishes of the faithful4 ,in #accg1 eight special churches were designated to which in an established order of succession the processions would thereafter go in turn each year4 ,in #aebf1 it was stipulated between the city authorities and the archbishop that they should instead go in turn to six municipal halls1 or seggie1 as the ,neapolitans styled them1 belonging to as many civic bodies or corporations1 which united1 in some complex and ancient way1 in the municipal government of the city3 that is1 to the chapels or churches attached to these seggie4 ,this regulation was strictly followed until the year #ahjj4 ,the old medival usages and liberties had by that time become weakened or had died out under the influence of modern centralization4 ,the several old civic corporations of ,naples1 if they existed at all1 existed only in name4 ,the halls or seggie had lost their original importance and standing4 ,a new regulation seemed necessary4 ,from #ahjj down1 the procession of #ce the vigil has gone each year to the church of ,santa ,chiara4 ,,ii4 ,on the #aith of ,september occurs the ,feast of ,st4 ,januarius1 the chief or proper festival of the saint1 commemorating his life of virtue and his glorious death by martyrdom under ,diocletian4 ,it is traced back to the earliest martyrologies and calendars of the church2 even those of the ,greek schismatic church have preserved it4 ,in ,naples1 ,st4 ,januarius being the patron saint of the city1 this festival is1 of course1 one of high rank1 and has an octave4 ,opening on the nineteenth1 and closing on the twenty-sixth of ,september1 it gives each year eight days more1 on each one of which the relics are brought forth about #i ,a4,m41 and are placed on the main altar of the ,tesoro chapel1 and1 about #aa ,a4,m41 are carried thence out to the high altar of the cathedral1 whence again in the evening they are regularly brought back to the ,tesoro chapel1 to be replaced for the night in their proper closets4 ,on each day1 the liquefaction is looked for4 ,the reason already given in the case of the ,may octave applies here also4 ,these eight days of exposition are not eight isolated or distinct days1 without any connection4 ,they should rather be looked on as forming a second group4 ,,iii4 ,on the #afth of ,december is celebrated the feast of the ,patronage of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,this is a single day festival in annual thanksgiving for many favors received1 and especially for the preservation of ,naples1 two centuries and a half ago1 from the fate of ,herculaneum and ,pompeii4 ,naples lies almost under the shadow of ,mount ,vesuvius1 that terrible volcano which1 after slumbering peacefully for an unknown number of ages1 renewed its fearful and destructive eruptions in ,a4,d4 #gi1 #bjc1 #dfb1 #eab1 and more than fifty times since4 ,the burning gas or the smoke from its crater has risen miles into the air1 and has spread like a dark cloud scores of miles on one side or the other4 ,it has thrown up stones1 which fell in showers of lapilli ten miles away4 ,its ashes have been borne to ,tunis and ,algiers in ,africa1 and to ,tuscany1 to ,illyria1 and to ,greece in other directions4 ,once they clouded the sky and filled the air even in ,constantinople4 ,streams of molten lava have flowed down its sides1 filling valleys that were broad and deep1 and sending in advance a sulphurous atmosphere and a glowing heat which destroyed all animal and vegetable life1 even before the fiery stream itself touched plant1 tree1 or animal4 ,they roll on slowly1 but so inflexible and irresistible that no work or art of man can stay the movement or control its course4 ,everything in its path is doomed to utter destruction4 ,resina1 between ,naples and the mountain1 has been destroyed and rebuilt1 it is said1 seven times2 ,torre del ,greco1 near by1 nine times4 ,other places have perished as did ,herculaneum and ,pompeii4 ,on every side of the mountain1 so fair to look on when peaceful1 so terrible in its wrath1 one may follow for miles on miles these ancient currents1 radiating from the centre4 ,here the hard1 dark rock rings1 as iron would1 under your horse's hoof4 ,there1 what was once a death-bearing stream of lava has been covered by time with a rich soil1 on which vines and olives flourish4 ,by the shore1 you may see where they reached the water1 and have added leagues of rough volcanic rock to the land4 ,naples has often been violently shaken1 and sometimes seriously injured2 has often been in imminent peril1 but never was utterly #cf destroyed4 ,this brilliant capital1 uniting in herself all that ,italian taste admires of beauty and luxury--8,vedi ,napoli1 e muori0--lives with a sword of ,damocles ever suspended over her4 ,each night as they retire the ,neapolitans may shudder if they cast a thought on the possible horrors of the night they have entered on or what the morrow may bring them4 ,but men become callous even to such dangers as these1 when often threatened and seldom felt4 ,we can conceive how thoroughly all thought of them had died out in #afca1 when ,vesuvius1 in a long unbroken sleep of one hundred and ninety-four years1 had allowed six generations of ,neapolitans to grow up and pass to their graves without any experience of its power4 ,earthquakes1 explosions1 flames1 smoke1 and streams of fire were all forgotten4 ,towns and villages1 and gardens and vineyards1 were dotting the base of the mountain or climbing its pleasant and fertile slopes4 ,and among the many charming scenes in the neighborhood of ,naples1 there were then none more sweet and charming than those of the narrow tract between the city and ,mount ,vesuvius4 ,so it was on the morning of ,tuesday1 the #afth of ,december1 #afca4 ,yet fair as was the scene on which the sun rose that day1 it was to be greatly changed ere night4 ,early in the morning1 the citizens were startled and somewhat alarmed by a very perceptible tremulousness of the earth under their feet4 ,it increased in violence as the hours rolled on1 and the atmosphere too1 ,december though it was1 became sultry and close4 ,the inhabitants of the beautiful villas and the farmers and country laborers1 who had felt the trembling of the earth and the closeness of the atmosphere more sensibly than the citizens1 and who saw at once that it was caused by the mountain1 commenced to flee with their families for safety into the city4 ,about #i ,a4,m4 a cry of affright went up from the city and the country1 as suddenly the mountain shook and roared as if in agony4 ,all eyes turned to the summit of ,vesuvius1 only yesterday so fair and green4 ,a huge turbid column of smoke was seen swiftly springing upward from its cone toward the sky4 ,high up1 it spread out like the top of a mighty pine or palm4 ,the lightning flashed through this rolling1 surging1 ever-increasing mass as it rapidly expanded on every side4 ,by #aa ,a4,m41 ,naples lay under the dark and fearful cloud which shut out the heavens and darkened the day4 ,the incessant trembling of the earth was perceptibly increasing in violence4 ,men felt that they were at the beginning of they knew not what terrible tragedy1 before which they felt themselves utterly powerless4 ,the ever-open churches were soon crowded with fear-stricken suppliants4 ,the cardinal archbishop at once directed religious services to be commenced in them all1 and to be continued without intermission4 ,in the hours of the afternoon there would be a procession through the streets near the cathedral1 in which the relics of ,st4 ,januarius would be borne4 ,men prayed to be spared from the impending doom4 ,the trembling earth might open to swallow them2 the tottering houses might fall and crush them2 or the mountain1 whose sullen roar1 like that of an angry monster1 they heard amid and above all other sounds1 might destroy them in some other more fearful way4 ,they prayed and did penance1 like the ,ninivites of old4 ,they sought to prepare their souls for the death which might come to many of them4 #cg ,to the gloom and horrors of the dark cloud of smoke1 spread as a funeral pall over the city1 was added1 later in the day1 a pouring rain4 ,the water came down heated and charged with volcanic ashes4 ,night arrived1 more terrible than the day4 ,the continuous trembling of the earth had indeed ceased2 but1 instead1 there came sharp1 quick shocks of earthquake1 four or five of them every hour1 vastly increasing the danger of those who remained in their houses4 ,out-of-doors was the pouring rain and the intense darkness1 rendered more fearful by the intermittent electric flashings of the cloud overhead4 ,the few oil-lamps in the streets gave little light2 some had not been lighted1 others had been extinguished4 ,the narrow streets sounded with shrieks of alarm and prayers for mercy4 ,they were filled with those who chose rather the darkness1 the rain1 and the mud under foot1 than the danger within their own chambers4 ,and all through the city might be descried entire families grouped together1 and1 by the light of torches or lanterns1 making their way to some church--for1 all through the terrible hours of that long night1 the churches still remained open and thronged1 and the services still continued4 ,day came at length1 if the dim1 misty light could be called day4 ,it brought no relief beyond its saddening twilight4 ,all hearts were depressed and filled with gloomy forebodings4 ,all felt that only by the mercy of ,god could they be rescued4 ,at #aj ,a4,m4 there came two shocks of earthquake severer than any that had preceded them4 ,the waters of the bay twice receded1 leaving a portion of the harbor bare1 and twice rolled back furiously1 rushing over the piers and quays1 and passing into the lower streets of the city4 ,a hoarse and violent roar was heard from the mountain4 ,it was soon known that the sea of lava within its bowels had burst for itself a channel-way out through the northern side1 and was pouring down in a rapid stream1 widening its front as it spread into seven branches1 and advancing directly towards the city4 ,portici and ,resina1 near the mountain1 or1 rather1 on its lower slope1 were seen quickly to perish4 ,portions of ,torre del ,greco and of ,torre dell',annunziata shared the same fate4 ,it seemed to the affrighted ,neapolitans1 as they looked on the fiery streams pouring onward1 resistless and inflexible1 in their course of destruction1 that death was coming to them by fire1 more terrible far than death by water or by earthquake4 ,meanwhile1 the hour at last arrived fixed for this day's procession4 ,the archbishop was to take part in it1 and would himself bear the reliquary of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,the clergy of the city would precede and accompany him1 and the municipal authorities would walk in procession behind4 ,thousands were in the cathedral and would follow after1 and tens of thousands crowded the streets through which its route lay4 ,a common feeling filled all hearts alike2 they prayed earnestly1 if ever they did--for their lives1 and their homes1 their all was at stake4 ,the rain had ceased1 but the dark cloud still hung overhead1 and the ashes were still falling1 and the air was close and sulphurous4 ,as the procession issued from the cathedral1 and while the archbishop stood yet in the square in front of it1 a blaze of sunlight beamed around4 ,the sun itself they did not see1 but his beams found some rift in the mass of smoke surging overhead1 and struggled through1 throwing1 for a few moments1 a glow of golden effulgence down on the cathedral and the #ch square1 and the groups that stood or knelt within it4 ,the effect was electric4 8,it is a miracle6 our prayers are heard60 was the cry that burst from the multitude4 ,in a few moments the light was gone2 but1 with cheered and hopeful hearts1 the procession moved on through the crowded streets to the gate of the city1 looking directly towards ,vesuvius and the advancing streams of lava4 ,here an altar had been prepared in the open air1 psalms were chanted1 prayers and litanies succeeded1 and the archbishop1 ascending the steps of the altar1 stood on the platform1 and1 holding aloft the reliquary of the blood1 made with it the sign of the cross towards the blazing mountain1 and all prayed that ,god1 through the intercession of their great patron saint1 would avert the dreaded and dreadful calamity4 ,ere the archbishop descended from the altar1 all were aware that an east wind had sprung up1 and that the smoke and cinders and ashes were being blown away over the sea4 ,the mountain grew calmer1 and at once ceased to pour forth such immense supplies of molten lava4 ,the dreaded stream1 no longer fed from the copious fount1 soon slackened its movement--ceased to advance towards them--and1 before their eyes1 was seen to grow cold1 and solid1 and dark4 ,when that procession1 on its return1 reached the cathedral1 the sun was shining brightly and cheerfully4 ,well might they close with a solemn ,te ,deum1 for ,naples was saved4 ,outside of the city1 five thousand men1 women1 and children had perished1 and ruin was spread everywhere2 within the city1 not one building had fallen1 not one life had been lost4 ,the eruption continued for some months after1 but in a moderated form4 ,the danger to the city was not renewed4 ,therefore1 in #afcb1 and in each year since1 the sixteenth of ,december has been a memorable and a sacred day for ,naples4 ,it became the festival of the ,patrocinio1 or ,patronage of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,for a century and a half1 it was kept as a religious holy-day of strictest obligation4 ,but the sense of gratitude dies out equally with the sense of dangers from which we escaped in the distant past4 ,whether this was the cause1 or whether it was deemed proper to yield to the so-called industrial notions that have prevailed in more modern times1 we cannot say2 but1 for three-quarters of a century back1 if we err not1 this festival in ,naples ranks only as one of devotion4 ,for a number of years1 its celebration was even transferred to the ,sunday following4 ,in #aheh1 it was transferred back to the day itself1 and is now celebrated invariably on the sixteenth of ,december4 ,on that day1 the relics are taken from their closet and borne to the altar of the ,tesoro1 and thence to the high altar of the cathedral4 ,after ,mass1 and the recitation of a portion of the divine office1 they are borne in solemn procession through several streets in the vicinity of the cathedral1 and1 on the return1 are brought again to the high altar1 where there is the exposition of the relics with the usual prayers2 and the liquefaction is looked for for the eighteenth regular time each year4 ,if the weather be rainy1 the procession goes merely through the aisles and nave of the large cathedral and back to the high altar4 ,this feast has taken the place of another single-day festival1 formerly celebrated on the fourteenth of ,january1 and now merged in #ci this votive feast a month earlier4 ,beyond these ordinary and regularly established expositions1 other special or extraordinary ones have been occasionally allowed1 sometimes at the request of distinguished strangers1 who visited ,naples mostly in winter1 and could not wait for the recurrence of the regular festival2 sometimes to allow learned and scientific men1 earnest in the cause of religion1 to examine the liquefaction more closely and quietly than they could do amid the concourse of so many thousands on the regular days2 and1 sometimes1 for special and urgent reasons of devotion or public need1 as was that of ,december #af1 #afca1 of which we have just given the account4 ,these extraordinary expositions were more frequent and more easily allowed two or three centuries ago than in later years4 ,in fact1 the latest one of which we can find any record occurred in #agjb4 ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 himself1 during his exile in ,gaeta1 near ,naples1 waited for a regular day--,september #bj1 #ahdi--to witness the liquefaction4 ,on a number of religious festivals during the year1 it is customary to take out the bust of ,st4 ,januarius1 containing the relics of his head1 and to place it1 with other relics of the saints kept in the cathedral1 on the altar4 ,to do this1 it is1 of course1 necessary that the city delegate with his keys should be in attendance1 and should co-operate with the canon or clergyman sent by the archbishop with his keys4 ,together they open the closet in which1 under two locks1 is kept the bust1 and which1 our readers will remember1 is built in the massive masonry wall of the ,tesoro chapel1 immediately behind its main altar1 and adjoining the similar closet in which is preserved the reliquary with the ampull1 or vials1 of the blood4 ,as this reliquary of the blood is not to be taken out on these occasions1 its closet is ordinarily left untouched4 ,but1 in some rare instances1 it has been opened1 and due record made of the state in which the blood was then seen to be4 ,at some other times1 also1 the door has been opened by special favor1 that strangers might at least take a similar view1 if they could not be present at an exposition4 ,we have the record of nineteen times altogether since #afdh1 when the door was opened for one or the other of these reasons1 the last time being ,june #aa1 #agge1 when the blood was seen hard4 ,however1 as to the number of such minor examinations1 we apprehend that we should speak with some hesitation4 ,there may have been many more of which we have not just now at hand sufficient information4 ,we have spoken of the official diary of the ,tesoro chapel1 commencing in #afei1 and of the archiepiscopal diary1 commencing as a diary in #aebf1 and both continuing1 the latter with some lacun in its earlier portions1 down to the present time4 ,of course1 different hands have penned its pages as years rolled on2 and it is curious and amusing to note their differences of character as shown in their styles4 ,even in so plain a matter as recording1 day after day and year after year1 the state and condition of the blood when extracted from its closet1 the occurrence and character of the liquefaction1 the prominent or important facts of each day1 and in what condition the blood was when replaced at night in its closet--points which it was the duty of all to record--personal traits are unwittingly manifested4 ,one writer evidently was fond of ecclesiastical ceremonies1 and he is #dj exact in recording the character of the ,high ,mass and of the processions3 who and how many walked in them1 how many altars were erected on the route through the streets1 etc4 ,another was more of a courtier1 and he carefully mentions the presence of cardinals1 viceroys1 ambassadors1 princes1 and eminent personages4 ,a third was devoted to prayer1 and his entries breathe his spirit of devotion in many a pious ejaculation4 ,one tells you of a new musical ,te ,deum that was sung4 ,another had a painter's eye1 and never fails to name1 with minute precision1 the varying shades of color seen in the blood4 ,another still1 with more of a mathematical turn1 is equally exact in setting forth to the very minute the times of the liquefactions which he records2 while others1 again1 performed their duty in a more perfunctory style4 ,on the whole1 these diaries are to us most interesting and unique1 as well for the length of time they cover1 and the evident sincerity and earnestness of the writers in stating faithfully what they saw--sometimes to their own astonishment or sorrow1 sometimes with joy--as also for the wonderful character of the facts themselves which are recorded4 ,of the archiepiscopal diary1 we possess a manuscript abstract1 kindly written out for us4 ,from its pages we have made a summary of all the expositions of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius at ,naples from the year #afdh to #ahfj1 which we present to our readers in tabular form4 ,we group them together in octaves1 for the reasons already given1 and because in that form several peculiarities are clearly seen which1 perhaps1 otherwise would disappear4 ,we give1 first1 three tables for the vigil1 feast1 and octave in ,may4 ,the first one shows the state of the blood when taken out from its closet1 giving to each day a column1 and recording in each column the various conditions of the blood1 distinguishing them as3 #a4 ,very hard2 #b4 ,hard2 #c4 ,soft2 #d4 ,liquid1 with a hard lump in the liquid2 #e4 ,hard and full2 #f4 ,full1 when1 on account of that fulness1 it could not be known whether the dark mass of blood within was solid or fluid2 #g4 ,liquid4 ,a second table will set forth1 under a similar arrangement1 the various lengths of time which elapsed from the taking out of the reliquary of the ampulla from its closet until the liquefaction was seen to commence4 ,after enumerating the instances in which the time is clearly determinable1 another line indicates the times when the liquefaction is set down as gradual1 sometimes because the time was not clearly seen1 sometimes1 perhaps1 because the recording was perfunctory4 ,we add another line1 embracing the various occasions when the diary either omits recording or indicating the time1 or does so1 vaguely or in such terms as 8regular1 very regular1 promptly1 punctually1 most punctually1 without unusual delay1 without anything new40 ,we subjoin to this table other lines1 showing on what days and how often the blood remained always fluid2 or always fluid with a hard floating lump2 or always hard2 or always full1 and so full that liquefaction was not detected4 ,a third table1 similarly arranged1 will show in what condition the blood was when locked up at night in its closet4 ,we also give three similar tables for the feast and octave of ,september1 and similar accounts for the ,december festival and for the extraordinary expositions4 ,may1 #afdh1 to ,may1 #ahfj1 inclusive--#bac ,years4 #da ,,table ,i4 ,,state ,,of ,,blood ,,at ,,the ,,opening ,,of ,,the ,,closet4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,may4 ,satur4,sun4,mon4,tues4,wed4,thur4,fri4, satur4,sun4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,very hard #b -- #a #a #b -- #b #b #b ,hard #aef #aai #bjg #bjc #afh #aci #abc #aac #aac ,soft #d #h #a #c #b #e #c #g #f ,liquid1 with hard lump #dj #gd -- -- -- #a -- -- -- ,hard and full #c -- -- #a #f #i #ac #ae #ag ,full -- -- -- #d #cc #ef #fh #ge #gc ,liquid #h #ab #d #a #b #c #d #a -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,table ,,ii4 ,,times ,,of ,,the ,,liquefactions4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,may4 ,satur4,sun4,mon4,tues4,wed4,thur4,fri4, satur4,sun4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,under #aj minutes #hh #fg #he #dd #bg #bc #ah #af #af ,under #cj 0 #di #bh #fc #gc #df #df #dd #ce #cg ,under #fj 0 #ah #i #h #cf #db #be #ai #ag #ac ,under #b hours #e #d #b #a #e #f #e #aa #g ,under #e 0 #a #g -- -- #b #b #b #c #c ,over #e 0 #a -- #a -- -- -- #b #b #d ,gradual #a #dj -- -- -- #a -- -- -- ,vague or omitted #bf #de #ed #ee #ed #eb #ea #ec #ef ,always liquid1 with hard lump #ag #a -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,always full -- -- -- #d #cc #ef #fh #ge #gc ,always hard #a -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,always liquid #f #ab -- -- #d #c #c #a #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,table ,,iii4 ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,when ,,locked ,,up ,,at ,,night4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,may4 ,satur4,sun4,mon4,tues4,wed4,thur4,fri4, satur4,sun4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,liquid #aca #bjc #bjd #agd #ade #acj #abb #aba #acj ,liquid1 with hard lump #gg #aj #d -- -- -- -- -- -- ,liquid and full -- -- #e #ce #cc #be #ba #ad #h ,full -- -- -- #d #cc #ef #fh #ge #gc ,soft #c -- -- -- #a -- -- #a -- ,hard #b -- -- -- #a #b #a #a #a ,hard and full -- -- -- -- -- -- #a #a #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,these tables present the course of the expositions for two hundred and thirteen times each of the nine days1 in all1 #a1iag expositions4 ,they do not set forth the changes in color1 in frothing and ebullition1 in minor increases or diminutions of volume1 and in occasional hardenings1 of all which we shall treat further on4 ,from ,september1 #afdh1 to ,september1 #ahfj--bab ,years4 #db ,,table ,i4 ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,on ,,opening ,,the ,,closet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,september4 #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,hard #aag #aia #aij #aia #ahg #ahi #aia #aie ,hard and full1 7probable7 #bd -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,hard and full #eh -- -- -- -- #b #a #a ,soft #a -- #a -- -- #a #a -- ,full -- -- #a #a #b #b #b #b ,liquid #ab #ba #bj #bj #bc #ah #ag #ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,table ,,ii4 ,,times ,,of ,,the ,,liquefactions4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,september4 #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf ---------------------------------------- -------- ,under #aj minutes #ce #cb #fb #ei #ei #ea #ea #ee ,under #cj 0 #fd #aja #gh #gf #gh #hc #gi #hd ,under #fj 0 #ai #bd #ag #ba #aj #ah #ba #ae ,under #b hours #ai #d #e #d #h #d #h #g ,under #e 0 #bg -- -- #a #a #b #b -- ,over #e 0 #ac -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,vague or omitted #bc #cj #bh #cj #cb #ce #cc #ce ,always liquid #ab #ba #ba #bj #bb #ah #ag #ad ,always full -- -- #a #a #b #a #a #b ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,table ,,iii4 ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,when ,,locked ,,up ,,at ,,night4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,september4 #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,liquid #bab #baa #baa #baj #bjf #bjh #bji #bjb ,liquid and full -- #a -- #a #c #c #b #h ,always full -- -- #a #a #b #a #a #b ,hard -- -- -- -- #a -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,these tables give two hundred and twelve expositions for each day1 and thus for the whole group a second aggregate of #a1fif expositions4 ,they do not1 any more than the preceding ones1 give an account of the changes to which the blood is subject1 in color1 frothing1 or minor increase or decrease of volume4 ,these points will be considered in their proper place4 ,the festival of the patronage on the #afth of ,december1 established in #afcb1 has been celebrated #bbh times down to #ahfj4 ,i4 ,on opening the closet or safe the blood was found as follows3 ,very hard1 #b ,hard1 #bad ,soft1 #a ,hard and full1 #aj ,liquid1 #a-bbh ,,ii4 ,the variations as to times of liquefaction were as follows3 ,immediately or under half-hour1 #bf ,under #a hour1 #bi 0 #b 0 #da 0 #e 0 #db ,over #e hours1 #bf ,always hard1 #dc 0 full1 #c 0 liquid1 #a ,vague or omitted1 #ag-bbh ,,iii4 ,the condition of the blood1 when put up1 was as follows3 #dc ,liquid1 #aca 0 with lump1 #df ,soft1 #e ,hard as found1 #dc ,full1 #c-bbh ,the extraordinary expositions were #dc in number4 ,of these #bj may be grouped with the ,december exposition1 having occurred in the months of ,november1 ,december1 ,january1 and ,february4 ,the blood was found3 ,very hard1 #a2 hard1 #ac2 soft1 #e2 and liquid1 #a4 ,the times of liquefaction were3 ,under #aj minutes1 #ae times2 under #cj minutes1 #a2 under #e hours1 #a2 remaining liquid1 #a4 ,of course1 on all the #bj days it was put up liquid4 ,nineteen days may be in the same way connected with the ,may celebration1 as they are distributed through the months of ,march1 ,april1 ,may1 and ,june4 ,the blood was found3 ,very hard1 #a2 hard1 #ac2 soft1 #d2 liquid1 #a4 ,the times of the liquefaction were3 ,under #aj minutes1 #aj times2 under #cj minutes1 #c2 under #fj minutes1 #a2 under #b hours1 #a2 under #e hours1 #a2 time not indicated in the diary1 #b2 and it remained liquid1 #a4 ,on every occasion it was put up in a liquid condition4 ,four other times there were extraordinary expositions in ,july and ,september4 ,twice the blood was found hard and liquefied within half an hour each time1 and twice it was found liquid4 ,nineteen instances are recorded in which for various reasons the closet was opened and the reliquary seen in its place4 ,four times the blood was found very hard2 six times it was hard2 twice it was soft2 four times it was liquid1 and three times the condition is not recorded4 ,these tables present an aggregate of no less than #c1hhd expositions within a little more than two centuries1 of which number no less than #c1cca were marked by a complete or partial liquefaction4 ,the exceptions are of various classes4 ,the most numerous one comprises #cbj cases1 in which the ampulla1 or vial1 was found in the morning and continued during the entire exposition of that day so completely full1 that it was impossible for an ordinary observer to say whether the blood liquefied or not4 ,the writer of the diary says on this point1 ,a4,d4 #aggc3 8,when the vial is full1 some signs are at times observed indicative of a liquefaction1 chiefly a wave-like motion when the vial is moved4 ,but as this can only be seen from the rear 7that is1 as the light shines on it or through it from the opposite side71 and only on close inspection and by practised eyes1 and is not visible to ordinary observers standing in front1 it is not here noted down as a liquefaction40 ,in the diary of the ,tesoro chapel1 which we cannot now consult1 they are probably recorded as liquefactions4 ,the next largest class of exceptions consists of the #aga cases in which the blood was found liquid in the morning1 and was replaced in the closet in the evening still in a liquid condition4 ,we should observe that not unfrequently in such cases the fluid mass became congealed or even hard during the day and liquefied again4 ,even when this does not happen1 there are so many other and frequent changes as to color1 to frothing1 or to ebullition1 and to change of volume by increase or decrease1 that1 even without the occurrence of liquefaction1 the fluid blood presents many wonderful characteristics4 ,thus in our synopsis we have counted the octave of ,september1 #afei1 as presenting seven days during which the blood was found and remained liquid4 ,the diary1 taking up that octave day by day1 states1 that on #dd the #aith of ,september the blood was found liquid1 and1 the reliquary being placed near the bust1 there commenced an ebullition of the blood marked with froth4 ,this continued1 off and on1 during the day4 ,on the #bjth the blood was again found liquid1 and the ebullition and the frothing were repeatedly renewed as on the preceding day4 ,on the #bast the blood was a third time found liquid1 and on this day the ebullition was more continuous and violent4 ,the #bb;d and the #bc;d and the #bdth were marked by the same phases4 ,the blood was always found liquid1 and each day the ebullition was repeatedly resumed and sometimes was violent4 ,on the #bfth the blood was found in a soft or jelly-like state4 ,it soon liquefied entirely1 and during the day became covered with froth4 ,the #bfth--the eighth and last day--was like the first4 ,the blood was again found liquid1 and the ebullition was resumed1 yet more moderately4 ,the two remaining classes1 which our tables present as exceptions1 will also suffer diminution if accurately examined4 ,there are #dd instances in which the blood was found hard1 and continued hard to the end of the exposition4 ,yet the diary records on several occasions the presence of one or more fluid drops1 sometimes of yellowish serum1 sometimes of reddish blood1 which could be made to run to and fro on the surface of the hardened mass1 and continued to be seen for hours1 or sometimes even until the close of the day4 ,as for the #ah other instances in which the blood was found partly liquid and partly solid1 the solid part floating as a globe in the fluid portion1 and in which the same state of things was seen during the day and lasted until the closing1 it must be observed that generally1 if not always1 this floating solid mass gradually diminishes by a partial liquefaction or increases in bulk by a partial hardening4 ,sometimes both these changes succeed each other during the day4 ,in view of these facts1 it would seem that these #ah cases1 so far from being looked on as exceptions1 should on the contrary be rather set down as special forms of the liquefaction4 ,no mere tabular summaries1 like those presented above1 can give the salience which they demand to certain unusual facts and to many ordinary but striking characteristics which should not be overlooked4 ,for this it is necessary to go back to the diaries themselves1 and to trustworthy historical notices of the miracle4 ,on ,saturday1 ,may #e1 #aebf1 the vigil of the feast of the translation1 the liquefaction is recorded to have taken place as usual in the ,seggia ,capuana1 to which the processions were directed that day4 ,on the next day1 the feast1 the blood was found hard1 and it continued hard during the entire exposition4 ,the octave had not yet been established4 ,it continued hard all through the octave of the succeeding ,september1 as also in ,january1 ,may1 and ,september of #aebg1 and again in ,january1 ,may1 and ,september of #aebh1 and in ,january1 #aebi4 ,the liquefactions were resumed on ,saturday1 ,may #a1 and continued on the next day1 the feast1 and regularly during the ,september celebration4 ,thus1 for nearly three years the blood remained hard and solid1 without liquefying at any time4 ,the ,neapolitans connect this unusual fact with the anger of ,god and his judgments1 as manifested in the terrible pestilence which broke out in their city in #aebf1 and came to an end only in the early months of #aebi1 after causing #fj1jjj deaths in the single year #aebg1 and1 #de together with the war then raging1 as many more in the ensuing year #aebh4 ,again1 in #aeea1 in #aeeh1 and in #aefi1 there was no liquefaction4 ,on the contrary1 for the two years #aeef and #aeeg1 and again for the two years #aeii and #afjj1 and a third time for the single year #afca1 the blood was always found liquid when brought forth for exposition1 and never at any time was seen to become solid4 ,since the last-named year1 it has occurred1 in ten different years1 that the blood was found and continued liquid during the whole of a single octave in a year2 but never in both octaves4 ,it never continued hard for an entire octave at any time1 although at some few times the liquefaction occurred only on the second1 the third1 or the fourth day of the celebration2 or1 on the contrary1 it was found and continued liquid for one1 two1 or three days at the commencement1 and was found hard only on the second1 third1 or fourth morning4 ,at the votive festival of ,december #af1 it has repeatedly remained hard4 ,the table numbers #dd such cases4 ,of these only #e occurred in the first #aej years after the institution of the feast2 the remaining #ci all occur in the last #gh years4 ,this the ,neapolitans explain by the special character of the festival4 ,the other festivals have been instituted in honor of the saint2 this one1 to show their gratitude as a city for favors received repeatedly through his intercession4 ,hence1 when vice is rife in the city1 and especially when sins against religion abound1 their professions of gratitude are wanting in the most necessary quality to make them acceptable2 and the displeasure of heaven is marked by the withholding of the miraculous liquefaction4 ,departures like these from the ordinary course1 or any extraordinary delay in the liquefaction1 or certain appearances of color in the blood1 which they traditionally dread1 fill the people with alarm and sorrow4 ,from the many instances in the diary we give two1 as showing this practical connection between the liquefaction and the religious feelings of the ,neapolitans4 8#agcb1 ,dec4 #af4--,the blood was taken out1 hard4 ,hard it continued until after compline 7the afternoon service74 ,the people were waiting for the miracle with great anxiety4 ,wherefore1 instead of taking back the relics 7to the ,tesoro chapel7 at the usual hour1 they remained on the high altar 7of the cathedral7 until after #ba o'clock 7#b4cj ,p4,m472 and the church being crowded with people1 they recited the litanies several times4 ,rosaries were said1 and sermons were preached4 ,but the saint did not yield1 which caused great terror2 and everybody was weeping4 ,so things were up to #bd o'clock 7#e4cj ,p4,m47 ,at that hour1 a ,capuchin father in the church again stirred up the people to sincere contrition for their sins1 and to acts of penance4 ,while they were doing this1 all saw that the blood was of a sudden entirely liquefied--a great consolation to all4 ,the ,te ,deum was sung2 and then1 only at half-past one of the night 7#g ,p4,m471 the relics were taken to the ,tesoro chapel40 8#agdh1 ,may #g1 ,tuesday4--,the blood was brought out hard4 ,after #af minutes1 it liquefied4 ,during the day it rose so high as to fill the vial completely4 ,from the #hth to the #abth1 the vial was always full1 and the blood was seen to be one-half black1 the other half ash-colored1 for which reasons his majesty came a second time to see it1 on ,sunday afternoon 7#abth74 ,when the king had left the ,tesoro1 his eminence returned to pray to the saint to vouchsafe some sign of the miracle before the closing up 7it was the last day of #df the octave74 ,in the meantime the vast crowd strove to melt him by their cries and their tears4 ,his eminence1 having made his way out of the chapel with great difficulty1 sent for a noble ,capuchin1 called ,father ,gregorio of ,naples1 who1 in a most fervent sermon1 exhorted the people to acts of faith and of sorrow for their sins4 ,he then commenced reciting with them the ,litany of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,during the recitation thereof1 the blood was seen to sink half a finger1 and to commence to move4 ,who can describe the weeping and the fervor8 ,the ,te ,deum was sung2 and the blood was put up1 being at nearly its normal level1 of its natural color1 and with some froth40 ,no wonder the ,neapolitans love ,st4 ,januarius as their patron saint when he thus yields to their fervent entreaties and prayers what was not granted to the pious curiosity of the king2 nor1 for this occasion at least1 to the prayers of his eminence the cardinal archbishop4 ,the following briefer entries of our diary breathe the same spirit3 8#agad1 ,may #e1 ,saturday4--,the miracle took place at once4 ,on ,sunday1 after an hour and a half4 ,during this octave1 the blood showed a thousand changes1 liquefying1 hardening1 and increasing in volume many times a day1 in an unusual manner4 ,god knows what will happen60 8#agah1 ,sept4 #ai4--,the blood was taken out hard4 ,after a quarter of an hour1 it completely liquefied4 ,during all this octave the miracle never delayed as much as an hour4 ,this was truly a happy octave4 ,there were no great changes2 only a slight increase in volume40 ,it is tantalizing to pore over the diary4 ,at times you almost fancy that you have seized the very process of liquefaction4 ,thus on one day you read3 8,the blood was brought out1 being hard and at its ordinary level4 ,after fifteen minutes1 a drop of serous humor1 of a light-yellow color1 was seen to move about on the hard mass4 ,at the expiration of an hour and fifty-six minutes1 the blood became liquid1 with a large spherical lump floating in it4 ,there was the usual procession through the streets1 his eminence joining in4 ,at #ba o'clock 7about #c ,p4,m47 the lump liquefied4 ,the blood was put up1 entirely liquid and at its ordinary level40 7,dec41 #agga47 ,you think you see the steps of the process4 ,first the drop of yellowish serum2 then a partial liquefaction1 leaving a lump of solid matter2 this gradually decreasing for three hours and a half1 until it entirely disappears1 and the whole mass is fluid4 ,if you read the following1 you may feel surer that you are on the right track3 8,the blood came out hard and at its ordinary level4 ,at the end of half an hour1 there was seen to run about on the hard mass a particle of serous matter1 inclining to a yellowish color4 ,so it stood during the procession1 which was outside1 through the streets1 his eminence the cardinal archbishop taking his place in it4 ,so it was when the reliquary was brought back to the ,tesoro4 ,at #bc o'clock 7about #e ,p4,m47 this serous matter changed into blood4 ,but the mass still remained hard4 ,words cannot tell with what earnestness and fervor the ecclesiastics and the people continued at prayer4 ,finally1 at #bd o'clock 7#e4de ,p4,m47 the mass loosened in the vial2 and half an hour later1 that is1 after eight hours and fifty minutes of waiting1 the liquefaction took place1 a small lump remaining solid and floating4 ,so it was put up40 7,dec41 #dg #agfh47 ,notwithstanding the change of the character of the yellowish serous drop in the last cited instance into red blood1 and the great difference of the times when the liquefaction took place1 there is a certain degree of correspondence between the two cases--enough perhaps to arrest the attention and excite expectations4 ,but all to no purpose4 ,such a drop was seen on seven or eight other days1 lasting a couple of hours or for the entire day1 without any liquefaction following4 ,and in three thousand three hundred and odd cases of liquefaction1 we have failed to find a third one in which such a drop is noted to have preceded the liquefaction4 ,in fact1 the modes of liquefaction are as various as we can imagine1 and as remarkable as the fact itself4 ,sometimes the liquefaction occurs or commences at once1 with little or no delay4 ,at other times1 it is delayed for a quarter or for half an hour1 for one1 two1 or three hours or more4 ,sometimes1 though very rarely1 it has been delayed nine or ten hours4 ,all this is clearly seen in the tables4 ,not unfrequently the change from solidity to fluidity1 whether occurring early or late1 has been instantaneous1 and for the whole mass at once--in un colpo d'occhio4 ,sometimes it is gradual1 lasting before its completion over many hours2 nay1 sometimes the ampulla is replaced in the closet for the night before its entire completion1 a greater or a smaller portion still remaining solid4 ,sometimes the entire mass liquefies2 at other times1 only a portion4 ,when this is the case1 the unliquefied portion generally floats as a solid lump or globe in the liquid part4 ,sometimes1 however1 one side of the mass was liquefied2 while the other remained solid1 and firmly attached to the glass4 ,sometimes again1 as in ,may1 #agaj1 the portion next to the glass all around remained solid1 thus forming1 as it were1 an inner cup1 inside of which the other portion moved about in quite a fluid condition4 ,sometimes1 during the process of gradual liquefaction1 the upper part is quite liquid1 while the lower part remains for a time hard and immovable in the bottom of the vial2 or1 again1 the lower part liquefies first1 and the upper portion1 remaining hard1 is seen either as a floating globe or as a lump attached for a time to the sides of the ampulla4 ,and once1 at least1 the upper portion and the lower portion both remained solid and attached to the vial1 while the middle portion was quite fluid4 ,we have already said something of the various degrees of liquefaction4 ,sometimes the blood is as fluid as water1 flowing readily and leaving no coating after it on the glass4 ,and1 at other times1 it may be somewhat viscous2 and1 if the reliquary be inclined from side to side1 may leave behind a dark or a vermilion film on the inner sides of the ampulla4 ,there are likewise degrees of hardness4 ,sometimes the blood is only very viscous and grumous1 or jelly-like4 ,in the tables we call it soft4 ,at other times1 the diary notes it as hard1 duro2 very hard1 durissimo2 or even hard as iron1 duro come ferro4 ,when hard1 it is attached firmly to the glass ampulla4 ,yet on two occasions1 at least1 the hard lump could move within1 showing that it was then detached4 ,after having become liquid1 or even when the blood was found liquid in the morning1 it has often hardened during the ceremonial of the day1 and then liquefied anew4 ,one of the extracts we have quoted above refers to the frequent occurrence of this variation in #agad4 ,but #dh throughout the diary we find similar instances1 where it hardened and remained hard for a few moments only or for one or two hours1 during the public ceremony4 ,this was sometimes repeated two or three times in a single day4 ,there is a special case1 in which the mass hardens so frequently1 and with such regularity1 that it must not be omitted4 ,we refer to the custom of suspending the ceremony for a few hours during the middle of the day4 ,the ,italians are very fond of a siesta in the early afternoon of a hot and oppressive summer day4 ,accordingly1 unless there be something unusual to excite them1 they are accustomed1 on the later days of the octave in ,may1 and sometimes of ,september1 to yield to their beloved habit4 ,the church grows very thin soon after mid-day4 ,a few dozen pious souls may perhaps remain for their private devotions--about the number one would almost always find in the ever-open churches of an ,italian city4 ,under these circumstances1 the exposition is suspended4 ,the reliquary1 if on the high altar of the cathedral1 is carried back to the ,tesoro chapel1 and is placed on an ornamental stand or tabernacle on the altar2 and a silk veil is thrown over the whole4 ,the door in the metal-work railing under the arch leading out into the cathedral is locked2 and the clergy may retire1 one or two remaining on watch4 ,the reliquary continues on the stand1 unapproached1 but still visible1 through the railing1 to those in the cathedral4 ,at #c or #d ,p4,m4 the clergy return to resume the exposition2 and the church is again full4 ,the blood is very frequently found hard at that hour1 and liquefies anew1 as in the morning4 ,this intermission and the attendant hardening and liquefaction seem to the ,neapolitans so much a matter of course that we find no mention whatever of it in the diary1 save the single notice that1 on one day1 although the veil had been omitted1 the hardening nevertheless took place4 ,the scientific men from ,italy and from ,france and ,belgium who have studied the liquefaction at various dates1 all unite in commenting on this fact of the hardening of the blood during these mid-day intermissions1 and in considering it1 under a physical point of view1 as a fact of the highest importance in deciding the character of the liquefaction4 ,there are other special circumstances under which the blood has not liquefied1 or1 having liquefied1 has suddenly hardened again4 ,the presence of open scoffers1 or of declared enemies of the church1 has sometimes seemed to have this effect4 ,in #agai1 ,count ,ulric ,daun was viceroy in ,naples4 ,on ,saturday1 ,may #f1 he came with many ,german officers lately arrived in ,naples to witness the liquefaction1 in one of the churches to which the procession went1 as we have already explained1 and in which the liquefaction was first expected4 ,the viceroy with his personal staff was of course in his official loggia or gallery4 ,the foreign officers were clustered together within the sanctuary4 ,some of them were ,catholics1 some ,protestants4 ,the blood was hard when brought to the altar1 and remained hard and unliquefied for a long time4 ,the viceroy at length sent an aid1 with a command to all the officers to withdraw and stand outside the sanctuary4 ,they obeyed1 of course4 8,scarcely was this done--the heretic officers thus withdrawing--when1 in an instant1 the entire mass became perfectly liquid1 to the great joy of all4 ,it was a miracle of miracles60 ,some of the ,protestants became ,catholics #di immediately4 ,putignani and ,celano mention another fact4 ,we quote from the former1 who was a canon of the cathedral and present at the time on service4 8,while the relics were out at the high altar of the cathedral1 there came many nobles from beyond the ,alps1 who wished to do homage to the saint and to witness the liquefaction4 ,the blood was extremely fluid just then1 and the reliquary was being presented to those around1 in turn1 to be kissed4 ,in an instant the blood became hard and dry in the hands of the canon4 ,those near by1 stupefied by this new prodigy1 stood1 as it were1 nailed to the floor4 ,then the canon1 moved by an interior impulse1 raised his voice1 and said aloud3 #8,gentlemen1 if there be any heretic among you1 let him retire4' ,immediately1 one of the strangers quietly withdrew4 ,scarcely had he withdrawn1 when the blood was liquid again1 and was bubbling40 ,putignani adds3 8,the same thing is said to have happened on other occasions40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- ,,lucas ,,garcia4 ,,from ,,the ,,spanish ,,of ,,fernan ,,caballero4 ,,ii4 ,seven years passed in this manner4 ,lucia was fifteen1 and had blossomed into one of those exquisite and fragile creatures that1 in hot climates1 appear so rarely and vanish so soon4 ,lucas1 who was twenty1 had developed admirably4 ,he was a youth of manly appearance1 and so judicious and industrious that farmers and managers of haciendas employed him in preference to others4 ,both inherited their mother's type--the oval face1 fine aquiline nose1 large and expressive black eyes1 small mouth1 adorned with perfect teeth1 broad high forehead1 and the bearing of mingled grace and nobility that distinguish the ,andalusian4 ,their father had yielded completely to the influence of ,la ,leona1 who absorbed his living1 and had made him a drunkard in order to rule him the more effectually4 ,too enervated and lazy to enter upon a new path1 he went on selling his possessions to satisfy the woman's exactions1 as an exhausted stream continues to flow in the channel it made when it was full and strong1 without either the will or the force to open another4 ,from the time that ,lucas was able to work1 he had maintained the house alone1 with that mysterious day's wages of the laborer which ,god seems to bless1 as he did the loaves and fishes destined to feed so many poor people4 ,else1 how the peseta1 sometimes two reals#b a day can support husband1 wife1 generally half a dozen robust children2 an old father or mother1 or widowed mother-in-law1 clothe them all and the head of the family in a very expensive manner1#c pay house-rent and the costs of child-birth1 #ej sickness1 and unemployed days2 and still yield the copper they never refuse to ,god's-namers1#d is a thing past comprehension1 and belongs to the list of those in which1 if we see not the finger of ,god or his immediate intervention1 is because we are very thoughtless or voluntarily blind4 ,lucas1 who loved his sister above all things1 seeing her entirely neglected by her father1 had assumed over her the sort of tutelage1 recognized and incontestable among the people1 which belongs to the eldest brother--a tutelage which is annexed to the obligation of maintaining younger brothers and sisters if they are fatherless4 ,this obligation and right instinctive do not constitute a law1 nor are they laid down in any code1 but are impressed by tradition on the heart1 and have1 no doubt1 given rise to the institution of entails4#e ,lucas presented1 also1 the uncultivated type of those chivalrous and poetical brothers that ,calderon1 ,lope1 and other contemporary writers have given us in their delightful pictures of ,spanish manners as models of nobility1 delicacy1 and punctilious honor4 ,as for ,lucia1 she was1 as her mother had been1 loving1 impressible1 and yielding4 ,she regarded her brother with the deepest affection1 in which respect mingled1 without lessening its tenderness4 ,one evening1 when several neighbors1 who tenanted ,juan ,garcia's house1 were met together in the yard1 one of them--it was the kinswoman of the departed ,ana--said3 8,have you heard the news8 ,it is reported that ,la ,leona's husband is dead4 ,what do you say to it80 8,that ,la ,leona is just now singing3 #8,my spouse is dead1 and to heaven has flown1 ,wearing the thorns of a martyr's crown1'0 replied one of the neighbors4 8,there will be talk enough1 woman1 if it is true10 replied the first speaker4 8,well1 what do you want me to say8 ,i feel it for one40 8,i feel it for two10 added a third1 laughing4 8,that is what ,i feel most10 continued the kinswoman4 8,it is reported already that ,juan ,garcia is going to marry with the rag of a widow40 ,woman6 will you hold your tongue80 8,no2 and ,i say more3 ,i say that ,i don't doubt it2 for the wretch has him down1 and holds him from beneath1 so that she can put him to the torture with 8thou must swallow this1 or ,i will lay on thee with that4'0 8,true enough10 observed the other1 8she has made a fool of him with drink2 and1 not satisfied with giving him wine1 which is natural and #ea the legitimate child of the soil1 she poisons him with bad brandy40 8,the kite will get everything away from him by degrees1 till she leaves him stuck1 like a star lizard1 to the bare wall10 added another2 8for she is more covetous than greediness1 that #8walks one hand along the ground1 and the other in the sky1 and1 with its mouth wide open1 that nothing may go by4'0 8,she'll be ,juan's third wife1 and may die like the other two1 and the four children he has under the sod4 ,he must have some deadly exhalation about him1 like a snake40 8,kill ,la ,leona6 ,as if that would be possible6 ,it's my opinion that ,death himself couldn't do it1 with a century to help him4 ,there was the cholera1 that carried off so many good people2 it never approached her door40 8,the she-rake has no end of luck40 ,at this moment ,lucas entered4 ,it was ,saturday evening1 and he had come to spend the ,sunday at home4 8,lucas10 asked his kinswoman1 8do you know that ,la ,leona is a widow1 and they say that your father is going to marry her80 ,a thunder-bolt could not have hurt ,lucas more suddenly than did these words2 nevertheless1 he maintained his composure while he answered3 8,either you are dreaming awake1 ,aunt ,manuela1 or age is getting the better of your understanding40 8,don't fling my age into my face1 ,luquecillo10#f said the good woman1 who was jocose4 8,i would rather you called me sly fox2 it is permitted to say old only in the company of wines and parchments40 8,well1 then1 why were you born so long ago8 ,but don't come to me with your troubles40 8,publish your decrees in time1 my son1 for this one is in everybody's mouth40 8,they may say what they please behind my back4 ,regiments can't capture tongues and thoughts1 but no one is going to speak against my father when ,i am present40 8,i'll lay you something1 ,lucas1 that he'll marry60 8,that will do1 ,aunt ,manuela2 you know the saying1 #8,stop jesting while jesting is pleasant4'0 ,like all men of stem nature1 ,lucas1 when in earnest1 had in him a something that imposed respect3 the women were silent1 and he went into his own dwelling4 ,he did not speak to his sister of the matter that occupied his thoughts so painfully1 but1 after giving her the money he had brought1 remained a while talking cheerfully and affectionately with her1 and then went in search of his neighbor1 ,uncle ,bartolo4 ,he knew that the guerilla1 on account of his age and good judgment1 and because he had been his grandfather's friend1 exercised great influence over his father1 and could think of no one so suitable to confide in1 and implore to interfere in the matter1 and dissuade ,juan ,garcia1 if1 indeed1 he entertained it1 from such an outrageous project4 8,hola6 ,what brings ,luquillo with the step of a ,catalan and face of a blacksmith80 exclaimed the old man1 as ,lucas entered4 ,the youth told his errand4 ,uncle ,bartolo1 having heard him to the end1 shook his head1 as he remarked3 8,lucas1 the proverb says1 #8,between two millstones one had best not put his thumbs2' but--well1 for your sake and ,lucia's1 the pretty dove6 ,i will do what you ask1 even if ,i lose--and ,i shall1 for certain--your father's friendship4 ,i tell you though1 beforehand #eb that interference will do no good40 8,but1 uncle1 that which is never attempted is never done40 8,have ,i not told you ,i would try8 ,you shall never say that you sought me and did not find me4 ,i only want to remind you that counsels are thrown away upon the foolhardy1 and perfumes upon swine4 ,and to tell the truth1 ,i would rather tackle one of those highwaymen of last year than your father2 notwithstanding that the she-bandit has taken and done for him as easily as a spider would vanquish a fly40 ,our old warrior went1 the next day1 to see ,juan ,garcia1 whom he found indisposed4 8,hola6 ,juan10 he cried1 as he entered1 how are you80 8,not so well as ,i might be1 uncle10 responded the invalid4 8,and you80 8,as well as can be1 since ,i am a man of the old times1 and not sorry for it3 better suited beneath white hairs than white sheets4 ,but10 continued the guerilla1 who in his long career had never studied diplomacy nor learned the art of preambling1 8let us come to the point2 for one needn't go by the bush where there's a high-road2 they tell me1 though ,i don't want to believe it1 that you are going to marry40 ,juan contracted his brows1 and replied3 8,and if ,i have never told any one so1 how could they tell it to you80 8,answer one question with another1 to avoid committing thyself10 is a rule of rustic grammar that the people have at their fingers' ends4 ,uncle ,bartolo proceeded3 8,it's easy to see how2 you are thinking of it2 and people nowadays are so sharp that they divine the thoughts4 ,so that we may as well be plain--it is what you mean to do4 ,tell the truth1 now40 8,the truth60 responded ,juan1 availing himself of another subterfuge4 8,then1 though--because ,i was not prepared to tell it--,i have not complied with the church this year1 ,i am to tell it to you6 ,no1 sir6 #8,he that reveals his secret1 remains without it4'0 8,it is plain enough from your crafty answer that your mind is made up4 ,so you needn't deny it1 nor put me off with palaver40 8,the thing is yet in the blade1 and to be nibbled at10 replied ,juan4 8,do you know1 ,christian1 what you are about8 ,for the beginning of a cure is a knowledge of the sickness40 8,yes1 sir1 ,i have my five senses counted40 8,yes1 ,juan1 four of them useless1 and one empty4 ,but1 my son1 you know me well1 is it not so80 8,yes1 sir40 8,you are sure that ,i am your friend80 8,i don't say no to that1 ,uncle ,bartolo40 8,and you know the proverb says1 #8,an old ox draws a straight furrow'80 8,agreed1 ,uncle ,bartolo2 we know that kind of wisdom years give1 for we are told that the devil is knowing not because of his devilship1 but because he is the old one40 8,well1 that being so1 you will heed what ,i say40 8,that remains to be seen40 8,and you will consider my advice80 8,what is the meaning of all this advanced guard1 ,uncle ,bartolo8 ,why do you sift and sift without falling through the sieve80 8,to fall with all my weight in saying this1 and no more3 #8,don't you marry1 ,juan ,garcia6'0 8,why not8 if you would please tell me40 #ec 8,don't marry1 ,juan ,garcia60 8,uncle ,bartolo1 don't leave your counsels like foundlings in the hospital1 without father or mother4 ,i must not marry-the reason80 8,juan1 #8where there has been familiarity1 let there be no contract4'0 8,if it were as you intimate1 ,i ought to marry2 for1 if this woman has lost respect through me--0 8,stop1 ,juan2 that'll do6 ,don't come to me with your #8mea culpas4' ,there is always a pretext for wrong-doing4 ,but you know very well that the woman has not lost respect through you4 ,nobody loses what he never had40 8,uncle ,bartolo1 by what ,i shave off1 but that you comb gray hairs1 and were my father's friend--,vive ,dios6--0 8,tut1 tut1 man6 ,don't get excited1 and talk nonsense6 ,i did not come here to poke you up1 nor to pick a quarrel1 but with a very good intention2 and1 as the friend ,i am to you1 to prevent your making an atrocious fool of yourself4 ,have you considered your children1 and the kind of step-mother you are going to give them80 8,if she will be a wife good enough for their father1 it appears to me that she will be a good enough step-mother for them2 especially as1 where they are concerned1 what ,i do is right40 8,right6 ,now you are like the ,englishman1 ,don #8,turo1 that killed an urraca for a partridge1 and then said #8all right4' ,take notice1 ,juan1 that they are not likely to be willing to live under that woman's flag4 ,you are going to alienate them from you1 and1 #8withdraw thyself from thine own1 ,god will leave thee alone4'0 8,they will not be willing to live under her6 ,what are you saying1 sir8 ,we shall see1 however4 #8,where the sea goes1 the waves go4'0 8,well1 ,juan1 we shall see that ,lucas1 who is high-minded1 will not consent to let his sister live with a woman of evil note40 8,the note ,i have put upon her1 ,i will take from her4 ,do you comprehend8 ,and ,lucas will be very careful not to set himself up to crow while ,i live4 ,there cannot be two heads1 and1 #8in sight of the public stocks1 street-criers keep their mouths shut4'0 8,think1 ,juan1 that your son should be the staff of your old age4 ,you may provoke him so far that he will leave you some day without warning40 8,let him go2 ,i have the means to maintain myself1 and my wife and daughter40 8,ah6 ,juan1 what have you left8 ,juice don't run out of a sucked orange4 ,as if that woman had not swallowed your slice of field and olive-yard1 leaving you nothing but the house2 and that will go the same way the field and orchard went4 ,as for making a living--you have thrown yourself away2 your back is getting stiff already1 and #8to old age comes no fairy godmother4' ,where1 then1 are those #8means' to come from8 ,what you are going to do is get entangled in debts2 and1 let a man be as honest as he will1 #8if he owes and doesn't pay1 all his credit flies away4'0 8,la ,leona has a gossip at the port that is a contrabandist2 he is going to take me for a partner40 8,only this was wanting60 exclaimed the old man indignantly4 8,you6 you take to the path6#g ,does ,barabbas tempt you1 ,juan ,garcia8 ,have you lost your senses entirely1 or are you fooling me8 ,sure enough1 #ed #8he that goes with wolves will learn to howl4' ,don't you know that the devil takes honest gains and dishonest1 and the gainer with them8 ,but let us keep to the matter in hand4 ,juan1 the woman has a bad name that neither you nor the king1 if he tried1 could take from her4 ,she is bad of herself2 and neither you nor the bishop1 if he set his heart on doing it1 could make her good4 ,moreover1 #8a rotten apple spoils its company4'0 8,go on with the bad6 #8,against evil-speaking there's nothing strong'2 but1 if she appears good to me1 we are all paid40 8,juan1 #8look before you leap4' ,you have not the excuse of youth for your indiscretion2 you are more than forty years old40 8,and have more than forty arrobas#h of patience1 ,uncle ,bartolo4 ,candela6 ,i have long sought and never found a friend that would offer me a sixpence1 and have found1 without seeking1 one that gives me advice40 8,well1 my son1 your soul is in your palm10 said ,uncle ,bartolo1 rising4 8,remember that there was not wanting a friend to give you good advice--a man of ripe brain1 who warned you of the future--for this marriage is going to be the perdition of your house4 ,and1 remember what ,i tell you now1 a day is coming when you will have eyes left you only that you may weep40 ,with these words1 ,uncle ,bartolo went his way4 8,son10 said he to ,lucas1 who had waited for him in his house1 8it was lost labor1 as ,i foretold4 ,but go1 now1 and mind what ,i say4 ,submit to what can't be helped1 and don't be stiff-necked1 for you'll surely come out loser4 ,the rope breaks where it is slenderest4 ,you are his son1 and the authority belongs to him4 ,you will only be kicking against the goad40 ,lucas went back to the country and to work with a heavy heart4 ,when he returned home on the following ,saturday1 he learned that the bans of his father's marriage were to be published the next morning for the first time4 ,grief made him desperate1 and he resolved1 as a last recourse1 to speak himself4 ,we have already hinted at the cool and formal relation that existed between these two--thanks to the neglect the abandoned man had shown his children4 ,for some time past1 the excellent character of ,lucas and the good name it had gained him had inspired ,juan ,garcia with that bitter sentiment which rises in the heart of a man who possesses the legal and material superiority1 against the subordinate to whom he feels himself morally inferior--a sentiment of hostility that is apt to manifest itself in despotism4 8,sir10 said the son1 speaking with firm moderation1 8they have been telling me that you are going to marry40 8,they have been telling you what is quite true40 8,i hoped that it was not true40 8,and why8 if ,i might ask40 8,on account of the woman they say you are going to have40 8,she is not1 then1 to your taste2 and you think1 perhaps1 that ,i ought to have advised with you80 8,no1 sir1 not with me--,i am of small account2 but with some one that has more knowledge and judgment than ,i40 8,so1 then1 it appears to you10 said ,juan1 with repressed ire1 8that your father needs counsel80 8,yes1 sir10 answered ,lucas calmly1 8when he has a young daughter1 and is going to give her a step-mother40 8,for fear he might give her one that would eat her up1 like the #ee ,cancon80#i 8,no1 sir1 no2 we understand now that people are not swallowed like sugared anises40 8,or make her work1 being herself industrious1 and not willing to sit hand upon hand like a notary's wife80 8,it is not that1 sir2 ,lucia is not afraid of work4 ,she knows that work is the honor of the poor40 8,or1 perhaps1 keep her at home like a chained dog80 8,no1 sir2 ,i am not thinking of that2 for my sister1 though brought up without a mother1 is modest1 and not a girl to be seen at the street door or with a hole in her stocking4 ,she is used to the shade1 but--0 8,but what8 ,have done60 8,that which this woman will give her is evil1 and may be her ruin40 ,juan ,garcia1 who had with difficulty restrained himself1 rushed upon his son1 as the latter uttered these words1 with his hand uplifted to strike4 ,lucas1 perceiving the action1 quickly inclined his head1 and received upon it the blow that had been aimed at his face4 8,god help me1 father6 what have ,i done to be chastised8 ,have ,i said anything wrong8 ,have ,i been wanting in respect to you8 ,father1 just before my mother--heaven rest her6--died1 she said to me1 #8,lucas1 watch over your sister4' ,i promised her that ,i would1 and have kept my promise40 8,she meant10 replied ,juan1 somewhat softened by the memory of the mother evoked by her son1 8she meant in case ,lucia should be left without me4 ,but1 while ,i live1 which is it that has the authority over my daughter80 8,father1 for the love of the ,blessed ,virgin1 leave her to me6 ,i will support her40 8,are you in your senses80 8,for ,god's sake1 don't separate us6 ,i will work with all my might to maintain us both40 8,separate you6 ,nobody has thought of doing it4 ,you will come with her to my house40 8,no1 sir40 8,how is that8 ,what do you mean by #8no1 sir'8 ,do you think you have a right to call your father to account8 ,is it not enough for you to know what his hands decide8 ,perhaps you would like to have another proof of what they are able to do80 8,my father may kill me1 and ,i shall neither open my lips nor forget my duty2 but--make me live with that woman--never60 8,we shall see about that1 insolent upstart60 8,yes1 we shall see10 said ,lucas1 as he went sorrowfully out4 ,lucas was gifted with one of those noble and delicate natures that humble themselves in victory and grow firm in defeat2 that is alike incapable of noisy elation in triumph1 or pusillanimous abjection when prostrate4 ,but the determination of his character was degenerating into stubbornness1 as it always happens when will forsakes the guidance of reason to follow the promptings of pride4 ,therefore1 though he had not1 in the slightest degree1 failed in the strict respect that morality enforces1 neither the threats of his father nor love for his sister could shake the resolution he had taken in that decisive interview4 ,on leaving his father's presence1 he went in search of ,lucia1 whom he found weeping4 ,for a long while neither spoke3 brother and sister mutually comprehending the cause of the profound depression of the one and the tears of the other4 #ef 8,if mother could open her eyes60 at last exclaimed ,lucia4 8,they whose eyes ,god has closed have no wish to open them again in the world10 replied ,lucas2 8but remember1 that from heaven she always has hers fixed upon her daughter4 ,i cannot help you2 for1 though ,i have tried my best to keep you under my flag1 ,i have not succeeded3 because1 heart's dearest1 there is no power in the world that can oppose a father's40 8,but ,i am to do only what you tell me1 ,lucas1 for my mother left me to you10 sobbed the girl4 8,well1 then1 pay attention to what ,i am going to say4 8,bear your cross with patience2 for that is the only way to make it lighter4 ,be a reed to all storms1 but an oak to temptation4 ,never turn from the right path1 though it be steep and sown with thorns4 ,always look straight before you1 for he that does not do this never knows where he will stop4 ,as for this woman who is going to be your father's wife1 give her the wall2 but remember that she is bad1 and neither join yourself to her nor talk with her1 except with reserve and when you must40 8,shall you do the same1 ,lucas80 8,i--,i shall act as ,god gives me understanding40 ,nothing was seen of ,lucas on the day of ,juan's marriage1 and it was in vain that they looked for him3 he had disappeared4 ,juan1 who left no means untried to ascertain his son's whereabouts1 learned some days later1 from a muleteer who come from ,tevilla1 that he had enlisted4 ,the father felt indignant at the contempt thus shown for his authority1 and sorry to lose an assistant in his son3 but found consolation in freedom from the immediate presence of an interested witness whose censure like the fog1 without form1 voice1 or action1 penetrated him with an uncomfortableness from which there was no escape4 ,lucia went to live with her stepmother1 and it is hardly necessary to relate what she had to endure2 in particular from the daughters of the latter1 who1 being both foolish and ugly1 naturally disliked one who was beautiful and wise2 for she had commenced by playing with sweetness the role of ,cinderella that her brother had recommended4 ,but1 little by little1 the continual friction was wasting her patience1 and indignation1 repressed discontent1 and rancor were beginning to find place in her heart4 ,she wished1 sometimes1 to humiliate1 by her advantages1 those who were continually humiliating her1 and grew presuming and fond of admiration4 ,so it is that evil seeds spread and multiply with prodigious rapidity3 one suffices to open the way and prepare the ground for the rest4 ,while these things were passing1 a regiment of cavalry1 commanded by one ,colonel ,gallardo1 came1 and took up its quarters in ,arcos4 ,gallardo was rich1 well-born1 had been good-looking1 and a great coxcomb4 ,he was still the latter2 with the kind of conceit that is often the result of living in the atmosphere of adulation that surrounds the possessors of money and command--an atmosphere that intoxicates many1 making them overbearing and insolent1 and apt to do1 with great impertinence1 things that would not be tolerated in others4 ,while authority is thus misunderstood1 it is hardly to be wondered at that it has lost its ancient prestige1 and is hated and set at naught4 ,authority should be consecrated to its mission1 and1 with its advantages1 accept its responsibilities1 the first of which is to give #eg good example4 ,do those in place really think they owe the masses nothing8--that these are1 at once1 mothers to nourish1 and incensories to deify them8 ,shall we ever go back1 morally1 to those remote times when men were both worthy and self-respecting1 and neither admitted flattery nor refused to rule its reverence2 for the latter was never so despised as it is at present2 the former never so cringing4 ,but to return to ,colonel ,gallardo1 who has given margin to those reflections4 ,this admirable person added to his other pretensions that of youth in its flower4 ,his own having already gone to seed1 the result was that1 instead of appearing the young cock1 he suggested the idea of a very old chicken4 ,by grace of the peruke-maker1 which1 as everybody knows1 consists in creating ringlets where there is no hair1 he wore curled locks4 ,he encased himself in a ,french corset1 which gave him a slenderness a sylph might have envied4 ,it was an article of his belief that amorous conquests were as creditable to a soldier as military ones2 and he considered a little hare-brainedness in a man and a spice of coquetry in a woman the proper seasoning1 for each respectively4 ,these things1 united with vanity enough to fill the space left vacant in his heart and brain by the absence of other qualities1 made of ,colonel ,gallardo one of those characters that are detestable1 without being malevolent and ridiculous1 though they do not provoke mirth4 ,this cavalier1 a bachelor1 of course1 like all of his stamp1 had lodgings opposite the house of ,la ,leona1 whose daughters were not long in becoming acquainted with his attendants4 ,the preludes to acquaintanceship were couplets worded and sung with the evident intention of opening a flirtation4 ,the soldiers took the initiative1 singing to the music of their guitarillos3#aj 8,if your person can be won ,by valor in the field1 ,here's a man with sword in hand ,will sooner die than yield40 ,another followed3 8,if for a rustic's love ,you slight a soldier bold1 ,base metal you will have ,instead of shining gold40 ,to which the girls replied in a similar strain1 declaring that they found it difficult to have patience with 8these men of the fields10 whom they describe as 8persecutors of the ground0 and 8sepulchres of gazpacho40 ,neither was the colonel behindhand in becoming enamored of the beauty of ,lucia2 nor was he the man to dissimulate his sentiments4 ,and1 alas6 ,lucia herself had ceased to be the discreet and modest maiden1 who would once have shrunk offended from demonstrations that could not fail to give occasion for scandal4 ,the hopes of our decorated aspirant1 who soon learned the interior circumstances of this family1 rose high in view of the antecedents of the step-mother and the unhappy lot of the young girl4 ,but he deceived himself4 ,for1 though vanity had led ,lucia beyond the limits of prudence1 she receded from corruption with all the energy of the honorable blood she had inherited from her mother4 ,this resistance exasperated the step-sisters1 who1 wishing both to be rid of ,lucia and to see her undone1 hoped that the colonel would take her away with him1 and laid a plan to accomplish the result they desired4 ,having #eh previously concerted with the lover1 they carried out their project in the following manner3 ,one night1 when ,lucia had gone to her room1 and sat combing down her beautiful hair1 the door opened suddenly1 and admitted the colonel1 hidden to the eyes in cloak and slouched hat1 and accompanied by the daughters of ,la ,leona in giggling triumph4 ,they had hardly introduced him into the chamber1 when1 with jests and bursts of laughter1 they turned and ran out1 closing the door behind them and drawing the bolt4 ,too much overwhelmed with indignation1 terror1 and shame to think of any means of escape1 the unfortunate girl covered her face with her hands and remained silent4 ,the colonel1 also1 who had been led by ,la ,leona to think that it would not be difficult to propitiate ,lucia by tender and gallant speeches1 found himself without words in the presence of grief so real and so mute4 ,for1 unless a man is totally base1 no amount of daring will enable him wholly to overcome the respect that innocence inspires4 8,am ,i1 then1 so disagreeable to you10 said ,gallardo at last1 drawing nearer to ,lucia--8,i who have no wish but to please you80 8,lucas6 ,lucas6 ,o my brother60 cried the girl1 bursting into sobs4 8,i will go6 ,i am going60 said the colonel1 half-offended1 half-compassionate2 and he approached the door1 but it was locked4 8,you see that ,i cannot get out10 said he1 turning again toward ,lucia4 8,i know it10 she exclaimed4 8,they wanted to ruin me1 and they have done it6 ,have locked me in here alone with you6 ,how can ,i ever bear to have any one look me in the face again6 ,what will ,lucas say8 ,ah1 my heart's brother60 8,you are not ruined1 child60 said the colonel1 irritated4 8,i am no friend to tragedies2 heroic ,lucretias frighten me4 ,believe me1 ,i desire to go1 and1 to prove it1 since ,i cannot leave by the door1 ,i will get out by this window40 ,with these words1 the colonel wrapped himself again in his cloak1 and1 mounting the window-seat1 sprang into the yard1 which was enclosed only by a low paling4 ,hardly had his feet touched the ground when he felt himself attacked by an infuriated man1 who apostrophized him with the most violent insults4 ,at the same moment1 ,la ,leona and her daughters ran shrieking from the house1 while the unhappy ,lucia called from the window in a voice of anguish3 8,don't hurt him6 ,it is my father60 ,the man had drawn a knife but ,gallardo1 who was vigorous and wished to escape from the adventure without hurting ,lucia's father and without being recognized1 pushed the assailant from him with such force as to throw him upon his back2 ran to the paling1 leaped it1 and disappeared4 ,juan ,garcia rose from the ground in that state of blind rage in which men of his uncultivated nature stop at no obstacle and hesitate at no crime4 ,violently repulsing his wife and step-daughters1 who1 alarmed at the result of their work1 would have detained him1 he hastened to the house1 and was making directly for ,lucia's room4 8,lucia6 ,lucia6 jump from the window60 screamed ,la ,leona1 foreseeing a catastrophe4 8,your father is going to kill you60 ,wild with terror1 ,lucia1 who heard the enraged and drunken voice of her father approaching her chamber1 precipitated herself into the yard4 8,run to the colonel's60 urged the step-mother1 with no intention then but that of saving her life4 8,he is the last one your father will #ei suspect4 ,it is the nearest house1 and you can be hidden there better than anywhere else40 ,lucia obeyed mechanically1 guided by the instinct of self-preservation1 the only motive that rules weak natures in moments of supreme peril4 ,gallardo was excitedly pacing his room when she rushed in1 pale as death1 covered with her long black hair1 cold and helpless with fear and desperation1 and1 sinking upon a chair1 exclaimed3 8,you have been my ruin6 ,at least save my life60 ,it is to be supposed that even the dry and sterile heart of this man would find1 in such circumstances1 sentiments and words to soothe the wretched creature thus forced to seek his protection4 ,it is certain that1 at the vision of her youthful and innocent beauty1 seen through the prism of her tears1 he became more enamored than ever1 and took advantage of the distress1 of which he was the cause1 to advance his suit4 ,and the poor child1 bereft of affection and support1 having nowhere to lay her head1 lacking firmness to resist and energy to act1 unsustained by principle duly and constantly inculcated1 which would have made her prefer misery to shame1 allowed herself to be persuaded and retained1 drawn by a love that began with the promise and conviction that it was to be unchanging and eternal4 ,the colonel soon left1 taking with him1 secretly1 ,lucia1 who had already begun to feel contented in the atmosphere of tenderness and luxury that surrounded her4 ,the fit of passion that ,juan ,garcia had experienced1 united with grief1 shame1 and remorse1 so affected his constitution1 already spent and worn by the life he had been leading1 that he fell into an inflammatory fever1 from which he never recovered4 ,a little while before he died1 he said to his old friend3 8,uncle ,bartolo1 you hit the mark when you told me that the day would come when ,i should have eyes left only to weep4 ,it has come1 and--well1 better to close them for ever40 99 99 99 99 99 ,two years had passed since the events last narrated1 and five since ,lucas left home4 ,his regiment was in ,cordova1 where a general recently arrived from ,madrid was going to review the troops of the garrison4 ,the evening before the parade1 ,lucas was in the quarters with several other soldiers from ,arcos1 one of whom1 with the careless and constant gayety which characterizes the ,spanish soldier1 and proves1 to the extreme scandal and disgust of the votaries of utility1 the non-material genius of the nation1 was alternately touching his guitar1 and singing3 8,oh6 #8tis gay to be a soldier4 ,standing guard with tired feet1 ,and head erect1 in stiff cravat1 ,and nothing at all to eat4 8,and1 for the bread of munition1 ,he gets from the ,king of ,spain1 ,to be #8,alert there1 sentinel6' ,all night1 and never complain4 8,this is the life of a soldier4 ,to march wherever he's led1 ,to sleep under alien shelter1 ,and die in a hospital bed40 ,at this moment the picket-guard1 which had just been relieved from duty at the general's quarters1 came up4 8,oh60 said one of the newly-arrived1 8if the general's wife isn't a fine one6 ,in all my travels ,i have never seen her equal40 8,she is not his wife10 replied another1 8so drop the #8fine4'0 8,and why should ,i drop it8 ,good words neither add to beauty nor take from it2 but what do you know80 8,what they tell me2 and1 besides1 if she was his wife1 he wouldn't #fj keep her so grand2 for that is the way with the ,you-,sirs1 they spend more money upon their dears than they do upon their wives40 8,because they are afraid their mistresses will leave them for other lovers4 ,what do you say1 ,lucas80 8,that it's like keeping a lead knife in a golden sheath10 answered ,lucas4 8,the soul of this one may be of lead1 or something cheaper1 but her person--by the ,moors of ,barbary60 8,we hear enough10 replied ,lucas2 8dress up a block1 and it will look like a shopman4 ,i tell you1 these good-for-nothing she vagabonds appear to me more like bedraggled rags than women40 8,get away6 ,if this ,lucas hasn't always the rod of justice lifted6 ,he has entered the uniform1 but the uniform hasn't entered him4 ,if you had been born king1 they would have called you the ,justiciero40#aa ,the next morning the troops were drawn up in splendid array1 the bands were playing1 and the general1 magnificently mounted1 came galloping upon the field1 followed1 at a little distance1 by an elegant open carriage1 in which was seated a beautiful and richly dressed woman4 ,the carriage stopped near where ,lucas and his townsmen were formed at the end of a line4 8,that is the general's mistress10 said the man at ,lucas's right in a low tone4 8,did ,i not tell you she was a sun80 ,lucas raised his eyes1 and fixed them upon the woman1 at the same instant starting so perceptibly as to attract the notice of his companions4 8,what ails you1 ,lucas80 8,nothing10 he answered calmly4 ,but the glances of the occupant of the carriage had fallen upon the gallant-looking soldier who stood so near her1 and a cry of delighted surprise burst from her lips4 8,lucas10 said his other neighbor in line1 8that lady is looking this way1 and making signs to you40 ,lucas1 pale but perfectly composed1 neither looked up nor replied4 8,lucas1 who can it be8 ,she knows you2 she is waving her handkerchief1 and seems as if she would spring out of the carriage4 ,look at her6 ,say6 who is she80 8,i do not know her10 answered ,lucas4 8,by the very cats60 exclaimed the first who had spoken1 in an ecstasy1 8may my end be a bad one if it isn't your sister ,lucia6 ,look at her1 man6 it is she60 8,i have looked at her1 and ,i tell you that ,i do not know her10 responded ,lucas4 8,look1 now1 look6 the poor little thing is crying4 ,she is not much changed1 only handsomer4 ,you must be blind not to see that it is your sister60 8,i do not know her10 repeated the young man1 with the same composure4 ,there are men who feel profoundly1 but exercise such self-control that they succeed in covering with a mantle of indifference the most violent and agonizing emotions--moral ,scvolas1 who astonish without attracting us4 ,we like neither the motive nor the effects of a stoicism that parades itself so disdainfully4 ,for1 if in order to judge of all things human1 it is necessary to compare them with the example of the ideal of humanity--the ,god-,man--we cannot fail to be repelled by such arrogance when we reflect that the most holy passion would have lacked its tender and sublime sanctity1 if in it bravado had taken the place of meekness4 ,the voice of the commanding officer was now heard prescribing the #fa evolutions4 ,when these were concluded1 the troops marched to their quarters1 where1 gathered in groups1 they made their comments upon the beautiful lady of the carriage1 some of the soldiers from ,arcos declaring that it was ,lucia1 others1 who had not seen her so near1 maintaining the contrary4 8,her brother will know10 they exclaimed1 running to find him4 8,lucas1 is that grand1 fine ,you-,madam your sister ,lucia80 8,i don't know the woman4 ,and now1 comrades1 no more questions2 for ,i am not a repeating-clock1 and am tired of answering40 ,before half an hour had passed1 an orderly arrived from the general in search of a soldier named ,lucas ,garcia4 ,interiorly shaken by the indignation which he would not allow his face to betray1 ,lucas followed the messenger to a house of good appearance1 and was shown into an elegant and luxuriously furnished cabinet4 ,as he entered1 a fair young girl robed in silk rose from a sofa1 and ran towards him with open arms4 8,i do not know you1 my lady10 said ,lucas1 quickly repulsing her with his right hand4 8,lucas1 my brother60 she exclaimed1 bursting into tears4 8,i have no sister10 he replied1 in the same tone as before4 8,lucas1 my own brother1 listen1 and ,i will tell you what happened60 ,at this moment1 the colonel--that had been1 and was now general--entered4 8,ah6 ,lucia10 said he1 with ostentatious condescension1 8so1 then1 you have already seen your brother40 8,he will not know me10 sobbed the girl4 8,how is that80 asked the general1 turning toward the soldier4 8,and why80 8,because it would be a deceit1 my general10 answered ,lucas1 lifting his open hand to his temple4 8,i am the only one left of my house1 and have no sister40 8,i sent for you10 proceeded the general1 8to make you one of my orderlies1 to keep you near me1 have you taught to write1 and fit you for a career4 ,you will mount rapidly4 ,i know already that you are intelligent and brave40 8,i do not wish to learn to write1 my general40 8,and why80 asked the general1 repressing his ill-humor1 8since without knowing how to write1 you cannot rise80 8,i do not want to rise1 my general40 8,the reason is evident10 said the general1 with a mocking laugh4 8,it is not strange that the heir of such a house should disdain the service of the king40 8,he that sees not the king is king to himself10 answered ,lucas4 8,what is there that you want1 brother80 asked ,lucia4 8,i desire nothing but to serve my time out and return home40 8,but who calls you there1 if1 as you say1 you have no one80 questioned she4 8,love for my native place10 he answered4 8,god give me rest in the soil that gave me birth60 8,valiant goose60 exclaimed the general4 ,lucas neither opened his lips nor moved an eyelid4 8,dearest brother6 by our mother's memory1 don't make as if you did not know me6 ,you break my heart6 ,stay here40 8,it would not suit me to be a stranger anywhere1 madam40 8,enough60 said the general4 8,let the clown go1 he will think better #fb of it40 8,i do not think twice of things10 replied ,lucas1 saluting as he went out4 ,lucia ran after him into the anteroom1 caught his arm1 and1 pressing it against her bosom1 cried in a voice of passionate and tender entreaty3 8,lucas6 my brother6 for ,god's sake stay6 ,the general has promised me that he will do all he can for you2 and he can do a great deal40 8,the sack is not big enough to hold both honor and profit10 responded ,lucas1 hurling his sister from him with all the loftiness of a proud nature and the brute force of an angry churl4 ,lucia fell overwhelmed upon the nearest chair1 and her brother went his way to the quarters with clinched fists and lips compressed--pale with lividness that ire stamps upon the faces of children of the south4 ,ire was suffocating him2 for he could neither express it nor follow its vengeful impulses1 which would not have been satisfied short of the commission of a crime2 and of this he was incapable4 ,but1 oh6 for a war4 ,the private soldier would have given in it a hundred lives if he had had them for a pair of epaulets that would lift him to the rank required1 in order to enable him to demand satisfaction of the villain who1 after having seduced his sister1 had insulted him so impudently--epaulets that he would have thrown away the next hour1 like flattened orange skins2 for ,lucas was not aspiring2 neither fortune nor show attracted him4 ,he clung to his condition1 loved the labors of the field2 was attached to his town and its customs1 and would not have renounced the things that suited his taste1 and in which he excelled1 for the sake of hoisting himself upon a platform where he must always have been an unwelcome stranger and intruder4 ,the very words were antipathetic to his innate devotion1 to his country1 his province1 the place where he was born1 his lares1 and his class4--,and the effort of the age is to destroy this beautiful instinct of the heart1 by continually saying to the poor1 8,rise1 rise6 the summit is your goal3 the heights are common to all10 thus infusing a vain arrogance into the wholesome minds of those who are so worthy and respectable in the place they occupy4 ,,concluded ,,in ,,our ,,next4 #b ,from #aj;d4 to #aj;d4 sterling4 #c ,we have thought it worth while to give the exact cost of the simplest dress--such a one as the poorest laborer is never without--of an ,andalusian peasant3 ,cloak1 #bfj reals4 ,cloth jacket1 #fj 0 ,cloth breeches1 #fj 0 ,set of buttons 7silver71 #fj 0 ,idem for jacket1 #cf 0 ,woollen sash1 #ej 0 ,vest1 #cj 0 ,linen shirt1 #bj 0 ,linen drawers1 #ae 0 ,calf-skin shoes1 #bb 0 ,gaiters1 #dj 0 ,stockings1 #ad 0 ,handkerchief1 #d 0 ,hat1 #c 0 ------- ,total1 #fjf 0 --without the making1 which is done by the men of the household4 ,what will be said to this by those who are all for utility1 economy1 and savings-banks1 when the ,andalusian rustic might1 without inconvenience1 go clad in a frieze sack1 a pair of hempen sandals1 and a rush hat8--,authoress4 #d ,pordioseros1 those who ask in ,god's name--that is to say1 beggars4 ,for this and other delicate and tender epithets that the ,spanish poor apply to the unfortunate1 our stern language has no equivalents4 #e ,the actual organization of the family throughout the kingdom of ,aragon1 the ,basque provinces1 and the mountains of ,santander4 ,it is this that makes the mania for codification that at present exists in ,spain so much to be dreaded4--,spanish ,ed4 #f ,big ,lucas4 #g ,tomar la vereda--,take another than the high or legalized way4 ,said of contrabandists4 #h ,an arroba is twenty-five pounds4 #i ,a monster they frighten children with4 #aj ,small guitars4 #aa ,the doer of justice4 ---------- ,,egyptian ,,civilization ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,most ,,recent ,,discoveries4 #fc ,,from ,,the ,,correspondant4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,sacerdotal ,,class4 ,egyptian civilization had its source in the priesthood4 ,there is reason to believe that at first they exercised sovereign authority4 8,after the reign of the demigods and the ,manes10 says ,manethon1 8came the first dynasty1 consisting of eight kings1 who reigned for the space of two hundred and fifty-two years4 ,menes was the first of these kings4 ,he carried war into foreign lands1 and made himself renowned40 ,menes1 the chief of the military forces1 effected a revolution which substituted a civil government for a theocracy4 ,he was the first to assume the title of king1 and he founded the hereditary monarchy of ,egypt4 ,the separation of the sovereign power from the priesthood was maintained for a long time1 for it is not till the twenty-second dynasty that we meet ,pahr-,amons1 high-priest of ,amon-,ra1 whose name is still to be seen in the inscriptions at ,thebes on a royal cartouche4 ,pihm1 another high-priest1 also figures in the royal legendes among the historical representations with which the pronaos of the temple of ,khons at ,thebes is decorated4 ,this sacerdotal revolution doubtless took place at the end of the seven generations of sluggish kings of whom ,diodorus speaks4 ,the twenty-second dynasty in fact left no traces in history4 ,it is only known by its downfall4 8,and this leads us to remark10 says ,champollion-,figeac1 8that there was perhaps some admirable conception1 or profound combination1 or happy inspiration in the monarchical establishment of a powerful nation in which the loss of the crown was the inevitable effect of the incapacity or the negligence of the family that had received it by the will of the nation4 ,a ,theban family preserved it for thirteen consecutive centuries1 and furnished six dynasties of more than fifty kings4 ,the first suffered from foreign invasion1 and achieved the arduous labor of sustaining the government1 finally restoring all the branches of public administration1 and re-establishing the temples and the public works4 ,they rebuilt ,thebes1 ,memphis1 and the principal cities1 ,lake ,moeris1 and the canals of ,lower ,egypt4 ,they and their successors bore their victorious arms over distant lands and seas4 ,the arts developed under the wing of victory4 ,public prosperity seemed to keep pace with these heroic achievements1 and the reigning family to become more powerful and more firmly established by such great undertakings4 ,inaction succeeded to so much zeal4 ,ten inglorious kings ascended the throne1 the last of whom were deposed by the priests4 ,the constitution of the country1 favored by the state of affairs1 #fd provided for this disorder4 ,a new family was called to reign40 ,modern historians have represented the ancient monarchy of ,egypt as subjected to the despotism of the sacerdotal caste4 ,this assertion seems difficult to reconcile with the numerous inscriptions attesting that the principal functions of the priesthood were constantly assumed by the sons of the ,pharaohs4 ,an inscription in relief on the faade of the tomb of ,koufou ,schaf1 whom ,m4 ,mariette believes to be the oldest son of ,cheops1 the builder of the great pyramid1 depicts that prince wearing a panther's skin--a distinctive sign of high sacerdotal functions--and among his titles is found that of priest of ,apis4 ,according to a papyrus published by ,baron ,denon1 the sons of the two ,pharaohs must have filled the office of the high-priest of ,ammon4 ,it is true these last-named princes belonged to the twenty-second dynasty1 and at that epoch they had not had time to forget the usurpation by the high-priests ,pahr-,amons and ,pihm4 ,it is probable that the king in causing this high function to be assumed by his nearest relatives wished to take precautions against the reaction of the sacerdotal class1 always so powerful4 ,but the monuments almost always show the priesthood living in strict and intimate alliance with the royal authority4 ,thus1 while the younger sons of the ,pharaohs performed the priestly functions1 the children of the high-priests attended the royal children1 and were employed in the highest offices in the king's palace4 ,the office of high-priest of ,ammon at ,thebes1 the sacerdotal city1 was hereditary1 as ,herodotus attests in the following passage3 8,as ,hecatus1 the historian1 gave his genealogy at ,thebes1 and made himself to be a descendant of a god1 through sixteen generations1 the priests of ,jupiter 7,ammon7 treated him as they did me1 except that ,i did not give my genealogy4 ,after conducting me into a vast interior apartment1 they counted1 as they showed them to me1 the large wooden statues of the high-priests1 each of whom1 while alive1 placed his image there4 ,commencing with that of the last deceased and going back1 the priests made me remark that each of the high-priests was the son of his predecessor4444 ,each one of these statues represented1 they said1 a piromis1 the son of a piromis4 ,they showed me three hundred and forty-five1 and invariably a piromis was the son of a piromis40 ,it is not necessary to remark to what degree the priests of ,ammon took advantage of the credulity of ,herodotus4 ,doubtless1 the office of high-priest in ,egypt was hereditary as well as the throne1 but it was no less subject to the influence of dynastic revolutions4 ,we have just seen1 for example1 the two sons of the king filling the office of the high-priest of ,amon-,ra1 king of the gods4 ,the sacerdotal class was truly the soul of the ,egyptian nation4 ,it so completely embodied the genius1 character1 and traditions of the people that they may be said to have lived by their priests4 ,they formed the most powerful body of men that ever existed in the world before the ,catholic clergy4 ,as we have seen in a preceding chapter1 the independence of this corporation was ensured by a large territorial endowment4 ,according to ,diodorus1 8the largest part of the land belonged to the college of priests4444 ,they transmit their profession to their descendants and #fe are exempt from taxation40#ab 8,thus secure in the possession of their lands10 says ,champollion-,figeac1 8the entire sacerdotal class was like a family with a vast heritage transmissible1 according to known conditions1 from generation to generation4 ,it was this right of inheriting the lands that necessarily rendered their office hereditary1 because the nature of their functions determined the part of the land inherited by each member of the family1 and on this fundamental principle the whole constitution of the sacerdotal caste of ,egypt depended40 ,the hereditary transmission of each sacerdotal function1 and the part of the landed property attached to this function1 could only take effect in favor of one of the children1 and probably the oldest1 as in the royal family4 ,the other children remained to be supported by the head of the family1 or easily found a means of subsistence in the perquisites of the numerous sacred or civil employments4 ,the number of the temples1 their rich endowments and rents1 spoken of in the ,rosetta inscription1 explains how so large a number of priests could live at their ease4 ,to this income must be added the subsidies from the royal treasury1 and the fees of the numerous salaried functions which embraced every part of the public administration1 apart from the military sphere4 ,but in ,egypt1 as elsewhere1 families sometimes became extinct for want of descendants1 and thus a new path was opened for capacity without employment4 ,to form an exact idea of the influence exercised by the priesthood over ,egyptian society1 it is necessary to enter into some details upon their manners and kind of life1 the duties which occupied them1 and the extent of their knowledge of all kinds which they made use of to promote the civilization of their country4 ,plutarch relates that the ,egyptian priests abstained from mutton and pork1 and on days of purification they ordered their meat to be served without salt1 because1 among other reasons1 it whetted the appetite1 inciting them to eat and drink more4 ,he says3 8,they have a well apart1 where they water their bull ,apis1 and carefully abstain from drinking the ,nile water1 not that they regard it as unclean1 on account of the crocodiles1 as some suppose--on the contrary1 there is nothing the ,egyptians reverence so much as the ,nile--but they think its effect is to render them more corpulent4 ,they are unwilling for ,apis to become too fat1 or to become so themselves1 but wish their souls to be sustained by slight1 active1 nimble bodies1 and that the divine part within may not be oppressed and weighed down by the burden of what is mortal4 8,in the city of ,heliopolis1 or the ,city of the ,sun1 those who worship the divinity never carry any wine into the temple1 because it is not suitable to drink in the presence of their lord and king4 ,the priests take it in small quantities1 but they have several days of purification and sanctification1 during which they abstain entirely from wine1 and do nothing but study and teach holy things40 ,who would have expected to find among the priests of a pagan nation the rules of abstinence now practised by the ,catholic ,church8--8that #ff the soul may be sustained by slight1 active1 nimble bodies1 that the divine part within may not be oppressed and weighed down by the burden of what is mortal40 ,was it not in these temperate habits1 so in accordance with their spiritualistic doctrines1 that lay1 to a great degree1 the secret of the moral influence of the priests1 the real aristocracy of the country8 ,the prestige of the sacerdotal class was partly due to their costume and appearance4 8,in other places10 says ,herodotus1 8the priests of the gods wear their hair long2 in ,egypt they shave4444 ,every three days the priests shave the whole body1 that no vermin may defile them while ministering to the gods4 ,they wear only garments of linen and slippers of the papyrus4 ,they are not allowed to wear other kinds4 ,they wash themselves in fresh water twice a day and twice by night4 ,their rites are almost innumerable40 ,on the ,egyptian monuments of every age the priests of various ranks are easily recognized by their heads entirely shaven4 ,they could only wear linen garments2 woollen were forbidden4 ,besides the religious motives that induced them to adopt linen tissues1 this preference was justified by its advantages4 ,from linen could be made light robes of dazzling whiteness1 which would reflect the sun's rays and engender nothing unclean4 ,all the ancient authors testify to the effect produced upon the popular mind by the imposing exterior of the ,egyptian priests2 their gleaming white robes1 the habitual gravity of their deportment1 their exquisite neatness1 and the images of the gods worn on rich collars--all conspired to excite respect and veneration4 ,the most important duty of the priests1 next to the functions of their office1 was that of giving advice to the king4 8,the priests10 says ,diodorus1 in a passage already cited1 8are the chief counsellors of the king4 ,they aid him by their labors1 advice1 and knowledge40 ,in alluding to the regulations for the education of the king1 and facilitating the accomplishment of their duties1 we have shown how their application1 so important to the happiness of the people1 was confided to the wisdom and patriotism of the chief priests4 ,but did they not render this task impossible by allowing the kings to receive divine honors1 exalting their pride by the ceremonies of actual worship1 as attested by all the monuments1 and officially recognized1 as we shall presently see1 by the sacerdotal body itself1 in the ,rosetta inscription8 ,in subjecting the ,egyptians to the humiliation of this worship1 and to superstitions still more shameful1 did not the priests degrade them1 and facilitate the despotism of the king8 ,the more enlightened and powerful the sacerdotal class1 the more responsible before history for the destiny of a nation which was the first-born of civilization4 8,in ,greece10 says ,champollion-,figeac1 8the service of the temple was the sole occupation of the priests2 in ,egypt1 they were statesmen governing1 so to speak1 kings and people in the name of the gods1 and monopolizing the administration of justice1 the culture of the sciences and their diffusion4 ,we1 therefore1 find members of this caste everywhere1 in all ranks of ,egyptian society1 and we see by the grants to the lowest grades that they were attached by their titles or office to religion and its ministrants4 ,we find in ancient writings the proper qualifications for the different classes of the priesthood4 #fg ,the monuments show that this class1 with its infinite ramifications1 was of every grade1 the lowest of which was not despised4 ,it was everywhere present by means of a vast hierarchy1 which had every gradation from the all-powerful chief pontiff down to the humble porter of the temple and palace1 and1 perhaps1 even their servant4#ac ,in addition to their religious duties1 the learned priests taught in the schools of the temples the arts and sciences1 writing1 drawing1 music1 literature1 cosmogony1 natural and moral philosophy1 natural history1 and the requirements of religion4 ,the priest had charge of the finances1 the assessment and collection of the taxes2 priests administered justice1 interpreted the laws1 and in the king's name decided all civil and criminal cases4 ,another sacerdotal division practised medicine and surgery4 ,it is known that the ,egyptians were the first to make medicine an art founded on the data of experience and observation4#ad ,one of the most numerous and most important of the sacerdotal divisions was the scribes1 who transcribed the sacred books1 the national annals1 the documents of all kinds relating to the civil condition of families1 property1 justice1 the administration1 and1 finally1 the ritual of the dead1 more or less extended1 which piety deposited in the coffins of deceased relatives4 ,writing in ,egypt dates from extreme antiquity4 ,there are inscriptions still to be seen1 perfectly legible1 in the sepulchral chambers of the great pyramid1 constructed by one of the first kings of the fourth dynasty4 ,champollion-,figeac says the three kinds of writing1 hieroglyphic1 hieratic1 and demotic1 were in general use4 ,he adds that 8the hieroglyphic alone was used on the public monuments4 ,the humblest workman could make use of it for the most common purposes1 as may be seen by the utensils and instruments of the most common kinds1 which1 it may be observed1 contradicts the incorrect assertions respecting the pretended mystery of this writing1 which the ,egyptian priests1 according to them1 made use of as a means of oppressing the common people and keeping them in ignorance40 ,no learned body ever understood the wants of its country as well as the ,egyptian priesthood4 ,and never was a public administration more solicitous of availing themselves of this knowledge for the general benefit4 ,it is true1 the annual uniformity of physical phenomena singularly facilitated the study and application of the laws necessary for the well-being of the people4 ,the great and wonderful inundation of the ,nile1 occurring every year at the same time1 covering the land with water for the same length of time1 then subsiding to give a new face to the country and a fresh stimulus to the activity of the inhabitants1 naturally imprinted on the nation habits of order and foresight which made it easy to govern4 ,the members of the sacerdotal class1 then1 were most intimately connected with the individual interests of the nation2 they were the necessary intermediaries between the gods and man1 and between the king and his subjects4 ,their concurrence in all public business was not less constant or less necessary4 ,the religious nature of the inhabitants led them to offer invocations to the gods amid all their occupations1 in peace and war1 in public and private duties1 at the ebb of inundating waters1 the preparation of the land for the seed1 and the harvesting of the fruits of the earth4 ,the gods1 manifesting #fh themselves through the priests1 directed the most important decisions1 and sanctified by the expression of their satisfaction the possession of the harvest1 the first-fruits of which were received as offerings4#ae ,but that which gives a more just idea of the sublime rle played by the ,egyptian priests is the ,rosetta inscription4#af ,it is well known that this famous inscription is the reproduction of a decree made in #aif ,b4,c4 by the representatives of the sacerdotal body gathered at ,memphis for the coronation and enthronement of ,ptolemy ,epiphanes4 ,on account of its importance1 we think ourselves justified in giving it almost entirely3 8,in the year ,,ix41#ag the tenth of the month of ,mechir1 the pontiffs and prophets1 those who enter the sanctuary to clothe the gods1 the pterophores1 the hierogrammatists1 and all the other priests1 who from all the temples in the country have assembled before the king at ,memphis for the solemnity of taking possession of that crown which ,ptolemy1 still living1 the well-beloved of ,pthah1 the divine ,epiphanes1 a most gracious prince1 has inherited from his father1 being assembled in the temple of ,memphis1 have pronounced this same day the following decree3 8,considering that ,king ,ptolemy1 still living1 the well-beloved of ,pthah1 the divine ,epiphanes1 son of ,king ,ptolemy and ,queen ,arsino1 gods philopatores1 has conferred all kinds of benefits on the temples as well as those who dwell in them1 and in general on all those who are under his dominion3 that being a god1 the offspring of a god and goddess1 like ,horus the son of ,isis and ,osiris1 the avenger of ,osiris1 his father1 and1 eager to manifest his zeal for the things that pertain to the gods1 he has consecrated great revenues to the service of the temple1 in money as well as grain1 and expended large sums in restoring tranquillity to ,egypt1 and constructing temples therein3 8,that he has neglected no means in his power of performing humane deeds2 that in order that in his kingdom the people and all the citizens generally might possess an abundance1 he has repealed some of the tributes and taxes established in ,egypt1 and diminished the weight of the remainder2 that he has1 besides1 remitted all that was due him from the rents of the crown1 either from his subjects1 the people of ,egypt1 or those of his other kingdoms1 though these rents were of considerable amount2 that he has released all those who were imprisoned and condemned for a long time2 8,that he has ordered that the revenues of the temples1 and the rents paid them annually in grain1 as well as in money1 together with the portions reserved for the gods from the vineyards1 the orchards1 and all other places to which they had a right from the time of his father1 should continue to be collected in the country2 8,that he has dispensed those who belong to the sacerdotal tribes from making an annual journey to ,alexandria 7the seat of royalty after the #fi accession of the ,lagides72 8,that he has bestowed many gifts on ,apis1 ,mnevis1 and other sacred animals of ,egypt2444 8,it has1 therefore1 pleased the priests of all the temples of the land to decree that all the honors due ,king ,ptolemy1 still living1 the well-beloved of ,pthah1 the divine ,epiphanes1 most gracious1 as well as those which are due to his father and mother1 gods1 philopatores1 and those which are due to his ancestors1 should be considerably augmented2 that the statue of ,king ,ptolemy1 still living1 be erected in every temple and placed in the most conspicuous spot1 which shall be called the statue of ,ptolemy1 the avenger of ,egypt4 ,this statue shall be placed near the principal god of the temple1 who shall present him with the arms of victory1 and all things shall be arranged in the most appropriate manner2 that the priests shall perform three times a day religious service before these statues2 that they adorn them with sacred ornaments2 and that they have care to render them1 in the great solemnities1 all the honors which1 according to usage1 should be paid the other gods4444 8,and in order that it may be known why in ,egypt we glorify and honor1 as is just1 the god ,epiphanes1 most gracious monarch1 the present decree shall be engraved on a stela of hard stone1 in sacred characters and in ,greek characters1 and this stela shall be placed in every temple of the first1 second1 and third classes existing in all the kingdom40#ah ,when we remember that the rule of the ,greek conquerors had already been established in ,egypt one hundred and thirty-six years1 we judge1 from the manner the ,egyptian priests expressed themselves1 of the persistent strength of this social organization imposed on the successors of ,alexander in spite of all their power4 ,therefore1 says ,champollion-,figeac1 8the monuments of the times of the ,ptolemies may be considered a key to the times of the ,pharaohs1 and the account of the ceremonies celebrated at the coronation of these ,greek kings may very suitably be applied1 by changing the names1 to the kings of the ancient dynasties40 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,military ,,class4 ,as we have already seen 7,book ,i41 chap4 ii471 the profession of arms1 as well as all other pursuits1 was hereditary in ,egypt1 and those who followed it formed a distinct body still more numerous than that of the priests4 ,they owned a part of the land1 but were forbidden to cultivate it or to pursue any industrial labor4 ,the fertile land assigned to every head of a family in the division which1 according to ,herodotus1 was made under the first kings1 was tilled by the laborers4 ,it is easy to perceive the evils of this system1 which for ever withheld from agriculture a multitude of young and vigorous arms4 ,herodotus estimates the number of the calasiries and hermotybies 7the names of the warriors7 at #daj1jjj4 ,we should doubtless modify the information given ,herodotus by the priests1 who had motives for exaggerating before a stranger the military forces of the country4 ,but it is no less true that the number of able men withheld from agriculture by the ,egyptian system must have been considerable4 ,on the other hand1 notwithstanding the numerous gymnastic exercises to which they were subjected1 these exercises could not have been as #gj efficacious as agricultural pursuits in developing strength4 ,wishing to elevate the noble profession of arms1 they disparaged manual labor1 and gradually left to slaves not only the trades1 but even the agricultural pursuits so necessary to the existence and prosperity of a nation4 ,thanks to the salutary rule of hereditary professions1 agriculture and other labor could not be entirely left to slaves1 but labor alone attaches man to the soil2 and there came a day when the military class was rooted out and transplanted beyond ,egypt1 which was left defenceless to its enemies4 ,this is an important point in the history of the country which has not been sufficiently remarked4 ,psammetichus1 the head of the ,sate dynasty1 was1 it is said1 the first king of ,egypt who dared shake off the yoke of the laws imposed from time immemorial on royalty4#ai ,relying on an army of foreign mercenaries1 ,arabians1 ,carians1 and ,ionian ,greeks1 he was not afraid of violating the privileges of the military class1 and thus a revolution was effected in ,egypt which became fatal to the country4 8,two hundred and forty thousand ,egyptian warriors revolted4444 ,they therefore conferred together1 and with one accord abandoned ,psammetichus to go among the ,ethiopians4 ,psammetichus1 hearing of it1 pursued them4 ,when he overtook them1 he implored them for a long time not to abandon their gods1 their wives1 and their children4 ,then one of them replied that everywhere 444 they could find wives and children40#bj ,there are such bold colors in the picture of ,herodotus that modesty requires us to efface them1 but we may say that he depicts to the life the brutal cynicism into which idleness had caused the military class to fall4 ,whatever their wrongs on the part of the king1 it is difficult to allow they were right in carrying their resentment so far as to abandon their religion1 their families1 and their country4 ,when1 less than a century after1 the ,persians1 led by ,cambyses1 invaded the land1 the unarmed nation could offer no resistance1 and ,egypt was devastated4 ,it had not recovered from this disaster when it fell into the power of ,alexander4 ,the military system of ancient ,egypt possessed1 nevertheless1 several advantages which should be noticed4 ,first3 ,exemption from military service ensured the tillers of the soil complete stability to their occupation1 so that war did not1 as among modern nations1 hinder the cultivation of the land by enrolling the ablest part of the population and endangering the subsistence of the country4 ,on the other hand1 the possession of landed property guaranteed the patriotism of the soldiers1 who1 as ,diodorus justly remarks1 defended their country with all the more ardor that they were at the same time the safeguards of their own property4 ,finally1 the perpetuity of the military service in the same families must have singularly favored #ga the development of the art of war1 respect for discipline1 and the maintenance of an esprit de corps in the army4 ,after the expulsion of the ,hyksos1 the ,egyptians1 inured to war by their long struggles against these foreign invaders1 obtained great victories in ,asia1 under their kings1 ,ahmes 7,amosis71 ,thothmes ,,iii41 and ,rameses ,,ii41 called the great ,sesostris by the ,greeks4 ,the military pre-eminence of ,egypt is attested by the ,holy ,scriptures in the prophecies of ,isaiah respecting her downfall4 ,it was by war and the public works that the ,pharaohs shed so brilliant a glory over ,egypt1 but we know how dearly this glory cost the nation1 whose traditional characteristic was eminently pacific4 ,nevertheless1 it would be unjust to make the king solely responsible for the ruinous wars that ended in the conquest of ,egypt4 ,the defect we have referred to in the constitution of the military class must have greatly contributed to this fatal result4 ,the forced inactivity of its families made them a ready instrument for the ambition of the kings1 who found a benefit in turning their attention from internal affairs and directing the activity of so powerful a body to distant expeditions4 ,under the eighteenth dynasty1 and particularly under the reign of ,thothmes ,,iii41 ,egypt extended the power of its arms to a great distance4 ,we see this prince1 according to a contemporary inscription1 8establishing his frontiers where he pleased40 ,the pictures graven on the walls of two chambers recently discovered in the temple of ,deir-el-,bahari1 at ,thebes1 a monument erected by the regent ,hatasou1 sister of ,thothmes ,,iii4 7the eighteenth dynasty71 show the conquered people putting on board the ,egyptian fleet the booty taken after battle4 ,here are giraffes1 monkeys1 leopards1 arms1 ingots of copper1 rings of gold4 ,there are entire trees1 probably of a rare species1 the roots of which are enclosed in large boxes filled with earth4 ,the vessels themselves merit our attention4 ,they are large1 solidly built1 and impelled either by sails or oars4 ,a numerous crew covers the deck4 ,thanks to the care which the ,egyptian artist took to indicate the disposition of the masts1 sails1 and even the knots of the complicated cordage which bound together the different parts of the vessel1 we have a clear idea what a vessel belonging to the ,egyptian navy was four thousand years ago4 8,in another chamber of the same temple are scenes of as great an interest4 ,the ,egyptian regiments are advancing with gymnastic steps and entering ,thebes triumphantly4 ,each soldier has a palm in his left hand2 in his right is a spear or battle-axe4 ,before them sound the trumpets4 ,officers are bearing the standards1 surmounted by the name of the victorious regiment40#ba ,it was from the military class1 according to ,manethon1 that sprang the first dynasty1 which commences with ,menes1 the leader of the armies4 ,from this king to ,psammetichus1 the founder of the twenty-sixth dynasty--that is1 for more than two thousand years--a strict alliance existed between the army and the throne4 ,this makes the following passage from ,herodotus worthy of attention3 8,they 7the warriors7 enjoy by turns the following advantages3 ,every year a thousand calasiries and as many hermotybies form the king's guard4 ,they daily receive1 besides their lands1 five mines of baked bread1 two mines of beef1 and four cups of wine4 ,this is what the guards receive40 #gb ,by this truly monarchical system1 to which we venture to call the attention of the sovereigns who wish to retain their crowns1 the whole army corps1 and all the members of the military class1 were successively admitted to the honor of guarding the sacred person of the king1 which must have singularly augmented their devotedness and fidelity4 ,this system had the great advantage of dissipating all feelings of envy with which privileged corps are regarded4 ,the ,egyptian monarch doubtless found a solid support in this intimate union with the military class from which it sprang4 ,king ,psammetichus1 the founder of the ,sate dynasty1 was guilty of the capital fault of employing foreign troops1 and violating the civil rights of the native soldiers4 ,he thus caused the emigration of the entire national forces which we have already signalized as one of the principal causes of the downfall of ,egypt4 ,from the time of the ,persian conquest1 the glorious rle of the great ,egyptian army was ended4 ,history only mentions after this the exploits of the navy4 ,herodotus relates that ,egypt furnished two hundred vessels for the fleet assembled by ,xerxes for the subjugation of ,greece4 8,the ,egyptians10 says he1 8had barred helmets1 convex bucklers with a wide bordure1 spears for naval combats1 and great battle-axes4 ,most of them wore cuirasses and long swords4 ,such was their equipment40 ,this fleet valiantly sustained the national honor1 for the same historian adds a little further on3 8,in this combat 7that of ,artemisium1 which preceded the great naval battle of ,salamis7 the ,egyptians made themselves conspicuous among the troops of ,xerxes2 they did great things1 and took five ,greek vessels with their equipages40 ,,iv4 ,,legislation--,,administrative ,,and ,,judicial ,,institutions4 ,the wisdom of the ,egyptian laws was everywhere admired in ancient times4 8,i would remind the reader1 accustomed1 perhaps1 to regard the early history of ,egypt as fabulous or somewhat uncertain1 that obscurity rests on some points of its chronology1 and the name and succession of some of the kings1 but not on its legislation1 the wisdom of which was admired by antiquity2 and its effect on the power and genius of the ,egyptian nation is attested by the monuments still in existence4#bb ,holy ,scripture itself seems to ratify this eulogium in saying that 8,moses was instructed in all the wisdom of the ,egyptians1 and he was powerful in his words and in his deeds40#bc ,unfortunately1 all the ,egyptian laws have not come down to us1 and we have to resort to the incomplete testimony of ,herodotus and ,diodorus4 ,but1 as ,m4 de ,bonald states1 it is easy to recognize the general spirit of this legislation1 which constantly contributed to stability by the maintenance of ancient customs1 evidently borrowed from patriarchal traditions1 and by the widest application of the hereditary principle extending to every grade of society4 ,the details we have given concerning the constitution of the family and about property1 the distinction between the sacerdotal1 military1 agricultural1 and working classes1 as well as concerning royalty1 appear sufficient to give the reader an approximate idea of the #gc civil and political laws of the ancient ,egyptian monarchy4 ,no trace has yet been found of the municipal rights in ancient ,egypt1 but there is reason to believe that cities as powerful as ,thebes1 ,memphis1 ,elephantine1 ,tanis1 etc41 had institutions suited to the genius of their inhabitants4 ,each dynasty took for its capital the city from which it sprang4 ,thus the two first dynasties established the seat of government at ,thinis and ,memphis2 the fifth at ,elephantine2 and the sixth at ,memphis4 ,thebes only became the capital from the time of the eleventh dynasty4#bd ,owing to this excellent custom1 no city1 under the ancient monarchy1 could preserve its ascendency and attract all the sources of power in the country4 ,thinis1 ,memphis1 ,elephantine1 ,thebes1 ,tanis1 ,sas1 etc41 were by turns the capitals of the kingdom1 the centres of national activity1 and the seats of sovereign power4 ,as to the financial laws1 history has transmitted several the wisdom of which makes us regret the more those that have not come down to us4 ,the object of the first was to proscribe idleness1 which the ,egyptians rightly regarded as a social evil4 8,amasis10 says ,herodotus1 8is the author of the law which obliges every ,egyptian to show annually to the governor of his nome 7province7 his means of subsistence1 and they who did not obey1 or did not appear to live on legitimate resources1 were punished with death4 ,solon1 the ,athenian1 having borrowed this law from the ,egyptians1 imposed it on his fellow-citizens1 who still observe it and think it faultless40 ,the ,egyptians1 then1 recognized this fundamental law--that man should live by the fruit of his labor1 and we see with what rigor they enforced it4#be ,in a well-regulated nation1 where there is work for every one1 no one1 indeed1 should be allowed to live at the expense of the community4 ,the protection afforded human life in ,egypt allows us to suppose that capital punishment was reserved for those who obstinately refused to gain their livelihood by labor or other honest means4 ,we know from ,herodotus that woman1 as well as man1 was subjected to the great law of labor4 8,the women go to market and traffic1 the men remain at home and weave4 ,everywhere else the woof is brought up1 the ,egyptians carry it under4 ,the men carry burdens on their heads1 the women on their shoulders40#bf ,the weaker sex was better protected from the violence of human passions than among other nations4 8,the laws concerning women were very severe4 ,those who violated a free woman were mutilated1 for this crime was considered inclusive of three great evils1 insult1 corruption of morals1 and confusion of children4 ,for adultery without violence1 the man was condemned to receive a thousand stripes1 and the woman to have her nose cut off--the lawgiver wishing her to be deprived of the attractions she had availed herself of to allure40#bg ,we see the powerful protection assured to the family by the ,egyptian laws in making woman respected and obliging her to respect herself4 ,human life was equally protected4 8,he who saw on the way a man struggling with an assassin1 or enduring violent treatment1 and did not aid him when in his power1 was condemned to death40 8,he who had #gd wilfully murdered a free man or a slave was punished with death1 for the laws wished to punish not according to the degree of rank1 but the intention of the evil-doer4 ,at the same time1 their care in the management of the slaves kept them from ever offending a free man4#bh ,the law respecting loans was no less remarkable4 ,it was forbidden those who lent by contract to allow the principal to more than double by the accumulation of the interest4 ,creditors who demanded pay could only seize the goods of the debtor4 ,bodily restraint was never allowed4 ,for the legislator considered goods as belonging to those who acquired them by labor1 by transmission1 or by gift1 but the individual belonged to the state1 which1 at any moment1 might claim his services in war or in peace4 ,it would1 indeed1 be absurd if a warrior1 at the moment of battle1 could be carried off by his creditor1 and the safety of all endangered by the cupidity of one4 ,it appears that ,solon introduced this law at ,athens1 giving it the name of seisactheia1#bi and remitted all debts contracted under restraint4 ,most of the ,greek legislators are blamed1 and not without reason1 for forbidding the seizure of arms1 ploughs1 and other necessary utensils1 as pledges of debts1 and for permitting1 on the other hand1 the privation of the liberty of those who made use of these instruments4 ,it is evident that civilized nations1 from the earliest times1 sought to oppose and repress the dangerous evil of usury1 which inevitably leads to the oppression of the laborer and the degradation of labor4 ,but the ,egyptians had an efficacious means of ensuring the payment of debts--in depriving those of sepulture who died without satisfying their creditors4 ,in such a case the body1 after being embalmed1 was simply deposited in the house of the deceased and left to the children4 8,it sometimes happens10 says ,diodorus1 8that1 owing to the prevailing respect for the memory of parents1 the grandchildren1 becoming wealthier1 paid the debts of their ancestor1 had the decree of condemnation revoked1 and gave him a magnificent funeral40 ,the same author adds1 8,it is common to give the body of a deceased parent as the guarantee of a debt4 ,the greatest infamy and privation of sepulture awaited those who did not redeem such a pledge40 8,under the reign of ,asychis10 says ,herodotus1 8the ,egyptians made a law allowing a person to borrow by giving in pledge the body of his father4 ,an additional clause allowed the lender to dispose of the sepulchral chamber of the borrower1 and1 in case of refusal to pay the debt1 he who had given such a pledge incurred the following punishment3 in case of death1 the impossibility of obtaining burial either in the paternal sepulchre or in any other1 and the interdiction of burying any one belonging to him40 ,this singular custom of pledging a dead body could only exist in ,egypt1 where it was a religious obligation to preserve the body1 and an infamy not to give funeral honors to deceased parents4 ,the administration of justice in ,egypt excited the admiration of the philosophers and legislators of antiquity4 ,diodorus1 who studied their system1 found it superior to that of other countries4 ,to enable the reader to judge for himself1 we shall give the essential details concerning it4 8,the ,egyptians10 says he1 8have carefully considered #ge the judicial power1 persuaded that the acts of a tribunal have a twofold influence upon social life4 ,it is evident that the punishment of the guilty and the protection of the injured are the best means of repressing crime4 ,they knew1 if the fear of justice could be done away with by bribes and corruption1 it would lead to the ruin of society4 ,they therefore chose judges from the chief inhabitants of the most celebrated cities1 ,heliopolis1 ,thebes1 and ,memphis4 ,each of these cities furnished ten1 who composed the tribunal1 which might be compared to the ,areopagus of ,athens or the ,senate of ,lacedmon4 ,these thirty judges chose a president from their number1 and the city to which he belonged sent another judge to replace him4 ,these judges were supported at the expense of the king1 and their salary was very considerable44440 ,the plaintiff in person stated his grievances1 and the accused defended himself4 ,there were no counsellors1 8the ,egyptians being of the opinion that they only obscure a cause by their pleadings4444 ,in fact1 it is not rare10 adds ,diodorus1 8to see the most experienced magistrates swayed by the power of a deceitful tongue1 aiming at effect1 and seeking only to excite compassion40 ,this organization seems adapted to secure the equity and impartiality desirable in the administration of justice4 ,the selection of the judges from the principal citizens of the country1 and their large salaries1 guaranteed their ability and independence4 ,at the same time1 the restricted number of judges shows how rare lawsuits were in ,egypt4 ,it must have been so in a nation so wisely governed1 in which order and peace reigned among all classes and in all families1 and where the interests of every one were guaranteed and protected4 ,the study of the inscriptions shows that the civil offices were filled by citizens belonging to the sacerdotal and military classes4#cj ,were these functions hereditary8 ,the stability of the ,egyptian institutions allows us to believe the transmission of the public duties must have been generally by inheritance4 ,a monument in the museum of ,leyden shows us a family of the beginning of the twelfth dynasty1 which for many successive generations was employed in the distribution of water in the district of ,abydos4#ca ,but more important duties1 requiring greater personal capacity or a special commission from public authority1 must have been at the nomination of the kings or the governors of the nomes4 8,a great number of administrative reports and fragments of registers of the public accounts are found in the papyri still preserved4 8,the services employing the greatest number1 and the most able men1 were those of the public works1 the army1 and the administration of the revenues of the kingdom4 ,coined money was unknown1#cb all the taxes were collected in kind4 ,there were three divisions on the land according to the nature of the rents3 the canal 7maou7 paid its tribute in fish1 the arable land 7ouou7 in cereals1 and the marshes 7pehou7 in heads of cattle4 ,a register was carefully kept1 with an account of the changes1 a statement of all the kinds of land in each district1 and the names of the owners4 8444 ,many contracts of sales and rents of land and houses1 drawn up #gf on papyrus1 have been found among the family papers of the dead4 ,they show with what guarantees and careful formalities property was protected in ancient ,egypt40#cc ,by this sketch1 however incomplete1 of the laws and institutions of ancient ,egypt1 we see they were1 as ,bossuet says1#cd 8simple1 full of justice1 and of a kind to unite the nation4 ,the best thing among all these excellent laws was--that every one was trained to observe them4 ,a new custom was a wonder in ,egypt4 ,everything was done in the same manner1 and their exactness in little things made them exact in great ones4 ,therefore1 there never was a people that preserved its laws and customs a longer time40 ,v4 ,a ,,summary ,,of ,,principal ,,features ,,of ,,the ,,social ,,organization4 ,we shall now give a brief review of the social and political institutions of ancient ,egypt4 ,the priesthood1 the guardian of religion and the laws1 and the promoter of morality1 was rendered perpetual by hereditary transmission in the sacerdotal families4 ,the army1 the guardian of civil and political life1 and the maintainer of order1 was rendered perpetual by hereditary transmission in the military families4 ,labor1 the source of national and individual vigor1 was rendered perpetual by the hereditary transmission of the agricultural or industrial pursuits in the families of the agriculturists and artisans4 ,authority1 the organ of the national will1 was maintained in its unity and perpetuity1 by hereditary transmission in the royal family4 ,and all these classes1 all these families1 were guaranteed in their independence by the unchangeableness of their members1 and the proprietorship of the soil and the trades4 ,such were the foundations of the social constitution of ,egypt4 ,with such fine order1 to borrow the language of ,bossuet1 there was no place for anarchy or oppression4 ,in fact1 society was preserved from the abuse of power by the fundamental law of hereditary professions1 which1 ensuring to each family a fixed employment and an independent existence1 prevented the arbitrary changes of men and property1 so that opposition was not1 as ,m4 de ,bonald happily says1 in men1 but in the institutions4#ce ,it was by this combined action of the different social grades1 that is1 of royalty1 the priesthood1 the army1 and the corporations devoted to manual labor1 that ,egypt attained such a degree of civilization1 which left so great an impress on the ancient world1 and the vestiges of which still appear so worthy of attention4 ,in consequence of this wise and powerful organization1 peace and harmony seemed to have a long and unbroken reign in ,egypt4 ,the first symptoms of disorder and tyranny only appear under the kings of the fourth dynasty4 ,when the knowledge of the true ,god was almost effaced from the memory of man1 the kings1 regarded with religious veneration1 set themselves up for gods1 and pride1 the source of despotism1 #gg entered their hearts4 ,after overthrowing1 or at least changing1 the nature of the national religion1 they favored with all their might the introduction of polytheism1 which placed them on the altars1 and gave a divine authority to their power4 8,the priests informed me10 says ,herodotus1 8that1 until ,rhamsinite1 equity prevailed in ,egypt1 and the prosperity of the country was great4 ,but after him ,cheops 7,khoufou1 the builder of the great pyramid7 reigned1 and the people suffered all kinds of miseries4 ,first1 he closed the temples and forbade the offering of sacrifices2 then he forced the ,egyptians to labor for him40 ,this tradition of the impiety of the first designer of the pyramids is found in the extracts from ,manethon1 but with an important addition3 8,suphis1 who built the largest pyramid1 attributed by ,herodotus to ,cheops1 was at first a despiser of the gods1 but he afterward repented and wrote a sacred book1 greatly esteemed by the ,egyptians40#cf ,this assertion of the national historian is confirmed by the discoveries of modern science4 ,a stone found near the great pyramids contains a valuable inscription respecting the ancient history of ,egypt4 8,it appears from this inscription10 says ,mariette1 8that ,cheops restored a temple already standing 7dedicated to ,isis71 assigning revenues to it in sacred offerings1 and replaced the statues of gold1 silver1 bronze1 and wood1 which adorned the sanctuary4444 8,we see by this10 adds the learned archologist1 8that1 even at that extremely remote period1 ,egyptian civilization shone forth with the greatest brilliancy40#cg ,we also see that the royal despotism could not long prevail against the powerful social organization of which we have given a sketch1 for1 in re-establishing the worship of ,isis1 ,cheops doubtless restored at the same time the national institutions1 the violation of which has left so marked a trace in the historic traditions of ,egypt4 ,to show our impartiality1 we ought to state that many modern historians have judged ,egyptian royalty much more severely than we4 ,among them1 ,m4 ,franois ,lenormant may be particularly mentioned4 8,from the time of the oldest dynasties10 says he1 8we see existing this boundless respect for royalty1 which became a genuine worship1 and made ,pharaoh the visible god of his subjects4 ,the ,egyptian monarchs were more than sovereign pontiffs1 they were real divinities4444 ,they identified themselves with the great divinity ,horus because1 as an inscription says3 #8,the king is the image of ,ra 7the sun-god7 among the living4' 8,it is easily understood what a prestige was given to the sovereign power in ,egypt by such an explanation of royalty4 ,this power1 already so great among the ,asiatic nations adjoining that country1 assumed the character of genuine idolatry4 ,the ,egyptians were1 with respect to their king1 only trembling slaves1 obliged by religion even to blindly execute his orders4 ,the highest and most powerful functionaries were only the humble servants of ,pharaoh4444 ,for this rgime to last so many ages with no notable modification1 the ,egyptians must have been profoundly convinced that the government they were under emanated from the divine will4#ch ,egyptian society stood on so firm a basis that it could be oppressed1 #gh but not overthrown1 by the despotism of its kings4 ,property was so well secured by the general law of inheritance1 the sacerdotal and military aristocracy was so firmly established in its independence1 that the first excess of power only affected the laboring classes4 ,unable to dispose of the property of their subjects1 the kings appropriated1 as ,j4 ,j4 ,rousseau justly remarks1 8rather men's arms than their purse40 ,it was thus they effected the gigantic work of erecting the pyramids by the enforced labors of a whole nation4 ,property was spared1 but humanity was oppressed4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #ab ,diodorus4 ,history thus confirms the ,scriptures3 8,from that time unto this day1 in the whole land of ,egypt1 the fifth part is paid to the king1 and it is become as a law1 except the land of the priests1 which was free from this covenant0 7,gen4 xlvii4 #bf74 ,this privilege was not always preserved4 ,the ,rosetta inscription informs us that the sacred lands paid annually into the royal treasury an artabe for each aroure of land1 and an amphora of wine for every aroure of vineyard4 #ac ,egypte ancienne1 p4 #aaa4 #ad ,chemistry comes from ,chemi--which means ,egypt4--,,tr4 #ae ,we have borrowed from ,champollion most of this account of the services rendered by the priesthood to the ,egyptian nation4 ,it is true1 it only gives the favorable side of that class1 but1 in speaking of the religion of the country1 we shall endeavor to complete the picture and present it in its true light4 #af ,the ,rosetta ,stone was among the valuable antiquities collected by the ,french expedition into ,egypt1 and given up to the ,english at the surrender at ,alexandria4 ,it was of black basalt1 about three feet by two4 ,the inscription on it was in three kinds of writing3 the hieroglyphic1 the demotic or enchorial1 and the ,greek4 ,the upper and lower portions of the stone were broken and injured1 but the demotic inscription was perfect4 ,the ,greek inscription was a key to the others1 from which a complete hieroglyphic alphabet was composed4--,,tr4 #ag ,of the reign of ,ptolemy4--,,tr4 #ah ,from ,champollion-,figeac's translation4 #ai 8,the priests represented ,psammetichus as the first ,egyptian king to violate the sacerdotal rule limiting the king's ration of wine40--,strabo1 ,geogr4 xvii4 #bj ,herodotus1 ii4 ,diodorus confirms this account1 but its authenticity has been disputed by declaring that 8the garrison of ,elephantine1 comprising only some hundreds or thousands of warriors1 was the only one that could escape into ,ethiopia40 ,it was doubtless easier for this garrison to cross the frontier which it was appointed to guard2 but1 supposing the ,egyptian soldiers1 dissatisfied with the violation of their privileges1 had concerted among themselves1 as ,herodotus declares1 we do not see how ,king ,psammetichus could have hindered the departure of so formidable an army4 ,besides1 ,herodotus adds that he saw in ,ethiopia a people known under the name of ,automoles 7deserters71 descendants of these ,egyptian warriors4 ,this testimony is the more credible because ,herodotus made the journey not more than #aej or #afj years after the death of ,psammetichus4 #ba ,mariette4 #bb ,de ,bonald1 ,thorie du ,pouvoir1 i4 #agj4 #bc ,acts of the ,apostles1 vii4 #bb4 #bd ,mariette3 ,aperu de l',histoire d',egypte1 pp4 #aj and #ai4 #be ,st4 ,paul says3 8,qui non laborat non manducet40 #bf ,herodotus1 lib4 ii4 #bg ,diodorus1 lib4 i4 #bh ,diodorus1 lib4 i4 #bi ,from 1 ,i shake off1 and 1 burden4 ,see ,plutarch1 ,life of ,solon1 xiv4 #cj ,ampre1 ,des ,castes1 etc41 dans l'ancienne ,egypte4 #ca ,letter from ,m4 de ,roug ,m4 ,leemans1 ,revue ,archol41 vol4 xii4 #cb ,we have seen by the law respecting loans1 attributed to ,king ,bocchoris1 that coined money was known to the ,egyptians at least eight centuries ,b4,c4 #cc ,f4 ,lenormant1 ,manuel d',hist4 ancienne4 #cd ,discours sur l',hist4 univ43 8,the ,egyptians observe the customs of their fathers1 and adopt no new ones10 says ,herodotus4 #ce ,thorie du ,pouvoir1 vol4 i4 book #a4 ,from this work1 now consulted so little1 but nevertheless full of remarkable views respecting the different systems of social organization1 we have taken the plan of this tude of the political institutions of ancient ,egypt4 #cf ,eusebius1 apud ,sync4 vol4 #cg ,notice du ,muse de ,boulaq1 p4 #ahe4 #ch ,f4 ,lenormant1 ,manuel d',hist4 anc41 vol4 i4 p4 #ccd4 ---------- ,a ,,week ,,at ,,lake ,,george4 ,most of our merchant readers will be able to recall a thousand pleasant reminiscences or anecdotes of the firm of ,hawkins ,smith1 wholesale cloth dealers1 of our great metropolis4 ,mr4 ,hawkins is the dapper1 fluent1 old ,english gentleman1 who meets all callers upon the house4 ,he appears to be the very life of the firm1 and sells the counters and shelves as clean as his own smoothly shaved1 fair little face4 ,he is fond of boasting that he never kept a piece of goods through two whole seasons4 ,he is the only member of the firm with whom our agents and correspondents are acquainted4 ,rarely1 indeed1 does it enter anybody's head to inquire for ,mr4 ,smith4 ,but a silent1 squarely-built1 gray-eyed man1 never to be seen in the salesroom1 and only in the office at the earliest hours1 looks as if he might be called ,smith1 or any other practically-sounding name2 and on closer inspection this same individual appears to possess those qualities which would fit one to do and endure the grinding1 screwing1 and pounding1 the stern refusing and energetic demanding1 connected with the business of such a distinguished firm4 ,smith never boasts4 ,he has a disagreeable way of chuckling1 when he observes1 before dismissing an idle employee1 that he 7,smith7 came here 7to ,new ,york7 in his own schooner from home 7,rhode ,island7 and1 in six months1 bought his share in the present business4 ,mr4 ,hawkins never alludes to him in conversation1 but always greets him with marked respect1 and1 when late to business1 with a nervous flush quite unpleasant to witness4 ,it has been said by enemies of the firm that ,hawkins is a first-class salesman because ,smith does all the buying2 and many quaint expressions have arisen regarding the fate of the ,american eagle whenever a certain coin passes between old ,smith's thumb and forefinger4 ,any one who has so far penetrated the nether gloom of our first story salesroom as to peep behind the little railing on the high desk1 has seen a tall1 pale1 blue-eyed young man1 with closely-trimmed whiskers1 bending over the gas-lit figures and folios1 the mysteries of ,hawkins ,smith4 ,five years in this ,hades1 wearing and puzzling over the #gi perpetual riddle before him1 have worked a slight wrinkle just between his brows1 and bent his thin figure1 and even blanched his delicate hands and hollow cheeks2 but he is no more a demon or ghost than you or ,i1 or even ,mr4 ,hawkins himself1 but the jolliest and best of jolly good fellows4 ,if you have long known ,jack ,peters1 and acknowledged this1 be civil to me1 dear reader1 henceforth1 for his sake1 for ,i am this book-keeper's first cousin1 ,george ,peters4 ,ask the boys in the first floor whom old ,smith watches most4 ,they will tell you1 with a laugh1 the new clerk at the first counter4 ,ask ,mr4 ,hawkins whom he put at the first counter because he likes ,jack ,peters4 ,he will answer1 ,george ,peters1 his cousin4 ,ask ,mr4 ,smith who the clerk at the first counter is4 ,he will answer1 8,an infernal fool that ,hawkins picked up1 because he always wants a good-looking figure-head40 ,this last remark is historical1 and ,i quote it to illustrate many subjects which vanity1 modesty1 and respect for my employers alike render delicate to me1 ,george ,peters4 ,on a certain ,monday evening in ,july last1 ,jack and ,i stood in the dread presence of ,hawkins and ,smith1 in the inner circle of the gloom4 8,mr4 ,peters10 said ,hawkins1 looking at both of us as blandly as man could look in such a place1 8we have both concluded that we can better spare you this week than next4 ,nothing will be going on1 and so you had better be going off4 ,ah6 ha6 ,and you1 my young friend1 although it is not customary to grant vacation to such recent employees1 had better go off1 too1 on account of your cousin--entirely on his account60 added the little gentleman1 dexterously1 glancing the last part of his speech from me to his partner4 ,jack nodded his thanks1 and ,i endeavored to thaw the cold stare of the junior partner by a warm burst of gratitude1 not altogether feigned4 ,his glance1 indeed1 altered1 but only to a sneer1 and the labials of the word 8puppy0 were so distinctly formed that ,i could scarcely keep from disarranging them by a hearty slap4 ,feeling checked and snubbed1 ,i walked with ,jack out of the store1 but soon these feelings gave place to the excitement of our vacation4 8,jack1 are the #8traps' all packed80 8,everything is ready2 all we have to do is to get aboard the boat4 ,hawkins told me on ,saturday that ,i might get ready1 but that it was necessary to stay over ,monday in order to get you off with me4 ,so ,i left word at home to have everything sent down by the boy40 ,we turned the corner1 and1 in a few minutes1 were wandering through the cabins and gangways of the ,albany boat4 ,the 8boy0 on whom ,jack had relied so confidently did not make his appearance until the last moment1 and then professed utter ignorance of any lunch-basket4 ,jack was certain that he had put it with the trunk and satchels1 and was but partially convinced when he found it1 on our return1 in the wardrobe of his bedroom4 ,but we were on board of the ,st4 ,john1 and it only made a difference of two dollars in the cost of our supper4 ,yes1 dear reader1 we were on board of the ,st4 ,john1 and moving up the ,hudson2 and1 if you are pleased at finding us on our way at last1 judge with what feelings we turned from the brick and stone of the great ,babylon behind us to the towering palisades1 the groves1 and hills1 and happy rural sights about us4 ,jack and ,i were unable to #hj get a state-room2 all had been secured before the boat left the wharf4 ,this1 however1 afforded little matter for regret1 as we sailed through moonlight and a warm breeze beneath the gloomy ,highlands1 and watched the lights of the barges and tow-boats1 like floating cities on the inky river4 ,scraps of history and romance were suggested at almost every turn of the winding channel1 and as we passed old ,cro' ,nest1 the opening lines of the ,culprit ,fay were forcibly recalled3 8',tis the middle watch of a summer night1 ,earth is dark1 but the heavens are bright1 ,and naught is seen in the vault on high ,but the moon and stars1 and the cloudless sky1 ,and the flood which rolls its milky hue1 ,as a river of light1 o'er the welkin blue4 ,the moon looks down on old ,cro' ,nest2 ,she mellows the shades on his shaggy breast2 ,and seems his huge gray form to throw ,in a silver cone on the wave below40 ,the white schooners went through their ghostly parts in a way that would have shamed ,wallack himself4 ,we thought the performance of the sturgeons fully equal1 from an artistic point of view1 and1 certainly1 less objectionable from every point of view1 when compared with anything we ever saw at the ballet2 and1 yet1 we remembered that men and women were sitting wide awake through these late hours in the hot and crowded theatres of the city4 ,thus we were consoled for the loss of a state-room4 ,but even in this peaceful enjoyment of nature we were not without drawbacks1 and in the chapter of accidents must be recorded how and why we lost our places on the forward deck4 ,scarcely had the steamer left her dock1 when we were startled by a voice inquiring 8if there would be any intrusion in case a party of ladies and gentlemen desired to while away time by singing a few hymns80 ,jack and ,i turned in our seats4 ,the inquiry had proceeded from an elderly individual1 of general clerical appearance1 and certain marks strongly indicating the specific character of the 8,evangelical0 school4 ,a pair of 8sisters0 hung upon either arm1 and all three settled into chairs in the middle of the deck4 ,his question had been addressed to about two hundred ladies and gentlemen who crowded the forward deck4 ,there were evident marks of dissatisfaction1 but1 as nobody spoke1 our 8,evangelical0 friend thought proper to conclude that nobody was offended1 and the hymn-singing commenced4 ,gradually congenial spirits1 drawn by the sound1 were to be seen approaching from various parts of the boat1 and when ,jack and ,i returned from supper1 we found about twenty or thirty in various stages of excitement1 and our clerical friend wrought up to a high pitch4 ,another minister1 with a strong but wheezy bass voice1 announced and intoned the hymns4 ,at intervals in the singing1 our friend arose and addressed the spectators4 ,at one time he informed them that the feeling which animated the present assembly was love to the ,saviour4 ,at another1 he thought that perhaps there might be some present who knew nothing about the ,saviour2 to such he would apply the words of the apostle1 8,be ye followers of me1 as ,i am of ,christ40 ,he said that he had been a child of ,god for thirty years1 and knew by a certain assurance that he was a saved man4 ,hallelujah6 8,evangelical0 blood was up1 and our friend turned from the contemplation of his own happy lot to worry something or somebody4 ,jack's cigar caught his eye4 ,it was the red rag to the bull4 8,young man6 there ain't no smokin'-car in heaven4 ,there ain't no #ha for'ard deck where you can puff that stinkin' weed of your'n60 ,jack expressed a forcible denial in an undertone1 and1 before ,i could nudge him1 broke out with3 8,i'd like to know what the ,bible says against smoking80 8,you would1 young man1 would ye8 ,well1 ,i'm glad you would4 ,i'm glad you have asked that question4 ,well1 sir1 the ,bible says1 #8,let no filthy communication proceed out of thy mouth'2 and if that ar smoke ain't a #8filthy communication1' ,i'd like to know what is40 ,there was a general roar4 8,come along1 ,jack10 said ,i1 8you are a ,papist1 and can't argue against a #8free ,bible4'0 ,so1 retiring to the after-deck1 which was covered1 and concealed much of the landscape1 we left our ,methodist friends triumphantly shouting and keeping folks awake up to a late hour4 ,as the night passed1 and our fellow-travellers dropped off one by one to doze in their state-rooms or on the sofas of the cabins1 we were left alone4 ,gradually we retired within ourselves1 and shut the doors of our senses4 8,wake up1 old fellow1 we are nearly in60 ,i opened my eyes1 and saw ,jack's pale face smiling over my shoulders4 ,we landed at ,albany1 and after breakfast found ourselves settled in the ,rensselaer and ,saratoga cars1 and1 changing trains at ,fort ,edward1 arrived at ,glenn's ,falls in about three hours4 ,jack1 who had often made the trip before1 had set me reading ,the ,leather ,stocking ,series1 and ,i positively refused to budge from the town of ,glenn's ,falls until we had visited the rapids and descended into the cave which ,cooper has immortalized in the first chapters of his most interesting romance1 ,the ,last of the ,mohicans4 ,the falling in of the rock at different periods1 and the low stage of the water in the summer season1 prevented us from recognizing the old shelter of ,hawkeye and his party4 ,but there is the cave1 and there are the rapids--both are shrines of ,american legend2 and we felt better pleased with ourselves for our pilgrimage4 ,of course we had missed the stage which takes passengers from the station to ,caldwell at the head of ,lake ,george4 ,we wandered a short time about town1 found out that there were a number of ,catholics in it1 and that its president1 ,mr4 ,keenan1 was a well-known ,irish ,catholic4 ,we also visited a beautiful church1 the finest in the town1 recently completed by ,father ,mc,dermott1 the pastor of the ,english-speaking ,catholic congregation1 there being also a ,french-,canadian parish in the place4 ,as may be easily imagined1 we had no mind to walk over to the lake1 or to pay ten dollars for a vehicle to carry us as many miles1 and ,jack was beginning to grumble at my curiosity when we met a farmer's wagon--with a farmer in it1 of course4 ,the latter offered to take us over for fifty cents a head1 as he was going in the same direction4 ,never was there a better piece of good luck4 ,there are several ,scotch families settled on ,french ,mountain1 at the head of the lake2 our driver was one of their patriarchs4 ,he literally poured out funny stories of the 8kirk0 and 8dominie02 and although some of the jokes were very nearly as broad as they were long1 ,jack and ,i were forced to hold our sides while the 8gudeman0 sparkled and foamed1 like a certain brown export from his native country4 ,during a momentary lull in the conversation1 ,i took occasion to inquire with respect to a black woolly-coated dog1 who followed the #hb wagon1 if he were a good hunter4 8,yes10 said ,jack1 with a contemptuous smile at the subject of my inquiry4 8,he is what is called a beef-hound40 8,hoot1 mon10 said his owner1 8that dog would tree a grasshopper up a mullen-stalk40 ,it was in no sad or poetical mood that we passed by 8,williams's ,monument0 and the scene of ,hendrick's death and ,dieskau's defeat1 or saw at 8,bloody ,pond0 the lilies bending over the sedge and ooze which served of old as the last resting-place of many a brave young son of ,france4 ,we did not think of the fierce struggle which had here confirmed our ,anglo-,saxon forefathers in possession of this soil4 ,all this comes up now as ,i write2 for1 certainly no sober thought entered our brains until1 as we turned round a mountain-side1 ,i saw ,jack take off his hat4 ,i looked in the direction of his respectful nod1 and--oh6 what a vision6--the deep blue lake sank from view in the embrace of the distant mountains4 ,its winding shores and secret bays1 curtained with veils of mist hanging in festoons from boughs of cedar1 birch1 maple1 and chestnut1 were like enchantment in their endless variety of form and shade4 ,no less the work of magic were the islands4 ,these1 owing to the reflection of the water1 appeared to hang over its surface as the clouds seemed to hang over the peaks above4 ,to stand suddenly in view of such a sight might have startled and awed even lighter souls than ours4 ,here1 indeed1 our hearts were lifted up and thrilled as we thought of the gray-haired apostle and martyr1 the first ,european who sailed upon the water before us--the ,jesuit ,father ,jogues1 who also gave it on the eve of ,corpus ,christi its original name--,lac du ,saint-,sacrament4 ,our ,protestant tradition1 following the courtier taste of ,sir ,william ,johnson1 has handed down the name of ,lake ,george1 but we trust that the hope of every lover of ,american antiquity who has visited its shores may not prove vain1 and that time1 in doing justice to all1 will restore to the lake its first true and lovely title4 ,a few small sails on the water1 and the smoke from the village at our feet1 broke the spell and reminded us that we were still among the haunts of man4 ,caldwell is made up of a courthouse1 several churches1 stores1 hotels1 and shops1 a saw-mill1 and a few streets of separated dwelling-houses4 ,the grand hotel is near the site once occupied by ,fort ,william ,henry1 and is called by that name1 and looks towards ,ticonderoga1 although the view is cut off midway by the windings of the lake4 ,old ,fort ,george is overgrown with cedars and shrubs1 and only a few feet of ruined bastion remain4 ,the scene of the massacre of ,fort ,william ,henry is now1 as nearly as we could reckon from ,mr4 ,cooper's description1 a swamp4 ,time1 however1 is said to have greatly altered the topography of the shore at this point1 and certainly it is hard to locate ,montcalm's old camping-ground during the siege described in ,the ,last of the ,mohicans4 ,leaving such questions to the antiquarian1 perhaps1 dear reader1 you will ask one with a practical regard for the present and future1 namely1 ,how do they provide for their guests at the ,fort ,william ,henry8 ,alas6 that were indeed an ill-timed question for us4 ,perhaps1 if ,i had asked the proprietor to allow me to report upon his fare in the pages of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 he would have done so in a manner satisfactory to all parties2 but1 as no such brilliant idea occurred at that time1 ,i am forced to confess that ,i was afraid that it was #hc too good4 ,be it said to our shame1 we did not promenade upon the magnificent piazza1 nor did we stop to taste the alluring fare of the ,fort ,william ,henry4 ,what else did we come for8 ,why1 to see ,lake ,george1 of course1 and to have a good time2 and we did both1 although we went without lunch for some hours that day4 ,scarcely had ,i claimed our baggage at the stage-office1 when ,jack came up from the beach with a radiant countenance4 8,it's all right60 said he1 8,i've got just the boat we want4 ,five dollars for the rest of the week4 ,take hold of that trunk1 and we'll get under way as soon as possible40 ,perhaps1 dear reader1 in your wanderings through life it has never been your happy lot to be absolute master of the craft on which you are sailing4 ,do you think that you have fathomed the mystery of such lives as those of ,captain ,kidd and ,admiral ,semmes8 ,do you imagine that life on the ocean wave means sleeping in a berth and pacing a quarter-deck8 ,ah6 that was truly independence day to us4 ,the wind blew fresh and strong4 ,we hoisted our india-rubber blanket on an oar4 ,coats and collars were packed away in the satchel1 our 8worst0 straw hats were pulled down over our eyes1 and1 as we sat with loosened flannel in the bottom of our heavy skiff1 and listened to the rippling water1 we quite forgot that it was past lunch-time4 ,the warm south breeze1 and that peculiar fragrance which popular fancy has associated with the name of cavendish1 brought us in full sympathy with the naval adventurers of other days1 and we blessed the memory of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 8as we sailed40 ,the upper portion of the lake1 through which we are now passing1 though surrounded by hills1 has enough farming land and farm-houses on their slopes to give it that placid1 tranquil beauty which is always associated with views on the ,english waters4 ,as it widened from three-quarters to as many full miles1 we passed several beautiful residences1 two of them belonging to ,messrs4 ,price and ,hayden of ,new ,york ,city4 ,opposite these1 on the eastern shore1 is a handsome property belonging to ,charles ,o',conor1 ,esq41 one of the most distinguished members of the ,new ,york bar1 and well known throughout the ,united ,states4 ,just abreast ,diamond ,island is the residence of ,mr4 ,cramer1 president of the ,rensselaer and ,saratoga ,railroad1 and while sailing past the lovely group of islands known as the 8,three ,sisters10 the property of ,judge ,edmonds1 we saw beyond them the white walls of his cottage peeping out from the green foliage of the western shore1 about three miles and a half from ,caldwell4 ,as the sun sank below ,mount ,cathead1 back of the pretty little village of ,bolton1 we landed on a little islet in the ,narrows near ,fourteen ,mile ,island4 ,i was quite curious to find out what preparations ,jack had made1 and lent a willing hand at the long narrow trunk4 ,in the tray was a small cotton tent1 made according to ,jack's own order1 and slightly larger than the soldier's 8dog-house40 ,a keen little axe in ,jack's quick hand soon provided a pair of forked uprights and four little pins1 an oar served for a ridge-pole1 and our shelter was up before the sun was fairly below the real horizon4 ,out of the same tray came a quilt and two pairs of blankets1 which ,i was ordered to spread on the india-rubber4 ,my task accomplished1 the smell of something very much #hd like ham and eggs recalled me to the beach4 ,we supped1 that night1 by the light of our camp-fire1 and it was only after a night's heavy sleep that ,i was able to examine the rest of ,jack's outfit4 ,a small mess-chest1 which bore marks of his own clever fingers1 occupied one division of the bottom of the trunk4 ,the rest of it was shared by apartments for clothing1 provisions1 and a humble assortment of fishing-tackle and shooting material4 ,the gun lay strapped to one side of the trunk1 and a couple of rods on the other4 8,very neat1 ,jack10 said ,i4 8,you are right2 ,i built it myself1 all except the walls and roof1 seven years ago40 ,i am sorry to confess that ,i did not get up that morning until breakfast was ready4 ,jack did not complain1 but ,i saw by his quiet smile that some kind of an apology was necessary4 8,jack1 ,i'm as stiff as a clotheshorse1 and sore from head to foot40 8,why10 he asked1 8didn't you dig holes for your hips and shoulders1 as the ,indians do80 8,the holes were all made1 only they were in the wrong places40 ,after breakfast1 we broke up our camp and rowed over to ,fourteen ,mile ,island4 ,on the way we had another view of ,bolton1 behind us1 and the countless islands in the ,narrows1 through which we were shortly to sail4 ,the little village of ,bolton lies on the western shore opposite ,fourteen ,mile ,island4 ,it contains a hotel1 several boarding-houses1 a pretty little ,p4 ,e4 church1 and a forest of flags1 every house seeming to have its own staff4 ,one of the islands1 near ,bolton1 was shown us as the point of view from which ,kensett's picture of the ,narrows was painted4 ,at ,fourteen ,mile ,island we found a quiet little hotel1 which serves as a dining-place for excursionists from ,caldwell4 ,a few regular boarders seemed to be enjoying themselves1 and ,i noticed an artist's easel and umbrella on the porch4 ,we soon left with a good supply of butter1 eggs1 milk1 and fresh bread4 ,after rowing a few miles through the maze of islands in the ,narrows1 one of which is occupied by a hermit artist named ,hill1 a 8transcendentalist10 the wind arose1 and we sailed under the shadow of ,black ,mountain through the wildest portion of the lake4 ,on the western shore1 savage cliffs were piled in utter confusion1 now rising1 like the ,hudson ,river ,palisades1 in solid walls above a mass of dbris1 now hanging in gigantic masses over the crystal abyss below4 ,on the eastern shore1 ,black ,mountain rises above any other height on the lake1 and the view which we beheld as we passed from ,fourteen ,mile ,island down the ,narrows is one of the finest in the world4 ,now we were drifting under the cliffs at the base of the mountain1 and1 looking up its abrupt sides--a series of rocky spurs covered principally with hemlocks and cedar--we saw two eagles soaring above the thin clouds which floated half-way up4 ,throughout this portion the lake varies from one to two miles in width4 ,oh6 what a cozy little nest in the hills at the northern end of ,black ,mountain6 ,a few farms1 and a sleepy old mill that looks as if it never was made to run1 lie on the sunny slope retiring into the hills which forms a pass over to ,whitehall4 ,no wonder they call it the 8,bosom60 ,here1 in a little graveyard1 we saw the tombstone of a ,revolutionary soldier1 and the old farm-house1 at which we stopped for dinner1 with its loom and spindle and bustling old housewife1 formed a good specimen of that phase of ,american life which is rapidly passing #he away for ever4 ,while our meal was being cooked1 ,jack disappeared with his rod4 ,i had a long talk with the mistress of the house4 ,she was a 8,free-will ,baptist0 and very much opposed to the ,irish and ,catholics generally4 ,her objections to the former were thus curtly summed up1 8,the critters get rich off a rock1 and have sich litters of children40 ,during the ensuing conversation she remarked1 8,i have four sons1 and every one of them professors40 8,ah60 said ,i1 in all simplicity1 8they must be doing very well2 but what do they teach80 8,teach8--they don't teach nothing4 ,i said they were professors40 8,well1 then10 ,i asked1 8what do they profess80 8,why1 professors of religion1 of course10 answered the good dame--8every one of #8em baptized in yon lake4 ,oh6 it was a glor'ous sight60 ,the good old lady--for she was past eighty--showed me her dairy1 and apartments of the house which she said were usually occupied by boarders at this time of the year4 ,she had woven all the carpets1 quilts1 towels1 napkins1 and table-cloths of the whole establishment1 and everything looked very neat and old-fashioned4 8,i'm mighty sorry you have to hurry off10 said she1 8,i could make you the nicest chowder you ever tasted4 ,my man knows just where to get the fish4 ,a few years ago we sent off1 at once1 one hundred and fifty pounds of clean lake trout40 ,i1 too1 was sorry that we were obliged to hasten on our journey1 as ,i thought1 for the first time since we started1 of ,hawkins ,smith and a long year in the gloomy salesroom4 ,jack came late for dinner with five small brook-trout in his hand4 8,hulloa1 old fellow1 where did you get those80 8,oh6 there's a little pool on the hillside up yonder10 answered ,jack1 pointing as he spoke1 8,i always find two or three there40 ,after paying for our dinner1 visiting an ,indian family who claim to be the genuine 8,last of the ,mohicans10 we bade farewell to our hostess and one of the 8professors10 who had appeared in the meanwhile1 and were again afloat4 ,we passed ,sabbath ,day ,point1 about two miles above 8,the ,bosom0 on the opposite shore4 ,the former derived its name from having served as a resting-place to ,abercrombie's expedition2 it was the scene of several bloody skirmishes during the ,french and ,indian war and also during the ,revolution4 ,the lake now widens somewhat1 and the mountains decrease in height4 ,two points of land overlapping from opposite sides close up the northern view and form a large circular basin opposite the little village of ,hague1 situated on the western shore about six or seven miles from the lower end of the lake4 ,one of the points alluded to is a craggy spur which seems to spring directly out of the depths of the water2 it is on the eastern shore1 and is called ,anthony's ,nose4 ,the western point is a well-shaded lawn of about one hundred and fifty acres1 with a winding irregular shore1 and containing a number of large hickory and chestnut trees4 ,the robins were hopping about the lawn as we landed2 the thrush1 singing his vesper1 made a special commemoration of the faithful newly arrived2 the greedy cat-bird1 a sleek-coated sharper1 approached to see what was to be made off the strangers2 while the politic red-squirrels1 scampering off at sight of our tent to discuss the object and intent of this invasion1 remained at a respectful distance while ,jack's trout were frying over the little camp-fire now gleaming #hf in the twilight4 ,supper having been despatched1 ,i heard ,jack approaching1 while engaged in washing the dishes on the beach--an occupation which time and place can often rob of all its offensiveness1 wherefore1 most delicate of readers1 ,i am bold enough to mention it4 ,i looked at ,jack from my towel and tin plates1 and great was my astonishment to behold him in complete hunting-dress1 gun in hand1 and all accoutred for the chase4 8,why1 ,jack6 what's afoot80 8,no game yet10 he answered1 smiling2 8but ,i'm to leave you to-night40 8,what6 to sleep here all by myself80 8,why1 yes--you are not afraid1 are you80 8,no1 not afraid exactly40 8,the fact is10 said ,jack1 8a fellow over at ,hague promised me a deer-hunt last year1 and if ,i can find him to-night ,i shall go out with him to-morrow4 ,you can't shoot1 have no gun1 and are not much of a walker1 so ,i am sure you would be bored to death40 7,i nodded47 ,jack continued1 8,i will walk over to-night1 and if ,i do not meet the hunter will be back bright and early to-morrow morning4 ,if ,i do not come then1 please row over for me to-morrow evening40 8,all right1 mon capitaine40 ,and1 with a wave of the hand1 ,jack departed1 and ,i was alone4 ,the embers of the camp-fire began to brighten as the darkness fell4 ,the birds and squirrels disappeared4 ,the trunk was stowed safely together with its mess-chest and provisions1 and the blankets were spread in the little tent2 the milk-jug and butter-bowl were secured by stones in the water1 in order to keep them cool4 ,i began my rosary for night prayers1 and roamed through the grove over to the northern side of the point1 in full view of the steep promontory on the opposite shore4 ,beyond our own smooth camping-ground the western shore surged up again in all its former wildness4 ,the beads passed slowly through my fingers1 and it seemed as if the beauty and loneliness of the scene were absorbing all my faculties1 and withdrawing me from instead of raising my thoughts to ,god and heaven4 ,finally the moon arose4 ,a thousand scattered beams shot through the dark foliage1 and lit up patches of the lawn over which ,i had just passed4 ,the wind had died away1 and the light fell in unbroken splendor upon the broad mirror before me4 ,the few thin clouds1 veiling small groups of stars1 the frowning cliffs and sombre woods--all were reduplicated in the unruffled water4 ,far to the south1 ,black ,mountain closed up the view1 which sank in the east behind the low ranges of hills1 all dark below the rising moon4 ,the last bead fell from my fingers1 and praying ,god to forgive anything inordinate in my enjoyment of his creatures1 ,i gave up to the intoxication of the scene4 ,the hours passed rapidly while ,i dreamed of the days of ,montcalm and ,abercrombie1 and saw in fancy the fleets of canoes and batteaux passing and repassing in victory and defeat the rocks upon which ,i was sitting4 ,had my mind ever reverted to the possibility of being obliged to give a public account of itself1 ,i might have composed some lines1 had some 8thoughts10 or done something worth recording4 ,alas1 dear reader1 do not consider me rude if ,i confess that ,i did not think of you at that time4 ,for1 indeed1 ,i did not think of anything1 but left my fancy to be sported with by impressions past #hg and present of the lovely region in which ,i found myself a happy visitor4 ,the cool night air brought the blood to my sunburnt cheeks4 ,the landscape swam before me1 the past mingled with the present2 finally1 the mist seemed to shroud everything4 ,my watch was run down past midnght when ,i awoke1 finding myself stretched at full length on the rock4 ,i started--where was ,i8 what had disturbed my slumber8 ,was it the war-whoop of the ,mingoes1 or the friendly greeting of ,uncas and ,chingacgook2 but if so1 where were the canoes8 ,i raised myself slowly on my elbow1 all wet with dew1 dazed by sleep and the strange scene about me--when suddenly1 under the shadow of the trees1 and not one hundred feet distant1 there rose from the water a shrill1 fierce1 devilish laugh1 so wild and startling that ,i bounded to my feet and fairly screamed with fright4 ,the next instant1 a large bird appeared fluttering on the moonlit water beyond4 8,pshaw60 said ,i1 8didn't you ever hear a loon before80 ,thus addressing myself1 ,i returned to the tent1 and1 stripping off my wet clothes1 fell asleep in the blankets4 ,i do not know exactly what time of the day it was when ,i awoke the next morning4 ,the sun was high1 and my clothes and the tent perfectly dry2 but ,i saw through its open door the steamer which leaves ,caldwell at eight o'clock1 and hence concluded that it was now between ten and eleven4 ,i was glad enough that ,jack did not appear to rebuke my laziness until ,i came to try my hand at cooking breakfast4 ,the fire would smoke1 and ,i could not hinder it2 the ham would not broil1 and ,i could not force it4 ,the eggs1 of course1 were scorched1 and so was my tongue when ,i tasted the coffee1 which resembled a decoction of shavings and bitter almonds4 ,quietly emptying the coffee-pot on the grass1 ,i contented myself with a cup of milk1 which1 however1 showed strong premonitory symptoms of sourness2 and after bolting a huge stock of raw ham and scorched eggs1 made up my mind that this was to be the last meal without ,jack4 ,it was very warm in the tent1 so1 taking the quilt and a certain small pouch of buckskin decked with wampum1 ,i sought the shelter of the grove4 ,chestnut-burrs did not prevent me from choosing the shadiest spot1 for my quilt afforded ample protection4 ,here1 with my back to the tree1 ,i fell into a state which might easily have proved a continuation of my already protracted nap4 ,it was not so1 however4 ,the bag of the medicine-man contains an antidote for prosiness after meals4 ,blue clouds of the inspiring fragrance curled in the still air1 and the brain which might have succumbed to the vulgar humors of digesting pork maintained itself in a gentle1 subdued1 intellectual state4 ,had ,i some favorite author in my hand1 some volume of pithy sentences furnishing themes for my morning meditation1 or somebody's 8confessions08 ,alas1 dear reader1 ,i am forced to make a confession myself1 to wit1 that there was not a line of printed matter in all our luggage4 ,day-dreams and night-dreams are pretty much alike with me unless there be a trifle of brilliant imagination in favor of the latter4 ,still1 if any stray thoughts wandered through my brain at this time1 they must have been something like these3 ,why was it that the law of rest had to be superadded to the law of labor1 if not because man has turned his wholesome penance into a debauchery8 ,avarice and ambition have gradually mastered the human race1 and he who would eat or hold his #hh own must sweat and fight1 or others will snatch it from him4 ,by degrees1 the struggle has grown and deepened4 ,first1 we were shepherds and tillers of the soil4 ,childhood passed in plenty and obedience4 ,ploughing and reaping came only in their seasons1 and1 while kings and princes tended flocks1 labor was worship and life was not all drudgery--there was some time for happiness and ,god4 ,then came the curse of cunning and trade and cities4 ,here began a fiercer strife1 and1 instead of the accidental miseries of drought and famine1 men learned to fear beggary4 ,and1 now that craft and commerce are supreme1 slavery is universal4 ,no more days of festival1 no more years of jubilee6 ,you1 ,george ,peters1 wretch that you are1 are the bond-slave of ,hawkins ,smith4 ,what6 will you rebel8 ,well1 it is only a choice of masters--serve you must4 ,this pitiful vacation is only a device of old ,smith to make you feel your real bondage4 ,if1 dear reader1 you should perceive any other explanation of the facts which ,i so loosely jumbled together1 remember that this was the reverie of a lazy youth1 escaped from the thraldom of his counter1 and basking in the fresh air and beauty of ,lake ,george4 ,if1 branching off from the great labor question1 ,i thought of anything else1 it was to compare that beauty with what ,i had seen in pictures or read in books of other lakes4 ,i have before alluded to the placid and tranquil ,english character of the scenery between ,caldwell and ,fourteen ,mile ,island4 ,the farms and villas1 and the town of ,bolton1 although lying on the western shore1 add much to this effect1 and serve to rob the eastern bank almost entirely of its natural air of uninhabited wildness4 ,the sail-boats and skiffs and three little steamers continually plying about this portion of the lake1 complete the impression that it is a place of pleasure1 ease1 and holiday4 ,the ,narrows1 completely filled with islands1 where every stroke of the oar reveals new vistas and endless changes of scene1 ,i can compare with nothing1 and1 indeed1 it would seem as if they were a unique creation4 ,these extend for two or three miles to where ,black ,mountain begins4 ,and as for the rest1 my ignorance is also at a loss for a comparison1 and ,i can only think of what ,lake ,como might have been if adorned with islands1 if its peaks were lower and covered with foliage1 and if the hand of man had never wrought upon its native beauty4 ,that evening ,i rowed over for ,jack4 ,he had not yet arrived1 although the sun had set when ,i arrived1 as agreed1 at the little hotel at ,hague4 ,something unusual was going on1 and ,i made various guesses as to the reason why so many well-dressed maids and shaven yeomen were gathered on the porch4 ,seven o'clock came1 and yet no ,jack4 ,i eagerly inquired after supper1 resolved not to risk the chance of being obliged to depend upon myself for a cook4 ,the dining-room had been cleared of every table save the one which ,i occupied1 and shortly after ,i had come out from supper ,i saw the young people crowding into it4 ,i had now begun to suspect what was the matter1 when an honest-looking young gentleman1 fresh and fragrant from a process to which he shortly afterwards urged and invited me1 approached and said3 8,stranger1 you're camping on the p'int80 ,to this piece of information ,i nodded a genial assent4 8,lookin' for your pardner80 asked the pleasant young man4 ,i nodded again4 8,well1 he'll be in soon4 ,he's gone out with a fellow that #hi never misses this sort of thing40 ,i had previously formed my own notion of ,jack's companion1 and a jolly flourish on a neighboring violin forestalled the necessity of inquiring as to the nature of the 8thing0 which exercised such an influence over him4 ,the pleasant young man1 however1 became confidential1 and added with an ingenuous air3 8,the fact is1 we are going to shuffle the hoof a little to-night1 and he never misses anything like that4 ,you'd better come in and try it yourself40 ,then1 becoming confidential in turn and glancing at my unpolished extremities1 ,i suggested that perhaps the articles in question were not in a condition to be shuffled4 ,here it was that our sympathy culminated1 and my friend1 in a burst of intimacy1 proffered the invitation before alluded to1 with the words3 8,come along and slick up40 ,i do not know into what folly ,i might have been seduced if my good angel ,jack had not just then appeared and rescued me4 8,how many deer1 ,jack80 8,oh6 we did not so much as start one10 he answered4 ,and then asked1 8,have you had anything to eat80 ,on my reply1 ,jack said that he was glad1 for he had just had his own supper in the kitchen4 ,as we rowed back to camp1 ,jack fell asleep in the stern of the boat1 while telling me how he had tramped in vain from early dawn till night4 ,oh6 how proud ,i felt next morning1 when1 after kindling the fire and putting on the kettle1 ,i came back and found ,jack still sleeping in the tent4 ,dear old nervous ,jack6 who ever saw you asleep in daytime before8 ,quick as the thought in my mind1 he bounded up as freshly as one of the deer of which he had been dreaming4 8,caught60 he said1 the old quiet smile lighting up his face as he came out and fell to work getting breakfast4 ,when we had finished our meal and laughed over the adventures of the precious day1 ,jack set me to catching grasshoppers1 while he prepared the fishing tackle4 ,i found my occupation quite lively for a sultry morning1 and not without a certain amount of adventure1 as ,i also discovered1 for one ignorant of the precise difference between a grasshopper and a hornet4 ,finally1 enough were caught and imprisoned in an empty wine-bottle to serve for bait1 and ,jack was sure we were going to catch a load of fish4 ,my confidence in fishing was only in proportion to my experience1 very meagre1 and after several hours fruitlessly spent in trying various places1 great was my astonishment when the lance-wood rod bent double in my hands1 and the next instant a large fish appeared struggling on the surface of the water4 8,don't lose him60 shouted ,jack as he came forward1 and snatched the rod out of my hands and landed the fish4 8,a fool for luck60 said my cousin4 8,i beg your pardon1 old boy1 but there won't be a better fish caught here this summer40 ,it proved to be a splendid specimen of black bass1 and weighed1 according to ,jack's estimate1 every ounce of six pounds4 ,several smaller fish of the same species1 together with a few small perch1 were the result of our day's sport4 ,the big bass made a sufficiently large ,friday dinner and supper2 the other fish we saved for our last breakfast4 ,alas6 for some episode1 before we row down to ,ticonderoga and take the steamer on ,lake ,champlain to ,whitehall1 and the cars thence to ,albany #ij and ,new ,york4 ,our tent did not blow away that night2 and1 although the storm beat fiercely1 not a drop of water touched us1 thanks to the little furrow which ,jack had traced with a sharp stick1 to carry off the drippings from the tent-cloth4 ,starting bright and early next morning1 we rowed past a steep smooth cliff running almost perpendicularly for about four hundred feet and then down into the lake4 8,that's #8,rogers's ,slide1'0 said ,jack4 8,the deuce it is6 ,he must have worn a stout pair of pantaloons60 8,oh6 but he didn't actually slide1 you know60 replied ,jack1 and then proceeded to recount the famous escape of ,major ,rogers in #ageh1 who here eluded the pursuit of the ,indians1 and1 having thrown his knapsack over the precipice1 turned his snow-shoes and made off by another route4 ,in a few hours1 we had left our little boat attached to the steamer to be taken back to ,caldwell4 ,a stage ride of several miles brought us to ,ticonderoga and ,lake ,champlain4 ,that same evening1 at ten o'clock1 we snuffed the hot and fetid breath of the great metropolis1 and ,monday morning saw us re-entering the shades of ,hawkins ,smith4 ,a word to ,jack and a stare at me were the only greetings of the junior partner1 as he passed through the salesroom4 8,ah1 boys60 said the cheery ,hawkins1 8glad to see you2 look as if you've been having a good time4 ,plenty of bone1 muscle1 and brown skin1 eh8 ,i guess ,mr4 ,smith will think that it pays to give you such a rest4 ,you haven't been wasting your money at ,long ,branch or ,saratoga1 ,i'll bet40 ,thus ended our summer vacation2 and if we did not have enough adventure to pass for heroes1 or bag enough game for sportsmen1 or see enough sights for artists1 or recall enough of the past for antiquarians1 or measure miles and heights enough for the scientific--in short1 if we appear as two vulgar and thoroughly commonplace clerks1 smoking and boating through our holiday--take note1 dear reader1 that even such as we can take delight in ,lake ,george2 then1 go and make the trip after your own fashion1 and see if you can enjoy it more or better4 ---------- ,,the ,,elements ,,of ,,our ,,nationality4 #ia ,the diversity of race to be found in this republic1 like its rapid and stupendous physical and mental development1 is unparalleled in history4 ,great nations1 such as ,austria1 ,prussia1 and ,russia1 it is true1 have been called into existence in times comparatively modern1 but they have been aggregations of smaller kindred states already established1 attracted towards each other by mutual interests and tastes1 or coerced into union by force of arms4 ,with us1 growth and greatness1 originating at different times and at places widely separated1 have been the result in the first instance of the establishment of a wise and comprehensive system of government1 the benefits of which we were willing to share generously with the people of all nations2 and next1 to the alacrity and sincerity with which those people1 acting on an impulse common to humanity1 have accepted the advantages thus presented4 ,looking back to the history of the migration of mankind from the cradle of the human race1 we find that colonies1 afterwards to become nations and the nuclei of distinct families1 thrown off from the centre1 presented each a unity of language and affinity of which the originators of our country had not the advantage4 ,even ,greece1 the graceful daughter of dusky ,egypt1 soon ceased to be ,hellenic1 and became1 notwithstanding her many subdivisions1 thoroughly ,greek1 and her colonies in ,europe and ,asia1 when they ceased their connection with the mother country1 were quickly absorbed in the surrounding peoples4 ,the ,roman ,empire had no nationality1 being simply the creature of force1 and no matter how widely its boundaries were spread1 all authority was lodged in ,rome1 and its subjects outside the walls of that city were comparatively or positively slaves1 without any voice in the management of their own affairs1 or a nationality to which they could lay claim4 ,as the legions were withdrawn to the capital1 the empire crumbled1 and the disintegrated parts gradually resumed their original character4 ,so with the splendid but short-lived empire of ,charlemagne1 ,the ,goths1 ,vandals1 ,huns1 and other ,european and ,asiatic conquerors who from time to time overran different parts of ,europe and founded dynasties1 were simply waves of conquest overcoming and enslaving the previous inhabitants1 subjecting them to the yoke of their own crude customs and laws1 and building upon the ruins of one nation the greatness of another4 ,far different was the origin of our republic4 ,at the beginning1 we had on our shores voluntary immigrants from the then four great maritime nations of ,europe--,spain1 ,france1 ,holland1 and ,england4 ,the colonists of each1 from fortuitous circumstances1 or led by peculiar predilections1 selected for settlement certain portions of the continent1 established themselves therein1 and1 while adhering to their parent country and following its laws1 speaking its language1 and practising its religion1 early assumed a state of semi-independence4 ,these representatives of distinct nationalities1 though few in numbers1 grew prosperous each in its own territory1 for the reason #ib that there was no idea of nationality1 and consequently no unity of action1 among the aborigines in their resistance to the new-comers4 ,supported by their home governments respectively1 they grew from mere settlements to be important colonies1 at peace with each other as far as their own individual relation was concerned1 but always liable to be embroiled in the incessant quarrels of their countrymen at home4 ,the sturdy ,hollanders were the first to succumb to what might be called foreign influence2 then the ,french settlers1 deserted by ,france1 laid down their arms before their ,english conquerors1 who1 in their turn1 by the ,revolution of #8#gf1 yielded their dominion to the ,thirteen ,colonies1 which embraced within their limits much of the territory and most of the descendants of the original colonists of at least three of the nationalities which first effected settlements on the ,atlantic coast4 ,from this period we may date the origin of ,american nationality4 ,in its infancy1 it included nearly four millions of men of various races1 creeds1 opinions1 and sentiments4 ,for the first time in history was proclaimed the perfect equality before the law of all persons of ,european origin1 as has since been extended that grand principle of human equality to men from every part of the earth4 ,in forming a code for itself1 it rejected what was contrary to this dogma1 and adopted everything that was beneficial in all other forms of government4 ,from ,holland1 it took the ,declaration of ,independence1 that great manifesto of popular rights2 from ,england1 the writ of habeas corpus and trial by jury2 from ,france and ,spain1 many of those equitable constructions of the civil law which regulate the rights of property and the domestic status of individuals4 ,to all these were added the beneficent constitution under which we have the good fortune to live1 and the many excellent laws1 local and national1 which1 in conformity with that instrument1 have been enacted from time to time4 ,but custom is said to be stronger even than law1 and hence we can understand that the vivifying principle of the government itself was generated from the peculiar circumstances amid which the first settlers of ,america and their children found themselves1 without local monarchical traditions1 an hereditary aristocracy1 or laws of primogeniture4 ,with1 as a general rule1 little private fortune or means of subsistence other than that derived from manual labor and individual enterprise1 the ,american colonist1 no matter of what nation1 was naturally disposed towards popular government1 and to proclaim and admit general equality4 ,it is undoubtedly to the existence of these robust social and economical habits in the early settlers--which1 finding expression in their new-found political power1 were embodied in the fundamental laws of the new nation by the fathers of the republic--that we are primarily indebted for the wise and moderate scheme of government we enjoy1 and which it is our duty to preserve and perpetuate unimpaired to posterity4 ,it was thus by a combination of circumstances hitherto unknown that our country became clothed with all the attributes of nationality peculiar to itself--its subsequent progress1 as we may presume its future greatness1 having no parallel in the annals of other lands4 ,that we are a nation1 possessing an appropriate autonomy1 capable of sustaining all the relations of war and peace with other countries1 and exercising supreme authority over all our integral parts and individual members1 no sane man uninfluenced by the quibbles of mere #ic lawyers or unswayed by the political passions of the day1 will deny4 ,who would so deny1 and maintain that this republic is a bundle of petty sovereignties in which the power of one is coequal to that of all the others combined1 would reject the axiom of ,euclid1 that the whole is greater than its part4 ,the true ,american1 then1 is he who keeps this principle of unity always in view4 ,it gives dignity and strength to his country abroad1 and assures peace1 concord1 and security at home4 ,while allowing all possible latitude to subordinate members in the management of their domestic affairs1 it reconciles and harmonizes the conflicting and sometimes antagonistic interests of different sections1 concentrates on works of vast commercial and national importance the collective powers of all1 directs the foreign policy of the government for the general good1 and arrays the power of the people for the common protection and defence4 ,true1 some years ago1 many persons held contrary opinions1 and in the attempt to carry them out unhappily caused one of the most calamitous civil wars of modern times2 but1 like the tempest which sweeps over the gigantic oak1 swaying its trunk and loosening the ground around it only that its roots may strike deeper and firmer into the earth1 our country has passed through the storm unscathed and now rests on a basis firmer than ever4 ,the past and its errors1 however1 we can easily forget2 the future is ours2 and who shall hold us harmless if we profit not by our dearly-bought experience and the lessons which every day teaches us8 ,one1 and not the least potent1 of the causes which led to that fratricidal struggle was the advocacy of what was called 8manifest destiny10 which is simply a delusive1 dangerous1 and1 in its application1 very often a dishonest doctrine4 ,it is not unnatural that in a young and sanguine republic1 whose short history is so full of successes1 many ardent propagandists of freedom should be found1 who without calculating consequences would like to extend the benefits of our political system not only to the utmost confines of this continent1 but over all ,christendom2 but this feeling1 though creditable1 is hardly one to be encouraged4 ,it leads1 as we have often seen1 to a national lust for the acquisition of our neighbor's territory1 to the undue extension of our boundaries1 disproportionate to even our ever-increasing population1 and to the weakening of the bonds that hold together the comparatively settled states of the ,union1 by the bodily introduction of foreign elements into our polity at variance with our real interests4 ,the annexation of ,texas and the acquisition of our ,pacific territory1 though productive of many tangible advantages1 were undoubtedly some of the remote1 but1 nevertheless1 very important1 influences which1 operating on the public mind1 tended to unfix our loyalty to the whole country1 and to induce us to view the recent forcible attempt on its integrity with feelings somewhat akin to indifference4 ,that enlargement of the national domain was so sudden and immense that men's minds1 accustomed to defined limits1 failed to realize it4 ,patriotism is not a mere sentiment1 but a love of something of which we have some accurate knowledge1 whether associated with a particular race1 locality1 or historical record1 or all together2 and hence1 when we could not understand how in one moment what we had thought was our country1 the object of our affection and source of our pride1 was extended thousands of miles and millions of acres1 our imaginations could not #id keep pace with the monstrous growth of the country1 and we fell back on our native or adopted states1 and felt prouder of being known as ,virginians or ,vermonters than of being ,united ,states citizens4 ,it is not at all improbable that posterity will see the whole of ,north ,america united under one government1 but this consummation1 so devoutly to be wished1 to be permanent and salutary1 must be the result of time and the observance of the laws of right and justice1 for nations as well as individuals flourish or fade in proportion as they follow or despise virtue4 ,it must also be when our population is not forty millions1 as it now is1 but quadruple that number1 and when our sparsely settled territories are well filled with citizens1 their resources in full process of development1 and their varied interests assimilated with those of other portions of the country4 ,steam and electricity may do much to bring about such results1 foreign immigration more1 but a proper administration of our own laws1 and a judicious1 liberal1 and conciliatory policy towards our ,american neighbors1 most of all4 ,happily for us1 we are at present on terms of friendship with all nations1 and1 remote from ,europe and ,asia1 we are not likely to become involved in the complications and disputes of the ,old ,world4 ,still1 no human penetration can foresee how long such a desirable state of accord will exist4 ,the monarchical states of ,europe are not very sincere friends of republicanism1 and1 should war occur between us and them1 our greatest difficulty would be to defend our already too extensive frontiers from their attacks4 ,why1 then1 should we increase our danger by enlarging them8 ,a good general never lengthens his lines unless he has proportionate reinforcements to maintain them4 ,as to becoming propagandists of republicanism in ,europe1 we think the attempt1 in this century at least1 would be both injudicious and useless4 ,the impious atrocities and dark designs of the secret societies there1 who profane the word liberty and blaspheme against all religion1 have put so far back the cause of true freedom in the old countries that they who sincerely desire a more liberal system of laws are glad to seek under the shadow of despotism protection and security even at the sacrifice of their political liberties4 ,if we truly wish for the spread of free institutions1 let us use example rather than precept1 and prove1 by the honest administration of our own concerns1 respect for the doctrines of ,christianity1 and1 by proper regard for the rules laid down by the church1 that republicanism has ceased to be an experiment1 and has become a practical and glorious reality4 ,such a result would be an argument so cogent that no sophistry could refute it and no force could combat its logic4 ,we must remember1 also1 that the greatest enemies of free government are not1 after all1 kings and nobles1 but those deluded men who have banded themselves in every part of ,europe1 ostensibly as republicans1 but secretly as the destroyers of all law and order4 ,these men1 it is well known1 mock the inspired word of ,god and deny his very existence1 contemn truth1 ignore the first principles of justice1 and scoff at the beautiful domestic virtues which bind the wife in affectionate duty to the husband1 and the child in love and gratitude to the parent4 ,empires are governed mainly by force1 republics through obedience1 and yet those pretended apostles of freedom acknowledge no law except their own and that of their passions4 ,human laws1 no matter by whom made1 or how just they may be in letter #ie and spirit1 are mere pieces of paper or parchment if the people are not disposed to obey them1 and this disposition can only come through religion4 ,for1 as man is constituted1 he becomes amenable to the operation of the divine law of obedience before he comes under the edicts of human legislation2 in other words1 he is a ,christian or the reverse before he is a lawyer or responsible to the temporal law4 8,the characteristics of a democracy10 says ,blackstone1 8are public virtue and goodness as to its intentions20 and ,napoleon ,i41 though by no means as good a ,christian as he was a far-seeing statesman1 when about to reduce chaotic ,france to order and decency1 found it necessary first to restore religion and recall her exiled priesthood4 ,unfortunately for us1 this spirit of irreligion is not confined to the other side of the ,atlantic4 ,we find it already making its way into ,american society1 though as yet it assumes more the character of indifferentism4 ,we call ourselves a ,christian people1 yet less than one-half of the entire community ever enter a church for devotional purposes from one year's end to another4 ,recently1 too1 we notice1 in our larger cities particularly1 exhibitions of the same wicked spirit which animated the ,carbonari and ,socialists of ,europe1 and which reveals itself in many expressions of sympathy for the infamous ,communists of ,paris in the columns of some of our newspapers and the speeches of more than one prominent politician4 ,this insidious danger to our venerated institutions ought to be closely watched and sternly repressed4 ,it is opposed alike to private virtue and public morals1 and1 if ever allowed a controlling influence in the state1 would sweep away every safeguard that stands between the citizen and the passions of the mob4 ,no person who values the blessings of domestic peace or venerates the memories of our ancestors1 no true ,american1 can tolerate for a moment these communistic and socialistic designs which are creeping in amongst us1 utterly foreign as they are to our soil and the genius of our people and government4 ,while thus excluding vicious principles from our shores1 we ought to1 as we have ever done1 continue to welcome the oppressed and impoverished people of the ,old ,world1 and1 as far as is consistent with the public safety1 to extend to them every facility to a participation in the political as well as the material prosperity of the country4 ,they are our relations4 ,very few of us1 going back two or three generations1 but will find that his ancestors were also immigrants1 like those who to-day seek our protection and hospitality4 ,since the formation of our government1 eight millions of them have made their homes in the young republic1 helping to develop our resources1 commerce1 and manufactures1 and always proving faithful to their obligations of allegiance in peace as well as in war4 ,an enlightened and tolerant treatment of our immigrants is both charitable and wise2 and the best evidence that we have profited by our superior political and educational advantages1 is our readiness to make allowance for the intellectual defects and antiquated habits of those who have left home and country to join their lot with ours4 ,the exclusion of any class of citizens from a participation in the benefits of our government1 on account of religion or previous nationality1 never has had1 and is never likely to have1 the countenance of the people of this country4 ,the spasmodic efforts of those fanatics1 vulgarly but not inappropriately called ,know-nothings1 #if which have been made occasionally1 were directed against ,catholics1 but they never reached the dignity of national movements1 and1 being the offspring of disappointed ambition and blind prejudice1 withered before the scorn and contempt of all good men4 ,politically1 there can be little possible danger arising from the exercise of the elective franchise by all citizens of foreign birth1 even conceding their inferiority in some respects to the native-born1 as the former number less than one-eighth of our entire population1 and these1 in the natural course of events1 will disappear from among us1 their children born here growing up thoroughly imbued with the spirit and liberality of our institutions4 ,even to-day the immediate descendants of adopted citizens hold1 under both the great parties that divide the country1 many high places of honor and trust1 and perform their duties with an ability and patriotism that reflect credit on the ,american name4 ,the nationality that would deal harshly or jealously with friends or neighbors because they were born in a foreign land1 or are poor in the world's goods1 is not ,american1 and is more fitted for the latitude of ,london or ,peking than of ,new ,york or ,washington4 ,we are well aware that there are many things in the conduct of some of our adopted citizens that we find difficulty in understanding1 and which require all our good-nature to overlook or palliate4 ,a great famine1 we might say a succession of famines1 the misgovernment of ,england1 and the oppression of the worst class of alien landlords with which a people ever were afflicted1 have driven among us1 within a quarter of a century1 over two millions of the inhabitants of ,ireland4 ,having been denied practically all participation in the government of their own country1 they never have had an opportunity of acquiring that steady habit of thought and reflection necessary to qualify them to judge of the relative merits or demerits of the manifold political measures which the exigencies of a free nation are1 from time to time1 presenting for popular endorsement2 and having unlimited confidence in those who profess to be their friends in their new homes1 they fall an easy prey to the demagogue and the political charlatan4 ,the victims of long1 cruel1 and unrelenting tyranny1 and ardent lovers of their fatherland1 their hatred of ,england is1 if possible1 stronger than their love for ,ireland4 ,in fact1 those two engrossing passions sometimes so absorb their minds that prudence1 toleration1 and even self-interest are forgotten4 ,this circumstance1 while it may be creditable to themselves1 cannot but be regretted by us for many reasons1 but more particularly because it renders their assimilation with the vast majority of our people more slow and difficult1 and operates against their material advancement1 and consequently against the welfare of their children4 ,in the abstract1 we do not blame our ,irish immigrants for this fond devotion to their natal country1 nor for their hatred of her oppressor2 on the contrary1 we admire it as long as it works no injustice to them or to the country they have selected as their future home2 but we do most emphatically deprecate the conduct of those among them who1 trading on such natural and generous feelings for selfish purposes1 turn them aside from their duty as parents and citizens1 and1 assuming to be their leaders1 have swayed them in the interest of this or that faction1 wholly neglecting at the same time the performance of duties to the execution of which #ig any one might be proud to devote his life4 ,let us illustrate what we mean4 ,there are1 at least1 two and a half millions of ,irish in the ,united ,states1 the great majority of whom1 for very sufficient1 if not obvious1 reasons occupy socially and pecuniarily a very inferior position to that which their natural abilities would entitle them1 yet we see how little effort is being made by their countrymen1 of more education or larger wealth1 to assist them4 ,the ,catholic ,church has done much1 but the church1 necessarily1 can only attend to their spiritual wants and to the education of their children2 the temperance and benevolent societies are good in their way1 but their power is limited1 and their sphere of action very restricted2 but we look in vain for an organization that will take by the hand the bewildered and uncertain stranger as he lands at ,castle ,garden or in the harbor of ,boston1 shield him from the temptations and villany which mark him out as a victim from the moment his foot touches the firm earth and his battle of life commences1 find him employment in the great centres of trade and commerce1 or conduct him safely to the broad spreading fields of the free and fruitful ,west4 ,if he be a farmer or agricultural laborer1 as the majority of ,irish immigrants are1 what society of his countrymen is prepared to defray his expenses to the rural districts1 where labor is always in demand1 and wages high1 or help him to locate on the ,western lands1 which can be had almost for the asking1 and where he can bring up his family in comfort and happiness8 ,if half the money and one-quarter the time and labor which were recently so foolishly expended in futile efforts to free ,ireland and invade the ,british dependencies had been used for the benefit of the poorer class of our ,irish immigrants1 how many thousands of them might now be enjoying happy homes in our fertile ,western states and territories1 instead of infesting the purlieus of ,new ,york1 underbidding each other for precarious and unhealthy employment4 ,how many victims of disappointed hope or mistaken confidence might have been rescued from the slough of despondency and degradation into which they have fallen1 and placed in a position of at least comparative independence4 ,the liberation of ,ireland through the instrumentality of her exiled children is an old and a splendid dream1 but it is only a dream so long as the present relations exist between this country and ,england4 ,we yield to no one in appreciation of all that is noble in that pious and gallant nation1 and would1 perhaps1 sacrifice as much as the most enthusiastic of her sons to see her not only independent1 but in the enjoyment of the fullest liberty2 but no person who has ever casually studied the relative strength and resources of ,england and ,ireland1 and who has had any practical experience of the enormous expenditure of life and money so unsuccessfully incurred by the people of the ,south1 even when military training and available population were so evenly balanced1 can for a moment believe in the success of any attempt of the people themselves to separate forcibly one from the other4 ,but whatever the people in ,ireland may see fit to do or dare1 the organization of armed men in this country to assist in that purpose is most reprehensible and fraught with the greatest mischiefs4 ,for any person within our limits to attempt to levy war on a country at peace with the ,united ,states is clearly illegal4 ,if he be a stranger1 it is a criminal abuse of our hospitality2 if a citizen1 he disregards his #ih oath of allegiance4 ,such a movement gives color to the assertions of the worst enemies of all foreigners1 the ,know-nothings1 who accuse ,irishmen of not becoming citizens in the true spirit of their oath1 but merely pretended ones1 whose object is to use this country as their point d'appui for ulterior objects4 ,besides1 such societies have a tendency to unsettle the minds of the people1 and divert them from the main objects of their self-expatriation--free homes and altars4 ,but even if ,ireland were to-day independent1 not one-tenth of the ,irish in ,america could or would return4 ,the mass of them are permanently attached to ,america by affection1 association1 or interest2 their children are growing up around them1 naturally imbued with a love for this1 the country of their birth2 their property and business are here2 some are too old to be retransplanted1 and others young enough to prefer seeking fortunes in our stupendous and but yet only partially developed commonwealth1 to spending a lifetime in the necessarily limited sphere of enterprise presented by so small a country as ,ireland under the most favorable auspices4 ,true patriotism should1 therefore1 dictate to the ,irish-,american the wisdom of promoting the welfare of this large majority of his countrymen who1 for good or evil1 must pass their lives with us4 ,and what a vast and enticing field is thus presented to the successful merchant and ardent ,irish nationalist6 ,if they cannot free ,ireland1 they can by their money and their intelligence free tens of thousands of their countrymen from the slavery of poverty and dependence1 from the vices of the cities and the degradation of the factories and the coal-mines4 ,such an effort1 judiciously made1 apart from the benefits it would confer on so many poor and deserving citizens1 and the unanswerable argument it would present of practical1 disinterested sympathy1 would1 if the occasion should ever present itself1 enable the persons so benefited to assist in their turn the cause of true ,irish nationality4 ,there is nothing so successful1 it is said1 as success1 and while the sympathies of most nations1 particularly of our own1 are easily enlisted in favor of an oppressed nation like ,ireland1 there is generally observable an implied doubt that she is misgoverned because her people have not the capacity to properly govern themselves4 ,at home1 they certainly have not been allowed to try the experiment1 but here1 with free institutions already firmly established1 vast mineral1 agricultural1 and commercial industries to invite their labor and excite their ambition1 and with an area of unoccupied land almost beyond conception1 a people incapable of profiting by these advantages1 either as individuals or by mutual co-operation1 expose themselves to the suspicion of being deficient in that organizing faculty and mental grasp which create and sustain independent governments4 ,without intending to draw an invidious distinction between one class of citizens and another1 we may point to the ,german immigration to this country as an admirable example of the benefits arising from organization and mutual support4 ,it is this harmony of purpose that has given to the ,teutonic element1 though by no means the strongest in our population1 a preponderating influence in several of the ,western states1 and the proprietorship of innumerable farms on both sides of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,coming from a self-governing country1 and leaving behind an extensive trading and manufacturing connection1 the ,german immigrant has of course many advantages over his ,irish #ii fellow-voyager1 but those who have closely watched the progress of both races in ,america assert that it is to the admirable system of mutual help and protection enjoyed by the former that his great industrial progress is mainly due4 ,we are satisfied that there are many wealthy citizens of ,irish birth in this city and elsewhere who would gladly contribute of their super-abundant means to assist their less fortunate fellow-countrymen1 were any feasible project inaugurated by which they could do so practically and efficiently1 and we trust that there are among us adopted citizens themselves--persons who1 abandoning chimerical schemes of conquest and invasion1 would devote their time and ability to assist those of their helpless countrymen who have come and are coming among us4 ,every intelligent agriculturist that can be planted on the virgin soil of our now waste public lands1 every ingenious mechanic that is furnished with employment in our workshops1 and1 we may say1 every stalwart laborer that is removed from the overstocked labor market of the ,east and assisted to the towns and smaller cities of the ,south and ,west1 adds to the general wealth of the community1 increases the strength and glory of our republic1 and conduces to its growing intelligence and morality4 ,the pursuit of wealth1 however important1 is not of course the primary duty of man1 considered either as an individual responsible being or as a citizen4 ,religion1 in its proper practical sense1 is not only the source of happiness for mankind in this world and the next1 but is absolutely necessary for the preservation of all well-regulated society1 and it is on this account among others that so many admirers of ,american institutions have seen with regret that a large portion of our immigrants from the continental countries of ,europe evince a complete disregard for the plainest forms of ,christianity4 ,now1 the founders of this government were essentially a religious people4 ,the ,catholics of ,maryland and the ,puritans of ,new ,england2 the ,virginia ,episcopalians and the ,pennsylvania ,quakers1 feared ,god and revered his laws1 as far at least as they understood them2 and the excellent institutions which those men of diverse opinions1 but honest intentions1 originated and transmitted to us1 are but the reflex of that reverential and devotional spirit4 ,we admire the thrift and enterprise of our ,german fellow-citizens1 we admit their general good order1 taste1 and proficiency in art1 particularly the beautiful one of music1 and we know how many fine churches and hospitals they have built and are sustaining1 but it cannot be denied that there is a great deal of indifferentism1 and even worse1 among the anti-,catholic portion of them1 the outward evidence of which may be found in the complete disregard that is so generally manifested for the holiness of the ,sunday4 ,we are not of those who would deny to the hard-working and hard-faring classes their proper share of innocent and healthful amusement on the only day in the week that they can escape from labor1 but this recreation should be preceded by some act of devotion1 some solemn and open recognition of our dependence on the great ,giver of life and happiness4 ,still1 whoever visits our saloons and pleasure gardens on a ,sunday will find them thronged with persons of all ages and both sexes from early morning till midnight1 while churches that would gladly receive them are comparatively deserted4 ,luther's revolt against the church has much of this to answer for1 but ,kant1 ,fichte1 #ajj and other so-called philosophers of more modern times have much more2 for while the 8,reformers0 only unsettled the religious mind of ,germany1 and partially succeeded in alienating it from the ,catholic ,church1 the schoolmen succeeded in making atheism fashionable among the intelligent classes by covering it with a thin veil of learned mysticism4 ,this want of proper deference for the day set apart by the church1 and by all ,christian sects1 for special reverence1 and the observance of which is even enjoined by our common and statute law1 is1 we maintain1 not only un-,american1 but is likely to produce a general contempt for all law1 and lead to a weakening of the sense of that obedience which every individual citizen owes to the public authority4 ,in thus alluding to the characteristics of some of our adopted citizens1 we have touched only on those of the two most numerous representatives of ,european nationalities1 not because there are not others whose deficiencies1 from an ,american point of view1 are not as apparent1 but from the fact that we consider1 from their numerical strength and intrinsic qualities1 they are destined to exercise a marked and extensive influence on the future character of the country4 ,in feeling or temperament1 they are not opposed to us nor to each other4 ,the vivacity and even excitability of one race find their complement in the solidity and matter-of-fact disposition of the other--a union of qualities which1 governed and properly managed by the practical genius of ,americans1 will in all human probability lead to results in the distant future of the magnitude of which we scarcely dare to dream4 ,no people ever possessed the advantages that we1 native and adopted1 enjoy4 ,let us avail ourselves of them in such manner that posterity may look back to us1 as we to the ,revolutionary fathers1 with unmingled feelings of gratitude and admiration4 ---------- ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,henri ,,lasserre4 7,concluded47 ,,part ,x4 ,,ii4 ,another episode4 ,there are1 in civil life1 men whose appearance is precisely that of a soldier4 ,though they have never seen service1 every one who meets them and does not know them takes them without hesitation for veterans4 ,they have the rather stiff carriage1 firm step1 disciplined appearance1 and concealed good-fellowship belonging to the profession4 ,they are specially common in the mixed services1 such as the customs1 the waters and forests1 which1 though purely civil in their nature1 borrow their degrees of rank and their methods from the system adopted #aja for the army4 ,on the one hand1 these men have1 like private citizens1 a family and a domestic life2 on the other1 they are bound in a thousand ways by the manifold requirements of an entirely military rule4 ,to this is due the peculiar appearance of which ,i speak1 and with which every one is familiar4 ,if1 then1 you have ever seen a brave cavalry officer in citizen's dress1 with his short hair and his bristly moustache beginning to turn gray2 if you have noticed in his energetic features those straight and vertical lines which are hardly as yet wrinkles1 and which seem peculiar to these military faces2 if you have gazed upon that forehead1 rebellious to the hat1 and which seems made expressly for the kepi or tricorne1 upon those firm eyes which by day are accustomed to brave danger1 but by night become gentle at the fireside as they rest upon the children's heads2 if you remember this characteristic type1 ,i have no need to introduce you to ,m4 ,roger ,lacassagne1 officer in the custom-house at ,bordeaux--you know him as well as ,i4 ,when1 about two years ago1 ,i had the honor of visiting him at his house1 ,rue du ,chai des ,farines1 ,no4 #f1 at ,bordeaux1 ,i was struck at first by his severe appearance and his air of reserve4 ,he asked me1 with the somewhat brusque politeness habitual to men of discipline1 what was the object of my visit4 8,monsieur10 said ,i1 8,i have heard the story of your journey to the ,grotto of ,lourdes1 and for the profit of some inquiries ,i am just now making1 ,i have come to have it from your own mouth40 ,at the words 8the ,grotto of ,lourdes10 this stern countenance became tender1 and a dear remembrance softened its rigid lines4 8,be seated10 said he1 8and excuse the disorder of our establishment4 ,my family leaves to-day for ,arcachou1 and everything is topsy-turvy40 8,do not mention it4 ,tell me all about these interesting events of which ,i have already heard1 but only confusedly40 8,for my part10 said he in a voice choked by emotion1 8,i shall never in my life forget their smallest details4 8,monsieur10 he continued after a moment of silence1 8,i have only two sons4 ,the youngest1 about whom ,i am going to tell you1 is called ,jules4 ,he will come in before long4 ,you will see how sweet1 pure1 and good he is40 ,m4 ,lacassagne did not tell me all his affection for this youngest son4 ,but the accent of his voice1 which became gentle and as it were caressing in speaking of this child1 showed me all the depth of his paternal love4 ,i understood that in that strong and tender feeling was concentrated all the force of this manly soul4 8,his health10 continued he1 8was excellent until the age of ten4 8,at that period there came on unexpectedly1 and without apparent physical cause1 a disease the importance of which ,i did not at first appreciate4 ,on the #beth of ,january1 #ahfe1 when we were sitting down to supper1 ,jules complained of a trouble in his throat which prevented him from swallowing any solid food4 ,he had to limit himself to a little soup4 8,this state of things continuing next day1 ,i called in ,dr4 ,nogus1 one of the most distinguished physicians of ,toulouse4 8#8,the difficulty comes from the nerves1' said he--which gave me hopes of a speedy cure4 8,in fact1 a few days afterwards1 the boy was able to eat1 and ,i thought all was over1 when the trouble returned1 and continued with #ajb occasional intermissions till the end of ,april4 ,it then became fixed4 ,the poor child had to live entirely on liquids2 on milk1 the juice of meat1 and broth4 ,even the broth had to be very clear1 for such was the narrowness of the orifice that it was absolutely impossible for him to swallow anything solid1 even tapioca4 8,the poor boy1 reduced to such miserable diet1 was becoming visibly emaciated1 and was dying slowly4 8,the physicians1 for there were two--as ,i had from the outset requested a celebrated practitioner1 ,dr4 ,roques1 to consult with ,dr4 ,nogus--the physicians1 ,i say1 astonished by the peculiarity and the persistence of this difficulty1 tried vainly to discover its precise nature1 that they might apply a remedy4 ,one day1 it was the tenth of ,may--for ,i suffered so much1 sir1 and thought so much about this illness that ,i remembered every date--one day1 ,i saw ,jules in the garden running with unusual haste1 and as it were precipitately4 ,now ,i dreaded the least agitation for him4 8#8,stop1 ,jules6' cried ,i1 going to him and taking his hand4 8,he broke away immediately4 8#8,father1 ,i cannot1' said he4 #8,i must run4 ,it is stronger than ,i4' 8,i took him in my lap1 but his legs moved convulsively4 ,soon after the movement passed to his head and face4 8,the true character of his disease had at last declared itself4 ,my poor child was attacked by chorea4 ,you are no doubt aware1 sir1 by what horrible contortions this disease is usually marked40 8,no10 said ,i1 interrupting him1 8,i do not even know what it is40 8,it is what is often called ,st4 ,vitus's dance40 8,yes1 ,i have heard of that4 ,go on40 8,the principal seat of the disease was in the sophagus4 ,the convulsions which ,i had just witnessed1 and which were continued at all hours from that time1 put an end to the perplexities of the physicians4 8,but though they now understood the difficulty1 they could not overcome it4 ,after fifteen months of treatment1 the most they could do was control these violent external symptoms2 or really1 in my own opinion1 these disappeared of themselves by the efforts of nature alone4 ,but as to the contraction of the throat1 it had become chronic and resisted all appliances4 ,remedies of every kind1 the country1 the baths of ,luchon1 were successively and uselessly employed for about two years4 ,all the treatment seemed only to increase the disease4 8,our last trial had been one season at the sea-side4 ,my wife had taken our poor child to ,st4 ,jean-de-,luz4 ,i need hardly say that in the state in which he was1 the care of his body was everything4 ,our only object was to keep him alive4 ,we had from the first suspended his studies and stopped all labor on his part1 whether of body or mind2 we treated him like a plant4 ,now1 his mind was naturally active and inquiring1 and this privation of intellectual occupation gave him much ennui4 ,the poor boy was also ashamed of his trouble2 he saw other children in good health1 and he felt himself as it were disgraced and under a ban2 so he kept apart40 ,the father1 deeply moved by these memories1 stopped a moment to check a rising sob1 and continued3 8,he kept apart4 ,he was sad4 ,when he found some interesting book1 he would read it to distract his mind4 ,at ,st4 ,jean-de-,luz1 he saw one day on the table of a lady who lived in the neighborhood a little notice of the apparition at ,lourdes4 ,he read it1 and seems to have been very #ajc much impressed by it4 ,he said that evening to his mother that the ,blessed ,virgin could very easily cure him2 but she paid no attention to his proposal1 considering it as only a childish whim4 8,on our return to ,bordeaux--for a little while before this my station had been changed1 and we had come to live here--on our return to ,bordeaux the child was absolutely in the same condition4 8,that was last ,august4 8,so many vain efforts1 so much science employed without success by the best physicians1 so much lost trouble1 had by this time1 as you will easily imagine1 discouraged us most completely4 ,disheartened by the failure of all our endeavors1 we gave up all kinds of remedies1 letting nature act alone1 and resigning ourselves to the inevitable evil which ,god was pleased to send us4 ,it seemed to us that so much suffering had in a certain way redoubled our love for this child4 ,our poor ,jules was tended by his mother and myself with equal tenderness and solicitude continually4 ,grief added many years to our lives4 ,you would hardly believe it1 sir1 but ,i am only forty-six years old40 ,i looked at the poor father2 and at the sight of his manly face1 upon which grief had left such visible traces1 my heart was moved4 ,i took his hand and pressed it with cordial sympathy and real compassion4 8,meanwhile10 said he1 8the strength of the child decreased perceptibly4 ,for two years he had taken no solid food4 ,it was only at great expense1 by means of a liquid nourishment in preparing which all our ingenuity had been taxed that it might be substantial1 and by most extraordinary care1 that we had been able to prolong his life4 ,he had become frightfully thin4 ,his pallor was extreme2 he had no blood showing under his skin2 you would have said he was a statue of wax4 ,it was evident that death was coming on apace4 ,it was not only certain1 but imminent4 ,and1 though the uselessness of medical science in the case had certainly been clearly shown1 ,i could not help knocking once again at its door4 ,i knew of no other in this world4 8,i applied to the most eminent physician in ,bordeaux1 ,dr4 ,gintrac4 ,dr4 ,gintrac examined his throat1 sounded it1 and found1 besides the mere contraction which had almost entirely closed the alimentary canal1 some most threatening roughnesses or small swellings4 8,he shook his head1 and gave me little hope4 ,he saw my terrible anxiety4 8#8,i do not say that his cure is impossible1' said he2 #8but he is very ill4' 8,these were his exact words4 8,he considered it absolutely necessary to employ local remedies2 first injections1 then the application of a cloth soaked in ether4 ,but this treatment prostrated the child2 in view of the result1 the surgeon himself1 ,m4 ,sentex1 employed in the hospital1 advised us to discontinue it4 8,in one of my visits to ,dr4 ,gintrac1 ,i communicated to him an idea which had occurred to me4 8#8,it seems to me1' said ,i1 #8that if ,jules had the will1 he could swallow4 ,does not this difficulty perhaps come from fear8 ,is it not perhaps that he does not swallow to-day merely because he did not yesterday8 ,if so1 it is a mental malady1 which can only be cured by moral means4' 8,but the doctor dispelled this my last illusion4 8#8,you are mistaken1' said he4 #8,the disease is in the organs themselves1 which are only too really and seriously affected4 ,i have #ajd not contented myself with looking at them1 for the eye may easily be deceived2 but ,i have sounded them with an instrument1 and felt of them carefully with my fingers4 ,the sophagus is covered with little swellings1 and the passage has become so small that it is materially impossible for the boy to take any food whatever1 except liquids1 which can accommodate themselves to the size of the opening1 and pass through the pin-hole1 as ,i may call it1 which still remains4 ,if the enlargement of the tissues proceeds a few millimetres further1 the patient cannot live4 ,the beginning of the trouble1 the alternations which characterized it1 and its occasional interruptions also bear out the result of my examination4 ,your child1 having once recovered1 would have continued well if the difficulty had been in his imagination4 ,unfortunately1 it is organic4' 8,these remarks1 which had been already made to me at ,toulouse1 but which ,i had gladly forgotten1 were too conclusive not to convince me4 ,i returned home1 with death in my soul4 8,what could now be done8 ,we had applied to the most distinguished physicians both of ,toulouse and ,bordeaux1 and all had been unavailing4 ,the fatal evidence was before my eyes2 our poor child was condemned1 and that without appeal4 8,but1 monsieur1 such cruel conclusions cannot easily remain in a father's heart4 ,i still tried to deceive myself2 my wife and ,i continued to consult2 ,i was thinking of hydropathy4 8,it was in this desperate state of things that ,jules said to his mother1 with an air of confidence and absolute certitude which strongly impressed her3 8#8,mamma1 neither ,dr4 ,gintrac nor any other doctor can do anything for my trouble4 ,it is the ,holy ,virgin who will cure me4 ,send me to the ,grotto of ,lourdes1 and you will see that ,i shall be cured4 ,i am sure of it4' 8,my wife reported this proposal to me4 8#8,we must not hesitate6' cried ,i4 #8,he must go to ,lourdes4 ,and that as soon as possible4' 8,it was not1 sir1 that ,i was full of faith4 ,i did not believe in miracles1 and ,i hardly considered such extraordinary interventions of divine power as possible4 ,but ,i was a father1 and any chance1 no matter how insignificant1 seemed to me not to be slighted4 ,besides1 ,i hoped that1 without any supernatural occurrence1 the possibility of which ,i did not wish to admit1 this journey might have a salutary moral effect on the child4 ,as for a complete cure1 ,i did not entertain the slightest idea of such a thing4 8,it was in winter1 at the beginning of ,february2 the weather was bad1 and ,i wished to wait for a fine day1 on ,jules's account4 8,since he had read the little notice1 eight months before1 at ,st4 ,jean-de-,luz1 the idea which he had just expressed to us had never left him4 ,having expressed it once without any attention being paid to it1 he had not introduced the subject again2 but the thought had remained in him1 and worked there while he was undergoing all the medical treatment with a patience that had to be seen to be appreciated4 8,this faith1 so full and complete1 was the more extraordinary because we had not brought up the child to any unusual practices of piety4 ,my wife attended to her religious duties1 but that was all2 and1 as for myself1 ,i had1 as you have just heard1 philosophic ideas tending #aje quite the other way4 8,on the #abth of ,february1 the weather promised to be magnificent4 ,we took the train for ,tarbes4 8,during the whole journey1 ,jules was gay1 and full of the most positive faith that he would be cured2 his faith was overpowering4 8,as for myself1 ,i encouraged1 but did not share1 this confidence2 it was so great that ,i should call it exaggerated1 did ,i not fear to be wanting in respect for the ,god who inspired it4 8,at ,tarbes1 at the ,htel ,dupont1 where we put up1 every one noticed the poor child1 so pale and wasted1 and yet with such a sweet and attractive expression4 ,i mentioned at the hotel the object of our journey1 and in the good wishes and prayers which these good people made for us there seemed to be a presentiment of success4 ,and when we set out1 ,i saw plainly that they would await our return with impatience4 8,notwithstanding my doubts1 ,i took with me a small box of biscuits4 8,when we arrived at the crypt above the ,grotto1 ,mass was being said4 ,jules prayed with a faith which shone out in all his features1 with a truly celestial ardor4 8,the priest noticed his fervor1 and when he had left the altar1 he came out of the sacristy almost immediately1 and approached us4 ,a good idea had occurred to him on seeing the poor little one4 ,he proposed it to me1 and1 turning to ,jules1 who was still on his knees1 said3 8#8,my child1 would you like to have me consecrate you to the ,blessed ,virgin8' 8#8,indeed ,i would1' answered he4 8,the priest immediately proceeded with the very simple ceremony1 and recited over my child the sacred formulas4 8#8,now1' said ,jules1 in a tone which impressed me by its perfect confidence1 #8,i am going to be cured4' 8,we went to the ,grotto4 ,jules knelt before the statue and prayed4 ,i looked at him1 and can still see the expression of his face1 his attitude1 and his joined hands4 8,he rose1 and we went to the fountain4 8,it was a terrible moment4 8,he bathed his neck and chest4 ,then he took the glass and drank several mouthfuls of the miraculous water4 8,he was calm and happy1 gay in fact1 and radiant with confidence4 8,for my part1 ,i trembled and almost fainted at this last trial4 ,but ,i restrained my emotion1 though with difficulty4 ,i did not want to let him see my doubt4 8#8,try now to eat1' said ,i1 handing him a biscuit4 8,he took it1 and ,i turned away my head1 not feeling able to look at him4 ,it was1 in fact1 the question of the life or death of my child which was to be decided4 ,in putting this question1 such a fearful one for a father's heart1 ,i was playing1 as it were1 my last card4 ,if ,i failed1 my dear boy would have to die4 ,this test was a decisive one1 and ,i could not see it tried4 8,but ,i was soon relieved of my agony4 8,jules's voice1 joyous and sweet1 called me3 8#8,papa6 ,i have swallowed it4 ,i can eat1 ,i knew ,i could--,i had faith6' 8,what a surprise it was6 ,my child1 who had been at death's door1 was saved1 and that instantly4 ,and ,i1 his father1 was a witness to this astonishing resurrection4 8,but1 that ,i might not disturb the faith of my son1 ,i checked any appearance of astonishment4 8#8,yes1 ,jules1 it was certain1 and could not have been otherwise1' said #ajf ,i1 in a voice which ,i made calm by great effort4 8,there was in my breast1 however1 a whirlwind of excitement4 ,if it could have been opened1 it would have been found burning as if full of fire4 8,we repeated our experiment4 ,he ate some more biscuits1 not only without difficulty1 but with an increasing appetite4 ,i was obliged to restrain him4 8,but ,i could not refrain from proclaiming my happiness1 and thanking ,god4 8#8,wait for me1' said ,i to ,jules1 #8and pray to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,i am going to the chapel4' 8,and leaving him for a moment kneeling at the ,grotto1 ,i ran to tell the priest the wonderful news4 ,i was quite bewildered4 ,besides my happiness1 so unexpected and sudden that it was terrible1 besides the confusion of my heart1 ,i felt in my soul and mind an inexpressible disturbance4 ,a revolution was going on in my agitated and tumultuous thoughts4 ,all my #8philosophical' ideas were tottering and crumbling away4 8,the priest came down immediately and saw ,jules finishing his last biscuit4 ,the ,bishop of ,tarbes happened to be that day at the chapel1 and he wished to see my son4 ,i told him of the cruel illness which had just had such a happy end4 ,every one caressed the child1 and rejoiced with him4 8,but ,i meanwhile was thinking of his mother1 and of the joy in store for her4 ,before going to the hotel1 ,i ran to the telegraph office4 ,my despatch contained only one word3 #8,cured6' 8,hardly had it gone before ,i wanted to recall it4 8#8,perhaps1' said ,i1 #8,i have been too hasty4 ,who knows if he will not have a relapse8' 8,i did not dare to believe in the blessing ,i had received2 and when ,i did believe in it1 it seemed that it was going to escape from me4 8,as for the child1 he was happy without the least mixture of disquietude4 ,he was exuberant in his joy and perfect security4 8#8,you see now1 papa1' said he to me every moment1 #8it was only the ,blessed ,virgin who could cure me4 ,when ,i told you so before1 ,i was sure of it4' 8,at the hotel1 he ate with an excellent appetite2 and how ,i enjoyed watching him6 8,he wanted to return on foot to the ,grotto to give thanks for his deliverance1 and actually did so4 8#8,you will be very grateful to the ,holy ,virgin1 will you not8' said a priest to him4 8#8,ah6 ,i shall never forget1' said he4 8,at ,tarbes1 we stopped at the hotel where we had put up the day before4 ,they were on the lookout for us4 ,they seem to have had 7as ,i think ,i told you7 a feeling that we would be successful4 ,there was a great rejoicing4 ,people gathered around us to see him eat with a relish everything that was served upon the table2 to see him eat heartily who the day before could only swallow a few spoonfuls of liquid4 ,that time seemed to me long gone by4 8,this illness1 against which the science of the most able physicians had failed1 and which had just been so miraculously cured1 had lasted two years and nineteen days4 8,we were in haste to return to his mother1 and took the express train for ,bordeaux4 ,the child was overcome with fatigue by the journey1 and ,i should also say by his emotions1 were it not for his peaceable and #ajg constant calmness in spite of his sudden cure1 which overwhelmed him with joy1 but did not astonish him4 ,he wanted to go to bed on reaching home4 ,he was extremely sleepy1 and took no supper4 ,his mother1 who had nearly died of joy before our return1 when she saw him so exhausted and refusing to eat1 was seized by a horrible doubt4 ,she told me that ,i had deceived her1 and ,i had the greatest difficulty in making myself believed4 ,but how she rejoiced when1 the next morning1 ,jules sat down at our table1 and breakfasted with a better appetite than ourselves4 ,it was not till then that she became reassured40 8,and since then10 ,i asked him1 8has there been no relapse80 8,no1 sir1 absolutely none4 ,i may say that the cure progressed1 or rather consolidated itself1 considering that it had been as complete as it was instantaneous4 ,the transition from a disease so fixed and obstinate to a perfect cure was made without the least gradation1 though it was without apparent disturbance4 ,but his general health improved visibly1 under the influence of a restorative regimen1 the salutary effects of which it was full time for him to experience40 8,and the physicians8 ,have they testified to ,jules's previous condition8 ,certainly they should have done so40 8,i thought so too1 sir1 and mentioned the subject to the ,bordeaux doctor who had been the last to attend my child2 but he maintained a reserve which prevented me from insisting4 ,as for ,dr4 ,roques of ,toulouse1 to whom ,i wrote immediately1 he hastened to recognize in the clearest terms the miraculous nature of the fact which had occurred1 and which was entirely beyond the powers of medicine4 #8,in view of this cure1 so long desired and so promptly effected1' he said to me1 #8why not quit the narrow sphere of scientific explanations1 and open one's mind to gratitude for so strange an event1 in which ,providence seems to obey the voice of a child8' ,he rejected most decidedly1 as a physician1 the theories which are always produced on such occasions of #8moral excitement1' #8the effect of the imagination1' etc41 and confessed frankly in this event the clear and positive action of a superior ,being revealing himself and imposing himself on the conscience4 ,such1 sir1 was the opinion of ,m4 ,roques1 physician of ,toulouse1 who knew as well as myself the previous condition and the illness of my son4 ,there is his own letter1 dated ,february #bd4 8,but the facts which ,i have just related are also so well known that no one would care to contest them4 ,it is superabundantly proved that science was absolutely powerless against the strange disease by which ,jules had been attacked4 ,as for the cause of his cure1 every one can place it differently1 according to the point of view which he chooses to assume4 ,i1 who had previously believed only in purely natural phenomena1 saw clearly that its explanation must be sought in a higher order of things2 and every day ,i gave thanks to ,god1 who1 putting an end to my long and cruel trial in such an unexpected way1 had approached me in the way most adapted to make me bow before him40 8,i understand you1 and it seems also to me that such was the divine plan40 ,after these words1 ,i remained some time silent and absorbed in my reflections4 ,the conversation returned to the boy so wonderfully cured4 ,the father's heart came back to him1 as the needle does to the pole4 #ajh 8,since that time10 said he1 8his piety is angelic4 ,you will see him soon4 ,the nobleness of his feelings is visible in his face4 ,he is well-born1 his character is honest and dignified4 ,he is incapable of lies or meanness4 ,and his piety has not been at the expense of his natural qualities4 ,he is studying in a school close by1 kept by ,m4 ,conangle1 in the ,rue du ,mirail4 ,the poor child has quickly made up for his lost time4 ,he loves his studies4 ,he is the first in his class4 ,at the last examination1 he took the highest prize4 ,but1 above all1 he is the best and most amiable4 ,he is the favorite of his teachers and schoolmates4 ,he is our joy1 our consolation1 and--0 ,at this moment the door opened1 and ,jules came with his mother into the room where we were sitting4 ,i embraced him affectionately4 ,the glow of health was on his face4 ,his forehead is large1 high1 and magnificent2 his attitude has a modesty and gentle firmness which inspires a secret respect4 ,his eyes1 large and bright1 show a rare intelligence1 and absolute purity and a beautiful soul4 8,you are happy to have such a son10 said ,i to ,m4 ,lacassagne4 8,yes1 sir1 ,i am happy4 ,but my poor wife and ,i have suffered a great deal40 8,do not be sorry for that10 said ,i1 going a little away from ,jules4 8,this path of grief was the way which led you from darkness to light1 from death to life1 from yourself to ,god4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin has shown herself twice in this event as the mother of life4 ,she has given your son his temporal life in order to give you the true life which knows no end40 ,i left this family1 so greatly blessed by our ,lord1 and1 still under the impression of what ,i had heard and seen1 ,i wrote1 with my heart full of the feelings produced1 what you have just read4 ,,part ,,xi4 ,i4 ,let us return to ,lourdes4 ,time had passed1 and human industry had been at work4 ,the surroundings of the ,grotto1 where the ,blessed ,virgin had appeared1 had changed their former aspect4 ,without losing anything of its grandeur1 this savage spot had put on a pleasing aspect4 ,yet unfinished1 but fairly alive with workmen1 a superb church1 proudly crowning the ,massabielle rocks1 was rising joyously to heaven4 ,the lofty heights1 so abrupt and uncultivated1 where formerly the feet of the mountaineers could scarcely descend1 were covered with a greensward and planted with shrubs and flowers4 ,among dahlias and roses1 daisies and violets1 beneath the shade of acacias and cytisuses1 a path1 broad as the highway1 wound in sinuous curves from the church to the ,grotto4 ,the ,grotto was enclosed like a chancel by an iron railing4 ,from the roof a golden lamp had been suspended4 ,on the rocks1 which had been pressed by ,mary's sacred feet1 clusters of tapers burned day and night4 ,outside the enclosure the miraculous spring fed three bronze lavers4 ,a canal1 screened from sight by a little building1 afforded a chance for those invalids who wished to be bathed in this blessed water4 ,the mill-race of ,savy had changed its bed1 having been led into the ,gave1 further up4 ,the ,gave itself had withdrawn somewhat1 to give room for a fine road which leads to the ,massabielle ,rocks4 ,below1 on the banks of the river1 the ground had been levelled1 and formed an extensive lawn and walk1 shaded by elms and poplars4 #aji ,all these changes had been accomplished and were still going on amid the incessant concourse of the faithful4 ,the copper coin1 thrown by popular faith into the grotto--the ex-votos of so many invalids who had been cured1 of so many hearts who had been consoled1 of so many souls reawakened to truth and life1 alone defrayed the cost of these gigantic labors1 which approaches the sum of two million francs4 ,when ,god1 in his bounty1 vouchsafes to call men to co-operate in any of his works1 he does not employ soldiers1 or tax-gatherers1 or constables to collect the impost--he accepts from his creatures only a voluntary assistance4 ,the ,master of the universe repudiates constraint1 for he is the ,god of free souls2 he does not consent to receive anything which is not spontaneous and offered with a cheerful heart4 ,thus the church was gradually rising1 thus the river and the millstream gave way1 hillsides were levelled1 trees were planted1 and pathways traced around the now famous rocks where the ,mother of ,christ had manifested her glory to the eyes of mortals4 ,,ii4 ,encouraging the laborers1 superintending everything1 suggesting ideas1 sometimes putting his own hands to the work to set a misplaced stone or straighten a badly-planted tree1 recalling1 by his ardor and holy enthusiasm1 the grand figures of ,esdras and ,nehemiah1 occupied1 by ,god's order1 with the rebuilding of the walls of ,jerusalem1 a tall man1 of marked features1 seemed to make himself everywhere present4 ,his powerful stature and black cassock rendered him conspicuous to all eyes4 ,his name will be speedily guessed4 ,it was the chief pastor of the town of ,lourdes1 the ,abb ,peyramale4 ,every hour of the day he thought of the message which the ,blessed ,virgin had addressed to him2 every hour he thought of the miraculous cures which had followed the apparition2 he was a daily witness of countless miracles4 ,he had devoted his life to execute the orders of his powerful ,queen1 and raise to her glory a splendid monument4 ,all idleness1 all delay1 every moment wasted1 seemed to his eyes a token of ingratitude1 and his heart1 devoured by zeal for the house of ,god1 often broke forth in warnings and admonitions4 ,his faith was perfect1 and full of confidence4 ,he had a horror of the wretched narrowness of human prudence1 and scouted it with the disdain of one who looks upon all things from that holy mount whereon the ,son of ,god preached the nothingness of earth and the reality of heaven1 when he said3 8,be not solicitous 444 seek first the kingdom of heaven1 and all these things shall be added unto you40 ,one day1 while standing before the miraculous fountain amid a group of ecclesiastics and laymen1 the architect offered him a plan for a pretty chapel which he proposed to build above the ,grotto4 ,the cur looked at it1 and a flush rose to his cheek4 ,with a gesture of impatience he tore the drawing into bits1 and tossed it into the ,gave4 8,what are you doing80 cried the astonished architect4 8,look you10 answered the priest1 8,i am ashamed of what human meanness would offer to the ,mother of my ,god1 and ,i have treated the wretched plan as it deserved4 ,we do not want a country chapel to commemorate #aaj the great events which have taken place here4 ,go1 give us a temple of marble as large and as high as these rocks can sustain--as magnificent as your soul can conceive6 ,go1 and do not check your genius till you have given us a chef-d'uvre2 and understand that1 if you were ,michael ,angelo himself1 it would all be unworthy of her who has appeared in this spot40 8,but1 monsieur le cur10 observed everybody1 8it will cost millions to carry out your ideas60 8,she who has made this barren rock send forth its living stream--she will know how to make faithful hearts generous10 answered the priest4 8,go1 do what ,i tell you4 ,why are you afraid1 ,o ye of little faith80 ,the temple rose in the proportions designed by the man of ,god4 ,the good pastor1 as he watched the progress of the various works1 often used to say3 8,when will it be granted me to assist1 with my priests and people1 at the first procession which goes to inaugurate in these hallowed precincts the public worship of the ,catholic ,church8 ,it seems to me that then ,i could sing my ,nunc dimittis1 and die of joy40 ,his eyes filled with tears at the thought4 ,never was there a deeper or warmer desire than this innocent wish of a heart given wholly to ,god4 ,sometimes1 at hours when the crowd was thin at the ,massabielle ,rocks1 a little girl used to come and kneel before the place of the apparition1 and drink of the miraculous spring4 ,she was a poor child1 and meanly clad--nothing marked out from the common people about4 ,and if the pilgrims were all strangers to the place1 no one suspected that it was ,bernadette4 ,this privileged soul had withdrawn into silence and concealment4 ,she went daily to the sisters' school1 where she was the simplest1 and strove to be the most unnoticed4 ,the numerous visitors whom she was called upon to receive never disturbed her peace of mind1 which ever retained the memory of its glimpse at heaven and the incomparable ,virgin4 ,bernadette kept all these things in her heart4 ,people came from all quarters1 miracles were being worked1 the temple was rising4 ,bernadette and the holy pastor of ,lourdes awaited1 as their crowning joy1 the day which was to bring to their eyes the sight of priests of the true ,god leading their people1 with cross advanced and flying banners1 to the spot of the apparitions4 ,,iii4 ,in spite of the bishop's decree1 the church in fact had not yet taken possession1 by any public ceremony1 of this spot1 consecrated for ever4 ,it was not till the #dth of ,april1 #ahfd1 that this was done1 by the inauguration and blessing of the superb statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which was placed with all the pomp customary on such occasions in the rustic niche1 bordered with wild flowers1 where the ,mother of ,god had appeared to the child of man4#ci ,the weather was magnificent4 ,the young spring sun had risen1 and advanced in a blue and cloudless sky4 ,the streets of ,lourdes were adorned with flowers1 banners1 garlands1 and triumphal arches4 ,the bells of the parish church1 the chapels1 and the churches of the neighborhood1 rang out joyous peals4 ,immense #aaa numbers of people flocked together to this great festival of earth and heaven4 ,a procession1 such as had never been seen by the oldest inhabitant1 moved from the church of ,lourdes to the ,grotto4 ,troops1 in all the splendor of military attire1 led the way4 ,following them were the confraternities of ,lourdes1 the societies for mutual aid1 and other associations1 with their banners and crosses2 the ,congregation of the ,children of ,mary1 whose long robes were white as snow2 the ,sisters of ,nevers1 with their long black veil2 the ,daughters of ,charity1 with their great white hoods2 the ,sisters of ,st4 ,joseph1 in dark mantles2 the religious orders of men1 the ,carmelites1 the ,brothers of ,instruction and of the ,christian schools1 and prodigious numbers of pilgrims1 men and women1 young and old--fifty or sixty thousand persons in all--wound along the flowery road leading to the ,massabielle rocks4 ,here and there1 choirs and instrumental bands gave a voice to the popular enthusiasm4 ,last1 surrounded by four hundred priests in choir dress1 his vicars-general1 and the dignitaries of his cathedral chapter1 came his lordship1 ,mgr4 ,bertrand-,svre ,laurence1 ,bishop of ,tarbes1 in his mitre and pontifical robes1 with one hand blessing the people1 and bearing his crosier in the other4 ,an indescribable emotion1 an exaltation of feeling1 such as only ,christian people assembled before ,god can know1 filled every heart4 ,the day of solemn triumph had at last come1 after so many difficulties1 struggles1 and disasters4 ,tears of joy1 enthusiasm1 and love ran down the cheeks of the people1 moved by an impulse from ,god4 ,what indescribable joy must have filled the heart of ,bernadette on this day1 as she led the ,congregation of the ,children of ,mary6 ,what overwhelming happiness must have inundated the soul of the venerable cur of ,lourdes1 who was no doubt at the side of the bishop1 singing the hosanna of the victory of ,god6 ,having both had to labor1 the time was certainly come for them to enter into their reward4 ,alas6 one would have sought in vain among the ,children of ,mary for ,bernadette3 among the clergy surrounding the bishop1 the ,abb ,peyramale would not have been found4 ,there are joys too sweet for earth1 which are reserved for heaven4 ,here below1 ,god refuses them to his dearest children4 ,at this time of rejoicing1 when the bright sun was shining on the triumph of the faithful1 the cur of ,lourdes1 laboring under a disease which was expected to result fatally1 was a victim to intense physical sufferings4 ,he was stretched on his bed of pain1 at the head of which two religious watched and prayed night and day4 ,he wished to rise to see the grand cortge pass1 but his strength failed him1 and he had not even a momentary glimpse of its splendor4 ,through the closed shutters of his room1 the joyous sound of the silvery bells came to him only as a funeral knell4 ,as for ,bernadette1 ,god showed her his predilection1 as usual with his elect1 by giving her the bitter trial of pain4 ,while ,mgr4 ,laurence was going1 accompanied by countless numbers of his flock1 to take possession of the ,massabielle rocks in the name of the church1 and to inaugurate solemnly the devotion to the ,virgin who had appeared there1 ,bernadette1 like the eminent priest of whom we have just spoken1 was prostrated by illness2 ,providence1 perhaps1 fearing for this well-beloved child a temptation to vainglory1 deprived her of the #aab sight of this unprecedented festivity1 where she would have heard her name on the lips of thousands1 and extolled from the pulpit by the voice of enthusiastic preachers4 ,too poor to be taken care of in her own home1 where neither she nor her family would ever receive any gift1 ,bernadette had been carried to the hospital1 where she lay upon the humble bed provided by public charity1 in the midst of those poor whom the world calls unfortunate1 but whom ,jesus ,christ has blessed in declaring them the possessors of his eternal kingdom4 ,,iv4 ,eleven years have now elapsed since the apparitions of the most ,holy ,virgin4 ,the great church is almost finished2 it has only to be roofed1 and the holy sacrifice has long since been celebrated at all the altars of the crypt below4 ,diocesan missionaries of the house of ,garaison have been stationed by the bishop near the grotto and the church1 to distribute to the pilgrims the apostolic word1 the sacraments1 and the body of our ,lord4 ,the pilgrimage has taken dimensions perhaps quite without precedent1 for before our day these vast movements of popular faith did not have the assistance of the means of transportation invented by modern science4 ,the course of the ,pyrenees ,railroad1 for which a straighter and cheaper route had been previously marked out between ,tarbes and ,pau1 was changed so as to pass through ,lourdes1 and innumerable travellers continually come from every quarter to invoke the ,virgin who has appeared at the ,grotto1 and to seek at the miraculous fountain the healing of all their ills4 ,they come not only from the different provinces of ,france1 but also from ,england1 ,belgium1 ,spain1 ,russia1 and ,germany4 ,even from the midst of far ,america1 pious ,christians have set out1 and crossed the ocean to come to the ,grotto of ,lourdes1 to kneel before these sacred rocks1 which the ,mother of ,god has sanctified by her touch4 ,and often those who cannot come write to the missionaries1 and beg that a little of the miraculous water may be sent to their homes4 ,it is thus distributed throughout the world4 ,although ,lourdes is a small town1 there is a continual passing to and fro upon the road to the grotto1 a stream of men1 women1 priests1 and carriages1 as in the streets of a large city4 ,when the pleasant weather comes1 and the sun1 overcoming the cold of winter1 opens in the midst of flowers the gates of spring1 the faithful of the neighborhood begin to bestir themselves for the pilgrimage to ,massabielle1 no longer one by one1 but in large parties4 ,from ten1 twelve1 or fifteen leagues' distance1 these strong mountaineers come on foot in bodies of one or two thousand4 ,they set out in the evening and walk all night by starlight1 like the shepherds of ,judea1 when they went to the crib of ,bethlehem to adore the new-born infant ,god4 ,they descend from high peaks1 they traverse deep valleys1 they cross foaming torrents1 or follow their course1 singing the praises of ,god4 ,and on their way the sleeping herds of cattle or of sheep awake1 and diffuse through these desert wilds the melancholy sound of their sonorous bells4 ,at daybreak1 they arrive at ,lourdes2 they spread their banners1 and form in procession to go to the ,grotto4 ,the men1 with their blue caps and great shoes covered with dust from their long night march1 rest upon a knotty stick1 and usually carry upon their shoulders the provisions for their journey4 ,the women wear #aac a white or red capulet4 ,some carry the precious burden of a child4 ,and they move on slowly1 quiet and recollected1 singing the litanies of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,at ,massabielle they hear ,mass1 kneel at the holy table1 and drink at the miraculous spring4 ,then they distribute themselves1 in groups according to family or friendship1 upon the grass around the ,grotto1 and spreading out on the sod the provisions they have brought1 they sit down upon the green carpet of the fields4 ,and1 on the bank of the ,gave1 in the shade of those hallowed rocks1 they realize in their frugal repast those fraternal agapes of which tradition tells us4 ,then1 having received a last blessing and said a parting prayer1 they set out with joyful hearts upon their homeward way4 ,thus do the people of the ,pyrenees visit the ,grotto4 ,but the greatest numbers are not from there4 ,from sixty or eighty leagues' distance come continually immense processions1 brought from these great distances upon the rapid wings of steam4 ,they come from ,bayonne1 from ,peyrehorade1 from ,la ,teste1 from ,arcachon1 from ,bordeaux1 and even from ,paris4 ,at the request of the faithful1 the ,southern ,railroad has established special trains1 trains of pilgrimage1 intended exclusively for this great and pious movement of ,catholic faith4 ,at the arrival of these trains1 the bells of ,lourdes ring out their fullest peals4 ,and from these sombre carriages the pilgrims come out and form in procession in the square by the station2 young girls dressed in white1 married women1 widows1 children1 full-grown men1 the old people1 and the clergy in their sacred robes4 ,their banners are flung to the breeze2 the crucifix and the statues of the ,blessed ,virgin and the saints are displayed4 ,the praises of the ,mother of ,god are upon every lip4 ,the innumerable procession passes through the town--which seems1 on such occasions1 like a holy city1 like ,rome or ,jerusalem4 ,one's heart is elated at the sight2 it rises toward ,god1 and attains without effort that elevation of feeling in which the eyes fill with tears and the soul is overwhelmed by the sensible presence of our ,lord4 ,one seems to enjoy for a moment a vision of paradise4 ,the hand of the ,almighty does not weary in shedding all kinds of graces at the spot where his ,mother has appeared4 ,miracles are still frequent4 ,not long ago ,fr4 ,hermann recovered his sight there4 ,v4 ,god has accomplished his work4 ,he says to the flake of snow1 resting hidden upon the lonely peak1 8,thou must come from ,me to ,me4 ,thou must pass from the inaccessible heights of the mountain to the unfathomable caves of the deep40 ,and he sends his servant the sun with its brilliant rays to collect and draw along this shining dust1 changing it first into limpid pearls4 ,the drops of water run through the snow1 they roll down the side of the mountain1 they leap over the rocks1 they break upon the pebbles1 they reunite1 they collect in a mass1 and run together1 now gently1 now rapidly1 toward the wonderful ocean1 that striking image of eternal movement in eternal rest--and thus they reach the valleys where the race of ,adam dwells4 8,we will stop these drops of water10 says this race of man1 as proud now as in the days of ,babel4 ,and they undertake to dam up this weak and quiet stream as it gently crosses their fields4 ,but the stream laughs at their dikes of wood1 #aad earth1 and pebbles4 8,we will stop these drops of water10 the fools repeat in their delirium4 ,and they heap up enormous rocks2 they join them together with impenetrable cement4 ,and notwithstanding1 the water does leak through in a thousand places4 ,but the men are numerous--they have a force greater than the armies of ,darius4 ,they stop up the thousand fissures1 they fill up the cracks1 they replace the fallen stones2 and at last a time comes when the stream cannot pass by4 ,it has before it a barrier higher than the pyramids1 and thicker than the famous walls of ,babylon4 ,beyond this gigantic obstacle1 the pebbles of its dry bed are shining in the sun4 ,human pride shouts its pan of triumph4 ,meanwhile the water continues to descend from those eternal heights where it has heard the voice of ,god2 and millions of drops1 coming one by one1 stop before the barrier and rise silently against this granite wall which millions of men have built4 8,look10 say the men1 8at the immense power of our race4 ,see this enormous wall4 ,raise your eyes to its summit2 admire its astonishing height4 ,we have for ever conquered this stream which comes from the mountains40 ,at this moment1 a thin sheet of water passes over the cyclopean barrier4 ,they run up2 but the sheet has thickened--it is a river which is now falling1 scattering on all sides the upper rocks of the wall4 8,what is the matter80 they cry on all sides in the doomed city4 ,it is the drop of water to which ,god has spoken1 and which proceeds invincibly on its way4 ,what has your ,babel-like wall accomplished8 ,what have you done with your herculean efforts8 ,you have changed a quiet stream into a formidable cataract4 ,you tried to stop the drop of water2 but it now resumes its course with the violence of ,niagara4 ,how humble was this drop of water1 this word of a child to which ,god had said1 8,pursue thy course60 ,how insignificant was this drop of water--this shepherdess burning a candle at the ,grotto--this poor woman praying and offering a bouquet to the ,blessed ,virgin--this old peasant on his knees6 ,and how strong1 how apparent1 impassable1 and invincible was this enormous wall1 upon which all the force of a great nation1 from the policeman and the gendarme to the prefect and the minister1 had labored for eight months6 ,but the child1 the poor woman1 the old peasant1 have resumed their course4 ,only now it is not a stray candle or a poor bouquet that testifies to the popular faith2 it is a magnificent monument which the faithful are erecting2 they are spending millions upon this temple1 already celebrated throughout ,christendom4 ,their opposers thought to put down some scattered believers2 but now they come in crowds1 in immense processions1 displaying their banners and singing their hymns4 ,there is a pilgrimage without precedent2 whole peoples now come1 borne upon their iron roads by chariots of fire and steam4 ,it is not now a little neighborhood which believes--it is ,europe2 it is the ,christian world which is coming from all directions4 ,the drop of water which men tried to stop has become a ,niagara4 ,god has finished his work4 ,and now1 as on the seventh day1 when he entered into his rest1 he has resigned to men the duty of profiting by this work1 and the formidable responsibility of developing or #aae compromising it4 ,he has given them a germ of abundant grace1 as of other things2 the burden remains on them of cultivating and maturing it4 ,they can multiply it a hundredfold by walking humbly and holily in the order of his providence2 they can make it unfruitful by refusing to enter into this order4 ,every good thing from on high is entrusted to human liberty1 as the terrestrial paradise was at the outset1 on the condition of laboring for and keeping it--8ut operaretur et custodiret illum40 ,let us beseech ,god that men may not reject what he has done for them1 and that they may not by earthly ideas or irreligious acts break in their guilty or awkward hands the sacred vessel of divine grace which they have received in trust4 ,,vi4 ,most of the persons mentioned in the course of this long history are still alive4 ,the prefect1 ,baron ,massy1 ,judge ,duprat1 ,mayor ,lacad1 and ,minister ,fould are dead4 ,some of them have made several steps in advance on the road to fortune4 ,m4 ,rouland has left the ,ministry of ,public ,worship 7for which he does not seem to have been well fitted71 to take care of the ,bank of ,france4 ,m4 ,dutour1 the procureur-imperial1 has become counsellor of the court2 ,m4 ,jacomet is the chief commissary of police in one of the largest cities of the empire4 ,bourriette1 ,croisine ,bouhohorts and her son1 ,mme4 ,rizan1 ,henri ,busquet1 ,mlle4 ,moreau de ,sazenay1 the widow ,crozat1 ,jules ,lacassagne1 and all those whose cures we have recorded1 are still full of life1 and testify by their recovered health and strength to the powerful mercy of the apparition at the ,grotto4 ,dr4 ,dozous continues to be the most eminent physician of ,lourdes4 ,dr4 ,vergez is at the spring of ,barges and attests to the visitors at this celebrated resort the miracles which he formerly witnessed4 ,m4 ,estrade1 whose impartial observations we have several times given1 is receiver of indirect contributions at ,bordeaux4 ,he lives at ,no4 #ad ,rue ,ducau4 ,now1 as formerly1 ,mgr4 ,laurence is ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,age has not diminished his faculties4 ,he is to-day what we have represented him in this work4 ,he has near the ,grotto a house to which he sometimes retires1 to meditate in this spot1 beloved by the ,virgin1 on the great duties and the grave responsibilities of a ,christian bishop who has received so wonderful a grace in his diocese4#dj ,the ,abb ,peyramale recovered from the severe illness of which we spoke above4 ,he is still the venerated pastor of this ,christian town of ,lourdes1 where his record is left in ineffaceable characters4 ,long after he is gone1 when he rests under the sod in the midst of the generation which he has formed to the ,lord2 when the successors of his successors live in his house and occupy the great wooden chair in his church1 his memory will be living in the minds of all2 and when the 8,cur of ,lourdes0 is mentioned1 every one will think of him4 ,louise ,soubirous1 the mother of ,bernadette1 died on the #hth of ,december1 #ahff1 the very day of the feast of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,in choosing this festival to take the mother from the miseries of the world1 she who had said to the child1 8,i am the ,immaculate ,conception10 seems to have intended to temper the #aaf bitterness of the loss to the heart of her survivors1 and to show them as a ,certain pledge of hope and of a happy resurrection the sign of her radiant appearance4 ,while thousands go to the ,grotto to contribute to the splendid church1 ,bernadette's father has remained a poor miller1 subsisting with difficulty by manual labor4 ,mary1 the daughter1 who was with ,bernadette at the time of the first apparition1 has married a good peasant1 who has become a miller and works with his father-in-law4 ,the other companion1 ,jane ,abbadie1 is a servant at ,bordeaux4 ,,vii4 ,bernadette is no longer at ,lourdes4 ,we have seen how she had1 on many occasions1 refused gifts freely offered1 and repelled the good fortune which was knocking at the door of her humble cottage4 ,she was dreaming of other riches4 8,we shall know some fine day10 the unbelievers had said at the outset1 8what her pay is going to be40 ,bernadette had in fact chosen her pay1 and put her hand on her reward4 ,she has become a ,sister of ,charity4 ,she has devoted herself to tend in the hospitals the poor and the sick collected by public benevolence4 ,after having seen with her own eyes the resplendent face of the thrice holy ,mother of ,god1 what could she do but become the compassionate servant of those of whom the ,virgin's ,son has said3 8,as long as you did it to one of these my least brethren1 you did it to me40 ,it is among the ,sisters of ,charity and ,christian ,instruction at ,nevers that ,bernadette has taken the veil4 ,she is called ,sister ,marie-,bernard4 ,we have lately seen her in her religious habit at the mother-house of this congregation4 ,though she is now twenty-five1 her face has kept the character and the charm of childhood4 ,in her presence1 the heart feels moved in its better part by an indescribable religious sentiment1 and one leaves it embalmed in the perfume of this peaceful innocence4 ,one understands that the ,holy ,virgin has specially loved her4 ,otherwise1 there is nothing extraordinary1 nothing which would make her conspicuous1 or would make one suspect the important part she has filled in this communication from heaven to earth4 ,her simplicity has not been touched by the unexampled interest which has been taken in her4 ,the concourse and enthusiasm of the multitude have no more troubled her soul than the turbid water of a torrent would tarnish the imperishable purity of a diamond4 ,god visits her still1 not now by bright visions1 but by the sacred trial of suffering4 ,she is often ill1 and suffers cruelly2 but she bears her pains with a sweet and almost playful patience4 ,sometimes they have thought her dead4 8,i shall not die just yet10 she would say1 smiling4 ,she never speaks1 unless questioned1 of the favors which she has received4 ,she was the ,blessed ,virgin's messenger4 ,now that she has given her message1 she has retired into the shade of religious life1 wishing to be unnoticed among a number of companions4 ,it is a trouble to her when the world comes to seek her in the depth of her retreat1 and when some circumstance obliges her to appear before it again4 ,she fears the glory of this life4 ,she lives in the humility of the ,lord1 and is dead to the vanities of the earth4 ,and this book which we have written1 and which speaks so much of ,bernadette1 ,sister ,marie-,bernard will never read4 #ci ,this statue1 made of fine ,carrara marble1 of life-size1 was presented to the ,grotto of ,lourdes by two noble and pious sisters of the diocese of ,lyons1 ,mesdames de ,lacour4 ,it was executed according to ,bernadette's particular instructions1 by ,m4 ,fabish1 the eminent ,lyonnese sculptor4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin is represented as ,bernadette described her1 with scrupulous regard to the smallest details1 and rare talent in execution4 #dj ,mgr4 ,laurence died at the ,vatican ,council in the winter of #ahfi-gj4 ---------- ,,the ,,riot ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth4 #aag ,we are late in our comments on the riot of the #abth of ,july last in this city1 occasioned by the ,orange procession in commemoration of the ,battle of the ,boyne2 but as what we have to say relates to general principles rather than to particular facts1 our remarks will have suffered little from the delay1 and will stand a chance of being more carefully read and duly weighed than if made at an earlier day4 ,the tragic event is not likely to be soon forgotten4 ,the secular press of the city have1 as far as we have observed1 with scarcely an exception1 taken the ground that1 however ill-advised might be the ,orange procession1 it was a right of the ,orangemen1 and the liberty of the citizen was infringed by the police order prohibiting it4 ,the order was also an act of cowardice1 as dictated by fear of a ,catholic mob2 and hence its revocation by the governor1 and his excellency's resolution to sustain the majesty of the law1 and to protect the ,orange procession by all the force1 if necessary1 at his command1 was a firm and manly interference in behalf of liberty and law4 ,the sectarian press of city and country see in the police order prohibiting the procession--dictated1 it is assumed1 by the ,catholic clergy--only a proof of the hatred of the ,catholic ,church to liberty and republican institutions1 and in the action of the governor1 and the bravery of the military in firing on the crowd1 and killing and wounding a large number of citizens1 for the most part innocent1 except of idle curiosity1 an assurance much needed1 that ,protestants have as yet even in this country some rights which ,catholics are bound and can be compelled to respect4 ,the view taken by the sectarian press is ridiculous1 as well as malicious4 ,the ,catholic ,church was the victim of the riot1 but her only responsibility for it was in warning her children against it1 and bidding them to let the procession alone1 and not to go near it4 ,if she had been heeded1 there would have been no riot1 no disturbance4 ,the question was not a ,catholic question1 and the church had nothing to gain by preventing the procession1 still less by a riot to break it up4 ,the pretence that the rights of ,protestants are in danger from ,catholics in this country1 where the ,protestants outnumber the ,catholics as eight or ten to one1 is too absurd to be even a passable joke4 ,do the sectarian journals count one ,catholic more than a match for eight or ten ,protestants8 ,that were a greater compliment to us than we deserve4 ,we are afraid the sectarian leaders have bad consciences1 which make them cowards4 ,catholics cannot show the least sign of vitality1 or make the slightest move for the practical possession of the equal rights guaranteed them by the constitution and laws1 but they take fright1 tremble in their shoes1 and cry out3 8,liberty is in danger60 the ,pope is going to suppress ,american republicanism1 strip ,protestants of their rights1 cut their throats1 or reduce them to be 8hewers of wood and drawers of water0 to--the ,jesuits4 ,they are dreadfully alarmed1 or affect to be1 and create a #aah panic throughout the whole country4 ,but1 dear frightened souls1 there is no occasion for your alarm1 unless you suppose you cannot be free if everybody else is not enslaved4 ,even if we were the majority of the ,american people1 as we are not1 nor likely to be to-day1 to-morrow1 or the day after1 you would be in no danger1 for we understand liberty as well as you do1 appreciate it more highly1 love it better1 and have made greater sacrifices for it than you can imagine4 ,not a few of us have fled hither from the tyranny and oppression of ,protestant governments1 expatriated ourselves for the sake of liberty1 and do you believe us such fools as to destroy it the moment we have found it8 ,this talk about the hostility of the church to liberty and ,american republicanism1 when not malicious1 is sheer nonsense4 ,the acts ,protestants allege to prove that the church is hostile to liberty1 prove the contrary2 for they were acts done against tyrants and despots in defence of liberty1 both civil and religious4 ,what were her long struggles against the ,franconian and ,suabian emperors1 but struggles on her part for the freedom of religion1 the basis and principle of all true liberty8 ,why did the popes deny to kings and emperors in the middle ages the right of investiture by the cross and ring1 but because to have conceded it would have enslaved the church to ,csar1 and destroyed the independence of religion and the freedom of conscience8 ,know you not that it was under the fostering care and protection of the church that grew up the freedom and independence of all modern nations8 ,what nation1 state1 or people has she ever deprived of independence or liberty8 ,if she has asserted the rights of sovereigns1 and condemned sedition1 turbulence1 conspiracies1 insurrections1 rebellions1 on the part of the people1 she has been equally prompt and determined in asserting the rights and franchises of subjects1 and in censuring1 excommunicating1 and even deposing1 when professing to be ,catholic1 the tyrant who despoiled and oppressed them4 ,the great principles of justice and equality on which ,american republicanism is founded were taught by hooded friars in their monasteries1 and proclaimed from the ,papal throne ages before the landing at ,plymouth of the ,pilgrims from the ,mayflower1 or the settlement of ,english colonists on the banks of the ,james4 ,do1 dear friends1 read and try to understand a little of history1 and dismiss your idle fears1 or1 if fear you must1 fear for the salvation of your own souls hereafter4 ,the fact is1 we are a little impatient when we hear ,protestants expressing in grave tones and with a serious face their apprehensions that the spread of ,catholicity will tend to the destruction of ,american liberty4 ,considering what ,protestantism is1 and by what means it was introduced and has been sustained1 it is too much as if ,satan should express serious apprehensions that the spread of the ,gospel may tend to the destruction of ,christian piety and humility4 ,we find among ,protestants men1 and not a few1 who1 when they speak of liberty1 mean liberty for all men1 for ,catholics as well as for non-,catholics2 but your true-blue ,protestant1 who is imbued with the original and genuine spirit of ,protestantism1 would seem unable to understand by liberty anything but his right to govern1 or by religious liberty anything but his right to reject the papacy1 abuse the ,pope1 calumniate and despoil the church1 and exterminate or enslave ,catholics4 ,who has not heard of #aai ,tyburn1 and who went there--of the infamous penal laws against ,catholics of ,england and ,ireland1 to say nothing of other countries8 ,and were not these same penal laws enacted and enforced in the colony of ,virginia1 and was it not a capital offence in ,massachusetts for a priest to set his foot within the colony1 or for an inhabitant to harbor or give him even a meal of victuals8 ,did not ,massachusetts fit out and send from ,boston an armed body of men1 who shot down ,father ,rasle1 a missionary to the ,norridgewock ,indians1 at the head of his congregation as they came forth from ,mass1 and massacred them8 ,did not an ,american ,provincial ,congress enumerate among their grave charges against ,george ,,iii4 the fact that he had granted freedom of worship to ,catholics in the neighboring province of ,canada8 ,was not ,guy ,fawkes' ,day celebrated in ,boston with the usual anti-popery demonstrations down to the epoch of the ,revolution1 until protested against by some ,french officers1 who came with the army from ,france to aid us in gaining our national independence8 ,yet ,protestants do not blush to call ,protestantism the friend1 and ,catholicity the enemy1 of liberty6 ,protestants have very short memories if they have forgotten these things1 or else they suppose that ,catholics have no memories at all if they suppose that we can permit them to claim1 unchallenged1 to be and always to have been the party of liberty4 ,it is not1 however1 the strangest delusion of ,protestants1 and is only of a piece with their delusion that ,protestantism is ,christianity and sustained by the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,but let this pass4 ,we yield to no one in our devotion to liberty or in our readiness to defend the rights of the citizen4 ,we have no sympathy with the rioters of the ,twelfth of ,july and not one word to offer in their defence4 ,they broke both the law of the church and the law of the land1 sinned against ,god1 and committed a crime against the state4 ,but we venture to deny that the police order forbidding the ,orange procession infringed the liberty of any citizen or deprived the ,orangemen of any right they had or could have on ,american soil4 ,no men or class of men have the right1 in the performance of no civil or religious duty1 but for their own pleasure or gratification of their own passions1 to do any act or make any display in the judgment of the police certain or very likely to provoke a riot or breach of the peace4 ,this is common sense1 and1 we presume1 common law4 ,the ,orangemen were required by no duty1 civil or religious1 to celebrate the battle of the ,boyne by a public procession in the streets of our city1 nor were they called to do it by any sentiment of patriotism--not of ,irish patriotism1 for the battle of the ,boyne resulted in the subjugation1 not the liberation1 of ,ireland--not ,american patriotism1 for the event was foreign to ,american nationality4 ,no foreign patriotism has any right on ,american soil4 ,the event commemorated is wholly foreign to our patriotism4 ,it occurred in a foreign country before our nationality was born1 and has no relation whatever to any ,american sentiment4 ,no precession not in honor of religion or some religious event1 and wholly disconnected with ,american interests or sentiments1 has any right on ,american soil1 and can only take place by courtesy or sufferance1 indifference or connivance4 ,the prohibition of the ,orange procession by the police would have #abj deprived the ,orangemen of no right which they had or could pretend to have in this country2 and if the procession was designed or even likely to irritate a portion of our citizens1 and to provoke a riot1 it was not only the right but the duty of the police1 as conservators of the peace1 to prohibit it1 and as far as possible to prevent it4 ,but the right and the duty of the police do not stop here4 ,there is another side to the question4 ,every peaceable citizen has the right to walk the streets without being insulted or having his feelings outraged4 ,processions1 banners1 songs1 tunes offensive1 and really intended to be offensive1 to any portion of the community1 and in commemoration of no ,american event1 in satisfaction of no ,american sentiment1 or in the performance of no civil1 military1 or religious duty incumbent on ,american citizens1 are never allowable1 for the insult and outrage offered to the feelings and sentiments1 no matter of what class of the population1 is purely wanton1 malicious1 and wholly unjustifiable4 ,of this sort is manifestly the insult and outrage offered by ,orange processions1 banners1 songs1 and tunes to all of our ,irish fellow-citizens not of the ,orange party2 and these fellow-citizens of ,irish birth or extraction1 though they have no right to take the law into their own hands1 have undoubtedly the right1 on ,american soil1 to be protected by the ,american authorities from insult and outrage to their feelings and sentiments1 just as much as persons have the right to be protected from indecent sights in the public streets1 or the display of obscene pictures and images in the shop-windows4 ,but these ,orangemen--very few1 if any1 of whom1 we are told1 are ,american citizens--outrage ,american as well as ,irish manhood4 ,their celebrations here are an insult to every true ,american1 for they are in honor of principles and deeds abhorrent to every ,american heart4 ,for them to bring their old quarrels hither from a foreign land would be reprehensible1 even if their quarrels were not utterly disgraceful to them1 but they become a gross outrage when the real character of their quarrel with their loyal countrymen is considered4 ,the deeds of the party in ,ireland they represent are such as are condemned by every distinctive ,american principle1 and a more infamous party it would be difficult to find in any country on earth4 ,they represent the party that in ,ireland fought for a foreign invader and a chief of rebels against their own country1 and were at once traitors to their king and nation4 ,they represent the party that enacted the infamous and brutalizing penal laws which deprived the loyal ,irish--who in the battle of the ,boyne fought for and at the command of their rightful king against rebels1 traitors1 foreign invaders1 and enemies--of every vestige of civil and religious liberty1 even making it a crime for a father to teach his own child letters1 and doomed their descendants1 till within our own memory1 to the most cruel1 heartless1 and hopeless oppression ever endured by any people in the world2 they represent the party that1 after the ,presbyterian and ,jacobin movement of #agih1 into which some ,catholics had been inveigled by the promise of freedom for their religion1 and left to do the fighting and to bear almost alone the penalty of defeat1 were the authors of the savage butcheries inflicted by the ,orange yeomanry on the ,catholic peasantry1 even on those who had taken no part in the movement1 and were innocent of all offence except that of sighing to be delivered from bondage1 and treated as men made in ,god's image1 not as wild beasts1 whom it is a #aba merit to hunt out and shoot down wherever they can be found4 ,they commemorate in their processions1 their banners1 their songs and tunes1 the triumph of treachery1 baseness1 bigotry1 persecution1 oppression1 murder1 rapine1 and wholesale massacres1 unsurpassed in the history of the most barbarous and heathenish nations4 ,never was there a more cruel and bloodthirsty party1 one redeemed by fewer virtues or blackened by more or greater crimes1 or more deserving the execration of mankind1 than that which these ,orangemen represent and delight to honor4 ,is it no insult to us free-born ,americans for them to come here and flaunt in our faces their banners stained with the blood of the innocent and the good1 branded by the widow's curse1 and wet with the orphan's tears--symbols of ages of wrong1 oppression1 and religious intolerance and persecution8 ,is it here1 in free ,america1 they dare come to boast in public of their crimes1 and glory in their infamy8 ,do not we ,americans profess to abhor persecution1 tyranny1 and oppression8 ,do we not1 as a sovereign people1 proclaim to the world that we have opened an asylum to the wronged1 the oppressed1 the downtrodden of every land and of every belief8 ,where1 then1 is our manhood when we allow the tyrant1 the oppressor1 the persecutor1 to come here and insult and outrage his victims in the very asylum we profess to have opened to them8 ,what greater insult to all that is noble and manly can be offered ,americans than to be even asked to protect those who will not respect even the right of asylum8 ,no1 no2 the press has taken only a one-sided view in calling the prohibition of the ,orange procession a violation of freedom and a cowardly yielding to ,irish or ,catholic dictation4 ,it was no such thing4 ,the ,orangemen had no right on their side1 and were entitled to no protection4 ,liberty was on the other side1 and its vindication and the right of asylum required us as ,americans to protect the victims of the ,orange party who had sought refuge with us from ,orange insult and outrage on our own soil4 ,his excellency the governor of the state also took only a hasty and a very incorrect view of the case in revoking the very proper order of the police4 ,we are as far as he can be from yielding to the dictation of the mob4 ,when a mob has collected1 it must be admitted to no parley1 and the only answer to be given to its demands is the reading of the riot act1 and a whiff of grape-shot or a shower of musket-balls4 ,but no threats of violence should ever deter authority from doing what is right1 and1 in this case1 right was not on the side of the ,orangemen4 ,authority must be just as well as firm4 ,the threats of violence were wrong1 but they did not put the ,orangemen in the right4 ,authority was bound to protect the ,orangemen from actual violence1 but it was not bound to protect them in the performance of acts which they had no moral or legal right to perform1 and which it was foreseen1 if permitted1 would lead to violence4 ,one wrong is not redressed by permitting another that must provoke it4 ,his excellency's revocation of the order of the police prohibiting the ,orange procession1 and promise to protect the procession by all the force at his command1 cannot be defended on the ground that the party opposed threatened violence in case the procession took place1 unless it be assumed that the ,orangemen had a perfect moral or legal right to march in procession through our streets in their regalia1 and with #abb their insulting banners flying and bands playing offensive marches4 ,but they had no such right1 as we have seen1 and the party making the threats1 however wrong the threats were1 had the right to be protected from the insult and outrage offered to their feelings by such a display4 ,the vindication of liberty did not require the procession to take place1 for liberty is not infringed where no right is violated or abridged2 and the assertion of the majesty of the law never requires protection of a wrong because they who would be aggrieved by it have threatened1 if permitted1 they will attempt by violence to right themselves4 ,neither ,american liberty nor law required the ,orange procession to be permitted1 and if both liberty and law required a mob1 when collected1 to be dispersed and the violence suppressed1 they both also required the protection of ,american citizens from public insult and outrage4 ,his excellency forgot the duty of protecting ,american citizens from wrong1 and thought only of protecting a foreign and wholly un-,american party in committing it4 ,yet we have no doubt that the mistaken conduct of the governor--an able man1 a good lawyer1 and for the most part a worthy chief magistrate of the state--was chiefly prompted by the clamor against ,catholics1 and the charge brought against his party by its opponents of acting under the dictation of ,catholics1 who1 of course1 it is assumed1 act always under the dictation of their clergy1 and was intended to refute the charge by showing his readiness to protect even ,protestant ,orangemen1 and shoot down their hereditary enemies1 though ,catholics4 ,the charge1 we know1 was made against the party now in power in this state2 but his excellency should not have allowed it to move him4 ,it is no doubt true that1 but for the votes of citizens who happen to be ,catholics1 he would never have been governor of the state1 and his party would be1 at least for the present1 in a hopeless minority2 but we cannot allow that ,catholics have presumed upon the fact1 or asked anything not their right as simple ,american citizens1 and we know that they have obtained less than their equal rights1 even in this city1 where they can probably count not much less than one-half of the population4 ,but the charge is a mere party trick1 designed1 through the sectarian prejudice against ,catholicity1 to throw the party now in out of power4 ,the governor seems to us to have fallen into the trap his political enemies set for him1 and has not unlikely damaged the political prospects both of himself and of his party4 ,the clamor against the party on account of its ,catholic leaders and supporters means only that the outs are anxious to become the ins4 ,the party out of power in the ,state would as willingly receive the votes of ,catholic citizens as does the party in power1 and when in power it did1 we believe1 more for ,catholics than the party now in power has ever yet done1 though it1 doubtless1 promised less4 ,catholics have never had any reason for giving their votes to the ,democratic party but that1 in doing so1 they followed1 very disinterestedly1 their honest political convictions4 ,the pretence of ,protestants that ,catholics in or out of office act politically under the dictation of their clergy1 and in reference to ,catholic interests as such1 is too notoriously false to mislead anybody4 ,those prominent politicians1 in or out of office1 who happen to be ,catholics1 are the last men in the world to listen to the #abc dictation of the clergy or to act in obedience to the orders of their church1 and they take infinite pains to prove that their religion has nothing to do with their politics1 in order1 we suppose1 to escape the suspicion of being influenced in their political conduct by regard for ,catholic interests4 ,their party standing is more to them than their ,catholic standing1 and they consult rarely the wishes or interests of their church1 and usually only the wishes and interests of their party and its leaders4 ,all the offices in the state or nation might be filled by ,catholics1 the constituencies remaining unchanged1 without any more advantage accruing to the church than if they were all filled by ,protestants4 ,catholics and ,protestants alike1 when in office1 consult their constituencies1 and act in the way and manner they judge most likely to secure votes to themselves or their party4 ,the fact is1 ,catholicity has never placed any man in city1 state1 or nation in office1 and never yet has any man in our country been elected to office because he is ,catholic4 ,the ,catholics who are in office under the municipal1 state1 or federal government1 in congress1 in the state senate1 or the assembly1 are there not because they are ,catholics1 but because they are ,democrats or ,republicans1 or because they are of ,irish1 ,german1 or some other foreign origin1 and have or are supposed to have influence in securing the so-called 8,irish vote10 the 8,german vote10 or the 8foreign vote0--distinctions which should have no place in ,american politics--not because they are ,catholics1 and supposed to be devoted to ,catholic interests4 ,there is an 8,irish vote10 a 8,german vote10 a 8foreign vote10 but no 8,catholic vote10 and1 the constituencies remaining the same1 ,catholic interests would be just as safe in the hands of ,american ,protestants as in the hands of ,catholics elected to office1 not for their ,catholicity1 but for their real or supposed influence with our naturalized fellow-citizens2 and perhaps safer1 because ,protestants would be less likely to be suspected of acting under ,catholic influence1 and therefore could act more independently4 ,it is1 we think1 a mistake on the part of our politicians who are ,catholics1 whether in or out of office1 to be so anxious not to be suspected of acting under ,catholic influence and in view of ,catholic interests4 ,the church asks only what is just1 only to be protected in the possession of the equal rights before the state1 guaranteed to her by the constitution of the state1 and which are not always respected by the popular sentiment of the country4 ,the care which politicians take to show themselves independent in their political action1 if ,catholics1 gains them no credit1 and a frank1 open1 straightforward1 and manly course would gain much more respect for themselves and for their religion4 ,indeed1 their sensitiveness and over-caution on this point tend to excite the very suspicion they would guard against1 or the suspicion that their conduct is diplomatic1 and that they have some ulterior purpose in reserve which they artfully and adroitly conceal4 ,the church is supposed by ,protestants to be the very embodiment of craftiness and dissimulation1 always and everywhere intriguing to get the control of the secular power1 and to wield it in her own interest regardless of all rights and interests of the citizen who happens not to be ,catholic4 ,hence1 every ,catholic politician is suspected beforehand of craft1 intrigue1 of crooked and underhand ways1 lacking frankness1 openness1 and straightforward honesty4 ,the #abd only way to repel this false and unjust suspicion is for such ,catholics as are politicians to show in an open and manly manner that neither they nor their church have any sinister purpose1 and that in being devoted to her interests and acting under influence as good ,catholics1 they have nothing to conceal1 and no ends to gain for her incompatible with their plain duty as ,american citizens1 or which they fear or hesitate to avow in the face of all men4 ,the best way to quell a wild beast is to look him steadily in the eye1 and show that you do not fear him4 ,but to return to the question more immediately before us4 ,if the press and the executive had looked at the subject from the point of view of common sense1 as a simple question of right and wrong1 without prejudice against ,catholics or in favor of ,protestants1 and without any wish to charge or acquit any party of being under ,catholic influence1 they could not1 it seems to us1 have failed to see that liberty was violated in permitting1 not in prohibiting1 the ,orange procession4 ,party or sectarian prejudices obscured the judgment1 and many lives of innocent persons were lost in consequence4 ,it is contended by some that if a procession of ,catholic ,irish in honor of ,st4 ,patrick is allowed1 the ,orange procession of the ,protestant ,irish should also be allowed2 either permit both1 or prohibit both4 ,the celebration of ,st4 ,patrick's ,day as a festival of the ,catholic ,church1 which it is1 even by a public procession through our streets1 if peaceable and orderly1 is a right guaranteed in the freedom of the ,catholic religion under our constitution and laws1 and so far differs totally from the ,orange procession4 ,as a purely ,irish national festival1 it can be celebrated here only by courtesy1 as is ,st4 ,george's ,day by the ,english1 ,st4 ,nicholas's ,day by the ,dutch1 or ,st4 ,andrew's ,day by the ,scotch2 for no foreign nationality has any right on ,american soil2 otherwise1 ,american nationality would not be independent and supreme on ,american territory4 ,no foreign national festivals in commemoration or honor of events and interests or sentiments foreign to ,american nationality and interests and sentiments1 can be publicly celebrated here except by indifference1 courtesy1 sufferance1 connivance1 national comity1 or international treaty4 ,this rule1 however1 does not apply to religious festivals and celebrations1 whether ,catholic or ,protestant1 because in the eye of the state all religion is catholic1 and not national1 and1 therefore1 never a foreigner in any nation4 ,protestants cannot claim ,orange celebrations as a right1 though the ,orangemen are all good ,protestants1 because the event celebrated is a foreign political1 not a religious event2 yet they have the right to institute and celebrate festivals in honor of ,martin ,luther1 ,john ,calvin1 ,john ,knox1 and other ,protestant reformers2 for these being the founders of their religion are as such not foreigners4 ,catholics may also celebrate here any of the festivals of the church in the way and manner she prescribes1 because they are religious festivals1 and the right to celebrate them is included in the freedom of conscience2 so may they celebrate publicly the birthday of the ,holy ,father1 his return to ,rome from his exile at ,gata and ,portici1 the completion of the twenty-fifth year of his pontificate1 or his liberation1 when effected1 from his present imprisonment1 and the recovery for the ,holy ,see of the possessions of which she has been sacrilegiously despoiled--because1 as the chief of their religion1 he is no foreigner in ,america4 ,the ,german peace celebration1 as it was called1 but really the #abe celebration of the ,german conquest and humiliation of ,france1 our ancient ally1 was by sufferance1 not by right4 ,the ,fenian organizations1 marches and countermarches1 parades and processions in honor of victories not won1 are absolutely illegal1 and take place only by the connivance--we might say the culpable connivance--of the government1 if ,great ,britain1 against whom they are directed1 did not herself allow demonstrations on her own soil against foreign sovereigns4 ,the celebrations of ,italian unity1 since effected by fraud1 violence1 sacrilege1 and robbery1 the spoliation of the ,holy ,see1 and the imprisonment of the ,pope1 perhaps should be regarded as the celebrations of the successes of ,protestant principles1 and therefore1 by a right secured in the civil freedom of ,protestantism1 and if peaceable and orderly1 not prohibitable by the police4 ,they may be annoying to ,catholics1 but so is ,protestantism itself2 but ,protestants have1 so far as the secular authorities go1 the same right to be ,protestants that we have to be ,catholics4 ,we have already shown that it is ridiculous to attempt to hold the church responsible for the riot4 ,the rioters may have been nominal ,catholics2 but1 if so1 they were bad ,catholics1 for they acted contrary to the principles of their church1 and the advice and direction of their pastors1 and the church cannot be held responsible for acts done contrary to her orders and in violation of her principles4 ,the rioters1 themselves1 knew and owned that they were disobeying their church1 and defended themselves on the ground that the question was a national not a religious question1 and1 therefore1 not within the jurisdiction of the clergy4 ,their defence was a lame one1 and proved they were no true ,catholics2 for the church1 without assuming to decide the national1 party1 or political question1 had full jurisdiction of the morality of their acts1 and was quite competent to condemn the passions of anger and revenge that actuated them and their riotous proceedings1 as condemned by the law of ,god4 ,but there are ,catholics in this city of fifteen or twenty different nationalities1 and yet the rioters were exclusively of ,irish origin1 which is full proof that the riot was not ,catholic1 but ,irish4 ,had it been a ,catholic riot1 inspired by the church and for a ,catholic object1 for which the church could be held responsible1 ,catholics1 irrespective of their nationality1 would have been engaged in it1 and it would not have been confined to persons of one nationality alone4 ,it was1 as everybody knows1 an ,irish riot1 occasioned by an old ,irish feud between two ,irish parties1 not an ,american or a ,catholic riot4 ,these hot-headed1 disobedient ,irishmen1 even if ,catholics1 could not commit the church to their disorderly and criminal proceedings4 ,it is only fair to add that this handful of ,irish rioters could not any more commit the great body of our ,irish fellow-citizens4 ,according to the last census1 there were #bja1jjj souls in this city who were born in ,ireland1 to say nothing of their children and grandchildren born here4 ,there probably was not over five hundred1 if so many1 actively engaged in the riot2 but double the number1 say there were a thousand1 and they are quite too few1 even if they were of reputable character1 which they were not1 to commit so large a body as that of our ,irish population1 most of whom remained quietly engaged in their ordinary avocations4 ,that the ,irish furnish their full quota of rowdies1 roughs1 and disorderly persons in our large towns1 nobody #abf denies2 but we must remember that there are plenty of the same class not of ,irish origin1 and there have been riots1 and riots of a very grave character1 in which the ,irish had no hand1 though of some of them they were the victims4 ,we have seen more than one ,american mob in which the chief actors were respectable1 well-dressed ,protestant ,american citizens4 ,there are ,irishmen who are wealthy and wear fine clothes that are no credit to their race or their religion1 but the ,catholic ,irish as a body constitute a sober1 quiet1 peaceable1 intelligent1 religious1 industrious1 and thriving portion of our population1 and no ,american-born citizen has any right to say a word in disparagement of them4 ,indeed1 we may say of the ,catholic population of the city generally1 that it is that portion of the population that it can least afford to spare4 ,were the city to lose them1 it would lose the very population that has contributed1 and contributes1 the most to its high moral and religious character1 to its industry and wealth1 and on which its prosperity chiefly depends4 ,with all their faults1 and they are many1 and many more in the eyes of the ,catholic than of the ,protestant1 they are1 as they should be1 decidedly the best people going4 ,their vices are on the surface2 their virtues lie deeper1 and are many1 solid1 and durable4 ,we bless ,god that we are permitted to call them brethren1 and that we are with them in the unity of faith and communion1 though we happen to be an ,american of the seventh generation1 and it was our misfortune to be reared a ,protestant4 ,we think the conduct of the ,democratic party towards their ,catholic supporters is discreditable4 ,any party may feel itself honored that secures the votes of the great body of our ,catholic citizens1 whether naturalized or native-born citizens1 and no party will suffer in the end by insisting on justice to ,catholics and to ,catholic interests4 ,any party1 by frankly and fearlessly sustaining the equal rights of ,catholics with ,protestants1 and maintaining the freedom and independence of religion1 will not only serve truly their country1 and respond to the demands of ,american patriotism1 but they will best ensure its own permanent prosperity1 power1 and influence4 ,they who scorn and trample on the church may flourish for a time like the green bay tree1 but in the end they will wither and die1 and their places be sought1 and not found4 ,it is well for every political party to remember that ,god reigns1 and that they who scorn his church1 whom he hath purchased with his own blood1 will in turn be scorned by the 8,king of kings1 and ,lord of lords40 ---------- ,,the ,,place ,,vendome ,,and ,,la ,,roquette4 #abg ,,the ,,beginning ,,and ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,commune4 ,,from ,,le ,,correspondant4 ,it would be difficult to find in the history of human revolutions a spectacle at once as burlesque and terrible as that just presented by the too celebrated ,commune of ,paris4 ,it began with a long trail of blood at the entrance of the ,place ,vendme1 and signalized its wretched end by the horrible massacre of ,la ,roquette4 ,a witness of these two bloody scenes1 ,i shall depict them with but few comments1 but with perfect exactness of detail4 ,at the risk of being incomplete1 ,i shall only relate what ,i saw4 ,in speaking of the confinement at ,mazas and the massacres at ,la ,roquette1 ,i shall barely add some incidents1 the truth of which was vouched for by the companions of my cruel captivity4 ,comments would only weaken the impressiveness of these facts4 ,i leave my readers to draw their own conclusions from a moral and social point of view1 only remarking that the first account1 relating to the events that transpired in the ,place ,vendme during the latter half of ,march1 was drawn up a few days after they occurred4 ,though the first essays of the ,commune were not marked by the nameless horrors that drew upon its end the reprobation of all civilized nations1 ,i have thought it right not to alter my first account4 ,perhaps some observations may not appear sufficiently severe1 and others not wholly justified by the events4 ,i give them to the public as they were noted down at the time4 ,by comparing the account written at the end of ,march with that of the end of ,may1 an exact idea may be formed--,i was going to say a faithful photograph may be had--of the revolutionary condition of ,paris at the beginning and the end of the ,commune4 ,we may thereby be enabled to judge of the development1 during this short interval1 of a brutal revolution--the implacable enemy of all institutions1 human and divine4 ,in spite of the mingled emotions of horror and disgust ,i feel in recalling the men and the deeds ,i speak of1 ,i may be permitted to manifest two feelings that prevail over all others in the depths of my soul--a redoubling of constant sympathy for the unhappy city of ,paris1 only rendered dearer by its misfortunes1 and an ardent gratitude for the infinite mercy of ,god1 which preserved me1 contrary to all human expectation1 from the bullets of a herd of assassins more shameless and lower than their predecessors of #agic4 ,i4 ,,the ,,place ,,vend,,me ,,on ,,the ,,night ,,of ,,the ,,twenty-,,first ,,of ,,march4 ,i passed a great part of ,tuesday1 the twenty-first of ,march1 in discussing with some political friends the intolerable situation of things at ,paris1 effected by the triumphal mob of ,saturday1 the eighteenth4 ,we all deplored and denounced that unjustifiable attempt #abh at the national sovereignty which suddenly drew on us the danger of ,prussian occupation of the city and the horrors of civil war--perhaps both of these scourges4 ,our indignation was profound4 ,one blamed the government for having too readily abandoned ,paris to the danger of insurrection2 another maintained that by establishing itself at ,versailles with the national assembly1 and defending the environs of ,paris1 it saved ,france4 ,another declaimed with bitterness1 sometimes against the culpable indifference of the national guards1 which left everything to be done1 and sometimes against the audacity and wickedness of the leaders of the mob that1 without any pretext1 was dragging ,france1 all bleeding from the wounds incurred in war1 into a bottomless abyss4 ,we all felt there was something beneath all this3 it was the shameful defection of a part of the troops of the line which had rendered such cruel misfortunes possible4 ,if the army were to countenance the insurrection1 that would decide the fate of ,france--,galli finis6 ,it was easier to deplore the gravity of the evil than to point out a practical means of remedying it4 ,there was great diversity of opinion respecting the latter4 ,should recourse be had to material force or to a spirit of persuasion and conciliation8 ,the use of material force might inflame the rebellious party still more1 and cover ,paris with blood and ruins4 ,the success of moral influence was hardly possible with insurgents who began by assassinating ,generals ,lecomte and ,clment ,thomas1 and deliberately advocated a social revolution4 ,at three o'clock1 a well-known inhabitant of the ,place ,vendme1 who had already distinguished himself by his courage in the insurrection of ,june1 #ahdh1 in which he was one of the first wounded1 came to announce to me the formal intention of the national guards of his battalion to retake the place from the insurgents come from the faubourgs4 ,he thought that by a bold stroke they might effect their object without a shot4 ,it is sure that the friends of order wished by all means to avoid the shedding of blood4 ,some moments after1 one of my friends1 who bears one of the great political names of ,france1 and is destined to render his country eminent service1 after the example of his family1 because he is at once a man of superior intelligence and disinterestedness1 very liberal and very religious1 announced to me that the national guards of his arrondissement were animated with the best intentions1 and comprehended the urgent necessity of maintaining order in the midst of the inextricable chaos into which we had fallen4 ,he was himself a powerful example of the resolution and self-sacrifice inspired by an enlightened and generous patriotism4 ,a retired officer from the time of his marriage1 he had organized1 at the beginning of the war1 the national guards of that section of the country in which his estate was4 ,later1 when the army of ,general ,chanzy made his evolution from the ,loire toward the ,sarthe1 he resumed his military life1 and took an active part as captain of the staff in the operations and struggles of the army of the west4 ,the very day he returned to civil life1 he took the cars to spend some days at ,paris1 where several members of his family awaited him4 ,he arrived there on the eve of the eighteenth of ,march4 ,instead of returning to the country1 like so many other ,parisians1 he enrolled his name the following day as a simple member of the national guards1 resolved to recede before no danger or fatigue1 and to serve the cause of order at #abi ,paris as he had been serving the cause of the national honor in his province4 ,we should not despair of the future prosperity of a country in which there is still a great number of examples of similar devotedness4 ,he did not think of returning to the country till the day after the mayors and deputies of ,paris1 doubtless unwittingly serving the interests of demagogism much more than the demagogues themselves1 thought they were making a conciliatory move by yielding to their wishes1 inviting the ,parisian electors to illegal elections1 disbanding the battalions of the national guard1 wholly devoted to the cause of order1 and thus destroying the sole material and moral support that still remained to the better portion of ,paris4 ,these mayors and deputies1 whose imprudence and want of foresight no human tongue could express1 declared they had saved everything1 and they had lost everything4 ,they ascended to the ,capitol as in triumph1 and they had led us to the ,tarpeian ,rock4 ,they pretended to avoid the shedding of blood1 and chose the surest means of shedding it in torrents4 ,my friend agreed with me that next to the hideous stand of the battalions of the line that had entered into a pact with the mob1 nothing could be more disastrous than the inexplicable compromise entered into by these mayors and deputies4 ,there was not a day on which ,i did not apply to them the dilemma that ,i formerly applied to the government of the emperor in the gut--pens of ,castelfidardo3 8,either dupes or accomplices40#da ,at five o'clock1 an old deputy who had been brutally excluded from the legislative body in the favorable time of official candidature1 because he would not renounce his opinions of freedom and control1 gave me some interesting details respecting the pacific manifestations that had just met with an unhoped-for success4 ,a great number of citizens1 of all ages and of every rank1 had traversed the principal quarters unarmed1 crying1 8,vive l',ordre6 ,vive la ,france6 ,vive l',assemble ,nationale60 ,they everywhere meet with cordial sympathy4 ,the battalion that guarded the ,bourse presented arms as they passed4 ,the battalions of the faubourgs1 that held the ,place ,vendme1 endeavored in vain to prevent their passing1 and the person who from the balcony of the staff wished to address them in order to justify the insurrectionary movement1 was interrupted by enthusiastic acclamations in favor of order and the national assembly4 ,the central committee at the ,htel de ,ville understood so well the bearing of this manifestation that they hastened to take energetic measures to remain masters of the ,place ,vendme1 and not to allow in it any new manifestations from the friends of order4 ,they sent thither several battalions4 ,travel was forbidden there and in the neighboring streets2 the approaches were rigorously guarded3 four pieces of cannon1 with cannoneers ready to fire1 were set up in the ,rue de la ,paix and the ,rue ,castiglione4 ,at nine o'clock1 the wife of one of the employees of the minister of #acj justice came to beg me to carry to her brother the final consolations of religion4 ,i had seen him some days previous1 and his end seemed near4 ,it was with the greatest difficulty she had left the ,ministre and the ,place ,vendme1 and she feared it would be impossible for me to return with her4 ,but1 unwilling her brother should die without the sacraments of the church1 she succeeded by her prayers and tears in reaching me1 and was willing to brave everything again in order to enable me to go to him4 ,i assured her ,i would unite my efforts to hers1 and1 though conscious that the ecclesiastical costume had1 since the downfall of the empire1 been disagreeable to the ,parisian revolutionists1 ,i added that we should succeed4 ,i set out that very instant with one of the employees of the church4 ,the ,place and the ,boulevard de la ,madeleine were quiet and nearly deserted4 ,the ,rue ,neuve-des-,capucines was livelier4 ,at the entrance of the ,place ,vendme1 ,i found myself in presence of the national guards1 who did not much resemble those belonging to that quarter4 ,they were very numerous4 ,their language was in the main rather noisy than threatening4 ,the words 8citizen0 and 8republic0 were constantly on their lips4 ,they allowed no one to stop1 and showed themselves severely rigid towards the passers-by that wished to contemplate a spectacle so new in this pacific and wealthy quarter4 ,i had not yet arrived at the angle of the ,rue ,neuve-des-,capucines and the ,place ,vendme1 when an outpost of the national guards1 arms in hand1 cried to me in somewhat rough tone3 8,citizen1 no one is allowed to stop60 ,it was the very place and the time to stop to accomplish my holy mission4 ,i explained briefly1 but politely1 the motive that led me to the ,place ,vendme3 it was a question of giving a dying person the last succor of religion2 and1 to leave no doubt of the truth of my statement1 ,i pointed out the lady1 bathed in tears1 at my side1 and the employee of the ,madeleine4 8,it is impossible1 citizen10 was uttered on all sides1 8the consigne has forbidden it40 ,i asked to see one of the officers1 for ,i saw plainly ,i should be obliged to parley1 but1 in view of a duty so grave and urgent1 ,i resolved to use every means4 ,a sergeant presented himself with that important and somewhat ridiculous air which carries the conviction among the lower ranks that public affairs could not be sustained without him4 ,i explained my wish4 8,you cannot pass40 ,i mildly insisted4 8,the consigne has forbidden it1 and to-day he is very rigorous40 ,i asked the reason of this exceptional severity4 8,it is1 you see1 citizen1 because the bourgeoisie of this quarter have been making a racket to-day1 and this must not be repeated40 ,this observation1 one of the most characteristic ,i ever heard in my life1 was made with a seriousness which would have dispelled mine at another time less distressing to my heart as a priest and a ,frenchman4 ,convinced that nothing was to be effected with this sergeant1 who was more self-sufficient than wicked1 ,i asked to see the captain4 ,he came to me with a dry and lofty air that the mildness of my language and doubtless the sad motive also that led me to the ,place ,vendme speedily modified4 ,after refusing me1 and listening to renewed entreaties1 he gave me permission to enter the ,place ,vendme1 on condition that ,i should remain all night4 ,that was the extent of the right allowed him by the consigne4 ,tired of constantly hearing of a #aca consigne who1 according to the graphic avowal of the sergeant1 was only influenced by his dissatisfaction at the racket that the bourgeoisie of the quarter had been making that day1 ,i replied that ,i could not accept the condition1 that ,i was very sorry not to be able to understand a refusal which affected a dying person and a family in affliction1 and that ,i would leave the public to judge this fact1 since there was no other authority to appeal to4 ,these words1 uttered with an emotion but little restrained1 changed the mind of the captain1 who vainly sought plausible pretexts to oppose me4 ,he appeared1 besides1 to be greatly preoccupied with the command he exercised3 others were constantly coming to him for orders1 and it was evident from his embarrassed manner that he had been more accustomed to receive than to give orders4 ,he ordered one of the national guards to accompany me to the house of the minister of justice1 not to lose sight of me for an instant1 and to bring me back to the entrance of the ,rue ,neuve-des-,capucines4 ,notwithstanding the pacific character of my costume1 ,i was treated like one of the suspicious bourgeoisie of the quarter1 who could not be pardoned for having made a racket during the day4 ,the insurgents had strengthened their position in the ,place ,vendme1 to prevent henceforth the manifestations of honest people4 ,they appeared resolved to allow it to be entered only with extreme circumspection1 and by persons who resided here4 ,i proceeded1 accompanied by my national guardsman1 who was armed4 ,the ,place was poorly lighted4 ,we had scarcely left behind us the group of national guards that barricaded the entrance1 than he addressed me these words in a confused but very respectful tone3 8,how sad all this is1 monsieur l'abb1 and how wrong not to arrange everything so every one can remain at home and quietly attend to his business60 ,i evidently had with me one of the too numerous workmen of ,paris who love order and peace1 but who dare not1 or who do not know how to1 resist the bold ringleaders who take them from their work and lead them astray4 ,the fear of not speaking with sufficient calmness and caution1 while ,i was at once afflicted and exasperated1 induced me to be reserved4 ,i merely replied that ,i shared his sentiments1 and that very probably reason would prevail in the end4 ,every moment we met armed groups4 ,as far as ,i could judge1 from rapid glances over the ,place1 some were discussing with vivacity the events of the day3 others1 like mercenaries1 without dignity and without conscience1 appeared to have no other care than to smoke and drink4 ,the insurgents ,i met did not conceal the suprise that the presence of a priest in their midst during the night caused them4 ,those who thought ,i had been arrested1 and was on my way to the post of the tat-major1 where ,i had seen more than one spy or ,prussian led during the siege1 did not deprive themselves of the pleasure of aiming a joke or an insult at me4 ,those who thought ,i was going to fulfil the duties of the holy ministry saluted me with respect4 ,they were far from resembling in their equipments and deportment the national guards of the quarter of ,st4 ,roch or the ,madeleine1 but when ,i compared them with those ,i found the next day in the same place1 after the criminal and bloody fusillade upon citizens only guilty of calmly expressing their love of order and their devotedness to the national assembly1 they were comparatively disciplined and civilized4 #acb ,the ante-room of the minister of justice's residence was guarded by insurgents1 who allowed no one to enter or go out without particular scrutiny4 ,i quickly made known to the leader the object of my mission4 ,he listened to me with evident curiosity and self-sufficiency1 and1 after affecting to consider1 he motioned me to proceed4 ,the court was occupied by another post that watched the entrance to the offices and htel of the minister1 and the avenue that led through the gardens to the ,rue de ,luxembourg4 ,no light was to be seen in the apartments4 ,a profound silence reigned everywhere4 ,no other employee remained at the minister's than the brother-in-law of the young man to whom ,i was carrying the last consolations of religion4 ,he received them with more calmness and serenity than might have been expected1 humanly speaking1 of a young man of twenty-two years of age1 when one looks forward to a long life2 but what a double grief for a family to find themselves at once in the presence of death and a band of insurgents6 ,a quarter of an hour after1 ,i left the ministre with my national guard1 who treated me with a respect more and more deferential4 ,the lady who had gone to the ,rue de la ,ville-l',evque to find me was also struck with his excellent appearance1 and commissioned me to give him a small sum of money4 ,i begged him1 as delicately as possible1 to accept it in aid of his family1 who might be in need for want of employment4 ,he seemed very much touched by this generous attention1 and1 as much to satisfy my curiosity as to prevent the difficulty of expressing his gratitude at a time when he was officially charged with guarding me1 ,i concluded to address him some questions4 8,from what quarter of ,paris are you80 8,i am from ,bercy1 monsieur l'abb4 ,they sounded the rappel this evening4 ,i set out with my company4 ,they told us we were appointed to a very important patriotic mission4 ,arrived at the ,place ,vendme1 we were ordered to guard it rigorously40 8,but why so rigorous a guard in a quarter where there are only very excellent people1 who love order and peace above all things80 8,ma foi1 monsieur l'abb1 ,i know nothing at all about it4 ,bercy is perfectly quiet4 ,this quarter is no less so4 ,i do not understand it4 ,they ordered us to come1 and we had to obey40 8,but did you not at ,bercy have confidence in ,m4 ,thiers as well as we8 ,do you prefer ,assi1 ,flourens1 ,blanqui1 and ,felix ,pyat to him80 8,our employers have always spoken very highly of him4 ,the good workmen call him a great patriot1 and not a mere pretender like so many others4 ,he promised us liberty and work1 and would certainly have kept his word4 ,so we have committed a great piece of foolishness in allowing him to go to ,versailles4 ,god grant it may not be for a long time60 8,but what becomes of your work all this time8 ,do you think this state of thing favorable to the interests of the workman80 8,ah1 monsieur l'abb1 work is a thing but little thought of now1 and yet the longer we delay resuming it1 the more unfortunate we are4 ,there are among us so many sluggards and madcaps64440 ,my excellent guard was explaining to me in his own way how the bad workmen1 who wished in #ahdh to obtain the right to labor1 had1 since the siege of ,paris1 wished to retain the right of doing nothing1 when #acc ,i found myself at the spot whence we had set out4 ,immediately resuming his most official and patronizing air--8,citizen10 said he to the patrol that guarded the entrance to the ,place ,vendme1 8let this citizen pass60 ,i had promised the family of the poor sick man to visit him again in two or three days4 ,complicated as the situation of ,paris was1 and in particular that of the ,place ,vendme1 treated and occupied as a place taken by storm1 in defiance of all right and all decency1 by the national guards of the faubourgs in revolt against the laws1 ,i was far from anticipating that ,i should hasten the next day to the same place in the midst of all the horrors of civil war1 to carry the consolations of religion to the honorable inhabitants of ,paris1 smitten down without any provocation1 without any motive1 by the bullets of their fellow-citizens4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,place ,,vend,,me ,,on ,,wednesday1 ,,the ,,twenty-,,second ,,of ,,march4 ,the next day1 the twenty-second of ,march--henceforth one of the saddest dates in the history of ,paris--,i was on duty at the church of the ,madeleine--that is to say1 appointed to receive1 from six o'clock in the morning till ten at night1 those persons who sought the religious or charitable ministry of the priest1 and to afford them all the satisfaction within the limits of possibility4 ,as the pacific manifestations on the eve had produced a favorable moral effect1 it was proposed to renew them during the day1 as ,i learned from some of my friends1 known to be devoted to the cause of liberty and order1 so strangely compromised4 ,the aim they had in view and the means to which they had recourse were not only incontestably legal1 but also in conformity with the interests and dignity of all the inhabitants of ,paris4 ,therefore1 far from concealing them1 they openly discussed them1 hoping they would be understood and appreciated as they deserved to be4 ,they desired to promote1 by means of persuasion and conciliation1 respect for order and the laws1 disregarded by the bold ringleaders and a part of the national guards led astray4 ,in the midst of ruins accumulated by an unfortunate war1 they wished to declare the assembly of the representatives of the country in session at ,versailles to be the sole power charged to watch over our destinies1 that we should rally around them and await their solution of the inextricable difficulties of the moment4 ,the inhabitants of the ,place ,vendme and the neighboring streets1 wounded1 and not without reason1 at seeing their quarter invaded and occupied by the national guards from other quarters1 who prevented travel1 terrified their families1 and paralyzed all commercial transactions1 proposed to claim their rights1 as inhabitants of the first arrondissement1 to become the police of their own quarter4 ,they violated no right1 they were not lacking any propriety1 in begging the citizens of the arrondissements of ,montmartre and ,belleville1 who were installed there without any notice1 to leave it to their own care4 ,not only are those who live in the ,place ,vendme ,parisians as well as the inhabitants of ,belleville and ,montmartre1 but it was evident to those who knew ,paris that four-fifths of the national guards that held possession of the ,place ,vendme on the twenty-first1 and especially on the twenty-second of ,march1 had never seen ,paris three years #acd previously4 ,paris is rather the theatre than the author of the revolutions that take place there4 ,revolutionists and rioters belong to all parts of ,france and ,europe1 and in disastrous times they hasten to ,paris1 hoping to catch fish in the troubled waters4 ,i have studied all the large cities of ,europe from a political and social point of view4 ,for reasons too extended to be enumerated here1 not one is like ,paris1 the rendezvous of all suspicious and corrupt characters--of the unfortunate who are at variance with the laws of their own country1 and of men of no class who are ready to become revolutionary agents--and these are the worst of all4 ,after the siege it had endured1 the state of agitation and prostration resulting from so great a struggle1 so much suffering1 and so many deceptions1 could not fail to attract the leading charlatans and rogues of all parts of ,europe4 ,it is not to the honor of the popular class at ,paris1 the most frivolous and the most credulous in the world1 that these new-comers met with a success beyond their expectations1 for they became in a moment our masters4 ,thanks to this cosmopolitan invasion1 and also to the departure of too large a number of genuine ,parisians who feared the ,prussian bombardment less than the mob of international agents1 ,paris1 the brilliant centre of elegance1 art1 and of intellect1 as well as a financial and political centre1 became1 according to the expressive comparison of the ,times1 an infernal caldron1 which terrified all ,europe1 and in which mingled and seethed all human passions4 ,the party that was playing its part at ,paris was not ,parisian or ,french1 but exclusively social4 ,it was a flock of birds of prey1 a herd of roaming wild beasts1 who had hastened from the four cardinal points to fall on the capital of ,france1 which a five months' siege had weakened4 ,the ,international agents wished to found the ,commune1 and1 to realize the idea of the ,commune1 which especially clings to locality1 home1 the fireside1 the steeple1 the associations and traditions of domestic interest1 they summoned to ,paris all their boon companions of the ,old and the ,new ,world1 and forced the real inhabitants of ,paris to take refuge in the provinces or abroad4 ,it was a revolting cynicism1 pregnant with disaster4 ,at half-past two1 some persons1 filled with terror and indignation1 entered the ,madeleine to inform me of a sinister catastrophe4 ,the agents of the pacific manifestation1 who had proposed on the eve to traverse the principal streets of the city1 crying1 ,vive la ,rpublique6 ,vive l',ordre6 ,vive l',assemble ,nationale6 had become the victims of a horrible ambuscade4 ,after passing through the ,rue de la ,paix1 a large number of respected citizens of ,paris1 unarmed1 and influenced only by the patriotic desire of securing1 by the most inoffensive means and for the benefit of all good citizens1 the triumph of equity1 law1 and a spirit of conciliation1 had been met at the entrance of the ,place ,vendme by a murderous fusillade from the insurgent national guards4 ,the reports of the number of the killed and wounded varied1 but it must have been considerable4 ,at the same time1 ,i saw from the outer colonnade of the ,madeleine the shops hastily shut up and people fleeing in disorder from the direction of the ,place ,vendme4 ,every face expressed wrath and consternation4 ,some national guards of the eighth arrondissement hastened to rally around the church to watch over the public security4 ,i made inquiries about the condition of the wounded1 and was told #ace they were being carried home1 and that several belonged to the parish of the ,madeleine1 which includes the ,rue de la ,paix and the ,place ,vendme4 ,as ,i did not know the address of the victims1 and knew from an experience of ten years that the members of the parish had the ,christian habit of summoning the priest to the aid of the dying1 ,i waited with emotion for them to have recourse to my ministry4 ,at four o'clock no one had come1 and ,i was ignorant of the name and address of any of the wounded4 ,at half-past four there was a report that some of the killed and wounded remained on the ,place ,vendme1 and that there were detained there some of those engaged in the pacific manifestation1 among others1 the father of a young man from the ,rue ,tronchet1 whose skull had been fractured by a ball1 and whom the insurgents refused to deliver up4 ,other details were added of such a revolting character that ,i could scarcely credit them4 ,i ordered the ,madeleine to be closed--took with me all that was necessary for the administration of the sacraments1 and went by way of the boulevards towards the ,place ,vendme1 resolved1 as on the preceding night1 to recede before no obstacle to my reaching the victims who might need religious aid4 ,the ,boulevard de la ,madeleine1 generally so lively and brilliant1 was almost deserted4 ,the inhabitants were inquiring in a low tone1 and in terror1 about the incidents of the bloody drama that had just taken place in the neighborhood4 ,some soldiers only1 who had joined the insurgents four days previously1 were passing along with a careless and almost satisfied air4 ,if these unhappy men were aware of the frightful event that then preoccupied all ,paris1 they only retained a glimmering of moral sense4 ,already unworthy to bear the name of a soldier1 they would no longer merit to bear that of man4 ,at the entrance of the ,rue ,neuve-des-,capucines1 which leads from the ,boulevard de la ,madeleine to the ,place ,vendme1 ,i was stopped by a group of people1 who from a distance were regarding with mingled sentiments of curiosity and terror the patrols of the mob scattered along the street4 8,do not go any further1 monsieur l'abb10 cried several persons to me in trembling voices1 more charitable than brave4 8,if you go among those wretches1 you are lost6 ,we have seen them fire upon inoffensive men who were bearing away the wounded at the entrance of the ,rue de la ,paix40 ,i made no reply to what was dictated more by fear than reason1 and came to the first patrol stationed before the ,crdit ,foncier4 ,all the houses of the ,rue ,neuve-des-,capucines were closed1 and this street1 one of the liveliest of the quarter1 seemed like a tomb4 ,the head patrol1 a jolly young fellow1 with a face as red as blood1 advanced towards me1 and1 solemnly raising his sabre to attest his authority1 which ,i had no intention of disputing1 ordered me to stop4 ,i explained to him1 without concealing my sadness1 the object of my mission3 8,i am going as a priest belonging to the parish of the ,madeleine to see the wounded on the ,place ,vendme40 ,he immediately motioned with his sabre for me to pass2 this was his only reply4 ,was he aware of the effect of this sinister beginning of civil war upon the condition of ,paris8 ,i doubt it--to parade and appear important seemed to be his principal care4 ,the other national guards1 vigilant and with their hands on their loaded arms1 resembled sentinels in face of the enemy1 without their discipline and proper carriage4 ,the second patrol1 stationed in the middle of the street1 allowed me #acf to pass without objection4 ,it was composed1 like the first1 of national guards of all ages1 but not of all conditions3 they were from the most uncivilized class of the faubourgs4 ,their accoutrements were not uniform or neat4 ,some appeared quite satisfied2 they were the youngest2 others had a less blustering manner2 but all felt an instinctive joy to rule over the most brilliant part of ,paris1 and inspire the citizens with a lively terror4 ,before ,i came to the third patrol1 placed at the opposite end of the street1 ,i noticed on the pavement many stains of blood4 ,it was in fact only a few steps distant that1 only a short time before1 the victims of the fusillade fell4 ,i will not attempt to describe the anguish that filled my soul at the sight of this blood of my countrymen1 shed by insurgents without country and without ,god4 ,in the midst of my great distress ,i recalled the sublime cry of ,monseigneur ,affre3 8,let my blood be the last shed60 ,i ardently prayed in my turn that the blood of these innocent and peaceful victims might be the last poured out1 but it was to be feared that the revolutionary and social crisis1 that weighed on ,paris like a horrible nightmare1 would only end1 as it had commenced1 by a terrible effusion of blood4 ,there was no difference between this patrol and the preceding1 except that it was more actively vigilant4 ,the chief of the national guards that formed it1 and who seemed surprised to behold me1 having asked where ,i was going1 and what ,i was going to do1 sent two men to conduct me to the post that guarded the entrance to the ,place ,vendme4 ,during the siege of ,paris1 ,i one day passed along the formidable defences of the ,point-du-,jour at ,auteuil4 ,the consigne there was of a different degree of mildness and condescension from that at the entrance of the ,place ,vendme1 which the insurgents evidently wished to make their headquarters1 and where they were entrenching themselves4 ,the national guards that defended the entrance were less blustering1 but more numerous and more decided1 than those of the evening before4 ,they allowed me to pass without hindrance2 many of them must have felt that where the dead and dying are to be found is the proper place for a minister of ,jesus ,christ4 ,a sentinel was ordered to accompany me to the ,ministre de la ,justice1 where ,i intended to go first4 ,he possessed neither the intelligence nor the politeness of the national guard that escorted me the night before4 ,he was rather an animated machine than a man4 ,not a word1 not a gesture1 not a change in his features6 ,after wondering what he was thinking of1 ,i ended by doubting if he thought at all4 ,i should render him this justice--that1 from a material point of view1 he discharged his commission with irreproachable exactitude4 ,i experienced an undefinable impression in the ,place ,vendme1 produced by a twofold contrast1 the remembrance of which will not be effaced to the latest moment of my life4 ,this ,place1 with which ,louis ,,xiv4 adorned ,paris1 was first called the ,place des ,conqutes1 to recall the brilliant victories which had secured to ,france the fine provinces which we have just lost a large part of1 after most lamentable reverses4 ,the sumptuous edifices1 built according to ,mansard's plans1 which form the contour1 render it in an architectural point of view the finest ,place in ,europe4 ,destined by ,louis ,,xiv4 to bring together the royal library and imprimerie1 the academies1 the mint1 and the htel of foreign ambassadors2 now #acg inhabited by wealthy families1 rich travellers1 and some of the government officials2 situated between the garden of the ,tuileries and the ,boulevards des ,capucines and des ,italiens2 entered at its two extremities by the ,rues de ,castiglione and de la ,paix1 through which pour wealthy merchants and elegant promenaders1 it became on the twenty-second of ,march the theatre of uproar and civil war3 it was covered with blood1 and occupied by an armed crowd1 in which prevailed the most sinister faces from the worst quarters of ,paris4 ,the national guards of ,bercy that ,i had seen the night before were models of civilization and distinction compared with these4 ,some were rather boys than men4 ,they appeared to be only sixteen or seventeen years of age4 ,as proud as they were surprised to carry a gun1 they only sought for an opportunity or a pretext to use it4 ,those who have witnessed the revolutions of ,paris know that armed children are capable of atrocious misdeeds4 ,sprung from the lowest grades of society1 destitute of all moral sense1 they care but little what cause they have to defend or what enemy to attack3 their highest ambition is to display their audacity and to fire off their guns4 ,as ,i am only relating the things ,i witnessed myself1 ,i shall not speak of the fiendish part taken1 according to some spectators1 by a boy in the fusillade which had just shot down too great a number of pacific and honorable citizens4 ,many of the insurgents were in a state of overexcitement1 proceeding less from their political and social opinions than from a too copious absorption of wine and other liquors3 this is on days of revolutionary storms another category of insurgents capable of everything because they have lost all moral sense4 ,there was but little care and uniformity about their accoutrements4 ,some had on only a part of the uniform of the national guards3 others wore a kpi and a blouse4 ,a great number of the kpis were not numbered4 ,here and there were to be seen some red sashes4 ,in this nameless multitude might also be remarked men of fifty or sixty years1 whose ferocious and degraded faces excited the worst suspicions respecting their moral instincts and their previous relations with the legal authorities4 ,i at once saw that many of them were foreigners1 particularly ,italians and ,poles4 ,what a contrast between such insurgents1 hardly to be found in ,june1 #ahdh1 in the lowest parts of ,paris1 and the imposing architectural splendor of one of the finest squares in the world6 ,i could not express the effect of this mingling of poetic beauty and foul deformity upon me4 ,another contrast no less sad rent my heart4 ,the side of the ,place ,vendme toward the ,rue de la ,paix was sprinkled with blood2 now and then the wounded and dead were carried by2 and over these spots of human blood1 by the side of these unfortunate victims of civil war1 a great number of insurgents1 perhaps the very ones who without any motive or provocation had shot them down1 were laughing1 eating1 drinking1 and amusing themselves1 as if they were celebrating the happiest event of their lives4 ,in going to the ,ministre de la ,justice1 ,i had to pass through several groups of varied physiognomy4 ,they were generally astonished to see the ecclesiastical garb among them4 ,i acknowledge that1 if ,i had not had a mission of sacerdotal obligation to accomplish1 ,i should hardly have procured them this surprise1 notwithstanding my natural love of #ach observation4 ,some--a small number1 however--received me with coarse insults and horrid laughter4 ,a few steps from the ,ministre de la ,justice1 a national guardsman1 who was talking and gesticulating with uncommon vivacity1 stopped to address me1 while shaking his fist at me1 this singular apostrophe3 8,when shall we be delivered from those wretches80 ,i will not relate other pleasantries of this nature of which ,i was the butt3 this one is only too much4 ,their authors had doubtless learned to know and judge the clergy by the violent diatribes of citizens ,blanqui and ,flix ,pyat4 ,others1 on the contrary1 saluted me with a respect and cordiality which ,i was careful to return politely4 ,they were honest workmen who had doubtless had intercourse with their parish priests1 or whose children attended the catechism classes or the schools of the religious congregations1 and received a benefit which they understood how to appreciate4 ,there were strange contrasts in this mixture4 ,not to forget a single characteristic detail1 ,i caught some observations that denoted on the part of their authors serious regrets for the dreadful catastrophe which terrified the whole city4 ,if1 among the insurgent battalions chosen to fire on the inoffensive inhabitants of ,paris1 there were some to deplore the horrors of civil war1 how many might not have been found in the other battalions6 ,if the ringleaders could be separated from those whom they lead1 and the deceivers from the deceived1 the number of the latter would be considerable1 and the former somewhat modified4 ,one of the most serious faults of the workman of ,paris is the incredible facility with which he enters into all the hollow schemes of the rogue and the charlatan who tempt him1 and sacrifices to their mad ambition and culpable projects his peace1 his property1 his honor1 and his life4 ,my guide1 or rather my guard1 appeared insensible to the insults as well as to the salutations ,i received on the way4 ,arms in hand1 always impassible and solemn1 it was only now and then he cast toward me an inquisitorial glance1 as if to assert his authority and my dependence4 ,i made known the object of my mission to the leader of the post at the ,ministre de la ,justice4 ,he was a young and well-bred officer4 ,he listened to me with attention1 and replied1 after saluting me twice with a politeness full of respect1 that ,i was at liberty to do all ,i wished4 ,i found the sick person ,i had seen the evening before in the htel of the minister of justice1 exhausted by excitement that was hastening his end4 ,he could see from his sick-bed all that occurred on the ,place4 ,in one corner of the apartment his sister1 endowed with the higher ,christian virtues1 and an aged lady whom ,i did not know1 but who was probably their mother1 were weeping over the public as well as their own private woes4 ,i had promised the sick person the night before to visit him again in three or four days1 but as ,i could not enter the ,place ,vendme without indicating the precise place ,i wished to go to1 and could not have a better means of ascertaining where the victims of the fusillade had been transported1 ,i briefly explained the reason of my unexpected call and gave him some religious encouragement1 which was to be the last4 ,i learned that the dead and wounded removed from the ,place had been carried to one of the neighboring houses occupied by the administration and the ambulance #aci of the ,crdit ,mobilier4 ,i hurried thither4 ,the ,ministre de la ,justice was as silent and deserted as on the preceding night4 ,four sentinels were posted between the court and garden2 a fifth at the door of the htel had the air of guarding most conscientiously an absent excellency4 ,in going out1 ,i sought with a discreet glance for my solemn guard1 to become anew his prisoner4 ,the officer who had received me a few moments before informed me he had sent him back to his post4 ,from that moment ,i could go where ,i pleased4 ,at the ,crdit ,mobilier ,i met two bodies that were being carried to their relatives4 ,i was told that one was ,m4 ,molinet1 one of the most pious and exemplary young men of the parish4 ,he had been shot down by the side of his father1 who1 notwithstanding his inexpressible grief1 had been torn from the body of his only son and carried as a prisoner to the staff-officer of the ,place4 ,after offering up a prayer for these two unfortunate victims1 ,i inquired for the apartment to which the wounded had been carried4 ,the consternation and terror that reigned among the inhabitants of the ,place ,vendme may be imagined from the sinister events that had occurred before their eyes1 and the dangers of all kinds with which they were threatened4 ,stupor was depicted on the faces of the concierges of the ,crdit ,mobilier4 ,these good people were hardly willing to half-open the door of their lodge1 and muttered something vague which was not an answer to my question4 ,at last they sent with me to the salle of the wounded a charming child of eight or ten years of age4 ,he examined with more curiosity than fear the strange features of the citizens of ,montmartre and ,belleville who occupied the vestibule4 ,the number of the wounded in the ambulance was six4 ,they were still on the litter on which they had been brought4 ,two infirmarians1 who wore the red cross of the ,international society1 were zealously attending to them3 a cantinire of somewhat free manners also manifested an equal desire to aid them4 ,the insurgents that frequented the rooms behaved with propriety2 they spoke in low tones1 and instead of the care which they were not fitted to bestow1 the most of them manifested a sympathy mingled with curiosity4 ,beyond this1 their faces displayed no emotion2 my presence did not astonish them2 they discreetly retired when ,i approached the sufferers4 ,no one appeared to me mortally wounded4 ,nevertheless1 ,i administered religious aid to one of them at his own request1 and confined myself to giving the rest as much encouragement as possible1 for which they earnestly thanked me4 ,they all belonged to the bourgeoisie4 ,the last to arrive lived in the ,rue ,meyerbeer1 and did not appear to be more than thirty years old4 ,he told me he was to have set out that very evening to join his wife and children in the country1 but wished before leaving to perform the part of a good citizen by joining in the manifestation4 ,he had been wounded three times1 but not dangerously4 ,at the entrance of the room a young man seized with frightful convulsions had been laid down on the parquet4 ,he was partly dressed as a soldier of the line1 and partly as a national guardsman4 ,he was doubtless one of the too numerous soldiers who had united with the insurgents1 and been drawn into serving their sad cause4 ,the fusillade from the ranks of his new colleagues1 and the numerous victims they had just shot down1 must have caused a violent fit of remorse4 ,he #adj was not wounded1 but only had a sudden nervous attack1 that affected him in a manner painful to behold4 ,he did not appear to understand anything1 and was suffering from contractions and contorsions of a truly frightful character4 ,i approached him--tried to calm him with some kind words1 and then recommended him aloud to the care of the two infirmarians of the ,international society4 ,the national guards who surrounded him appeared touched to see manifested for one of their number an interest equal to that ,i had just shown for the victims of devotedness to the cause of law and order4 ,before leaving the ,place ,vendme ,i wished to ascertain if any of the victims had been taken to the ambulance of ,m4 ,constant ,say4 ,this was one of the six ambulances ,i was appointed to visit during the siege1 to administer religious aid and awaken the moral sense of the soldiers who were sick or wounded4 ,this ambulance was kept in perfect order4 ,more than once1 in observing the meals of the wounded1 ,i envied them the healthful and abundant nourishment served up to them during the interminable months of ,december and ,january4 ,they were treated as real members of the family1 and were truly the spoiled children of the house4 ,they were daily visited by one of the most celebrated physicians of ,paris1 who lavished on them the most intelligent care1 and by the minister of ,jesus ,christ1 who no less kindly spoke to them of ,god1 their souls1 their absent mothers1 and of their temporal and eternal welfare4 ,it could not be otherwise in a family whose extensive industrial establishment and inexhaustible charity are such a benefit to the laboring classes of ,paris4 ,i had the consolation of seeing all the soldiers who were taken to this ambulance leave it better ,christians and better ,frenchmen4 ,as to the rest1 during the entire siege1 the solicitude of the ,parisians for the sick and wounded soldiers was truly admirable1 and the praise ,i am bound in justice to accord to the ambulance of ,m4 ,constant ,say1 may be equally given to the rest ,i was appointed to visit3 the ambulances of ,m4 ,frottin1 formerly mayor of the first arrondissement1 in the ,rue ,st4 ,honor2 that of ,m4 ,jourdain1 a member of the ,institute1 in the ,rue du ,luxembourg2 of ,dr4 ,moissenet1 a physician of the ,htel ,dieu1 in the ,rue ,richepanse2 of ,madame ,dognin1 of the ,point-du-,jour at ,auteuil2 and1 finally1 the ambulance bravely founded and directed at ,grenelle by some laboring women of ardent faith1 and a devotedness that works wonders1 and transferred after the bombardment of ,grenelle to the magnificent htel of ,m4 le ,comte ,mercy d',argenteau on the ,rue de ,suresne4 ,i was also aware that there were still some wounded soldiers in ,m4 ,say's ambulance4 ,the brutal invasion of the ,place ,vendme had prevented me from visiting them the two days previous4 ,to go there1 ,i was obliged to cross the entire ,place4 ,it seemed more like a field of battle than a ,place4 ,here were stacks of arms1 there were caissons full of supplies1 further on were delegates of the central committee of the ,htel de ,ville1 who where transmitting orders with feverish haste1 and everywhere were the insurgents who had just fired1 and who were ready to take fresh aim4 ,i had no longer an armed guard to accompany me4 ,during my walk1 which ,i frankly acknowledge would have seemed much shorter on ordinary occasions1 ,i was again an object of insult and sarcasms not highly seasoned with wit from some1 of respect and sympathy from others1 and #ada of astonishment or indifference from the greatest part4 ,i had never seen so great a number of persons eating and drinking4 ,their appetite only gave out after complete exhaustion of the means of gratifying it4 ,it is true that1 to the demoralized workmen who abound in ,paris1 the word riot signifies the time for good eating1 and still better drinking1 and no work at all4 ,against the railing that surrounds the column were squatting several national guardsmen1 to whom a cantinire dealt out liquor4 ,the oldest was certainly not eighteen4 ,at my approach one of them1 who had doubtless been a chorister in some church1 instinctively made a respectful bow4 ,a second1 who made some pretensions to delicate wit1 pointed at me with his sabre1 uttering a laugh more stupid than malicious4 ,a third1 and this became more serious1 loaded1 or pretended to load1 his musket1 which he pointed at me4 ,at the same time the cantinire encouraged him with atrocious words1 that no delicate ear would pardon me for relating4 ,i had had for seven months so many occasions to recommend my soul to ,god1 that ,i thought it opportune to do so once more4 ,nevertheless1 not to take things too seriously1 ,i recalled the amusing reply made me by an excellent man1 from the neighborhood of ,st4 ,sulpice1 who was obliged1 after the three first days of bombardment on the left side by the ,prussians1 to seek refuge in the vicinity of the ,madeleine4 ,when ,i approved of his prudent decision1 he replied1 8,in fact1 ,i could not reasonably pass every night in recommending my soul to ,god60 ,i arrived at my ambulance without any harm but a momentary fright4 ,none of the victims of the fusillade had been brought here4 ,i found my dear wounded ones in a fair way to be healed1 but very much depressed by what was passing around them1 and humiliated especially by the shameful defection of a part of the troops on the deplorable day of ,saturday1 the eighteenth4 ,my sacerdotal mission was ended4 ,in returning across the ,place ,vendme1 ,i was not the witness or the object of any occurrence that merits attention4 ,the dense line of insurgents that guarded the entrance of the ,place from the ,rue de la ,paix opened for me to pass4 ,the patrol1 who remembered having allowed me to enter1 asked no questions in permitting me to go out4 ,i met a man in the ,rue ,neuve-des-,capucines who was covering a real pool of blood with sand4 ,there was no change in the manner of the patrols3 the street was still like a tomb4 ,nearly in front of the ,crdit ,foncier1 a shop-keeper of respectable appearance timidly opened one of the doors of his shop1 and asked permission to pass from the last patrol toward the boulevard1 which was not more than fifty yards from me4 ,he appeared so alarmed1 and his face was so extremely pale1 that the patrol1 proud of the fear he inspired1 did not fail to avail himself of so favorable an opportunity of amusing himself at the other's expense4 ,he questioned him with an affected solemnity which would have excited my laughter in less tragical times1 addressed him a long and severe recommendation1 and when the man turned1 more dead than alive1 toward the boulevard1 the youngest of the band1 who hid the malicious hilarity of a gamin under the gravity of a judge1 took his gun1 and pointing it toward the shop-keeper1 who happily was not aware of such a salute1 had the air of saying3 8,if the rest of the bourgeoisie resemble this #adb one1 ,paris is certainly ours40 ,i was as much saddened at the dejected and disconcerted appearance of most of the inhabitants of this quarter1 as ,i had been alarmed by the boldness and audacity displayed on the ,place ,vendme by the workmen of the faubourgs1 old criminals and revolutionists from all countries1 who held possession of it4 ,there was more stupor than indignation among the former4 ,they hardly ventured to the doors of their houses1 they spoke in low tones for fear of being compromised4 ,this unfortunate attitude of the lovers of order only encouraged the energy and boldness of the enemies of society4 ,i comprehended for the first time how a handful of factionists had been able in #agic to terrify and decimate the better part of the community1 who were ten times as numerous4 ,the very day when the lovers of order will say to those of disorder1 with the same energy and firmness as ,god to the waves of the sea1 8,thou shalt go no further60 ,paris will have no more to fear from anarchy and revolution1 and ,france will no longer oscillate between the equally deplorable extremes of despotism and license4 ,if this simple and impartial account1 intended to cast a little light upon one of the saddest and most execrable episodes of the revolution of the eighteenth of ,march1 could also have the effect of calling the more particular attention of the lovers of order and stability1 of whatever nation and party1 to the dark aims of the ,international league of demagogues who1 under the mask of workingmen's associations1 prudential interests1 and mutual protection1 aim at the denial of ,god1 the destruction of family and country1 of public capital and private savings1 of the domestic and political hierarchy--in a word1 the destruction of all those principles which are the foundation of society2 and also of thoroughly convincing the better classes of ,paris and all the larger cities of ,france1 that the promoters of disorder and anarchy1 though now recruiting from the lowest social grades of ,europe1 are only strong in consequence of their own inaction and regard for self2 that such power is only derived from their own want of discipline and energy2 that they would only have to enroll1 organize1 and assert themselves to utterly destroy it--,i shall have realized one of my most ardent wishes1 and labored in my sphere of action for the consolidation of the social edifice and of public order1 so profoundly shaken4 ,it was nearly six o'clock when ,i reached home4 ,i had passed a little more than three-quarters of an hour among the insurgents and the wounded of the ,place ,vendme4 ,god alone knows with what emotion and earnestness ,i implored him that ,i might never be subjected again to such a trial to my heart as a priest and a ,frenchman4 ,here ends my first account1 drawn up at the end of ,march4 ,i need not add that my prayer was not granted4 ,the ,commune was founded in blood and terror1 and was to end in a fiendish debauchery of madness and crime4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #da ,here is what1 according to the ,paris ,journal of ,versailles for the #ahth of ,may1 citizen ,raoul ,rigault wrote from the prfecture of police to citizen ,floquet1 one of the unhappy instigators of this pretended compromise3 8,my dear ,floquet1 you have decided then to set out with ,villeneuve and the prefect ,lechevalier for ,bordeaux4 ,we are too much united in our sentiments for you not to feel the importance of your mission4 ,the league of the republican union1 in pleading its own cause1 pleads ours4 ,as to your #i1ejj francs1 ,i will endeavor to furnish them1 though it is difficult to procure remittances40 ---------- ,,new ,,publications4 #adc ,,biographical ,,sketch ,,of ,,mother ,,margaret ,,mary ,,hallahan1 ,o4,s4,d4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 ,the great success of the original life of ,mother ,margaret ,mary ,hallahan1 foundress of the ,third ,order of ,dominican ,nuns in ,england1 and the edification it has given to thousands of readers everywhere1 have induced her sisters and admirers to prepare an abridged life for more general reading4 ,the abridgment is in every respect a creditable performance4 ,in beauty of diction1 as well as in the subject-matter treated1 superior ability in biographical style is very discernible4 ,the paper1 printing1 and binding are also of the first class4 ,all who are interested1 either from motives of faith or even of curiosity1 in the surprising revival of the ,catholic religion in ,england within the last half-century1 will be cheered and delighted by the perusal of this new edition1 as it may be called1 of the life of one of the greatest agents in this wonderful work of ,god4 ,the cheapness of the work1 moreover1 puts it within easy reach of all ,catholic readers4 ,,school-,,houses4 ,by ,james ,johonnot4 ,architectural ,designs by ,s4 ,e4 ,hewes4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,w4 ,schermerhorn ,co4 #ahga4 ,undoubtedly the subject treated in this work is one of considerable importance1 involving1 as it does1 the health and future prospects as well as the present comfort of the rising generation4 ,no doubt1 also1 there is immense room for improvement in the internal arrangements of the buildings in which so large a portion of the time of the young1 and especially of children1 is to be passed2 above all1 as regards the points of light1 heating1 and ventilation4 ,the construction particularly of country school-houses is also certainly open to change for the better1 and many good suggestions are made and designs furnished by the authors4 ,some of these designs1 however1 strike us as being unnecessarily ornate4 ,the latter part is occupied with the questions of furniture1 apparatus1 grounds1 etc41 and with many illustrations of chairs1 desks1 globes1 and other appliances1 which will be found useful and interesting4 ,the book is finely printed1 and beautifully bound4 ,,of ,,adoration ,,in ,,spirit ,,and ,,truth4 ,written in four books4 ,by ,john ,eusebius ,nieremberg1 ,s4,j41 native of ,madrid1 and translated into ,english by ,r4 ,s41 ,s4,j41 with a ,preface by the ,rev4 ,peter ,gallwey1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahga4 ,this beautiful volume forms the first of a series of works1 under the title of 8,st4 ,joseph's ,ascetical ,library10 undertaken by the ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesus in ,england4 ,it is no novelty in itself1 though it will probably be new to almost all who see it in its present form4 ,the author was born at ,madrid in #aeij1 and died in #afeh2 and this translation of his work was made nearly two hundred years ago1 in #afgc1 and has that charm of quaintness and simplicity which it is now in vain to imitate4 ,the title might convey the idea that the treatise before us was a very abstract and mystical one1 unsuited to the generality of readers4 ,but such an idea would be soon dispelled by a glance at some of the headings of its chapters1 such as1 8,how ,incommodious a ,thing ,sleep is10 8,how ,penances and ,corporal ,afflictions help ,us10 and 8,that we must rise ,fervorously to our ,morning ,prayer40 ,it is practical enough #add for any one1 perfectly clear1 intelligible1 and interesting2 and1 at the same time1 no one can find in it any want of devotion or spirituality4 ,it is divided into four books1 as stated in the title2 the first1 second1 and fourth treating of the purgative1 illuminative1 and unitive ways respectively2 the third being concerned with 8,what ,belongs to a most ,perfect ,practical ,performance of ,our ,actions10 which illustrates in detail the general principles laid down in what precedes4 ,we are under great obligations to the editors for having brought into notice1 and into general use1 as we trust1 this treasure of ,catholic piety4 ,it will be of inestimable value to all who desire to lead a really spiritual life and to practice the 8adoration0 of which it treats1 which is nothing else than complete self-renunciation and devotion1 in the true sense of the word1 to ,god and to his service4 ,,ignatius ,,loyola1 ,,and ,,the ,,early ,,jesuits4 ,by ,stewart ,rose4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 ,we have several excellent biographies of ,st4 ,ignatius in the ,english language1 but the present one is likely1 we think1 to become the most popular4 ,it is carefully compiled1 written in that literary style and with those graphic sketches of surrounding circumstances which modern taste demands1 and published in an elegant manner4 ,its principal distinctive excellence consists in the portraiture of the early life of ,ignatius as the accomplished1 valiant1 and ,christian knight1 whose noble and chivalrous character formed the basis of his future heroic sanctity4 ,we welcome any work which may make the illustrious founder of the ,society of ,jesus and his ,institute better known both to ,catholics and ,protestants1 and we hope for a wide circulation for this ably and charmingly written biography4 ,,mount ,,benedict2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,violated ,,tomb4 ,by ,peter ,mc,corry4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,the burning of the convent in ,charlestown1 and the accompanying horrors of that fearful night1 are subjects worthy of a graphic description1 well calculated to point a moral and adorn a tale4 ,we confess our disappointment in this volume1 written1 no doubt1 with a good design4 ,the conversations are weak and pointless1 and too much of the book is occupied with the irrelevant talk of the 8conspirators40 ,we protest against the introduction of oaths into story-books4 ,the interest of the story is marred by these faults4 ,,mr4 ,p4 ,,donahoe1 ,boston1 announces as in press an account of the 8,passion ,play0 at ,oberammergau1 ,bavaria1 from the pen of the ,rev4 ,george ,w4 ,doane1 ,chancellor of the ,diocese of ,newark4 ,it will be dedicated to the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,bayley1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,newark4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will publish1 early in ,november1 ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and her ,latest ,historian1 by ,james ,f4 ,meline4 ,this book will contain the articles which appeared in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world on ,mr4 ,froude1 as well as a great deal of new matter4 ,in fact1 the articles as they appeared in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world are almost entirely rewritten1 and many new facts produced4 ,it will be a complete refutation of ,mr4 ,froude's romance of history4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,erratum4--,in the article on 8,the ,reformation not ,conservative10 p4 #gcc1 #ast column1 #afth line from the bottom1 for ,french sovereigns read ,frank sovereigns4 ,christendom was founded some centuries before there was a ,french sovereign or a ,french kingdom1 in the modern sense of the word ,french1 or ,france4 ,the ,franks were a ,germanic race1 and the ,german was their mother-tongue4 ,,the #ade ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiv41 ,no4 #hj4--,,november1 #ahga4 ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,authority ,,in ,,matters ,,of ,,faith4 ,the question we propose to discuss in this article is opened in the note we introduce1 answering an objection to the infallibility of the church1 made by a lawyer through a third person1 and by an elaborate note from the lawyer in reply1 and urging another and1 in his judgment1 a still more serious objection4 ,the editor's note is3 8,the objection of your friend against the infallible ,bible interpreted by a fallible reason1 as a sure rule of faith1 is unanswerable4 ,nothing stronger could be said against the ,protestant position4 8,his objection against the church1 so far as it goes1 if ,i understand it correctly1 is also unanswerable4 ,it is quite evident that no agglomeration of fallible men can make an infallible church1 either by the personal authority of the individuals or in virtue of their agglomeration4 ,but that is by no means the question with us4 8,we deny that the church is simply an agglomeration of men2 and we deny that the infallibility comes by the authority of its members in any way4 8,as ,christ is a ,theanthropical person1 so also the church is a ,theanthropical society1 of which ,christ is the head1 the ,holy ,ghost the soul1 and the regenerated men the body4 ,the infallibility comes from the ,holy ,ghost1 through ,christ1 to the body4 8,if it is so1 it is evident that the infallibility will remain as long as the union shall last4 ,and in that supposition the learned lawyer cannot fail to see that infallibility does not1 in any way1 come to the body by the authority of its members1 but from ,god1 the only authoritative and absolute power in the world1 which can bind the minds as well as the wills of men4 8,that is the ,catholic question1 and the real position we maintain4 8,if each man is his own authority1 according to the preceding remarks in this book 7and that is conceded71 then an authoritative church is impossible1 because it presents an authority external to me1 and then asks me to accept it4 ,i admit that1 if there is to be any church1 it must be of divine origin4 ,even were the ,bible inspired and infallible1 ,i1 being fallible1 must interpret it fallibly1 and therefore it must be the same to me for all intents and purposes as if it were a fallible book4 ,the same argument applies to the church as a divine1 authoritative institution--what is outside of the man--that is1 the so-called fact is not an authority for him2 but he is the authority for it2 if not an absolute authority1 at any rate1 the only authority possible4 ,the trouble arises from the ,baconian philosophy1 which has attempted to build up a system on facts so-called--without rejecting the authority for those facts--as if the authority were in the fact itself40 ,this speaks for itself1 and the position it takes is not controverted4 #adf ,but the lawyer says it does not meet the question1 that is1 we presume1 the question as it is in his mind1 though he had not previously expressed it4 ,he says3 8,the note given me does not meet the question4 ,it is claimed that the church is infallible because a divine institution--that is1 because established by ,god4 8,now1 admit it to be a divine institution1 if it is to be presented for our acceptance1 it must be for the acceptance of our fallible reason4 8,for example1 when the missionary carries the church to the heathen1 does he not present it for their rational acceptance8 ,and if so1 does he not ask their finite judgment to pass upon and accept the infinite and the absolute8 8,now1 the point is this3 if the thing or truth presented be infinite and absolute1 and the person to whom it is presented be imperfect1 fallible1 and conditioned1 how can the truth--or the church1 if you please--appear otherwise to him than according to his finite and partial interpretation of it8 8,the question in respect to the absolute is1 not whether it be really true and absolute or not1 but to what extent does the normal affirmation go respecting it4 ,in short1 must not the same argument obtain against the church as against the ,bible8 8,it comes to the question of authority2 and1 if all intelligent authority resides in the person 7and certainly each one must1 from the nature of his constitution1 be his own authority71 then it follows that no authority whatever can reside in the state1 the church1 or in any mere institution or being outside of the person1 whether that church or institution assume divinity or not4 8,the authority is not in the so-called fact1 but in the person to whom the so-called fact is presented1 and who is called upon to pass upon it4 8,the ,baconian system is false1 because it makes the so-called fact the authority for itself2 when plainly the very existence or comprehension of the so-called fact depends wholly on the person to whom it is presented40 ,the objection is1 apparently1 the objection we ourselves bring to the ,protestant rule of faith1 namely1 the ,bible interpreted by private judgment4 ,the ,bible may be the word of ,god and infallible1 but my interpretation of it1 or my private judgment in interpreting it1 is fallible1 and therefore ,i have in it and with it only a fallible rule of faith4 ,so the church may be a divine institution1 and by the assistance of the ,holy ,ghost infallible2 but her teaching is addressed to my intelligence1 and must be passed upon by my private judgment1 which is finite and fallible1 therefore incompetent to pass upon the infinite and absolute4 ,hence1 the ,catholic rule no more gives infallible faith than does the ,protestant rule4 ,the principle of the objection the lawyer urges is that authority is intrinsic1 not extrinsic2 comes not from without1 but from within1 from the mind1 and can never be greater than the mind itself2 and as that is fallible1 there is and can be no infallible authority for faith or belief4 ,the objection is simply that an infallible authority for the mind in matters of faith is impossible1 because the mind is not itself infallible1 and therefore incapable of an infallible act or assent4 ,this1 we believe1 is the objection in all its force4 ,the objection rests on two principles1 neither of which is tenable3 first1 that the mind or intellect is universally fallible2 and1 second1 that the authority in matters of faith is in the mind itself1 not out of it1 and1 therefore1 belief in anything on extrinsic authority is impossible4 #a4 ,the intellect is not universal or infinite1 and does not and cannot know all things2 but it is never false in what it knows1 and in its own sphere is infallible2 that is1 the intellect is not false or fallible in what it knows1 for every one who knows knows that he knows4 ,the judgment is false or fallible only when and where1 and so far as knowledge fails4 ,thus1 ,st4 ,augustine says1#db ,omnis qui #adg fallitur1 id quo fallitur1 non intelligit4 ,the error is not in the intellect or intelligence1 but in the ignorance or non-intelligence4 ,doubtless1 we can and do err in our judgment of matters of which we are ignorant1 of which we have only an imperfect knowledge1 or when we undertake from what we do know to judge of things unknown1 which is all that ,st4 ,thomas means when he says1 8,falsitas est in intellectu40#dc ,to deny this is to deny all human knowledge1 and to assert universal scepticism1 and then the lawyer could not assert his objection1 and would be obliged to doubt even that he doubts4 ,if the intellect is universally fallible1 we may as well close the discussion at once1 for nothing can be settled4 ,if it1 in its own province1 where it really does know1 is infallible1 then the only question is1 whether1 in passing judgment on the facts that establish the infallibility of the church1 the intellect is obliged to go out of its own province1 and judge of matters in regard to which it is confessedly incompetent and fallible8--a question we shall consider in its place4 #b4 ,we join issue with the lawyer on his assertion that the authority is intrinsic in the mind itself1 not extrinsic1 either in the object or the authority that affirms it4 ,he says in his note that 8no authority whatever can reside in the state1 the church1 or any mere institution or being outside of the person1 whether that church or institution assume divinity or not4 ,the authority is not in the so-called fact1 but in the person to whom the so-called fact is addressed1 and who is called upon to pass upon it4 ,the ,baconian system is false1 because it makes the so-called fact the authority for itself2 when plainly the very existence or comprehension of it depends wholly on the person to whom it is addressed40 ,so we do not know facts because they exist1 but they exist because we know them or judge them to exist6 ,but how can so-called facts be addressed to the person before they exist8 ,the lawyer goes farther than his argument against the church requires1 and consequently proves1 if anything1 too much1 and therefore nothing4 ,he makes not only all knowledge1 but1 unintentionally1 we presume1 all existences1 depend on their being known1 and therefore makes them purely subjective1 and falls into ,fichteism or pure egoism4 ,the lawyer's rule excludes not only faith1 but knowledge of every sort and degree2 for all knowledge is assent1 and in the simplest fact of knowledge the intellectual assent is given on authority or evidence extrinsic to the person1 though intrinsic in the object4 ,knowledge is either intuitive or discursive4 ,in intuitive knowledge1 the evidence or motive of the intellectual assent is intrinsic in the object1 but extrinsic to the assenting mind4 ,the immediate presence of the object motives or authorizes the assent1 and the mind has simply the power or faculty of apprehending the object1 or judging that it is1 when presented2 for1 without the object affirming its presence to the mind1 there can be no fact of knowledge or intellectual assent4 ,in discursive knowledge the authority or evidence1 as in intuitive knowledge1 is intrinsic in the object1 but it is implicit1 and can be placed in immediate relation with the intellectual faculty only by discursion--a process of reasoning or demonstration4 ,but demonstration does not motive the assent2 it only removes the prohibentia1 or renders explicit what is implicit1 for nothing can be asserted in the #adh conclusion not already implicitly asserted in the premises2 yet the assent is by virtue of the evidence or authority intrinsic in the object1 as in intuition4 ,all this means that we know objects because they are and are placed in relation with our cognitive faculty1 not that they are because we know them1 or because the mind places them1 or makes them its object4 ,if the lawyer's rule1 that authority is not in the object but in the mind or person1 were true1 there could be no fact of knowledge1 either intuitive or discursive1 because the mind cannot know where there is nothing to be known4 ,faith or belief agrees with knowledge in the respect that it is intellectual assent1 but differs from it in that it is mediate assent1 by an authority extrinsic1 as authority or evidence1 both to the object and to the person4 ,the authority or evidence mediates between the mind and the fact or object1 and brings them together in a manner somewhat analogous to that in which the middle term in the syllogism brings together the two extremes and unites them in the conclusion4 ,if the evidence or the authority is adequate1 the belief is reasonable and as certain as any conclusion of logic1 or as the immediate assent of the mind in the fact of science or knowledge4 ,i am as certain that there is such a city as ,rome1 though ,i have never seen it1 that there was such a man as ,julius ,csar1 ,george ,washington1 or ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 as ,i am that the three angles of the triangle are equal to two right angles4 ,it is on this principle the lawyer acts and must act in every case he has in court4 ,he summons and examines witnesses1 and relies on their testimony or evidence to obtain a conviction or an acquittal1 except in a question of law2 and then he relies on the judge or the court4 ,if there is no authority outside the person1 that is1 no authority not in his own mind1 why does he summon and examine and cross-examine witnesses or consult the judge8 ,why does he not work the facts and the law out of his own 8inner consciousness10 as do most modern historians the facts they give us for history8 ,as a lawyer1 our friend would soon find his principle1 if he carried it into court1 operating as an effectual estoppel to the practice of his profession4 ,the lawyer asks1 8,when the missionary carries the church to the heathen1 does he not present it for their rational acceptance8 ,and if so1 does he not ask their finite judgment to pass upon and accept the infinite and absolute80 ,we are sure our friend would argue better than this if he had a case in court on which anything of importance depended4 ,when presented by his brother lawyer opposite with the decision of the court of appeals barring his case1 would he attempt to judge or pass upon the judgment of the court before accepting it1 or would he not be content with simply verifying the fact that the decision has been rendered by the court of appeals or court of last resort8 ,we feel quite sure that1 if he were on the defensive1 and adduced the decision of the court of last resort barring the action1 he would be very far from allowing his brother opposite to question the judgment4 ,nor would he as a lawyer dream of rejecting the decision because his own mind had not passed upon its merits2 but1 when once assured that the court had rendered it1 he would accept it and submit to it as law1 not on his own judgment1 but on the authority of the court itself4 ,all he would allow himself to do would be to verify the powers of the court1 in order to ascertain if it is a court of #adi competent jurisdiction1 and to be sure that it had rendered the decision4 ,the decision itself he would not1 as a lawyer1 think of examining any farther than to ascertain its meaning4 ,he would take it as final1 and submit to it as law1 whether for him or against him4 ,the objection fails to distinguish what1 in the case supposed1 the heathen are required to pass upon in order to act rationally in accepting the church4 ,they would be required to pass on the sufficiency of the evidence of her divine institution and commission to teach and govern all men and nations in all things pertaining to the kingdom of ,god on earth4 ,that evidence1 called by theologians 8motives of credibility10 found complete1 all the rest follows as a logical consequence1 and there is no calling upon 8the finite to pass upon the infinite and absolute1 any more than there is upon the counsellor to pass upon the merits of the judgment of the court of final resort after being certified that the court has actually rendered it4 ,all that one has to believe of the infinite and absolute1 after he has established by evidence appropriate in the case the divine institution and commission of the church1 he believes on the authority of the church herself4 ,the missionary1 no doubt1 presents the church to their rational acceptance1 and must1 therefore1 present to them the motives of credibility1 or the facts which accredit her as divinely instituted and commissioned1 and these motives1 these facts1 must be addressed to their understanding1 and be such as their reason can pass upon and accept or reject4 ,but the question is1 ,supposing reason has passed upon these facts or the motives1 and found them sufficient to accredit the church1 as a teacher come from ,god1 and commissioned or authorized by him to teach his word1 is not the acceptance of that word on her authority as the word of ,god a 8rational acceptance10 and all the most rigid reason does or can demand8 ,the lawyer says no2 and because all authority is in the person1 and resides nowhere outside of him1 and therefore it is necessary that reason should pass upon the contents of the word1 that is1 upon the doctrines and mysteries contained in the word the church professes to teach1 which is impossible2 for it requires the finite to pass upon the infinite and absolute1 which exceeds its powers2 therefore1 faith is impossible4 ,but this simply implies that no belief is admissible that is not science1 and faith must be swallowed up in knowledge1 and thus cease to be faith1 before the human mind can rationally accept it4 ,the trouble with the lawyer's objection is that it assumes that faith is irrational1 unless it is science or knowledge4 ,his statement goes even farther than this4 ,he not only denies that there can be any rational belief on extrinsic authority1 but that there is or can be any such authority1 or that any state1 church1 or being has or can have any authority outside of me1 or not derived from me4 ,this1 as far as words go1 asserts that ,god himself has no authority over me1 and his word has no authority for my reason or will1 not dependent on me4 ,we do not believe he means this1 for he is not divested of the reason common to all men4 ,he means1 we presume1 simply that no state1 no church1 not even ,god himself1 has any authority on which ,i can rationally believe anything which transcends the reach of my reason1 or which is not intrinsically evident to my reason by its own light4 #aej ,but what is evident to me by the light of my own reason1 ,i know1 and not simply believe4 ,as belief is always on extrinsic authority simply accredited to reason1 this goes so far as to deny that any belief is or can be rational1 and that any authority or any amount of testimony is sufficient to warrant it1 which1 as we have seen1 is much farther than the lawyer can go in the practice of his profession1 or any man in the ordinary business of life4 ,we do not think our legal friend has duly considered the reach of the principle he lays down4 ,even in the so-called positive sciences1 the greater part of the matters accepted by the scientist are accepted on extrinsic authority1 not on personal knowledge4 ,no geologist has personally observed all or even the greater part of the facts he uses in the construction of his science2 no geographer1 however great a traveller he may have been1 has visited and personally examined all parts of the globe which he describes2 the botanist describes and classifies more plants1 the zologist more forms of life1 than he has personally seen1 and the historian deals almost entirely with facts of which he has no personal knowledge4 ,eliminate from the sciences what the scientist has not observed for himself1 but taken on the reported observation of others1 and from the garniture of every mind what it believes or takes on extrinsic authority1 not on his personal knowledge1 and there would be very little left to distinguish the most learned and highly educated man from the untutored savage4 ,in all the affairs of life1 we are obliged to rely on extrinsic authority1 on evidence neither in the subject nor in the object1 on the observations and testimony of others1 and sometimes on the observations and accumulated testimony of ages1 especially in wise and prudent statesmanship2 and if we were suddenly deprived of this authority evidence1 or testimony1 and reduced to our own personal knowledge1 intuitive or discursive2 society would come to a standstill1 and would soon fall below the level of the ,new ,hollander1 for even he inherits some lessons from the past1 and associates with his observations some observations of others4 ,we presume our friend the lawyer means nothing of all this1 and his mistake arises from not sharply distinguishing between the motives of credibility and the authority1 on the one hand1 and the authority and what it authorizes1 on the other4 ,the existence of ,god is a fact of science1 though discursive1 not intuitive1 science4 ,that ,god is1 as the theologians say1 prima veritas in essendo1 in cognoscendo1 et in dicendo1 is also a truth of science--is a truth we not simply believe1 but know or may know1 for it can be proved with certainty by natural reason prior to faith4 ,god is truth2 it is impossible for him to lie1 since he is prima veritas in dicendo1 the primal truth in speaking1 and can neither deceive nor be deceived1 for he is prima veritas in cognoscendo1 or the principle of all truth in knowing4 ,this granted1 the word of ,god must be true1 infallibly true4 ,so far we can go by science or certain knowledge4 ,now1 suppose the lawyer to have full proof that it really is ,god's word that is announced to him1 would he not be bound to believe it true1 nay1 could he in the exercise of his reason help believing it true1 prior to and independent of any consideration of its contents1 or what it is that ,god says8 ,god can neither deceive nor be deceived1 therefore his word must be true1 and cannot possibly be false4 ,god's word is the highest #aea and most conclusive evidence conceivable of the truth of what is asserted in his word1 and1 if the truth1 then reasonable1 for nothing is more reasonable than truth or unreasonable than falsehood4 ,it would1 therefore1 be as unnecessary as irreverent and impertinent to examine ,god's word to see if what he asserts is reasonable before yielding it our assent4 ,we know beforehand that it is true1 or else ,god could not affirm it1 and that whatever conflicts with it is false and unreasonable2 and the lawyer himself will admit1 we presume1 that the highest possible reason for believing is ,god's word1 in case we have it4 ,let us consider so much settled4 ,the next step is the proof or certainty that what is alleged to be the word of ,god really is his word4 ,his word is his revelation4 ,suppose1 then1 that he made his revelation1 and deposited it with the apostles whom he commanded to go forth and teach it to all men and nations4 ,the apostles would1 on this supposition1 be competent and credible witnesses to the fact that ,god made and deposited his revelation with them4 ,suppose1 farther1 that the apostles transmitted to their successors1 or1 rather1 that the church is the identical apostolical body1 continued without any interruption or break down to our time1 the church would then be a competent and credible witness to the fact of revelation and to what is revealed4 ,being the eye-witness of the facts which proved our ,lord a teacher come from ,god and authorized to speak in his name1 and the depositary of the revelation1 her testimony is conclusive4 ,she saw with her own eyes the facts1 she knows what has been deposited with her1 and the commission she received1 and therefore her testimony or evidence cannot be gainsaid4 ,she is the living and contemporary witness1 and every-way credible1 as we have shown in the article ,the ,church accredits ,herself4#dd ,the infallibility follows necessarily from her commission from ,god to teach all men and nations4 ,this commission from ,god commands all men and nations in his name to believe and obey what she teaches as his word4 ,if she could err in teaching1 then all men and nations might be required by ,god himself to believe error or falsehood1 which is impossible1 since ,god is truth1 and can neither deceive nor be deceived4 ,the divine commission to the church or apostolic body to teach carries with it the divine pledge of infallibility4 ,now1 supposing the church to be what she claims to be1 reason itself requires us to accept and obey as the word of ,god whatever she teaches as his word1 since his word is true1 and the highest possible evidence of truth4 ,nothing is or can be more reasonable than to believe the word of ,god1 or to believe ,god on his word4 ,equally reasonable with it is it to believe that what the ,apostolic ,church declares to be his word1 really is so1 if she is instituted and commissioned by ,god to keep1 guard1 teach1 interpret1 declare1 and define it4 ,the only point1 then1 to be proved is the divine institution and commission1 both of which1 if the apostolic body1 she is herself the authority for asserting1 as the supreme court is the authority for asserting its own legal constitution1 power1 and jurisdiction4 ,this leaves1 then1 only a single point to be proved1 namely1 the historical identity of the body calling itself the ,catholic ,church with the apostolic body with whom the revelation was deposited4 ,we need not now go into the historical proofs of the identity of the #aeb ,catholic ,church with the apostolic body1 for that is easily done1 and has been done over and over again2 besides1 it lies on the very face of history1 and ,pius ,,ix41 the ,pontiff now gloriously reigning1 is as easily and as certainly proved to be the successor of ,peter as ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant is proved to be the successor in the presidency of the ,united ,states of ,george ,washington1 the schism of ,jefferson ,davis to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,moreover1 if the lawyer doubts1 as we presume he does not1 the identity1 we hold ourselves ready to adduce the proofs whenever he calls for them4 ,assuming1 then1 the case to be as stated1 we demand what in the whole process of acceptance of the faith the missionary proposes to the heathen is irrational1 or not satisfactory1 to the fullest demands of reason8 ,in fact1 the points to be proved are exceedingly few1 and those not above the reach of private judgment1 or difficult4 ,the authority of our ,lord as a teacher come from ,god was proved by miracles4 ,these miracles the church witnessed and testifies to as facts1 and so far her testimony is unimpeachable4 ,their supernatural and miraculous character we can ourselves judge of4 ,whether they prove the divine authority of ,jesus or not1 is also a matter of which we are competent to judge4 ,his divine authority proved1 his divinity1 and all the mysteries of his person can be rationally accepted on his word1 and what his word was1 the church who received it is competent to declare4 ,there really1 then1 is nothing to be proved which the church herself does not either prove or supply the means of proving in order to render belief in what she claims to be1 and in what she teaches1 as rational or reasonable as belief in any well-ascertained fact in natural science4 ,the motives of credibility which she brings with her and presents to the understanding of all men who hear her accredit her as the divinely appointed depositary and teacher of the revelation ,god has made to men1 and all the rest follows of itself1 as in the syllogism the conclusion follows from the premises4 ,the lawyer does not admit it1 and rejects the whole1 because he rejects all belief on extrinsic authority4 ,but is not this because he mistakes the meaning of the word authority as used by theologians and philosophers8 ,we have generally found that the men who object to belief on authority understand by authority an order or command addressed to the will1 without including anything to convince the reason or to motive the assent of the understanding4 ,this is not precisely the theological sense of the term4 ,the theologians understand by authority in matters of faith authority for believing as well as an order to believe4 ,it is the reason which authorizes the belief1 and is therefore primarily authority for the intellect1 and furnishes it an ample reason to believe4 ,authority addressed simply to the will ordering it to believe1 and giving the intellect no reason for believing1 can produce no rational belief1 and induce no belief at all1 and this we presume is what1 and all1 our legal friend means4 ,taking authority in his sense1 we entirely agree with him1 except a command from ,god is always a reason for the intellect as well as an order to the will1 since ,god is prima veritas1 and can command only what is true1 reasonable1 just1 and right4 ,his command is his word1 and an order from him to the will is ipso facto a reason for the understanding1 since no higher evidence of truth than his word is possible4 ,with this reserve1 the #aec lawyer is right in his objection to belief on authority1 as he understands it1 for there is no belief where there is no intellectual conviction4 ,but he is mistaken in supposing that theologians mean only authority in his sense1 authority commanding the will1 and giving no reason to the understanding2 they mean primarily by authority in matters of faith or reason authority for believing1 and commanding it only through conviction to believe1 which it must do if convinced4 ,the authority1 then1 which we assert1 is the reason for believing2 it is the medius terminus that unites the credible object and the creditive subject1 and renders the belief possible and an intellectual act1 and so far assimilates it to knowledge4 ,belief without authority is belief without any ground or reason for believing1 and is irrational1 unfounded1 mere credulity1 as when one believes a rumor for which there is no authority4 ,when the authority is worthy of credit1 the belief is warranted1 and when it is infallible1 the belief is infallible4 ,in believing what the church teaches me is the word of ,god1 ,i have infallible authority for my belief1 and cannot be deceived1 be mistaken1 or err4 ,this is all so plain1 and so fully in accord with the demands of reason1 that we are forced to explain the repugnance so many people manifest to believing on authority1 by supposing that they understand by authority simply an order of a master to believe1 without accompanying it with anything to convince the understanding1 thus making the act of faith an act not of faith at all1 but of mere blind obedience4 ,this is all wrong4 ,faith as an intellectual act cannot be blind any more than is the act of knowledge1 and must have a reason that convinces the understanding4 ,hence1 the church does not censure unbelief in those who know not the authority or reason there is for belief1 and1 if at all1 it is only for their neglect to avail themselves with due diligence of the means of arriving at belief within their reach4 ,the authority or command of ,god is indeed the highest reason the mind can have for believing anything1 and it is therefore that unbelief in those who have his command or authority becomes sinful1 because it implies a contempt of ,god1 a contempt of truth1 and practically says to him who made us1 from whom we hold all that we have1 and who is truth itself1 8,we will not take your word2 we do not care what you say2 we are the masters of our own thoughts1 and will think and believe as we please40 ,this is not only irreverent and disobedient1 indicating a wholly indefensible pride and self-will1 but denies the very principle asserted by unbelievers in justification of their refusal to believe at the order or command of authority1 namely1 that it is not in one's power to believe or disbelieve at will1 nor as one wills4 ,these explanations suffice1 we think1 to show that private judgment or individual reason is not required by the ,catholic to judge 8the infinite and absolute10 or to pass upon any matter that lies out of the province of natural reason1 and exceeds its competence or finite capacity4 ,it is required to pass only upon the motives of credibility1 or the facts that prove the church is a divine institution1 commissioned to teach all men and nations through all time the divine revelation which she has received1 and of these we are able by our own light to judge4 ,the authority to teach established1 all the rest follows logically and necessarily1 as we have just said1 as in the syllogism the conclusion follows from the premises4 ,the authority being addressed to the intellect as well as to the will1 and a #aed sufficient reason for believing as well as obeying1 the lawyer's principal objection is disposed of1 and the acceptance of the faith is shown to be a rational acceptance4 ,but1 conceding the infallibility of the church1 since her teaching must be received by a fallible understanding1 why is belief on the authority of the church less fallible than belief on the authority of an infallible book1 interpreted by the same fallible understanding8 ,you say to ,protestants3 ,the ,bible may be infallible1 but your understanding of it is fallible1 and therefore even with it you have no infallible rule of faith4 ,why may not the ,protestant retort3 ,be it that the church is infallible1 you have only your fallible private judgment by which to interpret her teachings1 and1 therefore1 with your infallible church have only a fallible faith8 ,more words are usually required to answer an objection than are required to state it4 ,we do not assert or concede the fallibility of reason1 intellect1 or private judgment in matters which come within its own province or competence4 ,revelation presupposes reason1 and therefore that man is capable of receiving it2 consequently of certainly knowing and correctly understanding it1 within the limits of his finite reason4 ,we do not build faith on scepticism1 or the incapacity of reason to know anything with certainty4 ,reason is the preamble to faith1 and is competent to receive and understand truly1 infallibly1 if you will1 clear and distinct propositions in their plain and obvious sense when presented to it in words spoken or in words written4 ,if it were not so1 all writing and all teaching1 all books and all sermons1 would be useless4 ,so far the ,protestant rule and the ,catholic are the same1 with this difference only1 that1 if we happen to mistake the sense of the church1 she is ever present to correct the error and to set us right1 while the ,protestant rule can give no further explanation1 or add a word to correct the misapprehension4 ,the teachings of the church need to be understood1 but not ordinarily to be interpreted2 and1 even when they do have to be interpreted1 she is present to interpret them1 and declare infallibly the sense in which they are to be understood4 ,but the ,bible1 from beginning to end1 must be interpreted before it can be understood1 and1 while private judgment or reason may be competent to understand it when it is interpreted or explained1 it is yet only a fallible interpreter1 and incompetent to explain to the understanding its real sense4 ,the church interprets and explains herself2 there are books1 also1 that carry their own explanation with them1 and so need no interpretation or further explanation2 but manifestly the ,bible is not such a book4 ,it is inspired2 it is true2 it is infallible2 and is1 as ,st4 ,paul says of all ,scripture1 divinely inspired1 8profitable to teach1 to reprove1 to correct1 to instruct in justice1 that the man of ,god may be perfect1 furnished to every good word and work0 7#b ,tim4 iii4 #af1 #ag72 but it bears on its face the evidence that it was addressed to men who were already believers1 and already instructed1 partially at least1 in the truths it teaches or enforces1 and that it was not written to teach the faith to such as had no knowledge of it1 but to correct errors1 to present more fully the faith on certain points1 to point out the duties it enjoins1 to exhort to repentance and reform1 and to hold up as motives on the one hand1 the fearful judgment of ,god upon those who disregard his goodness1 or despise his mercy1 or abuse his long-suffering1 and1 on the other1 the exceeding #aee riches of divine love1 and the great reward prepared in heaven for those that believe1 love1 and obey him4 ,no one can read it without perceiving that it neither is nor professes to be the original medium of the ,christian revelation to man1 but from first to last supposes a revelation previously made1 the true religion to have been already taught1 and instructions in it already received4 ,this is true of the ,old ,testament1 and more especially true of the ,new ,testament2 and we know historically1 and nobody denies it1 that the faith was preached and believed1 and particular churches1 congregations of believers1 were gathered and organized1 before a word of the ,new ,testament was written4 ,the ,protestant1 reduced to the sacred text1 even supposing he has the genuine and authentic text1 and his private judgment1 would be reduced to the condition of the lawyer who should undertake to explain the statutes of any one of our states1 in total ignorance of the ,common ,law1 or without the least reference to it or the decisions of the common-law courts4 ,now and then a statute1 perhaps1 would explain itself1 but in most cases he would be wholly at a loss as to the real meaning of the legislature4 ,our wise law reformers in this state1 a few years since1 seeing and feeling the fact1 attempted to codify the laws so as to supersede the demand for any knowledge of the ,common ,law to understand them1 and the ablest jurists in the state find them a puzzle1 or nearly inexplicable1 and our best lawyers are uncertain how to bring an action under the new ,code of ,procedure4 ,the ,protestant needs1 in order to interpret the sacred text1 a knowledge of revelation which can neither be obtained from the text itself without interpretation nor supplied by private judgment4 ,hence it is that we find ,protestants unable to agree among themselves as to what is or is not the meaning of the sacred text1 and varying in their views all the way down from the highest ,puseyite who accepts all ,catholic doctrine1 8the damnatory clauses excepted10 to the lowest ,unitarian1 who holds that our ,lord was simply a man1 the son of ,joseph and ,mary1 and rejects the church1 the mysteries of the ,trinity and ,incarnation1 original sin1 redemption1 the expiatory sacrifice1 regeneration1 supernatural grace1 the resurrection of the dead1 the last judgment1 the everlasting punishment of the incorrigible in hell1 and the reward of the just in any heaven above the ,elysian ,fields of the ,greeks and ,romans or the happy hunting-grounds of the poor ,indian4 ,protestants are able to agree among themselves only so far as they follow ,catholic tradition and agree with the church4 ,the ,protestant needs to know the ,christian faith in order to interpret the sacred text and ascertain it from the ,bible1 and this he cannot know by his own private judgment or develop from his own 8inner consciousness10 since it lies in the supernatural order1 and is above the reach of his natural faculties4 ,it is clear1 then1 that in the ,bible interpreted by private judgment he has and can have only a fallible authority4 ,it is not because the ,holy ,scriptures do not contain1 explicitly or implicitly1 the whole faith1 that1 interpreted by private judgment1 they give only a fallible rule of faith1 but because1 to find the faith in its unity and integrity in them1 we must know it aliunde and beforehand4 ,this difficulty is completely obviated by the ,catholic rule4 ,the church has in ,catholic tradition1 which she preserves intact by time or change1 the whole revelation1 whether #aef written or unwritten1 and in this tradition she has the key to the real sense of the sacred ,scriptures1 and is able to interpret them infallibly4 ,tradition1 authenticated by the church as the witness and depositary of it1 supplies the knowledge necessary to the understanding of the sacred text4 ,read in the light of tradition1 what is implicit in the text becomes explicit1 what is merely referred to as wholly known becomes expressly and clearly stated1 and we are able to understand the written word1 because tradition interprets it for us1 without any demand for a knowledge or judgment on our part that exceeds our natural powers4 ,our judgment is no longer private judgment1 because we have in tradition a catholic rule by which to judge1 and our judgment has not to pass on anything above the province of reason4 ,the objection we make to the ,protestant rule1 it must be obvious now to our friend1 cannot be retorted4 ,the ,protestant must interpret the sacred ,scriptures by his private judgment1 which he cannot do without passing upon questions which transcend its reach4 ,the ,catholic exercises1 of course1 his judgment in accepting the infallible teachings of the church1 but he is not required to pass upon any question above the reach of his understanding1 or upon which1 by his natural reason1 he cannot judge infallibly1 or with the certainty of actual and complete knowledge4 ,he is not required to pass upon the truth of what the church teaches1 for that follows from her divine institution and commission to teach the revelation ,god has made previously established4 ,he has simply to pass upon the question1 ,what is it she teaches1 or presents clearly and distinctly to my understanding to be believed8 and1 in passing upon that question1 my judgment has not to judge of anything beyond or above reason1 and1 therefore1 is not fallible any more than in any other act of knowledge4 ,there is another advantage the ,catholic rule has over the ,protestant rule4 ,in this world of perpetual change1 and with the restless and ever-busy activity of the human mind1 new questions are constantly coming up and in need of being answered1 and so answered as to save the unity and integrity of the faith4 ,the ,bible having once spoken is henceforth silent2 it can say nothing more1 and make no further explanations of the faith to meet these new questions1 and tell us explicitly what the word requires or forbids us to believe with regard to them4 ,hence1 ,protestants never know how to meet them4 ,then new or further explanations and decisions are constantly needed1 and will be needed to the end of time4 ,even the explanations and decisions of the church1 amply sufficient when made1 not seldom1 through the subtlety and activity of error1 and its unceasing efforts to evade or obscure the truth1 become insufficient1 and need themselves to be further explained1 and applied so as to strike in the head the new forms of old error and deprive them of their last subterfuge4 ,these explanations and decisions so necessary1 and which can be infallibly made only by a living and ever-present infallible authority1 can be only fallibly made1 if at all1 on the ,protestant rule4 ,even the creed of the church1 though unalterable1 needs from time to time not development1 but new and further explanations1 to meet and condemn the new forms of error that spring up1 and to preserve the faith unimpaired and inviolate4 ,how is this to be done infallibly by a book written two thousand years ago and private judgment1 or without the #aeg divine and infallible authority of the church8 ,these remarks and explanations1 we think1 fully answer the objections of our legal friend to the belief on authority1 and prove that no attempted retort of the ,protestant on the ,catholic can be sustained1 or entertained even1 for a moment4 ,we have thus vindicated for him the ,catholic rule1 and proved that faith on that rule is possible1 practicable1 and rational1 is reasonable obedience1 and by no means a blind submission1 as he probably supposes4 ,what more can he ask of us8 ,he cannot repeat his charge and say we have not met the question1 for we have met it1 at least so far as we understand it1 and under more forms than he probably dreamed of in urging it4 ,the question is one that meets the inquirer at the threshold1 and he can hardly suppose that we could have accepted the church ourselves without meeting it1 considering it at length1 and disposing of it4 ,yet there is one thing more wanting4 ,the method of proof we have pointed out1 however sure and however faithfully followed1 does not suffice to make one a ,catholic1 or to give one true ,catholic and divine faith1 or faith as a theological virtue2 it only removes the obstacles in the way of the intellect in believing1 and yields only what theologians call human faith--fides humana--which really advances one not a single step towards the kingdom of ,god1 or living union with ,christ4 ,a man may be thoroughly convinced1 so far as his reason goes1 of the whole ,catholic faith1 and yet1 perhaps1 never become a ,catholic4 ,to be a ,catholic1 one must have supernatural faith1 and be elevated by the grace of ,god in baptism to the supernatural order of life in ,christ4 ,reason can construct no bridge over which one can pass from the natural to the supernatural2 the bridge must be constructed by grace4 ,faith1 the beginning of the ,christian life1 is the gift of ,god4 ,the method we have pointed out or the ,catholic rule produces the conviction of the truth of the church and what she teaches1 and shows it to be one's duty to seek1 if he has it not1 the grace that inclines the will1 illumines the understanding1 and regenerates the soul4 ,the way in which to seek and find this grace is pointed out by our ,lord1 ,matt4 vii4 #g3 8,ask1 and you shall receive2 seek1 and you shall find2 knock1 and it shall be opened unto you40 ,the way is the way of prayer4 ,the grace of prayer1 gratia orationis1 is given unto all men4 ,all men can pray4 ,he who prays for it shall receive the grace to seek1 and he who seeks shall find1 and receive the grace to knock at the door of the church1 which will be opened to him1 and he have the grace to enter into the regeneration1 and live the life of ,christ4 ,we have no hope for the conversion of any one who does not pray2 and we have more confidence in the humble prayers of simple1 sincere1 and fervent ,catholic souls for the conversion of those without than in all the reasonings in the world1 however conclusive they may be4 ,when once grace has touched the heart1 all clouds vanish of themselves1 all darkness is dissipated1 all obstacles disappear1 we know not how1 and to believe is the easiest and simplest thing in the world4 ,to believe is difficult only when one persists in relying on his own strength and will accept no aid from above4 ,let those1 then1 who have faith pray unceasingly for those who have it not4 #db ,lib4 lxxxiii4 qust4 xxx4 #dc ,vide ,summa1 q4 xvii4 a4 #c in c4 #dd ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,may1 #ahga1 first article4 ---------- ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 #aeh ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,voila ,,ce ,,qui ,,fait ,,que ,,votre ,,fille ,,est ,,muette4 ,madame ,swetchine says3 8,the wrongs which the heart resents most keenly are impalpable and invisible40 ,we may parody this1 and say1 with equal truth1 that the troubles most difficult to bear are frequently those which1 to indifferent observers1 seem scarcely worth mention4 ,there is dignity1 and a certain stimulating excitement1 in great affliction and great wrong2 but a petty persecution1 which we would fain treat with contempt1 but which1 in spite of us1 pierces with small1 envenomed points to our very hearts1 is capable of testing our utmost endurance4 ,who does not know how one malicious1 intriguing woman can poison a whole community1 break friendship that would have stood the test of death1 and destroy a confidence that seemed as firm as the hills8 ,the smiling malice1 the affected candor1 the smooth insinuation1 the more than infantine innocence--happy he who has not learned by bitter experience these tactics of the devil's sharpshooters6 ,of such a nature was the earlier stage of the persecution suffered by the ,catholics of ,seaton4 ,servants were daily insulted by mistresses less well-bred than themselves4 ,they had to swallow a gibe with their ,friday's eggs or fish2 they were entertained with slanderous stories regarding the priest they loved and reverenced4 ,this was1 of course1 without provocation4 ,who ever knew an ,irish servant-girl who attacked the religion or irreligion of her employers8 ,workingmen could not go through the streets to and from their work without being forced to listen to revilings of their church4 ,this was carried to such an extent that they soon found themselves obliged to relinquish their open-air lounging-places1 where they had smoked and talked after the day's work was done1 and shut themselves into their houses4 ,nor were they allowed to remain in peace there4 ,nearly all the ,irish lived on one street1 running from the bridge up the west side of the river1 and called ,irish ,lane4 ,when it was found that they would not come out to be insulted1 the mob that gathered in the streets every evening marched up this lane1 calling out to the ,irish1 challenging1 taunting them4 ,but not one word or act of retaliation could they provoke to give them an excuse for the violence which they were thirsting to commit4 ,father ,rasle had given his people stringent orders to remain in their houses1 and make no reply1 no matter what was said to them1 and to defend themselves only if their houses were broken into4 ,they obeyed him with astonishing docility4 ,when1 later1 the people of ,seaton found themselves covered with disgrace before the country for their outrages on ,catholics1 they strove to throw the odium on 8a few rowdies10 or on workingmen from other towns employed in the ,seaton ship-yards2 and in a sketch of the town in the ,history of ,maine1 written since that time1 the ,catholics are accused of being themselves the cause of their own troubles4 ,both these statements are false4 ,in the town-meeting1 which endorsed and #aei even suggested every outrage that was committed1 ministers and town-officers made inflammatory speeches from the same platform with any ignorant adventurer who might hope to raise himself to notice by reviling the church4 ,those of the townspeople who were not active members of the mob were1 at least1 passive lookers-on2 and when1 at length1 acts of violence began1 some of the most prominent citizens went to see the windows of the ,catholic church and of the priest's house broken1 as they would have gone to any other amusing show4 ,but we anticipate4 ,the prime instrument in this movement was the ,seaton ,herald1 which ,carl ,yorke had left in a sinking condition4 ,the ,know-,nothings1 wanting an organ1 bought it for a song1 and put into the editorial chair a man well fitted for the work4 ,under such superintendence1 the paper rose to an infamous popularity4 ,it was no longer a question of religious freedom1 and law1 and order1 but of common decency4 ,every week the names of quiet1 respectable people were dragged into its columns1 that festered with lies--their names only enough veiled to escape the law1 but not enough to conceal the identity4 ,in a city1 there is some escape from this disgusting notoriety--one can hide from it2 but in a small town there is no escape4 ,everybody is known to everybody1 and one lives as in a glass case4 ,mr4 ,yorke looked over one of these papers--8looked holes through it10 ,clara said--then threw it into the fireplace1 dropped a lighted match on it1 and watched its burning with his nostrils compressed1 like one who smells a noxious scent4 8,don't send another number of your disgraceful paper to me10 he wrote to the editor2 but vainly1 for the paper came as before1 and was regularly taken in the tongs and put into the kitchen fire1 except when ,betsey or ,patrick slyly rescued it for their own private reading4 8,i don't care for their lies10 ,patrick said1 when ,mr4 ,yorke reproved him2 8but ,i want to know what they mean to do4 ,if a pack of thieves were planning to break into your house1 sir1 wouldn't you stop to listen to their conversation80 ,the ,catholic children had also their cross to bear4 ,the teachers of the public schools1 anxious to have their part in the 8great work10 were zealous in enforcing the ,bible-reading1 and careful to see that no ,catholic child omitted the doxology which ,martin ,luther chose to add to the 8,our ,father0 of the ,son of ,god4 ,suddenly an outcry was raised by the ,know-,nothings4 ,the pretext they had longed and worked for was given1 and great was their joy4 ,the incident was simple enough4 ,the boy who lived with ,father ,rasle was found by his teacher to have a ,douay ,bible4 ,he was ordered to take it away and buy a ,protestant ,bible4 8,i shall not buy you a ,protestant ,bible10 ,father ,rasle said4 8,use your own1 or go without40 ,the child was threatened with punishment if he did not bring one4 ,the priest immediately removed him from school1 fitted up the building formerly used as a chapel for a school-house1 and employed a young ,catholic lady1 recently come to town1 as teacher4 ,the ,catholic children gladly left the schools1 where they had1 perhaps1 suffered more than their parents had elsewhere1 and placed themselves under the care of ,miss ,churchill4 ,how beautiful1 how strange it was to kneel down and say an ,our ,father and a ,hail ,mary at the beginning of their studies6 ,how delightful to go out at recess and play without being assailed by #afj blows or nicknames6 ,how proud they were when ,father ,rasle came in to give them his weekly instruction in religion6 ,it was quite different from their accustomed ideas of school-life4 ,mrs4 ,yorke was much disturbed by this arrangement4 8,edith will have to give up her new friend10 she said decidedly4 8,i honor ,miss ,churchill for acting up to her principles1 even when it is sure to bring her into a disagreeably conspicuous position2 but there is nothing that obliges us to share her danger4 ,when a person comes out of the ranks for conscience' sake1 let her stand alone1 and have the glory of it40 ,edith objected at first1 but her aunt insisted1 and the girl soon saw that1 though it went against her feelings1 it was right to obey4 8,we are not ,catholics1 my dear10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said2 8but it is our duty and wish to protect you from insult4 ,we have suffered in doing so4 ,you know we have given up going to meeting1 the sermons were so pointed1 and given up the sewing-circle1 because we could not go without hearing something offensive1 and your cousins find it unpleasant to go into the street even4 ,as to your uncle1 his defence of the religious rights of your church exposes him to actual danger4 ,our life here is nearly intolerable1 and this will make it worse if you and ,miss ,churchill continue to visit each other40 ,fortunately1 ,miss ,churchill anticipated this1 and herself put a temporary end to their acquaintance--8till better times10 she wrote4 8,she has behaved well10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said1 after reading the note4 8,and now1 ,charles1 ,i wish that you would show a little prudence1 and let events take their course without interfering4 ,why should you say anything8 ,it does no good40 8,from which motive would you wish me to be silent10 her husband asked quietly--8from cowardice or selfishness80 ,she made no reply1 save to wring her hands1 and wish that she had never come to ,seaton4 8,now1 ,amy dear1 listen to reason10 her husband said4 8,you know1 ,charles1 it is very disagreeable to have to listen to reason10 she objected pathetically4 ,he laughed1 but persisted4 8,i have heard you say many a time that disinterested and intelligent men were to blame in withdrawing from public affairs1 and leaving them in the hands of dishonest politicians4 ,you said1 very sensibly1 that1 if such men were not strong enough to prevent abuses1 they should at least protest against them1 and let the world see that patriotism was not quite dead4 ,perhaps1 you added1 such a protest might shame others into joining you4 ,oh6 you were eloquent on that subject1 little woman1 and quoted from ,tara's ,halls4 ,the idea was that even the indignant breaking of a heart in the cause of truth showed that truth still lived1 which was some good4 ,what do you say1 milady8 ,was it all talk8 ,are you going to fail me8 #8,i appeal from ,philip drunk to ,philip sober4'0 ,mrs4 ,yorke was smiling1 and her face had caught a slight color4 ,the repetition of her own sentiments had encouraged her1 as the recollection of our own heroic aspirations often does help us in weaker moments4 ,his wife pacified1 ,mr4 ,yorke went out to work off his own irritation4 ,he would not have had her know it1 but he had been attacked in the street that very day when stopping to speak to ,father ,rasle4 ,the priest seldom went into the street unless absolutely obliged to1 and #afa would gladly have avoided subjecting any one to annoyance on his account2 but ,mr4 ,yorke would as soon have denied his faith as have shrunk from stopping to greet the priest cordially--would have so greeted him1 indeed1 if a hundred guns had been aimed at him for it4 ,but it was not pleasant4 ,he was a fastidious gentleman1 accustomed to respect1 and the impertinence of the rabble was to him peculiarly offensive4 ,he had come home fuming with anger1 which had not abated while restrained4 ,fortunately1 he found something to scold at the minute he went out4 ,a grapevine1 which he had coaxed to grow in that unaccustomed country1 had this year put forth its first clusters2 by some mistake1 ,patrick had clipped the leaves off1 and left the green bunches exposed to the sun4 8,pat1 what fool told you to do that80 his master demanded angrily4 8,yourself1 sir60 answered ,patrick1 without flinching4 ,he had his cause of annoyance also4 ,mr4 ,yorke denied the charge with emphasis3 8,it is no such thing1 you--you vertebrate60 ,patrick drew himself up with an air of dignified resolution4 8,sir10 he said1 8,i've done my duty by you1 and you've done your duty by me1 and ,i've taken many a sharp word from you1 and made no complaint4 ,but ,i'm an honest man1 if ,i am not rich nor learned1 and ,i won't stand and let any one call me such a name as that40 ,mr4 ,yorke laughed out irrepressibly4 8,well1 well1 ,pat10 he said1 8,i beg your pardon4 ,you're not a vertebrate40 8,all right1 sir60 ,pat answered cheerfully1 and went about his work satisfied4 ,mr4 ,yorke1 his good humor quite restored1 went into the house again4 8,poor ,pat60 ,edith said1 a little zealously1 when the others smiled over the story4 8,we are not scorning him for his ignorance1 my dear10 her uncle replied4 8,with ,charles ,lamb1 #8,i honor an honest obliquity of understanding1' and ,i also honor an honest ignorance of books2 but sometimes they are amusing40 8,what did ,i hear you saying to ,mr4 ,yorke1 ,pat80 ,betsey asked the man that evening4 8,it seemed to me that you were impudent40 8,the fact is1 ,i was really mad10 ,patrick owned4 8,i'd been downtown1 and there ,i came across the editor of the ,herald1 and the sight of him roiled me1 especially as he grinned and made believe bless himself4 ,i'd like to meet him alone in a quiet bit of woods4 ,i'd soon change his complexion to as beautiful a black and blue as you ever saw--the dirty spalpeen1 with his eye like a buttonhole60 ,betsey sat on the door-step1 and looked up at the stars4 8,if ,i'd had the placing of #8em10 she remarked presently1 8,i'd have put #8em in even rows1 like pins in a paper4 ,it would look better4 ,they're dreadfully mixed up now40 ,patrick looked into the skies a little while1 but his mind was on other things than the marshalling of stars into papers of pins4 8,i'm sorry ,mr4 ,yorke went to that town-meeting to-night10 he said4 ,mr4 ,yorke was1 in fact1 at that moment rising in the town-hall to speak4 ,the ,rev4 ,john ,conway had uttered a bitter tirade against the ,catholic clergy1 with a fierce recapitulation of the affair of ,johnny ,o',brian1 the priest's boy1 and his ,douay ,bible4 ,dr4 ,martin had followed with cooler1 but not less bitter1 denunciation1 and another #afb reference to ,johnny ,o',brian4 ,a ,portuguese barber had made an idiotic speech1 and various town-officers1 and prominent ,know-,nothings1 all more or less illiterate1 had spoken1 and all had seasoned their discourse with ,johnny ,o',brian4 ,finally1 the ,rev4 ,saul ,griffeth had held his hearers spell-bound while he described1 in glowing phrases1 the inevitable and complicated ruin of the country in case ,catholics should be admitted to equal rights1 or any rights at all1 and had painted a dazzling picture of the country's future glories should ,catholics be excluded4 ,and here again the perennial ,johnny ,o',brian figured4 ,in the midst of a cold and threatening silence1 ,mr4 ,yorke got up4 ,never was his voice more rasping1 his mouth more scornful1 his glance more full of fire4 8,it was happy10 he said1 8for one man that the ,reverend ,mr4 ,john ,conway was not ,calvin2 for1 instead of being content to burn ,servetus1 he would first have tortured him1 till even the flames would have been a relief4 ,as for the ,reverend ,mr4 ,griffeth's companion pictures of the country's future1 they were daubs such as no sensible man would receive as true representations1 and the young man who painted them probably believed in them no more than he had believed in the precisely contrary views which he had expressed within a few years in the speaker's own hearing4 ,with regard to the other orators1 he did not know what that illiterate and idiotic ,portuguese barber had to do with the town affairs of ,seaton1 and he congratulated the rest on the possession of ,johnny ,o',brian1 who had certainly been a godsend to them4 ,so long as a shred of that devoted child was left1 they would have something to say4 ,but the reasoning in the most of the speeches to which he had listened had reminded him of the ,latin of ,sgarnarelle1 le mdecin malgr lui4 ,they had put their premises in the middle ages of ,europe1 and their conclusion in a little ,new ,england town of the nineteenth century4 #8,voil ce qui fait que votre fille est muette4' ,what1 in fact1 are we here to talk about80 ,he then went on to state his own views4 ,it is said of the ,french legitimists under the first empire1 that in their scorn of the emperor1 and their determination to regard him as a foreigner1 they used to pronounce his name so that it seemed to be a word of twenty syllables4 ,mr4 ,yorke had that faculty4 ,his enunciation was clear1 and the letter r very prominent1 and the mere pronouncing of a name he could make an insult4 ,at first his manner had commanded silence--no one liked to be the first to hiss2 but it became too scathing presently1 and when one gave the first faint sound of disapproval1 the storm broke out4 ,he tried again and again to speak1 but they would not hear him4 ,shouts and jeers arose1 and cries of 8,put him out6 ,down with him60 8,touch me if you dare60 he said1 facing them1 and lifting his cane4 ,they stood aside1 and he walked out1 and went home1 not very well pleased4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,by ,,their ,,fruits ,,ye ,,shall ,,know ,,them4 ,mr4 ,yorke went home from that first town-meeting1 and opened his ,bolingbroke to look for a sedative4 ,he found this3 8,the incivilities ,i meet with from opposite parties have been so far from rendering me #afc violent or sour to any1 that ,i think myself obliged to them all4 ,some have cured me of fears1 by showing me how impotent the world is2 others have cured me of hope1 by showing how precarious popular friendships are4 ,all have cured me of surprise40 ,mr4 ,yorke readjusted his glasses1 and read the passages a second time2 but it was not the sedative he wanted4 ,there was something the matter with ,bolingbroke2 his was a worldly and selfish philosophy2 and it was1 moreover1 a discouraging one2 for the reader wished to believe that it was possible to awaken and keep alive in the popular mind an enthusiasm for justice4 ,mr4 ,yorke was not aware that in this warfare he had drawn nearer to ,god1 and that what he missed in his old favorite was that final1 heavenly motive which1 running like a golden chain through the simplest human actions1 strings them into jewels1 lacking which the noblest human thoughts and deeds crumble like sand on the sea-shore4 ,closing his book with a feeling of disappointment1 his thought glanced down to later times1 and he remembered a noble sentiment uttered by one whom he admired1 indeed1 but half-unwillingly--one of the purest and most heroic men of our time1 a man who lacks nothing but faith4 8,with ,god1 one is a majority60 said ,wendell ,phillips4 ,the thought came down on ,mr4 ,yorke's heart like a hammer upon an anvil1 and sent sparks up into his eyes and brain4 8,i take back all that ,i have said against that man10 he exclaimed1 starting up and walking to and fro4 8,a man who has a vision of absolute honesty cannot help being impatient of policy4 ,strong conviction never is1 never can be1 tolerant40 ,he ran his fingers through his hair as he paced the room1 and combed it up on end4 ,he would have liked to go directly back to the town-hall1 and perhaps would have done so but for the probability that it was now dark and empty4 8,it is not pleasant to be insulted by such people10 he muttered2 8but it would be still less pleasant to think that the rascals could silence me4 ,i will be heard at the next meeting1 #8,though hell itself should gape1 ,and bid me hold my peace4'0 ,it was some time before ,mr4 ,yorke had the opportunity he desired1 though scarcely a day passed in which he did not speak some word for the truth4 ,there was no other town-meeting that summer4 ,the people contented themselves with the weekly scandalous battery of the ,seaton ,herald1 and with a small domestic persecution4 ,a few pious church-members were especially active4 ,this was a kind of missionary labor which suited them well1 for it gave the pretext of zeal to their bigotry and uncharitableness4 ,if a lady could have persuaded her ,irish servant-girl to eat meat on ,friday1 she would have gloried in the triumph4 8,i will not eat of flesh on the day when the flesh of ,jesus ,christ was hacked and mangled for the sins of the world10 said one faithful girl4 8,but nobody knows on what day of the week he died10 the mistress urged4 8,that is one of the lies of your priests4 ,now1 ,bridget0--laying a gold half-eagle on the table--8this money shall be yours if you will eat that piece of meat40 ,the servant looked at her mistress with that dignity which a scorn of meanness can give to the lowliest4 8,mrs4 ,blank10 she said1 8you remind me of the devil tempting our ,saviour when he was fasting40 ,the temptation and the occasion were trivial1 but they called out the #afd spirit of the martyrs4 ,cold weather seemed to cool the zeal of the ,know-,nothings2 but with another spring it kindled again1 making the ,catholic school its principal point of attack4 ,anonymous letters were written to the teacher1 threatening her if she did not give it up4 ,the ,herald contained1 week after week1 insulting and scarcely veiled references to her2 and the children could not go through the streets unmolested4 ,but no notice was taken of these annoyances1 and the school prospered in spite of them4 ,the children came unfailingly1 not1 perhaps1 without fear1 but certainly without yielding to fear4 ,they were deeply impressed by the position in which they found themselves4 ,all their childish gayety deserted them4 ,they gathered and talked quietly1 instead of playing2 they drew shyly away without answering when the ,protestant children attacked them4 8,keep out of their way1 and never answer back10 was the charge constantly repeated in the ears of these little confessors of the faith1 and they obeyed it perfectly4 ,dear children6 may they never lose in later years that faith by which they suffered so early in life4 ,herewith1 one who watched and admired their constancy sends them loving greeting4 ,when the first examination for prizes took place in this school1 ,mr4 ,yorke was present1 and made an address2 and when it was over1 he and ,father ,rasle walked away together4 8,i am obliged to go away1 to be gone a month10 the priest said4 8,i must go to-night4 ,but ,i do not like to leave my flock to the wolves4 ,there is no help for it1 though4 ,the bishop wishes to see me at ,brayon1 and ,i must visit the ,indians on ,oldtown ,island40 8,i advise you1 sir1 to go as quietly as you can1 and let no one see you go or know that you are going10 ,mr4 ,yorke said4 ,father ,rasle looked surprised4 8,why1 you do not imagine that any person would molest me80 8,i do not imagine1 but ,i am sure that the ,know-,nothings would do anything10 was the reply4 8,it is not safe to give them an opportunity for mischief40 ,still the priest looked incredulous4 8,i cannot see why they should touch me10 he said4 8,i have done nothing to provoke them4 ,they insult us1 they tell lies1 and ,i do not resent it4 ,do you know the stories that have been brought to me this week8 ,i find them amusing40 ,he laughed pleasantly4 8,see how they represent the church6 ,a ,catholic man1 they say1 wanted to steal a hundred dollars4 ,now1 to take so much at once would be a mortal sin2 but to steal ten cents would be only a venial sin4 ,so my brave ,catholic steals ten cents1 and1 after a week1 ten cents more1 and so on1 till he has the hundred dollars4 ,by this means1 he secures his money1 and is guilty only of a thousand venial sins1 which he gets forgiveness for by giving the priest fifty dollars4 ,that is one of ,mr4 ,john ,conway's stories4 ,here is another that was published in the ,herald1 with my name and the others in full4 ,you know that ,mrs4 ,mary ,o',conner's husband lately died in ,california4 ,well1 the ,herald says that the poor widow came to me1 weeping and lamenting that she had not even the consolation of seeing her husband's grave2 and ,i told her that1 for thirty dollars1 ,i would have him buried here4 ,she had saved thirty dollars1 earned by washing1 and she brought it to me4 ,three days after1 ,i told her that her husband's body had been miraculously brought1 and ,i pointed out the spot where it was buried1 down here #afe behind the church4 ,but ,i warned her that she must not dig there1 as it would be a sacrilege1 and that1 if she did1 the body would disappear4 ,here's another3 ,patrick ,mulligan confesses some sin to me1 and1 for a penance1 ,i tell him to give himself twenty-five blows with the discipline4 ,patrick goes home1 gets ready for his penance1 and suddenly remembers that he has no discipline4 ,it is late at night4 ,he puts his head out the window1 and sees that ,mrs4 ,mahony1 next door1 has forgotten to take in her clothes-line1 and a fine new clothes-line it is4 ,pat blesses the saints1 creeps down-stairs1 steals the clothes-line1 and1 going back1 cuts it up into a beautiful discipline4 ,after he has piously beaten himself1 he burns the cord all up1 that he may not be known as a thief1 goes to bed with a clear conscience1 and sleeps the sleep of the just4 8,now1 sir10 the priest concluded1 8it is not likely that ,i am to be attacked for such stories as that4 ,of course1 no sensible person believes them2 or1 if people should doubt1 they can easily find out the truth40 8,the truth1 my dear sir1 is precisely what they do not wish to find out10 ,mr4 ,yorke replied4 8,they want to be exasperated1 and1 since you will not afford them a pretext1 they will welcome any lie1 and no questions asked4 ,moreover1 you are not to think that such slanders originate with the low only1 and influence only the low4 ,i came upon a book the other day written by ,catherine ,beecher4 ,you have heard of the ,beechers1 of course8 ,the title was ,truth ,stranger than ,fiction3 a ,narrative1 she calls it1 of ,recent ,transactions involving ,inquiries in regard to the principles of ,honor1 ,truth1 and ,justice which obtain in a distinguished ,american ,university4 ,that university is in ,connecticut2 and the affair was one which created a good deal of stir among the ,protestant clergy a few years ago4 ,miss ,beecher seems to prove clearly in her book that certain eminent doctors of divinity1 and professors1 with ladies of their families1 ruined the reputation of a distinguished and innocent woman4 ,but what does ,miss ,beecher herself do1 in the preface to this very book wherein she appears as the champion of #8honor1 truth1 and justice1' spelt with capital letters8 ,she goes out of her way to speak of the ,catholic clergy1 and asserts that1 since their ministrations are efficacious1 no matter what their characters may be1 #8there is no special necessity1 on this account1 to limit admissions to this office to those only who are virtuous and devout4' ,now1 the sentence is artfully worded to evade the charge of slander2 but almost all non-,catholics interpret it1 as the writer wished they should1 to mean that1 in ordaining a ,catholic priest1 it is not considered of any consequence whether he is a man of good character or not4 ,it has been so interpreted by every person whom ,i have asked to read it4 ,i give you another instance3 ,doctor ,martin took upon himself to send ,edith some anti-,catholic books1 which ,i returned to him without letting her see them4 ,i glanced into one1 and found it divided into paragraphs1 each containing a charge against your church1 illustrated by an anecdote4 ,i read one paragraph1 headed ,a ,church without a ,holy ,ghost4 ,of course1 you were charged with not believing in sanctification2 and the anecdote was of a man who became a ,protestant after having been a ,catholic forty years4 ,when his new teachers told him of the ,holy ,ghost1 he exclaimed1 #8,holy ,ghost6 ,what is that8 ,i have been in the ,catholic ,church forty years1 and ,i never #aff heard of a ,holy ,ghost4' ,now1 sir1 this1 of course1 seems to you idiotic2 but a ,protestant doctor of divinity keeps such books1 and gives them to people to read1 and repeats such falsehoods in his sermons4 ,you see what you have to expect40 8,shall ,i1 then1 publish a card denying the truth of these stories80 ,father ,rasle asked1 with an expression of face which showed his distaste for the task4 8,no one will read it if you do10 was the reply4 8,you must leave all to time4 ,at present1 for you to be accused is to be condemned4 ,who was it--,montesquieu8--who says1 #8,if you are accused of having stolen the towers of ,notre ,dame1 bolt at once'8 ,that is your case4 ,whatever they may charge you with1 consider yourself convicted40 ,they had by this time reached the priest's house1 a little cottage close to the corner of the two streets4 ,mr4 ,yorke declining an invitation to enter1 they leaned on the gate a few minutes to finish their talk4 8,you must not judge our country by what you see here10 ,mr4 ,yorke said4 8,what you complain of is merely the abuse of a good gift4 ,a priest of your church has expressed himself very well concerning these difficulties4 #8,it always pains me1 in such periods1' he says1 #8to hear men express doubt concerning our institutions4 ,as for me1 ,i would rather suffer from the license of freedom than the oppression of authority4 ,war is better than a false peace2 riot better than servitude2 heresy better than indifference4 ,but none of these things1' he adds1 #8is to my liking4 ,and may the good ,god preserve us from them all6' ,that was ,father ,john1 an ,american priest40 8,ah6 ,i know him10 ,father ,rasle said brightly4 8,i happened to travel once in his company4 ,we were in a steamboat1 and some minister entered into controversy with him4 ,catholic ,christianity degrades the man1 the minister said4 ,the ,catholic cannot hold any communication with ,god4 ,if he should be cast away on a desert island1 he would be without ,god4 ,all must come to him through the church4 ,he has in himself no power to reflect the divine motions4 #8,you mistake1' says ,father ,john2 #8and ,i can show by a familiar figure2 ,suppose that every man in the world should insist that his timepiece was correct1 and should refuse to regulate it by any other4 ,of course1 the chronometers would all wag their several ways1 no two alike1 and there would be a ceaseless wrangling as to what was the time of day1 and every man would think that he carried the sun in his pocket4 ,to the dogs with the meridian and the almanac6 my watch is right6 ,that is ,protestantism4 ,now1 the ,catholic has his spiritual dial also2 but since he knows that it is a fallible instrument1 he keeps it regulated by the great clock of the church4 ,the consequence is truth and harmony4 ,every ,catholic conscience ticks alike2 and1 when the meridian-gun of the great regulator is fired1 every man says1 #8,it's twelve o'clock4 ,amen6'0 ,mr4 ,yorke's warning was well-timed1 for the event proved that ,father ,rasle would scarcely have been allowed to leave the town without molestation had it been known that he was going4 ,no one knew it1 however1 but the priest's housekeeper1 ,mr4 ,yorke1 and the man who drove him over to ,brayon that night4 8,i do not think that any precaution was needed10 ,father ,rasle said to his companion1 as they drove through the dewy woods by starlight4 8,but since it was as easy to come away quiet1 why1 ,i have4 ,i have no wish #afg or right to throw my life away40 ,mr4 ,yorke did not know what had happened till ,patrick told him the next morning4 ,the crowd had gathered in the streets1 it appeared1 and taken their usual promenade up ,irish ,lane1 with the usual result4 ,no one came out or answered them1 and they could not see a face in the windows1 even4 ,but if the patience of the ,irish was not worn out1 that of their persecutors was4 ,since they could not provoke an attack1 they would make one4 ,from ,irish ,lane they had marched to the priest's house1 arming themselves with stones and brickbats4 8,there isn't a whole window left in the house1 sir10 said ,patrick2 8and there's a stone lying on ,father ,rasle's bed1 where it was thrown through the window1 that would have killed him if he had been there1 as they thought he was40 ,we trust that certain expressions which ,mr4 ,yorke made use of on hearing this story will not be remembered against him on the day of final reckoning4 ,they were not pious expressions1 nor mild1 nor1 indeed1 very polished ones2 but they were strong4 ,he put on his hat with an emphasis which left a large dent in the crown1 refused to take any breakfast1 and started for the town4 8,what does he mean to do80 cried his wife1 wringing her hands4 8,i must go after him4 ,oh6 if ,carl were here4 ,girls1 it is of no use to oppose me4 ,i must know what goes on40 ,the breakfast was left untouched1 and the whole household gathered about the mother1 coaxing and soothing her4 ,patrick should go down1 they said1 and keep his master in view4 8,what protection would an ,irish ,catholic be to him80 cried the lady4 ,betsey would go1 she declared1 standing with arms akimbo and her fierce head raised4 ,she would like to see the man that would stand in her way when she was roused6 ,but1 no2 ,betsey was too pugilistic4 ,if ,mr4 ,yorke were to see her1 he would be irritated4 ,some one more conciliating and politic was wanted4 ,clara cut the matter short by appearing in walking dress4 ,she would go down and see what the trouble was1 and send a messenger home immediately4 ,meantime1 ,mr4 ,yorke was in no danger whatever4 ,people were1 indeed1 more good-natured than usual after the success of the night before4 ,he encountered mocking smiles1 but no threats4 ,his first visit was to one of the selectmen4 8,what are you going to do with the rascals who broke ,father ,rasle's windows1 last night80 he demanded1 without any ceremony of greeting4 ,the man assumed an air of pompous indifference4 8,i do not propose to do anything10 he said4 8,if they were brought before me1 as a justice1 ,i should try them4 ,but ,i am not called on to take any step in the matter40 8,perhaps you were one of them10 ,mr4 ,yorke said bitterly4 ,the man's face reddened4 8,i shall not take any notice of your insults10 he said4 8,it is well known that those windows were broken by a few rowdies who cannot be found out4 ,the town is not responsible for them4 ,and even if they were known1 the feeling of the community is such that they would not be punished4 ,people are so much excited against the abuses of popery1 and the interference of the priest in our public schools1 that they are willing to see every ,catholic driven #afh out of the town40 ,if there was ever a moment in ,mr4 ,yorke's life when he regretted being a gentleman1 it would be safe to say that this was that moment4 ,to talk with such a man was folly4 ,but if some muscular ,christian had entered the scene opportunely1 and applied to the town-officer's back a score or so of such logical conclusions as he was fitted to understand1 or had enlightened his cranium by propounding to it an argument from an unanswerable fist1 ,mr4 ,yorke would1 doubtless1 have left the office with a smile of serene satisfaction1 and a conviction that the dramatic proprieties had been sustained4 ,no such person appearing1 he went away with anything but an amiable expression4 ,his next visit was to the ,rev4 ,john ,conway4 ,the minister had just finished his breakfast1 and came into the room with a comfortable1 deliberate air1 rather exasperating to a man who was not only indignant1 but fasting4 ,his guarded look showed that he expected an attack4 ,by an effort1 ,mr4 ,yorke greeted him courteously1 then began3 8,i come1 sir10 he said1 8to ask you to raise your voice and use your influence to put a stop to such outrages as were committed last night1 and bring the perpetrators of that to punishment40 ,mr4 ,conway seated himself with dignity1 cast down his eyes1 puckered his mouth accurately1 put the tips of his right-hand fingers to the tips of his left-hand fingers in an argumentative manner1 and spoke slowly and solemnly3 8,i am sorry that any violence has been done4 ,but when a community becomes incensed by encroachments which threaten their most sacred interests1 and when they find that the laws are not stringent enough to afford them security from an insidious foe1 we cannot expect that they will act with that calmness and deliberation which is to be desired4 ,i deprecate--0 8,you are not in your pulpit preaching to blockheads60 ,mr4 ,yorke burst forth4 8,i came here to talk common sense40 ,a cold glimmer showed under the minister's lower eyelids1 and a flush went over his face2 but he had more self-control than his visitor1 or he had not that sense of outraged justice and decency which1 to that visitor's mind1 made forbearance a vice1 consequently he said nothing for a moment4 ,there was1 indeed1 no more to be said4 ,mr4 ,yorke rose and went to the door1 but stopped there4 ,though appeal was vain1 warning might not be4 8,i warn you1 sir10 he said--8,i1 a ,protestant--that your course is not only dishonest1 but impolitic4 ,you are working so as to secure the final triumph of those you hate1 and to bring about your own ruin4 ,these anti-,catholic mobs are not ,protestant1 except as they protest against all religious restraint4 ,they hate ,catholicism most1 simply because it is the strongest religion4 ,you ministers think1 perhaps1 that you use them2 but you mistake4 ,they use you1 and they despise you4 ,they speak you fair now1 because you stand between them and the law and give them a certain respectability4 ,indeed1 their only power is derived from you4 ,but when they shall have crushed ,catholicism1 if they ever do1 they will have the same weapons you have placed in their hands against you4 ,do not hope that by the course you are taking you are going to make ,baptist1 or ,congregational1 or ,methodist church-members2 you are going to make infidels40 ,a sense of the utter uselessness of his mission had restored ,mr4 ,yorke #afi to calmness4 ,he spoke firmly1 but without any excitement1 and1 having ended1 left the house1 and walked quietly homeward4 ,clara1 coming down ,east ,street1 and looking anxiously right and left1 saw him1 and dodged out of sight4 ,with her foot propped on a door-step1 she made a writing-desk of her knee1 hastily pencilling a line to her mother4 ,while she wrote1 three several families peeped and wondered at her through their blinds4 ,she looked about for an ,irish boy--saw one1 and sent him with her message4 8,run like the wind till you come in sight of the house10 she charged him1 8but walk slowly up the avenue1 or they will think that you bring bad news1 and be frightened40 8,all right1 mamma60 ,clara had written4 8,everybody ,i meet is as quiet and innocent-looking as a cat that has been stealing cream4 ,i saw papa this minute2 ,i am going up to see ,hester1 and will be back before dinner40 ,mrs4 ,yorke kissed and feasted the boy who brought the news2 ,melicent searched for old clothes1 and sent him home with garments enough to last him a year1 and both nearly cried over him1 8,poor little persecuted dear60 ,betsey bestowed on him a pie1 and the two ,pattens1 having nothing of their own to give1 stole each of them a cucumber1 which they slyly slipped into his pocket4 ,people who lived with the ,yorkes always thought as the ,yorkes did4 ,there was never more than one party in their house4 ,their domestics were partisans1 their dependents adorers4 ,edith went out into the garden1 and gathered some flowers for the lad1 talking with him meanwhile4 ,it was a calm ,june day--after a rain-storm4 ,the sky had started to clear away--got so far that there was nothing left but a pearly fleck of cloud that just netted the sunshine--then had forgotten all about itself4 ,a lovely1 dreamy softness overhung the scene1 and the drops of rain that lay on every leaf and flower shone1 but did not flash4 ,the boy gazed at ,edith with admiration4 ,her head was bare1 and she wore a blue dress1 with loose sleeves1 and a little crisp white ruffle close around the throat4 ,she stood on tiptoe1 and stretched her arms to reach a branch of red roses4 ,as she caught it1 a shower of drops fell over her head and face4 8,asperges me60 she whispered4 8,oh6 she's real pretty10 the boy said afterward to his mother4 8,she has dimples in her elbows just like baby40 ,when the wreath was made1 ,edith hung it round the child's neck1 his arms being full1 and walked down to the gate with him4 8,try to be a little saint1 and not be angry1 no matter what may be said to you10 she said4 8,if you are afraid1 say the #8,we fly to thy patronage1 ,o holy ,mother of ,god1' and she will take care of you4 ,good-by1 dear40 ,she leaned on the gate1 and looked after him4 ,her cheeks were as red as the roses she had gathered1 and her expression was not1 as formerly1 one of sunny calmness4 ,she was as quiet in manner and speech as ever1 but it was the quiet of a strong and vivid nature fully awake1 but not fully satisfied1 perplexed1 yet self-controlled4 ,so much had happened to her in the last year6 ,she had been called away suddenly from childhood1 and study1 and vague1 bright dreams to confront a positive and quite unexpected reality4 ,unless she should make a vow never to marry1 then she was to marry ,dick ,rowan1 that was her conclusion2 and having once made up her mind in that respect1 she #agj thought as little about it as possible4 ,perhaps her only definite thought was that ,dick might have waited awhile before speaking1 and let her study more2 for study had now become impossible4 ,she wanted to be in continual motion1 to have work and change4 ,a deep and steady excitement burned in her cheeks1 her eyes1 her lips4 ,her piety1 instead of being tender and tranquil1 had grown impassioned4 ,to die for the faith1 to suffer torments for it1 to be in danger1 that seemed to her desirable4 ,she almost regretted that she had home and friends to bind her4 ,if she were still with ,mrs4 ,rowan1 in the little house that was under that clay-bank1 then she would be free1 and perhaps they would kill her4 ,she had scarcely been to ,mass that year without thinking how glorious it would be if a mob would break in and kill them all4 ,her imagination hovered ceaselessly over this subject4 ,seeing her uncle coming1 she waited for him4 8,we must make up our minds that we have not seen the worst that they will do1 little girl10 he said4 8,there is no law40 ,she smiled involuntarily4 8,why1 are you pleased at that80 he exclaimed4 8,there might be a worse fate than dying for one's faith1 ,uncle ,charles10 she said1 clasping her hands over his arms4 ,he laughed1 and patted her cheek4 8,is that your notion80 he asked4 8,if it is1 remember that ,i have a word to say about it4 ,i shall fight hard before you are made a martyr of4 ,i see what you have been reading--,crashaw's ,st4 ,theresa3 #8,farewell1 house1 and farewell1 home3 ,she's for the ,moors and martyrdom4' ,do ,i guess and quote rightly1 mademoiselle80 ,she only smiled in reply4 ,but well she knew that she had been reading from a deeper book than ,crashaw4 ,a few nights after1 the ,catholic school-house was blown up with gunpowder1 and left a perfect wreck4 8,of course60 said ,mr4 ,yorke4 8,the teacher has taken the children into the galleries of the church10 ,patrick said4 8,the church will be destroyed1 then10 replied his master4 ,it was not destroyed altogether at once1 however1 but every window in it was broken4 ,this was done in broad daylight1 just after a summer sunset4 ,mr4 ,yorke put himself before the mob1 entreating them to forbear1 even trying to push back the foremost ones1 but without avail4 8,don't listen to him6 ,his niece is a ,catholic10 they cried4 8,to the church60 ,two or three gentlemen drove up in their buggies1 and sat at a safe distance while the work of destruction went on1 and several women lingered on the outskirts of the crowd4 ,in a neighboring street1 out of sight1 ,edith ,yorke stood with ,clara1 and listened to the sound of breaking glass4 ,for a moment1 natural indignation overcame piety in her heart4 8,oh6 if ,i were a thousand men on horseback10 she exclaimed4 8,i'd like to ride them down1 and trample them under foot60 ,then the next moment1 8,oh6 how wicked ,i am60 8,you are not wicked60 ,clara said angrily4 8,i won't have you talk such nonsense40 ,clara was in that state of mind when she must scold somebody4 ,of course the authorities took no notice of this affair4 ,the teacher had the glass reset1 and continued her school4 ,mr4 ,yorke wrote to ,father ,rasle1 advising him not to return to ,seaton for a while1 and a lull succeeded4 ,and now the ,yorkes took breath1 and felt not quite alone1 for ,carl was coming home1 and ,dick ,rowan would soon be there1 and ,captain ,cary was coming down4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- ,,the ,,stigmata ,,and ,,ecstasies ,,of ,,louise ,,lateau ,,of ,,bois ,d',,haine4 #aga ,since the days of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisium1 whose life in the thirteenth century was one constant succession of marvels1 the occasional appearance upon favored individuals of the stigmata1#de and the occurrence of ecstatic visions1 have excited the deepest interest in devout minds4 ,to the eye of faith1 these departures from the ordinary laws of nature1 like the miracles which ,god has vouchsafed in all ages of the church1 have seemed fresh and brilliant illustrations of this divine power4 ,to the purely scientific mind they have presented inexplicable phenomena1 which1 being irreconcilable with natural laws1 have been either openly derided or attributed to pious fraud4 ,nor can the physiologist be harshly blamed for scepticism in this direction1 for history teems with the records of epidemics of religious enthusiasm1 in which fanaticism had led its victims to claim repeated ecstatic visions of ,god1 and to be the recipients of supernatural revelations4 ,the descriptions transmitted to us of the ,pietists and ,illuminati in ,germany1 of the ,french and ,english ,shakers1 the ,welsh ,jumpers1 and many others of the sects to which the ,reformation gave birth1 abound in instances of these ecstatic outbreaks4 ,the visions of ,swedenborg1 as related in his ,arcana ,clestia1 and in the numerous biographies#df of this extraordinary person1 are well known2 and among similar claimants to supernatural experience1 ,arnold's description of ,john ,engelbrecht#dg is one of the most curious and interesting4 ,in ,hecker's ,epidemics of the ,middle ,ages is given a full account of the 8,convulsionnaires of ,st4 ,mdard10 so-called from the cemetery of ,st4 ,mdard in ,paris1 where a noted ,jansenist deacon was buried in #agbg4 ,the fanatical excitement of his followers first showed itself in pilgrimages and reported miraculous cures at his grave1 to which they gradually flocked in great numbers1 many becoming convulsed with terrible contortions1 jumping1 shouting1 rolling on the ground1 spinning around with incredible velocity1 running their heads against walls1 while others preached fanatical harangues or pretended to be gifted with clairvoyance4 ,for more than fifty years these scandalous exhibitions continued1 ,convulsionism growing into a distinct sect in spite of the efforts of the government to suppress it1 until swept out of existence by the greater excitement of the ,french ,revolution4 ,in many of these cases1 the supposition of intentional fraud was doubtless well founded2 in others1 the ecstatics were themselves the unconscious dupes of their own fanaticism4 ,to appreciate the cautious scrutiny with which the church1 however1 sifts pretensions of this nature in any of her children1 the reader need only consult the lives #agb of such saints as have been thus favored4#dh ,the psychological condition or state which is somewhat vaguely termed ecstasy has always possessed peculiar interest both for the theologian and the physician2 and1 although numerous definitions of it have been attempted1 it is extremely difficult to convey to the general reader a clear idea of its distinctive nature4 ,the word itself usually signifies a condition in which the mind and soul is transferred1 or placed out of its usual state4 ,st4 ,augustine called it 8a transport1 by which the soul is separated and1 as it were1 removed to a distance from the bodily senses10 and1 following this definition1 ,ambrose ,par1 the father of ,french surgery1 terms it 8a reverie with rapture of the mind1 as if the soul were parted from the body40 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 the contemporary and biographer of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisium1 says that ecstasy 8is an elevation of the soul to that source of divine love which surpasses human understanding1 an elevation by which it is separated from the exterior man40 ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 ,cardinal ,bona1 and other theological writers give similar definitions2 while among medical authorities1 ,briquet1 ,j4 ,franck1 ,brard1 ,thomas ,king ,chambers1 ,guislain of ,brussels1 ,clymer1 ,gratiolet1 and many others describe its symptoms and discuss its pathological relations4 ,well-marked ecstasy and the stigmata have but seldom been united in the same individual1 and still more rarely have these extraordinary manifestations been subjected to the searching tests of science4 ,it will not1 then1 be amiss to present the readers of this magazine with a brief description of the most notable illustration in recent times of these marvellous phenomena1 as the case has acquired a ,european celebrity1 attracting the scrutiny of many savants1 and forming the subject of an interesting memoir#di by a professor in the ,belgian ,university of ,louvain4 ,from his description of the facts1 which he was officially appointed to investigate in their scientific bearings1 we shall condense the following account4 ,in the rich and industrial province of ,hainault1 in ,belgium1 is situated the village of ,bois d',haine1 about midway between the towns of ,charleroi and ,mons4 ,it is mainly composed of cottages occupied by workmen in the neighboring manufactories2 and in one of the poorest of these ,louise ,lateau1 the subject of this notice1 was born ,january #cj1 #ahej4 ,she is the youngest of three children1 all daughters2 and their parents were poor working people1 strong and ordinarily healthy1 and never subject to any nervous hmorrhagic disease4 ,the mother is still living and in good health2 the father died during an epidemic of small-pox at the age of twenty-eight4 ,louise1 then two and a half months old1 contracted this disease from her father1 but made a rapid recovery4 ,the family continued to struggle on in poverty1 the children's food being poor and scant--8plusque frugal10 says ,dr4 ,lefebvre--but they nevertheless grew up robust and healthy4 ,when only eight1 ,louise was placed in the temporary care of a poor old woman in the neighborhood1 while the latter's son was engaged in outdoor work4 ,a little later she was sent to school for five months1 learning her #agc catechism and a little reading and writing4 ,in her twelfth year1 having made her first communion1 she entered the service of her great-aunt1 who lived at ,manage1 near ,bois d',haine1 in a certain degree of comfort4 ,in this position she displayed great activity and devotion to her duties1 giving herself up day and night to the service of her relative1 who died in a year or two4 ,she then entered the service of a respectable lady in ,brussels1 where she remained only seven months on account of an illness1 the nature of which is not described2 after this she obtained another place in ,manage1 where1 as before1 she left behind her the reputation of devoted courage1 of patient toil1 humble and quiet piety1 and charity for the poor4 ,about the beginning of #ahfg1 she became more feeble in health without being exactly ill or obliged to suspend her customary work4 ,she lost appetite and color1 suffered from severe neuralgic pains in the head1 and her skin assumed the greenish-white hue that always indicates impoverishment of the blood4 ,this had been aggravated by a severe attack of quinsy2 and on several occasions1 during the early part of ,april of this year1 she spat blood1 the source of which 7whether from lungs or stomach7 could not be decided4 ,for an entire month she now became constantly weaker1 taking almost nothing during this time but water and the medicines prescribed for her4 ,the exhaustion increased to such a degree that her death was thought imminent1 and on the #aeth of ,april the last sacraments were administered4 ,she now suddenly improved1 and so rapidly that1 on the #bast of ,april1 she was able to walk to ,mass at the parish church1 three-quarters of a mile distant4 ,this apparently remarkable cure was the first incident that attracted public notice to her case2 crowds of people coming to see her as an object of curiosity4 ,this period may be viewed as her turning point from girlhood into a woman2 and1 at her then age of eighteen1 she is described as being slightly below the middle height1 with full face1 very little color1 a fine delicate skin1 light hair1 clear1 soft blue eyes1 a small mouth1 and very white well-shaped teeth4 ,her expression is intelligent and agreeable1 and her general health is good1 and free from any scrofulous or other constitutional taint4 ,she has always worked hard1 and exhibited considerable physical endurance4 ,mentally she is represented as unemotional1 lacking in imagination1 by no means bright1 but of good1 strong common sense1 artless1 straightforward1 and devoid of enthusiasm4 ,her education is limited1 although she has improved the elementary instruction received during her brief school term1 speaking ,french with ease and some degree of purity1 reading with difficulty1 and writing very little1 and incorrectly at that4 ,her moral character is honest1 simple1 transparent4 ,dr4 ,lefebvre and others1 who questioned her about her ecstatic visions1 repeatedly tried to test her sincerity1 but never succeeded in making her contradict herself or tend in the least degree to exaggeration3 nor could she ever be induced by her young friends to discuss her stigmata or visions1 upon which she was equally reticent with her friends and her family4 ,of a naturally gay and happy disposition1 she has shown in various circumstances much patience1 determination1 and courage4 ,amidst many domestic anxieties and troubles1 often losing her rest day and night during the illness of #agd her relatives1 and falsely accused by her mother 7who seems to have been a person of difficult temper7 of being the cause of all the family's misfortunes1 she remained invariably calm and cheerful4 ,another of her most striking traits was her charity for the poor2 8poor herself1 she loved to relieve the poor10 and many instances are narrated of her devotion to the sick and helpless during the cholera that raged at ,bois d',haine in #ahff4 ,from her infancy almost she was exceptionally devout1 and her piety was always practical1 and devoid of affectation and display4 ,in her interior and religious life1 as in her domestic duties1 she was simple1 earnest1 and discreet4 ,a recollection of these details of her character and antecedents is necessary for the proper appreciation of the phenomena now to be described4 ,these are of two distinct kinds1 having no connection but their accidental association in the same individual2 and that they may be more clearly understood1 they will be considered separately1 first the stigmata1 then the ecstatic trances1 and1 thirdly1 the nature of the evidence upon which the extraordinary facts rest4 ,i4--,,the ,,stigmata4 ,the first occurrence of the bleeding was noticed by ,louise on ,friday1 the #bdth of ,april1 #ahfh1 when she saw blood issuing from a spot on the left side of the chest4 ,with her habitual reserve1 she mentioned it to no one4 ,the next day it recurred at the same spot2 and she1 then also observed blood on the top of each foot4 ,she now confided it to her director1 who1 although thinking the circumstance extraordinary1 reassured her and bade her keep the facts to herself4 ,during the night preceding the second ,friday following1 ,may #h1 blood oozed from the left side and from both feet1 and toward nine o'clock in the morning it flowed freely from the back and palm of each hand4 ,at this juncture it seemed impossible longer to keep the matter secret1 and her confessor directed ,louise to consult a physician4 ,recognizing the medical character of the case1 the periodical bleeding1 and the ecstatic trances which subsequently occurred1 the religious authorities felt constrained to place its investigation in the hands of a medical expert1 and for this purpose called in the aid of ,dr4 ,lefebvre4 ,a more judicious choice could not have been made1 as this gentleman had long devoted himself to the study of nervous affections1 and had passed fifteen years in medical charge of two hospitals for the insane1 and in lecturing upon mental diseases in the ,university of ,louvain4 ,of the minuteness of his examination1 and of his credibility as a witness1 each reader can judge for himself4 ,if1 during the course of the week1 from ,saturday to ,thursday morning1 the hands and feet be examined1 the following facts are revealed3 ,on the back of each hand there is an oval patch about half an inch 7two and a half centimetres7 long1 of a more rosy hue than the rest of the skin1 dry and glistening on the surface4 ,on the palm of each hand a similar oval patch was seen1 equally red1 and corresponding exactly with the site of that on the back4 ,on the sole and back of each foot are found similar marks1 having the form of a parallelogram with rounded angles1 nearly three-quarters of an inch 7three centimetres7 in length4 ,on examining these spots with a magnifying-glass of twenty diameters1 the epidermis 7or superficial layer of the skin7 is found to be thin #age but unbroken1 and through it the cutis 7or true skin7 can readily be seen4 ,the latter looks perfectly natural1 except that the papill1 or little elevations in which terminate the nerves of touch1 are slightly atrophied and flattened1 this giving rise to the glistening appearance of the surface4 ,when any one of the stigmata has not bled for a week or two1 the reddish discoloration disappears1 and the papill resume their normal appearance4 ,no permanent marks remain upon the forehead2 and1 except on ,friday1 the bleeding points cannot there be distinguished4 ,from a natural feeling of delicacy1 the chest was only examined during the ecstasy4 ,the first symptoms announcing the approaching bleeding usually appear about noon on ,thursday4 ,upon each of the rosy spots on the hands and feet1 a bleb1 or little bladder1 is seen to rise and slowly develop4 ,this exactly corresponds1 when fully formed1 with the size of the patch2 and is filled with a transparent serous fluid1 sometimes of a reddish tint in those on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands4 ,the bleb consists of the epidermis detached and elevated from the true skin by the accumulating serous fluid4 ,no swelling or redness is seen in the zone of skin immediately surrounding the bleb4 ,the bleeding nearly always begins between midnight and one ,a4,m4 on ,friday1 and it does not occur in all the stigmata at once1 but in each successively and in no regular order4 ,most commonly the flow begins from the side of the chest1 then in succession from the stigmata on the hands1 feet1 and forehead4 ,a rent occurs in the raised cuticle1 which is sometimes longitudinal1 sometimes crucial or triangular3 the serous fluid then escapes1 and is immediately followed by blood1 which oozes from the exposed papill4 ,usually the flow of blood detaches and washes away the shreds of epidermis1 and the bleeding surface is left uncovered2 but sometimes on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet1 where the epidermis is thicker1 the blood collects and clots in the bleb4 ,at each of his ,friday visits1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre examined the stigma on the chest1 which lay in the space between the fifth and sixth ribs1 external to and a little below the centre of the left breast4#ej ,at the first examination1 which was made ,august #cj1 #ahfh1 the bleeding point showed no trace of a previous vesicle2 the cuticle was not detached1 nor was the skin discolored1 and the blood was seen to ooze from three little points almost imperceptible to the naked eye1 and about one centimetre apart4 ,in three subsequent examinations a vesicle had formed like those on the hands and feet2 it had burst1 and the blood oozed from a circular spot of the raw skin nearly a quarter of an inch in diameter4 ,upon four different occasions1 blood was observed to be flowing from the head4 ,it was difficult to ascertain the condition of the skin under the hair2 but on the forehead no vesicle appeared1 nor was there any apparent change in the color of the skin4 ,the blood was seen to issue from twelve or fifteen minute points arranged in circular form upon the forehead4 ,a bandage1 of the breadth of two fingers1 passing around the head equidistant from the eyebrows and the roots of the hair1 would include the bleeding zone1 which is slightly puffy and painful upon pressure4 ,on examining these points with a magnifying #agf lens1 most of them looked like minute cuts in the skin1 of triangular shape1 as if made by the bite of microscopic leeches3 others were semilunar in shape1 and some quite irregular4 ,the quantity of blood that flows through the stigmata each ,friday is variable4 ,during the first months of the flow and before the commencement of the ecstatic attack1 it was abundant1 and often lasted twenty-four hours--from midnight to midnight--and it was estimated that as much as one litre1 or seven-eighths of a quart1 was discharged from the nine wounds4 ,an exact estimate of the amount was difficult1 from the fact that most of the blood was absorbed by the cloths about the chest and limbs4 ,but1 as the result of his personal observations1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre states that at his first visit1 ,august #cj1 #ahfh1 both the duration and the quantity of the flow had already begun to diminish3 beginning at midnight1 it stopped about four or five o'clock the next afternoon2 yet he counted on that day fourteen large linen cloths 7the largest being twenty inches by eight1 and the smallest twenty inches by six7 completely saturated4 ,besides this1 the left foot was still enveloped during the ecstasy1 and there was a pool of blood on the floor as large as two hands4 ,he thinks he rather understates the amount of blood then lost if he estimates it at two hundred and fifty grammes 7a half-pint74 ,this1 however1 he gives as the mean quantity lost1 it being sometimes more and sometimes less4 ,sometimes the bleeding ceased about midday1 and two ,fridays passed without any hmorrhage1 the ecstasy occurring as usual4 ,on one of these occasions the stigmata remained unchanged1 but on the other the usual vesicle formed1 yielding a serous discharge of a delicate rose tint1 but no blood4 ,after this the usual bleeding resumed its regular course every ,friday1 and the bloody chaplet on the forehead1 which at first appeared exceptionally1 was now displayed each week4 ,the blood1 which was carefully examined1 had neither the scarlet tint of arterial nor the dark purple hue of venous blood1 but was of a violet red color1 like that of the capillaries or minute vessels which unite the veins and arteries4 ,it was of natural consistence1 and clotted readily upon the cloths and upon the edges of the wound4 ,with two of his colleagues who were expert in microscopy1 ,dr4 ,hairion1 professor of hygiene and dermatology 7the theory of skin diseases71 and ,dr4 ,van ,kempen1 professor of anatomy1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre made several careful microscopic examinations of the blood1 which showed a perfectly transparent plasma or blood fluid1 with the red and white corpuscles of ordinary blood in proper proportion4 ,the stigmata are manifestly painful2 for1 although the girl was extremely reluctant to speak of it1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre was satisfied1 by careful observation of her attitudes and expression before the ecstasies began1 that she suffered acutely4 ,the bleeding stopped at different hours1 as has been stated4 ,on the following day--,saturday--the stigmata were quite dry1 with little scales of dried blood here and there on their surface4 ,not a trace of suppuration ever occurred from the wounds2 and the girl1 who a few hours ago had much difficulty in using her hands or in standing on her feet1 is busily engaged with her morning household duties1 or walking a mile and a half to her devotions at the parish church4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,ecstatic ,,trances4 #agg ,the weekly ecstasies of ,louise ,lateau began on ,friday1 ,july #ag1 #ahfh1 thirteen weeks after the bleeding was first noticed1 although the curate of ,bois d',haine1 ,m4 ,niels1 had noticed before this some fugitive attacks of unconsciousness4 ,he discreetly avoided speaking of them1 however1 and was careful not to discuss them even with ,louise herself4 ,no details of these transient attacks1 which generally occurred during some of the great religious festivals of the previous year1 are given by ,dr4 ,lefebvre1 as he had no satisfactory evidence of them1 and was unwilling to trust the observations of others4 ,the marked ecstatic trances recurred every ,friday after the date mentioned1 generally about eight or nine o'clock in the morning1 and ended about six in the afternoon1 although sometimes lasting an hour longer4 ,their duration is therefore from ten to eleven hours without interruption2 and they generally begin while the subject is occupied with her devotions1 although sometimes when she is in the midst of conversation1 and occasionally while engaged at her work4 ,on ,friday morning1 ,louise is accustomed to pass the time in prayer1 the tender and bleeding condition of the wounds on her hands rendering work impossible4 ,her prayers are of the simplest character1 consisting generally of the rosary4 ,seated on her chair1 her hands wrapped in the cloths1 and her manner calm and serene1 suddenly her eyes become fixed1 immovable1 and the trance has begun4 ,from his notes made on the spot1 upon one of these occasions1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre transcribes the following description3 8,it is half-past seven in the morning4 ,i have been talking to ,louise upon common topics1 about her occupations1 her education1 her health4 ,she has answered my questions simply1 precisely1 laconically4 ,her appearance is quiet and tranquil1 her color natural1 her skin cool1 and the pulse seventy-two in the minute4 ,after a while her conversation flags1 and she answers more slowly4 ,i suddenly notice that she has become immovable1 her eyes fixed and turned upward1 and a little toward the right4 ,the ecstasy has begun40 ,it is worth observing that the instant the eyes become fixed in contemplation1 the ecstatic state has commenced2 after this the girl answers no questions1 and is quite insensible to external influences4 ,dr4 ,imbert-,goubeyre1 professor in the medical school of ,clermont-,ferrand1 has also witnessed the commencement of the ecstasy under like circumstances4 ,his description is unnecessary4 ,lastly1 the ecstasy may begin while she is at her daily work4 ,on ,august #ac1 #ahfi1 ,mgr4 d',herbomez1 the venerable ,bishop of ,british ,columbia1 went to see ,louise ,lateau1 reaching her house about eight o'clock in the morning4 ,she was at work on her sewing-machine1 although her hands and feet were bleeding freely1 and the blood trickled down from her forehead1 cheeks1 and neck upon the machine1 which she evidently worked with the utmost pain4 ,while the prelate was speaking to her1 the noise of the machine suddenly stopped1 for she had at once passed into the trance4 ,a number of distinguished ecclesiastics1 among them ,professor ,hallez of the ,seminary of ,tournay1 have witnessed a similar onset of the attacks4 ,when once established1 the course of the attack is thus described4 ,during most of the trance1 the girl sits on the edge of her chair1 as motionless as a statue1 with the body bent slightly forward2 the #agh bleeding hands enveloped in cloths and resting upon her knees1 the eyes wide open and rigidly fixed as described4 ,the expression of the face is that of rapt attention1 and she seems lost in the contemplation of some distant object4 ,her expression and attitude frequently change1 the features sometimes relaxing1 the eyes becoming moist1 and a smile of happiness lighting up the mouth4 ,sometimes the lids droop and nearly veil the eyes1 the brow contracts1 and tears roll slowly down the cheeks3 at times again she grows pale1 her face wears an expression of the greatest terror1 while she starts up with a suppressed cry4 ,the body sometimes slowly rotates1 and the eyes move1 as if following some invisible procession4 ,at other times she rises and moves forward1 standing on tiptoe with her hands stretched out1 and either clasped or hanging open like the figures of the ,orantes of the catacombs2 while her lips move1 her breathing is rapid and panting1 her features light up1 and her face1 which before the ecstasy is quite plain1 is transfigured with an ideal beauty4 ,if to this be added the sight of her stigmata3 her head encircled with its bloody chaplet1 whence the red current drops along her temples and cheeks1 her small white hands stamped with a mysterious wound from which bloody lines emerge like rays--and this strange spectacle surrounded by people of all conditions1 who are absorbed in respectful attention and interest--some idea may be gained of what ,dr4 ,lefebvre often witnessed at ,bois d',haine4 ,about half-past one o'clock1 she usually falls on her knees1 with her hands joined and her body bent forward1 while her face wears an expression of the profoundest contemplation4 ,she remains in this attitude about half an hour1 then rises and resumes her seat4 ,about two o'clock the scene changes4 ,she first leans a little forward1 then rises--slowly at first1 then more quickly--and1 as if by some sudden movement of projection1 falls with her face to the ground4 ,in this position she lies upon her chest1 the head resting upon the left arm1 her eyes closed1 her mouth half-open1 her lower limbs stretched out and covered to the heels by her dress4 ,at three o'clock she makes a sudden movement3 her arms are extended at right angles with the body in cross-like fashion1 while the feet are crossed1 the right instep resting on the sole of the left4 ,she maintains this position until about five o'clock1 when she suddenly starts up on her knees in the attitude of prayer4 ,after a few minutes of profound absorption1 she resumes her chair4 ,the ecstasy lasts until about six or seven o'clock1 the attitude and expression of face varying according to the mental impressions1 when it terminates in an appalling scene3 ,the arms fall helpless alongside of the body1 the head drops forward on the chest1 the eyes close1 the nose becomes pinched1 while the face assumes the pallor of death3 at the same time the hands become icy cold1 the pulse is quite imperceptible1 a cold sweat covers the body1 and the death-rattle seems to be heard in the throat4 ,this condition lasts about fifteen minutes1 when she revives4 ,the bodily heat rises1 the pulse returns1 the cheeks regain their color1 but for some minutes more there hangs an indefinable expression of ecstasy about the face4 ,suddenly the eyelids open1 the features relax1 the eyes look familiarly at surrounding objects1 and the ecstasy is over4 ,if the different phases of the paroxysm be carefully watched1 it is evident that the intellect1 far from being dormant1 is very active2 #agi although the girl is quite unconscious of what is passing around her1 she remembers perfectly all her subjective sensations4 ,although extremely reluctant to discuss the subject1 she was ordered by her spiritual directors to answer ,dr4 ,lefebvre's questions1 which she did--briefly1 but distinctly--to the following effect3 ,when her ecstasy begins1 she says she finds herself suddenly plunged into a vast flood of light2 figures more or less distinct soon appear1 and several scenes of the ,passion then pass successively before her4 ,these she minutely but briefly describes--with the appearance of the ,saviour1 his garments1 wounds1 crown of thorns1 and cross4 ,he never addresses her a word or even looks at her4 ,she describes with the same clearness and precision the characters that surround him--the apostles1 the holy women1 and the ,jews4 ,dr4 ,lefebvre has given a lucid exposition of the state of the different organs during the several stages of the ecstasy1 as well as of the chief points of interest of the paroxysm4 ,during the first period--from eight o'clock in the morning until two in the afternoon--,louise remains sitting in her chair1 and her organic and functional condition changes but little4 ,the skin is cool2 the face retains its usual color2 respiration is regular1 and so calm that close attention is needed to note the chest movement2 the pulse is soft and regular1 beating about seventy-five in the minute4 ,occasionally the heart-beats are more rapid or slower than usual1 and the face flushes or becomes suddenly pale3 these functional modifications accord with the play of the features1 and are evidently the result of the varying impressions of the mind4 ,from midday on ,thursday1 when she dines more sparingly than usual1 until eight o'clock on the ,saturday morning1 she tastes absolutely no food or drink of any kind4 ,she feels no need of either1 and her stomach would not retain it if taken2 for1 several times1 when ordered by her physician to take certain nourishment on ,fridays1 it has been swallowed without resistance1 but at once rejected4 ,in spite of this complete abstinence from drink1 the tongue was always moist3 the great excretions of the body were suspended4 ,careful attention was directed to the condition of the nervous system1 and especially to sensation and motion4 ,to the touch1 no tension or spasmodic contraction is perceptible in any of the muscles1 and the girl executes no movements but those required for the action of the scenes at which she assists4 ,thus1 at times1 she sits up straight1 her hands either clasped or hanging loosely1 her lips relaxing into a smile1 or her face drawn into a frown4 ,if her limbs be moved by a bystander1 the result varies2 sometimes they preserve the position given1 as1 when her arms are lifted up1 they may retain the new position for nine or ten minutes1 and then slowly relapse to their former place4 ,but1 if she is lifted to a standing position1 great muscular relaxation is evident1 and as soon as the support is withdrawn she falls back into her chair4 ,one peculiarity should here be noted3 if any effort be made to change her position during prosternation1 when the arms are extended and the feet crossed upon each other1 a decided resistance is perceptible1 and the extremities immediately resume their position4 ,the exercise of the special senses is completely suspended1 as was tested by experiment4 ,the eyes are widely open1 the pupils dilated1 the lids quite immovable1 except when the conjunctiva#ea is touched1 #ahj which produces a slight winking or contraction of the lids4 ,a bright light or other object may be suddenly passed without effect before the eyes1 which gaze vacantly into space4 ,the sense of hearing is equally blunted1 and insensible to ordinary sounds4 ,on several occasions1 a person standing behind her has shouted loudly into her ears without exciting the least evidence of being heard4 ,except upon the conjunctiva1 as mentioned1 general sensibility seems to be completely in abeyance4 ,numerous experiments were made to test this fact4 ,for instance1 the mucous membranes of the nose and ears were repeatedly tickled with a feather without exciting any reflex contraction2 a strong solution of ammonia held under the nose produced no effect4 ,the skin1 being less sensitive than the mucous membranes1 was pricked with a needle1 and a pin thrust through a fold of skin on the hands and forearm2 the point of a penknife was also driven into the skin until it bled freely1 without producing the faintest muscular contraction or indication of sensibility4 ,a still more decisive test was made with an electro-magnetic battery1#eb the electrodes of which were placed on the front of the forearm where the skin is very thin and sensitive1 and the strongest possible current passed through the muscles for more than a minute by the watch without eliciting the least evidence of pain1 and the electric brush was equally powerless4 ,the poles were likewise applied to different parts of the face1 and violent and prolonged contractions of the facial muscles induced1 but without the slightest winking or other sign of sensibility or suffering4 ,such is the condition of the organic functions during the first part of the ecstasy1 but some modifications are observed during the second4 ,thus1 while lying prostrate on the floor1 the pulse becomes almost imperceptible1 and an ordinary observer would fail to detect it at all1 although ,dr4 ,lefebvre was sure it never ceased to beat fully4 ,its frequency was at the same time greatly increased2 so that1 when it could be counted1 it often rose to #abj or #acj in the minute4 ,the movements of respiration now become more and more feeble1 and the closest attention is needed to make sure that they exist1 the rhythmical motion of the little shawl that covers her shoulders being often the only appreciable evidence that they are not totally suspended4 ,another remarkable fact1 which is contrary to the general physical rule1 is that the rate of the pulse and that of respiration are directly in an inverse proportion2 both ,dr4 ,lefebvre and ,dr4 ,imbert-,goubeyre having proved that1 while the pulse rose from #ij to #acj per minute1 the respirations 7normally averaging #bj to #be7 sink to #ah or even #aj in the same period4 ,in proportion as the pulse and breathing become feeble1 the skin loses its natural temperature1 and is bathed in a cold sweat4 ,as was stated1 reaction occurs in ten or fifteen minutes2 the pulse regains its force and normal frequency1 respiration increases1 and the natural standard of bodily heat is restored4 ,the ecstatic thus passes at once from her trance into her ordinary life without any intermediate stage of transition4 ,no headache1 stiffness of the joints1 or other discomfort is complained of2 the intellect is perfectly clear1 the expression serene1 the face #aha calm1 and the body active4 ,at this moment the pulse has been found regular1 soft1 and from #gb to #ge per minute2 respiration of natural strength1 and #bb per minute1 and the skin perfectly natural4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,question ,,of ,,credibility4 ,the suspicion of fraud seems never to have been entertained by the people who surrounded ,louise ,lateau4 ,her straightforward character1 her simple and unostentatious piety1 and her heroic acts of charity to the poor seemed to them the antithesis of hypocrisy4 ,of the likelihood of intentional deception each reader will judge for himself from the sketch we have given of her history4 ,dr4 ,lefebvre1 however1 acknowledges without hesitation that when he first visited her he was sure a pious fraud was being attempted which the eye of science would at once detect4 ,considering that he knew nothing of her and her antecedents1 this suspicion1 he says1 8was natural1 legitimate1 necessary even2 but it soon disappeared in presence of the facts40 ,if only the stigmatization be considered1 the supposition is untenable1 when it is remembered that she was constantly watched by her friends1 neighbors1 and visitors4 ,how1 under such circumstances1 could she possibly buy and use the blisters1 caustics1 or other means of producing the bleeding wounds8 ,but1 granting she had all these at her command1 how could the ignorant peasant girl--even though aided by two or three accomplices--produce a result which the physician with all the resources of science cannot effect8 ,for it involved the necessity of causing a bloody discharge from nine or ten points of the body1 and of sustaining this for a half-day or even longer under the very eyes of witnesses who prevented any repeated irritation of the bleeding surfaces4 ,but when the ecstatic trance is borne in mind1 the impossibility of imposture is still more evident4 ,how can we conceive that a young girl1 brought up in the hardships of manual work1 deprived of all instruction1 who has read nothing1 and seen nothing1 could each week1 during an entire day1 play the part of a consummate actress2 that she could simulate not only the abolition of sight and hearing1 but complete insensibility to the most exquisitely painful tests2 that she could control functions which are essentially beyond the power of the will1 as circulation1 bodily temperature1 respiration2 or that she could suspend those excretions which are at once the most humiliating and the most irresistible evidence of human weakness6 ,if1 then1 the problem at ,bois d',haine presented only one difficulty--the stigmatization or the ecstasy--it would be next to impossible to explain it on the supposition of fraud4 ,but this difficulty is incomparably greater when we consider these two extraordinary facts in association4 ,to suppose that both the ecstasy and stigmatization were fraudulent would involve the manifest contradiction of admitting that the hmorrhage1 which required a frequent movement to sustain it for ten1 fifteen1 or twenty hours1 could be maintained during the prolonged immobility of the trance4 ,no one1 however dextrous1 could play this double rle for eighteen months#ec without detection1 although constantly examined by all kinds of people--many of them filled with scientific distrust1 and among them more than one hundred physicians4 ,as an example of the #ahb uncertainty of her privacy1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre states 7in a note7 that1 on the #aath ,february1 #ahgj1 he was unexpectedly passing through the neighborhood1 and1 as it chanced to be on ,friday1 he thought he would stop and see ,louise4 ,he knocked at the door--was at once admitted1 and went straight to her little room without stopping to speak to the family4 ,it was a quarter to four in the afternoon1 and she was completely alone1 lying prostrate on the floor1 with her arms extended as described1 and insensible to all that was passing around her4 ,the bleeding limbs were wrapped in the usual cloths1 of which he counted nine4 ,the blood which trickled from her forehead was dried2 and1 lifting up her little white cap1 he noticed the circle of bleeding points on her forehead1 which presented the usual appearance4 ,the feet had not been bleeding2 on the right hand the flow was just stopping1 while on the left the blood was still distinctly flowing from both stigmata4 ,having ascertained these points1 he quietly left the cottage without her having been aware of his visit4 ,as a general answer to the objection of insincerity1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre appeals to both moral and physical proofs4 ,as the most convincing of the former class1 he cites the general good repute of ,louise1 which was never doubted1 even by those who most resolutely questioned the nature of the phenomena she presented3 her brave and humble life1 her contempt for presents or money1 her simplicity and avoidance of all parade2 her extreme anxiety to conceal the first evidence of the stigmata even from her own family4 ,if1 as occasionally happened1 money or presents of any kind were offered to her mother or sisters1 their wounded pride was unmistakable2 and when the ,archbishop of ,malines1 after a long examination of ,louise1 once asked the family if they had no request to make of him1 they only entreated that they might be relieved of visitors and left undisturbed4 ,to meet the physical objections raised to the theory of the stigmata1 he tried the effects produced by cupping1 caustics1 and various blistering agents4 ,the first of these has little or no force2 for1 besides the difficulty of exhausting the air under a cup upon the hard and uneven surface of the back of the hand1 it is necessary to cut the skin to make the blood flow1 and1 when the amount drawn to the surface flows out1 the bleeding ceases at once4 ,caustics produce a destruction of the skin at the point to which they are applied1 and after five or six days an eschar is detached1 leaving a sore but not a bleeding surface2 or1 if bleeding exceptionally occurs1 it ceases very soon1 and the healing process is slow and always followed by an indelible scar4 ,this in no respect accorded with the facts observed4 ,the blistering hypothesis seems less improbable1 as this class of irritants produce a special form of inflammation of the skin1 during which the epidermis is raised from the derm by an exudation of serous fluid4 ,as this process much more resembled the vesicles that preceded the stigmatic bleedings1 it was examined with greater care4 ,the characteristic odor of cantharides or ammonia was never perceived1 nor could the peculiar spangles of the ,spanish-fly ever be detected with a magnifying lens4 ,litmus paper1 moistened and applied to the wounds1 gave no evidence of the application of acids4 ,in addition to this1 there was no inflamed areola around the stigmata1 as is common around the edge of blistered surfaces1 and their development was not simultaneous1 but successive2 and more than once1 in ,dr4 ,lefebvre's #ahc presence1 the ampulla or vesicle ruptured spontaneously1 and the flow of blood instantly began in its usual quantity4 ,when1 however1 the vesicle produced by a blister is ruptured1 the raw skin is exposed1 but never under any circumstances emits a flow of blood4 ,to prove this in the most conclusive manner1 the following experiments were instituted3 ,on ,friday1 ,nov4 #bg1 #ahfh1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre1 who usually adopted the wise precaution of taking with him two or three of his colleagues or other respectable physicians on his visits to ,bois d',haine1 in the presence of ,drs4 ,lecrinier and ,sverin1 applied strong aqua ammonia to a spot about half an inch in diameter upon the back of the left hand1 alongside of the stigma1 which was then bleeding freely4 ,a narrow strip of sound skin was purposely left between the two4 ,in about twelve minutes a well-developed circular vesicle was obtained1 filled with transparent serum4 ,on the hypothesis of fraud1 this should have burst spontaneously2 but1 as it did not do so1 it was ruptured and the cuticle torn off1 thus exposing two raw surfaces side by side1 upon the same hand1 and involving the same tissues4 ,the two spots were carefully watched2 the stigma continued to bleed freely for two hours and a half longer1 while the blistered surface during this period did not yield a single drop of blood4 ,for a half hour it exuded a little colorless serum1 after which its surface dried up2 on rubbing it with a coarse towel1 a little rose-colored serum escaped and soaked into the cloth1 but ceased the instant the friction was stopped4 ,the second experiment1 which was still more decisive1 was by means of what he calls 8the glove test0 7l'preuve des gants74 ,on ,wednesday1 ,february #c1 #ahfi1 ,dr4 ,lecrinier1 ,m4 ,niels1 the curate of ,bois d',haine1 and ,m4 ,bussin visited the cottage1 and took with them a pair of thick1 strong1 well-stitched leather gauntlets4 ,after carefully examining her hands1 and satisfying themselves that no vesicle or abnormal redness existed1 they asked ,louise to put on the gloves1 which fitted her exactly4 ,a strong wristband being then wrapped five times around the wrist1 so as not to leave the smallest interspace between the glove and the skin1 it was tied in a double knot1 the ends cut short1 covered with melted sealing-wax1 and impressed on each side with a special seal4 ,to prevent the wax from scaling off from friction or any chance blow1 the seals were enclosed in little bags 7bourses en toile74 ,the gloves were the same for both hands1 except that on the right glove the thumb and forefinger were cut short to allow the girl to continue her usual sewing4 ,on the next ,friday morning1 before seven o'clock1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre met by appointment at the cottage ,mgr4 ,pouceur1 vicar-general of the diocese of ,tournay1 and two well-known ,belgian physicians1 ,drs4 ,moulaert1 of ,bruges1 and ,mussely1 of ,deguze4 ,after each one had satisfied himself of the integrity of the seals1 and that it was impossible to slip an instrument of any kind between the glove and the skin1 the strings were cut and the gloves removed4 ,they were full of blood1 which also covered the hands4 ,when this was washed off1 the stigmata were found just the same as on other ,fridays2 on the palm and back of each hand the epidermis had been detached2 it was torn1 and the surface of the skin left raw1 and each of the stigmatic spots continued to bleed as usual4 ,of the feet1 which had not been subjected to any test1 the right was bleeding freely1 while #ahd the left was dry4 ,lest some subtle doubter might object to this experiment that1 by some indiscretion on the part of the examiners1 the girl might perhaps have discovered their intention1 and applied her secret irritant to the hands before their arrival1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre resolved to repeat the test with still more conclusive precautions4 ,the gloves were therefore again applied on a ,tuesday with the same care as before1 and the next day were removed for a few moments1 and the hands found in a perfectly healthy and natural state2 they were then re-applied as before4 ,on ,friday morning1 they were taken off before a new set of witnesses1 when the stigmata of both hands were found bleeding freely as usual4 ,in his appendix1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre states that this glove test was suggested by ,mgr4 ,pouceur1 who superintended the theological part of the inquiry at the request of the ,bishop of ,tournay1 and to whose tact and intelligent liberality he pays the highest compliment4 ,these experiments1 and the inferences that they logically involve1 convinced ,dr4 ,lefebvre that the hypothesis of fraud in the production of the stigmata was untenable4 ,it would be easy to show by similar proofs that the ecstatic trances could not have been feigned4 ,but for our purpose it will suffice to recall the reader's attention to the numerous trials that were made to test the subject's sensibility to external impressions4 ,those made with the electric current alone are decisive upon this point1 for it may fairly be said that the strongest and most resolute man could not possibly resist some exhibition of feeling while a powerful magnetic battery was contorting his muscles4 ,in a subsequent part of his volume1 ,dr4 ,lefebvre enters into an exhaustive medical study of the facts observed1 the discussion of which would be out of place in this magazine4 ,he shows conclusively that1 although they have some points in common1 the ecstatic trances essentially differ from hysteria1 catalepsy1 and other allied disorders of the nervous system2 while animal magnetism in its various subdivisions of 8,braidism10 hypnotism1 and electro-biology is equally powerless with somnambulism or the theory of spiritualism to unravel the phenomena presented by this simple peasant girl of ,bois d',haine4 ,the reader who desires to pursue this inquiry is referred to ,dr4 ,lefebvre's work 7pp4 #afb et seq47 and to ,fournier's article entitled 8,cas rares0 in the fourth volume of the ,dictionnaire des ,sciences ,mdicales1 which is replete with curious information upon the subject of the stigmata4 ,so convincing are the statements of ,dr4 ,lefebvre1 who never descends into the advocate or mistakes his own theories for facts1 that the case he narrates has been accepted in good faith1 and republished within the present year by two of the leading journals#ed of this country and ,england4 ,in one of these1 ,dr4 ,day1 of ,london1 discusses the probable cause of the phenomena with considerable liberality1 while the learned ,clymer contents himself with reporting the extraordinary facts4 #de ,it is scarcely necessary to explain to ,catholic readers that this expression is applied to the marks of the five wounds upon our ,lord's body1 as described in the ,gospel1 and illustrated in all representations of the crucifixion4 #df ,among others1 ,white's ,life and ,writings of ,emmanuel ,swedenborg4 #ahfg4 #dg ,observations1 etc41 upon ,insanity4 ,london4 #ahjf4 ,cited by ,clymer4 #dh ,see among others1 ,salvatori's ,life of ,veronico ,giuliani1 pp4 #ajj-ajh1 and the exhaustive ,christliche ,mystik of ,grres1 in which is given a full account of ,maria ,mrl1 the 8,ecstatic of the ,tyrol40 #di ,louise ,lateau de ,bois d',haine3 sa ,vie2 ses ,extases2 ses ,stigmates4 ,etude ,mdicale4 ,par le ,dr4 ,f4 ,lefebvre1 ,professeur de ,pathologie ,gnrale et de ,thrapeutique4 ,louvain4 #ahgj4 #abmo1 pp4 #cfj4 #ej ,for the unprofessional reader1 it may be proper to state that this point is just external to the usual position of the apex of the heart4 #ea ,the thin1 transparent membrane that covers the eyeball1 and is reflected upon the inner surface of the lids4 ,it is one of the most delicate and sensitive portions of the body4 #eb ,this test is often applied for the detection of feigned convulsions1 etc41 by criminals and other malingerers2 its efficacy will be appreciated by any one who has tried to hold the poles of a powerful battery4 #ec ,that is1 from ,july1 #ahfh1 to ,april1 #ahgj1 when ,dr4 ,lefebvre's book was published4 ,in a subsequent letter dated ,january #ac1 #ahga1 to ,dr4 ,day1 of ,london1 he states that her condition is in all respects unchanged4 #ed ,the ,journal of ,psychological ,medicine1 ,new ,york1 ,oct41 #ahgj4 ,macmillan's ,magazine1 ,london1 ,april1 #ahga4 ---------- ,,the ,,legends ,,of ,,oisin1 ,,bard ,,of ,,erin4 #ahe ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,introductory4 ,among the mountains and on the wild shores of ,western ,ireland are still recited1 in the ,gaelic1 to eager listeners legends relating to ,fionn ,mac ,cumbal and his son ,oisin1 known to the ,english reader chiefly under the names of ,fingal and ,ossian4 ,some of these 8rhapsodies0 have been recently published1 with an ,english version1 by the ,irish 8,ossianic ,society10 and others by ,mr4 ,hawkins ,simpson1 in a valuable volume called ,oisin1 the ,bard of ,ireland4 ,many poems on the same subject are included also in ,the ,dean of ,lismore's ,book1 a work consisting of ancient ,gaelic poetry1 selected from a ,,ms4 collection made about ,a4,d4 #aead1 by ,sir ,james ,mac,gregor1 ,dean of ,lismore1 an island in ,argyllshire4 ,the early ,irish settlements in ,western ,scotland are largely referred to by the chroniclers and archologists of ,scotland4 ,w4 ,f4 ,skene1 ,esq41 in his learned ,introduction to the ,dean's book1 informs us 7though for ,scotland1 also1 he claims ,ossianic poetry7 that1 during the four centuries in which the great ,celtic house of the 8,lord of the ,isles0 held sway1 there existed 8not only a close political connection between the ,western ,highlands and ,islands and ,ireland1 but the literary influence was equally close and strong2 the ,irish sennachies and bards were heads of a school which included the ,western ,highlands1 and the ,highland sennachies were either of ,irish descent1 or1 if of native origin1 resorted to bardic schools in ,ireland for instruction in the language and accomplishments of their art40 444 8,the oldest of the ,gaelic ,,mss4 preserved in the library of the ,faculty of ,advocates belongs to this period4 ,they are all written in the ,irish character2 the language is the written language of ,ireland2 and they contain numerous specimens of the poetry of these ,irish masters40 ,among the ,ossianic poems still chanted in ,ireland1 not a few consist of dialogues between ,oisin and ,saint ,patrick4 ,they descend from a very remote antiquity1 though they have been much modified in the course of ages4 ,the bard1 last of his race and clan1 is represented as the guest of ,saint ,patrick in one of his convents4 ,he accepts the ,christian faith1 though with misgivings1 for he fears that he is thus false to the friends of his youth1 and now and then his wrath blazes out against the monks1 who have no faith in the chiefs of ,inisfail4 ,the saint beguiles his outbreaks by praying him to sing the old glories of the land4 ,fionn1 the father of ,oisin1 was the great commander of the ,irish ,feine1 a standing army elected from all parts of the country1 and invested with privileges which made it almost a kingdom within a kingdom4 ,individually1 he belonged to the ,feine of ,leinster1 the celebrated 8,baoigne ,clan40 ,alarmed by the regal attributes assumed by ,fionn1 all the provincial kings of ,ireland banded themselves together against him1 and the battle of ,gahbra1 near ,tara1 in ,meath1 was fought1 ,a4,d4 #bhf4 ,in that battle almost all the chiefs of both sides perished1 including ,oscar1 ,oisin's son1 who commanded the ,feine4 ,oscar is always represented as the gentlest1 not less than the bravest of the ,feine--the ,hector of the ,irish ,troy4 ,fionn and ,oisin flourished1 despite these poetic disputations1 nearly two centuries before the time of ,saint ,patrick6 ,some have supposed1 accordingly1 that the ,patrick of the ,ossianic poems was some precursor of the ,irish apostle4 ,but the chronological discrepancy would probably have proved no counterweight to the strength of that instinct which made the national imagination insist on connecting the heroic with the saintly period of ,ireland4 ,a theme full of pathos and interest was presented by the blind old warrior bard1 divided between his devotion to his father and his son on the one hand1 and his reverence1 on the other1 for the teachers of the better faith--between old affections and new convictions--patriotic recollections and religious hopes4 ,i4 ,,the ,,contention ,,of ,,oisin ,,with ,,patrick4#ee ,,from ,,ancient ,,irish ,,sources4 ,when ,patrick the faith to ,oisin had preached1 ,he believed1 and in just ways trod2 ,yet oft for old days he grieved1 and thus ,stormed oft at the saint of ,god4 8,woe1 woe1 for the priestly tribe this hour #ahf ,on the ,feine ,hill have sway6 ,glad am ,i that scarce their shapes ,i see2 ,half-blind am ,i this day4 8,woe1 woe1 thou ,palace of ,cruachan6 ,thy sceptre is down and thy sword1 ,the chase goes over thy grassy roof1 ,and the monk in thy courts is lord6 8,thou man with the mitre and vestments broad1 ,and the bearing of grave command1 ,rejoice that ,diarmid this day is dust6 ,right heavy was his clinched hand6 8,thou man with the bell6 ,i rede thee well1 ,were ,diorraing living this day1 ,thy book he would take1 and thy bell would break ,on the base of yon pillar gray6 8,thou man with miraculous crosier-staff1 ,though puissant thou art1 and tall1 ,were ,goll but here1 he would dash thy gear ,in twain on thy convent wall6 8,were ,conan living1 the bald-head shrill1 ,with the flail of his scoff and gibe1 ,he would break thy neck1 and thy convent wreck1 ,and lash from the land thy tribe6 8,but one of our chiefs thy head had spared-- ,my ,oscar--my son--my child3 ,he was storm in the foray1 and fire in the fight1 ,but in peace he was maiden-mild40 ,then ,patrick answered3 8,old man1 old man1 ,that pagan realm lies low4 ,this day ,christ ruleth4 ,forget thy chiefs1 ,and thy deeds gone by forego6 8,high feast thou hast on the festal days1 ,and cakes on the days of fast--0 8,thou liest1 thou priest1 for in wrath and scorn ,thy cakes to the dogs ,i cast60 8,old man1 thou hearest our ,christian hymns3 #ahg ,such strains thou hadst never heard--0 8,thou liest1 thou priest6 for in ,letter ,lee wood ,i have listened its famed blackbird6 8,i have heard the music of meeting swords1 ,and the grating of barks on the strand1 ,and the shout from the breasts of the men of help ,that leaped from the decks to land4 8,twelve hounds had my sire1 with throats like bells1 ,loud echoed on lake and bay3 ,by this hand1 they lacked but the baptism rite ,to chant with thy monks this day60 ,oisin's white head on his breast dropt down1 ,till his hair and his beard1 made one1 ,shone out like the spine of a frosty hill ,far seen in the wintry sun4 8,one question1 ,o ,patrick6 ,i ask of thee1 ,thou king of the saved and the shriven3 ,my sire1 and his chiefs1 have they their place ,in thy city1 star-built1 of heaven80 8,oisin1 old chief of the shining sword1 ,that questionest of the soul1 ,that city they tread not who lived for war3 ,their realm is a realm of dole40 8,by this head1 thou liest1 thou son of ,calphurn6 ,in heaven ,i would scorn to bide1 ,if my father and ,oscar were exiled men1 ,and no friend at my side40 8,that city1 old man1 is the city of peace3 ,loud anthems1 not widows' wail--0 8,it is not in bellowings chiefs take joy1 ,but in songs of the wars of ,fail6 8,are the men in the streets like ,baoigne's chiefs8 ,great-hearted like us are they8 ,do they stretch to the poor the ungrudging hand1 ,or turn they their heads away8 8,thou man with the chant1 and thou man with the creed1 #ahh ,this thing ,i demand of thee3 ,my dog1 may he pass through the gates of heaven8 ,may my wolf-hound enter free80 8,old man1 not the buzzing gnat may pass1 ,nor sunbeam look in unbidden3 ,the ,king there sceptred knows all1 sees all3 ,from him there is nothing hidden40 8,it never was thus with ,fionn1 our king6 ,in largess our ,fionn delighted3 ,the hosts of the earth came in1 and went forth ,unquestioned1 and uninvited60 8,thy words are the words of madness1 old man1 ,thy chieftains had might one day2 ,yet a moment of heaven is three times worth ,the warriors of ,eire for aye60 ,then ,oisin uplifted his old white head3 ,like lightning from the hoary skies ,a flash went forth #8neath the shaggy roofs ,low-bent o'er his sightless eyes3 8,though my life sinks down1 and ,i sit in the dust1 ,blind warrior and gray-haired man1 ,mine were they of old1 thou priest overbold1 ,those chiefs of ,baoigne's clan60 ,and he cried1 while a spasm his huge frame shook1 8,dim shadows like men before me1 ,my father was ,fionn1 and ,oscar my son1 ,though to-day ye stand vaunting it o'er me60 ,thus raged ,oisin--'mid the fold of ,christ1 ,still roaming old deserts wide ,in the storm of thought1 like a lion old1 ,though lamblike at last he died4 #ee ,the substance of this poem will be found among the translations of the ,irish ,ossianic ,society4 ---------- ,,lucas ,,garcia4 #ahi ,,from ,,the ,,spanish ,,of ,,fernan ,,caballero4 ,,iii4 ,lucas1 who could neither do nor remedy anything1 suffered fearfully from the presence of his sister so near him4 ,happily1 in two days the general left for ,sevilla4 ,but from the hour when she met her brother and he refused to recognize her1 ,lucia's existence was changed4 ,to her1 in the flowery butterfly life into which1 at seventeen1 she had been almost forced by circumstances1 the encounter with ,lucas had been like the striking of a bark indolently voyaging1 without patron and without compass1 to the breath of light and laughing breezes1 against the first rock of firm land3 the shock had been terrible4 ,in perplexity she asked herself1 8,where am ,i8 ,whither am ,i going8 ,who is this that flatters and shelters me8 ,who he that rejects me80 ,in terror she gazed around her3 all seemed new and strange1 all odious and reprehensible4 ,in her memory--oh6 that she had consulted it before6--she found the words her brother had said to her at parting3 8,never turn from the right path1 though it be steep and sown with thorns4 ,always look straight before you1 for he that does not do this never knows where he will stop40 ,lucia's wretchedness was augmented by the seeming impossibility of escape from the position in which she found herself4 ,could she turn back without either encouragement and support1 while1 by continuing in sin1 she would have both8 ,her natural want of energy made it the more difficult for her to return to the right path1 with no help but his who never fails those who seek him with faith and without fear or faltering4 ,the tears she shed tarnished her beauty1 and the sorrow that preyed on her heart robbed her manners--hitherto so gay and caressing--of their charm4 ,all this at first annoyed ,gallardo1 then offended1 and finished by exasperating him4 ,violent scenes took place between the lovers2 these introduced discord2 and discord1 when once it has burst its primitive embankments1 filters through whatever others may be raised to contain it4 ,when the general was recalled to ,madrid1 expecting to be employed1 and thinking that his stay would not be long1 he resolved to leave ,lucia in ,sevilla4 ,she allowed him to go without opposition1 for so weary was she of the life she led that any change seemed preferable4 ,she was1 besides1 very far from possessing the brazen and insolent courage that women of her condition are wont to acquire1 and that causes so many of them1 when they have ceased to be objects of passion1 to be dreaded by the men around whom they have coiled themselves like horrible snakes2 making miserable ,laocoons of the victims1 who often marry them through fear1 where before they would not do it for love1 and thus render the latter part of their career as ridiculous as the beginning was scandalous4 ,a worthy manner1 truly1 in which to fill up a man's existence6 ,the stay at court1 however1 of the young general1 as the papers styled ,gallardo1 was prolonged4 ,he alternated in various combinations #aij of second-class political intrigues1 and allowed himself to be made the conceited tool of one of them1 under the full persuasion that he had become the imposing leader of a party4 ,the general now began to think1 with excellent reason1 very sound judgment1 and profound calculation1 that it was time for him to be more considerate4 ,the reader will pardon us the expression1 which1 in his case1 meant to enter upon a life of usefulness and devotion to the interests of the country--without sacrificing his own1 it will be understood4 ,influenced by these grave considerations1 our young leader subscribed to newspapers1 bought books and read some of them1 though he soon forgot precisely which he had read and which not2 wrote a memorial on river navigation1 and another upon the ,renta del ,excusado2#ef made short speeches as a preparation for longer ones1 which succeeded very well and met with the entire approbation of his hearers2 and1 in the time it takes to say a devout amen1 exchanged the rakish air of the young blood for the pompous tone of the prominent and influential citizen4 ,our friend1 as may be seen1 had reached his apogee3 in confirmation of which--among other sacrifices made to seriousness--he had procured a good cook1 and loosened the lacings of his stays4 ,nevertheless--since there is a difference between a serious man and a moral one--our hero maintained a sort of toned-down dissoluteness behind the scenes1 where he and his intimates entertained themselves in conversations tissued with a variety of subjects1 such as the discourse ,a and the scandal ,b2 the concordat and the theatre royal2 the ministry and the danseuse2 the bishop and the prima donna2 the crown and cards2 erected a throne to ,tauromaquia2 proposed an apotheosis of industry2 and passed a vote of censure upon the luxury of novenas4 8,look here1 little one60 said to him just such another 8little one0 at a breakfast party--where champagne was made to represent the tone of good society that the greater part of the guests lacked--8what has become of ,la ,lucia80 8,she was not very well1 and ,i left her in ,sevilla10 responded the hero4 8,doesn't it strike you that she is losing her varnish80 8,at twenty-one1 man80 8,it is not singular10 remarked the elegant son of a capitalist 7the youth had been educated in ,france74 8,at that age1 one who lives fast is sur le retour40#eg 8,the existence of camellias is like that of roses10 quickly added another1 whose ,christian name of ,bonifacio they were in the habit of contracting into ,boni4 ,having constituted himself an inseparable copy of the engrafted ,parisian1 and not wishing to fall behind his model in anything1 ,boni never allowed the capitalist to express an idea without instantly reproducing it in different words1 always endeavoring to surpass the original in elegant ,gallicisms2 in scepticism of the most material1 and cynicism of the most approved kind1 and in extreme affectation of the fashionable foreign mannerism4 8,you ought to place this ,lucia dis-lucent among the number of the thousand-and-one ,didos10 said the would-be ,gaul4 8,lay her aside with last year's modes fanes10#eh the copy hastened to add4 8,i cannot do that10 said the general4 #aia 8,stale ,spanish morality6'0 exclaimed the capitalist1 bursting into a laugh4 8,does the fair creature expect to find an ,amadeus of ,gaul in a general of the age of enlightenment80 8,or a ,pastor ,fido in one who aspires to become a father to his country80 put in ,boni4 8,the fact is10 replied our friend1 8that in my connection with ,lucia there have been exceptional circumstances40 8,tell them to us1 little one10 said his intimate4 8,the romantic tale will flavor the coffee40 ,the general related all the preliminaries and particulars of his relations with ,lucia4 8,don't you see1 general10 said the imitator of the tone ,parisian1 8that it was all a farce1 very well got up1 by those fourbes rustics to set you on2 alarm you2 interest you in the girl1 and oblige you to take her80 8,that it was all an intrigue of las tage80 added the copy of the copy4 8,apropos of impositions10 said the capitalist1 8,i must tell you what happened to me yesterday4 ,a fellow came into my office--0 8,don't omit10 said ,boni1 8that you were counting an immense sum of money at the time1 for that is what heightens the joke40 8,he asked me10 continued ,creseus1 8if ,i would lend him two doubloons4 ,i told him that it cost me the greatest pain to be obliged to refuse1 but that ,i had not sixpence by me40 8,if ,i had not wished to give1 ,i would have sought another reply10 said an old general--uncle to ours--who had lost a leg in the battle of ,bailen4 8,general10 replied the narrator1 8among us1 ,i have not is synonymous with ,i will not2 even sucking-babes understand it40 8,a synonym which ,huertas has omitted1 but which is known in these days1 even in the ,batuecas10 chimed the repeater4 8,it could not have existed when he composed his work10 said the general4 8,the fellow10 proceeded the narrator1 8begged and implored1 lowering his demand to the most insignificant sum4 ,i was as inexorable as destiny40 ,and the millionaire cast around him a look worthy of ,cato4 8,he was1 then1 in real need1 and not an impostor80 questioned the old general4 8,o sir6--general rule--every one that asks is an impostor40 8,unless he is an intimate friend10 said ,boni1 speaking this time with unaccustomed personality4 8,ma foi10#ei answered the ,gaulish ,spaniard1 8,i except no one4 ,seeing that he was not going to desist1 and always with the amiability and delicacy that must be used in such cases--0 8,sans doute1 the same as in affairs of honor10 said the bad copy of a worse original4 8,i told him that1 since his necessity was so extreme1 ,i would venture to lend him--not money1 for ,i had none--but something that would be of more use to him in his circumstances4 ,the imbecile thought1 perhaps1 that it was going to be my signature40 8,your signature6 ,what one might call the only and unique sanctum sanctorum of the disciples of ,mercury4 ,a thing so sacred60 8,my dear ,boni10 said his friend1 8veuillez ne pas m'interrompre8#fj ,the fellow's countenance lighted up4 ,i believe1 upon my word1 that he had not eaten in three days4 ,laughing within myself1 although my face #aib denoted the gravest sympathy for his situation1 ,i led him to a closet1 took out a case of pistols1 which ,i opened1 and1 handing him a weapon1 said1 as ,i bowed his dismissal1 #8,here is a remedy for all your troubles4' ,my mendicant turned upon his heel and left2 and you may be sure that ,i have rid myself of him1 une bonne fois pour toutes40#fa ,boni's mirth was overpowering4 ,gallardo and the rest of the ,spaniards were silent4 8,you must positively put this joke into some paper10 said the capitalist's admirer1 between his paroxysms of laughter4 8,mon cher1 quoi bon80#fb responded the hero of the anecdote1 with an air of modesty4 8,to show people how to get rid of impostors10 answered ,boni2 8to furnish a specimen of your humor--to let it be seen that you are as richly endowed by nature as by fortune--to give circulation to an entertaining item--and to--0 8,and could a paper be found that would print such an iniquity as an entertaining item60 shouted the old general1 no longer able to contain his wrath4 8,is it the mission of the press to propagate such ideas and sentiments8 ,god help us1 sirs1 if there is no one left in ,spain capable of a blush6 ,can the press parade infamy shamelessly1 and no one be found to repudiate the impudence that relates such a scandal in terms of laudation2 or appeal from it to the noble and generous instincts1 and sense of public decorum1 of good and true ,spaniards8 ,have we become as positive as the written law8 ,in former times1 gentlemen1 not all gave1 but the few that denied did not boast of their refusal4 ,charity made men sorry to say no1 even to impostors1 and1 having said it1 they would have been silent about it for shame4 ,avarice was looked upon as one of the disgraceful vices which respect for public opinion required to be kept out of sight40 8,uncle1 for ,god's sake60 entreated ,gallardo4 8,for ,god's sake what1 nephew80 8,speak with more moderation40 8,when ,i do1 look towards ,antequera for sunrise40 8,don't feel apprehensive1 general10 said the capitalist1 8,je sais vivre4#fc ,i respect your family1 and know how to make allowance for gray hairs and the ill-humor of advanced age40 8,yes10 instantly added the speaking shadow1 8carte blanche belongs to ladies1 children1 and--0 ,he was going to add old men1 but a look from the general silenced him4 8,no1 nephew1 don't be apprehensive10 said the latter4 8,the weapons of a gentleman are for nobler uses than the punishment of insults40 8,come1 let us talk of something else10 said ,gallardo's intimate1 anxious to change the subject1 but glad in his heart1 as were all the other guests1 of the lesson the braggart had received from so worthy and authorized an antagonist4 8,it is not possible1 ,gallardo1 that you will allow ,lucia to be an irredeemable lien upon you4 ,let me tell you1 my boy1 that it would be a pretty piece of folly on your part to create an obstacle to your future establishment40 8,i don't see that--in order to be a deputy1 senator1 or--0 8,oh6 you're on the wrong tack4 ,your political ideas absorb all your thoughts2 but ,i have been told--by one of her friends--that the daughter of ,don ,juan de ,moneda1#fd the banker1 is quite smitten with #aic your person40 ,gallardo straightened himself1 and caressed his curled locks4 8,her mother is completely taken with the title of ,marquis de ,monte ,gallardo1 which they say you are about to receive1 and her father with your capacity40 8,we are even there10 said the general1 8for ,i am as much impressed with his4 ,to buy--0 8,but10 proceeded the friend1 8he is equally so with your sash and rent-roll4 ,here1 boy1 is an opportunity to settle in life40 8,really1 ,i hardly know the kind and amiable young lady who has been so condescending as to think of me60 drawled the extremely flattered ,gallardo1 privately resolving to tighten his stays again4 8,she is very beautiful10 affirmed his friend1 8and you must know that she rides like a ,cossack40 8,oh6 ,athenas la ,moneda has the most elegant figure and complexion--so pale6--and the fiercest glances0 7he meant haughtiest7 8of all the belles of ,madrid4 ,she is delicious60 exclaimed the ,parisian4 8,she has the neck of a swan1 with such serpentine undulating10 said ,bonifacio1 quite at a loss for another comparison4 8,the most desirable parte1 ma foi6 ,her father is worth forty millions1 and she is the only daughter10 continued the capitalist1 who did not allow his appreciation of beauty to interfere with his devotion to dollars4 8,you ought to improve your opportunity1 and marry at once10 advised the friend4 8,these girls with forty millions are more capricious than the wind4 ,they change oftener than weather-cocks1 and do just as they please2 for millionaire fathers who know only the ,castilian have the highest consideration for daughters who have learned ,french from ,sue's novels1 and ,italian at the opera40 8,an heiress's whim is like a flash of lightning4 ,in losing time1 you expose yourself to a--0 8,to a deception10 said the capitalist1 concluding the sentence4 8,to a disabusement10 said the copy1 thinking1 with profound satisfaction1 that he had1 for once1 surpassed the original4 8,what is your opinion of all this80 asked ,gallardo of his uncle1 with a laugh1 intended to appear jesting1 but which betrayed his interior satisfaction4 8,yes1 give us the benefit of your wisdom10 said the capitalist1 covering his ill-humor with a tone of light irony4 8,in matrimonial as well as martial councils1 the ,nestors should be heard4 #8,la face des vieillards est pleine de majesti3 ,leur voix sur l'existence a des secrets intimes4'0#fe 8,une vieux de la vieille10#ff confirmed ,boni1 8is a ,california of experience2 a barometrical and chronometrical counsellor2 a universal grammar bound in gold2 a--0 8,hush1 ,boni60 whispered the capitalist in the ear of his friend1 who1 less accustomed to champagne than the others1 began to feel its emancipating influence4 ,meantime1 the old officer stroked his gray moustache in silence4 8,well1 what do you think1 general60 questioned ,gallardo4 8,i think that you ought to marry40 8,c'est clair10 said the ,parisian4 8,it is clear10 repeated ,boni--8as clear as detestable water2 and they think of bringing it into ,madrid6 ,will spend millions to do it60 8,taisez vous1 mon cher10 entreated the model1 in a low tone4 #aid 8,i am not in the humor10 replied the copy1 in excellent ,spanish4 8,of course he ought to marry10 said all the rest4 8,let us understand each other1 gentlemen10 said the old general4 8,i think1 ,gallardo1 that you ought to marry1 not the mushroom of the millions1 but ,lucia40 ,these words were received with clamorous disapprobation4 8,you take advantage of your rle of ,nestor1 general10 exclaimed the capitalist4 8,the hero of former times dotes--,i would say radote4 ,i propose a vote of censure60 hiccoughed the copy4 8,s-s-s1 ,boni4 ,le vous en prie6#fg ,do you want to get another broadside from the disabled old pontoon8 ,don't provoke him1 for the next time neither prudence nor contempt will enable me to keep my temper10 murmured his patron4 8,the general is jesting4 ,a gentleman of his fine delicacy cannot mean to counsel one1 in ,gallardo's position1 to marry a woman of light reputation10 said ,gallardo's friend4 8,i do it because ,i have delicacy--a plant that strikes so deep when once it has taken root1 that neither the silver plough nor the golden spade which cultivates the field of ideas of the present day can turn it out4 ,i counsel a man who has done a wrong to repair it4 ,i advise one who has been the ruin of an honest girl to become her defender4 ,and the more public he has made her position1 the more he is bound to set her right in the eyes of others4 ,if the future looks smiling1 ,i counsel it all the more earnestly1 that the past may not reproach him4 ,in my days1 gentlemen1 marriages were not discussed in semi-public meetings4 ,the only counsellors were1 according to the circumstances1 the heart1 the honor1 and the conscience4 ,but10 added the old man1 rising1 8my sentiments are as much out of harmony with yours1 as my person is out of place in a reunion of gay young men4 ,gentlemen1 ,i salute you4 ,nephew1 good-by4 ,do not ask me to your brilliant wedding if you marry with the million-heiress of the caprices4 ,if with ,lucia1 ,i will be your groomsman40 ,with these words the noble veteran took his leave4 8,style of an epic poem10 said the pseudo-,parisian4 8,tone of an elegiac lyric10 stammered the copy4 8,one would think the governor had been drinking some kind of palate-skinning ,catalan wine1 instead of the excellent1 exquisite1 delectable1 delicious--0 8,enough1 ,boni10 interrupted his friend1 indicating to him with his foot the urgent necessity of more discretion4 8,the general has1 so to speak1 one foot in the grave1 and1 naturally1 all looks to him de profundis color10 observed ,gallardo's intimate4 8,but we live in a positive age1 and must conform to the step of its march2 to do otherwise would be to make ourselves antiquated and ridiculous40 ,days followed days1 each one bringing to our hero its business1 novelty1 interest1 and forgetfulness of those that had preceded it4 ,lucia1 in the meantime1 saw her means of subsistence failing without informing him2 for1 with the reawakened sentiments of duty and shame1 came the comprehension of her guilty dependence1 and sense of the double humiliation of soliciting and receiving4 ,she had lived for some time by the sale of her valuables1 but this resource was almost exhausted4 8,what is to become of me80 she questioned1 with more of weakness than #aie inquietude1 more inertia than anguish1 as she sat one day alone1 her head drooping upon her breast4 8,in forgetting how to work1 ,i have been like the sailor that forgets in a calm how to handle the ropes4 ,what shall ,i do when all is gone8 ,what can he who has brought me to this be thinking of80 ,her questionings were interrupted by the entrance of the woman of the house with a letter4 8,it is from ,madrid10 she said1 with a fawning smile4 8,i'll bet that the general tells when he is coming1 and confirms the report of his appointment as captain-general of this province40 ,lucia opened and read the following epistle3 8,,dear ,,lucia3 ,nothing can last for ever4 ,mature age brings serious ideas2 the life of a man1 obligations1 circumstances1 compromises1 and position1 duties1 which force us to make1 in favor of reason and morality1 sacrifices that are not the less painful because they are necessary4 8,my family has undertaken to negotiate a marriage for me1 which will assure me a certain and brilliant future2 and matters have proceeded so far that ,i cannot oppose myself to the arrangement without offending a powerful and respectable family1 compromising my own1 and causing grave inconveniences1 inconveniences which you would be the first to deplore4 8,i believe that you will understand the necessity of my establishing myself in life1 and will feel neither surprised nor pained4 ,i am equally persuaded1 having noticed for a long time how unhappy you seemed at my side1 and how little pleasure my presence gave you1 that you will not miss me4 ,it may be that another already occupies in your heart the place that once was mine4 ,if you will be happier with him than you have been with me1 ,i trust that ,i have enough philanthropy to rejoice in your good fortune4 8,adieu4 ,it is likely that we may not meet again2 but1 believe me1 ,i shall never forget you2 and1 if ,i can serve you in any way1 command me40 8,well10 asked the woman1 eagerly1 8does he say anything about coming80 8,no10 answered ,lucia1 with the tears raining down her cheeks1 8he says that he is not coming40 ,lucia did not feel for ,gallardo that which can properly be called love2 but1 during four years1 her naturally affectionate heart had attached itself to him1 and could not but be wounded by the cold insensibility with which he had abandoned her4 ,the harpy's face1 manner1 and tone changed at once2 for this grief confirmed her suspicions4 ,lucia's lover had cast her off4 8,madam10 she said1 8certain exigencies1 in which ,i unfortunately find myself1 have obliged me to introduce a rule into my house1 requiring my boarders to pay in advance4 ,all the rest have agreed to it1 and ,i trust that you will do the same40 8,no1 madam10 replied ,lucia1 8for ,i am going away to-morrow1 and so shall have to give you only what is already due40 ,the poor forsaken girl went out that night and sold her wardrobe to a pawnbroker4 ,after satisfying her creditor1 she had enough left to pay some wine-carriers for a ride upon one of their mules as far as ,jerez1 and from there she meant to go to ,arcos on foot4 ,at dawn1 on the following morning1 she passed through the ,carmona gate1 casting a long1 sad look upon the sleeping city--the city that the ,bitis serves as a page2 ,la ,giralda for insignia1 and the verdure of its orange #aif groves for adornment2 the city that is at once gay as a village maiden and imposing as a queen2 beautiful as a young girl1 and full of wisdom and memories as a matron2 graceful as the ,andalusian of to-day1 and chaste and noble as the ,castilian dame of olden time4 ,lucia found herself in ,jerez alone and without resource1 but1 by favor of her good angel1 met ,uncle ,bartolo at the inn where she alighted4 ,the visible presence of the former would not have rejoiced her more than did the sight of this old friend of her family1 to whom she told the whole of her sad story1 adding that now she knew not what to do1 since she dared not seek even a servant's place4 8,my daughter10 said the old guerilla1 8you grew vain in the fiend's own house of ,leona1 and forgot that wings were given to the ant for its destruction4 ,if you had shown that wretch a repulsive face1 he would not have ventured to do what he did4 ,what motive1 will you tell me1 could a ,you ,sir have for playing clucking fox to a little country girl1 but to make of her a mark for shame8 8,however10 he continued1 seeing that ,lucia's tears began to flow1 8far be it from me to hack at the fallen tree1 or double the burden of the ass that is down4 ,the baptism of repentance opens the fold1 and your repentance is sincere1 because you return to poverty1 when1 if you had chosen otherwise1 profligates would not have been wanting1 in the great city1 to complete your ruin4 ,come with me1 and ,i will talk to ,lucas4 ,it is his duty to take care of you40 8,he will never forgive me1 ,uncle ,bartolo60 exclaimed ,lucia sadly4 8,he has said that he had no sister1 and no one can make him say the contrary40 8,true10 replied the guerilla1 8the ,garcia heads are harder than anvils4 ,i learned that by experience when your father--,heaven rest him6--married ,la ,leona4 ,but this is another thing1 for1 notwithstanding that your father did so badly1 ,lucas has turned out well4 ,and it is a great deal easier to yoke two that are united by blood than to unyoke two that the devil has united4 ,we will see1 ,god helping us1 and1 in the meantime1 you shall come to my house2 there is no great abundance1 but good-will is not wanting40 ,the next day saw ,uncle ,bartolo and ,lucia travelling along the road which we described at the commencement of our story2 ,lucia mounted upon a little ass1 and the agile good old man following on foot4 ,at nightfall they reached ,arcos4 ,alas6 for the one who1 returning to his native place1 instead of experiencing pure happiness1 feels his heart torn by grief and shame2 finds his parents dead1 the house where he was born the property of strangers1 and sees1 in the looks of neighbors1 cold disdain instead of the joyful smile of recognition and welcome6 ,uncle ,bartolo took ,lucia to his own house1 and1 while they were preparing supper1 went himself to that of ,lucas1 who1 on receiving his discharge1 had returned to ,arcos and to his post among the day-laborers1 and had1 by his aptness and diligence1 won so much credit that several profitable jobs and positions had already been offered him4 ,as will be supposed1 he had found his father's house sold4 ,but as his kinswoman still lived in it1 he hired his former habitation1 and she assisted him4 ,uncle ,bartolo entered1 just as ,lucas had finished his supper4 8,sit by1 ,uncle ,bartolo10 said the young man4 8,no1 thank you4 ,may what you have taken profit you6 ,will you have a #aig cigar80 8,it wouldn't come amiss40 ,uncle ,bartolo handed ,lucas a paper cigar1 lighted his own1 and1 with characteristic bluntness1 plunged into his subject4 8,lucas1 man1 will you tell me why you never speak of your sister8 ,does it appear to you that a sister is a patch sewed on to be ripped at pleasure80 ,lucas1 disagreeably surprised1 contracted his brows as he answered3 8,i have no sister1 ,uncle ,bartolo40 8,what6 what do you say80 8,i have already said it4 #8,in my manse they bestow but one loaf4'0 8,go a-walking with your grand talk6 ,i'd like to know what right you have to deny your sister1 even though her life has not been what it ought to be80 ,lucas had turned pale1 and his beard trembled with repressed indignation4 8,uncle ,bartolo10 he replied1 affecting an air of indifference1 8the saying is1 #8,he that goes away is not counted4' ,let us drop this conversation40 8,i don't feel disposed to2 you may as well understand that4 ,and now1 let me tell you that this face of a judge1 though it may be the correct one to show to a sinner1 is not by any means the one to show to a penitent4 ,do you comprehend8 ,your poor little sister is penitent2 and you know that #8,he who sins and mends1 ,himself to ,god commends4'0 8,i have said that ,i had no sister40 8,don't be stubborn1 for ,god's sake6 ,look here now1 soul of an ape6 ,how can you say you have no sister1 if he has given you one8 ,lucas1 ,i have come1 and ,i shall not go away until you forgive ,lucia40 8,uncle ,bartolo1 don't pledge yourself to what you cannot accomplish40 8,you are your father's own son--the one and the other harder-headed than oxen4 ,juan ,garcia and ,lucas ,garcia3 there's a pair fit for a cart60 8,why fall upon me1 sir1 in such a shower of sarcasms8 ,is it necessary to give so many punches to say that the bull is coming80 8,because he comes with a purpose1 and1 #8when things come with a purpose1 more than the ass may fall to the ground4' ,i tell you only the pure truth1 and you1 with your devil's motto of #8few words and bad ones1' what you say has neither form nor sense6 ,but to come back to the subject1 for ,i don't let go the handle this way when ,i am defending the right4 ,as ,i was going to say1 your stubbornness is worse than your father's2 because it is not so bad to be determined upon marrying one's girl as to be determined not to forgive one's sister4 ,it's better to do more than your duty than to do less4 ,if your father lacked puncto1 you have half a share too much4 ,your mother committed your sister to you2 and you are disobeying the last will of her that bore you60 8,she committed my sister to me1 but not the kept miss of a villain40 8,you are soaring as the eagle1 which is a royal bird2 you pronounce your sentences like a judge of the ,audiencia1 and make yourself believe that you are wiser than the ,regency4 ,but you are greatly out of the way1 my son4 ,it ill becomes you to go before ,god in casting out your sister2 your own mother's daughter1 when her misfortune was partly your fault40 8,mine1 sir80 8,yes1 yours2 for you threw off the burden like an untamed colt2 cast behind you the trust you received from your mother1 and1 without #aih commending yourself either to ,god or the devil1 shouldered your gun and made off2 knowing that for six years1 walled up in a uniform1 you must lose sight of your charge2 knowing1 besides1 that you were leaving her in a house where wickedness was well established4 ,and so what happened1 happened4 ,the past is past1 and can't be mended now2 but after this1 do you think it is right1 ,christian1 that your sister should have no one to turn to when she leaves her sinful life80 8,she ought to have remembered in time that every uphill has its down40 8,but1 my son1 is not this to #8,see the ulcer1 see the woe3 ,shut the purse1 and naught bestow'8 ,this is to have bowels of a pagan toward a poor creature that they pushed and pushed--a child that did not know what they were doing40 8,uncle ,bartolo1 ignorance does not take away sin40 8,do you think1 if you had had your evil hour--suppose it for instance1 only--and had robbed or done something that had dishonored you1 and had gone to your sister1 that she would refuse to own you8 ,i'll be bound she wouldn't60 8,well1 ,i should have acted badly4 ,but the case is impossible1 for it would have been my care not to put myself in her way4 #8,he that touches his own with his leprosy1 gives it to them1 and does not cure himself4'0 8,lucas1 my son1 the sentence says1 #8,act with good intention1 and not with passion6'0 8,and the proverb says that #8blood boils without fire1' ,uncle ,bartolo40 8,lucas1 for the love of the ,blessed ,virgin6 ,how can he who shows no mercy hope for the mercy of ,god8 ,do a good deed1 and1 when you lie down1 though it be upon a mattress of rushes1 you will sleep without bad dreams1 and as sweetly as if it were a bed of feathers60 8,you are wasting words1 ,uncle ,bartolo4 ,even if ,i am condemned for it1 ,i will not hear that vile thing spoken of1 and so--stop60 8,go to1 then1 ,cain60 exclaimed the good old man as he rose to leave1 8and ,god set a mark on you as he did on the cruel brother that he cursed6 ,i'd rather have her1 with her sin and her repentance1 than you1 with your virtue and your pride40 ,to paint the grief of the wretched ,lucia when ,uncle ,bartolo informed her of the no-result of his mission1 would be impossible4 8,holy ,god60 she exclaimed between her sobs1 8only with thee shall ,i find mercy6 ,ah6 how ,i loved this brother in the days of my happy childhood1 when ,i was innocent1 and he was all my consolation6 ,then he could not do enough to please me1 and used to swear never to abandon me60 8,come1 come1 dry your tears1 my daughter10 said ,uncle ,bartolo4 8#8,the frightened partridge is the first to get skewered4' ,what do you want of an unnatural1 without bowels of compassion8 ,you have me1 and the roof of my house is not so small that it cannot shelter you4 ,what ,i have you shall share1 and you can help my poor ,josefa4 ,she has become a potsherd1 and don't get much rest1 for #8woman's work is done and to be done again4'0 ,when the other inmates of the house slept1 ,lucia kept lonely vigil1 and wept the things that had formerly made her happiness--her poverty1 her innocence1 and her brother's affection4 ,wandering in the vast field of her recollections1 she found both affliction and consolation in recalling all the particulars of her simple life2 every proof of #aii tenderness that she had received from her brother2 every hope1 withered or dead4 ,with the deepening silence and shadows of the night1 her anguish increased4 8,what shall ,i do8 ,what shall ,i do80 she cried1 wringing her hands4 8,i cannot be a burden to this good old man6 ,i cannot stay in this neighborhood1 for my own brother's rejection of me will encourage others to outrage me6 ,what shall ,i do8 ,i must beg if ,i cannot find work6 ,where shall ,i go8 ,wherever ,god may lead me60 ,without waiting for daylight1 and silently1 in order that her departure might not be perceived by her protector1 ,lucia opened the door1 and stepped into the street4 ,but she could not leave1 for ever1 a place so dear to her1 without lingering for a moment before the adjacent house4 ,it was the one in which her mother died2 its roof had sheltered her tranquil infancy3 in it she was leaving the brother that she still loved1 in spite of her guilt and his inhumanity4 ,lucas was not asleep4 ,exasperation1 a disquieted conscience1 and heavy heart had driven repose from him4 ,all at once1 he was startled by the tones of a sweet and tremulous voice near to the street door1 singing the romance that he had taught his sister when she was a child4 ,he sprang from the bed1 moved by an irresistible impulse1 but instantly covered his ears with his hands as if to shut out the sound4 ,the voice sang3 8,praying in ,god's name1 sister1 ,and for his sweet mother's sake1 ,give my little children bread1 ,and his word in payment take40 ,struggling with mingled emotions of rage and grief1 ,lucas seated himself upon his couch1 and beat upon the ground with his feet4 ,the voice1 becoming all the while more low and quivering1 proceeded3 8,he takes a loaf1 and breaks it1 ,but throws it down again1 ,for blood run out of the bread40 ,the brother's heart was choking him1 yet1 still resisting1 he covered his now tear-stained face with both hands4 ,but when the voice1 broken by sobs1 continued1 8,and she that1 without pity1 ,to a sister refuses bread1 ,to ,god's ,mother doth refuse it0-- he rushed to the door1 and1 dashing it open1 ran out2 and ,lucia1 with a cry of joy1 threw herself into his extended arms4 ,the next day1 ,uncle ,bartolo remarked to his wife3 8,when the devil enters into one1 he locks all the doors behind him4 ,but until the last hour1 his divine ,majesty keeps a postern open in the sinner's heart40 #ef ,name given to the subsidy formerly levied by the ,king of ,spain for carrying on wars against the infidels4 #eg ,on the wane4 #eh ,faded fashions4 #ei ,in faith4 #fj 8,will you please not interrupt me80 #fa ,once for all4 #fb ,what for1 my dear8 #fc ,i know how to behave4 #fd ,don ,john made of ,money4 #fe 8,the aspect of the old is full of majesty3 ,their words are laden with the secrets of existence40 #ff ,an old soldier of the olden time4 #fg 8,hush1 ,i beg of you40 ---------- ,,the ,,liquefaction ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,of ,,st4 ,,januarius4 #bjj ,,no4 ,,iii4 ,but this is far from being the general rule4 ,in #aedc1 the diary mentions the presence of ,muleasses1 ,bey of ,tunis1 a ,mohammedan1 and records his expression of astonishment at what he beheld4 ,on several other occasions1 ,mohammedans were witnesses of it2 some became ,christians4 ,protestant travellers from ,england1 ,denmark1 ,sweden1 and ,germany have written accounts of what they themselves saw4 ,on four of the six occasions when the writer of these lines was present1 he can bear personal testimony to the presence of ,protestants4 ,it is narrated that the liquid blood has been known to solidify instantly1 whenever the reliquary passed into the hands of a particular canon1 in his turn of office1 to be presented by him to the people1 or when certain persons approached to venerate and kiss it1 and would as quickly liquefy again when they withdrew4 ,a notorious case is mentioned by the ,bollandists1 and by other authorities1 of a prince1 whose name1 for family reasons1 was not given--for the matter was published in his lifetime4 ,at his approach the liquid blood used to become solid4 ,his personal character left no doubt on the minds of the ,neapolitans why this happened4 ,we have already spoken of the notable differences of color1 on various days1 or parts of the same day4 ,the diary registers them as bright1 beautiful1 vermilion1 rubicund1 or as dense or dark1 or blackish1 or ash-colored1 or1 again1 pale or yellowish4 ,sometimes the whole mass was of one uniform tint4 ,sometimes there were several tints in different parts1 as in #agdh1 when1 as we saw1 one portion was blackish and the other ash-colored1 the vial being then full1 and the blood liquid1 as afterwards appeared4 ,again1 the liquid blood is sometimes quite quiescent1 yielding1 indeed1 to every movement of the ampulla1 as water would1 but when the ampulla is at rest on its stand1 remaining in it as tranquil as water1 with a level and smooth surface1 and without the least indication of internal movement4 ,yet often it gives forth a froth or foam1 which covers a part or all of the surface1 which stains the glass dark or vermilion1 and the remains or traces of which may be noticed on the mass when indurated afterwards2 that is1 if this foaming has continued until a solidification on the altar1 or until the reliquary is locked up in the evening4 ,very often this foaming will cease after lasting half-an-hour or an hour4 ,its ending and disappearance is as fitful as its beginning4 ,sometimes the motion is greater1 and of a different character--an ebullition or boiling1 as the ,italians call it4 ,portions of the liquid blood are thrown up a quarter of an inch1 or more4 ,sometimes this bubbling has been very violent1 some of the liquid being thrown up into the neck of the ampulla to the very top4 ,on ,december #af1 #agag1 it is recorded that1 before the liquefaction took place1 and while the blood was still hard and solid1 8an exhalation was seen to rise from the hard mass1 like to a little cloud1 #bja and to ascend to the top of the neck40 ,on #bdth ,september1 #agbe1 8the blood was taken out hard1 and immediately liquefied2 and three or four times1 of itself1 it moved round in a circle within the ampulla1 although the ampulla was then in its place on the altar1 and motionless40 ,it is needless to cite any more of the thousand-and-one items of such character scattered through the diary4 ,they all show the sincerity and good faith of the writers1 and the care with which the minutest facts were observed1 and accurately recorded on the day of their occurrence4 ,next to the occurrence of the liquefaction1 the most important fact1 in our judgment1 is the frequent change of volume which the mass undergoes while liquid4 ,we say while liquid1 for we do not discover1 either in the diary or in our researches elsewhere1 any indication of such a change taking place while the blood is in its solid condition4 ,but1 while liquid1 such changes are so frequent and so great that the diary1 as we saw1 noticed their absence or quasi-absence1 during one octave1 as something remarkable4 ,the blood is said to be at its ordinary or normal level when it fills about four-fifths of the space in the ampulla1 or vial4 ,it has been known to sink below this1 but very rarely4 ,ordinarily it is oscillating in volume1 sometimes reaching the neck1 or entering it so high as to leave only a thread of light1 or even filling the neck up to where it enters the mass of soldering4 ,the extreme distance between the two levels is about an inch and a half1 and the volume must increase over twenty per cent4 in order to rise from the ordinary level so as to fill completely the ampulla4 ,the days are comparatively rare when some change of volume is not seen1 either by increase or by decrease4 ,the change is generally gradual1 yet such as may be watched and followed4 ,sometimes1 however1 it is quite rapid in the ascent or the descent1 or in its alternations of rising and falling2 sometimes almost instantaneous--in un colpo1 in un tratto4 ,these ordinary oscillations or changes of volume1 which occur at any time1 may be looked on as the usual and minor form of one general and striking trait or mode of action4 ,when the increase is carried to its utmost extent1 the vial is seen to be completely filled2 and this fulness1 in turn1 presents many variations to be studied4 ,we may divide them into two classes4 ,the first embraces all those cases in which the fulness terminates1 and the blood commences to diminish in volume1 at any time before the close of the octave2 we may call these completed periods4 ,the second embraces all those in which the fulness continues to the end1 so that1 on the last day of the octave1 the blood is replaced in its closet still completely filling the ampulla2 these we call incomplete periods4 ,to the prior class belong1 first1 all those many instances in which the blood swelled up and filled the ampulla and commenced to sink again in volume on the same day1 whether after a few moments or after several hours of fulness4 ,again1 the diary records three cases in which it so rose one day and sank the next2 four cases in which it rose one day and sank the second day after1 keeping the ampulla completely full for the entire intermediate day2 six cases in which there were two such intermediate days2 two with three1 and four with four such intermediate days of complete fulness4 ,we have thus nineteen cases recorded in the diary1 to which we should add1 #bjb perhaps1 an equal number for the first category4 ,a complete period1 so to call it1 of the fulness may vary1 therefore1 from a few moments to five consecutive days4 ,the second class comprises ninety-four instances of fulness opened and not completed during the octave4 ,the varieties in these are even greater than in the former class4 ,in nineteen cases the fulness1 or1 at least1 its last phase1 commenced on the closing day2 in five cases1 on the day before2 in nine1 on the third last day2 in eleven1 on the fourth2 and in twenty-two on the fifth day1 counting from the closing of the octave2 in twenty-six cases1 the fulness began on the sixth day2 and in two cases1 as far back as the seventh day1 counting from the close of the octave4 ,we have here twenty-eight of these incomplete periods1 longer than the longest of the closed or complete periods1 just mentioned1 still further complicating any question as to the lengths of these periods of fulness4 ,whenever1 during an octave1 the ampulla is locked up at night full1 it will be found full the next morning4 ,when it is locked up at the close of an octave in that state1 it will be found in the same at the first opening of the next celebration1 months afterwards4 ,we said that the mass changed its volume only when in a fluid condition4 ,we may now venture to add that such changes take place only in public1 and never while the blood is closed up in the closet1 or armoire4 ,in examining the diary very carefully1 we find that1 in the vast majority of cases1 the level of the mass as stated when taken out--whether it be at the ordinary level1 or somewhat elevated1 or very high1 or full--perfectly agrees with the level at which it was stated to stand when last put up1 whether the day before or at the close of the preceding octave4 ,in a number of cases1 indeed1 the diary is silent or obscure on the point2 but its language often seems to imply this fact1 or to take it for granted4 ,nowhere does it state the reverse in general terms2 and we cannot find a single instance recorded which establishes the contrary4 ,the blood is always found at the level at which it stood when last put up4 ,these ninety-four unclosed periods were1 therefore1 prolonged to the next festival1 when the ampulla was taken out still full4 ,some of these periods had just commenced on the last day2 others had lasted six full days after the day of their commencement4 ,is there any marked difference in their closing8 ,not in the day2 for they all1 with three exceptions1 closed on the first day of the incoming octave1 if they had run over to ,may or ,september1 or on ,december #af1 if that was the next exposition4 ,in regard to time1 there is no rule4 ,the most numerous class1 containing twenty-six instances1 varied from immediately to nine hours and a half2 nine times the liquefaction occurred in less than one hour1 and nine times it delayed more than three hours--the other eight times it lay between the two4 ,the twenty-two cases of the next highest class present the same diversities of time1 from immediately to nine hours and a half4 ,nine instances were under an hour1 eight were over three hours1 the remaining five lay between the two divisions4 ,the more those periods of fulness are examined1 the more clearly does it appear that they follow no system1 and can be classified or accounted for by no law4 ,we see the mass swelling and increasing its volume and filling the ampulla1 and continuing to fill it for some #bjc moments1 or hours1 or days4 ,we can note the facts2 but why this increase8 why does it rise so high8 why to-day1 and not yesterday1 or to-morrow8 why so long1 or not longer8 ,physical science is as utterly unable to answer these questions as it is to assign a cause for the liquefaction itself1 or for the various and varying phases of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,as was stated in our preceding article1 the ,neapolitans hold that the proximity of the relics of the head and the reliquary with the vials of the blood to each other1 is ordinarily the sufficient and determining cause of the liquefaction4 ,their whole ritual of the expositions is based upon this principle4 ,the separation of the relics1 or their quasi-separation1 by a veil thrown over the reliquary of the blood1 is ordinarily sufficient to terminate the liquefaction and to indurate the blood anew4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the diary records a number of instances in which the blood1 having been found hard1 liquefied at once1 even before the reliquary was placed near the bust4 ,several times1 too1 it has liquefied in the streets1 while carried aloft in the afternoon procession of the vigil in ,may towards ,santa ,chiara or a seggia1 although the bust had already been carried thither in the forenoon4 ,so1 too1 a liquefaction1 partially commenced in the ,tesoro chapel or in the cathedral1 has often continued or been completed during the outdoor procession through the streets1 on the festival of the patronage1 in ,december4 ,another cause or condition1 perhaps as important as the proximity of the relics1 is1 in our judgment1 the strong faith and the earnest devotion of the attendants--a faith and devotion in which the ,neapolitans1 clergy and people1 are not surpassed4 ,it was1 perhaps1 for this reason1 that in the extraordinary expositions of which we have spoken1 the liquefaction so often occurred quickly1 and1 as the ,neapolitans would say1 ,il miracolo era bellissimo4 ,the devout strangers to whom the favor was granted brought to it faith and piety4 ,on the few occasions when it was tardy--on none did it entirely fail--there may have been too strong an ingredient of mere profane curiosity4 ,kings1 and princes1 and nobles of high worldly standing have often visited ,naples1 and sometimes sought and obtained this favor of an extraordinary exposition of the relics in their presences1 that1 apart and with less danger of any intrusion on their personal dignity or comfort1 and in the company of their chosen attendants only1 they might have an opportunity of witnessing the miracle at their ease4 ,this was the length of their privilege4 ,as for the liquefaction itself1 they had to wait as others waited1 and1 perhaps1 because they did not pray as others prayed1 they were sometimes disappointed4 ,in #agjb1 ,philip ,v41 ,king of ,spain1 to whom ,naples was then subject1 visited the city1 reaching it on the afternoon of ,easter ,sunday4 ,on ,easter ,tuesday1 ,april #ah1 he was present at a ,pontifical ,high ,mass celebrated in the cathedral4 ,after that long ceremony1 his majesty passed into the ,tesoro chapel1 where there was to be a special exposition of the relics1 that he might venerate them and might witness the liquefaction4 8,the blood was brought out hard2 four ,masses were celebrated in succession 7about two hours72 but the saint was not pleased to work it4 ,the king departed1 and the ,masses continued4 ,at the sixth ,mass1 and as the king had entered his carriage at the cathedral door1 the blood liquefied4 ,the king returned at #bb o'clock1 and kissed the relics in the hands of his eminence in the ,tesoro40 #bjd ,however1 the diary mentions that he did witness the liquefaction itself at the next regular day in ,may1 with all the people4 ,other instances are given in which viceroys and nobles and princes waited until they were tired out4 ,soon after their departure1 when the faithful and fervent people might freely crowd the chapel and pray1 the liquefaction would occur4 ,it is impossible to exaggerate the firmness of their faith or the depth and tenacity of the affection of the ,neapolitans for this their miracle4 ,whatever else happens to their fair city1 nothing must interfere with their devotion to ,st4 ,januarius and the proper celebration of these festivals--neither wars nor pestilence1 nor eruptions nor earthquakes1 nor change of rulers4 ,once a battle raging in the streets prevented an outdoor procession4 ,but1 within the cathedral1 there was a procession through the aisles and nave1 and all things else went on as usual4 ,oddly enough1 the greatest disturber1 to judge by the simple-minded writers of the diary1 has been--rain4 ,not that the weather has any direct influence on the liquefaction or its circumstances4 ,quite the contrary4 ,the blood liquefies all the same1 and with as many attendant variations1 whether the day be fair or rainy1 whether the season be so dry that the farmers are complaining of drought1 and prayers have been ordered for rain1 or whether it has been raining incessantly for weeks and months1 to the injury of the crops1 and in the churches they are praying for fair weather2 in summer1 when the sun is pouring down his almost tropical beams2 and in winter1 when the procession is confined to the cathedral because it is too cold to go out into the streets1 or because the ground is covered with snow4 ,these meteorological changes have no apparent influence on the liquefaction or its characteristic circumstances4 ,but at ,naples they sometimes have terrible deluges of rain--steady downpourings such as one may witness only within or close to the tropics4 ,sometimes these have come on just at the hour to interfere with the grand afternoon procession of the vigil in ,may1 forbidding it1 or ludicrously disarranging it1 and forcing monks1 friars1 priests1 seminarians1 canons1 and people alike to break the ranks and seek immediate shelter in the neighboring shops and houses4 ,however1 come what might1 at the worst1 his eminence1 or the highest ecclesiastical dignitary present1 with a few attendants of waterproof hearts1 would carry the relic1 in a sedan chair or a carriage1 it might be1 to the appointed place4 ,is it not all punctually set down in the diary2 at what corner1 or in what street1 the procession was broken up1 and who then carried the relic on1 and whether still on foot or in a carriage1 and how many courageously accompanied him8 ,we may be sure that on arriving at their destination they never failed to find the church1 despite the rain1 and despite the absence of fashionable ones1 filled by devout souls1 who loved their saint more than they feared even such weather4 ,passages in the extracts we have made from the diary1 and many other passages we might quote1 indicate the feelings of alarm which fill the hearts of the ,neapolitans when the liquefaction fails to occur1 or is attended by circumstances which they traditionally dread4 ,st4 ,januarius is their patron saint4 ,this ever-recurring liquefaction is1 in their eyes1 a perpetual and miraculous sign or evidence of his care #bje and protection4 ,when it occurs regularly1 when the liquefaction is complete and the color of the liquid blood a bright vermilion1 and when there are no sudden disturbances and only slight variations of level1 the ,neapolitans are happy4 8,it is a blessed octave40 ,they think they have evidence that all will go well with them4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the hard mass does not liquefy at all1 or if the liquid blood appear turbid1 dark or ash-colored1 or if it rises and falls rapidly1 or if it presents other unusual and sinister appearances1 their hearts sink1 and they are filled with alarm and anxiety4 ,they fear that this is an indication of the displeasure of heaven1 and that the chastisements they deserve for their sins may soon come on them4 ,we once heard a learned ,neapolitan enlarge on this theme1 and cite various instances in the history of his city in which he showed a remarkable coincidence1 at least1 between such facts of the liquefactions and the occurrence of wars1 pestilence1 famine1 and disastrous earthquakes1 or of other signal chastisements from heaven4 ,we were not sufficiently conversant with the history of ,naples either to controvert his statements or to allege other facts to the contrary4 ,it is a subject on which one might go astray1 almost as easily as if he undertook to interpret the ,apocalypse4 ,but our friend professed to have the history at his finger-ends1 and certainly was himself thoroughly convinced of the truth of his opinion4 ,travellers are accustomed to tell amusing stories of the impatience and irreverence of the ,neapolitans during the exposition1 whenever there is an unusual delay in the liquefaction4 ,they charge them with addressing the saint alternately in expressions of religious homage and of bitter reproach1 praying and beseeching him one moment and apostrophizing him the next in slang terms of vituperation4 ,such travellers1 we may be sure1 are either drawing on their own imagination or on the store of anecdotes they have heard from others4 ,they usually know little of ,italian1 and are utterly ignorant of the peculiar dialect of the ,neapolitan people--almost a language in itself4 ,the only possible excuse for making such a charge would be a stranger's misconception or misinterpretation of the demonstrative gestures they indulge in when deeply moved1 and his utter ignorance of the words they are uttering4 ,we opine1 however1 that the motive1 generally1 is a wish to parade droll and amusing statements1 even if they be neither witty nor true4 ,we have been assured by many respectable clergymen of ,naples1 who1 of course1 know their own people1 and often have to chide them1 that there is not a word of truth in this charge4 ,the clergy and the laity of ,naples1 of all classes1 learned and unlearned alike1 believe most steadfastly and earnestly in the miraculous character of the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,many strangers who have seen it and have examined it critically have come to the same conclusion4 ,although the church has not spoken authoritatively on the matter1 still the consensus of so many learned1 intelligent1 and pious persons who have so accepted it--the fact that during so many centuries it has stood the test of time1 and that science has not been able to explain it away or to reproduce it artificially--and the very character of the liquefaction itself1 with its attendant circumstances1 so clear1 so plain1 and so decisive--all leave no room for reasonable doubt4 ,to complete our statement1 we must1 perhaps1 go still further back1 #bjf and inquire how it has come about that a portion of the blood of a ,christian bishop1 beheaded in the year #cje1 under ,diocletian1 and in virtue of edicts by that emperor for the suppression of ,christianity1 should1 after the lapse of so many centuries1 be now found in a glass ampulla1 or vial1 at ,naples4 ,to some1 this primary fact may1 at first sight1 appear as strange and as extraordinary1 if not as unaccountable1 as the subsequent liquefaction itself4 ,to an ,italian ,catholic1 indeed1 a doubt on this head would scarcely present itself4 ,the usages and the thoughts of his ancestors in the faith have come down to him so naturally that they form1 as it were1 part of his being4 ,he thinks1 and feels1 and knows as his fathers did before him4 ,in such cradle-lands of ,christianity1 and among a people that has never swerved from the faith since the early ages of the church1 there is what we might term an inherited ,catholic instinct1 a readiness and a correctness of ,catholic thought in religious matters1 which those of other lands that received the light of ,christianity only at a later period1 and consequently have not such a bond of ancestral connection with the ,christians of the days of persecution1 can only reach by study and cultivated piety4 ,however1 even a moderate acquaintance with the usages and customs of those early ages will show in many instances that what some have considered peculiar national traits of perhaps later growth are in reality deeply rooted in the customs of those ancient times2 and that many a point1 often set down as a fond fancy or a singular product of superstition1 is firmly established as a truth1 by historical research into their records4 ,this is the case with the question before us4 ,as we study the daily life of those early ,christians1 passed under circumstances so very different from those of our modern life1 and strive to realize to ourselves their thoughts and aspirations1 their motives and modes of action1 nothing stands out in bolder relief than their exalted conception of the honor and glory of martyrdom4 ,in the exquisite pages of ,fabiola and of ,callista1 the learned ,cardinal ,wiseman and ,dr4 ,newman have made these early ,christians live again before us2 and we catch some insight into their enthusiasm on this subject4 ,to them1 a martyr1 dying for the faith of ,christ1 was--and truthfully--a hero of the highest grade4 ,greater love than this no man hath1 that a man lay down his life for his friends4 ,john xv4 #ac4 ,they could never sufficiently honor him4 ,for1 honor him as they might1 all they could do would fall infinitely short of the honor which ,god had already bestowed on his soul in heaven1 and that which he would bestow on his body in the resurrection4 ,a martyr's blood1 in their view1 stood next in rank to the blood of the ,saviour4 ,their daily life made martyrdom the prominent subject of their thoughts4 ,day after day1 they saw their brethren seized1 imprisoned1 tortured1 and put to death for the faith4 ,each day1 any one of themselves might be seized and led to martyrdom4 ,the greatest of all triumphs1 and the surest passport to everlasting bliss1 was to persevere unto the end in that conflict2 the greatest of all misfortunes was to fail and renounce or deny the faith for fear of death4 ,each one strove to hold himself ever ready for the trial4 ,their pastoral injunctions2 their mutual exhortations2 their most precious #bjg literature--the ,acta ,martyrum2 the ornamentation of their chapels and crypts1 still visible in the frescoes of the catacombs2 the site of their chosen sanctuaries1 amid the tombs of their martyred brethren2 the very altars at which they worshipped2 the tombs of their more glorious martyrs--everything co-operated to keep alive this high esteem of martyrdom1 and to stir up their hearts to courage1 and even to a yearning for so glorious a crown1 and so happy an ending of this life of trials and sorrow4 ,while a confessor of ,christ1 as they called him1 lay still in chains1 they used every means to enter the prison and to visit him--sometimes availing themselves of legal rights1 sometimes under various pretexts1 sometimes by bribery2 when these would all fail1 then by stealth and at every risk4 ,for he was to be strengthened by the sacraments and encouraged by their words1 or they were to be strengthened by his example2 and especially they would not lose the opportunity of commending themselves to his prayers1 and of seeking the blessing of a chosen friend of ,god4 ,when he was led forth to trial1 or to torture1 or to death1 they would glide in among the crowd pressing around him1 that he might be cheered and sustained by the sight of ,christian faces or by their outspoken exhortations1 and that they might catch and embalm in their hearts every courageous word of faith he spoke to his judges1 to the executioners1 and to themselves or to the crowd1 and afterward be able to bear testimony and to record the heroic triumph of another martyr4 ,after his death1 they spared no effort to obtain possession of his mortal remains1 as of a most precious treasure4 ,their very earnestness on this point was not unfrequently made an occasion of aggravating the sentence4 ,after execution1 so the judge would order1 the body must not be delivered to his friends1 according to ordinary usage4 ,these obstinate and fanatical ,christians must be thwarted in their dearest wish1 or1 rather1 in their criminal purpose1 of honoring one whom the laws had sentenced to an ignominious death4 ,let the body be burned1 and the ashes be cast to the winds or to the running streams2 or let the vultures and ravenous dogs consume it2 or let it be sunk by weights in deep waters2 let it be done away with in some manner1 so that the hated ,christians be balked of their purpose4 ,at times this was successfully done4 ,often1 however--even despite these orders--entreaties and bribes to the soldiers and executioners would prevail to obtain the body1 or at least the fragments of it4 ,if they failed1 stratagems would be used1 and persevering search made1 even at great personal risk1 to recover it4 ,very often1 as the martyrologies and ,acta ,martyrum tell us1 it was in such attempts that the ,christians were discovered1 apprehended1 and themselves condemned as fresh victims4 ,when the execution was by beheading or dismemberment1 or such other mode as caused the effusion of blood1 the ,christians were careful to gather this up in any way they could4 ,not unfrequently it was all they could recover4 ,cloths and sponges sucked it up from the hard pavement of wood or stones4 ,the earth saturated with it was carefully gathered up and borne away1 that at home and at leisure they might carefully separate the blood from the earthy matter1 and place it reverently in some vase1 ordinarily of glass1 sometimes of earthen ware1 and in a few instances of bronze4 ,sometimes a portion of sponge or of cloth #bjh so saturated would be kept as a precious jewel in a locket of silver or gold1 and be preserved in the oratory or chapel of a ,christian household1 or even be reverently borne on the person4 ,ordinarily1 however1 the vials or vases into which the martyrs' blood had been gathered1 or the open vases containing the saturated sponge or the bundle of blood-stained cloths1 would be placed with the body in the tomb2 or the vials might be built into the masonry of the tomb1 near the head1 in such a way as to be partially visible from without4 ,the ,acta ,martyrum--the official records of the sufferings1 death1 and deposition or burial of the martyrs1 written out at the time by appointed officers of the church--bear frequent testimony to the widespread existence of this custom4 ,other ,christian writings1 in prose and in poetry1 refer to it frequently4 ,we find it prevailing at ,rome and in all ,italy1 in ,carthage1 in ,sebaste1 in ,nicomedia1 in ,gaul1 and throughout the church4 ,it was the universal custom4 ,about the time when the body of ,st4 ,januarius was transported from the original tomb where it had been laid during the persecution1 to the church of ,st4 ,januarius1 extra muros1 at ,naples1 similar translations of the bodies of martyrs took place elsewhere4 ,st4 ,ambrose1 the great ,bishop of ,milan1 gives an account of such a ceremony for the martyrs ,st4 ,gervase and ,st4 ,protasius1 and again for the martyrs ,st4 ,vitalis and ,st4 ,agricola4 ,he mentions finding in the tombs1 in both cases1 the blood of the martyrs which had been gathered and placed there4 ,st4 ,gaudentius1 ,bishop of ,brixia1 about the same time1 mentions a similar fact4 ,some centuries later1 the northern barbarians were making raids into ,italy1 and had repeatedly broken into and desecrated the sepulchres in the catacombs1 either in mere wantonness or in search for the treasures which they thought might be hidden there4 ,in order to save the venerated relics of the martyrs from such outrages1 the popes opened the tombs of the martyrs in the portions of the catacombs then accessible--a great portion being already closed up1 either by the falling in of the roof or by the act of the ,christians centuries before--and transferred the remains to the churches within the city for greater safety4 ,in opening the tombs1 these vases were often found1 and hundreds of them are now in the churches or in the sacred museums of ,rome4 ,three centuries ago1 ,bosio1 and after him ,aringhi1 ,boldetti1 ,mamachi1 and others1 penetrated into the catacombs1 searched them anew1 and came upon some of those portions which had not been disturbed at the time of the general removal4 ,in such portions not a few unopened and undisturbed tombs of martyrs were found4 ,within lay the remains of the body--bones and dust--with sometimes the rusted fragments of the instrument of death1 and frequently the vial1 or ampulla1 of the martyr's blood4 ,during the last forty years1 the work of investigating the catacombs1 which had been intermitted1 has been taken up afresh and prosecuted with earnestness and skill by ,f4 ,marchi1 ,cav4 de ,rossi1 and other eminent archologists4 ,they still come occasionally across the tombs of martyrs1 evidently untouched since the day of deposition1 and within them1 or in the mortar by the head1 the vases of blood are still found4 ,where these vials are so placed in the mortar as to be visible and accessible from without1 the thin glass has generally been broken4 ,but the bottom still remains firmly set in the mortar1 and contains #bji or is covered to some extent by a thin1 dry1 reddish crust adhering to it4 ,this crust or film is all that is left of the blood the vase originally contained4 ,vials1 or ampull1 in the interior of the tombs are of course perfectly preserved4 ,it is indeed interesting to look on one of them1 and to mark exactly the line to which the liquid blood once reached1 and the purple hue of the sediment or crust now left1 with its brighter or darker shades of color1 perhaps from the character of the blood1 more probably from the thickness or thinness of the crust itself4 ,under all the accumulated evidence1 one scarcely needs to read the rude inscription found and still legible1 although only scratched in the mortar when it was soft3 ,,sanguis1 or ,,sang3 ,,saturnini1 ,the blood of ,saturninus4 ,we know that this is blood which once flowed from a martyr's veins1 in testimony of his faith in ,christ our ,lord4 ,in the #agth century1 when ,bosio1 ,boldetti1 and others brought out such vases from the catacombs1 and special attention was directed to them1 the nature of this dry reddish crust adhering to the interior was examined chemically4 ,there was no discordance in the results obtained4 ,among those who made such an examination was the celebrated ,leibnitz1 a ,protestant1 among the ablest and most learned men of that age4 ,he gives an account of his process1 and the decision at which he arrived3 ,this coloring matter on the glass is sanguineous4 ,some years ago1 the present ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 had a new analysis made according to the fullest and most accurate tests of modern chemistry4 ,the answer was still the same3 ,this substance is1 so far as chemistry can decide1 precisely what ought to remain as the residuum of human blood4 ,it is clear that1 both as to the custom of the early ,christians of carefully gathering up the blood of their martyrs1 of placing it in ampull1 or vases1 and religiously preserving it1 and likewise as to the identification of the ampull themselves1 the testimony is all that can be desired4 ,bosio1 ,aringhi1 ,boldetti1 ,mamachi1 ,gaume1 ,marchi1 ,raoul-,rochette1 ,de ,rossi1 ,perret--all who have studied the question1 are unanimous in recognizing these numerous old ,roman vials1 or ampull1 still found in the catacombs and tombs or preserved in the churches1 as the identical vials1 or ampull1 so used by the ancient ,christians4 ,on this point1 there remains not the slightest room for doubt4 ,it is therefore but reasonable that there should exist in ,naples a vial1 or ampulla1 of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,he was in his day a distinguished bishop of the church4 ,his martyrdom was public1 and attracted the attention of the ,christians4 ,it was by beheading4 ,there was no conceivable reason why the ,christians should omit in that instance what they were universally so careful to do in such cases4 ,on the contrary1 to judge from the ancient accounts we have of the martyrdom of ,st4 ,januarius and his six companions1 the ,christians found no extraordinary difficulty in obtaining the bodies1 and entombing them in their usual mode4 ,when1 eighty or ninety years later1 the church had been firmly established in peace1 the body of ,st4 ,januarius was taken from the original tomb and brought to ,naples1 as the bodies of the others were taken to the various churches which claimed them4 ,the very presence1 therefore1 of an ampulla in the custody of the church of ,naples1 together with the other relics of ,st4 ,januarius1 is #baj under the circumstances prima facie evidence of its own authenticity--evidence which cannot be impugned1 except by attempting to overturn a well-known and universally admitted usage of the early ,christian church1 or else by a supposition1 equally gratuitous and absurd1 that the ampulla which originally was in existence1 and was prized beyond measure and carefully preserved1 was somehow lost1 and another fraudulently substituted in its stead4 ,we need not recur to the olden traditions of the church of ,naples or its legends concerning this relic--traditions and legends found1 too1 we believe1 among the ,greeks1 whose intercourse with ,magna ,grecia1 as ,southern ,italy was called1 was more intimate and continued longer than with any other portion of ,italy4 ,we scarcely need the testimony of ,fabius ,jordanus1 quoted by ,caraccioli1 going to show that1 so far back as ,a4,d4 #fhe1 it was the custom of the clergy of ,naples to bear the relics of the head4 ,the historical evidence in favor of the genuineness of the relic is ample and satisfactory4 ,there would not be a moment's hesitation on the point but for the very vain hope which some minds may entertain that1 by declining to admit the genuineness of the blood1 they will somehow escape the difficulties of the liquefaction4 ,as if the liquefaction of any other substance1 with all the circumstances which characterize the liquefaction at ,naples1 as we have set them forth in our previous articles1 would not be for them as hard if not a harder nut to crack than the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius6 ,having1 therefore1 established the genuineness of the relic1 the next question which presents itself is this3 ,are we to attribute the amount of the blood still to be seen within the ampulla when at its ordinary level1 and its condition when hard1 to the continuous action of natural causes2 or are we to recognize in those points the effects of that supernatural force to which the liquefaction itself is to be attributed8 ,would or would not the agency of natural causes have resulted in a greater reduction of the original volume of the blood1 and in a far different condition of the residuum1 at the present time8 ,we know pretty accurately the composition of human blood4 ,the proportions of the several ingredients going to constitute it may vary somewhat according to the health and the food of individuals4 ,without entering into the refined1 and as yet not fully accepted results of the latest qualitative analysis1 it will be sufficient to give the following table of the constituents of the healthy blood of man3 ,water1 #gijcg ,albumen1 #fghj ,oxygen1 ,nitrogen1 serum1 ,carbonic acid1 #hfiae ,extractive matters1 #ajih ,salts1 ,coloring matter1 ,fibrine1 #bie ,hmatine1 #bbg ,globuline1 #abefc clot1 ------ #acjhe ,blood globules1 #abgij -------- -------- #a1jjjjj #a1jjjjj ,water constitutes nearly four-fifths of the entire quantity4 ,if it be driven off by evaporation1 only a dry mass would remain behind4 ,when blood issues from the veins1 it first passes through the process of coagulation1 the successive steps of which have been carefully examined4 ,perfectly liquid as it comes out1 the blood soon thickens1 through the action of the fibrine it contains1 into a firm1 elastic1 uniform1 jelly-like mass4 ,soon drops of clear1 amber-colored fluid begin to exude from the mass of jelly1 and accumulate until the whole #baa mass is divided into two parts--the serum1 a transparent1 nearly colorless fluid1 in which there floats the clot1 or crassamentum1 a firm1 red and opaque mass4 ,in time1 the clot is further divided4 ,the fibrine is seen at top1 forming a layer of considerable consistence1 soft1 elastic1 tenacious1 and of a yellowish white color2 the under portion1 consisting of the heavier parts of the clot which have gradually settled down to that position1 is a red mass1 made up chiefly of the blood globules4 ,further exposure would by degrees eliminate the aqueous portion by evaporation1 and the progress of decomposition would tend to free the gases in the other constituents1 and thus still further to diminish the mass4 ,but no experiments1 instituted by physicists1 can compare1 in time at least1 with the instances presented to us in the vases of the catacombs4 ,there1 traces on the glass still show clearly to what level the blood1 or at least the clot1 originally reached2 and we see what has remained after a lapse of sixteen hundred years--a crust of dry reddish powder adhering to and coating the sides and bottom of the vessel4 ,boldetti1 however1 mentions three instances in which such ampull were found in the catacombs containing a residuum of the blood still thick and slightly liquid4 ,and1 if we are not mistaken1 something similar may be seen in some other vials preserved here and there1 and held to contain a portion of the blood of certain martyrs4 ,the early ,christians of ,italy gave up the old ,roman custom of incremation1 or burning the bodies of the dead1 and adopted instead the ,eastern rite of sepulture4 ,in some instances1 at least1 they seem to have used spices and ointments1 as the ,jews and ,eastern nations generally did2 and some of them might even have had a knowledge of the antiseptic preparations used by the ,egyptians4 ,they never prepared the dead as mummies1 but they may at times have put some antiseptic ingredient into the blood1 tending by its chemical action somehow to retard the escape of the water and the decomposition of the mass4 ,if this were really done or not1 we believe modern science cannot decide2 and the historical evidence is not clear4 ,something may be due1 also1 to the mode in which they would sometimes close a narrow-necked vessel of glass4 ,when it had received its contents1 the glass of the neck would be heated1 probably by the flame of a blowpipe1 until it became soft and pliable4 ,the sides would then be pressed together until they coalesced and became united1 thus obliterating the orifice2 or else molten glass would be carefully dropped on the lips of the mouth1 until the whole was entirely coated over and perfectly closed4 ,when either was followed and the work was done perfectly1 the ampulla would be1 in fact1 hermetically sealed4 ,the air would thus be excluded1 and evaporation nearly arrested4 ,placed in a loculus or grave in the dry earth of the catacombs1 twenty-five or thirty-five feet beneath the surface of the earth1 the ampulla would also be subjected to an ever-equable temperature of about #eh ,fahr4 ,under such circumstances1 especially if we admit the presence of some antiseptic ingredient1 it may be possible that decomposition would be very slow4 ,but1 after all1 the glass sides of these ampull are thin1 and glass is porous1 and sixteen centuries is a very long time4 ,even were the sides far thicker than they are1 evaporation would have slowly taken place1 the gaseous products of decomposition would have gradually passed through into the outer #bab atmosphere1 and only the dry solid residuum would be left1 as we ordinarily find it in the ampull from the catacombs4 ,the case of the ampulla containing the blood of ,st4 ,januarius is not open to these doubts4 ,we are not able to say1 indeed1 whether it was actually closed in either of the modes we have indicated4 ,as it stands in the present reliquary1 of which we have given an account1 the mouth enters so deeply into the upper mass of soldering within the case that the eye cannot discover the manner of closure4 ,before it was placed in this reliquary1 five hundred and seventy or seven hundred and thirty years ago1 this could probably have been seen2 but we have found no record throwing light on the subject4 ,we presume it was done in one or the other of the modes we have described4 ,it is certainly so tightly closed that not a drop of the liquid blood within has ever been known to ooze out4 ,but this ampulla has not been lying in the low and equable temperature of an underground vault of the catacombs4 ,it has been preserved in the upper and variable atmosphere of a city1 subject for many centuries to the excessive heats of almost tropical summers1 and to the cold winds that blow down at times from mountains covered with snow4 ,by no law of physics could a mass of blood so situated escape the natural consequence--a vast diminution of bulk by the loss of water and the escape of gases4 ,the film that coats the interior of the smaller ampulla seen in the same case or reliquary1 so like the film seen in the whole and in the broken ampull of the catacombs and churches generally1 shows1 we think1 what would have been the natural course4 ,that the larger ampulla should1 on the contrary1 have lost nothing in the volume of its contents--that it should still be four-fifths filled1 although for centuries exposed1 as we have said1 to heat and cold--that this general permanence of bulk and of character should be maintained1 although eighteen or twenty times a year the mass alternates from a solid to a fluid condition1 and passes through many subordinate changes of color and volume--these facts seem to us not only utterly inexplicable1 but directly contrary to all we know of physical laws4 ,we place them along side the grand fact of the liquefaction itself1 as being in some measure its characteristic concomitants4 ,still1 should any one deem these questions too obscure to be peremptorily decided1 we shall not now discuss them4 ,we are quite willing to let them stand or fall with the more prominent and important and more tangible question of the liquefaction itself4 ,of that we shall now proceed to treat4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- ,,the ,,wayside ,,spring4 #bac ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,alphonse ,,de ,,lamartine4 ,as here is quaffed a sweet forgetfulness ,of the long journey yet to go1 ,so unto all who through life's pathways press1 ,lord1 from thy rock let waters flow6 ,let thy sweet grace refreshment be6 ,on earth we wander wearily1 ,and in a thirst that will not cease4 ,oh6 let each dry and dusty lip ,from thy deep hidden fountain sip ,sweet draughts of love and peace4 ,ah6 every soul drinks its own cup of bliss4 ,some the delights of glory bless2 ,one finds it in a little daughter's kiss1 ,another in a wife's caress4 ,the secret friendships of the heart1 ,the rapture of creative art1 ,each hive its own sweet honey stores2 ,to every lip let torrents burst ,from life's great fount2 but ,i--,i thirst ,for the eternal shores4 ,earth's dreams are but a bitterness to those ,whose yearnings are for love divine4 ,no rivulet sparkles here1 no runlet flows1 ,to satisfy this thirst of mine4 ,what shall assuage it8 ,the desire ,that heavenward ever doth aspire1 ,and sigheth ceaselessly2 ,the sweetness that in suffering lies1 ,and tear-drops showering from my eyes1 ,are hope's one draught for me4 ---------- ,,valentine4 #bad ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,du ,,monde ,,catholique4 ,i4 8,frankly1 my dear friend1 tell me1 is she not charming8 ,does she not lend a certain grace to her white dress1 and a brilliancy to her blue ribbons8 ,is she not the prettiest flower in my garden80 8,and my ,alfred1 dear ,madame de ,guers1 does he not look well by her side8 ,are there many young men in our village who appear to such advantage near this fair and graceful darling1 now in the flower of her youth80 8,what you say is true1 my friend4 ,we have both of us1 thank ,god1 fine children--noble1 virtuous1 and good2 and ,i hope they will be happy40 8,they will make a very handsome couple1 at all events10 concluded ,m4 ,maubars1 rubbing his hands and smiling contentedly4 ,thus spoke two old friends1 as they sat quietly1 one summer evening1 in the shadow of the hop-vines of a pretty green arbor1 and talked away in this simple1 lively1 and joyous manner1 while they observed their children as they appeared here and there in the garden-walks4 ,when people have passed fifty1 and known each other since they went to the same school in childhood1 and during the long succeeding years have resided pretty much in the same place1 they are very apt1 when talking together1 to speak openly from their hearts1 especially if those hearts are filled to the brim and running over with justifiable paternal pride and motherly tenderness4 ,and it was true that the dear ,alfred1 the only and cherished son of ,m4 ,maubars1 was handsome1 honest1 active1 and gifted1 and1 thanks to the fortune which he would inherit1 would one day take his place among the most respectable citizens of the province4 ,as to ,madame de ,guers1 this fair and worthy old lady1 with white hair1 in whom all the select souls of the little town saluted and recognized a sister1 all the poor a benefactress1 and all the afflicted a friend1 she had never been a mother4 ,she had married late1 less from inclination than duty1 to obey a vow of her parents and fulfil a family project2 she had cared for1 with an admirable devotion1 and supported with a no less admirable equality of temper1 the precocious infirmities and frequent brusqueries of ,m4 de ,guers1 who1 as former captain of a vessel1 had lived a silent1 sombre1 deserted life in an old cold-looking little house on the coast4 ,but one happy day the sun seemed to shine brighter for her1 and the radiant sentiment of an unknown happiness mingled with her tears and her regrets1 as one of the friends of her childhood1 a poor widow1 in dying1 confided to her the education and guardianship of her deserted infant4 ,what a complete happiness1 what a recompense for all the sunless days1 the gloomy and heavy hours1 so faithfully supported6 ,m4 de ,guers1 though very ill at the time1 consented to receive the child1 on condition1 as he added peremptorily1 8that she should be kept very neat and make no noise0--this his precise and solemn declaration4 ,the #bae little ,valentine seemed to understand what was expected of her1 and1 though stirring1 vigorous1 and lively1 rarely a rent was seen in her little ,indian silk1 never a spot on her red lips nor her cherubic forehead4 ,when she happened to fall1 she smothered her sobs and cries2 when she remembered the past1 she wept low for her mother--and all this not to displease the old gentleman1 shut up in his close parlor1 where he contemplated with astonishment mingled with pity and respect his two unfortunate legs--done up in flannel4 ,time1 childhood1 and natural gaiety combining1 the little girl began even to find herself perfectly happy in this old house1 where she was cherished1 and nothing left undone for her needs1 her games1 or her repose4 ,need we say that her adopted mother was happy8 ,at the end of the long nights of want of sleep and suffering that she passed with the ill and impatient old man1 she ran for a moment to the little chamber above1 and watched the sweet pet1 with brown eyes and rosy cheeks1 as she woke to her morning's happiness2 she felt the dear little round arms press her neck1 the sweet tender lips imprinted on her own1 and she thanked ,god for this blessing4 ,the little toilet made1 and the breakfast over1 she carried down-stairs happiness enough for half-a-day4 ,later1 when her voice trembled at the end of some long lecture1 or her arms were wearied at some endless rubbing1 she looked out the window1 saw the little one disporting in the sun1 playing hide-and-seek among the lilacs1 or smiling to her from amidst the roses1 and1 at this sight1 it seemed her cup of joy was full1 that the spring light played even in the sick man's chamber1 and for the time she forgot whether she was guardian or victim4 ,thus she lived on1 consoled and strengthened by the child1 consoling and strengthening her husband1 until the day when ,m4 de ,guers died1 and both wept his loss--,valentine with time having learned to love him2 and he himself1 won by the grace and beauty of the child1 had often so far unbended as to keep time for her with his crutch while she danced all alone before his window in the garden4 ,from this moment1 ,madame de ,guers gave ,valentine all her time1 her heart1 her cares1 her tenderness4 ,i leave you to imagine how such precious gifts1 with the aid of years1 added to everything lovely and noble in the child4 ,of all the young girls of ,c----1 ,valentine at eighteen was not only one of the most beautiful1 but1 better still1 the best1 the simplest1 the most tender1 the humblest1 the most joyous1 and the best loved3 the most ill-natured of the citizens could not refuse her their homage1 and her adopted mother loved her to excess and with pride and delight2 ,m4 ,maubars1 too1 the oldest friend of the house1 and his son1 the elegant ,alfred1 saw in her perfection a treasure1 and their united wonder4 ,then at eighteen the future is so beautiful1 the horizon so pure1 dreams so sweet1 and friends so tender6 ,how happy1 then1 was our ,valentine at this moment1 when1 joyous under the eyes of her mother1 gay and confiding in the presence of her future husband1 and gracious and pretty as she always was in her simple and quiet toilet1 she wandered hither and thither in the garden1 breathing the air1 gathering the flowers1 and breaking from the trees the large snow-balls that shed their petals on her lustrous brown hair4 ,we do not know exactly what ,alfred and ,valentine were talking about in #baf the garden-walk1 as running from side to side to form their bouquet they chanced so often to meet4 ,but1 under the arbor1 they were more grave1 calmer1 and certainly more mature1 and they spoke of business4 8,if you will permit it1 my dear friend1 ,i should like the young couple to live in my house10 said ,m4 ,maubars4 8,it is1 ,i may say1 without vanity1 one of the most comfortable and best furnished in the town4 ,as to me1 you know1 ,i am becoming a monk1 or a bear1 or a house-rat4 ,the rolling of the half-dozen coaches and the three or four cabs our town possesses is sufficient to trouble my digestion1 and almost deafens me2 so ,i think1 in order to plant my cabbages in peace1 ,i had better lodge in the pavilion of my large garden at ,vaux1 which is not more than a league from the town4 ,my good old ,baptistine will accompany me1 and keep the pot boiling4 ,every evening the children can come and see me1 that is1 every fine evening2 and you can have them right by you--nothing to do but cross the street1 and walk a few steps on the quay1 ring the little bell1 the latch will fly up1 and there will be ,valentine in a clean dress and red ribbon coming to meet you1 for her delicate hearing would distinguish your step among a thousand others on the same pavement40 8,poor dear child6 ,i don't want to be selfish1 and yet it is hard to part with her10 murmured ,madame de ,guers1 while stifling a sigh4 8,do you call that parting with her1 when ,i tell you she will be right under your eye8 ,and then1 my dear friend1 ,i must tell you you have become very worldly of late4 ,you are obliged to accompany ,valentine to this and that soire1 and it fatigues you1 absorbs and puts you out altogether4 ,when it comes my ,alfred's turn to do all this for her1 you will see how you will improve1 and old ladies always recover so naturally4 ,confess it1 my dear ,madame de ,guers1 have you not for some time been very negligent of yourself and your old people80 8,alas1 yes6 poor good old people60 replied the respectable lady1 with a sweet smile4 8,yet every morning1 after ,mass1 ,i stop to see them4 ,true1 my child monopolizes much of the time ,i should give to them1 but she loves them too3 she has so excellent a heart6 ,how often ,i have seen her1 when quite a child1 take from her weekly allowance to buy jujube for old ,manou1 who has catarrh so badly1 and tobacco for ,prine1 whose happiness is in smoking6 ,and how she takes care of them when necessary1 my friend6 ,how merry she makes them1 and consoles them1 and reads them good books1 and the ,scripture she explains so prettily6 ,in truth1 this humble work will not perish with me3 ,i have some one to whom ,i can confide it40 ,this demands an explanation4 ,madame de ,guers was not only an excellent1 tender1 and devoted mother1 a constant and generous friend1 but she was1 at the same time1 profoundly pious and sincerely charitable4 ,the death of ,m4 de ,guers had left in her soul a bitter and secret sorrow1 which she had never been able to console4 ,the former lieutenant of the service1 in spite of the solicitations and tears of his ,christian and devoted wife1 had bid farewell to this world in a manner far from exemplary1 dying1 without doubt1 peaceably and bravely enough1 but without repentance1 without hope1 without penitence1 neither fixing his eyes on the cross nor listening to the absolution of the cur4 ,so1 for the poor1 tender soul of the wife there remained a gnawing regret1 a continual terror1 and at the price of any #bag austerities1 of any sacrifices1 she wished to secure the eternal salvation of this obstinate husband4 ,god only knows what mortifications she practised in secret1 to gain a little every day towards the tender and sublime end she proposed2 and1 above all1 she openly redoubled her works of fervor and charity4 ,a part of the money left her by her husband had been employed by her in a house of refuge1 where ten or twelve old1 infirm women1 the very poorest of the department1 could live comfortably and in peace until the end of their days1 and at the low price of reciting every day from their bench in the chapel a prayer for the repose and salvation of the soul of ,jean ,louis de ,guers1 former officer of the king's fleet4 ,we said before that ,madame de ,guers had given ,valentine all her heart1 her time1 and her life3 we should1 nevertheless1 have remarked that she reserved a portion for the poor old recluses of her little hospital1 not finding it a difficult matter to reconcile1 in her humble and peaceable existence1 happiness and duty1 charity and love4 8,my dear old pensioners10 she said again1 while regarding from a distance her charming adopted daughter1 who smiled on her from amidst the shady trees1 8they will be truly happy to find after me this dear child1 who will1 ,i am sure1 possess the courage and strength to replace me4 ,good little ,valentine6 she has already given them1 in my name1 a portion of her heart1 and to do so she needs to be as generous as in truth she is1 for ,i could have given a much more brilliant heritage to this dear child had ,i not already adopted my old people4 ,her mother1 alas6 died without fortune1 and for me1 ,i have still remaining forty thousand francs1 invested in rentes in the state1 and my little property here4 ,this is all1 my good ,maubars1 ,i have to give her40 8,well1 well1 my dear friend1 don't trouble yourself4 ,the whole will amount to sixty thousand francs1 at the lowest figure4 ,valentine is treasure enough in herself1 and don't need any more40 8,a treasure6 ,yes1 indeed1 you have spoken the truth60 replied the noble woman1 fixing on her interlocutor a look radiant with joy1 happiness1 and confidence2 8and as you make me so happy1 my brave ,maubars1 in speaking as you do1 ,i am not ashamed to confess ,i have often thought--have often feared--well1 don't blame me2 nothing1 you know1 is so restless and timid as a mother--,i have feared that a dowry so small could not respond to the legitimate views of a young man like ,alfred1 who can aspire to the best match in the country4 ,i dare not tell you how this secret doubt has tortured my heart4 ,it would have been so painful1 so frightful to think that my want of foresight might have prepared so bitter a disappointment for my dearly loved ,valentine40 8,and who speaks of disappointment1 cowardly mamma that you are80 replied ,m4 ,maubars1 with the good hearty laugh of the retired successful merchant4 8,of course ,i do not mean that any dowry is to be despised1 and1 ,i will add1 if this were larger1 it were so much the better4 ,but the moment that the question is between it and you and ,valentine1 ,alfred and ,i will accept what you have in all confidence4 ,let there be no more mention of these things between us any more than there is just now in the conversation of that happy couple smiling and babbling among the roses40 8,how good you are1 ,maubars10 replied the adopted mother with a sigh #bah of relief4 8,assuredly10 she continued with a sweet and mischievous smile1 8,i am very sure that it is not with dowry or business that they are entertaining themselves just now40 ,this you may be assured of1 my readers1 for1 just then1 ,valentine1 spreading into a sweet smile her fine and delicate lips1 while her brilliant eyes sparkled above the cheeks as rounded and satiny as the petals of her roses1 said to her partner1 who was coming toward her3 8,you had better believe me1 ,mr4 ,alfred4 ,we will not go to ,paris4 ,paris is very far off1 and it costs a great deal to go there4 ,but we will go every evening and see dear papa in his little pavilion at ,vaux4 ,won't it be charming to do just as we did when we were little1 ten years ago1 just us two alone1 you and ,i1 running through the ruts and the fields1 gathering the new hay and the herbs covered with dew80 ,and the simple child1 clapping her white hands1 gently smiled still more joyously at the innocent1 truant projects with which she proposed to inaugurate their future housekeeping4 ,then1 ,alfred having offered his arm1 she accepted it a moment in order to adjust with her young intended some other detail of great importance1 which she must tell her mamma immediately--mamma holding her breath meanwhile1 hearing vaguely the murmur of the wind in the arbor and smiling with tenderness as her child approached4 8,mamma10 cried ,valentine1 throwing her arms around her mother's neck1 and with a caressing and infantine movement mingling the waves of her lustrous hair with the fine1 heavy gray curls1 8did you not say that the anniversary of your birth would come in two weeks1 the second of next month1 and that you would love to see ,alfred and me choose that day to celebrate our betrothal80 8,yes1 my darling10 replied ,madame de ,guers gently4 8,very well1 dear mamma1 it is all arranged2 we will exchange our rings on the same day that gave me so dear a mamma4 ,but have you decided anything about the invitations80 8,i have at least thought of them1 my child4 ,we will have1 ,i think1 the greater part of those of our own society1 and especially1 you understand1 all your young friends40 8,yes1 just as you wish4 ,but is it to be only for the evening1 dear mamma80 8,ah6 my little ambitious one wishes to give a whole day to her fte40 8,indeed ,i do1 mamma2 ,i have dreamed of it even1 so ,i may as well confess4 ,i want particularly in the morning to have those ,i invite al to myself2 ,i will receive them1 lodge them1 and serve them with my own hands4 ,o mamma6 it will be so nice1 in the shady part of the garden1 among the flowers1 to set the long tables1 and have an excellent breakfast1 good wine1 cakes1 a roast1 and ,pierrot the violinist with his violin1 and the baskets all filled with flowers6 ,and my guests will be so surprised1 and so pleased1 my dear good mamma60 8,but who are they1 then80 8,your old women1 dear mamma40 ,madame de ,guers's response was to take the pretty brown head of the charming child in her trembling hands1 and to press it tenderly and long upon her lips1 while a gentle shivering of admiration and love made her heart beat4 8,it is said10 she replied at last2 8the table shall be set for fifteen1 and there shall be cakes and violins1 and wine and flowers4 #bai ,you shall serve them1 my child1 and my old people will believe they are at the wedding40 ,then1 as the first stars began to dot the pure sky1 and the happy and united group rose to leave the perfumed shelter of the garden1 ,madame de ,guers1 more joyous and prouder than ever1 held back on purpose to let the young people pass before her1 while she whispered in the ear of her old friend1 who was philosophically taking in the whole scene3 8,my good ,maubars1 did you not say1 just now1 my ,valentine is a treasure80 ,,ii4 ,two weeks afterward1 the air being of the softest1 and the sky most radiant1 ,valentine received with great joy and pomp her morning guests on this the day of her betrothal4 ,everything passed conformably to the announced programme3 the large table was ornamented and covered with a long white cloth2 the light wine of the country filled the glasses2 the cakes appeared large and gilded2 and the roast was cooked to perfection4 ,at this succulent and cordial banquet the twelve old women arranged themselves in order1 and ,valentine waited on them1 cutting up the mutton in rosy slices1 distributing the pieces of cake with her pretty little white hand1 upon which shone the golden ring1 with its blue stone1 that ,alfred had sent her that morning to wear until she took the other that would enchain her for life4 ,the poor old gossips feasted with a good heart1 and laughed as they tippled1 their glasses tumbling against each other2 while the sparrows1 somewhat ousted1 piped in the branches1 astonished at so much noise1 then dropped gently to the earth to peck at the crumbs of cake that fell in the grass2 and1 to crown all1 the violin of ,pierrot1 seated at his post under the arbor1 played for the delighted old women all the minuets1 gavottes1 and hops of the good old time4 ,you can judge of the gratitude and general joy4 8,god will take you to his holy paradise1 good and beautiful young lady60 said mother ,prine1 as she received from the hands of the pretty child her third slice of mutton4 8,what are you saying there1 mother ,prine80 cried ,babet1 her usual antagonist4 8,what kind of wish is that you are making8 ,better hope for ,miss ,valentine1 as for many others1 that paradise will come as late as possible1 and that here the dear good young lady will become a great and good matron1 and enjoy herself as much as she can in this world40 8,true enough10 said ,manou1 8for there is the scraping of the violin2 and just listen to that pretty gavotte6 ,oh6 in those days when ,i was but twenty1 how ,i hopped about like a young goat at the first note of the music4 ,dear me6 ,miss ,valentine1 how this good wine makes you young again1 and puts the gaiety into you6 ,i do believe1 if ,pierrot begins that flourish once more1 ,i shall jump up and dance a minuet in your honor40 ,so ,valentine laughed1 and the other old women applauded1 and ,manou fluttered about in true dancing style4 ,madame de ,guers herself1 who was rarely gay1 wiped away a joyous tear from her eyes1 while a tender and proud smile spread over her countenance4 ,there was only the very1 very old ,genevieve1 who could not laugh1 because she had lost her five sons and grown blind in weeping for them4 ,but1 with her old wrinkled hand1 she had groped for the pretty little one of her young friend and #bbj protectress1 pressed it between her own1 and repeated in mourning accents3 8,miss ,valentine1 you deserve to be truly happy2 you know how to give blessings like the good ,god1 whose care and pleasure it is to think of the poor40 ,thanks to the pleasure of such a repast and so much time so happily spent1 the old guests lingered around the table in the garden1 and exceeded the limits of the morning hours4 ,when at last they wended their way homeward1 accompanied by the good sister who took care of them1 they met on the road several of those invited for the afternoon1 friends of ,valentine mostly1 accompanied by their mothers1 in elegant toilets1 and coming in great pomp to offer their compliments4 8,why1 how is this1 my dear8 ,have the old pensioners of ,madame de ,guers come to congratulate you80 asked ,rosine ,martin1 one of the young ladies1 as she entered and embraced her friend4 8,yes1 ,rosette1 on this occasion ,i gave them a little fte4 ,they breakfasted here and drank my health2 and1 do you know1 ,pierrot played the violin1 and old ,manou was so excited she actually danced a minuet40 8,do you hear what ,valentine is saying80 whispered ,madame ,martin to her friend and confidante1 ,madame ,fremieux4 8,i always thought ,madame de ,guers put on the airs of a great lady1 and1 of course1 will leave the same to ,valentine1 as foundress of charitable institutions4 ,insupportable1 is it not8 ,and charity costs something too4 ,it is well to make a parade of it1 whether one has it or not2 and the question is1 whether it is prudent to put such ideas into the child's head1 when she will give her at the very most two poor thousand francs80 8,provided that charity is a luxury like any other1 and often more imprudent than any other10 added1 sententiously1 ,madame ,fremieux1 while she pulled out with her right finger the crushed ruche of her green satin dress4 8,what an odd fancy you have for these old gossips1 ,valentine60 said ,adeline de ,malers1 another good friend1 a pretty young woman with two handsome children1 whom she led gaily into the garden4 8,there they go1 charmed with your reception1 and repeating your name to all the echoes of the town4 ,well1 it is a good idea while you are waiting and have so little to do1 and nothing much to love4 ,see what will become of them when you will be mamma in your turn1 my dear60 8,do you think so1 ,adeline8 ,i cannot agree with you10 replied ,valentine1 blushing a little4 8,my dear good mamma ,marie always found time to give me all her care1 her love1 and her watchfulness1 and yet ,i am sure she never neglected these poor old friends4 ,it seems to me that when one becomes a mother1 one desires to heap up a treasure of good actions1 and multiply one's merits and virtues1 in order that ,god may requite the little good one does in graces and benedictions on these dear little heads40 8,you always have a sentimental way of seeing things10 replied ,adeline1 stooping and arranging with her rosy fingers the white plume that graced the hat of baby2 8but ,i doubt if ,mr4 ,alfred ,maubars will give the same light to the chapter2 for1 my little one1 husbands are not nonentities in the future organization of a household2 their decrees are inevitable1 and must be listened to40 8,o ,adeline6 do you really think that ,alfred would wish to prevent my doing a little good in assisting the unfortunate80 said ,valentine1 #bba deeply moved and almost indignant4 8,he who gave up his project of going to ,paris1 which we were to do immediately after our marriage8 ,he who promised to give me one-half of what it would cost to make this trip to make a present to dear mamma1 and furnish woollen stockings and aprons for the poor little parish children in the winter80 8,o my good ,valentine6 where you are just now1 all this may be4 ,but later1 it will not1 my dear4 ,do you see8 ,the most part of the good husbands ,i know--and there are none too many of them--think charity begins at home4 ,the wife1 if she pleases1 may give away the old boots and slippers1 but woe to her if1 in a fit of generous imprudence1 she parts with the half of the chicken or the little glass of port that belongs to my lord40 ,the joyous ,adeline laughed with all her heart as she finished these words1 and for a moment ,valentine smiled at the lively raillery of her friend4 ,but1 ,m4 ,maubars and ,alfred appearing at the same time at the end of the walk1 she fixed on her intended a disturbed1 timid1 and sad look1 asking herself if it could be true1 if it could ever be possible1 that he who should be her natural confidant in all the sweet and tender inspirations of her heart1 in all the ,christian aspirations of her innocent and pious soul1 should consider it a crime in her to continue to obey the great and holy law of ,christ that she had seen practised1 every day from her infancy1 in her own humble home4 ,however1 this passing distrust of the sweet and charming betrothed was soon dispelled4 ,alfred approached and presented her a rich and graceful bouquet1 and his words as he handed it were so respectful and tender1 and his look so subdued and sincere6 ,then all the young people invited had arrived2 they were just finishing the joyous feast taken together on the grass1 and already they were preparing for the dance4 ,and now the scraping of ,pierrot made way for an harmonious orchestra that resounded sweetly1 echoing through the shady bowers4 ,on the branches of the large lindens were suspended light and capricious-looking garlands1 in which little red1 blue1 white1 gilded1 and green lamps were hung4 ,they looked like stars that had come from heaven to see the fte and smile at the other living stars1 the young girls their sisters4 ,m4 ,maubars had charged himself with this part of the entertainment--an offering not of charity1 but one made to youth and pleasure4 ,so1 everything passed off as brilliantly as could be wished on such a day2 and quadrille after quadrille succeeded each other on the same spot where1 a few hours earlier1 ,manou1 recalling her twenty years1 had so valiantly executed the rhythmical and bounding steps of the ancient minuet of ,auvergne4 ,and while the young people danced1 the older ones talked in the parlor1 or complacently looked on while their children enjoyed themselves from the little fringed pavilion with velvet benches that had been prepared for them in front of the greensward4 ,madame ,martin1 while admiring from afar her brown and pretty ,rosette1 had insensibly approached the father of ,alfred--and of all the ladies in the town1 she had the least sympathy for ,valentine1 having for a long time nourished very sweet maternal hopes on the possibility of a marriage between ,rosette and the young ,maubars4 8,in truth1 dear neighbor10 said she1 accosting with an amiable smile the honorable retired merchant1 8one must confess you do things #bbb royally4 ,it certainly cannot be these ladies1 with their small1 very small fortune1 who have by themselves given us such a fte as this4 ,and then1 it is not according to their tastes4 ,if by accident they should have a little too much money1 they would have less pleasure in offering a ball to their friends than a breakfast to their old poor40 8,my dear ,madame ,martin1 when one does as one can1 one does as one should10 replied1 with a deep bow1 ,m4 ,maubars1 responding to her compliment to himself4 8,as to these ideas of our excellent friend ,madame de ,guers1 you see1 we must not be surprised at them4 ,she has always lived a little above our so-called middle society2 she is a woman--how shall ,i say it8--well1 of the old rgime4 ,in her devotions1 in good works1 and perseverance1 she has grand ideas2 the commandments of ,christ1 the love of her neighbor1 the good of the poor4 ,it is all beautiful1 ,madame ,martin1 and sits superbly on a woman like her1 grave and dignified1 with such handsome white hair40 8,but for the little one--for ,valentine--do you think1 ,m4 ,maubars1 that it will suit her as well80 replied1 quickly1 the lady1 with a mocking smile4 8,oh6 why not8 ,everything becomes a child4 ,all these fine devotions are an occupation for the widow and an amusement for the little one4 ,it is much better to direct her by caring for the poor than by ruining the reputations of others and seeking false excitements4 ,wait till ,valentine becomes the wife of ,alfred2 that will change everything1 you know1 neighbor4 ,the dear child will only have one end1 one duty1 one love--her husband40 8,do you really think so1 neighbor80 interrupted ,madame ,martin1 in a jeering tone4 8,it is1 at least1 what all women promise at the altar1 madame4 ,and ,valentine will do as she promises1 ,i am certain4 ,a child so docile1 a nature so pliable1 and a heart of gold4 ,yes1 madame2 ,i do not doubt1 if my ,alfred wishes it1 she will prefer the road to the market or the grocery in preference to that of the church4 ,and as to the refuge of which you speak1 ,madame de ,guers will take care of that1 as it will be her only occupation4 ,my daughter-in-law will visit it occasionally in her leisure moments40 8,it will become her well to adapt her household to his wishes2 for every one knows1 neighbor1 your son brings her a fortune far superior to her own40 8,alas6 yes1 you say truly2 her dowry is the only weak point40 8,the little one will have scarcely anything1 will she1 ,m4 ,maubars80 asked the lady precipitately1 in her ardent1 almost joyous curiosity4 8,oh6 a modest cipher1 but enough4 ,there is nothing to complain of4 ,if it had been less1 ,i confess ,i do not know what ,alfred would have done4 ,the needs of luxury are so numerous nowadays1 and it costs so much to live1 my dear lady60 8,yes1 we all know that10 replied the prudent mother4 8,this is the reason ,i calculate1 and economize1 and stint myself every day for the love ,i bear ,rosette4 ,according to my ideas1 it is a culpable charity that does not consider one's own first40 ,at the enunciation of this wise maxim1 ,m4 ,maubars sighed profoundly4 ,at the bottom of his heart he could not help wishing1 in the interest of ,valentine and ,alfred also1 that ,madame de ,guers1 his dear old friend1 had less tenderness and greatness of soul1 less generous devotion1 and a little more worldly prudence and solicitude for the #bbc material side of life4 ,nevertheless1 he was careful not to express aloud the secret preoccupations which now and then disquieted him a little2 and just then ,valentine1 leaving the joyous group of dancers1 approached him1 sweet and charming in her innocent joy and unaffected simplicity4 ,her steps1 delicate and modest1 slid silently over the grass1 and the golden reflection of the long garlands of light made her muslin dress appear whiter and more transparent1 while her brown hair1 simply raised and half-crowned with a bouquet of small roses1 glittered browner and more lustrous as the tiny lamps threw their rays upon it as she passed4 ,the smile alone of such a charming daughter-in-law could dispel a host of deceptions and fears4 ,in ,valentine's eyes beamed so much candor1 love1 sweetness1 and virtue that in admiring her one forgot the more or less respectable cipher of the promised dowry4 ,but ,valentine did not remain long with the group of talkers seated in the shade2 she was looking for ,madame de ,guers1 and ran away promptly when she heard the good old lady had gone into the house4 8,dear mamma1 are you ill80 said she1 quite distressed when she saw her dear protectress in the little reception-room1 carefully wrapped up in a large shawl1 pale1 trembling slightly1 and appearing to suffer4 8,oh6 my child1 it is nothing2 a slight chill--a trifling ailment only4 ,we have had a great deal to do today1 and ,i am tired4 ,perhaps ,i took cold sitting so long in the shade of the lindens4 ,go and dance1 my love1 for you must replace me and finish the ball4 ,make my excuses to our guests40 ,valentine obeyed1 but she left her mother sadly1 with a secret convulsion of the heart1 that dimmed her bright eyes and her radiant smile4 ,two hours after1 when1 at last1 alone on the step of the dear old house1 she had said adieu to her guests and was at liberty to run to the room where ,madame de ,guers already reposed1 she saw clearly that this instinctive fear was a realized fact4 ,the sleep of her adopted mother was agitated and painful1 her forehead was burning1 her eyes half-open1 her breathing difficult and accelerated4 ,for the first time in these fifteen years of peace and happiness passed under the friendly roof of the old house1 the heart of the young girl sank for a moment under the weight of an unknown grief--of a mortal anguish4 ,without thinking of her ball-dress1 she knelt down at the foot of the bed1 weeping in terror1 praying to ,god1 and gently kissing1 from time to time1 the hand of the sick woman1 who1 in her feverish sleep1 muttered words without meaning4 ,and thus she awaited the day--the new day that was to arise for her1 and menace her with danger1 grief1 terror1 and anguish4 ,,iii4 ,it had been decided1 on the day of the modest betrothal1 that the marriage of ,alfred and ,valentine should be celebrated a week after the ,nativity of ,our ,lady1 in ,september1 before the first fogs of autumn had tarnished the verdant woods1 and before the vintagers had robbed the robust vines of their golden grapes on the slopes descending to the valley below4 ,but autumn passed2 the woods grew yellow and the leaves fell2 the joyous shouts of the vintagers ceased to rejoice the hills1 and the icy winds of winter blew over the blackened slopes1 without ,valentine having sought her white marriage robes4 ,alas6 it #bbd was a robe of mourning that covered her now1 poor little one6 ,she had again become an orphan2 her sweet and careless happiness of the young daughter1 the cherished child so tenderly protected1 was all gone1 destroyed for ever1 for ever lost with the last swallows that fled from the woods with the first falling leaves4 ,the most devoted care1 the greatest affection and constancy1 could not preserve to her this nervous and tender mother1 whose life here below was sad enough1 and whose death would have been sweet1 had she not so felt for and trembled for her child4 ,her illness1 however1 had been long and courageously combated1 and for some time there was hope of triumph over the disease1 until one day1 when ,valentine was absent on a pilgrimage to a neighboring chapel1 a sudden hmorrhage set in1 and ,madame de ,guers1 feeling it necessary to use what strength she had left1 sent for several papers1 and with pain wrote for her adopted daughter directions which were not to be opened until a month after her death1 when the first transports of grief were over4 ,the fatal moment then came1 and by one of the last auroras of ,september1 soft1 fresh1 and almost veiled1 ,valentine found herself on her knees by the bedside of the dying1 exchanging the last adieux with her tender benefactress1 the devoted mother who1 from her infancy1 had so unceasingly studied her happiness4 ,the poor child remembered no more3 grief had completely prostrated her1 and she forgot her own existence until one evening1 returning to consciousness1 she found herself clothed in deep black1 and alone with ,marianne1 the old and faithful servant1 who wept low by her side and tried to console her4 ,then1 ,m4 ,maubars and ,alfred had come1 and ,valentine felt a secret consolation in the midst of her sadness4 ,it was so sweet1 so toning and strengthening1 to know one's self still loved while circumstances had separated her from him upon whom she had lavished such a wealth of affection4 ,it is true the consolations offered by the future father-in-law and betrothed were not of the highest order of morality1 and not very profound1 perhaps1 but they were truly affectionate and sincere--at least1 ,valentine thought so--so they had power to alleviate her grief and restore her heart's serenity4 8,what would you1 my child8 ,we are all mortal10 said the future papa4 8,but we can still console ourselves1 and live almost happy in the love of the friends that remain to us40 ,alfred did not even say as much4 ,but he looked at her tenderly1 with a gentle expression of interest and pity2 he quietly took the little white and thin hand that lay languidly on her black drapery1 and pressed it between his own1 while he murmured3 8,poor dear ,valentine6 ,poor friend1 so dearly loved40 ,and these simple words1 this look1 this affectionate gesture from the friend of her childhood1 seemed to open to the heart-broken young girl a new treasure of hope and consolation4 ,the days1 however1 rolled on3 grief was not less profound1 less constant1 or less bitter1 but it became necessarily more contained1 more resigned1 was borne more valiantly in secret1 giving place to austere duties1 they serious preoccupations of life4 ,the time came1 naturally1 when business had to be spoken of to ,valentine4 ,until then1 with respect for her grief and her weakness1 they had spared her every proposition1 every discussion on the subject4 8,i will do all that is necessary10 murmured the poor child4 ,so they told her she must assist at the opening of the will1 which would take #bbe place by the notary1 in presence of authorized witnesses4 ,the solemn assembly1 therefore1 convened on a cold morning of ,november in the large parlor of the house4 ,a biting and mournful wind shook the windows1 and threw against them in disorder the last leaves of the lindens that on the day of the betrothal had balanced so joyously their green perfumed crowns above the gladdened heads of ,valentine1 her companions1 and her betrothed4 ,the last wishes of ,madame de ,guers were expressed in a manner at once neat and concise4 ,her little capital of #dj1jjj francs1 placed in rentes on the state1 and her house1 with all its dependencies1 were willed by her to her dear pupil1 ,valentine ,vaudrey1 in default of direct inheritors from her own family or from that of her husband4 ,the assistants knew in advance the tenor of the will2 nevertheless1 after its reading they hastened to congratulate the poor heiress1 now overwhelmed in tears4 8,dear good madame knew you well1 and she was not wrong10 said the old and honest ,marianne1 with a convinced air4 8,my dear child1 hereafter you are quite at home10 added ,m4 ,maubars1 as he pressed with lively affection the little white hand1 quite dampened with tears4 ,the notary1 however1 made a gesture with his hand to reclaim still some moments of silence4 8,the reading of the papers establishing the last wishes of the defunct is not yet completed1 gentlemen10 added he1 in a grave and measured voice4 8,i have in my hand a letter written by my respectable client fifteen days before her death1 and addressed to her pupil1 ,mlle4 ,valentine ,vaudrey4 ,mlle4 ,valentine will be kind enough to take notice1 conjointly with myself and ,m4 the ,president of the ,tribunal or ,m4 the ,justice of the ,peace1 if these last recommendations are not to be considered as bearing upon her affairs40 ,valentine1 drying her eyes1 raised her pale1 noble forehead1 and tried to collect her voice1 that trembled greatly4 8,my good ,monsieur ,morin1 read the letter10 said she1 8,i pray you4 ,my dear and best friend had no secrets to confide to me1 ,i am sure1 and her last wishes should be respected and known by all40 ,the notary bowed and broke the seal4 ,with one look he glanced through the writing1 and a shade of surprise and anxiety was depicted on his face4 ,valentine1 disquieted in turn1 advanced gently1 and extended her hand toward the paper4 8,of what is this the subject1 sir80 she asked timidly4 8,business2 only business1 my dear young lady10 stammered the good ,m4 ,morin in an embarrassed tone4 8,then read it aloud1 ,i pray you1 sir10 said the young girl1 tranquil1 resolved1 and suddenly reassured4 ,the notary then slowly unfolded the paper1 put on his spectacles1 and began his reading in the midst of a profound silence1 and perhaps anxiety1 that reigned just then among the little assembly4 8,my dearly loved ,valentine10 said the noble woman dead1 8forgive me if ,i open my heart to you1 and if1 in giving up what has been1 after you1 the joy and consolation of my existence1 ,i leave you perhaps serious duties1 real and profound anxiety4 ,my will1 as you no doubt have learned1 makes you the one and only heiress to the modest sum ,i feel so happy to be able to leave you4 ,but you know1 my poor dear child1 ,i have besides undertaken1 and you know with what end1 a work of mercy #bbf that ,i wished to succeed and prosper a long time1 even when my presence and aid would have1 by the will of ,god1 been withdrawn from my poor old protges4 ,this charitable foundation has been for me the object of grave and disquieting cares1 that till now ,i have never found necessary to confide to you4 ,i have just learned that the proprietor of the building that shelters my poor old pensioners1 having some speculation in view1 has decided to take possession of it and its dependencies himself1 or will only permit me to retain it under conditions too exacting to be in harmony with my slender resources4 ,many people of judgment whom ,i have consulted have all counselled me to choose another abode and there install my pensioners4 ,if ,i had found myself1 as formerly1 alone in the world1 ,i should not have hesitated to do so2 but to find a suitable house and pay several debts of my poor little hospital--for times have not been good for a few years past--,i should have had to have laid out at least twenty thousand francs1 almost the half of my present fortune2 and could ,i deprive you of so important a sum--you1 my best loved and only heiress1 who cannot have the same reasons for being interested in the existence of the work1 and therefore its continuation8 8,this idea has not seemed possible to me1 my dear child2 therefore ,i have made no reserves1 no stipulations in the interests of my poor old dependants1 leaving it to your reason1 not less than to your generous heart1 to decide what you find best to do4 ,perhaps the advice1 the support of the new family into which you are going to enter1 of my good friend ,m4 ,maubars1 whom ,i have always known so loyal and just1 will be at your service1 and1 without impoverishing yourself1 you can aid those whom ,i have always wished so much to see prosper4 ,take advice1 then1 of these friends1 my daughter1 consult your own faculties1 your strength1 and1 above all1 do not precipitate anything4 ,it would have been too painful for me to have died in the thought of relinquishing this work which has been so dear and consoling1 therefore ,i speak to you of it to-day1 confident you will understand me in this as in everything else4 ,but1 in any event1 ,i hope that ,providence will continue to watch over this modest foundation for his glory1 and whatever you decide to do1 my good and tender child1 be assured you will have my approval and my blessing4 8,farewell1 joy and consolation of my old years1 sweetness of my life1 my dear daughter4 ,i will not forget you in the presence of my ,god1 if he will deign to hear my prayers40 ,thus the letter finished1 and the sad and continued voice of ,m4 ,morin1 which seemed to die out in murmurs1 was only replied to by the long and bitter sobs of ,valentine4 ,at the end1 the young girl1 trembling and half-tranquillized1 approached the notary1 turned toward him her mild countenance1 where a timid smile of gratitude and tenderness already commenced to shine as a fugitive and light ray in the midst of her tears4 8,monsieur ,morin1 in four months ,i will be twenty-one10 said she4 8,perhaps the proprietor of the asylum will wait till then4 ,i shall be free then1 will ,i not1 to give the twenty thousand francs necessary for the purchase of the house80 ,a profound silence1 soon interrupted by a feeble murmur1 greeted at first these words of the orphan4 ,m4 ,maubars rose from his chair1 shrugged his shoulders slightly1 approached her1 and took her hand #bbg with a benevolent and paternal smile4 8,permit me1 my dear child10 said he4 8,you are not--my worthy and respectable friend knew it well--quite competent to decide in matters of business1 and you had better1 ,i think--0 8,you think perhaps ,i would do better to install the poor women in this dear old house10 interrupted the generous girl1 with her sad and sweet smile4 8,monsieur ,maubars1 ,i love it too much1 this humble abode1 too much in truth1 ,i have in it so many sweet recollections1 and have passed here so many happy days of infancy4 ,but my poor dear mamma would perhaps be happier to know her old friends lodged and sheltered here1 in her own house4 ,so ,i am quite ready to give it up to them1 if you think it right1 quite suitable40 8,but no1 no1 dear good ,valentine10 replied the prudent papa1 with a very embarrassed air4 8,my child1 you well understand1 questions of sentiment should never interfere with those of business4 ,think1 by abandoning this little property1 or its equivalent sum1 you give up in reality one-third of your dowry--a dowry1 permit me to say too1 without any grudge1 that is already not the most considerable4 ,think that all prudent people would endeavor to dissuade you from taking this part2 that you are not in reality free to accomplish a sacrifice so important and to the detriment of your future family40 ,ah6 poor ,valentine6 had she ever expected such a declaration8 ,at first she listened calmly1 then smiled2 then as she comprehended these words1 that came like a thunderbolt upon her in all their cruelty1 her paleness disappeared and gave place to a quick and glowing redness2 then this in turn vanished1 and she remained cold and white as a marble statue4 ,then a ray of indignation and grief glanced from her pure eyes1 but compressing1 however1 the sudden beating of her heart1 palpitating and growing colder every instant1 she replied1 still in an uncertain and timid voice1 with a firm and serious accent1 but caressing and affectionate3 8,free1 did you say1 my good ,monsieur ,maubars8 ,do you not mistake me8 ,should ,i not be always free to accomplish my duty1 the last wishes of my mother80 8,but allow me 444 distinguish10 repeated the future father-in-law1 alarmed but yet not discouraged4 8,there is an imprudent and rash liberty1 my dear young lady1 and one that is provident and wise4 ,you see yourself that your tender and generous protectress orders nothing1 and asks nothing of you4 ,she simply engages you to seek for the best advice of those who are interested in your happiness1 in your future destiny1 mine amongst others1 my dear child4 ,and you know well ,i am disposed to act toward you as an old friend1 as your father4 ,i have a great influence in benevolent societies1 am a member of several2 nothing easier for me to tranquillize you on the subject of your old women than to make out a little account of the actual state of things1 with a few words of my own observation1 and have them received without any delay or trouble into the hospital for incurables in this department4 ,in this way1 my dear ,valentine1 you see all can be arranged for the best4 ,you will be relieved from all inquietude as to the fate of the protges of the excellent ,madame de ,guers2 your little fortune will not be compromised2 exempted from every care1 free from obligations1 you can consecrate your entire time to your duties1 to the affections that await you in your new family40 ,valentine listened to every word1 her eyes fixed1 her lips immovable4 ,but from time to time a deeper and more sombre shade spread over her #bbh eyes1 an expression more desolate fixed itself on her lips4 ,when the caressing and persuasive voice of her future father-in-law ceased to be heard1 she sadly bent her head1 and replied3 8,alas6 ,monsieur ,maubars1 ,i see we can never again understand each other4 ,i am not free1 as you appear to think4 ,what my dear and worthy protectress would have done1 ,i must do for her40 8,but1 my child1 reflect3 you cannot sacrifice your little fortune40 8,and this fortune1 to whom do ,i owe it1 then--,i1 a poor1 abandoned orphan1 who1 without the generous protection of this inestimable friend1 would have been sent in years gone by where you would place these poor infirm people--in a hospital4 ,oh6 my good ,monsieur ,maubars1 if my benefactress had in dying left some debt of honor that ,i should pay1 would you advise me to cancel the obligation--you who are so just and honorable80 8,but1 dear young lady1 the case is different2 your excessive delicacy leads you astray40 8,it is only different in one respect3 it is more grave and solemn4 ,this is a sacred debt that ,madame de ,guers has contracted toward ,god and toward the poor1 to satisfy the yearning of her soul4 ,to-day this debt is transmitted to me4 ,i recognize it2 ,i receive it with the rest of her heritage2 ,i promise to use1 if necessary1 all my resources1 all my time1 all my strength to pay it as ,i should40 ,the young girl1 pale though resolute1 rose in pronouncing these words1 and extended her little hand1 that had ceased to tremble1 as if she called upon all the strangers assembled to witness her irrevocable decision1 her generous determination4 ,the old frequenters of the mansion could scarcely recognize her3 she seemed to have grown taller1 ripened in a moment1 and was transfigured4 ,her former sweetness1 so timid and charming1 did not abandon her1 but there mingled in it an expression of invincible courage and inflexible integrity2 the weak and feeble child had disappeared1 and in her place appeared a woman--loyal1 intrepid1 resigned1 ready for every devotion1 for every sacrifice1 even of the oldest and most cherished affections of her heart4 ,m4 ,maubars was undeceived2 it was with an expression evidently of extreme surprise and marked discontent that he fell back a few steps and bent his whitened head3 8,i persist in hoping1 mademoiselle1 that you will still reflect10 said he1 in a tone impressed with remarkable coldness4 8,otherwise1 you understand1 without doubt1 our projects must undergo same modification4 ,consider that such obstinacy on your part is a most unhappy precedent for the well-being and peace of your future household40 ,at this brutal menace1 at this the saddest moment1 perhaps1 of her life1 ,valentine became still paler and her look more sombre1 but she neither trembled nor flinched1 accepting without a murmur and in silence all the bitterness of the duty she had just embraced4 ,only1 by an old and tender habit of childhood1 with the remains of a hope perhaps1 her gaze1 more eloquent and earnest than ever1 was fixed upon ,alfred--the friend1 the betrothed1 whom1 for so long a time1 she had been accustomed to consult in any sadness or disquietude4 ,but ,alfred1 before the mute anguish of this regard1 was not moved4 ,he bore with his father an air of gravity and dissatisfaction4 8,i am sure you will reflect upon this1 ,valentine10 he simply said4 #bbi 8,you see my father counsels you as a true friend1 having only in view your happiness and the preservation of your fortune40 ,then ,valentine turned slowly and sadly1 without allowing a single tear to escape her1 or a single sob that was then swelling in her breast4 8,my good ,monsieur ,morin1 my resolution is taken10 said she1 her voice at first trembling1 but becoming steadier as she spoke4 8,all the reflections that ,i could make would only serve to show me my duty1 more distinct1 more exact1 more sacred4 ,in two months1 if you wish1 we will hear what property had better be sold1 and choose a suitable abode for our asylum4444 ,now1 gentlemen1 our council is ended1 ,i believe4444 ,i thank you one and all for having accorded me your advice and the support of your presence40 ,all the assistants understood that the courageous young girl must be left alone to suffer1 alone to weep4 ,they rose simultaneously1 bowed to her profoundly with admiration and respect1 and went out4 ,alfred wore already a resigned look of sadness1 and ,m4 ,maubars betrayed his irritation in his brusque movements and unsteady walk4 ,the echoes of their steps died in the distance1 and around the orphan in her mourning reigned only solitude and silence4 8,it is all over2 they have said it10 she murmured then1 and let fall the pent-up tears4 8,but no6 it was to be4444 ,i wished it also4 ,it was my duty--why could he not so understand it8 ,oh6 ,adeline told me the truth4 ,god is good to have enlightened me while ,i am still single and free4 ,poor mamma1 you could not have imagined this4 ,so much the better1 for you would have wept so bitterly40 ,speaking thus1 she wept and wept1 hiding her face in her hands1 and sobbing as if her heart would break4 ,the hours flew by1 night came1 and the ,november rain fell on the windows1 the ,november wind shook the shutters in the little parlor1 formerly so tightly closed1 so bright1 and peopled with good friends1 but now so solemn and deserted1 and where the orphan alone must suffer and weep4 ,,iv4 ,valentine held firm to her resolution2 her soul1 so loyal and pure1 was of those where the courage of devotion1 and the love of duty accomplished1 united to double the price of the humble virtues1 submission1 gentleness1 and tenderness4 ,to a very polite and respectful letter from ,alfred1 in which the young man begged her to let him know if she still persisted in her intentions1 she replied in simple terms1 releasing him from his engagement1 and telling him that henceforward she should devote herself to the austere and honorable task bequeathed her by her adopted mother4 ,notwithstanding her orders to the contrary1 one of her best friends forced her way into the house1 no doubt with good intentions4 ,it was the lively and joyous ,adeline de ,malers1 in whom1 in spite of much prudence and worldly experience1 tenderness and benevolence were not wanting1 and who would sincerely have desired to conquer what she considered the obstinacy and blindness of her poor dear friend4 ,adeline took care to bring precious arguments with her to plead the important marriage cause3 she led her two dear little children by the hand1 with their innocent babbling and sweet smiles1 the source of so much delight and maternal felicity4 ,however1 ,valentine did not yield2 her soul was steeped and her resolution strengthened by the secret prayers and solitude of her #bcj affliction4 8,my dear10 said ,adeline to her at the end of her arguments1 8if you grow poor by this foolish liberality1 and if1 half-ruined1 you are obliged to give up ,m4 ,alfred ,maubars1 you will be an old maid1 ,i warn you40 8,i have always been a happy young girl1 ,i can be a tranquil and contented old maid4 ,happiness has no age10 replied ,valentine1 with her calm and tender smile4 8,my dear1 the obliged are generally ungrateful2 gratitude from the poor is a rare and uncertain commodity40 8,i know it2 but the satisfaction of an accomplished duty is immense1 and the grace of ,god infinite4 ,besides1 ,i shall be so happy to realize the intentions and to continue the work of my mother1 who is in heaven40 ,adeline shrugged her shoulders with a gesture of impatience4 8,but your poor old folks won't live for ever1 and when the last one has disappeared1 your work will be finished1 and you will be alone4 ,besides1 in devoting yourself in the flower of your years to their catarrhs and their rheumatisms1 do you know1 my poor child1 what you renounce and what you lose8 ,come here1 ,bertha1 my treasure1 kiss me1 ,max1 you dear little angel4444 ,look at them now1 you wicked little obstinate one1 and tell me1 as you examine them well1 if all the happiness1 all the glory of a woman1 does not consist in raising1 caring for1 and cherishing such charming little loves40 ,at these words1 ,valentine drew the little ones to her2 kissed each of their pretty white foreheads1 and laid her hand gently on their blonde heads2 for she had at heart that tender and deep love of children that ,god has given innocent young girls1 in order that one day their most holy duty may become their truest and sweetest happiness4 ,and for an instant perhaps the caressing look that she fixed upon them became more tender1 deeper1 and more tearful2 she stooped then a moment toward the earth2 then resumed her serenity1 and replied peaceably and with resignation3 8,god has given me my children--children1 ,adeline1 who have great need of me1 for they are suffering1 poor1 and feeble4 ,besides1 my good friend1 when the last of these poor old people shall have gone1 there will remain to me the foundation1 the hospital4 ,i will open it then to real children1 to young and poor orphans4 ,in this way1 ,i too will have my family--my family blessed by ,god40 8,it is fanaticism1 truly1 and ,i begin to despair of your future1 my dear friend10 cried ,adeline1 surprised and discontented to find her overtures so energetically repulsed4 8,but1 then1 why do you persist in remaining in the world1 that will only have1 believe me1 disdain for your heroism1 coldness and raillery for your generous devotion8 ,why do you not at once adopt the cornette and serge of the ,sister of ,charity80 8,because1 thus far1 ,god has not so commanded me10 replied the courageous child1 modest and resigned4 8,my duty lies near these old women2 here my place is marked out2 ,i have nothing else to do but understand1 adore1 and obey4 ,and since ,i have friends among my people1 ,i esteem and love them also4 ,why should these friends abandon me because a sacred duty claims a portion of my time and my strength1 and ,i must consecrate myself to it8 ,my destiny is no doubt changed1 but my heart will never change1 and from those ,i should have loved my memory will never be detached2 no rival affection will banish their remembrance1 #bca and for them1 always1 ,i shall be ,valentine40 ,adeline took leave soon after1 half-angry1 half-impressed1 declaring she could understand nothing of the character of such an obstinate girl1 who could hide such real perversity1 such inexplicable tenacity1 under a manner so timid and so gentle4 ,after her departure1 the pupil of ,madame de ,guers read for the last time the solemn message to ,alfred1 and finished the reply she had already commenced4 ,not a tear sullied the page whereon slowly and courageously she traced her farewell4 ,not a start of tenderness or grief agitated the poor little white hand1 that so heroically sealed the decree of separation1 renunciation1 and forgetfulness4 ,only when she had finished1 when there was nothing more to propose or hope for1 when the old ,marianne1 carrying the letter1 had disappeared in the fog1 near the neighboring quay1 she gently approached1 with her eyes full of tears1 the chimney where the noble and tender face of her second mother1 the friend of her youthful years1 smiled on her as if to encourage her from under her light glass covering4 ,before she pressed her trembling lips on the little portrait1 she smiled sweetly through her tears4 8,it is all finished1 mamma10 murmured she4 8,i will do as you would--hereafter live only for ,god1 and for his poor4 ,you have told me more than once that such is the lot of the elect4 ,i believe you1 dear mamma2 ,i love you and ,i bless you40 ,and as the choice of the young girl was made1 she lived1 as she had said1 devoted and valiant1 active and resigned4 ,the notary soon came to the conclusion1 and made it known to her1 that all her resources would be needed for the support of her old people4 ,but what would she have done all alone in the dear old house1 much too large for her by herself1 and so full of remembrances1 rendered so bitter in silence and solitude8 ,valentine understood what she had to do1 and easily resigned herself4 ,the old and peaceable abode1 a little enlarged1 received on one story the old pensioners of the little hospital1 while the young protectress reserved on another her bedroom1 her little parlor1 and her library3 a modest apartment filled with pious relics and sweet and humble souvenirs4 ,and from this moment her life was entirely consecrated to her retreat1 to ,god and the poor2 from this moment1 too1 she openly relinquished all hope of any new situation1 any other destiny2 and the circle of friends and acquaintances of the little town of ,c---- ceased to include her among the marriageable4 ,in obscure cares1 in constant labor1 in hidden devotions1 passed the days1 sped the years1 and robbed her of her youth4 ,but peace remained1 because she was content to establish her abode in the shadow of a ,christian roof1 and in the love of grateful hearts4 ,it is true--though some of our readers may be permitted to doubt it--that a peace the sweetest1 the most delightful1 the most constant1 and the most sure does not depend on what excites and passes so quickly from earth1 but on the true1 salutary1 and ,christian manner in which the soul1 wise and resigned1 puts itself in harmony with the exigencies of its destiny and the will of its ,god4 ,valentine felt this early1 and from that time experienced it always4 ,the serene tranquillity of her heart1 humble in its desires and contented in its destiny1 was never overshadowed by a cloud2 it stood proof against any shock1 even on the day when1 having finished the reading of the ,scriptures to the old #bcb ,genevieve1 she heard in the street1 quite close to her1 a great noise of carriages1 rolling joyously towards the church1 from which resounded the sounds of a fte1 and1 looking out the window to explain the cause of the tumult1 she saw in the first of the carriages1 ornamented with wedding favors1 bouquets1 and ribbons1 two friends of her childhood3 the betrothed of that day1 ,alfred ,maubars and ,rosine ,martin4 ,there passed over her face a calm smile1 vague and almost dreaming2 then a fixed and disturbed look1 for at the bottom of the page1 as she read1 were these words3 8,it is not good for man to be alone40 ,but almost immediately resounded in her ears the caressing and infantine voices of childhood1 those of two little orphans1 her cherished dependants1 who had taken the places of ,babet and ,manou1 dead full of years1 and now quietly reposing in their graves4 ,at the joyous call ,valentine was once more herself1 and1 with a calm smile1 bending her head as if she recognized her error1 she said3 8,yes1 indeed1 it would be sad to be alone1 but those are never so who know how to love4 ,dear mamma told me so1 and well she knew what she said4 ,come1 ,marie1 come ,louisette1 let me say the ,angelus with you40 ,the little ones approached1 knelt down1 and she laid her hands on their heads1 and kissed their browned foreheads4 ,and before she made the sign of the cross she regarded them earnestly1 and with a joyful1 softened1 peaceable1 and triumphant gaze1 even an expression of indifference and forgetfulness to the carriage that was rolling towards the church1 and she rose at last full of gratitude and love of benediction and prayer1 and lifted her eyes to the clear and blue heaven that caressed her with its gold-lit rays4 ---------- ,,true ,,faith4 ,faith is no weakly flower1 ,by sudden blight1 or heat1 or stormy shower ,to perish in an hour4 ,but rich in hidden worth1 ,a plant of grace1 though striking root in earth1 ,it boasts a hardy birth4 ,still from its native skies ,draws energy which common shocks defies1 ,and lives where nature dies6 ,e4 ,,caswall4 ---------- ,,the ,,place ,,vendome ,,and ,,la ,,roquette4 #bcc ,,the ,,beginning ,,and ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,commune4 ,,from ,,le ,,correspondant4 ,,ii4 ,i shall not pass abruptly from my first account1 drawn up at the end of ,march1 respecting the tragedy of the ,place ,vendme1 to that written at the end of ,may1 concerning the invasion of the ,madeleine1 my detention at the ,prfecture de ,police and at ,mazas1 and the transcendent crimes of the ,commune which ,i witnessed at ,la ,roquette4 ,what was the opinion of the few politicians left in ,paris respecting the strange events they witnessed1 the accomplices and auxiliaries of the ,commune1 and the degree of responsibility the national and international element would incur in its follies and crimes8 ,we must render this justice to the victorious insurgents of the eighteenth of ,march--that the power of dissimulation was the weakest of their traits and the least of their cares4 ,if they aimed at imitating ,carnot1 ,danton1 and ,robespierre1 they made no pretensions of rivalling ,richelieu1 ,mazarin1 and ,talleyrand4 ,with a moderate degree of coolness1 curiosity1 and discernment1 it was easy to gain access to their larder1 and ascertain the ingredients of the viands to be served up to us each day4 ,they had too slight a dash of moral sense to be preoccupied with questions of honor and propriety4 ,the absoluteness of their aims made them completely insensible to delicacy of means and diffidence as to appearances4 ,therefore1 the politicians who had not fled before the heroes of the ,internationale did not waste their time4 ,if they were nearly deprived of action1 they could1 at least1 be observant1 communicate the result of their impressions1 and acquire a reasonable conviction respecting the operation of the revolutionary engine1 with its numerous springs and mysterious propelling forces1 not revealed by the press of the ,commune1 and therefore escaping the attention of the vulgar4 ,i have already protested against the weakness1 blindness1 or connivance of the republican mayors and deputies of ,paris1 who1 immediately after the massacres of the ,place ,vendme1 became reconciled to the agents of the central committee1 disbanded and dispersed the battalions of the national guard still faithful to the cause of order1 and gave ,paris up to an association of adventurers and outlaws1 some of unknown origin1 others notorious for their conflicts with the laws of their own countries1 and all for their savage hatred of every social institution4 ,instead of subsequently acknowledging their weakness or error1 the majority of the radical republicans continued their campaign against the national assembly with a persistence and hypocrisy that cannot be sufficiently stigmatized4 ,to preserve the republic1 they emboldened and strengthened the ,commune1 thus sacrificing to their political idol the peace1 prosperity1 honor1 and existence of their country4 ,the #bcd ,commune did not conceal its affection for such auxiliaries1 but its caresses were to some of a more serious and compromising nature4 ,formerly1 the most ultra never dreamed of giving up their patriotism4 ,it was reserved for the members of the ,commune to divest themselves of this old prejudice of all nations4 ,they vehemently demanded1 during the siege of ,paris by the ,prussians1 the most extreme measures--a general sortie1 8des battailles torrentielles10 and fighting to the last4 ,when conspiracy made them masters of ,paris1 their violence and ferocity against the ,prussians changed to obsequious devotedness and civilities of the most amicable nature4 ,their dishonest protestations were displayed in the columns of the official journal of the ,commune with a coolness that makes one blush4 ,the delegate of foreign affairs treated the ,prussians1 who had just lacerated and humiliated ,france1 and bombarded its capital1 as if they were our most faithful allies1 and were sacrificing themselves heroically for our safety4 ,the generals of the ,commune1 who had been imprisoned some weeks before by the government of the national assembly as ,prussian spies and agents1 made no change in their patriotic course4 ,the delegate of war1 ,general ,trochu1 recalled at the tribune1 8is making a series of rigorous arrests1 the object of which is to assure to the enemy the freedom the pending negotiations confer on them40 ,the politicians and chemists of the ,commune proved they had been in a good school by borrowing two ideas of ,m4 de ,bismarck and ,m4 de ,moltke1 the very names of which now inspire horror--the system of hostages and the use of petroleum4 ,to ensure the entire payment of the exorbitant requisitions on the invaded provinces1 and somewhat avenge the limited enthusiasm manifested by the humiliated and suffering inhabitants1 the ,prussians retained the most notable individuals as hostages1 and sent them to the prisons of ,germany4 ,citizens ,ferr and ,raoul ,rigault found this system too ingenious and convenient not to be adopted4 ,they took as hostages1 and imprisoned them at ,mazas and ,la ,roquette1 the priests and laymen who1 according to the opinion of these servile imitators1 had been more devoted to social and national interests than to those of anarchy and demagogism4 ,fourteen months ago1 a peculiar dictionary was discovered in the headquarters of the ,internationale1 in which was a list of such words as nitro-glycerine and picrate of potassium1 and a recipe for sulphurate of carbon1 and the chlorate and prussiate of potassium4 ,at the end of the recipes were these words1 significant of the uses to which they were to be applied3 8,to throw from the windows3 to be thrown into the gutters40 ,if the most formidable of recipes is not to be found there1 it is because the citizens of the ,commune had not yet learned in the school of ,prussian engineers the art of destroying houses and monuments by means of petroleum4 ,in continuing the account of the horrible deeds of the ,commune1 ,i find consolation as a ,frenchman in the thought that the murderers and incendiaries of ,paris denied not only their ,god1 but their country1 and that they were members not only of a criminal1 but a foreign league4 ,i4 ,,the ,,closing ,,of ,,the ,,madeleine4 ,in following with serious attention the various evolutions of the ,commune1 we are struck by the contrast between its beginning and its #bce end4 ,its first essays were rather grotesque than frightful4 ,the statesmen most preoccupied about the quicksands on which it threatened to cast society and the nation did not at first foresee the crimes that are without a name1 which made its end one of the most sinister pages in human history4 ,the reason is easily understood4 ,once masters of ,paris1 the charlatans and rogues that composed the ,commune hoped to become the rulers of ,france4 ,they saw themselves already at the head of a social revolution1 and1 encouraged by their unexpected success in the seductive cause of pretended renovation1 they set to work in earnest4 ,hence the deluge of strange and incoherent decrees that became a dead letter1 and only served to amuse the careless and frivolous ,parisian4 ,but when the generals of the ,commune made an audacious effort to seize ,versailles and open communication with their numerous agents in the populous centres of the provinces1 they were overwhelmed by the army they thought disorganized or won over to their cause1 and all their plans were overthrown4 ,the attempts to excite an insurrection in the large cities failed4 ,the ,commune could expect nothing more from the intervention of the departments3 its rule was restricted to ,paris1 and the days of its power were numbered4 ,then projects of hatred and vengeance succeeded those of social renovation4 ,the monkeys of the ,htel de ,ville gave place to tigers4 ,the prophets and apostles of the ,commune lost their sang-froid4 ,the foul ,felix ,pyat exhausted himself in atrocious invectives1 and the fiendish ,delescluze evidently preferred to blow up ,paris rather than give it up to ,france4 ,while the emissaries of the radical republicans knowingly deceived ,france and all ,europe respecting the condition of ,paris1 and were circulating their deceitful and imprudent sophisms1 dictated by their admiration for the ,commune and their hatred of the national assembly1 what was the language of foreign journals that cared for nothing about these internal struggles but exactness and impartiality8 ,the correspondent of the ,times was not satisfied with comparing ,paris to an infernal caldron1 in which seethed all human passions1 but thus depicted the armed forces of the ,commune3 8,besides the old and the young1 excited by the phraseology of the first revolution1 still novel to them1 all the villains in ,paris are under arms4 ,i have never seen1 even in ,london1 so sinister a collection of faces4 ,these men always seem more or less intoxicated4 ,they have not1 perhaps1 ceased to be so since the eighteenth of ,march40 ,such is the spectacle in the streets and public places3 that of the forts and ramparts is of a still more expressive character3 8,man is there only a ferocious animal1 everywhere scenting blood4 ,we hardly recognize him1 and no longer comprehend him40 ,the parish service ,i directed at the ,madeleine after the arrest of ,m4 ,deguerry encountered but few difficulties4 ,the ,commune only made some insignificant requisitions in a civil manner4 ,the qualification of 8citizen director of the church of the ,madeleine10 given me in the most solemn manner1 enlivened me for an instant in the midst of my cares and griefs4 ,the success of the ,versailles army1 in giving joy to the respectable people still remaining at ,paris1 was a source of danger to them4 ,the ,commune concentrated1 or rather gave up1 its civil and military power into the hands of the committee of public safety and the central #bcf committee4 ,on ,wednesday1 the seventeenth of ,may1 in going to administer the last sacraments to the daughter of a concierge in the ,rue de la ,victoire1 ,i found the ninth arrondissement hemmed in by the insurgents1 who were making frequent arrests4 ,thanks to one of the most ultra journals of the ,commune that ,i pretended to be reading very attentively1 ,i passed through their inquisitorial ranks unimpeded4 ,on the eighteenth1 which was ,ascension day1 the church of ,st4 ,augustine was closed1 and one of the vicars and the organist were imprisoned4 ,all the offices of the day were celebrated at the ,madeleine1 attended by a numerous and very devout congregation2 but1 so far from yielding to any illusion about the fate that awaited me1 ,i begged ,dr4 ,b4 de ,l----1 a parishioner of the ,madeleine1 to enable me after vespers to see ,m4 ,jacquemin1 one of the physicians of the prison of ,mazas4 ,there was every reason to believe ,i should soon require his kind services4 ,i was already acquainted with ,m4 de ,beauvais1 the second physician at ,mazas1 whose courageous devotedness ,i was subsequently to experience1 and who had already been so thoughtful as to give me news of the cur of the ,madeleine and of the ,archbishop of ,paris4 ,after my interview with ,dr4 ,jacquemin1 ,i felt some embarrassment about returning to my residence4 ,the ,rue de la ,ville-l',evque was filled with an armed band of the national guards4 ,the house of the ,sisters of ,charity1 opposite the ,presbytre1 was guarded by two sentinels4 ,the sisters had been expelled1 and the girls' school confided to some citoyennes1 who1 according to the unruly tongues of the quarter1 had been replaced at the prison of ,st4 ,lazare by the ,sisters of ,picpus1 who were accused of a series of crimes1 each one more extraordinary than the rest4 ,i bought1 as on the previous day1 one of the ultra journals of the ,commune1 and1 armed with this new kind of a safe-conduct1 ,i took a roundabout way to the ,rue la ,ville-l',evque1 in order to avoid the national guards as much as possible4 ,once their protection would have been eagerly sought against a robber or assassin1 but since the reign of the ,commune respectable people feared and fled from them as the worst of evil-doers4 ,and the new military organization will doubtless have to undergo a radical transformation1 for it will be difficult for it to rise above the moral discredit into which it has fallen4 ,some moments after1 a ,polish priest1 who had given himself up with indefatigable zeal to the service of the ambulances1 notified me that an order had been signed to close the churches and arrest the priests still in ,paris4 ,i went to see one of my devoted confrres1 ,m4 de ,bretagne1 and consult with him about the means of preserving the holy eucharist from profanation4 ,the insurgents had already thrown away or carried off in their cartridge-boxes the sacred elements in some of the churches4 ,at this very time the church of ,st4 ,philippe-du-,roule was entered by the insurgents1 and for want of priests they arrested two employees who were guarding the church4 ,the ,madeleine of the eighth arrondissement was the only church that was still open4 ,although1 after the arrest of ,m4 ,deguerry1 a part of the valuables of the church had been carried to a safe place1 ,i employed the first moments of ,friday1 the nineteenth1 in confiding the remainder to some women of the working-classes4 ,i only left in the church a few valuable #bcg objects and several hundred francs4 ,the agents of the ,commune had a singular longing for money1 and when they could not obtain some bank-bills or gold in their expeditions1 the places invaded or the persons arrested had to suffer for such a financial disappointment4 ,at half-past three1 the sacristy door burst open4 ,a tall young man1 clad la ,robespierre1 with a broad red mantle that half-covered him1 advanced at the head of a knot of confederates armed with revolvers1 and exclaimed in a loud tone3 8,the church of the ,madeleine is closed by order of the committee of public safety40 ,i was at that moment supplying the unfortunate people whom the rgime of the ,commune had deprived of work and bread4 ,i had on my choir robes in addition to my ordinary ecclesiastical costume4 ,the inmates of the sacristy were greatly excited4 ,some who were waiting to go to confession fled4 ,only one1 the wife of an old prefect of the empire1 bravely remained to witness this singular spectacle4 ,i approached the judicial agent1 and asked to examine the official decree and see if it was authentic4 ,while ,i was reading it1 ,i saw in his hands two other decrees of the committee of public safety1 one prescribing my arrest and the other the suppression of some newspapers that had not conformed to the opinions of the ,commune4 ,i thought the signature was that of ,ranvier1 the mayor of ,belleville1 one of the most influential members of the ,commune and of the committee of public safety4 ,he was an old bankrupt wine-dealer1 who had several times been amenable to the laws1 and1 like all social outlaws1 swore an implacable hatred to society4 ,he acquired great popularity in the clubs1 after the fourth of ,september1 by advocating social war1 as in the last months of the empire he had advocated the claims of absolute liberty6 ,it was by virtue of this absolute liberty that he had just signed the three decrees1 that aimed so many brutal blows at religious1 civil1 and political liberty4 8,are you the citizen director of the church of the ,madeleine80 added the delegate1 somewhat irritated at the inspection of the warrant1 which seemed to him rather impertinent4 ,i would willingly have replied like ,sganarelle1 8,yes and no1 according to your wish10 but unfortunately1 instead of living any longer in the ,paris of ,molire1 we lived in a city of folly and crime4 8,you know perfectly well that the cur of the ,madeleine was arrested six weeks ago4 ,it is ,i who am for the present in his place40 ,i had not finished these words before he took the second warrant1 and exclaimed in thundering tones3 8,by virtue of a decree of the committee of public safety1 the citizen director of the church of the ,madeleine is arrested40 ,the murderers who escorted him1 and who belonged to the battalion of the ,vengeurs de ,flourens1 rushed upon me1 holding their revolvers against my throat and chest1 and bestowing on me a series of names1 the most decent of which were 8bandit1 canaille1 crapule1 assassin60 ,one of them1 whose stupid ferocity can only be attributed to drunkenness1 cried1 while endeavoring to adjust his arms3 8,it is you1 vile rabble1 who cause the patriots of ,paris to be assassinated by the wretches at ,versailles3 the priests are the murderers of the people3 they should all be shot40 ,i had received these miserable men with politeness and a sentiment of resignation4 ,their low insults made me flush with indignation and decide to confront them4 8,i am not accustomed to hear such language10 said ,i to their leader4 8,if you continue to treat me in this way1 ,i shall seat myself without #bch another word1 and force alone shall tear me from this sanctuary40 ,he made a sign to his followers to moderate their civic indignation1 but without being heeded4 ,i now sought to lead them into a discussion1 hoping to appease them and preserve the church from devastation by making them incapable of justifying their acts and outrages4 ,for two hours--hours that seemed ages--,i was obliged1 under the greatest peril1 to defend myself as a man and a priest against these emissaries1 who were as ridiculous as they were odious4 ,i will relate the principal points in this interchange of observations4 ,i first asked why ,i was arrested4 ,at this question the delegate of the committee of public safety replied by a torrent of accusations and maledictions against the 8miserable quarter of the ,madeleine1 the most hostile in ,paris to the rgime of the ,commune40 ,he was not wholly wrong in this1 for at the last elections the parish of the ,madeleine1 which comprises about forty thousand inhabitants1 did not give more than a hundred votes to the candidates of the ,commune4 ,in the eighth arrondissement1 where the church is1 of about nineteen thousand votes1 only five hundred voted for the ,communist members4 ,he added3 8,you must therefore expiate your conspirations in favor of the ,versailles assassins40 ,here the delegate was no longer right4 ,but it was evident that ,i was arrested because ,i was the 8citizen director of the ,madeleine10 and they would make me expiate the sympathy and concurrence that the parishioners of the ,madeleine had the unpardonable offence to refuse the ,commune4 ,to gain more time and thus calm their fury1 ,i spoke of political affairs4 ,my observations visibly disconcerted my interlocutors4 ,the epithets1 canaille1 crapule1 and assassin1 became more and more rare1 and their revolvers1 at first so actively and impertinently exercised1 were returned by degrees to their cases4 ,another incident that might have been fatal to me served still more to disconcert them4 ,during the last half of the reign of the ,commune1 the affair of the bodies found at ,st4 ,laurent1 ,notre ,dame des ,victoires1 and ,notre ,dame de ,lorette had an unfortunate effect4 ,disregarding the reports of the physicians and what was clearly evident1 the revolutionist papers1 the ,journal ,officiel1 and the clubs exclaimed at the scandal4 ,the most abominable crimes were imputed to the clergy1 against whom a diabolical persecution was excited by extravagant accounts and vile pictures4 ,in vain were these extravagances met by decisive reasons3 the reasons themselves became new subjects of crimination and invectives which gave me great concern4 ,the vaults of the ,madeleine were at this epoch filled with bodies4 ,during the siege of ,paris by the ,prussians1 the bodies of several generals and foreigners of distinction had been deposited there till they could be carried to their distant family tombs4 ,i had for several days dwelt on the explanation ,i could give respecting these bodies so as to silence these furious madmen1 but had found none4 ,the time had come when ,i needed it4 8,it is in this miserable parish of the ,madeleine10 exclaimed the delegate of the ,commune with a smile of contempt and hatred1 8that we shall discover the infamy of the priests4 ,i will bet10 continued he1 turning toward his agent1 8that we shall find here more horrible things than at ,st4 ,laurent and ,notre ,dame des ,victoires4 ,citizens1 #bci let us go down into the vaults60 ,the ray of light that ,i had sought for in vain the three previous weeks all at once beamed into my mind1 ,i found the reason ,i needed4 ,though in the power of the dangerous agents of the committee of public safety1 ,i blessed ,god for his protection4 8,i have two observations to make to you10 ,i replied4 8,the first is that you will find in the vaults of the ,madeleine many more corpses than in the other churches44440 ,i can still see the delegate laughing with fiendish satisfaction at these words till he nearly fell backwards4 8,i told you1 citizens1 that there was more infamy in this church than anywhere else60 8,the second observation1 sir1 concerns you personally1 and from a motive of charity ,i think it a duty to draw your attention to it4 ,i warn you that several of these bodies belong to illustrious families in ,spain1 ,italy1 ,england1 and ,america1 and1 if you are rash enough to disturb them1 it is with these foreign powers1 and not with me1 you will have to deal40 ,in his place ,i should have endeavored to dissimulate my embarrassment by doubting this assertion1 and requesting to be assured of the fact4 ,but he was not constrained in the least4 ,he waved his hand with a triumphant air1 and1 as if it were ,i who proposed to violate the tombs1 he exclaimed in the most sonorous manner3 8,yes1 yes1 the ,commune will protect these bodies2 they shall be protected60 ,after this incredible instance of foolishness and incoherency1 we may stop4 ,i will only beg pardon for mentioning one of the moral reflections made by one of the emissaries of the ,commune at the commencement of this scene4 ,i had occasion to pronounce the name of ,god4 8,stop10 said he to me1 flourishing his revolver1 8if ,god existed and should descend here1 it is he ,i would shoot first60 ,it was half-past five4 ,my situation became less critical4 ,these men1 at first so ferocious1 now treated me with politeness4 ,the most brutal seemed almost ashamed of having insulted me4 ,i was able to request the national guards appointed to watch over the ,madeleine not to allow anything to be removed or desecrated4 ,i also begged that the faithful employees of the church might have the liberty of returning home4 ,the delegate charged to arrest me could no longer deceive himself4 ,he became almost affable4 ,i will not mention his name4 ,he sufficiently dishonored the family from which he sprang by his deeds4 ,a week after1 by a coincidence worthy of note1 he directed from the ,madeleine the fight on the ,boulevard ,malesherbes4 ,more strongly resisted than he had expected1 he found himself with two of his agents hedged in by the ,versailles troops1 and sought shelter in the cellar of the church4 ,an officer of the line shot him with a revolver1 fracturing his skull4 ,this prodigal child had become hardened in sin3 unworthy of pardon and mercy1 he had become incapable of repentance4 ,i arrived at the prfecture de police at a quarter past six1 accompanied by a staff-officer of the ,commune4 ,i was as yet but little preoccupied about my situation1 but when told that ,i was to appear at once before citizen ,ferr1 the prfet de police1 who was regarded by men of penetration as another ,robespierre1 ,i felt that my case was extremely grave1 and that1 having but little to hope from man1 ,i should confide myself to the protection of ,god4 ,,ii4 #bdj ,,the ,,prefecture ,,de ,,police ,,and ,,mazas4 ,it is no easy matter to describe the singular scene at the prfecture de police1 usually so quiet1 so disciplined and solemn4 ,this establishment had become noisier and more picturesque than a fair-ground4 ,by way of contrast with the usual proceedings1 robbers and other criminals now issued decrees of arrest and imprisonment1 and they who were arrested and imprisoned were lovers of order and their duty4 ,the entrance was guarded by a crowd of national guardsmen1 who had stopped drinking and smoking to laugh at the unfortunate victims of the hatred of the committee of public safety1 who were arriving in large numbers4 ,i had seen at the ,madeleine the delegate who ordered my arrest give the staff-officer appointed to conduct me a five-franc piece to pay for the carriage4 ,this honest man found it more suitable to leave this expense to his prisoner1 and keep the five francs himself4 ,it was a little contribution to the expenses of the war that ,i cheerfully paid4 ,like the misanthrope of ,molire1 ,i was almost glad to see the masters of ,paris throw off the mask and add niggardliness to all kinds of violence4 ,it was pleasant to be able to testify that a staff-officer of the ,commune1 the friend of ,ferr and ,raoul ,rigault1 the confidential agent of the committee of public safety1 and one of the great dignitaries of the prefecture de police1 committed a theft at my expense1 and with an unceremoniousness that could not be found among the robbers and pickpockets of the worst quarters of the barriers4 ,after waiting three hours1 ,i was summoned before citizen ,ferr1 the member of the ,commune delegated to the ex-prfecture de police1 which signifies in common language the prfet de police4 ,he appeared to be from twenty-six to thirty years of age4 ,he was no longer the ten-years student and the burlesque writer for the small journals of the ,latin quarter1 who gave himself up to pleasure on those rare festivals when the proceeds of his pen allowed him to revel at the public balls at the crossway of the ,observatory4 ,he had exchanged his worn clothes for a more elegant suit1 his old pointed hat for a cap with gold spangles4 ,carelessly seated in a superb arm-chair in the luxurious office where ,delessert1 ,maupas1 and ,pietri had labored1 he gave orders to his subordinates with the solemnity and self-sufficiency of a pasha4 ,i am mistaken2 the great pashas ,i saw while travelling in the ,east were only inferior rulers beside him2 he realized with admirable precision the fantastic idea ,i had formed of a ,chinese mandarin of the first class4 ,after making a salutation which he doubtless did not find proportionate to his dignity1 ,i requested permission in respectful and sufficiently humble tones to appear as promptly as possible before the juge d'instruction4 ,he interrupted me in a dry and haughty tone3 8,be silent1 citizen4 ,you are here to listen to me1 and not to talk60 ,i had never met with so humiliating a reception4 ,it is true ,i had never been in the presence of insolence personified4 ,i immediately drew from my pocket a number of the ,journal ,officiel de la ,commune which ,i had been carefully keeping for three days1 and which contained a recent decree by virtue of which all individuals arrested should appear before the juge d'instruction within twenty-four hours or be #bda restored to liberty4 8,i wished at first1 sir10 ,i firmly replied1 8to solicit a favor1 now ,i claim a right4 ,by virtue of the decree of the ,commune which ,i am going to read to you1 ,i demand the right to appear within twenty-four hours before a juge d'instruction40 ,our arrogant mandarin shrugged his shoulders1 and smiled1 as if to say1 8,here is a simpleton who still believes in the decrees of the ,commune60 8,captain1 conduct this citizen to prison10 was his only reply4 ,on ,wednesday1 the twenty-fourth of ,may1 at half-past seven in the evening1 ,i noticed through the bars of my cell my mandarin transformed into a bloodthirsty tiger1 crossing the court of ,la ,roquette and giving orders for the immediate execution of the ,archbishop of ,paris1 ,m4 ,bonjean1 ,m4 ,deguerry1 and their three companions4 ,my situation assumed a more gloomy aspect than ,i had anticipated4 ,i had been arrested as one of the last hostages1 and was at the mercy of a band of ruffians who were exasperated to madness by the approach of the ,versailles army4 ,i did not lose courage in my misfortunes4 ,convinced by the example of the staff-officer who had robbed me of five francs that ,i still had one means of alleviating my lot1 ,i henceforth placed all my confidence in the infinite mercy of ,god1 without forgetting a generous distribution of pieces of a hundred sous4 ,i immediately slipped two into the hands of my jailer1 who was profuse in his bows1 and gave me an exceptional testimony of his gratitude1 in his way1 by shutting me up in the cell that had been occupied by ,m4 ,deguerry4 ,i told him that1 lacking everything1 ,i must absolutely write my friends that evening1 and begged him not to send my letter through the office4 ,as he objected1 ,i told him ,i needed money1 and1 if ,i were not at once supplied1 ,i should not be able to acknowledge1 as was my practice1 the kind services of the good officials with whom ,i had to deal4 ,at this1 what had been impossible was instantly effected4 ,i wrote to the ,presbytre of the ,madeleine for money and other effects2 then ,i added what ,i considered very important1 and wished not to be seen at the office1 that they must not speak to any one of my arrest1 or write me a single line1 or1 especially1 take any steps for my release4 ,to pass unperceived and confounded in the crowd of prisoners was my only chance of safety4 ,i remained faithful to this principle to the end4 ,having had no food since ten o'clock in the morning1 ,i asked for something to eat4 ,they told me it was too late1 that the dinner was at five o'clock1 and the regulations allowed nothing afterwards4 ,the same accident occurred several times1 and owing to other obstacles ,i was no more fortunate about sleeping4 ,i will say1 for the edification of those who wish to get an idea of the rgime of the ,commune1 that at the end of ten days' imprisonment ,i returned home1 after having dined twice and slept two hours and a half4 ,my friends declared that ,i looked ten years older2 but1 knowing the truly ,french elasticity of my temperament1 ,i consoled them with the assurance that ten days of freedom would make me ten years younger1 which has proved true4 ,during the night1 prisoners were continually being brought in4 ,among them were some members of the national guards of the ,commune1 who1 through insubordination and drunkenness1 became my companions in captivity4 ,they kept up a terrific noise4 ,some cried as loud as they #bdb could bawl3 8,vive la ,rpublique6 ,vive la ,commune60 ,others thought they were at a club1 and1 all speaking at once1 advocated in discordant tones the abolition of capital1 the death of the priests1 the freedom of woman1 and other benefits of social revolution4 ,just after midnight1 a confederate officer was brought into one of the neighboring cells who was indebted to too copious libations for the eloquence of a ,demosthenes and the strength of a ,hercules4 ,this patriot thought himself confronting the ,prussians1 among whom he made frightful carnage4 8,now it is your turn1 you bully of a ,bismarck6 ,now you1 ,william1 you rascal6 ,you shall see what a patriot and a republican can do60 ,then he would throw himself on to the door of his cell1 and pound and kick it4 ,this continued till daybreak4 ,the heroic avenger of the national honor made me forget for a time the singular insolence of ,ferr1 and more than once ,i laughed at his manly eloquence and glorious feats in battle4 ,i took pleasure in retaining1 in the midst of the extravagances and crimes of the ,commune1 a bitter remembrance of the crushing and humiliating proceedings of ,prussia4 ,on ,saturday morning ,i wrote to ,m4 ,moir1 the juge d'instruction1 asking to be heard in the course of the day4 ,at half-past three ,i received a reply4 ,it was an order to ,mazas4 ,no illusion was longer possible4 ,the advocates of legal forms must expect to be shot without form--a respect for which would doubtless have been a poor consolation in falling under the bullets of assassins1 but it is well to observe that such judicial modes are unknown among the cannibals themselves4 ,among the prisoners who accompanied me were1 with other ecclesiastics1 the ,abb ,laurent ,amodru1 the vicar of ,notre ,dame des ,victoires1 and the ,abb de ,marsy1 the vicar of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,both came to me and manifested a sympathy that began to cheer the gloomy perspective of ,mazas4 ,m4 de ,marsy was full of animation1 and his cordial devotedness was of more benefit to us in a moral than a material sense4 ,and ,i became inseparably attached to ,m4 l',abb ,amodru4 ,he was my neighbor again at ,la ,roquette1 and his encouraging example1 even more than his precious religious ministrations1 aided me in enduring the greatest trials in that fearful abode4 ,i wish to give him a public testimony of my profound gratitude4 ,we were transported in one of those cellular vehicles1 the very sight of which inspires horror and disgust1 and arrived at ,mazas at half-past five4 ,they kept us shut up nearly two hours in a kind of grated cage1 which made me wish for one of those which contain the wild beasts in the ,jardin des ,plantes4 ,though separated from one another1 we were able nevertheless to exchange some words4 8,it is an indignity10 exclaimed a young national guardsman1 who had refused to serve the ,commune1 8to shut us up in this way as if we were robbers60 8,cheer up10 replied an old man with a cultivated and sympathetic voice4 8,in these days1 honest men are placed here1 and robbers are left without40 ,exhausted with fatigue1 ,i could neither sit down1 lie down1 eat1 nor read4 ,i can understand these rigorous precautions for the disciples of ,cartouche1 ,troppman1 and ,dumolard4 ,would there have been any great social danger in shutting us up in an apartment where there was a bench8 ,i learned afterward that the ,archbishop of ,paris had the same preliminary ceremony to undergo1 which almost reduced him to agony4 #bdc ,when my turn came to go to the register's office1 ,i was very much exasperated1 and not at all disposed to conceal my dissatisfaction2 and ,i had begun to observe that mildness and patience only served to aggravate our troubles with the emissaries of the ,commune1 while a timely and vigorous protestation obtained some alleviation4 ,the registrar1 in taking a long and minute description1 demanded my name--8,the ,abb ,lamazou1 ,vicar of the ,madeleine40 ,i never failed to articulate this title distinctly4 ,it edified some1 irritated others1 and proved to all that by my profession ,i did not necessarily belong to the family of those accused of robbery1 brigandage1 or assassination1 for whom the prison of ,mazas was intended4 ,having entered the establishment1 they pointed toward a door4 ,i supposed it was my cell4 ,by no means3 it was a bath-room4 ,as vagabonds and criminals are not always models of neatness and health1 ,i understood the necessity of making them take a bath at their entrance into prison4 ,i also comprehend that recourse may be had to this easy means of ascertaining if a dangerous criminal has not concealed in his clothes some weapon or some document that may compromise him4 ,when the warden ordered me to undress in order to take a bath1 ,i was for a moment confounded4 ,the sight of a dirty bath-room and a smoking rag1 that perhaps had just wiped the body of some foul vagrant of the barriers1 quite restored my energy4 8,i will not take a bath40 8,the regulations require it3 you must submit to them40 8,i tell you once for all1 that ,i will not take a bath1 if you shoot me40 8,well1 in your place ,i would act the same10 replied the warden in a most friendly tone4 8,i am distressed at all that has been going on here for some time4 ,only1 as the director of the prison is a furious partisan of the ,commune1 if he were aware of your resistance1 he might subject you to rigorous treatment4 ,i will close the door for a few minutes1 and you will be reported as having taken your bath40 ,i thanked him warmly4 ,some wardens of the former administration still remained at ,mazas and ,la ,roquette4 ,they not only manifested a cordial respect for us1 but rendered us the most valuable assistance4 ,of all the marks of sympathy that ,i received after my deliverance1 none affected me more than the letters and calls of my old wardens of ,mazas and ,la ,roquette4 ,among those who came to see me was the warden of the bath-rooms at ,mazas4 ,there were then1 among the hordes of the ,commune1 who were a disgrace to the human race1 some men who honored it by their conscientiousness1 their courage1 and their moral dignity4 ,although the day was nearly at an end1 ,i was not at the end of my tribulations4 ,the cell in which ,i was shut up seemed most objectionable4 ,it was exceedingly cold1 and1 as ,i had been laid up with an attack of bronchitis1 it might bring on inflammation of the lungs4 ,it was on the ground1 and immediately facing the interior entrance to the main part of the prison4 ,i knew the populace might take ,mazas by force and give a second edition of the days in ,september4 ,i should then be one of the first at hand4 ,finally1 and this was decisive1 ,i had fallen into the hands of a ,communist warden1 who1 seeing me exhausted1 having had no nourishment since morning1 gave no other proof of his solicitude than examining my pockets1 my #bdd books1 and even my portemonnaie4 ,the next morning ,i asked to see one of the physicians of the prison4 ,it was ,dr4 de ,beauvais's day1 whom ,i had already seen at the ,madeleine4 ,as he was under the surveillance of the agents of the ,commune1 ,i made no sign of recognition4 ,i made known to him the intolerable treatment ,i had received1 the bad state of my health1 and the physical impossibility of remaining in my cell4 ,i added that ,i simply wished to inform him of my situation1 but by no means to claim a favor4 ,he replied that1 in consequence of my state of health1 ,i had a right to change my cell4 ,he ordered one to be given me in the first story4 ,the energy of my language had such an effect on the infirmarian and pharmaceutist of the prison that they hastened to manifest their sympathy4 ,my new warden was perfect4 ,in spite of the severity of the discipline1 ,i could1 thanks to them1 obtain news of ,m4 ,deguerry1 ,mgr4 ,darboy1 ,mgr4 ,surat1 and of ,m4 ,bayle1 the vicar-general of ,paris1 who was in my neighborhood4 ,hitherto ,i could only give an idea of their trials and those of the other hostages of the ,commune by relating my own1 only most of them had been incarcerated seven weeks1 and ,i only four days4 ,sunday was1 relatively speaking1 a comfortable day4 ,i guessed1 on ,monday morning1 from the general sound of the tocsin1 that the ,versailles troops must have entered ,paris4 ,the pharmacist and wardens confirmed the supposition4 8,courage10 they said to me1 8perhaps in a few hours1 or to-morrow at the latest1 you will be free40 ,i offered up my thanksgivings to ,god1 and hailed the first dawn of light on ,tuesday as the happy day of my deliverance1 and the deliverance of all my companions in captivity4 ,,iii4 ,,la ,,roquette--,,massacre ,,of ,,the ,,hostages--,,four ,,days ,,of ,,agony4 ,a brilliant sun lighted the prison of ,mazas4 ,we were1 then1 about to return to ,paris1 from which we seemed a thousand leagues distant1 though within its limits2 we were to behold once more those who were dear to us1 and endeavor1 according to the measure of our strength1 to heal the moral and material wounds made by the most shameful and odious of rgimes that ever burdened a civilized people4 ,i forgot all my fatigues1 all my sadness1 all my anguish1 in the reawakening of hope and life4 ,i prayed with the enthusiasm of an exile who had despaired of ever seeing his country again1 and to which he was1 by an unexpected event1 about to be restored4 ,at a quarter before ten1 the door of my cell was opened4 ,a warden ,i did not know ordered me to collect my effects and go down4 ,my deliverance1 then1 was nearer at hand than ,i had hoped4 ,all my things were packed in a few minutes4 ,i took all the money out of my purse except enough to pay for a carriage and give the driver a generous pourboire4 ,i was too happy not to wish to make those around me happy4 ,in descending ,i distributed all the money ,i possessed4 ,they shut me up in one of the compartments of the prison parlor4 ,after some minutes1 they took me to the director1 who asked me if ,i had any observations to make4 8,none10 said ,i1 8unless that ,i am ignorant why ,i am brought here40 ,his face1 and the faces of the agents who surrounded him1 seemed very #bde ferocious1 but ,i knew they had been indebted to the insurrection for their places at ,mazas1 and must therefore be dissatisfied to see ,paris restored to ,france and to itself4 ,in my heart ,i pardoned all the ill that had been done me4 ,nevertheless1 one thing astonished me1 that ,i did not see ,mgr4 ,darboy1 ,m4 ,deguerry1 or ,pre ,olivaint1 or any of the priests who had been transported with me from the prfecture de police to ,mazas4 ,i spied a warden ,i knew4 ,i asked him where ,i might expect to find the cur of the ,madeleine4 ,he replied with tears in his eyes3 8,he left last evening with the archbishop and several other gentlemen6 ,may ,god watch over you60 ,i could not describe the impression made on the happiest of men by this mysterious reply and the frightened appearance of the warden4 ,i questioned him1 but he disappeared in a passage4 ,what had happened to my companions8 ,what was going to happen to me8444 ,i sought an explanation to this mystery--but it was beyond my comprehension4 ,suddenly a word1 a single word1 pronounced1 ,i know not by whom1 ,i know not where1 resounded in my ear like a thunderbolt3 8,la ,roquette60444 ,to this voice from without1 an interior voice instantly replied3 8,la ,roquette1 the prison of those condemned to death60444 ,this frightful thunderbolt1 which precipitated me into an abyss a thousand times more fearful than that from which ,i thought ,i had issued1 was enough to dismay a nature more strongly tempered than mine4 ,i was dismayed and broken down1 and yet1 after the poignant griefs and enervating perplexities that had overwhelmed me for two months1 ,i had at least the advantage of knowing my certain fate4 ,my conscience gave me the consoling testimony that ,i was a victim of my fidelity to duty2 my courage revived at the thought of the numerous and illustrious captives who had suffered more than ,i1 and whose examples ,i only had to follow to die as a priest and a ,frenchman4 ,i cried with the royal ,psalmist3 8,but ,i have put my trust in thee1 ,o ,lord3 ,i said3 ,thou art my ,god1 my lot is in thy hands40 ,this lifting of my heart to ,god sufficed to give me firmness and the serenity of ,christian resignation4 ,when they shut me up in one of the grated cages in the vestibule of ,mazas1 the warden charged with this painful task secretly pressed my hand1 and informed me that the ,archbishop of ,paris1 the cur of the ,madeleine1 and most of the other hostages had gone to ,la ,roquette1 where we were now to be taken4 ,his pressure of my hand and the consternation of his face were more eloquent than all he could say4 ,it was a comfort truly providential to find the ,abb ,amodru again in the cage next mine4 ,our impressions were the same4 ,thanks to the signs we agreed upon when we left the prfecture de police1 we could give each other absolution4 ,we must find ourselves in the presence of death to comprehend the nothingness of all human things2 there is then no longer any difficulty in praying1 in repenting1 in pardoning our fellow-men1 and in trusting wholly in the mercy of ,god4 ,one by one the cages opened and shut with a lugubrious noise1 and ,i was surrounded with hostages destined for ,la ,roquette4 ,i was surprised to find several under complete illusion respecting our situation4 ,some thought we were about to be restored to liberty1 and others did not seem to comprehend the significance of our being sent to ,la ,roquette4 #bdf ,it was not best to enlighten them yet1 but ,i resolved to do so at a later moment4 ,with almost certain death staring us in the face1 ,i thought it proper1 and especially more ,christian1 to modify my attitude4 ,until now ,i had taken an energetic stand against the agents of the ,commune1 and sometimes expressed my indignation4 ,i now resolved to speak but little1 to pray a great deal1 to encourage those of my companions who should need it1 and to arm myself with patience and meekness toward our persecutors4 ,the charitable young pharmacist of the prison1 who1 the night before1 so gladly announced our approaching liberation1 was stationed in a corner of the vestibule to give us a last proof of his sorrowful sympathy4 ,this was not only a kind but a courageous act at a moment when a single smile of compassion might be regarded as treason4 ,a week after1 a young man1 kneeling by the body of ,m4 ,deguerry in the lower chapel of the ,madeleine1 stopped me to express his joy and his grief4 ,it was the pharmacist of ,mazas4 ,an enormous cart1 surrounded by armed national guards1 awaited us in the first court4 ,i at once bethought myself of the carts that during the ,reign of ,terror conveyed the victims of the committee of public safety to execution4 ,and we too were to go in the same direction1 toward the ,barrire du ,trne4 ,such coincidences could not fail to strike any one familiar with our revolutionary history4 ,fifteen prisoners mounted the cart1 among whom ,i noticed ,m4 ,chevriaux1 the principal of the ,lyce at ,vanves1 who bravely wore his ribbon of the ,legion of ,honor2 ,pre ,bazin2 ,m4 ,bacues1 the director of ,st4 ,sulpice2 an honest workman1 and some members of the national guards1 guilty of not having sacrificed to the idol of the day4 ,they were mostly ecclesiastics4 ,we were told that the reason we had not been sent to ,la ,roquette the night before with the first hostages dispatched was that a third vehicle could not be procured4 ,mgr4 ,darboy1 ,mgr4 ,deguerry1 ,mgr4 ,surat1 and ,m4 ,bonjean had suffered very much at ,mazas3 the prolonged severity of the prison discipline had1 in particular1 shaken the archbishop's health4 ,they had been obliged1 only a few hours before his departure for ,la ,roquette1 to apply blisters to him4 ,but they all showed themselves1 by their firmness and patience1 superior to their sad condition4 ,at the sight of ,m4 ,perny and ,m4 ,houillon1 apostolic missionaries in ,china1 whom the ,commune had stupidly arrested on their way through ,paris1 ,m4 ,deguerry said to ,mgr4 ,darboy3 8,only think of those two ,orientals coming to seek martyrdom in ,paris6 ,is it not curious80 ,on the way1 they had to encounter the threats and outrages of a rabid mob4 ,men en blouse1 ragged children1 and women1 or rather furies1 wished to stop and enter the vehicles3 8,a bas les chouans et les calotins60--8,stop1 we wish to cut them in pieces60 ,it was revolting1 monstrous1 and yet something still more hideous was reserved for us4 ,we were insulted in our turn1 not by the multitude1 but by the national guards who had charge of us4 ,i could understand the threatening attitude of an over-excited mob1 led away by its bad instincts and the speeches of demagogues1 but ,i had never seen1 or thought it possible1 that an armed force could basely insult and threaten those whom they were officially deputed to escort to a place of punishment4 ,i had not suspected such a degree of vileness in human nature1 and felt rather humiliated than indignant4 8,ah6 citizen10 #bdg said one of these tigers armed with a kpi and a chassepot1 8you reckon on the arrival of the ,versailles assassins6 ,well1 this morning we cut them off at the ,porte d',auteuil with our mitrailleuses3 twenty thousand prisoners are in our hands4 ,the chouans and their accomplices will have the fate they merit40 ,an ecclesiastic of the ,faubourg ,st4 ,antoine1 who had been embittered by his trials1 wished to take up for the ,versailles army4 ,i tried to make him comprehend that reserve and silence were the safest and most suitable course for us4 ,i asked the national guardsman at my right the quarter he was from4 ,he replied that he belonged to the battalion of ,charonne4 ,it was more and more manifest that the old suburbs of ,paris ruled and kept ,paris in terror4 ,the quarters ,st4 ,martin1 ,st4 ,antoine1 and ,st4 ,marceau were no longer rulers of this great city1 but the citoyens of ,belleville1 ,montmartre1 ,la ,villette1 ,mnilmontant1 ,charonne1 and ,montrouge1 that is to say1 the districts that a few years ago were not a part of ,paris1 that had municipalities and material interests distinct from ,paris1 and had made a most vigorous resistance to their annexation to the city4 ,but the head of the second empire conceived a pride in reigning over a capital containing two millions of inhabitants1 and the thickly settled suburbs were violently annexed to ,paris4 ,he wished to eclipse ,babylon and ancient ,rome4 ,to make his way through his capital1 innumerable boulevards must be opened1 bordered by sumptuous edifices4 ,to seek the fresh air of the ,bois de ,boulogne1 he must traverse immense avenues peopled with all the wealthy idlers in the world1 and consequently new legions of workmen were summoned from every point of the compass1 who concentrated themselves like an army ranged in battle in the annexed zone4 ,a humble journalist1 ,i had pointed out1 as a great social danger1 the tendency of the empire to separate ,paris into two parts1 one peopled by the aristocracy and bourgeoisie1 and the other by workmen1 outcasts1 and the dissatisfied from the entire world4 ,my criticisms and sad forebodings were recompensed by officious remonstrances1 domiciliary visits1 and the seizure of my papers4 ,the course of the empire had1 then1 been fatal to ,france in a political point of view1 since compression had only served to debase its inhabitants and organize all kinds of social conspirations2 fatal in a religious point of view1 for the affairs of ,rome alarmed the consciences of ,catholics1 and the clergy1 so respected in #ahdh1 became the objects of prejudice and hatred1 the bitter fruits of which we were reaping2 and fatal in a military sense1 for ,france was humbled and crushed by a foreign power4 ,i will declare1 for the political honor of the eminent men whose opposition to the empire ,i shared1 that at the time ,i thought ,i was about to be put to death in prison and render the ,supreme ,judge a strict account of my actions1 far from regretting a stand that some of my friends and ecclesiastical superiors had blamed and treated as 8passion politique10 everything at ,mazas and ,la ,roquette1 everything in ,paris and the whole of ,france1 assured me ,i had not taken a wrong course2 that1 on the contrary1 ,i had served the cause of religion and of my country4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- ,,the ,d,,llinger ,,scandal4 #bdh ,,from ,,the ,,historisch-,,politische ,,blaetter4 ,during the course of the year #aheg we published in these pages an exhaustive article on the philosophy of ,baader4 ,before the article was sent to press1 the editor of ,baader's complete works gave to the public the author's correspondence in another volume1 the appearance of which occasioned the most painful surprise among the admirers of the great thinker4 ,the book showed that1 in his later years1 ,baader's mind was out of harmony with the church2 and that his tone towards it had grown to be one of bitterness even4 ,as was wont to be the case in those happier days1 the editors of these pages turned to ,dr4 ,dllinger for an explanation of the glaring contradictions between the earlier and later views of ,dr4 ,baader4 ,the result was a postscript to the article above referred to1 written by ,dr4 ,dllinger1 and which may be seen in the fortieth volume of the ,historisch-,politische ,bltter1 p4 #agh4 ,in this postscript1 ,dr4 ,dllinger pointed out from the correspondence itself what were the reasons of the change1 and showed that ,baader's animosity against the church rested only on extraneous and accidental causes1 and had nothing to do with his philosophy4 8,no further key0--these are ,dllinger's concluding words--8will be needed to understand how the broad chasm that separates the calm convictions of the ripe man in his prime from the passionate1 almost childlike1 outbursts of mental impotence of the old man in his decline1 was overleaped40 ,these lines were written by ,dr4 ,dllinger thirteen years ago1 and we have often read them since4 ,step by step1 he has himself proceeded in a course towards the church which he so severely censured in the philosopher of ,munich4 ,the fall of the two men is to a certain extent the same4 ,the gray-haired church historian1 too1 is separated by a great chasm from what he was in his prime--at a great distance from the convictions that guided him when he was in the zenith of his intellectual power4 ,his deportment and language betray signs of ungovernable passion1 incompatible with the self-possession of a man who understands his own mind4 ,we have a right to seek in his case1 also1 for a psychological solution of the change that has left him the very reverse of what he was4 ,in his case1 as in that of ,baader1 it will be seen that the reasons have nothing to do with his erudition as a church historian2 that they are of a purely 8extraneous and accidental character40 ,but1 indeed--and this is the great difference between the two--in ,baader's case1 the motives were of a private1 domestic nature2 in the case of ,dllinger1 they are of a public and political nature4 ,to express it in a word1 it is the spirit of the times and of the world that has carried ,dllinger into the fatal gulf4 ,dllinger's fall1 his breaking off from all he was in the past1 is only a piece of the political history of ,bavaria during the last twenty years4 ,the ,council and the definition of the #ahth of ,july have only hastened the matter2 they have merely given the disease1 in its crisis1 an acute form2 but1 #bdi without them1 the break would still have taken place2 for a current of thought had set in in ,dllinger's mind which would have necessitated it4 ,when1 therefore1 we are asked how it happens that a highly learned and highly respected man1 like ,dllinger1 in the enjoyment of a completely independent position1 could cast himself into a current running counter to his whole previous life1 our answer is very simple2 for1 from the very beginning of a certain period in the history of ,bavaria1 every true ,catholic was called upon to bear his cross with the church2 and it is not given to every one to choose being put in the background when he needs only to yield in order to reap his share of the honors of this world4 ,it was beyond a doubt impossible for ,dllinger to add anything to his reputation for learning4 ,was he not the head and ornament of the ,catholic school of ,munich8 ,and1 by the way1 it is beyond a doubt that that school had taught as a body1 concerning the ex cathedr decisions of the ,holy ,see1 neither more nor less than is now required by the decrees of the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,witnesses can be found for every day and year1 from among the students of the ,munich theological faculty1 from the ,bishop of ,mainz down to the humblest parish priest1 to show from their notes and memoranda that ,dllinger himself taught exactly what the ,archbishop of ,munich requires him now to subscribe to4 ,whoever questions the infallibility of the ,papal decisions contradicts the present and past testimony of the church1 and must deny the infallibility of the church itself--such was the view of the whole ,munich school2 such was ,dllinger's own view4 ,if ,dllinger's present views were correct1 the immunity of the church from error could not for a moment be maintained1 no matter where it might be claimed its infallibility resided4 ,dllinger subordinates the church to science and the decisions of the church to the final judgment of the learned1 more especially to the final judgment of historians4 ,such is his theory1 and such1 practically1 his answer to his ecclesiastical superiors4 ,not without reason1 therefore1 does the ,archbishop of ,munich in his pastoral1 dated ,palm ,sunday1 say3 8,in this manner the church's divine commission and all ,catholic truth is called in question40 ,it cannot for a moment be doubted that a man who speaks as does ,dllinger in his declaration of the #bhth of ,march last1 has lost completely the ,catholic idea of the church4 ,the only difference between him and the ,protestants is that1 in addition to the ,bible1 he admits1 tradition1 8the unanimous consent of the fathers10 to be a source of religious truth2 and this a ,protestant may also do1 provided no external authority be constituted the court of final appeal2 and ,dllinger in fact claims that there is no such court1 since he subordinates both ,pope and ,council alike to what he calls 8science40 ,in point of fact1 however1 even if not expressed in precisely those words1 these were ,dllinger's views years ago4 ,we long since foresaw what was coming1 and just as it has come4 ,it was then a matter of no little surprise to us that his course caused no uneasiness even in ecclesiastical circles2 and that no importance was attached to the remarkable revelations to which we now call attention1 although the circumstances attending and the persons concerned in them were calculated to invest them with a character of the highest importance4 #bej ,we have already referred to the revelations in question as throwing light on the internal history of ,bavaria1 and on ,dllinger's dangerous complication with certain tendencies of the late government2 but we must return to the subject1 and treat it more particularly4 ,we refer especially to the academical oration held by ,dr4 ,dllinger on the #acth of ,march1 #ahfd1 on ,king ,maximilian ,,ii4 ,in his oration1 he happens to speak of the remarkable interest felt by the deceased monarch in historical research1 and reveals to the world a very strange1 8a more secret0 motive for the royal interest4 ,the reader1 to understand the full bearing of the history which we give below entire on ,dllinger himself1 must bear in mind the peculiar characteristics of a man who has lived more among his books than among men4 ,it would be hard for any one to be more subject to external influences than ,dllinger is1 and1 at the same time1 to be less conscious of their presence or effect4 ,he unconsciously puts forth to-day1 as the result of his own experience1 what he happened to hear expressed yesterday by another4 ,dllinger is always the product of his surroundings1 and hence his change1 as he lost his old friends1 one after another1 by death or by alienation1 and fell in almost exclusively with the society of the so-called 8,bernfenen40 ,this explains also how it came to pass that many younger men1 and the members of the scientific guild--for example1 his little ,mephistopheles1 ,huber--exercised so unwarranted and increasing an influence over him4 ,bearing all this in mind1 it is impossible to overestimate the effects and influence of the overtures which ,king ,maximilian made to ,dr4 ,dllinger4 ,he was completely intoxicated by them1 and his new friends found means to prevent his return to his sober senses4 ,the impression made on ,dllinger in the conference in question must have been the more lasting1 as ,dllinger1 the acknowledged head of the ,ultramontane party1 could not have hoped to stand any higher in his majesty's favor than any other of that abused class4 ,to express the whole matter in a few words1 we are convinced that the careful observer will discover the later as opposed to the earlier ,dllinger in the following account1 or in his cradle4 ,the following extract is from the oration above referred to3 8,as ,i have permitted myself to refer to the deeper thoughts which guided the king in his government1 and especially in his attitude towards science1 ,i may also recall certain other communications which ,i received from his own mouth4 ,an upright1 faithful ,christian1 he believed in the lasting future of ,christianity1 and1 therefore1 could not conceive that its divisions and the struggle of the different confessions should continue for ever2 that ,christians should waste their powers in mutual injury4 ,the division1 he was of opinion1 had had its time1 and ,god had permitted it for some high purpose2 and that time1 even where not entirely past1 was near its end2 and he believed firmly that in spite of all polemical bitterness1 in spite of the sordid spirit of self which had intruded itself into the controversy1 the day of union for ,christian nations would come1 and the promise of one fold and one shepherd be fulfilled4 ,and the great ecclesiastical bodies of the ,west being once reconciled and working with more than redoubled intellectual vigor upon the ,grco-,russian church1 the latter would not long resist the powerful magnetic influence of unity4 ,or1 on the other hand1 when once the union of the ,catholic and ,anatolian #bea churches was effected1 the various ,protestant sects would be gradually drawn into the current and meet their brethren4 8,naturally1 however1 the attention of the king was claimed in the first instance by whatever could be looked upon as tending in a proximate or remote degree to the reconciliation of the ,east1 and particularly of ,germany4 ,he saw that the future union could not be a simple1 unaccommodating mechanical coming together of the separated confessions4 ,neither did he think for a moment of the absorption of one church into another4 ,it was necessary1 he thought1 that both bodies should first undergo a purgative process1 and that each should acknowledge that it might receive1 though1 perhaps1 in an unequal degree1 some good from the other2 that each might help to free the other from its peculiar defects and one-sidednesses1 and supply what was wanting in each other's ecclesiastical and religious being2 that each might heal the other's wounds2 and that neither should be required to surrender anything which its life and history had proved to be a positive good4 ,under these conditions1 sooner or later1 the process of reconciliation and of union would take place in the heart of ,europe1 in ,germany4 8,such nearly were the thoughts which the king developed to me in a long conversation which ,i had with him1 and which ,i never can forget4 ,i do not know how far ,schelling's ideas of an all-embracing church of the future gave form and shape to the royal views4 ,it is a matter of fact1 however1 that that thinker had exerted a great influence on the mind of the king long before his accession to the throne4 ,at the same time1 the king saw that this idea of a future church entertained by ,leibnitz and by ,germany's greatest men was recognized as a necessity1 and confidently hoped for also by his eminent and enlightened kinsman1 ,king ,frederick ,william the ,fourth of ,prussia4 ,a ,german patriot1 he saw in this reunion the salvation of ,germany2 a ,christian1 he saw in it a bulwark for the defence of the ,christian faith1 now so fiercely menaced4 8,and here he believed his own ,bavaria was called to take an active and initiatory part1 and the ,bavarian king not only to point out the way the country was to go1 but to guide it in that way4 ,it was not a matter of mere chance the ,frankish race1 the numerically predominant race in ,bavaria1 was about equally divided between the two confessions1 and that in no country1 not even in ,prussia1 were the local mixture and inter-relations of ,protestants and ,catholics so intimate and extensive as in ,bavaria4 8,in the second place1 as far as the king himself was concerned1 he could and it was his duty to do something to bring ,germany a little nearer to the desired goal4 ,he had been obliged to establish a perfect equality of rights and of political standing for the professors of both confessions1 to the end that no portion of the people might feel oppressed1 or grow embittered1 or think themselves kept in the background1 for with such feelings on the part of any portion of the nation1 all coming together1 all understanding1 was impossible4 8,and here he was of opinion science1 and particularly historical science1 was called upon to accomplish much2 for religion itself was history1 and only as a historical fact1 and in accordance with the rules of historical criticism1 could religion be understood or appreciated4 ,in his own view1 historical science was the kingdom in which1 in the words of the sacred writings1 peace and justice would #beb kiss2 for only through history1 as established by the most thorough research1 could men know their own past and others' past1 their own and others' failings2 through it only was there any hope of begetting a conciliatory and pacificatory frame of mind4 8,thus the field of historical science seemed to the king like the ,truce of ,god in the middle ages1 or like a sacred city in which those elsewhere at variance found themselves at peace together2 and1 urged on by the same desires1 endeavored to slake their thirst at the same fountain of truth1 and grew into one communion4 8,out of the scientific fraternity of historians would one day proceed1 so he hoped1 after the trammels of confessions had been done away with1 a higher union1 embracing all historical1 all religious truth1 a brotherly reconciliation1 such as patriots and ,christians alike hoped and prayed for40 ,all this ,dr4 ,dllinger spoke with all the warmth of personal conviction4 ,although the whole is evidently a thrust at the idea of a confession and against the church as an organization1 ,dllinger does not append one word of correction in the name of the church4 ,we cannot1 however1 help wondering that a critic so acute1 a thinker so profound1 as ,dllinger should have surrendered himself to such a politico-religious system4 ,it is easily seen that there are three separate1 and in part contradictory1 ideas in the royal programme1 and all three have this in common1 that they are totally irreconcilable with the idea of a divinely instituted and saving church4 ,in the first place1 there is mentioned ,st4 ,john's church of love1 ,schelling's church of the future1 on which subject ,dllinger was otherwise perfectly innocent4 ,an ideal which contemplative enthusiastic characters like ,king ,william the ,fourth might cherish1 and which might also claim a place in the thoughts of the ,bavarian king1 could scarcely have much attraction for ,dllinger4 ,but it was otherwise with the second idea which ,king ,maximilian had elaborated1 that is1 with the idea of a ,german national church2 and1 finally1 with the third idea1 that of the absorption of all the confessions into a universal republic of savants1 and the church into a world-academy of science4 ,here the thread of the supernatural is completely lost1 though1 perchance1 the king himself was not aware of it2 for1 is this not the most utter rationalism8 ,if1 now1 we look at ,dllinger's declaration of the #bhth of ,march1 we will find these two ideas standing out in bold relief4 ,the odious antithesis of ,germanism and ,romanism may indeed be in harmony with the reigning political spirit2 it certainly is incompatible with the idea of the ,catholic ,church4 ,whoever presumes in the name of nationality to speak of any member of the church as of the 8,roman party10 either knows not what he is doing or must wish the 8,german national church0 in schism4 ,from this there is but one step1 and that not a hard one for the pride of intellect or the haughtiness of science1 to the position occupied by ,dllinger in his declaration to the archbishop1 in which he places the scientific fraternity of historians as the highest authority over the church1 and makes it the court of final appeal in matters of faith4 ,and yet the learned gentleman1 although he signs himself only 8a ,christian10 will have us consider him a ,catholic4 ,it is impossible to look into the abyss into which this once clear thinker has fallen without a feeling of terror4 ,is it not sufficient to open the eyes of every one that the apostles of ,german ,catholicism #bec and free religion1 like a ,heribert ,rau and an ,oswald1 have again called the attention of the public to their already published works as an 8interesting commentary on ,dr4 ,dllinger's protest08 ,it is true that ,dllinger has nothing in common with those men in his views of his relations to ,god2 but then we must remember these gentlemen are only drawing their own consequences1 and ,dllinger has lost all right to find fault with the consequences they draw4 ,the unwarranted introduction of nationalism into the idea of the church was doubtless ,dllinger's first step downhill4 ,this gained1 the disturbers of the peace of the church soon possessed themselves of the whole man4 ,there can be nothing more hostile to the real spirit of ,catholicism than this false principle of nationality2 for the end of the church1 in a spiritual point of view1 is to smooth away all national differences1 and bring the different nations into one fold4 ,to wish1 at a time like the present1 when the fanaticism of nationality1 if we may be allowed the expression1 is tending to alienate still more the peoples of different nations--to wish1 we say1 at such a time to destroy the only tie that holds them together1 is to betray the wildest party fanaticism imaginable4 ,we can understand what the cry for a ,german national church means in the mouths of those modern ,neros1 the liberalists--in the mouth of any one else1 we cannot understand it4 ,we know very well that ,dllinger was very far from desiring a schism when he spoke at the ,linzer ,catholic meeting in #ahej1 upon the subject of the place of ,german nationalism in the church4 ,it was somewhat otherwise in his declarations in the ,munich ,conference in #ahfc4 ,there a turning-point was discoverable4 ,a short time previously1 the at first purely scientific difference with the 8,roman party10 or neo-scholastics1 had arisen4 ,dllinger had roused the suspicions of these latter2 but we feel certain that at that time there were no grounds for their suspicions4 ,he was1 it was plain1 only a little too susceptible to the influences of a certain kind of liberalism1 and extraordinarily anxious to do away with any suspicion of adhering to the ,ultramontane party4 ,the danger practically and in point of fact began when he became entangled in ,bavarian politics1 especially in what concerns the question of the relations of science to ecclesiastical authority4 8,german science0 now became the focus in which the more or less conscious tendencies of ,dllinger were concentrated4 ,it is in #ahfe that we must place the real turning-point in ,dllinger's career4 ,about the end of the year #ahfa1 the writer of these lines went to ,frankfort-on-the-,main4 ,he visited ,bhmer1 and will never forget a scene he witnessed on the occasion of that visit4 ,the great historian was sick at the time1 fresh in mind1 it is true1 but in a repining condition1 and almost bitter4 ,our conversation turned on the condition of the ,university of ,munich under the rgime of the so-called 8,bernjungen40 ,bhmer expressed great regret at what was going on in ,munich1 but reserved the vials of his wrath for the celebrities of the month of ,march previous4 ,especially1 he made ,dllinger responsible for it that so favorable a time had not been used for the founding of a historical school in the interests of the church4 ,it was well known that ,dr4 ,dllinger had had many scholars during his long career as a professor2 but he had founded no school4 ,it might be said1 even1 that he did not leave a disciple after him4 ,whilst he expatiated in the #bed endless world of book in a manner hitherto unparalleled1 perhaps it became impossible for him to prepare the living materials which young men needed1 and lost the gift of sociability4 ,bhmer became more and more aggravated as he proceeded1 till1 finally1 his anger culminated in the following anecdote3 ,he said that1 when ,dllinger visited ,frankfort last1 he had had a walk with him through the city1 and ,dllinger had spoken to him about his literary plans4 ,he1 ,bhmer1 remonstrated with him1 and inquired why he did not fulfil his older promises2 why he did not continue his unfinished church history4 ,whereupon ,dllinger1 stopping and swinging his cane1 said with a smile3 8,you see1 ,i can't do that2 for now my researches have brought me to such a pass that ,i cannot make the end of my history tally with the beginning2 the continuation of my church history would be entirely ,protestant40 ,i see ,bhmer this moment before me with the same grim visage which he wore as he closed this story with the words3 8,he--he said that60 ,still1 in #ahfj1 ,dllinger's great work1 ,christianity and the ,church in the time of their ,foundation1 appeared4 ,embracing the results of the latest research1 and written in the most charming manner1 this book touched and strengthened many a ,catholic heart1 as it did my own4 ,but ,dllinger has made that same beautiful book a sad memorial of his fall4 ,he had written the book when he was sixty years of age1 but when1 in #ahfh1 the second edition of it appeared1 it was discovered that he had omitted some of the principal passages of the first edition1 bearing upon the promises to and the establishment of the primacy2 and what he had not omitted1 he had changed in the interests of liberalism1 and all without giving any ground for the alterations1 without a single note even4 ,dllinger has a wonderful memory for everything in the world of print1 but very little for what concerns his own person or his own acts4 ,when he wrote his declaration to the ,archbishop of ,munich1 he seems to have quite forgotten the intentional 8corrections0 of his celebrated work4 ,otherwise1 he would not have referred to the approval which it met with from the whole of ,catholic ,germany1 and raised the question1 ,which text he meant--the true one of #ahfj1 or the altered1 not to say the falsified1 one of #ahfh8 ,moreover1 he1 as the inspirer of ,janus1 recalled1 in that last-named book1 the little he had left in the edition of #ahfh favorable to the primacy1 for the reason that it 8contradicted all opinions of the fathers1 and the principles of exegetical theology40 ,in other words1 ,janus has completely and flatly denied the primacy4 ,it is hard to calculate what a blessing ,dllinger might have been the means of to his contemporaries and to posterity1 had he continued to make the rich treasures of his knowledge accessible to ,christendom as he had done in his work of #ahfj4 ,the ,almighty1 who had preserved him upright during the wars and passions of these later years1 would have decreed him doubtless a rare old age had he remained true to his resolution not to divide his powers1 to live an unprejudiced votary of science4 ,it was to be otherwise4 ,that book was the last fruit of the professional activity of the historian4 ,the historian was now to become the bitter party-man1 not to say the future ,bavarian senator1 and1 as a writer1 a mere political pamphleteer4 ,here his career as a #bee man of science closes4 ,late in the fall of #ahfa appeared his work1 ,the ,church and the ,churches1 etc4 ,it was a kind of colossal apology for the two well-known ,odeon ,lectures of the fifth and ninth of ,april of the same year1 on the temporal power of the popes4 ,in these lectures ,dllinger has come forward in the rle of the politician--a rle which he was never intended to play on account of his too great credulity4 ,expressions had crept into these lectures so little savoring of piety1 so painful to ,catholic hearts1 that the worst was feared for ,dllinger in ecclesiastical circles4 ,we also feared the consequences4 ,dllinger himself was evidently staggered at the unexpected impression of his1 to say the least1 unexplained appearance in such a character4 ,the book which followed1 in other respects a wonder of historical information1 was nothing but a powerful effort to shield himself from the consequences of this step4 ,the ideas expressed in the royal conversation above referred to are here recognizable1 more particularly in the introduction1 as well as the endeavor to harmonize them with the principles of the church4 ,it would not be very difficult to allay the doubts which ,dllinger has endeavored to awaken concerning the medival church and the ,papacy in his 7or his amanuensis's7 letters on the council in the ,allgemeine ,zeitung1 and now in his 8declaration10 from his own work of #ahfa4 ,the ,encyclical1 and particularly the doctrine of the ,syllabus on the relations of church and state1 may be both explained and defended by the assistance of the same book4 ,dllinger then knew very well how to vindicate the true sense of certain decrees and bulls of the popes issued while the medival relations of the church to the state were yet in force2 he well knew then how to separate what is transient from that which is eternally true4 ,if1 at that time1 any one had come to him to tell him that ,napoleon ,,iii4 intended to take advantage of the ,bull 8,cum ex apostolatus officio0 against the ,protestant princes of ,germany and ,prussia1 with what shouts of laughter would he not have received him6 ,now he himself is guilty of just such an absurdity--and how grave he is withal6 ,the question of the relations of science to church authority became now in ,bavaria a practical question1 and ,dllinger was called upon to prove the strength of his principles by overt acts4 ,one difference followed another in that country1 and ,dllinger was as interested in them as he could be in matters entirely personal to himself4 ,like a general1 he felt himself responsible for the result of all those contests1 and never thought of examining closely the claims of those who crowded around him and offered him their services4 ,in this way it was that he became the protector of one so unworthy as ,pichler against the archiepiscopal ordinary4 ,at this time1 even1 he had his passionate turns1 which gave rise to serious misgivings1 but which he was sure to regret himself before any length of time had expired4 ,at this period the episcopal conference at ,fulda resolved to take steps to revive action in the matter of the establishment of a 8free ,catholic university40 ,dllinger could see in this nothing but the proof of a dark conspiracy against ,german science4 ,he was unable to see that the anti-ecclesiastical1 not to say the antichrist1 spirit which had crept into the universities1 was more than even he would be willing to be accountable for were he the chief #bef pastor of a diocese4 ,the opinion expressed in an appeal to the ,catholic ladies of ,germany on the subject of the higher schools1 made him lose his patience altogether4 ,the outbreak of the ,seminary question in ,spiers was in his view another attempt of those infected with the 8,roman0 spirit against free ,german science1 and it found him1 even if not publicly1 on the side of the decided opponents of the bishop's rightful claim in the matter4 ,very nearly at the same time1 the then ,bavarian minister of worship made a report to the king on the occasion of a vacancy in the theological faculty of ,wrzburg1 in which he painted the clergy educated in the ,german ,college at ,rome in no flattering terms4 ,an accidental circumstance threw suspicion on ,dllinger as the instigator of it4 ,the pamphlet 8for the information of kings10 which appeared in the beginning of #ahff1 represented ,dllinger1 although only under the general name 8of the ,munich school10 as the real actor in the minister of worship's puppet-play4 ,there was a report that in the ,spiers matter1 speaking of the attitude of the bishops1 he had said3 8,they are attempting to misuse the king's youth60 ,how much of this had its foundation in truth1 to what extent the statements of the pamphlet were based on a change or mistake between the ministry and cabinet1 must remain undecided4 ,the pamphlet referred to created no small excitement1 however2 and1 precisely two years before the appearance of the notorious articles on the ,council1 was exhaustively replied to in the ,allgemeine ,zeitung4 ,the style and other accidents would lead to suppose that the 8amanuensis10 since known more of1 had here made his dbut4 ,the reply was not a refutation4 ,it was made up of a series of counter-complaints1 and1 with the exception of the attacks on the ,jesuits1 the ,roman party1 and the boys' seminaries1 these articles contain the kernel of the articles against the ,council published two years later4 ,in spite of all this1 however1 ,dllinger is represented in these articles as of the same unaltered mind with other members of the faculty1 ,haneberg and ,reithmayer4 8,if there was no ground of suspicion during all these long years1 no reason to believe that these men were hankering after dangerous novelties1 how comes it recently that such suspicions are aroused1 seeing that they have always been of the same mind80 ,it is now certain that this unanimity has since ceased2 and it is clear that ,dllinger's monstrous accusation--8not a soul believes it0--must have been unjustly brought by him against his colleagues4 ,the articles also quote the words of the ,tbingen theologian3 8,the suspicion has spread further--,dllinger and ,michelis are no longer innocent40 ,what says the ,tbinger of the drifting of these two men to-day8 ,on the first of ,january1 #ahfg1 the ,hohenlohe ministry took charge of the ship of state4 ,it will not be claimed that ,dllinger's influence increased with the accession of his old friend ,prince ,hohenlohe to the ministry2 it seemed more probable that the prince would have found the learned professor a powerful obstacle in his way4 ,the prince had formerly been considered unexceptionable in his religious views and relations2 but in order to dissipate the bad odor in which he was in the highest circles1 suspected as he was of favoring ,prussia1 he knew no better method than to encourage the superstitious fear of the ,ultramontanes and of the ,jesuits which for twenty years had reigned within the walls #beg of the royal palace at ,munich4 ,this it was which had made ,dr4 ,dllinger so interesting a subject since he was regenerated from the infection of ,ultramontanism4 ,countenanced by such a man1 it was thought the discomfiting of the 8clerical party0 would be a less dangerous operation than effecting it by an unasked-for alliance with the party of progress4 ,this explains how ,prince ,hohenlohe1 at the head of the foreign department1 was determined to serve ,dllinger in every way possible against the 8,curia0 and all matters related to it4 ,the infamous articles on the ,council appeared in the ,allgemeine ,zeitung from the #ajth to the #aeth ,march1 #ahfi1 under an anonymous name4 ,every effort was made to conceal the author1 and even to mislead the public as to who he was4 ,the real author could not conceal himself as far as we were concerned2 but it required a long time to convince the many1 and great was the surprise of all unprejudiced minds at the discovery4 ,in the meantime1 the preparation of the anonymous ,janus was undertaken1 and the circulatory dispatches of ,prince ,hohenlohe made their appearance on the #ith of ,april1 #ahfi1 which1 of course1 ,dllinger could not well subscribe as their author4 ,the council of ministers1 of course1 was not consulted in the matter2 and the well-known five questions put by ,prince ,hohenlohe to the theological faculties of ,munich and ,wrzburg1 concerning the future council1 were not whispered to the minister of foreign affairs by some secret agent4 ,in the name of the majority of the faculty of ,munich1 ,dllinger was called upon to answer his own questions4 ,in contradistinction to the clear and frank separate vote of ,professors ,schmid and ,thalhofer1 and to the incisive opinion of the ,wrzburger faculty1 that exposition was but the unworthy production of a time-server4 ,it was impossible for any one to discover the real meaning of the opinion4 ,the only thing plainly discoverable was the ambiguity by which the author sought to shield himself from trouble4 ,the absence of conviction in the whole affair is so evident that we may well yet remain in doubt concerning the position of ,dllinger's colleagues2 and that in spite of the fact that the libellous articles of the ,allgemeine ,zeitung are to be found in the widespread pages of ,janus4 ,we have already looked into this department of the literature of our day2 we have done so already4 ,not only was infallibility condemned in it2 but the primacy1 at least since #hde1 is there made to appear as an infinite series of deception and forgeries1 or1 as ,janus expresses it1 as a sickly1 uncouth1 consumptive-engendering excrescence on the organism of the church4 ,not only was the future council condemned before it was held1 but the ,council of ,trent was turned into 8a should-be cumenical council10 which was arbitrarily governed by legates1 in which the ,roman party alone had sway1 and which1 in a word1 was nothing but an assemblage of fools and pickpockets4 ,this view of the ,council of ,trent ,dllinger seems to have forgotten1 when he wrote his declaration of the #bhth of ,march of the present year1 in which he refers to the ,tridentine article of faith which he had twice sworn to1 and in which he leaves out the essential part of the oath1 namely1 the promise to interpret the ,holy ,scripture only 8in the sense approved by ,holy ,mother ,church40 #beh ,the foreign office and its zealous co-operator1 the learned professor1 now began their campaign against the ,council4 ,the reporter of the ,leipzig ,grenzboten of the #bdth of ,june1 #ahgj1 thus expresses himself on the subject3 8,the alarming circulatory dispatches of ,prince ,hohenlohe have turned to political account the results obtained by ,janus1 and introduced them into governmental and diplomatic circles40 ,the ,bavarian ambassador1 a man of no distinction and one who favored the 8,curia10 was recalled and replaced by ,count ,tauffkirchen1 the most talented diplomatist at that time at the disposal of the government4 ,his operations in ,rome were very influential2 and if the matter furnished by the events in the ,council became immediately the subject of discussion in the press and in the literature of the day1 the ,bavarian ,embassy is not entitled in the least to the merit of it4 ,the rest was accomplished by ,dllinger1 as is now well known1 and by his intimate young friend ,lord ,acton4 ,about the end of the year appeared the pamphlet1 ,considerations for the ,bishops of the ,council on the ,question of ,papal ,infallibility4 ,this time he appeared again anonymously1 but without making any extra effort to conceal himself as the author4 ,a little later1 he appeared under his own name in the official organ of the new ,catholic theology1 the ,allgemeine ,zeitung1 in the 8,declaration in the matter of the address touching ,papal ,infallibility10 on the #aith ,january1 #ahgj4 ,from this declaration1 says the ,lepzig correspondent more than once referred to above1 proceeded his agreement with the views of ,janus4 ,the publication of his name was no sooner made than the party of progress took it as a signal to make him their own entirely4 ,this had already been done in the press2 now it was accomplished in the ,house4 ,on the #gth of ,february1 ,dr4 ,vlk1 a deputy1 seized the opportunity presented by the debates on the 8address0 to drag ,dllinger into the field against the 8patriotic0 majority4 ,he read the most objectionable and most venomous parts of the 8,considerations0 and 8,declaration10 and imputed these views to the majority of the ,house as their own opinions1 endeavoring to drive them to declare themselves for ,dllinger and against the ,pope and the ,council4 ,the 8patriotic0 majority had taken care not to embitter the debates by introducing questions ecclesiastical into them2 but now a defence was called for4 ,the stenographic report describes the scenes1 which were closed with the following words from ,deputy ,trg3 8,i have been on the most intimate terms with the gentleman whom ,deputy ,vlk so formally parades before the ,house1 for years4 ,i became acquainted with him shortly after the time of the #8genuflexion question' in ,bavaria2 and1 surely1 no one then imagined that a time would come when ,dr4 ,dllinger would be thus quoted before the whole ,house by ,dr4 ,vlk4 ,i consider it a terrible misfortune1 and accept it as such2 yes1 gentlemen1 as a personal misfortune4 ,dr4 ,dllinger was an authority for me2 he is such no longer2 for he has fallen the victim of blind passion and lost the calmness necessary to the forming of an opinion2 and he is no longer in a condition to formulate a dogmatic question as a theologian ought to be able to formulate one40 ,but that is not what ,dllinger wants4 ,he now stands in dread of all #bei conscientious critics1 his own fame for critical acumen being entirely gone4 ,he makes the definition of ,papal infallibility a monstrous bugbear1 and no remonstrance prevails to prevent his making the bugbear more terrible to himself and others4 ,the worst feature in the whole is his passion against the temporal power4 ,he sees nothing in his opponents that is not criminal4 ,they use the infallible ,pope to depose the monarchs who do not suit them1 to absolve subjects from their oath of fealty1 to overthrow constitutions1 to annihilate every right4 ,dr4 ,dllinger endeavors by the most unqualified denunciation to tell the new ,german ,empire--elsewhere he always says that the doctrine was never known in ,germany3 8,i cannot dissemble that this doctrine1 in consequence of which the former ,german empire perished1 in case it should obtain sway among the ,catholic portion of the ,german nations1 would sow the seeds of an incurable disease in the newly founded ,german empire40 ,but what now8 ,as we have already pointed out1 the matter did not turn out as those interested wished it would4 ,it was expected that ,dllinger's influence would have carried the greater part of the clergy and intimidated the bishops2 thus it was hoped without much danger would be obtained the object which1 although yet not clearly defined in every particular1 embraced1 at all events1 the annihilation of ,ultramontanism1 of the 8clerical party10 and of the ,jesuits in ,germany4 ,it was hoped to accomplish all this without the always1 as was acknowledged1 dangerous assistance of the party of progress1 through the mere weight of ,dllinger's name and influence4 ,but his name has not accomplished what was hoped it would4 ,the auxiliaries wished for did not come2 the others who were not expected came in crowds4 ,scarcely had the national liberals rested from other arduous tasks than they enlisted under ,dllinger's standard for the accomplishment of their next and greatest task1 the destruction of the ,catholic ,church in ,germany4 ,we are far from denying that at first1 under the pressure of slanders and denunciations1 some well-intentioned men were carried away4 ,we have hopes for their return1 and do not wish to wound the feelings of any one4 ,but when ,dr4 ,dllinger surveys the chaos of the 8address10 and considers how it would fare with him could he hear the confessions of all these 8,catholics10 ,i do believe he would blush at such adherents1 for ,i do not believe he has quite lost the power of distinguishing moral turpidity from virtue4 ,he need not know the state of the consciences of his ,munich colleagues who signed the address1 in which they hesitate not to give the lie to the whole ,catholic episcopate2 he knows better than anybody how many of them have a moral right to speak in the name of 8,catholic ,christendom40 ,viewing the matter in this light1 we have in one way wondered at the signing of many1 in another way we have wondered at the signing of only a few4 ,and in the face of such phenomena1 ,dr4 ,dllinger desires a church the duty of whose bishops it shall be simply to declare that which all believers1 represented by scientists1 will have thought or believed upon a question of the faith4 ,it is easy to say what the next thing sought by those who follow behind ,dllinger's banner is4 ,the police regulations required by the government against the decrees of the ,council are a matter of secondary importance4 ,and the great storm of an ovation given to ,dllinger is #bfj meant not so much for ,dllinger himself as for its influence on the king and his government4 ,the king must a second time be made to serve the cause of ,german liberalism4 ,we said it in the beginning3 as soon as the little ,german ,empire is established1 the party will want a 8,german ,national ,church0 for their little empire4 ,we did not think1 indeed1 that any attempt at this would be made so soon2 for1 a year ago1 men who knew what they were talking about assured us that so long as the old king lived he would not permit the peace of religion to be disturbed2 but that it would be otherwise with those who came after him4 ,but now that the king has become ,german ,emperor1 unanimous reports of the contrary come to us4 8,the idea of the establishment of a ,german ,national ,church is taking deeper root1 to all appearances1 in the government circles40 ,so a relatively unprejudiced ,berlin correspondent lately reported4 ,the rest of the tale is told by the debates in the chamber of deputies4 ,the party are anxious to strike the iron while it is hot2 not without reason was the party battle-cry spoken during the war--all our noble blood were shed in vain did not the stroke which freed us from ,france sever the ,catholics of ,germany from ,rome--8,war against ,france and against--,rome60 ,even ,dr4 ,michelis joined in the cry4 ,if it was very desirable that the ,bavarian king should take the initiative in the matter of the imperial title1 it was also very desirable that the first step for the establishment of the 8,german ,national ,church0 should proceed from the palace at ,munich4 ,the ,king of ,bavaria was to be to the 8new ,luther0 what ,prince ,frederick of ,saxony had been to ,luther of old2 and on that account1 he is promised the surname of the ,wise4 ,this is the meaning of the infamous telegram of the tenth of ,march from ,dresden--8him1 the enlightened thinker who publicly proclaims his dissatisfaction with the dogma of ,papal infallibility60 ,when the representatives of high offices in ,munich dare to set themselves up publicly as commanders in the military ecclesiastical society1 one need not be surprised at the progressionist intrusive attempts1 rashly sporting with the monarchical principle itself4 ,thus only can we understand how any one could be so bold as to encourage the clergy to fall by insinuating a provision that no one might fear a material loss4 ,could the necessary number of state-church servants have been found1 the programme was that the ,king of ,bavaria should give the 8,german ,national ,church0 its first ground in the ,munich places of worship4 ,we wish to be excused from describing further the plan which finally would make true the saying3 8,they wish to misuse the king's youth40 ,we are not deceived4 ,should this plan fail1 another will be sought to accomplish what is intended4 ,dllinger has been in relation with ,prussian diplomats since #ahff4 ,however1 neither he nor the new ,german ,empire has the divine promise which the church has2 and where the ,pope and the bishops are1 there is the church4 ,let all ,catholics gather more closely yet about the centre of unity4 ,we can do no better service to the world4 ,god will take care of the rest4 ---------- ,a ,,ghost ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 #bfa ,we have not many haunted spots now in our ,empire ,state1 or even in ,america1 and very few genuine goblin stories1 such as once upon a time1 told by the fireside1 made one afraid to look behind him2 delightful old tales1 implicitly believed in by narrator and listeners1 and casting over all a shadow of utter and indefinable terror6 ,not that ghosts have ceased to come1 but they are things of course now1 and their position with regard to mortals in the flesh is entirely changed2 the territory of spirit-land 7at least a part of it7 has been annexed1 we may say1 to our free and independent thirty-seven states2 a regular intercourse has been opened2 and1 as the intangible parties in the compact have frequent and passing invitations to make earthly visits at certain specified periods1 it is no more than civil in them to wait until they are expected4 ,now1 in years gone by it was quite otherwise2 so far from being invited1 they were universally shunned2 man1 woman1 and child fled at the slightest indication of their presence2 and as for speech1 it was next to impossible for them to put in a single word before the terror-stricken mortal had speeded away1 far beyond all hearing4 ,not much seemed the gain to either side by those interviews2 occasionally some rogue was known to disgorge his ill-gotten pelf in consequence of the midnight apparitions of some phantom things1 a warning to him to mend his ways2 or some timid heart perhaps grew faint1 and before long time ceased to beat1 under the idea that it had received a supernatural summons to the unseen world2 but generally speaking1 the shock of an intense and overpowering affright was about all that accrued to the sight-seer from the meeting--a terror so genuine that he was able to impart it to many a circle of eager listeners for an incredibly long period after the adventure4 ,but what attraction has modern ,america for sprites1 spooks1 brownies1 fairies1 and all that dainty ethereal tribe that may be met in the ,old ,world8 ,or what1 for the more solemn shadows that haunt dilapidated galleries1 in the tumble-down ruins of ancient transatlantic castles8 ,what homes have we for 8elves and little people10 that dance for years1 yes for centuries1 on the same greensward in the ,highlands of ,scotland8 ,alas6 in an incredibly short period grass here gives place to wheatfields1 and fairy rings would be disrespectfully ploughed up and planted4 ,let any sociable brownie plan a visit to old friends1 she would probably find the whole family1 bag and baggage1 moved off to the far ,west1 and only strangers round the hearthstone4 ,they love things old1 and here all is new and cheerful under the tireless march of improvement4 ,we have no black forest1 no 8,castled crag of ,drachenfels10 but the primitive woodland yet clothes the mountain that 8frowns o'er the wide and winding0 river4 ,the nearest approach to a haunted castle is to be seen sometimes in travelling over the ,western ,states4 ,there1 in some lonely inconvenient spot which no prudent man would have chosen for a homestead1 an unfinished1 overgrown1 weakly-looking wooden house tells its story1 #bfb not of greatness gone by1 but of greatness planned and never accomplished--a pitiful comment on the uncertainty of human affairs6 ,it happens thus3 ,some settler1 sadly miscalculating his resources1 projects a palace in the wilderness on a scale of city splendor2 that is1 with parlor1 dining-room1 kitchen1 bedrooms1 and the little elegances of pantries and closets4 ,the sides are enclosed1 the roof is on1 and the revenues he counted on as certain are not forthcoming4 ,then do papered walls and panelled doors with brass knobs1 and visions of portico and piazza1 all float away to the blue clouds2 the hapless dreamer fits up one corner room for the reception of his whole household until he can find another location1 and take a new start in the search after fortune1 and so abandons his rickety palace to the lord of the soil4 ,as the boards blacken in wind and storm1 and one end blows down perhaps in some rough northwester1 it gains the name of being haunted2 and to ride past such a skeleton thing by moonlight or in the dim twilight1 with the utter desolation of all around1 and the yawning blackness of cavities which should have been doors and windows1 it requires no great stretch of imagination to picture an unearthly head peeping out here and there4 ,very bold yeomen are known to always whip their horses to a full gallop as they approach and pass the fearful spot2 and as for women and children1 under that strange fascination by which the supernatural repels and yet attracts1 they always gaze intently1 and as surely 8see something06 ,although goblin visits in our land are just now rather on the decline 7except in a regular business way71 there was a time when strange sights were seen and strange things happened2 and1 although it may seem almost incredible1 it is a fact well established in history that it was generally to the ,dutch settled here1 to that clearheaded1 reasoning nation1 so little likely to be deceived on any subject1 that most of these revelations were made4 ,this certainly ensures for the tales the firm belief of all mankind4 ,when an imaginative ,hibernian or a lively1 light-hearted ,gaul announces a vision1 it must be taken with some little allowance for flights of fancy1 etc41 etc42 but when a phlegmatic1 cool-headed ,hollander declares he has seen a spook1 you may believe as if it was your own eyes4 ,for the precise period most prolific in signs1 sights1 and dreams1 we must go back to the early days of our state1 yet not to the first settlers4 ,their troubles1 so numerous that it is scarcely possible to number them1 had their origin in things tangible2 and so closely did these troubles press daily on all sides1 that the thoughts of the first colonists were entirely engrossed by the things of earth4 ,to such a point did this downward tendency reach1 that they seemed at times in danger of relapsing into heathendom1 as may be seen from the reports sent back to ,amsterdam1 and yet extant among colonial papers1 that they possessed neither school-houses nor churches4 ,they did possess1 however1 three unfailing sources of annoyances and danger--an ,indian warfare1 neighbors on their eastern boundary of unparalleled audacity1 and domestic bickerings in the perpetual strife kept up between ,manhattan and ,rensselaerwyck4 ,what might have happened if the ,indians had been treated with common justice and honesty can be now only conjecture2 but their wrongs began at the beginning4 ,it is a dark spot on the glories of the adventurous #bfc little yacht ,half-,moon that her very first track through the waters of the magnificent ,cahohata 7now the ,hudson7 was marked with their blood1 causelessly and wantonly shed4 ,hendrik ,hudson and his crew landed1 we are told1 on the western bank of the great bay1 which was lined with 8men1 women1 and children1 by whom they were kindly received1 and presented with tobacco and dried currants40#fh ,a little further on were 8very loving people and very old men1 by whom the ,europeans were well used40 ,they brought in their canoes to the voyagers all sorts of fruit and game1 and on one occasion of a visit made by white men to the shore they broke their arrows and threw them in the fire to express their pacific intentions4 ,yet despite all this1 when the vessel had advanced only a few miles1 one of her crew fired and killed an ,indian1 without the least warning1 for attempting to steal a pillow and some old garments4#fi ,no satisfaction was offered to the terrified savages1 and they pushed off for the shore in their canoes1 but they vowed a vengeance1 and they kept the vow2 so that1 when some few years later one ship after another brought the enterprising individuals who first unpacked their household utensils and farm tools in the ,new ,world1 they entered upon a stormy existence already prepared for them4 ,it was not a glimpse of wraith or goblin that people feared to encounter in the lonely by-path1 but the stealthy tread and dark visage of some lurking savage1 ever watchful and merciless1 ever close at hand when least expected4 ,how often in the silent night1 in how many little hamlets1 in how many solitary huts1 women and children listened in speechless terror to the war-whoop1 that fearful yell1 and were made to feel ,indian retaliation for the evil doings of fathers and husbands6 ,small time had they for ghostly fears4 ,when the savages fled before ,european firearms1 it was only to return4 ,more than two thousand of them appeared in their canoes at one time before the little block-house at ,manhattan1 because ,hendrik von ,dyke1 with an imprudence and wickedness perfectly disgraceful in a mynheer1 had killed a squaw for stealing apples in his orchard4 ,his orchard was on the present site of ,rector ,street4 ,but1 though the ,dutch colonists were generally at fault in provoking contention1 they were also valiant1 after some preparation1 to meet it4 ,when ,claes ,smit was ruthlessly murdered by the natives1 some time about #afdb1 and they refused either to give up or punish his murderer because he had fled and could not be found1 the colonists consented to march to battle1 8provided the director himself 7,von ,kieft7 accompanied them to prevent disorder1 also that he furnish1 in addition to powder and ball1 provision necessary for the expedition1 such as bread and butter1 and appoint a steward to take charge of the same1 so that all waste be prevented4 8,if any person require anything more than this bread and butter1 he to provide himself therewith40#gj ,finally1 however1 gunpowder prevailed2 and the aborigines retreated to forests beyond the reach of the pale-faces2 schoolmasters and ministers had been sent over from ,holland1 and the inhabitants of ,manhattan ,island1 as well as the other little settlements up the river1 began to live a more spiritual life1 and to gather around them #bfd by degrees all that troop of unearthly beings well-known in the mother country4 ,little children were encouraged to be good and expect ,santa ,klaus1 and bad ones were no longer frightened into propriety with the threat of being devoured by some hideous ,waranancongyn with tomahawk and scalping-knife4 ,one of the spots first renowned for ghostly adventures was a pleasant little valleylike place1 on the northern limits of the town1 called ,medge ,padje 7now ,maiden ,lane71 where a clear stream ran between grassy banks1 so gentle and noiseless that it carried the gazer's heart back--far back over the ocean to the canals of ,faderlandt1 and was a perfect relief from the lashing waves of the great ,north ,river4 ,hither1 on pleasant summer afternoons1 many a gude vrow would turn her steps with her troop of sturdy urchins1 and1 work in hand1 knitting1 knitting1 all the way4 ,but they were always careful to return before dark2 for such fearful tales had been told1 principally of a tall woman in white who always vanished in the direction of ,golden ,hill 7now ,john ,street71 that no one cared to make her acquaintance4 ,long years after this1 when the palisades marking the extent of the city had been removed as far north as what is now ,warren ,street1 and a field of barley flourished on the ,heerewegh 7now ,broadway71 somewhat about the present ,city ,hall1 we again hear of the same apparition4 ,the ,rev4 ,john ,kimball1 passing along the little stream rather late at night1 heard steps1 and1 looking behind him1 saw the spectre2 of course he fled4 ,doubtless she was the bearer of some important message from the spirit-land which she was anxious to communicate1 but1 as no one ever stopped to listen1 what it was can now never be known4 ,mr4 ,watson1 in his ,annals of ,new ,york1 relates a story given by a military gentleman of his own encounter with an apparition in that same place4 ,the captain declares1 and doubtless believed1 that he bravely attacked it1 and discovered only a mischievous mortal in disguise2 but it is hardly probable that any mortal in his senses would be personating a ghost at midnight on haunted ground1 so that the tale1 being rather one-sided evidence1 is doubtful4 ,another solitary place was ,windmill ,lane1#ga which led from ,broadway between ,cortlandt and ,liberty ,streets down quite a steep hill1 in a northwest direction1 to the river edge1 where stood a windmill4 ,there was a time when this lane was the most northern street in the settlement2 then house after house began to be built around the old mill1 and the city crept up gradually in that direction4 ,among those who made their homes there was a ,french lady1 ,madame ,blonspeaux1 who had crossed the ocean to teach the rising generation all she knew--,french and embroidery4 ,two paths led to her establishment1 one through the ,lane1 the other through a wheatfield1 where now is ,st4 ,paul's church1 and both were beset with spectres4 ,alas for the scholar kept in after the others were dismissed6 ,lightly did the offended majesty of madame weigh in the balance compared to what might possibly beleague the path homeward4 ,there was a legend of a tall ,indian who was always digging about for his bow and arrows1 and a little short ,dutchman about a foot high in breeches and cocked hat1 who1 the moment he found them1 sprang into sight from somewhere and kicked the dirt #bfe over them1 and the ,indian began his search again6#gb ,but the section of country most famous for spectral manifestations was the region about the ,kaatskill ,mountains4 ,darkly wooded glens1 and lonely streams1 and deep ravines offered the most ample facilities for all kinds of signs and wonders4 ,indeed1 the ,dutch settlers that dwelt in that by-place of existence1 on the little cleared spots that here and there dotted the landscape1 were so quiet and orderly1 so far removed from the commotions that agitated the river colonies1 no wonder ethereal beings found their companionship most congenial4 ,these settlers had removed thither originally from the neighborhood of ,fort ,orange1 and principally1 nay1 ,i may say solely1 in disgust at the general uproar and discomfort which invested everything in proximity to that fort1 under the joint dominion of the ,patroon of ,rensselaerwyck 7or his agent71 who resided there1 and ,director-,general ,petrus ,stuyvesant1 who fulminated his bulls from the south end of the ,hudson2 the contemporary edicts of the rival parties being always diametrically opposed to each other4 ,the truth is that1 from the moment ,director ,stuyvesant landed at ,manhattan1 appointed there by the ,states-,general of the ,united ,netherlands1 he had carried matters with such a high hand that everything succumbed before him4 ,the boldest spirits bent to his rule1 and 7to continue the metaphor7 he walked over them4 ,his word was law without reason or explanation4 ,he had even been known to shorten a troublesome state audience by tearing up the documents and dismissing the deputation4 ,thus ruled the governor at ,manhattan2 but when ,brant ,arent ,van ,slechtenhorst was sent over from ,holland as agent for the heir of the last patroon--,johannes ,van ,rensselaer1 a minor--,petrus ,stuyvesant met his match4 ,commander ,slechtenhorst was in popular estimation 8a person of stubborn and headstrong temper40#gc ,when ,stuyvesant directed ,carl von ,brugge to quarry stone and cut wood for repairs on ,fort ,orange1 nearly destroyed by a freshet1 ,brant dared the deputy to touch stone or stick at his peril1 either for fortification or firewood2 for the trees1 root and branch1 all belonged to his employer the patroon6 ,he further forbade any of the inhabitants to aid them with horses1 etc41 while at the same time he was building a house himself not a pistol-shot from the fort4 ,the news being carried to ,manhattan1 the director sent some soldiers to demolish the offending house now being built1 and arrest the offender4 ,this was more easily ordered than accomplished1 so the soldiers held a parley with him1 and were cautioned1 among other bits of good advice1 to take warning by one ,jacob ,jansen1 who had not long before cut two fir-trees--eight days after he was seized with his plunder on the river by the patroon's officer1 and duly punished6 with the stunning point to the climax3 8,can't he do so now80 ,all this being duly reported to the great director at ,manhattan1 it was deemed best to seek supplies beyond the domain of ,rensselaerwyck1 8stones from the mountains1 rocks1 and plains--timber from anywhere within the limits of ,new ,netherlands--to have a wagon made1 and take the horses of ,jonas ,bronck1 who was in debt to the company10 and whose opinions on the #bff subject were of course of no consequence4 ,as for pulling down the house recently erected1 ,herr ,van ,slechtenhorst pointed to the fact that ,fort ,orange stood on the very soil of his employer1 and that it was his intention at some leisure day to annihilate it4 ,so went matters1 until at last1 when ,stuyvesant ordered a solemn fast1 and ,van ,slechtenhorst absolved all in his latitude from obedience1 human patience could stand it no longer1 and the insulted autocrat rushed to ,albany in the swiftest sailing sloop that could be found2 there1 as has been said1 to meet his match4 ,but our business is not with these belligerents1 but with those peacefully disposed burghers1 who had grown tired more and more1 year after year1 with this turmoil1 which seemed now to have reached its height4 ,armed soldiers were in their midst 7for seven had been sent up from ,manhattan71 and when the talk was of razing houses1 why1 even the neighboring ,indians came crowding in to ask what the ,swannekins were about4 ,happily another home opened to them1 and very many packed up all their worldly goods and migrated4 ,this home was the region about the ,kaatskill4 ,one part of the mission of ,herr ,van ,slechtenhorst when sent over the ocean was 8to acquire by purchase the lands around ,kaatskill for the greater security of the colonie1 as they were forming companies to remove thither40#gd ,on the land thus obtained1 they had nothing to fear from ,indian opposition1 and the kind of domestic life they coveted is pictured in a lease yet extant in the ,van ,rensselaer family1 dated #afea1 wherein the tenant binds himself to 8read a sermon or portion of ,scripture every ,sunday and festival to the neighboring ,christians1 and to sing hymns before and after prayer1 after the custom of the ,church of ,holland40 ,years in that little nook of creation brought few great changes2 their habitations had come to be grouped together somewhat town fashion1 and were dignified by a name much too long1 and unpronounceable except by a ,dutch tongue1 but well loved because traceable to ,holland2 and there life after life passed away like great waves in a stream--one disappears and another takes its place4 ,such were the mortal inhabitants of the place2 but the invisible portion of the community--their name was ,legion6 ,it seemed the very place of refuge for all sorts of bodiless personages who had been insulted and expelled from other places2 indeed1 if a census had been taken1 according to the old wives' stories1 their aggregate numbers would have made up near half the population of the village4 ,in one portion of the spot which might truly have been called the supernatural reservation was a deep ravine1 which bore traces of having once been the bed of a mountain stream4 ,at this period 7some time before the old ,french war71 its sole inhabitants were a morose1 ill-looking woodman and his aged mother1 and their dwelling-place was a miserable hut perched on rocks1 and so hidden by gnarled and twisted trees and a dense undergrowth of shrubs as to be almost invisible to any but its occupants4 ,why they established themselves in that uninviting place1 or what were the events of their lives previous to their appearance there1 their unintelligible ,english failed to communicate1 nor was there aught in the sullen taciturnity of both of them in the presence of a stranger1 or in the loud and fearful #bfg bickerings heard ofttimes in their hovel by the passer-by1 that created a desire to fathom the mystery4 ,when the news arrived that ,french and ,english had met1 the outcasts in the glen1 strange to say were the only ones in the settlement whose fortunes seemed in any way to be affected by it4 ,their disputes were heard louder and more frequent than ever before1 to end1 alas6 in a tragedy4 ,the man1 tired perhaps of his monotonous existence1 and hoping also to better his fortunes1 was desirous of joining the ranks of war1 yet1 feeling at the same time the necessity of his support to his old mother1 he strove to wring from her a consent to his departure4 ,it was sought in vain4 ,the aged woman1 to her consciousness of utter helplessness1 added doubtless a natural desire for his safety1 and consent was withheld4 ,opposition goaded him1 and in a moment of passion he struck her lifeless to the ground4 ,the miserable parricide fled1 and the hut fell in ruins4 ,time passed on1 the war was ended1 and peace restored4 ,and now1 when the tragedy of the glen had grown to be an old story1 only told by a winter evening's fire1 it began to be whispered--and it fairly petrified the senses of every hearer--that ,dark ,rob1 as he was called1 or his spectre1 had returned to his old abode6 ,no one cared to investigate the matter very closely4 ,a light was certainly seen flickering in the ruined hovel1 and a phantom-like thing in human shape glided about the spot4 ,no mortal would choose to remain there alone1 so it must be the shade of ,dark ,rob1 on the theatre of his unnatural crime6 ,many an evil deed was related of him in this1 his second sojourn in the hut2 but one of the most evil1 because passing all comprehension1 was the strange influence he contrived to acquire by ways unknown over a sturdy farmer named ,jansen ,van ,dorp4 ,how they first met was perfectly inexplicable2 for goblin ,rob had never been visible in any of the ordinary paths of the settlement1 and1 although ,jans was one of the very few who laughed to scorn the idea of a ghost1 he would scarcely venture in his sober senses to penetrate the dark shadows of the haunted hovel uninvited4 ,in whatever way it happened1 events proved their close intimacy2 his steps were watched1 and traced night after night to the hut1 where they held their unholy orgies4 ,as a matter of course1 the worldly affairs of ,jans ,van ,dorp became disjointed things4 ,his vrow had always borne a close resemblance to the helpmate of ,socrates1 and it is not to be supposed that such doings on the part of her truant spouse added to her sweetness of temper4 ,the most irritating part was the sudden taciturn spirit which seemed to possess the mynheer4 ,taunts1 sneers1 questions1 reproaches1 all were in vain6 ,this was both new and alarming1 because on no previous occasion had he ever been backward in contributing his share to the ,babel din of their wordy skirmishes4 ,it confirmed1 alas6 her worst suspicions1 namely1 that he was in toils and snares beyond all mortal power of extrication4 ,great light was thrown on the affair by a shrewd neighbor1 ,effie ,demson1 who1 having migrated to ,america from the ,highlands of ,scotland 7and by some odd chance wandered down to the ,kaatskill71 was allowed to be especially versed in hobgoblin ethics4 ,she affirmed that she had often heard from reliable authority that1 whenever a mortal is admitted #bfh to the society of spirits1 an oath of secrecy is imposed under a penalty few would care to brave4 ,she cited the cases of several imprudent individuals who1 having violated this compact1 suffered fearful consequences4 ,one was ,alice ,pearson1 of ,byrehill1 somewhere about #aehh4 ,having been introduced to the invisible world by a friend1 and joined them in 8piping1 mirth1 and good cheer0 7to use her own words71 she was warned that1 if she ever related what she had seen1 8she should be martyred40 ,one day1 when she began to speak of these things1 an unseen blow took away her breath and left an ugly mark on her side2 heedless of the warning1 ,alice continued her revelations until she was burned as a witch1 thus fulfilling her doom4#ge ,every one in the ,highlands knew1 too1 the terrible visitation that had lighted on one kirk for having pried into secrets merely to publish them4 ,every one knew that he was a mere wandering gypsy in the universe1 and would be to the end of time4 ,effie generally concluded her oracles with the remnant of an old song1 written about fairies particularly1 but equally applicable to any unearthlies4 ,it was called 8,god a ,mercy ,will4 8,to be sung or whistled to the tune of ,meadow ,brow by the learned2 by the unlearned1 to the tune of ,fortune4 8,a tell-tale in their companie ,they never could endure1 ,but whoso kept not secrecy ,their deed was punished sure4 ,it was a just and ,christian deed ,to pinch such black and blue40 ,etc41 etc41 etc4 ,poetica ,stromata4 ,as this bore the antique date of #afdh1 and was written by ,corbet1 ,bishop of ,norwich1 it was considered good authority for anything4 ,this1 then1 explained the unusual silence of ,jans ,van ,dorp1 and it also half-reconciled his gude vrow to endure her unsatisfied curiosity4 ,to wonder and to be afflicted night after night by his truant absence was bad enough1 but to have seen him vanish in blue smoke would have been worse4 ,things were passing thus in that sequestered little spot1 while the great world without was agitated with mightier events--the opening scenes of the ,revolutionary war4 ,it is doubtful whether the faint rumors of it which penetrated the seclusion there would have excited the least attention1 except for the fact that it was the only earthly topic on which ,jans ,van ,dorp nowadays manifested the least interest4 ,every ,dutch villager1 whose business led him to the great cities1 was questioned and cross-questioned on his return as to the precise state of things1 with a minuteness which would have done honor to that renowned lawyer ,heer ,adrian ,van der ,donck1 the first who landed in the ,new ,netherlands4 ,the one little gray newspaper that arrived weekly1 and had hitherto circulated among his neighbors until it was quite illegible1 was now packed immediately in his great-coat pocket and taken to his ghostly partner4 ,all this was a perfect labyrinth of mystery1 and furnished texts for many a sage conjecture and dubious shake of the head4 ,some hinted that ,jans ,van ,dorp might mean to put in execution the threat he had been so often heard to hurl at his irritating helpmate when her vexatious volubility exceeded all bounds of endurance--that he'd be off to some war4 ,but time puts an end to all things1 although it does not always explain things to universal satisfaction4 ,what ,jans or the goblin thought or meant can never be #bfi fathomed1 but some things are matters of history2 and it is a testified fact that the very moment this little dingy newspaper brought tidings that the first cannons of battle had boomed1 ,jansen ,van ,dorp started as if his doom was somehow connected with it4 ,it was a night1 dark and stormy1 but he seized his hat1 and rushed from the cheerful glow of his own home to the pitchy darkness without1 and they whispered he was bound to the haunted hovel6 ,too probable1 for from that hour neither ,jans nor spectre was ever seen there more4 ,it should rather be said1 never seen as mortal could be seen1 for by many he was still considered an inhabitant of the settlement1 although lost for ever to his hapless vrow4 ,he had visited her in dreams1 and warned her of something she could not exactly remember1 but very terrible1 and given on these occasions such diverse accounts of himself1 it was hard to tell what to believe4 ,to ,effie he had frequently presented himself4 ,she had seen him in the coffee dregs1 in leaves at the bottom of her tea-cup1 in a mirror which she had cut triangular for that express purpose1 and1 finally1 in a tremendous thunder-storm1 standing close beside her4 ,as he gave no sign on these occasions1 her charitable conclusion was that he had nothing very good to relate of himself4 ,many months after this1 one of the most intelligent mynheers of the settlement1 having been called by business to a far eastern city1 declared on his return that1 among a troop of soldiers marching to the frontiers1 he had recognized ,jans ,van ,dorp and ,dark ,rob2 but1 as he failed in speaking to them1 his assertion passed for nothing1 and his story was dismissed as mere moonshine1 too absurd to be believed4 #fh ,o',callaghan4 ,hist4 ,new ,neths41 vol4 i4 p4 #cg4 #fi ,ibid4 vol4 i4 ch4 #b4 #gj ,o',callaghan1 ,hist4 vol4 i4 bk4 iii4 ch4 #b4 #ga ,watson's ,annals of ,new ,york4 #gb ,the writer of this possesses two pieces of embroidery done by one of madame's pupils4 #gc ,o',callaghan1 ,hist41 vol4 ii4 p4 #gb4 #gd ,o',callaghan1 ,hist41 vol4 ii4 ch4 iv4 #ge ,trials from the ,criminal ,records of ,scotland4 ,by ,r4 ,pitcairn1 ,esq4 ---------- ,,the ,,religious ,,movement ,,in ,,germany1 ,,and ,,the ,,fraction ,,du ,,centre ,,in ,,the ,,german ,,parliament4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,generale4 ,an apathetic calm generally succeeds to political agitation at the close of legislative sessions4 ,an exception to this rule prevails in the ,german ,empire1 inasmuch as the attacks against the ,fraction du ,centre1 which began during the session1 increased to an actual storm at the close of the diet4 ,most of the foreign journals have spoken of this phenomenon1 but in so unsatisfactory a manner that perhaps a more minute account of the movement will not be displeasing to the readers of the ,revue ,gnrale4 ,i have already indicated in a general way1 in an account of the parties in the ,german ,parliament1 the attitude and tendency of the ,catholic party1 or the so-called ,fraction du ,centre4 ,the bases upon which it is founded are as follows3 8,justitia fundamentum regnorum4 ,the ,fraction au ,centre in the #bgj ,german ,parliament limits its activity by the following principles3 8,i4 ,the fundamental characteristics of the empire as a confederation 7,bundesstaat7 shall be maintained4 ,conformably to this principle1 all efforts shall be opposed that tend to modify the federal character of the constitution of the empire1 and the spontaneity and independence of the several states in their interior affairs shall only be sacrificed when the general interests evidently require it4 8,,ii4 ,the material and moral welfare of the popular classes shall be urgently insisted upon4 ,the civil and religious liberty of all the subjects of the empire shall be secured by means of constitutional guarantees1 and religious associations1 in particular1 shall be protected against legislative encroachments4 8,,iii4 ,the ,fraction weighs and forms resolutions in accordance with these principles1 upon all questions submitted to the deliberation of the parliament1 but without forbidding isolated members to vote in the assembly contrary to the decisions of the ,fraction40 ,the ,fraction remained faithful to these principles during the session of the parliament that has just closed4 ,it avoided all extreme views1 and manifested no systematic hostility to the government4 ,nevertheless1 the very fact that it is composed of ,catholics firmly resolved to defend the rights and liberties of the church against all attacks1 and that these ,catholics were elected from the most prosperous and intelligent sections of ,germany1 where pseudo-liberalism thought its rule immovably established1 sufficed to excite against the ,fraction a coalition of all who were opposed to the church4 ,their invectives began with the debates on the address4 ,the form of address proposed by the national liberal party contained1 besides some expressions in praise of the historic views of the adversaries of the ,papacy1 the following sentence3 8,the days of interference with the national affairs of other kingdoms will1 we trust1 never return under any pretext or under any form40 ,this sentence1 destructive of all national rights1 was evidently aimed against ,rome1 as was partly acknowledged3 the ,italian revolution was not to be checked by diplomatic representations in the accomplishment of its designs against the visible head of the church4 ,naturally1 it would not have occurred to any one to impose absolute passiveness on the powerful ,german ,empire in its relations with neighboring states4 ,the party of the ,centre drew up a counter-schedule1 which did not contain the proposition of absolute non-intervention we have just referred to1 but which was nevertheless in conformity with the address of the liberals4 ,this counter-schedule did not demand1 either directly or indirectly1 any intervention in favor of the ,pope3 it contained nothing that clashed either with the government or the other parties1 and consequently was not the object of criticism in any quarter4 ,so true is this1 that the ,allgemeine ,zeitung of ,augsburg1 the chief organ of anti-religious liberalism1 could not disguise its preference for the schedule of the ,centre as to its substance as well as form4 ,nevertheless1 though the ,centre remained wholly on the defensive1 and its orators exhibited the greatest moderation1 a real storm of invectives was raised against them and the church by the journalists of all the other parties and by the parliament4 ,even the so-called conservatives took sides against the ,centre1 whose motion1 thanks to these outcries1 only obtained sixty votes4 ,a proposition made shortly #bga after by the ,centre in the interests of civil liberty met the same fate4 ,this proposition had for its object the admission of several principles into the constitution of the ,german ,empire which had been sanctioned by the ,prussian constitution4 ,as these principles guaranteed the independence of the church--the ,evangelical as well as the ,catholic 7,art4 #ae1 ,pruss4 const47--the proposition was opposed with extreme bitterness1 even by a large majority of the ,catholic deputies who did not belong to the ,fraction du ,centre4 ,among these was ,count de ,frankenberg1 of ,silesia4 ,this noble member had given his electors a written promise to vote in accordance with the proposition of the ,fraction du ,centre4 ,but in the speech he made against it1 he declared that he did not consider the time chosen by the ,fraction as opportune4 ,in his ignorance of judicial things1 he probably is not familiar with the adage3 ,quod sine die debetur1 statim debetur4 ,the ,fraction du ,centre made no other independent motions during the session that could incur any attacks4 ,but the 8clerical party0 was attacked the more vehemently at the elections1 so the ,centre found itself still exposed to a cross fire4 ,the whole affair has been related in the journals4 ,we will confine ourselves to an incident that gives a tolerably correct idea of the majority4 ,before the election of ,dr4 ,schttinger1 nominated from the district of ,bamberg1 and belonging to the ,fraction du ,centre1 the curate of a small town within that district announced from the pulpit1 after divine service1 that those of his parishioners who had confidence in him could assemble at his house after church to learn which candidate was preferable1 according to his opinion4 ,this invitation appeared to the majority an intolerable infringement on electoral liberty as well as an abuse of the pulpit1 and the election of ,dr4 ,schttinger was annulled4 ,a new ballot gave the same candidate a thousand more votes than at first4 ,at the next session1 the validity of this re-election will be submitted to the decision of the parliament1 and the question arises if the majority will be fully satisfied respecting the electoral liberty of the district of ,bamberg4 ,but the ,belgian ,catholics know by long experience what their adversaries mean by electoral manuvres4 ,in all the occurrences we have referred to1 the government showed itself entirely passive1 so there was no real conflict between it and the party of the ,centre4 ,when the debate took place respecting ,alsace-,lorraine1 our party proposed to ensure to those provinces the most independent existence possible1 and a separate constitution4 ,prince ,bismarck did not exactly agree with this1 but his opinions coincided far oftener with those of the deputies ,windthorst and ,reichensperger than with those of the leaders of the other parties4 ,on the whole1 no instance can be mentioned in which the ,fraction du ,centre is in flagrant hostility to that powerful statesman4 ,it even openly opposed an interpellation respecting the ,roman question1 in order not to excite any irritating debates and appear suspicious of the good intentions of the emperor and chancellor4 ,in spite of this1 it was reported during the session that the ,fraction du ,centre had incurred the disapprobation of the chancellor of the empire4 ,the ,deutsche ,reichscorrespondenz1 the organ of the so-called liberal conservatives1 gave some foundation to this report by pretending that the ,count de ,tauffkirchen had1 according to the instructions of ,prince ,bismarck1 accused the ,fraction du ,centre to ,cardinal ,antonelli of #bgb having assumed an attitude hostile to the government of the empire1 and that the cardinal had expressed his disapproval of this attitude not only before the ,count de ,tauffkirchen1 but in a letter addressed to the leaders of the ,fraction4 ,this assertion being repeated in several quarters1 the said leaders denied it in the journals4 ,driven to the wall1 the ,deutsche ,reichscorrespondenz then brought up the case of the ,count de ,frankenberg already mentioned1 and at last ,prince ,bismarck himself declared the blame really proceeded from ,cardinal ,antonelli4 ,this induced the ,bishop of ,mayence to ascertain the correct account of the matter from the cardinal4 ,his eminence replied that it had been incorrectly reported to him that the ,fraction du ,centre had insisted upon the ,emperor of ,germany's intervention in favor of the ,pope1 and that1 under the existing circumstances1 he had declared such a step inopportune4 ,at the same time1 the cardinal assured the ,bishop of ,mayence and his friends that he had a particular esteem for the members of the ,fraction du ,centre and its proclivities4 ,thus failed the effort made at the court of ,rome to bring discredit on the ,fraction among ,catholics1 for at once a great number of ,catholics gave in their full adhesion to the ,fraction1 and besought it to persevere courageously4 ,this effort had1 moreover1 a comic side1 for until now the ,fraction had been represented as the servile tool of the ,roman curia1 whence it received its orders on all important questions4 ,no general interest would be felt in all these facts1 if they were not the clear prelude of an act the consequences of which cannot be foreseen4 ,it is not the acts of the ,fraction du ,centre that provoke the violent attacks against it3 it is its very existence that is considered a crime4 ,those hostile to the church had calculated1 without distinction of party1 that the very first diet of the ,german ,empire would aim a blow at 8,romanism0 in ,germany1 on the ruins of which would afterwards rise a national ,german church1 that might finally end in a cosmopolitan 8,humanitarianism10 without dogmas1 without sacraments1 and without altars--the very beau idal of freemasonry4 ,everything1 in fact1 seemed propitious for the realization of this hope4 ,the two principal ,catholic nations successively conquered1 the ,roman race suffering from incessant convulsions1 the head of the ,catholic ,church a prisoner at the ,vatican1 and1 finally1 a schism that seemed likely to arise on account of the dogma of infallibility--all seemed to form a breach by which it was hoped their opponents would be overcome4 ,only1 as an ancient adage says3 8,man proposes1 but ,god disposes60 ,the election of the ,prussian deputies and the members of the ,german ,parliament has already paralyzed the action of these regenerators of humanity1 by rousing the ,catholics to an energy not easily to be surmounted4 ,the complete union of the representatives elected1 and their bold stand1 showed it would be quite useless for the legislative assemblies at ,berlin to make any serious charge against ,catholicism4 ,on the contrary1 it was hoped at ,berlin that the initiative would be taken by ,munich1 where 8the ,luther of the nineteenth century0 had raised a standard of revolt against the ,roman ,pontificate4 ,but ,munich was likewise under the influence of illusions4 ,it was supposed that ,mgr4 ,hefele1 the ,bishop of ,rothenberg1 would add the sanction of #bgc episcopal authority to the influence of the learned ,professor ,dllinger1 and thus sustain his course4 ,it was still more certain that a great number of the pupils of the theological seminaries would respond to the appeal of ,dllinger and his able adherents4 ,dllinger1 it may be remembered1 had publicly declared that thousands of priests thought exactly as he did4 ,but ,bishop ,hefele remained faithful to the ,pope1 and the ,german clergy unanimously declared that ,dllinger's assertion was a calumny4 ,the ,king of ,bavaria himself1 who had given ,dllinger so many proofs of his esteem1 hesitated a long time about giving him his support1 because he could not help seeing that the anti-ecclesiastical movement was chiefly led by a political party whose efforts openly tended to mediatize the reigning houses of the second and third ranks in order to form a united and centralized ,germany1 in imitation of the empire of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,these efforts naturally met with the most favorable concurrence on the part of the democrats2 for an empire of this kind1 established on a broad and 8liberal0 basis1 would lead1 by a sort of fatality1 to a republic1 especially if they first succeeded in doing away with the religious and historic traditions4 ,immediately after the close of the parliament1 a fire was opened at ,berlin upon the 8clericals10 and especially upon the ,fraction du ,centre4 ,the official journals did their best to open the way to 8modern progress0 by removing all the obstacles that might impede it1 and to increase the diplomatic pressure that had so long been exerting its influence on the ,bavarian cabinet4 ,the whole ,german press1 with the exception of a dozen journals1 naturally joined in the chorus1 and then began an attack on the ,catholics1 the like of which had not been witnessed since the ,archbishop of ,cologne was sent under guard to the fortress of ,minden1 under the pretext that he had conspired with the two revolutionary parties against the ,prussian government4 ,the ,german ,catholics are accustomed to these kinds of accusations1 which have passed through all possible variations4 ,thus1 the ,catholics of the ,rhenish provinces have been successively accused1 according to the circumstances of the moment1 of plotting with ,france1 ,belgium1 ,bavaria1 and ,austria1 against ,prussia1 and of considering the ,pope as their legitimate sovereign4 ,foreigners can hardly credit what ,i am obliged to relate here1 and1 if they should1 it would excite their risibility4 ,unfortunately1 these absurdities have a serious side for the ,prussian ,catholics4 ,independently of the circumstance that these perfidious calumnies1 systematically repeated1 might pervert public opinion in those sections of ,germany where ,protestantism prevails1 they serve as a pretext for practically refusing ,catholics the open equality which they should share with the adherents of other religions4 ,for example1 all the higher offices of influence are1 with very rare exceptions1 filled by ,protestants1 who1 as a matter of course1 specially favor the interests of their co-religionists in every way1 and1 so to speak1 are obliged to do so1 because genuine ,catholics are officially designated as unpatriotic4 ,an exact list of the functionaries of the ,german communes and government1 drawn up with reference to the religion of each one1 would be a valuable statistic1 because it would incontestably establish how far the principle of suum cuique1 which constitutionally recognizes the equality of ,christian sects1 is really applied4 ,it is evident that such a report #bgd will never be published or drawn up by the authorities1 consequently the formation of a private agency to effect such an object is an urgent necessity4 ,perhaps this report might at last put an end to the constantly repeated accusations of the base ingratitude of ,catholics against the ,prussian government4 ,the clear judgment of ,frederick ,william ,,iv41 and the constitutions that sprang from the events of #ahdh1 guaranteed a liberty of action to the ,catholic ,church and its organs which had not existed in any ,german state since the peace of ,westphalia4 ,the ,prussian ,catholics displayed a lively gratitude for this1 and flattered themselves with the hope that several crying injustices which weighed on them would be removed1 especially in the conferring of public offices and the nomination of professors at the universities4 ,this hope was then the more reasonable1 because1 in the war against ,france1 ,catholics1 as well as ,protestants1 shed their blood on the battle-fields1 and submitted to the heaviest requisitions4 ,the religious orders particularly signalized themselves by their services1 as the recently published report of the ,knights of ,malta 7,catholics7 prove4 ,unfortunately1 this hope has already given place to serious preoccupation4 ,prince ,bismarck appears no longer able to endure repose4 ,having vanquished our foreign enemies1 he seems to aim1 unless all appearances deceive us1 at making adversaries of the ,catholics of ,germany and causing them to feel the weight of his hand4 ,perhaps he is influenced by the consideration that military unity1 to be on a solid basis1 should be founded on1 or crowned by1 political and religious unity4 ,at all events1 this is the opinion of the liberal party1 whose course involuntarily recalls the expression of ,tacitus1 8,ruere in servitium20 whereas1 while ,m4 de ,bismarck was rising to power1 they abused him beyond all bounds4 ,these worshippers of success have for allies the ,catholics who are not willing to submit to the decrees of the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,in the jargon of the liberals1 these ,neo-,protestants are designated as old ,catholics1 while the immense majority of ,catholics who now1 as formerly1 consider the authority of the ,pope and bishops in religious things as higher than that of certain professors1 are styled ,neo-,catholics1 absolutely as if they had abandoned the faith of the church4 ,a foreigner would find it difficult to understand how it is possible to give a completely opposite meaning to the real signification of a word1 and this in a country like ,germany1 which prides itself on its intelligence4 ,but it is not the anti-religious journals alone that take this liberty4 ,m4 de ,mhler himself1 the ,prussian minister of the public worship1 treats the ,catholics1 who remain faithful to the decrees of the ,pope and bishops as rebels to the government4 ,immediately after the suspension of the council1 he took under his protection the professors1 even those who were priests1 who refused to submit to the decisions of the council and the bishops1 and encouraged them in their revolt against ecclesiastical authority4 ,recently1 propos of the affair of the ,bishop of ,ermland1 he went so far as to submit to the ministry of ,prussia1 composed exclusively of ,protestants1 a resolution to ascertain what ,catholics should be considered as orthodox1 and he ordered a priest named ,wollmann1 who had been excluded from the fold of the church by major excommunication1 to retain his professorship as religious instructor in the ,catholic college of ,braunsberg4 ,the students1 unwilling to receive religious instruction from a fallen priest1 left the college4 ,they were thus obliged to give up most of #bge their studies1 as there is no other establishment of the kind at ,braunsberg4 ,it should also be remarked that the ,college of ,braunsberg was founded by a bishop and sustained by ,catholic foundations4 ,in ,silesia1 another priest named ,kaminski1 likewise excommunicated1 was appointed to a church that he might celebrate the divine service for those who protested against the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,in a word1 every where there is any reason1 or even a pretext1 the episcopal authority is sacrificed to those who refuse them the obedience solemnly sworn to them1 or become unfaithful to the church by calling the episcopal crosier the bton of a police officer4 ,on all sides were declarations1 more and more threatening1 that an end must be made of 8,romanism10 that ,german science should take the place of idolatrous papistry1 and the echo of this cry is to be found in the papers that seek their inspiration from the ministerial bureaux4 ,but in spite of the great power of the ,prussian government1 the centralists1 to their severe mortification1 were doubtful about succeeding in fully organizing a persecution against the ,catholics unless the other ,german governments1 or at least the most important of them1 declare war against the church4 ,the ,wrtemberg government was so wise as to declare from the first that it would ignore the decisions of the ,council of the ,vatican as long as no one was influenced by it against the laws and constitution of the kingdom4 ,as this evidently would never be the case1 the ,wrtemberg ministry1 if the national liberals who have just begun an outcry in the assembly of representations at ,stuttgart do not impose a different policy on them1 will consequently remain strictly passive with respect to the church1 as is the case in ,belgium1 ,holland1 ,england1 the ,united ,states1 and every country where genuine liberty prevails4 ,the statesmen who govern those countries do not allow their slumbers to be disturbed by the decrees of the ,council of the ,vatican1 and deem it beneath their dignity to regard them as a pretext to form a kind of ,csaro-papism4 ,as we have remarked1 the course of the ,bavarian government in the ulterior development of this agitation1 will be of great importance4 ,the pressure brought to bear on that government by ,prussia and all the parties inimical to the church has led to the retirement of ,count ,bray1 whose devotedness to the church is well-known4 ,nevertheless1 the king has not fully decided to create1 by an open rupture with the religious authorities1 unforeseen complications in his kingdom1 already so shaken1 and to recompense by moral violence the fidelity of those of his subjects who have shown themselves the most devoted partisans of the dynasty of ,wittelsbach4 ,this question1 so painful for the majority of ,bavarians1 will be doubtless decided before this article is published4 ,having given a general outline of the present state of affairs1 ,i am led to ask myself what1 before the end of the year1 will be the stand of the ,catholic representatives who are still faithful to the church in the legislative assemblies of ,prussia and the ,german empire4 ,the reports of those deputies to their electors appear to me adapted to strengthen them in their resolution to continue to struggle courageously against the supremacy of the state as well as against revolutionary absolution1 and to remain defenders of the church and of all constitutional rights against the false apostles of liberty and an arbitrary ministry4 ,at all events1 ,i imagine these deputies will smile #bgf with pity when they hear themselves styled unpatriotic by some parties in imitation of a part of the journals hostile to the church1 or even accused of conspiring with foreigners or the ,internationale4 ,some papers1 in fact1 have not shrunk from the ridicule attached to such foolish accusations4 ,does not this having to resort to such imputations prove the want of any serious charge against the members of the ,centre8 ,they are evidently not credited by those who make use of them1 nor is any attempt made to convince others of their truth4 ,the members of the ,fraction du ,centre figure1 for the most part1 among the notabilities of their districts4 ,many of them have occupied or occupy some public office with honor3 and several have1 for many years1 showed their constant zeal in the old ,prussian house of legislation1 where they had a seat1 and gave their devoted support to the government in the crisis of the year #ahdh and the following year1 often at the expense of their popularity4 ,they were often known to defend the authorities against the attacks of those who are now endeavoring to excite the government against them4 ,in support of what ,i have just stated1 it is sufficient to recall the names of those whom the confidence of their colleagues chose as a committee of the ,fraction du ,centre in the ,german parliament and the ,prussian house of representatives4 ,i will mention ,m4 de ,savigny1 the son of the illustrious jurisconsult so well-known throughout the whole world1 who was formerly ,prussian minister at ,brussels1 and latterly the representative of the ,king of ,prussia at the ,diet of ,frankfort2 ,m4 ,windthorst1 who was president of the house of representatives in ,hanover1 and twice minister of justice in that kingdom2 the ,baron d',artin1 the vice-president of the upper house in the kingdom of ,bavaria2 ,m4 de ,mallinkrodt1 the counsellor of the ,prussian regency2 the ,prince de ,loewenstein2 the ,count de ,landsberg-,velen1 a hereditary member of the ,prussian house of lords1 etc4 ,perhaps ,i may be permitted to mention also my brother1 a counsellor of the ,prussian ,court of ,cassation1 who was one of the most active leaders of the conservative party when the government was the object of the most violent attacks4#gf ,he who consecrates his time and strength to the cause of justice and religious liberty1 or uses them in the arena of political combat1 should not expect to reap any gratitude1 but the leaders of the ,centre and their friends could not foresee that they would be exposed to the calumnies ,i have alluded to4 ,the only appreciable grievance uttered against the ,hanoverian and ,bavarian members of their ,fraction is1 that the former disapproved of the annexation of their country to ,prussia1 and the latter used its influence to prevent ,bavaria from joining the new ,german ,empire4 ,but these deputies have stated publicly that1 these measures having been decided by vote1 they were ready not only to fall in with the new order of things1 but to endeavor to strengthen it1 which cannot be the case if the national liberal party is not opposed1 the evident tendency of which is not of a nature to fortify the constitution of the empire1 being directed #bgg against the federative principle1 which is the fundamental characteristic of this constitution4 ,no one has a right to suspect the statements and character of these men who merit the esteem of all honorable people for having defended in a purely conservative sense1 and by all legal means1 the traditions of their ancestors1 to which they remain faithful1 and which they wish to maintain as long as their duty evidently requires it4 ,to the ,fraction du ,centre in the ,german ,parliament belongs also ,m4 ,kraetzig1 the leader of the ,catholic department of the ministry of public worship1 which has just been dissolved4 ,this division1 composed of three counsellors belonging to the ,catholic faith1 was organized by ,frederick ,william ,,iv4 with the benevolent intention of giving the ,catholics of ,prussia a sort of guarantee for the suitable administration of the funds for public worship3 it was not wished that such matters should be decided by a ,protestant government without at least listening to the advice of the ,catholic functionaries4 7,the leader of the ,catholic department of public worship had only a consultative voice47 ,the existence of this division was a pledge to the ,catholics1 being an assurance that their religious interests would never fall into hostile or indifferent hands4 ,if we except the ,prince de ,hohenzollern1 no ,catholic ever had a seat in the ministerial council1 and especially no ,catholic was ever appointed minister of public instruction4 ,the suppression of this division1 decreed on the eighth of last ,july1 is the more serious a symptom that it has been applauded by the journals opposed to the church1 and with a joy equal to that manifested at the measures taken in ,alsace against the brothers devoted to instruction and against the ,catholic press4 ,the party of the ,centre will naturally oppose with all its might the current of opinion which these acts prove to exist in the region of power4 ,its voice1 it is true1 will be stifled by the majority1 but it will not be raised the less energetically for liberty and justice1 with the hope of seeing a better day dawn1 and1 whatever the event1 with the conviction of having fulfilled an obligation of conscience not only toward the church1 but to the state4 ,the hope of soon seeing the clouds disperse that have been accumulating of late around ,germany in so unexpected a manner is founded on the political prudence1 the experience1 and the opinions of the ,emperor ,william4 ,it is not possible for this monarch crowned with laurels1 after having established peace with foreign powers through the bravery and fidelity of the whole ,german nation1 to authorize the persecution of millions of ,germans on account of their faith1 and consent to sacrifice the national peace--the peace which is especially due to his royal brother1 whose memory is still blessed by ,catholics4 ,there is no doubt but the appeals of the ,catholic population will be heard and listened to1 as soon as they reach the foot of the throne4 ,the statesman who1 in such an unparalleled manner1 has been so highly exalted to the very steps of that throne1 and whose celebrated name is displayed1 without his consent ,i am persuaded1 on the standard of the enemies of the church1 cannot be ignorant that1 when these troubles shall have assumed more formidable proportions1 it will be more difficult to overcome moral resistance than to triumph over physical obstacles1 and that measures of policy will be powerless against the former4 ,he will hardly consider it chivalric2 with all the enormous #bgh material resources of the state at his disposal1 to enter into a combat against people who can and will only oppose him passively1 as is suitable in the defence of a cause which represents the most powerful interests of humanity4 ,but perhaps all these hopes are illusory2 perhaps we are about to see in our ,fatherland the beginning of a sad and fruitless struggle1 such as has so exhausted the strength of other countries by giving a free course to the most dangerous passions4 ,in this case the ,catholics of ,germany should prepare themselves to endure a long succession of contradictions1 for their moral courage will be severely tried4 ,they will have to make sacrifices of all kinds for their faith1 recalling the precept of the ,gospel that commands us not only to render to ,csar the things that are ,csar's1 but also to ,god the things that are ,god's1 whatever may happen1 whatever may be the consequence of such a struggle1 the church of ,god1 which has always been victorious through patience1 will never yield either under assaults of unbelief or the attacks of a false science1 that in its pride seems to declare anew3 ,eritis sicut ,deus4 ,truth is great1 and it will prevail3 ,magna est veritas et prvalebit4 ,a4 ,,reichensperger4 ,,cologne1 ,aug41 #ahga4 #gf ,the modesty of the eminent author of this article did not permit him to mention his own name among the most illustrious members of the ,fraction du ,centre4 ,it would be ungrateful not to supply this omission by adding to the valiant champions enumerated above the man whose multiplied labors1 marked by his superior intelligence and ardor of feeling1 are at once an honor to ,germany and the church4--7,note of the ,editor47 ---------- ,,the ,,mountain4 ,the mountain's sides are green anear1 ,in clouds is lost its snow2 ,and he who climbs that ,alpine height ,shall earth and heaven know4 ,lo6 like a temple to the skies1 ,for toil1 for prayer1 for sacrifice1 ,its green and snowy heights arise4 ,a thousand pilgrims wander up ,to yonder blue abode1 ,and some are lost1 and some are slain1 ,or robbed upon the road4 ,far up the holy hermits dwell1 ,and sounds the monastery bell ,the safe and ancient way to tell4 ,and they who mount that highest steep ,are tired and sad and poor1 ,but lo6 a starry house is there1 ,and angels at the door4 ,rich joy for poverty and pain ,they give1 that summit to attain3 ,all earth they leave all heaven to gain4 ---------- ,,color--,,its ,,poetry ,,and ,,prose4 #bgi ,the three primary colors1 according to the latest conclusions of science1 are red1 green1 and blue4 ,oersted1 in one of the chapters of his ,soul in ,nature1 gives us a little diagram to show how the complementary and characteristic combinations of colors are produced4 ,illustration ,the colors opposite in the figure complete each other in white1 hence are called complementary colors--red and green1 orange and blue1 yellow and violet4 ,these are the harmonious colors4 ,two colors1 between which there is only one intermediate color1 constitute characteristic combinations of color1 as ,goethe calls them--for instance1 red and yellow1 yellow and blue1 blue and red--and are the combinations most common in uniforms4 ,in regard to the symbolism of colors1 ,oersted gives the following enumeration3 ,white fitly typifies innocence2 the purity of snow and summer clouds1 and all the analogies of nature1 suggesting and completing its significance4 ,black1 which1 as the withdrawal of light1 denotes loss of life-giving power1 as in night1 and to which is added in the storm-cloud unwonted gloom and desolation1 stands appropriately for the color of mourning4 ,red is the color of love1 from the hue of the blood1 to which is united the idea of the heart1 heat1 and intensity of life4 ,yellow denotes falsehood1 as indicating the deceitfulness of that which shines1 also as the color which1 when it departs from purity1 soonest becomes disagreeable4 ,green symbolizes hope1 the green of spring in nature giving token of the fruition of summer4 8,if we consider also10 says ,oersted1 8the satisfaction with which the eye can rest on it1 we should call it the color of trust4 ,blue10 he adds1 8is called the color of fidelity1 but since faith1 hope1 and love are so frequently named together1 and the two last each has its symbolical color1 we might assume that one of the colors belonged to this noble quality4 ,it is evident that blue1 since it indicates distance1 vacuity from matter1 therefore the immaterial is suitable as a symbol of faith4 ,it is the color of the sky also1 and this leads us away from the earthly4 ,then the repose in blue1 and the feeling that of all colors it is the least splendid1 with the exception of violet1 which1 when unmingled with red1 really the violet of light1 is so feeble1 and has in it so little power1 that it is not much considered4 ,goethe says that blue is a #8stimulating negation4' ,we learn from natural science that blue united with violet is reflected back every time that light passes through a less occupied space1 namely1 a vacuum1 hence ,goethe's expression4 ,violet and blue also indicate darkness1 since they are the colors which have the least light in them1 and the pigments which they represent are easiest converted into black4 ,faith1 which looks up out of the blackness and shadow of death into #bhj the full-orbed splendor of the sun of righteousness1 may not inappropriately take for its symbol the 8stimulating negation0 of the poet4 ,thus do the three primary colors1 blue1 green1 and red1 represent the triad of ,christian graces1 the primary virtues of the ,christian life--faith1 hope1 and charity1 or love4 ,but leaving the poetry of color1 we come to the subject of its place and function as it imprints itself on the myriad forms of the organic world4 ,the question has been asked1 ,are all these tints of nature in the flower and shrub1 the gorgeous plumage of the bird1 only meant to please the eye of man and to gratify the artistic sense8 ,is there a deeper1 subtler purpose running through all this apparently wanton pageantry1 aside from the delight which it affords the mind of man1 and looking only to the perfecting and preservation of the organism itself8 ,a utilitarian age has answered in the affirmative1 and the researches of ,darwin1 ,wallace1 and others are daily opening new vistas into this interesting field of inquiry4 ,darwin was the first to establish the fact that the bright coloring of flowers is for the purpose of attracting insects in order to accomplish their fertilization1 and deduces the general rule that all flowers fertilized by the wind are of dull and inconspicuous colors4 ,in the animal kingdom the principle of assimilation guides and modifies coloring in conformity with surrounding nature1 and it is1 therefore1 to a great extent1 protective4 ,the lion inhabiting the desert is of the color of the sands1 so as hardly to be distinguished at a short distance4 ,the leopard lives in jungles1 and the vertical stripes on its body harmonize admirably with the vertical reeds of its tangled lair1 and completely conceal it from view4 ,in arctic regions1 white is the prevailing color1 as here reign perpetual snows2 therefore1 it is that the bear is only found white in this part of the globe4 ,the curious fact that among birds the female is usually of a dull neutral tint1 while the male monopolizes the bright colors1 is accounted for on the principle of protective coloring1 the female needing the obscurity afforded her by her sober plumage4 ,when there is an exception to this rule1 the protection is afforded in some other way4 ,and this leads us to the subject of birds' nests4 ,wallace1 in a chapter on the theory of birds' nests1 divides them into two classes1 those in which the eggs are protected by the shape or position of the nest1 and those in which they are left exposed to view4 ,he then gives the following law3 8,that1 when both sexes are of strikingly gay and conspicuous colors1 the nest is of the first class1 or so as to conceal the sitting bird2 while1 whenever there is a striking contrast of colors1 the male being gay and conspicuous1 the female dull and obscure1 the nest is open and the sitting bird exposed to view40 ,in connection with the subject of protective coloring1 the phenomenon of mimicry is not the least curious4 ,wallace gives several instances of butterflies1 moths1 snakes1 etc41 where the coloring of protected families is imitated by weak and unprotected ones not in any way allied to them4 ,a large and bright-colored butterfly1 the heliconid of ,south ,america1 which is protected by a disagreeable quality affecting its taste1 thus rendering it secure from insect-eating birds1 is imitated by a smaller and eatable family1 resembling it so completely as to be quite indistinguishable by its enemies from the #bha former4 ,thus it is protected and enabled to perpetuate itself by borrowing the colors of its secure and powerful neighbor4 ,the elaps among venomous snakes is another instance where protection is afforded through mimicry to a harmless snake that would otherwise be defenceless4 ,the elaps and the species that copy its coloring are found only in tropical ,america1 and are peculiar as being the only snakes marked in the same manner by red1 black1 and yellow rings4 ---------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,aurelius ,,augustine1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,hippo4 ,a ,new ,translation4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,marcus ,dods1 ,m4,a4 ,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii4 ,the ,city of ,god4 ,edinburgh3 ,t4 ,t4 ,clark4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 #ahga4 ,the ,messrs4 ,clark1 of ,edinburgh1 are well known and honorably distinguished among publishers for the works of a high class of scientific and literary worth in sacred literature which they are regularly bringing out in the best style of the typographic art4 ,besides their series of works by the most eminent ,german ,protestant theologians of the orthodox school1 some of which are really valuable to the ,catholic student1 they are issuing a set of translations of the ,ante-,nicene ,fathers1 and have now commenced a series of translations from ,st4 ,augustine which they design to extend to sixteen or eighteen volumes4 ,we cannot sufficiently rejoice in the publication of these patristic works4 ,nothing can produce an equally powerful impression in favor of the ,catholic ,church on serious and educated minds with the perusal of numerous and extensive works translated from the early ,christian writers4 ,the two volumes before us are1 in every sense of the word1 superb4 ,the editor has prefaced them by an introduction1 whose style reminds us of ,macaulay--while its matter is excellent1 interesting1 and in all respects unexceptionable--in which he gives an account of the nature and the circumstances of the great work of ,st4 ,augustine1 and of the various judgments of eminent scholars upon it4 ,so far as a merely cursory glance can warrant us in judging of the merit of the translation1 it appears to us that the extremely difficult task of rendering the ,latin accurately into good ,english has been successfully accomplished4 ,the work itself has been considered by some eminent scholars as one of the great masterpieces of human genius4 ,it is the first great work on the philosophy of history which was ever written4 ,it was the fruit of the latest and most mature period of the great doctor's life4 ,its plan embraces a comprehensive defence of ,christianity against the objections of the ,roman statesmen and philosophers of the fifth century4 ,a vast number of interesting topics are treated in it1 so that1 apart from the philosophical value which it possesses1 it is most interesting and curious as a museum of antiquities from the epoch when paganism was passing away to give place to ,christianity4 ,it is to be hoped that ,catholics as well as ,protestants will patronize the truly noble and useful undertaking of the ,messrs4 ,clark and their literary collaborateurs1 to enrich our #bhb ,english libraries with these splendid patristic translations4 ,a ,life of ,st4 ,augustine is also promised to accompany the selections from his writings4 ,from this we can scarcely expect as much satisfaction as from the other parts of the undertaking4 ,the theology and opinions of the writer must unavoidably prevent him from understanding and correctly representing a ,catholic bishop and doctor1 and giving a perfectly complete and correct account of the state of the church during the period in which he lived4 ,no one but a ,catholic can achieve this task with success1 although a ,protestant who is sufficiently learned1 accurate1 and skilled in the art of composition1 may make a perfectly satisfactory translation of ,catholic works4 ,it were much to be desired that some competent ,catholic scholar would give us a biography of ,st4 ,augustine so complete and perfect that it would supplant all others1 and take rank as the standard history of his life and times4 ,,light ,,in ,,darkness4 ,a ,treatise on the ,obscure ,night of the ,soul4 ,by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,f4 ,hewit1 of the ,congregation of ,st4 ,paul4 ,new ,york3 ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 ,pp4 #afj4 ,this is a very small volume in bulk1 and of very modest pretensions1 but of great merit1 and treats with much truth and justice a very important subject4 ,it belongs to what is called ,mystic ,theology1 and gives us in a small compass the simpler elements of the science of the saints1 and cannot fail to interest all those who are entering upon a life of ,christian perfection1 whether in religion or in the world4 ,the 8obscure night of the soul10 as ,st4 ,john of the ,cross calls it1 is experienced in some degree by all whom the ,holy ,spirit is conducting through purification1 not to be effected without pain and sorrow1 to the highest and closest union with ,god possible while we are still in the flesh4 ,it is a deprivation of all sensible sweetness in devotion1 a desolation1 a deadness of all but the very highest faculties of the soul1 in which all is dry and hard1 and the soul discerns not a ray of light to relieve the darkness that seems to pervade and envelop her every act1 and everything seems listless1 prayer demands an effort1 and brings no consolation1 and meditation is painful and fruitless4 ,this obscure night of the soul1 sometimes called passive purgation1 is supernatural1 the gift of the ,holy ,ghost1 and is intended to try the soul1 to test its faith and confidence1 to purify it1 and enhance its merit by bringing it in the end into joyful union with ,god4 ,if carefully distinguished from sadness and melancholy1 which may spring from the physical constitution and a variety of natural causes1 this inward desolation1 in which the soul longs for light1 for spiritual life1 and to behold the countenance of the ,lord1 is a great good1 and a proof that the ,holy ,spirit has not left us1 but is present within1 and is preparing us for the joyful day that will dawn in the soul1 and permit us to ascend to the ,mount of ,vision with the saints4 ,sensible sweetness1 even visions1 which are not seldom experienced by one just entering a religious life1 are baits to lure us on1 or to save us from discouragement1 but they cannot create in us a robust and solid piety4 ,whom the ,lord loveth he chasteneth1 and scourgeth every son that he receiveth4 ,far more profitable to the soul is this obscure night in which the ,lord hides his face from us1 and leaves us desolate1 and yet does not leave us1 nor cease to love and care for us4 ,father ,hewit explains the sources and solidity1 the certainty1 the infallibility1 of the science of the saints2 shows the principles on which it rests2 describes the desolation of the soul due to the discipline to which the ,holy ,spirit subjects the aspirant to ,christian perfection2 gives plain and simple directions to distinguish it from natural sadness or melancholy1 and for the behavior of the soul while #bhc suffering1 and for deriving the greatest possible spiritual benefit from it4 ,he also gives us a criterion by which the operations of the ,holy ,ghost may be distinguished from visionary illusions sent by ,satan to deceive and ruin the soul1 which the spiritists make so much of4 ,his remarks on spiritism are just and opportune1 are exceedingly valuable1 and should be pondered by every ,catholic4 ,the ravages of spiritism are fearful4 ,the work is addressed solely to ,catholics1 and we think young and inexperienced confessors and directors will find much in it to aid them in their noble but arduous duties of directing souls in the way of perfection4 ,to the class of ,christians for whom it is specially intended1 it will serve as a valuable and trustworthy guide1 and will assist them to profit by the many larger and fuller treatises on the spiritual life whose excellence is unquestionable1 and without superseding them4 ,we thank the author for the rich present he has made us4 ,,the ,,monks ,,of ,,the ,,west1 ,,from ,,st4 ,,benedict ,,to ,,st4 ,,bernard4 ,by the ,count de ,montalembert4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 #b vols4 ,this is an ,american reprint of the ,english translation of ,count ,montalembert's great work4 ,the ,english edition is not only very splendid1 but very costly4 ,mr4 ,donahoe's edition is compressed into two volumes1 at the reduced price of eight dollars1 and is nevertheless very handsomely printed1 with type sufficiently large and clear1 and in all other respects well brought out4 ,we welcome its appearance as a most fortunate event1 and recommend the work most heartily as one which every intelligent ,catholic ought to read as a glorious monument of his religion1 and every literary man as one of the finest historical and literary productions of the age4 ,it is without a question that the ,count de ,montalembert was one of the greatest and noblest men of this century1 whether in or out of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the present work is the most complete and splendid monument of his genius and piety which he has left to perpetuate his fame4 ,it is no mere compilation of biographies of the common sort1 but a history of the great monastic institution in the ,west1 of its stupendous works1 and of the civilization of which it was one of the chief organizing powers4 ,it includes some most important and little known chapters in the history of the chief nations of ,christendom4 ,its copious and exact erudition is only equalled by the majestic eloquence of the style in which it is written1 and which the translator has well rendered into ,english4 ,there are a few passages in the introduction in which the author has allowed a certain bitterness of feeling to disturb the ordinarily pure current of his sentiments1 and has betrayed some signs of his sympathy with the errors of the party of so-called ,liberal ,catholics4 ,we do not consider this blemish1 however1 sufficient to detract seriously from the value and merit of this great work1 or to make its perusal in any way dangerous4 ,it is a work thoroughly ,catholic1 and pervaded with the same spirit of loyalty to the ,holy ,see which the illustrious author has expressed in his dedication of the work to ,pius ,,ix4 ,whatever he said or did in a contrary spirit was a lamentable inconsistency1 which we trust ,god has pardoned1 as the ,holy ,father has done in so tender and magnanimous a manner4 ,,peters',s ,,catholic ,,choir4 ,a ,monthly ,magazine devoted to ,catholic ,church ,music4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,l4 ,peters4 ,the purpose of this publication is to offer in a cheap form selected musical ,masses1 hymns1 and motets for the use of our church choirs4 #bhd ,the selections1 from a purely musical point of view1 are as good as publications of this nature generally contain4 ,,the ,,pictorial ,,bible ,,and ,,church ,,history ,,stories4 ,abridged4 ,a ,compendious ,narrative of ,sacred ,history1 brought down to the present ,time of the ,church1 and complete in one ,volume4 ,by the ,rev4 ,henry ,formby4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,st4 #ahga4 ,this is a book which deserves to find a place as a text-book in all ,catholic schools1 and to be put by all ,catholic parents into the hands of their children4 ,even the very little ones will be found capable of comprehending the easy and familiar ,english of the narrative2 nor can too much stress be laid on the importance of thus familiarizing them from the start with the history of ,god's dealings with men4 ,for this purpose1 the plan of acquainting them with the ,bible history simply is far from sufficient4 ,it leaves too great a gap between the past and the present--as if sacred history had virtually come to an end eighteen centuries ago1 and since then everything had been merely secular and profane4 ,a well-instructed child needs to have the whole of sacred history1 from the creation of the world to the usurpation of ,rome by ,victor ,emanuel1 laid before his eyes in a series the connections of which are plain and unbroken4 ,such a simple historical knowledge will be apt to prove the best safeguard of his faith in a time when there is no longer any great temptation for him to abandon it in favor of misbelief1 but when open unbelief in the providence of ,god is fast becoming his only real enemy4 ,the task which ,father ,formby has undertaken1 of presenting this history in an easy and compendious form1 is one which he has very satisfactorily accomplished1 and for which there seemed to be a crying need4 ,we can only hope that ,american ,catholics will make haste to avail themselves of the results of his labors4 ,the book is an attractive one1 very fully illustrated by pictures which1 if they are not to be called artistic1 have at all events the merit of being often suggestive1 and the letterpress will be found good reading by older readers as well as by the young ones4 ,,the ,,illustrated ,,catholic ,,family ,,almanac ,,for ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahgb4 ,calculated for different ,parallels of ,latitude1 and adapted for use throughout the ,country4 ,illuminated cover1 #abmo1 pp4 #add4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 ,there are many good works to be done for our ,catholic community1 and here is one of them4 ,a little annual at a trifling price1 yet1 in paper1 typographical execution1 and illustrations1 wonderfully attractive1 now finds its way to over seventy thousand ,catholic homes1 and gives to perhaps a quarter of a million of ,catholic readers information1 instruction1 and entertainment4 ,the material is new and healthy4 ,it is a commentary on the communion of saints4 ,catholics are not of one state or country1 of one age or century4 ,we are a brotherhood embracing all4 ,the young growing up wish to know of the past glories of the church as the old love to speak of them2 and all desire information of the actual life of the church4 ,god's hand is not shortened in the nineteenth century4 ,he overlooks the great and wise1 and reveals himself to little ones1 now as of old4 ,bernadette ,soubirous1 whose likeness is given1 kneels there1 and all cluster round her to hear the wonderful history of ,lourdes4 ,the lately martyred ,archbishop of ,paris will be viewed with interest1 and the sketch of him will be imprinted on all minds4 ,the beautiful portraits of ,adelaide ,procter and ,eugnie de ,gurin bring to mind the representative women of the church in our day1 whom to know is to #bhe love2 and many thousands will here begin to appreciate those two beautiful souls4 ,in the history of the church in ,america1 all will feel that ,catholicity is no stranger in the land when we see before us the remains of a cathedral in ,greenland1 built in the twelfth century2 a bishop in ,florida in the sixteenth1 predecessor of the illustrious ,carroll in the last1 and the saintly ,flaget in our own4 ,ireland1 the fatherland of so many sons of our ,holy ,mother1 is not forgotten4 ,the ruins of religious houses1 caused by hate1 and the excellent portrait of the ,liberator1 ,o',connell1 show the close union between ,catholics of all lands and times4 ,this little attractive bouquet of ,catholic flowers1 rich with the aroma of faith1 will1 by its suggestions1 its information1 and its creditable appearance alone1 keep alive and stimulate the true ,catholic feeling2 and there can be no better work than to disseminate it widely and more widely in every parish1 until it finds its way to every ,catholic family in the land4 ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,reverend ,,mother ,,julia1 ,foundress and ,first ,superior of the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame1 of ,namur4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,with the ,history of the ,order in the ,united ,states4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahga4 ,marie ,rose ,julia ,billiart1 the foundress of the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame1 was born at ,cuvilly1 in ,picardy1 in #agea1 and died in #ahaf4 ,the life from which this is translated was first published in #ahfb1 for the use of the ,sisters1 but will be found also of great interest to the general reader4 ,it is certainly so1 or at least should be1 in this country1 where they are so widely diffused1 are doing so much for the cause of ,catholic education1 and are so well known4 ,mother ,julia was also a saint1 and the lives of the servants of ,god are always interesting1 especially when told in a natural and unaffected way4 ,her whole life was an extraordinary one1 though her congregation was not established till #ahjc1 when she had reached the age of fifty-two2 its foundation being1 as it were1 necessarily delayed by the disturbances in ,france during the ,revolution2 but of course the greater part of this memoir is occupied with her last years1 which were more abundant than those that preceded in visible service to others1 though not perhaps in merit to herself4 ,at her death1 the order was firmly established1 though not without passing through many trials and difficulties1 and had a number of houses in ,france and ,belgium4 ,it was brought to this country in #ahdj1 and to ,england three years later2 it now has seventeen houses there1 and twenty in the ,united ,states1 having the care1 in these two countries alone1 of more than thirty thousand children4 ,the latter part of the book1 as stated in the title1 is occupied with its foundation and establishment here2 also an interesting account is given of its introduction into ,england and ,guatemala1 to which latter place they were sent in #ahei4 ,we have before us a list of the houses of the ,sisters in ,massachusetts1 nine in number1 at which nearly seven thousand children are instructed1 as well as over a thousand night-scholars2 they have also more than five thousand attending ,sunday-school4 ,it is very much to be desired and hoped that so useful a body of religious may be everywhere as abundant as in this favored state2 and yet there are not enough even there1 and probably never will be4 ,the words of our ,lord are always verified3 8,the harvest indeed is great1 but the laborers are few40 ,still1 there will1 no doubt1 be vocations when they are really asked for4 ,the ,life of ,mother ,julia is well and clearly printed1 and beautifully bound2 and the translation was made by an ,american lady fully qualified #bhf for the task4 ,an excellent portrait of ,mother ,julia embellishes the book4 ,,the ,,four ,,great ,,evils ,,of ,,the ,,day4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahga4 ,pp4 #adb4 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,four ,great ,evils exposed in these four lectures are the ,revolt of the ,intellect against ,god1 the ,revolt of the ,will against ,god1 the ,revolt of ,society against ,god1 the ,spirit of ,antichrist4 ,the author shows how the revolt against the ,roman ,church and the ,vicar of ,christ results in atheism1 immorality1 social anarchy1 and the disruption of the whole fabric of ,christianity1 involving the destruction of the human race1 and of the world1 the ,catholic ,church excepted1 which is preserved by miracle to the end of time4 ,these lectures are very timely1 and ought to be read by every reflecting person4 ,the ,archbishop of ,westminster is equal to the greatest of our modern prelates in his clear insight into ,catholic principles1 and thorough knowledge of the atheistic and communistic tendencies of ,protestantism4 ,hence the respect1 fear1 and hatred with which he is regarded by the enemies of the church4 ,one thing especially noticeable in these lectures1 and which we have observed with peculiar pleasure1 is the exhibition of the intellectual as well as moral degradation of modern infidelity4 ,the superstition and absurdity into which the proud rebellion of the mind against the authority of the church has plunged it is shown by ,archbishop ,manning1 in a different way from that employed by ,dr4 ,newman1 but with a force equally irresistible4 ,we recommend all our intelligent readers1 and we presume that all our readers are intelligent1 who desire to master the true and pure principles of the ,catholic religion in their relation to the errors and disorders of the day1 to obtain and study carefully all the works of the ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,a ,,critical ,,greek ,,and ,,english ,,concordance ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,testament4 ,prepared by ,charles ,f4 ,hudson1 under the direction of ,horace ,l4 ,hastings1 editor of ,the ,christian2 revised and completed by ,ezra ,abbot1 ,,ll4,d41 ,assistant ,librarian of ,harvard ,university4 ,second edition1 revised4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahga4 ,this handy little volume is evidently the result of a good deal of painstaking and conscientious labor4 ,as the production of several hands1 it is a monument of somewhat heterogeneous scholarship4 ,it professes to be 8critical02 and critical and scholarly we are sure it is1 so far as it is indebted to the contributions of ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot1 a gentleman whose minute bibliographical knowledge is only equalled by his rare modesty1 and by his readiness to place his learning at the disposal of others4 ,to his careful hand1 we take it1 is due the collection of various readings as given by ,griesbach1 ,lachmann1 and the latest editions of ,tischendorf and ,tregelles4 ,the student will find in this compilation a mass of information which we do not remember to have seen in so compact a form elsewhere4 ,for the rest1 the work will doubtless fulfil the purpose announced by the editor-in-chief1 as a 8book available to the mere ,english reader10 and will be welcomed by evangelical ministers of all denominations who may have felt more or less keenly the need of supplementing the defects in their early classical education by some easy artificial helps4 ,how convenient1 for example1 when we run against the word 1 to find1 on the authority of ,messrs4 ,hastings and ,hudson1 that1 in a given number of passages1 the majority in fact1 it signifies woman1 undoubtedly woman1 whereas in several other given passages1 including #bhg #a ,cor4 ix4 #e1 it means wife--even though there may be some misgivings about the 8margin40 ,whether or not it be 8critical10 under cover of scholarship1 to turn a supposed ,greek concordance into nothing more nor less than a quiet vindication of the accuracy of the ,king ,james ,version1 we leave it to ordinary unbelievers to determine4 ,,life ,,of ,,john ,,bunyan1 with ,notices of some of his ,contemporaries1 and ,specimens of his ,style4 ,by ,d4 ,a4 ,harsha1 ,m4,a41 author of 8,life of ,philip ,doddrige1 ,d4,d410 etc4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahga4 ,nothing1 we suppose1 is more likely to strike the ordinary ,catholic reader1 supposing him even to waste his time over books of the kind1 than the great meagreness and poverty of what are known by ,protestants as religious lives4 ,even a non-,catholic1 like ,mr4 ,matthew ,arnold1 has somewhere commented on the superiority of ,catholic biographies to ,protestant ones1 with that air of easy insolence which has made him anything but a pleasing subject for contemplation to the majority of his countrymen and co-religionists4 ,mr4 ,harsha's life of the allegorizing tinker of ,bedford can boast of no advantage in this respect over other efforts of the same general description4 ,it is not1 we should say1 the fault of the biographer1 who seems to have genuine religious instincts1 and to be principally hampered by his ignorance of what true spirituality means1 and the poverty of the material he works in4 ,these1 however1 are in his position necessary evils4 ,this book has other faults for which he is more actively responsible4 ,a man who wonders that ,bunyan should have been molested for his religious views under what he1 perhaps facetiously1 calls the 8mild rule of ,cromwell0 7a characterization that ,john ,evelyn would have been as slow to endorse as any ,catholic ,irishman of ,zedah7 and is puzzled to account for his freedom during the reign of the ,second ,james1 needs something besides an acquaintance with the ,pilgrim's ,progress and ,bunyan's sermons to qualify him for the task of a biographer4 ,perhaps1 however1 a thorough knowledge of history would be as successful an agent in the work of un-,protestantizing a sincere man as any other merely human one that could be named4 ,,graduale ,,de ,,tempore ,,et ,,de ,,sanctis1 juxta ,ritum ,sacrosanct ,roman ,ecclesi cum cantu ,pauli ,v4 ,pont4 ,max4 jussu reformato cui addita sunt officia postea approbata sub auspiciis ,sanctissimi ,domini ,nostri ,pii ,,pp4 ,,ix4 ,curante ,sacr4 ,rituum ,congregatione1 cum privilegio4 ,ratisbon1 ,neo-,eboraci et ,cincinnatii3 ,sumptibus1 chartis et typis ,frederici ,pustet4 ,about the time of the opening of the cumenical ,council1 the firm of ,f4 ,pustet were permitted by special indult to publish a revised edition of the ,gradual known as the ,medicean4 ,a commission was appointed by the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites to undertake this revision1 but the suspension of the ,council and the political troubles ensuing prevented the completion of their labors4 ,a dispensation1 however1 was granted to ,mr4 ,pustet to publish and sell the work1 adding the portion yet unrevised as it stands in the original edition4 ,we reserve a fuller notice for some future date1 when we hope to lay before our readers a critical essay on the various editions of the ,gradual and other books of chant published in ,europe and ,canada4 ,,the ,,grand ,,demonstration in ,baltimore and ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in honor of the ,x,x,vth ,anniversary of the ,election of ,pius ,,ix4 to the ,chair of ,st4 ,peter1 ,june #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 ,a4,d4 #ahga4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 ,it would be scarcely possible to add anything on the general subject of this handsome brochure--the theme of so many thousand eloquent pens #bhh and voices4 ,the celebration in the ,province of ,baltimore1 however1 was an exceptional one1 as became the oldest ,see in the ,united ,states4 ,besides the addresses1 letters1 and resolutions1 etc41 which we naturally look for in such a publication1 it includes encyclical and other letters from ,his ,holiness1 and some historical and chronological matter which the reader will find highly useful4 ,,the ,,martyrs ,,of ,,the ,,coliseum2 or1 ,historical ,records of the ,great ,amphitheatre of ,ancient ,rome4 ,by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,o',reilly1 ,missionary ,apostolic at ,st4 ,mary's1 ,capetown4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates1 ,co4 #ahga4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,the basis of the narratives of this volume is furnished by the ancient ,acts of the ,martyrs4 ,the story of several of the most illustrious martyrs of the early ages is told by the author1 according to history and legend1 with some embellishments of imagination1 poetry1 and fancy4 ,there is also an account of the history of the ,coliseum itself1 as far as knowledge or probable conjecture can furnish it4 ,the author's style is warm1 exuberant1 and brilliant4 ,the volume is instructive and entertaining1 and ought to be a favorite1 with young people especially4 ,,manual ,,of ,,piety1 for the use of ,seminarians4 ,second ,american ,edition4 ,baltimore3 ,published by ,john ,murphy ,co41 #ahb ,baltimore ,street4 #ahgb4 ,this is a new edition of an excellent and well-known manual for seminarians4 ,it can hardly be too highly commended either as regards matter or form4 ,it contains an immense amount of matter in a very small space1 and the type is clear and beautiful4 ,,mr4 ,,robert ,,coddington has in press1 and will publish about ,christmas1 ,the ,vicar of ,christ2 or1 ,lectures upon the ,office and ,prerogatives of our ,holy ,father the ,pope1 by ,rev4 ,thomas ,s4 ,preston1 pastor of ,st4 ,ann's ,church1 ,new ,york1 and ,chancellor of the ,diocese4 ,it will be published uniform in style with the other volumes of ,father ,preston's lectures4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will publish1 ,november #a1 ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and ,her ,latest ,english ,historian1 a narrative of the principal events in the life of ,mary ,stuart1 with some remarks on ,mr4 ,froude's ,history of ,england1 by ,james ,f4 ,meline4 ,this work will contain not only the thorough criticism of ,mr4 ,froude's ,history of ,england as far as made in the five articles on the subject in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world--articles which have attracted general attention1 and put ,mr4 ,froude upon his defence--but also a complete narrative of the life of ,mary ,stuart1 with a review of those volumes of ,mr4 ,froude's history not noticed in the articles4 ,,mr4 ,p4 ,,donahoe1 ,boston1 will soon publish ,to and from the ,passion ,play at ,oberammergau1 ,bavaria1 from the pen of the ,rev4 ,george ,h4 ,doane1 ,chancellor of the ,diocese of ,newark4 ,it will be dedicated to the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,bayley1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,newark4 ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co4 announce as in press ,the ,martyrs of the ,coliseum1 by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,o',reilly4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,charles ,,scribner ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,the ,holy ,bible according to the ,authorized ,version 7,a4,d4 #afaa71 with an ,explanatory and ,critical ,commentary1 and a ,revision of the ,translation1 by ,bishops and other ,clergy of the ,anglican ,church4 ,edited by ,f4 ,c4 ,cook1 ,m4,a41 ,canon of ,exeter4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,part #a4 ,genesis-,exodus4 ,from ,,kay ,,brother1 ,philadelphia3 ,a ,collection of ,leading ,cases in the ,law of ,elections in the ,united ,states1 with ,notes and ,references to the latest ,authorities4 ,by ,frederick ,c4 ,brightly4 ,,the #bhi ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiv41 ,no4 #ha4--;,,december1 #ahga4 ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,recent ,,events ,,in ,,france4 ,we have no occasion to dwell on the disastrous events of the war of the second ,french ,empire with ,prussia1 nor on the still more disastrous results of the feeble efforts of the improvised republic to drive back the ,german armies from ,french soil4 ,they are too painful to be dwelt on1 and are1 probably1 as well known to our readers as to ourselves4 ,we may1 however1 remark that we regard it as a mistake to represent the war as unprovoked by ,prussia4 ,the party that declares the war is not always responsible for it4 ,prussia1 by her duplicity1 her aggressive spirit1 and her menacing attitude to ,france1 gave to the ,french government ample reason1 according to what has long been the usage with ,european nations1 for declaring the war4 ,we have never been the partisans of ,louis ,napoleon2 but it is only simple justice to say that by his concessions of ,january1 #ahgj1 he had ceased to be the absolute sovereign of ,france1 and had become a constitutional monarch1 like the ,queen of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 and the declaration of war against ,prussia in ,july of the same year was not his personal act1 but the act of the ,liberal ministry and the ,french people1 influenced1 not unlikely1 by the secret societies that had sworn the ,emperor's destruction4 ,perhaps1 when the facts are better known1 it will be clearly seen that the ,emperor had really no alternative but war with ,prussia1 or the loss of the ,french throne for himself and dynasty4 ,though unprepared1 he chose the war1 as offering at least a chance of success1 and it is not improbable that the result would have been less disastrous both for him and the nation if he had been loyally sustained by the ,french people1 and had not had a more formidable enemy in his rear than in his front4 ,the influences that compelled him to consent to the declaration of war were unfriendly to him1 and both before and after the declaration were1 not unlikely1 indirectly controlled by that astute but unprincipled diplomatist1 ,bismarck1 at present ,chancellor of the new ,german ,empire1 and through #bij whose adroitness ,germany has been ,prussianized4 ,it now also appears that the disaster of ,sedan was far less the fault of the ,emperor than of his marshals1 who acted without his orders1 and without concert with one another4 ,if ,marshal ,mac,mahon had fallen back on the capital1 as ,trochu says he advised1 instead of attempting to relieve ,metz1 and given the nation time to rally and concentrate its forces1 it is probable the empire would have been saved1 and the ,prussians been ultimately defeated and driven beyond the ,rhine4 ,even after the disaster of ,sedan1 the integrity of ,french territory might have been saved1 and peace obtained on far less onerous terms than those which were finally imposed by the conqueror after the surrender of ,paris1 but for the ,parisian mob of the #dth of ,september1 which compelled the ,corps ,lgislatif to pronounce1 illegally of course1 the escheat of the ,emperor and the empire1 to proclaim the republic1 and to suffer a so-called government of defence to be improvised4 ,the disaster of ,sedan was great1 but it was a mere bagatelle in comparison with that of the revolution effected by the ,parisian mob acting under the direction of the secret societies1 whose destructive power and influence were so well and so truthfully set forth by ,disraeli in his ,lothair1 one of the most remarkable books recently published1 and which shows that its author fully understands the great questions1 movements1 and tendencies of modern society4 ,that revolution was the real disaster1 and ,paris1 not ,prussia or ,germany1 has subjugated ,france4 ,the ,french1 excepting a few lawyers1 journalists1 literary dreamers1 and the workingmen of the cities and towns1 who demanded 8la rpublique dmocratique et sociale10 had no wish for a republic1 and were1 and are1 decidedly anti-republican at heart4 ,the men composing the so-called government of defence were1 for the most part1 men who had not1 and could not inspire it1 the confidence of the nation1 were men without faith or solid principle1 theorists and declaimers1 utterly destitute both of civil and military capacity1 distrusted1 if not detested1 by all ,frenchmen who retained any sense of religion or any love of country surpassing their love for their own theories4 ,france1 perhaps1 could have been saved by a loyal support of the empire1 and a hearty co-operation with the ,imperial government under the ,empress-,regent1 even after the disaster of ,sedan1 but not by overthrowing it1 and plunging the nation into the revolutionary abyss4 ,the government of defence only hastened the catastrophe by defaming the ,imperial government1 calumniating it1 and publishing every sort of falsehood against it that malice could invent or render plausible1 as the event has proved1 and all the world is beginning to see and admit4 ,but for the socialistic revolution1 it is now known that1 even after the surrender of the ,emperor1 the ,imperial government could have obtained peace without any mutilation of ,french territory1 and on terms1 if hard1 at least such as could be borne4 ,france would have suffered the mortification of defeat1 and would have been compelled to indemnify1 as a matter of course1 ,prussia for the expenses of the war2 but she would have suffered no loss of territory1 and would have remained1 defeated indeed1 but not conquered4 ,europe would have mediated effectually in her favor1 for the balance of power requires her preservation2 but the ,european nations could not intervene in favor #bia of a revolution which was a menace to each one of themselves1 and ,prussia would not and could not treat with a revolutionary committee that had no legal existence and no power to bind the nation4 ,the insurrection of ,paris on the #ahth of ,march1 #ahga1 against the ,versailles government1 was only the logical continuation of that of the #dth of ,september against the empire4 ,the same party that made the one made the other4 ,an omnibus would hold nearly all the republicans in ,france that differ essentially or in principle from the ,paris ,commune1 and its suppression after a fearful struggle is the condemnation of the revolution that overthrew the empire1 and also of the government that suppressed it4 ,its suppression1 so absolutely necessary if ,france or ,french society is to subsist1 was simply the revolution condemning and killing itself4 ,no government can be founded on the revolutionary principle1 for that principle is destructive and can found nothing2 and hence it is that every revolution is compelled to devour itself2 and to be able to reconstruct and maintain political or social order1 it must deny its own principle1 and as far as possible undo its own work4 ,yet the ,commune is only 8scotched1 not killed10 and will rear its head again in the first moment a new political crisis comes4 ,a republic of law and order1 respecting and maintaining the rights of person and property1 such as we regard our own1 is at present impracticable in every nation in ,europe1 with the single exception of ,switzerland1 for it has no basis in the interior life1 the antecedents1 the manners1 customs1 and usages of the people4 ,it was by the aid of non-republican ,france that the ,parisian insurgents were put down4 ,there is in ,europe no political via media practicable as yet between the absolutism of ,csar and the absolutism of the people4 ,either ,csar is in the place of ,god1 or the people2 and the only religion this nineteenth century tolerates is either monarchical absolutism or popular absolutism2 and ,european society1 as we see1 only swings like a pendulum from the one to the other1 and finds no liberty or chance for free development under either4 ,its real progress is suspended4 ,at this moment1 ,france lies prostrate with the iron heel of the conqueror on her neck1 and that conqueror1 ,prussia1 a power that never was known to have a noble or generous sentiment1 and that has #ahjf to avenge4 ,prussia has not yet relaxed her hold on her prostrate foe1 and will not of her own accord1 so long as a single sign of life remains4 ,france has now no legal government1 no political organization1 and1 what is the worst1 recognizes no power competent to reorganize her society1 and reconstitute the state1 and has recognized none since the revolution of #aghi4 ,since that worldwide event1 she has had no government which she felt herself bound in conscience to obey1 or towards which she had any genuine sentiment of loyalty4 ,no government has been able to count on the national support if it became unfortunate1 and ceased to gratify the national pride or vanity4 ,the principles of #aghi1 avowedly accepted as the basis of his government by the ,emperor1 are destructive of the very sentiment of loyalty1 and deny the obligation in conscience of the people to obey authority any longer than it suits their convenience4 ,if a plebiscitum or the popular vote could create a legal government1 ,louis ,napoleon was and is still the legal sovereign of the ,french people1 and1 through them1 of ,france4 ,but the nation never had any sentiment of loyalty towards #bib him1 and abandons him as it did his greater uncle the moment he becomes unsuccessful4 ,it never felt that it owed him allegiance1 and how could it since he professed to hold from it8 ,his government was based on a plebiscitum1 and could it bind the nation8 ,it was created by the people1 was their creature1 and can the creator be loyal to or bound by his own creation8 ,the nation can be bound only by a power above itself and be loyal only to an authority that comes from a source independent of the people4 ,louis ,napoleon held from #aghi1 and had the weakness to believe in plebiscitums4 ,he seems never to have understood that universal suffrage can only create an agency1 not a government4 ,he was a disciple of the political philosophers of the eighteenth century1 who erected revolution into a principle4 ,these philosophers of the eighteenth century made no account of the continuity of the national life1 of national habits1 customs1 and usages1 and assumed that the convention might draw up an entirely new constitution according to an abstract and preconceived theory1 without regard to the antecedents or past life of the nation1 and without any support in the spiritual or supernatural order above the nation1 get it adopted by a plurality of votes1 and safely rely on l'intrt bien entendu1 or enlightened self-interest1 to preserve it and secure its successful practical workings as the fundamental law of the nation4 ,the whole history of ,france for nearly a century1 without any reference to our own experience1 refutes the absurd theory of the philosophers1 or sophists1 rather4 ,a ,french gentleman1 still living1 told us1 before the recent collapse of the second ,french ,empire1 that he had witnessed seventeen revolutions or changes of government in his native country1 and he is in a fair way of living to see the number increased at least to a score4 ,no government created by and held from the people can govern the people2 and1 if reason alone or the calculations of interest were sufficient to sustain a government1 no government or political constitution would be necessary4 ,paper constitutions are worthless1 save so far as they express the living constitution of the nation4 8,constitutions10 ,count de ,maistre has well said1 8are generated1 not made02 and the merit of the ,american constitution is in the fact that it was born with the ,american people1 not made by them4 ,france was originally constituted by the king1 the nobility1 the church1 with some feeble remains of the old ,roman municipalities1 subsequently revived and expanded into the tiers-tat4 ,the balance of her original constitution had been disturbed1 it is true2 the church and the nobility had been greatly enfeebled by the inordinate growth of monarchy on the one hand1 and the expansion of the communal power on the other2 but these four fundamental elements of her national constitution still subsisted in more or less force down to the ,revolution of #aghi4 ,that revolution swept away king1 church1 and nobility1 and proclaimed the tiers-tat the nation1 without any political organization or power to reconstitute legal or legitimate government4 ,no nation is competent to constitute itself1 for till constituted it is only a mass of individuals1 incapable of any legal national act4 ,since then ,france has been trying in vain to make something out of nothing1 and been continually alternating between the mob and despotism--despotism suppressing the mob1 and the mob deposing despotism4 ,she at this moment has no legal government1 and the ,french #bic people recognize no power able to reconstitute the state4 ,her old monarchical constitution1 tempered by the church and her old nobility1 and restrained by provincial customs1 usages1 privileges1 and franchises1 is swept away1 and nothing remains of her political life that can serve as the germ or basis of reorganization1 or the re-establishment of authority1 competent1 legally or morally1 to bind the nation1 restore order1 and protect liberty4 ,worse than all else is the fact that #aghi swept away the church as a power in the state1 and left the state it wished to constitute without any moral support1 or power not dependent on the nation to sustain it4 ,it threw the management of public affairs into the hands of men and parties that had no faith in ,god1 who hated or despised religion1 and believed only in themselves and the perfectibility of the species4 ,this was the greatest evil of all4 ,a nation may be politically disorganized1 and yet be able to recover and re-establish a legal government1 if it retains religion as an organized power1 independent of the nation2 for it then retains a power that has its source in the supernatural1 above the people1 and able to bind the national will in conscience1 and give consistency and a divine sanction to the national ordinations4 ,the first ,napoleon had sense enough to see something of this1 and to understand that he could not reorganize disorganized ,france without calling in religion to his aid2 he therefore solicited a concordat from the ,holy ,see1 and re-established the church4 ,but he had not sense enough to see and understand that even the church could not aid him if holding from himself1 or if subjected in her administration to his own or the national will4 ,he committed the usual mistake of secular sovereigns1 that of insisting on keeping the control of the ecclesiastical administration in their respective dominions each in his own hands1 of using the church to control his subjects1 but allowing her no authority over himself4 ,nothing can exceed the short-sightedness of secular sovereigns in seeking to keep religion in their respective dominions subject to their will as an adjunct of the police1 rather than an independent power holding from ,god1 and alike supreme over sovereigns and subjects4 ,the present hostility to the church1 even in old ,catholic nations1 is in no small measure owing to the fact that the sovereigns have sought to use her to preach submission1 resignation1 and patience to their subjects1 and to uphold the authority of the government1 however forgetful of its duties1 tyrannical1 or oppressive4 ,they have sought to make her their instrument in governing or1 rather1 misgoverning their subjects1 without the liberty to exercise the power which1 as the representative of the divine authority on earth1 she holds from ,god1 to remind them of their duty to govern their subjects wisely and justly1 to rebuke and place them under interdict1 and even to declare their power forfeited when they persistently violate the law of ,god and oppress the people4 ,they thus render her odious to the lovers of freedom4 ,hence we see the revolution far more bitter against the church than against the sovereigns1 who1 having rendered her odious by denying her the freedom and independence which are her right1 and without which she can render no service either to power or to liberty1 have everywhere abandoned her to the tender mercies of her enemies1 in the vain hope of conciliating the revolution and saving their own heads4 ,they throw her now as a sop to ,cerberus4 #bid ,the power of religion to sustain authority against the insurrection and rebellion of subjects1 and liberty against the tyranny of the prince1 is in her being an organic power in the nation1 but independent of the national will1 holding from ,god1 not from the nation or its sovereign1 and free to declare and apply the divine law alike to prince and people4 ,nationalized1 she has no support outside of the nation1 no power not derived from it1 and can give the nation only what it already has in itself4 ,it must follow1 not lead the nation1 and share its fate1 which it has no power to avert4 ,what can the ,russian ,church do to restrain the tyranny of the ,czar8 ,or the ,church of ,england to check the progress of the revolution now going on and threatening to sweep away king1 nobility1 and the church first of all8 ,what can it do before the democracy become omnipotent8 ,why is it that no ,gentile nation has ever shown any recuperative energy1 but because ,gentilism1 as the name implies1 is nationalism1 and the nation has in it only a national religion1 and nothing outside1 above1 or independent of the national authority8 ,the ,gentile religion1 deprived of catholicity1 had to follow the nation1 and to share its corruption and its fate4 ,when the nation fell1 it fell with it2 and the nation1 when it fell1 fell for ever1 and disappeared from the list of nations4 ,protestantism in its essential principle is a revolt against catholicity1 and the subjection of religion to the national will4 ,it is essentially a revival of nationalism1 or ,gentilism1 and hence a ,protestant nation has no recuperative energy1 and1 were it to fall1 its fall would be like that of a ,gentile nation1 a fall without the power to rise again4 ,so it must be with every nation that has only a national or a nationalized religion4 ,napoleon1 who wished the church only as an adjunct of his own power1 never understood anything of all this4 ,he saw that the church was more conservative than ,protestantism1 and in fact so by virtue of her ,catholicity1 that she had a stronger hold on the ,french people1 and could serve him better than any ,protestant sect2 but he did not see that the church1 sought for a political end1 is necessarily powerless even to that end1 and that she serves a political end only when she is sought for her own sake1 recognized and supported for a religious end1 or as the free and independent kingdom of ,god on earth4 ,not understanding this1 he refused her unrestrained liberty1 and sought by his own legislation to subject her in his own dominions to his own will1 and to compel her either to support his policy or to feel the full weight of his vengeance4 ,she must support him1 wear his livery1 do his bidding1 hold his enemies to be her enemies1 or he would not tolerate her at all4 ,she1 as the church of ,god1 could not accept this position and sink into a mere national church1 however powerful the nation4 ,she asserted her independence1 and her independence alike of him and those he professed to govern4 ,he commanded her to obey him3 she refused4 ,he quarrelled with her1 dragged her supreme pontiff from his throne1 despoiled him of his estates1 imprisoned him1 was excommunicated1 became powerless before his enemies1 was defeated1 lost his throne1 and was sent by his conquerors to fret his life away as a prisoner of ,england on the barren isle of ,st4 ,helena1 leaving ,french society hardly less disorganized than he found it4 ,the ,restoration which followed was a return toward legitimacy1 and under it ,france actually recuperated with a rapidity which seems #bie marvellous to unbelievers4 ,but it humiliated the nation1 because it was imposed on it by foreign bayonets1 and its work of reparation and expiation necessarily made it unpopular with all who had profited by the plunder and confiscations of the ,revolution1 or by the wars of the ,empire4 ,the spirit of #aghi still possessed a large portion of the population4 ,the ,bourbons returned1 also1 with the old ,gallican traditions of the relation of church and state1 which had lost the monarchy1 and prepared the people for the old revolution4 ,they would have the church1 indeed1 but they would never recognize her rightful supremacy2 and1 though giving ,france really the best government she had had for a long time1 they at length fell before the intrigues of a younger branch of the family1 supported by the combined factions of the ,bonapartists1 republicans1 and socialists4 ,the monarchy of ,july or the ,barricades was1 notwithstanding the pretences of the juste milieu1 or doctrinaires1 a purely revolutionary government1 improvised in the interests of disorder1 without a shadow of legality1 and without anything1 in the nation or in religion1 on which it could rest2 and from the first it was spurned by the legitimists1 the old national nobility1 by the peasantry1 the larger part of the republicans1 and supported only by the bourgeoisie1 or business classes1 and the ,bonapartists1 the latter of whom hoped to make it a stepping-stone to the restoration of the ,napoleonic empire4 ,it had no hold on the nation1 no power to reconstitute it on a solid and permanent basis2 and so1 as a new generation appeared on the stage1 it fell without a struggle before the ,parisian mob4 ,it was indifferent rather than avowedly hostile to the church1 but it gave free scope to the infidel press1 warred against the ,jesuits1 and maintained the infidel university in the monopoly of education4 ,it1 however1 indirectly served the cause of religion by the little court favor the bishops could obtain1 and who1 in consequence1 retired1 and looked after the interests of religion in their respective dioceses1 so that when a ,parisian mob overthrew the citizen-king in ,february1 #ahdh1 and proclaimed the republic1 the church was really more influential in ,france than she had been since #afhb4 ,she had influence enough to displace the party that made the revolution from the control of public affairs1 to defeat and crush the reds and communists in the terrible days of ,june1 #ahdh1 to save ,french society from utter dissolution1 and maintain order under a republic proclaimed by the friends of disorder4 ,we are far from being convinced that1 if the bishops and clergy had continued to show the energy in supporting the republic that they did in wresting it from the control of the infidels and destructives1 they would not have been able to reconstitute ,french society on a ,catholic and a republican basis1 to the advantage alike of religion and society4 ,certain it is1 the church1 though not officially supported by the republic1 and had many and bitter enemies in ,france1 was freer under it than she had been since the great ,western ,schism1 and had a fair opportunity to prove to the world that she is wedded to no particular form of government or political organization1 and can subsist as well1 to say the least1 in a republic as in a monarchy4 ,we thought at the time1 and we still think1 though no enemy to monarchy and no blind defender of republicanism1 that the ,french bishops and clergy committed a grave blunder in abandoning the republic and surrendering #bif ,french society to the nephew of his uncle--a member of the ,carbonari1 a known conspirator against the ,pope in #ahcb1 and a favorite with the red republicans and socialists4 ,it would be difficult to estimate the damage they did to ,france and to the cause of religion throughout the world4 ,it will cost1 perhaps1 centuries of bitter struggle and suffering on the part of ,catholics1 to repair the sad effects of that blunder4 ,but ,french ,catholics had for ages been accustomed to rely on royal support1 and they lacked the robust and vigorous habits under ,god of self-reliance4 ,the bishops and clergy could easily have marched to a martyrs' death1 but they had with all their experience never learned the folly of putting their trust for the church in princes4 ,they remembered the ,reign of ,terror2 they remembered1 also1 the flesh-pots of ,egypt1 and shrank from the hunger1 thirst1 and fatigue of the desert4 ,the new emperor found the ,french people divided into three principal parties--the church or ,catholic party1 which included the ,bourbonists and the better part of the ,orleanists2 the republican party1 properly so-called2 and the socialistic or extreme radical party1 represented in the recent civil war by the communists of ,paris and of all ,europe4 ,his policy on commencing his reign was avowedly to keep the control of all these parties in his own hands1 by leaving each party something to hope from his government1 and allowing no one to gain the ascendency1 and1 as far as possible1 engrossing the whole nation in the pursuit of material goods4 ,he acknowledged the sovereignty of the nation1 professed to hold from #aghi1 and favored universal suffrage1 which was in accordance with the views of the republican party2 he adopted measures to secure employment to the working-men of the cities and towns1 among whom was the great body of the socialists1 or communists1 by his encouragement of expensive national and municipal works2 and1 to retain his hold on them and to protect himself from the assassins of the secret societies1 he made his ,italian campaign1 drove the ,austrians out of ,italy1 and prepared the way for ,italian unification1 and for despoiling the ,holy ,father of his temporal possessions and sovereignty2 raised the salaries paid to clergy as servants of the state1 and repaired churches and abbeys as national monuments at the national expense1 to please and secure the church party4 ,but he suppressed the freedom the church had enjoyed under the republic1 maintained the 8organic articles0 of his uncle1 and all the old ,gallican edicts and legislation against the freedom and independence of the church in full force1 trusting that she would see a compensation for her loss of liberty in the increased pomp and splendor of her worship or the gilded slavery to which he reduced her4 ,the recrudescence of infidelity1 atheism1 or materialism was a marked feature under the ,second ,empire1 and the influence of religion daily and hourly declined2 and all the wisdom and energy of the government seemed exerted to despiritualize1 if we may be allowed the word1 the ,french nation1 to extinguish whatever remained of its old chivalric sentiments and its old love of glory1 once so powerful in every ,french heart1 and to render the nation intent only on things of the earth1 earthy4 ,his policy1 being always that of half-measures1 disguised as moderation1 was not suited to make him true friends4 ,his ,italian campaign against ,austria was pushed far enough to make ,austrians his #big enemies1 but not far enough to make friends of the ,italians4 ,his consent to the annexation to ,sardinia of the ,italian duchies1 the ,neapolitan kingdom1 and the milian provinces of the ,holy ,see1 was enough to alienate the friends of international law1 and to offend all conservatives and ,catholics who had any sense of right or religion2 but not enough1 so long as he protected the ,holy ,father in the sovereignty of the city of ,rome1 to gain him the good-will of the infidels1 communists1 secret societies1 or of the partisans of ,italian unity4 ,his policy of never pushing matters to extremes1 and of winning and controlling all parties1 by leaving each something to hope from him1 but never what any one specially desired1 necessarily resulted1 as might have been foreseen1 in offending all parties1 and in gaining the confidence of no one4 ,he had by his half-and-half measures succeeded in alienating all parties in ,france1 and1 by his ,crimean war1 his ,italian policy1 and his half-league with ,bismarck to drive ,austria out of ,germany and increase the territory and power of ,prussia1 had succeeded equally well in losing the confidence of all the ,european nations with which he had any relations1 and in finding himself without an ally or a friend4 ,the elections of #ahfi disclosed the very unsatisfactory fact that he really had no party in ,france1 and no support but his own creatures1 and if he still retained a feeble majority in the popular vote1 say of five hundred thousand votes out of an aggregate of six millions and a half1 it was from a dread of another revolution1 rather than from any attachment to him personally or to his government4 ,this led him to a new line of policy1 to abandon personal government1 to make large concessions to what is called self-government1 and to throw himself into the arms of the apparently moderate liberals1 as distinguished on the one hand from the church party1 and on the other from the socialists1 communists1 or destructives1 that is1 of the feeblest and least popular party in ,france1 and consented to the war against ,prussia as his only chance of recovering1 by military success1 if he gained it1 his popularity with the nation4 ,his military expedition having failed1 because he had1 so to speak1 unmartialized his empire1 and because he was not really backed by the ,french people1 he was obliged to surrender himself a prisoner of war with his army at ,sedan1 and his dynasty was expelled by a mob4 ,he had abandoned the ,holy ,father in order to serve the liberals at home and abroad1 deserted the cause of ,god1 and ,god1 and even the liberals1 deserted him4 ,france is to-day not only prostrate under the iron heel of the ,prussian1 but is without any government in which any party in the nation has any confidence1 and1 if she recovers at all1 her recovery must be slow and painful1 and subject to numerous relapses4 ,prussia1 as we have said1 will not readily let go her hold1 and never1 so long as she can help it1 suffer her to rise from her present condition4 ,the remote cause is #aghi1 or rather the causes that led to that uncalled-for and most disastrous revolution2 but the proximate cause we must look for in the lack of wise and practical statesmanship in ,louis ,napoleon1 who sought to govern ,france according to a preconceived theory1 worked out in his closet or his solitary studies4 ,when he took the reins of government1 the ,catholic party were really in the ascendant2 and1 had he been a wise and practical statesman1 he would have seen that the only chance of reorganizing and governing #bih ,france was not in laboring to maintain an equilibrium of parties1 but in throwing himself resolutely on the side of the party1 in studying and sustaining1 without any compromise with the enemies of ,god and society1 real ,catholic interests1 and in surrounding himself by thorough-going ,catholic statesmen4 ,catholicity alone offered any solid basis for the state or for authority1 order1 or liberty4 ,the other parties in the nation were all1 in varying degrees1 the enemies alike of authority and liberty1 and none of them offered any solid basis of government4 ,he should1 therefore1 have placed his whole confidence in ,catholic ,france1 and set them aside1 and1 if they rebelled1 have suppressed them1 if necessary1 by armed force4 ,had he done so1 and acted in concert with the ,holy ,father and the religious portion of the nation1 he would have reorganized ,france1 given solidity to his power1 and permanence to his throne4 ,but from policy or from conviction he chose to hold from #aghi1 and was incapable of understanding that no government that tolerates the revolutionary principle1 or is based on infidelity or the rejection of all spiritual or supernatural authority above the nation1 can stand4 ,so-called self-government1 without the church of ,god1 teaching and governing all men and nations in all things spiritual1 is only a delusion1 for the nation needs governing no less than the individual4 ,but as we have already hinted1 there are remoter causes of the present condition of ,france1 and1 we may add1 of all old ,catholic nations2 and ,catholics must not throw all the blame of that condition on the governments or the revolutionary spirit of #aghi1 still so rife4 ,they have been and still are the great majority in all these nations1 and why should they not be held responsible for the prevalence of the revolutionary spirit1 and for the bad secular governments they have suffered to oppress the church8 ,why have they suffered an anti-,catholic public opinion to grow up and become predominant8 ,why have they suffered the rights and interests of religion to be sacrificed to the falsely supposed rights and interests of the secular order8 ,can they pretend that no blame attaches to them for all this8 ,france has1 at least since the death of ,philip the ,second of ,spain1 been the foremost ,catholic nation of the world1 and for a much longer time the leader of modern civilization2 and in her we may see the causes that have produced her own fall and that of the other old ,catholic nations4 ,france1 in this her supreme moment1 has not1 we believe1 a single ,catholic in the administration4 ,the president is a believer in no religion2 the minister of foreign affairs is no ,christian1 and besides is a man of very small abilities2 the minister of worship and instruction says he is moral1 but he is certainly no ,catholic4 ,the transition government1 opposed as it is by all the other parties in the nation1 of course must at present seek to gain the support of the bishops and clergy1 or what we call the church party4 ,in ,spain1 though the majority are ,catholics and have votes1 the government is in the hands of the enemies of the church4 ,in ,italy1 a handful of infidels and miscreants are able1 though the great body of the people are ,catholics and have votes1 to control the nation1 to violate with impunity every principle of private right and of international law1 to confiscate the property of the church and of religious orders1 and to despoil the ,holy ,father1 take possession of his capital1 and hold him a prisoner in his palace4 ,why is this #bii suffered8 ,why is ,france and every other old ,catholic nation ruled by men who have no regard for the church and are opposed to her freedom and independence8 ,whence in modern times comes this undeniable political inanity of ,catholics8 ,why is it that popular literature1 science1 and public opinion are throughout the world decidedly anti-,catholic8 ,certainly this is not owing to the inaptitude of ,catholics as such2 for1 through all the ages from the fall of the ,western ,roman ,empire to the taking of ,constantinople by the ,ottoman ,turks in the fifteenth century1 ,catholics were the governing class1 and in no period of human history have civilization and the progress of society so rapidly advanced as during this period1 which ,digby calls the ,ages of ,faith4 ,it is not1 again1 owing to any loss of life or vigor in the church herself1 as is evinced by the success of her missions in ,protestant nations and among savage and barbarous tribes4 ,it is only in old ,catholic nations that the church loses ground1 and this proves that the cause is not in her4 ,it can be traced to no ,catholic cause1 but must be traced to some defect in the ,catholic administration in these old ,catholic nations themselves4 ,catholics protect ,catholic interests better1 and have more influence in public affairs in ,prussia1 in ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 in ,holland1 and the ,united ,states1 than in ,austria1 ,france1 ,spain1 or ,italy4 ,why is this8 ,one reason we may perhaps find in the failure of pious and devout ,catholics to consider the difference between their duties in a ,catholic state and what were their duties in the early ages under the pagan emperors4 ,under the pagan emperors1 power was in the hands of their enemies1 as it is in infidel1 heretical1 and schismatical nations now1 and they had no political responsibility4 ,all that was incumbent on them was to cultivate the private virtues1 to do their best to sanctify their souls1 to obey the constituted authorities in all things not contrary to the law of ,god1 and1 when the laws of the empire or the edicts of the emperors commanded them to do what the ,christian law forbids1 to refuse obedience and submit cheerfully to the penalty of disobedience1 which in most cases we know was martyrdom4 ,but when the empire became ,christian1 and especially when ,christendom was reconstituted by the conversion of the barbarian nations that succeeded to the empire1 the position and duties of ,catholics or ,christians in some respects changed4 ,power passed to their hands1 and they became responsible for its exercise1 and it was their duty to keep it in their own hands1 and conform the national legislation and administration to the law of ,christ4 ,catholics then incurred as ,catholics a political responsibility which they had not under the pagan emperor1 and which they were not free to throw off4 ,the popes always understood this1 and acted accordingly2 but the ascetic discipline which enjoined detachment from the world was by many devout and earnest souls construed to mean detachment from all part or interest in the political order or the government of ,christendom4 ,in consequence1 the affairs of state fell1 as under the pagan empire1 into the hands of ,csar1 or of those who were more ambitious to acquire honors and power than to protect and promote the interests of religion4 ,this has been more especially the case since the opening of modern history or the rise of ,protestantism2 and we find among devout ,catholics intent on saving their own souls a feeling that there is an incompatibility between politics and religion1 and that he who would #cjj serve ,god must leave the affairs of state to men of the world2 which is1 in effect1 to deliver them over to the control of men who are servants of ,satan rather than servants of ,god4 ,the state has1 therefore1 been given over to the ,enemy of souls1 because ,catholics were led1 through a one-sided asceticism1 to neglect to keep it in their own hands1 and the church has been suffered to be despoiled1 her pontiffs1 priests1 and religious have been suffered to be massacred1 for the lack of a little resolution and energy on the part of ,catholics to defend their religion and the sacred rights of their church and of society entrusted to their courage and fidelity4 ,thus a handful of ,jansenists1 ,protestants1 ,jews1 and infidels in ,france were permitted to establish a reign of terror over twenty-five millions of ,catholics1 exile their bishops1 massacre or banish their priests and religious1 suppress religious houses1 close the churches1 prohibit ,catholic worship1 abolish religion itself1 decree that death is an eternal sleep1 and substitute for the worship of the living ,god the idolatry of an infamous woman1 placed upon the altar and adored as the goddess of ,reason4 ,all this time1 while all these horrors were enacted in the name of the nation1 the twenty-five millions of ,catholics1 except in ,brittany and ,la ,vende1 made hardly a show of resistance1 and suffered themselves to be led as sheep to the slaughter1 forgetful that they owed it to ,france and to ,christendom to sustain and govern their country as a ,christian or ,catholic nation4 ,it is a duty to pray1 and to pray always1 but sometimes it is a duty for ,christians to fight1 and to have not only the courage to die in the battle for a holy cause1 but to generous souls the far more difficult courage1 the courage to kill4 ,we have observed among ,french ,catholics no lack of courage against a foreign foe1 even in a war of more than doubtful necessity or justice1 but a fearful lack of courage against the domestic foe1 as in the late communist insurrection of ,paris4 ,they seem restrained by scruples of conscience4 ,another reason may probably be found in the fact already hinted1 that the mass of ,catholics have been trained and accustomed to rely on external authority2 to look for protection and support not to ,god and themselves1 but to the secular government4 ,they have not been accustomed to rely on spiritual authority alone1 but on the secular sovereign as a sort of episcopus externus4 ,this had no evil consequences so long as the secular sovereign was faithful1 and acted only under the direction and authority of1 and in concert with1 the ,supreme ,pontiff2 but it had a most disastrous effect when the sovereign acted in ecclesiastical matters in his own name1 and when he turned against the ,pope1 and sought to subject the church in his dominions to his own control or supervision1 which was not seldom the case4 ,but the clergy and people1 accustomed to look to the secular authority to guard the fold against the entrance of the wolves1 became slack in their vigilance and remiss in acquiring habits of self-reliance1 and1 with the inspirations of the ,holy ,ghost1 of self-defence4 ,consequently1 when kings and princes ceased to keep guard1 or when they turned wolves themselves1 as in the ,protestant revolt1 the flock was powerless1 knew not to whom to look for support1 and had no resource but to yield themselves to be devoured by schism1 heresy1 or apostasy4 ,this is now the case with the great body of the ,catholic people in all old ,catholic countries4 ,with the vain hope of conciliating the revolution and preserving their thrones1 the #cja sovereigns of ,europe1 without a single exception1 have abandoned or turned against the church1 and there is not one on whom the ,holy ,father can count4 ,he is alone1 with the kings and princes of the earth either hostile or indifferent to him1 while the old habit of relying on the secular authority for support1 for the moment at least1 paralyzes nearly the whole body of ,catholics in all old ,catholic nations4 ,another reason1 growing out of the last1 may be found in the habit that has grown up since the rise of ,protestantism1 of relying on the external almost to the exclusion of the internal authority of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the ,holy ,ghost dwells in the church1 and teaches and governs through her as his external organ2 he dwells also in the souls of the faithful1 and inspires and directs them1 and gives vigor1 robustness1 and self-reliance to their piety4 ,protestantism assailed the external authority of the church1 and made it necessary for ,catholics to turn their attention to its defence1 and to show that no spirit that disregards it1 or that does not assert it and conform to it1 can be the spirit of truth1 but is the spirit of error1 in reality anti-,christ1 who1 the blessed ,apostle ,john tells1 was already in his time in the world2 yet it may be that the defence of what we call the external authority of the ,holy ,ghost1 or authority of the church as a teaching and governing body1 has caused some neglect in the great body of the faithful of the interior inspirations and guidance of the ,holy ,ghost in the individual soul4 ,no ,catholic will misunderstand us4 ,we appreciate as much as any one can the external authority of the church1 her supremacy1 her infallibility2 we accept ex animo the supremacy and infallibility of the successor of ,st4 ,peter in the ,see of ,rome1 as defined in the recent ,council of the ,vatican1 and should be no better than a ,protestant if we did not2 but that external authority is not alone1 or alone sufficient1 as every ,catholic knows1 for the soul1 and its acceptance is not sufficient for salvation4 ,the ,holy ,ghost must dwell in the individual soul1 forming 8,christ within1 the hope of glory40 ,we do not mean to imply that any of our ascetic writers or spiritual directors overlook the need of the interior inspirations and guidance of the ,holy ,spirit1 or fail to give it due prominence1 but that its authority has not had due prominence given it in our controversial literature and in our expositions of ,catholic faith intended for the public at large4 ,all these reasons have combined to reduce ,france1 so long the foremost ,catholic nation in the world1 to her present pitiable condition1 hardly more pitiable than that of ,italy1 ,spain1 ,austria1 and the ,spanish and ,portuguese states of this continent4 ,what is the remedy1 or is there none8 ,we do not believe there is no remedy4 ,we do not believe it1 because the church proved her power in ,france under the ,republic of #ahdh1 which originated in hostility to her still more than to monarchy2 we do not believe it1 for we see ,catholicity still able to convert the heathen2 we do not believe it1 because we see ,catholicity vigorous and flourishing1 and every day gaining ground in ,protestant nations1 where the church has no external support1 and receives no aid from the state1 and is thrown back on her own resources as the kingdom of ,god on earth1 as she was under the pagan emperors4 ,these facts prove that she is by no means effete1 or incapable of making further conquests4 ,her decline in old ,catholic nations is no sign of weakness or decay in her1 but is due to the #cjb imperfect training1 to the timidity and helplessness of her children1 deprived as they are of their accustomed external supports4 ,the remedy is not1 as ,de ,lamennais contended1 in breaking with the sovereigns and forming an alliance with the revolution2 but in training her children to those interior habits and robust virtues that will enable them to dispense with the external props and supports of civil society1 and in asserting for herself in old ,catholic nations the freedom and independence she has here1 or had in pagan ,rome1 though it be done at the expense of her temporal goods and of martyrdom4 ,the people of ,god1 under the ,old ,law1 sought support in an arm of flesh2 the arm of flesh failed1 and they were carried away into captivity4 ,the arm of flesh fails the people of ,god again4 ,there are ,christians1 but there is no longer a ,christendom4 ,modern society is hardly less pagan than the ancient society the church found when she went forth from ,jerusalem to convert the world4 ,there is no reliance to be placed in the horsemen and chariots of ,egypt4 ,the whole world is to-day1 as in the time of the apostles1 a missionary world2 and1 perhaps1 the greatest embarrassment of the ,holy ,father is encountered in the fact that ,catholics in old ,catholic nations cannot see it1 but persist in being trained and governed as they were when there was a ,christendom4 ,everywhere the church is by the defections of the governments become again in all nations a missionary church1 and her bishops and priests need everywhere to be trained and formed to be wise1 persevering1 and effective missionaries4 ,catholics must everywhere be made to understand that it is not the church that needs the state1 but the state that needs the church4 ,france without the church has no power to reorganize the state4 ,she has not yet subdued the revolutionary elements which have so confused her1 nor loosed the hold of the conqueror upon her throat1 and her present improvised government deserves the confidence of no party in the nation4 ,in itself1 the ,thiers government is utterly powerless4 ,it needs the church1 and cannot stand without her4 ,french ,catholics should understand this1 and boldly assume the lead of public affairs1 if they are men and love their country1 and make1 as they now can1 the republic1 under an emperor1 king1 or president1 it matters not much which1 a truly ,catholic republic1 and ,france1 now so low and weak1 may become again the nucleus1 as under ,clovis and ,st4 ,clotilde1 of a reconstructed ,christendom1 constituted differently as to politics1 it may be1 but unchanged as to religion from that which has now passed away4 ,the church never dies1 never changes1 and cannot be other than she is2 but the political organization of ,christendom may change with time and events4 ,it changed when the barbarian nations displaced the ,roman ,empire2 it changed when ,charlemagne closed the barbarous ages1 and opened the way for the feudalism of the middle ages2 it changed again when1 through the revolution inaugurated by ,luther1 absolute monarchy succeeded to feudalism in ,catholic hardly less than in ,protestant ,europe2 and it may change again when order succeeds to the present revolutionary chaos4 ,it is not likely that ,christendom will be reconstructed on its old political basis1 whether it is desirable that it should be or not1 and1 for ourselves1 we think that all who hope to see it so reconstructed are sure to be disappointed4 ,we think it not #cjc improbable that1 when ,christendom is reconstituted1 it will be politically1 on a republican and anti-monarchical basis4 ,pure absolutism1 whether that of ,csar or that of the people1 is incompatible with the recognition of the divine sovereignty1 and consequently with religion4 ,neither form of absolutism can form the political basis of a reconstructed ,christendom2 but the probabilities are that1 when things settle into their places1 and the new order begins to emerge1 it will be based on some form of republicanism1 in which the organic people will take the place of the monarch4 ,the present condition of things is certainly sad2 but we see nothing in it that should lead us to despair of the future4 ,catholics in old ,catholic nations have needed1 and perhaps still need1 to learn that this church can subsist and conquer the world without any external support of the secular government1 but that secular government cannot subsist and discharge properly its duties to society without the church4 ,we who live in ,protestant countries1 and see society daily dissolving before our eyes1 have no need to be taught that lesson2 we have already learned it by heart4 ,but the mass of ,catholics in old ,catholic nations1 even of the educated as well as the uneducated1 as yet only imperfectly understand it1 and consequently render it difficult1 if not impossible1 for the church to adopt fully and promptly the measures she might judge the most proper to meet the wants of the times4 ,they do not see that the old ,christendom has gone1 beyond the hope of recovery4 ,providence1 it seems to us1 has permitted the present state of things as necessary to disembarrass the church of their inopportune conservatism1 and to force them to learn and profit by the lesson which every day becomes more and more necessary for them to heed1 if the prosperity of religion is to be promoted1 the salvation of souls to be cared for1 and the preservation of society assured4 ,the measures taken are severe--very severe1 but there are scholars that can be made to learn only by the free use of the ferula4 ,especially do the ,catholics of ,france need to learn this lesson1 for in no other country have ,catholics made their religion so dependent on the secular order4 ,the fall of ,france1 notwithstanding the faith1 piety1 and charity of so large a portion of her people1 will probably prove only a temporary injury to ,catholic interests4 ,france has fallen because she has been false to her mission as the leader of modern civilization1 because she has led it in an anti-,catholic direction1 and made it weak and frivolous1 corrupt and corrupting4 ,providence is severely punishing her2 but he has not1 we trust1 cast her off for ever4 ,she has in her bosom still millions of ,catholics1 and these have only to come forward in the strength of their religion1 displace the enemies of ,god1 take themselves the management of the affairs of the nation1 and show the wisdom and energy they did in #ahdh1 when they put down the red republicans and socialists4 ,they will then enable ,france1 in spite of the grasp of the conqueror and the fierce opposition of the destructives1 to recover1 slowly and painfully1 it may be1 but nevertheless to recover1 and to prove herself greater and more powerful than ever4 ,when ,france becomes once more a really ,catholic nation1 the revolution will be extinguished1 infidelity will lose its popularity1 atheism will no longer dare show its head1 and a reaction in favor of the church will take place1 so strong and so irresistible #cjd that the whole world will be affected by it1 and the nations that have so long been alienated from unity will be brought back within the fold4 ,the only obstacle to this grand result which we see is in the timidity1 in the lack of energy on the part of ,catholics in the assertion and defence of their religion1 or in their want of courage to confide alone in ,god for success4 ,adversity1 we think1 can hardly fail to reform and reinvigorate them1 and to direct their attention to their true source of strength as ,catholics or the children of ,god4 ,they will learn from it to adhere more closely to the ,chair of ,peter1 and to rely more on the internal direction of the ,holy ,ghost1 and less on the aid of the secular order4 ,no doubt1 the present state of things imposes additional labors as well as sufferings on the bishops and clergy in old ,catholic nations1 and requires some modifications of the education of the priesthood now given in our seminaries4 ,our ,levites must be trained for a missionary world1 not for an old ,catholic world2 but this need alarm no one2 for the greater the labors and sacrifices in the service of ,god1 the greater the merit and the reward4 ---------- ,a ,,memory4#gg ',twas only a prayer ,i heard ,in that vast cathedral grim1 ,where incense filled the air ,and vesper lights burnt dim4 ',twas only a woman's form1 ,kneeling with upturned face1 ,that looked through the pictured altar ,up to the throne of grace4 ,clasped in her small white hands ,an amber rosary telling2 ,while from her glorious eyes ,teardrops fast were weelling4 ,no thought for the world without1 ,no thought for the stranger near1 ,as pausing and sobbing she murmured1 8,o ,mother of sorrows1 hear60 ,and ,i1 in a land of strangers1 ,joined in the pleader's prayer3 ,praying for her that ,i knew not1 ,to ,her who ,i felt was there4 #gg ,by one who is not a ,catholic4 ---------- ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 #cje ,,chapter ,,xvii4 8,most characters are too narrow for much variety10 says ,walter ,savage ,landor2 and1 we add1 so much the better for them6 for that variety is often a bitter dower to its possessor4 ,a man of one idea may be called an acute sector of humanity4 ,he is clear-willed1 prompt1 and uncompromising2 he walks over people who stand in his path1 and will not listen to the opinions of others1 except in order to controvert them2 and he usually accomplishes something that you can see4 ,the man of two ideas widens his arc a little1 and turns out for and listens to people now and then4 ,the man of three or more ideas lives and lets live1 believes that some good may come out of ,nazareth1 and not only listens to others1 but is sometimes convinced by them2 and his path curves somewhat1 hinting at an orbit4 ,in him you first perceive that growing humanity aims at the circle2 and as1 with the crescent moon1 we may see the full moon faintly outlined1 so this man perceives more than he is4 ,for it is not true1 at least not here1 what ,carlyle says1 that 8what a man kens1 he can40 ,but there is another kind of man1 rarely seen1 who rounds the circle4 ,he has eyes and sympathies for zenith and nadir1 sunset and sunrise1 and every starry sign4 ,his thought enters at every door1 feeds at every table1 and listens to every tongue4 ,nevertheless1 to the few of one idea and the few of two ideas1 and the countless throng of those who never had an idea1 he is1 oftener than not1 a fool1 or a knave1 or a lunatic4 ,he is eccentric1 inconsistent2 worse than all1 unpractical4 ,doubtless1 he is wicked as well1 since he is likely to eat of all the fruits in the garden4 ,for1 though original sin may have touched them with blight on the one cheek1 on the other1 to his eyes still lingers that paradisian bloom it caught on the sixth day1 when the ,creator looked1 and saw that all was good4 ,this perfected nature1 therefore1 which needs only the fiat lux of faith to make it a sun1 is appreciated and hailed by him only from whose one limit to the other stretches the connecting glimmer of prophetic half-knowledge4 ,we do not pretend to say that ,carl ,yorke had one of these universally sympathizing natures2 but he was various enough to be hard to get attuned1 especially since his programme had once been interrupted1 and his harmony temporarily disconcerted4 ,when a man has looked upon happiness as his first object in life1 he finds it hard to give it the second place1 or to leave it quite out of his plans4 ,moreover1 we do not repent till we have transgressed1 and it must1 therefore1 be far more difficult to save the tempted than the sinner4 ,of actual1 heinous transgression1 ,carl was innocent2 but he had slipped around the outer circle1 where first you lay the oars aside1 and the smooth-backed waves become your coursers4 ,then a man fancies himself a god3 not ,neptune himself seems greater4 ,one may more #cjf easily tear himself out from the central whirl than draw back from that smooth outer circle4 ,besides1 there was doubt4 ,he who can do many things must needs choose1 and1 where circumstances are passive1 choice may be difficult4 ,carl inherited his father's talent1 and had more than his father's force4 ,he sketched and painted exquisitely1 and1 when he drew the portrait of one he loved1 the picture breathed4 ,many a lady1 disappointed with the stiff presentment of her beauty achieved by other artists1 had entreated him in vain to become her limner4 8,ransome paints my nose1 and hair1 and shoulders all right10 one said4 8,i cannot find fault with a line4 ,but for all the soul he puts into them1 my head might as well be a milliner's block4 ,i suppose it is because he thinks that a fine body does not need any soul4 ,such a contrast as ,i saw in his studio1 the other day6 ,he had two or three portraits of ,mrs4 ,clare1 painted in different positions1 and he displayed them to me1 going into ecstasies over her beauty4 #8,yes1 yes1' ,i answered2 but ,i was not enchanted4 #8,she is one of the few dangerous women1' he said1 meaning that the power of her loveliness was irresistible2 but ,i could not understand his enthusiasm4 ,presently1 ,i espied1 in a corner of the room1 on the floor1 half-hidden by other pictures1 a face that made me start4 ,i did not think whether or not the features were perfect1 the hair profuse1 the tint exquisite4 ,i saw only a luring1 fascinating creature1 who1 with head half-drooping and lips half-smiling1 gazed at me over her shoulder4 ,there were no red and white4 ,the face looked out from shadows so profound1 they might be of a midnight garden at midsummer1 when the moon and stars are hid in sultry cloud1 or from the shrouding arras of a lonely chamber in some wicked old palace1 or from the overhanging portal of the bottomless pit4 ,i would walk through fire to snatch back one ,i love from following such a face4 #8,it is wonderful6' ,i exclaimed4 #8,why do you hide it8 ,it is by far superior too anything else you have here4' ,i thought that ,mr4 ,ransome did not seem to be much delighted by my praise4 #8,i did not paint it1' he said4 #8,carl ,owen ,yorke did4' ,of course1 ,i could not say any more4 ,the situation was embarrassing4 #8,would you think that face the same as these8' pointing to his portraits of ,mrs4 ,clare4 ,i could see no resemblance4 #8,they are the same1' he said1 looking mortified4 ,and then ,i knew what he meant in saying that she was a dangerous woman40 8,why did you paint that1 ,mr4 ,yorke80 the lady asked abruptly1 turning upon ,carl4 8,in order not to be attracted by it10 he replied gravely4 8,did it not leave on you the impression of something snakelike8 ,in painting that1 ,i broke the spell4 ,alice ,mills told me to paint it4 ,she said1 #8,you are fascinated only by that which you cannot analyze4 ,catch the trick1 and the power is gone4' ,she was right4 ,she is always right4 ,nothing is so shallow as an evil fascination40 ,yet1 in spite of every promise of success1 ,carl turned aside from art4 ,he had found out that the artist1 above all1 needs happiness4 ,one can study1 think1 and work1 when the heartstrings are strained to breaking2 but he who1 with his hand upon the pen1 the brush1 the chorded string1 or the chisel1 waits till those subtile influences which he is gifted to perceive shall move him1 must have every pulse stilled by a perfect content4 ,pain distorts his work4 ,it untunes his music1 blurs his color1 deadens his thought1 and makes his chisel swerve4 ,nor is this in purely natural art alone2 for the artist whose #cjg struggling soul ignores all else to grasp the supernatural gives only a blunted ray through a turbid medium4 ,the pencil failing1 there was diplomacy1 and literature1 particularly journalism4 ,something must be done4 ,his idle and aimless life had become a torture4 ,therefore he studied1 and read1 giving much time to languages4 8,languages10 he was wont to say1 8are as necessary to a man who would always and everywhere have his forces in hand1 as a string of keys is to a burglar40 ,a conversation which ,carl held with ,edith1 just before she left ,boston1 may have been instrumental in arousing him4 ,the two stood together1 in one of the lance-windows that lighted ,hester's library4 ,hester and her mother were up-stairs1 and there was no one else in the room but ,eugene ,cleaveland and his little brother1 ,hester's child4 ,the little one was gravely and patiently striving to pick up1 with dimpled fingers1 a beam of pink light that fell on the floor through a pane of colored glass in the window-arch1 and ,eugene was as gravely explaining to him why he could not4 8,and so10 said ,carl1 after a silence1 8,mr4 ,rowan is your ideal man40 ,it was his way of intimating his knowledge of existing circumstances1 and he spoke carelessly1 watching the children4 8,i have no ideal of man10 ,edith replied briefly2 and1 after a moment1 added3 8,a person maybe excellent1 without being ideal40 ,she thought a moment longer1 then said3 8,men and stars have to be set at a certain distance before they shine to us4 ,i am not sure but ,tennyson could make a fine hero of a poem of ,dick4 ,he has heroic qualities4 ,i do not analyze nor criticise my friends1 but ,i perceive this in him3 he is capable of proposing to himself an object1 and following it steadily4 ,every one is not40 ,carl ,yorke's countenance changed4 ,and yet he knew well that she had not dreamed of reproaching him4 8,what are you studying ,spanish for80 ,miss ,clinton inquired fretfully1 one day4 8,you might as well learn to dance the minuet40 8,when one has so many castles in a country1 one would like to know the language10 he said4 8,pshaw60 exclaimed the old lady4 8,don't waste your time4 ,no language with a guttural in it is fit for a well-bred person to speak4 ,besides1 to speak ,spanish properly1 you must wear a slouched hat and a stiletto1 or a ruff and feather4 ,i have no patience with this mania for tongues4 ,english and ,french are enough for any sensible person4 ,italian is boned turkey4 ,what book is that you have brought in80 8,de ,maistre1 ,les ,soires de ,saint-,ptersbourg40 ,miss ,clinton laughed disagreeably4 8#8,the prophet of the past1' is it8 ,who is it says that he has #8une grande vigueur1 non pas de raison1 mais de raisonnement'8 ,are you studying sophistry or ,ultramontanism8 ,a propos1 there are pretty doings in that absurd little town where your people live4 ,that ungrateful paper which you used to edit has been abusing your father like a pickpocket1 on ,edith's account1 ,i suppose4 ,you wouldn't tell me1 but ,bird found out2 and she says that he doesn't dare stir outdoors40 8,it is not true that he is afraid10 ,carl said2 8but he is insulted4 ,in ,seaton1 #8the pen is mightier than the sword1' without doubt4 ,i would like to see it tried if the horse-whip might not in this case be #cjh mightier than the pen40 8,you see1 now10 the old lady said1 8what mischief all these religions make4 ,the basis of every so-called religion is hatred of every other so-called religion4 ,and here you are poring over ,de ,maistre6 ,pshaw6 ,read ,the ,age of ,reason4 ,here it is40 ,carl was silent a moment1 struggling with himself4 ,then he said1 8,i have gone round the circle1 and come back to a faith in faith1 and the sneers or arguments of the atheist have no more effect on me4 ,i have found that mocking is neither noble nor manly1 still less womanly2 and ,i look back on my days of scepticism as on the freaks of a presumptuous child1 who fancies itself wiser than its parents1 when it is only more foolish4 ,i have done with ,tom ,paine and his brotherhood40 ,it is always hard to even seem to exhort our elders1 and especially so when they are our intimates2 and ,carl spoke with such an effort that his words seemed to be a passionate outburst4 ,miss ,clinton looked at him a moment in silent astonishment1 then laughed shrilly4 8#8,what is this that hath happened to the son of ,kish8'0 ,then changing suddenly1 she rang her bell4 8,bird10 she said1 when that person appeared1 8,i want you to read the paper to me4 ,there is a beautiful case of poisoning1 this evening4 ,young ,mr4 ,yorke is too pious for secular reading4 ,he has turned preacher1 ,bird4 ,you and he can sing psalms together40 8,alice1 ,i accept one dogma of your church10 ,carl said afterward to his friend4 8,i must believe in purgatory1 for ,i am in it40 8,i am rejoiced to hear it10 she replied1 yet looked at him sadly4 ,she would so gladly have spared him any pain4 8,purgatory is the high-road to heaven4 ,of course1 while you are getting your moral perspective arranged1 you must feel uncomfortable2 but once started in life1 all will arrange itself40 8,suppose that ,i should fail80 he asked4 8,i dare say that you will fail1 in one sense10 she replied4 8,men who propose to themselves great ends always do meet with a sort of failure1 as the flower fails in order to give place to the fruit4 ,each great success1 being unique of its kind1 comes in its own way4 ,you cannot count surely1 but success must come1 sooner or later40 8,you speak as if ,i had all eternity10 he said1 not without impatience4 ,she looked up vividly4 8,you have all eternity1 ,carl60 ,he made no reply4 8,let me quote a favorite of yours10 she said3 8#8,that low man goes on adding one to one1 ,his hundred's soon hit4 ,this high man1 aiming at a million1 ,misses a unit4 ,that1 has the world here--should he need the next1 ,let the world mind him6 ,this1 throws himself on ,god1 and unperplexed1 ,seeking1 shall find him4'0 8,i understand you10 he said1 with a slight shrug4 8,but1 do ,i look an apostle80 8,you might be10 she answered4 8,you could influence a class which the preachers cannot reach4 ,religion has been too much confined to ascetics1 or to those who underestimate the power of the beautiful4 ,what we want most now are ,christians who can outshine sinners in grace1 fascination1 and learning4 ,in these reckless days1 people will not receive a check from those whom they know would gladly impose an utter prohibition2 but one of their own might put a limit4 ,we want scholars who will acknowledge that there is a point beyond which #cji speculation should not go and reason cannot4 ,we want accomplished leaders in society who are not ashamed to prostrate themselves before ,god2 and we want gentlemen to encourage modesty in women4 ,you see there is a large field40 8,i am glad10 ,carl exclaimed1 8to hear a ,catholic own that a rich and cultivated person can do some good in the church besides giving money4 ,from all the sermons ,i have heard with you1 the impression ,i have received is that clean linen and a knowledge of the alphabet are obstacles to grace4 ,never once have ,i heard talent or culture spoken of except with reprobation40 8,oh6 you exaggerate60 she said4 8,it is true1 the poor need constant comfort1 and the rich constant warning2 and it is equally true that the greatest ignorance1 combined with charity1 must be more pleasing to ,god than the finest intellect and learning without charity40 8,there is precisely the point10 ,carl said eagerly4 8,and my experience and belief are that the finer the mind and the culture1 the greater the charity1 and vic versa4 #8,tout comprendre c'est tout aimer4' ,i like ,sir ,thomas ,browne's thought3 #8,those highly magnify him whose judicious inquiry into his works returns him the homage of a learned admiration4'0 ,she made no reply4 ,they had been out walking1 and they now reached ,miss ,mills's door4 8,are you ill80 ,carl asked1 noticing that she looked unusually pale4 8,i am rather tired10 she answered faintly4 8,good-by60 ,when he turned away1 she stood looking at him through the side-light1 and1 when he was no longer visible1 she went up-stairs to her chamber4 ,she was very tired1 and very ill4 ,her impulse was to lie down1 but she hesitated1 then refrained4 8,all is ready10 she said1 looking about her4 8,i do not think that there is anything to do40 ,she put up a small trunkful of clothing with feverish haste1 rang her bell1 and ordered a carriage4 8,drive to the ,hospital of the ,sisters of ,charity1 in ,south ,boston10 she said to the driver4 ,and1 sinking back1 knew no more till she had reached her destination4 8,i think ,i have come here to die10 she said to the sister who received her4 8,and ,i have a few wishes4 ,send back word immediately where ,i am4 ,i did not tell them1 for ,i could not bear any struggle4 ,my worldly affairs are all in order1 and ,i have no last words to say to any one4 ,let no person come near me but the sister and the priest1 and do not mention any person's name to me1 nor tell me who comes to inquire4 ,i know they will all be kind2 but all my life has been a sacrifice to others1 a sympathizing with and loving of others1 while my own heart starved1 and these last hours must be given to ,god alone4 ,no earthly being has any claim on them40 ,perhaps in all her life she had never before spoken so bitterly1 but her words were true4 ,she had given to the poor1 and worked for them1 and their gratitude had been but the #8lively sense of favors to come4' ,she had been solicitous for friends1 had mourned over their sorrows1 and sympathized with them always1 and their selfishness had grown upon her unselfishness4 ,so sweet had been the sympathy and love she lavished upon them1 they had never stopped to inquire if she were impoverishing herself1 or if she also might not wish sometimes to receive as well as to give4 ,but the thought of how keen would be the revenge of this utter withdrawal at the time when they must have been startled into #caj thinking of her in some other way than as pensioners1 never entered her mind4 ,besides that momentary and almost unconscious complaint1 she had but one thought3 ,god alone had loved her1 and she must be alone with him4 ,she could no longer do anything for any person2 and since no one belonged to her more than to any other1 nor so much as to others1 no one had any claim to intrude now4 ,the sisters were faithful to their charge4 ,of the many who came with tardy devotion1 she heard nothing2 of ,miss ,clinton1 sitting in her carriage at the door1 with two men waiting to carry her up-stairs in a chair as soon as she should have permission1 the attendants did not speak to her2 of ,carl ,yorke1 haunting the place1 and sitting hour after hour in the parlor1 waiting for news1 she never knew4 ,one day1 when ,carl had sat there long1 with only one prospect of news before him1 the priest came down1 and entered the room4 ,carl lifted his face from his hands1 and looked at him1 but could not speak4 8,let us think of heaven60 said the priest4 ,of some actively religious persons1 we might think that they parody the paradox1 and say1 ,give us the luxuries of piety1 and we will dispense with the necessities2 but this woman had been other4 ,no great work could be pointed to that she had done or attempted3 her life had flowed like an unseen brook1 that1 hidden itself1 is only guessed at by the winding line of verdure which betrays its presence4 ,she was one of those piteously tender and generous souls whom everybody makes use of1 and nobody truly thanks4 ,seldom1 indeed1 do we find one so just and truly kind as to think for those who do not demand their thoughtfulness4 ,it is the clamorous and the pushing who possess the land4 ,a part of ,miss ,mills's fortune was given to the church1 the rest was left conditionally4 ,she knew ,miss ,clinton's caprice well enough to think it possible that ,carl might be left unprovided for at the last moment4 ,in such a case1 he was to be her heir1 after a few legacies had been paid4 ,but if ,miss ,clinton's will should be favorable to him1 then all was to go to ,edith4 ,on ,miss ,clinton1 the effect of this death was terrible4 ,she alternately refused to believe that it had taken place1 and reproached them for telling her of it4 ,when ,bird tried indiscreetly to draw a pious lesson from it1 the old lady flew into such a paroxysm of rage that she frightened them4 ,she seemed to be on the point of having convulsions4 ,carl went to the funeral without saying where he was going1 and the name was never again mentioned in her hearing4 ,but that silence was not forgetfulness1 they saw plainly2 for1 from that time1 ,miss ,clinton never allowed herself to be left alone a moment4 ,bird read to her till far into the night1 watched her fitful slumbers1 and was ready with cheerful inquiries whenever the old lady opened her frightened eyes4 ,the light never went out in her room1 but was kept brightly burning--a small shade screening the face only of the sleeper4 ,by day1 ,carl had to read to her amusing stories or tell the gossip of the town4 ,when spring came again1 she was unable to leave her room1 and1 in a short time1 was confined to her bed1 and from querulous became light-headed4 ,carl made a desperate effort one day to induce her to see a priest or #caa a minister1 using every argument in his power1 even begging her to consent for his sake4 ,he was not sure that she heard or understood all that he said1 for1 though she sometimes looked at him with intent1 wide-open eyes1 her glance often wandered4 8,are you afraid80 she asked sharply1 when he paused for a reply4 8,yes2 ,i am afraid10 he answered4 8,there is no bravery in defying ,god40 ,she half-lifted herself from the pillows1 her brows contracted with an anxious frown1 and she looked about the room as if in search of some one4 ,he was startled by the change in her face4 8,do you want anything80 he asked gently4 8,carl10 she called out1 as if he were far away and out of her sight1 8who was it said1 #8,o ,god6--if there is a ,god--save my soul--if ,i have a soul'80 ,she did not look at him1 but leaned out of bed1 staring wildly round the room4 ,he tried to soothe her1 and coax her back to her pillows again4 8,was it ,i said it80 she asked excitedly1 resisting him1 and sitting upright4 8,was it ,i said it8 ,it sounds like me1 doesn't it80 ,he rang the bell1 and ,bird came in4 ,but they could do nothing with her4 ,she pushed them aside1 leaned from the bed1 and searched the room with her wild eyes1 then looked upward1 and seemed to shrink1 yet continued looking4 8,was it ,i said it1 ,alice80 she cried out breathlessly4 8,it sounds like me1 doesn't it8 #8,o ,god6--if there is a ,god--save my soul--if ,i have a soul6'0 8,she is gone60 ,carl whispered1 and laid her back on the pillow4 ,so ,carl ,yorke was at last rich and free1 with the world before him4 ,there was but little for him to do at present4 ,when winter should be near1 the family were to come up and take possession of their old home1 which would then be ready for them4 ,now that it was summer1 he would go down and stay with them a while4 ,if rest and pleasure were to be had there1 he would have them4 ,he felt like one who has travelled over a dusty1 sultry road1 and longs to plunge into a bath1 and wash all that heat and dust away4 ,he wanted to hear again at the home gatherings gentle voices1 to see tender1 thoughtful ways1 to refresh his soul in that quiet yet rich atmosphere4 8,i will not turn my back upon delight1 and invite dryness of life by looking for it10 he thought4 8,if the ,bible does not proclaim my right to pursue happiness1 the ,declaration of ,independence does1 and ,i will give myself the benefit of the doubt4 ,when the summer fails1 ,i must look about me1 and think of work1 and remember the curse of ,adam2 but ,i will give myself a few weeks of lotos-eating--if they are to be had40 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,choosing ,,the ,,path4 8,now that the priest is gone1 we have peace10 said the ,seaton paper4 ,in fact1 having driven the priest away1 so that these poor souls were deprived of their consolations and restraints of religion1 having destroyed their school-house1 so that there seemed no possibility that the school could continue after the cold weather should set in1 there appeared no more mischief to do4 ,catholicism was1 apparently1 dead in ,seaton4 ,the ,catholics did not raise their voices4 ,those who mourned #cab their deserted altar1 mourned in silence2 the rest went back to their whiskey-drinking1 their quarrelling and stealing4 ,that was what the atheists meant by peace4 8,the lion and the lamb had lain down together10 but the lamb was inside the lion4 ,on the surface of these halcyon circumstances1 ,carl ,yorke found his lotos-flower growing4 ,everybody was smiling and conciliatory4 ,congratulations1 not always overdelicate1 on his accession to fortune met him at every hand1 and callers became more frequent1 in spite of a reception as cool as politeness would allow4 ,in fine1 the ,yorkes1 having suffered a temporary eclipse1 shone out again with dazzling lustre1 regilt by their new prosperity4 ,if they bore themselves rather haughtily in the face of this subservience1 we can scarcely blame them4 ,we can forgive1 we may not care for1 the frowns that darken with our adversity2 but the smiles that brighten when fortune brightens1 must1 in a noble nature1 awaken a feeling of involuntary disgust4 ,dr4 ,martin and his wife called a few days after ,carl came home4 ,it was rather an embarrassing call1 for there was scarcely a non-explosive subject on which they could speak1 but by dint of careful management on the part of the ladies1 and a determination on the part of each gentleman that he would not be the aggressor1 no accident happened4 ,mr4 ,yorke and the minister exchanged a few remarks on agriculture1 ,clara hovering between them1 and volubly smoothing the asperities of their uphill talk4 ,mrs4 ,martin and ,melicent were kindred souls on the subject of worsted work1 and grew quite intimate over a new pattern and a rainbow package of wools4 ,mrs4 ,yorke acted as presiding deity1 and dropped a smile or a word at the right time1 and ,carl was somewhat cynically amused by the situation1 and therefore amusing4 ,the visitors had asked for ,edith1 but she declined to come down4 ,when they had gone1 however1 she spoke kindly of ,dr4 ,martin4 8,he asked me once10 she said1 8if1 when ,i came to die1 ,i should need any one but ,christ4 ,i could not answer him1 for ,i did not understand then that he was attacking the doctrine of extreme unction1 and intimating his belief that ,catholics think only of the priest1 and not at all of ,god4 ,but ,i noticed that he showed a great deal of feeling1 and when he said1 #8,if you have ,christ1 you need no one else1' there were tears in his eyes4 ,since then1 ,i have liked him4 ,i think he is mistaken1 rather than malicious40 ,mr4 ,yorke looked gravely at his niece4 8,i sometimes think10 he said1 8with ,pope1 #8that there is nothing needed to make all rational and disinterested people in the world of one religion1 but that they should talk together every day4' ,if people would ask what you believe1 and listen to you1 instead of telling you what you believe1 and abusing you1 much strife might be avoided40 8,i think that ,dr4 ,martin's motive in coming here was good10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said4 8,he knows that we are going away1 and wishes to part in peace40 8,carl1 have you settled what you are going to be80 ,edith ventured to ask when he joined her afterward in the garden4 8,no10 he answered1 with hesitation4 8,something depends4 ,i am at the north pole1 and all roads lead south4 ,meantime1 ,i am not idle40 ,she waited for him to continue1 but he said no more1 and she felt #cac chilled1 and mortified at having questioned him4 ,no one in the world was less curious concerning the private affairs of others than ,edith1 and she never asked a question1 except from a feeling of tender interest4 ,therefore she considered herself repulsed4 8,what are you studying now80 ,carl asked1 after a moment1 the silence becoming awkward4 8,i have almost given up books10 she replied quietly1 and the hands with which she was weaving a morning-glory vine into its trellis were not quite steady4 ,oh6 if he would only question her1 and insist on knowing everything4 ,she was in deep waters1 and she longed to tell him all1 and ask the solution of her doubts4 ,with a fine1 unerring instinct which she felt1 but did not understand1 ,edith could tolerate the thought of no other confidant4 ,yet a great barrier stood between them4 ,she could go frankly to ,dick1 if she had anything to say to him1 but ,carl was different4 ,she could tell him nothing1 unless he asked her4 ,besides1 he never told her anything4 ,now she thought of it1 except these silent motions of sympathy1 their intercourse had been very exterior4 ,she knew nothing of his real life2 and yet he1 too1 was at the point of choice in some things1 and must have much to say to one he cared for and trusted4 ,she waited a moment1 then walked toward the house1 and they separated rather coldly4 ,edith had1 indeed1 dropped the study of physical science1 but she had taken up another1 and it perplexed her sorely4 ,within the last year she had been striving1 with but little help1 to learn something of the science of the heart4 ,what was this love that had started up in her path1 and demanded to be listened to1 and returned8 ,she had written as frankly as she could to ,father ,rasle1 telling him of her promise to ,dick ,rowan1 and his answer had disappointed her4 ,she read some of the moralists1 and her soul recoiled4 ,if that was love1 why were the stories of ,jacob and ,rachel1 and ,esther and ,assuerus1 told without sign of reprobation8 ,she went to the novelists1 and they pleased her but little better4 ,in despair1 then1 she went to the poets4 ,eureka6 ,here was what she wanted3 the affection at once pure and impassioned1 heroic and tender1 demanding all1 yet sacrificing all1 proud yet humble1 inexplicable save by the poet and the lover4 ,it was fitting that the poets should be its interpreters1 for it was above common life1 as song is above speech4 ,grapes were not sour because they grew high1 nor things impossible because rare4 8,dear ,mrs4 ,browning60 she whispered1 as she read ,aurora ,leigh4 8,what a pity she had not faith6 ,her nature is glorious4 ,how she spurns the low60 ,she read ,tennyson1 and sighed with delight over the faithful ,enid1 and wept for ,elaine dead1 and floating down the river to ,launcelot1 her letter to him in her hand4 ,so1 with the help of the poets1 ,edith escaped the danger of being contaminated by the efforts made to save her from harm4 ,with her intuitive beliefs confirmed by these prophetic singers1 she refused to let that yet unfolded blossom of her life trail in the mire1 but held it up with a proud1 though trembling hand4 ,to her1 loving was a very holy and beautiful thing4 ,but she longed to know what ,carl thought of it4 ,carl kept up his regular hours of study1 and he set up his easel1 and made a crayon group of his father1 mother1 and sisters4 ,mrs4 ,yorke #cad insisted that he should paint his own portrait separately for her4 ,being in a bitter mood one day1 he sketched himself as ,sisyphus standing on the hill-top1 and watching the great stone1 which he had just rolled painfully up hill1 roll down again of itself4 ,edith sat by him1 saying a word now and then1 and watching his work4 ,when his hand paused to let his imagination picture first the dull misery in the face of the dazed and baffled giant1 she said quietly1 8,what great bovine creatures the ,titans were1 after all6 ,i did not admire them much1 even when you read me the translation of the ,prometheus4 ,all that splendor of soul was schylus1 not the fire-stealer4 ,but wasn't it a beautiful verse3 #8,stately and antique were thy fallen race'8 8,still1 the mastodon is stately and antique1 too4 ,the ,titans were too easily conquered4 ,they cut like great melons4 ,if their spirit had been equal to their size1 they would have snapped the ,olympians like dry twigs beneath their feet40 ,carl knew full well that she was talking at him1 but he was in no mood to be either shamed or inspired4 ,he wanted to be coaxed4 ,the manliest man has his time of not only wishing1 but needing1 to be coaxed1 if only he would own it4 ,she stretched her hand1 and softly1 inch by inch1 drew the porte-crayon from his yielding fingers4 8,please1 ,carl6 ,the picture would haunt me1 though it were out of sight40 ,it was better than a wiser word4 ,carl's face cleared4 8,i am going to paint your portrait in oil10 he said1 8and keep it myself4 ,shall ,i80 8,i will be your rich patroness1 and you a poor artist10 she said4 8,i order my portrait of you1 and will pay--let me think what6 ,it shall be a red gold medal of the ,immaculate ,conception1 or a little ebony crucifix1 with the figure in gold1 whichever you choose4 ,then ,i will be a poor lady1 and you a rich artist1 and you shall buy the picture back1 and--what will you give me for it8 ,i know what ,i like that you have40 8,what do you like80 asks ,carl1 placing a large sheet of drawing-board on his easel4 8,a tiny brooch1 that you never wear1 with a carbuncle in it4 ,i confess to you that ,i have longed for it4 ,it is like a coal of fire4 ,it is most beautiful4 ,you know ,i have a passion for gems4 ,flowers make me sad1 but gems are like heavenly joys and hopes that never fade4 ,there is no object in nature that delights me like a beautiful gem4 ,they are the good acts of the earth4 ,a ruby is an act of love1 a sapphire an act of faith1 an emerald an act of hope1 a diamond an act of joyful adoration4 ,pearls are tears of sorrow for the dead1 opals are tears of sorrow for sin4 ,the opal1 you know1 is the only gem that cannot be imitated40 8,so you wanted the carbuncle10 ,carl said1 much pleased4 8,why didn't you say so before80 8,i waited till ,i knew that you cared nothing about it10 ,edith answered4 8,but ,i do value it very much now1 young woman2 and if you know where it is1 you will bring it to me at once4 ,i am impatient to see it40 ,she went out and got the brooch4 ,it was a smooth1 oval stone of a deep-red color1 with a tiny flame flickering in it4 ,the lapidary had been too true an artist to spoil the stone with facets1 and the result was a little crystallized poem4 ,edith laid it on black velvet1 and held it out for ,carl to see4 8,there60 she said4 ,it had never occurred to him to look at it before1 but now its beauty was apparent4 #cae 8,i am delighted to give it to you1 dear10 he said affectionately1 and pinned the velvet ribbon round her neck with it4 ,they smiled at each other1 well pleased2 then she sat down by him1 and watched while he began to sketch4 8,isn't it odd1 ,carl10 she said1 8that you and ,i should be rich people1 when we were so poor a short time ago8 ,only ,i did not know that we were poor4 ,i always felt rich after ,i came here40 8,i half remember a fairy story10 ,carl said4 8,it is of a fairy who wove pearls around a sunbeam1 or a moonbeam1 to prove to her lover her miraculous power4 ,i am going to paint you as that fairy4 ,shall it be a sunbeam or a moonbeam1 milady80 8,make it a tropical full moonlight1 ,carl1 and give me a palm-tree to stand under4 ,it would be refreshing to stand in the midst of such a scene1 even on canvas40 ,the artist sketched lightly and swiftly4 8,here1 at the right1 a troop of fairies shall dance1 only half seen4 ,near them1 a thin arch of a waterfall shall leap1 and drop1 and lose itself in spray1 and gather so slowly1 and flow away so slowly1 that the stream shall look like a vein of amethyst damaskeened into the turf1 not a ripple nor a bubble to be seen4 ,the orchestra1 blowing on flower-trumpets1 and shaking campaniles of bluebells and lilies-of-the-valley1 are hidden by their instruments beside this waterfall1 and their music makes the thin sheet waver as it drops4 ,the palm-tree lifts itself against the moon1 and seems to be on fire with it1 and droops in a verdant cascade above you1 every feathery plume fire-fringed with light4 ,but only one beam1 like a shaft of diamond1 shall pierce that foliage1 and there you stand1 with your arms uplifted1 braiding pearls around it4 ,you are smiling softly1 your hair is down1 and filmy sleeves drop back to your shoulders4 ,as you braid1 the light prisoned inside changes the pearls to opals40 8,you will never be able to make me look like a fairy10 ,edith said4 8,i see a moral in everything4 ,fairy stories and myths always seem to me ,christian truths in masquerade2 as though the truths1 jealously wishing us to prize them1 put on dress after dress1 to see if we would recognize them in each4 #8,if you really care for me1 you will know me through any disguise1' that is what they say4 ,why1 ,carl1 if you and ,i were at a masquerade1 and you did not know me1 ,i should feel hurt40 8,we will try that some night in ,venice10 ,carl said1 smiling to himself4 8,yes4 ,but this moonbeam hid in pearls--to me it is like a true thought well spoken2 or1 no1 it is the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,and now1 good-by4 ,i must go to my school40 ,since she could not be permitted to instruct ,catholic children1 ,edith went four times a week1 and every ,sunday1 to the ,pattens1 and taught them whatever they seemed to be most in need of4 ,the town-schools were far away1 and the mother too hard-worked to do more than feed and clothe her children1 and these ministrations were thankfully received4 ,edith held her school on a large flat rock near the house1 so as not to interfere with ,mrs4 ,patten1 and embarrass her in her work4 ,only on ,sundays did the young lady enter the house1 and then there was a grand dress parade1 to which the family looked forward all the week4 ,on these occasions the children were all washed 8within an inch of their lives10 as ,mrs4 ,yorke's ,betsey expressed it2 their best clothes1 #caf given by ,mrs4 ,yorke1 were donned2 and their hair combed down so smoothly that it seemed to be plastered to their heads4 ,woe to that child who should rumple a hair or disturb a fold when all was done6 ,since her accession to fortune1 ,edith had given the family1 among other things1 a clock--they had formerly reckoned time by the sun--and1 at precisely half-past nine1 ,joe sat himself in the south window to watch for the teacher4 ,according to ,mrs4 ,patten's notions of propriety1 it would be indecorous for any of them to be seen outside the door on ,sunday till after the instruction4 ,the house was as clean and orderly as such a place could be made2 the sacks of straw and dry leaves that answered for beds were made into two piles1 in opposite corners1 and used as sofas2 the calico curtains that divided the bedrooms were artistically looped2 a vast armful of green boughs concealed the rocks of the rough chimney1 the sticks laid there to be lighted to get dinner by1 and the pots and pans in which that dinner was cooked4 ,green vines and flowers and moss were placed here and there1 and the door by which ,edith entered was always made into a sort of triumphal arch1 where she stood a moment to exchange her first salutation with the family4 ,they were drawn up in two lines1 to right and left1 the girls headed by their mother1 the boys by their father1 and as that pretty creature appeared in the door1 with her air of half-conscious shyness1 and wholly unconscious stateliness1 like a young queen appearing to her subjects1 the feminine line dropped a short courtesy1 and the masculine line achieved a simultaneous bow1 both so crisp that they gave a sensation of snapping4 ,what a beautiful salutation was that low1 deliberate 8,good-morning60 of hers2 and what could equal in grace that slight bending1 half bow1 half courtesy1 with which she greeted them6 ,opposite the door was a little stand1 with a chair behind it1 and the whole company stood till ,edith had taken her seat there4 ,she never did so without a blush of humility4 ,to one less earnest1 and less preoccupied by the real work she had to do1 this ceremony would have seemed sufficiently ludicrous4 ,or1 perhaps1 we should say1 rather1 to one less tender of heart4 ,but ,edith ,yorke saw only the eager gratitude and desire to do her honor1 the simple earnestness and good faith1 and that mingling of poverty and taste which silently showed all the misery of poor ,mrs4 ,patten's life4 ,for all that was done was hers4 ,without her1 the children and their father would have been almost as clods4 ,there is a certain arrogance of affability with which the rich sometimes approach the poor1 as though wealth and education constituted an essential difference which they are elaborately anxious should not too much humiliate their protgs4 ,this the intelligent poor are very quick to perceive1 and inwardly1 if not outwardly1 to resent4 ,others assume the rude manners of those whom they would benefit1 in order to set them at ease--a good-natured mistake1 but one which inspires contempt1 and weakens their influence4 ,edith ,yorke's quick sympathies and delicate intuitions rendered it impossible for her even to make either of these missteps4 ,she carried herself with perfect dignity and simplicity1 was kind1 and even affectionate1 without lowering herself into a caressing familiarity1 and thus gave them a sample of exquisite demeanor1 and1 at the same time1 set them as much at their ease as it was well they should be4 #cag ,if people of rude manners were always perfectly at ease1 they would never improve4 ,mrs4 ,patten1 who was often on her guard with ,melicent1 pronounced ,edith to be a perfect lady2 and when an intelligent poor person gives such a verdict1 without hope of favor from it1 it is1 perhaps1 about as good a patent of social nobility as a lady can receive4 ,paul and ,sally were still at 8the hall10 where ,melicent considered them her especial subjects1 and taught them in season and out of season2 but1 alas6 there were still nine children at home4 ,polly1 the baby of six years ago1 is now a stolid lassie of seven1 and there are two younger1 the last only six months old4 ,one hot ,sunday in ,july1 ,edith found the feminine procession without its head4 ,everything else was in order1 but ,mrs4 ,patten sat in a corner of the room1 holding her sick baby4 ,it had been sick all the week1 and ,edith had visited it1 and sent the doctor1 but this morning it was worse4 8,we need not interrupt your discourse1 though10 ,mrs4 ,patten said4 8,he doesn't notice anything40 ,in these ,sunday lessons1 usually consisting of ,bible instructions1 histories of the saints1 and explanation of ,christian doctrine1 ,edith had instilled a good deal of ,catholic truth1 without alarming her hearers4 ,she had even obtained permission to teach the children to bless themselves1 and say the ,hail ,mary2 only ,mrs4 ,patten had wished that ,mother of ,christ should be substituted for ,mother of ,god4 8,but was not ,christ ,god80 asked the young teacher4 8,yes1 ,miss ,edith10 the woman replied4 8,but ,mary was the mother of his human nature only1 not of his ,godhead40 8,you cannot separate them10 ,edith said4 8,he was not born a mere man1 and deified afterward3 his birth was miraculous1 and ,god was his ,father4 ,she was the mother of all that he was4 ,to be a mother is not to create4 ,you did not make that child's soul1 yet you are his mother4 ,you would not stop to say that you are the mother of his body1 and that his soul came from ,god4 ,you are his mother1 because you gave him human life2 so ,mary did for ,christ4 ,besides1 you will always be your child's mother1 though his body will turn to dust1 and be regathered again at the last day4 ,but the body of ,christ never was destroyed4 ,it sits now at the right hand of the ,father1 the same human form that ,mary cherished1 as you do that child40 ,boadicea was silent 8,they shall say ,mother of ,christ1 then1 if you prefer10 ,edith said softly4 ,but the next time she came1 they said ,mother of ,god4 ,she made no verbal comment on the amendment1 but bent and1 for the first time1 kissed the forehead of the child who gave the title1 tears of joy shining in her eyes4 ,on this ,july day1 after taking her seat1 and watching the family arrange themselves to listen1 ,edith hesitated on what subject she should speak4 ,she had one prepared1 but presently concluded to change it4 8,i will tell you what baptism is to-day10 she said2 and then gave them a clear and simple explanation of the sacrament4 ,joe sat on a low stool1 with a child in his arms1 tears dropping down his cheek now and then1 as he glanced from the speaker to his sick child4 ,mrs4 ,patten's face showed only a quiet endurance4 8,so necessary is baptism10 ,edith concluded1 her voice slightly tremulous1 8that even a baby must not die without it4 ,if one should be in danger of death1 any person who knows how can baptize it40 #cah ,she said no more1 but1 after distributing some little presents to the children1 as her custom was1 and sitting by the baby a few minutes1 went home4 ,the mother was very pale4 ,she sat looking at her child1 and seemed indisposed to speak4 ,there was even a sort of coldness in her manner when she took leave of her visitor4 ,the children went out1 and looked after the lady as long as they could see her1 then gathered in a whispering group about the door4 ,they felt1 rather than knew1 the impending sorrow4 ,joe went1 stool in hand1 and sat down by his wife4 ,her lips began to tremble4 ,she was only a woman1 poor soul6 and wanted comfort1 not only for the grief before her1 but for the new and terrible fear that had risen up in her heart while ,edith ,yorke spoke4 8,joe10 she said unsteadily1 8that girl is very learned4 ,dr4 ,martin can't equal her4 ,she makes everything awfully clear4 ,she leaves no hole for you to crawl out4 ,if baptism isn't what she says1 then there isn't any sense in baptism40 8,yes10 sighed ,joe1 8she's a mighty smart gal40 8,then10 the mother whispered sharply1 8if what she says is true1 what's become of our other children1 ,joe80 ,he looked up with startled eyes4 ,he had been thinking of their present sorrow1 not of the past4 ,it is only the mother who for ever carries her children in her heart4 8,there are three children gone1 ,joe10 she said imploringly4 ,he dropped his eyes1 and considered anxiously1 not so much the fate of his lost children as the fact that ,sally looked to him for help4 ,a shallow head goes with a shallow heart1 and his first thought was merely how he should evade the weight of his wife's dependence4 8,oh6 you broken reed60 she exclaimed1 with suppressed passion4 ,thus apostrophized1 ,joe became desperate1 and that desperation imparted to him an air of unwonted decision and authority4 8,i tell you what it is1 ,sally10 he said1 8these rules and regulations are very well for learned folks1 and they're to blame if they don't keep #8em4 ,but ,i don't believe that the ,lord is going to punish us nor our young ones for what we don't know nothing about4 ,he knows well enough that we'd a had #8em1 every soul of #8em1 baptized1 if we'd a thought he wanted us to4 ,i'm sure ,i don't begrudge the young ones being baptized4 ,so don't you believe1 ,sally1 but he'll sly #8em in somehow1 poor little creters6 ,why1 do you s'pose that1 while we were sitting here and crying over our dead babies1 and saying1 #8,the ,lord gave1 and the ,lord hath taken away3 blessed be the name of the ,lord1' that just at that time he'd got #8em out of sight somewhere1 and was pinching on #8em and hurting on #8em for his own amusement1 with their scared little faces looking up at him8 ,it don't stand to reason1 ,sally40 ,the first tears she had shed started from the mother's eyes and ran down her cheeks4 8,joe10 she said gratefully1 8you've got some gumption in you1 after all40 ,edith went home that day with a troubled heart4 ,two or three times on the way she stopped1 having half a mind to turn back1 but did not4 ,she was too agitated to keep quiet or to eat4 ,one thought filled her mind3 a soul just slipping away from earth waited on the threshold till she should open for it the gate of heaven4 ,the thought was overpowering4 ,in the afternoon1 ,mrs4 ,yorke and ,melicent went to see the sick child1 #cai carrying everything they thought might be needed4 ,edith had sent for the doctor again1 and he came while they were there1 and accompanied them home4 ,she listened to their talk1 and heard them say that the child could not live more than twenty-four hours longer4 ,they spoke kindly1 and they had acted kindly1 yet it all jarred terribly on her4 ,of the highest interest at stake1 of the miraculous possibility that she saw1 they knew nothing4 ,dared she wait8 ,after tea her resolution was taken4 ,she came down-stairs1 and found ,carl pacing to and fro at the foot of the terrace4 ,he threw the end of his cigar away as she approached him1 but did not take any further notice of her till it became evident that she wanted him4 8,carl10 she said1 8,i want you to go over to the ,pattens' with me40 8,certainly60 ,he did not annoy her with questions1 nor exclamations1 nor expostulations2 he simply and promptly started4 ,they avoided the family in going4 ,when one is in suspense1 it is distressing to have to explain to those who cannot help and do not understand the need4 8,i am going to baptize the baby1 if they will let me10 ,edith said1 when they entered the wood4 ,he only answered1 8,yes60 ,he knew enough of ,catholic doctrine to understand the importance which she attached to the ceremony4 ,the sun had gone down in a splendor of rose-color1 and all the forest was steeped with it4 ,the silver stems of the birches flickered like rubies1 and all the streams and springs blushed as if they had newly been changed to wine for some great marriage feast4 ,a brook ran toward them all the way beside their path1 like a breathless messenger bidding them hasten at every step4 ,then that airy flood of light ebbed down the west1 and left a new moon stranded there1 and stars sprinkled all through the blue4 ,when they came out into the clearing1 it was deep twilight4 ,the cabin window shone out red through the dusk1 and from the open door a lurid path of light stretched across the garden-plot and plunged into the woods opposite4 ,like most people who live in the woods1 the family kept early hours1 but to-night none of them had gone to bed1 nor were the beds prepared for them4 ,the children were huddled together near the fireplace1 whispering1 and casting frightened glances to where their father and mother crouched on the floor beside the cradle1 in which lay their dying babe4 ,they had no lamps nor candles1 but a pine-knot1 fixed in the fireplace1 sent a volume of inky smoke up chimney1 and made a crimson illumination in the room4 ,in that light every face shone like a torch4 ,the sick child lay in a stupor1 sometimes holding its breath so long that the mother started and caught it up4 ,thus partially recalled1 it breathed slowly again4 ,there was no sound in the room but that low breathing1 and the hissing of the flame in the chimney4 ,but presently there was a sound outside of steps coming nearer1 and as they looked at the door ,edith appeared on the threshold1 all her whiteness of face1 dress1 and hands changed to pink in the light1 as ,charity might look hastening on her errand4 ,her eyes were wide-open and startled2 her hair1 which had fallen1 caught in the low bough of a tree as they came1 was drawn over her left shoulder1 and twisted about her arm4 ,after the pause of an instant1 she came swiftly in1 and knelt by the #cbj cradle1 leaving ,carl standing in the doorway4 8,thank ,god6 ,i am in time10 she exclaimed4 8,i have come1 you dear parents1 to baptize this child1 if you will permit me4 ,you were not to blame for the others1 because you did not know4 ,but now you know4 ,consent quickly2 for it is almost gone60 8,yes1 yes60 said the mother4 8,make haste60 ,edith called the children1 and made them kneel about the cradle1 with their hands folded1 palm to palm1 and she scarcely noticed that ,carl came in and knelt behind them4 8,i am so anxious to do it rightly10 she said1 with one swift glance round the circle4 8,i never did it before1 but it is very simple4 ,i am very unworthy1 and am afraid4 ,all of you must say an ,our ,father for me40 ,edith put a crucifix in the father's hands1 and1 as he held it up1 bowed herself1 and kissed the floor before it4 ,then she lighted a wax candle she had brought1 and gave it to the mother to hold4 ,lastly1 she knelt by the head of the cradle1 and poured out a little vase of holy water4 8,what is the child's name80 she asked1 quite calm by this time4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,patten looked at each other4 ,there had been many discussions between them on the subject1 and at this moment neither of them could call to mind a single desirable name which had not been appropriated by their children1 living or dead4 8,i would like to name him for my father10 ,edith said4 ,and they consented4 ,the words were spoken1 then ,edith leaned quickly1 with a triumphant smile1 and kissed the new-made saint1 and whispered something to it4 ,the child had been lying in that stupor for several hours1 but at her whisper he opened his eyes1 and fixed them in a solemn and steady gaze on her face4 ,there was something in the look significant and unchildlike2 and1 so looking at her1 he calmly died4 ,only a sigh1 and the lids half-drooped1 that was all on earth4 ,but who shall say what it was in heaven8 ,it was quite dark when the two went home again4 ,the sultry air was still1 and perfumed with sweet fern and wild violets1 and the brook ran along with them now with a sound like a child talking to itself4 ,they walked hand in hand1 guided by that sound4 8,i am very1 very happy60 said ,edith4 ,carl said nothing1 but stopped short4 8,have you lost the track80 she asked4 ,there was still a moment of silence1 then he said in a stifled voice1 8,i have found it again40 ,poor ,carl6 his finding of that path was heroic4 ,for an instant1 a flower-wreathed wicket had seemed to swing across his way1 and a path of delight to lead from it4 ,he closed it1 and walked on4 ,after a minute1 ,edith recollected that she had brought a second candle4 ,they stopped and lighted it1 then resumed their walk4 ,she held the candle in her right hand1 her left she placed in ,carl's again4 ,the air was so still that the yellow flame waved only with their motion1 and the light of it made a halo about them1 and brought out leaves and flowers1 and drooping branches1 that shone a moment1 then disappeared4 ,that ancient forest had arched over many a human group during the unknown centuries of its life1 dusky hunters in the chase or on the war-trail1 pale-faced pioneers1 glancing right and left for the savage #cba foe1 the ,catholic missionary1 armed only with the crucifix1 yet with that weapon and with his pleading tongue conquering the hatchet and the tomahawk1 children and youths going a-maying1 yet never did it overshadow a fairer group than this4 ,looking down at ,edith1 ,carl renounced the thought of painting her as a fairy2 he would paint her walking through a dark forest1 with a candle in her hand4 8,perish civilization60 he said suddenly4 8,i wish there was not a house between here and ,massachusetts ,bay60 ,edith smiled1 but said nothing4 ,she did not speak till1 too soon1 they reached the house4 ,there she stopped to enter by the side door4 8,i will go in this way10 she said4 8,i do not wish to speak to any one else to-night4 ,please tell them what ,i have done40 ,he was going1 when she softly called him back4 8,after he was baptized10 she said hurriedly1 8,i whispered1 and told him to pray for you and me when he reached heaven4 ,good-night1 ,carl60 ,the next forenoon ,edith went up to her chamber to dress before dinner4 ,she braided her hair1 put on a rose-colored lawn1 and fastened a velvet ribbon around her throat with the precious carbuncle4 ,she was blissfully happy1 she scarce knew why4 ,never had she been conscious of such delight4 8,how sweet1 how beautiful is life60 she said to herself4 8,thanks1 dear ,lord6 ,i am so happy60 ,she looked smilingly over her shoulder toward the door1 for ,clara had come running up the stairs and burst into her room4 8,edith10 she said breathlessly1 8he has come6 ,mr4 ,rowan has come6 ,he is down in the parlor with papa1 and mamma1 and ,melicent40 ,edith did not change her position nor say a word4 ,she looked steadily at ,clara1 and waited4 8,he is as handsome as a prince10 her cousin went on with enthusiasm4 8,he gave me this slip of paper for you4 ,will you be right down80 8,go and tell him that ,i will come down in a minute10 ,edith said quietly1 and still looked at her cousin till she went out of the room and shut the door4 ,then1 overcome by a sudden weakness1 she dropped on her knees4 8,i am very glad10 she said solemnly1 and lifted her eyes4 8,i thank thee for bringing him safe home again4 ,help me60 ,she unfolded the slip of paper1 and read the line it contained3 8,don't come down1 ,edith1 if you are going to say no to me40 ,she had never thought of saying no to him4 ,a minute later she stood in the door of the parlor1 where they all were4 ,she was very white1 but her lips wore a sweet and resolute smile4 ,dick came to meet her1 his face in a fine flame1 and she placed her hand in his4 8,it is yours1 with their consent10 she said4 ,for a moment he was unable to speak4 ,he looked at her searchingly1 his eyes full of tears4 8,are you willing1 ,edith80 he asked4 8,i am more than willing10 she replied4 ,he led her to ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,yorke4 8,i would not dare to ask you for such a precious gift10 he said1 8if ,god and herself had not already bestowed it40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- ,,an ,,englishman ,,in ,,china4#gh #cbb ,in ,november1 #ahfg1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,t4 ,cooper1 an ,english gentleman who describes himself as a 8pioneer of commerce10 undertook an overland journey from ,shanghai to ,calcutta with the hope of discovering some shorter and more direct line of communication between ,india and ,china than that lying through the province of ,su-tchuen and ,eastern ,thibet1 the only route at present open4 ,the undertaking was not a successful one1 ,mr4 ,cooper having been stopped and imprisoned at ,weisee-foo1 in the province of ,yunnan1 in ,july of the following year4 ,this detention was the work of the ,thibetan lamas1 who have no desire for a free trade which will interfere with their monopolies1 and who are1 as a matter of course1 violently opposed to the introduction of a religion which will weaken their own hold upon the people4 ,mr4 ,cooper1 although an ,english ,protestant who was contented to describe himself on his travels as a disciple of ,confucius1 and who took pains to inform the lamas that he could readily sympathize with their dislike of foreign innovations in religious matters1 did not fail to share the effects of that distrust of foreigners which is so carefully kept alive in ,china by the governing classes1 the literati1 and the priests4 ,while imprisoned at ,weisee-foo1 his interpreter1 a ,chinese ,catholic1 overheard the following conversation between two ,mandarins1 one of whom was ,mr4 ,cooper's jailer1 which was1 to say the least of it1 not reassuring3 8,just as ,philip took his place under the window1 ,tien asked the ,atenze ,mandarin if he had seen the foreigner who had passed through ,atenze on his way to ,tali-foo1 adding1 #8,we have him here in the ,yamun4' ,his guest replied1 #8,no2 the cursed barbarian6 what is he8 ,i heard he was writing all the time he was in my town1 and drawing the country4 ,the son of a dog1 too1 writes with a pen that requires no ink4 ,i suppose he has come to see the country2 and his people will come to take it by-and-by4 ,you have got him here2 why don't you kill him8' ,to this my friend ,tien replied1 #8,why1 it's no use to kill him2 he has no money4 ,we have searched him2 he has nothing2 and now we are considering what to do with him4' ,when ,philip had got thus far1 he was so completely overwhelmed that it was several minutes before he could proceed3 when he had recovered a little1 he went on to relate what the ,atenze ,mandarin said in reply4 ,the ruffian evidently hated foreigners1 for he said1 #8,oh6 kill him4 ,you dispose of him2 and when ,i return from the fight1 ,i will kill those sons of dogs1 the missionaries on the ,lan-tsan-kiang3 they are fast converting the ,lu-tsu1 and they will very soon be masters of the country1 and we shall be killed2 so kill them all1 ,i say4'0 ,a day or two later1 our traveller1 who seems to be very plucky and full of courage1 managed to effect his escape1 but only to retrace his steps to ,shanghai4 ,his account of his travels is most entertaining1 #cbc and as it contains a great deal which will be interesting to the general reader1 as well as much which is especially so to ,catholics1 we propose to make copious extracts from it4 ,the book itself has not been reprinted here1 and the ,english edition is so expensive that it is hardly likely to be as generally read as its merits deserve4 ,the project of undertaking this long and perilous journey had suggested itself to our traveller's mind so long ago as #ahfb1 but various circumstances rendered it impracticable to begin it until #ahfg1 when the promised support of influential ,shanghai merchants made ,mr4 ,cooper again cast about him for ways of surmounting the still remaining difficulties4 ,these were the well-known jealousy manifested by ,chinese officials toward strangers2 the wild tribes dwelling in the mountains2 utter ignorance of the language of the country2 and the danger of carrying so large a sum of money as would be necessary for the expenses of the journey4 ,after a month of perplexity1 ,mr4 ,cooper concluded to address himself to ,m4 ,lamonier1 the procurator of the ,catholic missions at ,shanghai4 8,i knew10 he says1 8that the posts of the ,french missionaries extended in an unbroken chain to beyond the western border of ,china2 and ,i felt convinced that only by their help could ,i hope to pass through the empire4 ,m4 ,lamonier1 ever ready1 as are all the ,catholic missionaries1 to forward all useful projects1 soon dispelled my anxiety about the carriage of specie1 for he arranged to give me a letter of credit for six hundred taels 7#ahj1 the sum he considered sufficient for travelling expenses71 addressed to the mission stations in ,yunnan1 ,sz-chuan1 and ,eastern ,thibet2 so that it would not be needful to carry a large sum in silver1 until after passing beyond their posts4 ,he also proposed a feasible plan for surmounting the difficulty of the language4 ,a party of young missionaries were expected to arrive from ,france toward the end of the year2 if ,i accompanied them to ,sz-chuan1 ,i could hire a house in some village containing a mission station1 and1 under the protection of the missionaries1 set to work and acquire a sufficient mastery of the language4 ,this arrangement would prolong my journey by six months2 but the delay was unimportant1 so long as the difficulty of the language was got over4 ,and thus1 before leaving ,m4 ,lamonier1 the two great obstacles which seemed for a time to render my journey impossible were disposed of40 ,a part of this plan1 however1 was not destined to fulfilment4 ,the ,french consul at ,hankou1 whose dignity had been touched by some remarks made upon him in the ,hankou ,times by its ,english editor1 resolved to avenge himself by preventing our ,englishman from availing himself of the services of the missionaries1 and compelled them to leave ,hankou without him4 ,the ,french consul-general at ,shanghai1 ,vicomte ,brenier de ,montmorend1 on being appealed to1 found means to soothe his subordinate's ruffled temper1 and although he lost the promised escort of the young missionaries1 ,father de ,carli1 the head of the missions at ,hankou1 obviated this difficulty by providing him with two native ,christians to serve as interpreter and guide4 ,these were both trustworthy men1 who joined him rather for the sake of the missionaries than for any liking for the journey1 but who1 for that reason1 served him so much the more faithfully4 ,one of them1 ,george ,phillips1 whose name ,mr4 ,cooper contracted into ,philip1 for #cbd convenience's sake1 was the eldest son of a family which had been ,christians for several generations4 8,his superior education rendered him1 save in dress and manner1 quite different to ordinary ,chinamen1 whose natural superstition and prejudice were replaced by intelligence1 strengthened by the study of ,european philosophy and theology1 while a knowledge of the ,latin1 ,english1 and ,chinese languages made the term of interpreter in his case no empty title4 ,such was my interpreter1 who proved1 as ,i expected1 a useful servant and intelligent companion40 ,having procured the services of these men1 however1 ,mr4 ,cooper found it impossible to induce them to start from home until after the ,christmas holidays were over2 so that it was not until the #dth of ,january1 #ahfh1 that he finally left ,hankou for the interior4 ,he had previously taken the advice of the ,english secretary of legation at ,pekin to conform himself in all respects to the line of conduct pursued by the missionaries1 and had1 during his month of enforced inaction1 been trying to accustom himself to the pigtail and petticoats in which he was to introduce himself to the ,chinese public4 ,he had also been obliged to relinquish the idea of making scientific observations while on his journey1 in order to avoid shocking the inveterate prejudices of the people against the use of instruments for that purpose4 ,even in keeping a daily record of his travels1 he found it necessary to be constantly on his guard against their suspicious curiosity4 ,one amusing instance of his caution in this respect1 characteristic alike of our traveller and of his friendly enemy1 is worth quoting3 8,round the fire of the little courier hut where we put up for the night1 we were joined by a lama1 who was1 he said1 en route for ,bathang4 ,since the unwelcome addition of the soldier spies to our party1 it had become necessary for me to wait till all were asleep1 to write up my journal4 ,i was hard at work about midnight1 when the lama returned to the room1 pretending to have left his prayer-book behind2 and seeing me engaged in writing1 he became very curious to know what ,i was doing4 ,had ,i owned to recording a simple narrative of the day's journey1 he would have reported that ,i was taking notes of the country for some sinister purpose1 so ,i replied that ,i was writing my prayers1 a ceremony which ,i performed every night4 ,this is a very common occupation of the lamas themselves1 but he was surprised that a merchant should write prayers2 so ,i told him that ,i always recited them after they were written1 and would commence as soon as ,i had finished4 ,he waited1 and ,i soon commenced to read my journal over in a monotone like that in which the lamas recite their litanies4 ,after reading thus for nearly half an hour1 ,i stopped and asked my friend to recite his prayers for my benefit1 promising to pay him for the service--and off he started and kept it up without ceasing until daylight next morning1 when he awoke me1 and received his fee of one rupee4 ,he declared that ,i must belong to the ,yellow religion1 but ,i assured him to the contrary1 merely saying that my religion much resembled his own4 ,he was evidently puzzled1 but pleased at my having made use of his services as a priest1 and begged me to allow him to keep under my escort to ,bathang40 ,his inability to serve the interests of science was perhaps not a trouble of a nature to be very seriously felt by our traveller1 whose chief object in undertaking his journey was a commercial one1 and #cbe whose quick perceptions and readiness to adapt himself to circumstances were a fair guarantee that he would neither run unnecessary risks nor let any available source of information pass unexplored4 ,his book1 which is very free from anything like unpleasant self-consciousness1 shows him1 notwithstanding1 to have plenty of ,english pluck and determination1 accompanied by a very un-,english freedom from prejudice4 ,one could find it in one's heart to wish that in passing through scenery so impressive as that of ,eastern ,thibet1 he might have added to his other good qualities as a narrator something more nearly approaching artistic perception than he anywhere exhibits4 ,the absence of anything of the kind has1 however1 the effect of making his narrative singularly free from any appearance of conventional book-making--a result which is very like a perfect compensation4 ,at ,sha-su1 which he reached toward the middle of ,january1 after a week or more of rather unpleasant boating experience1 ,mr4 ,cooper made his first acquaintance with real ,chinese society1 which he describes very well1 and with some characteristic reflections3 8,after breakfast1 ,i paid a visit to the ,catholic mission agent1 ,cheesien-sin by name1 a wealthy merchant engaged in an extensive trade with ,sz-chuan1 with whom ,i had to arrange about funds for our journey to ,chung ,ching4 ,we were shown into a little room next the counting-house1 where we found several ,christians1 merchants from ,chung ,ching1 smoking their pipes1 each with his cup of tea on a small table before him4 ,as soon as ,i seated myself1 a little boy placed a tea-cup before me1 and1 throwing in a pinch of fragrant tea1 poured in boiling water from a large kettle1 which he took from a little stand over a charcoal fire burning in an iron brazier in the centre of the room2 having thus helped me to tea1 he took my long ,chinese pipe1 and1 filling it with tobacco1 handed it to me with a light1 and then took up his place behind my chair4 ,nothing could exceed the quiet politeness and quickness with which this little fellow served me2 to every one in the room ,i was a perfect stranger and a foreigner1 yet1 being in a house of business1 no distinction was made between me and any of the ,chinese present4444 ,after waiting about half an hour1 the merchant came from the counting-house1 and1 saluting me very courteously1 apologized for having kept me waiting1 and after a few remarks on the crops and weather1 inquired my business4 ,on learning the object of my visit1 he appeared quite pleased1 and expressed himself delighted to be able to do anything for a friend of the fathers1 and1 leading me into his office1 he paid me over the sum ,i required1 merely taking from me a receipt for the amount4 ,we then went back to the waiting-room1 where he introduced me to several of the ,chung ,ching merchants1 and explained to his guests that ,i was a foreign merchant undertaking a great journey to open up commerce1 and complimented me on my courage in starting alone on so great an enterprise4 ,we all sat smoking and drinking tea for nearly two hours1 when ,i rose to go2 but my host said that dinner was just ready1 and he would be glad if ,i would join himself and guests1 apologizing at the same time for his homely fare1 saying that1 if he had known ,i was coming1 ,i should have had a proper dinner4 8,i was so charmed with the manner of this ,chinese gentleman--for such in bearing he really was--that ,i accepted his invitation1 and sat down #cbf again2 and in a few minutes all the other merchants1 except two young men1 who were permanent guests1 left1 and a serving-man then laid out the table1 placing a pair of ivory chop-sticks1 tipped with silver1 for each of us1 and brought in the dinner1 consisting of fish-soup1 boiled and fried fish1 stewed ducks1 mutton1 and fowl4 ,we took our seats--the host last--and were then handed cups 7about the size of a large breakfast-cup7 of rice1 and in the interval before the soup and fish were brought in1 baked melon-seeds were placed before us on small plates2 these we nibbled at for a few minutes1 until our host1 taking his chop-sticks up1 put their points into a plate of fish1 and1 looking round the table1 bowed to us1 whereupon we simultaneously helped ourselves1 and commenced our meal4 ,i kept up a lively conversation on the subject of foreigners and their wonderful inventions during the dinner1 which ,i thoroughly enjoyed4 ,when we had finished1 we all stood up1 holding our chop-sticks by the tips with both hands horizontally in front of our foreheads as a sign of thankfulness1 and also respect to our host4 ,we then sat down again1 and little kettles of hot ,samshu were brought in1 and we commenced to drink wine with each other4 ,the two young merchants soon became very loud in my praise1 saying that ,i was quite different to the foreigners in ,hankou1 ,i was more like a ,chinaman2 but were very anxious to know if ,i was of the same religion as themselves2 and when ,i told that ,i was a ,christian1 repeatedly embraced me1 calling me a brother4 ,we sat over our ,samshu and smoked for a long time1 the absence of anything like constraint among us1 and the genuine hospitality of our host1 making the hours pass quickly4 ,i felt that ,i was seeing ,chinese life from a standpoint hitherto unknown to most ,europeans1 especially ,englishmen2 and ,i felt much gratified with this my first admission into the private life of the people whose manners and customs ,i had adopted4 ,during the time ,i was in the house ,i saw no females with the exception of a servant1 nor did ,i ever in the house of any respectable ,chinaman meet the womankind during the greater part of a year spent among this people4444 ,as ,i was going toward the hotel1 ,i could not help reflecting on the scene ,i had just left1 so different in all respects from any previous idea ,i had formed of the ,chinese character1 of which1 though ,i had dwelt for years in their country1 ,i confess with shame1 ,i had until now known nothing4 ,i could not help contrasting the reception my host had given me1 a total stranger and a foreigner1 with that which he would probably have received at my hands had he visited me in ,shanghai1 when1 as is usual with us ,englishmen1 he would very likely have had to come into my office without the least polite encouragement from me1 and have transacted his business standing1 after which ,i should probably have dismissed him with a gesture of impatience4 ,it seems a great pity that we ,englishmen1 being such a great commercial people1 do not associate ourselves more with the people amongst whom we trade4 ,in ,china1 we would do wisely to remember the old adage which tells us to #8do in ,rome as the ,romans do1' and to meet the ,chinese more on a footing of equality2 in fact1 adopt as much as possible their ways of business1 and by this means do away with that system of go-betweens which is so detrimental to us in all our dealings with the people1 of whom we really know nothing4 ,by #cbg being brought more in contact with them1 we should pick up their language1 and instead of being at the mercy of that villanous thing known under the name of compradore1 we should at once preserve our dignity1 and enter into more pleasant and profitable relations with a people whose closer acquaintance is better worth cultivating than we in our national insularity are prone to believe40 ,such pleasant experiences1 which were often repeated1 were not always1 however1 the order of the day when our traveller met the individual popularly known as the 8heathen ,chinee40 ,at the mission-stations1 or wherever he encountered isolated ,christians1 he received always the most cordial hospitality1 since even the jealous ,chinaman1 in becoming ,catholic1 becomes also cosmopolitan4 ,at ,chung ,ching1 where ,monseigneur ,desfleches sent a swell ,chinese merchant to be his escort about the city1 ,mr4 ,cooper visited a newly-built and very beautiful ,taouist temple1 belonging to a sect differing widely from the ,buddhists1 and which he describes as representing the ancient polytheism of the country1 as reformed and engrafted with a peculiar theosophy of ,laotse1 the great rival of ,confucius4 ,here also he assisted at daybreak on a ,sunday morning at the sacrifice of the ,mass1 served by a ,chinese priest and ,chinese acolytes1 and listened to a ,chinese sermon4 ,the devout behavior of the congregation1 many of whom gathered around him after the ,mass was over1 and1 on learning that he was not a ,catholic1 naturally expressed fervent hopes that he might soon become one1 made a great impression upon our traveller's mind4 ,he could not1 he says1 avoid being influenced by them1 nor help offering up a silent prayer for the success of the ,catholic missions in ,china4 ,he finds the present power of these missions a 8most striking instance of the inutility of coercion directed to restrain freedom of mind in religion4 ,the fearful persecutions that assailed the missionaries and their converts during the eighteenth century1 failed altogether to arrest the spread of ,catholic ,christianity1 which now1 but a hundred years later1 numbers its adherents by hundreds of thousands1 to be found in all the provinces of the empire40 ,apparently both the missions and the missionaries impressed him much2 and he gives a lengthy account of them1 prefacing it with the remark that whoever deems it irrelevant is at liberty to skip it4 ,in his judgment1 as in that of every intelligent observer1 it is the literati and the governing classes who are the promoters of all the persecutions of the converts--the people themselves are neither so jealous of foreigners nor so attached to paganism as is often supposed4 ,the converts are principally recruited from the well-to-do middle classes1 although there are in the villages many ,christian communities composed of the industrious peasantry4 ,when ,mr4 ,cooper was in ,china1 the missions were enjoying perfect toleration1 but from his observation of the marked dislike of the ,christians displayed by the officials and the literati1 he was apprehensive that this apparent peace might be at any moment exchanged for all the perils of persecution--an apprehension which1 as all the world knows1 has since been most fearfully realized4 ,we extract a few passages from his account of the missions1 as recording the impressions of a candid observer as to the success of a work of which he was yet capable of lamenting that the devoted men who labor in it 8are not the apostles of a simpler and purer faith40 ,yet when he meets 8apostles0 of what #cbh he supposes to be a 8simpler and purer faith10 he can hardly preserve a decent gravity in contemplating either their methods or their results4 8,by their fruits ye shall know them0 is naturally the last reflection suggested to the mind of a ,protestant when he considers missionary work4 ,the application of the text would be so speedily fatal to his ,protestantism that the instinct of self-preservation keeps him from making it3 8,the ,socit des ,missions ,etrangres1 which from its headquarters in ,paris directs the affairs of this mission1 is most careful in the selection and training of the candidates for missionary life4 ,as their work lies much among the wealthy and educated1 though the poor and ignorant are by no means neglected1 every missionary sent to ,sz-chuan is specially educated for the purpose of meeting the ,chinese literati on equal terms4 ,they land in ,china generally as young and newly-ordained priests1 under vows by which the rest of their lives is dedicated to the ,sz-chuan ,mission4 ,once having entered upon their work1 they never abandon it1 nor return to their native country2 indeed1 it is impossible for them to do so1 for ,i have good reasons for stating that any recreant who may seek1 in violation of his engagements1 to quit the country1 is certain to be apprehended by the ,mandarins and sent back to the jurisdiction of the mission4 ,this has an apparent connection with the edict of ,khang-hi1 which accorded toleration to those missionaries only who would swear never to return to ,europe4 ,the young missionary on entering ,china strips himself of his nationality2 he shaves his head1 and adopts the ,chinese costume1 and conforms in all respects to the ,chinese mode of life4 ,his first two years are spent either at one of the principal mission stations or at some out-station1 in close attendance on an old and experienced father1 under whose care he systematically studies the language and the manners of the people to whose service he has devoted his life4 ,he is also trained in the working of the mission1 and1 as soon as he is a proficient in the language1 is appointed to a permanent post under general orders from the bishop of the district to which he has been sent from ,paris4 ,it can easily be imagined that a mission numbering its converts by tens of thousands1 and carrying its labors over such a vast extent of country as ,western ,china and ,eastern ,thibet1 must be a well-organized institution systematically administered4 ,taking advantage of the division of all the provinces into districts1 each district is worked by the mission with more or less activity1 as the disposition of the people will allow4 ,the apostolic bishop resident at ,chung ,ching exercises a metropolitan authority over four other bishops1 who reside at ,cheutu and ,swi-foo1 in ,sz-chuan1 ,yunnan-foo in ,yunnan1 and in ,kwei-cheu1 and ,bishop ,chauveau at ,ta-tsian-loo4 ,the latter has charge of the mission stations of ,eastern ,thibet established at ,bathang1 ,yengin1 and ,tz-coo1 on the western banks of the ,lan-tsan-kiang4 ,i was informed that there were1 in #ahfh1 three hundred ,french missionaries1 besides native priests and catechists1 engaged in the missions working in the above provinces4 ,the pay of a missionary varies from one hundred taels#gi per mensem--the salary of a bishop--to twenty taels1 the scanty stipend of the simple fathers4 ,out of this they provide themselves with everything4 ,at small out-stations1 of course1 the people give many presents of food1 but #cbi even then the pay is so trifling1 compared with the salaries drawn by ,protestant missionaries1 that one can only wonder how these ,french missionaries manage to exist1 and it is only when their self-denying and abstemious mode of life is witnessed that an adequate idea can be formed of real missionary work4 8,by a strict system of reports1 coming from every missionary in charge of a district through his bishop to the metropolitan bishop at ,chung ,ching1 the affairs of the mission are administered with the regularity of a well-organized government4 ,closely observing the ,chinese customs1 the bishops assume the title of ,tajen1 #8,excellency1' and the fathers1 according to their precedence in the mission1 ,ta-low-ya1 #8,great ,elder1' and ,low-ya1 #8,elder4' ,every convert coming into the presence of a father is obliged to bend the knee1 a custom which a recent able ,french writer declares he has himself heard the ,christians complain of as unbecoming4 ,in exacting this apparently slavish mark of homage from their flock1 the fathers imitate the magistrates1 and by this means1 as well as by the influence they naturally acquire in the direction of civil affairs among their converts1 they very probably excite the jealousy and hatred of the governing classes4 ,as an illustration of this1 ,i may quote the words of an old and experienced father3 #8,we are not persecuted on religious grounds1 but on political1 because they fear our influence over the people4' ,from my own experience of the ,chinese1 ,i must say that 7however repugnant to our ,western ideas7 the exaction of the utmost respect from their converts is absolutely necessary to the maintenance of the religious authority of the clergy1 for the ,chinese1 as yet1 know no intermediate step between servile submission and insolent independence2 and1 when compared with that of any ,protestant mission in the world1 their success is so wonderfully great1 that ,i feel inclined to give them the full credit of knowing from experience what is best for the interest of their mission4444 ,the education of the young is a special object of care2 at all the principal mission stations there are separate schools for boys and girls4 ,the boys are taught to read and write ,chinese and ,latin1 besides geography and other useful information1 which tends to dispel their ,chinese prejudices4 ,promising candidates for the priesthood are usually sent to ,macao and ,hong-,kong1 and occasionally to ,rome1 to receive their professional education4 ,the girls are taught to read and write ,chinese1 and are instructed in sewing1 etc4 ,at ,chung ,ching and ,cheutu there are boarding-schools1 where young girls are educated till they are marriageable4 ,these pupils are eagerly sought for by the converts in marriage1 and are reputed to make excellent wives4 ,the native ,christians1 as a rule1 are remarkable for their good character2 their houses are distinguished by their superior cleanliness and order4444 ,i cannot but record how forcibly ,i was impressed by their devout attention to the offices of their religion1 and this is not merely superficial--they are staunch adherents of their faith1 but few being ever found to apostatize even under the pressure of persecution2 and having myself witnessed the beneficial effects of their labors1 ,i conclude with wishing the utmost success to the pious and laborious agents whose self-denial has been rewarded by such extraordinary results40 ,on reaching ,ta-tsian-loo1 at that time the headquarters of ,bishop ,chauveau1 to whom ,mr4 ,cooper gratefully records his many obligations1 #ccj and whom he calls the ablest man and kindest friend he found in ,western ,china1 he made acquaintance with some of the ,thibetan lamas1 and visited their lamasery1 of which he gives an interesting account4 ,the chief lama paid him a visit at his hotel1 and1 as he showed a good deal of curiosity concerning his intentions1 ,mr4 ,cooper proceeded to define his position by remarking that he had heard that the lamas were averse to ,french missionaries entering their central kingdom1 and added that he was not surprised that a great religious country like ,thibet should object to the introduction of a new religion4 ,the lama1 unused to the easy way in which a travelled ,englishman can carry his religion1 was amazed1 but on learning that ,mr4 ,cooper was not a ,frenchman1 but professed a different faith from theirs1 being in fact a simple disciple of ,confucius1 quite indifferent to new creeds1 and disposed to look with friendly eyes upon all religions whatsoever1 he became at once more cordial1 invited him to the lamasery1 warned him of a conspiracy against his liberty1 and cautioned him to avoid identifying himself in any way with the ,catholic missionaries4 ,mr4 ,cooper's return call upon his new friend was not in all respects pleasant3 8,crossing the courtyard1 the lama led me up a flight of stairs into his room1 which differed from those occupied by the other lamas only in its furniture and superior cleanliness4 ,the other rooms were dirty1 and contained nothing save a small stove in the centre of the floor1 and a large wooden bucket1 somewhat like an attenuated churn1 and containing the everlasting butter-tea of the ,thibetans4 ,my host's room1 however1 had in it several chairs of ,chinese make1 and round the stove was spread a thick woollen carpet1 on which ,i was invited to squat4 ,having comfortably seated myself1 a youth attired in lama robes brought in silver cups1 one of which my host filled with butter-tea1 and1 as an especial mark of hospitality1 broke off from a huge pat of rancid butter a piece as large as his fist1 and put it into my cup1 which he politely handed to me2 then1 filling his cup in the same way1 he invited me to drink with him4 ,good manners obliged me to drink1 and ,i succeeded in swallowing a mouthful of the greasy mess with well-feigned pleasure1 which1 my host observing1 nodded his head1 and1 bending gracefully forward with a flourish1 stirred round the piece of butter in my cup with his little finger1 and again pressed me to drink4 ,i would have given worlds to have been spared this second trial2 but1 calling up all my resolution1 ,i made another gulp1 and hastily relighted my pipe1 while my hospitable host sipped his melted butter with as much gusto as an alderman would his full-bodied port4 8,expressing a wish to view the lamasery1 ,i was shown over it by the lama1 and visited the chapel or temple1 where he daily offered his prayers to the ,grand ,lama1 as he said2 meaning1 ,i presume1 ,buddha4 ,it was a superb little place4 ,at one end a railing1 richly ornamented and gilded1 fenced off intruders from a gilded image of ,buddha1 about five feet high1 sitting in a contemplative posture1 enveloped in a white drapery of silk gauze4 ,round the four walls were rows of niches1 like pigeon-holes1 about a foot square1 in each of which was a small ,buddha of solid gold1 about two inches high4 ,there could not have been less than a hundred of these images1 and my first impression was that they #cca were only gilt2 but the lama pointed them out to me as gold1 and several of them which ,i handled were made of the precious metal4444 ,i learned from ,bishop ,chauveau that before the ,chinese conquest the lamas used to marry1 but that the ,chinese1 fearing the power of the sacerdotal caste1 procured an order from ,lhssa enforcing celibacy on all lamas4 ,notwithstanding this1 at the present time1 out of the population of the three kingdoms of ,thibet1 more than one-third are lamas4 ,it may be imagined1 therefore1 what a power the priesthood has over the people4 ,in almost every family one or more of the sons are lamas from compulsion4 ,in a family of1 say1 four sons1 the chief lama of the district will generally insist upon two becoming lamas1 and1 at the age of between twelve and fourteen1 the boys are taken to the lamasery1 where they are educated1 and1 when grown up1 admitted into the priesthood4 ,if the parents object to give up their sons to the priesthood1 the threat of an anathema from the lips of the chief lama or the grand lama at ,lhssa1 is sufficient to overcome all opposition2 thus the ranks of the priesthood are constantly recruited and their power strengthened4 ,the population1 owing to this1 is gradually lessening1 and the lay people are the mere slaves of the lamas1 who live in luxurious idleness1 for each lamasery possesses enormous estates1 as well as the revenues drawn from the lay population in the shape of tithes on produce1 both of cattle and grain40 ,at ,bathang1 which our traveller visited in ,may1 #ahfh1 he made still further acquaintance with the lamas1 but seems to have found no cause to form a more favorable opinion of them4 ,the lamasery which he describes1 and the town of ,bathang itself1 have since been destroyed1 as readers of the ,annals of the ,propagation of the ,faith will remember1 by an earthquake which occurred on the #aath of ,april1 #ahgj4 ,the valley of ,bathang seemed to ,mr4 ,cooper a sort of little ,eden1 by reason of its great fertility and beauty4 ,the town contained1 according to him1 some #f1jjj inhabitants1 including the lamas1 who lived just outside it4 ,bishop ,chauveau1 however1 whose information is of course more accurate1 rates them at #h1jjj or #i1jjj4 ,of these at least #c1jjj were killed by the earthquake1 including #dcj of the lamas4 ,one of these men had for some time been prophesying some fearful calamity as a judgment from the gods upon the frequent conversions from lamanism1 and he induced the people to renew some of their heathenish practices1 and it was during these performances that the town was destroyed1 and the prophet himself killed4 ,none of our missionaries were injured1 and the ill fate of the lamas and their lamasery has had the fortunate effect of making the people look with still greater disfavor upon them4 ,the gods1 they say1 seem to be getting tired of the lamas4 ,mr4 ,cooper being admitted as witness against them1 such a disposition on the part of their deities would appear to be only natural3 8,my arrival at the gates of the lamasery caused a great hubbub4 ,hundreds of lamas swarmed on the flat roof of the buildings which composed the square block enclosed by a high wall1 while numbers hurried to and fro through the courts and passages in a state of great excitement4 ,dismounting outside the gate1 ,i left my pony in charge of the gatekeeper1 and entered4 ,scarcely1 however1 had ,i passed the inner gate1 when a lama1 addressing me in ,chinese1 inquired my business4 ,i informed him that ,i was desirous of seeing the building1 and1 giving #ccb him my card1 desired him to present it to the chief lama1 with a request for permission to view the lamasery4 ,he requested me to remain at the gate until his return1 and took my message to the chief lama4444 ,from where ,i stood ,i could see but little of the interior building4 ,as much1 however1 as was visible proved that the fame of the ,bathang ,lamasery was justly deserved4 ,in the centre of the block of buildings1 the roof of the sacred temple was plainly visible1 its massive gold covering flashing and gleaming in the sunlight with dazzling brilliancy4 ,on the roofs1 and1 indeed1 everywhere1 the place was literally alive with roosters1 which kept up an incessant crowing1 blending in a chorus with the chants of the lamas4 ,these birds are sacred to ,buddha1 and number1 ,i was told1 more than a thousand4 ,none are ever killed1 and their ranks are constantly swelled by the donations of the country people1 who bring the chickens to the lamasery as religious offerings4 ,the birds are all capons1 and1 like the lamas1 live a life of celibacy4 ,not a single hen is allowed to come within the building4 ,everything in the sacred edifice is dedicated to the worship of ,buddha1 and supposed to be free from the contamination of the outer world4 8,i noticed several nuns about1 with shaven heads1 but dressed in the ordinary garb of ,thibetan women1 with this difference1 that the color and material of their dress were the same as those of the priestly robes of green stuff4 ,these nuns are the abject slaves of the lamas1 performing all the drudgery of the house in common with youthful novices or deacons4 ,they1 however1 in the outer world enjoy1 like the lamas1 a superior social position1 and command considerable respect from both sexes of the lay people4 ,they do not shut themselves up entirely in lamaseries1 like cloistered nuns of the ,romish religion1 but often live with their families1 and work at the household duties and in the fields4 ,these nuns1 like the priests1 profess the strictest chastity1 dedicating themselves entirely to the worship and service of ,buddha4 ,but1 from my own observations1 and from the openly expressed opinion of the lay inhabitants of ,thibet1 which ,i had frequent opportunities of hearing1 virtue is a thing unknown among the priesthood1 and the lamaseries are little better than dens of debauchery4 ,just as ,i had begun to be impatient at his long absence1 the lama returned with a message that my presence was not desired within the building1 as it would unsettle the priests at their devotions1 but if ,i wished to leave an offering in the shape of money or anything else1 it would be accepted4 ,as this concession on the part of the chief lama was meant as an expression of good-will1 ,i gave the messenger a tael of silver1 and1 with a feeling of disappointment1 returned home4 ,i afterward found that ,i had reason to congratulate myself on my exclusion from the lamasery1 as many of its inmates were suffering from small-pox4 ,this fearful disease commits great ravages among the ,thibetan population2 of whom almost every fourth person is disfigured by its effects4444 ,when cases occur in a town1 the lamas compel the families attacked to remove to the mountains1 and seal up their houses4 ,should the sick persons be unable to bear removal1 they are shut up in the house1 all communication with them being prohibited1 and are left to die or recover1 as the case may be40 ,it was in a great measure to the lamas that ,mr4 ,cooper owed the #ccc non-success of his journey1 although1 the object of it becoming known1 the ,chinese government also was interested in preventing its accomplishment1 since with a new trade route opened to foreign enterprise1 the existing monopolies would of course be destroyed4 8,nothing10 says ,mr4 ,cooper1 8is more contrary to the policy of the ,chinese government and lamas than the introduction of ,assam tea4 ,the ,chinese on their part dread the loss of their valuable wholesale monopoly1 to maintain which they give the lamas the monopoly of the retail supply2 who1 by this means1 hold in absolute subjection the people1 to whom tea is a prime necessary of life4 ,the lamas1 on their part1 fear that1 with the introduction of ,british trade1 the teachers of the new religion would come1 and free trade and free thought combined would overthrow their spiritual sway4444 ,i myself was destined both now and in a subsequent journey to experience their determination to prevent the intrusion of the detested ,palin40 ,nothing would be easier than to extend our quotations from this interesting traveller1 every page of whose book is entertaining4 ,on leaving ,bathang1 the impossibility of inducing a male ,thibetan to act as a servant had made it necessary for his interpreter to hire an elderly female as a cook2 but ,mr4 ,cooper1 while supposing that he was merely assisting at an impromptu picnic1 found himself unexpectedly married1 with all due ,thibetan form1 to a pretty little maid1 who1 her parents were persuaded1 would be an excellent substitute for a servant4 ,he soon managed to return her to her relatives1 but not until after an amusing compliance with the religious customs of his new bride1 which we must let him relate4 ,they were passing one of those cairns of prayer-stones which the piety of the travelling ,thibetans erect along the road4 ,no ,buddhist passes them without adding a stone and muttering a prayer3 8,lo-tzung1 having contributed her quota of stones and prayers1 gave me to understand that1 in order to secure our future happiness1 she must have a couple of ,khatah cloths to attach to the flagstaffs1 and there was nothing for it but to unpack one of the baggage-animals and get out the #8scarves of felicity'787 ,having given them to the young lady1 ,i was inwardly congratulating myself that now1 at least1 we should be able to continue our march1 for the afternoon was wearing1 and our station for the night still distant4 ,but my matrimonial embarrassments had not yet ended4 ,it was necessary for me to tie one of the #8scarves of felicity' to the flagstaff1 and kneel in prayer with my bride4 ,this ,i peremptorily refused to do2 but poor ,lo-tzung shed such a torrent of tears1 and informed me with such heart-broken accents that1 if ,i did not do this1 we should not be happy1 and that she especially would be miserable1 that there was nothing for it but to comply4 ,and there1 on the summit of a ,thibetan mountain1 kneeling before a heap of stones1 my hand wet with the tears of a daughter of the country1 ,i muttered curses on the fate that had placed me in such a position40 ,it had been ,mr4 ,cooper's intention to take this little girl along with him to ,calcutta1 since to cast her off would have given dire offence to the ,thibetans1 and there hand her over to the care of the ,catholic ,sisters4 ,the hatred of the lamas1 however1 pursued him on his journey1 and1 by prohibiting the people from sheltering him or selling him food1 they so nearly reduced the party to starvation that ,lo-tzung #ccd was only too glad to leave him and take shelter with an uncle4 ,later on1 at ,weisee-foo1 as we have already related1 he was imprisoned1 and narrowly escaped with his life1 only to begin at once to retrace his steps homeward4 ,on reaching ,kiating1 on his return journey1 he met for the first time traces of ,protestant missionary work1 and tells an amusing story about it3 8,on the second day1 a ,chinese ,christian called upon me1 from whom ,i learned that a ,protestant missionary had visited the city in the early part of the year1 and had distributed a good many religious books2 one of which1 in the possession of the landlord of the hotel1 proved to be a copy of the ,new ,testament in ,chinese4 ,the owner produced the volume1 and1 adjusting his spectacles with a solemn air of wisdom1 turned up the passage which runs as follows3 #8,it is easier for a mule the camel in the ,english version to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven4' ,having read these words1 he looked over his spectacles at me1 and asked in a very contemptuous voice if it was possible for any man to believe such a statement1 and if foreigners really did believe the statements made in this book8 ,it had been my invariable custom since commencing to travel in ,china to avoid religious discussions1 and always to proclaim myself a disciple of ,confucius1 so ,i now replied that ,i was not a teacher of religion1 but only a humble disciple of ,con-fu-dzu1 but as to the statement about the mule passing through the eye of a needle1 ,i thought ,i could explain that2 and then proceeded to interpret the word #8needle' as used in the passage referred to4 ,this somewhat mollified mine host1 who remarked that he had no doubt that ,english teachers found great difficulty in writing the flowery language1 and it would perhaps be as well if they did not write religious books for the ,chinese under such circumstances4 ,when ,i was alone1 ,i could not but regret that the praiseworthy efforts of the missionary in ,kiating had not been more successful4 ,however1 as soon as it becomes safe for ,europeans to travel in ,china1 there is little doubt but that the self-denying and hard-working ,protestant missionaries will enter upon a new and extensive field of labor1 in which their energy1 devotedness1 and well-known pacific influence will doubtless win for them1 if not success1 at least admiration from their supporters at home40 ,after leaving ,hankou for ,shanghai1 he again came upon their traces--apparently without great gratification3 8,as we steamed past the city of ,yang-chow1 in the province of ,nganhoei1 we saw the ,british fleet which had been sent up to demand satisfaction for an outrage committed on some ,protestant missionaries1 who had been beaten and otherwise maltreated4 ,the sight of a ,british fleet on the ,yang-tsu for such a purpose was curious indeed1 and must1 ,i have no doubt1 have done much toward convincing the people of ,yang-chow of the force of ,protestantism1 if not of its pacific nature4 ,for myself1 ,i remember the patient ,french missionaries1 whose only resource had been flight into mountain fastnesses1 and then recall the rebuke given by the ,master to the disciple for drawing his sword against the high-priest's servant2 and it seemed hard to reconcile the presence of a fleet at ,yang-chow for such a purpose with the doctrines professed by his servants4 ,probably1 however1 times have changed since ,paul preached ,christ crucified1 and suffered martyrdom2 and it may now #cce be found more expedient to proclaim the ,gospel from the cannon's mouth1 and summon gunboats to exact reparation for our modern martyrs40 ,here we take leave of our traveller1 whose unfortunate experiences did not prevent him from undertaking a similar journey1 though by a different route1 in the following year1 and with a like unsuccessful result4 ,his book is very well worth reading1 simply as an entertaining record of travel in a little known country2 although to a ,catholic it has the further interest of furnishing another of those involuntary testimonies from ,protestant pens1 which record the unvarying failure of their own missionary enterprises in producing any beneficial effect upon the heathen1 and the exceeding heroism and devotion and the uniform and great success which as invariably characterize our own4 #gh ,travels of a ,pioneer of ,commerce in ,pigtail and ,petticoats2 or1 ,an ,overland ,journey from ,china toward ,india4 ,by ,t4 ,t4 ,cooper1 late ,agent for the ,chamber of ,commerce at ,calcutta4 ,with ,map and ,illustrations4 ,london3 ,john ,murray4 #ahga4 #gi ,not quite #agj4 ---------- ,,the ,,island ,,of ,,saints4 ,nature has been lavish in her gifts to this lovely island1 once so famous as the nursing-school of the godly and learned4 ,though fallen from her high estate1 though no longer the unrivalled land of science1 she is still the 8,land of wild beauty and romantic shapes1 ,of sheltered valleys and of stormy capes2 ,of the bright garden and the tangled brake1 ,of the dark mountain and the sunlit lake60 ,rugged1 precipitous cliffs protect her coasts1 while her shores are indented by the most magnificent bays and harbors4 ,her bosom is stored with precious metals1 and the most fertile soil in the world crowns her granite base4 ,her very geographical position is an advantageous one1 for she is placed1 as it were1 an advanced guard on the outskirts of ,europe--she opens the route to the great ,western world1 and she offers the first eastern port to the ,american mariner4 8,moist1 bright1 and green1 her landscape smiles around20 pellucid lakes reflect as in a mirror the hills1 rocks1 and precipices on their margins2 here are undulating plains of unequalled verdure2 there1 garden-like tracts where the myrtle1 the rose1 and the laurel need no culture2 where the evergreen arbutus1 in wonderful luxuriance of growth1 appears to be indigenous2 where every spot is enamelled with flowers and fragrant herbs4 ,beautiful ,ireland6 most picturesque land on the face of the globe6 ,alas6 why not also the richest and happiest8 ,religion and learning early found a welcome home in this 8emerald gem of the ocean40 ,even in the dark days of paganism1 the priest-and-poet ,druid of ,erin appears to have been superior in intelligence and culture to his brethren of ,england and of the ,continent2 and when ,christianity was first preached in the land1 no other people ever welcomed it with such ardent enthusiasm as did the ,irish2 no other people ever clung to their faith with such inviolable fidelity as ,irish ,catholics have since done4 ,during the five centuries that followed the apostolic labors of ,saint ,patrick1 so great was the multitude of holy personages who trod in the way which he traced out2 so eminent the sanctity of their lives2 so #ccf illustrious their learning1 that ,ireland received the proud title of 8,island of ,saints and ,doctors40 ,the number of her churches was infinite1 and her monasteries and convents were at once the abodes of piety and the sheltering homes of the poor and the stranger4 ,her theological schools and colleges were the most renowned of ,europe4 ,their halls were open to the students of every clime1 8who10 says ,moreri1 8were there received with greater hospitality than in any other country in the ,christian world40 ,hither1 as to the 8emporium of literature10 the youth of ,france1 ,germany1 and ,switzerland repaired in search of knowledge4 ,but to the ,english nobility and gentry especially1 the ,venerable ,bede tells us 8,ireland showed the most cordial hospitality and generosity1 for1 great though their numbers1 they were all most willingly received1 maintained1 supplied with books1 and instructed without fee or reward40 ,and the tide of sanctity and learning overflowed the shores of the holy isle2 many were the pious missionaries who1 in those days of religious fervor1 went forth to labor for the salvation of souls among the nations of ,europe4 ,the memory of their works is still preserved in the countries which reaped the fruits of their zeal4 ,the ,italian town1 ,san ,columbano1 still bears the name of the great ,columbanus1 a native of ,leinster2 and ,st4 ,gall1 in ,switzerland1 still reminds us of his friend and disciple ,gallus4 ,the hermitage of ,saint ,fiacre1 another ,irish saint1 is still one of ,france's consecrated spots2 and the memory of the ,connaught man1 ,saint ,fridolin1 8the ,traveller10 is still blessed on the banks of the ,rhine4 ,the famous universities of ,paris and of ,pavia owe their origin to the learning and industry of ,clement and ,john1 both ,irishmen4 ,from ,ireland the ,anglo-,saxons derived their first enlightenment1 and till the thirteenth century the literature of ,scotland was the special province of the ,irish clergy4 8,when we look into the ecclesiastical life of this people10 says the learned ,grres1 8we are almost tempted to believe that some potent spirit had transported over the sea the cells of the ,valley of the ,nile1 with all their hermits1 its monasteries with all their inmates1 and had settled them down in the ,western isle--an isle which1 in the lapse of three centuries1 gave eight hundred and fifty saints to the church2 won over to ,christianity the north of ,britain1 and1 soon after1 a large portion of the yet pagan ,germany2 and1 while it devoted the utmost attention to the sciences1 cultivated with especial care the mystical contemplation in her religious communities1 as well as in the saints whom they produced40 ,numerous vestiges are still to be found in ,ireland of those days of enthusiastic faith4 ,ivy-grown abbeys and churches1 and the habitations of saints2 and the emblem of our holy creed1 now rudely cut on pillar stones1 now exquisitely carved in fine proportions1 are to be met with scattered over the whole length and breadth of the land--8memorials10 we are told 8by a celebrated archologist1 8not only of the piety and magnificence of a people whom ignorance and prejudice have too often sneered at as barbarous1 but also as the finest works of sculptured art1 of their period1 now existing40 ,in the wild and lonely valley of ,glendalough1 ,county ,wicklow1 are yet to be seen the remains of the noble monastery1 8once the luminary of the ,western world10 founded in the beginning of the sixth century by ,saint ,kevin1 around which a city rose1 flourished1 and decayed4 ,gloomy #ccg mountains encompass the silent and now almost uninhabited glen1 in whose bosom lie the ruins of shrines which nearly thirteen centuries ago were raised in honor of their ,god by men joyous and thankful in the feeling of certain immortality--men whose fathers in their youth reverenced the ,druid as a more than human counsellor4 8,yes1 peopled were once these silent shades ,with saintly forms of days departed1 ,when holy men and votive maids ,lived humble here1 and heavenly-hearted60 ,here are assembled dismantled churches1 crumbling oratories1 broken crosses1 shattered monumental stones1 and tombs1 no longer to be distinguished1 of bishops1 abbots1 and recluses4 ,and near the wasted remains of the holy piles1 one of those mysterious edifices1 a tall and slender ,round ,tower1 stands1 still strong and straight1 like a sentinel guarding the wrecks of the past4 ,it is impossible to imagine a scene of sterner1 more desolate grandeur4 ,on the shore of one of the two lakes that lie embosomed in the glen1 rises a beetling rock1 in a cavity of which ,saint ,kevin is said to have lived while pursuing that course of study and contemplation for which his name is even now revered4 ,in this same cavern1 too1 still known by the name of 8,saint ,kevin's ,bed10 the illustrious saint and patriot ,laurence ,o',toole is believed to have ofttimes mused and prayed when he was abbot of ,glendalough4 ,in the county of ,meath we find the remains of ,saint ,columb's house--,saint ,columbkille1 the elegant poet1 the pious founder of so many monasteries--a high stone-roofed construction of singular architecture1 seeming to combine the purpose of an oratory with that of a habitation4 ,on the celebrated ,rock of ,cashel stands a group of ruins unparalleled for picturesque beauty and antiquarian interest4 ,the most ancient structure1 with the exception of the ,round ,tower1 is ,cormac's chapel1 built by ,cormac ,mac,carthy1 the pious king of 8deep-valleyed ,desmond10 in the beginning of the twelfth century4 ,it also is a stone-roofed edifice1 with ,norman arches and an almost endless variety of ,norman decorations4 ,near it rise the magnificent cathedral founded by ,donogh ,o',brien1 ,king of ,thomond1 about #aaeb2 and on the plain beside the rock1 ,hoar ,abbey1 the ancient castle of the archbishops1 a perfect ,round ,tower1 and numerous crosses4 ,and one of the grandest of these ancient holy piles1 ,newtown ,abbey1 now lies a crumbling heap on the banks of the ,boyne4 ,what it once was may1 however1 still be conceived1 of from the exquisite beauty of some of the remaining capitals1 vaulting1 and shafts1 and from the many fragments of its noble windows which are strewn about the neighboring cemetery4 ,this1 alas6 like many another of the magnificent ruins of ,ireland1 has been used as a quarry2 not by the unlettered peasant1 who is rarely found wanting in a devotional feeling that leads him to regard antiquities1 and especially those of an ecclesiastical origin1 with a sentiment of profound veneration2 but by contractors for the erection of new buildings1 and sometimes even by men of station and education1 who seem to have forgotten that age and neglect cannot deprive structures once consecrated to ,god1 and applied to the service of religion1 of any portion of their sacred character4 ,bective ,abbey1 not far from ,newtown1 is another wonderful wreck1 which seems to combine ecclesiastical with military and domestic architecture #cch in the most singular manner4 ,it presents indeed a striking evidence of the half-monk1 half-soldier character of its founders4 ,battlemented towers1 cloister-arches1 and rooms with great fire-places2 the flues carried up through the thickness of the walls1 and continued through tapering chimney-shafts1 seem to have made the ,abbey of ,bective a kind of monastic castle1 and previous to the use of artillery it must have been a place of great strength4 ,perhaps one of the most beautiful edifices ever erected in ,ireland was the church of ,killeshin1 near ,carlow1 once decorated with richly sculptured capitals representing human heads1 the hair intertwined with serpents4 ,this magnificent building was more hardly treated by the destructiveness of an individual who1 about forty years since1 resided in the neighborhood1 than by the storms and frosts and thunderbolts of ages4 ,the detestable vandal wantonly defaced the exquisite capitals1 and almost entirely obliterated an ,irish inscription which extended round the abacus6 ,on the romantic shores of the beautiful ,lake of ,killarney stands the venerable ruins of ,muckross ,abbey4 ,no vestige of its former grandeur remains2 8its antic pillars massy proof0 are all ground into dust1 and a magnificent yew-tree that has grown in the very centre of the wreck spreads its mighty1 sombre branches like a funereal pall over the fallen temple4 ,and in the lake on the 8holy island0 of ,innisfallen1 on a gentle verdant slope1 surrounded by thick groves1 are still to be seen the few crumbling stones that mark where stood the abbey once so renowned throughout ,christendom for its learning and piety4 ,but it would be a vain task to attempt to enumerate all the beautiful memorials of ,ireland's splendor whose ivy-grown ruins still adorn the land they once made so famous4 8,her temples grew as grows the grass0-- and popular tradition tells us that numbers have been hidden from mortal eye1 ever since the pious monks who prayed within them were barbarously driven forth or slain4 8,in yonder dim and pathless wood ,strange sounds are heard at twilight hour1 ,and peals of solemn music swell ,as from some minster's lofty tower4 ,from age to age those sounds are heard1 ,borne on the breeze at twilight hour-- ,from age to age no foot hath found ,a pathway to the minster's tower60 ,mingled among the mossy marbles of fallen altars2 among the mouldering stones and the rusted iron of crumbled cloisters2 beneath the 8churchyard's bowers02 by the bleak hillsides2 on the margins of the sunlit lakes1 or under the shadow of the mysterious ,round ,towers1 lie1 almost countless1 the defaced1 mutilated emblems of ,ireland's heart-deep faith--broken crosses--innumerable broken crosses--eloquent of the piety of those by-gone days1 eloquent of the ruthlessness of the devastator4 ,they are found scattered over the whole island1 and are as various in their styles as in the perfection of their workmanship--some1 differing in nothing from the pillar-stones of the pagans1 save that they are rudely sculptured with a cross1 to mark the graves of the early ,irish saints--others have the upper part of the shaft hewn into the form of a circle1 from which the arms and the top extend4 ,crosses1 highly sculptured1 appear to date from the ninth and twelfth centuries4 ,in these the circle1 instead of being simply cut into the face of the stone1 is represented by a ring1 binding1 as it were1 the shaft1 arms1 and upper portion of the cross together4 ,there are scores of these beautiful remains in ,ireland1 but the finest1 #cci perhaps1 are those at ,monasterboice1 near ,drogheda2 they are so singularly symmetrical and artistic as to have excited the enthusiasm of every learned archologist who has seen them4 ,there were originally three crosses at ,monasterboice2 two still exist1 well preserved2 the third was broken1 tradition says1 by ,cromwell4 ,the larger of the two nearly perfect crosses measures twenty-seven feet in height1 and is composed of three stones4 ,the shaft1 at its junction with the base1 is two feet in breadth and one foot three inches in thickness4 ,it is divided upon the western side by fillets into seven compartments1 each of which contains two or more boldly-cut figures1 now much worn by the rain and wind of nine centuries4 ,the sides of the cross are ornamented with figures and scroll-work alternately4 8,the smaller cross1 fifteen feet high1 is exquisitely beautiful10 says ,mr4 ,wakeman1 in the ,archologia ,hibernica1 8and has suffered little from the effects of time4 ,it stands almost as perfect as when first erected nine hundred years ago4 ,the figures retain almost all their original sharpness and beauty of execution4 ,within the circular head of the cross1 on its eastern face1 our ,saviour is represented sitting in judgment4 ,a choir of angels occupy the arm to the right of the figure4 ,several hold musical instruments1 among which is seen the ancient small and triangular ,irish harp4 ,the space to the left of our ,saviour is crowded with figures1 several of which are in an attitude of despair2 an armed fiend is driving them from before the throne4 ,the compartment immediately beneath bears a figure weighing in a pair of huge scales a smaller figure1 the balance seeming to preponderate in his favor4 ,one who appears to have been weighed and found wanting is lying beneath the scales in an attitude of terror4 ,the next compartment beneath represents apparently the adoration of the wise men4 ,the star above the head of the infant ,christ is distinctly marked4 ,the third compartment contains several figures1 the action of which we do not understand4 ,the signification of the sculpture of the next following compartment is also very obscure4 ,a figure seated upon a throne or chair is blowing a horn1 and soldiers with conical helmets1 broad-bladed swords1 and with small circular shields appear crowding in4 ,the fifth and lowest division illustrates the ,temptation and the ,expulsion4 ,an inscription in ,irish1 upon the lower part of the shaft1 desires 8a prayer for ,muiredach1 by whom was made this cross40 ,we can imagine how1 when this masterpiece was pronounced finished by the gifted artist1 the chiefs and abbots1 the bards and warriors1 the monks and priests1 and may be many a rival sculptor1 crowded around it1 full of wonder and admiration for what they must have considered a truly glorious1 nay1 unequalled work4 ,and ,muiredach most certainly was not refused the boon he craved4 ,we have mentioned pillar-stones1 and though they do not belong to the ,christian vestiges of the ,island of ,saints1 still they are so mingled with the holier relics that they cannot be passed over in silence4 ,obscure1 mysterious in their origin1 many hypotheses have been formed respecting them by the learned1 and they have been supposed by turns to be landmarks1 idols1 or monumental stones4 ,some of the ,irish pillar-stones are inscribed with the ,ogham character1 a kind of writing believed to have been in use in ,ireland before the introduction of ,christianity4 ,stones very similar1 but perforated1 #cdj are also found in ,ireland1 in ,scotland1 and even1 it is said1 in ,india4 ,what may have been their origin is completely unknown4 ,the most remarkable of the pillar-stones is found at the celebrated hill of ,tara1 in the county of ,meath4 ,dr4 ,petrie thinks that this monument is the famous ,lia ,fail1 or ,stone of ,destiny1 upon which1 for many ages1 the kings of ,ireland were crowned1 and which is generally supposed to have been removed from ,ireland to ,scotland for the coronation of ,fergus ,mac ,eark1 an ,irish prince--a prophecy having declared that in whatever country this stone was preserved1 a king of the ,scotic 7ancient ,irish7 race should reign4 ,the learned ,doctor refers to some ,,mss41 not earlier certainly than the tenth century1 in which the stone is mentioned as still existing at ,tara4 8,if this authority may be relied on10 says ,mr4 ,wakeman1 8the stone carried away from ,scotland by ,edward the ,first1 and now preserved in ,westminster ,abbey1 under the coronation chair1 has long attracted a degree of celebrity to which it was not entitled1 while the veritable ,lia ,fail1 the stone which1 according to the early bardic accounts1 roared beneath the ancient ,irish monarchs at their inauguration1 remained forgotten and diregarded among the green raths of deserted ,tara40 ,deserted ,tara6 thirteen centuries have passed away since the kings and chiefs of ,ireland were wont to assemble in the royal city-- 8,tara1 where the voice of music sung1 ,and many a harp and cruit responsive rung1 ,and many a bard1 in high heroic verse1 ,the deeds of heroes gloried to rehearse4 ,and many a shell went round1 and loud and long ,rose the full chorus of the festive song4 ,ah6 who can tell how beautiful were they-- ,the ,fenian chiefs--how joyous1 young1 and gay6 ,each stood a champion on the battle-field1 ,and but with life the victory would yield40 ,thirteen centuries have passed away since the work of decay began1 and nothing now remains of its ancient grandeur4 ,all has been swept away1 save some faint indications of the site of the noble banqueting-hall1 whose magnificence was so vaunted in bardic song and story1 and the raths upon which the principal habitations stood4 ,these raths or duns1 which are found in every part of ,ireland1 often consist of only a circular intrenchment1 but most frequently form a steep mound1 flat at the top and strongly intrenched4 ,the works usually enclosed a piece of ground upon which1 it is presumed1 the houses of lesser importance stood1 the mound being occupied by the dwelling of the chief4 ,the circular enclosures generally contain excavations of a beehive form1 lined with uncemented stones1 and connected by passages sufficiently large to admit a man4 ,these chambers or artificial caverns are supposed to have been store-houses for food and treasure1 and places of refuge for the women and children in time of war4 ,in the centre of the principal mound of ,tara1 the ,forradh1 now stands the ,lia ,fail--the great pillar-stone--the stone of destiny--moved from its primitive site to its present in order to mark the grave--8the croppies' grave10 it is called--of some men killed in an encounter with ,british troops during the rising in #agih4 ,by the side of the hoary ruins of the earlier monastic houses is almost invariably seen one of those singular and1 for many centuries1 mysterious edifices1 the ,round ,towers4 ,the question of the origin and uses of these remarkable vestiges long occupied the attention of antiquaries4 ,they were supposed to have been built by the ,danes1 or to have a ,phnician or ,indo-,scythic origin1 and to have contained the #cda sacred fire from whence all the fires in the kingdom were annually rekindled4 ,there were almost as many theories concerning them as there were towers1 and each succeeding theory appeared to involve the subject in deeper mystery than ever--a mystery that was proverbial until dispelled for ever by the learned ,dr4 ,petrie4 ,this gentleman has decided that the towers are of ,christian and of ecclesiastical origin1 and were erected at various periods between the fifth and thirteenth centuries--that they were designed to answer1 at least1 a twofold use1 namely1 to serve as belfries1 and as keeps1 or places of strength1 in which the sacred utensils1 books1 relics1 and other valuables were deposited1 and into which the ecclesiastics to whom they belonged could retire for security in cases of sudden attack2 and that they were probably also used1 when occasion required1 as beacons and watch-towers4 ,these conclusions were arrived at after a long and patient investigation of the architectural peculiarities of the ,round ,towers1 and also of the religious structures generally found in connection with them1 and the vexed question is at rest4 ,the sites of a hundred and eighteen of these buildings have been discovered1 the greater number in ruins2 indeed1 of some only the foundations remain2 others are almost perfect in external shape4 ,they vary from eighty to a hundred and ten feet in height1 tapering gradually to the summit1 and terminated by a high conical stone roof4 ,the ,tower of ,clondalkin1 near ,dublin1 is nearly perfect2 but perhaps the most noble example is found at ,monasterboice1 where it combines1 with the magnificent crosses we have described1 and the ivy-grown ruined churches1 to form a group of sacred antiquities unsurpassed in interest and picturesque beauty4 ,frightful as were the devastations of the ,danes in ,ireland--the unhappy land bore the brunt of their fury--and frequent as was the pillage of religious property1 there have been found many beautiful relics of sacred objects belonging to the sacked and ravaged abbeys and churches4 ,in newly-ploughed lands1 in the beds of rivers1 in the heaps of crumbled stones around the ruins1 in the bogs have been discovered1 among many other interesting evidences of early ,irish civilization1 pastoral crooks and crosiers1 chalices of stone and of silver1 and ancient quadrangular bells of bronze and of iron4 ,these last appear to have been in use in ,ireland as early as the time of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,some of them1 we are told by ,cambrensis1 were so highly reverenced that both clergy and laity were more afraid of swearing falsely by them than by the ,gospels--8because of some hidden and miraculous power with which they were gifted1 and by the vengeance of the saint to whom they were particularly pleasing1 their despisers and transgressors were severely punished40 ,the crooks and crosiers are in general of exquisite workmanship1 exhibiting a profusion of ornament of extreme beauty4 ,among these relics has been found one which affords the most striking evidence of the proficiency that ,irish artificers had arrived at in many of the arts previous to the arrival of the ,english4 ,it is known as the ,cross of ,cong1 and was made at ,roscommon1 by native ,irishmen1 about the year #aabc1 in the reign of ,turlogh ,o',connor1 father of ,roderich1 the last king of ,ireland4 ,the form is most elegant1 and it is completely covered with minute and elaborate ornaments1 a portion worked in pure #cdb gold4 ,the ornaments are1 for the most part1 tracery and grotesque animals fancifully combined1 and similar in character to the decorations found upon crosses of stone of the same period4 ,in the centre1 at the intersection1 is set a large crystal1 through which is visible a piece of the true cross1 as inscriptions in ,irish and ,latin distinctly record4 ,the copies of the ,gospels and of the sacred writings which had been used by the saints of ,erin were often preserved by their successors enclosed in cases of yew1 or some wood equally durable4 ,some of these deeply-interesting evidences of ,irish piety and learning have come down to us1 and are to be seen in the collection of the ,royal ,irish ,accademy at ,dublin4 ,one of them1 the ,caah1 is a box about nine inches long and eight broad1 formed of brass plates riveted together1 and ornamented with gems and chasings of gold and silver4 ,it contains a rude wooden box enclosing a copy of the ancient ,vulgate translation of the ,psalms in ,latin1 written on vellum1 and1 it is believed1 by the hand of ,saint ,columbkille1 8the ,apostle of the ,picts40 ,it seems to have been handed down in the ,o',donnell family1 to which the great saint belonged4 ,another most interesting relic1 also in the collection of the ,academy1 is the ,domnach ,airgid1 which contains1 beyond a doubt1 a considerable portion of the copy of the holy ,gospels used by ,saint ,patrick1 and presented to him by ,saint ,macarthen4 ,this ,,ms4 has three covers2 the first and most ancient1 of yew2 the second1 of copper plated with silver2 and the third1 of silver plated with gold4 ,beautiful--sadly1 solemnly beautiful--are the remains of ,ireland's ancient grandeur2 but though her splendor may have passed away2 though she be no longer 8the school of ,christendom02 though her abbeys and monasteries1 her churches and towers and sculptured crosses1 lie mostly heaps of wayside ruins1 still her faith1 her wondrous faith1 is fresh and strong as in those bygone ages4 ,as it was in those days of old when the fervent piety of her sons led them to distant lands1 apostles of religion and science1 so is ,ireland's faith now1 warm and active as ever4 ,in all her struggles1 in all her sorrows1 her faith has stood by her side to minister consolation and to ward off despair4 ,o lovely1 unhappy isle6 8thou chief of reliquaries10 though thy shamrock be watered with tears1 still thou hast the better part6 8,and if of every land the guest1 ,thine exile back returning ,finds still one land unlike the rest1 ,discrowned1 disgraced1 and mourning1 ,give thanks6 ,thy flowers1 to yonder skies ,transferred1 pure airs are tasting2 ,and1 stone by stone1 thy temples rise ,in regions everlasting60 ,will 8the bound and suffering victim0 ever again breathe freely8--will religious freedom and political freedom ever again stand hand in hand on the dewy turf of ,erin8--will the ,lia ,fail ever again roar beneath the seat of an independent ,irish ruler8--these are questions which ,time alone can answer4 ,but whatever fate may be reserved for long-tried ,ireland in the future1 however disconsolate her present1 every ,irishman's heart should glow with pride and love when he remembers the glory of her early days--glory such as no other country ever possessed--glory of which no centuries of relentless tyranny can deprive her--the glory of having been1 when all was dark around1 the home of learning and the fatherland of saints6 ---------- ,,the ,,legends ,,of ,,oisin1 ,,bard ,,of ,,erin1 #cdc ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,oscar4#hj 8,sing us once more of ,gahbra's fight1 ,old bard1 that fight where fell thy son30 ,thus ,patrick spake to vexed ,oisin1 ,and the old man's wrath was gone4 8,thou of the crosier white6 whoe'er ,had seen that plain with carnage spread4 ,or friend or foe1 had wept for ,eire1 ,and for her princes dead6 8,there lay the arms of mighty chiefs3 ,there kings in death with helms unbound4 ,a field of doom it was2 a place ,by deadly spells girt round6 8,upon his left hand leaned my son3 ,his shield lay broken by his side3 ,his right hand clutched his sword3 the blood ,rushed from him like a tide4 8,i stayed my spear-shaft on the ground3 ,o'er him ,i stooped on bended knee3 ,on me my ,oscar turned his eyes3 ,he stretched his hands to me4 8,to me my ,oscar spake--my son-- #cdd ,the dying man1 and all but dead3 #8,thou liv'st6 ,for this ,i thank the gods6 ,o father6' thus he said4 8#8,rememberest thou that day we fought ,far westward at the ,sith of ,mor8' ,caoilte spake3 #8,i healed thee then1 ,though deep thy wounds and sore3-- 8#8,no cure there lives for wounds like these4'0 ,here ceased the lamentable sound4 ,five steps the old man moved apart2 ,then dashed him on the ground4 8,my ,oscar stared upon his wounds2 ,to fields long past his thoughts took flight3 #8,my son1 ,i cried1 thou hadst not died ,if ,fionn had ruled the fight6' 8,o ,patrick6 ,i have sung thee lays1 ,emprize of others1 or my own2 ,where he was bravest all were brave2 ,but his1 and his alone1 8,the gracious ways1 the voice that smiled1 ,the heart so loving and so strong3 ,the women laughed my harp to hear2 ,they wept at ,oscar's song6 8,all night we watched the dying man3 ,to staunch his blood we strove in vain3 ,we heard the demon-loaded wind ,along the mountain strain4 8,all night we propped him with our spears3 ,to staunch his blood we strove in vain3 ,till1 drenched in falling floods1 the moon ,went down beyond the plain4 8,alas6 the dawning of that morn1 ,my ,oscar's last6 ,with barren glare ,it flashed along the broken arms1 ,and the red pools here and there4 8,then saw we pacing from afar1 #cde ,a kingly form1 a shape of woe3 ,king ,fionn it was that toward us moved ,with measured footsteps slow3 8,king ,fionn himself2 and far behind ,came many warriors more of ,fail1#ha ,down-gazing on ,baoigne's clan1 ,death-cold1 and still1 and pale4 8,there lay all dumb the men of might2 ,there1 foot to foot1 the foemen1 strewn ,like seaweed lines on stormy shores1 ,or forests overblown6 8,oh6 then to hear that cry far borne ,on gales new-touched with morning frost ,as though he heard it not1 the king ,came1 striding o'er that host1 8,seeking the bodies of his sons4 ,so on he strode through fog and mist2 ,and we to meet him moved2 for now ,that ,fionn it was we wist4 8#8,all hail to thee1 ,king ,fionn6 all hail6' ,he answered naught1 but onward passed ,until he reached that spot where lay ,my ,oscar sinking fast4 8#8,late1 late thou com'st3 yet thou art here4' ,then answered ,fionn1 #8,alas the day6 ,my reign is done since thou art gone1 ,and all this host is clay4' 8,my ,oscar gazed upon his face3 ,he heard the words his grandsire said3 ,he heard1 nor spake3 his hand down fell2 ,and his great spirit fled4 8,then all the warriors1 far and near1 #cdf ,save one that wept1 and ,fionn1 my sire1 ,three times upraised a cry that rang ,o'er all the land of ,eire4 8,fionn turned from us his face that hour3 ,we knew that tears adown it crept3 ,never1 except for ,bran his hound1 ,the king till then had wept4 ,he shed no tear above his son2 ,tearless he saw his brother die3 ,he wept to see my ,oscar dead1 ,and the warriors weeping nigh4 8,this is the tale of ,gahbra's fight1 ,where all the monarchs warred on one2 ,where they that wrecked him shared his fate1 ,and ,erin's day was done4 8,on ,gahbra's field the curse came down3 ,our voice is changed from that of men3 ,we sigh by night2 we sigh by day3 ,we learned that lesson then4 ,oh6 many a prince was laid that day ,in narrow cairn and lonely cave3 ,but all the fair-famed ,rath thenceforth ,became my ,oscar's grave4 ,patrick1 ,i pray the ,lord of ,life-- ,patrick1 do thou his grace implore-- ,that death may still my heart ere long3 ,this night my pain is sore40 #hj ,the substance of this poem will be found among the translations of the ,irish ,ossianic ,society4 #ha 8,inisfail0--,ireland4 ---------- ,,the ,,place ,,vendome ,,and ,,la ,,roquette4 #cdg ,,the ,,beginning ,,and ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,commune4 ,,from ,,le ,,correspondant4 ,concluded4 ,when we arrived at ,la ,roquette1 as there were no steps by which to descend from the cart1 the national guardsmen1 who had not insulted us1 aided the laymen in getting out1 but when it came to the turn of the priests they refused their assistance4 ,they shut us up for more than an hour and a half in a narrow room which could scarcely hold us4 ,it was nearly five hours since we left our cells at ,mazas4 ,some aged priests--pardon these common details concerning the sufferings of all kinds we underwent--asked to be shown to a retired place4 ,after making them wait a long time1 they placed a repulsive bucket in the middle of the room4 ,during our whole stay at ,la ,roquette1 a hundred soldiers1 ten ecclesiastics1 and some national guardsmen had no other--what the ,english and ,germans call by a modest euphemism 8a closet or privy0--than an article of the same kind1 placed in the middle of an infectious apartment in the third story1 and ,i was suffering from an inflammation of the bowels1 brought on by want of exercise1 of nourishment1 and of sleep4 ,the time passed in this anteroom was not lost4 ,we became acquainted and we encouraged one another4 ,in the school of misfortune1 people learn to be communicative1 and to overlook differences of age and social rank4 ,those who did not anticipate any imminent danger were undeceived4 ,we will add1 to show how profoundly hope is graven in the heart of man1 that the strongest pessimists easily yielded to the influence of the optimists4 ,not one was wanting in firmness and patience4 ,at last the door of the anteroom opened1 and a citoyen with red pantaloons1 a red girdle1 and red cravat called over the prisoners4 ,it was ,citoyen ,franois1 the ,director of ,la ,roquette4 ,those familiar with the history of ,paris know that1 at the end of the ,empire1 the post of the sapeurs-pompiers of ,la ,villette was taken by assault by a handful of demagogues1 who killed several sapeurs-pompiers4 ,the leaders of the insurrection were no other than ,general ,eudes1 a member of the ,commune1 and ,citizen ,franois1 the warden of ,la ,roquette4 ,the citizen-director of ,mazas had still greater claims on the confidence of the ,commune4 ,it will be seen that the hostages were well guarded4 ,la ,grande-,roquette1 so called to distinguish it from ,la ,petite-,roquette1 which is opposite1 and where young prisoners are confined1 is the prison of those condemned to death and to the travaux forcs4 ,it is divided into two distinct parts3 the eastern and western buildings4 ,separated by a spacious interior court1 they are united on the street by a third building1 in the lower part of which is the jailer's office2 and1 on the opposite side1 by a sufficiently large chapel1 which was1 of course1 closed and stript of #cdh all the exterior emblems they could destroy4 ,some of us were confined in the first story of the western building where the hostages were who came the night before4 ,the second and third stories were occupied by those sentenced by the court of assize of the ,seine4 ,the remainder1 and ,i was of the number1 were sent to the third story of the eastern building4 ,the first story was occupied by about forty ,parisian guardsmen1 prisoners of the ,commune2 the second story by a somewhat larger number of sergents de ville1 who were found at ,montmartre in the affair of the eighteenth of ,march4 ,in consequence of the defection of a part of the line1 they fell into the power of the insurgents4 ,there were also on the same story a dozen artillerymen1 likewise prisoners4 ,the third story1 where ,i was conducted with seven ecclesiastics and three laymen1 was already occupied by a hundred soldiers1 some of whom1 on their way through ,paris at the time of the proclamation of the ,commune1 refused to serve it1 and others had been taken prisoners in the engagements between the insurgents and the regular army4 ,the following night1 three vicars from ,belleville and ,st4 ,ambroise were imprisoned with us4 ,the cells of ,la ,roquette are extremely plain4 ,they are about one mtre and a few centimtres wide and two and a half metrs long4 ,no chair1 no table3 the only article of furniture is an iron bedstead4 ,neatness is the least thing to be remarked concerning them4 ,it was very evident that several generations of criminals had occupied them without rendering them any more agreeable4 ,this was not all4 ,the first night ,i found myself among two kinds of insects whose names are unmentionable4 ,when in the warm climes of the ,east1 and in the villages of ,southern ,spain1 ,i found myself aux prises with these nocturnal enemies1 ,i had at least the consolation of lighting my taper1 of complaining the next day to the hostess1 and of changing my room or the inn4 ,but at ,la ,roquette none of these things was possible4 ,having no chair to sit on1 ,i remained seated on my bed4 ,i must1 however1 mention one advantage at ,la ,roquette of which we were deprived at ,mazas3 the cellular discipline was not as rigorous4 ,the prisoners could at certain moments of the day see each other in the court1 or in the passage of the story they occupied4 ,each window lights two cells separated by a strong partition1 but between the partition and the grating of the window1 common to both cells1 is a space through which the occupants can talk1 and even pass a book4 ,i could thus exchange some pious thoughts and fortifying resolutions with my neighbor1 the ,abb ,amodru4 ,during the day we spoke of ,god1 of death1 eternity1 of the assistance we could render our companions3 during the night1 we regarded with horror the lugubrious fires that seemed to be devouring the whole city4 ,the very night of our arrival1 a battery of seven large marine pieces set up at ,pre-la-,chaise began to discharge shells and petroleum-bombs on different parts of ,paris4 ,as it was only a few mtres from our prison1 it shook our cells and stunned us with the frightful detonation1 and the whir of the projectiles passing above our heads4 ,this battery did not cease its incendiary work till the following ,saturday1 the twenty-seventh of ,may1 at half-past three1 the moment when the regular army gained possession of the cemetery4 ,some days before my arrest1 ,citizen ,delescluze declared in a proclamation1 #cdi little noticed1 that the miserable advocates of the government of the fourth of ,september1 ready in words to defend us against the ,prussians behind the forts1 ramparts1 and barricades1 had given everything up to them2 but the ,communists would show themselves faithful to their plan of defence against the royalists--8after the ramparts1 the barricades2 after the barricades1 the houses2 after the houses1 fire and the mine40 ,this great criminal should have kept his word4 ,we were permitted on ,wednesday morning to hold communication with one another4 ,but the director gave the strictest orders that there should be none whatever between us and the soldiers4 ,when the soldiers were not in one of the courts of the prison1 we were shut up in our cells4 ,i observed ,m4 l',abb ,beyle1 one of ,mgr4 ,darboy's vicar-generals1 in one of the windows of the first story of the western building4 ,he immediately recognized me1 and informed me by some intelligible signs that the hostages would have recreation together in one of the courts1 and that ,m4 ,deguerry would be very glad to see me and obtain news of the parish of the ,madeleine4 ,at noon the wardens ordered us to descend4 ,i was affected at the thought that ,i was about to see our archbishop and vicar-generals1 my cur1 and some of my friends belonging to the clergy and religious orders of ,paris4 ,i stationed myself before the door through which they would come out of the western building4 ,the archbishop was the first to appear4 ,he was hardly recognizable1 such frightful ravages had privations and sufferings wrought on his frail and delicate constitution4 ,he was immediately surrounded by the priests of the eastern building4 ,the laymen were not less eager to manifest their respectful sympathy4 ,while he was addressing me a friendly word1 and ,i was kissing his hand1 ,m4 ,deguerry entered the court4 ,i had been for ten years one of his vicars at the ,madeleine4 ,knowing his great need of an active life and a certain impressionability of his character1 ,i expected to find him enfeebled1 discouraged1 and ill after two months' confinement in the cell of a prison4 ,happily1 there was nothing of the kind4 ,his face was fresh and healthy1 and his conversation cheerful and enlivening4 ,in spite of his seventy-four years1 he was as erect as ever4 ,he1 as well as the archbishop1 had undergone much suffering1 but privations and trials had made no inroads upon his strong constitution4 ,with the exception of a quarter of an hour ,i passed with ,mgr4 ,surat1 ,pre ,olivaint1 ,m4 ,bayle1 ,m4 ,petit1 the chief secretary of the archbishop1 ,m4 ,molon1 the cur of ,st4 ,sverin1 and some other confrres1 ,i passed the whole time of recreation with ,m4 ,deguerry4 ,he was desirous of news concerning his clergy and parish4 ,the closing of the ,madeleine greatly distressed him1 but1 when he heard that nothing had been injured or desecrated1 he resumed his serenity4 ,he said little of the humiliating treatment of ,raoul ,rigault1 and the ennui and sufferings of his long imprisonment in the cells of ,mazas4 ,so far from retaining any bitterness in his heart1 he wished 8to consecrate the few years he still had to live in doing as much good as possible to those who had been persecuting the clergy and injuring the cause of religion2 in adapting the charities and the ministry of the times to the exceptional wants of ,paris2 and in showing that by abandoning ,jesus ,christ and his holy teachings1 peoples1 as well as individuals1 only meet with deceptive illusions #cej and material and moral ruin40 ,we quote these words to show that ,m4 ,deguerry had no grave fears respecting his situation4 ,the archbishop and he both knew that the death of the hostages had been discussed by the ,commune1 but they were convinced that these threats would never be executed4 ,what reasons had they for such an assurance8 ,had they received an absolute promise8 ,were they ignorant of the revolutionary orgies of ,paris1 and the brutal hatred of its tyrants8 ,did they think1 having nothing to reproach themselves for1 that no one could conceive the idea of putting them to death8 ,i was vainly endeavoring to find an explanation of this assurance when ,mgr4 ,darboy joined us4 ,if his health was affected and his body enfeebled1 his mind was undoubtedly clear and sagacious4 ,he not only took broad and correct views of the events and men of the times1 but he displayed an acuteness almost caustic4 ,the consciousness of his ecclesiastical dignity and his intellectual strength suggested to him many observations1 full of animation and reality1 respecting the incredible humiliations that he had received from ,raoul ,rigault and other heroes of the club1 or estaminet1 who thought they were aggrandizing themselves and acquiring claims on the admiration of posterity by their absurdity and impertinence4 ,he bitterly deplored the weakening of the public sense of respect for authority1 and thought1 without a reformation in this respect1 ,paris and the whole of ,france would never recover from their misfortunes4 ,to support these observations1 ,mgr4 ,darboy recalled the conclusion of one of his last pastoral letters1 in which he predicted that1 if society1 persisted in disregarding the precepts of the ,gospel and abandoning the principles of religion and morality1 it would be liable to a terrible overthrow4 ,i1 in my turn1 recalled to his recollection that a democratic journal had not hesitated to condemn this language as bearing the impress of exaggeration1 so desirous was it that ,paris should be divested of all religious belief or practice4 ,he remembered the article spoken of1 and seemed pleased to hear it quoted4 ,the archbishop knew ,i had only been arrested the week before1 and was aware that1 in consequence of my former functions1 ,i had frequent intercourse with the political world4 ,after questioning me respecting the religious condition of ,paris and the parish affairs1 and inquiring about ,mgr4 ,buquet1 who1 notwithstanding his great age and notoriety1 had bravely remained at ,paris1 rendering quite providential service in the diocesan administration1 of which he was the only member free after the arrest and incarceration of ,m4 ,jourdain at the ,conciergerie1 and ,m4 ,icard at the ,prison de la ,sant1 ,mgr4 ,darboy added1 in a tone that excluded all personal preoccupation3 8,what is thought of the situation and fate of the hostages in the political world of ,paris80 8,thanks to the confidence inspired by the ,commune1 honest men1 monseigneur1 are daily taking flight4 ,when the committee of public safety came to prove my mistake in not following in their traces1 ,i only knew four persons in ,paris with whom ,i could converse1 and that rarely1 on the events of the day3--,m4 ,l----1 the chief secretary of the ,crdit ,foncier2 ,m4 ,g----1 a former deputy from ,seine-et-,marne2 the ,count de ,l----1 an old officer2 and ,m4 ,g----1 the president of the ,conseil de ,fabrique1 at ,st4 ,eustache1 imprisoned for a short time1 though eighty-four years old1 because a supply of bread and meat was #cea found at his house which he had the boldness to distribute to the poor of the ,quartier des ,halles4 ,if1 therefore1 you wish to know the impressions of the political and diplomatic world now at ,paris1 you will be nearly reduced to mine1 and it is a question if my modest rgal could tempt monseigneur's appetite40 8,i perceive10 said ,mgr4 ,darboy1 smiling1 8that the ,commune has not had any time to depress your spirits4 ,i am waiting for an answer to my question40 8,all persons of honesty and intelligence condemn your arrest1 monseigneur1 and that of the other hostages4 ,only the ,prussians and the ,commune are capable of reviving this barbarous custom4 ,i have been assured that the representatives of several foreign powers have taken steps to free you from danger1 and doubtless the government at ,versailles1 in the impossibility of directly intervening1 will consider it a duty to encourage these efforts40 8,i was aware of this10 replied the archbishop with marked satisfaction4 8,it was doubtless under this diplomatic pressure that ,protot declared to me that1 if the ,commune had taken hostages1 it was in obedience to the brutal requirements of the lowest demagogues1 and if they should possibly consider an execution necessary1 they would choose one or two officers of the peace1 or sergents de ville1 and by no means a member of the clergy4 ,as for the rest1 ,i have entire confidence in the goodness of ,god and the testimony of my conscience40 ,as ,mgr4 ,darboy ended these words1 at about half-past two1 the warden1 who guarded us1 gave the signal for returning to our cells4 ,his confidence astonished me1 and would have diminished my apprehensions if1 after my transfer to ,la ,roquette1 ,i had not firmly resolved not to yield to my illusions4 ,and afterwards1 in writing an account of this final interview to an eminent friend of the archbishop and my cur1 ,i said3 8,while they seemed to have no fears1 ,i had no hope40 ,this was on ,wednesday1 the twenty-fourth of ,may4 ,some time after1 about seven o'clock1 ,i observed1 through the bars of my cell1 a strange movement in the large interior court4 ,there was a great difference between ,mazas and ,la ,roquette4 ,at ,mazas1 the prison discipline was in sufficient vigor1 but at ,la ,roquette there was no order and no discipline4 ,this prison1 placed between the ,faubourgs ,st4 ,antoine1 ,mnilmontant1 and ,charonne1 was at the mercy of all the wild beasts of these quarters1 who knocked around and roared without any restraint4 ,some men of sinister appearance went from the office to the western building where the first hostages were kept1 some armed with revolvers and others carrying mysterious documents4 ,the director of the prison1 with his red girdle and pantaloons1 gave1 or rather received1 orders with an air that might be regarded as embarrassed or satisfied1 according to one's idea of his principles4 ,the bad wardens did not conceal their joy1 the good ones disappeared in consternation4 ,a citoyen of imperious manners and wild aspect1 before whom some bowed and others trembled1 proceeded like a man in a fit of madness or intoxication towards the western building4 ,i had not then sufficient presence of mind to recognize him1 but ,i was convinced afterwards that it was ,ferr2 others1 with less probability1 declare it was ,raoul ,rigault4 ,these two rivals of ,robespierre would figure equally well at the post of infamy4 ,most of the windows were closed in the first story of the western part facing us1 where the principal hostages were incarcerated2 a few were #ceb open1 revealing empty cells4 ,at the same time1 the windows of the second and third stories1 occupied by those condemned by the court of assize1 were filled with prisoners who were wondering1 with a lively curiosity1 at the meaning of the unusual spectacle which had struck us4 ,my anxiety became more and more intense1 when ,i saw an officer of the insurgents half open the door that led from the court to the office1 and say1 with a solemn voice3 8,are the hommes de guerre ready80 ,without being thoroughly initiated into the military language1 ,i understood they were about to shoot the whole or a part of us4 ,i threw myself on my knees to implore ,god to grant us all strength and courage4 ,a few minutes past eight1 ,i was stunned by a horrible firing4 ,six almost simultaneous discharges of chassepots1 succeeded by some single reports1 resounded in the prison court4 ,a deadly silence succeeded this noise1 and revealed to me that only a few steps distant had been committed one of those monstrous crimes that constitute an epoch in the history of the human race4 ,from the prayers for the dying ,i passed to the prayers for the dead4 ,never had ,i so thoroughly sounded the depths of ,god's mercy4 ,i no longer conjured him1 but claimed an indemnification1 worthy of him1 for the victims of so base and execrable an outrage4 ,i never could have survived this excess of man's iniquity1 if ,i had not felt myself sustained by an assurance of the eternal goodness and justice of ,god4 ,when ,i rose1 the mournful noise of the clarions and drums1 and the dismal rumbling of a cart towards ,charonne1 seemed to put an end to this tragedy4 ,wednesday night was truly a night of torture for me4 ,every instant the outer and inner doors of the prison were opened to bring in1 or carry away1 victims4 ,a court martial1 or rather banditti under the guise of judges1 held a session in the office4 ,the unfortunate men1 who were suspected of 8complicity with the chouans at ,versailles10 or who refused to die for the ,commune under the orders of old criminals1 were mercilessly sacrificed4 ,with the sound of drums and trumpets mingled the noise of the carriages that brought the suspected to ,la ,roquette1 and carried to ,pre-la-,chaise those who had been shot1 and the bombs ptrole4 ,at the same time the cemetery battery did not cease its thunder1 and the flames that were consuming the monuments of ,paris cast their lurid gleams into our cells4 ,let the reader for a moment take my place1 and he will feel that no description could equal so overwhelming a spectacle4 ,being on the eastern side of the prison1 which has no direct communication with the western1 ,i was still ignorant on ,thursday morning of the names of the victims of the night before4 ,two faithful wardens came at an early hour to announce the fatal news1 and give me nearly the same details of this sad drama4 ,according to them1 the emissaries of the ,commune were the only witnesses of the execution3 it was therefore difficult to obtain a precise1 and1 especially1 a complete account4 ,one of these wardens1 who went as near as he could to the place of execution1 received orders to aid the executioners in placing the bodies upon a cart which was to take them to a corner of ,charonne1 at the extremity of ,pre-la-,chaise4 ,it is to his details1 and those of other wardens1 and the prisoners of the western side1 that ,i owe the following particulars4 ,an emissary of the prfecture of police presented himself with some #cec armed insurgents in the first story of the western side1 uttering horrible threats3 8,the royalists are assassinating the republicans3 it is horrible6 it must be stopped60 ,then taking a list marked with a red pencil1 he cried in a loud voice3 8,citoyen ,darboy6 citoyen ,deguerry6 citoyen ,bonjean6 citoyen ,ducoudray6 citoyen ,clerc6 citoyen ,allard60 ,they were the six victims given up to the jury of frenzied demagogues4 ,everybody knows the three first4 ,pre ,ducoudray1 of the ,society of ,jesus1 was the superior of an educational establishment in the old ,rue des ,postes1 and devoted himself to the formation of good ,christians and good ,frenchmen2 ,pre ,clerc1 also a ,jesuit1 and formerly a naval officer1 was one of the directors of the same establishment2 and the ,abb ,allard1 an old apostolic missionary1 who had been devoting his time to the service of the ambulances and still wore the armlet and cross of the international society of ,geneva4 ,each one replied in a firm and resigned voice3 8,present40 ,i learned the next day from ,mgr4 ,surat1 the first vicar-general of ,paris1 that the ,jesuit fathers had received two days before some consecrated hosts1 and the ,fathers ,ducoudray and ,clerc were able at this critical moment to give themselves the ,holy ,communion4 ,they also gave him two sacred hosts at the arrival of their murderers1 one of which he offered ,m4 ,deguerry1 who thus met death with the ,christian fortitude and the boundless trust that the bread of life confers4 ,in going down1 ,mgr4 ,darboy and ,m4 ,bonjean1 who showed an invincible firmness to the end1 locked arms4 ,they were all overwhelmed with gross insults on their way to the place of execution4 ,an obscure corner had been chosen1 on the circular railway that separates the main prison from the outer ramparts4 ,the victims were able to give one another encouragement and final absolution and benediction4 ,some words have been attributed to the archbishop1 the authenticity of which ,i cannot vouch for3 ,i am not even sure that he spoke at all4 ,it is very probable that1 in the presence of death1 they preserved a religious recollection1 replying only by their silence and forgiveness to the insults of their murderers4 ,what is beyond doubt1 they all displayed an unalterable calmness and dignity4 ,their murderers could not have been numerous1 or else their state of intoxication and fury must have prevented their correctness of aim4 ,some of their victims1 in fact1 received only two shots4 ,when their bodies were discovered1 ,i had that of ,m4 ,deguerry examined by three physicians--,drs4 de ,beauvais1 ,moissenet1 and ,raynaud4 ,a round ball had passed through one side of the eye into the skull1 where it was imbedded in the fractured bones4 ,it is preserved at the ,madeleine4 ,the other ball passed through one of the lungs4 ,the physicians thought that his death must have been instantaneous4 ,at the moment of being shot1 ,m4 ,deguerry1 with an impulse in accordance with his military turn1 opened his cassock and exposed his chest to the aim of his murderers2 the ball which entered his lung only passed through the back part of his cassock4 ,the wardens informed me that1 before throwing the bodies into the cart1 they were stripped of a part of their clothes1 which were burned on the place of execution4 ,i can testify to the exactitude of this1 having twice seen the spots covered with the burning clothes4 ,i also ascertained that the money of the six victims was afterward stolen #ced from their cells1 and their books and papers cast into the fire4 ,some weeks after a half-burned breviary was seen in one of the closets of the ante-room of ,la ,roquette4 ,it is thus the ,commune respected the last wishes and testamentary dispositions of its victims4 ,those who were shot on ,wednesday and the following days1 and all the prisoners whom the committee of public safety reserved for the same fate1 were victims of their devotedness to two noble and grand causes4 ,they were persecuted through hatred of religion1 the abolition of which the ,commune had inscribed in its sacrilegious programme1 and through hatred of the country represented by the ,french army and the national assembly at ,versailles1 who were defending order1 liberty1 honor1 civilization1 and the faith against barbarians4 ,after the massacre on ,wednesday1 the hostages could entertain no further illusion as to their fate4 ,this was only the commencement of a bloody drama4 ,everything convinced me it would only end with the last of the hostages4 ,then we entered upon a long agony of four days1 the sad changes in which no human tongue could describe4 ,i will confine myself to enumerating without comment the most remarkable incidents4 ,on ,thursday noon1 we were allowed recreation together in the same court as the day before4 ,our faces were sadder1 but our hearts were as courageous4 ,the laymen manifested a cordial sympathy for the clergy and a like serenity4 ,it was evident that all put their confidence in ,god--a confidence that is not vain4 ,i conversed twenty minutes with ,pre ,olivaint4 ,smitten in his dearest affections1 he still had a gracious smile on his lips4 ,i will not attempt to depict the expression of his face or repeat his conversation4 ,his face had something about it truly supernatural1 and his words were those of an angel4 ,at the proposition of ,mgr4 ,surat1 ,m4 ,bayle1 and ,pre ,olivaint1 the priests made a vow1 if ,god would deign to snatch them from the jaws of death1 to celebrate a ,mass of thanksgiving in honor of the ,blessed ,virgin on the first ,saturday of every month for the space of three years4 ,i noticed among the laymen a face familiar to me4 ,i inquired his name4 ,it was that of one of the most intelligent and most courageous commissaires de police4 ,it was he whom the government appointed in ,january1 #ahfd1 to make me a domiciliary visit and seize my papers1 by way of expiating my support of ,m4 ,thiers as a candidate1 and my opposition to the measures that had brought destruction on the empire and threatened at this very moment to cover ,paris with blood and ruins4 ,by a strange freak of fortune1 our struggles in opposite directions had brought us to the same fate1 which neither of us had hardly anticipated4 ,if ,i had not been afraid of recalling a delicate remembrance1 ,i would have assured him of my absolute forgiveness and of my devoted regards4 ,towards the end of our recreation1 one of the shells from the battery of ,pre-la-,chaise broke1 with a loud explosion1 a stone in the wall under which we were walking4 ,in ordinary times we should have shuddered and taken flight1 but now it scarcely excited attention4 ,in separating1 we bade one another farewell till we met again--below1 or in heaven3 we did not know which4 ,in the evening we noticed fresh fires in ,paris1 and learned that the insurgents were setting fire to all the monuments of those quarters #cee where they had been repulsed by the army of ,versailles4 ,these fires distressed and exasperated me4 ,forgetting the danger ,i was in1 ,i broke out in bitter complaints before my companions1 who could not succeed in calming me4 ,i was indebted to the heroes of petroleum1 picrate1 and glycerine for the only moments of irritation and despondency ,i felt during my captivity4 ,that morning they shot ,m4 ,jecker1 the celebrated ,mexican banker1 in the court of ,la ,roquette1 and in the evening a refactory national guardsman against the outer wall4 ,i comprehended the execution of the latter1 but that of ,m4 ,jecker would have seemed to me an atrocious logogriph1 if we had been on earth and not in the realm of demons4 ,at eight o'clock1 a warden notified ,m4 ,amodru and myself to descend to be shot4 8,finitum est10 8,all is finished10 said my kind neighbor to me4 ,we knelt down by the window common to both cells1 and gave each other absolution4 ,the prisoners who understood the warden's order regarded us from their cells with curiosity4 ,the most cynical laughed at the prayers we were making in view of immediate death4 ,i put on my sacerdotal garments1 wrote my relatives1 friends1 and confrres a few farewell lines1 and read in my breviary the prayers of the dying4 ,after half an hour1 ,i learned they had made a mistake1 and instead of exposing ,m4 ,amodru and myself to the range of loaded chassepots1 two laymen were to be taken before a court-martial1 which amounted to the same thing1 if ,i except a pretence of trial4 ,i learned later1 from an under-officer and some sergents de ville1 that the agents of the ,commune announced1 more than once1 that prisoners were about to be shot1 adding some time after with a malicious smile that they would lose nothing by waiting1 and the ceremony was merely deferred till the next day4 ,i passed a part of the night in regarding the fires4 ,the whole horizon was aflame toward ,bercy4 ,the battery at ,pre-la-,chaise1 encouraged by the progress of the flames1 redoubled its violence4 ,the firing of arms and the booming of the cannon at the same time resounded in the direction of ,montmartre and the ,htel de ,ville4 ,i wondered if ,i was awake or under the influence of a horrible nightmare4 ,a complete exhaustion of physical strength prevented me from fully deciding4 ,i only mention this strange sensation because my companions in captivity also experienced it4 ,on ,friday morning1 at an early hour1 my neighbor and myself received a visit from one of the subaltern employees of the prison4 ,at first we felt some confidence in him1 and we gave him two or three francs a day1 as much from a wish to do a kind act1 as a reward for his services1 which were in a state of project4 ,it did not require profound sagacity to discover that he was at the bottom only a spy and an accomplice of the ,commune4 ,the equivocal manner in which he pretended to console us in relating the progress of the ,versailles army1 showed he had the highest ideas of our simplicity and candor4 ,finding us more depressed and reserved after the catastrophe of ,wednesday1 he said to us in that tone1 at once bantering and polite1 which the ,parisian voyou has at command3 8,is it possible you give credit to the stories in circulation respecting the death of the ,archbishop of ,paris and the ,cur of the ,madeleine8 ,they are simply absurd4 ,some of the national guards1 who had been drinking too much1 were amusing themselves in discharging their guns against the prison #cef walls3 ,i assure you1 no one was shot40 ,then1 knowing we were to undergo the same fate in a few hours1 he eagerly proposed to the clergy of our story a lottery which1 according to his delicate calculations1 would procure him some profits without depriving him of the objects of art he was proud of fabricating4 ,for eight days ,i was obliged to swallow such humiliations1 which revealed poor human nature in quite a new aspect4 ,the selfish proposition of this deceitful employee was rejected promptly1 but we concluded to continue our daily gratuity1 in gratitude for services he was always promising1 and which were never performed4 ,when he left our story1 he always went directly to the office to give an account of what he had seen or heard4 ,we had not only to resist ferocity1 but also craftiness and duplicity4 ,it was in the plans of the ,commune that none of the hostages should escape death4 ,the next ,sunday1 the first object that struck my eyes at the office of ,la ,roquette was the list of their names4 ,there was a horizontal mark against the names of those who were to be shot3 when the execution was accomplished1 they added a vertical mark1 thus forming a cross4 ,every name had a horizontal line before it4 ,if my memory does not deceive me1 they followed the order of the list in the executions4 ,about two o'clock1 three shells from the battery of ,pre-la-,chaise hit the prison roof only a few mtres above our heads1 and covered the court with tiles and fragments of the chimneys4 ,some of the prisoners protested against the danger of these projectiles exploding in their closed cells and had the doors opened2 others did not seem to heed the stunning incident3 absorbed in prayer1 they were more preoccupied with eternal than temporal things4 ,the shells that hit our prison were an indication of the rapid progress of the ,french troops1 but this progress threw us into the most perplexing and intolerable of situations4 ,we could only expect our safety from the ,versailles army2 we ought1 then1 in consideration of the general interests of civilization1 and our own interests1 to desire ardently its triumph4 ,but it was no less evident that the nearer the army approached1 the more imminent became our end4 ,thus the perspective which was our only hope of safety1 inevitably announced at the same time our destruction4 ,if the illimitable consolations of religion had not raised us above our misfortunes1 we should have been a prey to the anticipated horrors of everlasting woe4 ,in such cruel hours we comprehend the words of the ,god-,man1 who1 in the garden of ,gethsemani and on ,golgotha1 drank to the dregs the chalice of all humiliations1 all sorrows1 and every kind of anguish1 in order to sanctify them4 8,my ,god1 my ,god1 why hast thou abandoned me80 should not be separated from these other words1 which exclude all despondency and presage a wonderful recompense3 8,father1 into thy hands ,i commend my spirit60 ,,iv4 ,,la ,,roquette--,,insurrection--,,deliveranc e--,,conclusion4 ,the close of the day on ,friday was exceedingly gloomy4 ,the same events took place in the interior court of the prison as on ,thursday evening4 ,at the sight of the mysterious agent who held a list in his hand1 each one said to himself3 8,my name is probably inscribed on that list3 may #ceg ,god have mercy on me60 ,i again heard the fatal interrogation from the mouth of an insurgent officer3 8,are the soldiers at their post80 ,from the cells in the building opposite some friendly hands indicated to us by signs that the number to be shot amounted to twelve1 fifteen1 sixteen6444 ,it was hardly a fourth of those immolated to the hatred of the ,commune4 ,unfortunately1 the facts that each one witnessed were limited1 as our horizon was restricted to the four corners of our cell1 or at most to a part of the story we were in3 each one1 therefore1 could only give some particulars of the changes of fortune and the victims executed4 ,on ,saturday morning1 one of the employees of the library1 who manifested a solicitude beyond all praise1 gave me1 with tears in his eyes1 the most minute details about the extent of the sad event4 ,at five o'clock1 an emissary of the ,commune entered the first story of the western side1 and called out3 8,citoyens1 attention to the roll3 here1 fifteen are wanted60 ,among these victims were the ,jesuit ,fathers ,olivaint1 ,caubert1 and ,de ,bengy2 the four principal ,fathers of the ,society of ,picpus3 ,abb ,sabattier1 the second vicar of ,notre ,dame de ,lorette3 ,abb ,seigneret1 a young pupil of the ,seminary of ,st4 ,sulpice2 and ,abb ,planchat1 a genuine missionary1 who displayed all the zeal of an apostle1 not in ,china or ,japan1 but among the working-classes of the ,faubourg ,st4 ,antoine4 ,about forty gendarmes1 soldiers1 officers of the peace1 and ,parisian guardsmen were also summoned1 the most of whom were imprisoned in the first story of our building to the east4 ,they were conducted to ,belleville1 preceded by drums and trumpets1 into one of the courts of the ,rue ,haxo4 ,all the long way1 a furious crowd1 among whom women made themselves conspicuous by a frenzy bordering on drunkenness1 vomited forth threats and imprecations4 ,after shooting them with chassepots and revolvers1 they mutilated their bodies with kicks and the butt-end of their muskets1 and afterwards threw them pell-mell into a cellar1 whence they were taken out three days after in a state of advanced putrefaction4 ,the most incredulous saw their last hour approaching1 and ,i prepared myself once more to die4 ,the insurgents stole or burned the things left in the cells4 ,i placed my watch1 papers1 and my testamentary dispositions in the care of the employee at the library1 with the names of the persons to whom he was to transmit them4 ,i earnestly desired my body might receive a suitable burial1 and1 not knowing what means to take that it might be recognized1 ,i communicated my anxiety to the ,abb ,amodru1 my neighbor4 ,he had foreseen1 and provided for1 the difficulty1 and1 following his example1 ,i wrote my name in legible characters upon several small slips of paper1 which ,i put into my shoes and the different pockets of my habit4 ,it was the eve of ,whit-,sunday4 ,having no longer the strength to kneel1 ,i seated myself on my bed1 and took sometimes my breviary1 and then ,the ,following of ,christ in my hands4 ,i prayed ,god for courage and a spirit of sacrifice4 ,in reading the ,thirtieth ,psalm1 ,i was struck with these words3 8,let me not be confounded1 ,o ,lord1 for ,i have called upon thee6444 ,thou shalt protect them in thy tabernacle from the contradiction of tongues4 ,blessed be the ,lord1 for he hath shown his wonderful mercy to me1 a fortified city40 ,but ,i immediately distrusted the hopes that so readily pervaded my soul ,i wished to remain facing the sad realities of death4 ,the constantly increasing noise of the firing announced the approach #ceh of the contending parties4 ,the barricades of the ,chteau d',eau had been valiantly taken by the ,versailles troops3 the ,commune1 in session at the ,mairie du ,prince ,eugne1 was obliged to beat a retreat4 ,by a great effort1 the scattered members sucoeeded in gaining the office of ,la ,roquette1 to conduct the labors of the cosmopolitan banditti4 ,between the army of deliverance and us were still those men of blood1 whose last ravings were so many decrees of death and incendiarism4 ,it is said that ,ferr sprang like a tiger about to lose his prey1 crying in a hoarse voice3 8,make haste6 shoot them1 the chouans6 ,cut their throats1 the robbers6 do not leave one standing6 ,citoyens and citoyennes of the faubourgs1 come and avenge your sons and your fathers1 basely assassinated60 ,the unhappy men had no time to lose2 the ,versailles troops1 on the one hand1 were entering the ,boulevard du ,prince ,eugne2 on the other1 they surrounded ,pre-la-,chaise2 but1 by an intolerable fatality1 the source of our safety was at the same time that of our destruction4 ,a few minutes past three1 the heavy bolts of our cells flew back with unaccustomed quickness4 ,i was on my knees1 saying1 with a voice almost extinct1 the office of the ,eve of ,whit-,sunday4 ,my neighbor quickly opened the door of my cell4 8,courage10 he said1 8it is now our turn2 they are going to take us all down to shoot us60 8,courage10 ,i replied1 8and may the will of ,god be done60 ,i had on my clerical costume1 and advanced into the corridor where priests1 soldiers1 and national guards were all mingled together4 ,the priests and national guards appeared calm and resigned1 but the soldiers could not believe in the fate that awaited them4 8,what have we done to those wretches8 we fought against the ,prussians6 we fulfilled our duty6 ,what are they going to shoot us for8 ,no1 it is not possible60 ,some uttered cries of anger1 others remained silent and motionless as if they were in a dream4 ,the priests knelt to fortify themselves by a last absolution2 one of them urged the soldiers to imitate us1 and addressed them some words of encouragement4 ,a voice with a metallic ring suddenly rose above this confused noise3 8,my friends1 those ignoble villains have already killed too many2 do not allow yourselves to be murdered2 join me2 let us resist2 let us fight4 ,rather than give you up1 ,i will die with you60 ,it was the voice of the warden ,pinet4 ,this generous son of ,lorraine1 aghast at so many crimes1 could no longer stifle his indignation4 ,charged to open our cells slowly and deliver us two by two to the insurgents1 who were waiting for us below1 he had fastened the door of the third story behind him1 rapidly opened our cells to advise us and aid in organizing a resistance1 ready to sacrifice his life in aiding us to save ours4 ,at first1 ,i could not believe in so much heroism4 ,the ,abb ,amodru spoke in his turn1 and joined his protestations to those of ,pinet3 8,let us not submit to be shot1 my friends1 let us defend ourselves4 ,have confidence in ,god2 he is for us and with us2 he will save us60 ,there was a difference of opinion2 some hesitated4 ,to defend ourselves1 objected one1 would be madness2 we should only incur a more cruel death4 ,instead of being simply shot1 we shall be slaughtered by a mob or consumed in the flames4 8,let us call up the national guards10 exclaimed a simple fellow 7,i had not believed such naivet possible #cei at ,la ,roquette71 8and prove to them that we are honest men1 and not robbers and assassins40 8,it is not our lives they wish10 cried a soldier1 whose impartial truthfulness renders it obligatory on me to repeat his words1 and who had as little discernment as moral sense1 8it is only the curs they have a grudge against2 let us not expose our lives in trying to defend theirs60 ,i had not yet uttered a word1 but followed with an anxiety1 easy to comprehend1 the phases of this strange situation4 ,some of my brethren asked what there was to fear or to hope for4 8,the sergents de ville who are below are disposed to defend themselves10 cried the warden ,pinet1 whom the hesitation rendered more energetic and more eloquent4 8,do not allow yourselves to be shot by that band of robbers40 ,i was already convinced that resistance1 the success of which ,i thought more than improbable1 was nevertheless the most suitable measure to be taken4 ,from the eighteenth of ,march ,i had not ceased to protest against the silence and giving up of honest men to criminals2 and to show myself to the end faithful to my programme1 ,i emerged from my apparent inaction4 ,m4 ,walbert1 an old officier de paix1 and the ,abb ,carr1 the ,vicar of ,belleville1 suggested that a hole should be made in the floor to open communication with the sergents de ville imprisoned on the second story1 and they immediately set to work with boards and iron rods that we wrenched from our beds4 ,i joined them4 ,i1 who in the morning had no longer strength enough to stand1 and who had not yet eaten a mouthful of bread1 broke boards in pieces and twisted off the rods with irresistible facility6 ,in five minutes a large opening was made between the second and third stories4 ,the sergents de ville were ready to pay dearly for their lives4 ,the under-officer ,teyssier hoisted himself through the opening to aid ,pinet in the command of the insurrection4 ,the interior court of the prison was crowded by an abject multitude come to witness our last sufferings4 ,it is easier to imagine than to depict the appearance and the threats of this crowd4 ,we put mattresses against the windows as a protection against bullets4 ,there was a young man in the crowd who ordered us to come down1 and aimed at us with a coolness that attracted my attention4 8,see that wretch10 said the warden ,pinet to me1 8he is one of the two condemned to death by the court of assize of the ,seine640 8,the barricade is on fire10 exclaimed some soldiers4 8,we are stifled6 ,help60 ,two enormous barricades had been constructed against the two doors of the story1 with our beds and the flagstones torn up from the floor4 ,i ran to the barricade on fire1 and found myself in a cloud of smoke4 8,do not be alarmed10 said a soldier1 whose skill and presence of mind ,i admired1 8,i constructed the barricade1 and took care to place only mattresses in front3 bring me some water40 ,in fifteen minutes the fire was extinguished4 ,i heard the insurgents1 who sometimes threatened to set fire to our building1 to blow it up1 or order the batteries of ,pre-la-,chaise to fire at it3 sometimes they perfidiously cried3 8,vive la ligne6 surrender1 and we will set you free60 ,the massacres of those who trusted to their promises proved how sincere they were4 ,at that moment1 something as unexpected as fortunate took place in the prison4 ,while we were organizing a desperate resistance1 and the soldiers1 more bold than prudent1 were crying1 8,let us go down to the #cfj office1 and boldly attack the ,commune60 the ,communists1 frightened at our resistance and the rapid progress of the ,french army along the ,boulevard du ,prince ,eugne1 hastily fled from ,la ,roquette in the direction of ,belleville4 ,the rabble1 astonished at this sudden removal1 were convinced of the great danger1 and fled after them4 ,the prisoners were restored to liberty1 and naturally cried3 ,vive la ,rpublique6 vive la ,commune6 ,availing themselves of this confusion1 the lay hostages who were to have been shot with us escaped from ,la ,roquette3 almost all succeeded in crossing the barricades or hiding till the next day in the late haunts of insurrection4 ,some of the clergy imitated them2 others1 particularly ,mgr4 ,surat1 who was dressed as a layman1 hesitated4 ,the wardens1 from motives more praiseworthy than prudent1 urged them to fly4 ,this course seemed to me disastrous4 ,the neighborhood of the prison was in the hands of the insurgents1 whose irritation knew no bounds4 ,i thought it my duty to warn the first vicar-general of ,paris1 and said to him through the bars3 8,take care2 to leave is certain death2 to remain1 uncertain60 ,i ascertained afterwards that ,i had not been heard4 ,in going out of the prison1 he was murdered in a frightful manner1 with ,m4 ,bcourt1 the cur of ,bonne ,nouvelle2 ,m4 ,houillon1 a missionary of the ,missions ,etrangres1 and a lay prisoner4 ,some priests succeeded in concealing themselves in the ,faubourg ,st4 ,antoine1 and some returned to the prison4 ,notwithstanding the departure of the insurgents who were to put us to death1 we were still exposed to sudden attack and every danger while the prison gates were unfastened4 ,i therefore protested in violent terms to the two wardens1 who1 frightened at the terrible consequences that would result from a return of the insurgents1 urged us strongly to descend and go out4 8,we will not go out10 ,i replied2 8the ,versailles troops will be here in a few hours3 if any misfortune happens to us by your fault1 on you will fall the responsibility4 ,fasten all the prison doors1 and only open them to the ,versaillais40 ,they warmly reproached me for an obstinacy they thought must prove fatal to us1 but they faithfully obeyed my orders4 ,at eleven o'clock at night1 the firing1 which was not far off1 ceased4 ,the frenzied demagogues without uttered powerless threats against us4 ,we kept a strict guard1 and seriously began to hope4 ,at a quarter before three1 the firing recommenced toward ,pre-la-,chaise4 ,every hour now seemed an age4 ,there was a formidable barricade in the ,rue de la ,roquette in front of the prison4 ,attacked on the side of the ,bastille1 it would have opposed a formidable resistance on account of its steepness1 but1 owing to the winding and concentric course of the ,french army1 the insurgents1 stormed from the heights occupied by our troops1 left the barricade in disorder1 and a battalion of marines took possession of ,la ,roquette4 ,our resistance1 that at first was only madness1 ended miraculously4 ,it was the great festival of ,whit-,sunday4 ,after four days of the greatest agony that can be imagined1 we were1 contrary to all expectation1 restored to life and liberty4 ,while some of the prisoners cried1 8,vive l'armee6 ,vive la ,france60 the most of them1 affected by want of sleep and the mental torture that no human tongue could express1 persisted in regarding our liberators as insurgents disguised as marines4 ,then began a singular negotiation between the prisoners and the marines1 in which the former1 more #cfa incredulous than ,st4 ,thomas1 saw nothing but snares1 and the latter with immovable patience submitted to requirements that were almost puerile4 ,the arms1 flags1 books1 and papers of the battalion were demanded4 ,the marines consented1 but the prisoners1 blinded and confused1 were still far from being reassured concerning the identity of the marines4 ,some of my companions and myself1 who could not believe a disguise could be so perfect1 were distressed at this prolonged hesitation1 far from flattering to our courageous deliverers4 ,we induced our companions to allow us to go out1 that they might judge from our reception what course to take themselves4 ,at the sight of the marines who rush toward us1 not to massacre us1 but to shake our hands and rejoice over our deliverance1 the confidence of our companions revived1 and they came to receive their share of cordial sympathy4 ,my surprise was great when ,i heard ,general ,vinoy's aide-de-camp eagerly inquire for ,mgr4 ,darboy and ,m4 ,deguerry4 8,where are they8 ,how do they do80 ,it was four days since they were massacred by the ,commune1 and the frightful reality was still unknown at ,versailles and ,paris4 ,knowing the profound affection of the brave ,general ,vinoy for the ,archbishop of ,paris1 his aide-de-camp begged me to give him some correct details1 which he immediately despatched to the general and to ,versailles4 ,they were still fighting furiously around ,la ,roquette4 ,we were obliged to wait nearly an hour at the office1 where we found1 in fearful disorder1 cartridges1 cigars1 swords1 guns1 proscription lists1 proclamations1 and the decrees of the expiring ,commune1 never to be issued4 ,accompanied by an escort bearing before us the ,french flag1 we set out in a body by the heights of the ,faubourg ,st4 ,antoine1 the ,jardin des ,plantes1 and the quais on the left bank of the river1 toward our homes4 ,at each step we had to struggle against the most poignant emotions4 ,here1 in the boulevards1 were heaps of men and horses who had been killed1 with pools of blood beside piles of cartridges and broken chassepots4 ,there1 trees were broken down and houses shattered by shells4 ,the few inhabitants we met seemed confounded and in despair4 ,further on1 we uttered a cry of horror at the sight of the ,htel de ,ville1 the ,palais de ,justice1 the entrance of the ,rue du ,bac1 the ,tuileries1 and the palaces of the ,conseil d',etat and of the ,lgion d',honneur in flames or in ashes4 ,in the ,rue des ,saintes-,pres1 a gentleman and lady whom ,i knew1 but whose names ,i could not recall1 stopped to ask if ,i was one of the ,jesuit ,fathers1 and if ,i came from ,la ,roquette4 ,they wished news of ,pre ,caubert4 ,i informed them he was shot on ,friday with ,pre ,olivaint4 ,at this1 the gentleman raised his eyes to heaven1 while the lady made an effort to overcome her emotion4 8,you see before you10 said he1 8,pre ,caubert's sister60 ,it was ,m4 ,lauras1 one of the directors of the ,orleans ,railway1 and ,madame ,lauras1 ne ,caubert4 ,i accompanied the soldiers1 who had participated in my captivity1 to the ,palais ,bourbon1 and after a fraternal grasp of the hand ,i turned toward the ,madeleine4 ,the ,place de la ,concorde was upset1 and a part of the ,rue ,royale burned down with petroleum4 ,i found the ,madeleine standing1 and my residence in the ,rue de la ,ville-l',evque1 but both injured by the firing4 ,no one knew of1 and what was more strange1 no #cfb one would believe in1 the horrible deaths of ,mgr4 ,darboy and ,m4 ,deguerry4 ,my two confrres at the ,madeleine expressed the same doubt1 the same incredulity4 ,when at vespers ,i was about to ascend the pulpit to recommend the victims to the prayers of the faithful1 they advised me to defer it1 hoping the fatal news would not be confirmed4 ,i had told it to more than one hundred persons1 begging them to inform1 in their turn1 the other parishioners of the ,madeleine1 but when1 in an affecting but cautious and brief manner1 ,i requested the faithful gathered at the foot of the altar to pray for the pastor of the diocese and the cur of the parish1 basely shot on the twenty-fourth of ,may1 in the prison of ,la ,roquette1 a cry of grief and horror escaped from every soul2 the men and the women rose up in confusion1 as if to protest against it2 the gravest and most reverential for a moment seemed to lose their balance4 ,among the confused voices around the pulpit1 these words were the most distinct3 8,no1 no1 such a crime is not possible60 ,my moral conclusions will be simple and brief4 ,it would be an insult to the reader to dwell on the great lessons to be drawn from such sorrowful and overwhelming catastrophes4 ,first ,lesson4 ,divine ,providence never chastised and enlightened a nation by severer blows4 ,it behooves us therefore to consider the grave and exceptional malady that is afflicting society1 and seek an efficacious and permanent remedy for it4 ,we are all suffering from the evil1 and we all should be preoccupied about the means of recovery4 ,some days after leaving ,la ,roquette1 ,i wished to revisit the places where ,i had been imprisoned1 in order to retrace1 with precision1 the events that took place in the last days of the ,commune4 ,i met there one of the most intelligent and most religious juges d'instruction on the bench of the ,seine4 ,i visited with him the places of the greatest interest1 ,mgr4 ,darboy's cell1 and the spot on the circular road where the murder of the six principal hostages took place4 ,the warden took us to ,troppmann's cell4 8,i supposed1 till within a few days10 said ,i to the magistrate of the ,seine1 8that criminals like ,troppmann were of a rare species that required fifty or sixty years to develop in the lowest grades of society4 ,after the realities ,i witnessed at ,la ,roquette1 ,i am convinced they are to be found by thousands in ,paris40 ,the juge d'instruction replied that all the magistrates who studied the mysteries of those grades had the same conviction4 ,it would therefore be simply folly not to consider the remedy most suitable to counteract such a disorder4 ,second ,lesson4 ,in the horrible catastrophe that has just revealed so many material or moral sores1 every one is more or less responsible and culpable4 ,every one should say his me culp1 and seek to become better4 ,the most guilty are certainly the turbulent working classes1 the demagogues1 the ,international1 the secret societies1 outlaws1 and governments without morality1 but they alone are not guilty4 ,literary men who diffuse in their pernicious publications the poison of scepticism and immorality2 artists who are wanting in respect and decency2 the journals of the rich and influential bourgeoisie1 which defend the principles of material conservation1 while by their attacks on the ,holy ,see1 the clergy1 and the church generally1 they sap the very foundations of morality2 politicians who brutally proclaim1 with a view to the rewards and the gratification of their cupidity1 the #cfc primacy of might against right--should disavow and correct their errors4 ,pious people and the clergy should redouble their solicitude and energy in extending and strengthening their influence1 particularly in the most populous districts4 ,there are no other means of safety4 ,third ,lesson4 ,the reign of the ,commune has revealed a frightful number of wicked men in society capable of every excess4 ,they have trampled under foot the very first principles of natural order and social life1 which the ,reign of ,terror would have feared to disregard4 ,the executions at ,la ,roquette1 without preparation1 without discussion or preliminary trial1 were a thousand times more monstrous than the executions of the ,revolutionary tribunal4 ,in #agic1 the ,dantons and ,robespierres were imitators1 more or less imposing1 of the ,catilines of ancient ,rome3 in #ahga1 we have had ,raoul ,rigault and ,ferr1 the ,catilines of the gutter4 ,ferocious beasts are not reasoned with--they are muzzled4 ,society therefore should have a power of legal repression proportioned to the dangers that threaten it4 ,but as the material order of things is founded on the moral order1 the great principles of reverence for ,god1 a respect for others and for ourselves1 should be diffused and practised4 ,it has been wished to establish society with no religious belief1 make laws1 found institutions1 and keep the people in order1 without reference to the teachings of the ,gospel3 this is building the social edifice upon quicksands4 ,how can an economist1 a politician1 however incredulous1 help understanding that while the mass in the great cities1 especially at ,paris1 do not find in the faith1 in the observance of religious duties1 and in the eternal recompense of a future life1 a source of morality1 strength and consolation in view of the inequalities of fortune and social position1 in view of the enjoyments and leisure of the fortunate ones of this world and of the unforeseen trials and sufferings that too often beset them1 there can be neither security nor repose8 ,jesus ,christ and his ,gospel are still the salt of the earth and the light of the world4 ,to withdraw society from this divine and guiding influence would condemn it to sorrow1 crime1 and shame4 ---------- ,,god ,,is ,,our ,,aid4 #cfd ,a ,,christmas ,,story ,,of #8#fg4 ,in the dim twilight of an ,october evening1 a rich man prepared to leave the vast treasures accumulated by a fruitless life4 ,fruitless1 ,i say1 for though his increasing millions ranked him a merchant prince of the great metropolis1 yet the gold had hardened and crusted and metallized his heart--fusing a subtle poison that destroyed the softer instincts of his nature4 ,therefore1 instead of bearing upward a ,godward soul on prayerful incense1 those last pulses concentrated in one bitter feeling against the daughter whose faith had won from him the intense hate of his life4 ,the owner of millions each year increased his avarice1 bowing him low before the god of the nineteenth century1 and inciting the struggle1 the sacrifice1 the sin1 for place and station and gold1 literally proving the poet-king's cry1#hb 8,quoniam omnes dii ,gentium dmonia60 ,so1 while the stormy gusts swept up the avenue1 and the lowering sky increased the night1 the old man gathered his failing strength for the last great effort4 8,hold me1 ,william1 support me ere it is too late4 ,quick6 give me the pen1 ,i must sign while yet my hand has power40 ,then they put the pen in his trembling hand1 his stalwart son supporting him1 and all the fiercer passions played upon that cold face1 and in those cruel eyes1 as he wrote the signature disinheriting the child of the wife whose fair face looked in silent reproach from the portrait opposite4 ,and ,william ,stanfield folded the paper and locked it in the escritoire1 and old ,thomas of the iron heart 8slept the last sleep40 ,but this ,stanfield1 he of the stern ,puritan stock1 had not always been thus4 ,first1 he married his wife as a mere boy of twenty--a gentle ,new ,england girl--who had left ,william to him2 ,william1 so staunch in his loyalty to the heritage left by the ,mayflower stock4 ,but ,thomas laid his boyish love to rest within the quiet 8,god's-acre0 of the village church1 and then wandered to ,new ,york to build his fortune4 ,fate did not withhold her favors from this sturdy son1 who met and conquered her2 for he was determined to succeed1 and did6 ,and strange to say that at this time human softness yet lived amid the dross and corruption of the world1 for ,thomas ,stanfield was by no means indifferent to certain influences4 ,so1 one bright ,christmas morning1 he found himself in ,new ,orleans1 and1 stranger still to relate1 his partner1 ,mons4 ,crcy1 persuaded him to listen to the magnificent service at ---- ,church4 ,the music was exquisitely appealing1 thrilling the nobler attributes of man's better nature2 and so this worldly materialist forgot to speculate or dream of gold for two long hours1 and sat rapt1 while his soul absorbed its divine inspiration4 ,if there is a season when the hardness of humanity dissolves and merges into its spiritual essence1 it is when music gently lifts it to its higher affinities1 and brings it en rapport with ,god4 ,and thus the man of gold listened to the soft soprano1 and far beyond the latticed grating caught a glimpse of dark eyes that haunted him long after the anthem ended4 ,and when ,etienne #cfe ,crcy asked him to dine at the 8,grove10 his plantation near the city1 he accepted1 scarcely realizing what he did till he found himself behind a pair of splendid bays1 with ,new ,orleans far in the distance4 ,the balmy1 bright-skied ,south always brought a pleasant ,christmas1 for oranges hung golden on the trees that formed the grove leading to the house1 and the sweet breath of the blossoms perfumed the air4 ,this to the ,northerner1 accustomed to ice and snow at this season1 was a most enjoyable contrast2 and his stroll over the beautiful grounds afforded real pleasure4 ,then they rested on the broad piazza1 or gallery1 as it is called in ,louisiana1 and talked of business details1 when suddenly ,mons4 ,crcy discovered that his guest was strangely distrait1 for a clear1 soft voice was sounding1 to an accompanying harp1 and ,mr4 ,stanfield recognized the same silver tones that had absorbed him during the morning service4 8,qui tollis peccata mundi1 suscipe deprecationem nostram10 fell earnest and tender on his ear--it was1 it must be1 the same1 and he turned to ,m4 ,crcy4 8,it is my daughter ,madelaine10 said the old man2 and at dinner he saw the same fawn-eyes that had first glanced from behind the grating in the old church4 ,and those shy1 sweet eyes found a place in the heart of the cold ,new ,englander1 and in the spring he bore her a bride to his beautiful home in ,new ,york4 ,three years passed1 and only the step-son shared their household4 ,some trouble attended the marriage1 for the parish priest1 ,father ,jean1 at first refused to unite her with such an obstinate heretic4 ,but the maiden loved this son of the ,puritans1 so either her gentle influence or his pertinacious perseverance overcame the scruples of the good priest1 and ,thomas ,stanfield finally triumphed1 giving some vague promise in reference to the children4 ,he fully intended evading the fulfilment of the promise1 for soon after his marriage he acknowledged thus much to his wife1 who1 with tears in her dark eyes1 said she would only pray for ,god's grace to change him4 ,so1 almost as a curse it seemed1 for three years no child came to bless the marriage4 ,true1 the young wife was very dear to this stern husband1 but the element which had strengthened his forefathers still waxed strong within him1 and the self-asserting dogmatism heired from ,john ,carver's band sounded in the stern words that answered his wife when1 with quivering lips1 she told him of his little daughter's advent4 ,he kissed the pale young mother tenderly and lovingly1 but even in that hour he did not restrain himself from replying1 8,she belongs to me60 and ,madelaine understood too well what those words implied4 ,so she only whispered1 as her white face grew whiter1 8,i will leave her to ,god4 ,may our ,holy ,mother care for her60 ,then the gentle soul departed with the cross upon her bosom1 and those last words on her lips1 and many1 many years after ,thomas ,stanfield heard repeated in his dreams1 8,god shall help her40 ,and a judgment rested on the rich man's harvest1 for this warm-hearted1 earnest ,southern wife was very dear to him4 ,but the child grew in loveliness1 and her impulsive nature felt the need of more than her cold father accorded4 ,firm as he had been in reference to the child1 it seemed strange that he evinced so much indifference to her education1 for though she had been baptized in his own church1 and sent to ,protestant schools1 yet very little care was bestowed upon her religious instruction4 ,when she grew old enough1 she #cff accompanied her father to church1 and through the long sermons her weary little eyes would often close4 ,she went merely from habit1 because her father wished her with him1 for there was nothing in the cold1 formal ritual1 if that bare service can be called a ritual1 to attract or warm her heart2 but it was part of her duty to go2 and so she went4 ,thus her childhood passed1 and so her girlhood opened4 ,children rarely exert the reasoning faculties1 accepting with boundless trust what is proposed by their elders4 ,faith and confidence are largely developed1 therefore a grave record is written of those intrusted with these young immortals4 ,but when reason waked and the heart expanded1 this warm loving nature asked for more than what was offered1 and her soul felt starved1 hungry for the food it found not4 ,thomas ,stanfield was now devoted to his business1 from nine in the morning1 when his coup drove him to his office1 to six in the evening1 when his key opened the massive door of his palace--his whole soul entered into the fascination1 the strife for increasing millions4 ,and at night1 as he sat silent in his high carved chair1 the closed eyes and set features told that the scheming still continued4 ,was it strange1 then1 that the young girl yearned for something more than her home offered8 ,well1 one ,september evening1 soon after their return from the country1 the servant handed in a card1 bearing the simple inscription1 8,kenneth ,c4 ,arnaud40 ,then ,mr4 ,stanfield1 disturbed in the midst of some speculation1 testified by a grunt his welcome to a distant relative of his wife4 8,this is ,miss ,stanfield1 my daughter10 he said1 as he seemed to remember that another person occupied the room4 ,the stranger was a courtly1 handsome gentleman1 and started as his eyes rested on the young girl4 8,how like my cousin ,madelaine10 he said1 8as ,i remember her in my childhood40 ,for the first time the old man seemed to realize the resemblance1 and turned to examine the fair girl who was his daughter4 8,yes10 he faintly assented1 and the conversation dragged through a half-hour's duration1 when ,mr4 ,arnaud rose to go4 ,but this was not his last visit1 for he passed the winter in the city2 and many evenings found him at ,mr4 ,stanfield's house1 where ,madelaine sang to him the songs he loved best4 ,then a new life opened to the young girl1 and her heart felt a strange happiness it had never known before4 ,the ,advent season came--a time of joy and gladness in the churches that celebrate this season1 but scarcely remembered or noticed in dissenting congregations2 and on the first ,sunday that ,mr4 ,arnaud formed one of the family party1 he proposed that ,madelaine should accompany him to ,st4 ----'s church1 as the music was always attractive there4 ,old ,mr4 ,stanfield was half asleep1 when the name of this ,roman ,catholic church startled him4 8,only to listen to the music1 papa60 she laughingly replied to his frown1 and she went4 ,the ritual was new to her1 the service a strange mystery1 but she patiently watched it all1 listening to the exquisite bursts from the choir4 ,then sounded the 8,alma0 with its sweet cadence1 and the heart of the young girl thrilled within her4 ,she could not explain1 but she felt a strange attraction that drew her against her will to this beautiful ritual4 ,then came the lovely benediction1 and the devotion of the kneeling hundreds1 the solemn censer's cloudlike offering1 the elevation1 and the echoing bell1 at which a hush swept like an angel's presence over #cfg the rapt thousands4 ,it was all a lovely dream to this young enthusiast1 and1 closing her eyes1 troops of seraphim and cherubim seemed prolonging the words-- 8,tantum ergo ,sacramentum ,veneremur cernui40 ,she returned to her home filled with a new life1 and for the first time her soul felt its thralls4 ,she was very quiet that night1 and even her father remarked the change4 ,poor child6 she had needed all that had been denied to her1 and the starved spirit was just tasting of the food immortal4 ,is it not often thus in life1 that a charm1 a mere instinct1 leads us to the path for which we have been vainly striving8 ,give me thine heart6 was the cry of the ,holy ,mother to the footsore and weary1 to all who sought consolation from that loving breast2 and the listening angels caught the echo of that cry1 and bore it up to the great ,pontiff1 who sends the ,comforter to spread the white-winged dove on the troubled soul that calls for peace6 ,the spring came1 after the long1 cold winter1 and ,kenneth ,arnaud asked the old man for his gentle daughter4 ,but ,mr4 ,stanfield had always regarded ,madelaine as a mere child1 and seemed shocked and angry at the request4 ,he had forgotten that eighteen years had passed since his soft-eyed wife had whispered1 8,i leave her to ,god0--and now a ,catholic had asked his child in marriage6 ,he did not answer the young man for several weeks1 not till the sweet eyes of his daughter had been dimmed with many tears1 and her childish heart had felt1 ay1 painfully felt1 the first great sorrow of her life4 8,it seems strange that my faith should prove an objection1 ,mr4 ,stanfield1 for not very many years have passed since you gave your own example40 ,the old man looked him steadily in the eyes1 and replied3 8,and the great unhappiness of that union was the education of the children that were to come4 ,what say you of this80 8,that1 your daughter shall determine40 8,you can speak this with safety1 ,mr4 ,arnaud1 for my daughter has proved a quick pupil40 8,i can scarcely comprehend you1 ,mr4 ,stanfield1 and1 as a gentleman1 will not understand the accusation implied40 8,i do not accuse you of influencing my daughter1 but her bias in favor of the ,romish ,church is a subject that cannot afford me happiness40 ,the conversation was serious1 and very painful to both1 and at last ,mr4 ,stanfield closed the interview with this remark3 8,as my daughter's happiness is concerned1 ,i cannot withhold my consent1 but ,i wish you to clearly understand that1 when she renounces the church of her forefathers1 she also relinquishes all right to her father's estate40 ,a proud smile curled the young man's lips as he replied1 8,i feel privileged to claim her1 even though the conditions were far more capable of inflicting unhappiness40 ,and so they were married1 and the old man and his son ,william bowed before the golden calf1 and worshipped it1 offering their souls as homage at its shrine4 ,for the young wife1 one brief year of happiness passed1 and yet there was unrest even then within her soul1 for she craved with hungry longing the new life which she feared to taste1 because the ties #cfh binding her to her father appealed to her heart1 and she dreaded an anger which she knew would never forgive what he considered so fearful an error4 ,but one cold morning in the winter of #8#fa1 the telegraph bore to ,new ,york tidings of the secession of ,louisiana1 then the sons of the sunny ,south rallied to her standard1 and for four long years a bloody war desolated that section4 ,she1 the young wife1 had never given her thoughts to politics1 nor did she understand why hate and bitterness waged with such deadly strife between the two portions of a country which she so dearly loved2 but her husband decided for her1 and1 feeling that her life was only a part of his1 she followed4 ,and those were years fraught with agony--years that recorded suffering that aged more than time had power to accomplish2 for over each battlefield brooded a great host of prayer--prayer born of love intensified1 and of partings which would know only the meeting above2 and the race schooled by those years grew1 developed1 lived1 more than generations ordinarily experience in a whole lifetime4 ,col4 ,arnaud won a soldier's reputation1 and the autumn of #8#fd found him1 with his fine regiment1 encamped a few miles below the ,confederate capital4 ,madelaine soon followed him to ,richmond1 bringing her little family1 her boy ,kenneth and a baby daughter4 ,the winter was very trying to this delicate woman1 for the city was crowded with refugees from all parts of the ,confederacy2 every square inch was occupied1 and therefore comfortable accommodations were impossible to find4 ,then the depreciated currency rendered the price of necessities almost fabulous1 so that barely to live required great sacrifice and control4 ,but the courageous wife and devoted mother gathered her little ones1 and contentedly dwelt in one small room1 happy to welcome her husband whenever his brief furloughs allowed him to spend a day with her4 ,but the great culmination approached1 and the troops that wore the tattered gray were soon to furl the cross of stars that had proudly waved over many a gallant fight2 and on one cold wintry morning she heard the newsboys shout 8,extra6 extra60 and soon ,franklin ,street was echoing with news of the fierce battle below ,richmond4 ,madelaine had not seen her husband for almost four weeks1 and her heart sank as she listened4 8,i will get a paper10 she said1 and1 leaving her nurse with the children1 she descended to the street to purchase one4 ,poor young thing--she little realized how literally she had followed the ,scriptures1 for she had forsaken all things1 and he1 her brave husband1 was all she had to cling to2 and now--but she was too truly a woman for control1 and she fainted when she read the cruel words that told of her husband's fate4 ,a night of horror followed1 and the roll of the ambulance in the early gray of the next morning startled her from her troubled sleep4 ,they1 those of his brigade1 in their faded gray bore him to the small chamber where his young wife waited1 and pale and ghastly she saw him laid upon the bed1 where he was soon to sleep the long pulseless sleep4 ,all that glory could render to sweeten the pain of dying was offered1 for the journals rang with the grand charge he had led1 and his deeds of daring were as household words in the crowded ,confederate capital4 ,but the great edict had gone forth1 and the priest of his church came to offer the last consolations4 8,my own true wife10 and he summoned the bowed figure1 the frail #cfi girl-woman who knelt beside him4 ,the sweet eyes were dim with tears1 and the voice was tremulous with passionate grief4 ,his left arm drew her to him1 for the right was crushed and powerless4 8,i am about to ask a brave act from you1 my darling2 do you think that you can please me80 8,ask me anything1 ,kenneth1 only stay with me4 ,oh6 do not leave me yet10 and burning tears blinded her4 8#8,my ways are not thy ways1 nor my thoughts thy thoughts'3 do you remember these words1 my own wife8 ,and then--only a little while1 when we shall meet where the for evermore will indeed be eternal6 ,but not of this did ,i wish to speak1 ,elaine1 but0--and he hesitated--8if my faith could be taught to my little ones80 ,she did not reply at first1 but1 with one gaze of devoted1 earnest love1 she turned1 and kneeling by his side1 with the weak precious hand clasped within her own1 she repeated3 8,and receive1 ,o ,lord1 thy servant into thy holy church1 for which her heart hungers40 ,and he answered1 8,amen60 ,but this was no sudden desire influenced by her devotion to her husband2 for1 six years before1 when she had listened to the sweet vesper service1 the latent life had wakened1 and the slumber had seen sleep no more1 but the message1 8,wake to thy salvation60 electrified her soul1 and her whole nature thrilled its amen there2 since then she had been peculiarly situated1 and shrank from provoking anger in her father1 as she realized how very stern he could be when he felt himself aggrieved4 ,but now her heart told her she must no longer hesitate1 the great crisis asked for action1 and she felt that all worldly considerations must be forgotten when her husband1 and her own heart also1 called for a decision which shaped her life4 ,so she was baptized by the holy father beside the bed where her husband lay dying2 and the priest's voice was very tender as he welcomed this stricken daughter ,christ had given to his fold4 ,only a few days after1 she laid her husband to rest beneath the poplars at 8,holleywood10 where many of his comrades were lying2 and then came the gloomy1 stormy ,march1 and the sad ,april when the snowy flag was folded1 and it was during this season that the widowed mother was received into her husband's church4 ,the war had closed1 and we all remember the fearful wreck that followed when ,madelaine ,arnaud found herself battling with the grim wolf whose shadow darkened her door4 ,her husband's fortune was all gone1 and the delicate1 dependent woman felt that she had but little to hope for from her father2 still she would not believe that he could entirely forsake her1 even though she had become a member of the church his soul abhorred4 ,so she wrote in her extremity and asked for advice4 ,many anxious days and nights passed1 and no letter came2 a fortnight intervened1 when1 one morning1 she opened the envelope handed to her by the postman1 and read3 8,you have chosen your way in life1 and1 when you forsook your father's faith1 he also separated from one who had joined herself to idols4 ,i enclose all that you may ever claim from me4 8,,thomas ,,stanfield40 ,she found enclosed the last note written by her mother1 only a few hours before her death1 and a silver crucifix1 with the name 8,madelaine ,crcy1 ,la410 inscribed on the back or flat side of the cross4 ,she was very young to be left so entirely alone1 for she was not yet twenty-five1 and two children depended on her for support4 ,what could #cgj she do1 and how must she act8 ,in her agony1 she cried1 8,save me1 ,o ,father1 for without thine aid ,i am lost60 ,then the crucifix fell from her letter1 and1 clasping it1 she drew her boy to her1 and1 kneeling1 prayed3 8,lord1 thy enemies and mine have risen up against me3 ,i therefore cast myself at thy feet to implore thy succor40 ,the soft eyes of the little one gazed into her own1 and1 nestling closer1 he asked3 8,what makes mamma so sad80 ,there are seasons in life when suffering is too great for expression1 when tears refuse relief1 and the overcharged heart1 paralyzed by pain1 seems incapable of pulsation4 ,then even speech fails2 and the poor1 desolate woman only pressed her child closer1 and appealed to her ,god for protection4 ,thus days passed1 and she seemed unable to act1 for at the ,south all was poverty and desolation1 while she dared not anticipate what awaited her in ,new ,york4 ,but the few dollars were growing less1 and her children required food1 so she decided to try the great city1 and thither with her faithful nurse she journeyed4 ,her mother's note gave her strength1 and she often re-read the faint tracery on the faded paper4 8,for1 my darling child0 7the note read71 8should you ever wander into the dear fold of your mother's church1 feel always that my blessing will rest upon you1 and though ,i may not live to guard you1 yet my prayer will be then as it is now for ,god to be with you4 8,,madelaine ,,crecy ,,stanfield40 ,and though she did feel crushed and desolate on that stormy ,september evening which found her in the great city1 still a strength came to her which she had never known1 and she felt that ,god would protect her4 ,through the crowd at the depot she wended her way1 and thence in the midst of a pouring rain to a cheap boarding-house1 where she passed the night4 ,the next morning she met an old servant who had known her as a child1 and1 with tears streaming from the old eyes1 she took her to a small but respectable house in the town-part of the city1 where she rented two rooms1 and commenced her new life4 ,a touching sight it was to see her in her sad mourning dress1 she so fair and fragile1 yet feeling that three depended upon her exertions1 she rose to the emergency1 and determined to succeed1 or die in the service4 ,she had brought a letter to a priest of her church1 and to him she applied4 ,he was very kind1 and promised to do all that he could1 but at the same time told her that pupils were not easily obtained1 and recommended her to watch the newspapers4 ,and she did search the journals1 devoting herself to answering advertisements1 but1 save a few questionable replies1 nothing came of this attempt4 ,meantime she began to feel the pinchings of want1 and ventured to try sewing1 but how was she to obtain work8 8,go yourself1 my dear young mistress10 said the good old negress--8go yourself2 and may de kind ,lord bless you60 ,and1 shrinking and nervous1 she applied to a merchant down-town4 ,she could scarcely find words for her request1 but her pale face appealed1 and she bore away her parcel4 ,tireless were her continued efforts1 and all through snow and ice she persevered in her work4 8,god will help her60 the dying mother had said1 and through the darkness of her life's storm she tried to comfort herself with this assurance4 ,it was very hard to realize that her father accumulated useless #cga thousands and lived in princely style at the other end of the city1 while1 only because she believed in her mother's faith1 she must suffer and toil with her little ones1 needing comfort1 and often even bread4 ,then the old man died1 and1 ere he died1 the scene with which this story opens shamed his last hours4 ,but the exposure of three winters told on this delicate woman1 and1 when she felt her strength waning1 all the horrors of starvation frightened her2 for she knew that there were none to help her4 ,she had moved still lower down-town1 and into a smaller room1 and there1 with her faithful nurse1 she endured life4 ,but then there came a time when1 though the will is strong to do1 the physique fails to support1 and the brave heart1 struggling to conquer1 feels despair steeling its vitals1 and thus it was with ,madelaine4 ,the autumn of #ahfg set in early1 and ,november was cold and cruel to the poor4 ,she1 weaker than she had been1 felt her slight unheeded cough increase1 and1 when ,december came1 was too ill for any exertion4 ,bitterly the winter opened1 snow covered the city1 the wind keen and merciless swept the island1 and thus the ,christmas week found her with the little ones dependent1 and she utterly helpless4 ,the last penny had been expended1 and the children were wailing with hunger4 ,kenneth had looked into her own tearful eyes1 and whispered1 8,darling mamma1 ,i will pray to ,our ,lady1 and she will ask ,god to help you40 ,she only kissed her brave1 trustful child1 but had no strength for utterance4 ,so1 when the chill night wrapped the city and darkened the gloomy chamber1 the child picked up his mother's rosary1 and1 throwing it around his throat1 held the crucifix in his infant hands1 and1 kneeling beside his mother's low1 poor bed1 pleaded that the blessed ,virgin would be kind to his dear mamma2 and then the sweet child went to sleep murmuring ,our ,lady's name4 ,the dawn was fast breaking over the city when the child kissed her1 and said1 8,she has heard my prayer1 mamma1 for ,i dreamed that a beautiful angel like the picture in your prayer-book came to me1 and said1 #8,god will help her6'--and does not that mean you1 mamma80 8,i hope that our kind ,father will help us1 my darling2 therefore we must try to deserve his help40 8,oh6 he will help you1 mamma1 and ,i will help you1 too40 ,the day wore away1 the last slice had been divided1 and there was literally nothing else in the house4 ,hunger1 starvation1 was before them1 and ,god1 only ,god1 could help them4 ,the snow fell heavily1 the wind blew1 and even the elements seemed warring against her1 for she had not even fuel to keep off the cold4 ,two o'clock chimed from ,trinity1 and1 turning1 she missed ,kenneth4 ,he was now eight years old1 and often went out alone1 but1 with an instinct plainer than words1 her heart rose to warn her of danger4 ,three1 four1 five o'clock came1 but still the child did not return4 ,the lamps glared in the dark streets1 and the night seemed too cold for human life--when--crash6 a shriek1 and a pair of horses dashed madly down the streets1 throwing the occupants of the coach senseless upon the sidewalk4 ,a crowd soon gathered1 and bore the crushed and suffering man into the gloomy room where the sick woman lay4 ,her room opened on the street1 and so they laid him on the small bed where the nurse slept4 8,bring a light10 sounded a gruff voice4 #cgb 8,don't you see dat de poor chile has no light for herself8 ,stonishing de fools dat libs in dese parts60 ,a kind voice asked1 8,is there no money8 ,take this and buy a candle40 ,the speaker was a shabbily-dressed man1 but the whole aspect showed that he had known better days4 ,he remained with the injured man1 and while they go to find a light ,i leave them444 ,the snow was falling in great white feathery flakes1 covering the dark alleys and darker tenements with its soft downy covering1 and the little ragged1 barefooted gamins of the great city were shrieking and screaming with delight2 but not to build mimic forts or to join the army of snow-ballers did our little wanderer pause4 8,mamma shall have some money10 he said1 8and ,i will begin to work for it1 so ,i will go to the streets where the fine houses are1 and there the men will give me work40 ,only eight years old was this little soldier in the grand army1 but his noble face was radiant with the workings of his soul1 which no poverty could injure4 ,his little clothes were patched and scanty1 and his poor little frozen toes came through the holes in his worn shoes2 but the eyes shone with a light that could not be dimmed1 and the firmly-set lips told that he was quite determined to do his best on that afternoon4 ,at first he shrank from the cutting wind that swept from the ,east ,river1 but1 with hands in his pockets and cap pulled down1 he ran on till he came to ,broadway4 ,crowded with the happy crowd of the vast metropolis1 the great highway was gay with bright faces on this eve of the feast of joy4 ,windows bright with presents for the favored children of fortune1 shops thronged by smiling mothers eager to gratify their pampered darlings1 and child-infant as he was1 the little one paused to look at the pretty toys2 but tears filled the large blue eyes1 and he said1 8,oh6 ,i can't look at these things1 for poor mamma is sick and wants food40 ,at that moment1 a gentleman passed1 and the child went up and pulled his warm overcoat1 8,will you give me some work1 sir80 ,but the creature1 a fashionable young fop in tights1 shook him off1 and passed on4 ,then came another1 this time a respectable gray-haired worthy1 and1 running in front1 the same appealing voice asked the same question4 ,but the successful merchant1 hurrying home1 was intent upon some new speculation1 and1 suddenly disturbed1 was not very amiable1 as he replied1 8,be off1 you little vagabond60 ,this time the policeman came up1 and taking him by the arm gruffly ordered him to move on4 ,and thus1 on the eve of this blessed festival1 when the great city joyed in each household1 there was no grain for this wee waif1 no crumb for the little estray1 who was struggling against the power of the ebb which fate had sent to test his strength for the hereafter4 ,on1 on past the ,fifth ,avenue ,hotel1 through ,madison ,square1 glancing at the glittering icicles or gleaming snow-drifts1 shivering over the frozen pavements1 on he travelled1 faintly trying for that which seemed for ever denied to him4 8,i will find it for her10 he said1 8for the beautiful angel1 our ,holy ,mother1 told me that she should be taken care of4 ,i see her now far up in the clouds40 ,and up in the leaden sky1 far beyond the pure1 beautiful flakes1 he gazed1 half-hoping that the ,mother of ,christ would smile on him again4 ,and did she not even then hover over the young boy-warrior8 ,did she not pray that he1 too1 might be strengthened #cgc in this hard fight which his infant powers essayed8 ,adjuvabit eam ,deus6#hc the dying mother had prayed1 and his promises would not fail4 ,at last1 far up the avenue1 when the cold1 shadowy twilight stole on the great city1 he paused before a stately mansion4 ,curtains of silk and costly lace draped the windows1 and liveried servants were sitting on the box of the handsome coach awaiting the master's coming4 ,then the heavy door of massive bronze opened1 and the master slowly descended the broad steps4 8,oh6 you will help me1 won't you8 ,please give me some work1 for ,i want to earn money for my mother60 8,send that little beggar away10 was the irritable rebuff1 and the footman flung him aside1 not heeding where he fell4 ,the carriage rolled away1 and no thought was given to the small human bundle1 roughly hurled from the rich man's path4 ,then night darkened over the city1 and the stars1 ,god's eternal sentinels1 guarded earth as they had done eighteen centuries before when they watched the birth of the incarnate ,god4 ,and beneath the same shimmering light the boy-warrior lay1 all worsted in the strife1 as thousands had sunk before1 and all unconscious of the cruel hearts that still pulsed on4 ,the torn little cap had fallen off1 and the fair golden curls shaded the pale1 childish face1 turned upward as if in appeal to the ,blessed ,mother he had seen in his dreams4 ,was she watching still1 and did her kind eyes see the crucifix clutched in the poor cold hands--the crucifix with the dead ,christ1 whose birth the morrow would celebrate8 ,but the soft feathery flakes fell steadily on1 covering the sweet face of the little one4 ,ah6 ,god of infinite love and goodness1 will the great army with the ranks of sin1 and greed1 and lust1 prosper and thrive and live1 while this young soldier1 this infant of purest soul and lion heart1 lies all unheeded1 dying1 the victim of cruelty and selfish forgetfulness8 ,but see--a policeman tramps near1 and he comes with stalwart tread1 swinging his burly arms1 and clapping his gigantic hands to keep the fingers from freezing1 for verily death seems to breathe out in the stealthy1 deadening cold4 ,bravely he glances with searching look up and down the broad avenue1 then pauses suddenly by the side of the obstruction just without the pavement4 8,god and his holy saints forsake me1 if this same bundle ain't a child6 ,ugh6 but it's an ugly night for this small specimen to be left here6 ,but come1 let's see1 my little man10 and he tried to move him4 8,st4 ,patrick save me6 if ,i ain't afraid that he'll never feel again60 ,and he dropped the little arm he held1 and the crucifix1 falling1 lay dark against the glittering snow4 ,the sight of the cross at once touched the stout ,irishman1 and this sturdy six-footed son of the ,green ,isle1 this huge guardian of the great city1 gathered the stray lamb to his bosom tenderly1 pityingly1 as its own mother1 and bore it to the station-house4 ,and1 full of the warm impulse of his race1 he chafed the poor little hands1 and lingered by the pallet on which he lay1 till great tears fell from eyes that had not seldom looked unmoved on the misery of the metropolis4 ,he raised the child's crucifix to his lips1 and though he hurriedly summoned a physician1 he muttered1 8,poor little lamb1 if he does come back to life1 it will only keep an angel longer from ,our ,lady's home60 ,the man returned to his duty1 and hours passed before he was relieved1 but ere he returned to his own home1 and the young wife waiting him1 #cgd he went back to the station-house to look after 8the pretty young one0 who had died with the cross in his hand2 for he fully expected to find him dead on his return4 8,we have had hard work to bring him back1 ,murphy10 said the doctor1 as the man walked up to the child4 8,only five minutes more1 and the cold would have reached the little heart1 which was losing all sensation4 ,we have had a time of it1 and he has just fallen asleep4 ,these are what we found on him4 ,the card was fastened to his worn jacket1 and the crucifix has also a name engraved40 ,and picking up the card from the table the policeman read1 8,kenneth ,arnaud1 #cab ,east ---- ,street40 ,on the back of the silver cross was the name1 8,madelaine ,crcy1 ,august #ae1 #ah--40 8,poor little child6 said the policeman4 8,i'll take him home1 for his house is near my own40 ,so he wrapped the sleeping child in an old blanket1 and carried him through the storm4 ,a light glimmered on the first-floor front room as he approached the house1 and the man stepped in to inquire about his young charge4 ,as he opened the rickety door1 the wailing voice of a woman smote him with the agonizing pain it expressed4 8,the gentleman may remain10 she said1 8but for ,god's sake find my child4 ,o sir6 bring me back my child60 and her sobs and moans were heart-rending4 ,the negress rocked to and fro with the little girl1 trying to keep her warm and still her feeble cries for bread1 chanting the while in dull monotone1 a habit peculiar to her race1 and which at this time increased the oppressive gloom of the place1 not at all relieved by the flickering tallow-candle1 nearly burned out--on the small bed in the corner the wounded gentleman lay groaning in agony1 and impatiently awaiting a messenger he had summoned--a sad eve truly that announced the blessed festival6 ,at this time the policeman tapped with his club1 but receiving no answer1 and not caring to wait in the cold1 he once more opened the door4 ,standing mute on the threshold1 for the scene at first deprived him of speech1 then walking to the centre of the room1 he asked1 8,is the mother of ,kenneth ,arnaud here8 ,for ,i have found a child of that name1 who wore a crucifix on which was engraved #8,madelaine ,crcy4'0 ,with one wild scream the mother answered1 8,he is mine60 and1 as she clasped him to her heart1 the soft eyes unclosed1 and the feeble little voice whispered1 8,darling mamma1 ,i asked them all for work that ,i might buy you bread1 but--oh6 my head hurts1 for a wicked man flung me away from a gentleman who rode in his carriage4 ,but1 mamma1 don't cry1 for she--the one with the angels--will care for us4 ,oh6 ,i have just seen her1 and ,i waked to find your own eyes where hers had been4 ,dear mamma1 keep me with you1 away from the cruel man1 and the ice1 oh6 the cold snow60 ,and his little frame shivered with the recollection4 8,madelaine ,crcy60 the sick man muttered on his couch in the corner4 ,and the policeman approached4 8,yes1 sir1 that was the name on the crucifix1 and ,i thought the little fellow was dead when ,i picked him up in front of the millionaire's house on ,fifth ,avenue40 8,my ,god6 and it was my servant who cast him from me6 ,will you take a message to that house1 my good man8 ,do not refuse me1 for gold shall pay you well4 ,i--,i am that millionaire1 and an avenging ,god has crushed me40 ,with his uninjured arm1 he drew out a card from his #cge pocket1 and said1 8,take this to my residence1 and tell my housekeeper to come to me at once40 ,then1 placing an eagle1 his own valued pocket-piece1 in the policeman's hands1 he prayed him to hasten his errand4 ,but the mother's weak voice also called the kind ,irishman4 ,she had heard nothing of the conversation1 for she was absorbed with her darling1 who in broken words had told his little story4 8,i have nothing to give you1 sir10 she said with tears streaming down her pale cheeks4 8,the rosary was my mother's1 and besides this ,i have not even food for my children4 ,but ,i will pray for you1 and ,god will bless and reward you1 sir2 he will grant what ,i cannot give40 ,she clasped his rough hand1 which her tears fell upon1 and he hurriedly left the room1 for his own eyes were very dim4 ,many and varied are the phases which the great city presents to these her guardians1 but in his fifteen years' experience none had touched him more than this4 ,he closed the door after him1 and the solitary candle burned to its socket4 ,it was now past midnight1 and a long silence ensued1 broken only by the snores of the negress1 for the starved infant had cried itself to sleep4 ,the bruised stranger forgot his own suffering as he contemplated the surrounding misery1 and for some time the stillness was profound4 ,at last he muttered1 8,madelaine ,crcy6 ,madelaine ,crcy6 can it be the same6 ,then ,god have mercy on my soul60 8,who calls my mother's name80 asked the sick woman4 8,i1 your father's son1 ,madelaine ,arnaud4 ,i1 your brother1 who despoiled you1 and sold his life for gold1 but10 and his voice trembled with emotion--8but who will devote that life to you now1 if you will allow it1 to atone for the cold selfishness of the past40 8,i should be no daughter of the church which you despise1 ,william ,stanfield1 if ,i bore anger to my father's son4 ,i teach my little children to pray1 #8,forgive us1 as we forgive those who sin against us1' therefore must my heart refuse all malice against ,god's creatures1 else would my own prayers avail not40 ,he could not answer then1 for he1 the bigot1 the scorner of that church which he had ridiculed1 felt now the beauty of her teaching when1 even in the midst of her sufferings1 this desolate woman could forgive one who knew that he was responsible for so much that might have been alleviated4 8,elaine60--ay1 it was the first time that she had listened to her old name since the night when her brave husband had spoken his farewell1 and the sound thrilled her with strange memories--8,elaine1 your roof has sheltered me to-night1 and saved from destruction one who claims as a proof of your forgiveness acceptance of the home which he will share with yourself and little ones40 ,and1 ere she answered1 the chimes of ,trinity heralded the dawn of that thrice-blessed morning when the angels sang1 8,glory to ,god in the highest1 and on earth peace to men of good-will40 ,and that message of the ,incarnation brooded with its holy evangel on the troubled hearts within1 as1 when the ,christmas sun shone over the snow-covered city1 the carriage of the rich merchant bore its precious freight to his home1 and light1 and life1 and joy succeeded the gloomy night4 ,and she1 when her prayer ascended on that night of shelter and rest1 realized the fulfilment of her mother's benediction3 8,adjuvabit eam ,deus60 #hb 8,for all the gods of the ,gentiles are devils40 #hc 8,god shall help her40 ---------- ,,catholicity ,,and ,,pantheism4 #cgf ,,no4 ,,xii4 ,,the ,,cosmos ,,in ,,time ,,and ,,space4 ,the supernatural moment unites created personalities to the infinite4 ,by the moment of substantial creation the first duality is established between the infinite and the finite4 ,this duality is brought into harmony and unity in the ,theanthropos1 who knits together the finite and the infinite in the oneness of his single personality4 ,but as the hypostatic moment united only created natures to the infinite1 another moment was necessary1 namely1 a medium between the ,theanthropos and substantial creation4 ,this is the supernatural1 which1 by raising created persons above their natural sphere1 enables them to arise1 as it were1 to the level of the infinite1 and establishes a communication and intercourse between them4 ,this we have shown in the preceding article4 ,the question which now remains to be treated of at present is the following3 ,who or what is to be the medium of communicating the term of the supernatural moment to created personality8 ,although ,god1 in acting outside himself1 might have effected everything immediately by himself1 without allowing any play to second causes1 yet1 following the law of his wisdom1 he exerted immediately by himself as much power as was required to set second causes in action1 and then allowed them to develop themselves under his guidance4 ,the law of wisdom is the law of sufficient reason1 which implies that no intelligent agent can1 in acting1 employ more power than is absolutely necessary to attain its object2 for acting otherwise would be to let the amount of action not necessary to attain the object go to waste1 and be employed without any possible reason4 ,hence the necessity on the part of the infinite to admit secondary agency in the effectuation of this moment1 whenever that was possible1 in order to observe the law of wisdom4 ,applying this theory to the external action1 we see that the substantial and the hypostatic moments were effected immediately by ,god himself1 because no secondary agency could be employed therein2 but the supernatural moment was effected by ,god through the agency of the ,theanthropos1 who merited it by his own acts of infinite value4#hd ,hence1 as the ,theanthropos is the meritorious cause of the supernatural moment1 he is pre-eminently its mediator1 and therefore the medium of communicating it to created personality4 ,this consequence of ,christ being the medium of the communication of grace1 in force of his being its meritorious cause1 is so evident that we know of none who has ever disputed it4 ,the only question which remains to be solved--a question of the greatest importance--is this3 ,when the ,theanthropos was living on earth1 he would communicate the term of the supernatural moment in the personal intercourse and intimacy in which he lived with his followers2 but as #cgg he has withdrawn his visible presence and intercourse from the earth1 how is the term of the supernatural moment to be communicated to human persons in all time and space8 ,we answer by laying down the following principle3 ,this medium must be such as will preserve the dignity and the prerogatives of the ,theanthropos1 as will befit the nature of human personality1 as will fulfil the object which the supernatural term is intended to attain4 ,because1 if the medium which is chosen does not fulfil these conditions2 if it does not maintain the dignity and prerogatives of the ,theanthropos2 if it does not befit the nature and constitution of human personality2 if it frustrates the ends of the supernatural moment instead of attaining them1 it is evident that infinite wisdom could never have chosen it without contradicting itself4 ,the principle is1 therefore1 evident4 ,now1 what can this medium be in its nature which fulfils all these conditions8 ,it can be nothing else than the sacramental extension of the ,theanthropos in time and space4 ,in announcing such a principle1 the reader is at once aware that we require some kind of presence of the ,theanthropos in the cosmos extending to all time and to all space4 ,but what is meant by sacramental extension1 and why should it be so8 ,to answer this question1 let us get first a true metaphysical idea of the sacrament4 ,the term sacrament in theological language is applied as conveying the idea of an instrument of grace4 ,hence1 to get at the idea1 we must inquire into the idea of instrument4 ,now1 what is an instrument8 ,it is an organism which contains a force4 ,and what is force8 ,it1 being one of the first elements of our thoughts1 can be defined but imperfectly1 less by its essence than by its effects4 ,it might be defined to be the energy of a being retaining its existence through the means of an effort of concentration1 or diffusing it outwardly by a movement of expansion4 ,every act of force must be reduced to this two-fold movement3 either we shut ourselves1 as it were1 in ourselves to concentrate our life1 and give ourselves the highest possible sensation2 or we expand ourselves to communicate our life to others1 and according to the degree of this double tension we exhibit the phenomenon of force4 ,the hand contracted or closed is the symbol of the force of concentration2 the hand open to give is the image of the force of expansion4 ,the force of concentration in its highest possible act is eternity--the possession of interminable life all at once4 ,he alone possesses it who in an instant--one1 indivisible1 and absolute--experiences in himself and for ever the plenitude of his being1 and says1 ,i am who am2 the sublimest idea ever conceived and ever uttered4 ,the force of expansion at its highest possible act is the external action2 and he alone possesses it who1 absolutely sufficient to himself in the plenitude of his being1 can call to life1 without losing of his own1 whomsoever and whatsoever he lists--bodies1 spirits1 worlds1 and for ever in ages without number1 and in space without limits4 ,now1 ,god1 in giving us being1 has given us force1 without which a being could not conceive itself1 and has given us this force in its double element of concentration and expansion3 the one1 which enables us to continue its existence1 and to develop ourselves2 the other1 which enables us to propagate ourselves3 the one1 by which we tend to the act of eternity2 the other1 by which we tend to the act of #cgh creation4 ,but there is this difference among others between us and the infinite1 that he possesses in himself and by himself the force of concentration and expansion1 whereas our force is borrowed and communicated to us by means of instruments1 which his infinite wisdom has prepared4 ,life is kept in us by something forcing to us the instruments to which ,god has communicated the power of sustaining and repairing it4 ,we subsist by the invisible force contained in an organism4 ,the same must be said of the force of expansion4 ,we cannot act outside ourselves1 on any being at all capable of resistance1 by the simple direct act of our will1 but must make use of instruments1 among which our body is the first4 ,now1 the reasons of this are1 that1 if we possessed the force of concentration and expansion in ourselves and by ourselves1 it would follow that1 as these two forces constitute the essence of life1 we should have life in ourselves and by ourselves1 we should be to ourselves the reason of our being and subsistence1 and consequently we should be infinite and not finite4 ,hence1 pantheism1 which admits the unity of substance independent and self-sufficient1 and all else as phenomena of this substance1 rejects all idea of instrument in metaphysics1 and all idea of sacrament in theology4 ,nor would it do to say that ,god might communicate that double force to us immediately by himself without the aid of any instruments4 ,for two reasons we must reject such a supposition3 ,first1 the law of secondary agency1 which requires that created substance should act1 and it would not for any purpose do so were ,god to do everything immediately by himself4 ,second1 the law of communion1 so necessary to the unity of the cosmos1 which is founded exclusively upon the action of one element upon the other1 else the communion would be merely imaginary and fictitious4 ,we conclude3 ,an instrument in its metaphysical idea is an organism containing a force of concentration and expansion4 ,a sacrament1 being an instrument1 must therefore be an organism containing a force of concentration and expansion2 and1 as an organism is something outward and sensible1 it follows that a sacrament must be also outward and sensible4 ,and as the force which the sacrament is designed to convey is altogether supernatural1 it follows that a sacrament must be an instrument of conveying supernatural force4 ,we may1 therefore1 define a sacrament to be a sensible instrument or organism containing a supernatural force of concentration and of expansion4 ,but it is evident that no instrument1 no organism in nature1 is capable of conveying a supernatural force of concentration and of expansion2 for that would imply an act superior to its nature1 which is a contradiction4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that this supernatural force must be communicated to the organism by the ,theanthropos1 otherwise it could never fulfil its destination and office4 ,the ,theanthropos1 in order to be the means of communicating to all human persons in time and space the supernatural term1 which is nothing else but a supernatural force of concentration and expansion1 must communicate and unite his infinite energy and action to an external organism1 and thus himself convey through that organism the supernatural life4 ,and this union of the infinite energy of the ,theanthropos with an outward organism must not be successive or temporary1 but permanent and stable2 since the object is to convey #cgi the supernatural force to all human persons in all time and in all space4 ,this is the sacramental extension of the ,theanthropos in time and space1 the continuation upon earth of the hypostatic union1 the filling up1 as it were1 of his incarnation1 a second incarnation2 not of the ,word with human nature in the unity of his personality1 but an incarnation of the ,theanthropos1 the ,word made man1 with visible1 outward1 external instruments1 in the unity of one sacramental being1 to convey to men in all times and spaces the supernatural life of grace4 ,this sacramental extension of the ,theanthropos must be divided into various moments1 owing to the requirements of the object for which it is intended4 ,the object of the supernatural moment is to reproduce the ,theanthropos in all human persons by a similitude of his nature1 perfections1 and attributes1 and by a real union with and transformation into his life4 ,the infinite1 from all eternity1 under the subsistence of primary1 unbegotten activity and principle1 begets and conceives intellectually a similitude of himself absolutely perfect under the subsistence of intellectual expression1 ,logos or ,word4 ,this action of the ,principle begetting the ,word1 exhibiting all the essential requisites of generation1 constitutes the ,principle--,father2 and the begotten--,son4 ,in his works ad extra1 the infinite1 in effecting the mystery of the hypostatic moment1 does nothing less than exalt the cosmos1 as recapitulated in the human nature of the ,word1 to the very same dignity which arises in his bosom when in the day of his eternity he begets his eternal ,son4 ,for the ,theanthropos1 or the ,word made man1 is not the ,son of ,god figuratively1 or by adoption1 or by any other action than that which begets him from eternity4 ,he as man-,god is the ,son of ,god really1 naturally1 and by the same identical action which eternally engenders him4 ,hence1 the cosmos1 as abridged in the human nature of ,christ1 in force of the hypostatic moment1 is really1 naturally1 and by the same eternal action of the ,father1 the ,son of ,god ,almighty4 ,the infinite wishes to extend this divine ,sonship of the cosmos1 as recapitulated in the human nature of ,christ1 to human persons also4 ,this of course cannot be effected except by an adoption founded upon the following elements3 #a4 ,a perfect similitude of the nature1 properties1 attributes1 and virtues of the ,theanthropos4 #b4 ,a real union with him4 #c4 ,a communication of his life4 #d4 ,a communication of his beatitude4 ,in other words1 a reproduction of ,christ and his nature1 his attributes1 his life1 and his bliss4 ,to effect this reproduction are required3 ,first1 a similitude of the nature of ,christ2 a similitude of his intellect2 a similitude of his will2 a sharing in his feelings4 ,second1 a real and substantial participation of his life1 in order that this similitude may be sustained1 and that1 initial and germinal as it is in this world1 it may grow and develop itself by communing with its proper object1 and thus become perfect and able to attain a participation of his bliss in palingenesia4 ,thus the eternal ,father1 seeing all human persons bearing the image of his ,son1 having his mind1 his will1 his feelings1 communicating with his life1 extends to them the feeling of a father and the inheritance of children4#he ,hence1 the different moments of the sacramental extension of the #chj ,theanthropos3 #a4 ,a moment of supernatural generation by which the ,theanthropos attaches his infinite energy to a visible instrument1 permanent in time and space1 and through which he confers a similitude of himself and the other divine persons2 a similitude in essence1 in intellect1 in will1 in feeling1 in aspirations1 in an initial and germinal state1 and which establishes the incipient and germinal union of human persons with the ,trinity4 #b4 ,a moment by which the ,theanthropos attaches his infinite energy to a visible instrument1 and through which he carries that initial and inchoative similitude and union to a definite and determinate growth4 #c4 ,a moment by which the ,theanthropos attaches his infinite energy to a sensible instrument1 in order to communicate to human persons the power to perpetuate his sacramental extension in time and space4 #d4 ,a moment by which the ,theanthropos communicates his infinite energy to human persons1 to exalt their natural force of expansion1 and enable them to propagate the human and supernatural species4 #e4 ,a moment by which the ,theanthropos attaches and unites the real substantial presence of his person1 that is1 of humanity and divinity1 both subsisting in his single divine person1 to a sensible instrument1 in order to communicate to human persons his real1 substantial1 theanthropic life1 in order to put all human persons of all time and space in real living communion with each other1 by meeting in him and through him as a common centre1 and in order to reside continually in the visible cosmos4 ,the third and fourth moments follow necessarily from the others1 both having the like office4 ,the first of them is intended to perpetuate the sacramental extension of ,christ4 ,an organism to be set in motion requires the agency of human persons2 consequently1 the supernatural organism or the sacramental extension of ,christ1 in order to be applied to human persons1 requires the agency of human persons1 appointed and fitted for such office by another visible instrument to which a particular theanthropic energy is attached4 ,this third moment is demanded also for another object1 that is1 the transmitting whole and entire1 and without any error1 by a personal intercourse1 of the whole body of doctrines which are the object of the supernatural intelligence bestowed by the first moment4 ,no other possible way can be thought of transmitting whole and entire the whole body of doctrines1 the object of the supernatural intelligence1 than a personal intercourse1 the only safe1 natural1 philosophical manner of transmitting doctrine4 ,hence1 for this object1 also1 a moment was required by which the ,theanthropos1 attaching his infinite energy to a particular instrument1 would fit human persons to teach infallibly the whole body of doctrines he came to reveal1 and to put in act his sacramental extension4 ,the fourth moment relates to the natural union of sexes in reference to generation4 ,human persons being exalted by the first moment to the supernatural order1 their personal acts must necessarily become supernatural2 much more the highest possible personal act of expansion1 which is the transfusion of their united life into a third4 ,consequently1 it was befitting that the ,theanthropos should attach a particular supernatural energy to the union of the sexes with a view to the act of generation1 in order to exalt and sanctify it1 and thus enable #cha them not only to generate as persons exalted to a supernatural state1 but to bring up the offspring in the same supernatural order4#hf ,all the moments of the sacramental extension of ,christ but the fifth imply a personal action of the ,theanthropos1 attached to each particular instrument constituting the moment4 ,the fifth moment alone implies a real substantial presence of the whole person of the ,theanthropos under the visible instrument4 ,this requires explanation and proof1 since it has been denied with the fierceness and rage of an opposition which did not and could not comprehend the grandeur1 the sublimity1 the magnificence of the elevation of the cosmos1 by the fact of the hypostatic moment4 ,catholicity holds3 #a4 ,that1 though the ,theanthropos has withdrawn his visible presence from the cosmos1 he remains in it still1 not by a spiritual1 figurative1 phenomenal presence1 but by a real1 substantial presence of his whole person1 that is1 of his body1 blood1 soul1 and divinity--a presence hidden under the modifications of bread and wine4 #b4 ,that the manner according to which this real1 substantial presence of the ,theanthropos is obtained1 is by a change of the substances of bread and wine into the substance of the body and blood of the ,theanthropos1 not still and dead1 but as vivified by his soul and divinity2 a change effected by the sacramental words impregnated with the infinite power of the ,theanthropos1 and uttered by the minister over the elements to be changed4 ,now the question arises3 ,is this substantial presence of the ,theanthropos necessary8 ,is it metaphysically possible in the manner that the ,catholic ,church admits it8 ,as to the first question1 we observe that such a presence is not absolutely necessary when considered of itself1 independent of1 and previous to1 the adoption of the present plan of the cosmos by the infinite intelligence of ,god4 ,but considered in relation to the present plan of the cosmos and as a complement of it1 it is necessary4 ,infinite intelligence might have selected another plan1 but1 having once chosen the present plan of the cosmos1 the real presence becomes absolutely necessary as a complement bringing it to perfection4 ,this we shall endeavor to prove by the following arguments3 ,first1 the end of the action of the infinite outside himself is the highest possible manifestation of his infinite excellence4 ,to attain this end1 an infinite effect would have been necessary4 ,but as an infinite effect was a contradiction in terms1 infinite wisdom was to find means whereby to effect the highest possible manifestation of himself1 in spite of the ontological finiteness of the cosmos to be effected4 ,this means was to produce a variety of moments2 to bring the whole variety of moments to the highest possible unity in the person of the ,theanthropos4 #a4 ,to produce a variety of moments1 in order that the infinity of the perfections of ,god1 which could not be expressed by the terms effected in intensity of being1 might be expressed in extension and number4 #b4 ,the highest possible unity1 in order that the infinity1 simplicity1 and oneness of ,god might be portrayed4 #c4 ,in the person of the ,theanthropos1 in order that1 if this variety brought into unity could not be ontologically infinite1 it might be infinite by a union and communication the highest possible4 ,these are the three leading principles1 according to which infinite #chb wisdom resolved the problem of the end of the external action3 highest possible variety1 highest possible unity1 highest possible communication4 ,now1 let us see if and how the effectuation of real cosmos was governed by these principles4 ,in view of these principles1 ,god effected substantial creation and the hypostatic moment1 by which the whole substantial moment was united to the person of the ,word in the bond of his divine personality4 ,was the problem of the highest possible variety and the highest possible unity and communication in the person of the ,theanthropos resolved8 ,it was1 so far only as nature and substance were concerned2 because the hypostatic union only wedded human nature1 and through it all inferior natures1 to the person of the ,word4 ,but this unity and communication excluded1 and had to exclude1 all human personalities4 ,it excluded them in the fact2 it had to exclude them1 otherwise human personality would have ceased to exist4 ,here the problem must be resolved anew--how to raise human personality to the highest possible union and communication with the ,theanthropos4 ,another moment was effected to initiate the solution of the problem2 and this was the supernatural moment4 ,by it human personality1 by being endowed with a higher similitude of the ,trinity and the ,theanthropos1 and by receiving higher faculties1 is brought into a real and particular union with the ,word1 and through him the other persons of the ,trinity4 ,but the supernatural moment does not resolve the problem yet2 because the union which results thereby is union between human persons and the ,word as ,god1 not a union between human persons and the ,theanthropos1 the ,word made man4 ,a real and efficient union between two terms requires a real relation between them4 ,now1 the supernatural term establishes a relation between human persons and the ,word1 but not a relation between them and the ,theanthropos1 because it is wholly spiritual and incorporeal4 ,a true relation between persons composed of body and soul must be a contact1 not spiritual only1 but also corporeal4 ,hence1 if we exclude the real substantial presence of the ,theanthropos as such1 we have a union of human persons united to the ,word1 but not a real efficacious union of human persons united to the ,theanthropos4 ,on this supposition1 the cosmos would lack the highest possible unity and communication1 and would fail to realize the end of that external action4 ,but1 admit the corporal presence of the ,theanthropos in time and space1 admit that presence incorporating and individualizing itself in human persons1 and the whole wisdom and beauty of the design flashes at once upon your mind--the whole cosmos1 as abridged in the human nature of ,christ1 made infinite by the hypostatic union with the ,word2 all human persons incorporated body and soul into the body and soul of the ,theanthropos1 built up into his body and soul1 transformed1 as it were1 in them and through them1 and in them coming in the closest possible communication with the divinity which a person can attain4 ,in this plan only everything holds together and presents order1 harmony1 and beauty4 ,but1 if the real substantial presence of the ,theanthropos was necessary in order to bring human personality to the highest possible union and communication with the infinite1 and thus realize the end of the external action1 it was also required that the being and actions #chc of human personality might be elevated to the dignity1 excellence1 and value of theanthropic being and acts4 ,in the hypostatic union1 human nature and all the inferior natures which it eminently contains1 as connected in the person of the ,word1 are deified1 and their acts have the value and dignity of divine acts4 ,hence1 so far1 the end of the external action which is to raise the cosmos in its nature and acts to an infinite dignity by union and communication1 is attained4 ,but human personality1 not being an element of the hypostatic union1 could not acquire in its being and in its acts the dignity and excellence of divine being and acts1 and consequently the end of the external action could not by the hypostatic moment be realized as regards the same personality4 ,here another problem arose in the divine mind--how to raise human personality to such a union with the ,theanthropos as1 without infringing upon its nature1 to raise its being and its acts to the value1 excellence1 and dignity of theanthropic being and acts1 and thus to exhibit in it the most perfect image of the infinite4 ,this problem was resolved by the incorporation of the ,theanthropos1 under the modifications of bread and wine1 in human persons4 ,this plan does not imply an hypostatic union1 which would do away with human personality1 but a union so strict1 so close1 and so intimate1 as merely to fall short of the hypostatic4 ,for1 in it and by it1 the ,theanthropos1 the ,god made man1 in his whole person1 composed of body1 soul1 and divinity1 is incorporated in human personalities by the act of eating1 and his body pervades their bodies1 his blood circulates in their blood1 his soul inheres upon and clings to their soul1 his divinity purifies1 sanctifies1 ennobles1 exalts their whole being1 and1 like food1 results in a transformation--a transformation not indeed of the ,theanthropos into the flesh and blood of the human person1 as it happens with ordinary food1 but a transformation of the human person into the body1 blood1 soul1 and almost divinity of the ,theanthropos4 8,cresce et manducabis me1 nec tu me mutabis in te sed tu mutaberis in me40#hg ,the fathers have endeavored to express the intimacy of the union by adopting various similitudes4 ,some have likened it to a piece of glass when impregnated by the rays of the sun1 and appearing like a smaller sun4 ,others have compared it to the action of fire upon iron1 which1 when heated and become red hot1 looks exactly like fire1 and could fulfil the functions of fire4 ,st4 ,cyril of ,alexandria has chosen the similitude of two distinct pieces of wax1 which when melted and mingled together are so intimately united as to form one single piece1 defying every possible recognition of their former separation4 ,but all these similitudes1 possible as they may be1 can never express the mysterious intimacy and closeness between human personalities and the ,theanthropos in the eucharistic banquet4 ,now1 how does this resolve the problem8 ,most perfectly4 ,the infinite intends to exhibit in human personalities an image1 an expression of himself as pure and as perfect as possible--an image of his being and of his life or action in obedience to the end of the external action1 always preserving the conditions of human personalities4 ,now1 what does the cosmos of personalities when united to the ,theanthropos in the mystery of the ,eucharist1 when pervaded by him1 when so closely #chd and so intimately united to him as to feel his flesh come in contact with their flesh1 his blood glowing in their blood1 his heart beating against their hearts1 his mind illumining and guiding their minds1 his will captivating and mastering their will1 his divinity ennobling and exalting their whole being and faculties--,i say1 when the cosmos of personality is thus united to the ,theanthropos1 does it not represent most vividly the infinite being of ,god8 ,does the infinite in looking at such a cosmos see anything but as it were one ,theanthropos filling and pervading all8 ,as to expressing the action of the life of the infinite1 and thus raising the acts of a human person to the dignity and value of theanthropic life1 it will appear evident if we recollect that the life of the infinite establishes the eternal religion in the bosom of ,god which expresses itself in the mystery of the ever blessed ,trinity4 ,for the ,father1 in recognizing himself intellectually1 and as it were theoretically1 produces an intellectual image of himself1 absolutely perfect in every sense4 ,both in recognizing themselves aspire a practical acknowledgment of themselves1 the ,holy ,ghost1 who completes the cycle of infinite life1 and perfects the eternal religion4 ,now1 this eternal religion are human persons destined to express1 to realize in themselves1 that they may be a most perfect image in their action and life of the life of the infinite4 ,this they could never do either naturally or supernaturally4 ,naturally1 because such acknowledgment requires an infinite intellect to apprehend the infinite excellence and perfection of ,god1 and an infinite power of appreciation to value1 esteem1 and love it practically4 ,now1 naturally these faculties of human persons are simply finite4 ,even the light of grace1 which strengthens the natural intelligence1 and the supernatural force1 which corroborates the will1 cannot do it1 because in their nature also finite4 ,it is1 therefore1 the infinite intellect and will of the ,theanthropos which alone can appreciate him intellectually and love him as he deserves4 ,now1 the mystery of the ,eucharist enables human persons to partake of this intellectual and volitive recognition of the infinite by their union with the ,theanthropos4 ,when1 after the solemn and happy moment of feeding upon the flesh and blood of the ,theanthropos1 ,i turn myself to adore ,god1 to render him the homage of adoration which ,i owe him as creature1 then ,i am not alone with my limited understanding and will4 ,it is with the intellect of the ,theanthropos1 which pervades and illumines my intellect1 that ,i recognize theoretically his infinite perfections4 ,when at the same moment ,i turn to him to offer him the tribute of my love1 ,i cling to him then1 not with the finite1 limited1 circumscribed power of my natural or supernatural will1 but of a will under the guidance1 the mastery1 the possession1 the infinite power of expansion of the will of the ,theanthropos1 under the immense weight of his love2 and when ,i yield my heart to exuberant joy and complacency in his infinite loveliness and bliss1 it is not the little vessel of a heart1 which can contain but a finite joy1 but a heart under the pressure of infinite jubilee1 which gushes up from the heart of the ,theanthropos and overflows into my heart1 and makes it swim in a joy and a delight known to those alone who have tasted it4 ,thus1 with the ,theanthropos in my bosom1 pervading my mind1 my soul1 my heart1 my flesh1 and drawing me toward him even as the bridegroom draws his bride to him1 even as the mother presses her offspring close to her bosom in the #che intensity of maternal love1 ,i know and ,i feel that ,i am adoring ,god as perfectly as a human person could possibly do1 and the finite personal act of my adoration becomes infinite because mingled with the infinite act of the ,theanthropos4 ,hence the ,eucharist is necessary1 because it resolves the problem1 how to elevate human persons to the most perfect image of ,god by incorporating the ,theanthropos in human persons1 and sharing with them his perfections and his acts4 ,so far1 we have proved the necessity of the real presence1 because1 in force of the end of the external action1 the cosmos1 not only in the natures which it contains1 but in the personalities also1 required to be brought to the highest possible union and communication with the infinite4 ,we shall prove the same necessity from the requirements of supernatural life4 ,the supernatural term conferred upon human persons1 consisting of a superior essence engrafted on their natural essence1 and of supernatural faculties1 must live1 that is1 act and develop itself4 ,now1 life1 in the highest metaphysical acceptation of the term1 consists in communion--the communing of a subject with an object4 ,in the infinite1 this communication is active4 ,for the first principle lives inasmuch as he communicates his life to his conception1 and both transfuse it into the spirit4 ,but as the finite cannot contain life in itself1 it must communicate with an object in order to appropriate it to itself4 ,a person elevated to the supernatural moment cannot therefore live1 except by communion with the objects proper to that moment4 ,now1 what is the proper object of the supernatural faculties of intelligence and of will8 ,for the intelligence1 it is an actual apprehension of the infinite and the finite in all their relations1 inasmuch as they are intelligible and inasmuch as the faculty is able to apprehend them4 ,for the will1 it is the infinite and the finite in all their relations1 inasmuch as they are lovable4 ,hence1 the supernatural intelligence must apprehend and come in contact with the infinite1 his nature1 his perfections1 the mystery of his life and of his bliss1 with the infinite1 inasmuch as he acts outside himself1 and1 hence1 with all the moments of his action and their terms4 ,the same must be said of the supernatural will4 ,this communication must be real and effective1 otherwise the life which would flow from it would not be real1 but fictitious and unsubstantial4 ,but how to put the supernatural faculties of elevated persons in real1 actual1 substantial communication with the infinite and the finite in all their relations1 so that the supernatural term may live1 be unfolded1 and transformed into them8 ,by the real substance1 presence1 and communication of the ,theanthropos1 who in his single individuality realizes the infinite and the finite in all their relations to each other4 ,by communing actually and substantially with him1 the essence of the supernatural moment comes in contact with the essence of the infinite1 with his attributes1 the eternal mystery of his life2 it comes in contact with all substantial creation as abridged in the human nature of ,christ2 it comes in contact with the supernatural term1 as ,christ contains the fulness of it in his soul4 ,supernatural intelligence comes1 therefore1 in contact with all the objects which it is intended to appropriate1 that it may expand1 grow1 and become perfect4 ,the same happens to the supernatural will4 ,thus1 in union #chf with the ,theanthropos by the eucharistic presence1 they come in communion with all the objects which are to bring them to perfection by a gradual development and transformation4 ,take the corporal presence of the ,theanthropos away1 and the supernatural faculties would only be in communication with the infinite1 but not with the finite2 with ,god1 but not with his cosmos2 because these faculties could never come in contact with the whole cosmos1 except inasmuch as it exists and lives in the ,theanthropos4 ,this argument introduces us to another4 ,every elevated person1 to live fully and perfectly1 must be in communication not only with the infinite and the finite as to nature1 but also as to personality4 ,every elevated person must commune in a real1 living1 actual1 quickening manner with elevated persons in time and space4 ,the perfection of unity of the cosmos claims this communing1 as it is evident2 and the fulness of life of each particular person demands it1 because life in its plenitude#hh results from communing with all its proper objects4 ,now1 how to bring together all elevated persons living at a distance of time and space--some in the initial and germinal state1 others in the state of completion and palingenesia8 ,we come into communion with things and persons distinct and separate from us by time1 space1 or individuality1 by a medium common to us and those things or persons we wish to enter into communion with4 ,thus1 ,i come into communication with persons at a certain distance from me by the mediums of light and air1 which are between me and them1 and common to both4 ,suppose ,i was speaking1 the air which exists between me and my hearers would be the common medium of communication4 ,in articulating1 ,i would strike the air which surrounds me1 and the strokes would be transmitted from particle to particle in every direction until they would reach the ears of my audience1 and thus a communication by speech would be established between us4 ,if1 therefore1 all elevated persons must come in contact with each other1 there must be something which will bring them together--a medium common to them all--to make them commune with each other4 ,now1 this medium is the real substantial presence of the ,theanthropos incorporating himself in all elevated persons4 ,i commune with the ,theanthropos1 with his divinity and his humanity1 with his intelligence1 his will1 his heart1 his body3 ,i appropriate him to myself2 another communes likewise with the ,theanthropos2 and thus we are brought together1 we come in contact1 we are united in the same life1 intelligence1 will1 heart1 body2 thus we meet and live in one common theanthropic life4 ,this is the foundation partly of that sublime1 magnificent1 ennobling doctrine of ,catholicity1 the communion of saints--communion of all persons elevated to the supernatural moment4 ,communion6 ,what is the medium which brings them together8 ,it is the real1 living1 substantial presence of the ,theanthropos incorporated in them1 and on which they have fed and shall feed for eternity4#hi ,how beautifully1 how divinely was this communication of the ,theanthropos given to us in the shape of food and at a banquet6 ,men #chg in all times and in all places1 by a prophetic instinct implanted in them by the ,creator1 have recognized the banquet as the supreme and the best expression of union and communication2 because it was to appropriate1 to drink life at one common source1 from one common food4 ,in the eucharistic banquet this is realized truly4 ,imagine a banqueting-hall as unbounded as space1 and a banquet as long as time4 ,suppose millions upon millions of elevated persons entering the banqueting-hall to partake of the same repast4 ,it is nothing less than the flesh and blood of the ,theanthropos1 not dead1 but living and quickening1 by the indwelling of his soul and divinity1 under the appearance of the simplest and most primitive elements of life--bread and wine4 ,all partake of it2 it penetrates and fills them all4 ,a glow of theanthropic life runs through their supernatural being2 their supernatural intelligence grows brighter at the flashes of his infinite1 finite intelligence2 their will expands at the embraces of infinite and finite loveliness2 their hearts swell with virtues under the pressure of the heart of ,jesus2 their affections are purified1 cleansed1 ennobled1 divinized at the contact of the affections of ,jesus2 their very flesh is spiritualized at the touch of his flesh2 a seed1 a germ of immortality is sown in it1 to bud and blossom in the end of time4 ,they live2 not they1 it is the ,theanthropos who lives in them4 ,and what wonder is it1 then1 that their natures1 coming in contact in him1 their intelligences meeting in him1 their will harmonizing in him1 their hearts beating together in him1 their emotions mingling in him1 their flesh touching in him and through him--what wonder1 ,i say1 is it1 then1 that they should communicate with each other1 and that their virtues and their very merits should become common8 ,those who have never realized such a doctrine may often have marvelled1 on hearing a ,catholic speaking of those who have passed from the initial and germinal state to the state of palingenesia1 as if they were present to him1 as if he were actually holding sweet converse with them4 ,this doctrine explains it all4 ,a ,catholic feels truly that the life of the apostles and evangelists glows in his bosom1 that the blood of martyrs runs in his very blood and ennobles it1 that the guileless simplicity and innocent loveliness of the virgins beams on his countenance1 that the virtues of all the saints are transfused into him2 because at the eucharistic banquet he can meet them living in the eternal mediator of all things1 the ,theanthropos1 and in him and through him he mingles with them1 associates with them1 comes into the closest possible communication with them4 ,utopians have dreamt of a universal society1 in which everything would be common4 ,it is the eucharistic doctrine of the substantial presence of the ,theanthropos which alone realizes this universal1 sublime1 ennobling society of all elevated spirits in one common medium1 and having everything common in the only mediator1 ,jesus ,christ1 in all time and space4#ij ,we feel that withal the arguments we have brought forward in #chh vindicating the beautiful and sublime dogma of the real presence of the ,theanthropos in his cosmos will have no effect on some minds1 unless we remove the metaphysical difficulties which are raised against it1 and show consequently its possibility4 ,therefore1 we willingly hasten to the task4 ,and as these objections are very popular1 we shall put them in the popular form of a dialogue4 ,the dialogue is between ,w4 and ,d41 the first a ,protestant1 and the other a ,catholic4 ,w4 ,i shall begin by a very strong objection4 ,i cannot conceive the possibility of the body of a full-grown man being within the small portion of space filled by a wafer4 ,christ was a full-grown man4 ,he is so now4 ,how1 then1 can he reside or be contained in such a small particle of space as the host8 ,d4 ,you will be kind enough to observe what the ,catholic ,church teaches1 that it is the substance of the body and blood of ,christ1 which is under the modifications of bread and wine4 ,w4 ,suppose it is2 what difference does that make8 ,d4 ,all the difference in the world4 ,pray1 what is a substance8 ,w4 ,it is that part of a being which remains immutable amid all the vicissitudes and changes of the being4 ,these changes or vicissitudes are called accidents or modifications2 that which remains always the same and immutable is called substance4 ,d4 ,right2 and1 pray1 has substance any dimensions1 has it length1 breadth1 height1 or depth1 or is it what philosophers call a simple being8 ,w4 ,it must have no dimensions1 because dimensions may change and vary1 and the substance must be always the same4 ,d4 ,then substance is a simple being1 that is1 it has neither height1 depth1 length1 or breadth4 ,w4 ,so it would seem1 and so1 if ,i recollect aright1 all the metaphysicians worth the name hold it to be4 ,d4 ,right again2 and1 if you remember1 ,leibnitz calls it a monas1 or a unit1 and distinguishes two kinds of substances1 the simple and the composite4 ,the simple is one substance2 the composite is an aggregate of simple substances or units4 ,thus1 bodies are an aggregate of substances or units4 ,w4 ,well1 suppose that bodies as to substance are an aggregate of simple units1 what of that8 ,d4 ,why1 then your objection is answered4 ,w4 ,how8 ,d4 ,did we not say that the ,catholic ,church teaches that it is the substance of the body and blood of ,christ1 which is under the modifications of bread and wine8 ,did we not agree upon the theory that substance has no dimensions8 ,did we not admit that a body is an aggregate of simple units1 as to substance1 and that consequently in that respect it has no dimensions8 ,then it matters not how large or how small you may imagine the wafer to be1 it cannot make the least difference2 seeing that our ,lord's body in the holy ,eucharist is there in its substance1 or as an aggregate of simple units1 and consequently has no dimensions1 and occupies no space whatever4 ,and remark1 that what happens in this particular case happens in every other being under #chi the class of bodies4 ,the substance or the number of simple units forming a body occupies no space whatever1 and is whole and entire under each and every modification4 ,what is particular to the ,eucharist is that the substance of the body of ,christ lies not under its own1 but under foreign modifications4 ,but ,i trust you see no difficulty in this8 ,w4 ,not much2 the main difficulty of space being removed1 ,i can very well conceive that ,god could easily cause a substance to appear under foreign modifications2 for ,i see no contradiction to any essential attributes of a substance in appearing under the garb of the modifications of another4 ,but what ,i cannot conceive is this3 if we admit composite substances to be an aggregate of units1 that is1 of beings having no dimensions or parts1 how do you account for the phenomenon of extension8 ,a monas1 or unit1 is like a mathematical point1 that is1 a cipher with regard to extension2 multiply1 therefore1 the units as much as you like1 and the result will always be a cipher with reference to space4 ,how1 then1 do you explain the phenomenon of extension8 ,d4 ,first of all1 you will be kind enough to understand that it is not the ,catholic ,church who is bound to explain the phenomenon of extension4 ,it is the metaphysicians who hold the theory1 though it is the only true one4 ,it is enough for the church to say1 ,your best and most universal theory is1 that a body is an aggregate of units devoid of extension4 ,i show you that my dogma agrees perfectly with your theory4 ,but it may be as well to mention the explanation which the metaphysicians just mentioned give to the objection4 ,they hold that extension1 as it falls under the senses and the imagination1 is not real1 but phenomenal1 and that the real objective extension is nothing more than the constant relation of all the units of a nature to produce in a sensitive being the phenomenon of the representation of space4#ia ,w4 ,but the greatest difficulty remains yet4 ,nobody can be in different places at the same time4 ,you hold that the body of ,christ is in as many places as there are hosts in the universe4 ,this would establish the astounding phenomenon of a body in millions of different places at the same time4 ,this is certainly absurd1 and ,i conceive that you will find much more trouble in explaining away this difficulty than you did the first4 ,d4 ,i must beg leave to call your attention again to the fact that the ,catholic ,church teaches that it is the substance of the body of ,christ which is in different places at the same time4 ,w4 ,oh6 you are there again with your substance6 ,i must own you have an ingenious way about you1 and1 if you succeed in making me see how this circumstance removes the objection1 as it did the first1 ,i give it up4 ,d4 ,but it does remove it4 ,and let me tell you that you #cij ,protestants1 in fighting against the dogmas of the ,catholic ,church1 commit two very serious faults3 ,first1 you do not provide yourselves with philosophy enough to cope with her4 ,secondly1 you do not sound the depth of her statement4 ,then it generally happens that1 when you think you are proposing your strongest objections1 and you are very sure you have her in a corner1 you are merely combating a phantom of your own imagination4 ,now1 let us see if the substance of the body of ,christ can be in different places at the same time4 ,to do this1 we must examine the other question1 ,how can a simple being reside in space8 ,metaphysicians teach that a body may reside in space in two ways1 according as it is considered either in its phenomenal representation or in its real objective nature and substance4 ,in its phenomenal representation1 a body resides in space by contact of extension2 in its real objective nature and substance1 by acting upon it4 ,i lay my hand flat upon the surface of a table1 and suppose ,i consider both my hand and the table in their phenomenal extension4 ,under this respect1 all the points and parts which form the phenomenal extension of my hand come in contact with all the respective parts of the table which my hand is able to cover4#ib ,under this respect1 a body naturally cannot be in different places at the same time without a contradiction1 because the supposition would imply that the parts of my hand which are in contact with the respective parts of the table are also in contact with parts of other bodies at any given distance4 ,but if we consider a body not in its phenomenal extension1 but in its real objective nature and substance1 the case is different2 because1 as we have seen1 the body as to its substance is simple and unextended1 and therefore1 as such1 it cannot reside in space by contact of extension1 inasmuch as its parts touch the phenomenal parts of space2 for it has no parts which may touch4 ,hence it follows that it resides in space as every other simple being1 that is1 by acting upon it4#ic ,in this case1 a body in its substance and objective nature does not reside in space except by its action upon it4 ,now1 naturally1 a body in its objective nature and substance is limited in its action to a certain defined space1 and cannot extend its action beyond it4 ,but there is no possible contradiction in supposing that a body may be endowed by the infinite with the power and energy to act upon any indeterminate amount of space at the same time4 ,now1 with regard to the body of our ,lord1 we have seen that it is in the holy ,eucharist in its objective state1 and consequently is there by its real action4 ,the miracle in this case is1 that the infinite power of the ,word to which it is hypostatically united intensifies its natural sphere of acting upon space1 and makes it extend to thousands of places at the same time4 ,to conclude3 ,the question1 ,can the body of ,christ be in different places at the same time8 resolves itself into this other3 ,can the substance of the body of ,christ act really and truly in different places at the same time8 ,who could give a reason worth anything to show that it cannot8 ,who could prove any contradiction in the supposition8 ,there would be a contradiction in #cia saying that the phenomenal dimensions of the body of ,christ1 at the same time that they touch the dimensions of one definite space1 touch also the dimensions of numberless other spaces4 ,but there is no contradiction in saying that the substance of the body of ,christ can act by virtue of the ,word1 to whom it is united1 in numberless places at one and the same instant4 ,the completion of the theory of the cosmos in time and space will be given in the next article4 #hd ,council of ,trent4 #he 8,quos prescivit et predestinavit conformes fieri imagini filii sui1 ut ipse sit primogenitus in multis fratibus40 ,rom4 viii4 #bi4 #hf ,there are two other moments1 but as these imply the question of evil1 they shall be treated of when speaking of that question4 #hg ,st4 ,augustine4 #hh ,we speak of initial plenitude4 #hi ,we hold that an elevated person once united to the substance of the ,theanthropos1 though not always actually united to his body1 because this sacramental union only lasts as long as the species would naturally last1 yet is continually so united in a spiritual though not less real manner4 #ij ,we have given the real presence1 and the communion of the flesh and blood of ,jesus ,christ1 as the foundation of the communion of saints4 ,to this might be objected that all the saints of the ,old ,testament1 and many elevated persons1 such as children dying after baptism1 and grown persons who never could communicate1 never were united to the ,theanthropos in the ,eucharist1 and consequently would be excluded from the communion of saints4 ,we answer1 first1 that we have only made the real presence partly the foundation of the communion of saints4 ,second1 we speak of the perfect state of the cosmos1 and consequently not of the imperfect and incipient state1 such as was the state of elevated persons in the ,old ,testament1 who were united to ,christ by faith and charity4 ,as to children and grown-up persons who never communicated1 we answer that we are giving the general law1 and not accidental cases4 ,the foundation1 therefore1 of the communion of saints is the union with ,christ1 real and actual1 of the supernatural faculties4 ,the perfection of the communion of saints is the real presence and incorporation4 #ia ,we have given here the theory of the best of modern philosophers4 ,but any one acquainted with the scholastics will at once perceive that their theory agrees perfectly with the above4 ,the fundamental idea of the scholastics in reference to matter is that it is something absolutely indeterminate1 which they express by saying that it is neither quantity nor quality1 etc41 and that it becomes determinate by the form1 which is something altogether unique and devoid of dimension4 ,matter they compare to potentiality1 something only possible1 the form to the act or actuality4 ,we subjoin a few extracts from ,st4 ,thomas3 8,materia prima aliquo modo est quia est in potentia4 ,sicut omne quod est in potentia potest dici materia ita omne a quo habet aliquid esse potest dici forma4 ,forma dat esse materi40 ,it is clear1 therefore1 that1 according to the scholastic theory1 what gives being to matter is the form1 something altogether simple and unextended4 #ib 8,corporalia sunt in loco per contactum quantitis40--,st4 ,thomas4 #ic 8,incorporalia non sunt in loco per contactum quantitis sed per contactum virtutis40--,,id4 ---------- ,,the ,,liquefaction ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,of ,,st4 ,,januarius4 ,,no4 ,,iv4 ,after the very full and detailed exposition of the facts of the liquefactions1 as millions have seen them in the past--as tens of thousands may1 and do still1 see them each year--the question forces itself on us3 ,is this a miracle1 as the ,neapolitans believe1 and as many earnest and critical examiners from other lands have been led to hold1 after a careful and candid investigation into the facts of the case8 ,is it a suspension of the ordinary laws of nature1 and an intervention of the supernatural power of the ,most ,high1 producing an effect above and beyond the ordinary course of nature8 or is this liquefaction a phenomenon entirely within the sphere of natural laws--either the result of some law1 or combination of laws1 producing this effect2 or is it the result of the art and skill of men8 ,one of these three it must be3 either the spontaneous effect of some natural laws1 or the artificial result of human trickery1 or a miracle4 ,the decision must depend on the character of the facts4 ,the ,neapolitans1 and1 with them1 ,catholic writers generally1 hold it to be a miracle4 ,on the other hand1 such a visible substantiation of the claims made by the ,catholic ,church that miracles do continue in her fold1 as the ,saviour promised1 and are the seal and confirmation of her divine authority1 has not failed to arouse the opposition of those who deny that authority4 ,in meeting the argument1 or the facts of the case1 they have not always followed the same line4 ,two or three centuries ago1 they contended that the liquefaction was a lying wonder produced by witchcraft or magic1 or by the power of ,beelzebub4 ,a little later1 natural philosophy was appealed to4 ,this liquefaction of the blood1 when the vial was brought near to the head1 arose1 they said1 from a law of sympathy in nature1 akin to if not merely a peculiar form of #cib that law which causes blood to flow from the wounds of a corpse if the real murderer lay his hand on the dead body4 ,these replies1 or attempts at a natural solution1 are antiquated4 ,we need not seriously consider them4 ,in the last century1 the objectors took a very different ground4 ,the whole thing1 they said1 was a device of the priests4 ,some called it a 8trick of long standing and great ingenuity02 others stigmatized it as 8one of the most bungling tricks ever seen40 ,this style of objection still holds its own4 ,during the present century1 another style of objection has come into vogue1 based on the ever-increasing spirit of rationalism4 ,the laws of nature1 we are told1 are invariable and supreme4 ,no violations of them are possible4 ,all miracles--in the sense of occurrences above and beyond those laws of nature1 occasional interruptions in the grand scheme of universal order1 law1 and causation--are to be at once rejected4 8,the idea of their possibility can only occur to those who have failed to grasp the great inductive principle of invariable uniformity and law in nature40 8,it is hardly a question of evidence4 ,the generality of mankind habitually assume antecedently that miracles are now inadmissible2 and hence1 that1 in any reported case1 they must in some manner be explained away4444 ,of old1 the sceptic professed he would be convinced by seeing a miracle4 ,at the present day1 a visible miracle would be the very subject of his scepticism4 ,it is not the attestation1 but the nature of the alleged miracle1 which is now the point in question4 ,it is not the fallibility of human testimony1 but the infallibility of natural order1 which is now the ground of argument40 7,rev4 ,baden ,powell1 ,order of ,nature47 ,we have not the space to examine this theory at length1 and to show that it is at bottom anti-christian and pantheistic1 contrary to the soundest principles of true philosophy4 ,nor is it necessary for our purpose to do so4 ,all the philosophical disquisitions in the world will not prove to a man having eyes that1 because 8the laws of nature are immutable1 and miracles are therefore impossible10 the blood which stands in the ampulla was liquid when taken out1 or is solid at the conclusion4 ,he saw that it was hard1 and sees that it is now fluid4 ,he will laugh at the philosopher and believe his own eyes4 ,neither is it necessary to confute at length the opinion accepted so blindly by ,protestants1 that the age of miracles has long since past1 and that miracles have entirely ceased since the days of the apostles4 ,if ,god can work miracles1 what man can limit him in the exercise of that power1 either in time or place8 ,and did not the ,saviour promise the continuance of signs among them that believe--a continuance to which he put no limitation8 ,the assertion that the ,catholic ,church is erroneous1 and that consequently there can be no miracles in her fold1 is more than akin to the words of the ,pharisees to the blind man1 whom our ,lord had restored to sight3 8,give glory to ,god2 we know that this man is a sinner40 ,the appropriate answer was3 8,if he be a sinner1 ,i know not3 one thing ,i know1 that whereas ,i was blind1 now ,i see0 7,john ix4 #bd1 #be74 ,we therefore leave the general subject of miracles to be treated by others2 and we confine ourselves to the fact of the liquefaction4 ,in this1 as in every other case of alleged miracles1 the decision depends entirely on the character of the testimony and on the nature of the #cic facts which that testimony establishes4 ,the testimony in this case is overwhelming in amount and unimpeachable in character4 ,the liquefaction with its marked features and details are clearly established4 ,we have only to seek its cause4 ,is it due to the regular action of the natural laws which1 under the given circumstances1 produce the liquefaction1 independently of any special act of men designed to bring it about8 ,how does a solid body naturally pass into a fluid condition8 ,a solid body may become fluid by deliquescence4 ,certain substances drink in water from the atmosphere around them to such an extent as to become fluid4 ,they are said to deliquesce4 ,is this liquefaction a deliquescence8 ,most assuredly not4 #a4 ,the substance within the ampulla--the indurated blood--so far as the eye can judge of it1 through the glass of the ampulla and the glass sides of the reliquary1 bears no resemblance to any of the substances which are known to deliquesce4 #b4 ,the process of deliquescence is well known and is not to be mistaken4 ,it is gradual2 and the exterior of the deliquescing substance1 being in immediate contact with the water-bearing atmosphere1 is always seen to yield first to the liquefying influence of the water4 ,on the contrary1 the liquefaction is often instantaneous--in un colpo d'occhio2 in un tratto4 ,even when gradual and not instantaneous1 the differences are marked4 ,the upper portion will become perfectly liquid while the lower portion remains still hard2 or the lower portion will liquefy while the upper portion retains its hardness2 or1 again1 the upper and lower portions may both remain hard while the middle portion becomes fluid2 or the middle portion will continue hard and solid while they become perfectly liquid3 sometimes1 the outer surface next to the glass sides of the ampulla will be seen to soften and liquefy first--in this case following the course of a deliquescence2 sometimes precisely the reverse occurs--the central portion is seen to become liquid while the exterior remains hard and unliquefied4 ,when we add that occasionally one side or lateral half liquefies while the other preserves its hardness1 and also that1 while frequently the entire mass becomes liquid1 yet1 on many occasions1 a certain portion remains hard for hours and days and then liquefies--perhaps gradually1 perhaps only after the entire mass has become hardened again--it will be seen that this liquefaction presents every possible mode and shade of difference to distinguish it from the single mode of deliquescence4 ,the difficulty becomes greater if we consider the obstacles to a freer communication between the outer atmosphere and the substance within the ampulla4 ,the ampulla is a tightly-closed glass vessel1 and is itself held within the reliquary1 another tightly-closed vessel of metal and glass4 ,this twofold barrier must forbid any ready and rapid passage of atmospheric water from the air to the substance within the ampulla4 ,again1 no connection whatever can be discovered between the superabundant moisture or the dryness of the atmosphere at ,naples and the occurrence or non-occurrence of the liquefaction4 ,we may take a series of twenty days1 which the diary marks as very rainy1 or occurring in a long-continued rainy season2 and a series of twenty others1 when the weather was dry--so dry1 they were praying for rain4 ,it will be seen that the phases of the liquefactions for each series #cid are so alike that they might be interchanged4 ,the general hygrometric condition of the atmosphere evidently has no perceptible influence for or against or on the liquefactions4 ,nay1 more1 it frequently happens that the blood1 after liquefying1 grows solid again on the same day1 and then liquifies1 perhaps solidifies anew1 and liquefies a third time4 ,all these changes have sometimes taken place within one hour4 ,now1 did the atmosphere1 during that hour or during that day1 pass through corresponding extreme changes of its hygrometric condition8 ,ordinary men did not feel them4 ,meteorological observers have not noticed them4 ,registering instruments do not record them4 ,and yet1 the habit of watching their neighboring and often threatening volcano has made the people of ,naples as observant of such changes as sailors at sea1 and has given to that city one of the ablest schools of meteorology on the ,continent4 ,we may well conclude1 therefore1 that the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius is not the deliquescence of a solid body1 arising from humidity of the air to which it is exposed4 ,is it the melting of a solid substance through the action of heat8 ,this is a more important question4 ,many of those who charge bad faith and trickery on the 8priests and monks0 officiating at the expositions1 maintain that it is by an adroit application of heat that the liquefaction is brought about4 ,others1 who admit the sincerity and good faith of the ,neapolitan clergy--which1 knowing the men1 they feel cannot be impugned--still attribute the liquefaction to the heat of the altar1 all ablaze with lighted tapers1 and of the crowd thronging the chapel1 and packed most closely just in the sanctuary itself and around the altar4 ,we undertake to show that the liquefaction is in no way produced by or dependent on heat4 ,i4 ,often1 when the crowd is greatest1 and the heat most intense--say in ,september--the liquefaction is delayed for hours2 perhaps does not occur at all1 or only a portion liquefies1 while another portion remains solid4 ,,ii4 ,on the contrary1 it has occurred quickly and for the entire mass1 even though the crowd was comparatively small4 ,this is especially seen in the extraordinary expositions1 even in winter1 when not a score of persons were present4 ,,iii4 ,it has taken place in the open air1 while the reliquary1 placed upright in an open framework1 and held aloft above the heads of the people1 was borne in procession through the streets2 and this in the winter months of ,december and ,january1 as well as on the vigils at the beginning of ,may4 ,,iv4 ,it has occurred on days when snow covered the streets1 or the cold was so excessive as to cause the usual procession through the streets to be dispensed with4 ,as the churches in ,naples are not heated1 the temperature within the cathedral must have been very low1 probably not above #de ,fahrenheit4 ,v4 ,this very question has been submitted to scientific investigation4 ,the professors of the ,royal ,university of ,naples1 headed by ,dr4 ,nicholas ,fergola1 the most eminent physicist of the faculty1 instituted a number of interesting observations1 which ,dr4 ,fergola published4 ,we copy from his work a table giving the actual temperature in a number of instances1 as shown by a standard thermometer which they stationed on the altar in close proximity to the reliquary at the time of the liquefaction3 ,,table4 #cie ,,observations ,,for ,,temperature ,,and ,,time ,,and ,,character ,,of ,,the ,,liquefaction ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,of ,,st4 ,,januarius1 ,,made ,,by ,,the ,,professors ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,university1 ,,naples4 ,a1 date2 ,b1 temperature1 ,fahr42 ,c1 number of minutes which elapsed from the commencement of the exposition of the relics on the altar1 until the liquefaction of the blood2 ,d1 character of the liquefaction4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #agid4 ,sept4 #ai4hjbg;,from hard to perfectly liquid4 #bj4hj #ba 0 0 0 liquid4 #ba4hj #ai 0 0 0 0 #bb4gh #bd 0 0 0 0 #bc4gg #be 0 0 0 0 #bd4gh #e 0 0 0 0 #be4hj #aj 0 0 0 0 #bf4gg #e 0 0 0 0 #agie4 ,may4 #b4gf #ab 0 0 0 semi-liquid4 #c4gf #b 0 0 0 perfectly liquid4 #d4gg #da 0 0 0 liquid499 #e4hj #bb 0 0 0 0 99 #f4ge #ab 0 0 0 0 99 #g4gf #bi 0 0 0 0 99 #h4gg #bi 0 0 0 0 99 #i4hj #cc 0 0 0 0 99 #aj4fg #ae 0 0 0 0 99 #agie4 ,sept4 #ai4gd #be 0 0 0 0 with floating lump4 #bj4gh #bf 0 0 0 perfectly liquid4 #ba4ha #bg 0 0 0 0 0 #bb4gh #be 0 0 0 0 0 #bc4hj #bd 0 0 0 0 0 #bd4ha #cb 0 0 0 0 0 #be4gh #ah 0 0 0 0 0 #bf4gd #c 0 0 0 0 0 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,on the six days in ,may1 marked 991 the reliquary was placed on its stand on the altar about mid-day1 for the afternoon intermissions4 ,a silk veil was thrown over it2 and it was left undisturbed until after #c ,p4,m4 ,at that hour1 the blood was found hard each day2 and subsequently it liquefied again1 during the afternoon service4 ,the foregoing very important table speaks for itself4 ,once the temperature stood at #fg1 and the liquefaction took place in #ae minutes1 although the day before1 with the thermometer standing at #hj1 it had been delayed more than twice that time4 ,twice the thermometer marked #gd2 the liquefaction was delayed in one instance only #c minutes2 in the other1 full #be minutes4 ,once the temperature was #ge4 ,in that case #ab minutes of delay were counted4 ,thrice it was #gf2 and the times were #b minutes1 #ab minutes1 and #bi minutes4 ,four times it was #gg2 the liquefaction occurred after a lapse of #e1 #be1 #bi1 and #da minutes1 respectively4 ,five times the thermometer stood at #gh2 and the times of delay in the several cases were #e1 #ah1 #bd1 #be1 and #bf minutes4 ,seven times it stood at #hj2 and the delays were respectively #aj1 #ai1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 and #cc minutes4 ,the highest point observed at the time of the liquefaction was #ha4 ,it was reached twice4 ,here again the times differed4 ,on one occasion the liquefaction was delayed #bg minutes2 on the other1 #cb minutes4 ,in view of these varied results from so many careful tests1 the commission of professors could only report1 as they did1 and as ,dr4 #cif ,fergola maintains in his essay1 that the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius evidently does not depend on the degree of heat to which it is subjected during the expositions4 ,,vi4 ,the same conclusion may also be reached by a single consideration4 ,when a solid substance is liquefied or melted by heat1 it will continue liquid if the heat is kept at the same temperature or rises4 ,it will resume its solid condition only when the temperature falls below that degree which is the melting point of the substance4 ,now1 in those summer days which we have spoken of--such as the six days of ,may1 #agie1 marked in the table of ,fergola--days on which the ,neapolitans seek the repose of a siesta--the hottest hours are from #ab ,m4 to #c ,p4,m4 ,during these hours1 the temperature is naturally higher than it was at #i4cj or #aj ,a4,m41 or is afterward at #d ,p4,m41 or later4 ,yet the blood1 which liquefied at #i4cj or #aj ,a4,m41 almost invariably becomes solid again during these hottest hours1 if the reliquary be placed on the altar and a silk veil thrown over it1 and it liquefies again during the afternoon exposition1 although the heat of the day is then sensibly diminishing4 ,the more accurately and carefully the facts of the liquefaction are studied1 the more clearly do we see that it does not depend on temperature1 general or local4 ,it is not produced by the action of heat4 ,this exclusion of the agency of heat has 8considerably exercised0 some of the opponents of the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,confident that all miracles are1 now at least1 inadmissible1 and that this and every other alleged miracle is susceptible of a natural explanation1 if we only knew it1 they eagerly catch at any1 even the most far-fetched and improbable theories1 and put them forward with equal inconsiderateness and confidence4 ,we have heard it said3 ,oh6 ,naples is an exceptional1 volcanic district4 ,there may exist there some occult or obscure volcanic agency1 which suffices to produce the liquefaction2 who can tell what strange results may come from a combination of all the volcanic agencies ever at work in that vicinity8 ,is ,naples the only volcanic district in the world8 ,does any other volcanic district present anything like this liquefaction1 or calculated to throw light on it8 ,even in ,naples1 is there another similar example8 ,and has not this liquefaction continued regularly1 even when ,vesuvius was quiescent for a long term of years4 ,previous to ,december1 #afca1 the volcano had slumbered in perfect tranquillity for nearly two centuries4 ,a ,french traveller tells of the flocks of cattle he saw browsing within the very crater itself1 then a vast green valley sunk in the plateau forming the top of the mountain4 ,yet all this while the liquefactions continued as they had done before1 and as they have done ever since1 in other seasons of quiet1 and in seasons of active volcanic eruption4 ,and then1 we ask1 what other sign or indication is there giving evidence of this natural influence or law8 ,and what sort of a natural law is that which acts only on one single vial of blood1 and has not acted on the thousands of others in the same conditions4 ,again1 it has been urged1 in much the same strain1 that our knowledge of the laws of nature is still very imperfect4 ,many laws are as yet undiscovered4 ,every year is marked by some advance in our knowledge of them4 ,it by no means follows that this liquefaction is miraculous1 #cig merely because as yet we are unable to assign the precise law or laws of nature which govern it4 ,perhaps1 some time1 men will discover them4 ,then all will be plain4 ,until then1 they tell us1 philosophy requires us to note carefully and accurately the facts of the case1 and to wait for some explanation or solution of them in the future4 ,it is always well to take note of the facts1 and to make our theories subordinate to those facts4 ,what we find fault with our opponents for1 in this question1 is that they do precisely the reverse3 they fix a theory in their minds1 and if the facts of the case do not agree with their theory1 why1 so much the worse for the facts4 ,one word on the laws of nature4 ,although there may be many of which we have now no knowledge1 and which we may hereafter discover1 still we do know some4 ,these may be supplemented--they cannot be contradicted or reversed by any laws hereafter to be discovered4 ,the legitimate conclusions based on the certain knowledge which we have1 are not to be impugned or held doubtful until we discover other laws4 ,we do know1 for example1 that when a man's head is severed from his body1 he dies4 ,all the known and unknown laws of nature cannot make him live again4 ,it will not do to base an argument in one paragraph on the invariable uniformity of law and order in nature1 and1 in the next1 to maintain that we are as yet all at sea about these laws4 ,among the well-known and uncontested laws of nature by which we may be guided in our argument1 are several which have a close connection with the subject before us4 ,we refer to them4 ,i4 ,we know that solid bodies become liquid by increase of temperature2 for each body1 there is a certain melting-point4 ,above that1 the solid body becomes liquid2 below that1 it remains solid1 or returns to solidity4 ,,ii4 ,the same liquid1 at the same temperature1 has the same volume1 or occupies the same space4 ,it is on this law that our thermometers are constructed4 ,these two laws are known and established beyond doubt1 if anything is known or established beyond doubt in physical science4 ,let us consider them in reference to the substance which is seen to liquefy in the vial or ampulla in the reliquary4 ,i4 ,this substance has no fixed melting-point4 ,looking at ,fergola's table1 we see that it liquefied one day at #fg in #ae minutes1 while the day before1 at #hj1 it liquefied only in #cc minutes4 ,one day at #gf it liquefied perfectly in #b minutes1 and the next day at #gg it occupied #da minutes4 ,it has liquefied in the month of ,january1 during a procession in the public street1 while it was borne aloft on a stand1 and freely exposed to the general temperature--then probably between #ej and #fj1 if not lower4 ,at other times1 in midsummer1 with a temperature over #hj1 it has remained solid and unliquefied for hours and for days4 ,nay1 after having become liquid1 it frequently solidifies again1 just at the hours between #ab ,m4 to #c ,p4,m41 when the heat of the day reaches its maximum4 ,it is clear that this liquefaction completely sets aside the first-mentioned law of the melting-point4 ,,ii4 ,the law of volume is set aside with equal peremptoriness4 ,as you look at the liquid in the vial1 you see that it changes in volume1 either increasing or decreasing4 ,sometimes the liquid occupies only about three-fourths of the space within the vial4 ,before your eyes1 it #cih will increase1 sometimes with froth1 sometimes even bubbling more or less violently1 sometimes retaining a perfectly tranquil and level surface2 sometimes rising very slowly1 sometimes rapidly2 and it may continue to rise until it fills the vial4 ,or again1 if the vial be full1 or nearly full1 the liquid within it will sink1 either suddenly or gradually1 hour by hour1 with or without froth or bubbling1 until it occupies perhaps three-fourths of the space4 ,these changes take place in summer and in winter indifferently4 ,they are entirely independent of the temperature4 ,they evidently set aside the second law we have recited regarding volume4 ,,iii4 ,a third law of nature is1 that her steps are forward and not backward4 ,a movement once made is never revoked4 ,chemical changes are progressive1 and1 so long as the ingredients and agents remain the same1 they never go back to repeat a combination which has once been made and then changed for another4 ,yet continual repetitions of the same forms1 combinations1 or conditions of the substance within the ampulla are a special characteristic of the liquefactions4 ,we will produce1 hereafter1 in a fitting place1 evidence that for centuries the ampulla has not been opened1 and consequently that its contents have not been changed4 ,nevertheless1 the alternate hardenings and liquefactions1 the variations of color1 the frothing1 and the ebullitions1 and the increases and decreases of volume1 have continued to succeed each other1 and to be repeated hundreds1 some of them thousands1 of times4 ,nay1 leaving aside for the moment these longer periods1 and confining our examination to the ten or twelve hours of a single day1 during which the ampulla is all the while under the public gaze1 and any interference of chemical art with the contents is absolutely impossible1 we still find these repetitions of the same form or combination4 ,the blood was solid when first taken out1 it liquefied1 stood liquid for an hour or two1 solidified again1 and again liquefied4 ,perhaps it solidified a third time1 and a third time liquefied4 ,it commenced to froth1 and it ceased1 then commenced again1 and again ceased4 ,it changed color1 and again returned to the prestine tint4 ,it changed in bulk1 either increasing or decreasing1 and again returned to its former level4 ,this reiteration of some or of all of these changes1 in a single day1 while the ingredients in the ampulla are evidently neither added to nor diminished1 is contrary to the course of nature4 ,the opposition is seen1 the same in character1 but manifested in vaster proportions1 when evidence compels us to admit that the substance in the ampulla has not been changed or meddled with for years1 and even for centuries2 while yet these reiterations ever continue4 ,the argument is the same in both instances4 ,there is no uncertainty as to the facts of the liquefaction or the well-known laws of nature which we have referred to4 ,nor is there any doubt that the facts are violations of those laws4 ,other laws of nature1 yet to be discovered1 may fill gaps in our knowledge1 and may complement the laws already known4 ,none will be discovered to contradict or upset them4 ,it is as vain to wait for the discovery of some unknown law which may account for the facts of the liquefaction1 as it would be to look for some other unknown law of nature in virtue of which ,lazarus lived again1 and came forth from the tomb--a law #cii which1 curiously enough1 happened to act just at the moment when our ,saviour stood before the tomb1 and cried out3 8,lazarus1 come forth40 ,can anything be more absurd than this theory which1 with words of seeming scientific caution and of wide philosophic views1 would attribute the liquefaction to the action of some as yet undiscovered laws4 ,in truth1 what sort of a regular natural law would that be which manifests its unshakable uniformity by somehow or other coming into play1 and producing the liquefaction1 just at those precise days1 hours1 and places which men have from time to time selected1 because convenient to them or suited to their thoughts of religion--a law which caused the blood to liquefy regularly on the #adth of ,january1 each year1 so long as that day was celebrated as a festival2 and skipped back to ,december #af when a new festival on that day was substituted instead--which is ready to put off the liquefaction from the #afth of ,december to the ,sunday following1 whether the delay be of one1 two1 three1 four1 five1 or six days1 according to the day of the week on which the #afth may fall1 and continues its complaisant action for the quarter of a century during which several archbishops of ,naples preferred a celebration on the ,sunday after to a celebration on the #afth of ,december itself2 and which was quite ready to go back again to liquefying the blood on the #afth of ,december as soon as another archbishop decided to return to the old usage--which is equally accommodating in ,may1 and always commences its series of liquefactions for nine consecutive days precisely on the ,saturday before the first ,sunday in ,may1 regardless of whether it fell on ,april #cj or any day after up to and including ,may #f--;and which1 stranger yet1 has been known often to adapt itself to the journeyings of strangers coming to ,naples1 and to bring into play its power of liquefaction on the very days and hours when these strangers could come to the tesoro chapel1 and the ecclesiastical and the civil authorities had come to an understanding1 and the relics were brought out and placed on the altar8 ,it is useless to multiply words4 ,the theory of general law must be ruled out1 as utterly inconsistent with the facts of the case4 ,whenever the liquefaction occurs1 it must be each time in consequence of something done or occurring on that occasion2 either because of something done by man intentionally and advisedly for the express purpose of producing the liquefaction1 or perchance unintentionally--that is1 without a knowledge of the effect to follow--or else because of the exercise on the part of ,god of his supernatural power1 in answer to the faith and earnest prayers of a believing people4 ,in this case1 it is a miracle1 as the ,neapolitans and those who agree with them steadfastly hold it to be4 ,we have already stated facts amply sufficient to exclude one arm of this alternative4 ,the liquefaction cannot be the natural result of any action of man1 whether intentional or accidental4 ,any liquefaction produced by the art of man would of course be within the sphere of natural action1 and would necessarily be subject to the natural laws of liquefaction4 ,if produced by heat1 the law of the melting-point would be observed4 ,if it in any way depended on the mutual action of chemical ingredients1 the laws of such action would never be seen to be reversed and set aside repeatedly1 even in a single day4 ,in whatever way the liquid was obtained1 it would observe the law of #djj constant volume at the same temperature1 and would not so frequently either decrease or increase its bulk4 ,in one word1 man has no power to set aside the laws of nature as we plainly see them set aside in this liquefaction4 ,we are forced to conclude that it is not his work4 ,the liquefaction which is seen at ,naples is not1 and cannot possibly be1 the natural result of any art or skill1 or of any blundering of the ,neapolitan clergy4 ,this will be made still clearer if circumstances allow us to examine somewhat in detail1 as we hope to do in a closing article1 the various solutions which have been proposed1 and the attempted imitations of this liquefaction4 ,their signal failure in every instance serves as practical confirmations of the conclusion to which we have been already led4 ,if with the aids of science and skill at their command1 men have failed to reproduce the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius1 is it not clear that the priests and monks of ,naples are not competent of themselves to produce the original8 ,the liquefaction must be1 as the ,neapolitans hold it to be1 a miracle--a fact contrary to the laws of nature1 wrought by the power of ,god for a purpose worthy of himself4 ---------- ,,the ,,princeton ,,review ,,on ,,dr4 ,,faber4#id ,twenty years ago1 ,dr4 ,newman delivered a series of lectures on 8,the ,present ,position of ,catholics in ,england40 ,the scope of these lectures was the exposition of the ,english ,protestant view of the ,catholic ,church4 ,dr4 ,newman showed1 with an ability1 skill1 and cogency of argument1 a mastery of language1 a wealth of illustration1 and a keenness of satire which even he has rarely equalled in his voluminous writings1 what is the nature1 origin1 basis1 and life of this view4 ,its sustaining power1 he proves1 is tradition1 its basis fable1 its life prejudice1 its protection ignorance4 ,we take the liberty of recommending this volume to the writer whom we are now intending to criticise1 to the conductors of the distinguished review for which he writes1 and to the clergy and reading laity in general of his eminently respectable denomination4 ,the indignation to which the ,british ,lion was roused1 and the fierce assault which he made upon the illustrious athlete who entered his cage and took him by the beard of prejudice1 so thick1 of such ancient growth1 and so venerable in his own eyes1 is an evidence of the power of ,dr4 ,newman's arm and the efficacy of his weapon4 ,the exposure which he made of one of the apostate traducers of the ,catholic religion1 after whom the ,english public for a while ran open-mouthed1 gave occasion to a prosecution for libel1 as the result of which ,dr4 ,newman was condemned to a fine and imprisonment4 ,it was a striking illustration and confirmation of what ,dr4 ,newman had so boldly declared4 ,the consequence has been #dja that the person whom ,dr4 ,newman was judged by the ,english jury to have libelled stands just where he did before the sentence was pronounced1 and that ,dr4 ,newman himself is fawned upon by the ,british ,lion with almost the affection which another lion felt for ,androcles when he drew a thorn from his paw4 ,the old ,protestant tradition or view about ,catholics lingers still about its ancient haunts in ,england1 and probably survives in the minds of a majority of the ,english people4 ,its force is1 however1 diminished1 and its prestige is waning1 thanks1 in great part1 to ,dr4 ,newman1 but in a considerable measure also to his gifted and holy friend and disciple1 ,dr4 ,faber4 ,in the ,united ,states1 the ,protestant view and tradition about ,catholics was colonized along with the other ,british institutions which the first settlers transplanted from the mother country4 ,it has given way in part within the last quarter of a century1 and with more facility than in ,england4 ,yet it still retains an extensive and strong hold upon our soil1 and needs many vigorous efforts in order that it may be wholly uprooted4 ,the article we are reviewing is an instance and an evidence of the condition in which this old ,protestant view is lying at present in a large class of minds1 of whom the author may be taken as a representative4 ,on the one hand1 his whole tone and line of thought and reasoning is a perfect illustration of the thesis of ,dr4 ,newman's lectures4 ,on the other1 his manner of speaking about ,dr4 ,faber and his writings shows the beginning of a caving-in of the great dyke of prejudice even among the stricter and more old-fashioned ,protestants4 ,as to the way in which a ,catholic should endeavor to open a breach for the tide through this heap of sand1 ,dr4 ,newman has shown it to such perfection in his aforesaid lectures that we can only follow out and apply his method1 and push forward in some new directions the work which he has substantially completed4 ,we will1 therefore1 begin by a somewhat long quotation from one of these lectures1 as the basis of the remarks we have to make ourselves1 in which we shall endeavor to make the line of argument adopted by ,dr4 ,newman bear more directly and in detail upon certain specific topics brought to view in the article under notice3 8,,prejudice ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,protestant ,,view4 8,in attributing the extreme aversion and contempt in which we ,catholics are held by this great ,protestant country to the influence of falsehood and misrepresentation1 energetic in its operation and unbounded in its extent1 ,i believe in my heart ,i have referred it to a cause which will be acknowledged to be both real and necessary by the majority of thoughtful minds1 ,catholic or not1 who set themselves to examine the state of the case4 ,take an educated man1 who has seen the world1 and interested himself in the religious bodies1 disputes1 and events of the day--let him be ever so ill-disposed towards the ,catholic ,church1 yet ,i think1 if he will but throw his mind upon the subject1 and then candidly speak out1 he will confess that the arguments which lead him to his present state of feeling about her1 whatever they are1 would not be sufficient for the multitude of men4 ,the multitude1 if it is to be arrested and moved1 requires altogether a different polemic from that which is at the command of the man of letters1 of thought1 of feeling1 and of honor4 ,his proofs against ,catholicism1 though he considers them sufficient himself1 and considers that they ought to be sufficient for the multitude1 have a sobriety1 a delicacy1 an exactness1 a nice adjustment of parts1 a width and breadth1 a philosophical cumulativeness1 an indirectness and circuitousness1 which will be lost on the generality of men4 ,the problem is1 how to make an impression on those who have never learned to exercise their minds1 to compare #djb thought with thought1 to analyze an argument or to balance probabilities4 ,the ,catholic ,church appeals to the imagination1 as a great fact1 wherever she comes2 she strikes it3 ,protestants must find some idea equally captivating as she is1 something fascinating1 something capable of possessing1 engrossing1 and overwhelming1 if they are to battle with her hopefully3 their cause is lost unless they can do this4 ,it was1 then1 a thought of genius1 and1 as ,i think1 superhuman genius1 to pitch upon the expedient which has been used against the church from ,christ's age to our own2 to call her1 as in the first century ,beelzebub1 so in the sixteenth ,antichrist2 it was a bold1 politic1 and successful move4 ,it startled men who heard2 and whereas ,antichrist1 by the very notion of his character1 will counterfeit ,christ1 he will therefore be1 so far1 necessarily like him2 and1 if ,antichrist is like ,christ1 then ,christ1 ,i suppose1 must be like ,antichrist2 thus1 there was1 even at first starting1 a felicitous plausibility about the very charge which went far towards securing belief1 while it commanded attention4 8,this1 however1 though much1 was not enough2 the charge that ,christ is ,antichrist must not only be made1 but must be sustained2 and sustained it could not possibly be1 in the vastness and enormity of its idea1 as ,i have described it1 by means of truth4 ,falsehood1 then1 has ever been the indispensable condition of the impeachment which ,protestants have made2 and the impeachment they make is the indispensable weapon wherewith to encounter the antagonist whom they combat4 ,thus you see that calumny and obloquy of every kind is1 from the nature of the case1 the portion of the church while she has enemies--that is1 in other words1 while she is militant--her position1 that is1 if she is to be argued with at all2 and argued with she must be1 because man1 from the very force of his moral constitution1 cannot content himself in his warfare1 of whatever kind1 with the mere use of brute force4 ,the lion rends his prey1 and gives no reason for doing so2 but man cannot persecute without assigning to himself a reason for his act2 he must settle it with his conscience2 he must have sufficient reasons1 and1 if good reasons are not forthcoming1 there is no help for it2 he must put up with bad4 ,how to conflict with the moral influence of the church being taken as the problem to be solved1 nothing is left but to misstate and defame2 there is no alternative4 ,tame facts1 elaborate inductions1 subtle presumptions1 will not avail with the many2 something which will cut a dash1 something gaudy and staring1 something inflammatory1 is the rhetoric in request4 ,he must make up his mind1 then1 to resign the populace to the action of the ,catholic ,church1 or he must slander her to her greater confusion4 ,this1 ,i maintain1 is the case2 this1 ,i consider1 must be the case2 bad logic1 false facts2 and ,i really do think that candid men1 of whatever persuasion1 though they will not express themselves exactly in the words ,i have used1 will agree with me in substance2 will allow that1 putting aside the question whether ,protestantism can be supported by any other method than controversy--for instance1 by simple establishment1 or by depriving ,catholics of education1 or by any other violent expedient--still1 if popular controversy is to be used1 then fable1 not truth2 calumny1 not justice1 will be its staple4 ,strip it of its fallacies and its fiction1 and where are you80#ie ,where would the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,scribner be if his article were stripped of its fallacies and its fiction8 ,what would become of the ,princeton ,review if it should publish a fair and favorable account of the life and writings of ,dr4 ,faber1 without the potent antidote administered along with that sweet draught of stolen waters which might otherwise prove too alluring to some of the young and candid members of the ,presbyterian flock8 ,the writer of the article1 who has evidently been educated in the old-fashioned ,protestant tradition about the ,catholic ,church1 has fallen in love with ,dr4 ,faber and his works1 and with the greatest frankness and candor has opened his mind to the public4 ,we can see plainly reflected in his pages the astonishment which came over him as he began and went on from volume to volume of the writings of the eloquent ,oratorian1 and from page to #djc page of his charming biography4 ,we can see1 with equal distinctness1 how he fell back on the old ,protestant view1 the old prejudice1 with a sort of violent effort1 in order to protect himself against the new light which had beamed on his mind and the new sentiments which had stolen unbidden into his heart4 ,moreover1 since he could not deny himself the pleasure of communicating the new treasure he had found to his fellow-,presbyterians1 he could not help feeling that they also needed a safeguard1 and could find none that would answer except the old one behind whose shelter he had hidden himself4 ,suppose that a number of earnest and inquisitive ,presbyterians should be induced1 by reading the sketch of ,dr4 ,faber's life and writings furnished by one of their own pastors1 to purchase or borrow the books which he so much delights in8 ,suppose they should come to the conclusion that the beautiful character of ,f4 ,faber is a fair specimen of the fruit which the ,catholic religion produces8 ,that his doctrine is really and truly the ,catholic doctrine which flows from the lips of all our preachers and from the pens of all our spiritual writers8 ,suppose these same persons should meet with some priest possessing somewhat of the same spirit with ,f4 ,faber1 should listen to his conversation and hear his sermons1 or should perhaps attend a mission or retreat8 ,we ask the question1 not as a ,catholic1 but as any one might ask it1 and simply looking at it as a question of the gain or loss of vantage-ground by the respective parties4 ,does not any one see1 that whereas we have need of nothing more than a fair chance to compare the evidence1 the excellence1 the attractiveness of the two religions1 in order to hold our old ground and gain new1 the ,presbyterian has lost the greatest advantage he has hitherto possessed1 as soon as the frightful cloud of odium which the old ,protestant view has thrown around us has been dissipated8 ,therefore1 that odium must be kept up2 that antecedent impossibility that there can be any truth in the claims of the ,catholic ,church because it is so very wicked1 must be placed as a bar to the ingress of every argument4 ,so has the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,scribner reasoned and acted4 ,we will not impute to him a deliberate and conscious purpose to falsify or calumniate1 and are willing to admit that he is probably in a great measure the victim of the gigantic fraud which he indorses and recommends4 ,his language about the ,catholic ,church and her hierarchy is of that kind which might justly cause the cheek of any one not steeled to the endurance of the grossest insults to mantle with indignation4 ,but1 when we reflect on the fact that many honest1 candid1 and well-disposed minds are duped to such an extent by this fraudulent ,protestant tradition that they are almost incapable of seeing anything except through its medium1 we are more inclined to pity than anger4 ,it is a great misfortune1 even when it is not a wilful fault1 to be under the control of this horrid delusion1 this gloomy nightmare1 which besets the very cradle1 haunts the nursery1 and sits brooding and glowering on the breast of so great a multitude of our fellow-,christians4 ,we will1 therefore1 try to do something to relieve them of this incubus1 and to lead them to think and feel more rationally and justly about ,catholics and their religion4 ,we will take the expression of the common ,protestant view by the author before us in its objective sense1 without reference to his #djd personal and subjective motives in repeating such ignominious charges1 and simply examine them in themselves and with reference to the grounds on which they rest4 ,the first passage we quote is the last sentence of the article4 ,it is expressed conditionally as to the form1 because the direct statement of the author was quite different1 and apparently contrary to it4 ,yet it does not appear that the author entertains any doubt1 or at least intends to suggest any doubt1 of its truth3 8,we may admit that the ,papacy is the ,mystical ,babylon1 the ,scarlet ,woman1 the ,antichrist drunk with the blood of the saints1 #8the great ,whore which did corrupt the earth with her fornication1' and yet believe that ,god has a people in the ,church of ,rome who live and die within her pale40 ,here we have what ,dr4 ,newman calls the 8expedient of superhuman genius10 the startling1 fascinating1 terrifying idea1 the ,protestant view1 which forestalls all argument by prepossessing the imagination with a nightmare of preternatural horror4 ,the writer has had this image before him from a child4 ,he alludes to it as something well known to his readers4 ,it is like the 8,old ,smoker0 in the chimney1 or the goblin in the garret1 or the mad bull around the corner1 waiting to execute vengeance on naughty little girls and boys who ask questions4 ,we find it very difficult to argue seriously against this chimera4 ,it is like arguing against the odd fancy of the eccentric ,jesuit ,hardouin1 that the ,north ,american ,indians are the descendants of devils4 ,it is revolting or ludicrous as it is looked at in different lights4 ,it appears to our mind to be vulgar1 silly1 superstitious1 and fanatical4 ,not1 of course1 because it is the use of language and imagery taken from the ,scripture1 but because it is a wholly arbitrary1 fanciful1 and unwarrantable use and application of such language and imagery4 ,it is like the grotesque use of ,scriptural names and images by the fanatics of the ,cromwellian revolution4 ,it is assumed as something certain and well known that the ,papacy is foretold and described in these prophetic visions and predictions1 as certain and well known as the interpretation of ,joseph's dream1 the dreams of the chief butler and chief baker of ,pharaoh1 the vision of ,nabuchodonosor1 or the ,messianic predictions of ,daniel4 ,nothing short of this would justify the manner in which ,protestant writers apply these terms to the ,roman ,church1 and shut out all calm and sober consideration of her claims and doctrines by an appeal to the prophecies respecting ,antichrist and ,babylon4 ,you cannot argue from a mere hypothesis1 as if it were a fact or a certain truth4 ,in this case1 the entire probability of the hypothesis depends on first proving that the ,roman ,church really possesses and exhibits the qualities which must belong to the objects of the prediction4 ,a sober and rational inquiry into the real meaning of these sublime1 terrible1 and obscure prophecies exacts1 first of all1 a study of the interpretation of the fathers4 ,it requires1 moreover1 an examination and due appreciation of the expositions of ,catholic commentators4 ,it must be dispassionate and scientific in its character4 ,now1 the vulgar ,protestant application of these prophecies to the ,roman ,church has none of these characteristics4 ,it finds no countenance from any writers before the time of the so-called ,reformation4 ,it was invented and used as a convenient and telling weapon of assault4 ,it is rejected by some of the eminent scholars of the ,protestant persuasion4 ,on what #dje does it rest8 ,on nothing but the conjectural interpretation of a certain number of individuals4 ,we should find no difficulty in proving its absurdity and falsity if we chose to undertake the task4 ,but that is not our object4 ,all we contend for at present is1 that it is an irrational and abusive employment of terms to call the ,roman ,church by the names of symbolic persons or objects in the prophecies1 as if it were certain that this application is just and true1 and that these names need only to be repeated in order to designate the ,catholic religion as a detestable monster1 to be shunned and fled from1 but not to be approached and fearlessly examined4 ,as the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,scribner has been haunted from infancy by these ,apocalyptic monsters1 and has always associated them in his imagination with the ,roman ,church1 it is quite natural that distinctive ,catholic doctrines should appear to him clothed with the same alarming and hideous outward semblance of monstrosity4 ,so1 then1 he says that1 8,even if the sincerity of some who profess to have been converted to the belief of the monstrous doctrines of transubstantiation1 the sacrifice of the ,mass1 the supremacy of the ,pope1 purgatory1 the worship of the saints1 and the adoration of the ,virgin1 must be admitted1 still there are some who have secret doubts as to the possibility of such persons being true ,christians0 7p4 #eaf74 ,why are these doctrines called monstrous8 ,doubtless1 all error is more or less monstrous1 as a greater or less distortion of the truth4 ,therefore1 one who considers these doctrines erroneous might mean no more in calling them monstrous than if he said they are great errors4 ,but it seems to us that our author used the word to express an antecedent1 obvious monstrosity of some sort1 which makes these doctrines incredible in themselves1 without any reference to the fact of their being either proved or disproved to be parts of revealed doctrine4 ,now1 looking at the matter as if we were mere inquirers or philosophers1 what is there more incredible in the doctrine of transubstantiation than in that of the ,incarnation1 in the sacrifice of the ,mass than in that of the ,cross1 in the supremacy of the ,pope than in the supremacy of the twelve apostles1 in purgatory than in hell1 in the worship of the saints and the ,virgin than in the divine adoration of the humanity of ,christ8 ,whoever will take the trouble to read our philosophers and theologians1 will find that they demonstrate the futility of all the antecedent objections which can be made to the credibility of any ,catholic doctrines4 ,as to the arguments in proof of these doctrines from ,scripture1 tradition1 and reason1 whoever maintains that they are so obviously proved to be false by the contrary arguments1 that it is only a monstrous ignorance1 folly1 credulity1 or wickedness which can induce any one to hold them as ,christian doctrines1 had better favor the public with a clear and succinct treatise containing the reasons for his opinion4 ,it might1 perhaps1 answer the purpose of a ,protestant ,end of ,controversy1 which has been a great desideratum for a long time4 ,when he incidentally hits on the subject of relics and miracles1 our estimable author is still more overcome4 ,dr4 ,faber1 in his eyes1 is always a charming1 grown-up infant1 who is only made more lovely and attractive by believing everything4 ,but not so with those who cannot claim his sympathy for their sweet simplicity1 and must be considered as grown-up men3 8,with the exception of a few such men as ,faber1 it is not to be #djf believed for a moment that the educated prelates and priesthood of the ,romish ,church have themselves a particle of faith in what they teach the people concerning their ,popish legends4 ,we do not know what to think of the man who does not feel intense indignation at the bare thought of ,pope1 cardinals1 and priests all encouraging the people to reverence the disgusting pretended relics with which their churches are filled4 ,let it be remembered that the highest ,romish authorities in all countries continue to this day to give their sanction to what they know to be imposition on the credulity of the people2 and can it be doubted that even the most bigoted person1 if he knew the real facts1 would question the truth of a system which rests so extensively on known and deliberate deception80 7p4 #ebh74 ,there is something which seems so honest and unpremeditated about this outburst of indignation that we are disposed to give the author the benefit of that excuse of childlike simplicity which he so kindly makes good in behalf of ,dr4 ,faber4 ,he has no thought of proving his assertions1 does not seem to think they require any proof1 or that they can be questioned by any one who is not ignorant and bigoted4 ,let it be remembered1 he says1 as of something learned in childhood1 like the rules of grammar or the date of the discovery of ,america4 ,evidently1 here is the old ,protestant view1 the old tradition1 which has all the force of an infallible authority4 ,now1 it is not the fault of ,presbyterians and other ,protestants that they have had this prejudice instilled into their minds in youth4 ,while their ignorance is invincible1 it is also inculpable4 ,but if they adhere to it without reason1 through supine indifference to truth or affection for their old prejudices1 when their attention has been called to the reasons and motives for doubt and examination1 they become morally blameworthy4 ,a simple denial of the truth of the accusations made in the foregoing paragraph1 on our part1 is enough to destroy all their prestige in the mind of any candid and intelligent ,presbyterian who is not ignorant or bigoted4 ,our word carries as much moral weight as that of the conductors of the ,princeton ,review4 ,and we deny emphatically1 invoking ,god as a witness to our sincerity and truth1 every item of the foregoing accusation4 ,it is an atrocious calumny1 and those who have uttered it are bound to prove it or retract it1 even if they have been themselves deceived1 and have had no intention to calumniate4 ,this is all the reply we have to make to the attack on the personal honor and integrity of the ,catholic priesthood4 ,but in regard to the topic itself of relics and miracles1 we will say a word out of charity to our bewildered and indignant friend1 and to all like him who are willing to hear the other side4 ,disgusting pretended relics4 ,what is the sense of that word disgusting8 ,does it mean that real relics are disgusting1 or that pretended relics are disgusting because of the imposition8 ,if it mean the former1 we do not understand the feeling any more than we understand the feeling of one who is disgusted with the furniture which has been in the family for a long time4 ,you cannot argue the question in that way4 ,the only way of arguing the matter at all is to discuss the matter itself4 ,if the relics of the saints are entitled to reverence1 and have a secret1 miraculous power1 the feeling of disgust is simply an abnormal and senseless feeling1 which ought to be suppressed by an act of the will4 ,if it is a question about the genuineness of the relics1 no one who is not grossly ignorant of history can be unaware of the fact that1 from the second century down1 relics of martyrs and saints have been highly honored and religiously #djg preserved4 ,there has never been any difficulty in procuring genuine relics in abundance of the contemporary saints4 ,as regards the relics of the cross1 and other relics connected with the persons of our ,lord1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 the apostles1 and the most ancient and illustrious saints1 we must refer the curious reader to books for information4 ,we can only strike1 so to speak1 a few random blows at the prejudice which encrusts the ,protestant mind1 and endeavor to crack it4 ,we merely wish to convince our friends of the absurdity of their hasty and wholesale condemnation of our motives1 spirit1 doctrines1 and practices1 that they may think it worth while really to examine the matter with seriousness4 ,so1 without going into any general examination of relics universally1 we will just take up an instance of a particular case of relics in the house where we are writing1 as an example of our ordinary and practical conduct in respect to relics4 ,in an oratory which is used for private devotion1 there is placed above the altar a large and ornamental sarcophagus1 the front and sides of which are of plate glass4 ,within is a wax figure of a ,roman youth reclining on a crimson couch1 dressed in crimson silk1 crowned with a chaplet of flowers1 and with the eyes closed as if he had just died4 ,within the breast is a reliquary1 with relics of a body taken from the ,roman catacombs4 ,in the corner is a phial1 marked with a red ribbon1 and which once contained blood4 ,these are the relics of ,justinus1 a young martyr of ,rome1 which are duly and officially authenticated as having been taken from the ,catacombs4 ,now1 whoever knows anything of ,roman archology knows that the most learned and careful antiquarians give us certain marks by which the remains of martyrs may be identified4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,scribner will not hazard his reputation as a scholar1 we presume1 by classing the folios of ,de ,rossi and other savants of ,rome among the impostures of priestcraft4 ,we have1 then1 the relics of a true martyr1 arranged and placed in such a way as to make an object of contemplation to the eye of taste and of ,christian faith1 which is pleasing1 instructive1 and fitted to excite pious emotions4 ,what is there disgusting in this8 ,but then there are the legends about miracles wrought by the relics of the saints1 and other miracles4 ,very true1 my dear friend1 and1 no doubt1 very puzzling and startling to one who has been accustomed to believe that the marvellous and miraculous passed away with the age of the ,bible4 ,but1 reflect for a moment on the full extent of the admission you will have to make to the infidel rationalist1 to the enemy of ,christianity1 who makes our whole religion mythical1 if you reject all this portion of the belief of ,catholics as founded on the fabulous4 ,read ,bede's ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,england1 the twenty-third book of ,st4 ,augustine's ,city of ,god1 ,st4 ,ambrose's description of the discovery of the relics of ,,ss4 ,gervasius and ,protasius1 and ,isaac ,taylor's ,ancient ,christianity4 ,you will find that we modern ,catholics are in the same boat with the fathers1 the prelates1 the ,christian people of the fifth century4 ,we float or sink together4 ,it seems to us1 however1 that before one resolves to follow the shallow and sophistical ,isaac ,taylor and his servile copyist1 the translator of the ,city of ,god1 in condemning our ,christian forefathers as the authors or the dupes of a gigantic system of imposture1 and before one pronounces a similar sentence on the whole #djh body of their modern descendants1 it would be well to examine somewhat carefully the evidence in the case4 ,for instance1 to confine ourselves to modern times1 there are3 the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius2 the ecstatic virgins of the ,tyrol1 and the recent similar case in ,belgium2 the miraculous conversion of the ,jew ,ratisbon2 the case of ,mrs4 ,mattingly of ,washington2 the miracles of ,lourdes2 the miraculous cure of a young lady at ,st4 ,louis1 attested by three physicians2 the miracles wrought by the relics of ,f4 ,olivaint1 the martyr of ,paris2 the miraculous conversion of sixteen ,mohammedans at ,damascus1 one of whom has suffered martyrdom2 and many other events1 believed by a vast number of intelligent persons1 upon grounds of evidence1 to be supernatural and miraculous4 ,we do not ask our ,protestant friends to believe these things on our word or without evidence4 ,we simply say that it is the part of good sense and necessary for you1 if you expect to sustain your own cause against us1 that you should examine these things1 and1 if you deny altogether this whole class of professed facts1 should give good reasons for it4 ,will you rule the whole case out of court by a sweeping principle that these things are in themselves impossible and incredible1 and therefore false8 ,we defy you to do it without subverting the whole basis on which rests the belief in the miracles of the ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,moreover1 we defy any one to evade or rebut the evidence of some of the miracles we have mentioned1 especially the cure of ,bourriette at ,lourdes and of ,mrs4 ,mattingly at ,washington4 ,we mention these1 because we have given the evidence of the former in our own pages1 and of the latter in the edition of the works of ,bishop ,england1 prepared for the press by the author of this article more than twenty years ago4 ,the authority of the ,roman ,church1 nevertheless1 and the truth of the ,catholic faith1 do not in any manner rest on any one or all together of the visions1 revelations1 or miracles in question as their basis1 and as the ground of a divine faith4 ,their highest value1 even when fully proved1 is to confirm and enliven our faith in truths of which we are previously certain4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,scribner says with great truth that 8one great lesson taught by this biography of ,dr4 ,faber is the lesson of charity0 7p4 #eca74 ,he is also so obviously correct in his remark that 8charity does not require us to admit that to be true which is false10 that we wonder he took the trouble to make it4 ,moreover1 we cannot and do not wish to dispute his right 8to pronounce a flaming ,roman ,catholic professor a child of the devil who shows himself to be one40 ,but we wish to add to his statement one more1 which is that justice requires1 as well as charity1 that one should not make atrocious charges or apply opprobrious epithets without adequate proofs and motives4 ,let the reverend gentleman consider1 then1 coolly and deliberately1 and let every ,protestant reader of this article consider and judge of the following sentence3 8,it would not be enlightened charity which would make us think that1 perhaps1 after all1 the licentious ,roman ,catholic priests of ,spain and ,italy1 and the brutal priests of ,ireland1 are ,christian men0 7p4 #eca74 ,charity6 ,we do not ask your charity4 ,we spurn with indignation any such despicable counterfeit of charity as that which is here repudiated4 ,the ,catholic ,church does not need any mantle to throw #dji over any priests who are either 8licentious0 or 8brutal40 ,let the jurisdiction over clerical delinquents1 which rightfully belongs to her1 be admitted and sustained by the civil governments1 and she will treat them with the right kind of charity1 by restraining them from all power to sin1 and giving them an opportunity of doing penance4 ,civil governments1 when they have been engaged in a conflict with the church1 and ,protestant leaders1 have always been ready enough to encourage1 to employ1 and to reward these outcasts of the priesthood1 or impostors who have falsely pretended to be priests4 ,by their suborned testimony1 the ,british government hanged ,oliver ,plunkett at ,tyburn4 ,for the sake of another of the same sort1 an ,english jury fined and imprisoned the most honorable and illustrious writer in ,england4 ,examples nearer home are not wanting1 and are not1 we suppose1 quite yet forgotten4 ,all those worthless members of the priesthood who have been disgraced1 or who deserve to be1 we leave to bear by themselves the judgment both of men and of ,god4 ,but on what evidence are the priests of ,spain and of ,italy called in general and unqualified terms 8licentious10 and the priests of ,ireland 8brutal08 ,we would like to know what opportunity ,american ,presbyterians have of knowing accurately the condition of the ,spanish clergy4 ,blanco ,white1 as ,dr4 ,newman shows1 furnishes no testimony which can be used to prove any such assumption as that of our very confident friend ,mr4 ,scribner4 ,in regard to ,italy1 is there any testimony given by trustworthy1 competent witnesses1 who have lived there long enough to know what the character of the clergy is1 or anything which the violent enemies of the church in ,italy have been able to establish against the clergy1 which warrants the opprobrious epithets applied to them in the elegant passage we have cited above8 ,that the busybodies who are trying to make mischief in ,italy1 and whose proceedings are viewed with intense disgust by some honorable ,protestant clergymen1 keep some very disreputable company among the ,italian clergy1 we have no doubt4 ,we suppose there are more than one hundred thousand priests in ,italy1 and1 as we have seen two such specimens as ,gavazzi and ,achilli1 we cannot wonder if there are some scores of similar individuals who are able to keep their places under the protection of so detestable a government as that of ,victor ,emanuel4 ,these are the men who consort with ,protestant emissaries1 and who malign the virtue of their brethren1 which they hate and envy because of their own wickedness4 ,but1 as ,dr4 ,newman remarks1 those who leave the ,catholic ,church1 and yet retain some moral probity and gentlemanly honor1 do not furnish ,protestants with the evidence they want in order to sustain their defamation of the ,catholic priesthood4 ,men like ,wharton1 ,blanco ,white1 ,lord ,dunboyne1 ,gioberti1#if ,capes1 ,hyacinthe1 and ,dllinger1 do not answer the purpose for which they are wanted1 because they will not utter the gross calumnies or invent the startling1 sensational lies which certain infamous scribblers like ,maria ,monk1 or mountebank lecturers like ,leahy and the last new ,baron1 manufacture for the greedy ears of a credulous public4 ,the insult offered to the clergy of ,ireland is equally offensive and #daj touches us still more closely4 ,it is not so bad an epithet which is applied to them1 but1 while it is vague enough to make it difficult to seize and expose the precise calumny which the writer intends to fasten1 it is forcible enough to make it as insulting and opprobrious as any epithet which a gentleman could well use1 or a refined and scholarly periodical suffer to appear on its pages4 ,it is like the gross caricatures of ,harper's ,magazine4 ,we blush at the thought of noticing such an aspersion on the ,irish clergy4 ,the priests of ,ireland brutal8 ,the ,irish people are not a brutal people1 and it is impossible that a brutal clergy should spring from them4 ,the clergy are loved by their people1 they cannot therefore be brutally cruel2 they are respected by them1 and therefore they cannot be brutally vicious4 ,they are educated men2 they meet noblemen and gentlemen on equal terms4 ,irish society is cultivated1 refined1 and polished1 and the ,catholic priests of ,ireland are respected by the respectable ,protestants of ,ireland4 ,such an accusation as this could not be made in ,dublin1 or on the floor of the ,british ,house of ,commons1 without calling derision on the head of the unlucky person who ventured to use a sort of language about ,catholics1 which polite society is beginning to regard as unfit for its ears4 ,it is no wonder that a gentleman so prejudiced against the ,catholics and their religion as ,mr4 ,scribner has shown himself to be1 should be astonished or puzzled at the conversions which have taken place in the past twenty-five years3 8,how one educated in the ,protestant faith can become a sincere ,papist it is difficult for us to understand1 and to many minds the thing seems impossible0 7p4 #eaf74 ,he tries to diminish1 and as far as possible to shirk the difficulty by laying the blame on ,anglicanism and ,puseyism3 8,it must be remembered that for an ,anglican or ,puseyite to become a ,catholic is a very different thing from the conversion to ,romanism of any other intelligent ,protestant40 ,the perusal of ,dr4 ,newman's ,lectures will show that the ,protestant view and the ,protestant prejudice have had as deep and strong a hold in the ,english ,establishment as in the ,kirk1 and1 therefore1 the difficulty remains where it was4 ,but1 although we may allow that a ,high-churchman is logically nearer to a ,catholic than is a ,presbyterian1 there are plenty of cases of the conversion of those who were brought up in the other ,protestant churches4 ,hurter1 ,phillipps1 ,stolberg1 and ,de ,haller were ,lutherans4 ,mr4 ,lucas was a ,quaker1 and ,f4 ,baker was brought up a ,methodist2 ,dr4 ,brownson was a ,unitarian1 and ,judge ,burnett was a ,campbellite4 ,there are numbers of converts in the ,united ,states from the ,lutherans1 ,presbyterians1 ,methodists1 ,baptists1 ,unitarians1 and other denominations4 ,it does not alter the case that some of the best known of the converts who were brought up in various sects became ,episcopalians first1 and afterwards ,catholics4 ,for1 as our author asserts1 they became by that step 8almost ,catholics40 ,and how did they first become convinced of those 8almost ,catholic0 doctrines1 and altogether ,catholic principles which they only logically followed out when they became ,catholics8 ,then1 again1 we have the two ,drachs1 the two ,ratisbons1 ,hermann and ,veith1 who were ,israelites4 ,infidels1 too1 have been converted1 as well as ,protestants and ,jews2 men of every country1 rank1 and profession1 noblemen1 #daa clergymen1 statesmen1 lawyers1 physicians1 merchants1 military and naval officers1 have embraced the ,catholic faith4 ,since the time of the so-called ,reformation1 these converts have amounted to hundreds of thousands1 and it is our opinion that there must be at least fifty thousand at the present moment in the ,catholic ,church of the ,united ,states4 ,this fact must1 therefore1 be looked in the face1 and it must be admitted that there is something in the ,catholic religion which is capable of convincing the understanding and winning the homage of the most intelligent1 upright1 and conscientious persons1 even though they have been educated in ,protestantism4 ,mr4 ,scribner admits1 with a commendable candor and frankness1 the sincerity and excellence of ,father ,faber3 8,one at least who followed ,dr4 ,newman into that communion deserves1 as far as his love for the ,lord ,jesus and his self-sacrificing zeal are concerned1 to be held as a model--,frederick ,william ,faber4 ,in his numerous devotional books1 in all his correspondence1 and in his hymns1 almost all of which are of the highest order for beauty1 tenderness1 and spirituality1 there breathe sweet humility1 childlike trust in ,jesus as the ,saviour of the lost1 and the most loving submission to the divine will4444 ,and yet this man1 whose self-sacrificing piety and loveliness of ,christian character all must acknowledge1 was1 during almost the whole period in which he so earnestly sought the good of others by his incessant toil1 as sincere and thorough a ,romanist as if he had drunk in the system with his mother's milk4444 ,but as long as one retains with these errors 7#8the monstrous doctrines of transubstantiation1 the sacrifice of the ,mass1 the supremacy of the ,pope1 purgatory1 the worship of the saints1 and the adoration of the ,virgin'71 however inconsistently1 the essential truths of the ,gospel1 his holding them is not incompatible with piety4 ,whoever is a true worshipper of ,christ is born of ,god1 and that the subject of this biography worshipped and loved the ,saviour it is impossible to doubt4444 ,one great lesson taught by this biography is the lesson of charity1 and that we should be cautious in assuming that a man is not a ,christian because he is a ,romanist4 ,undoubtedly1 when we obey the injunction of the ,scripture to pray for #8all saints1' we pray for many who are in the ,church of ,rome4 ,even a ,romish priest who prays to the ,virgin1 and who teaches the people to pray to her1 as ,faber certainly did1 may be1 like him1 an humble worshipper and lover of ,jesus4 ,and though he may practise austerities1 he may do so in a different spirit from that which actuates the masses in his own church1 for1 instead of being full of self-righteousness1 he may have no confidence in his own righteousness4444 ,we may admit1 etc41 and yet believe that ,god has a people in the ,church of ,rome who live and die within her pale0 7pp4 #eae1 #eaf1 #eag1 #eca1 #ecb74 ,let the reader peruse these passages carefully4 ,they read very differently from the other set of extracts1 and yet they occur together1 mixed up with each other1 and we have separated them in order to exhibit more clearly the singular clashing in the author's mind between old1 timeworn prejudices1 and a new1 intruding set of thoughts and sentiments derived from the perusal of ,f4 ,faber's life and writings4 ,we have shown how he attempts to reunite the two4 ,but they cannot live peaceably together in the same breast1 any more than could ,sara and ,agar in the same tent4 ,they are incompatible4 ,it is impossible to make out of ,father ,faber an exceptional case4 ,if the charge of idolatry is sustained against us1 and if1 in other respects1 the ,roman ,church deserves the epithets applied to her by our enemies1 ,father ,faber went with his eyes open1 and remained with his eyes opening wider and wider1 and died in a religion which cannot be embraced without bringing death to the soul4 ,he was no adherent of #dab any softening1 modifying1 minimizing school4 ,he was not like any of those whom ,protestants are wont to regard with favor as belonging more to themselves than to us1 as a sort of secret1 unconscious ,protestants1 who are only externally united to the ,roman ,church1 while their spirit is alien from her spirit4 ,there was nothing of ,pascal1 ,martin ,boos1 or ,hyacinthe about him4 ,he was not even one of those who stopped short at the line of strictly defined and obligatory doctrine1 as if afraid of being extreme ,catholics4 ,he was no ,gallican1 no rigorist1 no advocate of anything that might be called ,neo-,catholic or ,anglo-,catholic4 ,even in regard to minor and accessory matters1 to modes and ways in which there is great room for variation in opinion and practice1 he preferred those which characterize the genius of the ,italian and ,spanish nations1 and which seem to the colder and more reserved temperament of the ,english to be the most remote and foreign to their tastes and intellectual habits4 ,he endeavored to divest himself of everything which bore the semblance of conformity even in accidentals to ,anglicanism1 and to throw his whole soul into what he considered to be the most perfectly ,catholic mould4 ,he outran in this many both of the old ,english ,catholics and of his fellow-converts4 ,especially in regard to the devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 he made himself the champion of the most exalted views concerning the power and glory of the ,mother of ,god1 and the importance of her cultus in the practical teaching and piety which is directed to the end of the conversion and perfection of souls4 ,he followed ,st4 ,bernardine of ,sienna1 ,st4 ,alphonsus1 and the ,v4 ,louis ,grignon de ,montfort1 and his entire spiritual doctrine is derived from similar sources1 as it were flowing from the very topmost heights of mystic contemplation1 above the clouds1 and far remote from the paths and ken of ordinary mortals4 ,in his theology1 which is remarkable both for accuracy and depth1 he always follows those authors whose doctrine accords with the strictest criterion of ,roman orthodoxy4 ,it is not1 then1 anything in ,father ,faber which is peculiar and self-originated1 or which he brought over from his ,protestant education1 and has mixed with ,catholic doctrine as a clarifying ingredient1 that makes his books popular with ,protestants1 and has excited the admiration of the writer in the ,princeton ,review4 ,f4 ,faber's doctrine and sanctity are purely ,catholic products4 ,the homage which he has extorted is homage paid to the school in which he learned1 and the masters and models he followed4 ,the sheep shows the quality of his pasture in the fineness and whiteness of his wool4 8,men do not gather grapes of thorns or figs of thistles40 ,if our reverend friend were more familiar with the lives of the ,saints and the works of ,catholic spiritual writers1 he would cease to wonder at ,f4 ,faber and his works4 ,we can point him to whole libraries of works in which the characters and actions of a multitude of similar men and women are depicted1 and where countless forms of the same divine truths and holy sentiments are presented4 ,those who 8practised austerities0 to the greatest possible extent1 the solitaries of the desert1 the holy monks and nuns1 the saints of the most heroic type1 are precisely those who were marked at the same time by their entire conformity to the doctrine and spirit of the ,roman ,church1 their profound humility1 and their ardent love of the great ,lord and ,saviour of mankind4 ,contrasting ,f4 ,faber1 and others like #dac him1 with the great body of fervent ,catholics1 as if they had a 8different spirit10 the great body being 8full of self-righteousness10 and these select few having 8no confidence in their own righteousness10 is sheer nonsense1 and an unmeaning rattle of words4 ,we cannot all pretend to possess the genius1 the loveliness of character1 the extraordinary graces1 or the exalted sanctity of ,f4 ,faber4 ,but all those who hold the genuine ,catholic doctrine which our holy mother the church teaches1 and possess in any degree the genuine ,catholic piety which she inculcates1 are1 so far1 like ,f4 ,faber4 ,the same spirit is in all1 whether they be the frail and sinful confessing their sins with contrition1 the sincere though imperfect who are striving to keep ,god's commandments with more or less diligence1 or the more advanced in ,christian virtue and holiness of life4 ,those who have a false and counterfeit piety1 who indulge in the spiritual sins of pride1 self-confidence1 and vainglory1 who are willing victims to the illusions of the devil1 and seek to play the part of saints in order to gratify their self-love and win applause1 are like other sinners1 except that they have more of the hypocrite about them4 ,they generally become heretics1 or fall into open sin1 and cease acting their wearisome part1 unless they are truly humbled and converted4 ,these are the persons who have a 8different spirit0 from that which actuates the true children of the church4 ,that ,f4 ,faber touched the common chords which vibrate through the great ,catholic heart is shown by the fact that he is the most popular spiritual writer of this century4 ,three hundred thousand copies of his works1 in some six or seven languages1 had been sold some time ago1 and they still continue to circulate everywhere4 ,it is not a little remarkable that the same chord is obedient to his touch in the hearts of so many ,protestants4 ,what genius1 learning1 reasoning1 philosophy1 cannot do1 the faith and love which spring from prayer and penance accomplish with ease4 ,it is a remarkable fact1 and we call the attention of ,catholic preachers and writers to it1 as well as that of ,protestants4 ,one who disdained the thought of diluting ,catholic doctrine to suit the delicate palate of the age1 who was regardless of the opinion of men1 who plumed his pinions for a kind of audacious flight into the lofty ether in which saints alone are wont to soar and poise in contemplation1 who threw off all drapery from the glorious form of ,catholic truth1 and loudly called on all men to gaze and worship1 is the one who wins the confidence and captivates the hearts of the greatest number of the church's lost and estranged children4 ,we trust that his works will win their way1 and exercise their gentle1 attractive force still more extensively among evangelical ,protestants4 ,the recommendation of a ,presbyterian pastor1 which goes forth under the sanction of ,princeton1 will1 we trust1 produce its full effect1 and excite the pious curiosity of a great number of readers to become acquainted with the biography and writings of the gifted1 lovely1 holy poet1 priest1 and teacher1 who has been called the ,bernardine of ,sienna of the nineteenth century4 ,we have endeavored to bring out into strong relief what is really of the greatest moment in the article of the ,princeton ,review1 and what the weak though violent counter-protests only make more prominent and definite1 that the concessions to the personal and doctrinal purity of ,father ,faber are a yielding of the most grievous of the charges against #dad ,catholics and their religion4 ,it argues1 we hope1 a change in the spirit and manner of maintaining the controversy with us which is coming on4 ,the teaching of ,father ,faber is admitted to contain the 8essential truths of the ,gospel10 and his most distinctively ,catholic and ,roman doctrines are admitted to be 8not incompatible with piety40 ,the conclusion is rigidly logical and irresistible1 that ,calvinists must consider the controversy between us as one not respecting directly1 but only indirectly1 the essential1 fundamental dogmas and precepts of the ,gospel and ,christianity4 ,let them1 then1 realize this view to themselves1 think in accordance with it1 and regulate their conduct and language in harmony with it4 ,let them no longer ignore and practically abjure the ,christian church from the fourth century to the present moment1 and confine their sympathies to an imaginary primitive period and the sphere of modern ,protestantism4 ,let them study ancient1 medival1 and modern ,catholic authors1 read history and theology1 and learn to discuss the real issue with us4 ,the ,chinese method of warfare1 charging upon us with shields aloft1 bearing the hideous figure of the beast with seven heads and ten horns1 with outcries and shouts of derision and vituperation1 will not answer any longer4 ,those who choose to follow such tactics will soon be forced to throw their shoes into the air and take to flight4 ,it is too late to frighten even ,presbyterian children with such nonsense4 ,the weakness and helplessness of the poor ,irish ,catholics1 and of the handful of ,catholics in ,england1 made them for a long time the easy victims of oppression and calumny4 ,but the day for treating the ,catholics of the ,english-speaking world with haughtiness and contumely has passed by4 ,we desire1 however1 no revenge or retaliation4 ,we ask nothing of ,protestants except that they will seek the truth4 ,in the words of ,montalembert3 8,the truth1 and nothing but the truth--justice1 and nothing but justice--let that be our sole revenge60#ig #id ,the ,princeton ,review1 ,october1 #ahga4 ,art4 ,,ii43 ,the ,life and ,letters of ,frederick ,william ,faber4 ,by ,rev4 ,william ,scribner4 #ie ,lecture ,,iv41 p4 #bjf4 ,dublin4 ,third ,edition4 #if ,we do not intend to affirm positively that ,gioberti formally renounced the communion and faith of the ,catholic ,church1 a matter about which there hangs a great obscurity4 ,but his violent enmity to the ,jesuits and his revolutionary principles in general would have certainly led him to attack the clergy and the existing order in the most vulnerable part4 #ig ,monks of the ,west1 ,introduction1 last paragraph4 ---------- ,,limitation4 ,through limit and hindrance man works3 no limit hath ,god1 and no need2 ,but his wind is musical only when prisoned in the cane of the reed4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ---------- ,,modern ,,opera4#ih #dae ,nothing better pictures an epoch than the art and literature which it produces4 ,the great characters1 religious and political1 immortalized by history1 have always been surrounded by a cluster of noble geniuses1 artistic and literary4 ,the generosity and magnanimity of heroes is reproduced in the sublime purity of the works of art of their epoch4 ,nobility of art bears testimony to the excellence of morals4 ,our century is no exception to this4 ,confusion of principles in politics and religion is accompanied by an analogous overturning of morals1 of art1 and of literature4 ,we are living in a time of general depravity2 at least1 it is so as regards those who pretend to march at the head of modern civilization4 ,but their depraved literature1 their shameless arts1 exercise their disastrous influence over those who would wish to resist the current of the bad passions of the day4 ,it is to them that ,m4 ,stein gives warning of the danger1 in depicting the bad conditions into which dramatic music has degenerated4 ,it is a study of contemporaneous manners1 not so much from an artistic as from a religious and political point of view4 ,,gentlemen3 ,a few days ago1 it was shown you here how considerable is the influence of the fine arts upon the moral life of mankind2 it was demonstrated how they can guide the human sentiment towards different ends1 good or bad4 ,you will permit me now to call your attention to a branch of the fine arts which1 more now than ever1 and more than all others1 exercises its influence on the moral life of the people1 and which merits thus the highest degree of interest from this assembly4 ,it is dramatic poetry allied to musical art1 that is1 the ,opera4 ,you all know the great extent of this branch1 which has captivated the favor of the public to a degree perfectly exceptional1 and which has banished to the second place all other branches of dramatic art4 ,the reasons of this extraordinary success are not so well known4 ,the excessive predilection of public theatregoers for the opera is of quite recent date4 ,only forty years ago1 the masterpieces of dramatic poetry enjoyed the same favor as those of dramatic music4 ,by the side of ,mozart and ,carl ,maria von ,weber1 ,shakespeare and ,schiller were found on a footing of equality2 to-day they must retire before ,meyerbeer and ,offenbach1 and be contented to remain eclipsed by these favorites of the public4 ,if you question on the subject enthusiastic lovers of the opera1 they will answer that1 in our day1 opera has made progress so considerable1 and attained to such perfection1 that the understanding of music is so general among the people1 that this predilection of an enlightened public for dramatic music is the most natural thing in the world4 ,you know there never can be question of any other than an enlightened public2 for it cannot be doubted that every man who frequents the theatre is a man of progress4 ,the gallery #daf represents the preparatory school2 the boxes1 the pupils in philosophy4 ,however1 it is difficult to believe that artistic taste and love of music are the sole motives which cause the public to fill the halls of the opera-house4 ,forty years ago1 the works of ,mozart1 of ,weber1 and other masters were well appreciated by connoisseurs1 but they did not meet with as much success from the public as modern operas enjoy to-day4 ,or is it rather that ,donizetti and ,verdi1 ,meyerbeer and ,offenbach1 understand the art better than ,mozart and ,weber1 ,spohr and ,spontini8 ,we cannot admit it4 ,the reason must be elsewhere1 and surely1 gentlemen1 you wish to know it4 ,in a pamphlet published ten years ago1 ,richard ,wagner says3 8,the essential foundation of art1 as practised generally in our day1 is industry3 its moral end is gain1 its sthetic intention to kill ennui40 ,this richly endowed artist has in view his colleagues in dramatic music1 the composers of opera4 ,he knew these men well1 and understood himself how they set to work4 ,but in the words quoted he has perfectly explained the end and tendency of modern opera4 ,the end is no other than gain2 and1 as means conducive to this end1 effect is necessary1 which must be attained at any price4 ,industrialism1 that tyrant of our age1 has also submitted the opera to its power1 and under its domination the art exhausts itself forcibly1 because tied to the fly-wheel of the artistic fabric4 ,to produce effect1 to surprise and bring out something which has not yet been seen--these are the objects of actual dramatic music4 ,to this end is sacrificed not only art1 but also all that exists--religion1 politics1 morality1 and truth4 ,this unfortunate course has been inaugurated by the ,italians4 ,in their dramatic works1 ,donizetti and ,verdi have sought but for effect1 theatrical success1 and to this end have completely sacrificed dramatic truth4 ,for love of effect1 they have trodden upon law1 morals1 and even reason4 ,the domination of sense over mind is the characteristic feature of their music4 ,but it is among the ,french that this style has attained its greatest perfection1 and even among the ,german composers1 who1 for love of effect1 have ,frenchified themselves4 ,the most skilful author of scores of operas1 ,scribe1 has offered his pen to these greedy musicians for money1 and shows his readiness to sacrifice all to it4 ,scribe understood the ,parisian public for which he worked4 ,he knew its weakness1 and he has succeeded in imposing the vitiated taste of that public on the whole civilized world4 ,in the texts furnished by ,scribe1 all is intended for scenic effect--all means are employed to reach this end4 ,the requirements of dramatic truth and of morality1 even of good sense1 are sacrificed to the one end1 effect4 ,frivolous and immodest allusions1 which offer gross food to the impure fancy1 and necessarily soil the imagination of innocence2 doubtful scenes1 as1 for example1 in ,fra ,diavolo1 where a young girl unrobes and goes to bed before the audience2 scenes of the bath1 as in the ,huguenots2 scenes of seduction1 as in ,robert le ,diable2 political allusions1 exaltation of and homage to the revolutionary passions1 as in the ,muette de ,portici2 base flattery to the irreligious opinions and prejudices of the day2 even1 in fine1 scenes peculiarly religious1 that are put into the piece to produce striking contrasts1 and bring out voluptuous scenes better--these are the artistic means of which these poets and composers #dag have made use to produce effect1 and to make money with this effect4 ,thanks to these industrials of the opera1 it happens that in ,france a new opera has no longer chance of success1 if it be not abundantly provided with these means for exciting bad passions4 ,now1 how is it in ,germany8 ,the ,german good-nature imitates everything of which the ,french set the example4 ,it allows itself to be deceived1 even to the point of finding navet where there is nothing but immodesty4 ,it thinks even that it recognizes a religious character in works which do but abuse and vilify religion4 ,the ,german good-nature imagines that these creators of ,french art have carried dramatic music to its highest perfection1 whilst in reality they are merely skilful workmen1 and often something much worse4 ,if it be denied that our so-called artistic and intelligent public is intoxicated with drinking from the poisoned cup of the ,french opera1 it must be conceded that in ,germany there are still many men who know and love art1 and who therefore1 at the start1 do not sacrifice to this musical ,baal1 but render testimony to the truth with regard to the modern opera4 ,they do not trouble themselves about the shouts and railleries of the crowd1 who are unreflecting1 and seek in art only sensual enjoyment and pastime4 ,permit me here to recall the memory of a generous man1 a grand master of the musical art1 whom the city of ,dsseldorf formerly counted among its citizens--to wit1 ,mendelssohn-,bartholdy4 ,from the letters he has left1 we know that1 during his artistic career1 he desired earnestly to try his creative power on the opera1 but could not succeed because1 notwithstanding his multiplied efforts1 he could not find a text to please him4 ,during his sojourn in ,paris1 his father wrote him to employ ,scribe to furnish him a text1 to make the composition at ,paris1 and to have the joint work performed there4 ,this letter of the father betrays a man well versed in business4 ,in his answer1 ,mendelssohn first speaks of the difficulties which are raised against strangers who wish to represent their works in ,paris2 then says3 8,it must be added that1 among the ,french1 the principal condition is one to which we must always be opposed1 even when the epoch requires us to be ready to make concessions to the taste of the day4 ,this essential condition is immorality4 ,i have no music for that4 ,it is ignoble4 ,if the present age exacts such requirements of the opera1 ,i renounce it for ever4 ,i prefer to compose religious music40 ,honor to the honest man6 ,honor to the artist who in acting thus honored himself--who refused to gain money and to make himself famous by selling for so base a use the divine gift which ,god had given him6 ,as ,mendelssohn indicates here1 it is particularly ,meyerbeer who has devoted himself to this bad style4 ,in his youth1 this talented artist had composed several operas which had not been favorably received4 ,he had tried without success in the ,german school as well as in the ,italian4 ,he gave himself up to the mercantile style1 and his career was brilliant4 ,meanwhile1 ,meyerbeer employed ,scribe to write his texts1 and these two minds understood each other wonderfully4 ,the one furnished piquant scenes1 without regard to the exigencies of reason and morals1 and threw in a profusion of seductions for all the passions4 ,he set to work all the wonders of decoration4 ,the other illuminated the whole with seductive music1 which sought but for #dah effect1 and had no regard to dramatic truth4 ,in this manner1 ,meyerbeer has become not only the most famous1 but also--and this is the principal thing--the richest musician of the entire world4 ,he knows his business1 as no one before has known it4 ,meyerbeer is distinguished particularly for his predilection for religious scenes4 ,with consummate skill1 he uses them to produce striking contrasts4 ,none of his last operas fail in this spicy seasoning4 ,as a ,jew1 he is impartial among the different ,christian sects4 ,he maligns and mocks them all4 ,in ,robert le ,diable1 it is ,catholicism which is put under contribution to furnish material for his religious scenes2 in the ,huguenots1 he abuses ,protestantism in the same manner and to the same end4 ,marcel1 a personage insignificant and dull1 a fanatical ,huguenot1 interrupts everywhere the action of the piece with a ,protestant canticle1 always inopportunely and without reason1 but producing always a grand effect by contrast4 ,it is the air of the canticle of ,luther3 8,our ,god is a tower of strength40 ,the success of the ,huguenots1 this opera being so much a favorite1 rests almost entirely on the contrasts produced by this canticle4 ,in the first act1 a merry company of cavaliers is found at table drinking and singing a riotous song4 ,marcel1 the incomprehensible solitary1 proceeds to thunder out1 with a loud voice accompanied with brazen instruments3 8,hear me1 strong ,god6 ,my voice is raised to thee40 ,this canticle1 in the midst of jovial drinkers1 intermingled with the song they are singing--how can it fail of effect8 ,in the second act1 there is a very violent scene4 ,at the instigation of ,queen ,margaret1 the ,count ,st4 ,bris has proposed his daughter to the ,chevalier ,raoul1 who refuses her4 ,valentina1 the daughter1 despised and scorned1 complains2 ,queen ,margaret preaches peace2 all shout and fence1 and ,marcel adds his chorus in a thundering voice1 8,god1 our guard and protection1 listen to our cries60 ,is not this a shameful prostitution of sacred things8 ,but it produces effect2 and our opera-going public1 which boasts of its delicate taste1 is enchanted with it1 and imagines that the violent impression produced by these contrasts is a religious and edifying sentiment4 ,in ,l',africaine1 the last production of ,meyerbeer1 he introduces us immediately1 in the first act1 to a sitting of the secret council of the ,king of ,portugal4 ,it is understood that the grand inquisitor and a certain number of cardinals play the principal rle4 ,finally1 ,vasco de ,gama is condemned1 loaded with chains1 and thrown into the deepest dungeon4 ,why8 ,because he has affirmed the existence of distant and unknown lands of which the ,scripture does not speak4 ,you know well that ecclesiastical dignitaries have always had the habit of refuting with chains and a prison novel ideas and scientific discoveries4 ,at least1 by this scene the public is convinced of it1 with the aid of stunning music4 ,this same opera1 so much approved1 contains also a very piquant amorous intrigue4 ,there are several choruses of prayer1 then a large vessel on the stage1 and finally a manchineel tree1 which spreads death4 ,we must agree that it is the possible and the impossible4 ,however1 it is not the ,jew ,meyerbeer who has pushed to the extreme his musical industry4 ,the ,jew ,offenbach has gone much further4 ,the former speculated principally on the curiosity of the unreflecting masses2 but while his art is under subjection to frivolity1 he still seeks #dai to preserve a certain decorum4 ,but ,offenbach has got rid of the last remains of modesty and propriety4 ,yet the ,christian public besiege the workshop1 and applaud with frenzy the musical indecencies of this industrious ,jew4 ,orphes aux ,enfers1 ,la ,belle ,hlne1 ,la ,vie ,parisienne1 such1 for several years1 have been the favorite works with a public in advance of its age4 ,these operas have been played every day for weeks and months on every stage2 and often there are disputes over the tickets for these representations4 ,of course1 it is all owing to the beautiful music4 ,with these impure works1 dramatic music has attained the extreme of degradation4 ,after having been lowered by ,meyerbeer and the modern composers of ,france and ,italy to the rank of an equestrienne1 who rides round the circus in elegant costume1 the muse of music has been thrown to the demi-monde by ,offenbach4 ,she could not fall lower4 ,gentlemen1 permit me to repeat the question which was laid before you in the beginning4 ,what is the reason that modern opera has gained the favor of the public to so eminent a degree that not only the classical works of this kind1 but also the masterpieces of declaimed drama1 are banished from the theatre8 ,now1 we can answer this question4 ,the reason of this surprising phenomenon is that1 by the modern opera1 art has entered into the service of sensuality1 art has lost all generous and elevated motives4 ,it has tasked itself to amuse a public depraved by pleasures of every kind--to satisfy curiosity1 to flatter the bad passions1 the errors and prejudices of the age1 and to make a bad use of the questions of the day4 ,those who still doubt what ,i say have but to notice the intimate union of the ballet with the opera which the prevailing taste dictates as an inexorable law4 ,in most cases1 the ballet has no logical or artistic connection with the opera4 ,it is a foreign element which imposes itself upon musical and dramatic action1 and which is given with the avowed intention of exciting voluptuousness4 ,reason is forced to despise the ballet2 moral sentiment condemns it2 musical art is obliged to lament over it as a sad aberration2 nevertheless1 modern opera has concluded an alliance for life with this frivolous creation of the present time4 ,you know the proverb1 8,tell me what company you keep3 ,i will tell you what you are40 ,our friends of the opera do not like to be told these things4 ,judgments like these are for them the expressions of a mind opposed to modern civilization1 and lost in obsolete ideas4 ,if one of these partisans of modern opera hears what ,i have just said1 he will certainly say that the darkness of my ultramontane soul is blacker than the color of my robe4 ,he will maintain that it is only sthetic education1 artistic sense1 enthusiasm for music1 which draws him and his equals to similar works2 and1 nevertheless1 the old operas which are veritable works of art1 but which do not contain any piquant subject and little food for sensuality1 leave them cold and indifferent in the depth of their hearts4 ,the symphonies of ,beethoven and ,mozart cause these lovers of art to yawn1 and the name alone of an oratorio makes their flesh creep4 ,what position have we ,christians to take1 in order to oppose these alarming phenomena of the present day8 ,a critic of the seventeenth century1 named ,wehrenfels1 has laid down this principle for dramatic art in general3 8,finally1 all our dramatic representations should be #dbj such that ,plato could tolerate them in his republic1 that ,cato could listen to them with pleasure1 that vestals could witness them without wounding their chastity1 and1 what is more important1 that ,christians could listen to them40 ,you will say this is too antiquated a principle4 ,among the greater part of our amateurs at the theatre it will only provoke expressions of doubt2 they will say that this poor ,wehrenfels is far behind modern civilization4 ,notwithstanding1 no one undertakes to refute this principle1 to demonstrate that these requirements are groundless4 ,but as long as they are not refuted1 we must consider them justified1 and we ask if they should not be applied to the opera4 ,is not the drama when sung to be submitted to the same true moral and sthetic laws as the drama recited8 ,to the phenomena of life as produced before our eyes1 we apply the scale of conscience and of reason4 ,why should it not be our right and our duty to apply them also to the opera1 and to regulate our conduct from the result of such an examination8 ,no one will deny that this question is well founded4 ,nevertheless1 it would meet with much resistance4 ,our enthusiasts of the opera have tacitly agreed that1 where it is a question of opera1 good sense and conscience should be silent4 ,but ourselves1 gentlemen1 ought never to abandon these principles4 ,we should no longer be ,christians1 if we did not apply to the opera the principles we practise in our lives4 ,let us1 then1 apply these principles to the music of our day4 ,what must we do if it be condemned for frivolity1 for immodesty and abuse of religious things8 ,if we find that the scenes are arranged solely with a view to effect1 and in disregard of good sense and logic8 ,if reason and conscience1 by common accord1 condemn this degradation of art1 and the deception with which this degradation is presented as veritable art8 ,what must we do1 in presence of these great accusations against modern opera8 ,would you condemn to silence your reason and your conscience because you are promised amusement8 ,would you wish1 as a return for your money1 to have sung on the stage words you despise1 words you would repulse if they were spoken8 ,would you put a temptation before your children1 in leading them to the opera--these same children whom you tried to bring up in honesty1 in religion1 in piety1 and the observance of all ,christian duties8 ,do you believe that at the opera1 where religion is made a plaything1 where it is exposed to contempt1 attacked and calumniated1 they will learn to esteem and to obey it8 ,will they learn good morals1 decency1 and propriety from the dancers of the ballet8 ,it is sufficient to place before you these questions2 you will answer them yourselves4 ,but why this severe criticism8 ,what will result from it8 ,will my words succeed in turning dramatic music from its bad course1 and making it enter on a better8 ,will the thousands and thousands of individuals who find their greatest pleasure in modern opera take notice of them at all8 ,i do not count upon that4 ,but ,i hope with confidence1 gentlemen1 that my words will engage you to examine more closely the subject of which ,i have been treating4 ,you will not form your judgment from charlatans of criticism and enthusiastic partisans of sensuality2 but you will judge for yourselves1 by vigorously applying your ,christian principles4 ,if you are thus affected1 my words will have borne fruit4 #ih ,lecture of ,m4 ,stein1 ,curate of ,cologne4 ,delivered before the ,catholic ,congress at ,dsseldorf4 ---------- ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,sacred ,,history4#ii #dba ,it has been said that a distinguished ,english lady1 remarkable for her intelligence in the treatment of many questions affecting the condition of the proletarian classes1 and by whose persevering efforts the erection and management of reformatories for juvenile offenders1 and industrial schools for that vagrant portion of the community known in our civilized era as 8street ,arabs10 and who herself personally superintended most admirably a reformatory for young girls in ,bristol1 was accustomed to say to her visitors1 in reply to their astonishment at her wonderful perseverance and success3 8,whenever ,i see anything that ,i can call radically wrong1 ,i never feel satisfied till ,i can render to myself an intelligent reason why it has gone wrong2 and then1 when ,i know what the causes are1 ,i set myself to the task of preventing1 as far as possible1 the occurrence of anything of the same kind in the future40 ,this practical view of the duties of life1 which proved of such benefit to the beneficiaries of that philanthropic lady1 seems to have been adopted by the author of the work before us1 and to have been applied on a more comprehensive scale4 ,becoming convinced1 after long investigation1 that one of the evils which at present afflict society arises out of spiritual ignorance of the history of the church and of the pre-,christian era1 instead of supinely contenting himself with bemoaning the calamity1 he set to work and produced a book which1 under its present modest title1 contains a concise history not only of the ,catholic ,church1 but of the ways of ,god's providence to man from the creation1 as far as they have been revealed to us through the pages of ,holy ,writ and in the writings of ancient authorities4 ,the reverend author by this admirable work hoped1 if he could not contribute to dispel the mists of doubt and dissent now so widespread in both hemispheres1 to at least put into the hands of the rising generation a preventive and an argument against those who would either deny the existence of a revealed law1 or1 admitting1 would pervert its commands to their own weak or vicious purposes4 ,his success so far has been proportionate to his ability and purity of motive4 ,we are all aware that the best part of the ,christian people has been plunged into profound grief and stupefaction by the recent murder1 or1 as the ,holy ,father more emphatically expressed it1 the parricide of the late ,archbishop of ,paris1 and so many of his faithful clergy4 ,now1 who were the perpetrators of that most foul deed8 ,in one sense1 certainly1 not a wild1 tumultuous mob1 acting without system or guidance1 nor yet private assassins in the employment of the secret societies1 or moved thereto by personal malice or revenge4 ,on the contrary1 the deed was done in the open day1 by the arbitrary orders of what was claimed to have been a regularly established government1 and executed by its armed soldiery1 two of whom1 even when about to obey the mandates of their supposed superiors1 knelt at the feet of #dbb the holy prelate and begged his forgiveness for the crime they were about to commit4 ,it is not claimed by the apologists of the ,communists that their illustrious victims were guilty of any offence against the state1 or that even the form of a trial was accorded them2 and yet there are to be found many persons1 considering themselves honorable and intelligent1 who openly or secretly applaud that glaring and cruel act of injustice1 and who thoroughly sympathize with the ,european revolutionists--those enemies of all law1 who1 if they had the power1 would repeat in every city in ,christendom the late disgraceful scenes of ,paris4 ,it is a melancholy fact that outside the ,catholic ,church the horrible murder of the venerable ,archbishop ,darboy and so many of his clergy has been the cause of ill-disguised congratulation1 not only among those who are in direct affiliation with the revolutionists1 but amid the sects who profess to regard the ,decalogue as part of their fundamental doctrine4 ,have we yet heard from the thousands of pulpits and hundreds of newspapers1 occupied and controlled by the various ,protestant sects1 one open and manly protest against the atrocious criminals who have so recently sullied the fair fame of ,france by deeds that would have disgraced the most degraded forms of savage life8 ,not one4 ,a fact like this1 so patent and portentous1 while it shows how large a portion of civilized society has fallen away from the plainest teachings of ,christian charity and justice1 must necessarily lead to the inquiry as to the best means of arresting1 and1 if possible1 correcting so monstrous an evil4 ,recognizing it as such1 it is our duty fearlessly and persistently to endeavor to correct it1 for 8,felix qui potuis rerum cognoscere caus0 will always be a true maxim1 even when we are engaged in the study of the worst of human miseries and disasters with a view to their alleviation4 ,in contemplating the many evils which now afflict ,christian society1 the creation and formerly the obedient creature of the ,catholic ,church1 we must recollect that ,god has not given to his church the gift of being the infallible preserver of the faith in every nation and at all times1 no more than she can guarantee to all people civil order and wise government4 ,there is no doubt that the church is the tree set up in this world1 the leaves of which are the health of mankind1 8et quis tibi imputavit si perierint nationes quas tu fecisti0 7,wisd4 xii4 #ab72 but who shall accuse her of countenancing the disorders which have arisen through the rejection of her authority1 and to which she has ever been strenuously opposed8 ,our ,lord himself contemplates the rebellion of nations and people against his doctrine4 ,to the angel of the ,church of ,ephesus the ,spirit said1 8,be mindful from whence thou hast fallen3 and do penance1 and resume thy first works4 ,or if not1 behold ,i come to thee and will move thy candlestick out of its place1 except thou dost penance0 7,apoc4 ii4 #e74 ,even the presence of the priesthood among us in adequate numbers is no assurance against schism and infidelity4 ,though we may have every confidence in their sanctity and the soundness of their teachings1 we cannot always be certain that the duties of their holy calling will be performed with uniform discretion1 intelligence1 and zeal1 or that the hearts of their congregations will respond on all occasions and amid all circumstances to the teachings of their pastors4 ,it is true that at all times and in all places the soldiers of the ,cross have proved themselves the faithful guardians of piety and morality1 but it must be admitted that occasionally1 #dbc particularly in ,europe1 they have not attached sufficient importance to the necessity of the intellectual training of the masses and to the wonderful advances of the human mind in abstract and practical sciences4 ,what the ,abb ,fleury wrote of a past generation is partially1 at least1 true in this4 ,in the preface to his ,historical ,catechism1 he says3 8,we see a great number of devout persons who have read great numbers of spiritual books1 and are familiar with a large variety of devotional practices1 but who are totally wanting in an understanding of the very groundwork of religion40 ,fleury's testimony receives a remarkable corroboration in the circumstance that1 in the last century1 whoever derided the traditional belief in ,god and in the ,christian revelation acquired credit with the multitude as an 8esprit fort40 ,in short1 the idea of there being so much as the possibility of an 8esprit fort0 who believed in ,god and who ex animo professed the faith of the church1 appeared to be unknown1 and the universal notion in ,france was that the choice consisted in being feeble and pious or strong-minded and atheistical4 ,under the influence of this notion1 the principal part of the male population of ,france fell away from the faith1 and it has required the persistent efforts of at least two generations of priests1 and with but partial success1 to lead them back to the church4 ,religion in ,great ,britain during the past century is known to have largely taken its complexion from ,france1 and it is remarkable that the bulk of the ,english ,protestants affected to form precisely the same estimate of it1 and that it was a power inimical to the cultivation of the understanding and a decided enemy of knowledge and progress4 ,the same phenomenon appears in ,italy4 ,the ,italian people are still deeply attached to the traditions of the ,catholic faith1 but the popular idea of the ,catholic religion1 misled by the slanders and misrepresentations of the revolutionists1 is that it is the religion of the timid1 the feeble1 and the pious1 that its wants are limited to functions and processions1 beads and prayer-books1 or what would be rather scoffingly called 8roba di piet10 and that it is in no way conscious of any wants proper to a manly understanding1 and consequently never expected to take any pains to satisfy them4 ,in ,germany1 there are perfectly analogous symptoms4 ,catholics in some parts of that great empire bear the contemptuous name of ,dunkelmnner1 men of darkness2 and they are looked upon1 not merely by the positive enemies of all religion1 but by the busy throng1 as certainly no friends to the legitimate progress and cultivation of the gifts of the understanding4 ,the consequences of these disastrous tendencies to fall off from the practice of the virtues and observances of the church are apparent to all thinking men1 and1 if not checked1 will have an equally marked effect on the morals and faith of future generations4 ,to some extent1 we humbly submit1 they are due to a want of thorough education1 not only spiritually but humanly1 among a large number of ,catholics1 who1 not deficient in piety and the desire to live according to the precepts of ,christianity1 are too often led away by the sophistries and superior knowledge--real or affected--of the opponents of their faith4 ,learning is said to be the handmaiden of religion--and is never so brilliant as when employed in her service1 while religion1 profiting by her assistance1 moves on from one triumph to another4 ,it #dbd does not appear to be a part of the providence of ,god that man should simply grow into a knowledge of the doctrines of the church1 in the same manner as he advances to bodily maturity1 but by intelligent and persevering teaching and diligent practice4 ,in our world1 every year brings new-comers on the stage1 and the message to the ,church of ,ephesus was1 8,age pnitentiam et prima opera fac40 ,the ,catholic clergy inherit a tradition1 long anterior to that of the past century1 of being the patrons and the cultivators of the human mind1 and they still should remember these true and ancient glories of their sacred calling4 ,the language of the sacred liturgy on the day of ,pentecost is beautifully expressive on this subject3 8,da tuis fidelibus ,in te confitentibus ,sacrum septenarium40 ,sacrum ,septenarium--the sacred seven gifts of the ,holy ,ghost1 amongst which we find the 8spirit of understanding and of knowledge40 ,all the gifts of the ,holy ,ghost doubtless require to receive their due share of honor and cultivation4 ,but in a generation which has gone so widely and so terribly wrong by the way of a perverted and deceived intellect1 the cause of faith in the world demands that the battle be fought with a special determination on the ground of the intelligence4 ,if ,satan relies on the perversion of the mind for leading them away from belief in the truth and divinity of the revelation brought by ,moses1 and perfected by the coming and ministry of one greater than ,moses1 ,st4 ,michael must contend with ,satan for the possession of the body of ,moses4 ,the more the spirit of deception that has gone abroad seeks to discredit the ,mosaic revelation1 which is the forerunner in the world of the revelation of ,jesus ,christ1 the more we must diligently persevere and insist that all who are willing to listen should stir up within themselves the gifts of the spirit of understanding and knowledge1 and qualify themselves to resist and confront the spirit of error wherever they meet with it and on all fitting occasions4 ,every ,catholic family ought to be a centre or focus of ,christian information4 ,in every household there ought to be books containing the narrative of the works of ,god through the line of his great saints1 beginning from the sacred narrative of ,moses downwards to the present time4 ,sacred history is the true tower of strength to the cause of faith4 ,this study should not1 as it has heretofore generally been1 confined to ancient history2 for1 though we may find in the ,old ,testament the wonderful working of ,god in his intercourse with his creatures1 and see developed and completed his works and promises to his chosen people1 we have1 under the new dispensation and in the history of the ,catholic ,church1 as indubitable proofs of the promises and fulfilment of them in the fulness of time by our divine ,maker4 ,the history of the ,popes1 for example1 from ,st4 ,peter to ,pius ,,ix41 is replete with providential incidents1 astonishing the worldly and baffling the so-called wisdom of the sceptical4 ,the perpetual rejuvenation of the church herself when apparently crushed and disintegrated beneath the load of kingly oppression and the lawlessness of the mob1 is in itself not only a perpetual miracle1 but the evident fulfilment of the promises of the ,founder to be with her all days even to the consummation of the world4 ,the lives of the grand throng of saints1 martyrs1 confessors1 and missionaries--the glory and pride of the church--their sufferings1 triumphs1 and miracles2 their love of art #dbe and literature1 and all that makes life holy and beautiful1 are fraught with lessons before which even the story of ,abraham's sacrifice and ,joseph's forgiveness sink into comparative insignificance4 ,sacred history should be read as a whole1 from the beginning of time to the present day1 giving to the more ancient part its proper share of attention1 not only for its own sake but as prefiguring the more perfect system of ,christianity4 ,but the history of the ,church deserves and should receive our chiefest and most marked attention4 ,the book of the ,rev4 ,henry ,formby1 which1 under its simple title1 contains a concise and chronological narrative of sacred history from the creation down to our own times1 in this respect is one of the most useful publications that has recently appeared from the ,english press1 and1 though but an abridgment of a much more voluminous work on the same subject1 it preserves all the essential features of the original with singular simplicity and lucidity of style4 ,the title gives but a faint idea of its merits1 for in truth it is not a mere collection of stories in the general acceptation of that term1 but short1 succinct1 and correct historical sketches of events related in the ,old ,testament1 and a condensed and necessarily short history of the church from its foundation4 ,the arrangement of the subject is admirable1 and1 in view of the vast field of ,biblical lore to be traversed1 and the numerous historical facts of the first importance to be touched on1 at least in the confined limits of one volume1 there are displayed a clearness of narration1 and a nice appreciation of the salient points in the spiritual progress of the human race1 that make the book easy to be read and understood by even the most ordinarily instructed person4 ,in fact1 if the author had substituted 8pictures0 for 8stories0 in his title-page1 he would have been more correct4 ,a general knowledge of the history of the creation1 and of ,god's once chosen people1 the ,jews1 as well as an acquaintance with that of the church herself1 the perfection of what was imperfectly prefigured under the old dispensation1 ought to be an essential ingredient in the education of every ,catholic child and of every adult1 no matter what may be his condition in life2 but heretofore the undertaking has been so laborious on account of the want of elementary books on those all-important subjects1 that but little was generally known of the workings of ,providence in ancient times1 and the typical significance of many of the events related in the ,old ,testament1 except by the learned few4 ,even the early history of the church has been practically a sealed book to the ,english-speaking masses1 whose ideas of her long years of suffering1 persecution1 and final triumph have been of the most indefinite and oftentimes erroneous character4 ,we have to thank ,father ,formby for supplying this defect in our ,catholic literature1 and in future there can be no excuse for ignorance of at least the origin1 labors1 and progress of the religion we profess4 ,in about one hundred and sixty pages1 the half of his book1 devoted to the ,christian era1 he presents to us very complete and exact1 if not very elaborate1 views of the leading events in the history of the church for over eighteen centuries4 ,in addition to this1 he has appended to many of the sections in the part occupied with the pre-,christian period short moral reflections1 and institutes comparisons between the old and new order of things1 which are not only edifying1 but highly instructive1 particularly to young readers4 ,for example1 with reference to the days of the creation of the world1 he remarks3 #dbf 8,jesus ,christ rested in the tomb from the work of redemption on the ,sabbath or seventh day1 and arose again from the dead on the first day of the week4 ,for this reason1 the ,christians no longer keep holy the original ,sabbath1 but the ,lord's day1 or first day of the week1 in memory of the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ40 ,and again1 after relating the dispersion of the builders of the ,tower of ,babel1 he draws this beautiful comparison3 8,the nations of the world suffered a great punishment upon their pride in the confusion of their speech1 and in their separation one from another4 ,jesus ,christ has in part removed this punishment2 for he has again made all the nations of the earth one religious family in his church1 under the supreme government of the successor of ,st4 ,peter1 and as partakers of one and the same sacrifice at the altar40 ,in allusion to the well-known story of the sale of ,joseph to the ,egyptians by his brethren1 he says3 8,joseph1 hated by his brethren on account of his love of virtue and innocence1 and sold by them for a slave into the land of ,egypt1 is a striking figure of ,jesus ,christ hated by his own people on account of his love of justice and sanctity1 and delivered up by them bound into the hands of the ,roman governor1 ,pontius ,pilate40 ,father ,formby's diction and treatment of his subject are varied and suited to the epoch which he describes4 ,in the early pages of his book1 he adopts the figurative orientalisms of the ,hebrew writers1 but further on he sobers down to the less florid and more matter-of-fact style of modern times4 ,his descriptions of the crusades and the origin and growth of the religious orders are exceedingly graphic and correct1 though of course merely outlines of what would fill books enough to make up an ordinary library if written in detail1 and his summing up of the so-called reformation is deserving of particular notice4 8,there is something worthy of being carefully observed as regards the ,protestantism which began in the sixteenth century to cause whole nations and peoples to renounce the faith and discipline of the ,catholic ,church4 ,but as other great heresies1 such as that of ,arius1 have had a similar ruinous effect in causing a great falling off from faith without the end of the world following in their wake1 ,protestantism cannot simply for this reason by itself be understood to be the sign to which ,st4 ,paul refers4 ,what is remarkable1 however1 in ,protestantism is1 that though ,dr4 ,martin ,luther and the others who were leaders at the time formed sects1 the disciples of which called themselves by the names of their masters--as ,lutherans from ,luther1 ,calvinists from ,calvin--,protestantism has long ago ceased to be the name of any particular doctrine4 ,lutherans1 ,calvinists1 ,anabaptists1 ,socinians1 and all the different sects which arose at this time1 as regards what is meant by ,protestantism1 are just as good ,protestants the one as the other4 ,they may1 and do1 dispute with each other about what is to be held to be true as ,christian doctrine1 but as regards ,protestantism they are all quite agreed4 ,how come1 then1 those who are completely at war with each other about ,christian doctrine to agree completely about #8,protestantism'8 ,the reason is1 that ,protestantism proper has but one solitary doctrine and one solitary precept1 viz41 #8,depart from the ,roman ,church4' ,all who satisfy this one precept entitle themselves to the name of #8,protestant4' ,it is true that1 up to the present time1 those who have protested against the ,roman ,church have generally had the credit of deserving to be1 in some way or other1 known as ,christians2 but this is rapidly ceasing to be the case4 #8,protestantism' has now come to be the name of the confederacy of almost all without exception whose cry is1 #8,depart from the ,roman ,church1' so that there would seem to be no rashness in recognizing it as the departure 7discessio7 which ,st4 ,paul points to as the sign indicating the world to be drawing #dbg to a close40 ,in addition to the merits and attractions of this valuable contribution to contemporaneous ,catholic literature1 we observe that most of the leading incidents recorded in sacred history are illustrated by wood-cuts very handsomely designed and executed1 so that the eye as well as the understanding is made familiar with the historical places1 incidents1 and characters sought to be portrayed1 and the frontispiece is a large and excellently clear engraving of ,jerusalem4 ,the growth of ,catholic literature in ,england1 where even in the recollection of many of us ,catholicity1 confined to the humble minority1 was banned and ostracized by author and reader alike1 is one of the most healthful signs of the times1 and it will be a great dereliction of duty on our part here in ,america if we do not profit by the labors of our co-religionists abroad1 hoping some day to reciprocate the favor4 #ii ,the ,pictorial ,bible and ,church ,history ,stories1 ,abridged4 ,by the ,rev4 ,henry ,formby4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 #hvo1 pp4 #cbj4 ---------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,essays ,,critical ,,and ,,historical4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 formerly ,fellow of ,oriel ,college1 ,oxford4 ,vols4 ,i4 and ,,ii41 #hvo4 ,london3 ,basil ,montagu ,pickering1 #aif ,piccadilly4 #ahga4 ,new ,york3 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 8,these essays1 with the exception of the last1 were written while their author was ,fellow of ,oriel1 and a member of the ,established ,church4 ,they are now1 after many years1 republished1 mainly for the following reason3 ,he cannot destroy what he has once put into print3 #8,litera scripta manet4' ,he might suppress it for a time2 but1 sooner or later1 his power over it will cease4 ,and then1 if it is1 either in its matter or its drift1 adapted to benefit the cause which it was intended to support when it was given to the world1 it will be republished in spite of his later disavowal of it4 ,in order to anticipate the chance of its being thus used after his death1 the only way open to him is1 while living1 to show why it has ceased to approve itself to his own judgment4444 ,this1 accordingly1 has been his attempt in the present edition of these essays1 as far as they demand it of him2 and he is sanguine that he has been able to reduce what is uncatholic in them1 whether in argument or in statement1 to the position of those #8difficultates' which figure in dogmatic treatises of theology1 and which are elaborately drawn out1 and set forth to best advantage1 in order that they may be the more carefully and satisfactorily answered40--,author's ,preface4 ,anything from ,dr4 ,newman's pen has a strong personal claim upon the interest of ,catholics4 ,the volumes before us contain fifteen essays1 written at different times between the years #ahbh and #ahdf4 ,the subjects are mainly connected with the intellectual progress at that time developing in the mind of the author4 ,the volumes are necessary to a collection of his works1 and also to a perfect acquaintance with classic ,english literature4 ,,the ,,fourfold ,,sovereignty ,,of ,,god4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,the rapidity with which volume follows volume from the prolific pen of #dbh the ,archbishop of ,westminster has often astonished our mind4 ,from hints given in the preface to this last publication1 we get1 in part1 an explanation4 ,it appears that his ,grace employs a skilful stenographer to take down and then copy for the press his extemporaneous lectures4 ,in this way1 one who has a mind stored with the acquisitions of a lifetime1 and is gifted so unusually with the copia fundi1 can accomplish what could otherwise be done only by a man of more leisure than is enjoyed by the active prelate of the ,london diocese4 ,these four lectures make a pendant to the last four published1 and complete the general view of the subject4 ,they are like all the works of ,archbishop ,manning1 of which our opinion has been so lately expressed4 ,we need1 therefore1 only to announce the publication of these new lectures1 and our readers will understand for themselves the value and interest they possess4 ,,the ,,tradition ,,of ,,the ,,syriac ,,church ,,of ,,antioch1 concerning the ,primacy and the ,prerogatives of ,st4 ,peter1 and of his successors1 the ,roman ,pontiffs4 ,by the ,most ,rev4 ,cyril ,behnam ,benni1 ,syriac ,archbishop of ,mossul 7,nineveh74 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahga4 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 ,this unique production symbolizes the contrariety and unity of the ,east and ,west in a singular manner4 ,it begins at both ends1 and finishes in the middle1 where the appendices usually put at the end are snugly sandwiched between the ,syriac original and the ,english translation4 ,this translation has been made by the ,rev4 ,joseph ,gagliardi1 and is1 of course1 at that end of the volume which1 to our ,occidental habits of thought1 appears to be the natural beginning4 ,the ,syriac begins at the opposite end1 and thus both languages have their own way1 and the book will answer equally well for the reader in ,nineveh and the one in ,london4 ,the tradition of the ,church of ,antioch1 where ,st4 ,peter established his first see1 is scarcely inferior in interest and importance to that of the ,roman ,church4 ,the learned prelate has gathered together the best and most authentic testimonies to the supremacy of the ,roman ,see from documents both ancient and modern1 liturgies1 official acts1 and writings of prelates and learned men1 both ,catholic and schismatical4 ,the references are most carefully given1 and the whole work is critical and scholarly4 ,it is published in a very handsome and ornamental style1 and cannot fail to interest the curious1 the learned1 and all who are engaged in theological pursuits4 ,the testimonies to the authority of the ,holy ,see which it contains are very valuable1 and as they are given in a clear ,english translation1 methodically arranged1 and accompanied by full explanations1 they are intelligible to any person of ordinary education4 ,we cannot flatter ourselves that we have very many among our subscribers who will be able to appreciate the beauties of the ,syriac original4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,jesus ,,the ,,christ4 ,by ,henry ,ward ,beecher4 ,illustrated4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,b4 ,ford ,co4 #ahga4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,the publishers of this work have given it a very handsome exterior1 and adorned it with a number of excellent illustrations of scenes and places in ,palestine4 ,the attempts at reproducing some of the most celebrated representations of our ,lord are1 however1 not successful4 ,as for the work itself1 it is an effort to imitate the fascinating and popular style of ,renan in such a way as to satisfy those ,protestants who call themselves ,evangelical4 ,that the author has the art of pleasing the multitude cannot be questioned4 ,that he is an artist in the highest and truest sense we cannot admit4 ,and1 so far as more solid qualities are concerned1 he is not to be compared for a moment1 in respect to that erudition which brings rabbinical and classical #dbi treasures to enrich and illustrate the ,evangelical narrative1 with ,dr4 ,sepp1 whose ,leben ,jesu still remains both the most valuable and the most interesting of all works of this class thus far produced1 in spite of much that is fanciful and visionary4 ,if the doctrine of this book were sound1 we should hail its publication with joy1 even although we could not consider it to be a literary masterpiece4 ,even if it contained only the errors common to ,protestants2 still1 if it were sound on the great central truth of the ,incarnation2 one might think it likely to be useful in preserving among ,protestants the true doctrine of the divinity and humanity of ,christ contained in their formularies4 ,as it is1 we must condemn it as more mischievous and absurd than the ,vie de ,jsus of ,renan4 ,of course1 no ,catholic who has any regard for his own principles will ever think of looking for religious instruction or edification in any book proceeding from ,mr4 ,beecher's pen4 ,the evil which this shallow and utterly heretical production1 coming forth in such a taking guise1 will cause will be among ,protestants4 ,one class of them--those who swallow its honey with pleasure--will take in a deadly poison of heresy4 ,another class1 who will look at its doctrine coolly and critically1 will be strengthened in their tendency to rationalism and unbelief by its crude absurdity4 ,mr4 ,beecher teaches a more gross and monstrous doctrine than that of ,arius1 ,nestorius1 or ,appolinaris4 ,it is1 namely1 that ,god contracted and diminished his divine nature within the mental and physical limits of manhood4 ,god became the human soul of a human body4 ,this is the anthropomorphism of ,swedenborg4 ,it destroys all true conceptions both of the human and the divine nature of our ,lord4 ,pantheism is better than this4 ,the reasoning and exegesis on which this revolting doctrine is based are not worthy of a moment's notice4 ,all is mere superficial1 rhetorical1 sentimental talk1 without a shred of philosophy or theology4 ,we shall look with some curiosity to see what judgment the ,episcopalian and ,presbyterian divines of the stricter sort will pronounce on this latest product of the pseudo-,evangelical school4 ,what those of them who have some theological knowledge will think1 we know very well2 but we are desirous of seeing whether they will express their thoughts in clear and emphatic language1 and caution the ,protestant public against a doctrine which subverts the ,nicene ,creed and the ,presbyterian ,confession of ,faith1 to say nothing of other formularies which are essentially the same with these4 ,behold a new proof of the utter insufficiency of the text of ,scripture alone by itself even to preserve the orthodox doctrine after it has been fully presented to the mind6 ,how much more1 then1 to give it at first hand6 ,what the orthodox ,protestants still retain of the faith is the faith of creeds1 councils1 and tradition1 and the exercise of private judgment on the text of ,scripture is destroying it fast4 ,,cineas2 ,,or1 ,,rome ,,under ,,nero4 ,from the ,french of ,j4 ,m4 ,villefranche4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 #ahga4 ,if we except ,fabiola1 ,callista1 and ,dion1 we feel no hesitation in saying that ,cineas is equal to any production of its kind yet offered to the ,english reader4 ,in this tale1 history and tradition are interwoven with fiction1 and the result is a graphic sketch of ,christianity in the apostolic ages4 ,the portico1 the ,pantheon1 the temple1 and the catacomb are brought upon the stage1 and made to represent their parts4 ,the scene changes from the ,circus ,maximus to the ,mamertine1 from ,rome to ,jerusalem1 from ,jerusalem to ,athens2 and at each change of scene the infant church appears clothed in new #dcj beauty1 in new holiness1 in new strength4 ,it is much to be desired that ,catholics of the present day should become acquainted with the religious life of their brethren of the early church4 ,no other study is so well calculated to enliven our faith1 animate our hope1 inflame our charity1 and incite us to that heroic virtue so necessary to perseverance in the present age4 ,cineas tends to promote this study1 and as such we welcome it1 commend it to the perusal of every ,catholic1 and thank the translator and publisher for the care with which they have performed their respective tasks4 ,,the ,,letters ,,of ,,madame ,,de ,,sevigne ,,to ,,her ,,daughter ,,and ,,friends4 ,edited by ,mrs4 ,hale4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahga4 ,,the ,,letters ,,of ,,lady ,,mary ,,wortley ,,montagu4 ,edited by ,mrs4 ,hale4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahga4 ,these two books1 simultaneously issued from the same press and edited by the same author1 bear strong marks of similarity and contrast4 ,each1 in its way1 has long been looked upon as a model of epistolary correspondence in its appropriate language1 and each is defaced by that superficial1 not to say anti-,christian1 philosophy which prevailed among the 8higher classes0 in ,france and ,england during the last and the preceding century4 ,the ,french authoress1 however1 has somewhat the advantage of her ,english sister1 not only in the possession of a language especially adapted1 by its grace and flexibility1 to this species of composition1 but from the fact that she lived surrounded by a strong ,catholic public opinion1 which1 with all her cynicism and fashionable scepticism1 she could not wholly disregard4 ,we find1 therefore1 in many of her letters1 particularly those to her daughter1 flashes of true1 genuine moral sentiment1 which are the more striking from contrast with the worldly tone which generally characterized her life and correspondence4 ,lady ,montagu1 on the contrary1 was brought up in that hard1 unsympathetic school which was inaugurated in ,england after the frenzy of the ,reformation had subsided1 and with all her wit and womanly elegance we cannot look upon her otherwise than as an intellectual pagan4 ,we may search from cover to cover of ,mrs4 ,hale's edition of her correspondence in vain to find one religious sentiment that would not have been as appropriate in the days of ,horace or ,zeno as in the eighteenth century of the ,christian era4 ,this is the more singular when we recollect that these gifted women1 married to husbands far their inferiors mentally1 and1 as it appears1 merely for the sake of conventionalism1 by a not unnatural effort transferred the love women usually bear to the partners of their joys and sorrows to their offspring1 and centred all their affections and hopes in their children4 ,with our children we are apt 8to assume a virtue if we have it not10 yet still we find these two intellectual mothers writing to their daughters in strains which1 if not positively immoral in the broad sense of that term1 certainly could not actively conduce to strengthen them against the temptations by which they were constantly surrounded1 or to elevate their minds above the glitter and hollowness of the society in which they were obliged to move4 ,both these distinguished writers were well-bred1 thoroughly educated according to the idea of their times1 and were the associates of generals1 statesmen1 poets1 and artists1 and their frequent and familiar reference to the then leading men of their respective countries are not only interesting1 but instructive1 as giving us a view of the interior life of many eminent personages hitherto known to us only by their public acts2 but when we consider how many unexceptionably good books this age of cheap printing has put #dca within our reach1 and the shortness of this busy life itself1 we cannot recommend to our readers1 particularly the younger portion1 the perusal of either volume2 nor do we see the necessity of a new edition of works which are merely ornamental1 without having the merit of being innocuous4 ,a ,,collection ,,of ,,leading ,,cases ,,on ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,elections ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,with ,notes and ,references to the latest authorities4 ,by ,frederick ,c4 ,brightly1 author of 8,the ,federal ,digest10 8,the ,united ,states ,digest10 etc4 ,philadelphia3 ,kay ,brother1 #ag and #ai ,south ,sixth ,street1 ,law ,booksellers1 ,publishers1 and ,importers4 #ahga4 ,mr4 ,brightly1 who has done so much in his previous works to facilitate the law-student and the lawyer in their studies and preparation of cases1 by means of his admirable and learned digests and treatises1 has now acquired a new claim upon the gratitude of the student and professional man by his ,collection of ,leading ,cases on ,elections4 ,the author has been most happy in the selection of his subject1 for there are few branches of the law so important1 in a free and representative government like ours1 as the law of public elections4 ,in the early days of our ,republic1 when there was more conservatism than at present1 only the most important civil officers of the ,federal and ,state governments were elective by the people1 and the elective franchise was not so universally participated in by the masses as at the present time4 ,then the executive1 elected by the people1 was clothed with the appointing power1 which he exercised with greater deliberation1 calmness1 and discrimination than is possible to the people amidst the excitements and intrigues of a popular election4 ,he was held responsible to the people for an honest1 faithful1 and judicious exercise of this high prerogative4 ,but gradually the executive1 elected by1 and justly accountable to1 his constituents1 has been stripped of this power1 and the same has become vested in or been resumed by the people1 who1 while possessing1 according to the theory of the lawgivers of ,ancient ,greece1 a greater amount of purity of intention1 are swayed more by impulses and the passions of the hour4 ,the legislative bodies then1 as now1 have always been elected by the qualified voters4 ,then elections were comparatively few1 and the contests in the courts over executive1 judicial1 and ministerial offices1 and in the legislatures over the contested seats of members1 were comparatively few4 ,the law in such cases was sought for entirely from the analogies of the ,english common law cases and the parliamentary precedents and decisions4 ,now1 while the ,federal offices remain mostly as they were under our first ,presidents and ,congresses1 in the ,states almost every office1 from governor and judges of the highest courts down to magistrates and constables1 has become elective by the people1 and the ,states1 with whom1 under the ,constitution1 rests the power of regulating the qualifications for the exercise of the elective franchise1 have generally removed all qualifications thereon1 and conferred universal suffrage1 as it is called1 upon the people4 ,there is scarcely a function of government1 from the most vital and momentous to the most trifling1 that is not discharged in our regard by elected officers2 our lives1 our liberties1 our property1 our castles1 and our reputations are confided to the protection or neglect1 if not abuse1 of officers elected for short terms2 so that every interest of life and of society is thus governed1 controlled1 and administered indirectly by the voting masses4 ,we will give a single illustration of this3 ,if we take thirty-three and a third years as the average span of human life1 it may be said that in every thirty-three and a third years the time has been #dcb estimated as much shorter in regard to what we are going to state1 the entire property of the country1 its countless millions1 are administered or acted upon by a single officer1 the ,judge of the ,probate ,court1 or other officer of the law1 elected by the people1 and thus incidentally by the masses themselves4 ,thus the various elections1 which we so heedlessly disregard or pass by1 are1 in fact1 the casts of the die that determine the fate of the nation1 its prosperity1 happiness1 and honor4 ,the importance1 therefore1 of the law regulating these elections in their varied relations may be estimated from this fact4 ,that numerous questions and contests should have arisen in a country where so many offices are to be filled1 and where elections are so frequent1 is not strange1 and that the decisions of our own courts upon these litigated cases should have become numerous and controlling is a natural result4 ,the law of elections has been greatly developed and expounded in this country in recent years4 ,the leading cases bearing upon these subjects have been skilfully and carefully collated by ,mr4 ,brightly1 illustrated by his own notes and references1 and presented to the legal profession and the public in the volume before us4 ,he could not have selected a theme of greater interest or importance to our country1 especially at this time1 than the law of elections4 ,he has handled it with the same accuracy1 learning1 and industry which have always characterized his works1 and elevated his reputation as a jurist and author4 ,the present work carries with it an interest far more general than professional works usually possess1 and may be read with improvement and pleasure by all who are fond of a good and readable book1 who seek for useful knowledge on a matter of vast public import1 or who take an interest in the purity of elections1 and in the general morals and welfare of the commonwealth4 ,we commend it to their perusal4 ,the title of ,father ,doane's new book is to be ,to and from the ,passion ,play in the ,summer of #ahga4 ,it will soon be published by ,mr4 ,donahoe1 ,boston4 ,,mr4 ,p4 ,o',,shea announces as in press1 and to be published by subscription1 ,the ,lives of ,deceased ,bishops of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 by ,mr4 ,richard ,h4 ,clark1 ,a4 ,m4 ,the work will be published in two large octavo volumes1 and will be ready about the first of ,december4 ,these volumes will contain the biographies of all the deceased members of the ,american ,catholic ,hierarchy1 from the earliest dawn of ,christianity on this continent to the present day1 and will trace the history of the church through the important episcopate of ,archbishop ,carroll1 and chronicle with graphic effect the labors1 sacrifices1 and achievements of over fifty bishops who have been called to their reward4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will soon publish a new edition of ,father ,young's ,office of ,vespers1 greatly enlarged and improved4 ,the volume of ,sermons of the ,paulist ,fathers for #ahgj will be ready for delivery on the #beth of ,november4 ,,the #dcc ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiv41 ,no4 #hb4--;,,january1 #ahgb4 ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,who ,,is ,,to ,,educate ,,our ,,children8 ,every day that passes over our heads and witnesses the rapid increase of the population of the country adds to the interest which attaches to the reciprocal rights and duties existing between the state and the citizen1 as far as the question of the proper education of our children is concerned4 ,it has become a matter of the most vital importance1 superior to mere party consideration in the success of this or that faction of politicians2 for in the proper appreciation of its magnitude and in its judicious and permanent settlement may be said to lie not only the future welfare of this republic1 but the supremacy of ,christianity itself on this broad continent4 ,the history of the church from its very foundation is full of instances of the decay of religion and morality in one country simultaneously with their growth or revival in another4 ,it was thus that the faith1 grown weak in the farther ,east1 found so many earnest professors in ,italy1 and when ,gaul and the ,spanish peninsula succumbed to their pagan conquerors1 the light of the ,gospel was transferred to the islands of ,britain and ,ireland1 and brightened into an effulgence which1 in a few centuries1 penetrated the darkest recesses of the then semi-barbarized continent4 ,in ,europe to-day1 the church1 assailed on one side by ,csarism and on the other by the secret societies1 can hardly hold her own1 notwithstanding the justice of her cause and the zeal and learning of her champions2 and it would seem to be one of the mysterious designs of ,providence that the theatre of her triumphs and conquests is1 for a time at least1 to be transferred to the fresher and more vigorous ,new ,world4 ,the astonishing growth of ,catholicity in ,america in our own day is an evidence of this1 but our present victories will be barren of any good results if we neglect the proper education of our children1 who1 as we gradually pass away1 are destined to take our places for good or evil4 ,the time has come when the question1 ,who is to educate our children8 should be definitively answered4 ,pulpits1 forums1 and the press1 in #dcd their respective spheres1 have discussed the matter from almost every stand-point1 and some of the ablest thinkers1 particularly in the ,eastern ,states1 have devoted their time and erudition to the elimination of order out of the chaos of crude and transcendental opinions which of late have filled the pamphlets and books of so many writers in ,europe and ,america on the subject of education4 ,theories innumerable have been advanced1 and historical precedents quoted in favor of particular systems1 without much approach to unanimity1 and still the problem remains as ever unsolved4 ,amongst other expressions of opinion on this all-important subject1 we have before us a long and very elaborate essay in the ,congregational ,quarterly of ,boston1 strongly in favor of the continuance of the public-school system as received in that classical city1 and as earnestly endeavoring to demonstrate that1 unless the ,bible1 8without note or comment10 prayers1 hymns1 and piety1 be taught in the state schools in conformity to the statute of #ahbf1 these institutions will become worse than useless1 and should be discountenanced4 ,in the language of the writer3 8,the school system which requires the ethics can receive them only as indissolubly one with the religion1 and the state that cannot sustain a statute like the ,massachusetts law of #ahbf1 which requires the principles of piety as well as those of morality to be taught1 cannot sustain a common school system40 ,as a counterpoise to our ,new ,england contemporary1 we find in the last number of the ,american ,educational ,monthly1 a magazine published in this city1 as stout a defence of secular education1 while exhibiting a decided preference for the removal from our public schools of the ,bible and the discontinuance of all teaching of a religious character4 ,its arguments on these points1 if less subtle1 are more practical than those of the ,congregational1 and some of the facts it adduces in support of its views are thus plainly stated3 8,it is well to repeat here what was said in the beginning3 that knowledge is not virtue itself1 but only the handmaid of virtue4 ,this is the lesson of ,connecticut statistics--a state having a first-class university as well as the usual network of common schools3 in every nine and seven-tenths marriages there is sure to be one divorce4 ,ohio1 which has no university comparable to ,yale1 and whose common schools are presumably no better than ,connecticut's1 has but one divorce in twenty-four marriages in a much larger population4 ,there are graduates of common schools who make it their business to procure divorces by observing prescribed forms1 yet without the knowledge of one or other of the parties--contrary to the spirit of the law40 ,from the contemplation of these and other results of our common schools1 in which piety and morality are supposed to be taught1 the writer in the ,monthly concludes that it is better for us to 8leave devotional instruction to those whose business it is--to parents and clergymen40 ,another writer1 the editor of one of the most widely circulated of our sectarian weekly newspapers1 also a decided advocate of the public school system as at present existing1 puts forward among others the following novel argument for its perpetuity3 8,we hold1 therefore1 that it is unnecessary and unwise to disperse or redistribute our common school pupils in accordance with the dogmatic or ecclesiastical leanings of their parents respectively--that the inconvenience and cost of so doing would immensely overbalance its benefits4 ,we should need far more schools2 yet our children would have to travel much further to reach one of the preferred theological stripe than at present4 ,we do not decide that soundness of faith is of little #dce consequence--far from it2 we only insist that provision is already made for theological instruction apart from our common schools1 and that there is no need of making such provision within them4 ,the ,roman ,catholic and the ,protestant coincide with respect to spelling and grammar2 the ,trinitarian and the ,unitarian are in perfect accord as to mathematics1 at least in their application to all mundane affairs4 ,then1 why not allow them to read and cipher from the same text-books on week-days1 and learn theology in their respective churches and ,sunday-schools on the ,lord's day8 ,this seems to us the dictate of economy1 convenience1 and good sense40 ,nearly every week similar effusions appear in the columns of the so-called religious press1 in which are enunciated opinions and speculations as absurd as the above1 and yet as varied as the clashing sects they profess to represent4 ,on one point alone1 and that a very suspicious one1 are they agreed--in a general determination to reduce the children of the ,catholics of this country under the sway of a system of public instruction which parents can neither encourage nor countenance4 ,on the minor features of this system1 with their usual want of unity1 they widely dissent one from the other4 ,now1 whence this confusion of ideas about one of the plainest and most vital requirements of a free ,christian people--education8 ,does it not lie in the utter misapprehension of what education really is8 ,in pagan times1 education was supposed to be the accumulation of knowledge for its own sake or for the superiority it conferred on its possessor over his less instructed fellows4 ,it was of the earth1 earthy4 ,from a ,christian point of view1 its aim1 primarily and principally1 is to facilitate1 by proper training and instruction1 the attainment of our true happiness--the knowledge and observance of the laws of ,god here and eternal happiness hereafter4 ,to the pagan1 this world was everything1 and consequently he utilized his knowledge for worldly advantage alone4 ,for the ,christian1 education is merely a means to a great end1 and1 as eternal bliss is infinitely greater than any temporal enjoyment to him1 the training of the soul1 the immortal part1 in the ways of religion is of paramount and incomparable importance4 ,secular education1 when properly applied1 should not be undervalued1 inasmuch as we have duties in this life to be performed1 to ourselves1 our country1 and our fellow-man2 but it should be tempered and permeated1 so to speak1 with religious instruction1 so that the learner1 as his mental faculties expand with his years1 may be gradually but constantly led to the knowledge of those divine truths which the church teaches her children1 and his character thus be insensibly formed on a true ,christian basis4 ,if we admit1 as every professing ,christian is bound to do1 that man's chiefest object in life is the salvation of his soul1 if 8the knowledge of ,god is the beginning of wisdom10 it is the merest folly to suppose that this knowledge1 so all-important in itself1 can properly be imparted to our children after ordinary school-hours1 when the young mind is fatigued and needs repose or recreation1 or on one day out of seven1 when so many distractions occur to call off the attention of most children4 ,this would be to make religion distasteful1 if not odious1 to our boys and girls1 and lead them to dread the recurrence of a day which1 to them at least1 should be one of gladness and innocent enjoyment4 ,we do not underrate the value of parental advice and example1 or ignore the benefits conferred on our rising population by pastoral instructions and ,sunday-school training1 but we assert the day-schools should also #dcf take their part in supplying food to the ever-expanding and question-asking minds of the ,american youth4 ,the formation of character1 one of the great objects of education1 should be conducted on principles somewhat similar to those of domestic economy4 ,we do not eat all the sweets at one time and the sours at another1 the solids at one meal and the dessert at the next1 but by a judicious admixture of both produce a savory and salutary combination which gives health and strength to the body4 ,it may be said that mere secular education--such as geology1 geometry1 history1 natural philosophy1 botany1 astronomy1 etc41 as taught in our common schools--presents no opportunity for moral instruction4 ,nothing can be more fallacious4 ,that great master of dramatic literature1 ,shakespeare1 whose knowledge of the springs of human action has seldom been equalled1 has told us that we can find books in running brooks1 sermons in stones1 and good in everything4 ,properly directed1 the anatomy of the smallest insect1 equally with the contemplation of the vast firmament with its countless planets and stars1 may become a silent and involuntary prayer to the ,creator of all things4 ,there is not a force1 physical or deduced1 that is revealed to the mind of youth that ought not to be made to bear with it some conception of the unseen ,power that presides over and governs the universe1 and the teacher who neglects to place before the minds of his pupils the moral to be drawn from those symbols of the ,creator's almightiness does but half his work1 and that the less nobler part4 ,leaving dogma and doctrine aside1 are the generality of our public school teachers capable or disposed to thus draw from nature the beautiful lessons of ,god's wisdom and power--lessons which no book can adequately teach1 but which should be before one's eyes from infancy to the grave8 ,some persons speak of religion in connection with the education of youth as if it were a mere matter of sentiment or a holiday pastime1 to be occasionally indulged in when the more serious duties of money-making and political advancement have been complied with4 ,on the contrary1 it is a matter of everyday life1 controlling and guiding our intercourse with mankind individually as well as collectively1 and as we are responsible for our actions every conscious moment of our life1 so should it in one form or another be associated with our every pursuit and act4 ,if this be true among full-grown men and women1 is it not apparent that any system of youthful training that would dissociate religion from secular studies in early life would send into the world vicious or ignorant adults1 who would either ignore altogether the practice of honesty1 truthfulness1 and morality1 or who in their ignorance would make these great attributes of ,christianity subserve their worldly interests and passions8 ,education1 therefore1 that would exclude religious instruction from our children during their hours of study1 which is half of their young lives1 is not education at all1 at least in the ,christian sense of the word4 ,it may make them expert financiers or glib politicians1 but it cannot make them upright1 truthful1 and benevolent citizens4 ,in this regard1 we agree with the writer in the ,congregational when he says1 8,we call attention in the outset to the immense difficulty1 if it be not the absolute impossibility1 of separating religious instruction from any practical system of public education40 ,but we do not coincide with him in his estimate of the right and duty #dcg of the state to provide this education4 ,granted that religion is an essential element in education1 who is the proper authority to inculcate it8 ,clearly not the state1 for1 in our theory of government1 the state knows no religion1 nor under any pretence can it lay claim to any apostolic authority to preach and teach the ,gospel to the nations4 ,that is a power far anterior to and above all existing governments4 ,that the state is or ought to be religious in the character of its acts cannot be denied1 but this character should be derived from the teachings of the church to its individual members1 and gives it no power to prescribe to the church what she should teach or allow to be taught1 for the authority of the teaching church is from ,god1 and that of the state from man4 ,it is true that the common law framed by our ,catholic ancestors recognized the laws of the church1 as far as public morality and the observance of ,sundays and holidays were concerned1 as part of the law of the land1 but it was never intended that the state should be placed above the church in matters spiritual1 much less to make it the teacher and expounder of her doctrines4 ,this innovation was one of the fruits of the 8,reformation10 which1 while professing to liberate the minds of men from spiritual thraldom and the authority of the popes1 actually subjected their consciences and forms of faith to the whim of parliaments and the arbitrary dicta of local lay tyrants4 ,even to this day1 the ,house of ,lords in ,england1 composed as it is mostly of laymen1 and those1 too1 not remarkable for their piety or morality1 is the court of last resort to determine and decide what are and what are not the doctrines taught by our ,holy ,redeemer4 ,if the state claim the right to educate our children1 that right cannot be derived from the natural law2 for the state1 being an artificial organization1 cannot in its corporate capacity have any natural law4 ,on the contrary1 the natural law bestows the possession1 care1 and custody of the child on the parent1 and the duty thus imposed cannot be relinquished or delegated without a manifest infraction of the first principles of that law4 ,besides1 the state is only constituted to do for the citizen what he1 from his want of ability1 means1 or strength1 cannot do for himself4 ,its office is simply the administration of justice1 retributive and distributive1 and the enactment of laws to facilitate that object4 ,all outside of that is simply usurpation1 which may1 and generally does1 degenerate into tyranny4 ,whenever a state invades private reserved rights and oversteps the bounds of its legitimate duties1 law and justice are not only brought into contempt1 but enactments in themselves abstractly just are despised and evaded4 ,the futile attempts to enforce certain sumptuary laws in this and other countries prove this conclusively4 ,nor does the state derive its power to educate our children as it sees fit from the will of the people as expressed in the fundamental laws of the land4 ,in the ,declaration of ,independence1 it is clearly stated that among the inalienable rights of mankind are life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness4 ,now1 who that has been blessed with children does not know that the care and custody1 education and maintenance1 of his offspring constitute the greatest happiness of his life1 compared with which riches1 honors1 and fame dwindle into insignificance8 ,one of the most powerful arguments against ,southern slavery1 now happily for ever abolished1 was that it separated the child from its parent3 but what is the value of freedom to me if1 as #dch the ,congregational suggests1 ,i must see my child forced into a common school1 to listen to the reading of a ,bible which ,i believe1 at best1 to be a mutilated and perverted copy of the ,holy ,scriptures1 and be obliged to repeat prayers and hymns that too often1 alas6 are but blasphemies against the holy name of him who died on the cross for man's redemption8 ,in one case the body alone suffered1 in the other the eternal salvation of immortal souls is imperilled4 ,even the framers of the constitution1 that noble document about which so much is said and so little understood1 having surveyed their work1 and finding it defective in respect to providing guarantees for the perfect freedom of religion1 hastened by an amendment to supply the deficiency4 8,congress10 they ordained1 8shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion1 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof10#ajj and our own state1 on ,november #c1 #ahdf1 by its constitution1 emphatically declares that 8the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship1 without discrimination or preference1 shall for ever be allowed in this state to all mankind40 7,art4 ,i4 sec4 #c47 ,does the state derive its authority to teach religion to our children from ,god8 ,if so1 where is its authority8 ,the writer in the ,congregational evidently considers the ,bible an authority on matters of faith and discipline4 ,yet we fail to find in the inspired writings any authority for the state of ,massachusetts1 or any other purely political corporation1 to teach the doctrines of ,christ4 ,but1 if the state have a right so to teach1 it has a right also to decide what shall be taught1 and this1 of course1 must depend on the character of the officials through whom the state for the time being acts2 for as yet1 unlike other and more favored ,protestant countries1 we have no fixed state religion1 and must depend on the popular electoral vote for our faith and ideas of morality4 ,we would like the advocates of religious teaching in schools1 8the ,bible1 prayers1 hymns1 and piety10 to be more explicit on this point4 ,are our children to be taught religion according to the parliamentary doctrine of the ,church of ,england1 or the total depravity notions of the followers of ,calvin2 are they to be obliged to deny the divinity of ,christ with the ,unitarians1 and eternal punishments with the ,universalists8 ,are we1 in fact1 bringing children into the world to be liable any day to be indoctrinated into the vagaries of ,methodism1 ,congregationalism1 ,presbyterianism1 ,muggletonianism1 ,mormonism1 or any other of the thousand 8isms0 born of that fruitful mother of dissent1 the much vaunted ,reformation8 ,or are we to have them treated to a dose of each and every one in turn as the political wheel brings their professors to the surface8 ,the idea seems perfectly absurd1 and yet it is the logical consequence of the ,congergational's position that the state can teach religion in its schools2 for the state1 being liable to be controlled at any time by any of the believers in the 8isms10 must of necessity teach its own ism1 and1 having the sovereign authority1 who can dispute its choice8 ,but1 says the writer in the ,congregational1 and those who agree with him1 we do not violate the rights of conscience1 we only advocate the reading of the ,bible1 8in which the ,papist does not believe10#aja prayers1 hymns1 and piety4 ,now1 in #dci what does the religion of the ,congregationalists consist1 if not in these very matters which they would insidiously intrude on the attention of our children8 ,does any one believe1 if the writer in question1 or those who believe in his sentiments1 had the control of our schools1 that the prayers and hymns would be such as a ,catholic child could conscientiously listen to8 ,would the ,apostles' ,creed and the ,confiteor be among the forms1 or would the ,stabat ,mater1 ,ave ,maria ,stella1 in ,latin or ,english1 or any other of the beautiful appeals to the clemency and protection of the ,blessed ,mother which the church puts into the mouths and hearts of her little ones1 find a place in schools presided over by the advocates of religion and piety1 as prescribed by the law of #ahbf8 ,and yet1 we venture to say that more than one-half of the children who attend the public schools in the very city in which this ,quarterly is published are ,catholics1 and born of ,catholic parents4 ,yet we are told that not only the morals1 but the religion of our children is to be at the mercy of politicians1 calling themselves the state1 too often elevated to power by most corrupt intrigues4 ,is there anything particularly virtuous in the character of our legislators or the members of our board of education that would induce us to suppose that they were specially selected by ,providence to teach his laws and expound his doctrines8 ,and still1 for all practical purposes1 they are the state4 ,they enact the laws1 select the schoolbooks1 appoint the teachers1 and prescribe the course of study to be pursued4 ,if their appointees leave out the ,bible1 prayers1 hymns1 etc41 the schools become1 in the language of the ,congregational1 the instruments of 8sweeping away the political ,protestantism of the land10 while1 if they do enforce the observance of these religious exercises1 we have a new set of apostles annually or biennially elected by political coteries to teach our children6 ,the three great sources of authority which all writers on the philosophy of government ascribe to the state are1 then1 wanting1 to justify these assumptions of the advocates of the right of the state to teach religion to the children of its citizens1 but the ,congregational still argues that it has a right to teach 8morality and piety40 ,how are morality and piety to be taught without religion8 ,what is its idea of morals abstracted from practical religion8 ,does the writer who adorns its columns believe that the end and aim of all true education is to promote man's true happiness1 and1 if so1 does he believe in a hereafter of eternal rewards and punishments1 and how we are to earn the one and avoid the other8 ,he knows as well as we do that1 of some dozen leading ,protestant sects in this country1 not two are agreed on the essential ,christian duty and faith of man necessary for his salvation4 ,who1 then1 is to decide but the state1 which1 as we have endeavored to prove1 has neither a divine mission nor even human consent to interfere in spiritual matters8 ,it may be said that the state does not decide these questions1 but it does4 ,every hour devoted to a child's instruction1 relatively at least1 involves the question of man's true destiny2 for the religious question1 which is the question of man's true destiny1 sums up all other questions4 ,as far as ,catholics are concerned1 they object to each and all such teachers1 whether appointed by the warring sects or by the temporal authority4 ,for example1 the writer in the ,congregational1 though evidently an intelligent and accomplished #ddj gentleman1 would not be a very safe teacher in a school composed in whole or in part of ,catholic children4 ,any person who could endorse as he does ,draper's absurd assertion that the ,imitation of ,christ was the forerunner of the ,reformation1 call the illustrious ,fnelon a ,jansenist1 style millions of his fellow-citizens by the cant epithets of 8,romanists0 and 8,papists10 and coolly declare that ,catholics do not believe in the ,bible1 is evidently unfitted to form a correct opinion on any religious subject1 much less to be entrusted with the instruction of youth4 8,but10 says the writer above quoted1 8the safety of democracy requires compulsory education4 ,the work cannot be entrusted to churches1 or to corporations1 or to individuals40 ,now1 this may mean very little or a very great deal4 ,if it mean1 as he hints in another part of his article1 that the state has an absolute right to teach a particular religion or any religion at all in its public schools1 and enforce attendance therein1 for the preservation of our democratic form of government1 we entirely dissent from his proposition4 ,the very essence of a free government lies in its recognition of religious liberty and the natural rights of individuals1 and our best guarantees of freedom rest on the fact that majorities1 which for the time being represent the power of the state1 all potent as they may be1 cannot set aside the fundamental law1 and dare not infringe on the civil or religious liberty of the citizen4 ,no state could or ought to attempt an exercise of power so utterly despotic and foreign to the genius of our institutions4 ,we are aware that of late it has been customary to denominate our form of education as the ,american system1 for the purpose1 doubtless1 of exciting public prejudice in its favor4 ,the system is not by any means ,american in the national sense4 ,it is purely local1 and of ,puritanical origin and growth4 ,when the ,new ,england colonies by persecution and violence secured for themselves uniformity of worship1 such as it was1 they established schools1 in which prayers1 hymns1 and piety were taught ad libitum1 with all the raw-head-and-bloody-bones anti-,catholic fiction which the descendants of the ,pilgrims mistook for veritable history4 ,being all of one mind1 such a system of training could have no perceptible evil effect on the pupils2 for1 if they did not hear intolerance and falsehood in the school1 they were pretty certain to hear them in the meeting-house4 ,but times have strangely altered since then1 as the writer in the ,congregational is forced to admit4 8,the reason our school system had to be modified10 he says1 8was not that it was per se right from the day it was enacted1 but because the foreign immigration and the changes of time had produced an immense revolution in the religious spirit of the people1 and required the readjustment of the civil creed in the school system40 ,in no sense1 then1 can this system of public education which is sought to be thrust upon us be called ,american1 except1 perhaps1 as contradistinguished from that of ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,austria1 and other so-called despotic countries1 in all of which the denominational plan1 more or less generally1 prevails4 ,in the latter two countries particularly1 one ,catholic and the other ,protestant1 the scheme of secular education has been tried and abandoned1 and the wisdom of the new system has been proved beyond peradventure4 ,if it be ,american to tax citizens for the support of schools and compel them to send their children to be called ,romanists and idolaters1 then is the #dda public-school system entitled to that distinctive appellation8 ,we do not think that it is4 ,the state having no authority by the natural or divine law to assume control of the education of our children1 by what other right can it claim it8 ,some may say1 from political necessity1 that the state1 in order to protect its own interests1 must see to it that a certain amount of intelligence is diffused among its supporters4 ,here the whole question comes up again4 ,what is that intelligence which is necessary to the preservation and well-being of our free institutions8 ,is it a certain knowledge of mathematics1 geography1 and the physical sciences1 or is it not probity1 morality1 and lawful obedience to the constituted authorities8 ,yet these are virtues that can only be taught through religion1 and the state1 having no religion1 cannot teach them4 ,is it not for the general interests that we should have stalwart1 healthy1 well-fed1 and sober citizens8 ,and yet the state does not profess to enforce a general plan whereby every one should be provided with proper exercise1 employment1 medicine1 food1 clothing1 and shelter4 ,to do so would simply be to attempt to realize the utopian dream of the socialists2 and still it would be no greater a usurpation of power than the design of furnishing our children with a general system of instruction1 and1 indirectly1 with a uniform religion4 ,if the state1 as it ought to do1 requires a certain amount of intelligence in its citizens1 let it make the presence or absence of that knowledge the test of citizenship and the passport to places of honor and public confidence4 ,the right to vote and hold office1 for example1 is not an inherent right1 but depends on many qualifications1 such as sex1 age1 nationality1 freedom from crime1 ability to support one's self1 and previous residence4 ,why not add ability to read and write intelligibly8 ,there are cases1 however1 in which we admit that the state has not only a right1 but is in duty bound1 to interfere with the disposition and education of children4 ,when parents1 either through poverty1 misfortune1 crime1 or any other cause1 are unable or unwilling to take proper charge of their children1 the state1 for its own protection and to save the community from the consequence of vice and idleness1 is justified in taking care of them1 for this does not violate the principle of civil polity that a state is constituted to do only for the citizen what he is unable to do for himself4 ,hence1 the establishment of almshouses1 asylums1 nurseries1 reformatories1 and other benevolent institutions1 which all wise governments provide as barriers against prospective crime and distress4 ,but even in those exceptional cases1 as much care as possible should be observed in following out the spirit of our free institutions1 which are so strongly opposed to any interference in matters of conscience1 even among the most humble and unfortunate4 ,but while we are combating the arguments of our ,boston contemporary in favor of compulsory education1 it may be said that no compulsion is used or intended to be used in this or many other states in the ,union4 ,this is a mistake2 there is compulsion of the most practical kind4 ,it is true that the officer of the law does not come into our homes and forcibly drag our children to school1 but the tax-gatherer does so1 almost as efficiently1 if more silently4 ,the masses of the people in this1 as in most other countries1 are poor4 ,with the ,american ,catholics this is peculiarly so4 ,they are taxed to support the public #ddb schools1 and must either send their children there or pay for their education elsewhere4 ,this double payment1 in most instances1 they cannot afford4 ,how many tens of thousands of parents are there not among us whose scanty means will not permit them to indulge in the luxury of seeing their children instructed in the ways of true religion1 and who are consequently compelled1 if they desire even a primary education for their offspring1 to send them to schools which they neither admire nor would select if they had a free choice6 ,we are accused of being hostile to the ,bible4 ,such is not the fact1 and those who make the assertion are well aware of its falsity4 ,the ,bible has always been an object of especial care and veneration in the ,catholic ,church4 ,it is one of the sources of her authority and the muniments of her holy mission4 ,what we object to is the profanation of its sacred character by unworthy and profane hands4 ,it has repeatedly pained us to see even 8,king ,james's ,version10 imperfect as it is1 scattered broadcast by the agents of the ,bible societies in hotel and steamboat saloons1 barbers' shops1 and bar-rooms1 not to be read1 but to be devoted to the meanest purposes of waste paper4 ,the treatment of the holy book in some of our public schools is little better4 ,if any person doubts that ,catholics venerate and read the ,bible1 let him go to our large ,catholic publishing-houses and see the numerous and splendid editions of the ,old and ,new ,testaments which are constantly being issued from their presses4 ,though on principle we decidedly object to the reading of the ,bible in our public schools1 our greatest objection is to the schools themselves4 ,we hold that the education that does not primarily include the religious element is worse than no education at all1 and1 we hold1 also1 that the state has no right to prescribe what form of faith1 doctrine1 or religious practice should be taught to the children of its citizens4 ,we claim that ,catholic parents have a right to demand that their children shall be educated by ,catholic teachers1 be instructed from ,catholic books1 and at all times1 particularly during hours of study1 be surrounded as much as possible with all the influence that the church1 into whose bosom they have been admitted by baptism1 can surround them4 ,this can never be done in our public schools4 ,however high the personal character of the teachers in those institutions1 and whatever may be the peculiar merits of their discipline and success in turning out smart accountants and superficial thinkers1 we maintain that1 in the formation of character and the cultivation of the spiritual and better part of our nature1 they have been and must necessarily be failures4 ,what parent can read without a shudder the following extract from a ,boston paper regarding the recent investigation of a savant who1 it is well known1 is no friend to ,catholicity or the teachings of the church3 8,professor ,agassiz has of late given a portion of his valuable time to an investigation of the social evil1 its causes and growth1 and the result has filled him with dismay1 and almost destroyed his faith in the boasted civilization of the nineteenth century4 ,he has visited and noted down the houses of ill-fame throughout the city of ,boston1 and has drawn from the unfortunate inmates many sad life stories4 ,to his utter surprise1 a large number of the unfortunate women and girls traced their fall to influences which surrounded them in the public schools40#ajb ,it has been already stated1 on the authority of the ,educational ,monthly1 that in the ,state of ,connecticut1 the paradise of public #ddc schools and nursery of public-school teachers1 there is one divorce annually to every nine marriages1 and now we have the unbiassed testimony of ,agassiz1 after mature examination of the malign influence of state schools in the sister state4 ,is there any reason to doubt that this sad state of morals exists in other cities1 and may be traced to the same source1 and1 if so1 is it not time that our public system of instruction1 at least for females1 should be discontinued8 ,but even in a material point of view our common schools have been far from a success4 ,in the efforts1 conscientious we must believe1 to eliminate sectarianism from the school-books1 the ,board of ,education and ,trustees of our cities have almost destroyed their usefulness for any purpose4 ,the primary rules of reading1 writing1 and arithmetic1 and the elements of pure mathematics1 can be taught with impunity1 but1 when the higher branches of study are reached1 the religious question again comes up4 ,take geology1 for example1 that most interesting science1 the abuse of which has led to more atheism than all the sophistries of ,voltaire or ,volney4 ,as at present taught in our schools1 without explanation or qualification1 it cannot help being detrimental to the faith1 and consequently to the morals1 of the curious and undisciplined minds of the scholars4 ,as to history1 it is impossible1 even with the most careful revision1 to reproduce it without constant reference to disputed events and characters1 regarding which ,protestants and ,catholics can never agree4 ,can we imagine a history of modern ,europe1 with the great facts of the civilization of the ,old ,world by the church1 the establishment of the temporal power of the ,popes1 the 8,truce of ,god0 and the ,crusades in the middle ages1 the great rebellion against spiritual authority--miscalled the ,reformation--the penal persecution of the ,irish ,catholics1 and the ,french ,revolution left out8 ,at best1 such a book would be a sorry compilation of dates and miscalled facts1 and yet to describe those great epochs in ,european history with any degree of accuracy would necessarily offend the opinions or prejudices of either ,protestants or ,catholics4 ,if history be 8philosophy teaching by example10 we must look for it somewhere else than in our public schools4 ,but1 because we are opposed to the existence of common schools1 are we therefore against popular education8 ,on the contrary1 the efforts of the humbler class of ,catholics throughout the country to secure education for their children independent of state interference are almost incredible4 ,in this city alone twenty thousand children are annually taught in the free schools attached to the various churches1 at an expense of a little over one hundred thousand dollars1 independent of the thousands who attend the pay-schools of the ,christian ,brothers of a high grade4#ajc ,let us now sum up in brief our objections to the further continuance of the present public school system3 ,i4 ,all education should be based and conducted on true religious principles4 ,,ii4 ,the state has no right to teach religion in its schools4 ,,iii4 ,state or public schools without religion are godless4 ,,iv4 ,as such1 they are incapable of forming the character of our children1 or teaching them morality according to the ,christian principle4 ,v4 ,in endeavoring to avoid what is called sectarianism1 they defeat #ddd the ends of even mere secular education4 ,now1 it may be asked1 ,what remedy do we propose for the evils which our public school system has already produced8 ,what substitute are we prepared to offer that will both satisfy the demands of religion and the requirements of the state8 ,we answer1 by the establishment of denominational schools for ,catholics1 wherever practicable1 under the supervision of the proper ecclesiastical authorities1 and likewise for such of the sects as do not approve of mixed schools4 ,how are these schools to be sustained8 ,in either of two ways4 ,if the state will insist on levying a general school tax1 let it be divided pro rata according to the number of pupils taught in each school3 let the denominational schools have their proper proportion1 and the mixed or non-religious schools theirs4 ,the amount thus apportioned to the ,catholic schools might be deposited with a board or other executive body1 to be composed in whole or in part of clerics and laymen1 and1 if necessary1 let the state appoint proper officials to see that accurate returns of attendance are made4 ,the other way1 which to our mind is much preferable1 would be to abolish altogether the school tax1 and throw upon the parents of all denominations or of no denomination the responsibility of educating their own children4 ,compulsory education may do very well in countries where the subject is but an automaton liable at any time to be moved by a despotic government1 based on principles that the people are made for the government1 not the government for the people1 and where the acquired intelligence of the masses is merely used or misused for the benefit of a few hereditary rulers2 but in a country like our republic1 the strength of which lies in individual effort1 and where wealth1 fame1 and honor are within the reach of every one1 even the humblest who has energy and ability enough to win them1 we can have no fear that parents1 and1 least of all1 ,catholic parents1 will be derelict in their duty in respect to the proper secular education of their children4 ,the struggles they have made and are making to support their free day-schools1 despite the onerous tax with which they are burdened by the state1 would be renewed with fourfold energy if that drain on their resources were removed4 ,the advantages to be derived from the adoption of either plan would be manifold and incalculable4 ,it would satisfy the conscientious scruples of those parents who #dde consider that they should not be required1 directly or indirectly1 to send their children to the public schools1 as at present conducted4 ,it would not only advance the material prospects of the pupil1 by giving him a thorough education devoid of all the restrictions and mutilations which an attempt at fairness and the production of non-religious books have produced2 while he would1 gradually and without apparent effort1 imbibe the true religious spirit that would be his guide and best defence in after life4 ,it would also elevate the character of the teacher by placing him in his true position1 midway between the divinely appointed minister of the ,gospel1 and the instructor of children in matters purely secular1 and1 by holding out to him a higher and nobler goal than that resulting from mere personal ambition or the hope of pecuniary reward1 would doubly increase his zeal and efficiency4 ,for the public generally1 the change suggested would be equally salutary4 ,the welfare of the state does not rest on piety alone1 nor on mental intelligence alone1 but on both acting together1 the latter1 of course1 being subordinate to the former4 ,no man1 no matter what may have been his natural gifts1 was ever less brave in action1 less wise in council1 less enterprising in commerce1 or less loyal to his government1 because he was taught from his infancy to regard the practice of religion as his first and principal duty4 ,the desire of eternal happiness1 as much an instinct of our nature as the mode of securing it1 is the fruit of proper religious education1 reacts on a man's conduct even in matters exclusively pertaining to the things of the world1 and compels him to a more steadfast and fearless course in the discharge of his civic duties4 ,but it would also have another and not less marked effect4 ,it would rid the community of a host of officials1 many of whom are incompetent1 and some of whom1 we are sorry to say1 are corrupt1 and it would also save the public treasury vast sums of money1 much of which is now uselessly squandered4 ,who would believe that in this great city1 where there is so much learning and public spirit1 the ,board of ,education1 consisting of twenty-one persons1 is principally composed of liquor and billiard saloon keepers1 horse dealers1 retailers of articles used in the schools1 and of that nondescript class called brokers8 ,yet this intellectual body exercises supreme control over the public schools of ,new ,york1 and proposed this year to spend no less a sum than #c1aej1jjj1 or more than double the amount required for the same purpose eight years ago4#ajd ,the way in which a portion of this money is spent may be inferred from a statement recently published in one of our daily newspapers1 from which we extract the following paragraph3 8,the next item is incidental expenses of the ,board of ,education1 including shop account1 #fj1jjj4 ,what are #8incidental' expenses8 ,it means expenditures for which the items cannot be anticipated1 or of which it is not agreeable to furnish a statement2 it means simply a general fund to be expended by the clerks and officers of the ,board of ,education as they think proper #8incidentally4' ,among these #8incidental' expenses is what is known as a tea-room2 that is to say1 the members have a supper or refreshments furnished to them at their meetings1 and as they choose to order4 ,this is never returned or charged under the head of tea-room1 #ddf supper1 dinner1 or board bill1 but is covered up under the head of postage-stamps or other #8incidental' expenses4 ,how much of the #fj1jjj goes in this way1 it is1 of course1 impossible for us to know40 ,is it any wonder1 then1 that1 in view of such extravagant use of the public money1 of which the above is only a specimen1 the education of about one hundred thousand children1 the average attendance at our public schools1 should cost over three millions of dollars1 or at the rate of thirty dollars per capita1 while in the ,catholic free schools one-fifth of that number are taught at an expense of one hundred thousand dollars1 or at the rate of only five dollars a head1 per annum8 ,are the ,catholics competent and prepared to assume the duties and responsibilities of the education of the vast number of children of their communion who now attend the public schools8 ,most decidedly4 ,as to our ability to teach1 we point with something like pride1 certainly with satisfaction1 to the success of our numerous colleges1 seminaries1 and convent schools1 to the latter in particular1 where are always to be found among the pupils a respectable minority composed of daughters of many of our most intelligent ,protestant families4 ,we call attention1 also1 to our twenty-four city free schools1 now in full operation1 many of which1 though of recent origin1 will compare favorably with the oldest of our common schools4 ,besides the professors of our colleges1 who are constantly preparing young men for the ministry and for the scarcely less responsible duties of teachers1 and such orders as the ,christian ,brothers1 we have many trained lay instructors ready and anxious to devote themselves to the good work of ,christian education4 ,then1 again1 there are numbers of ,catholic teachers now in the public schools1 male and female1 many of whom we know personally1 who would prefer to give their services exclusively to the training of children of their own faith if such an opportunity presented itself4 ,said one of this class1 a teacher of over twenty years' experience1 on a late occasion to the writer1 8,if ,i dared1 ,i would like to expose the dangers and absurdities of our school system2 but ,i cannot1 for ,i would surely be found out and dismissed1 and then what would become of my wife and family8 ,i wish we had separate schools for ourselves1 and then ,i would feel like teaching even at a less salary than ,i now receive40 ,we submit the consideration of this very grave and1 in our mind1 most important question to the serious consideration of our patriotic and reflective countrymen1 no matter of what creed or opinion1 having an abiding confidence in their sense of justice and equity4 ,to the fanatical portion of the community who will not listen to reason1 we have only this to say3 ,though you may pretend not to know it1 and may even be unconscious of the fact1 your instincts tell you that the present system of education saps the foundation of the ,catholic religion1 and it is for this reason you hold so tenaciously to it2 but let us add1 the system itself1 being godless1 undermines all religion and morality likewise4 ,but such is your infatuation and hostility to our religion that to so undermine it you are willing to see your own faith1 whatever that may be1 ruined and wrecked as long as you can accomplish your object1 and the next generation become atheists and sceptics1 totally devoid of all faith4 ,holding the political power1 and in spite of your boasted fair play and in defiance of the spirit of our free institutions1 you are determined to uphold your system #ddg and tax us for its support against our consciences1 against religion1 freedom1 equal rights1 and the spirit of ,american institutions4 ,your efforts to stretch the powers of our government1 to the detriment of our natural1 divine1 and political rights1 will ultimately end in your own confusion4 ,they are more worthy of some half-crazed theorist or mad follower of ,fourrier and the ,communists than of a citizen of this great republic4 ,the government that robs a parent of his rights and his children is neither free nor democratic1 but is the aider and abettor of that system of free-lovism which is said to have originated in pagan ,sparta1 and has culminated in our own country at ,oneida4 ,but let it be understood that1 as ,catholics and free citizens1 we proclaim our rights1 shall resolutely defend them1 asking for nothing which we are not willing to grant to others1 and being content with no less for ourselves4 #ajj ,amendment proposed ,march1 #aghi4 #aja ,see page #ehg1 ,october number of the ,congregational ,quarterly1 under the title 8,the ,state--,religion in its ,schools40 #ajb ,the ,pilot1 ,nov4 #d1 #ahga4 #ajc ,for the benefit and edification of our readers1 we subjoin an official tabular statement of the attendance on1 and expenses of1 the ,catholic free day schools of the city of ,new ,york for the present year3 ,daily ,annual ,location of ,schools4 attendance4 ,expenses for the support of schools4 ,nos4 #bgb #bgd ,mulberry ,st41 #a1ajj #f1jjj ,barclay and ,church ,sts41 #egc #c1aah ,new ,bowery and ,james ,sts41 #a1djj #i1jjj ,no4 #bi ,mott ,st41 #a1bbe #e1gde ,nos4 #ed #ef ,pitt ,st41 and #bfd ,madison ,st41 #a1fbj #i1ejj ,nos4 #h #aj ,rutgers ,st41 #a1jej #e1jjj ,leroy ,st41 #a1jjj #e1ejj ,nos4 #cjj #cjb ,east ,eighth ,st41 #a1fjj #g1jjj ,nos4 #aba #abc1 and #ace #acg ,second ,st41 #a1dbj #e1igj ,nos4 #h #aj ,thompson ,st41 #bdj #b1jjj ,no4 #bjh ,east ,fourth ,st41 #a1gjj #f1bag ,no4 #dh ,fourth ,ave41 #bjj #b1jjj ,nos4 #eaa #eac ,east #adth ,st41 #a1bej #aj1jjj ,no4 #cb ,west #ahth ,st41 and #aaa ,west #aith ,st41 #gbj #e1jjj ,no4 #aah ,west #bdth ,st41 and #bcf ,west #bfth ,st41 #adj #a1abj ,nos4 #ccc #cce ,west #beth ,st41 #fej #c1jjj ,no4 #bji ,west #cjth ,st41 and #baa ,west #cast ,st41 #djj #a1fjj ,no4 #adc ,west #cast ,st41 #djj #a1jjj ,east #cfth ,st41 near ,second ,ave41 #a1bej #f1jjj ,no4 #cji ,east #dgth ,st41 #acj #b1ffj ,east #ejth ,st4 and ,madison ,ave41 #cej #a1jjj ,east #hdth ,st41 near ,fourth ,ave41 #efj #d1jjj ,west #acast ,st41 and ,west #acc;d ,st41 near #ajth ,ave41 #cbj #a1jjj ,west #abeth ,st4 and ,ninth ,ave41 #acj #a1jjj ------- --------- #ai1dbh #ajd1dcj #ajd ,the expenses of the ,board of ,education of this city for six years have been as follows3 #ahfc1 #a1dej1jjj #ahfd1 #a1ghg1jjj #ahfe1 #b1bih1ejh #ahff1 #b1ded1cbg #ahfg1 #b1ici1cdh #ahfh1 #b1ijj1jjj ---------- ,,one ,,christmas ,,eve ,,in ,,la ,,vendee4 ,it was in #8#ic--that horrible #8#ic1 whose very name makes our blood curdle and our hearts beat with a sense of terror and security1 as when we gaze on the painted panorama of a battle-field or some scene of crime and danger and despair long since enacted1 but brought vividly before us by the graphic power of eloquence or art4 ,the words have a spell in them that fascinates us1 and defies us to pass on without pausing to look upon the memories they evoke4 ,well1 it is of this tragic #8#ic that ,i am going to speak4 ,but not to describe its horrors4 ,it only makes the frame of my story1 a most veracious story1 and full of the spirit of that wonderful epoch1 where we see all that was noble and loveliest in humanity shine forth by the side of its most criminal and appalling aberrations4 ,it was ,christmas eve fourscore years ago4 ,the fertile soil of ,la ,vende1 red-dyed by streams of patriot blood1 was hidden under a deep quilt of snow4 ,all the landscape slept as in a death-sleep under a pure white pall4 ,hills and plains were garmented in white4 ,the snow had fallen heavily during the night1 and its untrodden purity was as smooth and uniform as the blue of the winter sky1 that looked down upon it and grew pale4 ,the cottages that dotted the fair expanse hardly broke its uniformity1 for they too were liveried in white1 the roof thick thatched with snow1 and the whitewashed walls only a degree less dazzling than the brightness of the ground4 ,the hedges that divide the fields in ,la ,vende as in ,england were filled and covered with snow1 and the hoar-frost like a fairy lace-work glittered and shone on the soft1 unblemished surface1 and the trees with rolls of snow resting on their bare gaunt arms held up clusters of icicles that sparkled like crystals in the tepid ,december sun4 ,the village of ,chamtoc lay in this white landscape2 and in the middle of the village stood the church1 and close by the church the presbytery4 ,on the road that led from ,st4 ,florent to ,chamtoc a young1 lithe #ddh figure was crushing the crisp white carpet with a long1 elastic step4 ,his face was concealed1 the upper part of it by a cap drawn low over his forehead1 and the lower part by a woollen scarf wound round his throat1 swallowing up the chin and nose in its capacious folds4 ,the weather was not cold enough to need this ostentatious display of cache-nez2 true1 la nappe blanche de la ,nol 7white cloth of ,christmas71 as the peasants call it1 was spread1 but there was not a breath of wind1 and it was not freezing4 ,it had frozen during the night just enough to sprinkle the hoar-frost abroad and hang a thin fringe of glass from the roofs of the houses and deck the trees with icicles1 but this was not what the ,vendans called freezing4 ,the ,loire pursued its journey majestically to the sea unchecked by the icy hand of the black frost1 the cruel black frost1 that had but to blow with its bleak breath for one night on the strong deep stream to paralyze its waters and chill their moaning into icy dumbness4 ,so1 the cold was not bitter4 ,the traveller knew it1 too1 for on coming to a point of the road where it turned abruptly1 and disclosed the church with its slim1 gray belfry1 and1 on the rising ground beyond it1 a windmill1 still as spectre suspended midway between the white earth and the pale sky1 he looked cautiously up and down the road1 assured himself there was no one in sight1 and then1 raising his beaver cap1 stood bare-headed in the attitude of a man saluting some object of love and veneration4 8,nearly four years since ,i knelt under the shadow of thy walls1 and now ,i have come home1 and thou dost greet me with the same unchanged1 unchanging welcome60 ,he replaced his cap1 drew it low over his face1 and continued his way4 8,home1 did ,i say80 he muttered presently4 8,have ,i still a home to come to8 ,gaston most likely is gone1 fallen like the best blood of ,la ,vende in ,god's and the king's cause4 ,and ,marie60 ,a sudden flush suffused the bronzed cheek4 ,the pilgrim walked on with a quicker step1 and was soon at the gate of the presbytery4 8,ah6 here it is1 just as ,i left it--the little wicket that opened so often with a ready welcome4 ,a good omen to begin with60 ,he pushed it and walked on4 ,the door of the dwelling-house stood ajar2 winter and summer it was never shut2 he pushed it open1 and knocked gently at a door on the left4 8,come in60 said ,m4 le ,cur4 ,and ,franois ,lonval entered and stood face to face with the only father he had known on earth4 ,nearly four years had passed since they had parted1 and the old priest who had baptized him1 and taught him1 and wept with him beside his mother's grave1 was just the same as when he had left him1 benign1 cheerful1 a trifle more bowed perhaps and a good deal whiter1 but the same in everything else--nothing was changed within4 ,he looked up promptly1 closed his book1 and then1 with a glance where 8charity that thinketh no evil0 deprecated a certain vague mistrust1 he said3 8,what can ,i do for you1 my boy80 8,monsieur le ,cur6 mon pre6 ,is this the welcome you give me80 8,franois6 my son6 my best-loved60 ,and the old man held out his arms1 and the two clasped each other4 8,ah6 my son60 exclaimed the cur1 when his emotion left him power to speak1 8this is an hour worth suffering for2 it pays me for many days #ddi of anguish4 ,little did ,i dream to have such a joy before we met in heaven4 ,my son6 my boy6 ,blessed be ,god and ,our ,lady of ,mercy1 who have watched over you and brought you back to me6 ,i never thought to see your face before ,i died60 8,and why not1 mon pre60 said ,franois1 laughing1 and embracing him again2 8you know the prodigals are sure to return sooner or later2 besides1 you promised to pray me safe home1 and not to go to heaven till ,i came back to get your blessing4 ,did you forget your promise80 8,forget it6 ,does a father forget his son8 ,but you have travelled a long way2 you will tell me all presently2 but first you must have need of food and warmth4 ,victoire60 ,the grim old gouvernante appeared1 and on recognizing ,franois her features expanded into a smile of genuine delight1 and she embraced the young man with motherly affection1 and overpowered him with questions that she never waited to hear answered1 while she bustled about the table1 running backward and forward to her kitchen1 and making ready with all speed the very best her store could supply4 ,the frugal meal was soon spread1 and the cur1 to whom1 after the first outburst of joy had subsided1 her presence was an unguessed relief1 said with a sudden change in his voice and look that struck cold on ,franois's heart3 8,ah6 ,franois1 ,franois1 it was not well to leave me all these years without a sign or a word4 ,gaston held out for a long time that either you had escaped from the country1 or that you were still fighting1 and that it was in either case only the fear of getting us into trouble that prevented you writing1 or the want of a trusty messenger1 and ,i believed him while ,i could2 but when two whole years went by1 and still we had no news1 what could ,i think but that you had fallen8 ,victoire1 put on your hood1 and go--but stay--no1 ,i had better go myself4 ,we must run no risks3 there is a price on your head1 you say8 ,i will go myself4 ,these are times when we need the cunning of the serpent more than the innocence of the dove4 ,alas6 what does innocence avail my little ones8 ,but shame upon me for an ungrateful wretch6 ,does it not avail them the palm-branch and the crown1 and are not the purest of the flock chosen for a sacrifice to plead for the guilty80 ,thus discoursing1 he wrapped himself in his heavy serge cloak1 and clutched his stick1 and went in search of ,gaston1 but not without first speaking a word in ,victoire's ear4 ,and who was ,gaston8 ,gaston was cousin-german and adopted brother of ,franois4 ,they had been brought up from infancy together by ,gaston's mother4 ,when they were both sixteen1 she died1 leaving the lads to the care of the good ,god and ,monsieur le ,cur1 and bidding them love each other like true brothers1 and live together in the comfortable cottage1 which1 being her own1 she bequeathed them as a joint legacy till either should marry1 and then1 if they chose to separate1 the one who left was to have compensation in a sum of money to be kept by ,m4 le ,cur till the event entitled either of the youths to claim it4 ,besides the cottage1 their mother1 for both the lads looked on her as such1 left two thousand francs1 to be equally divided between them when they came to be twenty-one4 ,this was the wedding portion she had brought to ,gaston's father1 and as she had adopted ,franois1 and given him a true mother's love1 she wished to divide her all1 share and share1 between him and her own son4 ,gaston had a goodly inheritance of land from his father1 so she was #dej not impoverishing him by sharing her own with his brother1 and he could never feel in after-life that she had wronged him4 ,so ,jeanne ,lonval thought1 at least4 ,and perhaps she was right at the time4 ,but as years went on1 ,gaston saw things differently2 his ideas about the value of money changed1 and with them his notions regarding right and justice1 and he began to feel an undefined vexation and sense of injury on the subject of his mother's will4 ,for ,gaston had a worm at his heart--the worm that entered the heart of ,judas1 and sucked it dry of love1 and truth1 and mercy1 and led him at last to deicide and despair4 ,he loved money1 and he was growing to love it more every day2 it was filling up his heart1 and making him hard and selfish1 and brushing off the bloom of his boyish freshness4 ,he was growing into a miser4 ,nobody noticed the growth4 ,gaston did not suspect it4 ,he lived like other people1 frugally but abundantly1 in the homely manner of his mother and the people of his class4 ,he wore good clothes1 and the same as those around him4 ,but though he did not take to the ways and crotchets of the miser of the story-book1 his heart was none the less developing the miser's spirit1 and growing rapidly absorbed1 to the exclusion of all other aims1 in the love of money4 ,he grudged more and more parting with it1 and he longed and pined more greedily after its possession4 ,franois1 who lived with him1 saw nothing of this4 ,he saw him indeed eager and active in turning his land and stock to account1 vigilant to seize every opportunity for gain1 sharp at striking a bargain1 chary of spending his money on many innocent pleasures that tempted the self-denial of older and wiser heads2 but this was right and fair so far4 ,there were plenty of idlers1 and fellows to spend their money as fast as they made it1 and it was well to see ,gaston prudent and thrifty1 and laying by for the rainy day and the little ones who would be coming by-and-by4 ,so argued the honest1 open-handed ,franois1 who approved the wisdom of his brother1 but did not practise it1 and never could keep a franc in his pocket while he saw any one in want of it4 ,quite as self-denying as ,gaston1 he pinched himself from a different motive4 ,he saved to give4 ,he gave to the widow who would be driven from her shelter if he did not come in time to pay the rent2 he gave to the cold and the hungry2 no hearth wanted wood1 no mouth craved for bread1 while ,franois could supply both4 ,not a child in the village but loved him1 not an elder but smiled a blessing on the young man as he passed4 ,gaston knew it1 and forgave him4 ,he loved him well enough to forgive him even that share in his mother's dot that was coming to ,franois one of these days4 ,but when the day came1 and he saw the money that ought to have been his handed over to his cousin--he disowned the brotherhood that moment for the first time in his life--,gaston felt the fiend wake up in him1 he felt he was badly treated1 wronged and robbed of his due1 and he was wrathful against ,jeanne and ,franois4 ,in the angry spirit of the moment1 he spoke bitter words to ,franois1 and reproached him for having come between him and his mother4 ,but ,franois1 who retained the guilelessness of a child1 cared too little about the money to seize the base motive of his brother's anger2 he thought it was an outburst of latent jealousy against the orphan child who had come between him and the fulness of #dea his mother's love1 and1 with the warmth of a generous nature1 ,franois forgave him his unjust reproaches2 he offered to give up all at once unconditionally to his cousin1 and to leave the cottage1 and take no compensation1 provided only ,gaston would give him back his love and trust4 ,gaston was not utterly hardened1 and the generosity and frankness of his cousin disarmed him1 and shamed him out of his unworthy resentment2 he embraced him1 and asked him to forgive him1 and they were true brothers from that out4 ,the coils of avarice twined round ,gaston's heart1 and choked his best instincts and his finest impulses1 but they did not crush out his love for ,franois4 ,that grew and flourished like a lily amongst weeds4 ,so they stayed together till they grew up to man's estate1 and then an event occurred in the distant town of ,chapelle-aux-lys which was to make a new era in the lives of both4 ,a niece of the cur's died1 leaving one orphan child1 whom she implored her uncle to receive and take care of2 ,marie was alone in the world2 and there was no one to whom the mother could bequeath her except the cur of ,chamtoc4 ,great was the perplexity of the worthy priest when he received the intelligence of his niece's death1 accompanied by the unexpected legacy of a grand-niece1 and a request that he would enter into possession at once4 ,victoire was called into council1 but1 instead of helping him out of the difficulties of the position1 she staggered him by asking if he meant to buy a cage and hang la petite in the window like a canary8 ,that was the only way she saw of taking her in4 ,why1 they were so tight for room that if she1 ,victoire1 were not the woman she was1 it would be simply an impossibility to fit herself and her effects into the space allotted to her at the presbytery2 and where1 in the name of common sense1 did ,m4 le ,cur think she could make room for another inmate8 ,the cur admitted the inexorable logic of this fact1 and immediately proposed adding another room to the house2 this was the ,vendan's ready way of simplifying difficulties when his family outgrew his dwelling4 ,victoire said of course that this remedy was open to them1 but what were they to do with la petite till the room was built8 ,hang her up in the window8 ,m4 le ,cur rejected the cage alternative1 and suggested his niece be sent to one of the farmers' wives' for the time being4 8,which of them80 ,victoire begged leave to inquire4 ,mre ,madeleine would take her and welcome1 but she had four sons at home1 so that would not do4 ,then there were ,la ,mre ,tustine and ,la ,tante ,ursule1 and a great many other estimable matrons who would gladly give her a shelter1 but between their hospitality and ,marie's acceptance of it there stood some impediment in the shape of sons or brothers that shut the door on the young stranger4 ,the cur and his gouvernante were puzzling over the case1 and seeing no way out of it1 when ,franois ,lonval came in4 ,the cur loved all his children1 but1 if there was one that he loved better than all1 it was the child-like1 open-hearted ,franois4 ,he told him at once of his trouble1 and asked him what he was to do4 ,franois solved the difficulty instanter by offering him the spare room at home--his mother's formerly1 and never occupied since her death--assuring the cur that he and ,gaston and ,gervoise1 their old bonne1 would take every care of his grand-niece1 and that1 far from being in the way1 she would be quite a godsend to them all in the dull cottage4 ,the cur smiled with a deeper thankfulness than the #deb young man understood at the biblical simplicity betrayed in this proposal1 and it took a good deal of argument to make ,franois see that the scheme was not practicable2 but when ultimately he did see it1 he was ready with an amendment which the cur saw no fair reason for rejecting4 ,this was that ,mlle4 ,marie was to be installed in her uncle's room1 and he was to come and stay with the brothers while another was being added to the presbytery4 ,this point settled1 the first thing to be done was to get possession of ,marie4 ,the cur would have gladly gone to fetch the poor little orphan himself1 but this was ,saturday1 a very busy day for the country priest1 and to-morrow would be ,sunday1 a busier day still1 and when it was quite impossible for him to be absent4 ,but ,franois here again came to the rescue4 ,he would drive over to ,chapelle-aux-lys1 put up for a few hours--it was a good three hours' drive--and be back by nightfall with the legacy4 ,franois ,lonval was perhaps the only youth in the village to whom such a mission could have been entrusted without its provoking a stream of chattering comments on all sides1 but the cur knew that not even that queen of gossips1 ,tante ,ursule1 would find a word to say against it in his case4 ,so he gave his blessing to ,franois1 who ran home as fast as he could1 put the strong bay mare to the cariole1 and was soon trotting over the snow on the road to ,chapelle-aux-lys4 ,this was how ,marie came to ,chamtoc4 ,in due time the room was built1 the cur took leave of the brothers1 and returned to the presbytery1 where ,marie reigned henceforth with soft1 despotic sway over himself1 the stiff old ,victoire1 and all who came within her kingdom4 ,she was soon the acknowledged belle of ,chamtoc1 and the number of her admirers and the zeal with which they competed for her hand in the village dance1 or the honor of carrying her red morocco ,heures to and from church on ,sundays and fte-days1 became a serious complication in the existence of the venerable cur4 ,for his flock loved him with the love that casteth out fear1 and had no secrets from him2 old and young went to him with their confidences as a matter of course1 and the rival candidates for ,marie's favors carried their hopes and fears and complaints of her and of each other to his sympathizing ears with merciless garrulity4 ,it was no small thing to bear the burden of this confidence1 to hearken to these knotty cases1 and to give advice and sympathy befitting each particular one4 ,the cur1 to be sure1 had more experience than most men in this kind of diplomacy1 having been the bosom confidant of all the swains who had sighed to the belles of ,chamtoc these forty years past2 but he declared that ,marie's lovers gave him more to do than the whole generation together4 ,there were nine eligible partis going1 and all nine were competing for her4 ,the good man was driven to his wits' end4 ,marie remained serenely indifferent to them all1 and never gave a glance of encouragement to one above another1 nor could her uncle detect the faintest sign of preference toward any of them4 ,he took refuge1 therefore1 in perfect neutrality1 and refused to interfere in behalf of any of the suitors4 ,she was young enough to bide her time and try their fidelity before she adopted a choice so important to them and to herself4 ,marie was fifteen when she came to ,chamtoc4 ,the revolution had broken out in ,paris and was spreading rapidly through the provinces4 ,la ,vende1 which was destined soon to #dec play such a noble part in the fiercest tragedy the world ever saw1 was still comparatively quiet2 but before ,marie had spent two years in her new home1 the ,royalist movement was firing the hearts of the ,vendans1 and the enthusiastic spirit of ,charette and ,cathelineau and ,stoffel was fanning the flames of patriotism and goading the peasants to that grand and universal uprising whose story stands unparalleled in the annals of chivalrous loyalty4 ,the ,republican soldiers1 les bleus1 as they were called1 were scouring the country1 depopulating villages1 murdering the priests1 and hunting down the nobles1 ordering off whole streets to the guillotine in a batch1 spreading terror and devastation everywhere4 ,the peasantry had risen en masse and joined the ,royalist troops1 and were selling their lives and their altars dear4 ,chamtoc was not behind hand in the patriotic movement4 ,it furnished its goodly contingent of soldiers to the king1 and many were the episodes of daring and self-devoted loyalty that marked the progress of the ,vendan cause in the pretty1 peaceful village4 ,marie was just seventeen when the first recruitment took place4 ,it was a bright spring morning4 ,she was sitting in the latticed window of the presbytery parlor1 a dark-eyed1 merry-looking maiden in a fan-shaped ,vendan cap1 whose soft white cambric frilling set off her warm olive complexion admirably1 and made her a very pretty picture as she sat singing to her spinning-wheel1 bobbing her head with a quick1 graceful movement that kept time to the play of her foot and hands4 ,at a table at the other end of the room the cur was writing away diligently4 ,he was too much absorbed in his work to be disturbed by the musical purring of ,marie's wheel1 or the broken snatches of song with which she varied the rond-rond and enlivened the pleasant1 monotonous labor2 he knew she was there1 but her presence was no more hindrance to him than the sunshine that was streaming unbidden through the window1 and filling the little room with warmth and brightness4 ,suddenly the rond-rond ceased1 ,marie looked up1 and fixed her eyes on some distant object along on the road4 ,then she stood up1 and said hurriedly3 8,mon oncle6 mon oncle60 8,well1 my child80 answered the cur abstractedly1 without pausing from his work4 8,i see horsemen galloping toward the village4 ,sont-ce les bleus80 ,the word made the cur start like the touch of a spring4 ,he dropped his pen and was beside her in an instant4 ,they looked out steadily toward the dust-cloud that was advancing rapidly1 and for one minute neither spoke4 ,then the cur exclaimed joyfully3 8,no6 ,they are ,charette's men60 ,and so they were4 ,but none the less was there cause for ,marie's cheek to grow pale1 and the heart of the old pastor to beat with a great emotion4 ,they knew what brought these ,royalist soldiers to ,chamtoc4 ,charette wanted men1 and he had sent here to levy them4 ,in less than an hour1 every available man in the village was up on the place for inspection4 ,the difficulty was whom to take and whom to refuse1 for the brave fellows whose exploits and valor won for them later the sobriquet of peuple de gants 7race of giants7 were all clamoring to be enrolled under the king's flag1 and to go forth and die for the king's cause4 ,for the first time to-day since that outbreak that had bound them in closer brotherhood1 ,franois and ,gaston quarrelled4 ,both wanted to go1 #ded both were equally good for the service2 the recruiting officer1 unable to choose between them1 declared they must decide for themselves4 ,the only way to do this was to defer it to the cur4 ,they walked off to the church1 where the old man was speaking plain1 soul-stirring words of encouragement and exhortation to a throng of men and women1 the men exulting1 the women weeping1 but all of one mind and heart in the cause1 and ready to give their best and dearest to serve under the banner of the fleur-de-lis4 ,marie was kneeling close by the altar1 amidst a group of weeping mothers and sisters4 ,her eyes were dry1 but dim and restless2 she spoke to no one1 but turned constantly toward the door1 as if she were watching for some new arrival4 ,when the brothers came in1 there was a movement1 the crowd made way for them as they walked up to the altar1 and hushed their sobs to hear what they were going to say4 8,monsieur le ,cur10 said ,gaston1 8only one of us may enlist1 and you are to choose between us2 which of us may go and fight for the king80 8,ah6 my children1 what is it you ask of me6 ,how can ,i choose60 exclaimed the old man1 clasping his hands4 8,you are both dear to me2 ,i would have you both fight for the king and win a crown of glory4 ,if you fall fighting in defence of ,god and his altars1 yours will be the crown of the martyrs4 ,which is most pure at heart1 strongest in faith1 most worthy to serve in the cause of ,god8 ,he alone can tell60 8,franois6 ,franois60 cried many voices in chorus1 and the people gathered round the poor man's friend1 and blessed him1 and bid him joy of being chosen for the good fight4 8,so be it60 said the cur2 and ,franois knelt down1 and the cur laid both hands upon his head and blessed him4 ,marie was a silent and unnoticed spectator of the scene4 ,she was still on her knees1 clasping the altar-rails with both hands so tightly that the strain left them white and bloodless4 ,franois waited till the crowd had followed ,m4 le ,cur out of the church1 and it was empty except of the two1 and then he went close up to ,marie and knelt down beside her4 ,he did not speak1 and she did not look at him1 but she knew that it was ,franois4 8,marie60 he said1 and laid his hand on her arm4 ,then she turned and looked into his eyes1 and these two knew that they loved each other4 8,if ,i fall1 you will remember me1 ,marie1 and pray for me10 said ,franois1 taking her hand in both his4 8,yes40 8,and1 ,marie1 if ,i return--0 8,we will come to this same spot and bless ,god together1 ,franois40 8,you will wait for me a year and a day80 8,i will wait for you to the end of my life40 ,they sent up one last prayer in silence1 then kissed each other and parted4 ,as ,franois left the church he met ,gaston1 who was seeking him in great concern everywhere4 ,the brothers walked home arm-in-arm1 discoursing with full hearts of this sudden and solemn parting4 ,when they entered the cottage1 ,franois went straight to his room1 and came out with a small deal box in his hand4 8,frre10 he said1 8,i have not much to trouble about in the way of property1 but what ,i have you will keep for me4 ,my savings are nothing to speak of1 seven hundred francs in all2 here is the box4 ,i should not have had even that sum but for the sale of the cattle at ,easter4 ,do #dee the best you can for me with it2 lay it out in stock or grain--whatever brings most as times go4 ,the sheep were the best investment the last two fairs2 ,i wish ,i had done more in that line2 but ,i was never overwise with my money1 and this will thrive better in your hands than in mine1 frre2 only ,i would rather you didn't let it lie out long at a time1 as you do with your own2 gather it in soon after a good stroke1 and let it grow till it's a good sum2 it's not safe in these days to leave one's money floating in any business40 ,gaston's astonishment had grown to stupefaction by the time his brother brought this speech to an end4 ,what did it mean1 this sudden desire to make money and let it accumulate8 ,franois had all his life been as careless of louis-d'or as of carrots or apples1 and gave them away as readily for the asking2 and now that he was about to face the cannon1 and stood a strong chance of never needing them again1 he was smitten with an insane desire to have them increase and multiply4 ,though ,gaston said nothing1 ,franois read this wonder in his eyes4 8,don't think ,i've put my heart in the money10 he said1 laying a hand on ,gaston's shoulder1 and looking wistfully into his face2 8,i'd hand it to you for your own1 to do as you liked with it1 if ,i were alone in the world2 but ,i'm not1 frre4 ,i've another to think of now40 ,he drew away his hand1 and averted his face quickly1 but ,gaston saw his lip quiver1 and the drops gather in his brave1 truthful eyes4 ,he saw it all at a glance1 and followed the recruit's figure1 as it disappeared again into his room1 with an expression on his face that it was better for both ,franois did not see2 if he had looked at his brother then he would have read a secret that would have pierced his heart like a sword4 ,gaston stood staring after him as if he had been turned to stone1 his features fierce and hard-set1 the veins in his forehead swelling and throbbing1 all his frame shaken by a vehement struggle4 ,gaston mastered it1 his face relaxed1 and he went in after ,franois4 8,frre10 he said1 8you may trust me10 and held out his hand to him4 ,franois clasped it1 but looking at his brother with a puzzled smile3 8,trust thee60 he repeated1 8as if ,i needed thy pledge for that6 ,brother1 ,i trust thee as ,i trust my soul40 8,and1 frre1 as ,monsieur le ,cur said just now1 the best and purest are chosen for the sacrifice2 if--0 8,vive ,dieu et le ,roi60 cried ,franois1 raising his cap4 ,then he was silent a moment before he said3 8,if ,i fall1 you will be a good brother to ,marie1 and do what you can to comfort her40 8,and the money1 what shall ,i do with it80 8,give it to her40 ,the brothers embraced1 and set out in search of ,m4 le ,cur4 ,he blessed them all once more1 and the brave young fellows fell into ranks with the soldiers1 and marched off singing their battle-psalm1 their hearts beating with high hope and faith and courage2 while brave ,vendan mothers followed them out of the village1 speeding them with blessings and cries of ,vive ,dieu et le ,roi6 ,it echoed through the gathering twilight with a strange1 inspiring pathos4 ,quiet and darkness fell upon ,chamtoc1 the shadows died out of the silent church1 the red flame of the sanctuary lamp rose and fell1 flickering like a crimson pulse in the gloom1 and casting its halo on the bowed head of the #def ,vendan soldier's fiance4 ,,part ,,second4 ,franois's money multiplied with such unprecedented luck in ,gaston's keeping that the little deal box was soon too small to hold it4 ,gaston kept very little money of his own in hand1 he let it float1 as his brother said1 but whatever he had was always in gold--he never took payment in anything else1 and he followed the same plan for ,franois4 ,if it had been his own1 he could not have put more zeal into the management of it2 and it was with a sense of personal pride and success that at the end of a year he counted over ,franois's treasure1 and found he had trebled the original sum4 ,and ,marie--how fared it with her8 ,she was waiting in patience and hope and prayer till the time named by ,franois as the furthest date of his return came and passed and brought no sign of him1 and then her heart sank4 ,she could not think that he would leave her in such cruel ignorance of his fate if he were still alive2 but neither could she believe that he was dead4 ,they would have heard of it somehow4 ,bad news travels quickly at all times1 and even in those days of terror1 when postal arrangements were broken up1 and it was at the risk of his head that a messenger carried a letter1 news came from the most distant points to out-of-the-way villages in a way that was almost miraculous4 ,les bleus were everywhere1 ubiquitous1 stealthy1 vindictive1 but they could not cut off communication between the ,royalists4 ,fresh recruits started from ,chamtoc1 and wounds and deaths and noble exploits were chronicled from the distant camp or battle-field1 but not a word came over the hilly plains of ,la ,vende to tell of the fate of ,franois ,lonval4 ,two years went by1 and still the silence was unbroken4 ,then one morning ,gaston dressed himself with unwonted care1 and went to the presbytery4 ,he found ,m4 le ,cur alone4 ,they sat some time together1 and when the young man rose to take his leave1 the cur said3 8,you will meet her probably on the way home4 ,plead your own cause1 my boy2 ,i have done what ,i could for you2 you have my best blessing if you can persuade ,marie40 ,gaston met her and pleaded4 ,but not successfully4 8,franois said a year and a day1 and after that1 if you did not hear1 you might be sure he had gone before us10 urged ,gaston1 choosing the word that would fall less harshly on his listener's heart2 8and now two years have passed and he has neither written nor sent4 ,i do not ask you to forget him1 or to cease to love him2 we will both love him1 and think of him always as dear brother1 and he will be happier in heaven for seeing you happy here4 ,let me fulfil my promise to him that ,i would take care of you4 ,come home with me1 ,marie1 and be my wife60 8,i promised that ,i would wait for him10 answered ,marie1 her dark eyes looking out toward the west with a gaze of patient longing as she walked on by ,gaston's side4 8,a year and a day4 ,you told me he said a year and a day40 8,he said it1 but ,i put no limit to the time4 ,i said ,i would wait to the end40 8,but he would not have it1 ,marie2 he loved you too well to wish you to waste your life in solitude and vain hopes40 ,but ,marie shook her head and repeated3 8,i promised ,i would wait for him40 #deg 8,and your uncle--does his wish count for nothing8 ,you know that he has long since given up all hope1 and that the thought of leaving you alone in the world is embittering his old age4 #8,i am getting old1' he said to me just now1 #8but the only thing that makes me dread death is this anxiety about my pauvre petite4 ,who will take care of her when ,i am gone8' #8,i promised ,franois ,i would1 mon pre1' ,i said4 #8,then go and plead with her for yourself and for me1' he replied1 #8that ,marie may let you keep your promise4'0 ,they walked on in silence till they came to the gate of the presbytery1 and ,marie raised her face to ,gaston's and said3 8,wait one year more1 ,gaston1 and then1 if you still wish1 come and tell me1 and ,i will go home with you40 8,i have waited three years already1 and ,i would wait as many more to win you10 answered the young man2 and as he bent his face over hers--not a handsome face1 but illuminated now by eyes that were liquid and beautiful with beseeching love--,marie thought that1 since she must choose a home when her uncle was gone1 she would rather share ,gaston's than any other1 and that it might not be such a difficult thing to love him by-and-by4 ,that night1 when ,gervoise had gone to bed1 and the place was quiet and all the bolts drawn1 ,gaston took out ,franois' money-bag and counted over the contents4 ,it was a good round sum now4 ,he built up the louis into little piles and reckoned them1 and then poured them back into the bag2 and the coins flashed like little suns in the dim light of his lantern2 and ,gaston feasted his eyes on them3 he thrust his hand into the heap1 and1 gathering up a handful of coins1 let them drip down through his fingers one by one1 listening to the pure ring of the metal as if it had been music1 as indeed it was to him4 ,now that ,marie had promised to be his wife1 this gold which was hers would soon be his1 and before the year was out it would be a still bigger heap4 ,he had not told her or the cur that ,francois had left any money in his charge1 not from any idea of latent treachery to ,franois--oh1 no6 ,gaston was incapable of that2 but it had been his dream ever since ,franois had gone to win ,marie and then settle this money on her1 telling her1 of course1 whose gift it was4 ,partly from methodical habit1 and partly from an unconfessed pleasure in the sight and touch of the gold1 he had made a point of counting it all over after every fresh transaction1 but from this night out he began to count it oftener4 ,the fact that it was now to all intents and purposes his own added a new zest to the operation1 and the prospect of it became by degrees the chief solace of his working hours1 till at last he came to count it regularly every night and to long for the moment when he could lock his door and turn the flame of his lantern on the burning blaze of the gold4 ,the year came to an end4 ,there was no news of ,franois1 and ,gaston1 being still of the same mind1 claimed his promise1 and ,marie came home with him4 ,but seven months later ,franois was tramping along through the snow on his way to ,chamtoc1 and now he is sitting before the pine-wood fire in ,monsieur le ,cur's parlor4 ,he had not asked for ,marie1 and the cur had not named her4 ,the dumb entreaty of ,franois' eyes smote him to the heart1 and he had not the courage to tell the pilgrim that the light which had lured him on through the smoke of the battle1 in the #deh dreary watches of the bivouac1 in the many miseries of his soldier life1 was a mirage that had tempted him along the desert path1 only to mock him when he neared it1 and fade out of the sky like a false and fickle star4 ,no2 he had not the courage to tell him that ,marie was his brother's wife4 ,when the cur entered the cottage1 he found ,gaston sitting down to his dinner alone4 ,marie had gone to nurse a sick neighbor's child4 ,the cur was glad of her absence4 ,it made his mission easier4 8,mon garon10 he said at once1 8,i bring news that will startle you1 and ,i am thankful to be able to break it to you before ,marie hears it4 ,your brother is come back40 ,the cur expected his announcement to startle ,gaston1 as he had said1 but he was not prepared for the effect it produced4 ,the young man stood bolt upright1 looked at the cur with wild1 scared eyes1 and dropped again into his chair without uttering a word4 8,have you told him80 he gasped1 after an interval of silence that the old priest felt himself incapable of breaking4 8,no2 her name was not mentioned by either of us40 8,ha60 ,gaston drew a breath of relief2 8then perhaps--who knows8 ,he may take it less to heart than we fear80 8,i don't know4 ,at his age1 four years is a long absence2 still we cannot tell4 ,but at any rate1 my son1 you must come and give him a brother's welcome1 and do what a brother's love can do to lighten the disappointment to him40 ,he took ,gaston's arm1 and they went out to the presbytery together4 ,the cur's heart belied his words when he held out the hope that ,franois' love might not have borne unchanged the test of absence4 ,he knew the youth too well to believe it4 ,and he was right4 ,the meeting between the brothers was quiet1 but none the less terrible4 ,the cur told ,franois how it had all happened2 how faithfully ,marie had kept her troth1 hoping long after he and ,gaston had given up all hope2 how at length he had urged her to listen to ,gaston2 and how1 tardily and with a sad heart1 she had yielded to both their entreaties4 ,franois heard him to the end1 and then1 in a voice of heart-rending gentleness1 he said3 8,it was my fault1 frre2 ,i do not blame thee4 ,god's will be done60 ,he held out his hand1 ,gaston clasped it1 and the brothers stood for a moment face to face in silence4 ,both were very1 pale1 but it was not ,franois who was the paler of the two4 ,gaston went home1 and ,franois watched his figure across the little garden and down the road till it disappeared like a blue speck on the white background1 and then he fell upon the cur's neck and sobbed like a woman4 ,before many hours ,chamtoc was on tiptoe with alarm and curiosity4 ,a shepherd had arrived in haste with the news that one of the royalist captains had passed through ,saumur in disguise1 and been traced to ,chapelle-aux-lys1 whence les bleus were started in pursuit of him2 there was a large price on his head2 and les bleus were so enraged against him for his desperate exploits and for having baffled them so long1 that they were resolved to show no quarter to the people that harbored him1 and would set fire to the town rather than let him escape4 ,an old cowherd who had been born and bred in the service of the ,maulevriers had recognized ,franois ,lonvel on the road1 and1 guessing whither he was bound1 had sent a trusty messenger with a word #dei of warning to ,chamtoc4 ,gaston was the only person1 besides the cur and ,victoire1 who knew of his brother's arrival so far1 and when ,gervoise came in with this news1 which she caught from the village gossips on her way from evening prayers1 his first impulse was to rush to the presbytery1 and warn his brother to start at once1 and seek some safer hiding-place4 ,he went out quickly1 but1 as he had his hand on the wicket1 he saw ,marie coming towards the cottage4 ,she was the last person he wished to meet just then1 but he could not avoid her without exciting surprise in her mind1 and perhaps suspicion4 ,so he tarried till she came1 wondering why she walked so slowly1 as if she did not make sure he was waiting for her1 or as if--as ,gaston's heart whispered to him--she would rather he went without speaking to her4 ,why8 ,was it possible the truth had come to her ears already8 ,he could not believe it1 still it was with a painful quickening of his pulse that he saw her at that leisurely pace4 8,were you waiting for me1 ,gaston80 she said simply4 8,no4 ,i am going in to ,monsieur le ,cur for a minute2 ,i will be back presently4 ,are you not well1 ,marie80 8,yes1 mon ami1 quite well1 only tired and cold40 ,she drew her shawl closer round her with a little shudder1 and passed him and entered the cottage4 ,gaston's heart leaped up as if an adder had stung it1 and then sank as suddenly with a horrible faintness4 ,he leaned against the snow-stuffed hedge and felt as if the very life were frozen within him4 ,the blood rushed to his throat2 he put his hand to his forehead as if a spasm of pain had stunned him2 but soon rousing himself from his absent attitude1 he walked on to the presbytery4 ,but he did not enter it4 ,he did not see it1 in fact4 ,he walked on and on like a man in a dream1 looking neither to the right nor the left1 and when suddenly he remembered where he was1 and whither he was bound1 he had left the village more than a league behind him1 and was standing on the sloping beach of ,st4 ,florent1 under the shadow of its semicircular hills that look down upon the ,loire1 where the little islet of ---- sits like a brooding swan midway in its waters4 ,the night had fallen1 but the moon was not yet up1 and the darkness was only lightened by the snowy reflex of the landscape4 ,a bank of cloud hung like a heavy curtain over the hill1 and hid away the moon4 ,somehow ,gaston was glad of the darkness4 ,but it was in vain that he strove to make it dark within4 ,no outer darkness could conceal from him the workings of his heart4 ,he saw into its troubled depths as clearly as if a thousand moons had been shining in the purple vault above him4 ,he saw the tempter busy with his fiercest instincts1 and he saw what a base and miserable tool he was4 ,ay1 but desperate as well as base4 ,much must be forgiven to a desperate man4 ,here was his whole life wrecked4 ,his wife's affection and trust--he felt it had not yet grown to love--was lost to him2 his gold was lost to him--his precious1 darling gold1 that he had hugged to his heart till it grew to be a part of it1 a second wife2 and he must give it up just at a moment when he wanted it as he had never done before1 and had laid out all his money1 and had not a louis to ring on his hearthstone except this gold of ,franois'4 ,a curse upon the hour he took it6 ,franois would never ask it back--never accept it1 most likely1 ,gaston felt4 #dfj ,but ,marie would never consent to keep it4 ,no1 and she would grow to hate him in spite of herself for having come between her and ,franois1 and forced her to break her troth to him4 ,his life1 that was so bright and rich1 how dark and wretched it had become within these last few hours6 ,and was there no rescue from it all8 ,yes4 ,he had only to speak a word1 and he was saved4 ,let him start off now1 before ,marie knew of ,franois's return1 and meet les bleus1 and they would come quietly to the presbytery1 and take him away in the night1 and there would be an end of ,franois for ever1 and of the misery he was going to cause4 ,treachery8 ,bah6 ,his was the treachery to come back after being as good as dead all this time4 ,was it a crime to have married ,marie1 when he left her three whole years without a word of love or a sign of existence8 ,she was happy now1 but if once she saw ,franois she would never know happiness again4 ,the sight of his misery would fill her heart with remorse1 and break it4 ,what right had ,franois to go away at all when he knew that ,marie loved him8 ,it was no doing of ,gaston's that2 he wanted to go in his stead4 ,would that he had6 ,but now he was to be a ruined1 blighted man to the end of his days4 ,and to what purpose8 ,to save ,franois from being shot a little sooner than he might be2 for so surely as he had a head on his shoulders1 so surely would he have a bullet through it some day4 ,no one would be the worse of his having it to-morrow instead of a month hence or a year1 and two human beings would be considerably the better of it4 ,gaston had flung himself on a snow-heap by the side of the river1 his face buried in his arms1 while he worked out his wrongs and his despair to this conclusion4 ,franois must die4 ,there was no other way out of it4 ,once he brought his mind to face this alternative and close with it1 there was no time to be lost1 and it would be dangerous to go over the ground again4 ,he must act at once if he were to act at all4 ,gaston shook the snow from his arms1 and sprang to his feet4 ,but a change had come over the scene1 and he could hardly realize that it was the same he had surveyed in the dim white darkness half an hour previously4 ,the heavy bank of cloud had melted away2 only one small patch remained1 fringed with silvery rays that lighted up the sky like the glory of a tabernacle2 all round it myriads of stars were twinkling in the liquid depths of blue1 and gazing on their own brightness in the steel-blue mirror of the ,loire1 that trembled lightly as the golden shafts shot down through it and illuminated its cold1 pure bosom like a second heaven4 ,presently1 the moon came out1 not 8pale for weariness of climbing0 the steep sky1 but radiant and beautiful1 and shone serenely in the clear ,december heaven1 and all the world was bathed in silvery twilight4 ,the solemnity of the scene thrilled through ,gaston's soul1 and made his pulse beat with an unknown fear2 but it was the ennobling fear with which nature inspires us in her sublimest aspects--the reverent awe that uplifts the soul1 not the guilty terror that casts it down1 paralyzing and debasing it4 ,his ghastly project cowered before him like a fiend dragged from outer darkness into the splendor of ,god's sunshine4 ,the divine beauty of the world without rebuked and annihilated the foulness of the world within4 ,no base or treacherous thoughts could contemplate the purity and glory of that starry splendor1 and not perish4 ,it drew the earth #dfa heavenward1 and made all things grand and solemn4 ,the meek1 low hills grew mighty and majestic2 they stretched their pure white peaks to kiss the stars1 soaring high above the haunts of men1 as if they scorned the earth1 and would have naught in common with the pettiness1 the guilt1 and the folly that had their dwelling on the plain4 ,the very silence had a voice in it more powerful than thunder4 ,it rang with inarticulate harmonies through ,gaston's soul--mysterious1 unuttered whisperings1 as of angels hovering to and fro1 brushing the crystal twilight with their wings4 ,and were there not angels near him in his hour of struggle8 ,did he not hear them pleading at his heart1 touching his storm-tossed spirit with their loving1 beseeching eyes1 weeping1 perhaps1 over the impending ruin of his ,god-imaged soul8 ,surely1 if angels ever weep1 earth has no misery more worthy of their tears4 ,and were they less powerful than the fallen spirits who were fighting against them for the noble prize1 or did they love ,god's human creature less than the fiends hate him8 ,gaston called to mind the days long ago1 when he was an innocent child1 and prayed every night to his angel guardian before lying down to sleep1 and believed that the beautiful benign spirit stood at the right side of his little cot1 watching him while he slept4 ,it was many a day since he had prayed1 but now the words came back on him with a strange1 impelling power1 and played upon his heart like the notes of a long-forgotten melody4 ,they rose to his lips1 but he choked them down4 ,he could not let them pass4 ,whom was he to speak to--an angel8 ,there was a gulf between the ,judas that he was to-day and the unsullied little child who used to breathe that prayer in an angel's ear4 ,gaston felt the scene was subduing his soul to a dangerous softness1 and unnerving him for his purpose4 ,what a fool he was to stand there moon-gazing6 ,he turned his back on the river and the hills1 and strode homeward at a rapid pace4 ,he tried to sing1 but his voice jarred like a discord on the holy silence1 and he checked himself4 ,it was near ten when he re-entered the village4 ,every house was closed and quiet1 but not asleep4 ,this was ,christmas eve4 ,the children were put to bed with many a promise that they should be called for midnight ,mass1 but most of the elders were watching1 saying their rosaries1 or singing cantiques in family groups while awaiting the summons of the bell to gather round the crib of the new-born ,king4 ,gaston saw the lights gleaming from many windows1 and wished them out4 ,he had no mind to be seen prowling alone in the snow at this time of night1 and on such a night1 so he crept on stealthily under the shadow of the cottages1 till he came to his own gate4 ,he dreaded meeting ,marie1 and having to answer her questions as to why he had been out so long4 ,but perhaps she would ask no questions4 ,was she really so pale when he met her that time1 or was it his terrified fancy8 ,anyhow1 she could not know yet for certain that ,franois was here1 whatever fears or hopes--yes1 ,gaston must use the word--the gossip that had reached her ears may have suggested4 ,but on entering the bright1 spacious kitchen where the table was spread for supper1 all its pewter and delft glancing in the light of the pine-logs that blazed merrily in the broad chimney1 he saw no one but old ,gervoise1 sitting bolt upright in her high-backed chair in the chimney-corner1 and nodding significantly at the knitting #dfb that lay on her knees4 ,the noise he made drawing a stool to the fire awoke her4 ,he asked where her mistress was1 and ,gervoise told him that ,marie had come in for a few minutes and then gone out again1 and that they were not to expect her home that night1 as the child was worse4 ,he was glad of her absence2 yet it frightened him4 ,was it a pretext--was she shrinking from him1 afraid or loath to meet him6 ,at any rate1 it changed his intention of starting at once2 he decided that he would wait till all the village was up and astir for midnight ,mass1 and then he would slip off and ride hard1 so as to reach ,chapelle-aux-lys and be back again before daylight and ,marie's return4 ,he said he did not care to eat anything1 and went up to his room4 ,he locked himself in1 lighted his lantern1 and pulled out the fatal money-bag2 he felt he must strengthen himself by the sight of the gold1 and count over his treasure once more1 to make sure it was worth the price he was going to pay for it4 ,this done1 he flung himself undressed on the bed1 and1 worn out by the conflict of the last few hours1 was soon sound asleep4 ,but he had not been asleep long before he was aroused by a long knocking at his door1 and a rough voice demanded admittance4 ,gaston sprang to his feet4 8,who's there80 he said4 8,les bleus4 ,open in the name of the republic60 and the speaker dealt a blow on the door that nearly broke it in4 ,gaston opened without further parley1 and six men entered the room4 8,what do you want80 he asked4 8,we want one ,franois ,lonval who is concealed in this house4 ,tell us where to find him and we will go1 and do you no harm2 but if you try to shirk it--0 ,the man swore a brutal oath1 and pointed his pistol at ,gaston's head4 ,but ,gaston ,lonval had a ,vendan's spirit withal4 ,it was not to dastardly personal cowardice that he would betray his brother2 he felt the cold touch of the muzzle on his forehead1 and1 quietly pushing it aside1 he told the man he might search the house1 and he wished him joy if he found what he was looking for4 8,we had better begin by the outhouses and the garden10 said the one who seemed to take the lead2 8two of you stay inside to prevent any tricks1 while we are outside40 ,and he left the room1 followed by all but one soldier1 who remained to mount guard over ,gaston4 ,but a safer and stronger sentinel was keeping watch by the wretched brother1 urging him with terrible power and show of reason to say the word that would free him for ever4 ,only an hour ago1 he was resolved to run great risks to say it1 and now he had only to make a sign1 and run no risk whatever1 and he could not bring himself to do it4 ,confound that moonshine6 ,it had made a woman of him4 ,he went to the window and looked down into the garden to watch the proceedings of the soldiers4 ,then he heard them searching the rooms below1 banging doors and overturning everything1 and presently the officer came up-stairs again4 8,hearken1 mon garon1 it's no use trying to play hide-and-seek with les bleus10 he said1 8you won't find it answer4 ,now1 once for all1 where is this ,franois ,lonval80 8,i tell you he's not here10 replied ,gaston doggedly2 8if he was1 you would find him40 8,most likely1 if we had time to lose hammering at the walls and hunting #dfc up the chimneys2 but les bleus have a more expeditious way of going to work4 ,when we can't bag our game1 we fire it4 ,so walk out1 and we will set a light to the house and make a little ,christmas bonfire for you4 ,if he's a coward1 he'll soon cry merci6 ,if he's a brave man1 why he'll go out in a blaze1 and that's as good a death as another4 ,so here goes1 give me the light60 ,he seized the lantern1 took out the socket1 and deliberately advanced towards the bed4 8,hold60 cried ,gaston1 clutching his outstretched arm2 8the man you are in search of is not here2 he is at the presbytery40 ,the bleu laid down the light4 8,stay here10 he said to the soldier who had remained in the room2 8we will whistle for you when it's time to join us40 ,he descended the stairs quickly1 and ,gaston heard the door close1 and saw the five figures disappear down the road4 ,after that he seemed to fall into a sort of stupor1 and stood without moving hand or foot1 staring stolidly out of the window1 while the soldier waited in silence for the promised signal4 ,it came at last1 wounding the silence like the hiss of a snake1 and ,gaston knew that his brother was in the hands of the torturers4 ,no sooner was he alone than a legion of demons seemed to people the room1 filling it with hideous forms and voices1 mocking and scoffing1 and asking him what he had done with his brother4 ,he stamped in rage1 and dashed his hands through his hair1 and began to walk rapidly up and down4 ,but the spectres kept pace with him1 grinning and hooting and repeating with maddening iteration3 8,what have you done with your brother80 8,what had he done with him80 cried ,gaston aloud--8why1 only what ,franois would have done with himself sooner or later4 ,and was he to let his house be burnt down and his gold melted to postpone the day perhaps for twenty-four hours8 ,pshaw6 what an idiot he was to take on so about it4 ,it was all that whistle that set his nerves on an edge4 ,why did it keep on hissing and hissing8 ,the bleus and their capture were half a mile out of ear-shot by this4 ,fate had been good to ,gaston1 and served him much better than he could have served himself4 ,it had taken the matter out of his hands1 and he had been no more than a passive agent in its grasp1 in the grasp of law and might--ay1 and right too4 ,when ,franois came back like a simpleton and thrust his head into the lion's mouth1 what could he expect but that it would close on him and crunch him8 ,it was over now4 ,marie would never hear of his return and need never curse the day she gave her hand to ,gaston1 and ,gaston might sleep in peace1 and without being haunted by terrors of his brother's return40 ,thus did he argue with the fiend and strive to beat him off1 and stifle remorse that had entered his soul1 and was gnawing at him with fierce1 relentless tooth4 ,but it would not do4 ,across the legion of fiends there flitted visions of the past1 that he could not shut his eyes to1 struggle as he would4 ,first1 there rose before him a curly-headed little brother whose small arms were round ,gaston's neck1 clasping him as they lay in a little cot beside their mother1 breathing softly in sweet child slumber2 then he beheld a frank1 bright boy kneeling with him beside that mother's death-bed1 while she blessed them and promised to meet them in heaven4 ,then the boy was a youth who stood with his hand on ,gaston's shoulder1 and looked into his eyes1 and said3 8,brother1 ,i trust thee as ,i trust my #dfd soul60 ,this faded away1 and he saw the same youth bronzed and war-worn1 and betrayed in his manly trust1 but still holding out his hand to ,gaston1 and saying with the well-remembered voice1 now husky with the strong man's agony3 8,i do not blame thee1 brother2 ,god's will be done60 ,slowly but vividly the visions rose before ,gaston's soul1 and he could not but look on them1 and1 as he looked1 sweet memories of his childhood rushed upon him like a torrent and bore him down2 his boasted courage was gone1 his pride1 his love1 his gold melted away like false phantoms1 and he was alone with his sin and his despair4 ,he remembered ,franois' noble unselfishness1 his truth1 his grateful love of their common mother1 his reverence for her lightest wish2 he remembered his many acts of kindness to the poor and the suffering1 and how he had seen him followed by blessings from the old and young whom his generosity had helped and comforted2 and oh6 bitterest of all was the memory of their parting1 when ,franois gave him his little hoard in trust1 and bid him take care of ,marie4 ,and this was the brother he had sold6 ,o ,god6 ,it was all too horrible to be true4 ,gaston seized the bag of gold1 rushed from the house and into the stable1 and1 without waiting to saddle her1 leaped on his mare's back1 and dashed off in pursuit of les bleus4 ,they were only six1 and he had gold enough to buy them if he only came in time4 ,the mare flew as if she knew what hung on her speed1 dashing up the snow that spattered her flanks and enveloped her rider in a moving cloud as they galloped along4 ,the moon was still magnificent1 and the stars shone down with the same calm splendor--the patient1 far-away stars that #agic years ago rang out the glad tidings to the watchers on the hills of ,judea3 ,glory to ,god6 ,peace to men6 ,gaston1 as he flew past the scene of his recent struggle1 felt a chill of supernatural terror freeze him to the marrow of his bones4 ,the stars stooped down till they seemed to touch him1 and pierce him with needles of fire2 the hills1 the stern1 uncompromising hills1 shook their pale brows at him1 and turned and ran with him through the waste of snow2 and above them1 from the battlements of heaven1 rang out a myriad voices in ecstatic song3 ,glory to ,god6 ,peace to men6 ,but ever and anon1 breaking the high harmony of that song1 came a shriek as of a mocking fiend3 8,what hast thou done with thy brother80 ,the mare took a longer stride and put out her strength with a sudden increase of vehemence as they came to a turn in the road where it crossed the river and rounded the base of the hills4 ,gaston's heart leaped up to his throat1 as he caught the hammering of hoofs ahead4 ,thank heaven6 he was in time4 ,the horsemen came in sight4 ,they slackened their speed1 nay1 they were dismounting now4 ,out in the open road with no shelter of any sort in sight8 ,what did it mean8 ,the mare strode on4 ,a few more pulls1 and she would be up with them4 ,gaston could distinguish the trim figures of the soldiers and ,franois's loose peasant dress4 ,but now he lost sight of them2 they had moved behind a hedge4 ,only for a moment4 ,the six slim figures emerged from the snowy foreground1 and six muskets gleamed horizontal in the moonlight4 8,hold6 in the name of heaven1 hold60 shrieked ,gaston4 ,he flung down the bag1 that burst and sent the gold rippling on the ground--but it was too late2 there was a rattle1 and flash followed #dfe flash1 as he sprang from his horse and rushed between the murderers and his brother4 ,franois lay prostrate1 writhing in the snow1 that his blood was turning to crimson4 ,their eyes met for one moment1 and then ,franois' closed for ever4 ,gaston fell on the body with a cry that was like the shriek of a condemned soul2 and then he felt a hand on his arm4 8,there are the midnight bells sounding10 said old ,gervoise1 in a querulous voice4 8,i have been calling to you through the door these ten minutes1 and you wouldn't awake4 ,i thought you were dead1 so ,i got my own key and opened it40 ,gaston1 dazed and terror-stricken1 and doubting still whether he was dreaming or waking1 started up1 and told ,gervoise not to wait for him1 that he would follow her in a minute4 ,then he fell upon his knees1 and prayed as a soul might do who had passed the gate 8where hope enters not10 and been snatched back from the dark abyss4 8,it was a vision to save me from the crime of ,cain4 ,blessed be the mercy that has rescued me60 ,he lighted a candle1 opened a drawer in which he kept some writing materials1 and sat down with a pen in his hand4 ,he hid his face in his hands1 and his lips moved convulsively in prayer for a moment1 and then he began to write4 ,it was not long4 ,he did not read the letter over1 but sealed it with a broad red seal1 and then1 with that strange force of habit that asserts itself so unaccountably in moments of supreme emotion1 he carefully replaced the pen and paper in the drawer4 ,after this he laid the letter on the table in the middle of the room1 and1 taking his coat and cap1 sallied out into the night4 ,the ,christmas bells were ringing out their welcome to the new-born ,king1 tripping in silver-footed chime on the midnight silence1 grave and merry1 full of glad pathos and exulting hope1 and forebodings solemn and tender4 ,and the hymns and anthems of the villagers answered their call and swelled the chorus of the chimes2 but the voice of a noble sacrifice that went up from ,gaston's heart mingled in diviner harmony with the pure joy-jargon of the bells4 ,he entered the church1 but1 instead of going up to his accustomed seat1 he stood near the door1 half concealed by the angel holding the bnitier4 ,he saw the stream of familiar faces flow in and take their places1 and then turn with eager expectation toward the sacristy4 ,the well-trained voices of the choir1 unsustained by harp or organ1 intoned the glorious hymn1 ,adeste ,fidelis1 and old and young answered in loud-voiced chorus3 ,venite adoremus1 ,venite in ,bethlehem6 ,the altar was wreathed with lights and flowers1 every pillar and picture-frame sparkled with the red-berried holly2 the little lowly crib with its suggestive imagery glowed with crimson lamps2 and before it the loving prayer of simple hearts made a fitting welcome for the ,child that was born in poverty1 and first worshipped by shepherds4 ,as midnight struck1 the door of the sacristy opened1 and ,monsieur le ,cur in his grandest vestments came forth2 but before the door had closed again1 ,gaston caught sight of a figure kneeling furtively behind it4 ,he gave one long look at the golden door of the tabernacle1 signed himself with the sign of the cross1 and slipped out of the church4 ,early on ,christmas morning1 a horseman rode in from ,chapelle-aux-lys with a letter for ,m4 le ,cur6 ,it was signed ,loison1 soldat de la ,rpublique2 and its purport was to inform him that one ,franois #dff ,lonval1 who had born arms for nearly four years against the republic1 and taken refuge the day before at ,chamtoc1 whither the soldiers of the republic were bound in pursuit of him1 had1 in order to prevent the shedding of innocent blood1 left his native village in the night1 and of his own free will given himself up to justice4 ,he had died like a soldier1 worthy of a better cause1 and had begged the writer to bear his last words to the cur of ,chamtoc1 which were that he was happy to give his life for ,god and the king2 and he prayed a blessing on his brother1 and ,marie his sister-in-law1 and begged them and the cur to be mindful of him in their prayers4 ,he fell crying ,vive ,dieu et le ,roi6 which treasonable words had been enough to shoot him again if he were alive2 but being dead1 the writer1 who respected a brave man1 though he was a traitor1 conveyed them in fulfilment of his promise to ,franois ,lonval4 ,soon after this event the ,reign of ,terror came to an end4 ,the fertile fields of ,la ,vende smoked once more under the furrowing ploughshare1 and peace and plenty smiled upon the land4 ,absent ones returned to gladden many hearts1 and to tell the story of their short and wonderful campaign1 and brought back glory-laden banners1 tattered and blood-stained1 to hang in the village church1 as trophies of ,vendan valor1 to show future sons of ,la ,vende how their fathers had fought the good fight4 ,once more there was marrying and giving in marriage1 and toil and prosperity reigned in ,chamtoc4 ,when the winter snows had twice melted off the hills1 and the snowdrops peeped up under the grimy hedges1 like white-robed little choristers singing their glad good-by to the winter1 and the lusty young spring had laid his emerald finger on the earth1 the bells rang out their full1 exhilarating peal1 and a gay procession wound its way to the church1 where ,monsieur le ,cur in his surplice and stole awaited the bridal train4 ,his voice shook1 and big drops rolled down his aged cheeks1 as he laid his hand on the two bowed heads and called down the blessing of the ,god of ,abraham on ,marie and ,franois ,lonval4 ,this was his last ministration4 ,he tarried long enough to bless the marriage of his two best-loved children1 and then he went home4 ,they laid him to rest beside a humble grave that was always freshly decked with flowers4 ,it bore a white stone cross and a marble slab1 on which it was recorded that ,franois ,lonval in life was a brother with a noble heart1 and in death a martyr who had died for a noble cause1 and that1 like his ,master1 8having loved his own1 he loved them to the end40 ---------- ,,thoughts ,,for ,,the ,,women ,,of ,,the ,,times4 #dfg ,,by ,,one ,,of ,,themselves4 ,the woman of the nineteenth century owes all the advantages of her social position to the ,catholic ,church4 ,the disadvantages of that position1 which are more or less justly the causes of discontent and complaint1 are the natural fruits of ,protestantism4 ,for many centuries1 the church maintained a severe conflict against influences1 principalities1 and powers1 which must have baffled the efforts of any but a divine institution1 to rescue woman from the depths of degradation into which the iniquities of heathenism had thrust her4 ,it required the superhuman patience and energy of a system animated by divine charity and sustained by omnipotent power to prosecute the struggle successfully1 and to place woman in the position for which she was designed by her ,creator4 ,so far as she has since preserved the high relations with her ,maker1 with the family1 and with society which were achieved for her by that struggle1 it has been by virtue of the same power that first effected her elevation4 ,the divided and antagonistic forces of ,protestantism have been as adverse to the interests of woman as it was possible for disjointed elements1 acting discordantly1 to be4 ,fortunate has it been for her that the very discrepancies of its moral elements have operated in a great measure to neutralize its influence4 ,since the days when the first ,reformers 787 pronounced the result of a solemn debate in their decision that the ,landgrave of ,hesse-,cassel might live with two wives conjointly without compromising his character as a good ,christian under the new religion1 and those of ,england exulted in the action of ,henry ,,viii4 when he repudiated the saintly ,catharine of ,aragon--for twenty-five years his faithful and lawful wife--and took the wanton ,anne ,boleyn in her stead1 the general tendency of ,protestant influence has been to rob woman of the dignity with which the church had invested her1 by loosening the obligations of the marriage bond and diminishing the sanctity of the conjugal relation4 ,if it has not entirely succeeded in degrading her to be the mere victim of man's capricious whims1 it has done what it could4 ,want of harmonious action between its constituent parts has been the best protection ,protestantism has afforded to woman against this result4 ,the boasted 8progress0--originating in the revolt against divine authority exercised through the church--so far as it affects the condition of woman1 has been steadily in this direction1 especially during the present century4 ,women are conscious of this4 ,they are aware that the ground upon which they stand is becoming1 year by year1 less and less firm1 the guarantees of their rights more and more feeble and inoperative1 while the chances of a conflict for gaining a more secure footing are strongly against them4 ,but while they are keenly alive to these facts1 the cause for their existence is an enigma they have not yet solved--its remedy1 a contingency they have not reached even in conjecture4 ,they could not be persuaded that it is the boasted 8spirit of the age0 which is in fault2 that its irrepressible tendencies are to raise one #dfh class by depressing another1 and to create a countless multitude of tastes and wants which can be gratified by none but the favored class who are the possessors of great wealth4 ,they fret vainly--beating against the little that remains of ancient bulwarks erected to shield them1 as if by destroying these their condition would be improved--and indulge an idle dream that women's suffrage will remedy the evils1 real or imaginary1 of which they complain4 8,let us vote10 they say2 8let us have some voice in regulating our own affairs1 and1 if we do not succeed in shaping them entirely to our wishes1 we shall at least reduce the number and weight of our grievances1 be enabled to open new channels through which we can attain the independence we desire1 and1 by making our presence felt as an element of the body politic1 be acknowledged as an existing fact that is of some importance to the nation40 ,it is indeed an idle dream6 ,the mind of every intelligent person must1 upon a very little reflection1 discover innumerable reasons why woman must cease to be woman1 wife1 and mother1 before she can exercise the elective franchise to any purpose4 ,as a true ,american woman1 we cannot regard the clamor which has been raised upon the subject of woman's rights with the entire contempt it has met in many quarters4 ,there is an invisible current of sad and mournful facts underlying this agitation4 ,if 8material prosperity0 is the key-note of ,protestantism--as the testimony of its own writers would seem to prove--the development of material comfort and luxury is its highest expression4 ,in all the appliances1 arrangements1 and habits of our domestic and social life1 there has been a constant and alarming increase of expense during the past fifty years4 ,new fashions have been invented1 new wants created and multiplied1 so rapidly that the supply1 never exceeding the demand1 has altogether exceeded the means of a great majority of our people4 ,the few who were able to indulge in each novelty as it appeared have gone to surprising lengths2 while the many1 whose revenues were wholly inadequate1 have strained every possible resource to keep pace with their wealthy leaders in expensive follies4 ,crime1 bankruptcy1 widespread ruin1 and desolation have followed1 of course4 ,multitudes have been left in poverty1 with all the habits1 tastes1 and aspirations which wealth alone can gratify1 and of these multitudes a large proportion are women4 ,accustomed to affluence1 they are determined not to accept poverty--the synonym for disgrace in their circle--and eagerly cast about them for some avenue of escape4 ,hence the frantic efforts to obtain entrance into new paths1 hitherto untrodden by woman1 for securing the object of their ambition4 ,woman has a right to be all that her ,maker designed when he created her as a 8help0 to man4 ,he is not of more importance to society in his own place than she in hers4 ,he would not render himself more ridiculous by forsaking his own duties and avocations for the care of the household1 the kitchen1 and the nursery1 than she would by abandoning these for the public employments of men4 ,the present state of affairs is sufficiently deplorable1 but ,i do not see how such an exchange would mend the matter4 ,nor can we see any remedy1 but by returning to old-fashioned ways4 ,very comfortable ways they were1 too1 however disdainfully the ,flora ,mc,flimsys of modern times may toss #dfi their pretty befrizzled heads at the mere mention of them4 ,what sensible woman would not prefer the happy solitude of a ,eugnie de ,gurin--whereof her pen discourseth so eloquently that even the chickens fed by her hand seem to the reader like birds-of-paradise--in her beloved ,cayla1 to all the magnificent bleakness1 splendid miseries1 and heart-burning rivalries too often enclosed within the walls of a palace on the ,fifth ,avenue8 ,there are still further causes of uneasiness for women4 ,twenty-four years of security in ,catholic certainties1 and in the enjoyment of such countless consolations as flow from the acceptance of ,catholic verities and guidance1 have not obliterated from our memory the discomforts formerly experienced from some of these4 ,american women cannot abide the patronizing and condescending tone assumed by the men of society toward them4 ,for our own part1 the air of lofty contempt for which it was exchanged after our profession of the ,catholic faith was truly refreshing in comparison4 ,they want no such ostentatious toleration4 ,they glory in the consciousness that woman may claim as inalienable a right to be sharply criticised as men enjoy1 and have no thanks for such forbearance and namby-pamby nonsense as would be extended to a spoiled child4 ,nor would men offer it1 if they possessed the robust hardihood and manly frankness of their grandfathers4 ,these women1 many of them intelligent and thoughtful1 are restless with an unrest which comes from being tossed upon the heaving waves of vague uncertainty from point to point1 without the power to attain any fixed position4 ,men regard their efforts to gain terra firma with a blending of pity and contempt--in which the contempt is ill concealed and largely predominates--and the question whether a party rope shall be thrown out to draw them ashore1 only to offer them before the car of some new political ,juggernaut1 hangs in the balance4 ,woe to the women of ,america should that question be decided in the affirmative6 ,in all the perplexing 8changes and chances of this mortal life10 it is much to stand upon the firm basis of a well-defined and secure position1 with the assurance that1 so long as one is true to the duties and requirements of that position1 a power fully competent to sustain its own guarantees is pledged to shield and protect it in every exigency4 ,this is the situation in which the ,catholic woman is placed at the present juncture4 ,she occupies an elevated standpoint1 from which she can watch with great serenity and confidence all the strifes and agitations1 moral1 social1 and political1 that convulse this nineteenth century4 ,she knows that the firm and consistent action of the church of ,christ1 as the champion and protector of woman's rights1 from the period of its first establishment to the present time1 is a sufficient assurance of its future course2 and she need not fear that an institution through which the ,almighty sways the moral forces of the world so potently as to bring to naught the raging of the heathen1 and render all the fractional efforts of ,protestantism powerless1 will prove a broken reed to lean upon in the hour of danger4 ,but the church requires from her daughters a quid pro quo4 ,nor does she leave them in doubt as to its character4 ,every duty of the ,catholic woman of whatever age1 relation1 or state in life is so #dgj simply and clearly defined for her1 that to mistake or err is impossible1 except through wilful dereliction3 ,for the child1 reverence and submission to parental authority2 for the maiden1 humble devotion to the plain everyday duties of home1 and a modest reserve that seeks the seclusion from which she must be 8,wooed1 ,and not unsought be won02 for the married woman1 respect for him who is 8her head1 even as ,christ is head of the church02 entire devotion to his spiritual and temporal interests2 and a loyal fealty to the sacred gift of maternity1 by which the ,first ,great ,cause brings her into most intimate communion with himself2 permitting her through its penalties1 as one of ,eve's daughters1 to offer her portion of expiation for the sin of that first parent1 before his holy altar4 ,for the mother1 this tender ,mother of souls provides abundant consolations and counsels in every hour of need1 with measureless grace and strength to enable her to discharge perfectly every duty towards the young immortals committed to her keeping4 ,in no feature of the maternal care and solicitude with which the church surrounds her daughters is the contrast with the cold neglect and indifference of ,protestantism more striking1 than in the treatment extended by each system to those women who remain in a state of celibacy4 ,the condition of such under the ,protestant rgime is truly pitiable1 and the very title of 8old maid10 with rare exceptions1 entails odium and contempt more surely than moral depravity4 ,hence the dread entertained by the girl in ,protestant society for a single life1 and the universal impression that to be married is the first great object of her existence4 ,alas6 that escape from the sacred but irksome duties involved in that step should too frequently be the next6 ,even mothers encourage their daughters in this view of the matter1 and enter into their conspiracies for securing husbands with misguided zeal4 ,very little reflection is devoted to the question whether the parties are suited for each other1 or the mutual attachment sufficiently strong to enable them to bear jointly the numerous and inevitable trials which pertain to every state and condition of life4 ,the attention is chiefly directed to considerations of a widely different character1 relating wholly to pecuniary affairs4 ,it is a most singular fact1 in connection with this phase of our subject1 that--the great desideratum once secured--the young wife too generally begins at once to regard and treat the husband whom she has been so anxious to gain as the adversary to her interests and happiness1 instead of adopting the old-fashioned idea that he is her best friend4 ,strange as it may seem1 this is a very common mistake in these days1 and the source of much domestic discord and misery4 ,a lovely young mother--one of the fairest and most intelligent specimens of the modern ,american woman whom we are so happy as to know--said to us1 the other day3 8,my boys are well provided for in any event1 and1 if they were not1 they could fight their way in the world like others2 but1 ,i assure you1 ,i shall bestir myself to make such provision for my girls as will secure them from being ground to powder by their husbands60 ,this from a most devoted and exemplary wife1 happy in a husband who dotes upon her1 was sufficiently surprising4 8,but10 said we1 8you would not on any account have your daughters #dga remain unmarried2 and would you be willing to give them to men with whom you would not trust their money80 8,ah60 she replied1 8,i should prefer to rely upon their securing respect and good treatment with plenty of their own money at command1 than with an empty purse40 ,we sighed as we inquired mentally if it could be that our ,american men were really becoming so mercenary1 and1 recalling the old-fashioned doctrine of perfect community of interests between husbands and wives1 marvelled much whether families governed by such maxims1 and homes regulated from the start upon such a footing1 would more abound in the desirable elements of old-fashioned comfort than those wherein the wife ruled1 as of yore--yea1 and supremely1 too--by the old1 old fashion of love6 ,the ,catholic maiden of advanced age has a place as secure1 and a sphere of action as respectable1 in ,catholic society as the married woman1 nay1 the very spirit and effect of her religion is to ensure for her increased respect on account of her vocation to celibacy4 ,we know of many beautiful instances where such persons are the beloved and guiding spirits of households embracing all ages1 and the beneficent patrons of their neighborhoods4 ,if she is favored with a vocation to a religious life1 how many homes are open to her happy choice1 where affection1 honor1 and countless opportunities for the exercise of angelic virtues and charities await her6 ,verily1 the ,catholic maiden need not despair if she has no vocation for matrimony6 ,she knows she does better in remaining single than she would in entering the married state without such vocation4 ,these questions are1 therefore1 made the subjects of long1 serious1 and prayerful consideration4 ,the ,catholic wife enters that state1 forewarned and forearmed for all the painful trials and anxious cares it involves1 with the full knowledge that she can evade none of them1 however trying to flesh and blood or irksome to her tastes and habits1 and remain guiltless in the sight of the ,arbiter of her destiny1 before whose tribunal she appears as often as she approaches the holy sacrament of penance4 ,she takes up the tender and healthful delights of maternity with joy4 and bears its pains and penalties with cheerful courage and patience4 ,already the ,catholic mothers of ,america may glory in the fact that their children will form a very large proportion of the future citizens of our great republic4 ,let them1 then1 rise to the level of their destiny4 ,let them see that those children are thoroughly instructed in the principles of their religion4 ,no station is so humble and no lot so hard as to prevent the mother from teaching the children ,god has given her1 if she is earnest in her wish to do so4 ,in no way can her boys be better prepared for exercising their elective franchise intelligently1 and no one can deny that a woman's suffrage offered through a fine group of boys will be far more efficient than her single vote4 ,catholic women are inexcusable if they do not put aside the allurements of the world1 spurn the glittering kaleidoscope of fashionable vanities1 and1 clinging with ever-increasing affection and allegiance to the ancient and mighty ,mother1 who is their best1 their only sufficient1 friend and protector1 keep themselves aloof from all the agitations that distract their less favored sisters in the fruitless attempt to build up woman's rights upon the ruins of her #dgb ancient safeguards4 ,woman's suffrage--should they obtain it--will only betray their feet into a political slough1 and bespatter them with political defilements from which none but an omnipotent power can rescue and cleanse them4 ,woman has everything to lose and nothing to gain in this movement1 for1 after all1 men will manage affairs to suit themselves4 ,the ,almighty pronounced no idle decree when he said to the woman3 8,thou shalt be under thy husband's power1 and he shall have dominion over thee40 ---------- ,,ever4 ,the steadfast gaze brings out the star1 ,that1 like an eye ,set in the sky1 ,its sweet light shedding from afar1 ,at morning dawn1 and still at even1 ,the night alway1 ,and livelong day1 ,there twinkles ever1 deep in heaven3 ,thy constant prayer so reacheth ,love1 ,that1 like the star1 ,seeming so far1 ,its glad strength sending from above1 ,to youth's fair dream1 and memory's smart1 ,to grief's sad moan1 ,and joy's sweet tone1 ,aye burns for us1 deep in ,god's heart4 ---------- ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 #dgc ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,halcyon ,,days4 ,having given their consent to ,edith's engagement1 the ,yorkes immediately adopted ,dick ,rowan as their own4 ,they were not people to be friendly by halves4 ,even ,melicent was propitious1 and1 when she saw with what pleased surprise he met her advances1 became still more amiable4 ,clara1 who lived in a rarer atmosphere1 effervesced more readily1 and could not enough praise her cousin's futur4 ,hester insisted that he should leave the hotel1 and stay at her house4 ,she was completely won by the almost boyish affection and respect with which he treated her husband1 his first and only former friend in ,seaton1 and by his fondness to her children4 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 beginning by talking with1 in order to study him1 and know thoroughly what sort of man she had promised her niece to1 found herself growing affectionate toward him1 and not only probing his mind1 but unfolding her own4 ,in after-years she remembered these confidential interviews as an honor1 which1 at the time1 she had scarcely appreciated4 ,the young man told her all his hopes and plans1 asked her advice in everything concerning ,edith1 and listened eagerly when she explained to him the needs and habits of a delicately bred lady4 8,my poor mother is the only woman ,i have ever lived in the house with10 he remarked2 8and1 of course1 she was not able to be dainty40 ,he said this rather sadly1 but without a taint of humility4 ,mrs4 ,yorke was impressed by the dignity of that character which would not be ashamed of anything but its own wrong-doing4 ,one confidence led to another1 and ,dick was afterward surprised on recollecting that he had related the story of his whole life to ,edith's aunt1 and spoken more freely to her of his early struggles and sufferings than even to ,edith herself4 ,not only this2 but1 seeing tears in her eyes when he told of his father's despairing efforts to reform himself1 and hearing the pitying word she spoke for him whom others had mocked1 he told her the end of it all1 and where that father's desolate grave had been made4 8,you poor1 dear boy60 she exclaimed1 holding out her kind hand to him1 8,i don't wonder that ,edith loves you60 8,i do not pretend to understand the designs of ,god10 ,dick said unsteadily4 8,when ,i think of my father1 all is a mystery4 ,but for myself1 ,i think ,i can see that suffering was good4 ,my nature is to go straight to any end which ,i propose to myself1 without much regard for the wishes of others1 and no regard for ordinary obstacles4 ,i might have been cruel1 ,i should have been selfish2 but suffering has taught me to be more tender of other people40 8,yes10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said2 and1 recollecting her own early trials1 thought that they had helped her to be more pitiful of his4 ,then1 led on by her sympathy for him1 she told her own past1 there on #dgd the spot where it had occurred4 ,these confidences drew the two together1 and formed a bond which was never broken4 ,a man's manliness can scarcely bear a severer test than when he becomes the pet of woman4 ,one is sometimes astonished to see how characters1 apparently fine1 deteriorate under that insidious influence4 ,but ,dick ,rowan was too grateful and modest1 and too little selfish or vain1 to be injured4 8,he is not quite like us10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said1 8but he is more natural and original1 and is1 altogether1 a remarkable young man4 ,edith has reason to be proud of his homage4 ,he certainly behaves exquisitely toward her40 ,mr4 ,yorke1 refusing to be influenced by feminine raptures1 was fain to take the young man out of the house1 in order to talk with him uninterruptedly4 ,he displayed the improvements he had made in the place1 his avenues1 now as hard as cement1 his terraces1 smooth and green with turf of velvet fineness4 ,there were vines here and there1 disposed for effect1 like drapery in an artist's studio1 and many a flower which bloomed now for the first time under ,seaton skies4 ,they stopped at last beside a clover-plot1 thick with crowded trefoils and blossoms4 ,its surface was unsteady with bees1 musical with a low hum1 and all the air was sweet with the breath of it4 8,if ,i were not disgusted with ,seaton10 ,mr4 ,yorke said1 8,i should like to spend my summers here1 and carry out my plans for the place2 but when we go away1 probably in ,october1 ,i shall never wish to see the town again4 ,there is no security here40 ,dick leaned thoughtfully on the fence1 and watched the bees come and go over the clover1 and took off his hat to shake his hair loose in that fragrant air4 8,i think1 sir1 that ,seaton may be in future all the better for this trouble10 he said slowly4 8,the tone of the place is low1 ,i know that well1 but it is in a fair way of becoming ashamed of itself1 and so1 of mending4 ,when people have wrong ideas1 and stand by them stubbornly1 ,i like to have them go on1 and find out for themselves what their principles lead to4 ,conviction reaches them then through their own experience1 and so you hear no more about the matter4 ,it is1 of course1 a slow way1 but it is sure40 ,mr4 ,yorke made a grimace1 and quoted ,president ,mann3 8,god ,almighty is not in a hurry1 and ,i am40 ,carl had gone to ,bragon4 ,he went quite unexpectedly1 the day ,dick ,rowan came1 and did not see ,edith's lover till he had been a week in ,seaton4 ,he came home one evening after tea1 when the young people were in the cupola1 looking down the bay1 for the ,halcyon4 ,they waved their handkerchiefs to him1 and his mother ran out to meet him4 8,my dear son60 she exclaimed1 embracing him as joyfully as if he had been gone a year4 8,i would not watch for you1 lest ,i should be disappointed4 ,i pretended ,i did not expect you4 ,but you may know what a hypocritical pretence it was when ,i say that your supper is all ready1 though1 to be sure1 breakfast1 dinner1 and supper have been kept for you every day40 ,while speaking1 she led him into a little northern parlor1 which was their summer dining-room4 ,carl looked at his mother with a smile1 but tears rose to his eyes4 ,he was not one to take even a mother's devotion as a matter of course1 and just now he found it peculiarly touching4 ,mrs4 ,yorke looked very frail and lovely as she sat opposite her son4 #dge ,her snowdrop of a face1 the pale blue scarf knotted loosely about her neck1 with fringed ends hanging over her white dress1 the fall of lace fastened to her hair by a rosebud--all made a pretty picture4 ,to the inherent loveliness of the mother1 she added the charm of the exquisite lady4 8,if you do not need that apostle behind your chair--0 her son suggested4 ,she immediately dismissed ,paul ,patten2 and ,carl was free to say1 8,now tell me the state of affairs4 ,the engagement ,i take for granted2 but have ,i got to endure the spectacle of a pair of cooing lovers8 ,i would rather leave the country40 ,for a moment ,mrs4 ,yorke was too much occupied to give any reply but a smiling shake of the head4 ,eating was one of the fine arts with her1 and she made a point of having the circumstances of that odious operation as artistic as possible4 ,having placed an accurate square of currant jelly on a glass plate1 where it lay like a ruby block stolen from ,solomon's hidden treasures1 and filled a gorgeous ,japanese cup with coffee1 into which she put a tiny cube of loaf-sugar and a spoonful of cream1 she was ready to speak4 8,there is no necessity for any such banishment1 my dear4 ,edith is very friendly to him1 but she surrounds herself with a fine reserve which he could not break through if he would4 ,i could as soon fancy a gentleman approaching familiarly the ,queen of ,sheba4 ,they are very little alone together40 8,what delicious coffee60 ,carl exclaimed1 and immediately began to tell some incidents of his journey4 ,when they heard the others coming down-stairs1 they went to meet them4 ,melicent came first1 with ,mr4 ,rowan1 and all saw with pleasure that the two young men met not only with courtesy1 but friendliness4 ,carl's invariable1 haughty silence whenever ,dick ,rowan's name was mentioned had given them some uneasiness regarding the meeting4 ,indeed1 could they have found fault with him for anything1 it would have been for what they considered this excess of pride4 ,the two passed on1 ,clara following1 and1 quite in the rear1 came ,edith1 alone4 ,she was half-smiling1 and came slowly down1 step by step1 with a touch of feminine coquetry as innocent and natural as the tricks of a playful kitten1 lingering as he waited4 ,yet her bright cheeks and shining eyes told that the approach was a delight4 ,but for some reason1 ,carl chose to be displeased all at once1 and1 by a slight change of attitude and expression1 to be waiting1 not to greet her1 but to go up-stairs4 8,pardon me for being so slow10 she said1 becoming instantly a courteous lady4 8,i think ,i am getting old and dignified4 ,the wings have gone from my feet40 ,the ,halcyon had come1 and the ,yorkes immediately made the acquaintance of its master4 ,dick and ,edith went down to the ship to see him1 and persuaded him to go home to tea with them4 ,the big1 bashful sailor was not accustomed to the society of ladies1 and had the impression that there was something cabalistic in good-breeding4 ,but he found himself quite at ease with the family1 after a while1 and was convinced that they were not aware of the few blunders he committed in the first embarrassment of meeting them4 ,some diversion had always taken place at precisely the right moment to screen him1 and soon his self-possession was quite restored4 ,he left the house #dgf that night highly pleased with his visit4 8,they seem to me perfectly kind and natural people10 he said to ,dick1 as they walked through the woods together4 8,your ,edith1 it is true1 is rather grand1 but in a sweet1 child-like way1 and ,miss ,melicent seems disposed to be a little on the high horse once in a while1 but not much4 ,i always thought that accomplished ladies were more airy1 but ,i don't see that these do any great things40 8,true10 ,dick answered2 8but mark the things which they do not do40 ,they were much together after that1 and ,mrs4 ,yorke and her daughters went on board the ,halcyon1 and were entertained there4 ,carl had been afraid to have his mother venture on board the ship1 and had charged himself especially with the care of her1 but his solicitude was not needed4 ,he was both pleased and amused by the simplicity and tenderness with which their gigantic host smoothed every smallest obstruction from her path and spared her every exertion4 ,there had been a momentary flash of angry surprise when he saw his mother lifted over an obstructing timber in ,captain ,cary's arms2 but the sailor's face was so absolutely anxious and kind1 and ,mrs4 ,yorke laughed so merrily over the naf gallantry1 that he instantly perceived the folly of resenting it4 8,my dear10 ,mrs4 ,yorke whispered to ,clara1 8he is like one's grandfather1 grandmother1 and all one's aunts and uncles1 in one4 ,it's a pity he hasn't a wife1 he would be so good to her40 ,clara blushed slightly4 ,she had been thinking some such thought herself4 ,the intercourse gave the ,yorkes a fresh and novel sensation4 ,it was so different from anything they had ever had before1 and1 at the same time1 so pleasant4 ,it came like a breath of pure sea-air into a warm and scented drawing-room4 ,they were not so mummified by convention that they could not appreciate this simple1 unconventional nature1 in which they found a noble delicacy4 ,captain ,cary listened with indignation to the story of their ,seaton experiences4 ,an autocrat on board ship1 and completely his own master everywhere1 he could not comprehend how one part of a community could exercise such tyranny and coercion over the other4 8,it seems to me that the ,catholics must have done something out of the way10 he said4 8,there's usually fault on both sides1 you know1 though no fault would justify such a persecution40 8,there is just the trouble10 ,mr4 ,yorke replied1 rather impatiently4 8,it is so easy for people1 who wish to be fair1 and1 at the same time1 not put themselves to the inconvenience of investigating1 to say that there is probably fault on both sides1 and then fancy that they have done justice4 ,on the contrary1 they may have done great injustice1 and have1 certainly1 rendered a careless and slipshod judgment4 ,for there are cases where the fault is all on one side1 and other cases where1 though in the end there may be fault on both sides1 the responsibility really rests on the one who was the aggressor1 and provoked the other beyond endurance4 ,i am not blaming you1 sir2 but ,i am always anoyed by that off-hand way of saying1 #8,there's probably fault on both sides4' ,if people don't know1 let them say they don't know1 and not give any judgment at all4 ,i do know1 and ,i say that no provocation was given1 and the ,catholics have been only too supine40 8,there have been times1 ,captain ,cary10 ,edith said1 8when ,i have wished #dgg that you were here4 ,i know you would have been on our side40 8,that ,i would60 he answered heartily1 looking at her with a kind smile4 ,the two were great friends4 8,and ,i would have left my mark anywhere you told me to strike40 8,it was a shame to waste you on a merchant-ship10 ,clara said to him4 8,you should have been an admiral40 ,the sailor gave one of his great laughs1 which always made ,mrs4 ,yorke jump and flush4 8,we big fellows are not always fond of fighting10 he said4 8,when ,i was a boy1 ,i had two younger brothers about half my size1 and either of them was a match for me4 ,i was so peaceable that ,i was called ,mother ,cary's chicken1 and ,i believe it was that nickname that first put it into my head to go to sea4 ,no1 ,i'd rather fight wind and wave than men4 ,i could attack a man if he were doing anything absolutely wrong2 but to kill him because he belonged to a foreign nation1 and carried a different flag1 that would be too cold-blooded for me40 ,the two sailors1 with ,edith and ,clara1 visited the ,catholic school1 carrying gifts for the children and encouragement to the teacher4 8,you look so worn1 dear friend10 ,edith said4 8,i wish you would give up1 and come to ,boston with us40 ,the teacher shook her head4 8,i cannot give up10 she said4 ,captain ,cary complimented ,miss ,churchill in his own fashion3 8,we call that a pretty sharp ship that will sail within four points of the wind10 he said4 8,but ,i hear that you have been making way with the wind in your teeth40 8,i have not made much headway10 she answered1 smiling1 8but only held my own4 ,i am anchored40 ,carl accompanied them up ,irish ,lane1 on ,sunday afternoon4 ,they called at several houses1 and talked with and encouraged the inmates4 ,it was a help to these poor souls to have some one to tell their troubles to4 8,but what shall we do when you are all gone80 they asked mournfully4 ,to them1 the expected departure of the ,yorke family from ,seaton was a misfortune second only to the banishment of their priest4 ,their situation was1 indeed1 a cruel one4 ,it was not alone the contumely to which they were subjected1 and the being unable to hear ,mass1 but their sick and dying were deprived of the sacraments1 and their infants were unbaptized4 ,yet no harsh word escaped them4 ,scarcely one seemed to recollect their persecutors4 ,they were suffering for the faith1 and it was ,god's will--that was their view of the position4 ,the instruments which ,god used to try them1 they thought but little of4 ,carl ,yorke went home thinking that he had heard better sermons that afternoon than he had ever before heard in his life4 ,father ,rasle's continued absence was not voluntary4 ,he would fain have returned to his flock1 in spite of ,mr4 ,yorke's and ,miss ,churchill's letters1 but his superior added a command to their advice1 and he was forced to restrain his zeal4 8,tell my people that ,i never forgot them10 he wrote to the teacher4 8,every day at ,mass ,i pray for their deliverance4 ,it cannot be long before ,i shall visit them4 ,meantime1 let them give their enemies no pretext for further injury40 ,to ,edith he wrote3 8,your desire to act in behalf of these persecuted people is natural1 but ,i must forbid you4 ,you may safely follow the advice of such good people as ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,but do not fear that1 because you are inactive1 you therefore are useless4 ,i visited once1 in ,europe1 a #dgh spot where a temple had stood4 ,nothing was left of it but a few broken fragments lying about1 and a single beautiful pillar that stood alone4 ,was that pillar useless8 ,no2 in its way1 it was very eloquent4 ,no one could look upon it without trying to fancy what the whole edifice might have been2 and you may be sure that the traveller's imagination did its best in rebuilding that temple4 ,so1 now1 you shall be the little caryatid of the church in ,seaton4 ,you have the gift of silence3 use it4 ,be as obedient and quiet as that solitary column1 and let the world guess from you how fair must be that structure of which you are a part40 ,edith turned from the window1 where she had stood to read her letter1 folded her arms up over her head1 and said to ,dick ,rowan1 sitting there1 8,can you fancy me supporting an entablature80 8,no10 he answered2 8for then there would have to be others like you40 ,edith blushed1 and dropped her arms2 for they were all looking at her1 and their faces1 as well as ,dick ,rowan's answer1 reminded her that she was beautiful4 ,she gave him her letter to read1 and went to sit on the window-sill beside ,clara1 and listen to the talk of the three gentlemen on the piazza4 ,the two families were dining together that day1 and ,mr4 ,yorke1 with his son-in-law1 and ,captain ,cary1 were smoking their cigars outside4 ,inside the window nearest her husband1 ,mrs4 ,cleaveland sat in a low1 broad arm-chair4 ,a nurse in a white cap had just placed on her knees ,hester's second son1 an infant of six months old4 ,as it lay slowly and deliciously waking up1 both nurse and mother gazed down upon it with adoring eyes4 ,master ,philip1 this baby's predecessor1 was hiding his face in one arm of his mother's arm-chair1 being in temporary disgrace4 ,original sin was very strong and active in this child4 ,he was full of vitality and determination1 and just at that age when will is pretty well developed1 and memory and understanding still dormant--the age for childish atrocities4 ,there were moments when the child's life was a burden to him1 by reason of the great number of things which he wished to do1 and meant to do1 and could not remember that he must not do4 ,he had a chronic desire to pull out the baby's eyelashes1 8eye-winkeys10 he called them1 and to make it smile in season and out by violently drawing the corners of its mouth round toward its ears4 ,whenever an infantine shriek was heard1 it was always understood that ,master ,philip was in some way accountable4 ,another fancy of his was to poke holes in paper1 or any delicate and easily perforated fabric1 with his plump forefinger4 ,he could have no greater pleasure than to seat himself1 with some precious volume before him1 and go gravely and industriously through it in this way1 leaf by leaf1 from cover to cover4 ,there was1 indeed1 a long list of indictments against this unhappy child4 ,the two little forefingers tied together behind his back1 and a dilapidated book lying on the carpet1 showed plainly enough what his offence was at this time4 ,in the background1 ,carl was telling marvellous stories to the culprit's half-brother1 ,eugene2 and ,mrs4 ,yorke and ,milicent1 in the centre of the room1 were coaxing some account of his adventures from ,dick ,rowan4 ,he had to be persuaded before he would speak much of himself4 8,isn't he magnificent80 ,clara whispered to ,edith1 meaning ,captain ,cary4 ,the sailor had been describing an arrowy little craft1 the #dgi ,humming-bird1 in which he had once darted in and out of the ,chinese coast1 smuggling opium in the very teeth of an ,english man-of-war4 ,seeing the addition to his audience1 he threw the end of his cigar away1 and moved his chair nearer the window4 8,how ,i should like to be a sailor60 exclaimed ,clara with enthusiasm4 ,captain ,cary leaned forward1 with his arms on his knees1 in order to bring himself more on a level with the young ladies4 8,and how would you like to be a sailor's wife80 he asked4 ,although he had the greatest possible admiration for ,miss ,clara ,yorke1 and considered her by far the cleverest young woman he had ever known1 it would be safe to say that the thought of going any further than that had never entered his mind1 till he saw the flash of eyes and color with which she received his question4 ,the effect was electrical4 ,he straightened himself up again1 and1 in the first break of that possibility1 did not hear her saucy but rather tardy reply3 8,that depends on who the sailor is40 ,the man was confounded between terror1 rapture1 and astonishment4 ,clara's look had seemed to show that such a consummation was not impossible to1 at least1 think of--that it had1 perhaps1 occurred to her own mind4 ,true1 she was most likely to scorn the thought2 but1 for all that1 a momentary vision danced before his eyes of what his life would be if he had a woman of his own to love and serve4 ,that the wife of his choice should serve him1 never occurred to this generous soul4 ,he could at any time have married a common person1 whom most people would have thought good enough for him2 but there was in his nature a capacity for tender worship which made him shrink from such an alliance4 ,presently1 ,edith's cool voice stole through the chaos of his mind4 8,you can go to sea with ,dick and me1 ,clara40 ,the sailor started1 and fell from the clouds4 ,his face became overcast1 and1 with a deep sigh1 he seemed to renounce a long-cherished hope4 ,with a laugh and a toss of the head1 ,clara rose from her lowly seat1 and1 stepping out through the window1 began to promenade up and down the garden-walk4 ,she saw through this great1 transparent creature perfectly1 and was amused1 and she knew not what else4 ,one could not be angry with the fellow1 she said laughingly to herself4 ,she had been looking up to him with enthusiasm1 as to some antique bronze or marble ,argonaut1 or other hero of simpler times4 ,now that was changed1 and she was on the pedestal1 to be worshipped by him4 ,it was preposterous1 but not altogether disagreeable4 ,meantime1 ,captain ,cary was confiding his distress to ,edith4 8,i hope that your cousin didn't think ,i was fool enough to dream of her being my wife10 he said1 looking down4 8,what ,i said was a slip of the tongue1 and ,i didn't know the drift of it myself till ,i saw how she took it40 8,oh6 never mind10 ,edith answered4 8,clara is always jesting1 and twisting people's meaning4 ,she knew you meant no such thing40 ,he sighed1 and said no more4 ,if ,clara had expected the sailor to watch her1 she was disappointed4 ,he went into the parlor1 and when1 later1 she entered1 brilliant with exercise and mischief1 he was sitting by ,carl1 and listening with as sober a face to the stories that young man was telling ,eugene ,cleaveland as if he were listening to a sermon4 ,clara passed near them1 to hear what it might be which produced such solemnity in the #dhj man and such a trance of interest in the child4 8,then10 ,carl was saying1 8,taurus sent to the ,great ,bear to say that he should like to have something out of the golden dipper about the middle of the next month1 for all the little stars would grow dim about that time1 and need something to polish up with4 ,and the ,bear said1 #8,all right6 but the dipper hangs so high on the celestial pole that you will have to pay me a good deal to climb up to it4' ,and ,taurus answered1 #8,all right6' ,and then the ,bears set slyly to work to grease the pole1 so that the dipper should slip down1 and they get their pay without work2 and ,taurus he set to work to push the dipper higher up1 so as to get more work than he had agreed to pay for2 and1 meantime1 all the poor little stars languished1 and grew dim4 ,and then ,orion got mad1 and brought a lot of little dippers1 and gave each of the little stars a full one4 ,and the stars grew bright and glad4 ,but the ,bulls and ,bears1 finding that they were both beaten1 didn't feel glad4 ,the ,bear began to bite his own paws1 and the ,bull went for ,orion1 and tried to toss him4 ,but ,orion laughed1 and put up his shield1 and called his dogs1 and--0 8,upon my word1 ,carl10 says ,clara1 8,i think you put the stars to base uses when you set them to gambling in stocks4 ,have you told ,captain ,cary of our projected sail down the bay80 8,poor ,clara60 ,melicent said1 joining them4 8,we are planning some little pleasure-trip to distract her mind4 ,you do not know1 perhaps1 that the ,philistines are upon her80 ,the sailor did not understand1 but looked so inquiring and solicitous that ,clara explained to him4 8,i published a story ages ago10 she said1 8and the editor of the ,cosmic has just become aware of it4 ,he found it lately among the dbris of his writing-table4 ,the authoress1 he says1 has shaken up a few fancies in a kaleidoscope1 and calls them life4 ,they are about as much like life1 he adds1 as ,watteau's shepherdesses are like real shepherdesses1 or as ,marie ,antoinette's housekeeping at the ,petit ,trianon1 with ribbons tied round the handles of silver saucepans1 was like real kitchen-work4 ,still1 he concludes1 the story is amusing1 in spite of its pinchbeck ideal1 and1 when the writer is older1 she will1 doubtless1 do better4 ,the musty old metaphysician60 exclaimed ,miss ,clara1 warming with the subject4 8,i once read a paragraph in one of his articles1 and found it comical4 ,i had never seen any of the words before1 except the articles and prepositions4 ,my first impression was that he had made them up1 for fun4 ,i found them all out in the unabridged dictionary1 though4 ,they were real words1 but ,i have forgotten what they mean40 8,so much the better60 said ,melicent4 ,and then followed a controversy on the subject of learned women4 ,melicent denounced them as unwomanly2 but ,melicent was neither a student nor well read1 and there might be a difference of opinion as to cause and effect in her case4 ,mr4 ,yorke mocked les savantes2 but ,mr4 ,yorke adored a wife whose literary acquirements were of the most modest kind1 and he had once1 in a never-forgotten argument1 been worsted by a clever woman4 ,captain ,cary was of opinion that clever and learned women were not fit wives for common men4 ,at that1 ,clara took up the gauntlet with great spirit4 ,clever women did not wish to marry common men1 she said4 ,and there were plenty of uncommon men who were not jealous of them4 ,she disliked #dha all this hypocritical talk about the beauty of simplicity and humility and submission in women4 ,the real meaning of it was not ,christian1 but ,mohammedan4 8,for me10 ,mrs4 ,yorke interposed1 8,i think that some women should be learned1 in order to appreciate learned men4 ,if the wife of a scholar could not understand and sympathize in her husband's love of books and what they teach1 she would soon grow jealous of them1 and he would miss what should be his sweetest homage40 8,now1 is not there an orthodox woman80 ,mr4 ,yorke exclaimed with delight4 8,the sole use she can conceive of a woman's having for learning is that she may be better able to appreciate her husband40 ,edith glanced past ,carl1 and looked with arch inquiry at ,dick ,rowan4 ,he was perfectly self-possessed1 and spoke even with a slight air of authority4 8,i believe the true superiority of woman to be in religion10 he said2 8and1 if she has that1 it is no matter whether she is learned or not40 8,but is not your view somewhat ascetical80 asked ,carl ,yorke4 8,we are supposing that this life is something4 ,looking at the question in that light1 ,i would say that no one has the right to dogmatize one way or the other4 ,let each woman follow the bent of her own mind1 and be as learned as she will4 ,i only stipulate that she shall not be loud-voiced nor disputatious1 but wear her learning with a grace1 as an ornament1 not a weapon1 though she may use it as a weapon when there is need4 ,i would have woman wear erudition1 as ,mrs4 ,browning says men wear grief who have worn it long3 #8,as a hat aside1 ,with a flower stuck in it4'0 8,and while your erudite wife is gracefully adjusting her ologies1 who is to see to the bread and the buttons80 ,melicent asked1 rather sneeringly4 8,oh6 those everlasting buttons60 ,clara cried out1 and put her hands over her ears4 8,the servant1 probably10 ,carl replied to ,melicent4 8,if a woman could give some thought to those things also1 well and good1 but ,i should not choose a wife for such a service4 ,i would rather have her help me to polish a sentence or pose a figure than cook my dinner or mend my stockings1 unless we were so poor that labor was absolutely necessary4 ,i should be ashamed to see my wife performing menial services for me4 ,i would as willingly see her at work in the field as bringing me my slippers40 ,carl had scarcely time to see the look of beaming approval in ,edith's eyes1 before his sight and hearing were both temporarily lost in ,clara's rapturous embrace4 8,you are perfect60 she cried1 kissing him4 8,you are of the progeny of ,apollo6 ,i am so glad to have that slipper theory upset2 for ,i never saw a woman bringing her husband's slippers for him without feeling a contempt for her4 ,i don't believe that any one ever admired such a piece of mean servility1 except the lazy ,turk who allowed it to be done for him40 ,while they laughed at ,clara's enthusiasm1 ,dick ,rowan said to ,edith1 8,i quite agree with your cousin4 ,i mean all that he means1 and more40 8,by the way10 ,carl said carelessly1 as he went toward the door1 8,i am not ,edith's cousin1 nor in any way related to her40 ,,chapter ,,xx4 #dhb ,,three ,,songs4 ,captain ,cary had been three weeks in ,seaton1 and was to sail in two days for ,new ,york1 where the ,halcyon was sold1 taking ,dick ,rowan with him4 ,from ,new ,york1 ,dick was to sail immediately1 on a three years' voyage1 in the ,edith ,yorke4 ,the captain did not say definitely what his own plans were1 perhaps did not know them himself4 8,i did think of settling down on shore10 he said to ,mrs4 ,yorke4 8,but one person doesn't make a home1 and all my people are dead4 ,i'd half a mind to ask ,rowan to take me as a passenger4 ,he has a splendid ship40 ,they were all in the garden that last evening but one4 ,edith sat on a bench beside ,melicent1 and looked intently at ,dick ,rowan1 who was talking with ,clara and ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,she was thinking over all his goodness1 all his affection for her1 studying his personal beauty1 his frank1 bright face and athletic form1 and trying to excite in herself some enthusiasm regarding him4 ,carl stood near1 listening to1 but not joining in1 the conversation4 ,she compared the two young men4 ,their height1 their form1 were very nearly the same2 but ,carl had the proud and measured tread of one bred to the parlor and the promenade1 ,dick the free and springing step of the mountaineer4 ,this was distinctive1 yet each had moods like the other4 ,on the deck of his own ship1 the sailor trod like a king2 and the man of the world could bound as lightly up a steep1 or vault as lightly over an obstacle1 as though his life had been spent in athletic sports4 ,dick ,rowan's eyes sparkled like the ripples of his own blue sea1 and looked at people1 not through them2 ,carl's careless glance could become piercing and keen as a two-edged blade4 ,it was useless to compare them1 the one as direct and transparent as a child1 the other noble1 indeed1 yet subtle1 as one aware of the world's ways1 and guarded at every point4 8,i must be very hard and cold10 ,edith thought1 finding herself unmoved1 in spite of her efforts4 8,or1 perhaps1 it may be because ,i have always known and been sure of him40 ,looking her way1 ,dick met that steady gaze1 and flushed with pleasure4 ,if the expression was grave and regretful1 what then8 ,were they not about to part8 ,he led ,mrs4 ,yorke to her1 and the others followed1 to make arrangements 8for a sail they were to have the next day40 8,you had better wear dresses that wetting will not hurt10 ,dick said2 8for you will be likely to get a little scud-water in your laps40 8,and1 pray1 what is scud-water80 ,mrs4 ,yorke asked4 ,dick explained that it was spray blown off4 8,how pretty60 exclaimed ,clara4 8,you may fill my lap with it40 ,they separated again1 and ,dick was left with ,edith4 8,what shall ,i bring you from ,calcutta80 he asked4 8,bring me ,dick ,rowan safe back again10 was the answer4 ,both were silent a little while1 then he spoke in a quiet voice3 8,ask ,god to do that1 ,edith4 ,he has been so good to us1 ,i think he will refuse nothing40 ,she looked at him wistfully4 8,are you very happy1 ,dick80 #dhc 8,happy60 he exclaimed4 8,dear1 my very finger-nails shine6 ,edith1 ,i am so happy that ,i should be afraid1 if ,i would allow myself to be4 ,but1 no2 ,i will trust ,god when he gives me joy1 as well as when he gives me pain40 ,while they talked1 ,mrs4 ,yorke was walking aside with ,clara1 and questioning her4 8,what is the matter with ,captain ,cary80 she asked4 8,he has grown very sober lately40 ,clara laughed1 rather consciously4 8,how should ,i know1 mamma80 ,mrs4 ,yorke looked displeased4 8,i wish for a frank answer10 she said4 8,what is the meaning of this8 ,it isn't possible that there has been any trifling on your part60 ,the girl blushed deeply1 but told what little there was to tell1 including that unlucky question3 8,how would you like to be a sailor's wife80 8,he hadn't the slightest personal meaning1 mamma10 ,clara added hastily1 seeing her eyes open with something like a flash4 8,he told ,edith afterward that it was a slip of the tongue40 8,then why should not that have been the end of the matter80 ,mrs4 ,yorke asked1 rather peremptorily4 8,you had but to assume that such a thing was impossible1 not to be thought of1 and be just as courteous to him as before40 8,but you see1 mamma10 ,clara replied1 looking a little frightened1 8it isn't as impossible as it is unlikely4 ,stranger things have happened in the world1 and will again1 and the world is and will be no worse for them4 ,you know ,i have never been able to acquire the fine art of assuming that ninety-nine facts make a truth40 8,my dear10 said the mother with precision1 8please not to be grandiloquent4 ,let us confine ourselves to the case in hand4 ,your sublime generalizing has done you very little credit if it has led you to disturb the peace of a good honest man1 and put our own delicacy in question4 ,coquetry is not only cruel1 it is mean and vulgar4 ,of course you are ready with the childish excuse that you meant no harm4 ,that is not enough for one who has arrived at years of discretion and has a conscience4 ,you must mean something one way or the other40 ,clara's eyes were suffused with tears4 8,i think that you misunderstand me1 mamma10 she said in a low voice4 8,i was never in my life so much pleased to have any one like me40 ,mrs4 ,yorke stopped1 and looked at her daughter in astonishment4 8,oh6 ,i know all that you would say1 mamma10 the girl went on1 half laughing1 half weeping4 8,he is a sailor1 which is as if a bird should say1 #8,he is a fish4' ,he has only a common-school education1 as far as books go1 and he has none of our ways4 ,but all that doesn't make his esteem any less worth having4 ,men of the world often give only a tame1 half affection1 and are1 perhaps1 almost sorry when they are accepted4 ,they think of themselves1 they think of a thousand other things3 he would think of me4 ,when ,edith sang1 the other evening1 #8,oh6 wert thou in the cauld blast1 ,i saw his eyes fill with tears4 ,he would take all the roughness1 and danger1 and hardship1 ,i know4 ,but men of the world are as dainty as women4 ,if they give us the inside of the pavement1 and let us enter a room first1 they have gone the length of their chivalry4 ,then1 there is the effect on myself4 ,in the society of such a man0--glancing to #dhd where ,captain ,cary stood--8,i should be gentle and feminine4 ,but with the wilted specimens of humanity ,i see ordinarily1 ,i am in imminent danger of becoming a strong-minded woman4 ,one must keep up a balance1 mamma1 and it is weak men make bold women40 ,mrs4 ,yorke sank on to a bench4 8,what do you mean to do8 ,what am ,i to think80 she exclaimed4 ,clara laughed4 8,don't be afraid1 mamma4 ,if this ,neptune should offer himself to me--he will not6--,i should refuse him1 and then cry my eyes out afterward4 ,but if he should take me by force1 pirate-fashion1 and run away with me1 so that ,i could not help myself nor be responsible1 ,i should be delighted4 ,now1 don't say any more about it1 please40 ,mrs4 ,yorke threw off her fears with a shrug of the shoulders4 ,it was a mere theory4 ,it was one of ,clara's enthusiasms4 8,well1 my dear10 she concluded1 rising1 8all ,i have to add is that ,i hope your admiration of the rough diamond will not lead you to consume it in the blowpipe40 ,and so the subject dropped4 8,there is a party of ,indians camping out on the ,point10 ,mr4 ,yorke said to them that evening4 8,you might find it interesting to visit them to-morrow4 ,i met one in the woodland1 this morning1 cutting down a tree for basket-wood4 ,i asked him who gave him permission to cut trees on my land4 #8,it was all ours once1' he growled out1 and gave me a look that ,i shouldn't like to meet1 unless ,i had friends near4 ,i told him to take all he wanted40 ,the little sailing-party1 only six with a sailor from the ,halcyon as assistant1 started early in the afternoon4 ,the crew of the ,halcyon gave them a hearty cheer as they slid down past the wharf where she lay2 the fresh breeze1 blowing off shore1 smoothed the waves1 and1 overhead1 light clouds ran races with them4 ,out of one cloud1 that seemed scarcely a hand's breadth1 a shower of large1 sun-lighted drops came clattering down4 ,in the midst of it they reached the ,point1 and stepped out on to the rocky shore4 ,a clumsy old ,indian woman had just kindled a fire1 and piled brush over it4 ,not a spark was visible1 but thick white smoke gushed out through the green1 curled over into a shifting ,corinthian capital1 and rose into air1 and in another instant it topped a shaft of flame4 ,the woman took no notice of the visitors standing near her1 but stood tossing twigs into the fire4 ,her face was ugly1 her dress careless1 but her small brown hands and moccasined feet were models of beauty4 ,two or three men were lying about lazily1 waiting for their dinner1 and a mischievous little girl was weaving a basket4 ,she alone noticed the strangers1 the others wore a look of disdainful unconsciousness4 ,the ladies talked with the child1 and bought baskets of her2 the gentlemen made themselves acquainted with the elders1 and found them not insensible to the charms of tobacco and coffee4 ,under these persuasive influences1 their taciturn hosts melted1 and became almost friendly4 ,presently1 another ,indian appeared from the woods1 came straight toward them1 and dropped a long string of quivering1 rainbow-colored trout at the old woman's feet4 ,a whispered exclamation broke from the lips of the visitors as they saw this dusky young ,adonis4 ,the ,greek outlines1 with more than ,grecian richness of color1 the plumy1 clustering hair1 from which a few raindrops slid as from a bird's wing1 the eagle eyes1 the fanciful dress1 beaded and fringed1 that air of superb repose and #dhe unconsciousness which civilization only imitates1 but does not attain--all were fascinating and unique4 ,he stood one moment as some exquisite bronze1 then stepped lightly over the springy moss1 lifted the fold of a tent1 and disappeared4 ,this was her brother1 ,philip ,nicola1 the little girl told the ladies1 and her name was ,malie4 ,edith gave the child an ,indian prayer-book1 prepared by their patlias2 then the party embarked again1 spread their sail to the breeze1 and sped down the bay4 ,dick ,rowan1 standing to unfurl the sail1 sang out joyously1 in a clear1 ringing voice1 an old ,french song3 8#8,si le roi m'avoit donn ,paris sa grand' ville1 ,et qu'il me fallt quitter ,l'amour de ma mie1 ,je dirois au roi ,henri3 ,reprenez votre ,paris1 ,j'aime mieux ma mie1 oh1 gay6 ,j'aime mieux ma mie4'0 ,edith turned her head aside1 and watched their sparkling wake subside to a milky path4 ,if she was pleased1 no one could see4 ,but as they approached that low1 sandy island that three of them had visited before1 she rose1 and leaned on ,dick's arm1 and gazed on it with him4 8,god have mercy on him60 they whispered2 and both ,dick and the captain removed their hats1 and remained uncovered till they had passed by4 ,the others did not know what it meant1 but they asked no question1 and soon all was gay again4 ,they landed a few miles down the bay1 wandered awhile on the shore1 took their luncheon there1 and sat to see the sun go down1 reddening all the water4 ,then a bright pallor succeeded1 tingling with unseen stars1 and the bay became a silver mirror4 ,the breeze went down with the sun1 and only a soft breath out of the south pressed their sail as they started to return4 ,between two fleckless1 transparent abysses1 they floated1 as through ether1 and might1 it seemed1 be drawn up or sink down at any moment4 ,the night deepened1 and became a crystalline darkness1 with stars above and stars below1 and then the east grew radiant with a soft aurora4 ,as the light increased1 they saw a speck on the water1 and1 leaning low1 ,captain ,cary espied ,philip ,nicola in a bark canoe1 dancing across the bay1 skimming the water like a bird4 ,the imp of mischief1 or of vanity1 seemed to possess the fellow4 ,he shot across their prow1 so near as almost to catch the foam it threw up1 he zigzagged ahead of them1 he slid into their wake on one side1 and flew past them on the other4 ,lastly1 he dropped far behind1 and they heard him singing over the water4 ,the song was some wild chant in his own language1 piercingly sweet1 and full of a barbarous pathos and power4 ,as they listened1 convention dropped from them like a garment4 ,they were simple children of nature1 and creation was full of mysteries for them4 ,a golden splendor filled the east1 a disk of burning gold showed above the woods1 and kindled their feathery tops1 a crinkling flame ran round every ripple of the bay1 and their prow tossed off sparks instead of foam4 ,then the moon sailed majestically upward1 and made an enchanted day about them4 ,as she rose1 the blue of the sky drew back1 like the fold of a curtain1 and left a pathway of mellow light for her feet4 ,not a word was said by any one4 ,the scene was too beautiful for praise4 ,edith and ,carl sat opposite each other1 and ,dick ,rowan stood between them1 leaning against the mast1 and looking down on that fair head with its crown of braids4 ,she leaned over the boat-side1 and #dhf trailed her hand in the water1 nor spoke a word1 nor once lifted her eyes4 ,as the water-lily1 growing to maturity through unconscious sun and dew1 when its appointed sunrise comes1 shines through all its snowy petals1 and opens to disclose another sun hidden within its folded whiteness1 so her soul1 now its time was come to know itself and be known1 stirred through all its calm reserves and unconsciousness at the sound of that savage chant4 ,she forgot1 for the time1 all that was cramping in her life1 and had a new sense of freedom and joy4 ,the song ceased4 ,they neared the ,point1 and a path of crimson trembled out from the camp-fire there and crossed the moonlight4 ,clara leaned1 and whispered to ,carl4 ,he hesitated a moment1 then1 with a gesture that showed a sort of defiant resolution1 acquiesced in her demand4 ,carl seldom sang1 and1 when he did1 it was for the words rather than the music1 and his style was that of an improvisator4 ,he sang3 8,the moon is climbing up the sky1 ,back rolls the ether blue4 ,the folded roses stir and sigh1 ,with droppings of the dew2 ,the tide runs up to meet the stream1 ,and bear her to the sea3 ,downward1 as in a happy dream1 ,they're floating silently4 8,the slumb'ring deeps of life upbreak1 ,our childish play is o'er4 ,the footsteps of the future shake ,the lintel of our door6 ,awake1 sweetheart6 thou giv'st to-day ,a soul1 and not a toy3 ,wake6 lest the child's hand fling away ,the woman's crowning joy4 8,cast off the dreams of childish days1 ,take on thy woman's state4 ,search thine own spirit's deeper ways1 ,ere yet it be too late4 ,the time is come for thee to give-- ,the time for me to take3 ,lift up thy lids1 and bid me live6 ,o woman's soul1 awake60 ,slowly ,edith lifted her drooping head1 her heavy eyelids1 and looked at ,carl1 and he looked at her4 ,the full moon shone in their faces1 and they saw only each other1 and were conscious only of each other4 ,the lily had bloomed4 ,some sharp sound1 like breath drawn through teeth1 was heard1 and ,melicent cried out1 8,mr4 ,rowan60 ,they looked just in time to see ,dick's white face as he staggered backward4 ,his eyes closed1 and1 before they could reach him1 he fell over the boat-side1 with a heavy splash1 and sank4 ,captain ,cary threw off his coat1 and was overboard in a second1 and soon they saw him bearing up a pallid face on his arm4 8,haul in sail1 and row ashore60 he called out1 and himself struck out for the ,point1 which they were close upon4 ,philip ,nicola met him there1 and the other men came down1 and1 when the party had stepped on shore1 ,dick was in one of the tents4 ,captain ,cary came out to meet them4 8,he has come to10 he said1 8and will soon be all right4 ,but you had better go home4 ,i will stay and take care of him4 ,he doesn't wish to go up now40 8,i must see him1 ,i shall certainly see him10 ,edith said resolutely1 stepping forward4 8,i wouldn't to-night1 ,miss ,edith10 the sailor replied1 standing in her way4 8,he doesn't feel like talking40 8,i shall go in60 she said1 and waved him aside1 and went into the tent4 ,dick ,rowan lay on the low pallet1 with his face turned away and hidden in his arms4 ,edith knelt beside him4 8,dick60 she said1 in an imploring voice4 ,he started slightly4 8,don't speak to me6 ,please go home now10 he said4 8,i don't want to talk40 8,i mean to be true to you1 ,dick10 she sobbed1 without rising4 8,i will #dhg never see nor speak to any one you wish me to avoid4 ,i will go away with you this time1 if you say so40 ,his only reply was to bid her go4 8,give me time to think10 he said1 8,i will tell you afterward40 ,and there was no way for her but to go4 8,i am going to walk home10 ,carl said1 and started off through the woods4 ,when1 the next morning early1 they sent down to the village for news1 the ,halcyon had sailed1 and ,dick ,rowan had sailed in her4 ---------- ,,bethlehem4 ,bethlehem--,house of bread3#aje ,of the ,bread that came down from heaven1#ajf 8,for the life of the world #8tis given3 ,eat of it10 ,jesus said4 8,father10 he bade us pray1 8,give us this heavenly bread40 8,ours0 we must call it1 he said4 8,give us it day by day40 ,knelt in the midnight cave ,the shepherds and sages three-- ,theirs 7do we envy87 to see ,the ,bread which the ,father gave3#ajg ,we in the faith's broad day ,kneeling--nor once1 but at will-- ,take of that ,bread our fill1 ,none 8sent empty away40 ,how should we envy them8 ,yet as the grace the shame1 ,if but in boast we claim ,the goodlier ,bethlehem4 ,,advent1 #ahga4 #aje ,the literal signification of ,bethlehem4 #ajf ,john vi4 #cc1 #ea1 #eb #ajg ,ibid4 v4 #cb4 ---------- ,,the ,,protestant ,,rule ,,of ,,faith#ajh #dhh ,dr4 ,hodge is an ,old ,school ,presbyterian1 and a sturdy opponent of what among ,protestants is called the 8,new ,england theology40 ,he is a man of learning and ability1 and one of the most distinguished theologians in the ,presbyterian ,church4 ,if he has failed to reduce ,protestantism to a system1 complete1 uniform1 and coherent in all its parts1 it is not his fault1 but undeniably the fault of ,protestantism itself1 which is not all of a piece1 which consists of fragments only of truth1 with no genetic relation one to another1 or connecting links1 and which no mortal man can mould into a systematic whole4 ,what man can do with so untoward a subject ,dr4 ,hodge has done1 if we may judge from the volume before us1 and1 as far as our knowledge goes1 his work is the least unsuccessful attempt to construct a complete and consistent system of ,protestant theology that has as yet been made4 ,neither our space nor our leisure permits us to review the entire volume1 or to discuss the author's system in its several bearings2 a better opportunity to do that will be presented when we have the completed work before us1 of which only the first volume has as yet been published4 ,we shall confine ourselves for the present to a single question1 namely1 the ,protestant rule of faith4 ,the author devotes the entire ,chapter ,v4 of his ,introduction to the statement and refutation1 as he understands it1 of the ,catholic1 or1 as he says1 the ,romanist rule of faith2 but as his objections to that rule and his supposed refutation of it presuppose the truth of ,protestantism1 and are of no account if the ,protestant rule of faith is invalid or inadequate1 we need not stop to defend it1 but are free to pass at once to the examination of the ,protestant rule which he opposes to it4 ,if that can be asserted and maintained as a rule of faith1 or authority for determining what is the faith ,god has revealed and commanded us to believe1 the ,catholic rule is indefensible1 or at least unnecessary4 ,the author is not very clear and definite in his statement of the ,protestant rule of faith4 ,he says 7p4 #aej71 8,all ,protestants agree in teaching that #8the ,word of ,god as contained in the ,scriptures of the ,old and ,new ,testaments is the only infallible rule of faith and practice'20 but from his assertion of the right of private judgment and several of his objections to the ,catholic rule1 we may1 without danger of error1 take the ,protestant rule of faith to be the ,scriptures of the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 or the ,bible interpreted by private judgment--that is1 interpreted without any public or catholic authority--as the ,protestant rule or standard of faith4 ,but this is rather the denial than the assertion of a rule1 because it presents no rule or standard to which private judgment must conform in order to be anything but naked opinion4 ,the ,bible1 even conceding its divine inspiration and sufficiency1 cannot be the rule or standard for private judgment1 if it is to be interpreted by private judgment1 for #dhi that would require private judgment to judge what the faith is1 before it has any rule by which to judge what it is4 ,the ,protestant doctrine confounds the rule of faith with the place of faith1 and private judgment with individual judgment4 ,in private judgment1 the individual judges by no objective rule or standard1 and his judgment is purely subjective1 and is worth nothing even for himself2 but an individual judgment is not necessarily private1 for it may be by a rule or standard common to all men1 what we call a public or catholic rule4 ,a judgment dictated by reason1 or the reason which is common to all men and the same in all1 is not a private but a public judgment1 and binds all men to whose knowledge it comes as much as it does the individual who renders it4 ,men may sin against reason as well as against faith4 ,men are bound to exercise their reason1 the reason common to all men1 in all questions submitted to reason or within its province1 and are bound to do so in interpreting the ,bible so far as its interpretation comes within the province of reason1 and may abide by its decisions1 unless overruled by a higher authority--as the lawyer has the right to abide by his own judgment of the meaning of a statute1 or as to what the law is1 till the court decides against him2 but private judgment is a private opinion1 and binds nobody4 ,dr4 ,hodge holds that the ,scriptures contain not all the revelation ,christ and his apostles made1 but all that is now extant4 ,but1 even if so1 his doctrine only makes them the place of faith2 it tells where the faith is1 but not what it is4 ,they may be the fountain1 but they cannot be the rule or standard1 of faith4 ,the rule is precisely that which is necessary to enable us to draw the faith from the ,scriptures1 and determine that it is the faith ,god has revealed and commanded us to believe as his word4 ,the ,protestant rule as given1 then1 is no rule of faith at all1 and it is impossible to elicit by it an act of faith4 ,the author is too hasty1 then1 in setting aside the ,catholic rule on the authority of his ,protestant rule1 which1 in order to be a rule1 demands a catholic rule of judgment1 as he himself virtually concedes 7p4 #abg74 ,dr4 ,hodge makes it a grave objection to the church that she does not allow private judgment as a rule of faith2 yet it is only as against the church or ,catholics that he himself allows it4 ,when his aim is to destroy ,catholic faith or to detach ,catholics from their fidelity to the church1 he asserts the unrestricted right of private judgment2 but1 when he wishes to build up faith or to establish ,protestantism as a positive doctrine1 he restricts it1 and confines it to the regenerate4 ,it is not every one who is free to interpret the faith or the ,scriptures according to his own private judgment2 but only those who have been regenerated1 and are enlightened and led by the ,holy ,ghost4 ,but even this does not help him1 for he has no public or catholic rule by which to determine who are or who are not regenerated1 and the individual himself has only his own private judgment by which to test the spirits1 and to determine whether the spirit by which he is led is the spirit of truth or the spirit of error4 ,the blessed ,apostle ,john tells us not to believe every spirit1 but to try the spirits1 for there are many false prophets gone out into the world4 ,now1 what is wanted is an objective test or touchstone of truth by which to try the spirits4 ,this cannot be the subjective leadings of the spirit1 for they are precisely what is to be tested in order to determine that they are from ,god1 and not from the enemy of #dij souls taking the guise of an angel of light in order to deceive4 ,the learned professor1 then1 even with the restriction of private judgment to the regenerate1 and the assumption of the interior assistance and guidance of the ,spirit1 though contradicting himself1 gets no rule of faith1 and has at best only the place of faith4 ,the learned author is aware that the ,bible interpreted by private judgment is no rule1 at least no adequate rule1 of faith1 and so he seeks to supply its deficiency by tradition4 ,he says1 8,protestants admit there has been a stream of traditionary teaching flowing through the ,christian church from the day of ,pentecost to the present time4 ,this tradition is so far a rule of faith that nothing contrary to it can be true4 ,christians do not stand isolated1 holding each his own creed4 ,they constitute one body1 having one creed4 ,protestants admit that there is a common faith of the church1 which no man is at liberty to reject1 or can reject and be a ,christian0 7pp4 #aac1 #aad74 ,this would seem to make the ,protestant rule not the ,bible interpreted by private judgment and private illumination1 but the ,bible interpreted by the traditionary teaching of the church or the common faith of the ,christian body4 ,this1 if it meant anything1 would be fatal to ,protestantism4 ,the author says 7ubi supra71 8,christians constitute one body with a common creed4 ,rejecting this creed1 or any of its parts1 is the rejection of the fellowship of ,christians1 incompatible with the communion of saints or membership in of the body of ,christ40 ,it is undeniable that the ,catholic ,church included at the epoch of the ,reformation the whole ,christian body1 except those cut off from that body as heretics and schismatics2 and it is equally undeniable that the ,reformers or first ,protestants did reject what was then the creed of this body1 or at least important parts of it1 and1 therefore1 did reject what our ,princeton professor says 8no man is at liberty to reject1 and which no man can reject and be a ,christian40 ,the ,reformers1 then1 were not1 and ,protestants who held from them are not and cannot be1 ,christians4 ,but the author would avoid this conclusion by making the tradition he concedes mean nothing1 or at least nothing tangible4 ,when ,protestants speak of the common consent of ,christians1 he says 7p4 #aae71 8they understand by ,christians the true people of ,god10 that is1 8the truly regenerate1 holy men1 the temples of the ,holy ,ghost40 ,they understand not a public external organic body1 but an invisible and inorganic body of believers1 confined to no one external communion1 that is1 men who belong to what ,catholic theologians call 8the soul of the church40 ,yet even these prior to ,protestantism were1 if not the whole body of ,catholics1 in the ,catholic ,church1 and held firmly1 and more firmly than others1 the very creed1 or the very parts of it1 which ,protestants reject as ,roman or ,papal corruption4 ,even conceding this restriction1 the author would hardly be able to avoid the conclusion that ,protestants do reject the common creed of the true people of ,god1 for these true people of ,god1 whoever they might be1 were included in the visible ,catholic ,church1 and held its faith4 ,but let this pass4 ,how is the ,protestant to ascertain who these people are8 ,or how ascertain what is their creed or common faith1 if he does not determine it by the creed publicly professed by the external or visible church in which they are concealed8 ,here is a grave difficulty1 and much graver than our ,protestant professor would seem to regard it4 ,the ,scriptures interpreted by #dia unregenerate men1 he holds1 are no rule or criterion of faith2 it is only the private judgment of the regenerate1 of those who are led by the ,spirit1 that is to be heeded1 and the common faith of all such1 the true people of ,god1 is obligatory1 and the faith which no one can reject in whole or in part and be a ,christian4 ,but we cannot avail ourselves of their traditionary teaching or common consent as a rule of faith1 or for the interpretation of ,scripture1 unless we know who they are4 ,but1 as they are not an outward visible public body1 but an invisible1 inorganic1 and1 so to speak1 a private body1 we cannot know who they are without some rule or criterion by which we can distinguish them from the ungodly1 or from those who1 according to ,st4 ,augustine1 are in the church1 but not of the church4 ,hence the difficulty4 ,we must have1 prior to the application of the ,protestant rule1 another rule1 a catholic rule1 by which to determine and apply it4 ,we cannot use the ,protestant rule unless we know what it is1 and we cannot know what it is without a prior rule for determining who are the true people of ,god1 the elect1 and what is their common creed1 or traditionary teaching from the day of ,pentecost down to our times4 ,but our learned professor has neglected to give us this antecedent rule1 without which the one he gives us is no rule at all4 ,he gives no mark or sign by which we can recognize the invisible people of ,god1 and we do not think he can2 for we do not believe anybody knows or will know who they are till the last judgment1 when the secrets of all hearts will be laid open4 ,it will not do here to refer us to the ,bible for the rule by which to ascertain them2 for we must know them and their common faith in order to obtain our guide to the sense of the ,bible4 ,we cannot take the sense of the ,bible to determine them1 and then take them to determine the sense of the ,bible4 ,it will not do1 again1 to say they are they who are led by the ,spirit1 for it is precisely those who are led by the ,spirit that we wish to ascertain2 nor will it do to appeal to religious experience1 for it is only the religious experience of the true people of ,god that can avail1 and that would be referring us to the people of ,god to tell us who are the people of ,god4 ,it would be to reason like the poor ,anglican1 who makes orthodoxy the test of the church1 and the church the test of orthodoxy4 8,jack1 where is the hoe80 8,wid de harrow1 massa40 8,where is the harrow80 8,wid de hoe1 massa40 ,the ,protestant1 in any case1 gives no more satisfactory answer2 for1 with all his pretensions1 he can only tell us that the true faith is the faith held and followed by the true people of ,god1 and the true people of ,god are they who hold and follow the true faith4 ,the author1 as we have seen1 says3 8,when ,protestants plead the common consent of ,christians--the common faith of the ,christian body--they mean by ,christians the true people of ,god4 ,romanists1 on the other hand10 he continues1 8mean the company of those who profess the true faith1 and who are subject to the ,pope of ,rome4 ,there is the greatest difference between the authority due to the common faith of truly regenerate1 holy men1 the temples of the ,holy ,ghost1 and that due to what a society of nominal ,christians profess to believe1 the great majority of whom may be worldly1 immoral1 and irreligious40 ,but where did the professor learn that the authority of the teaching depends on the personal virtue of the teacher8 ,how does he know that they who #dib recognize the authority of the ,pope are only nominal ,christians8 or that the ,pope is not led and assisted by the ,spirit in his office of teacher of the universal church8 ,nay1 how does he know1 or how can he prove to us or anybody else1 that there are any of the true people of ,god among ,protestants at all8 ,he must prove his rule of faith before proceeding to apply it4 ,dr4 ,hodge continues1 on the same page 7#aae73 8,the common consent for which ,protestants plead concerns only essential doctrines2 that is1 doctrines which enter into the very nature of ,christianity as a religion1 and which are necessary to its subjective existence in the heart1 or which1 if they do not enter essentially into the religious experience of believers1 are so connected with vital doctrines and precepts as not to admit a separation from them40 ,here is the same difficulty again4 ,what is the ,protestant rule for distinguishing among revealed doctrines those which are essential and those which are not essential8 ,will the author tell us the essentials are those doctrines which all ,protestants agree in teaching1 and that those in which they do not agree in teaching are non-essentials8 ,but who are ,protestants8 ,all those who agree in teaching the essentials8 ,where is the hoe8 ,with the harrow4 ,where is the harrow8 ,with the hoe4 ,this would be only to adopt the principle of poor ,jack's replies to the questions of his master4 ,but no4 ,the essentials are 8those doctrines which enter into the very nature of ,christianity as a religion1 and which are necessary to its subjective existence in the heart40 ,but how determine what these are1 unless we know the very nature of ,christianity8 ,and how can we know or determine what is the very nature of ,christianity1 unless we have a rule or standard of faith8 ,but the essentials are those doctrines which 8are necessary to its subjective existence in the heart40 ,what doctrines are these8 ,have ,protestants any objective rule for determining them8 ,the professor gives none except the ,scriptures1 which do not suffice1 because1 as we have seen1 the ,scriptures are the place1 not the rule of faith1 and what we are seeking is the rule or authority for determining what is the faith they contain4 ,among ,protestants there is a very great diversity of views as to what is necessary to the subjective existence of religion in the heart4 ,schleiermacher1 in his ,discourses on ,religion1 addressed to the ,cultivated among its ,despisers1 maintains that only the sense of dependence is necessary to the subjective existence of religion2 ,twesten1 as cited by the author1 maintains the same1 and that in a subjective sense all religions are equally true1 though not equally pure2 some ,protestants place the essence of religion in reverence2 ,dr4 ,channing seemed to place it in philanthropy1 or in a sense of the dignity of man2 others in 8self-culture10 in 8self-worship02 and a distinguished ,protestant minister maintained to us1 some years ago1 that a pantheist1 like ,spinoza1 or an atheist1 like ,shelley1 might not only be truly religious1 but a good ,christian4 ,there are thousands and thousands in all ,protestant denominations who1 virtually at least1 regard the subjective existence of religion in the heart as nearly1 if not totally1 independent of all objective doctrines or faith4 ,such is at least the tendency of modern ,evangelicalism1 ,bushnellism1 ,beecherism1 and from which even our author himself is not always free4 ,he makes1 indeed1 a brave fight for dogmatic theology or objective faith1 but his concessions to ,whitfieldian and ,wesleyan notions of #dic religious experience place him on the declivity to pure religious subjectivism4 ,all these have the ,scriptures1 and profess to take them for their rule of faith and practice2 but it is evident from what we have said that the ,scriptures are not a sufficient rule by which to determine what are essentials and what are not4 ,what rule1 then1 have ,protestants by which to make the distinction8 ,dr4 ,hodge says1 in refutation of the ,catholic rule1 which1 by the way1 he does not correctly state3 8,our ,lord1 in promising the ,spirit to guide his people into the knowledge of truths necessary to their salvation1 did not promise to preserve them from error in subordinate matters1 or to give them a supernatural knowledge of the organization of the church1 the number of the sacraments1 or the power of bishops0 7pp4 #aae1 #aaf74 ,then1 on these matters1 the organization of the church1 the number of the ,sacraments1 and the power of bishops1 ,protestants have no promise of exemption from error1 and hence it is quite possible that they err in rejecting the ,catholic doctrine of the church1 of the hierarchy and the sacraments4 ,but the professor's limitation of the promise of our ,lord is not warranted by his own professed rule4 ,the promise1 as recorded by the ,evangelists is unlimited3 8,but the ,paraclete1 the ,holy ,ghost1 whom the ,father will send in my name1 he will teach you all things1 and bring all things to your mind whatsoever ,i shall have said to you0 7,st4 ,john xiv4 #bf74 ,this is explicit enough4 ,but1 again1 8,but he1 the ,spirit of truth1 when he shall come1 will teach you all truth0 7ib4 xvi4 #ac74 ,therefore1 our ,lord said to his apostles1 8,go ye1 and teach all nations 444 to observe all things whatsoever ,i have commanded you1 and behold1 ,i am with you all days1 even unto the consummation of the world0 7,st4 ,matt1 xxviii4 #ai1 #bj74 ,this is a promise of guidance of the ,spirit into all truth1 and of exemption from error1 in anything which our ,lord has said or commanded4 ,if we were defending the ,catholic rule1 we should remind the author that this promise was made to the ecclesia docens1 and only through that to the ecclesia credens2 but1 as we are not defending the ,catholic rule1 we suffer him to apply it to what he calls the true people of ,god4 ,yet1 if he accepts the plain declaration of our ,lord himself as recorded in the ,gospels1 he has no authority for distinguishing between essentials and non-essentials in the revelation of ,god1 and none at all for restricting the promise of spiritual guidance and assistance to a promise of preservation from error only in certain fundamental truths of revelation4 ,the author must either give us the rule or authority on which he makes the distinction and limitation1 or concede that he makes it by no rule1 and1 therefore1 on no authority4 ,dr4 ,hodge tells us 7p4 #aea7 that 8all ,protestants agree in teaching that the word of ,god1 as contained in the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 is the infallible rule of faith40 ,he should have said some ,protestants2 for many who claim to be ,protestants do not agree in teaching that4 ,will the professor say that those who do not so agree are not ,protestants8 ,by what authority8 ,by the authority of the ,bible1 interpreted by private judgment8 ,but they have the ,bible and private judgment as well as he1 or those who agree with him4 ,will he appeal to tradition8 ,but tradition taken as a whole condemns him as well as those who differ from him4 ,then he must discriminate in tradition between what is to be followed and what is to be rejected4 ,but this #did discrimination demands a rule of judgment4 ,but what rule can the author allege8 ,private judgment8 ,but that is no rule1 for private judgment is by its very definition a judgment without any rule or standard of judgment1 and1 besides1 those who differ from him have private judgment1 and theirs is worth as much as his4 ,will the author answer again--,the tradition or common consent of the true people of ,god8 ,but who are they8 ,here1 then1 we are back in the old difficulty4 ,protestantism moves always in a vicious circle2 proving its rule by its faith1 and its faith by its rule4 ,we see no way by which it can get out of this circle4 ,it is not only as a ,catholic we have felt this difficulty2 we felt it as a ,protestant1 when we had the misfortune to be a ,presbyterian1 like our learned friend the ,princeton professor4 ,we are sure the fault is not the professor's1 for he doubtless sees that he moves only in a vicious circle as clearly as we do1 and no doubt would come out of it and move forward in a straight line1 if he could4 ,the fault is in ,protestantism itself1 which is essentially illogical1 and does not conform to the divine order or the truth of things4 ,the ,reformers themselves started without seeing whither they were going1 and without seeing that the ,catholic system1 parts of which they rejected1 was a systematic whole1 and that1 if one part was retained1 the whole must be retained1 and1 if one part was rejected1 the whole must be rejected4 ,this is what ,moehler has so admirably shown in his ,symbolik4 ,but the ,reformers did not wish to reject the whole2 they wished to reject only a part1 and in the beginning only a small part4 ,they wished to remain ,catholics1 minus one or two dogmas1 and1 after the condemnation of ,luther by ,leo ,x41 minus the ,pope and the ,roman curia4 ,but they were driven onward farther than they intended1 and farther than they foresaw or were prepared for4 ,they constructed no rule of faith beforehand1 and adopted one only as the exigencies of the controversy with ,catholics made one necessary2 still1 except on certain points1 they continued using the old ,catholic rule4 ,hence their ,protestantism was patched up with shreds of the old religion1 eked out by such new cloth as they were able to supply to meet the pressure of the occasion4 ,it was formed not all at once1 nor all of one piece4 ,it was formed little by little in the struggle to maintain themselves against their ,catholic adversaries1 and to retain as much of what had always been the faith of ,christendom as was possible in the position they assumed4 ,in forming it1 they were much more intent on demolishing what our professor calls 8,romanism0 than on laying a solid foundation for a ,protestant superstructure4 ,the simple fact is1 the ,protestant movement could find no solid foundation except in pure rationalism1 or1 rather1 in pure individualism1 in which every man is his own church1 his own rule of faith1 his own law1 and his own ,god--a conclusion from which ,luther and ,calvin would have recoiled with horror1 as recoils ,dr4 ,hodge to-day4 ,the ,reformers did not see1 for they were1 as all ,protestants are1 sad logicians in matters of religion1 whither their movement tended1 nor dream that one day they would be called on to show that their religion rests on a solid foundation1 or a bottom of its own1 irrespective of any relation to the ,catholic ,church1 and when they must prove that it is something besides a mere protest against the #die ,church of ,rome4 ,they thought they could throw off ,rome and a few dogmas1 and still remain true ,christian believers4 ,in this they were deceived2 for they were too little for ,christianity and too much for its full denial4 ,they retained certain positive ,christian doctrines1 but they had no authority for them except the ,catholic authority which they madly rejected4 ,hence1 when we press them for the authority on which they assert these doctrines1 they fall into the vicious circle in which we find them for ever gyrating1 and from which not even ,dr4 ,hodge can relieve them4 ,the author says 7p4 #ajd71 8,romanists agree with ,protestants in teaching the plenary inspiration and consequent infallible authority of the sacred writings40 ,but this is a mistake4 ,catholics do not agree with ,protestants1 but some ,protestants--by no means all ,protestants--agree with the church in maintaining the ,catholic doctrine of the 8plenary inspiration and consequent infallible authority of the sacred writings40 ,it is simply a ,catholic doctrine retained by the ,reformers from the church1 which taught it nearly fourteen hundred years before ,protestantism was born4 ,the able and learned professor1 we are sorry to observe1 forgets that the church is some centuries older than the oldest ,protestant sect1 that the founders of ,protestantism had all been reared in her communion1 and separated from her4 ,protestants have undeniably no historical connection with our ,lord and his apostles1 save through the ,catholic ,church1 or the church in communion with the ,see of ,rome4 ,whatever doctrines ,protestants hold that the church always held and taught are hers1 not theirs2 and it is a grave mistake to pretend that they are ,protestant doctrines4 ,protestantism consists essentially and solely in those things which distinguish it from ,catholicity1 or in what is peculiar to it and constitutes its differentia--in what it denies that the church asserts1 and it asserts that she denies4 ,if they have stolen some of her doctrines1 that does not make them any the less hers by right1 nor give them the right to appropriate them as their own4 ,there is not a single doctrine which ,protestants profess to hold--which she teaches1 and always has taught--to which they1 as ,protestants1 have any title1 or which they can prove to be revealed truth independently of her testimony and authority4 ,it is disregarding this truth that gives to ,protestantism the appearance of being a religion4 ,we return to the word of ,god as contained in the ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,before the author can assert the ,scriptures as the infallible rule of faith1 he must settle1 first1 the canon2 second1 the plenary inspiration of the ,scriptures2 third1 the completeness or sufficiency of the ,scriptures2 and1 fourth1 the true sense of the ,scriptures4 ,now1 not one of these points is it possible for a ,protestant to settle independently of the witness and authority of the ,catholic ,church1 and ,dr4 ,hodge confirms our assertion by his manifest failure to settle any one of them on ,protestant grounds4 ,they are all questions of faith1 and not one of them can be settled prior to or without the rule of faith2 and yet on ,protestant grounds they must all be settled before the rule of faith can be ascertained and applied4 ,protestants exclude from the canon of the ,old ,testament several books called by some the ,deutero-canonical books1 which are included in it by the ,catholic ,church1 and even the schismatic churches of the ,east1 and they are far from being agreed among themselves as to what books #dif are or are not canonical4 ,some would exclude the ,book of ,ruth and the ,canticle4 ,as to the ,new ,testament1 ,luther had doubts1 if our reading or memory be not at fault1 of the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 and that of ,st4 ,jude1 and rejected the ,epistle of ,st4 ,james1 which he called an epistle of straw1 probably because it flatly contradicts his doctrine of justification by faith alone2 others have doubted the canonicity of these1 and1 in addition1 of the ,apocalypse1 the second ,epistle of ,st4 ,peter1 the second and third of ,st4 ,john1 and that of ,st4 ,paul to ,philemon2 others still reject the ,gospel according to ,st4 ,john1 and indeed the whole ,new ,testament1 except the ,synoptics--and these1 while they admit them as authentic1 they deny to be inspired4 ,the ,princeton professor may deny these to be ,protestants1 but they have as good a right to exclude from the canon such books as they judge proper as had ,luther and ,calvin2 and there is no rule by which he can make out that he is a ,protestant that will not equally serve to prove that they are ,protestants4 ,the only rule available is ,catholic tradition1 and that condemns him as well as them4 ,the professor does not rely on the authority of the ,synagogue1 though he adduces it1 to settle the canon of the ,old ,testament1 for that would be anti-,protestant2 but attempts to settle it by the authority of the ,new ,testament4 ,such books as he finds a text quoted from by our ,lord or his apostles he assumes to be canonical and inspired2 but such as he does not find thus quoted from1 he rejects from the canon4 ,but this is not conclusive1 for the author concedes that our ,lord and his apostles said many things that are not recorded in the ,new ,testament1 and how does he know that in those many unrecorded discourses the books which he rejects as uncanonical1 and which ,catholics hold to be canonical1 were not quoted8 ,then1 by what authority does he pretend that a citation of a text from a book proves the book to be canonical or the whole book to be inspired8 ,st4 ,paul1 at ,athens1 cites the ,greek poet ,arrian1 and in his ,epistle to the ,hebrews he manifestly adopts a phrase and a sentiment from ,plato's ,republic3 must we therefore conclude that the poems of ,arrian and ,plato's ,republic are canonical1 and ,arrian and ,plato to be included in the list of divinely inspired writers8 ,has the professor any assertion of our ,lord or of any writer in the ,new ,testament that a ,jewish or any other book cited by him or by his apostles is canonical and divinely inspired8 ,certainly not4 ,st4 ,paul says in his second ,epistle to ,timothy1 8,all ,scripture divinely inspired is profitable10 etc41 but he does not say what ,scriptures are or are not divinely inspired4 ,then1 again1 as to the ,new ,testament1 the author concedes that1 during the first century and later1 the canon of the ,new ,testament was uncertain4 ,it1 then1 was not settled by our ,lord or his apostles themselves4 ,on what authority1 then1 was it settled8 ,manifestly only on the authority of the church1 that is1 of popes and councils4 ,but our ,princeton professor denies the authority of popes and councils2 denies the infallibility of the church2 nay1 he denies that the church1 ,catholic or ,protestant1 has any teaching authority1 fallible or infallible4 ,the canon neither of the ,new ,testament nor of the ,old is settled1 then1 by any infallible rule or authority4 ,how1 then1 can the professor maintain that ,protestants have1 in the ,scriptures1 an infallible rule of faith8 ,no fallible rule suffices for infallible faith4 ,as ,protestants are unable1 without the authority of the church or #dig tradition1 to settle the canon1 so are they unable1 without the same authority1 to determine what books are or are not divinely inspired4 ,the author contends that it suffices to prove that the writers were messengers from ,god1 and commissioned to speak or write in his name4 ,but that cannot be proved unless they accredited themselves as such by their miracles1 and not even then1 unless the miracles are attested to us by a competent and credible witness of them4 ,who or what1 for ,protestants1 is that witness8 ,the ,record6 ,but the record may have been forged or interpolated1 and must1 before it can be adduced as evidence1 be authenticated4 ,how can the ,protestant authenticate it1 except by showing that it has been carefully and vigilantly guarded from the first till now by an official keeper with whom it was deposited8 ,deny the church as the depositary of the record1 as the ,protestant does1 and there is no certain means of authenticating the record1 and then none of authenticating the miracles2 then none of establishing the fact of the divine commission of the sacred writers1 and consequently none of proving the divine inspiration of the sacred writings1 since inspiration is a supernatural fact4 ,but did it ever occur to our learned professor that he has1 in order to prove the inspiration of the ,scriptures1 not only to take the authority of the church for so much1 but to prove1 before he can allege the authority of the ,scriptures1 all the ,catholic has to prove1 in order to prove the divine authority and infallibility of the church8 ,he must prove that our ,lord and his apostles spoke and wrote by divine authority1 and that is all the ,catholic has to prove4 ,in either case1 the authority1 whether of the church or of the ,bible1 turns on the fact of the divine commission1 which the ,protestant must prove in the very outset as well as the ,catholic1 and which he cannot prove if he rejects the testimony of the church as the contemporary and living witness of the facts4 ,the church1 having been founded by and grown out of that commission1 and continuing without interruption from the apostles down to us1 is herself the living witness of the facts which prove the commission4 ,she authenticates the record2 but the ,protestant has1 in addition to authenticating the record which proves the commission1 to establish the genuineness1 integrity1 and authenticity of the sacred writings before he can infer their divine inspiration and infallible authority1 or use them as a rule of faith1 and not even then unless their writers expressly declare them to be inspired1 for it is possible for divinely commissioned men to write at times on matters not covered by their commission4 ,but we are not yet through with the ,protestant's difficulties1 if he is to proceed independently of ,catholic tradition4 ,supposing him to have proved all this1 he still has to prove the completeness or sufficiency of the ,scriptures4 ,dr4 ,hodge does not pretend that the ,scriptures contain all the revelations made by our ,lord to his apostles1 but only what is now extant4 8,it is not denied10 he says 7pp4 #ahb1 #ahc71 8that there may have been1 and probably were1 books written by inspired men which are no longer in existence4 ,much less is it denied that ,christ and his apostles delivered many discourses which were not recorded1 and which1 could they now be known1 would be of equal authority with the books now regarded as canonical40 ,but how does he know that these discourses or the instructions they contained #dih are now lost1 or that they are not preserved and as well-known and authenticated in the traditions of the church as the canonical books themselves8 ,furthermore1 how does he know that it is not precisely in these discourses which were not recorded that is to be found the key to the sense of those which were recorded8 ,the church has always so held and taught2 indeed1 the author himself concedes that1 at the first1 the whole revealed word1 whether written or unwritten1 went by the name of the tradition1 and the written tradition was not distinguished from the unwritten4 ,he says3 8,in the early church1 the word tradition was used in this wide sense4 ,appeal was constantly made to the traditions1 that is1 the instructions the churches had received4 ,it was only certain churches at first that received any of the written instructions of the apostles4 ,and it was not till the end of the first century that the writings of the ,evangelists and apostles were collected and formed into a canon or rule of faith4 ,and when the books of the ,new ,testament had been collected1 the fathers spoke of them as containing the #8traditions1' that is1 the instructions derived from ,christ and his apostles4444 ,in that age of the church1 the distinction between the written and unwritten word had not yet been distinctly made4 ,but as controversies arose and disputants on both sides of all questions appealed to #8tradition1' that is1 to what they had been taught2 and when it was found that these traditions differed1 one church saying their teachers always taught them one thing1 and another that theirs had taught them its opposite1 it was felt that there should be some authoritative standard4 ,hence the wisest and best of the fathers who were they8 insisted on abiding by the written word1 and receiving nothing as authoritative not contained therein4 ,in this1 however1 it must be confessed1 they the wisest and the best of the fathers were not always consistent4 ,whenever prescription1 usage1 or conviction founded on unwritten evidence was available against an adversary1 they did not hesitate to make use of it4 ,during all the early centuries1 therefore1 the distinction between ,scripture and tradition was not so sharply drawn as it has been since the controversies between ,romanists and ,protestants1 and especially since the decisions of the ,council of ,trent0 7pp4 #ajh1 #aji74 ,there are several inaccuracies in this passage4 ,in the early ages of the church1 when controversies arose and contradictory traditions were alleged1 appeal was not made to the written word1 but to the churches founded by ,st4 ,peter1 or by his immediate authority1 that is1 to ,antioch1 ,alexandria1 or ,rome1 or to a council1 provincial1 plenary1 or cumenical1 as can hardly be unknown to so learned a theological scholar as ,dr4 ,hodge4#aji ,but two facts are conceded in the passage3 first1 that the church for a hundred years or more had only unwritten tradition or the oral instructions of its pastors as its rule of faith2 and1 second1 that the written and the unwritten traditions of the word were deemed of equal authority by the wisest and best of the fathers1 and were not as to their authority distinguished1 at least not sharply distinguished1 before the rise of ,protestantism4 ,the professor1 then1 must prove that the whole church was wrong prior to ,luther in recognizing the authority of the unwritten traditions before #dii he can assert that the ,scriptures contain all of the revealed word extant1 or maintain the completeness or sufficiency of the ,scriptures as the rule of faith4 ,how will he do it1 after conceding that they do not contain the whole revelation that was made1 nor even the whole extant in the opinion of the church or the great body of ,christians prior to the rise of ,protestantism8 ,does the written word anywhere declare its own completeness or sufficiency1 and that the portions not recorded are of no importance8 ,but the difficulties of ,protestantism do not end even here4 ,the ,bible is no rule of faith except in its true sense1 or as rightly interpreted according to the meaning of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the author says 7p4 #ahc73 8,the ,bible is a plain book4 ,it is intelligible by the people4 ,and they have the right and are bound to read and interpret it for themselves1 so that their faith may rest on the testimony of the ,scriptures1 and not on that of the church4 ,such is the doctrine of ,protestants on this subject40 ,but is it true8 ,if so1 how happens it that among ,protestants we can hardly find two1 when left to themselves1 without any parental or pastoral instruction1 who agree in their interpretation of the written word1 or as to the doctrines to be deduced from it8 ,yet the author himself can hardly believe what he asserts to be the ,protestant doctrine on the subject is true4 8,it is not denied10 he adds 7pp4 #ahc1 #ahd71 8that the ,scriptures contain many things that are hard to be understood2 that they require diligent study2 that all men need the guidance of the ,holy ,spirit to a right knowledge and true faith4 ,but it is maintained that in all things necessary to salvation they are sufficiently plain to be understood even by the unlearned40 ,what6 even by those who are unable to understand a word of the language in which the ,scriptures were written1 and must depend on the fidelity of translations made by fallible men1 and vouched for by no infallible authority8 ,by those who do not know how to read at all in any language8 ,then how does the professor know what things are or are not necessary to salvation8 ,that the things necessary to the right apprehension of the mysteries of the faith are not contained in those very parts of ,scripture which are hard to be understood1 or that the proper explanation of those parts is not necessary to the proper understanding of the other parts1 which he judges to be intelligible even to the unlearned8 ,the author here must either borrow from the ,catholic rule1 which condemns his ,protestantism1 or else admit that he has no satisfactory answer to give to these and kindred questions4 ,but all these questions are quite unnecessary1 for the author obligingly refutes his own rule of faith1 and acknowledges that the ,scriptures interpreted by private judgment or by human reason itself are not sufficient to give a 8right knowledge of the true faith40 ,neither learning nor diligent study1 nor the perspicuity of ,scripture1 suffices2 for 8all men10 he says1 8need the guidance of the ,holy ,spirit in order to a right knowledge of the true faith40 ,this is conclusive against the ,protestant rule2 and confesses that no man can arrive at the knowledge of the true faith without the supernatural assistance of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,let us hear no more1 then1 of the ,scriptures interpreted by private judgment1 or of the ability or the right of every individual to read and interpret the ,scriptures for himself and to form from them his own creed4 ,it is worthy of remark here that our ,protestant professor is obliged #ejj throughout to adopt the principle of the ,catholic rule of faith1 only he applies it differently4 ,the ,catholic asserts the infallibility of the ,pope in matters of faith and morals by virtue of the assistance or guidance of the ,holy ,spirit2 the ,protestant professor claims the same infallibility1 by virtue of the same supernatural assistance1 for each one of the people of ,god taken individually4 ,but the ,pope is a public personage1 all the world knows or may know who he is1 and can recur to him1 and1 supposing him to be assisted as claimed1 all the world may know from him the true faith2 but in the ,protestant sense there is no public means of knowing who the people of ,god are1 and1 consequently1 no public means of knowing what the ,spirit teaches1 or whom he guides or assists to a knowledge of the true faith1 since he guides or assists only private individuals1 not a public personage or a public body4 ,it can be no public rule of faith1 and1 as we have shown1 none for the individual himself1 for he has no objective and independent rule for determining whether the spirit that leads him is the spirit of truth or the spirit of error4 ,the professor has refuted his own doctrine in his refutation of the ,quaker rule of faith4 ,the interior illumination1 he asserts1 is private1 and can be brought to no public or catholic test4 ,not the church1 both because the church the ,protestant recognizes is invisible1 and recognizable by no external marks or notes1 and because the church1 according to him1 has no teaching authority or faculty4 ,not to the ,scriptures1 because it is the test of the right understanding of them that is required1 and to take them as the test of this is to reason in a vicious circle4 ,protestants1 historically considered1 arrived at their rule through ,protestantism1 not at ,protestantism through the application of their rule1 and the fact is1 they cannot logically assert their rule till they have proved or obtained aliunde their ,protestantism4 ,they are obliged to prove their ,protestantism in order to prove their rule1 and they must prove their rule in order to prove their ,protestantism4 ,this is a grave inconvenience4 ,but1 assuming without proof that the ,scriptures are the sufficient and only rule of faith1 they conclude1 against undeniable facts1 that the ,bible is a plain book1 and intelligible to the people1 to even the unlearned1 as it should be if intended by its divine ,author to be the sufficient and only rule of faith4 ,they find their conclusion untenable1 and modify their statement1 and say that their conclusion is true as to all things necessary to salvation4 ,but1 finding no agreement among ,protestants themselves who take the ,bible as their sufficient and only rule of faith as to what things are necessary to salvation1 they divide4 ,one class declares more or less distinctly that no objective faith is necessary to salvation1 and another class1 in which is included our author1 asserts1 while maintaining the right of private judgment1 the private illumination of the ,holy ,ghost as the rule for interpreting the ,scriptures1 apparently not perceiving that they are in flagrant contradiction with themselves4 ,the professor objects 7p4 #abg7 to tradition as the rule of faith that it is not adapted to that purpose3 8,a rule of faith to the people must be something they can apply2 a standard by which they can judge4 ,but the unwritten tradition is not contained in any one volume accessible to the people and intelligible by them40 ,this were a valid objection1 if the people had to seek through all history to find and verify the #eja tradition2 but is no objection at all1 if we suppose an infallible teacher1 always present1 who preserves and applies the tradition for the people4 ,but does the ,protestant escape his own objection by rejecting all unwritten tradition1 and making the ,bible alone the rule of faith1 which is at least as unintelligible to the people as is unwritten tradition explained and applied by duly authorized preachers of the word8 ,that the ,bible ought1 on ,protestant principles1 to be a plain book1 interpreting itself to every person of ordinary sense1 or who has enough sense to be a moral agent1 we concede1 and ,protestants should actually derive their doctrines from it4 ,but nobody knows better than our author that neither is a fact4 ,he knows that the ,protestant people1 however much they may read and praise the ,bible1 do not form their own opinions from it1 but from their pastors or teachers1 or the community in which they are brought up4 ,he knows1 also1 that the people could never of themselves derive even the doctrines which he holds to be essential and necessary to salvation from reading the ,bible alone4 ,unitarians and ,universalists deny that the ,bible teaches them1 and the people1 as a matter of fact1 take them from the tradition of their sect1 and at best only find confirmation of them in the ,scriptures2 and yet such are the exigencies of ,protestantism that the ablest and most learned ,protestant professors are obliged1 in the face of these facts1 to say with ,chillingworth1 8,the ,bible1 the ,bible alone1 is the religion of ,protestants40 ,but ,protestants should bear in mind that ,catholics have the ,bible as well as they--had it ages before ,protestantism was ever heard of1 and that it was from ,catholics that they obtained it--strictly speaking1 from the church stole it4 ,how1 then1 can it be their religion any more than it is the religion of ,catholics8 ,catholics1 if they have not admitted it to contain the whole revealed word1 have always held it1 before ,protestantism and since1 to be divinely inspired1 and1 as far as it goes1 the infallible word of ,god4 ,they have always held that all ,christians are bound to believe whatever it teaches1 and forbidden to believe anything that contradicts it4 ,this is all that ,protestantism can really say4 ,the church contends that in no respect does her doctrine conflict with the written word1 and is in most respects1 if not in all1 positively sustained by it4 ,suppose her as fallible as ,protestants confess themselves to be1 what can ,protestants have in the ,bible that ,catholics have not8 or what have they from any source that can override the ,catholic understanding of the ,scriptures1 or authorize them to say that it is a misunderstanding8 ,catholics may have more than ,protestants1 but in no case have they or can they have less4 ,by what rule or standard1 then1 do ,protestants judge the ,catholic understanding of the ,scriptures to be false and the ,protestant understanding to be true8 ,private judgment is no rule1 and1 if it were1 ,catholics have private judgment as well as ,protestants2 they have1 too1 reason1 ,biblical1 historical1 and all other sorts of learning1 as well as they1 and1 at least1 in as eminent a degree4 ,by what rule or standard of judgment1 then1 is ,protestantism to be pronounced more ,biblical than is ,catholicity8 ,the professor says3 8,the people have the right of private judgment1 and are bound to read and interpret the ,bible for themselves40 ,in matters left to private judgment1 in regard to which there is no #ejb public or catholic rule1 be it so4 ,but1 when the people have a public or catholic rule1 they are bound to judge by it1 and the right of private judgment ceases4 ,protestants either have such a rule or they have not4 ,if they have1 they are bound to judge by it1 and have no right of private judgment in the case4 ,if they have not these1 they have no rule or standard by which to judge1 no rule of faith1 and that ends the matter4 ,we beg the professor to understand that all this ,protestant rationalistic talk about private judgment is mere moonshine4 ,he may allow it against what he calls 8,romanism10 but he by no means allows it against what he holds to be the word of ,god4 ,as for the people being bound to read or interpret the ,bible for themselves1 it is sufficient to ask what would become of the professor's own vocation if it were so8 ,were the people who lived before the ,new ,testament was written1 or its several books collected into a volume as the rule of faith1 bound to read and understand it for themselves8 ,are those bound to read or interpret the ,bible for themselves who know not even how to read8 ,these are reckoned to be at least nineteen-twentieths of mankind2 shall they receive no religious instructions till they have learned to read8 ,what shall we say of those who--and they are the bulk of mankind--obliged to toil incessantly to sustain their bodily existence1 have no time to learn to read1 much less to study diligently the sacred ,scriptures1 even if they could read8 ,what are we to say of children who are too young to read and understand the ,bible for themselves1 and yet are old enough to sin8 ,can these all be saved without the knowledge of the truth8 or are they excluded by an inexorable decree and no fault of their own from salvation8 ,the fact is1 ,protestants1 whatever the fuss they may make about the ,scriptures and private judgment1 adopt1 in practice1 as their rule of faith1 the ,bible interpreted by the learned1 or those they hold to be learned1 the rule ,dr4 ,dllinger would force the church to adopt4 ,catholics are not more dependent on the church than ,protestants are on their pastors4 ,but as their doctors cannot agree among themselves1 they have no resource but to divide with their doctors1 and divide they do1 each division following its favorite doctor1 and founding with him a new sect1 which allows no private judgment against itself4 ,even ,unitarians1 who believe hardly anything1 tolerate private judgment only when it makes for them1 and are as intolerant of those who deny anything they hold to be essential as an ,old or ,new ,school ,presbyterian4 ,the worst of it is that1 while ,protestants yield a slavish submission to their ministers1 they deny that their ministers have any authority from ,god either to teach or to govern them1 and1 like the old carnal ,jews1 boast that they are free and in bondage to no man4 ,the most degrading and debasing slavery into which mortals can be plunged is that of ,protestants to their favorite ministers1 unless it be that of the heathen to their idols or false gods4 ,but we are exceeding our limits4 ,we have said enough1 we think1 to show that ,protestants have no independent rule of faith--independent of the ,catholic ,church1 we mean4 ,in so far as they hold ,christian truth or positive faith at all1 they hold it on the authority of the ,catholic rule1 which they reject2 and when deprived of what they stole from us1 and to which they have no right1 they have nothing to prevent them from running into pure rationalism on the one hand1 or into #ejc mysticism and transcendentalism on the other4 ,the germs of both were in the original ,protestant movement1 and may be easily detected even in our ,princeton professor4 ,into one or the other he must run1 if he ever gets out of the vicious circle in which ,protestantism1 pretending to be ,christian1 necessarily gyrates1 unless the grace of ,god relieves him and enables him to return to the bosom of the ,catholic ,church1 where alone he will find true freedom and truth in its unity and integrity4 #ajh ,systematic ,theology4 ,by ,charles ,hodge1 ,d4,d41 ,professor in the ,theological ,seminary1 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner ,co4 #ahgb4 #hvo1 pp4 #fdh4 #aji ,if the written word had been regarded as the sufficient and only rule of faith1 there could have been no occasion to appeal to apostolic churches or to councils to ascertain the evangelical or apostolical traditions4 ,it would have been simpler to appeal to the written word itself4 ,the reason of the council1 as its purpose1 was to collect by the testimony of the pastors of the several churches what was the tradition that was handed over to each by its apostolic founder1 and which it had preserved4 ,by ascertaining thus by the testimony of each the traditions common to them all1 the controversy was settled4 ,the frequency of councils in the early ages proves that during those ages1 at least1 ,christians did not adopt the ,protestant rule of faith1 and that they were by no means ,protestants4 ,the pretence of the ,reformers that they were restoring primitive ,christianity1 primitive faith and usage1 is to be taken as a pretence only4 ---------- ,,dante',s ,,purgatorio4 ,,canto ,,second4 ,this ,canto of the ,purgatorio is the one which contains that episode of the music-master1 ,casella1 to which ,milton alludes in his celebrated ,sonnet to ,henry ,lawes1 and perhaps all the more celebrated from this allusion to the passage in ,dante4 ,casella was a dear friend of ,dante's1 and used to set his canzoni to music1 and sing them with a voice which it must have been delicious for ,dante to have made immortal4 ,dante supposes in the poem that ,casella had gone to ,rome in the year of the ,jubilee1 and1 coming thence by sea1 had perished near the mouth of the ,tiber4 ,for ,canto ,i4 of this translation1 see ,,catholic ,,world for ,november1 #ahgj4 ,now that horizon whose meridian arch ,hangs o'er ,jerusalem its topmost height ,the sun had reached3 while opposite1 her march ,holding in countercourse1 the circling ,night ,walked forth from ,ganges1 bearing in her hand ,the ,scales that she lets fall with her advance1 ,so that the morning's cheeks where ,i did stand ,from white and red grew orange to my glance4 ,beside the sea we made a brief delay1 ,like lingering men1 that on their journey dream1 ,who go in spirit1 but in body stay3 ,and lo6 as when1 surprised by morning's beam1 ,through the gross vapors ,mars doth redly burn ,down in the west upon the ocean floor2 ,a light appeared--oh6 may that light return-- ,so rapidly those waters travelling o'er1 ,that to its motion flying were but slow3 ,then1 having momently withdrawn my gaze ,to question of my ,guide1 ,i looked1 and lo6 ,larger it burned1 and seemed almost ablaze6 ,soon from each side thereof1 although ,i knew ,naught what they were1 something appeared of white1 ,and underneath another of like hue ,little by little grew upon my sight4 ,my ,master spake not3 ,i meantime could spell #ejd ,wings in those first white objects at the side3 ,soon as he recognized the pilot well1 8,behold ,god's ,angel6--bend thy knees60 he cried3 8,lift up thy palms to him--now in thy ken ,see one of heaven's high ministers indeed6 ,look1 how he scorneth all device of men2 ,he nor of oars nor any sail hath need ,save his own pinions 7while he beats the air ,and heavenward stretches those eternal pens71 ,from shore to shore so distant--plumes that ne'er ,moult like the changing tresses that are men's40 ,then as more near and nearer to us drew ,that divine bird1 so grew the splendor more ,till scarce the eye could bear a closer view3 ,i bent mine down1 and he arrived ashore ,with a fleet skiff1 so light upon the flood ,that without wake it skimmed the water's breast3 ,high on the stern the heavenly helmsman stood1 ,in aspect such as ,holy ,writ calls ,blest4#aaj ,more than an hundred spirits in one band ,within sat blending in one voice their strains1 8,in exitu ,isrel--,from the land ,of ,egypt0--and what else that psalm contains4#aaa ,the sign of holy cross he made them then1 ,whereat they bounded all upon the strand1 ,and he1 swift as he came1 sped back again4 ,the crowd that stayed looked wildly round1 and scanned ,the place like strangers coming to things new4 ,now on all sides had ,phbus pierced the day ,with his keen arrows1 which so fiercely flew ,that ,capricorn was chased from heaven's midway1 ,when the new-comers raised their brows to us1 ,saying3 8,show us the pathway1 if ye know1 ,up to the mountain40 ,virgil answered thus3 8,perchance you think us dwellers here8 ,not so4 ,we1 like yourselves1 are only pilgrims here3 ,just before you1 and by another way1 ,we came1 a road so rugged1 so severe1 ,that climbing this will seem thereto as play4 ,the spirits1 by my breathing who could guess ,that ,i was living1 wan with wonder grew2 ,and just as people round a herald press ,who comes with olive wreaths1 to hear what new ,tidings he bears1 regardless how they tread1 #eje ,thus gathering round1 those favored souls eyed me2 ,each one1 as #8twere1 forgetful how he sped ,towards where they go1 more beautiful to be4 ,one ,i beheld before the rest1 who came ,as to embrace me1 with such look intense ,of love1 it moved me to return the same4 ,oh6 save in aspect1 shadows void of sense1 ,three times my hands around his form ,i threw1 ,and thrice received them back upon my breast4 ,i think my face was tinged with wonder's hue2 ,for the shade smiled as after him ,i pressed1 ,and1 ,i still following1 he so sweetly said3 8,follow no longer20 whose that voice must be ,i knew full well1 and begged him1 ere he fled1 ,to stay a little while to speak with me4 ,he answered me3 8,as in my mortal part ,i loved thee once1 ,i love thee loose from clay1 ,and therefore stop2 but thou--why wandering art80 8,my dear ,casella1 ,i come not to stay1 ,and must return where ,i am dwelling still4 ,but tell me what has so delayed thy bliss80 8,if he who taketh whom and when he will ,refused my passage oft1 no wrong was this10 ,the shade replied3 8,to ,heaven's his choice conforms3 ,these three months freely he hath carried o'er1 ,at their own pleasure1 the peace-parted swarms3 ,whence ,i1 too1 coasting homeward by the shore1 ,where ,tiber's waves grow salt1 with gracious hand ,was gathered4 ,titherward he now has gone1 ,bending his pinions towards the sacred strand ,where all those meet who seek not ,acheron40 ,then ,i3 8,unless the new laws here forbid ,memory or use of that love-laden style ,which all my longings once full gently chid1 ,soothe with one song1 beseech thee1 for awhile ,this soul of mine1 which1 dragging here its clay1 ,is so worn out40 ,directly he began 8,love reasons with me10 in so sweet a way ,that the same sweetness ,i could hear--,i can4 ,we stood1 my ,master and myself1 as though ,naught else possessed us1 and that shadowy swarm1 ,rapt1 listening round him to his notes3 and lo6 ,that noble old man's venerable form#aab ,came crying3 8,how now1 tardy spirits--why #ejf ,this negligence8 why lingering do ye plod8 ,run to the mountain1 that from every eye ,the scales may fall that seal your sight from ,god40 ,as doves in barley1 gathering grain or tares 7,busy at pasture in a single flock1 ,quiet1 nor showing their accustomed airs71 ,if aught approach the timid tribe to shock1 ,fly from their food1 assailed by greater care1 ,so quit the song this new-come troop1 and started ,hillward1 like one who goes unknowing where3 ,and with no less a pace we1 too1 departed4 #aaj 8,blessed are the pure in heart3 for they shall see ,god40 #aaa ,psalm cxiv4 #aab ,the spirit of ,cato of ,utica1 introduced in the ,first ,canto4 ---------- ,,the ,,late ,,general ,,convention ,,of ,,the ,,protestant ,,episcopal ,,church4 ,the doings of a body so large1 and in a worldly point of view so respectable1 as the ,episcopal ,church1 ought to be of some consequence to the public4 ,unfortunately1 however1 the negative character of its legislation prevents it from reaching the wants of the day1 or speaking to the heart of a restless age which is bent on physical progress4 ,the gentlemen who form the convention meet together every three years1 and spend three weeks in moving the interesting machinery of legislation1 without doing anything whatever1 and in disappointing every one who asks for a positive statement in matters of doctrine or discipline4 ,their body is formed after the plan of the ,united ,states ,congress1 and has no counterpart in any period of ecclesiastical history4 ,the bishops form the upper house or senate1 and the clerical and lay deputies constitute the lower or more popular house1 one half of which is composed of ministers and one half of laymen4 ,each house acts as a restraint upon the other1 and no law can be passed without the agreement of the two branches4 ,the bishops might be disposed to change the creed or make some new article of faith for their communion1 but they cannot do so without the consent of the deputies4 ,the same thing is true of the ministers in the convention4 ,the laymen have a veto upon their pastors1 who in turn can tie up the legislation of their flock4 ,a negative lay-vote in the lower house will nullify even the action of the bishops in council1 as well as the wishes of the reverend clergy4 ,if1 for example1 the ,episcopal body should propose to pass a law on ritual1 and the ministers were agreed to it1 the lay deputies could defeat it by an adverse vote4 ,there is something very peculiar in this equalization of ecclesiastical prerogatives between ministers and laymen1 which strikes the unpractised eye as unique and strange4 ,the constitution of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church was formed1 as we have intimated1 after #ejg the model of the ,american ,republic4 ,there is1 however1 no executive1 the presiding bishop being only a chairman of a meeting2 and the power of putting into effect the action of the convention lies wholly in the convention itself1 which has no existence after it adjourns sine die4 ,we believe1 however1 that the different dioceses feel bound to a certain kind of obedience1 the nature of which will depend upon individual bishops4 ,in regard to the late convention1 we have little to say1 and yet some good may result from putting on record what ,catholics think of a body of ,christians which makes such large pretensions1 and at the same time is so utterly helpless1 and useless as a teacher of truth4 ,our purpose in this article will be accomplished by a brief view of the impressions produced by this council upon the ,episcopalians and the world2 by a consideration of what has been done negatively and positively2 and a few remarks upon the position in which the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church stands before mankind4 ,i4 ,the impression produced upon ,episcopalians1 as far as we can learn it from themselves1 is very singular1 and seems to differ with different minds4 ,the only satisfaction expressed in any of their journals is that the convention did not do any more harm4 ,the ,church ,journal1 of ,november #a1 speaks of the 8tomb of the ,capulets0 to which so many important measures were consigned4 8,that vast mausoleum10 it says1 8well stored at the close of the session of #ahfh1 received a large accession in #ahga40 ,it also terms the whole thing a fiasco1 and pitifully remarks that 8the mind of the church must be well informed in #ahgd if we would not pave the way to another fiasco40 8,in the matter of tone1 temper1 and decorum1 with slight exceptions1 the convention was worthy of the respect of the church40 ,there were1 therefore1 exceptions in which it is not deserving of any respect4 ,the ,church ,weekly rejoices that no great evils have come from this council of their branch of the one 7invisible7 church1 and attributes this to the good sense of the deputies1 who generally were 8wise and conservative men40 8,it was only by the non-concurrence of orders that action was not had on ritual1 and in the form proposed by the ,house of ,bishops40 ,the same journal says that the bishops are utterly unfitted for action on any of the subjects which came before the convention4 8,they are chosen10 it remarks1 8for any reason rather than knowledge of liturgies1 ritual1 canon law1 or theology40 ,what these reverend fathers are expected to know we are left to imagine1 and it is a great strain upon our powers2 for we are somewhat bewildered by the observation 8that they are chosen for their practical common sense1 which is ,american ,english for success in life40 ,the ,christian ,witness feels happy that there is 8such elaborate discussion on the smallest points1 and that questions of order take much of the time in their disposal40 ,the result1 however1 is not so pleasant1 because 8the most important subjects are left to the end of the session1 when the haste of the members to return home cuts short the discussion1 and dissatisfaction is the result40 ,the ,protestant ,churchman is the only paper we have seen which seems really gratified4 ,the convention did not do anything1 but showed a spirit which1 if not quenched1 will yet accomplish much3 8,no one who was present could fail to be struck with some very remarkable developments1 the full significance of which does by no means appear in what the convention actually did or left undone4 ,although the convention did not pass any of the #ejh proposed canons against ritualism1 it is yet true that an anti-ritualistic spirit was disclosed1 which was entirely unexpected1 and in the presence of which scarcely any one1 in either house1 dared to avow himself a ritualist4 ,although the convention did not repeal the restrictive and exclusive canons1 still the evidence was most marked of the progress of liberal sentiments4 ,if the questions involved in these canons had come fairly before the convention1 we believe that the result would have surprised every one1 and satisfied those who have been hopeless of favorable action4 8,in our view1 this convention has marked a transition period in the history of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,the old ruts have been obliterated1 and new paths of progress have been opened4 ,it is our profound conviction that there has not been a convention for many years which has revealed a prospect so encouraging for truly liberal and evangelical principles40 ,the internal spirit of a legislative body is1 however1 hard to understand except from its public acts1 and when there are no such satisfactory acts1 honest observers may differ in their judgment4 ,the ,high ,churchmen felicitate themselves that their tenets were not pulled to pieces1 while ,low ,churchmen see a spirit which accords with their sentiments1 and so take courage for the future4 ,in spite of all these causes of happiness1 the advanced ritualists find much to complain of1 because the bishops1 though apostles1 did not realize their dignity1 and the ministers1 though actually ,catholic priests1 did not seem to know it4 ,besides their ignorance of 8liturgies1 ritual1 canon law1 and theology10 they were not reverent in the house of ,god1 nor did they seem to feel that they were1 what the ,churchman calls them1 8apostles1 occupied with the faith and practice of the apostolic age1 and framing their conduct and teaching according to a model seventeen hundred years older than the systems represented by ,protestant names40 ,in church they seemed to forget the 8real presence10 and to be only polite and sociable gentlemen1 very glad to meet their friends of the nineteenth century4 ,so says the ,church ,weekly3 8,men and women seem too tired and excited for reverent devotion2 and not merely was loud talking and laughter going on at one end of the building before the blessed sacrament was consumed1 but1 within the very sanctuary1 even bishops were seen exchanging the courtesies of society with one hand1 while with the other they were holding the ,lord's body and blood4 ,the truth is1 there cannot be proper reverence when a building which is during one hour the scene of exciting debate and the arena of unrestrained conversation is1 during the next1 devoted to what ought to be the solemn worship of ,almighty ,god4 ,nearly all the clergy and laity1 ritualists included1 seemed at times to forget that ,emmanuel ,church1 though used as a convention hall1 was a consecrated house of prayer4 ,constant introductions1 subsequent chattings1 mild flirtations with ladies1 and the frequent use of opera-glasses1 did a great deal towards destroying reverence for ,god's sanctuary2 and ,i could not but feel the evil habit engendered there found its way into many of the churches in which divine worship was held on the following ,sunday40 ,as for the impression produced upon the world1 we can take the spirit of the press1 which has amused itself much in studying the science of using words1 and saying nothing1 which the ,protestant ,episcopal council possesses in the highest degree4 ,every one of the other ,protestant bodies has a distinctive character1 and uses words according to the received interpretation of the dictionaries4 ,the ,episcopalians1 however1 sit upon the fence1 and turn their faces now to the north1 and now to the south1 and speak like the ,sibyl1 so as to be on the safe side with every one4 ,no one would venture to abridge #eji their liberty1 or even laugh at their peculiarities1 if they did not pretend to be above their brethren1 and ape the exterior of the old church4 ,their phylacteries are many and large1 and so not a few of them carry a sign to prove that they are what they profess to be4 ,in spite of what the world thinks1 they are priests and bishops1 and theirs 7,o tempora1 ,o mores67 is the only pure branch of the ,catholic church4 ,their coats and cassocks beat us out-and-out1 and they are ,catholics1 the only true ,catholics1 while we are ,romanists4 ,when we behold such a remarkable body1 which claims1 through its ardent children1 to be the most primitive and only pure church in existence1 we naturally are curious to find out what the doctrine of this church is4 ,then1 when it speaks enigmas1 and has a language of its own1 with no published dictionary1 we are somewhat bewildered4 ,seriously1 we think we have not exaggerated the sentiment of the journals of the day4 ,they are amused at the spectacle of three weeks' work which has accomplished nothing1 and at definitions of doctrine which can be construed in two contradictory senses4 ,we do not believe there is a living man who can tell what the doctrine of the ,episcopal ,church is1 nor a single member of that communion who has any clear ideas on the subject4 ,each one may tell us what he believes for himself1 but his private opinion is not necessarily the creed of his church4 ,if the ,redeemer of men has left his religion in such hands1 we can only say that he has not shown human wisdom1 and that his ,gospel will be of little use to mankind4 ,our further remarks will justify these conclusions1 and show that never since the creation has there been a body with so great pretensions and so little foundation for them4 ,this is not because the authorities do not sometimes speak plainly1 but because the members of the church insist on interpreting whatever they say according to their own ideas1 and there is no final tribunal4 #b4 ,with the exception of a few local canons on matters which have no general interest1 the convention1 as such1 has done nothing4 ,we shall try to give a fair synopsis of its doings1 and let them speak for themselves4 ,as the ,christian ,witness tells us1 great attention has been paid to points of order1 and the rules for the trying of bishops and ministers4 ,this would lead us to conclude that either these canons had been very imperfect1 or that there are many and difficult cases of delinquency4 ,we incline to think1 however1 that there are not many bad ministers1 but that the wish to make laws and to speak on them is the parent of all these emendations of their code4 ,very few of the resolutions referred to the committee on canons have seen the light1 but are consigned to that 8tomb of the ,capulets0 of which the ,church ,journal speaks4 ,the different dioceses in the ,state of ,new ,york have been desirous of having a 8federate council0 of their own1 and some action was taken on this subject4 ,not much satisfaction has been derived from this1 because the journal most interested is acutely grieved4 8,it is sad10 it says1 8to think that what is called the mind of the church is not yet ready for the ,provincial ,system1 or even a court of appeals4 ,the federate council of ,new ,york is granted sufficient power to keep it from dying of atrophy or inanition1 but we fear it will prove only a sickly sort of existence after all40 ,the particular benefit of the provincial system in the ,episcopalian hierarchy we do not see2 but #eaj this is none of our business4 ,our sympathies are with those who want it1 and are unable to get it4 ,a joint committee of bishops and ministers has been appointed or continued on religious reform in ,italy4 ,as far as we can learn1 the labor of this committee will be very arduous4 ,they are to watch for ,catholics and infidels in ,italy who turn ,episcopalians4 ,there are not many of these converts1 but for this very reason they will be all the more difficult to find and provide for4 ,we would humbly suggest that a branch of their branch of the one church be established there1 with a bishop whose travelling expenses should be prepaid1 no matter what the cost may be4 ,a committee in the ,united ,states can hardly be adequate to this critical work1 for if there is no ,episcopalian minister at hand when a man or woman is at the point of converting1 he or she may be gathered in by a sect of ,protestants who have no bishops4 ,we should also have recommended that this committee have power to act in ,bavaria1 especially as there is no time to lose4 ,still1 as our advice may not be understood1 we do not press the subject4 ,old ,dr4 ,dllinger has valid orders1 and so has poor ,father ,hyacinthe1 and might possibly be saved for the cause of ,episcopacy4 ,another thing which moves us very much is the magnitude of the work again thrown on the committee who are to seek for union with the ,eastern heretical churches4 ,so little has been accomplished beyond an exchange of courtesies that we fear the means are not adequate to the end4 ,anglicans have already signified their willingness to throw the 8,filioque0 out of the creed1 and to give up thus the doctrine of the ,trinity1 but this does not seem to bring the two or four bodies any nearer together4 ,the ,eastern churches still call the ,anglicans heretical1 and say they have no orders1 while in all humility they prostrate themselves before the walls of ,constantinople or ,st4 ,petersburg1 and ask for the smallest smile of recognition4 ,we do not think the committee have done their duty1 and1 as the prophet urged the priests of ,baal1 we beg them to persevere4 ,these venerable patriarchs may possibly be asleep1 or absent on a journey4 ,if they would ordain one of the ,episcopal ministers1 he would certainly be a priest1 and perhaps the ,american ,branch might be ordered to adopt the ,russian ,pontifical4 ,it is very like the ,roman1 but then it could be translated into ,english4 ,the same doctrines are more palatable in ,russian or in ,greek than they are in ,latin1 and the ,eastern is a 8,holy ,orthodox ,church10 while the ,roman ,catholic ,church is schismatical and in great error4 ,the ,holy ,orthodox ,church1 having anathematized the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 has touched rather severely the ,anglican pretensions1 but our good friends here are able to bear more than this without being discouraged4 ,before these words reach the public1 we trust the ,episcopal ,committee will have had the opportunity to wait upon the ,grand ,duke ,alexis and offer him ,trinity ,church for his cathedral during his stay in ,new ,york4 ,a branch that has been cut off from the parent trunk can be carried even some distance to shade a sprout that comes out of the ground of its own responsibility and from its own little root4 8,how good and pleasant a thing it is to see brethren dwelling together in unity60 ,at the next convention1 we hope to hear something of the effect of the regular resolutions which have been passed the last fifty years1 and #eaa to hear if the old branch will at last recognize the new branch planted by ,henry ,,viii4 and his daughter ,elizabeth1 and watered by ,luther and ,calvin and their friends4 ,a small casket containing the ashes of ,cyril ,lucar might be carried in procession on this grand occasion1 still in the future1 with a tablet bearing in bold relief the canons of the ,synod of ,bethlehem4 ,we pass to another of the doings of the convention1 which has our unqualified approbation1 accompanied only with the fear that the project may not be successful4 ,we refer to 8the revival of the ,scriptural diaconate of women10 as the bishops call it in their pastoral4 ,the ,scripture here alluded to is probably the ninth to thirteenth verses of the fifth chapter of the ,first ,epistle of ,st4 ,paul to ,timothy3 8,let a widow be chosen1 not under threescore years of age1 who hath been the wife of one husband2 having a testimony of her good works1 if she have educated children1 if she have exercised hospitality1 if she have washed the saints' feet1 if she have ministered to them that suffer tribulation1 if she have diligently followed every good work4 ,but the younger widows shun1 for when they have grown wanton in ,christ1 they will marry1 having damnation because they have made void their first faith4 ,and withal being idle1 they learn to go about from house to house1 not only idle1 but tattlers also1 and inquisitive1 speaking things which they ought not40 ,the bishops do not say whether they propose to carry out these rules of ,st4 ,paul literally1 but they seem to 8feel an earnest desire that prudence and good sense may preside over every effort40 ,the committee1 whose report was substantially accepted1 do not fix any rules as to the age of the postulants1 nor do they utter one word about widows4 ,they use the term 8sisterhoods0 in connection with remarks upon 8the ,phbes and ,priscillas of apostolic times10 while without explanation they condemn 8the false and pernicious system of the ,church of ,rome40 7,a rose under any other name will not smell so sweet47 ,these sisterhoods are to be established everywhere in hospitals and benevolent homes1 and a central house or training school is recommended to fit the candidate for the various works of mercy4 ,these sisters are to be without vows1 and so free to come and go1 leave their various convents1 and marry whenever they please4 ,the rule of obedience depends upon their own consent1 and so they are their own masters1 even when they live in community4 ,we confess a great anxiety to see this system thoroughly tried1 and to know1 in the course of a few years1 how many will remain and die in their conventual habit4 ,even if it fail1 it is a step in the right direction1 and we are glad the committee did not rigidly adopt the rules of ,st4 ,paul4 ,for if they were restricted to widows over sixty years of age1 they might not find many subjects1 and in this climate the deaconesses might be incapable of much work4 ,the action of the convention in regard to ritualism is so remarkable that we hardly know how to describe it4 ,the bishops in their pastoral have something to say on it1 which we shall notice afterward4 ,they1 however1 are only one-third of the convention1 and cannot of themselves pass any laws which shall have binding force4 ,it seems that1 three years ago1 when the matter was discussed1 a committee was appointed to examine the subject1 and report a canon or canons to be enacted which might produce uniformity4 ,this committee reported very plainly1 and gave an opinion which can be #eab understood4 ,they recommended a canon which should forbid all the peculiar actions of the ritualists1 such as 8the use of incense1 the placing or retaining a crucifix in any part of the church1 the use of lights about the holy table1 the elevation of the elements in holy communion for the purpose of adoration1 the mixing of water with the wine1 the washing of the priest's hands1 the ablution of the vessels1 the celebration of holy communion when there is no one to receive1 and using any prayers or services not contained in the ,book of ,common ,prayer40 ,this recommendation was referred to a joint committee1 who1 not being able to agree perfectly1 brought forth as the result of their labors the draft of a law which makes the rule of ritual the ,prayer-,book and 8the canons of the ,church of ,england in use in the ,american ,provinces before #aghi1 and not subsequently superseded1 altered1 or repealed40 ,then1 as few seemed to know about these canons1 it was determined to appoint a new committee to find out about them1 and inform the next ,general ,convention4 ,in the meantime1 all mixed questions were to be settled by the bishops in their various dioceses1 should it please them to interfere1 or should any brother be offended by excess or defect of ritual4 ,the evident result of all this legislation was to leave the whole matter just where it was before4 ,this canon did not1 however1 seem to please4 ,some of the members wished to know what these 8customs before #aghi0 were1 before they could intelligently act1 and on a division of the house the project was lost4 ,substitutes a little more decisive were offered1 and they did not meet with favor4 ,the bishops1 anxious as it would seem to have some action taken on the subject1 sent down to the deputies the following resolution1 which they had passed1 and for which they asked the concurrence of their brethren3 8,resolved 7the ,house of ,clerical and ,lay ,deputies concurring71 ,that the following canon be adopted and enacted1 to be entitled ,canon ----3 8,the elevation of the elements in the holy communion in such manner as to expose them to the view of the people as objects toward which adoration is to be made1 in or after the prayer of consecration1 or in the act of administering them1 or in carrying them to or from the communicants1 and any gesture1 posture1 or act implying such adoration1 and any ceremony not prescribed as part of the order of the administration of the ,lord's ,supper or holy communion in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 and the celebration or reception of the holy communion by any bishop or priest when no person receives with him2 likewise1 the use1 at any administration of the holy communion1 of any hymns1 prayers1 collects1 epistles1 or gospels other than those appointed in the authorized formularies of the church or under #ad of canon #ac1 title #a1 of the ,digest1 are hereby forbidden40 ,this resolution was put to vote1 and lost by a small majority on the clerical vote4 ,the following proposition was then offered and adopted unanimously1 which1 so far as we know1 was the end of the matter in the convention3 8,resolved1 ,that this convention hereby expresses its decided condemnation of all ceremonies1 observances1 and practices which are fitted to express a doctrine foreign to that set forth in the authorized standards of this church40 ,a slight review of this remarkable action on the subject of ritual will show that the bishops were anxious to pass a law against the practices peculiar to the few good people who are called ritualists1 but that they were outvoted by the clerical deputies1 and that nothing #eac has been done which will have any weight4 ,for who knows what the doctrine set forth in the authorized standards of the ,episcopal ,church is8 ,and who will determine when ceremonies contravene the doctrine about which no one is certain8 ,the ,thirty-nine ,articles speak plainly enough when they tell us that 8the sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper was not by ,christ's ordinance reserved1 carried about1 lifted up1 or worshipped10 and that 8the sacrifices of ,masses were blasphemous fables and dangerous deceits40 ,yet we are told that these words do not mean anything which could forbid the elevation and adoration of the ,holy ,eucharist1 or the private celebration of the sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,we are moreover informed that these articles are of no authority1 although confessedly they are the only creed which the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church possesses4 ,so1 when men can thus seriously argue1 and quietly look each other in the face1 we despair of finding any words which cannot be misinterpreted4 ,so1 as they say1 with thanks to ,god for his great mercy1 our ritual friends will go on1 and do as they have done1 interpreting the standards to suit themselves1 and1 above all1 taking advantage of that blessed ,use of ,sarum which has been to them a source of so great consolation4 ,appropriately of all this1 we give an extract from the ,church ,weekly1 regulating the order of service for the third week of ,november4 ,column ,header ,key3 ,a ,day of ,month4 ,b ,day of ,week4 ,c ,concordance4 ,d ,observance4 ,,kalendar ,,for ,,the ,,week4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,altar ,color4 ,a ,b ,,november4 ,c ,d ----------- ,sarum4 ,rom4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ai ,s4 #bdth after ,trinity1 44 ,feast4 ,r4 ,g4 #bj ,m4 ,s4 ,edmund1 ,k4 ,m41 ,a#aac 44 ,r4 ,r4 #bb ,w4 ,s4 ,cecilia1 ,v4 ,m41 ,c#aac 44 ,r4 ,r4 #bc ,th4 ,s4 ,clement1 ,bp4 ,rome1 ,m41 44 44 ,r4 ,r4 #be ,s4 ,s4 ,katharine1 ,v4 ,m41 ,c#aac 44 ,r4 ,r4 #bf ,s4 ,sunday next before ,advent1#aad 44 ,feast4 44 ,g4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,it must be observed that 8,calendar0 is spelt with a ,k1 which is more ancient1 and that the 8authorized standards0 of the ,episcopal ,rite have nothing about ,s4 ,edmund1 ,s4 ,cecilia1 ,s4 ,clement1 nor ,s4 ,catharine 7spelt with a ,k74 ,the 8altar color0 is also very useful1 especially as they give at the last column the ,roman ,rite4 ,a friend of ours told us of a very solemn marriage which he witnessed in ,trinity ,church the other day4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,dix was the celebrant 7as he thought71 with a deacon and subdeacon1 all beautifully vested1 and the candidates were a young priest and a young lady1 who in this most impressive manner was to become his wife4 ,oh6 what will the ,greeks say to this8 ,we fear they will be scandalized1 and that even the giving up of the 8,filioque0 will not prevent them from staring with eyes wide open4 ,the #ead priest said the nuptial mass1 and the other priest and his wife received the holy communion and the sacrament of matrimony4 ,how does this compare with the services before #aghi8 ,we cannot1 however1 pass over the action and language of the bishops in this matter4 ,we suppose our ,anglican friends will admit that neither priests nor laymen are by any rule of ecclesiastical antiquity allowed to judge in council on points of faith4 ,this has generally been left to the episcopate1 to which1 in union with its head1 ,christ committed the government of his church4 ,now1 for the advanced ,high ,churchmen it is a sad fact that the bishops of their church have unqualifiedly condemned them4 ,they have done this1 first in the canon which they passed and sent down to the ,house of ,deputies1 and1 secondly1 in the language of their pastoral1 which is the accurate expression of their doctrine4 ,we know that their words can be explained away1 but we respectfully submit that this time the attempt to do so will be dishonesty4 ,if these reverend fathers in ,god can speak at all1 then they have spoken4 ,we give their words1 and pray they may fall upon the open ears of their children who bow down before them as 8apostles03 8,the doctrine which chiefly attempts to express itself by ritual1 in questionable and dangerous ways1 is connected with the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,that doctrine is emphatically a novelty in theology4 ,what is known as eucharistical adoration is undoubtedly inculcated and encouraged by that ritual of posture lately introduced among us1 which finds no warrant in our #8,office for the ,administration of ,holy ,communion4'0 ,they then go on to say that whatever presence of ,christ there may be is such as does not allow him to be there worshipped1 and that to adore the elements is 8an awful error40 ,we give an extract from a writer in one of our ,new ,york journals1 who seems1 up to this time1 to be honest in his understanding of his spiritual fathers3 8#c4 ,there are bishops and--bishops2 there are doctors and--doctors4 ,here is the ,bishop of ,arizona1 for instance1 who says that #8that doctrine 7eucharistic adoration7 is a novelty in theology4' ,but there is ,st4 ,ambrose1 whilom ,bishop of ,milan1 who says1 #8,we adore the flesh of ,christ in the mysteries4' ,here is the ,bishop of ,central ,new ,york1 who declares that #8the doctrine and the practice which it implies are most certainly unauthorized by ,holy ,scripture1 and entirely aside from the purposes for which the holy sacrament was instituted4' ,but there is ,st4 ,gregory of ,nazianzum1 not recently1 indeed1 but most truly ,bishop of ,constantinople1 who used this expression1 #8,calling upon him who is worshipped upon the altar4' ,here is the ,bishop of ,delaware1 who unites with the ,bishop of ,connecticut in saying that #8the doctrine and the practice which it implies are most dangerous in their tendencies4' ,but there is the poor ,bishop of ,hippo1 ,augustine by name1 who1 unfortunately for his reputation1 committed himself to the declaration that #8no one eateth that flesh till he have first adored4' ,and how many other bishops1 great and small1 there are who have acted upon that dictum of the misguided ,african1 ,god only knows60 ,his appeal is from bishop to bishop1 and from doctor to doctor1 according to his own private judgment4 ,we are pained more than we can express at the malicious quibbles which distort words so emphatically plain4 ,we submit that1 if ,jesus ,christ is present in the ,eucharist1 he must be adored by all but infidels2 and1 secondly1 that1 if the bread is his body1 as he said it was1 it cannot at the same time be bread1 since two substances cannot coexist in the same space4 ,all changes of words upon the terms 8spiritual and corporal0 are only the unfortunate sophistries of a deceiver or of the deceived4 ,if our #eae ritualistic brethren have any doubt as to the meaning of the bishops1 let them go and ask ,dr4 ,smith1 or ,drs4 ,lee and ,coxe1 ,potter and ,mc,ilvaine4 ,they will give a clear reply1 we do believe4 ,we approach another and most important act of the ,council of ,episcopal bishops which will certainly render this convention memorable for all time4 ,they have1 in the most solemn manner1 given their definition of the term 8regeneration0 which is used in the offices of their church4 ,the ,twenty-seventh of the ,thirty-nine ,articles was probably framed to suit different opinions among the followers of the ,reformation of ,luther4 ,there baptism is called 8a sign of regeneration10 though it is not declared to be the instrument of regeneration1 and may be only a mere sign without the substance4 ,but the ,office for ,baptism in the ,prayer-,book is in no way equivocal4 ,there it is distinctly taught that the child baptized is regenerated by the ,holy ,spirit4 ,according to all the received acceptation of words and the doctrine of formularies from which this office was derived1 regeneration means the new birth by which through divine mercy the child1 naturally born of ,adam1 is supernaturally born again of water and the ,holy ,ghost1 receives the new life of grace1 and becomes really the child of ,god4 ,such are our ,lord's words to ,nicodemus1 wherein he instructs him concerning baptism3 8,that which is born of the flesh is flesh1 and that which is born of the ,spirit is spirit40 ,ever since the formation of the ,episcopal ,church the great majority of her members have found the words retained in the baptismal service onerous and out of place4 ,for they do not believe in any such doctrine1 since they have adopted the heretical notions of ,calvin and ,luther concerning the new birth4 ,only a few ,high ,churchmen have ever held to baptismal regeneration1 yet they have had the language of the ,prayer-,book to sustain them in controversy4 ,one of the best and most learned of the ,episcopalian ministers1 for many years professor in the ,general ,theological ,seminary1 taught that 8regeneration0 in the baptismal service1 by a special use of terms1 meant only a 8change of state10 and that the doctrine that baptism was the new birth was utterly untenable in the ,episcopal ,church1 and contrary to the whole spirit of its creed4 ,the united voice of the bishops now comes to declare the same opinion1 and to make of the regeneration taught in their offices only such an external change by which the child is promised unto ,god1 and1 without any interior operation1 is adopted into the visible fold of ,christ4 ,we give the language of this most remarkable definition3 ,,declaration ,,of ,,the ,,bishops ,,in ,,council1 ,,october #aa1 #ahga4 8,we1 the subscribers1 ,bishops of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states1 being asked1 in order to the quieting of the consciences of sundry members1 of the said church1 to declare our convictions as to the meaning of the word #8regenerate' in the #8,offices for the ,ministration of ,baptism for ,infants1' do declare that in our opinion the word #8regenerate' is not there so used as to determine that a moral change in the subject of baptism is wrought in the sacrament40 ,to this declaration are appended the signatures of forty-eight bishops1 all but two1 we believe1 of the whole of their hierarchy4 ,now we were somewhat prepared for attempts to wrest the meaning of these very plain words1 but not for the flagrant dishonesty of some of the ,high ,church journals4 ,let us call things by their right names1 and speak the truth1 if need be1 in all sadness4 ,we were not prepared to hear that 8the bishops were not asked nor did they profess to say #eaf what regeneration means02 that in saying what it was not1 they aimed to give no explanation whatever of the word4 ,we give two short extracts1 one from the ,churchman1 and the other from the ,church ,weekly1 which for candor and sincerity certainly deserve the first premium3 8,the object aimed at was #8the quieting of the consciences of sundry members of the church4' ,it was not to give an exhaustive definition of the word4 ,certain persons claimed that the term might be interpreted to signify a moral change in the subject of baptism4 ,they knew that many would so understand it4 ,and so the bishops1 being asked1 stated what no sound churchman ever denied1 and no well-read theologian and respectable student of the meaning of language ever denied1 namely1 #8that the word is not so used' in that connection4 ,the thing asked for was granted4 ,the object aimed at was accomplished1 and those who represented the unquiet consciences have acknowledged their grateful appreciation4 8,we can illustrate this point by a single example4 ,some readers of the ,bible may think that1 whenever the word #8day' occurs in the first chapters of ,genesis1 it must mean a period of twenty-four hours4 ,common people have come to understand it in that sense4 ,now1 suppose that the question has been raised in some ,baptist or ,congregational #8,sabbath-school4' ,the teachers think a declaration from their pastor or bishop--if they please to call him so--to the effect that the word does not of necessity imply a period of time limited to twice twelve hours1 would quiet the consciences of some of their pupils who have studied geology4 ,suppose the thing asked for is granted3 are we1 therefore1 to conclude that the pastor has pretended to give a definition of the word #8day1' and to state exactly #8what it does mean'8 ,shall we speak of him as having #8grappled with' the creation question1 and yet #8failed to tell a waiting' ,sabbath-school what the exact time indicated by that word #8day' was--whether ten thousand years1 as some believe1 or1 as others think1 ten million80 8,alas6 the ,house of ,bishops have put forth a definition which is no definition6 ,they pretend to define1 and yet they do not define6 ,there is not a churchman1 however ignorant of theology1 who does not laugh in his sleeve at this pseudo-definition1 which will have the effect1 however1 of making manifest either the ignorance or the insincerity of #8,evangelicals1' provided that they remain in the church4 ,for1 if the latter remain therein after this1 it must be either because they cannot tell a definition from an evasion of a question1 or because they are in search of some excuse for not carrying out those boisterous threats with which they have been for some time past making both day and night hideous to all peaceful churchmen40 ,the respect here shown to these right reverend fathers in ,god is nearly as great as their honesty4 ,now1 we insist that the new birth of water and the ,holy ,ghost implies a moral change of the most important kind1 and that even the forgiveness of original sin cannot take place without such a change4 ,we will take the words of the ,episcopal ,catechism1 and leave it to any just mind if regeneration determines a moral change4 ,there we are taught that the inward grace1 inseparable from baptism1 else it is no sacrament1 is 8a death unto sin and a new birth unto righteousness2 for1 being by nature born in sin1 and the children of wrath1 we are hereby made the children of grace40 ,to be made the child of grace surely requires a moral change1 which the bishops deny4 ,they will1 therefore1 have to put out a new catechism or a new dictionary4 ,as for the quibbles upon the sense of the word 8determine10 as if the venerable prelates meant to sport with the common sense of their constituents1 they are too paltry to deserve the notice of any respectable man4 ,the plain fact is beyond dispute1 that the supreme authority of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church has formally denied the doctrine of baptismal regeneration1 which is contained in the ,catechism and ,office for ,baptism4 ,in this they have only spoken #eag the real feeling and belief of the great majority of their religious communion since the time of its formation4 ,of this wonderful declaration1 they say in their pastoral that 8they have1 with an extraordinary unanimity1 set forth a definition touching their offices for the baptism of infants40 ,the declaration1 they inform us1 8was made in the loving hope that many consciences might thus be for ever freed from false impressions concerning the teaching of the church1 as respects spiritual religion and personal piety40 ,we have no right to expect any accurate use of terms in the language of those who1 according to the testimony of many of their children1 know nothing of canon law or theology2 yet here we have a plain statement which admits of but one interpretation4 ,the bishops at the next convention may retract it or deny it1 and individuals among them may gravely say that they do not receive a doctrinal definition which they signed4 ,stranger things have happened4 ,the two who did not sign it are1 we are told1 ,high ,churchmen of the old1 dry school1 while the hopeful abettors of ritualism have gone down under this cloud1 from whose darkness they can never clear themselves before an honest public4 ,we pass on to notice the further action of the reverend prelates in council1 since to us ecclesiastics they are the only part of the convention who are properly judges in doctrine or discipline4 ,having denied regeneration in holy baptism1 and the real presence of ,christ in the ,eucharist1 they have1 with like unanimity1 attacked and forbidden1 as far as they may1 private confession4 ,sometimes1 they inform us1 a soul is so burdened with its sinfulness as to desire 8an authoritative assurance of forgiveness40 ,this1 however1 in their view1 is by no means necessary1 nor is it 8the duty of ,christians1 or essential to any high attainments in the religious life40 8,pardon10 according to them1 8is granted to any child of ,god1 on his repentance1 accompanied by prayer1 and reliance upon the promises of ,christ1 as well as on the use of the means of grace40 ,what means of grace are here intended does not appear4 ,to make confession1 therefore1 8a thing customary1 not exceptional1 enforced1 not free1 is to rob ,christ's provision 7what provision87 of its mercy1 and to change it into an engine of oppression and a source of corruption4 ,history demonstrates this1 and the experience of families1 and even of nations1 shows that the worst practical evils are inseparable from this great abuse4 ,to pervert the godly counsel and advice which may quiet a disturbed conscience into the arbitrary direction which supplants the conscience1 is to do away with that sense of moral responsibility under which every man shall give account of himself to ,god40 ,this is not the place to point out the gross ignorance and prejudice of the ,episcopal bishops4 ,they speak of what they know nothing1 having never confessed their own sins1 nor felt the need of any 8authoritative assurance of pardon40 ,to assert a wholesale slander of one of the most sacred institutions of ,christ1 hallowed by the practice of three-fourths of all who call themselves ,christians1 which is really the great source of the little purity left in the world1 is a fearful crime before heaven4 ,we acquit them1 therefore1 in charity1 of the intention to slander1 and hold them culpably ignorant4 ,all this is1 however1 beyond the scope of our present purpose4 ,we have only to say that they have forbidden1 as far as their words go1 the ordinary #eah practice of confession1 and that they deprecate it as 8an engine of oppression and a source of corruption40 ,it remains now to be seen whether these counsels of the chief pastors of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church are to be followed by their children who think them to be successors of the apostles and fathers in ,god4 ,will the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,potter1 who once published1 as we have been informed1 a manual for the examination of conscience1 to whom a prayer-book1 with directions for confession1 has been publicly dedicated1 now interfere and put a stop to this great abuse8 ,will the handful of ritual priests in this city cease to sit in their pews or their libraries to hear and absolve penitents8 ,to speak our honest opinion1 the words of the bishops will have no influence whatever1 and things will go on precisely as they did before4 ,we only venture to wish1 for the sake of propriety1 that confessionals might be erected in all these churches1 where at least the female penitents might be heard4 ,we assure our friends that this advice comes from a good heart4 ,if they cannot hear confessions in public1 they would do well for themselves not to hear them at all4 ,the most reverend prelates go on to condemn 8the tendency towards saint-worship1 and especially its culmination in the worship of the ,blessed ,virgin40 8,the bare suggestion that the intercession of the ,virgin ,mary1 or of any other saint1 is in any way to be sought in our approaches to the throne of grace1 is an indignity to the one only ,mediator and ,intercessor which we1 his apostolic witnesses1 cannot too strongly nor distinctly forbid in his holy and all-sufficient name40 ,is this language plain enough for our ritualistic friends8 ,do they think these words equivocal8 ,they as apostles have forbidden any one to seek the prayers of the ,mother of ,god or of any other saint4 ,to do so is to offer indignity to ,christ1 according to their theology4 ,on the same principle1 ,episcopalians must not ask the prayers of each other1 unless they wish to insult the one ,intercessor4 ,the reason why the saints cannot intercede for us is that ,jesus ,christ alone may do it4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 suppose that living men or women are in a different position in this respect from their departed brethren1 especially from the great heroes of ,christianity4 ,we really blush at the stupidity of men who call themselves teachers and wear episcopal robes1 but it is not our business to criticise their directions to their flock4 ,we simply put before the world what they have so plainly said4 ,all invocation of any one but ,christ is to be stopped within their communion by their solemn decree1 if1 indeed1 it was ever practised4 ,from this restriction of prayer1 they pass on to condemn the devotional books which 8have been insidiously multiplied of late years in ,england and ,america1 and are alien in their character to the whole spirit of the ,liturgy40 ,we presume they here refer to the translations of ,catholic books of devotion which have become for some time past the pious nourishment of all the advanced ,episcopalians4 ,we have seen many of these works ourselves1 and have even seen the ,book of ,common ,prayer bound up with parts of the ,missal1 and preparations for communion and confession taken from well-known ,catholic authors4 ,this1 to say the least1 is an acknowledgment that their own church does not feed their souls1 and that they seek a life it can neither give nor support4 ,this alone ought to be sufficient to send them where they can find a #eai religious system according with their wants4 ,certainly they can do as they like in the matter4 ,they can put on all our vestments1 and their bishops may wear rings and crosses1 and bear mitres and crosiers1 and they may cross themselves with the left hand1 and bow down before an altar which is only wood or stone4 ,they may call themselves the only ,catholics in the world1 and out-herod ,herod himself1 and quietly put us ,romanists in the shade4 ,but we think the bishops are right to tell them that all this is inconsistent with ,episcopalianism1 and that they ought to be either one thing or the other4 ,a man has a right before the law to play the ,harlequin2 but has he a moral right to do so8 ,is it an honest or fair thing to remain in a church and use devotions and teach doctrines which it condemns8 ,much is said of 8that liberty wherewith ,christ has made us free40 ,but can that be a liberty to contradict ourselves1 to profess to be what we are not1 and to carry private judgment to absurdity8 ,we are forced in reason to commend the advice of the bishops1 and to say with them to our good friends1 8,gentlemen and ladies1 if you wish to use ,catholic books1 be kind enough to go where they belong4 ,please do not attempt to foist upon our people a spirituality which is foreign to our ,protestant communion40 ,from our past knowledge1 however1 we do not believe that the counsel of the reverend fathers will produce much effect4 ,we shall still as ever have ,catholic books of devotion luxuriously bound 7the binding goes a great ways71 8and adapted to the use of the ,american ,church40 ,for our own part1 we hope that this will be the case1 since the recitation of our prayers1 and the reading of the masters of the spiritual life1 may do much to lead souls to the one true faith4 #c4 ,a few remarks will now suffice to show the position in which the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church has placed herself by the action of this convention4 ,if we regard the whole body1 including the laymen as well as the clerical deputies1 we can see how true to its birthmarks has been the legislation of a communion which glories in the non-committal character of its creed and profession4 ,two or three parties1 with views diametrically opposite1 are thus kept together1 and in the diversity of opinions is the safety of the whole4 ,when the ,episcopal ,church begins to have anything like a faith1 then will it fall to pieces1 and new sects will arise of its component parts4 ,how long it will go on holding together ,high ,church and ,low ,church1 ,broad ,church and no church at all1 we do not know4 ,but this we think1 its ,protestant character is now well established to all mankind4 ,not one single link which could bind it to the doctrine or practice of the past has been left4 ,if it will not baptize itself with the names of ,luther1 ,calvin1 or ,zwingle1 it can boast of no father or mother4 ,in the words of its ,bishop ,lee1 if it is not a ,protestant church1 it disowns its birth1 and has no right to be called a church4 ,through the most solemn action of its supreme authority it has denied the real presence of ,christ in the ,holy ,eucharist1 the regeneration of children in baptism1 the intercession of the saints1 and the practice of confession4 ,as for the ritualists1 they have been handled without mercy1 and their whole system of faith and worship summarily condemned4 ,it will be of little avail to them to say that the bishops only have pronounced a decision1 and that the division of the clerical and lay vote in four or five dioceses saved them from a prohibitory #ebj canon of the whole convention4 ,are the presbyters and lay deputies the successors of the apostles1 whom the ,lord instituted to govern the church of ,god8 ,who made the sheep of the flock the judges in ecclesiastical causes8 ,we have no heart to believe that the condemnation of the bishops will do any good with the majority of them4 ,a few earnest souls will come1 one by one1 into the true fold of the ,good ,shepherd1 where a man has to receive and obey ,christ1 and not make a religion for himself4 ,yet we fear1 and with sadness we say it1 that no power whatever could open the eyes of many4 ,if their church should deny the ,holy ,trinity or the incarnation of ,god the ,son1 they would explain away the denial4 ,blow after blow with a rough hand has been given to these so-called ,catholics within the past few years4 ,many are not shaken1 but in spite of all the decisions of their councils and the admonition of their pastors1 they go on insisting on vanity1 erecting an idol which their own hands have made1 and blindly falling down to worship it4 ,who shall reason with men who have histories and even grammars and dictionaries of their own8 ,who but ,god in his infinite mercy can roll away the darkness of hearts which walk in a vain shadow and disquiet themselves for naught1 calling evil good and good evil8 ,here logic is wasted1 and the past1 with its lessons1 ignored1 as if the ,word made flesh had never been on earth1 nor quickened with divine grace our fallen humanity4 ,fellow-,catholics1 let us to prayer1 that such souls may not die eternally out of their ,father's house1 strangers to the ,bread of ,life4 ,in their great need1 the pitying heart of ,jesus crucified will hear1 and scales shall fall from many eyes4 ,oh6 how sad to travel long and far in this weary life1 and then only to see from a distance the promised land1 but never to rest in the tabernacles of the ,god of ,jacob4 #aac ,except in ,american ,church4 #aad ,give notice of ,s4 ,andrew's ,day4 ---------- ,,chateau ,,regnier4 ,a ,,christmas ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,century4 ,i4 ,a proud man was the ,baron ,regnier4 ,in the old days of ,charlemagne1 the ,chateau ,regnier had risen1 a modest mansion on the pleasant banks of the ,garonne4 ,that great monarch died2 his empire fell to pieces2 the lords became each one an independent sovereign in his own castle1 making perpetual war on each other1 and electing kings who could enforce neither respect nor obedience4 ,then the ,chateau ,regnier was enlarged and fortified1 its retainers and vassals became numerous1 and1 as was the method of growing rich in those times1 large parties of horsemen would sally from its gates1 as suited their pleasure or necessities1 to plunder neighboring lords or defenceless travellers4 ,the ,barons ,regnier were brave men2 never was there a brilliant or #eba dangerous expedition wherein some scion of the house did not distinguish himself4 ,when the first preaching of the ,crusades stirred the soul of ,europe1 there was bustle of preparation and burnishing of weapons at the chteau2 even in the motley company of ,peter the ,hermit went one of the younger sons of the family1 who did his part of plundering in ,hungary and ,dalmatia1 and perished on the shores of the ,bosphorus2 and in the more orderly expedition that followed1 the reigning baron himself led a brave array under the banner of ,raymond of ,toulouse4 ,the return of the crusaders brought more refined tastes into ,france1 though not more peaceable manners4 ,the ,chteau ,regnier was enriched and beautified2 troubadours gathered there2 feasts were continually spread2 still plunder and anarchy were the order of the day till the reign of ,louis le ,gros4 ,that energetic king devoted his life to establishing law and order in ,france4 ,then the house of ,regnier1 having plundered all that it conveniently could1 took part with the king to prevent all further plundering1 so it grew strong in its possessions4 ,with such a line of ancestry to look back on1 no wonder that the ,baron ,regnier was proud4 ,he himself in his youth had shared in the disasters of a crusade4 ,after his return home1 he had married a beautiful wife1 whom he tenderly loved2 but his happiness had been of short duration2 in three years after their union she died1 leaving him an image of herself--a frail and lovely little being1 the last flower on the rugged stem of that great house4 ,a lovely land is the south of ,france4 ,two thousand years ago the old geographer of ,pontus#aae called it the ,beautiful1 and its soft langue d'or is the very language of love4 ,it was on the shores of the ,garonne1 in the twelfth century1 that the troubadours sang their sweetest songs4 ,among them was found ,pierre ,rogiers1 who wearied once of the cloister1 and so wandered out into the world--to the court of the beautiful ,ermengarde of ,narbonne1 to the palaces of ,aragon1 at last to the shores of the ,garonne1 and1 finding everywhere only vanity of vanities1 once more entered the gates of the monastery and lay down to die4 ,here1 too1 lived ,bernard de ,ventadour1 who loved and celebrated in his songs more than one royal princess4 ,here he dwelt in courtly splendor1 till he too grew weary of all things earthly1 and yearned for the quiet of the cloister1 and1 wrapping the monk's robe around him1 he too died in peace4 ,no wonder if ,clemence ,regnier1 growing up a beautiful girl in the midst of these influences1 should yield her soul to the soft promptings of affection4 ,she was the favorite companion of her father2 no wish of hers was ungratified2 her sweetness of temper endeared her to all around her4 ,she was sought in marriage by many rich nobles of ,toulouse2 she refused them all1 and gave her preference to the younger son of a neighboring baron--a penniless and landless knight4 ,when the old baron first discovered their mutual attachment1 he was at first incredulous1 then amazed1 then angry4 ,he persistently and peremptorily refused his consent4 ,the ,de ,regniers had for so long married1 as they had done everything else1 only to augment their power and wealth1 that a marriage where love and happiness only were #ebb considered1 was an absurd idea to the baron4 8,this comes of all these jongleurs and their trashy songs60 he exclaimed2 8they have got nothing to do but wander about the world and turn girls' and boys' heads with their songs4 ,i'll have no more of them here60 ,so the baron turned all poets and musicians out of his chteau1 but he could not turn love and romance out2 the young heart of ,clemence was their impregnable citadel1 and there they held their ground against all the baron's assaults4 ,four years went by2 ,clemence was pining away with grief1 for she loved her father and she loved her lover2 at last1 her love for the latter prevailed1 and1 trusting to win the old baron's forgiveness afterwards1 ,clemence fled from the chteau with the young ,count de ,regnault4 ,baron de ,regnier was a man who1 when moderately irritated1 gave vent to his wrath in angry words1 but when deeply wounded he was silent2 and here both his pride and his affection had been wounded most deeply4 ,he signified to the guests at the castle that they might depart2 he closed the grand halls1 keeping near him a few old servants2 dismissed his chaplain1 whom he suspected1 though falsely1 of having married the runaway couple1 and who had been their messenger to him1 begging for his forgiveness and permission to come to him2 closed his chapel doors2 and shut himself up1 gloomy and alone1 in a suite of rooms in a wing of the chteau4 ,many loving and penitent messages came to him from ,clemence4 ,at first he took no notice of them3 at last1 to one he returned an answer--8,he would never see her again40 ,,ii4 ,the summer came and the winter1 and many a summer and winter passed1 and the dreariest domain in all ,france was the once merry ,chteau ,regnier4 ,year after year the old man brooded alone4 ,if friendship or chance brought guests to the chteau1 they were received with stately formality1 which forbade their stay2 rarely did a stranger pass a night within its walls4 ,the retainers kept their ,christmas holidays as best they might2 no great hall was opened and lighted1 no feast was spread4 ,they wondered how long the baron would live such a life1 and what would become of the chteau should he die1 for he had no heir to take it4 ,ten years passed3 the old man began to grow tired at last of his solitude2 he listened to the voice of conscience--it reproached him with ten long years of neglected duties4 ,the first thing he did was to open the doors of his chapel4 ,he sent for artisans and ordered it to be repaired and refitted1 then he sent a messenger to the ,bishop of ,toulouse1 asking him to send a chaplain to the ,chteau ,regnier4 ,the church was in those days what she is now--the great republic of the world2 but at that time she was the only republic1 the one impregnable citadel where1 through all the centuries that we call the middle ages1 the liberties and the equality of men held their ground against hereditary right and feudal despotism4 ,in the monastery the prior was often of lowly birth1 while among the humbler brethren whom he ruled might be found men of patrician1 even of royal lineage4 ,virtue and talent were the only rank acknowledged2 the noble knelt and confessed his sins1 and received absolution from the hand of the serf4 #ebc ,thus1 beside the princely-born ,bernard we see the name of ,fulbert1 the illustrious ,bishop of ,chartres1 raised to the episcopal throne from poverty and obscurity--as he himself says1 8sicut de stercore pauper02 and the life-long friend and minister of ,louis the ,sixth1 ,suger1 the abbot of ,st4 ,denis1 and regent of ,france1 was the son of a bourgeois of ,st4 ,omer4 ,so it happened that when the baron sent to the ,bishop of ,toulouse for a chaplain1 a young priest1 who was the son of a vassal of ,chteau ,regnier1 threw himself at the prelate's feet1 and begged that he might be sent4 ,the bishop looked on him with surprise and displeasure4 8,monseigneur10 said the priest1 8you reproach me in your heart for what appears to you my presumption and boldness in making this request4 ,i have a most earnest reason1 for the love of ,god1 in asking this2 for a very brief time do ,i ask to remain chaplain at the ,chteau ,regnier1 but ,i do most earnestly ask it40 ,so he was sent4 ,the young ,pre ,rudal had been in his childhood a favorite with the baron4 ,it was the baron who had first taken notice of the bright boy1 and who had sent him away to the great schools of ,lyons to be educated2 and now1 when he saw his former favorite return to him1 the old man's heart warmed again1 and opened to the young priest4 ,it was with strange emotions that the ,pre ,rudal stood once more in the home of his childhood4 ,when a careless boy there1 with no very practical plans for life1 he had loved1 with a boy's romantic love1 the beautiful ,clemence4 ,he was something of a dreamer and poet2 she had been the queen of his reveries4 ,he was the child of a vassal1 and she of noble birth4 ,this thought saddened him1 and many were the ditties wherein he bewailed1 in true troubadour fashion1 this mournful fact2 but that he was a boy of twelve when she was a girl of seventeen did not at the time occur to him4 ,after he had gone to the university he heard of her departure from her father's castle1 and the old man's unforgiving anger against her4 ,the thought of her grief kept the remembrance of her in his heart1 and now--though he could laugh at those old dreams of romance--he could love her with a nobler love4 ,he knew the baron's former predilection for himself1 and he prayed daily to heaven that he might once more see her restored to her father's halls4 ,at the chteau now he was the baron's constant companion4 ,he led the old man little by little to interest himself once more in the duties of life--in plans for ameliorating the condition of some of the poor vassals--in some improvements in the chteau4 ,before two years had passed the old man seemed to love him like a son4 ,yet often a cloud passing over the weary face1 a deep sigh1 a sudden indifference to all earthly things1 betrayed the lifelong grief of the baron's heart1 and the thought still kept of her whom that heart so truly loved but would not pardon4 ,it was drawing near to the ,christmas season1 when one day ,pre ,rudal said to the ,baron3 8,my lord1 more than a year have ,i been with you1 and although you have heaped many favors upon me1 ,i have never yet solicited one2 now ,i am going to ask one40 8,my dear friend and companion10 replied the baron1 8whatever is in my power1 you know you have only to ask40 8,in the old days10 continued the priest1 8this chteau of yours saw many a gay feast1 especially at the ,christmas-tide2 then there were #ebd nobles and ladies here2 now it has grown gloomy and silent4 ,what ,i ask is1 that this ,christmas you will give an entertainment1 but one of a novel kind2 let the halls be opened and a banquet spread1 and invite all your poor neighbors1 your vassals1 your retainers1 their wives and children2 let none be omitted3 do this for the love of that little ,child who was so poor and outcast for love of us4 ,i myself will superintend the whole1 and pledge myself for the good conduct and happiness of all2 and moreover1 you yourself will accompany and remain among your guests1 at least for a little while4 ,i know ,i am making a bold request in asking this1 but ,i am sure you will not refuse it1 and ,i promise you will not repent of it40 ,the baron acceded to the request4 ,had he been asked to entertain grand company at his castle1 in his present mood he would have refused at once and haughtily2 but he was too generous to refuse anything asked in the name of the poor2 besides1 he felt in his heart the truth of what the young priest had said to him3 8,there is no solace for grief like that of solacing the sorrows of others2 and no happiness like that of adding to their happiness40 ,,iii4 ,christmas ,day came2 and1 after the ,grand ,mass was over1 the great hall of the chteau was opened1 and tables were spread with abundance of good cheer2 there were presents for the little children too2 and there were jongleurs who1 instead of the customary love ditties1 sang old ,christmas carols in the soft ,provenal dialect4 ,amidst the hilarity there was1 what by no means was common in those days1 order and decorum4 ,this was due in part to the restraint and awe inspired by the old chteau--opened for the first time in so many years2 but more to the presence in their midst of the baron and the priest1 who passed from one group to another with a kind word to each4 ,after a while the priest laid his hand on the baron's arm3 8,let us retire to yonder oriel window--there we may sit in quiet and contemplate this merry scene40 ,the baron gladly escaped from the crowd1 but1 as he seated himself1 a sigh of weariness escaped him1 and a cloud gathered on his brow4 8,how happy you have made all these good people10 said the priest4 8,the merriment of children has something contagious in it1 has it not80 8,what have ,i to do with the merriment of other people's children--,i1 a poor childless old man80 ,the baron spoke bitterly2 for the first time in his life had he made an allusion to his griefs4 8,but see these three pretty little children coming towards us10 the priest continued2 8we did not see them as we passed through the hall40 ,and he beckoned them nearer--a little girl about eight years old1 a little boy some two or three years younger1 and the smallest just able to walk3 beautiful children they were1 but dressed in the ordinary dress of peasant children4 8,do not refuse to kiss these pretty little ones for the love of the little ,child who was born to-day10 pleaded the priest1 as he raised one on his own knee4 8,now1 my lord1 if it were the poorest vassal in your domains1 would he not be a happy man whom these pretty ones should call grandpapa80 ,the baron's face assumed a look of displeasure4 8,i want no more of this2 entertain your guests as you please1 but spare me my presence #ebe here any further4 ,i am glad if ,i can do anything towards making others happy1 but happiness for myself is gone in this world40 8,o my lord60 said the ,pre ,rudal1 8why is your happiness gone8 ,because you have cast it away4 ,when your daughter1 your ,clemence1 threw herself and her little ones at your feet1 and prayed you1 for the love of the little ,child born in ,bethlehem1 to take her little ones to your heart1 why did you coldly turn away and refuse her80 ,the baron turned to him with unfeigned surprise4 8,what do you mean80 said he4 8,i have never seen her since1 and her children never40 8,but you see them now40 8,o father60 said a well-known voice1 and his own daughter ,clemence was kneeling in the midst of her little ones at his feet4 ,the old man sank back in his seat--his daughter's arm was thrown around his neck--her head was resting on his heart--and after an instant's struggle between love1 the divine instinct1 and pride1 the human fault1 his arm was clasped closely about her4 ,pre ,rudal lifted up the youngest child1 and placed it on the baron's knee1 and then quietly stole away4 ,a merry place was the ,chteau ,regnier after that night2 the rooms and halls were opened to the daylight--there was romping and laughing of children from one end of it to the other4 ,the ,count de ,regnault was sent for on the very next day after that happy ,christmas1 and was embraced by the baron as a son--and evermore thereafter1 with great splendor and merriment1 was that feast held at the chteau2 so that the ,christmas festivals of ,chteau ,regnier became famous throughout ,france4 ,as for the young priest--that night1 after he had seen ,clemence once more in her father's arms1 he left the chteau and never returned to it4 ,he went away to ,toulouse1 and wrote from thence to the baron1 telling him that his love for him and his was unalterable1 but his mission at the chteau was accomplished2 the voice of duty called him elsewhere2 and he begged the baron's consent to depart4 ,the baron gave his acquiescence reluctantly4 ,pre ,rudal soon after entered the order of the ,trinitarians1 for the redemption of captives1 which had been recently established1 and perished on a voyage to ,tunis4 #aae --,strabo4 ---------- ,,the 8,,broad ,,school40 ,what is your 8,broad ,school0 now1 ,professor1 say1 ,but the booking-office of the old 8,broad ,way08 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ---------- ,,the ,,liquefaction ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,of ,,st4 ,,januarius4 #ebf ,,no4 ,v4 ,the direct and positive arguments which we have presented in our last article1 bearing on the miraculous character of the liquefaction1 cover the ground so entirely that we might1 indeed1 rest our case on their presentation4 ,we need1 however1 make no apology for going further1 and examining also1 and somewhat in detail1 the difficulties and counter-statements which have been made1 from time to time1 by those who deny its miraculous character4 ,truth shrinks from no examination or proper test4 ,we are confident that1 the more closely those objections are examined1 the weaker they will be found to be2 and their weakness is an additional argument for the truth of our conclusion4 ,the general charge is that this liquefaction is effected by some trick or other on the part of the priests4 ,a vague charge by itself means nothing1 and is of no value4 ,to be worth anything1 there must follow a 8specification10 some indication or explanation of the precise mode or trick by which the liquefaction is effected4 ,,how ,,is ,,it ,,done8 ,this is the first question to which a reply must be given1 before the objectors can come into court4 ,the replies to it have been numerous1 very numerous--in fact1 so numerous as to lose all real value3 they are so wonderfully discordant and so contradictory4 ,the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius has occurred1 during the last two hundred and fifty years--to go no further back just now--at least four thousand times2 in public1 without any attempt at concealment1 under the eyes of believers and unbelievers alike1 standing on every side and within a few feet1 it may be1 in immediate contact with the officiating clergyman1 and1 therefore1 possessing ample opportunity for the closest and most critical inspection of everything concerning it4 ,under such circumstances1 it is inconceivable that the precise trick1 or fraud1 or secret1 if there were any1 should remain undiscovered4 ,yet1 that no such discovery has been made is perfectly clear from this striking disagreement among those who charge that there is fraud1 as soon as they undertake to state distinctly in what the fraud or trick consists4 ,what one proposes is scouted by another as so weak and so contrary to the facts of the case1 that it is virtually a surrender of the cause4 ,one declares it to be 8one of the most bungling tricks he ever saw02 but he is entirely silent as to the nature of the trick so obvious to him4 ,another states it to be a trick 8of great ingenuity10 as well as of 8long standing02 but1 with equal prudence1 he also is mute as to its character4 ,a third will explain the manner in which ,a4 thought it was done2 and the very different manner in which ,b4 held that it was performed2 while ,c4 with equal shrewdness proposed a third mode4 ,the reader is considerately left free to select which he pleases4 ,which #ebg of them or whether any one of them be actually true is apparently a question of minor importance4 ,the grand purpose aimed at--and for that1 any one of them1 even if a mistake1 will1 it is thought1 be sufficient--is to find some passable or colorable pretext to relieve the reader from the exceedingly disagreeable necessity of admitting a popish miracle4 ,when two and a half centuries of keen and critical examinations1 covering so many thousand instances of the liquefaction1 have resulted only in such utter confusion and disagreement among those who profess to have discovered the fraud1 we may legitimately conclude that in reality there has been no discovery of any trickery or fraud whatsoever4 ,not to tax the reader's patience too much1 we will endeavor to classify the various modes in which we are assured by these discordant voices that the fraud is perpetrated4 ,the first class attributes the liquefaction1 or seeming liquefaction1 to some kind of jugglery or legerdemain practised by the officiating clergymen during the exposition of the relics4 ,but when1 or how1 it would puzzle ,houdin himself1 or the ,fakir of ,ava1 to say4 ,is it1 as some have suggested1 the adroit substitution of a second reliquary which contains a liquid1 and which1 at a suitable moment1 is presented to the bystanders1 instead of the original reliquary containing a hard substance8 ,most certainly not4 ,the officiating priest stands in front of an altar built of marble and bronze1 without drawers or hiding-places4 ,the reliquary in his hands is of considerable bulk--twelve inches high1 five inches broad1 and two and a half or three inches thick--entirely too large to elude the keen eyesight of the hundreds close around1 who intently watch it and scan every motion of the clergyman4 ,where could the second reliquary lie hidden until needed8 ,could he lay down the first one and hide it away1 and draw forth the second one and exhibit it to the people1 without some such movement of his hands and arms as must inevitably be seen8 ,can it be that never once in these four thousand times did any eye detect the act of substitution8 ,many of the chaplains and canons who officiate are aged men4 ,can their feeble or half-paralyzed arms do frequently1 regularly1 and always with perfect success1 what the most expert and practised prestigitator would shrink from attempting8 ,the thing is utterly impossible4 ,if it were possible and actually done1 it would not answer the requirements of the case4 ,in such a substitution1 the liquefaction would always appear to be instantaneous--as instantaneous as the adroit substitution4 ,but the real process of liquefaction is seldom so instantaneous4 ,it is often gradual1 occupying an appreciable1 sometimes a long time4 ,it may often be followed by the eye in the various stages from solidity to perfect fluidity4 ,moreover1 no substitution can account for the subsequent hardenings1 or the alternations of hardenings and liquefactions1 especially when these occur1 as they sometimes do1 while the reliquary remains untouched1 mounted on its stand on the altar1 in the sight of all1 or during a procession in the streets when it is borne aloft1 equally untouched1 in its open frame1 and is equally visible to all4 ,the idea of a substitution of reliquaries can only be entertained by one who is utterly ignorant of the circumstances of the liquefaction4 ,we set it aside4 ,if nothing else can be said1 the miracle must stand4 #ebh ,the publicity of all the movements of the officiating clergyman who holds the reliquary1 and the unceasing inspection of the reliquary by so many observers on every side1 are equally peremptory in excluding the supposition that the liquefaction may possibly be produced by inserting1 during the exposition1 some new ingredient into the ampulla1 which1 uniting with the hard substance already there1 will give a third substance of a liquid character4 ,how could this be done so many thousand times2 and always under the eyes of a crowd of most attentive and watchful observers1 without a single one of them ever1 in a single instance1 detecting this new substance while held in reserve for the proper moment1 or noticing the act of inserting it1 as this precedes the liquefaction8 ,and what shall we say of those numerous cases in which the blood1 having liquefied1 becomes hard again1 and1 after a time1 liquefies again8 ,is there an adroit withdrawal of this new ingredient from the ampulla in order that the liquid may harden again1 and is there a fresh application of it1 each time1 for every renewal of the liquefaction1 during the day8 ,and what if these changes occur while the reliquary is not in the hands of the clergyman at all1 but has been placed and remains all the while on its stand on the altar1 or is borne aloft in its open frame during a procession8 ,does this wondrous ingredient of wondrous power wondrously manage1 of itself1 and without the aid of human hands1 to find its way to and into the ampulla1 or to withdraw from it1 as often as needed8 ,the drollest attempt at a solution1 in this line1 which we remember to have met1 was one put forward1 with the usual air of positive assertion1 in a bitter anti-,catholic magazine1 published years ago in the ,united ,states1 which undertook to impugn this miracle4 ,,hot ,,water1 the writer maintained1 was stealthily introduced into the hollow metal stem or handle below the reliquary2 the heat from which might pass1 by conduction1 through the intervening substances1 and at last reach the substance itself within the ampulla and cause it to melt4 ,the stem aforesaid is just three inches and one-eighth in length1 and seven-eighths of an inch in external diameter4 ,allowing the metal of which it is formed to be one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness--less it can scarcely be--and that the hollow extends the entire length--on which point we avow our ignorance--the cavity of the stem would hold about one-fifth of a gill--rather too small a quantity for the purpose in view4 ,moreover1 the opening or mouth of the hollow stem is at its lower extremity4 ,now1 inasmuch as even hot water is subject to the laws of gravity and will fall downwards1 we submit that for the hot water to remain in the stem or cylinder with its lower extremity quite open1 for even ten minutes1 would be as truly a miracle as the liquefaction itself is claimed to be4 ,even allowing some invisible plug to be used to close that opening and to prevent the water from falling down1 would not the first and most powerful effect of the heat of the water be manifested in the thin metallic sides of the stem itself1 scorching and blistering the hands of the priest that held it8 ,and again1 when the liquefaction is delayed--which1 on this supposition1 would occur because the heat in the small quantity of water first introduced is not sufficient for the purpose1 and has been absorbed by the metal reliquary before producing the desired #ebi liquefaction--it would obviously become necessary to empty the stem and to take in a fresh supply of hot water4 ,the same thing would1 at least on a cold day1 have to be repeated over and over again until the liquefaction finally does occur2 and would have to be repeated still over again as often as the substance in the vial grows hard during the day1 and a fresh liquefaction is required4 ,where is the vase into which they pour out the water that has lost its heat8 ,did any one ever see the kettle brought in with the fresh supply of water1 steaming hot1 as needed8 ,perhaps the author of this explanation was a wag1 making game of the gullible readers of the anti-,catholic magazine4 ,if he was in earnest1 we regret that he did not turn his brilliant talents to the task of discovering perpetual motion4 ,lest the reader may think that we are not doing justice to the opponents of the liquefaction1 we will quote the words of one who is or should be held as a high authority in their ranks4 ,bishop ,douglas 7of ,salisbury1 ,england7 published ,a ,,criterion for distinguishing the ,miracles of the ,new ,testament from the ,tricks of ,pagan and ,papal ,priests4 ,speaking of the liquefaction1 he says3 8,the particular natural cause is not indeed absolutely agreed upon4 ,some have imagined that the heat of the hands of the priests who have been tampering with the vial of blood during the celebration of ,mass will be sufficient to make it melt4 ,others1 again1 have been inclined to believe that the liquefaction is affected by the heat of vast numbers of wax tapers of enormous size with which the altar is decked out1 and many of which are placed so conveniently that the priest can1 without any appearance of design1 hold the glass so near to them as to make it hot1 and consequently dispose the enclosed substance to melt4 ,i should be inclined to subscribe to this opinion1 had ,i not met with a more probable solution4 8,i am informed 7for ,i have never tried the experiment myself7 that a composition of crocus martis and cochineal will perfectly resemble congealed blood1 and1 by dropping the smallest quantity of aqua fortis amongst this composition1 its dry particles will be put into a ferment1 till at last an ebullition is excited and the substance becomes liquid4 8,that a glass may be so contrived as to keep the aqua fortis from the dry substance till the critical moment when the liquefaction is to be effected may be easily conceived4 ,and indeed the vial containing the pretended blood is so constituted4 ,it is something like an hourglass1 and the dry substance is lodged in the upper division4 ,now1 in the lower division of the glass1 a few drops of aqua fortis may be lodged without furnishing any suspicion1 as the color will prevent its being distinguished4 ,all the attendant circumstances of this bungling trick are perfectly well accounted for by admitting this solution4 ,whenever the priest would have the miracle take effect1 he need only invert the glass1 and then the aqua fortis1 being uppermost1 will drop down on the dry substance and excite an ebullition1 which resembles the melting4 ,and upon restoring the glass to its former position1 the spectators will see the substance1 the particles of which have been separated by the aqua fortis1 drop down to the bottom of the glass1 in the same manner that the sands run through an hour-glass4 8,now1 upon the supposition that ,i have assigned the real cause1 the priests can prevent the success of this miracle whenever they please2 and accordingly we know that they do actually do so1 when they have any prospect of advancing their own interest1 by infusing a notion into the minds of the ,neapolitans that heaven is angry with their nation40 ,bishop ,douglas with his reliquary 8something like an hour-glass0 deserves to stand next to him who filled the stem with boiling water4 ,they both seem to value the dreamy supposition which they evolve out of their own inner consciousness as fully equal to undoubted and actual facts demonstrated by experience or fully established by testimony4 #ecj ,we leave aside the chemistry involved in his supposition1 since he candidly avowed that he never tried the experiment4 ,it is a pity he did not make a similar candid avowal when speaking of the shape of the vial containing the blood4 ,he should1 for the sake of good faith1 have warned his readers that he had never seen the vial itself1 nor even an engraving of it2 and should have let them understand that his whole explanation was based on his assumed ability to describe accurately and minutely the shape of a vial which1 he must have been aware1 and should have informed them1 he was entirely ignorant of4 ,any one who has seen the reliquary and the ampulla within it1 or has even looked at the figure of it which we have given1 or at engravings of it which are easily obtained in ,naples and elsewhere1 will see at a glance that the shape of the ampulla is just the reverse of an hourglass4 ,in fact1 in form it much more closely approaches a sphere4 ,not a single point set forth in the explanation is correct4 ,there is no upper division in which the dry substance1 compounded of crocus martis and cochineal1 and perfectly resembling congealed blood1 is or can be lodged2 there is no lower division1 unoccupied save by the few drops of aqua fortis1 the color of which prevents its being discovered1 even by keen1 curious1 prying eyes4 ,there is in the liquefaction no sandlike fall1 from an upper into a lower division1 of a stream of particles of the dry substance1 now separated or liquefied by the aqua fortis4 ,the bishop has not only failed to hit the bull's eye1 he has entirely missed the target1 every shot4 ,and yet1 with what delicious complacency he considers1 and expects his readers to admit1 that he1 above all others1 has correctly exposed the bungling trick1 and has unmasked the fraudulent dealings of the priests1 who can effect or prevent the miracle as they please6 ,it is a genuine sample of the way in which a certain class of writers think they demolish anything ,catholic4 ,and how many1 after reading this passage of the ,criterion1 may have closed the book in perfect confidence that1 after such an exposure1 so clear and detailed1 by so learned and so respectable an authority1 it would be waste of time to read another word on the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius6 ,need we go back to the two previous explanations he mentions1 but which he will not adopt1 until he is forced by the failure of his pet explanation8 ,so many others have urged them that we may not pass them entirely unnoticed4 ,the ordinary form of the first one is this3 ,the officiating priest1 who holds in his hands the vial containing the blood1 rubs it with his handkerchief1 and clasps it in his palms4 ,the animal heat of his hands1 and such heat as the friction may produce1 suffices to bring about the liquefaction4 ,let the reader cast an eye on the very correct figure of the reliquary which we give4 ,the priest holds it by the stem below2 sometimes1 in turning it1 he may put one hand on the crown above4 ,he does not1 for he cannot1 touch the interior vials containing the blood4 ,they are inside the case1 held in position by the soldering above and below1 and are enclosed and protected by the thick metal rim1 and the plates of glass in front and rear4 ,the heat of his hands1 as he holds it1 and the utmost heat that can be produced by the friction--as occasionally1 every five or ten minutes1 he may1 if he thinks it necessary1 rub #eca the plates of glass with his white handkerchief1 in order to see better through them into the interior--cannot possibly affect the contents of the ampulla in any appreciable degree4 ,as for causing them to melt or liquefy1 one might as well expect the same animal heat of one's hand to light a wax candle by simply grasping and holding the candlestick in which it stands1 or that lightly rubbing the candlestick with a handkerchief1 every five or ten minutes1 to keep it bright and dry1 would produce the same physical effect on the candle placed in it as ordinary mortals obtain nowadays by igniting a lucifer match and applying it to the wick4 ,no one who has ever witnessed the liquefaction can listen to this attempt at explanation without a smile of pity or of contempt4 ,even in those cases in which the liquefactions take place while the reliquary is in the hands of the priest1 it is equally insufficient and absurd4 ,it has no application whatever to the other many cases in which the liquefaction occurs while the reliquary stands on the altar or is borne in procession4 ,like the other solutions we have examined1 it makes no attempt to account for the reiterated hardenings and liquefactions which may occur during the day1 nor for the variations of volume and for the other phases which are presented4 ,yet we must bear in mind that all these are striking and characteristic points1 which are to be strictly accounted for1 equally with the simple fact of a solid substance becoming fluid4 ,as for the second mode of solution mentioned by ,bishop ,douglas1 that which attributes the liquefaction to the general heat around the altar due to the 8vast number of wax tapers of enormous size0 burning on the altar1 and also1 not to omit what others have said1 to the crowd closely packed around the officiating clergyman--that attempted solution has already been disposed of4 ,thermometrical investigations by scientific professors1 and the many times that the liquefaction takes place at the altar when there is little or no crowd1 and also away from the altar and its 8wax tapers of enormous size0 during a procession in the streets1 and while the reliquary is freely exposed to the open air of ,december--all alike combine to exclude this solution4 ,as for the convenient position in which the bishop places some of those wax tapers1 and the practice of the priests to make use of this position and1 8without any appearance of design10 to 8hold the glass so near to them as to make it hot1 and consequently dispose the enclosed substance to melt10 we may ask1 if he did not believe this to be true1 why has he repeated the statement1 and expressed his inclination 8to subscribe to this opinion0 even as a pis aller8 ,if he did believe that the priest really so manipulated the vial in order to produce the liquefaction1 ought not that to be sufficient8 ,why postpone the truth in favor of a pet theory about crocus martis1 cochineal1 aqua fortis1 and the hour-glass8 ,evidently1 his mind was rather cloudy on the subject4 ,seriously1 the priest could not hold the reliquary so near to a lighted wax taper of enormous size1 long enough to make it hot1 without attracting the attention of hundreds each time he did it4 ,not to overlook the smallest point1 we may remark that1 on the six occasions when we were present at the liquefaction1 on all of which it invariably occurred at the main altar of the ,tesoro chapel1 the lighted tapers on the altar were few4 ,if our memory serves us right1 they were just six1 three on each side of #ecb the crucifix over the centre of the altar1 and all of them placed on tall and elevated altar candlesticks4 ,the nearest blaze must have been1 at least1 seven feet away from and above the reliquary1 as the chaplain held it in front of the altar4 ,to achieve the feat which ,bishop ,douglas mentions1 it would have been necessary to move back a portion of the crowd1 near the altar1 in order to get room1 and then to bring in and make use of a good-sized step-ladder6 ,the only burning light ever held in proximity to the reliquary is the single small taper1 sometimes held by an assistant chaplain1 and used on cloudy or hazy days1 when the general light in the ,tesoro chapel is not sufficiently strong to show through the glass plates of the reliquary and the sides of the ampulla1 as distinctly as desired1 the state of the blood in the interior of the ampulla4 ,in such cases1 this taper is now and then brought for half a minute or a minute within eight or ten inches of the reliquary1 and is held a little downward1 and behind it1 in such position that its light may shine obliquely onward through the glasses1 on the surface of the blood1 and show1 as we saw it show1 the state of the interior with perfect distinctness4 ,it is not applied to the reliquary in any way that can appreciably heat it4 ,when the atmosphere is perfectly clear1 the general light of the chapel is amply sufficient1 and this taper is not needed nor brought forward4 ,what we have said of the modes thus examined is true of all attempted explanations based on some supposed feat of jugglery or legerdemain during the exposition4 ,to one who has witnessed the liquefaction at ,naples1 and knows what is really done1 they are simply ridiculous4 ,we repeat3 if nothing else can be urged1 the miracle must stand4 ,this has been felt1 and in consequence we have another class of proposed solutions1 of a seemingly higher character4 ,chemistry is brought into service4 ,some compound is skilfully prepared1 we are told1 and inserted by the priests into the ampulla beforehand4 ,it is of such a character that it appears more or less hard and solid at the beginning of the exposition1 and1 during the exposition1 is made to melt or to appear to melt4 ,chemists1 we are assured1 can easily prepare such substances1 and can thus reproduce the liquefactions at will4 ,these experiments1 it is claimed1 settle the question4 ,what the chemists do and acknowledge1 the priests do1 and pass off as a miracle4 ,let us analyze these experiments1 and see whether in reality they repeat and renew the liquefaction with its characteristic and essential phenomena1 or in what respects and how far they fail to do so4 ,the first of these of which we have any account dates from ,berlin1 in #agcd4 ,on the #bfth of ,january in that year--so we are told in a letter dated a few days after1 and published in ,paris--,gaspar ,neumann1 councillor of his majesty's court1 doctor in medicine1 and professor of chemistry1 entertained a party consisting of fourteen learned friends1 assembled to dine at his festive board1 with an imitation of the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,the letter was written by one of the party to his friends at home4 ,we carefully reproduce the facts which the letter states1 omitting the badinage and sneering remarks with which it accompanies them--remarks quite characteristic of the school of ,voltaire whenever religion or anything connected with it was in question4 ,in default of the original ,french1 we quote from #ecc a translation published in ,england4 ,the professor1 we are told1 placed before his friends 8a human skull40 ,he also produced from his laboratory 8three vials of crystal or very clear and transparent glass1 in each of which was contained a matter in a very small bulk1 dry1 black1 and so hard as to produce a noise on the sides of the vial when shaken40 ,the first vial being brought near to the head1 the matter in it 8became of a deep-red color1 liquefied1 bubbled1 increased its bulk1 and filled the vial40 ,the second vial was also brought near to the head1 and the portion of matter in it 8bubbled but little40 ,but when the third vial was similarly brought near the head1 the whole of its contents 8remained dry1 hard1 and black40 ,the writer evidently wished to convey the impression--perhaps he himself believed--that these vials1 which the professor had carefully prepared in his laboratory and showed to his friends after dinner1 correctly exhibited the liquefaction in all its chief phases4 ,if the liquid in the first vial had also several times changed its color2 if it had filled the vial1 not by adding bubbles to bubbles1 but by an actual increase of the volume of the liquid within1 independently of that frothing or bubbling2 if it had then similarly decreased in bulk2 if the liquid had solidified without any diminution of temperature1 and become fluid again without increase of it1 he would have presented a far stronger case than he has done4 ,but those points are absent4 ,perhaps the writer did not know that they were necessary4 ,the letter itself is written in a jocular and mocking tone1 and evidently in a spirit that relished sharp epigrammatic points1 calculated to excite a laugh1 far more than the humdrum reality of sober truth4 ,we find another account of this same experiment in a ,french work before us3 ,la ,liquefaction du ,sang de ,s4 ,janvier1 by ,postel4 ,this account is more calm and sober in style1 and is based upon the ,bibliothque ,germanique1 a work to which we have not access4 ,it varies considerably from the sportive account given in the letter4 ,according to ,postel1 the contents of the first vial liquefied entirely2 the contents of the second vial liquefied only partially2 in the third vial there was no change whatever4 ,the statement is distinctly made that neither in the first vial nor in the second was there any sign of ebullition4 ,the variation is important4 ,as between the two accounts1 we could scarcely hesitate a moment which to hold most worthy of credit on any point on which they differed4 ,in neither account do we find any indication of the nature of the chemical compounds which ,dr4 ,neumann had prepared in his laboratory and placed in the vials4 ,but as the experiment was made known and repeated1 especially in ,france1 we may take it for granted that the material used in those repetitions is the same that he devised4 ,this material is a mixture of suet1 or other similar fatty matter1 and ether1 the compound being brought to any desired tint--in this case1 a deep or dark red--by a further admixture of any suitable pigment4 ,the mixture or compound so prepared is solid at ordinary temperatures2 but at about #ib ,f4 it will melt4 ,if a quantity of such a mixture be inserted in a small glass vial1 and the vial be clasped in the palm of one's hand1 it will soon receive from the hand sufficient heat to bring about a total or a partial liquefaction1 according to the greater #ecd or smaller proportion of the ether used in originally compounding it4 ,neither would it be beyond the art of chemistry1 in preparing this mixture1 to introduce other ingredients1 the particles of which would be brought into contact with each other when the liquefaction has been effected and the chemical combinations of which would then give rise to a greater or less amount of frothing or bubbles4 ,all this1 however1 is very far from being a reproduction of the liquefaction which is seen at ,naples4 ,the differences1 or rather the failures to imitate and reproduce it1 are essential and evident4 ,we point out the chief ones3 ,i4 ,this liquefaction of the laboratory always and entirely depends on the application of the proper degree of heat4 ,so long as its temperature is below the melting point1 the substance in the vial remains hard and unliquefied4 ,when the temperature1 from whatsoever cause1 is raised above that degree1 liquefaction ensues4 ,if the temperature again sinks below it1 the substance1 if not meanwhile decomposed1 returns to its previous solid condition4 ,the operators themselves inform us frankly how the required degree of heat is usually communicated to it2 by holding the vial1 if small enough1 in the palm of one hand1 or tightly pressing it1 if somewhat larger1 between the palms of both hands4 ,if the general heat of the room be raised high enough to reach the melting point of the substance in the vial1 this circumstance alone would suffice to bring the compound to a fluid condition4 ,on the other hand1 being from ,naples and not from ,brobdignag1 the chaplain or canon has a hand only of the ordinary size1 and is altogether unable to clasp in the palm of one hand1 or even with both palms1 an object so large as the reliquary4 ,he is forced to hold it by the stem2 in which position1 the heat of his hand can have no appreciable effect on the contents of the vial within the reliquary4 ,moreover1 the liquefaction often takes place when the reliquary is not held in his hands at all4 ,,ii4 ,we repeat it again4 ,the real liquefaction does not depend on heat ,it takes place at various temperatures4 ,there is no fixed melting point for the substance in the ampulla4 ,it will often solidify at a higher temperature than that at which it stood liquid2 and will liquefy at a temperature notably below that at which it became or stood solid4 ,this is an essential difference1 going to the root of the question4 ,,iii4 ,the attempted imitation may1 at the utmost1 present a bubbling or frothing1 produced in the way we have indicated4 ,this may even go to such an extent as to fill the vial with froth or bubbles4 ,but it can never cause the bulk or body of the liquid itself1 free from those bubbles1 and independently of them1 to swell and increase in actual visible amount so as to completely fill the vial4 ,the amount of the liquid obtained1 when at rest and in its tranquil state1 and at the same temperature1 will always be the same4 ,precisely the reverse happens in the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,the liquid blood may bubble and froth without increasing its bulk1 or it may increase its volume with or without this frothing1 or it may decrease its volume1 again1 with or without the frothing4 ,and these changes of the bulk of the actual liquid in the ampulla do not depend on the temperature4 ,neither are they points on which a mistake is possible2 for they reach1 as we have stated1 to the extent of twenty per cent4 #ece ,on those two cardinal points1 the imitation entirely fails4 ,we need scarcely note the facts that the preparation1 when solid1 does not resemble coagulated or hardened blood1 and1 when liquid1 could never be mistaken for liquid blood1 whether arterial or venous1 nor does it present the changes of color so often seen in the real liquefaction4 ,,iv4 ,ether is an essential ingredient of this artificial compound4 ,suet1 or whatever other fatty substance is used instead1 will dissolve in ether2 while it will not dissolve in water or in alcohol4 ,now1 ether is comparatively a modern discovery4 ,whether ,paracelsus hit upon the discovery of it or not is a point mooted among those who have studied his life and achievements in chemistry4 ,but1 if he did1 the knowledge of it was lost with him1 and it remained unknown to the world until ,knkel discovered or rediscovered it in #afha--;early enough for ,neumann1 but entirely too late to be of any service in getting up a compound for the liquefaction at ,naples1 which1 for the matter of that1 runs back far beyond the days of ,paracelsus himself4 ,this explanation1 therefore1 that the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius is in reality the liquefaction of a compound of ether and suet or other fatty substance1 must be set aside1 because entirely insufficient to meet the case1 and because it involves a glaring anachronism4 ,it fails1 too1 in another point4 ,the ether will1 in course of time1 gradually escape though the pores of the glass4 ,when it is gone1 the liquefactions are at an end4 ,the fatty matters1 too1 will decompose in time4 ,in fact1 the whole preparation would have to be frequently renewed4 ,on the other hand1 as we shall see further on1 there is ample evidence that the ampulla remains unopened1 and that the substance within it remains untouched and identically the same1 from year to year1 and from century to century4 ,these reasons were too patent to allow ,dr4 ,neumann's attempted imitation to hold its own in the estimation of those who seriously examined the question4 ,it was thrown aside for others4 ,we find an account of one of them1 written by ,la ,condamine1 and presented to no less a body than the ,academy of ,sciences in ,paris1 in #ageg4 ,his article may be found among the various articles published in the ,memoirs for #agfc4 ,la ,condamine explains1 with no little glee1 and some detail1 an experiment which he had lately witnessed in company with others1 and which he was allowed afterward to repeat and study out in private and at his leisure1 and with the assistance and explanations of the inventor himself4 ,he does not give the inventor's name1 but we know1 from other sources1 that it was ,san ,severo4 ,there was a circular case of bronze or silver gilt4 ,in front and rear1 there were circular plates of glass4 ,the whole stood on a richly ornamented foot1 and was surmounted by a winged mercury4 ,within the case1 between the plates of glass1 was seen a vial4 ,so far1 the workman had prepared a vague imitation of the actual reliquary4 8,the vial appeared half full of a stiff grayish paste1 which1 judging by its surface1 seemed to be powdery or granulated4 ,by inclining the case1 alternately1 from side to side1 and shaking it for half a minute1 more or less1 the paste became liquid and flowing1 sometimes only partially so2 at other times1 it grew hard again1 and by shaking it anew it became liquid again4444 ,i remarked beneath the vial two small cones1 ,i do not know of what material1 meeting by their points4 ,i was told 7by the inventor7 #ecf that there was a little passage through these points4 ,he said1 also1 that the cones were hollow1 and that1 as the lower one was movable1 it sometimes happened that its orifice exactly met the orifice of the upper cone1 and sometimes did not2 this was altogether a matter of chance4444 ,as for the powder which ,i saw in the vial1 ,i was told that it was an amalgam of mercury1 lead1 tin1 and bismuth2 that the bismuth1 which amalgamated only imperfectly1 hindered the mixture from becoming a pasty lump1 and gave it rather the character of a powder too coarse to pass through the little opening which communicated with the cones4 ,finally1 there was hidden1 within the case1 a circular tube communicating with the lower movable cone1 and containing liquid mercury4 ,in shaking the whole irregularly1 whenever the openings of the two cones came together1 more or less of this mercury made its way into the vial and liquefied the amalgam4 ,it happened sometimes1 in these various movements1 that the mercury which had entered got out again1 and then the amalgam returned to its previous condition and was fluid no longer40 ,this is the account which ,la ,condamine has given1 after a long and careful private examination1 aided by the explanations of the inventor1 and which1 he tells us1 he wrote down the same day4 ,the inventor promised to give him in writing a fuller account1 with minute drawings of all the parts2 but up to the date of publication 7five years later7 he had1 for some unknown reason1 failed to keep the promise4 ,la ,condamine acknowledges that he had never seen the real reliquary1 and had never witnessed the true liquefaction at ,naples4 ,he thought this substitute just as good4 ,had he witnessed the reality1 and had he examined it with one-half the care he bestowed on the substitute1 he never would have written his report4 ,i4 ,he would have instantly seen the difference between a true liquefaction--where a substance previously hard is unmistakably seen to become gradually soft and then perfectly liquid1 as is often the case at ,naples--and this seeming liquefaction of the experiment1 which consists only in making the loosened grains or particles of the amalgam swim in and on the fluid mercury which has been introduced1 they themselves remaining hard and not at all liquefied1 but ready to be heaped together again in a hard mass of grains or powder1 whenever the liquid mercury is withdrawn4 ,the difference between the two processes is as clear as light1 and as great as the difference between the melting of icebergs and a movement of a fleet of ships on the ocean4 ,a child could not mistake it4 ,fortunately1 the icebergs melt and disappear as they are changed into water3 with equal good fortune1 the ships do not melt1 but float on1 until they reach their port4 ,,ii4 ,he would see that this grayish amalgam1 in its dry1 powdery state1 is totally unlike the hard1 dark mass of blood in the ampulla1 and1 in its pretended liquid state1 it is equally unlike the liquid blood4 ,in fact1 as the mercury enters below and permeates the mass1 its silvery gleam may somewhat enliven the dull-grayish hue of the amalgam1 but it can present nothing akin to the rubicund1 the bright vermilion1 or the dark hue of the liquid blood4 ,nor is there anything like the film which the liquid blood sometimes leaves on the sides of the glass1 nor like the frothing1 or the ebullition4 ,on all these points1 the experiment failed4 ,,iii4 ,after sufficient mercury has been introduced to occupy the interstices in the granular mass1 any additional supply will lift the particles1 separate them1 and allow that motion which the inventor passed off for fluidity2 and this seeming fluidity becomes greater as #ecg the quantity of fluid mercury so introduced for the grains to float in is increased in amount4 ,but the mercury occupies space1 and so increase of bulk and increased fluidity must go together4 ,a hardening requires1 on the contrary1 a withdrawal of the mercury1 and is consequently always connected with a decrease of bulk4 ,this is directly contrary to one of the most striking features of the real liquefaction1 on which we have already commented at length4 ,,iv4 ,it fails to account for the hardenings and the liquefactions which occur when the reliquary is not in the hands of a chaplain or canon to incline it never so coaxingly1 but stands and has been standing for hours1 untouched and immovable1 on its pedestal on the altar4 ,in this point the imitation again signally fails4 ,v4 ,what we said of ether1 we may almost repeat here concerning the bismuth4 ,this is the important ingredient of the amalgam1 the intractableness of which keeps the material in a state of powder or grains4 ,when that is overcome1 the whole mass coheres and becomes a hard lump2 and the liquefactions1 such as they were1 are over4 ,now1 bismuth was discoved by ,agricola in #aebi1 centuries after the date when the liquefactions are known to have regularly occurred4 ,,vi4 ,the prying eyes of thousands have never discovered in the reliquary any trace of a circular tube containing mercury1 nor of the all-important little hollow cones1 meeting by their points4 ,more than once1 as we shall see1 the reliquary has been in the hands of goldsmiths and skilled workmen4 ,they found nothing of this nor of any other contrivance4 ,these two of ,neumann and ,san ,severo are the chief attempts made to imitate the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius1 and they have signally failed4 ,we need not examine1 one by one1 the various substances which have been proposed as the chemical substance craftily used no this occasion2 from the 8deep-red sublimate of gold10 which1 one tells us1 8being easily fusible by the heat of one's hand1 is exhibited by the ,neapolitan priests for ,st4 ,januarius's blood10 down to the theory that 8the dark-red mass which melts in the ampulla is only a preparation of ,,ice2 for everybody knows that in ,naples they are more skilful in preparing ices than even in ,archangel40 ,by the way1 we suspect that ,aulic ,councillor ,rehfues1 a ,german ,protestant traveller1 to whom we owe this last explanation1 was only making fun of his brother ,aulic ,councillor ,neumann1 and of the other theorists1 who were proposing1 each one1 his own guess as to the substance4 ,anyway1 the fact that the real liquefaction is not caused by the application of heat rules out all these suppositions4 ,the fuller and more accurate our knowledge of chemistry1 the more clearly do we realize the truth that all experimental liquefactions are governed by the laws of nature4 ,the more conversant we are with the facts of the real liquefaction1 the more clearly do we see that here those laws are set aside4 ,we cannot shut our eyes to the opposition4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 who witnessed the liquefaction when he visited ,naples1 and who carefully examined it1 made no secret afterwards among his friends of the deep impression it produced on his mind1 and of his decided judgment that chemistry1 so far as he knew it1 could not account for the liquefaction4 ,this may have been one of the causes of that inclination toward the ,catholic ,church which1 from the period of #ech that visit1 was manifested by that eminent scholar1 and which led him to think seriously1 at least1 of entering her fold1 even if he did not--as some thought he did--carry his purpose into effect before death4 ,and yet we are asked to believe that1 8away back in the dark ages10 those 8ignorant monks and priests in ,naples0 possessed a knowledge of chemistry which enabled them to do this6 ,and1 more wonderful still1 that they have secretly handed down that knowledge and power1 within their own body1 and that they continue to this day to effect the liquefaction in some strange way entirely unknown to the scientific world6 ,we pass on to other views of the question4 ,this charge of fraud implies that the ampulla is tampered with from time to time2 and that those who have charge of it--clergy and laity alike--and especially those who hold it at the time of the liquefaction1 are all playing a trick4 ,is the ampulla or vial really tampered with8 ,is it regularly opened for the insertion of some duly prepared material8 ,the ampulla stands within a case or reliquary1 as our figure shows it4 ,the case or reliquary1 of silver and of glass1 is kept in an ,armoire1 or closet1 wrought in the solid stone wall of the ,tesoro chapel1 as strong and secure as a bank-vault4 ,this ,armoire is closed by metal doors1 each secured by two strong locks1 with different keys1 one set of which is always in the possession of the municipal authorities of the city1 the other in that of the archbishop and clergy4 ,they have been so kept for just two hundred and twenty-four years2 for we need not take account just now of the previous centuries1 when the relics were in the exclusive custody of the archbishop and clergy1 and were kept in the old ,tesoro1 or strong room1 still to be seen in the second story of the cathedral tower4 ,during all these two hundred and twenty-four years1 the locks have not been tampered with4 ,the clergy have not charged any one with doing it4 ,the municipal authorities have never suspected it4 ,moreover1 the reliquary1 when brought out1 remains exposed to public scrutiny for ten or twelve hours at a time1 on eighteen days of each year2 and there is no man1 woman1 or child in ,naples1 and no stranger in the city1 who may not1 if so minded1 scrutinize it a score of times a day1 at less than twelve inches' distance4 ,any opening or closing of the case1 any taking out or putting in of the vial1 would leave some trace of the fact1 either in the silver rim1 or in the position of the vials within1 or at least in the soldering at bottom and at top1 which would have to be disturbed1 if not broken1 each time1 and then restored4 ,among the special industries of ,naples are working in jewelry and coral1 retouching and repairing paintings1 and--we are sorry to say it--fabricating ,old ,masters4 ,the ,neapolitans have eyes for signs and traces like these in question as quick1 sharp1 and unerring as an ,indian on a trail4 ,no change or trace of any tampering has ever been seen by them4 ,the vials are in identically the same inclined position from year to year--the same as represented in engravings a century or two centuries old4 ,the soldering1 in which the bottoms and tops are immersed1 is hard1 old1 black1 through age1 and evidently untouched4 ,the outer case shows no sign of any opening by which a side can be unscrewed or lifted out1 so as to allow the vials themselves to be touched4 ,probably1 when originally made1 five hundred #eci and fifty or seven hundred years ago1 this could have been done4 ,but the screw or the joint has long since rusted1 and the whole thing is now one mass of dingy and rusted silver1 holding two glass plates4 ,in the year #afdi1 ,cardinal ,ascanio ,filomarini was ,archbishop of ,naples1 a man of great culture and taste and of ample private fortune1 and much given to the adornment of the churches of his diocese4 ,the new ,tesoro had just been completed1 and was shining in all the brilliant splendor of newness4 ,the cardinal thought that the reliquary to contain the vials of the blood1 for which the ,tesoro had been built1 ought to correspond1 as the bust did1 with the grandeur of the chapel itself4 ,this the dingy old silver reliquary1 in which they had been kept for so many centuries1 did not do4 ,he determined to replace it by another of gold1 of excellent workmanship1 and adorned with rich jewels4 ,he had one made 8regardless of expense10 and1 when all was ready1 on ,september #a1 #afdi1 he came into the ,tesoro with some of his clergy and the delegates from the city1 and with public notaries1 that proper legal record might be made of everything1 and with chosen goldsmiths4 ,are not the names of them all duly recorded8 ,the ,armoire was opened1 the reliquary was taken to the adjoining sacristy2 and there1 for several hours1 in presence of his eminence and his clergy1 and the honorable delegates1 8and of us1 the undersigned notaries10 the goldsmiths tried and essayed to open the reliquary4 ,they failed and gave it up4 ,they could break the reliquary1 if so directed2 but they could not open it4 ,accordingly1 the reliquary was locked up again as it had been taken out4 ,the cardinal was a persevering man4 ,he got other goldsmiths1 and came a second time1 on the #hth of ,september1 with clergy1 delegates1 and notaries4 ,for two hours again these goldsmiths tried to open the reliquary1 and failed1 as the first had done4 ,they could break it1 if required2 but how could they open a case where all their trying could find neither joint nor screw8 ,again the reliquary was replaced in the ,armoire4 ,the cardinal's heart was set on using his new grand reliquary on the festival near at hand1 the #aith of ,september4 ,he thought over the matter1 again summoned the delegates and the notaries1 and on the #afth came1 a third time1 with his clergy and yet other goldsmiths4 ,a third prolonged trial was made with the same ill-success4 ,the reliquary might be broken1 if they wished2 it could not be opened4 ,to break it was not to be thought of2 that might endanger the precious vials within4 ,so1 the old silver reliquary was put up again1 that evening1 and his eminence was forced to use it on the festival of the #aith for the exposition that year4 ,it has been used ever since4 ,and now1 two hundred and twenty-two years later1 it was again brought out on the #aith of ,september in this present year1 #ahga4 ,the cardinal1 it is to be presumed1 devoted his rich reliquary to some other pious purpose4 ,but if his eminence had lived to the age of the olden patriarchs1 and had retained it in his possession1 he might have at last found a more favorable opportunity for again trying to change that reliquary4 ,on the afternoon of ,tuesday1 ,may #e1 #agfb1 one of the glass plates1 by dint1 of course1 of being rubbed for so many hundred years by white handkerchiefs1 became somewhat loose in its groove or socket1 and threatened to fall inward1 endangering the precious vials4 ,accordingly1 early next morning1 an hour and a half before the time for the regular #edj exposition 7for it was in the ,may octave71 the archbishop of that day1 ,cardinal ,sersale1 came with clergy1 city delegates1 notaries-public1 and goldsmiths4 ,the reliquary was taken out of the ,armoire1 and the glass was fixed again firmly in its place1 and the reliquary was returned to its ,armoire1 before the hour for the public exposition4 ,it does not appear1 from the very succinct account we have of the occurrence1 whether or not1 during the work1 the vials or ampull were taken out of the reliquary1 within which they are held in their places by the old soldering4 ,nothing is said of this having been done1 nor of the soldering being touched and then repaired when they were put back in their places4 ,on the whole1 considering the nature of the repair to be done1 and that it was done in a few moments at the door of the ,armoire1 back of the altar1 we are inclined to think that they did not find it necessary to move them1 and that they were accordingly left untouched in their places4 ,these are the only occasions on which the diaries say anything bearing on the feasibility of opening this reliquary1 or of its being repaired4 ,in the archives of the cathedral1 another incident is mentioned1 of an ancient date4 ,in the year #aejg1 nearly a century and a half before the building of the new ,tesoro1 the relics were kept in the old ,tesoro or strong room of the cathedral1 a strong vaulted chamber of stone1 in the second story of the tower1 which rises at the northeast corner of the church4 ,that ,tesoro was then approached by a winding stairway4 ,a very aged canon was bringing down the reliquary from the ,tesoro to the church for an exposition4 ,at the very first step1 he tripped and fell2 and the reliquary rolled down1 from step to step1 to the very bottom4 ,all present feared it was broken1 and gave thanks when it was taken up and found to be perfectly uninjured4 ,yet the alarm had been great2 and ,maria ,toleta1 8the pious wife of the viceroy10 who was present at the time and shared in the alarm1 had the winding stairway taken down at her own expense1 and replaced by another one1 straight1 broad1 and easy1 which is in use to this day4 ,we may take these facts as fair evidence that the reliquary is strong1 and not very easily opened1 and that they who know all about it do not believe that it is or can be regularly opened4 ,the same conclusion is also forced on us by considerations of an entirely different character4 ,we have already drawn attention to the fact that1 whatever the level at which the blood stands when the reliquary is locked up at night1 at the close of one exposition--whether at its ordinary level1 or somewhat increased1 or very much increased1 or full--it is invariably found at the same level when taken out the next time for the ensuing exposition1 whether that time be next morning or after the lapse of months4 ,the level is one of the points specially noticed and recorded4 ,a variation would necessarily be detected4 ,yet1 if on each one or on very many of the four thousand occasions we have spoken of1 the old contents had been privately taken out between the expositions1 and a fresh supply put in1 would there not have been1 not unfrequently1 some appreciable inequality of level8 ,again1 sometimes the blood was hard when put up4 ,how could a hard substance be extracted from a narrow-necked vial of glass without breaking it8 ,according to our tables1 on three different occasions the blood1 after its usual liquefactions and changes in ,september1 filled #eda the ampulla1 and was so locked up at the end of the novena4 ,it was found full and hard in ,december following1 and1 not liquefying at all1 was again locked up in the same condition4 ,it was found in precisely the same state when the reliquary was again taken out in the ,may following4 ,here1 on three occasions1 the contents of the vial1 solid and completely filling it1 must have remained unextracted from ,september to ,may1 seven months4 ,yet in the ,may octaves that followed1 the liquefactions went on as usual4 ,no freshly inserted compound was necessary for the liquefaction4 ,the same reasoning applies in a measure to the numerous cases in which such a fulness went over1 four months and a half1 from ,may to ,september1 or nearly three months1 from ,september to ,december4 ,again1 in quite a number of instances1 as the same tables show1 the condition of the blood1 when locked up1 is noted as liquid with a floating hard lump1 as was the case on the #afth of ,december1 #ahgj4 ,when it was taken out1 the next day1 or after several months1 though often found entirely hardened1 yet not unfrequently--as on the #fth of ,may1 #ahga--;it was found in precisely the same state in which it had been put up3 liquid with a floating hard lump4 ,in all these cases1 the condition of the contents of the ampulla is a new and insuperable objection to the supposition that a newly prepared amount of matter had been inserted for the subsequent liquefactions4 ,did other circumstances allow it1 we might conceive a liquid to be poured out of the ampulla1 and a fresh liquid to be poured in4 ,but how is the solid hard lump1 that would not liquefy1 to be got out8 ,and if got out1 how is another hard lump to be put in to replace it8 ,are the constituents of this new hard lump poured into the ampulla separately1 as liquids or powders that can pass through the neck8 ,then their character must be such that1 instead of uniting with the liquid already there1 or the constituents of the liquid portion1 they will1 on the contrary1 combine apart to form the hard mass4 ,but if so antagonistic to the liquid portion1 how is it that1 when the lump does liquefy during the ensuing exposition1 these constituents at once intimately unite with the liquid1 the whole forming a homogeneous mass1 which without the least indication of any antagonism between its component parts will henceforth solidify and liquefy as a single mass8 ,the more carefully the facts of the case are studied1 the more imperatively do they exclude every hypothesis save the simple one which so many other facts corroborate1 that no attempt has been made to change the contents of the ampulla4 ,every- thing about the ampulla excludes the idea that it is regularly tampered with privately between the expositions4 ,there is still another light in which we must view this charge of fraud4 ,ever since the opening of the new ,tesoro1 in #afdf1 there have been attached to that chapel twelve chaplains and a custos1 with inferior attendants as needed4 ,in the cathedral itself1 at least from #adif1 there have been twenty canons and beneficiaries1 besides minor attendants4 ,when the liquefaction takes place in the ,tesoro1 the reliquary is in the hands of the chaplains1 who act in turn1 or relieve each other as convenient4 ,when it occurs in the procession or in the cathedral1 or in some other church1 the reliquary is in the charge of the canons1 who similarly relieve each other4 ,hence1 canons and chaplains1 all alike1 must be cognizant of the fraud1 if any there #edb be1 and must participate in it4 ,add to these the archbishops and their vicars-general in ,naples since #adif4 ,add also those clergymen who1 having been canons or chaplains1 have passed to other dignities1 or have retired from their office1 but must of course still retain the knowledge of this fraud1 if they once possessed it4 ,we may say that there have been on an average1 at all times1 forty ecclesiastics1 if not more1 who had cognizance of the fraud1 if there were any4 ,the dignity of canon of the cathedral or chaplain of the ,tesoro is ordinarily reached only after years of meritorious service in the lower grades of the ministry4 ,hence the canons and chaplains are usually men of mature and advanced age4 ,we can scarcely give them more than fifteen years of average life4 ,we have thus about a thousand clergymen since ,a4,d4 #aejj1 all charged with being cognizant of and participators in the fraud4 ,now1 what was the character of those men8 ,those among whom they lived1 and who knew them1 respected them as a body of men devoted to the service of ,god1 pure and exemplary ecclesiastics1 proved by years spent in the zealous works of the ministry4 ,some were men of honorable and noble families2 others were men distinguished in the walks of literature and science2 some had sacrificed all the world promised them1 in order to spend their lives in the sanctuary4 ,some were revered in life1 and remembered after death1 as pre-eminently true servants of ,god1 men of prayer1 of strong faith1 and of singularly pure and saintly lives4 ,of course1 individuals here or there may indeed have been wicked or hypocritical4 ,but this testimony of the people to their character must have been true of the great body4 ,now1 could such men have all united in this fraud8 ,on their own principles and convictions1 and according to the doctrines they taught and should themselves practise1 there could scarcely be a more heinous sin against ,god and his holy religion1 than to palm off a trick of crafty men as a miracle of ,god's working4 ,could they bring themselves to it8 ,is it possible that no one of them ever repented1 even in the presence of death1 and sought to save his soul1 and to make reparation1 by disclosing the fraud and arresting the evil8 ,could all have chosen to die impenitent1 with the certainty of everlasting damnation before them1 rather than reveal the blasphemous and1 to them1 henceforth useless trick8 ,the thing is impossible4 ,again1 men1 even though good and pious1 may be garrulous4 ,all men have their unguarded moments4 ,how came it that the secret never leaked out from any one of them during all these years8 ,again1 among so many there must have been men wicked1 avaricious1 passionate1 revengeful4 ,how comes it that no one sought to make money by revealing the secret2 that no one declared it through anger2 that no one did so in retaliation when he was punished by his ecclesiastical superiors8 ,nay1 more1 we fear that instances might be found in which1 toward the close of the last century1 some of them were carried away by the irreligious mania then prevailing1 and became the companions of infidels1 if not themselves infidels4 ,and unless our memory is at fault1 one or two yielded to the blandishments and the privileges of ,protestantism4 ,how comes it that1 through such1 the world has not learned how this antiquated trick is actually done8 ,obviously1 they had no disclosure to make4 ,this is the only possible answer4 #edc ,there is still more to be said on this point4 ,the civil authorities of ,naples are1 and have been for two hundred and twenty-four years1 joint custodians with the archbishop and clergy of the ,tesoro chapel and of the relics of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,they keep one set of the keys of the ,armoire1 or closet1 which can never be opened save in the presence of one of their members1 whom they send as a delegate1 and whose sworn duty it is never to lose sight of the reliquary until it is placed in its closet1 and he assists in duly locking it up4 ,during these two hundred and twenty-four years1 ,naples has again and again changed masters4 ,austrians1 ,lombards1 ,spaniards1 and ,french--,bourbon1 ,imperial1 and ,republican--have held1 as the ,piedmontese now hold1 the city1 which in fact has oftener been ruled by strangers than by ,neapolitans4 ,these rulers have been men of every character1 from the best to the worst2 often rough1 ruthless soldiers1 who brooked no opposition1 and were ever ready with the sword2 often keen1 crafty civilians1 ready to cajole1 to bribe1 and to deceive1 and thoroughly practised to detect plots and ferret out hidden things2 sometimes professed infidels and avowed enemies of all religion2 oftener political enemies of the ,neapolitan clergy1 whose hearts1 of course1 were with their own oppressed people4 ,how comes it that none of these rulers at any time have ever discovered and made known the fraud8 ,can we suppose that those rulers1 ill-disposed as they often were toward the clergy1 could or would sacrifice their own interests1 their policy1 their jealousies1 and their personal feeling1 in order to co-operate in a fraud1 the success of which would certainly be less agreeable1 perhaps far less profitable1 to them1 than its failure and exposure8 ,would not the ,french infidels1 in #agii1 have gladly put this stigma on the odious cause of ,christianity8 ,and1 in these present years1 would not ,ratazzi1 ,garibaldi1 and their party gladly do it if they could8 ,what a triumph it would be for them if they could strike this blow at 8clericalism0--a blow far more effective than fining1 imprisoning1 or exiling bishops and priests and religious6 ,they would glory in doing it if it were possible4 ,what holds them back8 ,there are no limits to their hatred or to their powers of calumny4 ,they are ever denouncing the ignorance and the blind superstition of priests and people4 ,but the very gist and copiousness of their invectives prove that they themselves know and feel that the priests and people are alike sincere4 ,it is the depth and earnestness of that sincerity which excites their rage4 ,brought face to face1 in ,naples1 with this manifestation of the supernatural1 the civil government1 whatever the political circumstances and whatever the private character of individual members of it1 have always seemed struck with awe1 and have never failed in respect4 ,nay1 more1 they have ever claimed and exercised their privilege of sending their delegate to intervene in the exposition4 ,and so1 after all1 on the #aith of this last ,september1 as in times past1 they did send a delegate1 with his scarlet embroidered bag1 and the two antique keys chained together2 and the doors of the ,armoire were opened2 and the relics were reverently taken out and carried to the altar2 and the blood was seen to be hard2 and the clergy and the crowd prayed and waited for the miracle2 8and1 after eight minutes of prayer1 the hard mass became entirely liquid40 ,there is an anecdote current in the world on this subject which we #edd have heard cited as peremptory against much of what we have just said4 ,the anecdote1 in passing from mouth to mouth1 has become so vague and so full of variations that we would scarcely know how to present it1 had we not found a precise and quasi authoritative form of it in the columns of the ,coryphus of ,french infidelity1 the ,sicle of ,paris of the date of ,october #aa1 #ahef3 8,the history of ,championnet did some damage to the miracle of ,st4 ,januarius in the minds of a great many4 ,in #agii1 the ,french army was in ,naples1 where it had been well received at first4444 ,on the #fth of ,may1 the crowd filled the chapel of the cathedral4444 ,for more than half an hour the priest had been turning backward and foward1 on his hands1 the round silver lantern with two faces of glass within which is preserved the precious blood in a small vial4 ,the little reddish mass would not quit its state of solidity4444 ,the exasperated populace commenced to attribute the stubbornness of ,san ,gennaro to the presence of the ,french4 ,there was danger of a tumult1 when an aid hastened to notify ,general ,championnet of the suspicious conduct of the saint4 ,in a few moments the aid returned1 approached the priest politely1 and said a few words in his ear4 ,what he did say is not precisely known1 but he had scarcely said it when the blood at once liquefied1 to the great joy of the people1 who at last had their miracle40 ,alexandre ,dumas1 in one of his novels1 narrates the same story much more dramatically4 ,according to him1 8,general ,championnet saw that it was important for his safety and the safety of the army that the miracle should not fail that year2 and he made up his mind that1 one way or another1 it should positively occur40 ,the first ,sunday of ,may was near at hand4 ,on the vigil 7,may #d1 #agii71 the procession marched1 but between files of ,french grenadiers4 ,that night the city was patrolled by ,french and ,italian soldiers jointly4 ,all day ,sunday the miracle was patiently waited for2 but in vain4 ,six in the afternoon came--,championnet1 with his staff1 was in his elevated loggia or gallery4 ,the people began at length to lose patience and to vociferate angrily4 ,at #g ,p4,m4 they were brandishing knives and threatening the general1 who pretended not to understand or heed them4 ,at #h ,p4,m4 the streets around were filled with other crowds equally threatening4 8,the grenadiers waited on a signal from the general to charge bayonets4 ,the general continued unmoved40 ,at half-past eight1 as the tumult was still increasing1 8the general bent over and whispered something to an aid-de-camp40 ,the aid left the stand1 and passed up to the altar and knelt in the front rank1 and waited4 ,in five minutes the canon1 bearing the reliquary1 came round to him in his turn4 ,he kissed the reliquary as others did2 but1 while doing so1 grasped the priest's hand in his4 8#8,father1 a word with you4' 8#8,what is it8' asked the priest4 8#8,i must say to you1 on the part of the general commanding1 that if in ten minutes the miracle is not accomplished1 in fifteen minutes your reverence shall be shot4' 8,the canon let the reliquary fall from his hands4 ,fortunately1 the young officer caught it before it reached the ground1 and gave it back with every mark of profound respect4 ,then he arose and returned to his place near the general4 8#8,well8' said the general4 8#8,all right1 general1' said the young officer4 #8,in ten minutes the miracle will take place4' 8,the aid-de-camp spoke the truth2 nevertheless he made a mistake of five minutes2 for at the end of five minutes only1 the canon raised the reliquary aloft1 exclaiming1 ,il miracolo fatto4 ,the blood was completely liquefied40 ,we suppose we may take these as the best versions of the same story4 ,the other ,french and late ,english versions we have met of it1 however #ede they may vary in minor details1 all agree as to the person--,general ,championnet1 and as to the year1 #agii4 ,so far as we can judge1 the ,sicle and the other writers got their facts from the novelist4 ,it is their way4 ,when they attack religion1 all manner of weapons are acceptable4 ,where the novelist got it we need scarcely inquire4 ,certainly1 on a pinch1 he was capable of inventing it out of the whole cloth4 ,but we can only credit him with twisting and reversing an older story4 ,in a work entitled ,naples and ,campagna ,felice1 printed in ,london in #ahae1 there is an earlier account of 8the very recent experiment of ,general ,championnet40 8,when this ,champion of liberty entered ,naples with his unhosed enfans de la patrie1 his curiosity1 or rather his infidelity1 prompted him to direct the priests forthwith to perform the ceremony before him and his companions1 the philosophic worshippers of the ,goddess of ,reason4444 #8,the miracle must be exhibited this instant1 or ,i'll smash your vials and all your nonsense into a thousand pieces4'444 ,every devout effort of the priests proved vain2 even the general's active assistance and repeated trials to give fluidity to the indurated blood1 by means of natural and artificial heat1 were equally unsuccessful40 ,this want of success1 according to1 the teller of the story1 was due to the fact that the relatives of ,st4 ,januarius were not present4 ,the general sent soldiers to arrest them1 and had them brought into the church4 8,a second experiment was now instituted in due form3 which1 to the utter amazement of the ,french part of the congregation1 and to the inward delight of all the pious ,neapolitans1 succeeded almost instantaneously40 ,were it not for the identity of names and place1 we could scarcely recognize this earlier ,english version1 with its characteristic contempt of ,french philosophers and enfans de la patrie1 and its result of the experiment so satisfactory to the ,neapolitans1 as in reality the original form of the story1 which ,dumas1 and after him many others1 have dressed up and presented to the world with such different details1 and with a result exactly opposite4 ,but a regard for truth obliges us to reject this earlier form1 no less than those which followed1 as1 all of them1 pure fictions4 ,the evidence is clear and to the point4 ,i4 ,on ,may #d1agii1 ,general ,championnet was not in ,naples4 ,he had entered that city with his army on the #bhth of ,january preceding1 and had established 8,the ,parthenopean ,republic02 but he had been relieved of his command before ,may2 possibly on account of ill health1 for he died at ,antibes a few months later4 ,his successor in the command at ,naples was ,general1 afterwards ,marshal ,macdonald4 ,,ii4 ,the diary of the ,tesoro chapel1 and the archiepiscopal diary1 in their accounts of the exposition on ,saturday1 ,may #d1 #agii1 both mention the presence of ,general ,macdonald with his officers4 ,,iii4 ,according to the same authorities1 the liquefaction1 so far from being long delayed1 that day took place quite soon--after a lapse of only ten minutes4 ,,iv4 ,they indicate the very respectful demeanor of the ,french general1 and his expressions of reverence2 expressions which1 by the way1 he confirmed afterwards by presenting to the ,tesoro chapel a beautiful silk mitre1 rich in gold work and jewels1 which is still shown in the sacristy4 ,v4 ,finally1 to clinch the whole matter1 we quote the following extract from a contemporary letter1 published at the time in the official #edf organ at ,paris--the ,moniteur1 ,no4 #bei1 of date #ai ,prairial1 ,year ,,vii4 7,june #aj1 #agii74 8,naples1 #ba ,floral 7,may #ac74--,the festival of ,st4 ,januarius has just been celebrated with the customary solemnity4 ,general ,macdonald 7successor to ,championnet71 ,commissary ,abrial1 and all the staff1 witnessed the renowned miracle4 ,as it took place somewhat sooner than usual1 the people think better of us ,frenchmen1 and do not look on us any more as atheists40 ,the writer little thought what a dramatic story a novelist's imagination would conjure up1 and some credulous people would believe1 instead of the simple matter-of-fact statement he gave en passant of the solemnity he had just witnessed4 ,a more complete refutation of the whole story could not be desired than that afforded by the words and tone of this letter4 ,we have been diffuse on the charge of fraud4 ,but when we consider the persistence with which it is made1 and the variety of forms in which it is presented2 and that1 after all1 for most minds1 the alternative is between a suspicion of fraud1 on one side1 and the recognition of the miraculous character of the liquefaction1 on the other--it was proper to treat this charge at length and in all its aspects4 ,we have seen that the publicity of everything about the exposition peremptorily forbids every form of legerdemain during the ceremony4 ,equally inadmissible is the supposition of some chemical compound prepared beforehand4 ,for no chemical compound which man can prepare will liquefy1 as this does1 independently of heat1 and under such diverse circumstances1 or will present the many varying phases which are here seen4 ,the most artistic attempts have utterly failed1 and must ever fail4 ,for they are all subject to the laws of nature2 while1 in this liquefaction1 the laws of nature are clearly set aside4 ,again1 all testimony goes to show that the ampulla is not opened from time to time to receive any chemical preparation4 ,moreover1 if there were any fraud1 it would have been known to nearly a thousand clergymen1 and no one can say to how many laymen4 ,yet pious men were never heard to denounce it2 repentant men never disclosed it2 high-minded and honorable men never repudiated it in scorn1 vile and mercenary men were never moved by anger1 revenge1 desire of pecuniary gain1 or other potent motives1 to betray it4 ,even political enmities and fierce party strife1 so prone to indulge in charges of fraud1 have failed in ,naples to stigmatize this as a fraud4 ,evidently1 there was no fraud known or suspected there4 ,in fine1 were there a fraud1 this universal silence would be a greater miracle than the liquefaction itself4 ,it has been asked1 sometimes jeeringly1 perhaps sometimes seriously1 if the ,neapolitans are in such perfect faith and so sure of the character of the substance which liquefies in the ampulla1 why are they unwilling to submit that substance to the test of chemical analysis8 ,is not their omission1 nay1 their unwillingness to do this1 a confession on their part of the weakness of their cause8 ,to one who knows them1 or who even reflects for a moment on the subject1 the answer is obvious4 ,it is their perfect good faith itself1 and their consequent veneration for what they look on as sacred and specially blessed of ,god1 and not any fear or doubt1 that would make them rise in indignation against what1 in their eyes1 would be a #edg profane and unwarrantable desecration4 ,there are limits1 they would protest1 to the intrusive and irreverent meddling of men under pretexts of science4 ,are there not many points in pathology and physiology on which further knowledge is very desirable--a knowledge which some think can be reached best and most surely1 if not only1 by vivisection1 especially of human subjects1 whether in normal health or presenting peculiar developments8 ,shall we1 therefore1 in the interests of science1 pick out such cases in a community1 and deliver them over to be cut up alive1 and their still living bodies to be explored by these science-seeking experimenters8 ,knowledge is good and profitable1 undoubtedly2 but human life is sacred1 and must be preserved intact1 even though these men remain in the dark on various obscure points4 ,so1 too1 holding as they do that the ampulla contains a portion of the veritable blood of ,st4 ,januarius1 preserved by miracle of divine ,providence1 and miraculously liquefied on his feasts1 the ,neapolitans would shrink in horror from the sacrilegious profanity of delivering it over to the retorts and crucibles1 and mortars and solutions1 of a chemical laboratory4 ,chemical experiments1 they would say1 are very respectable and very admirable in their place2 but there are things too precious and too sacred to be submitted to them4 ,in refusing to do so1 the ,neapolitans do not confess a sense of the weakness of their own cause4 ,they rather manifest their sincere veneration for what they believe ,god has specially honored4 ,as for the plea that this test would solve the question1 the ,neapolitans would reply that for some minds nothing is ever solved4 ,if men wish really to know the truth1 let them examine the evidences which were appealed to before modern chemistry was invented4 ,those evidences still exist1 and are ample and irrefragable4 8,they have ,moses and the prophets2 if they will not hear them1 neither will they believe1 though one rose from the dead40 ,one other objection remains3 does ,god act uselessly8 ,and of what possible use is this miracle8 ,what is the benefit of wonderfully preserving from utter destruction1 through so many centuries1 a small portion of blood1 and of causing it to soften or liquefy fifteen or twenty times a year1 when brought1 even if reverently1 close to the head of the martyr from whose veins it flowed8 ,what good does this do8 ,is it not so trifling and insignificant a thing as to be almost ridiculous1 and entirely unworthy of the majesty of ,god8 ,who shall presume to say that it is unworthy of ,god--of that ,god without whose knowledge and permission not a hair can fall from our heads--of that ,saviour who mixed clay with the spittle of his mouth1 and therewith touched the eyes of the blind man1 that sight might be restored to them8 ,it is not for us to decide what is becoming or unbecoming for ,god to do4 ,who shall say that it is useless8 ,has not the faith of a simple-minded people been confirmed and strengthened by it1 to such a degree that the truths of divine revelation and the obligations of man before ,god are to them verities as strong1 as clear1 and as real in their daily life as is the sunlight that beams down on their fair land8 ,how many sinners have been led1 through it1 to repentance and amendment of life8 ,how often have the indifferent been stirred up to avoid evil and #edh to do good1 and the good animated to greater fervor and earnestness in deeds of piety and virtue8 ,and1 after all1 are not these the grand purposes of all ,god's dealings with men8 ,nor is this miracle--for such we call it1 although the church has never spoken authoritatively on the point--alien from doctrine4 ,wrought in honor of a sainted and martyred bishop1 it is a perpetual testimony to the truth of the doctrines he preached1 and of the church which glories in him as one of her exemplary and venerated ministers2 it is a confirmation of the homage and veneration she pays to him because he chose rather to sacrifice his life than to deny the ,saviour who had redeemed and illumined him4 ,wrought within her fold1 it is a permanent evidence that she is in fact and in spirit the same now as in the early days of persecution--the ever true and faithful church of ,christ4 ,it is a confirmation1 likewise1 of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead--that special doctrine which the apostles put forth so prominently in the beginning of their preaching2 which was ever present to the minds of the early ,christians1 cheering and strengthening them when this world was dark around them2 which formed the frequent theme of their pastoral instructions and their mutual exhortations1 and became the prevailing subject of their household and their sacred ornamentation in their homes and in their oratories1 and over their tombs in the catacombs2 which gave a special tone to their faith1 their hope1 and their charity and love of ,god1 and was1 as it were1 the very lifeblood of their ,christianity4 ,nowadays1 outside the church1 how faint1 comparatively1 has belief in this doctrine become1 or1 rather1 has it not died out almost completely from the thoughts and the hearts of men8 ,within the church1 the solemn rites of ,christian sepulture1 burying the dead in consecrated ground1 tells us of it4 ,the preservation and the veneration of the relics of saints and martyrs teach it still more strongly4 ,does not tangible evidence1 as it were1 come to it anew from heaven by this constant and perpetual miracle1 showing that the bodies of the sainted dead are in the custody of him who made them1 and who has promised that he will raise them up again in glory8 ,finally1 this miracle seems to us especially adapted to our own age1 when over-much knowledge is making men mad4 ,men are so lifted up by their progress1 especially in natural sciences1 that they have come to feel that they can dispense with ,god and substitute ,,nature in his stead1 with her multifarious and unchangeable laws4 ,they boast that1 under the light of their newly-acquired knowledge1 everything is already1 or will soon be1 susceptible of natural explanation4 ,as for miracles--direct interventions of ,god in the affairs of the world1 reversing or suspending1 in special cases1 these ordinary laws of nature--they scout the idea4 ,all past accounts of miracles1 no matter when or by whom recorded1 they hold to be either accounts of natural events warped and distorted by excited and unrestrained imaginations1 or else the pure fictions of superstition and credulity4 ,they are sure that1 in the first case1 had there been present witnesses of sufficient knowledge and caution--such knowledge and caution as they possess--the accounts of those events would have come down to us in a far simpler garb1 and unclothed with this miraculous robing4 ,they are equally sure that1 in the other case1 education1 especially in the #edi physical sciences1 would have forbidden the creation of those numberless fictions4 ,well1 here1 in the light of this nineteenth century1 in one of the most polished1 most delightful1 and most accessible cities of ,italy--centuries ago the largest1 and even now the fourth largest1 in ,europe--there occurs an event to which their attention is invited4 ,it is not an event of which a few only can be witnesses1 and which all others must learn on their testimony4 ,it occurs in public4 ,it occurs fifteen or twenty times each year1 and year after year4 ,all may scrutinize it again and again1 as often and as closely as they please4 ,no mystery is made of anything about it4 ,we admit it has come down to us from the middle ages1 dark1 ignorant1 and superstitious as they are alleged to have been4 ,but then1 if it belongs to the past1 it occurs still1 and belongs equally to this nineteenth century4 ,moreover1 it comes directly in contact with those physical sciences in which they think themselves strongest1 and it should1 therefore1 interest them1 and claim their attention4 ,will they accept the invitation8 ,we think very few will heed it4 ,many would not dare to believe in a miracle nowadays1 not even if it happened to themselves4 ,they take their ground beforehand4 ,since miracles are impossible1 any special one must of necessity be false--either a fraud or a delusion4 ,they know from the beginning what the result of inquiring into this one must be--why give themselves unnecessary trouble8 ,such minds choose their own side1 and implicitly choose the consequences that follow4 ,others pretend to examine1 but do it with a resolute and unshakable predetermination that this must not be found out to be a miracle4 ,they foster a prejudice which may blind their eyes to the light2 and they1 too1 make themselves equally responsible for their conclusion and its consequences4 ,but if any one--,catholic1 ,protestant1 or ,rationalist--will examine it seriously and candidly1 no matter how closely and patiently--nay1 the more closely and patiently1 the more surely--he will come to the same inevitable conclusion to which such an examination has heretofore led so many other candid and intelligent inquirers3 ,digitus ,dei est hic3 ,the ,finger of ,god is here4 ---------- ,,the ,,new ,,school ,,of ,,history4 ,if the ghost of ,tacitus could return from the ,acherontic shades1 learn the ,english language1 and spend a few weeks in reading the most popular modern works in that branch of letters of which he was in his day the conspicuous ornament1 he would rend his toga in despair1 and mourn over the ruin of one of the noblest of the sciences4 ,the 8dignity of history0 was not an unmeaning phrase when kings1 consuls1 and military commanders moved with stately pace through the polished pages1 and uttered the most heroic of sentiments in the most formal of addresses4 ,ancient authors would have deemed it the grossest indecency to quote familiar language from the lips of any historical character1 or to let the world imagine that men who concerned themselves with #eej the destinies of states1 behaved even in moments of relaxation like the men who buy and sell in the shops1 and confine their cares to commonplace domestic matters4 ,and yet what could be more absurd than to suppose that generals addressed their armies amid the heat of battle in a speech regularly compounded of exordium1 argument1 exhortation1 and peroration2 or that great men wore the grand manner to bed with them1 and put on civic crowns before they washed their faces in the morning8 ,it is not so very many years since ,cato used to be represented on the ,english stage in a powdered wig and a dress-sword1 which was not more incongruous than the spectacle presented by all the old statesmen and fighting characters of antiquity1 mouthing orations1 and posing themselves in the best of the classical histories4 ,perhaps it was something to be thankful for that1 in the eclipse of learning during the disturbed middle ages1 the art of writing history after the heroic manner was lost4 ,the chroniclers of feudal times devoted infinite pains to the reeord of facts--as well as the record of many things that were not facts--but knew little of the graces of literary composition1 and cared nothing for the dignity of history4 ,they stripped off the heavy robes1 and showed us the deformed and clumsy figures underneath4 ,lacking literary culture and the fine art of discrimination1 they left us only the bare materials of history instead of the historical structure itself4 ,industrious but injudicious collectors1 they were sometimes amusingly garrulous1 sometimes provokingly uninteresting2 but their labors were invaluable1 and modern scholars owe them a debt which can never be repaid4 ,it is only within a hundred years that ,english writers have tried to combine the merits of the ancient and the medival schools1 discarding the cumbrous and delusive garments in which ,herodotus and ,livy used to wrap up the ,muse ,clio1 and draping the bare skeletons of the annalists with comely mantles4 ,there was a portentous dulness in most of the earlier essays in the reviving art1 scarcely interrupted until ,hume embodied his sceptical philosophy in a history of ,england1 and the infidel ,gibbon threw a lurid splendor over the chronicles of the declining empire4 ,both these eminent writers brought to their work an elegance of style worthy of the classical period1 and a vigor of thought so different from the unreflecting industry of their plodding predecessors1 that the falsehood underlying their narrative was not readily perceived1 or was too easily pardoned4 ,boldness of theory1 and in ,gibbon a sardonic wit1 added interest to the charms of the well-told story4 ,but ,hume and ,gibbon1 as well as many of their less distinguished contemporaries1 labored under a radically wrong theory4 ,they accommodated historical narrative to the illustration of preconceived principles1 instead of deducing the principles from the facts2 and left us1 consequently1 volumes of sophistical argument1 rather than chronicles of actual occurrences and pictures of actual society4 ,it was not until ,macaulay arose in ,england1 and ,prescott in the ,united ,states1 that the modern school of historical writing was fairly developed4 ,macaulay explained his own theory when he said that 8a perfect historian must possess an imagination sufficiently powerful to make his narrative affecting and picturesque1 yet must control it so absolutely as to content himself with the materials which he finds1 and to refrain from supplying deficiencies by additions of his own40 #eea ,william ,h4 ,prescott1 though he sometimes trusted authorities who did not deserve his confidence1 and was swayed by religious prejudice and an inability to comprehend the spirit of ,catholic faith1 came nearer to the perfection of ,macaulay's ideal than any previous writer4 ,his imagination adorned the romantic tales of conquest and adventure in the ,new ,world with a splendor till then unknown2 yet no one could charge that he had been led away by the temptations of a too luxuriant fancy1 or had heightened the effect of his narrative by a single touch unauthorized in the musty chronicles from which he drew his material4 ,prescott's earlier histories are stories in which the actors stand forth with as much distinctness1 and incidents follow one another with as much rapidity and as close connection1 as in a well-constructed novel4 ,in his unfinished ,philip ,,ii41 he entered upon a wider field1 which required a different treatment4 ,it was no longer sufficient to tell a story well2 he had to paint the manners of an age1 the life and character of a nation1 and to unravel the network of intrigue which constitutes the political history of ,europe during a long and stirring period of time4 ,that he did this1 so far as his labors extended1 with consummate art1 no ,american reader needs to be told4 ,but the system which he pursued was carried to a greater length by ,macaulay--the best type1 upon the whole1 of the new school of historians of whom we purposed speaking in this article4 ,macaulay assumed that history ought to show us not merely the revolutions of dynasties1 the clash of armies1 and the intrigues of cabinets1 but the daily life and conversation of all ranks of the people1 from the prince to the peasant4 ,it ought to teach us their habits of thought and their mode of speech4 ,it ought to open for us their private homes1 their workshops1 and their churches4 ,it ought to depict national habits and character1 or it could not explain national tendencies and aspirations4 ,to do this1 it must pick up a multitude of little things which the older writers thought beneath the dignity of history4 ,it must invade the province of the poet and the novelist4 ,otherwise1 he who would understand the reign of ,king ,james must read half of it in ,hume and half in ,the ,fortunes of ,nigel4#aaf ,macaulay made many mistakes in the execution of this noble plan4 ,he picked up too many things which were not so much undignified as untrustworthy4 ,the sketches of society which he drew with such a masterly hand may have been true in their general effect2 but he blundered in details4 ,besides1 he was as hot a partisan as ,hume1 as inveterate a theorist as even the author of ,the ,decline and ,fall4 ,whatever his mistakes and shortcomings1 ,macaulay rendered an invaluable service to literature by the impetus which his brilliant example gave to the new principles of historical composition4 ,he may be said to have dealt the finishing blow to the old style1 and shown us how a minute1 faithful1 and vivacious story ought to be set before the world--how the historian must draw his materials1 not only from state-paper offices and formal chronicles1 but from gossiping diaries1 ballads1 pamphlets1 and all other sources in which are preserved traces of the condition of society and the domestic annals of the people4 ,the period which he undertook to illustrate offered peculiar advantages for the development of his plan4 ,it was a period when a great change was taking place in ,english customs and ways of thought4 #eeb ,the revolution1 which not only exchanged one dynasty for another1 but metamorphosed the very system of ,english government1 merely followed in the path of a remarkable intellectual and social transformation1 without which the political reversal would have been impossible4 ,the events of the reign of ,james ,,ii4 could not be explained under the old plan of writing history on stilts4 ,they were incomprehensible except by one who could mingle familiarly with the ,english people1 and learn by what steps they had reached their new departure4 ,only one period in the history of ,england showed changes of equal importance4 ,that was the period which witnessed ,england's apostasy from the ,catholic faith2 and it is the period which one of the latest and most brilliant of ,english historians has chosen for the subject of a work planned 7if not executed7 after ,macaulay's model4 ,mr4 ,james ,anthony ,froude attempted to trace the development of the ,english nation1 from the day of ,henry's formal separation from the communion of the ,holy ,see to the final establishment of ,protestant ascendency at the death of ,elizabeth4 ,this is by no means the task he has accomplished1 but it is the task he set himself at the beginning of his work4 ,he purposed to show the processes by which a people1 devotedly and even heroically faithful to the ,roman ,see1 became first schismatic and then heretical2 how their character under the change of faith took on a new color2 how the foundations of the ,english supremacy over ,ireland and ,scotland were laid in blood and crime2 and how the maritime ascendency which has lasted three hundred years was established by the daring and enterprise of ,english sailors during the latter half of ,elizabeth's reign4 ,never had historian a more tempting theme4 ,if ,mr4 ,froude had been a man of philosophical spirit1 acute insight1 industry1 and literary honesty1 he might have produced a work that for brilliancy would have rivalled ,macaulay's1 and for dramatic interest would have been almost unequalled in our language4 ,there was no lack of material4 ,since ,hume and ,lingard--one the most misleading1 the other the driest of modern ,english historians--had treated the same period1 an immense store of records and official documents had become accessible to scholars4 ,the ,british ,state-,paper ,office abounded with historic wealth which the earlier writers did not know4 ,the archives of ,simancas disclosed secrets long unsuspected1 and unravelled mysteries that had long baffled investigators4 ,and from a thousand sources new light had been thrown upon the social condition of ,england1 new illustrations given of the tendency of ,english thought1 new explanations offered of the development of ,english strength and ,english character4 ,in his first volume1 ,mr4 ,froude seemed to appreciate the nature of his task1 and to go about it with something of the proper spirit4 ,he set before us a lifelike picture of ,england in the early part of ,henry's reign1 and displayed admirable art in reproducing the manners1 the conversation1 and the tendencies of the common people1 as well as the superficial characteristics of the chief actors in the historical drama4 ,but even in the first volume he showed the glaring faults which vitiated all his later labors1 and1 increasing as the work went on1 made his history at last one of the worst that the present generation has produced4 ,fired with the zeal of a blind partisan1 he forgot all his earlier purposes and all his earlier pictorial art in the enthusiasm of a fierce religious bigotry4 ,it became his object to #eec describe a conflict for the possession of ,england between the powers of darkness and the powers of light4 ,on the one hand stood the ,pope of ,rome and his agents1 ,catharine of ,aragon1 ,wolsey1 ,mary ,tudor1 ,philip of ,spain1 and the ,queen of ,scots4 ,on the other1 arrayed beneath the banner of civil and religious liberty1 fought those bright beings1 ,henry ,,viii41 ,anne ,boleyn1 and ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,naturally1 when ,elizabeth at last triumphed in the defeat of the ,spanish ,armada1 ,mr4 ,froude declared the battle over1 and dropped his unfinished1 ill-proportioned story4 ,one qualification he certainly had4 ,he shrank from no paradox4 ,he carried his theory boldly over the most serious obstacles1 and took even the nastiest fences in the life of ,henry without an instant's hesitation4 ,the most fervent ,anglicans were amazed at ,mr4 ,froude's admiration for the bluff1 carnal-minded king1 and wondered how he was to justify the new views of history which he set forth with such alluring boldness4 ,it was not long before he taught them his method4 8,it often seems to me10 says ,mr4 ,froude1 in one of his collected essays1 8as if history was like a child's box of letters1 with which we can spell any word we please40 ,of course1 when the historian takes the liberty of leaving out facts which do not please him1 disarranging sequences which conflict with his preconceived theories1 and giving his own peculiar coloring to incidents without caring what coloring actually belongs to them1 it is indeed easy enough to make history spell whatever he pleases4 ,at the very outset1 ,mr4 ,froude had an opportunity to try his skill in accommodating facts to theories4 ,he began his story with ,henry's project for a divorce2 and his starting-point was the assumption that the king's scruples were thoroughly conscientious1 and no thought was given to ,anne while he believed himself legally married to ,catharine4 ,to maintain this1 the historian resorted to his characteristic vices--suppression and misrepresentation4 ,he concealed the origin of ,henry's intercourse with ,anne ,boleyn1 bringing her on the stage some years too late1 with the air of one introducing a fresh arrival2 and he grossly distorted the contemporary records from which he professed to quote4 ,the king's distaste for ,catharine1 he says1 had risen to its worst dimensions before he ever saw ,anne ,boleyn4 ,he adds that her first appearance at court was in #aebe--which is an error1 for she came to the court in #aebb2 and yet it was not until #aebg that we find ,henry agitating the question of a divorce4 ,that ,mistress ,anne during these five years was otherwise employed than in fascinating his majesty1 ,mr4 ,froude apparently wishes us to infer from the story that she was engaged to ,lord ,percy1 the eldest son of the ,earl of ,northumberland4 ,lord ,percy1 to quote our author's words1 8was in the household of ,cardinal ,wolsey2 and ,cavendish1 who was with him there1 tells a long romantic story of the affair1 which1 if his account be true1 was ultimately interrupted by ,lord ,northumberland himself40 ,this1 if ,cavendish said it1 would indeed afford a fair presumption that ,anne was not at that time 7the date is given by other authorities as #aebd or #aebe7 the object of the royal attentions4 ,but ,cavendish really says something very different4 ,he declared that the king sent for ,lord ,northumberland1 and ordered him to interrupt the affair4 ,mr4 ,froude could not help seeing this statement if he read ,cavendish at all1 and we do not understand how he is to be acquitted of gross and intentional misrepresentation in making his authority convey a meaning #eed diametrically opposed to the one intended4 ,after this1 ,mr4 ,froude goes on with the story of the divorce as if ,anne had no existence1 and she does not appear again upon the scene until the stage has been nearly cleared for her4 ,this is a fair specimen of literary dishonesty or recklessness from the first volume4 ,later instalments of the work1 especially those devoted to the ,queen of ,scots1 have been dissected by an able hand in the pages of this magazine4 ,the series of papers in which ,mr4 ,james ,f4 ,meline examined in our columns ,froude's account of ,mary ,stuart1 have now been incorporated with much additional matter in a volume entitled ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and her ,latest ,english ,historian4#aag ,no more thorough scarification of a literary offender has been published within our recollection4 ,mr4 ,meline has traced the historian's authorities with admirable patience1 disclosed his falsifications1 his misconceptions1 his suppressions1 and his interpolations1 and utterly demolished the case which ,elizabeth's advocate made against the unfortunate ,mary4 ,it is common to meet with uneducated people who cannot tell a story correctly1 or repeat the words of a conversation without grossly distorting their meaning4 ,partly from defects of memory1 partly from an intellectual deficiency which prevents them from apprehending things exactly as they are1 such persons invariably misreport what they have seen and heard4 ,what such people are to society1 ,mr4 ,froude seems to be to history4 ,the ,saturday ,review says that he has not 8fully grasped the nature of inverted commas40 ,if he quotes a state paper1 he leaves out essential passages1 and inserts statements which rest upon no authority but his own4 ,he gives his conjectures as if they were recorded facts4 ,he disingenuously combines unconnected facts so as to bear out his private conjectures4 ,these are serious charges to bring against a writer of history2 but they are all proved by ,mr4 ,meline's book4 ,we do not purpose reviewing the whole story of the ,queen of ,scots1 or reviving the endless controversy upon her innocence1 so soon after the task has been performed in the pages of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world by the author of the savage little volume now before us4 ,but we shall select and arrange from this record a few specimens of ,mr4 ,froude's sins1 that our readers may judge for themselves how little claim this latest ,english history has to an honorable place on their library shelves4 #a4 ,mr4 ,froude begins early to prepare our minds for ,mary's imputed profligacy4 8,she was brought up10 he says1 8amidst the political iniquities of the court of ,catharine de ,medicis40 ,the fact is that ,mary never was at the court of ,catharine de ,medicis at all4 ,catharine had no court1 no influence1 no position in history1 until after ,mary had left ,france4 ,and1 besides1 ,mary and ,catharine cordially detested each other4 #b4 ,on the authority of ,knox's ,history of the ,reformation1 he relates that ,knox had labored to save the ,earl of ,murray from the dangerous fascinations of his sister ,mary1 8but ,murray had only been angry at his interference1 and #8they spake not familiarlie for more than a year and a half4'0 ,but ,knox gives an entirely different version of the quarrel4 ,he writes that he had urged ,murray to legalize by act of the parliament the confession of faith as the doctrine of the ,church of #eee ,scotland1 but ,murray was more intent upon his private interests--8the erledom of ,murray needed confirmation1 and many things were to be ratified that concerned the help of friends and servants--and the matter fell so hote betwixt the ,erie of ,murray and ,john ,knox1 that familiarlie after that time they spack nott together more than a year and a half40 ,there is nothing about ,mary's influence over her brother2 the influence was all on the other side4 #c4 ,mr4 ,froude assumes to quote from a dispatch of ,randolph's to ,cecil a description of ,mary's luxurious habits4 8,without illness or imagination of it1 she would lounge for days in bed1 rising only at night for dancing or music2 and there she reclined with some light delicate ,french robe carelessly draped about her1 surrounded by her ladies1 her council1 and her courtiers1 receiving ambassadors and transacting business of state4 ,it was in this condition that ,randolph found her40 7,randolph to ,cecil1 ,sept4 #d1 #aefc47 ,there is no such description in the dispatch4 ,on the contrary1 ,mary is represented at this period1 both by ,randolph and by other authorities1 as industrious1 active1 energetic1 and capable1 but at the same time in bad health4 #d4 ,mr4 ,froude thus travesties ,randolph's account of the return of ,bothwell 7#aefe73 8,suddenly1 unlooked for and uninvited1 the evil spirit of the storm1 the ,earl of ,bothwell1 reappeared at ,mary's court4 ,she disclaimed all share in his return2 he was still attainted2 yet there he stood--none daring to lift a hand against him--proud1 insolent1 and dangerous40 ,and he adds that 8the ,earl of ,murray1 at the expense of forfeiting the last remains of his influence over his sister1 summoned ,bothwell to answer at ,edinburgh a charge of high treason40 ,what ,randolph really says is this3 8,the ,queen misliketh ,bothwell's coming home1 and has summoned him to undergo the law or be proclaimed a rebel40 ,it was the ,queen therefore1 and not ,murray1 who 8summoned him to answer40 ,moreover1 ,bothwell did not appear at court1 but sought refuge among his vassals in ,liddesdale4 #e4 ,mr4 ,froude speaks of ,lennox having 8gathered about him a knot of wild and desperate youths--,cassilis1 ,eglinton1 ,montgomery1 and ,bothwell40 ,if he had read his authority 7,randolph7 with decent care1 he would have seen that these were not the friends of ,lennox1 but1 on the contrary1 the strongest dependence of ,murray and ,argyle against ,lennox4 ,moreover1 ,eglinton and ,montgomery are one and the same person4 #f4 ,a blunder which has already excited some discussion is ,mr ,froude's statement1 on the authority of a letter from ,randolph to ,cecil1 ,october #e1 #aefe1 that ,mary1 8deaf to advice as she had been to menace10 said she would have no peace till she had ,murray's or ,chatelherault's head40 ,there is no such letter4 ,it appears1 however1 from a letter of ,randolph's1 dated ,october #d1 that ,mary was 8not only uncertain as to what she should do1 but inclined to clement measures1 and so undecided as to hope that matters could be arranged40 ,the document to which ,mr4 ,froude refers is a letter from the ,earl of ,bedford1 who was not at ,mary's court1 but at ,alnwick1 on the ,english side of the border1 and who consequently had no such opportunities as ,randolph for knowing the temper of the ,scottish ,queen4 ,but even ,bedford does not say what ,mr4 ,froude reports4 ,the earl merely relates the substance of information brought back from the rebel camp by one of his officers4 ,according to this man1 ,murray and the other rebel lords are dissatisfied with the little that ,england is doing to help #eef them1 and they say1 8,there is no talk of peace with that ,queen1 but that she will first have a head of the duke or of the ,earl of ,murray40 #g4 ,one instance of ,mr4 ,froude's incorrigible propensity to blunder in that peculiar manner which is vulgarly called 8going off at half-cock10 deserves to be mentioned1 not for its importance1 but because it is amusing4 ,he describes ,mary on a furious night-ride of 8twenty miles in two hours10 at the end of which she wrote 8with her own hand0 a letter to ,elizabeth1 8fierce1 dauntless1 and haughty10 8the strokes thick1 and slightly uneven from excitement1 but strong1 firm1 and without sign of trembling40 ,it is a pity to spoil such a picturesque passage2 but the very letter which ,mr4 ,froude seems to have examined with such care contains the ,queen's apology for not writing it with her own hand1 because she was 8so tired and ill at ease10 and mentions1 moreover1 that the twenty-miles ride occupied five hours1 not two4 #h4 ,in his account of the murder of ,darnley1 ,mr4 ,froude pursues a singularly devious course1 through which his reviewer follows him with inimitable pertinacity4 ,the historian accepts without reserve the most notoriously untrustworthy authorities1 distorts evidence1 throws in a multitude of artful suggestions1 and suppresses in a manner that is downright dishonest every circumstance that tells in ,mary's favor4 ,we have no space to recapitulate here the numberless blunders and perversions of which he is convicted by ,mr4 ,meline2 but some of them are too ludicrous to be passed over4 ,for instance1 ,mr4 ,froude finds it suspicious that ,mary should have 8preferred to believe0 that she herself was the object of the lords' conspiracy1 though a dispatch from ,paris had conveyed 8a message to her from ,catharine de ,medicis that her husband's life was in danger40 ,the message was not from ,catharine de ,medicis1 but from the ,spanish ambassador in ,france1 and wanted her to 8take heed to herself10 for there was 8some notable enterprise in hand against her40 ,not a word is said of her husband4 #i4 ,it is again mentioned1 as confirmation of her guilt1 that 8she sent for none of the absent noblemen to protect her10 and that 8,murray was within reach1 but she did not seem to desire his presence40 ,now1 ,mr4 ,froude's own authorities show that ,mary did send for many of the absent noblemen1 and in particular that she twice sent for ,murray1 who would not come4 #aj4 ,when ,elizabeth sent ,killigrew to ,scotland to inquire into the circumstances of the murder1 ,murray 7as ,killigrew himself relates7 entertained the ,english ambassador at dinner1 and invited to meet him ,huntly1 ,argyle1 ,bothwell1 and ,maitland--all of them among the murderers of ,darnley4 ,this was strong circumstantial evidence of ,murray's guilt4 ,mr4 ,froude accordingly 7referring to ,killigrew as his authority7 suppresses all mention of ,murray1 who gave the dinner and presided at it1 and states that ,killigrew 8was entertained at dinner by the clique who had attended her ,mary to ,seton0--thus implying that ,mary1 instead of ,murray1 was in league with ,bothwell and the others to prevent his getting at the truth4 ,the whole substance of ,killigrew's letter is most outrageously misrepresented4 ,mr4 ,meline gives the original and the false version side by side4 ,but we must pause4 ,we cannot follow ,mr4 ,meline in his admirable discussion of the authenticity of the famous casket letters1 or his exposure of the extraordinary misstatements with which ,mr4 ,froude has #eeg loaded this portion of his book4 ,with the question of the innocence of the ,queen of ,scots1 we are not now concerned4 ,our business is rather with the innocence of the ,queen of ,scots' most notorious modern accuser4 ,and whatever may be thought of the honesty of ,mr4 ,froude's motives1 whether we decide that he blunders through sheer incapacity1 or lies with malice aforethought1 we believe candid students will admit that his reputation as a historical writer has been utterly ruined1 and that his work will be remembered hereafter as a disastrous literary failure4 #aaf ,see ,macaulay's ,essay on ,history4 #aag ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and her ,latest ,english ,historian4 ,by ,james ,f4 ,meline4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ---------- ,,venite ,,adoremus4 ,it comes to us1 as a messenger of peace and love1 a memory of home1 a voice of the past1 with the echo of unforgotten joys1 and the refrain of ever-silent sorrows2 with the sacred thoughts of that most touching feast1 ,christmas1 of that most tender mystery1 the ,infant-,god2 with the human thoughts of friends gone from us and loved ones far away--,venite adoremus6 ,it conjures up pictures before us of a happy1 ignorant childhood1 peaceful as a meadow-brook--a young life passed amid smiling hills1 and fruitful vales1 and woods where the honeysuckle twines round the old gnarled hawthorns1 and the oak spreads its green1 trembling tent over carpets of wild hyacinths4 ,there1 before the mind's eye1 rises the vision of a house1 gray and picturesque1 a broad1 lovely terrace1 and oriel windows looking down and beyond it into a sloping orchard4 ,at the back1 leaning on the grassy bank1 dotted by firs and elms1 lilacs and guelder-rose1 and fragrant syringa and gold-blooming laburnum1 stands a gaunt old tower1 clad in dark purple-berried ivy--a ghost tower1 the haunt of mystery1 overshadowing the little cloister and the tall1 gray roof of the chapel4 ,but it is winter1 and ,i have been forgetting that the ,venite adoremus is a snow-flower of devotion1 a 8,christmas rose10 not a red ,june rose1 regal in its dusky1 velvety mantle of richest1 warmest color2 for now we hear the chant of the holy ,christmas song1 and the tapers are lighted on the stone-carved altar1 where1 on each side of the niched reredos1 white angels kneel with their eternal torches1 ever still1 ever adoring1 like some heavenly exile bound to earth's temples by a divine spell1 of which art holds the key4 ,above1 the ,annunciation is blazoned forth on the pictured window2 but you cannot see it now1 the night blots out its fairness4 ,angels1 again1 on the frescoed wall1 bear scrolls1 whose silent voices chant a ceaseless ,gloria to the ,babe in the tabernacle--,laudamus te1 ,benedicimus te1 ,adoramus te1 ,glorificamus te--and the rest of the narrow chapel is dark and voiceless1 save where a taper glimmers on the desk of the little1 humble harmonium1 round which stand reverentially the few singers1 whose only guerdon is the smile of the unseen but not unfelt ,god4 ,dark and dusky red are the hangings that tapestry the wall1 bearing over their surface thick #eeh growths of the white fleur-de-lis2 while above the simple benches of stained wood1 at the back1 rises a long1 dark gallery4 ,it was there ,i heard the first ,midnight ,mass ,i ever heard in my life4 ,venite adoremus6 ,it brings back visions of a mother's patient1 doting love2 of a gathering of friends2 of pleasant1 hushed talk of ghosts and spectres2 of long1 dark corridors1 where the wind moaned like a soul in pain2 of oriel windows1 many-paned1 through which came the distant sound of young owls hooting mournfully in the snow-covered plantations4 ,how kind a mother the church is6 ,are not all her feasts as many days of remembrances given to the past joys of home8 ,are they not a faultless calendar of our hopes and fears for years past8 ,when the children1 with earnest1 unsuspicious gravity1 debated upon the arrangements of the 8crib10 what excitement6 what interest6 ,when the parents and the old retainers closed one room in mysterious silence1 and decorated the glittering ,christmas-tree1 what wonderment6 what whisperings6--and on the revelation1 what delight6 ,when piles of blankets and warm clothing were distributed among the poor1 what curiosity to see which child got the petticoat ,eleanor hemmed1 or the jacket ,frances put together6 ,all this is in the voice of the ,venite adoremus as it sounds faintly now through a half-opened door1 a ,sunday surprise in a house hardly given to much solemnity--a house far away from the old gabled homestead and the snow-veiled chapel-roof4 ,but it has other scenes to show1 other memories to waken4 ,it tells of a ,southern church1 gaudy and bedizened1 full of frivolous worshippers1 whose ,christmas vigil has been kept in the ball-room they have hurriedly left to listen to the operatic orchestra preparing its musical pyrotechnics for the dread moment of the ,elevation4 ,but pass we on to more congenial remembrances4 ,it tells of a simple1 white-washed chamber1 a prison-ward in the ,holy ,city1 where reclaimed and forgiven women are worshipping the divine ,babe1 who has wrought their salvation and sent them in their hour of need to the arms of his earthly angels1 the ,sisters of ,mercy2 it tells of a high dignitary of the ,vatican1 leaving his purple magnificence to come among the city prisons1 and spend with them a more edifying ,christmas than the display of the public churches promised his humble devotion4 ,venite adoremus6 ,it swells up in sweet woman-tones from some recess of faithful memory1 but the halls through which the hymn was borne that ,christmas night echo only to the heavy tramp of the sentinel now1 if not to worse1 the blasphemies of the ungodly trooper4 ,it brings the medival glories of ,st4 ,mark's to the mind of a lover of that unique basilica--that petrified dream of the heavenly ,jerusalem1 with its curious barbaric wealth1 its golden mosaics1 its ,byzantine spoils of victories that were not merely the victories of civilization over decay1 but the triumphs of faith over superstition4 ,the glorious church is full1 dark masses of human beings sway about its broad-reaching nave1 and here and there1 like fire-flies1 like heart-stars1 shine the little cerini--the rope-like coils of wax1 the picturesque forerunners of garish gas-jets and dream-dispelling coronas4 ,the ,mass in ,venice is not a real ,midnight ,mass1 however1 since1 by special permission1 it is celebrated at five o'clock in the afternoon of the vigil4 ,it is sad to hear profane music even in this consecrated spot1 whose dim1 suggestive beauty seems to inherit the #eei vague and solemn halo of the veiled lamps of the ,holy of ,holies in the temple of ,jerusalem2 but corrupted taste certainly does reign in the ,venetian basilica1 and a ,mass full of modern ,italian fioritura is annually performed in it at the festival of ,christmas4 ,still1 the mind sees beyond the unhappy aberrations of the modern ,euterpe out into the long vista of past centuries1 when graver and nobler strains rang through the low-vaulted temple1 and the stern and silent heads of the state came in procession to grace the triumph of the new-born ,saviour4 ,from ,venice to ,geneva there is a wide gulf1 but the ,venite adoremus bridges over that4 ,once again ,christmas comes round1 and the same world-wide chant rises in the now half-converted stronghold of ,calvinism4 ,it leads us towards the older town1 far from the noisy port hotels1 into a winding labyrinth of steep1 ill-paved streets1 through rows of old houses1 every one of which seems to have a history of its own1 and whose old-fashioned windows1 and wide portals opening into silent court-yards1 remind one of time-worn parchment bindings round poems for ever new4 ,but is this analogy not a little true8 for is not the poem of the human heart as old and as changeless as the ancient romances of long-dead bards1 and yet do we ever tire of its repetition1 any more than we are weary of ,chaucer and ,shakespeare1 of ,homer and ,virgil8 ,venite adoremus6 ,it lures us on to a dark church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,germain1 where there is nothing beautiful to strike the eye1 nothing artistic to make the heart beat4 ,plain and even unsightly1 tawdry and faded1 as all churches are whose history lies between the dreaded persecution of the sixteenth century and the ,gothic revival of the nineteenth1 ,st4 ,germain yet possesses that untold charm which the ,italians so broadly but accurately describe by the word simpatico4 ,sympathy6 yes1 that is it4 ,it breathes on us from every corner2 it is the atmosphere of the little church2 it softens every incongruity1 and sweetly blinds us to every defect4 ,after all1 such churches1 inartistic as they may be1 are no unfit representatives of the church militant1 while our glorious blossoms of stone1 born of the ,moses-like rod of ,pugin1 are types of the unfathomable beauty and jubilant repose of the church triumphant4 ,in this ,midnight ,mass at ,geneva it was touching to see the crowds that flocked to the church through drifting snow and biting wind--real ,christmas weather--and1 without any attraction in the shape of noted preacher or imposing ceremonial1 filled the church as full as the generous heart-blood does the bosom of the ,christian martyr4 ,hundreds of silent worshippers were assembled there1 and1 when the last ,gospel of the ,mass had been said1 the priests returned1 in alb and stole1 to give communion to the eager congregation4 ,hardly one present seemed to have left the church1 and gradually the vast body of the faithful broke1 like successive waves1 at the foot of the altar4 ,for one whole hour was this scene enacting1 and no music was heard meanwhile1 and1 though few rules were enforced and little order reigned1 yet the sight was as widely suggestive as any more carefully arranged demonstrations4 ,somehow these artless1 unpremeditated outpourings of the heart of ,christendom have a far higher power to interest1 a far subtler charm to entrance1 and leave a higher impression and a more healthful influence behind1 than those wonderful pageants which from #efj year to year draw thousands of curious spectators to ,rome4 ,here is everyday ,christianity2 here is the inner working of that silent1 ,god-wielded mechanism whose outward robes and draperies only come to us in the shape of those glittering festas2 here is the real work1 the real core of things1 the heart whose pulsation alone gives meaning to all that external magnificence1 the sun of which those ceremonies are the radiance1 the consuming fire of which that glorious ritual is but the outgoing heat and the coruscant light4 ,and when we think of the darker and varied aspects1 the inner complications of the lives of those who were crowding round the altar-rails of ,st4 ,germain1 what a wonderful1 manifold history1 what a spiritual landscape of infinite shades of the most delicate pencillings1 do we not see6 ,side by side kneel souls whose life-paths run in opposite channels3 here is ,martha1 the busy household angel1 whose faith is inwoven in her every daily movement1 her every thought1 though it be of toil and anxiety2 there is the pensive ,magdalen1 whose sadness is her soul's beauty1 whose memory brings before her even more tokens of merciful forgiveness and unwearied love than of her own little past1 her sins and her hard-heartedness2 there kneels the widow whose child has just been given back to her from the very portals of death1 and whose only altar for many dreary months has been the darkened chamber and the curtained sick-bed4 ,close to her is a maiden whose life is one long act of pure preparation for the bridal feast1 the marriage supper of the ,lamb1 and who1 when next ,christmas-chimes sound1 will hear in them the glad knell that proclaims her death to the outside world1 and her life-long vow of obedience to her ,spouse4 ,here is a ,monica1 wrestling in prayer for a wayward son whose hopeless lapse from the narrow path of virtue is the heaviest cross her ,saviour could have chosen for her burden2 there again is the bride1 kneeling by the side of the simple1 joyous1 boyish bridegroom1 with whom she is just beginning a new stage on the road to eternal bliss4 ,so rough1 so uniform1 so commonplace is the aspect of the crowd1 that these things are only visible to spiritual sight1 to the eye of the soul2 and1 if visible even to our darkened organs of spiritual understanding1 how much more clearly and far more touchingly to the eye of eternal ,wisdom and fathomless ,love6 ,what a rose-garden is a church full of humble communicants before the sight of ,god6 ,how fragrant and varied the blossoms to his illumined perception6 ,men in every stage of conversion--those who have just timidly set their foot on the first round of ,jacob's mystic ladder2 those who have struggled so far that they can dare to look down one moment1 and measure the death from which ,god's love has raised them1 in order to gain additional grace to correspond with his future and more rapid calls heavenward2 those who have left all sin and danger so far behind that they look upon them calmly1 as one sees the rolling clouds far below from the crisp-breathing atmosphere of the highest mountains2 those whose conversation is in heaven1 and whose thoughts are silent angels walking ever with them as the living messengers of ,god4 ,such are the miracles of grace that crowd the lowly church2 the mysteries that we can only guess at beneath the crust of materiality which we see2 the wonders that jostle us in the swaying throng1 and of which we have so little knowledge that we hardly even suspect what angel's robe has swept past our own garments a moment ago4 #efa ,and as this scene fades away1 while the silence is again broken by the sweet song of home1 ,venite adoremus6 we see another and a last picture dawning from the gray mist of memory4 ,not far from the old home where the first ,midnight ,mass of our childhood entranced our imagination is another house--a home1 too1 in some sense1 yet not the home that the mother hallowed in the dear1 olden days1 for now she is only present in the spirit1 and she never even saw the first ,christmas snows in this new and stately hall4 ,but a church1 fair and carven1 stands above her grave1 and her loving heart is the first stone1 the foundation-stone of the new shrine4 ,close above her resting-place is the altar1 and close below1 the organ4 ,there ,christmas is enthroned again1 the ,venite adoremus echoes once more through wreathed arches and festooned pillars2 there again a small household and a few newly-converted children of the faith of old ,england kneel in silent prayer1 and mingle thoughts of the foundress of the church with those of the new-born ,king whose praises1 whose ,gloria1 she is now singing in heaven4 ,thus the soul-stirring ,christmas hymn links the past with the present1 the memories of foreign lands with the dear thoughts of home1 and binds them together as a sheaf of golden straw to lay in the crib of the ,babe of ,bethlehem4 ,venite adoremus6 ,it has been sung to our infancy when the nurse rocked the cradle where slept the first-born2 it has cheered our early childhood when the young mother-voice taught it to us at the ,christmas fireside2 it has thrilled our heart in youth when1 far from the old home1 we have listened to its solemn1 familiar strains2 it will stir a chord of memory through each succeeding year as our early associations grow dim and our path waxes more lonely2 it will breathe a sweet farewell and echo in our ears on our very deathbed1 linking the thought of our first earthly home to that of our expected eternal one in the bosom of our ,jesus and the arms of our new-found1 glorified ,mother4 ,those who are dear to us on earth1 those who grew up round the same hearth1 and knelt peacefully at the same father's knee1 and held his hand the day the mother-angel winged her way to her ,god1 can never forget the ,venite adoremus1 the ,christmas pledge of undying love and indissoluble union1 which they learned and sang together for long1 long years of joy1 nor can they dream that1 however far apart1 that hymn does not make the heart beat and the eye grow dim with tears even as in the days of old2 while--,o happier thought even than that6--they never can forget that as on earth1 so will it be hereafter1 that the crown of song will lack no jewel1 will miss no note1 of all that once were in it1 and that for ever and for ever one will be the undiminished chorus of father and mother1 brethren and sisters1 in the halls of the 8,everlasting ,christmas40 ,venite ,adoremus6 venite adoremus ,dominum6 ---------- ,,mr4 ,,clarke's ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,catholic ,,bishops4#aah #efb 8,like stars to their appointed heights they climb40--,,shelley4 ,the remark had become trite in the mouths of ,europeans1 that ,america has no history4 ,such was the inertness of our countrymen in the department of ,american history2 such the want of works recounting the thrilling story of early adventure and colonization1 the struggles of feeble colonies for existence and permanence1 their long and steadfast preservation of free institutions inherited from the mother-country1 and their gallantry in defending them against an unnatural mother2 the birth and growth of a vast and mighty republic1 maintaining at once order and liberty amid the convulsions and revolutions of ,european dynasties and empires1 and eliciting from a ,european monarch1 whose crown was afterwards torn from his head1 the remark addressed to an ,american ,catholic bishop1 who told him of free and peaceful ,america1 8,truly1 that people at least understand liberty2 when will it be understood among us80--all these things remained so long an untold story1 that it was believed but too generally that ,america was without a history to record4 ,the subsequent works of ,bancroft1 ,irving1 ,prescott1 ,parkman1 and others have pretty effectually dispelled the delusion4 ,but it seems to have been equally thought1 among the historians of the church1 that her career in ,america was also devoid of historical interest1 so few and meagre were our published records and histories4 ,in the general histories of the church1 such as that by ,darras1 commencing with the earliest ages1 and coming down to our own times1 with but slight general allusions to ,america1 no mention whatever is made of the rise and progress of the church in the ,united ,states4 ,in the ,american edition of ,darras1 there is an ,appendix1 written for the purpose by an ,american author1 ,rev4 ,charles ,i4 ,white1 ,d4,d41 giving a ,sketch of the ,origin and ,progress of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states of ,america1 and intended to supply1 in some measure1 the omission4 ,in our article on ,bishop ,timon1 in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world of ,april1 #ahga1 we remarked3 8,sketches of local church history1 more or less complete1 have occasionally appeared--sketches1 for instance1 like ,the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 by ,de ,courcy and ,shea2 and ,shea's ,history of the ,catholic ,missions among the ,indian tribes of ,america1 and ,bishop ,bayley's little volume on the history of the church in ,new ,york4 ,but a work of a different kind1 broader in its design than some of these excellent and useful publications1 more limited in scope than the dry and costly general histories1 still awaits the hand of a polished and enthusiastic man of letters40 ,when we penned these lines1 though we knew of ,mr4 ,clarke's long-continued and unwearied labors in that department of ,american ,catholic #efc literature1 had cheered at times his earnest and faithful studies1 and had1 by his kindness1 been able to spread before our readers some of his interesting and admirably prepared biographical papers1 such as the ,life of ,governor ,dongan of ,new ,york1 in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world of ,september1 #ahfi1 and the ,memoir of ,father ,brbeuf1 ,s4,j41 in the ,july and ,august numbers1 #ahga1 still we scarcely hoped that we should see our desires so soon realized1 or that we should so soon have occasion to hail the appearance of the splendid work now before us1 the fruits of his accomplished pen and energetic industry1 in the two handsomely printed and elegantly bound volumes1 ,the ,lives of the ,deceased ,bishops of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states4 ,the production of such a work1 prepared during the broken and fleeting moments of leisure snatched from a life devoted to professional duties1 and to an active participation in the ,catholic and public-spirited enterprises of our busy metropolis1 is something for which we1 as a ,catholic journalist devoted to literature1 may be permitted to express our own thanks1 and those of the ,catholic community1 and at the same time to commend it as an instance of successful literary toil in a rich but uncultivated field1 and as1 what we hope and believe it will be1 a reward for long and painstaking researches1 careful collation1 and fine literary study4 ,there were but few published works1 as we have remarked1 from which to draw the facts and information necessary for such a book4 ,hence the author had to seek1 in a great measure1 his materials from the archives of the various dioceses1 the unpublished correspondence and journals of the deceased prelates1 their pastoral letters and addresses1 from the ,catholic serial publications and newspapers of the last half-century 7a task of great and protracted labor and fatigue71 from the personal recollections of surviving friends1 co-laborers1 and colleagues of the bishops1 from family records1 from his own correspondence with numerous witnesses of the growth of the church and of the labors of our apostolic men1 and even from the silent but sacred marble records of the tomb4 ,the frequency with which the author cites1 among his authorities1 unpublished documents and original sources of information1 which were in many cases the individual narratives of living witnesses1 committed to writing at his request1 and for this work1 is a proof of the industry and labor with which this work has been prepared1 and give us the means of appreciating the services thus rendered to our ,american ,catholic literature1 in securing and preserving from decay1 oblivion1 or total loss many valuable but perishable traditions and documentary materials4 ,we will refer to two only1 among many instances throughout these richly stored pages1 of valuable documents thus given to the public2 these are the royal charter of ,king ,james ,,ii41 guaranteeing liberty of conscience to the ,catholics of ,virginia in #afhf1 and the beautiful and touching letter addressed by ,archbishop ,carroll1 in #agia1 to the ,catholic ,indians of ,maine1 the remnants of the pious and faithful flock of the illustrious and martyred ,rale--for the publication of both of which we are indebted to ,mr4 ,clarke4 ,mr4 ,clarke has devoted many years to these valuable and excellent studies and compositions1 and those who have read our ,catholic periodical literature during the last fifteen years1 will remember his ,memoirs of ,archbishops ,carroll and ,neale1 of ,bishops ,cheverus and ,flaget1 of the ,rev4 ,prince ,demetrius ,augustine ,gallitzin1 of ,fathers #efd ,andrew ,white and ,nerinckx1 of ,governor ,leonard ,calvert1 ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton1 ,commodore ,john ,barry1 the father of the ,american navy1 and ,judge ,gaston2 which were published in #ahef and #aheg in ,the ,metropolitan of ,baltimore4 ,the favor with which these papers were received at the time1 and the earnest recommendations of prelates1 priests1 and laymen1 have1 as we have learned1 induced the author to enlarge his plans and undertake a series of works1 which will give the ,american ,church a complete biography of ecclesiastics and laymen1 and1 at the same time1 literary monuments of classic taste and scholarship4 ,the present book of the prelates will1 as we rejoice to learn1 be followed by the second work of the course1 containing the lives of the missionaries of our country1 such as ,white of ,maryland1 ,marquette1 ,jogues1 and ,brbeuf of ,new ,york1 ,rale of ,maine1 the missionaries of the ,mississippi ,valley1 of distinguished priests in later times1 and of the founders of our religious houses1 male and female4 ,the remaining work of the series1 more interesting probably than even the preceding ones1 because not the least attempt has so far been made in that direction1 will contain the lives of distinguished ,catholic laymen1 who have rendered signal services to our country1 such as ,calvert1 ,carroll1 and ,taney of ,maryland1 ,iberville of ,louisiana1 ,dongan of ,new ,york1 ,la ,salle and ,tonty1 explorers of the ,mississippi ,river1 ,barry of ,pennsylvania1 ,vincennes of ,indiana1 ,gaston of ,north ,carolina1 and many others4 ,the whole will form a complete series of ,catholic biographical works1 issued in the appropriate order of bishops first1 priests and religious second1 and finally of statesmen1 captains1 explorers1 and jurists4 ,we cannot withhold the expression of our pleasure at the prospect of results such as these in a department of literature which it has ever been one of the objects of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world to encourage1 promote1 and cherish4 ,that valuable materials exist in the country for all of these important works1 we feel quite sure4 ,we hope care will be taken of them and that they will be freely placed at the service of our ,catholic historians and authors4 ,their publication would be the best means of preserving them1 while rendering them useful to the present generation4 ,we will give an incident in the experience of ,mr4 ,clarke1 in preparing his ,lives of the ,bishops1 related by him to us1 as an evidence of the danger to which valuable historical matter is constantly exposed of being lost and destroyed4 ,he applied1 in one instance1 to the custodians of the papers relating to the ,catholic history of an important diocese and state1 and was informed that the diocesan papers and documents had been for many years locked up in a strong chest or safe1 before and for some time after the death of the first bishop1 and1 on being opened and examined1 they were found to be in a state of complete decay from the damp1 fell to pieces when handled1 and that scarcely a line of the writing was legible4 ,other cases are related of valuable materials for ,american ,catholic history lost or sent out of the country4 ,we observe1 in the first volume before us1 a new and appropriate feature--a distinct and separate return of thanks by the author to a long list of prelates1 priests1 and laymen who have supplied him with materials or aided him in his labors4 ,the appeal he makes1 in his preface1 for the assistance of such as possess materials1 has our cordial sympathy2 and we hope the appeal will not be made in #efe vain4 ,the book of prelates1 whose appearance we now hail with so much pleasure1 is the most important and valuable contribution yet made to our ,american ,catholic biographical literature4 ,it covers the ground of our entire church history to the most recent times1 possesses the peculiar interest which attaches to personal and individual narrative1 and is free1 as we have said1 from the dryness of the general history4 ,its pages teem with an ardent love of country and of our ,american institutions1 and with a devotion to true liberty1 which well accord with the traditions and education of one of the descendants of the ,catholic pilgrims of ,maryland1 who constitute the theme of an honored chapter in our history1 illustrating the magnanimity of a dominant ,catholic majority in times when toleration was not the fashion1 the harmony between ,catholicity and liberty1 and an unflinching faith through generations of ,protestant persecution4 ,praise is freely bestowed1 where praise was due1 to our country and to our countrymen2 and reproof is administered in the spirit of true affection1 whenever there are errors or abuses to be corrected1 or where there is conflict1 in the civil or political order1 with the sacred rights of religion and of conscience4 ,the antiquity of the ,catholic ,church in ,america1 her struggles and triumphs1 are well worthy of the study of all4 ,her struggles have ever been against vice and error1 and in favor of liberty and virtue4 ,her triumphs have been the conquest of souls for heaven4 ,no impartial mind can study the career of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states without being convinced of the purity of her motives1 and the sacredness of her aims4 ,her conservatism1 her sacraments1 her defence of ,christian marriage1 her labors for religious education1 her chastening influence over the consciences of her children1 of which every day's record affords examples1 her maintenance of law and order1 have made her in the past1 what they will prove in the future1 the mainstay of society1 of liberty1 and of the republic4 ,her growth in our midst has been the work of ,providence1 not of man2 a growth which1 as our author shows1 has proportionately far outstripped that of the republic4 ,while the country has increased from thirteen states to thirty-seven states and eleven territories in ninety-five years1 the church has increased from one bishopric to sixty-four bishoprics1 six vicariates apostolic1 and four mitred abbots in eighty-one years4 ,the population of the country has increased from #b1hjc1jjj to about #dj1jjj1jjj1 while the children of the ,catholic ,church have increased from #be1jjj to #e1ejj1jjj4 ,the increase of the general population of the country has been #a1dcc per centum in ninety-five years1 and that of the church has been #bb1jjj per centum in eighty-one years4 ,the ,catholic clergy have increased from twenty-one priests in #agij to about four thousand eight hundred priests in #ahga2 they dispense the blessings of religion in #d1bej churches and #a1gjj chapels4 ,after giving these statistics1 the preface proceeds thus3 8,to ,rome1 the capital of the ,christian world1 ,eternal ,city1 destined in our hopes and prayers and faith to be restored to us again as the free and undesecrated ,mistress and ,ruler of ,churches1 and to the ,sovereign ,pontiffs therein1 ,vicars of ,christ on earth1 we turn with love and gratitude for the care1 solicitude1 and support bestowed upon our churches1 and for the exemplary prelates bestowed upon them by the ,chief ,bishop of the church4 ,to our venerable hierarchy1 bishops and priests1 and #eff to the religious orders1 both male and female1 we render thanks for their labors1 their sacrifices1 their sufferings1 and their suffrages4 8,to our prelates1 especially1 is due under ,god the splendid result we have but faintly mentioned4 ,they were the founders of our churches1 the pioneers of the faith1 and the chief pastors of our flocks4 ,in poverty and suffering they commenced the work1 and spent themselves for others4 ,a diocese just erected upon the frontiers1 in the midst of a new and swarming population1 to anticipate and save the coming faithful1 the hope of a future flock1 an outpost upon the borders of ,christianity and civilization--such was the frequent work and vigilant foresight of the ,propaganda and of the ,councils of ,baltimore--such the charge confided to a newly consecrated bishop4 ,to the religious enterprise and untiring providence of the ,catholic ,church1 in her prompt and vigorous measures for the extension of the faith in this country1 may well be applied the striking lines of ,milton3 #8,zeal and duty are not slow2 ,but on occasion's forelock watchful wait4' --,paradise ,regained4 8,to assume the task of creating1 as it were1 building up1 and governing the infant churches thus confided to their care1 was the work that was faithfully and zealously performed by our bishops4 ,it was no uncommon thing for a bishop to be sent to a diocese where there was scarcely a shrine or a priest2 where he not only had no friends or organized flock to receive him1 but where he had not even an acquaintance2 where he would not meet a face that he had ever seen before4 ,in some instances1 he had to enter a diocese rent with disunion or schism among the people2 in others1 he was compelled to reside out of the episcopal city by reason of disaffection prevailing within4 ,in other cases1 such was their poverty that they had not the necessary means to procure an episcopal outfit1 to provide a pectoral cross and crosier1 or to pay their travelling expenses to their dioceses4 ,in many cases the humble log-cabins of the ,west were their episcopal palaces and cathedrals2 and frequently church1 episcopal residence1 parish school1 and theological seminary were all under the same contracted roof4 ,in the midst of such difficulties1 we behold examples of humility1 patience1 cheerfulness1 zeal1 charity1 love1 poverty1 and untiring labor4 ,a study of such examples1 and of lives so good1 so heroic1 has led us to undertake the work now presented to the public1 in order to repeat and continue their holy influences1 to preserve the memory of such deeds1 to render a tribute to those honored names1 and to rescue1 as far as we could1 our ,catholic traditions from oblivion or total loss4 ,we applied to ourself1 and yielded to the spirit of1 the poet's appeal3 #8,spread out earth's holiest records here1 ,of days and deeds to reverence dear2 ,a zeal like this what pious legends tell8'0 ,the two volumes contain the lives of fifty-six ,american bishops1 and to the second volume is affixed an appendix containing the lives of three prelates of other countries1 who have a special connection with the ,american ,church4 ,the first volume1 to which we will confine our present writing1 contains the lives of twenty-nine prelates1 a list of whom1 with the dates of their consecration or appointment1 and the religious orders to which they belonged1 where such was the case1 will in itself prove interesting4 ,the antiquity of our church in ,america is strikingly illustrated in this volume--an antiquity equal to that of the church in some of the old countries of ,europe1 extending back to the ages of faith1 when the church was fighting her battles with paganism1 and before the time when altar was raised up against altar by the ,protestantism of the sixteenth century1 and before the more modern phases of infidelity and communism had declared war against all altars and all religion4 ,in the tenth1 eleventh1 and twelfth centuries1 the ,northmen of ,iceland1 hardy adventurers on the seas1 pushed their exploits beyond the continent of ,europe1 and landed colonies on the shores of this continent4 ,coming from their ice-clad homes1 our extreme north-eastern regions were to them a country of enchanting verdure1 and received the name of #efg ,greenland2 and1 pushing their cruises farther south1 they entered our own ,narragansett ,bay1 where1 seeing the country festooned with vines teeming with grapes1 they called it ,vinland4 ,our poet ,longfellow1 aptly quoted by ,mr4 ,clarke1 has celebrated some of the exploits of ,vikings and ,northmen on sea and shore4 ,they were the freebooters and highwaymen of the ocean2 8,joining the corsair's crew4 ,o'er the dark sea ,i flew ,with the marauders2 ,wild was the life we led1 ,many the souls that sped4 ,many the hearts that bled1 ,by our stern orders40 ,at the time of which the poet sings1 both ,iceland and ,greenland were pagan4 ,the mother-country owed her conversion to missionaries from ,ireland1 and she1 in turn1 sent out devoted priests1 who converted her colonists in ,greenland and ,vinland to the faith4 ,convents and churches arose and resounded with the praises of ,god1 chanted in ,latin hymns three centuries and a half before ,columbus discovered ,america4 ,pre-eminent among the ,catholic missionaries was ,eric1 who1 in the beginning of the twelfth century1 commenced his exalted labors at ,greenland1 and afterwards particularly along the banks of ,narragansett ,bay4 ,the site of the present city of ,newport and its vicinity were the virgin fields of his apostolic labors4 ,so important did these ,christian colonies become1 that a bishopric was erected at ,garda1 the episcopal city of ,greenland1 and ,eric was consecrated its first bishop by ,lund1 a bishop of ,scandinavia4 ,he visited again his cherished flock at ,vinland1 to whom he was devoted1 and1 rather than leave them1 he resigned his mitre and crosier1 went into the ranks of the clergy1 and gave his life for his flock--the first of ,american martyrs4 ,the colonies of the ,northmen were swept away1 and the record of them1 even1 faded from the histories and traditions of mankind4 8,i was a ,viking old3 ,my deeds1 though manifold1 ,no skald in song has told1 ,no saga taught thee40 ,a glowing tribute is paid by the author to the ,catholic faith and genius of ,columbus1 the unrivalled discoverer of ,america4 ,in the very generation in which ,columbus lived1 the church established a bishopric within the present limits of our republic4 ,among the ambitious and hardy captains of that day was ,pamphilo de ,narvaez1 who1 in attempting the conquest of ,florida1 aspired to add to the ,spanish crown a realm equal in extent and wealth to ,mexico1 and to rival the fame of ,cortz by his own exploits4 ,the ,franciscans were at his side1 seeking a holier conquest1 fired by no earthly ambition1 but by a heavenly zeal4 ,a bishopric was erected for ,florida as the expedition was about to sail from the ports of ,spain1 and ,juan ,juarez1 who had already won the title of one of the ,twelve ,apostles of ,mexico1 was appointed1 in #aebf1 ,bishop of ,rio de las ,palmes4 ,he spent his brief sojourn in ,spain in securing ample provision for his future flock1 and in obtaining royal guarantees for the liberty and kind treatment of the natives4 ,no time was left for his consecration2 he hastened on board the fleet1 and rushed to the spiritual relief of his children1 whom he knew and 8loved only in ,christ40 ,after the disastrous termination of the expedition1 he and his companions suffered shipwreck1 and are believed to have perished of hunger--the second martyr of our church4 ,well has our author said of him1 that he gave up his own life that he might #efh bestow upon others life eternal2 and that he who died of hunger for ,god's sake was greatly rewarded by that same ,god with celestial feasts1 and replenished with seraphic delights2 and has aptly applied to him those beautiful words of the ,canticle3 8,esurientes implevit ,bonis40 ,we have dwelt briefly1 but with particular pleasure1 upon these the first two lives of the volume1 because of their peculiar interest and beauty1 but they must be read at length in the work itself to be duly appreciated4 ,we rejoice that they have now been rendered a classic story in our language--an enduring monument in our literature4 ,we had marked out several extracts from the interesting and important life of ,archbishop ,carroll1 and from the lives of other eminent prelates1 for insertion1 but the want of time and space deprives us and our readers of this pleasure4 ,we reserve the remaining space allotted to this article for three extracts1 the first of which is the historical sketch given by ,mr4 ,clarke of an event which reflects untold honor and glory upon the ,american ,catholic episcopate4 ,the honor and merit of originating the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,faith1 which has ever since been and is now spreading the ,gospel throughout the world1 is due to an ,american prelate4 ,bishop ,dubourg1 of ,new ,orleans1 is the recognized founder of that illustrious society4 ,and now we will let the author speak for himself3 8,the most brilliant and fruitful service rendered by ,bishop ,dubourg to the church1 not only in ,america1 but throughout the most remote and unenlightened portions of the world1 was the leading part he took in founding the illustrious #8,association for the ,propagation of the ,faith4' ,it has been well said that #8the establishment which ,m4 ,dubourg1 while on his return to ,louisiana from ,italy1 made at ,lyons1 is of itself enough to immortalize his name4 ,he there formed1 in #ahae1 the ,association for the ,propagation of the ,faith4 ,this single institution1 which conveys benedictions unnumbered to millions1 and which daily sounds the glad tidings of a ,saviour to those who are seated in the silence of death1 becomes a monument sufficient to eternize the memory of ,dubourg1 and to shed a full ray of brightness on any college associated with his name4'0 ,the following extract1 from the ,life of ,archbishop ,eccleston of ,baltimore1 relates to interesting and stirring events in the life of our ,holy ,father1 ,pius ,,ix41 and the history of our country and church1 which are made to reflect upon events transpiring in our own times3 8,the adjournment of the ,sixth ,council was soon followed by the death of ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 and the election of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,the remarkable events that ensued are a part of the history of our age4 ,loud1 long1 and enthusiastic were the plaudits that greeted the first acts of the noble and saintly ,pius ,,ix4 from every portion of the world1 and especially from the ,united ,states4 ,popular meetings in the principal cities sent the most respectful and laudatory addresses to the ,holy ,father1 and ,congress sent a minister to congratulate him on his course and to reside at his court4 ,it seemed as though the ,protestant world were prepared to hail the return of the glorious ages of faith1 when the ,sovereign ,pontiff was the universally recognized ,father and arbiter of the ,christian world4 ,the loyalty of ,catholics was manifested by the obedience of their souls and submission of their hearts to him whom they recognized as the ,vicar of ,christ on earth4 ,to their ,protestant fellow-citizens was left the work of giving utterance to the public voice of congratulation and praise4 ,the address of a public meeting held in ,new ,york by six thousand persons1 and presided over by the mayor1 contained the following remarkable passage3 8#8,and more formidable than all these1 you must have girded yourself to encounter1 and by ,god's help to overcome1 that #efi fickleness and ingratitude of multitudes just released from benumbing bondage1 which could clamor in the wilderness to be led back to the flesh-pots of ,egypt2 which1 among the contemporaries and even the followers of our ,saviour1 could leave him to bear in solitude the agony of the cross2 and which in your case1 we apprehend1 will yet manifest itself in unreasonable expectations1 extravagant hopes1 impetuous requirements1 and in murmurings that nothing has been earnestly intended1 because everything has not been already accomplished4 8,the address of the ,philadelphia meeting1 held ,january #aj1 #ahdh1 contained the following earnest words3 #8,may the ,almighty grant you length of life1 strength of heart1 and wisdom from on high1 in order to bring to a happy conclusion the beneficent reforms which you have begun6 ,may he inspire the princes and people of ,italy with the courage and moderation necessary to second your efforts6 ,may he raise up to you successors1 who will continue to extend the influence of peace and justice on earth2 and the time will come when the meanest of ,god's poor will1 if oppressed1 be able to summon the most powerful of his oppressors to appear at the bar of united ,christendom2 and the nations will sit in judgment upon him1 and the oppressor1 blushing with shame1 shall be forced by their unanimous and indignant voice to render justice to the oppressed4' 8,similar addresses were sent from nearly every city of any importance in the ,union to the ,holy ,father4 ,but soon the prophetic language of the ,new ,york meeting was realized2 the clamor of the disappointed populace was raised against their father and best friend2 ,count ,rossi1 his secretary1 is assassinated1 and the ,holy ,father himself is a fugitive from ,rome4 ,it was then that the devotion of ,catholics manifested itself towards the ,supreme ,pontiff1 and many and heartfelt were the testimonials of loyalty and affection received by the exile of ,gaeta from his children throughout the world4 ,the ,catholics of the ,united ,states were not behind their brethren in these demonstrations1 and the hope was entertained that the ,holy ,father would accept an asylum in our midst4444 ,how vividly do the present wrongs of that same ,holy ,father1 and of that same holy church1 recall the events of his glorious pontificate6 ,when1 oh6 when1 will the ,catholic peoples of the world demand of their governments the restoration of the capital of ,christendom1 and the liberty of the ,vicar of ,christ80 ,as we were about to close our article1 our eye fell upon the following fine passages in the ,life of ,dr4 ,england1 ,first ,bishop of ,charleston1 and we yield to the temptation of transferring them to our columns1 both as a tribute to that illustrious prelate and as specimens of ,mr4 ,clarke's style3 8,the great struggle of ,bishop ,england's life in this country seems to have been to present the ,catholic ,church1 her doctrines and practices1 in their true light before the ,american people4 ,in his effort to do this his labors were indefatigable4 ,his means of accomplishing this end were various and well studied4 ,he endeavored1 from his arrival in the country1 to identify himself thoroughly with its people1 its institutions1 its hopes1 and its future4 ,he was vigilant and spirited in maintaining and defending the honor and integrity of the country1 as he was in upholding the doctrines and practices of the church4 ,in his oration on the character of ,washington1 he so thoroughly enters into the sentiments of our people1 and participates so unreservedly in the pride felt by the country in the ,pater ,patri1 that his language would seem to be that of a native of the country4 ,there was no movement for the public good in which he did not feel an interest1 and which he did not1 to the extent of his opportunities1 endeavor to promote4 ,his admiration for the institutions of the country was sincere and unaffected4 ,though no one encountered more prejudice and greater difficulties than he did1 he1 on all occasions1 as he did in his address before ,congress1 endeavored to regard the prejudices and impressions entertained by ,protestants against ,catholics as errors1 which had been impressed upon their minds by education and associations1 for which they themselves were not responsible4 ,in his writings and public sermons and addresses1 he travelled over the wide range of history1 theology1 and the arts1 in order to vindicate the spotless spouse of ,christ against the calumnies of her enemies4 ,if ,catholic citizens and voters were attacked on the #egj score of their fidelity to their country and its institutions1 ,bishop ,england's ready pen defended them from the calumny and silenced their accusers4 ,if a ,catholic judge or public officer was accused of false swearing or mental reservation in taking the official oath1 he found an irresistible and unanswerable champion in the ,bishop of ,charleston4 ,he found the church in the ,united ,states comparatively defenceless on his accession to the ,see of ,charleston1 but he soon rendered it a dangerous task in her enemies to attack or vilify her2 and many who ventured on this mode of warfare were glad to retreat from the field1 before the crushing weapons of logic1 erudition1 and eloquence with which he battled for his church1 his creed1 and his people4444 8,bishop ,england visited ,europe four times during his episcopacy1 for the interests and institutions of his diocese1 visiting ,rome1 most of the ,european countries1 and his native ,ireland1 which he never ceased to love4 ,he was sent twice as apostolic delegate from the ,holy ,see to ,hayti4 ,he obtained from ,europe vast assistance for his diocese1 both in priests1 female religious1 and funds4 ,it was proposed to translate him to the bishopric of ,ossory in ,ireland1 but he declined4 ,the highest ecclesiastical dignity1 with comfort1 luxury1 friends1 and ease1 in his native country1 could not tempt him to desert his beloved church in ,america4 ,he had become an ,american citizen and an ,american prelate1 and he resolved to continue to be both as long as he lived4 ,at ,rome he was consulted on all matters relating to the ecclesiastical affairs of this country4 ,the officials of the ,eternal ,city were astounded at the great travels and labors of ,bishop ,england4 ,they heard him appoint from the ,chambers of the ,propaganda the very day on which he would administer confirmation in the interior of ,georgia4 ,the cardinals1 in their wonder at all he accomplished1 and the rapidity of his movements1 used to call him #8il vescovo a vapore1' or the #8steam bishop4' ,we have seen with what an insignificant force he commenced his episcopal labors4 ,he increased the churches of his diocese to over sixteen1 and lef behind him a well-organized and appointed clergy1 and numerous ecclesiastical1 religious1 educational1 and charitable institutions4 ,the ,catholic families of his diocese might have been counted1 at the time of the erection of the ,see of ,charleston1 on one's fingers2 at the bishop's death they were counted by thousands4 ,but the good he accomplished was not confined to his own diocese4 ,his elevating and encouraging influence was felt throughout this country1 at ,rome1 and in many parts of the ,catholic world40 ,his dying words to his clergy1 and through them to his flock1 were as follows3 8,tell my people that ,i love them2 tell them how much ,i regret that circumstances have kept us at a distance from each other4 ,my duties and my difficulties have prevented me from cultivating and strengthening those private ties which ought to bind us together2 your functions require a closer1 a more constant intercourse with them4 ,be with them--be of them--win them to ,god4 ,guide1 govern1 and instruct them4 ,watch as having to render an account of their souls1 that you may do it with joy1 and not with grief4 ,there are among you several infant institutions which you are called on1 in an especial manner1 to sustain4 ,it hast cost me a great deal of thought and of labor to introduce them4 ,they are calculated to be eminently serviceable to the cause of order1 of education1 of charity2 they constitute the germ of what1 ,i trust1 shall hereafter grow and flourish in extensive usefulness4 ,as yet they are feeble1 support them--embarrassed1 encourage them--they will be afflicted1 console them4 8,i commend my poor church to its patrons--especially to her to whom our ,saviour confided his in the person of the beloved disciple3 #8,woman1 behold thy ,son2 ,son1 behold thy mother4'0 ,the second volume contains the lives of thirty ,american bishops1 and1 in the ,appendix1 the lives of ,right ,rev4 ,charles ,augustus de ,forbin-,jansen1 ,bishop of ,nancy1 ,france1 who visited this country in #ahdj1 and rendered signal services to religion while here2 of ,right ,rev4 ,edward ,barron1 who volunteered from this country for the ,african mission1 was made ,bishop of ,africa in #ahde1 and died at ,savannah1 ,georgia1 in #ahed1 8a martyr of charity02 and of ,cardinal ,bedini1 whose #ega visit to this country is in the recollection of our readers4 ,we cannot close our notice without again commending1 in the most emphatic manner1 this record of the labors of the self-denying prelates who were the means1 under ,god1 of planting the church in our beloved country--not only for its historical interest1 and as an addition to our permanent ,catholic literature1 but for the incentive it furnishes to others1 both cleric and lay1 in their several spheres1 to be unremitting in their efforts to extend the faith1 thus happily transferred to our soil1 to every nook and corner of this favored land4 #aah ,lives of the ,deceased ,bishops of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 with an ,appendix and an ,analytical ,index4 ,by ,richard ,h4 ,clarke1 ,a4,m4 ,in two vols4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o'shea4 #ahga4 ---------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,vicar ,,of ,,christ2 or1 ,lectures upon the ,office and ,prerogatives of our ,holy ,father the ,pope4 ,by ,rev4 ,thomas ,s4 ,preston1 ,pastor of ,st4 ,ann's ,church1 ,new ,york1 and ,chancellor of the ,diocese4 ,new ,york3 ,robert ,coddington1 ,no4 #cff ,bowery4 #ahga4 ,we have here another series of the excellent ,advent ,lectures of ,f4 ,preston1 which have done so much good in the instruction of the faithful and the conversion of numbers of persons to the true faith4 ,carefully prepared and solid discourses on the great ,catholic principles1 dogmas1 doctrines1 laws1 and rites--in fact1 on all the topics of religion universally--are especially necessary and useful in our time and country4 ,besides the additional good accruing to that which has been done by the preaching of these discourses through their more general dissemination among the laity1 their publication is a great benefit to the clergy1 as giving examples of the best kind of preaching1 and furnishing a stimulus and a help to efforts of the same kind4 ,the present series of lectures on the ,pope is fully equal to the former publications of the author in ability and excellence1 if not superior to them4 ,the subject1 at any rate1 makes it far the most interesting and important of any4 ,f4 ,preston has merited well of the church by his zealous and efficient devotion to the cause of the ,pope and the ,holy ,see1 and his continual efforts to instruct the ,catholic laity in sound doctrine in this most essential matter4 ,in this volume he has given us a lecture on the supremacy1 another on the ,papal infallibility1 a third on the temporal sovereignty1 and a fourth on the ,pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 ,at the end1 the decrees or constitutions of the ,vatican ,council and several recent allocutions of the ,holy ,father are given in ,latin and ,english2 and the whole is concluded by a carefully and critically prepared chronological list of the ,sovereign ,pontiffs1 in which we are glad to see the ,avignonian and ,pisan claimants of the tiara relegated to their proper place on one side1 while the succession is continued through the ,roman line1 which is unquestionably the true one4 ,the lecture on infallibility is especially marked by solid learning and ample citations from the fathers1 proving conclusively that this article of the faith was explicitly held and taught from the beginning4 ,the style is grave and serious1 copious and flowing1 and warmed with a spirit of fervent love to the souls of men4 ,it is the style1 not of a mere essayist1 but of #egb a preacher4 ,it is1 therefore1 far more pleasing and popular in its character than that of most books on the same topic4 ,every ,catholic in the ,united ,states ought to read it1 and we doubt if any book has been published on the ,pope equally fitted for general circulation in ,england and ,ireland4 ,neither is there any so well fitted to do good among non-,catholics4 ,we hope no pains will be spared to give it a wide and universal circulation4 ,it is most important and necessary that all ,catholics should be fully instructed in the sovereign supremacy and doctrinal infallibility of the ,pope1 and the strict obligation in conscience of supporting his temporal sovereignty4 ,mr4 ,coddington has published this volume in a superior manner1 with clear1 open type1 on very thick and white paper1 and adorned it with an engraved portrait of the beloved and venerable ,pius ,,ix4 ,once more we wish success to this timely and valuable series of lectures1 and thank the reverend author in the name of the whole ,catholic public for his noble championship of the dearest and most sacred of all causes--that of the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,,antidote ,,to 8,,the ,,gates ,,ajar40 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,w4 ,tenth thousand4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,w4 ,carleton ,co4 #ahgb4 ,mr4 ,carleton appears to be convinced that 8de gustibus non est disputandum0 by a bookseller1 but rather that provision is to be made for all tastes4 ,on the back of this little pious pamphlet we find advertised ,the ,debatable ,land1 by ,robert ,dale ,owen2 ,the ,seventh ,vial1 containing1 we conjecture1 a strong dose1 by ,rev4 ,john ,cumming2 ,mother ,goose with ,music1 by an ancient1 anonymous author2 ,at ,last1 a new novel1 by ,marian ,harland1 etc4 ,the ,antidote is a rather weak and quite harmless dose1 done up in pretty tinted paper4 ,the writer naively asks1 on p4 #bc3 8,who would not like to fly away in the tail of a comet80--a question which any little boy would answer in the affirmative1 but cruelly dashes our hopes to the ground by telling us that 8all this is mere conjecture40 ,again1 on p4 #bf1 he gravely reasons thus3 8,as to families in heaven living in houses together1 as if they were on earth1 that is simply impossible4 ,when children marry here1 they leave their parents1 and have homes of their own2 their children do likewise1 and so on ad infinitum4 ,those who would live together in heaven would be only husbands and wives and the unmarried children4 ,and as to the married who are not all happily united here1 are they to be tied together for ever whether they like each other or not80 ,the little pamphlet is concluded by two pieces of poetry1 one of which is pretty good1 the other one of those cantering hymns which are such favorites at the week-evening prayer-meeting3 8,we sing of the realms of the blest1 ,that country so bright and so fair1 ,and oft are its glories confessed2 ,but what must it be to be there80 ,the doctrine of ,miss ,phelps's antagonist is more orthodox than hers1 without doubt1 so far as it goes1 but it is presented in such a way as rather to provoke a smile than to convince or attract the mind of any one who is not already a pious ,presbyterian4 ,our ,presbyterian and other ,evangelical friends contrive to make religion as sad and gloomy as a wet afternoon in the country4 ,even heaven itself has but small attractions for those who are not depressed in spirits1 when described in the doleful strain which is supposed to be suitable to piety4 ,miss ,phelps1 as well as other members of the gifted and cultivated ,stuart family1 and many of similar character and education1 revolted from the dismal system of ,puritanism4 ,she yearned after a brighter and more #egc beautiful religion1 which has in it something else than the valley of the shadow of death4 ,her striving to realize this ideal produced ,gates ,ajar and other similar works1 whose immense popularity proves both her own power as a writer and also a widely-felt sympathy with the sentiments of her own mind4 ,it is the ,catholic theology alone which presents the true and complete doctrine respecting the beatific vision1 the glorified humanity of ,our ,lord1 ,our ,lady1 and the saints1 the angelic hierarchy1 and the relation between the visible and invisible worlds2 together with that element of the poetic and the marvellous after which the mind1 the imagination1 and the heart crave with an insatiable longing4 ,we are tempted to close the present exercise1 after the manner of the little book before us1 with a few verses from an old hymn1 written by one of the persecuted ,catholics of ,lancashire1 at the close of the sixteenth or the beginning of the seventeenth century4 ,the whole hymn may be found in the ,month for ,september and ,october3 8,hierusalem1 my happie home1 ,when shall ,i come to thee8 ,when shall my sorrowes have an end8 ,thy ioyes when shall ,i see8 8,thy walls are made of precious stones1 ,thy bulwarks diamonds square1 ,thy gates are of right orient pearle1 ,exceedinge riche and rare4 8,thy turrettes and thy pinnacles ,with carbuncles doe shine2 ,thy verie streets are paved with gould ,surpassinge cleare and fine4 8,thy houses are of ivorie1 ,thy windoes cristale cleare1 ,thy tyles are made of beaten gould ,o ,god1 that ,i were there6 8,thy gardens and thy gallant walkes ,continually are greene2 ,there grow such sweet and pleasant flowers ,as noewhere else are seene4 8,quyt through the streetes with silver sound ,the flood of life doth flowe1 ,upon whose bankes on every syde ,the wood of lyfe doth grow4 8,hierusalem1 my happie home6 ,would ,god ,i were in thee6 ,would ,god my woes were at an end1 ,thy ioyes that ,i might see60 ,,the ,,prisoners ,,of ,,st4 ,,lazare4 ,edited by ,mrs4 ,pauline de ,grandpr4 ,translated from the ,french by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,mc,carthy4 ,new ,york3 ,appleton ,co4 ,in this volume we have a rambling1 desultory description of the prison of ,st4 ,lazare in ,paris1 and its inmates4 ,it is a prison for women guilty of every variety of crime1 and they are even incarcerated here on suspicion4 ,but the majority of its occupants are women who have fallen from virtue more or less criminally4 ,two great unsolved questions of the age force themselves upon the attentive reader of this volume1 filled with the pitiful tale of woman's sin and shame3 ,what can be done to succor unfortunates who have been ensnared and drawn away from the paths of virtue1 and have a desire to return to an honest life2 and what are the legitimate and proper employments of women outside of the family8 ,we are not competent to answer thoroughly either of these questions1 which for many years have exercised the politician as well as the philanthropist2 we can only express our opinion4 ,we have no such place in this country as ,st4 ,lazare1 but we have the abandoned women and their needs4 ,ah6 that word abandoned expresses the state of the public mind toward those who have thus fallen2 but the ,catholic ,christian cannot suffer any soul for whom ,christ died to be abandoned1 and the ,catholic ,church answers the first of these questions by opening her arms to the penitent1 and offering her the refuge of 8,houses of the ,good ,shepherd10 established in most of our large cities4 ,by the support and multiplication of this order1 whose lifework is to receive and help these poor children of sin1 is the most effectual way in which ,catholic women can reach the class in whose interest this book was written4 ,we do not believe that women discharged from a prison like ,st4 ,lazare could be preserved from future danger in an institution #egd like the one proposed in the appendix to this volume4 ,no place but a strictly religious house1 in our opinion1 could be a house of moral convalescence to these poor creatures4 ,there is one way in which ,american ,catholic women can lessen the number of these miserable outcasts4 ,watch over your servants1 know where they spend their evenings1 take them by the hand and give them loving1 maternal advice as to their company1 and endeavor to bring them often to confession and communion4 ,the providence of ,god has committed these young girls to your care1 and who knows but their souls may be required of you1 negligent mistresses1 in that day when we must all stand before the judgment-seat of ,christ8 ,with regard to the employments of women1 should not women be allowed to do any honest business that they can do well8 ,many new openings have been made for her of late years in telegraphic and photographic offices and stores4 ,but1 after all1 to touch the root of this matter1 why should not woman be so trained that she could1 in any emergency1 have a resource and support herself8 ,a great deal would be gained if children were brought up to feel that 8it is working1 and not having money1 that makes people happy40 8,it is a noteworthy fact10 says the author of ,the ,prisoners of ,st4 ,lazare1 8that three-quarters of the inmates are without knowledge of a trade or of any means of making a livelihood for themselves4 ,the support of husband or father failing1 then destitution followed1 and then vice40 ,,prophetic ,,imperialism2 or1 ,the ,prophetic ,entail of ,imperial ,power4 ,by ,joseph ,l4 ,lord1 of the ,boston ,bar4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd and ,houghton4 #ahga4 ,mr4 ,lord writes like a thorough gentleman1 a point which we notice in this distinct and emphatic manner because it is a somewhat rare phenomenon in literature of this class4 ,he writes1 also1 like a well-trained and cultivated scholar and thinker4 ,it is1 therefore1 a pleasant task to read what he has written1 more pleasant from the fact that his essay is a short one1 and his thoughts are briefly as well as lucidly and elegantly set forth4 ,moreover1 although a ,boston lawyer1 ,mr4 ,lord really reverences the ,holy ,scriptures and believes the prophets4 ,his spirit is pious and fervent1 though sober1 and he is alike free from cant and from unbelieving flippancy4 ,the peculiar theory of ,mr4 ,lord regarding the fulfilment of what we may call the imperial prophecies is not contrary to orthodox doctrine1 and is in fact held by him in common with some ,catholic writers1 although diverse from the one held by the generality of sound interpreters4 ,so far as all the empires preceding that of ,christ are concerned1 he agrees with the common interpretation4 ,in respect to this last1 he holds to a personal descent and earthly empire of our ,lord4 ,this is an hypothesis which1 in our eyes1 has no probability whatever4 ,it is not wonderful1 however1 that a person who does not see the earthly empire of ,christ in the reign and triumph of his ,vicar and the ,roman ,church1 should be driven to look for a personal descent and reign of the ,lord in the latter times4 ,in this respect1 ,mr4 ,lord agrees with a number of eminent ,protestant writers1 who1 being disgusted with the fruits of the ,reformation1 and not so happy as to see the glories of the ,catholic ,church1 fly for consolation to this brilliant but1 as we think1 baseless hypothesis4 ,mr4 ,lord differs from most ,american ,protestants in the very disrespectful esteem in which he holds democracy4 ,it is curious to observe the very enthusiastic and adulatory language in which a number of divines express their conviction of the truth of his theory1 imperialistic as it is from top to bottom4 ,they withhold their names1 #ege however1 from a motive of prudence4 ,mr4 ,lord's arguments have not convinced us that his theory is correct1 but they prove their author to be worthy of esteem4 ,,east ,,and ,,west ,,poems4 ,by ,bret ,harte4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,company 7late ,ticknor ,fields1 and ,fields1 ,osgood ,co474 #ahga4 ,many of those who have enjoyed ,bret ,harte's fugitive pieces have felt a vague suspicion that the word poetry was scarcely adequate to express their character4 ,the sketches from nature have been unquestionably graphic1 and1 in some cases1 not devoid of real humor or pathos--all which has led to their being considered by many as evidences of genius capable by its touch of ennobling humble and insignificant subjects4 ,the volumes1 however1 which have succeeded one another since ,mr4 ,harte has left ,california1 persuade us that he not only calls his rhymes poetry1 but sincerely believes them to be such1 and takes for granted that everybody who knows anything at all agrees perfectly with him4 ,we fear that there has been a mistake somewhere4 ,either the public have been betrayed into an incautious endorsement of the author's opinion of his own work1 or the author has mistaken the character of the sensation which he has created4 ,he seems to be just as eager as ever in his efforts to astonish the world2 and we know not how many more volumes of 8poems0 we may expect before the public and he come to an understanding4 ,for our own part1 the present is just one more than we are prepared to welcome4 ,in spite of kindly dispositions1 we are painfully impressed with the fact that the mistake we have alluded to lies with the author4 ,we are also unpleasantly relieved from a doubt as to whether the character of his doggerel is1 in all cases1 due to the subject1 and forced to conclude that there is a congeniality between the writer and his themes which is the secret of his success4 ,we wish him well1 and none the less in desiring space wherein to administer to the present volume the castigation which it deserves4 ,in so doing1 we would not deny him a certain amount of genuine talent1 such as is shown in certain places in the 8,greyport ,legend0 7pp4 #g-aj71 or the 8,lines on a ,pen of ,thomas ,starr ,king0 7pp4 #fe1ff71 or 8,a ,second ,review of the ,grand ,army0 7pp4 #ie-ii72 nor would we be disposed to carp at a certain slovenliness which mars the beauty of other serious poems1 but which did not detract from their merit on the occasions for which they were written--as was the case with the 8,address0 7pp4 #gh-ha71 and the poem of the 8,lost ,galleon0 7pp4 #hb-ic7--the latter1 if we mistake not1 having been composed for a social reunion of the ,alumni of the ,pacific ,coast4 ,but nothing could induce us to excuse the reckless vulgarity displayed in such pieces as 8,a ,white ,pine ,ballad0 7p4 #aee72 8,in the ,mission ,garden0 7p4 #ba74 ,there is also enough nonsense in such lines as the 8,california ,madrigal0 7p4 #abg71 8,a ,moral ,vindicator0 7p4 #afe71 et alibi passim1 to make the deliberate addition of 8,songs without ,sense0 7p4 #afh71 unwarrantably superfluous4 ,the author is not sufficiently aware of the distinction between coarseness and originality1 or else prefers notoriety to fame4 ,we cannot consent to the admission of his book into respectable libraries or drawing-room bookstands1 still less to a place in ,american literature4 ,if he should ever recognize and prune his defects1 and cultivate a little more respect for those for whom he writes1 as well as love for the purity of the idiom in which he deals1 we shall be happy to give him that praise which would be at present most unmerited and inopportune4 ,,sermons ,,by ,,the ,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,congregation ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,new #egf ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 ,for obvious reasons1 we have taken occasion to speak of this volume without the knowledge of the responsible editor4 ,the great pressure on our columns this month1 which has compelled the omission of several valuable articles already in type1 will not permit1 however1 more than a passing notice4 ,we have always considered these annual volumes as models of wise1 simple1 and earnest instruction1 and see no reason to change our opinion in the present instance4 ,indeed1 there is1 perhaps1 increased reason1 during these troublous times1 to admire the bravery with which our ,paulist ,fathers meet the various questions demanding solution1 and we therefore take pleasure in commending the work to the attention of all interested in homiletic literature4 ,c4 ,,to ,,and ,,from ,,the ,,passion ,,play1 ,,in ,,the ,,summer ,,of #ahga4 ,by the ,rev4 ,g4 ,h4 ,doane4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,this elegant volume contains not only an accurate description of the ,passion ,play--a spectacle to which1 of course1 none but a ,catholic can do justice--but also a great deal of interesting matter about a number of things and places that the author saw on his journeys to and fro4 ,as regards ,paris1 we have a sketch of some of the deeds of the ,commune1 and1 in particular1 the murder of the late archbishop4 ,it is worthy of remark that1 when ,father ,doane describes whether a place or an incident1 he avoids that elaboration and artifice which pall upon the reader in many books of travel1 and gives us his thoughts and impressions in an easy and happy style4 ,we congratulate him on his literary efforts2 and thank him cordially for affording us so much valuable information in so pleasant a manner4 ,the 8,catholic ,publication ,society0 has in press1 and will publish immediately1 ,the ,pastoral ,address of the ,archbishops and ,bishops of ,ireland on the ,school ,question4 ,it will be got out in a #abmo pamphlet1 and will be sold for #c per #ajj copies4 ,the 8,catholic ,publication ,society0 will also publish1 early in ,january1 ,the ,liquefaction of the ,blood of ,st4 ,januarius2 ,lentent ,sermons1 from the ,italian of ,rev4 ,paul ,segneri1 ,s4 ,j42 and ,sermons on ,ecclesiastical ,subjects1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 by ,archbishop ,manning4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,from ,,charles ,,scribner ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,the ,holy ,bible according to the ,authorized ,version 7,a4,d4 #afaa71 with an explanatory and critical commentary1 and revision of the ,translation1 by ,bishops and other ,clergy of the ,anglican ,church4 ,edited by ,f4 ,c4 ,cook1 ,m4,a41 ,canon of ,exeter4 ,vol4 ,i41 ,part ,i4 ,genesis-,exodus4 #hvo1 pp4 xii41 #ibh4 ,from ,,hurd ,,houghton1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,last ,knight3 ,a ,romance-,garland1 from the ,german of ,anastasius ,grn4 ,translated with ,notes by ,john ,o4 ,sargent4 #hvo1 pp4 vi41 #bjj4--,the ,church ,idea3 ,an ,essay toward ,unity4 ,by ,wm4 ,r4 ,huntington1 ,rector of ,all ,saints'1 ,worcester4 #abmo1 pp4 #bce4 ,from ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,boston3 ,songs of the ,sierras4 ,by ,joaquin ,miller4 #abmo1 pp4 #bii4 ,from ,,carlton ,,lanahan1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,mission of the ,spirit2 or1 ,the ,office and ,work of the ,comforter in ,human ,redemption4 ,by ,rev4 ,l4 ,r4 ,dunn4 #abmo1 pp4 #cjc4 ,from ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott1 ,philadelphia3 ,the ,resurrection of the ,redeemed2 and ,hades4 ,by ,james ,boggs4 #abmo1 pp4 #ade1 #fi4 ,from ,,holt ,,williams1 ,new ,york3 ,art in ,greece4 ,by ,h4 ,taine4 ,translated by ,john ,durand4 #abmo1 pp4 #ahh4 ,from ,,patrick ,,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,the ,four ,great ,evils of the ,day4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,archbishop of ,westminster4 #ahmo4 pp4 #bjg4--,review of a 8,treatise on ,infant ,baptism0 by ,thos4 ,h4 ,pritchard1 ,d4,d4 ,part ,i4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,v4 ,mc,namara1 ,pastor of ,st4 ,john's ,roman ,catholic ,church1 ,raleigh1 ,n4,c4 ,paper1 pp4 #df4 ,from ,,robert ,,clarke ,,co41 ,cincinnati3 ,who is the ,pope8 ,and ,who is ,pius ,,ix4 among the ,popes8 ,by ,f4 ,x4 ,weninger1 ,d4,d41 ,s4,j4 ,paper1 pp4 #ae4 ,from ,,the ,,free ,,press ,,association1 ,new ,york3 ,appeal to the ,people of the ,state of ,new ,york1 adopted by the ,executive ,committee of ,citizens and ,taxpayers for the ,financial ,reform of the ,city and ,county of ,new ,york1 etc4 ,paper1 pp4 #af4 ,from ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,philosophy of ,style3 ,an ,essay4 ,by ,herbert ,spencer1 author of 8,first ,principles of ,philosophy10 etc4 ,pp4 #ee4 ,international ,congress on the ,prevention and ,repression of ,crime1 including ,penal and ,reformatory ,treatment4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,wines1 ,,ll4,d41 ,commissioner of the ,united ,states4 ,paper1 pp4 #bh4 ,,the #egg ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiv41 ,no4 #hc4--;,,february1 #ahgb4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgb1 by ,,rev4 ,s4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,duties ,,of ,,the ,,rich ,,in ,,christian ,,society4 ,,no4 ,i4 ,,in ,,reference ,,to ,,communism4 ,under the foregoing title1 we propose to present to the careful attention of the wealthy class of ,american citizens a series of essays on some topics which concern them very nearly4 ,we intend to make each one short1 that it may be easily read1 and that the reader who is interested in the matters we discuss may have time to think over each topic by itself4 ,we address them principally to ,catholics1 and shall1 therefore1 always take for granted and appeal to ,catholic principles and doctrines4 ,yet we are convinced that others not ,catholics will find a great deal in them which they must acknowledge to be true1 and likely to do them good1 if they are at all earnest and conscientious4 ,since we expect to say some things to the rich1 and to those who are by other advantages besides wealth in an elevated social position1 which will be severe1 and perhaps to some unpalatable1 we may as well begin by placing a guard against a possible misunderstanding of our intent4 ,no careful reader of our magazine can suppose that we would sympathize with or encourage any movement hostile to the just rights or reasonable privileges of the wealthy class4 ,moreover1 we cherish a deep respect for all the hierarchical institutions of the political and social order1 as well as for their more sacred and elevated counterparts in the ecclesiastical system4 ,we recognize the necessity1 even in our republican commonwealth1 of a certain elevated social class1 in which men of wealth must unavoidably have an eminent position4 ,whatever we have which can check our ultra-democratic tendencies1 infuse a conservative spirit into our public opinion1 give dignity1 decorum1 and stability to our institutions1 elevate and refine our social tone1 and add a becoming splendor to our civilization1 calls forth our sympathies1 and receives our deliberate and reasoned approbation4 ,whatever censures1 therefore1 we may pronounce upon the vices1 follies1 and delinquencies of the rich and #egh the otherwise highly placed in social rank1 and whatever admonitions we may address to them respecting the duties and dangers of their position1 must be taken as coming from a friend1 not only to themselves as individuals1 but to their class4 ,with these preliminaries1 we address ourselves to our task4 ,we have placed the title 8,in ,reference to ,communism0 at the head of our first article for one special reason4 ,communism threatens the wealthy class with a war of extermination4 ,it is obvious1 therefore1 that the rich have more need to reflect on the duties and dangers of their position1 at the present time1 than they have ever had before4 ,so1 then1 we call their attention at the outset to the war which the fanatics of revolution are preparing for them1 in order that our words may have more weight1 and that they may give more serious thought to the subjects we intend to discuss with them4 ,and here we will explain that we employ the single terms 8rich10 8rich people10 etc41 for convenience' sake1 including under this designation other qualifications besides moneyed wealth1 and other persons besides those who possess great fortunes2 namely1 all those who possess any species of privilege or power which gives them social dignity and influence4 ,we say1 then1 to the rich3 your class1 your privileges1 your possessions1 your lives1 are threatened by an enemy whose character is disclosed by the bloody orgies of the ,paris ,commune4 ,what application do we make of this grave and alarming fact8 ,simply this4 ,the rich members of society ought to reflect seriously on all the questions which relate to their position in the commonwealth4 ,they ought to think of their duties1 to examine their own delinquencies1 to consider the line of conduct they ought to adopt1 to use their power and influence rightly and rationally1 to educate their children carefully1 and in every way to prevent and defeat the nefarious plots of the party of revolution4 ,we say1 earnestly and emphatically1 that there is now a special necessity and obligation to use wealth1 education1 intellectual power1 social influence1 political power1 moral and religious force1 to avert the dangers which threaten society1 and to promote its solid and firm establishment on a right basis4 ,moreover1 the self-interest of the rich demands this of them most imperatively4 ,all their private and personal interests depend on the peace and good order of society4 ,their own safety demands of them that they should work for the salvation of political and social order1 when they are in danger1 just as they would bear a hand at the pumps on board a leaking ship1 or man the batteries of their own beleaguered city4 ,hostility between the wealthy and the laborious classes is a great evil in society4 ,when the hostility of the masses against the aristocracy becomes violent1 and tends to produce a revolution and an exterminating war of the former against the latter1 there is a deadly sickness in the body politic which threatens its dissolution4 ,this state of things exists at present in ,christendom4 ,we are not so deeply affected as yet in this country2 but we are not altogether sound or safe from the infection1 and there is reason enough to be on the alert to protect ourselves from it4 ,the rich have duties toward society in general1 and toward its several classes and individuals in particular4 ,and they have1 at the present time and in present circumstances1 a special obligation to give these duties careful attention4 ,all this would he strictly true and sufficient to arouse the rich to a #egi greater vigilance in fulfilling the duties of their high position1 even if they were free from blame1 as a class1 for the disorders and evils of modern society2 but1 if they are chiefly to blame for these evils through their past neglect and delinquency1 there is an additional and imperative motive in this fact for a strenuous effort on their part to repair the past in the present and the future by a redoubled fidelity and energy4 ,we think they are to blame4 ,it is our deliberate judgment that communism1 and the whole mass of social disorders which have lately come to the surface of the body politic under this loathsome and deadly form1 are principally to be traced to the abuse of power and wealth by the governing classes4 ,kings1 nobles1 rich men1 authors1 politicians1 have1 in part by their gross abuse of the trust committed to them1 and in part by their neglect and indifference1 generated the moral petroleum to which demagogues and leaders of revolution1 the ,mazzinis1 ,garibaldis1 ,karl ,marxes1 ,dombrowskis1 and ,raoul ,rigaults1 have applied the torch4 ,there have been many great and good things done by kings1 and by the members of the political1 social1 and intellectual aristocracy4 ,there have been many admirable and excellent persons1 many heroes and saints1 among these elevated classes in society4 ,nevertheless1 on the whole1 they have been1 especially for the past three centuries1 grievously delinquent1 and continually becoming worse2 and even more extensively delinquent by neglect than by positive criminality4 ,the greatest part of the miseries and crimes which darken the annals of history may be traced to kings and their associates in government4 ,their ambition1 their selfish policy1 their unjust or unnecessary wars1 their disregard of the happiness of the common people1 their haughtiness of demeanor1 their personal vices and corrupting example1 have been the fruitful causes of misery and vice among their subjects4 ,they have reacted against themselves by producing hatred and contempt of thrones and kings1 of authority and government4 ,the aristocracy have followed closely the royal example set before them4 ,and the men of genius and intellectual culture1 the princes and rich men of the realm of arts and letters1 since the fatal epoch of the renaissance of paganism1 have prostituted their heaven-born gifts to the service of every destructive error and every corrupting vice4 ,the greater number of those who have not positively aided the work of ruin have been apathetic and indifferent1 and have not positively aided the work of salvation1 at least with the zeal and energy which might justly be expected from them4 ,moreover1 kings1 nobles1 and the wealthy class have made war on the church4 ,they have revolted against the ,holy ,see1 enslaved the hierarchy and the clergy1 and despoiled the church4 ,they have robbed and well-nigh suppressed the monastic orders4 ,in this way1 they have sapped and undermined the foundations of their own stability2 for it is the principle of religious obedience and reverence1 first of all toward ,god1 and then secondarily toward all powers established and sanctioned by the law of ,god1 which is the source of the sentiment of loyalty4 ,the rebellion of the state against the church must1 therefore1 terminate in the rebellion of the lower against the higher classes in the state4 ,the monastic institution was the strongest of all links between rich and poor1 great and humble1 by reason of the fact that its members belonged to both classes at the same time4 ,the destruction of monasticism1 therefore1 resulted #ehj necessarily in a hostility of these two classes toward each other4 ,so it has come about that the aristocracy1 excited by kings against the church1 turned next against the kings1 the commercial and middle classes turned against the aristocracy1 and now the masses are turning against the men of wealth1 or1 as their own leaders express it1 against 8the supremacy of cash40 ,the condition of the laboring classes is1 at best1 in many respects a hard one4 ,it is a great and an arduous thing which is required of them2 to submit patiently to the supremacy of the higher classes4 ,religion alone makes their position tolerable2 religion1 binding together both the superior and the inferior classes in divine love4 ,the hierarchy and the aristocracy must be recognized by the people as holding their high position for the common good of all1 and as working with a self-denial equal or superior to their own2 that is1 as really laborers in another sphere of action1 but with a common end in view1 in order that they may contentedly acquiesce in the inequality of rank1 wealth1 and social privileges which prevails in society4 ,so soon as the people are convinced1 whether wrongly or rightly1 that the privileges of their spiritual or temporal superiors are mere privileges of a caste1 which despises1 rules1 and taxes the people for its own selfish aggrandizement and pleasure1 they begin to hate them with a deadly hatred4 ,the ,catholic people are content that the ,pope govern1 rebuke1 and punish them2 that he possess the wealth and splendor of a spiritual and temporal sovereign2 that he reign as the vicegerent of ,god on earth--because they believe that all this is for their own highest good4 ,they are content that bishops and priests possess all the honors and privileges of their office1 and willing to sustain them in these1 for the same reason4 ,take away this belief1 and it is not long before they begin not only to withhold their contributions1 to withdraw their allegiance1 to refuse obedience1 to lose respect and love for their spiritual superiors1 but to cry out for their overthrow and even clamor for their blood4 ,it is the same in respect to the secular privileged classes4 ,and1 at the present moment1 since the greatest amount of external and material privilege1 splendor1 and worldly good in general has passed into the hands of the wealthy class1 it is this class which is most immediately exposed to the brunt of the attack which is directed against caste and privilege4 ,we will quote the language of one of the official organs of the ,international ,society1 the ,egalit of ,geneva1 in order to show with the utmost clearness what is their spirit and aim3 8,when the social revolution shall have dispossessed the bourgeoisie1 in the interests of public utility1 as the bourgeoisie dispossessed the nobles and the clergy1 what will become of them8 8,we cannot answer with positive certainty1 but it is probable that the new order of things will give them1 to borrow an expression from one of our friends1 an infinitely more precious wealth1 that of labor1 well paid1 at their discretion2 so that they may be no longer obliged to live by the labor of others1 as they have hitherto lived4 ,in case some of them should be incapable of labor1 which will happen to a good many1 seeing that hitherto they have never learned the use of their ten fingers1 what then8 ,well1 then they will be given tickets for soup4 8#8,but that is too little1' the bourgeois will howl4 8#8,too little6' the workman will reply--#8too little to have work1 at your discretion1 well paid1 and soup for the invalids6 ,the deuce6 ,you are hard to please4 ,we could have been well satisfied with such terms formerly4'0#aai ,this is the unavoidable conclusion1 and the practical as well as #eha unavoidable conclusion1 to which the whole mass of the people must come1 unless they are convinced that the rich labor more usefully for the common good1 and for the good of the poor1 by means of their wealth with its attendant privileges1 than they would by manual labor4 ,they cannot be convinced of this1 unless rich and poor alike recognize the truth of religious and ,christian principles1 and act on them practically4 ,on the materialistic1 anti-theistic ground1 you cannot get a foothold against communism4 ,it is all a waste of words to show that civilization1 art and science1 social and political splendor1 national greatness1 etc41 require the concentration of wealth in a few hands4 ,what does the poor man care for these1 if this life is all1 material good the summum bonum1 and he himself miserable8 ,his condition becomes insupportable1 and he would rather burn the world with petroleum than bear it4 ,it is very true that his desperate efforts will make his condition far worse4 ,but he will not listen to you when you try to prove this to him1 and1 if you should even convince him1 you would only render him more desperate4 ,he must believe that he is under the government of ,god1 that he has been redeemed by ,christ1 that heaven is opened to him by faith1 that this world is a place for gaining merit by labor and suffering1 that the difference in rank1 wealth1 and privilege is ordered by ,god for the good of all and every one1 if he is to be contented with his lot4 ,for him is the ,pope1 the bishop1 the priest1 the splendid church1 the glittering vestments and chalices4 ,for him1 too1 is government1 for him is commerce and trade1 for him science and art1 for him are some men rich4 ,the church and the state are necessary for his good1 and both church and state have need of men in whose hands wealth and power are deposited4 ,if the people are to be convinced of this1 they must see that their spiritual and temporal superiors are convinced of it1 and act accordingly4 ,the rich as well as the poor must act on ,christian principles--act as men who have a trust committed to them for the common good4 ,they must1 in a word1 be zealous laborers in their own sphere4 ,and it is especially incumbent on them1 at the present time1 to do everything possible to ameliorate and elevate the condition of that class of society who are not merely doomed to a life of manual labor1 but to a life of misery and degradation4 ,the people have been taught that they possess political sovereignty1 and universal suffrage has given them the right and power to exercise it4 ,can they be expected1 then1 to remain content for ever with a sovereignty which is united with a state of social abjectness and misery8 ,is it safe or prudent to neglect1 despise1 or insult them2 or to swindle them and defraud them of their rights1 and at the same time to flaunt before their eyes the gaudy insignia of what they believe to be ill-gotten wealth8 ,especially when we consider that they read the newspaper every day4 ,we leave it to our rich merchants and our educated men to think over and answer to themselves these questions4 ,for ourselves1 we are convinced that the only safety for the wealthy class1 and for society1 is to be found in a return to purely ,christian and ,catholic principles4 ,and we shall proceed to give our views more definitely and in detail upon the part which devolves on the rich in this work of social regeneration1 in our future articles4 #aai ,see the ,dublin ,review1 ,oct41 p4 #dei4 ---------- ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 #ehb ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,among ,,the ,,breakers4 ,when the boat had slipped away from ,indian ,point1 at one side1 and ,carl ,yorke had strode off through the woods1 at the other1 ,captain ,cary lifted again the dingy canvas1 and entered the wigwam that ,edith had just quitted4 ,in doing so1 he was obliged to stoop very low1 for the opening scarcely reached as high as his shoulders1 and1 had he stood erect inside1 he would have taken the whole structure up by the roots4 ,dick still lay with his arms thrown above his head1 and his face hidden in them4 ,his friend bent over him1 and spoke with an affectation of hearty cheerfulness which was far from his real mood4 8,come6 come6 don't give up for a trifle1 my boy4 ,you're more scared than hurt4 ,all you need is a little brandy and courage4 ,everything will turn out rightly1 never fear60 8,don't talk to me60 said ,dick4 ,captain ,cary's heart sank at the sound of that moaning voice4 ,when ,dick ,rowan's spirit broke1 there was trouble indeed1 and trouble which could neither be laughed nor reasoned away4 8,do take the brandy1 at least10 he urged2 8and then ,i won't talk to you any more till the boat comes back4 ,you must take it4 ,you're in an ague-fit now40 ,dick was1 indeed1 trembling violently4 ,but1 more to relieve himself from importunity1 it would seem1 than for any other reason1 he lifted his head1 swallowed the draught that was offered him1 and sank back again4 ,his friend leaned over him one instant1 his breast1 strongly heaving1 and full of pity1 against ,dick's shoulder1 his rough1 tender cheek laid to ,dick's wet hair4 ,the poor boy turned at that1 threw his arms around ,captain ,cary's neck1 drew him down1 and held him close1 as a drowning man might hold a plank4 8,o captain1 captain60 he whispered1 8,i've got an awful blow60 ,when the sailor went out into the air again1 all the ,indians had retired into their wigwams1 except ,malie1 and her father and mother4 ,the child1 wide awake1 and full of excitement1 was swinging herself by the bough of a tree1 half her motion lost sight of in the dark pine shadow1 half floating out into the light4 ,now and then1 she stretched her foot1 and struck the earth with it4 ,when the stranger appeared and looked her way1 she began to chatter like a squirrel1 and1 lifting her feet1 scrambled into the tree1 and disappeared among its branches4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,nicola crouched by the fire1 and sulkily ignored the intruder4 ,when he approached and stood by her side1 the woman did not turn her head1 but tossed a strip of birch-bark into the coals1 and #ehc watched it while it writhed1 blackened1 turned red1 shrivelled1 and disappeared4 8,i wonder if she would like to serve me that way80 he questioned inwardly2 and said aloud1 8,i am going up to meet my man at the ship1 and come back with him4 ,it may save a little time1 and ,i don't like to keep you up any longer than ,i must40 ,the man uttered a low-toned guttural word1 the woman nodded her head in reply1 but neither took any notice of ,captain ,cary4 8,i am sorry to intrude10 he added stiffly2 8but when a man is sick1 he must be taken care of4 ,captain ,rowan1 in there1 doesn't half know where he is1 nor what he is about4 ,i will get him away as soon as ,i can4 ,you shall be paid for your trouble40 ,he tossed a silver piece down between the two4 8,when ,i come back1 you shall have more10 he said1 and1 turning his back upon them1 walked off into the woods4 ,neither of the two elders stirred till he was out of sight2 but ,malie slipped from her tree1 darted at the money1 and snatched it up4 ,she was escaping with it1 when her father seized her1 took the money from her hand1 and put it into his pocket4 ,she only laughed when he let her go4 ,she had no use for money1 except to wear it on a string around her neck1 and a string of beads was prettier4 ,besides1 she had her treasure--the book the lady had given her that day4 ,she threw herself on the ground1 near the fire1 drew this book from the loose folds of her blouse1 and turned the leaves1 reading here and there4 ,the page looked like all sorts of bird-songs written out4 ,doubtless the birds and beasts had had a good deal to do with making the language of it4 ,who would not think that k'tchitbesswnoa was a verse from a feathered songster8 ,malie would tell you that it means a 8general40 ,probably the birds call their generals by that name4 ,one looks with interest on a child who can read this chippering1 gurgling1 twittering1 lisping1 growling 8to-whit1 to-whoo60 of a thought-medium4 ,while she read1 ,captain ,cary1 tramping through the strip of woods between the encampment and ,south ,street1 recollected for the first time that his clothes were dripping wet4 8,what a queer1 topsy-turvy time we are having60 he muttered1 wringing the water from his cravat1 as he hurried along4 8,the whole affair reminds me of that fairy play ,i saw last winter4 ,there must be something unwholesome in this moonshine40 ,the play he meant was ,midsummer-,night's ,dream4 ,but there was now no clamor of rustic clowns in a hawthorn brake1 nor sight of ,titania sleeping among her pensioners the cowslips4 ,there were but his own steps1 muffled in moss1 and the lurking shadows1 creeping noiselessly away from the pursuing light4 ,by that short road across the ,point1 it was less than half a mile to the wharf where the ,halcyon lay1 and in ten minutes ,captain ,cary had reached his ship4 ,his crew were all on board1 and1 as he walked down the wharf1 he heard the refrain of one of their songs3 8,and they sank him in the lowlands1 low40 ,the verse ended in that mournful cadence that sailors learn from the ocean winds--those long-breathed1 full-throated singers6 ,at sound of the captain's step1 silence fell1 and at his call a little imp of a ,malay cabin-boy appeared1 stood with twinkling eyes to take his orders1 then shot away to execute them4 ,when the sailor who had gone up to the bridge with the ladies came back to the ship1 the yawl #ehd was out1 and ,captain ,cary sat in it waiting for him4 8,major ,cleaveland wants to see you when you come up1 sir10 the sailor said1 as they sped down the river4 8,he says you'd better bring ,captain ,rowan right up to his house4 ,he will send the carriage down for you4 ,he is obliged to leave town at four o'clock in the morning1 in the ,eastern stage1 something about a trial of his in a court somewhere1 so he can't see you in the morning40 8,did anybody else say anything80 the captain asked4 8,mr4 ,carl ,yorke said that1 as soon as he had gone home with the ladies1 he would come back to see ,captain ,rowan4 ,he got up to the bridge just as we did40 ,captain ,cary bent low over his oars1 and muttered a word he did not choose to speak aloud4 ,plain men are almost always ready to have a jealous dislike of accomplished men1 and a simple nature like ,captain ,cary's can never do justice to a complex one like ,carl ,yorke's4 ,at that moment the sailor was thinking that1 had ,carl been the one to fall overboard1 he would not have cared to wet his skin for the sake of saving him4 ,and yet ,carl had treated this man with friendly courtesy1 and had admired and appreciated him thoroughly4 8,well1 did any one else say anything80 he asked presently4 8,miss ,edith felt pretty bad1 sir4 ,she leaned over the rail1 and looked back to the ,point1 wringing her hands all the way1 as we came up4 ,she told me to say to you that she was sorry she had left ,captain ,rowan4 ,i guess1 sir1 she is pretty fond of him1 after all10 the sailor said confidentially4 8,what business have you guessing or thinking anything about it80 demanded his superior1 with a haughty sternness that would have delighted ,clara ,yorke4 8,keep your opinion till ,i ask for it60 8,all right1 sir60 responded the sailor1 and shut his mouth4 ,if he was angry1 he did not venture to show it4 8,well80 said the captain sharply1 after waiting a minute4 8,why1 sir1 there isn't much of anything else10 the man answered4 8,miss ,yorke said that they ought to have taken ,mr4 ,rowan up with them1 and that she did not understand how they had allowed themselves to be sent away in such a manner4 ,and ,miss ,clara she said that you--isn't there a boat ahead1 sir80 8,no4 ,what if there is8 ,go on40 ,he could not help being impatient4 8,well1 ,miss ,clara she said that you knew best1 and she wasn't afraid of leaving ,mr4 ,rowan to your care40 ,the captain sat with his oar suspended1 and stared straight ahead4 ,the seaman hesitated1 then returned good for evil4 8,miss ,clara was mightily taken with the way you went overboard1 sir4 ,she thought that you did it in a very splendid fashion4 ,i told her ,i didn't know any other way you could have done it1 unless you had gone over back'ards1 like ,captain ,rowan4 ,she tossed up her head at that1 and marched off1 and got into the carriage40 ,the captain's oars flashed down into the water1 and he gave a pull that made their boat skim the wave like a bird4 ,when they reached the ,point1 the fire was out1 and no person was in sight4 ,captain ,cary hastened up the bank to the wigwam where he had left ,dick ,rowan1 but as he laid his hand on the fold of canvas a gruff voice inside challenged him4 8,i want ,captain ,rowan10 he called out4 #ehe ,a brief 8,he not here60 was the reply4 8,where is he1 then80 8,don't know40 8,you don't know80 cried the sailor4 8,none of your nonsense1 sir6 ,if any harm has come to him through you1 ,i will hang you all to the branches of these trees4 ,come out here1 and tell me where he has gone1 if you don't want to be dragged out40 ,he tore open the canvas1 as he spoke1 and in the dim light saw a swift1 dark pantomime acted inside4 ,one shadowy figure was springing forward1 with the flash of a blade in the uplifted hand1 when another caught him round the neck1 and a slim arm ran up his arm1 that held the weapon4 ,the knife flashed an instant in that silent struggle of the two to possess it1 then ,mrs4 ,nicola pushed her husband back1 and1 leaning forward1 caught the canvas from the sailor's hand4 8,the young man took ,philip ,nicola's canoe1 and went down the bay in it10 she said angrily4 8,that is all we know about him40 ,it was not likely1 indeed1 that they would do him any harm3 whatever their feelings might be1 they would not dare to4 ,there was nothing to do but return to the boat1 and row down the bay in search of ,dick4 ,the light was still radiantly clear1 and the whole surface of the bay plain to be seen4 ,the group of islands showed like ashen blotches on that mirror4 ,the sailor pointed out to his captain a black speck that floated away from among these islands4 8,it is a boat1 sir10 he said2 8but there is no one in it40 8,make for that nearest island10 the captain ordered2 and muttered to himself1 8,dick wouldn't do it6 he wouldn't40 ,no1 ,dick would not1 in any depth of misery1 have thrown his life away4 ,they found him there1 lying prone in the sand1 where1 years before1 he had buried his father4 ,what attraction had drawn him to that spot would be hard to tell4 ,possibly1 now that he knew the meaning of failure1 there was some blind feeling of compunction toward one whose failures he had reproachfully thought of4 ,dick made no resistance when ,captain ,cary lifted him1 and1 after a moment1 walked to the boat with him4 ,he sat there1 with his head bowed forward1 while they rowed back to the ship4 ,he was like one who is but half-aroused from sleep1 and has a mind to fall back into it4 ,he submitted to all that was required of him1 took what they gave him1 did what they bade him4 ,it was not much they prescribed--only dry clothes and a bed4 ,there is a power of instinctive recoil by which some natures are saved from being destroyed by the shock of a great blow4 ,the senses shut their inner doors at the jar of the enemy's approach1 and the soul1 in some remote privacy of its being1 arms itself before coming forth to see who knocks at its portal and bids it to battle4 ,but for this merciful interposition1 it would have fared hard with ,dick ,rowan1 when1 struck by the lightning of a glance1 the framework on which all his life had been built up gave way without a moment's warning4 ,his friend left him after awhile1 and went up to the ,cleavelands4 ,hester had expected ,dick1 but was too much occupied with her husband to be very curious regarding the accident4 ,the young man had been knocked over by the boom1 she had been told1 and the result was nothing worse than a wetting4 ,a wetting was bad1 to be sure2 she was so sorry2 she hoped that ,mr4 ,rowan had put on dry clothes at once1 and #ehf taken something hot4 ,he must really take care of himself4 ,but--and here ,mrs4 ,hester evidently considered herself returning to the subject in hand--was there ever anything more provoking than this journey8 ,why could not that tiresome case have been tried at ,seaton instead of ,machias8 ,why did not the judge see about it8 ,why did not her husband's lawyer let him know in season1 so that he could have driven through in his own carriage by day1 and not be obliged to post over the road by night in those horrible coaches8 8,in short10 laughed the husband1 8why is not all the machinery of civilization regulated with an eye single to the convenience of ,mrs4 ,hester ,cleaveland's husband80 ,when no one else was present1 the gentleman could take these absurd cares with an equally absurd complacency1 and really seem to believe that he was a pining invalid instead of a stout1 rubicund man2 but the grave and wondering face of his visitor made him a little ashamed of such coddling4 ,the business did not take long to settle4 ,all the preliminaries had been fully arranged before1 neither gentleman being prone to leave his affairs at loose ends4 ,in a few minutes they shook hands1 dissolving all connection1 except a friendly one1 and wishing each other very heartily success and happiness4 ,the ,halcyon1 which they had owned together1 was sold1 and1 if the sailor went to sea again1 he had a mind to go in a new ship of his own1 and be quite independent4 ,hester also took a kind leave of her guest1 hoping to meet him again before long1 since1 for the present1 he was going no further than ,new ,york4 8,you know we all go to ,boston soon10 she said1 8and it would not be very hard for you to come on purpose to see us40 ,then he went4 ,everything was quiet as he walked down through the town4 ,it was late1 and only two lights were visible4 ,one1 burning red1 a cyclopean eye1 close to the ground1 showed that the incentive to any and every possible sin was to be sold by the bottle or glass1 mixed or neat1 according to the taste of the person having a soul to lose4 ,the other light was in three windows1 at the top of a building1 where the ,know-,nothings held their secret meetings4 ,captain ,cary knew what that light meant4 ,he stood awhile on the bridge1 and watched it1 wondering how a nation was to preserve its honor if governed by such men and such means4 ,a secret conclave1 met with closed doors and pass-word1 and not one man of proved integrity inside6 8,if they are patriots1 then ,washington was not one10 was the conclusion the sailor came to2 and1 having reached it1 he walked on1 and left that nest of slanderers and plotters to do their evil work4 8,i'd like to clean out that hall60 he mused as he went4 ,when he reached the ship1 he found that ,dick ,rowan had roused himself sufficiently to have one wish1 and that an imperative one4 8,take me away from here1 ,cary60 he begged4 8,there is nothing to keep you now4 ,clark says that you have seen ,major ,cleaveland1 and that all is ready to sail4 ,don't wait4 ,sail early in the morning40 ,it was true4 ,there was nothing to keep them till noon1 except their engagement with the ladies of ,mr4 ,yorke's family1 and it was certainly for ,dick to say whether that should be kept4 ,there was some discussion on the subject1 but ,dick was inexorable1 and the captain yielded4 ,he #ehg wrote a note of explanation and apology to ,mrs4 ,yorke2 and so it happened that1 when that lady's messenger reached the wharf in the morning1 the ,halcyon was miles below1 standing out through the ,narrows1 with a blue1 sunny sea stretching in front of her straight to the ,south ,pole4 ,on the deck sat ,dick ,rowan1 leaning on the rail1 and watching the foam toss and drop1 toss and drop1 with a lulling motion1 like the to-and-fro of white1 mesmerizing hands4 ,and the face that watched that motion looked half-mesmerized1 pale and dreamy1 with only a groping of thought in it4 ,the ship went well1 and within a few days they saw the rising sun shine on the masts and spires of ,new ,york4 ,the evening of that very day1 ,father ,fitspatrick1 of ,boston--,father ,john1 his friends called him--coming in rather late from a lecture1 was told that a gentleman was waiting in his room to see him4 ,he went in1 and found ,dick ,rowan sitting there1 but not the ,dick ,rowan he had baptized the year before1 and welcomed home1 and talked gayly with within a few short weeks4 ,this man might have been ,dick's elder brother1 and a stern1 pale man1 too4 8,father10 ,dick said faintly1 8,i want you to keep me a little while4 ,i have come here for sanctuary4 ,if there is any help in religion when other help fails1 ,i want to know it now40 8,but what has happened8 ,what is the matter80 the priest exclaimed4 ,dick sank back into the seat from which he had risen4 8,i've lost ,edith1 sir1 and my life has all gone to pieces40 8,is she dead80 the priest asked4 8,no1 sir2 but she loves some one else40 ,father ,john drew his chair close to the young man's side1 and took his hand4 8,my dear son10 he said1 8are you going to despair because a woman has been false to you80 ,dick looked up as though not sure that he heard aright4 ,what6 any one call ,edith false8 8,no1 sir1 she was not false10 he said4 8,it was something that she couldn't help4 ,she would marry me now1 if ,i would let her40 8,why1 then1 do you not marry her80 the father asked4 8,this is probably a fancy1 which will pass away2 and if she is good and true1 she will do her duty by you40 ,dick stared at the priest in an almost indignant astonishment4 8,what1 sir60 he exclaimed1 8do you think me mean enough to marry a woman who loves another man8 ,i always feared this1 at the bottom of my heart1 though ,i would not own that ,i did4 ,and it was always true1 ,i suppose1 only she did not know it4 ,i made a great mistake4 ,i thought that1 if ,i tried to be good to ,god and to her1 she would love me4 ,but ,i have been thinking it all over during the last week1 and ,i have found out that we choose by our hearts1 not our heads1 and that we do not really love a person when we can tell the reason why4 ,i had no right to buy her4 ,she belonged to some one else40 ,he shivered1 looked down a moment1 then said huskily1 8,yes1 ,edith was true60 and1 dropping his face into his hands1 burst into tears4 8,my dear son60 ,father ,john said1 putting his arm around ,dick's shoulder1 8don't give up so6 ,you have youth1 and health1 and friends1 and a work to do in the world4 ,don't let this discourage you4 ,she is only a woman40 8,and ,i am only a man60 said ,dick4 8,what about your ship80 the priest asked1 after a little while4 ,dick raised his face1 and controlled himself to speak4 8,captain ,cary #ehh is to take charge of her10 he said4 8,i couldn't sail in the ,edith ,yorke again1 sir4 ,i would not trust myself off alone in her1 with nothing else to think of1 and no escape1 unless ,i jumped into the ocean4 ,it is haunted by her4 ,every plank1 and spar1 and rope of that ship is steeped in the thought of her4 ,i have fancied her there1 speaking1 and laughing1 and singing1 just as ,i expected she would some day1 and asking me the names of everything4 ,when ,i used to walk up and down the deck1 ,i'd imagine her beside me4 ,i could see her dress fluttering1 and the braid of hair1 and two little feet keeping step4 ,why1 sir1 it was so real that ,i would sometimes shorten my steps for her sake4 ,i never neglected my duty for her2 but ,i looked at everything through a little rosy thought of her1 and that made hard work pleasant4 ,no1 ,i can never again sail in the ,edith ,yorke4 ,have patience with me1 father4 ,recollect1 ,i have to overturn all that was my world1 and have not a point to rest my lever on40 8,you a ,christian1 and say that60 the priest exclaimed4 8,where is your faith8 ,where is your reason80 ,dick started up fiercely1 and began to walk the floor4 8,i cannot bear it6 ,i will not bear it60 he exclaimed4 8,you preachers1 with your reason1 that tramples on all feeling1 are as bad as the scientists1 whose science tramples on all faith4 ,god made the tide1 sir1 as well as the rock1 and the storm as well as the calm1 and it is for him to say whether either is a foolishness4 ,people who are wise1 when they sit in their safe homes1 and hear the wind howling1 pity the sailor1 and tremble for him2 but1 when you see a soul among the breakers1 you scorn it4 ,i tell you1 ,i will not bear such scorn6 ,what do you think this loss is to me80 he demanded1 stopping before the priest1 who sat looking steadfastly at him4 8,it means that all the brightness and sweetness of life1 everything that is dear to human nature1 are torn away from me for ever4 ,if ,i were a dissolute man1 ,i could find a miserable substitute2 if ,i were fickle1 ,i could fill her place2 but ,i am neither4 ,i stand here1 twenty-eight years old1 and--,i call ,god to witness6--as stainless as when ,i was an infant in my mother's arms4 ,it was ,edith who kept me so4 #8,only a woman1' you say2 but that may mean more than an angel4 ,she was my guardian angel incarnate4 #8,only a woman2' but that woman's shape walked with me through paths that might have led to perdition1 and kept me safe4 ,if1 in anger1 an oath rose in my teeth1 ,i felt her hand on my mouth1 and did not utter it4 ,if ,i was tempted with wine1 ,i remembered her1 and pushed the glass away4 ,i can be bloodthirsty1 sir1 if ,i am provoked1 but many a sailor escaped the lash and irons for her sake4 ,once ,i had my hand at a man's throat1 with a mind to wring his vile life out of him1 but ,i thought of her1 and let him go4 ,the memory of this is not to be reasoned away4 ,do you remember1 sir1 the time when you first thought of your vocation1 and sat down to count the costs8 ,when you called up the vision of your life before you1 and stripped from it1 one after another1 wife1 children1 and home1 and all that they mean1 did you want any one to preach to you1 in that hour1 of common sense and reason8 ,didn't you feel that you must let nature have way a little while1 and didn't you find it go over you like a wave80 ,while ,dick ,rowan1 bold with passionate feeling1 poured forth this torrent of words1 the priest sat perfectly motionless1 and looked at #ehi him4 ,there was no sign of anger1 no consciousness of insulted dignity1 in his face1 but only a profound sadness4 ,this was no haughty churchman1 as his many lovers know1 but a worthy follower of that lowly ,one who said1 8,the servant is not above his master40 ,when ,father ,john towered in the pulpit1 or spoke from the rostrum1 with his 8,thus saith the ,lord60 and 8,i am ,peter1 and ,james1 and ,john60 there was an authority which could not be defied1 and a loftiness which would not have bent before ,csar2 but in things temporal1 and when winning and comforting souls1 his was a charity most tender1 and a humility most imposing4 ,something in that face1 now sleeping with ,abraham and the fathers1 arrested the young man's impetuous speech4 ,he faltered1 and stopped2 and1 when the arms were stretched out to him1 dropped on his knees1 and leaned his face against that kind bosom4 8,forgive me1 dear father60 ,dick said4 8,i did not mean to be rude1 nor to forget the reverence due to you4 ,i know that all you would say to me is true2 but--,i die hard60 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,explanations4 ,meantime1 what had been going on in the ,yorke family at ,seaton8 ,mrs4 ,yorke had not feared that there was any serious trouble till she learned that ,dick ,rowan had gone away4 ,she was in bed when her young people returned the night before1 and knew only what ,clara came to her door to say3 8,we have had a delightful sail1 mamma1 and are all well4 ,i hope that you have not been anxious4 ,mr4 ,rowan fell overboard1 for a diversion1 and1 of course1 got wet2 but ,captain ,cary got him out1 and he is all right now4 ,good-night1 mamma1 for me and the girls1 and ,carl4 ,we are all here40 ,however late her children might be out1 ,mrs4 ,yorke could not close her motherly eyes till she knew that they were safe under the home-roof again4 ,then she turned upon her pillow1 and dropped asleep1 giving thanks4 ,she felt a slight uneasiness when ,melicent1 before breakfast the next morning1 asked her to send ,patrick down to enquire for ,dick4 8,why1 was he hurt8 ,is he not coming up1 this morning80 she asked4 8,i presume that he is very well1 mamma10 the daughter replied4 8,but it would look pleasant to be attentive40 ,this was said with an air of reserve1 and the young woman evidently did not wish to say any more4 ,in an equally diplomatic manner1 she announced that ,edith had a headache1 and was not coming down to breakfast4 ,melicent was one of those persons who1 when in possession of a secret1 as ,james ,russell ,lowell has said1 8will not let the cat out of the bag1 but they give its tail a pull to let you know that it is there40 ,mrs4 ,yorke said no more4 ,she found this manner annoying4 ,but she observed at breakfast that ,carl ate nothing1 and that ,clara kept up a constant stream of talk1 that seemed designed to cover some embarrassment4 ,she noticed1 also1 that no mention was made of ,dick ,rowan or their sail of the day before4 ,when she arose from the table1 and went toward the entry-door1 her eldest daughter interposed1 with #eij an air of being in the charge of affairs4 8,i would not disturb ,edith now1 mamma40 8,melicent60 exclaimed her mother haughtily1 and waved the young woman aside4 ,edith was lying on her bed1 dressed as on the day before1 her face hidden in the pillow4 ,she started when her aunt spoke to her1 and turned a pale and tear-wet face4 ,it did not need this to tell ,mrs4 ,yorke that her niece's headache came from the heart4 8,my head does ache1 ,aunt ,amy10 ,edith said4 8,but ,i am distressed about ,dick4 ,he is displeased with me4 ,i do not wish to speak of it to any one but him40 8,i have sent ,patrick down1 my dear10 her aunt said2 8and you shall know as soon as he returns40 ,mrs4 ,yorke and her two daughters sat together1 pretending to read and sew1 but all watching the avenue gate for the return of their messenger4 ,when he had delivered his news1 and gone1 the mother spoke with authority4 8,girls1 ,i insist on knowing1 at once1 the meaning of this60 8,you had better ask ,carl1 mamma2 he is the one to explain10 answered ,melicent4 8,but ,i must say that ,mr4 ,rowan has behaved ill4 ,a young man whom one of our family has promised to marry should at least act like a gentleman40 8,send ,carl to me10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said1 rising4 8,and1 ,clara1 say to ,betsey that ,i shall see no one to-day1 then go up and tell ,edith40 ,carl was pacing one of the garden paths1 and1 for the first time that day1 his manner showed agitation4 ,he had already heard ,patrick's news1 and his first thought was to echo ,melicent's opinion that one who had been connected with their family should at least act like a gentleman4 ,this sudden withdrawal not only gave occasion for gossip1 but it was rude to ,edith4 ,that it left him in the position of a culprit1 ,carl would not allow himself to care4 8,i thought the fellow had more spirit60 he muttered4 8,but it isn't in him to act like anything but a rustic40 ,as he said this1 an inner voice made answer2 not the voice of conscience1 for that acquitted him1 but the voice which he expected to hear from without3 8,neither is it in him to speak or sing love to another man's promised wife1 though silence should break his heart40 8,and what if it broke hers80 asked ,carl1 as though he had been spoken to4 ,he glanced up at the window of ,edith's chamber4 ,the curtain was down1 hanging in close1 white folds1 shutting her in4 ,then came ,melicent to call him4 ,carl found his mother in a tiny room1 where she always took her siesta in summer1 and where she held all her private conferences4 ,it was a cosy1 shady nook1 with only a sofa1 and table1 and chair in it1 and seemed intended as a place for confidential communion4 ,in that room1 with nothing to save him from her steady eyes1 ,mr4 ,griffeth had stammered out his apologies to ,mrs4 ,yorke for misleading her son2 there1 her daughters came for advice and admonition2 and there she herself retired when she wished to be alone4 ,it was a place where a rebel could be brought to submission1 or a penitent comforted4 ,it is almost impossible to be confidential in a large1 well-lighted room4 8,have you had any quarrel with ,mr4 ,rowan1 ,carl80 his mother asked1 the moment he appeared4 8,not an unpleasant word has passed between us1 mother10 he answered4 #eia ,she had been standing1 but sank back into the sofa as he spoke1 and he closed the door1 and came and stood before her1 doubting1 at first1 what the tone of their interview would be4 ,her question had been imperative1 and that he could not bear4 ,there are times in the life of the most dutiful when they feel that there is for them then no legitimate human authority outside themselves4 ,but he saw that her face was pale1 though the red curtain lowered over the one window behind her warmed all the light that entered2 and her voice was entreating when she spoke again3 8,my son1 have you nothing to tell me80 ,he sat down on the hassock at her feet1 and leaned on her lap2 and she knew all before he had uttered a word4 8,my child10 she whispered1 leaning toward him1 8your happiness is my dearest wish2 but there is honor60 ,he took her trembling hands1 and met her look firmly4 8,yes1 mother1 there is honor10 he said4 8,but listen to me1 before you conclude that it should be mentioned here in the subjunctive sense4 ,you know1 mother1 ,i could not speak of love to a child4 ,i did not wish to4 ,it was enough for me to see that ,edith was surely1 though unconsciously1 drawing toward me4 ,if you had a rare plant1 with a single bud on it1 would you thank the one who would pluck that bud open before its time for blooming8 ,and what flower is so delicate and sacred as a young girl's heart8 ,besides1 such a thought comes to a man also1 when it comes first1 with a feeling of silence4 ,to my mind1 it would have been rude and indelicate to speak hastily4 ,there was time1 and1 meanwhile1 ,i guarded myself and her4 ,of course ,i saw what ,rowan wanted and meant1 and he also understood me2 ,i am sure of that4 ,i never dreamed1 though1 that he would succeed4 ,i was not prepared for that passion of pity and gratitude which ,edith has shown for him4 ,when ,i knew1 last year1 that he had proposed1 it was all ,i could do to control my anger4 ,i knew that he must have seen in her some instinctive recoil at first1 and yet have appealed to her pity4 ,he did not leave her free to choose4 ,i do not say that he realized that4 ,he is an honest1 noble-souled fellow1 and he loves her deeply2 but he lacks a certain fineness which should have told him when urging was proper1 and when it was coarsely selfish4 ,i am willing to admit that it may have been only a mistake on his part2 but people who make mistakes have to suffer by them1 and1 if they are not to blame1 no one else is4 ,i1 too1 made a mistake then1 mother1 and ,i have suffered for it4 ,i had a thought of saying to ,edith1 #8,since you are to think of him as a suitor1 think of me also1 and choose between us4' ,two motives prevented me4 ,one was pride4 ,i would not enter into competition with him2 and there ,i was selfish4 ,but the other was better4 ,i saw that she was incredibly childish1 and looked upon his proposal rather as a request that she should go and live with him and his mother1 as she had lived with them before1 than as a proposal that she should be his wife4 ,i waited till she should perceive the difference1 and this summer ,i thought that she was beginning to4 ,the night before he came1 ,i wanted to speak to her4 ,i could hardly help it4 ,i would have spoken but for him4 ,but no1 ,i thought4 ,let her answer him fairly first4 ,i supposed ,i knew what that #eib answer would be2 and when she came down-stairs the next morning to meet him1 ,i felt sure that it was to refuse him4 ,i stood in the entry when she passed1 and she knew that ,i was there1 but would not look at me4 ,she was very pale1 ,i saw1 and ,i thought it was for his sake4 ,it seems it was for her own sake4 ,no matter what ,i felt when ,i heard the words with which they met4 ,i went away1 you know2 ,i did not choose to make a scene4 ,when ,i came back1 ,i had made up my mind to speak to him clearly1 and as friendly as ,i could1 and ask that he should give her back her promise1 and leave her free to choose again4 ,he would have done it1 mother2 ,i am sure he would4 ,had he been too loverlike1 ,i should have made no delay2 but1 as it was1 ,i thought best to wait till his visit was over4 ,you could scarcely expect me to be perfectly cool and reasonable always4 ,under the circumstances1 ,i think that ,i have shown as much fairness as any one has a right to require of me4 ,i meant to see him last night1 after the girls had come home--went to the sail with that intention4 ,but he made me angry at starting4 ,he stood there1 and sang that ballad from ,le ,misanthrope1 #8,si le roi m'avoit donn' --sang it before me1 and with such an air of triumph and certainty as made me feel anything but pitiful toward him for a little while4 ,edith was offended1 too4 ,i saw her color with resentment4 #8,ma mie6' ,it was too public a claiming4 ,when we came back--you know what a night it was1 mother40 ,carl stopped1 his face growing very red4 8,there are some things not easy to tell10 he said4 ,mrs4 ,yorke put her arm around him1 and drew his head to her bosom4 8,not even to your own mother1 dear80 she whispered1 with her cheek resting on his hair4 8,it was my heart that taught yours to beat1 ,carl40 ,in that sweet confessional1 he went on with his story4 8,it was such a scene as gives one that faint swaying of the brain that just shows the points in our prudent resolutions4 ,the moonlight1 the music1 the air1 the water1 our very motion1 were intoxicating4 ,and ,edith was there1 and so beautiful6--an ,undine1 drooping over the boat-side1 as though she might any moment slip into the water1 and disappear1 if ,i did not stay her4 ,i sang what ,i would have said4 ,i called her1 and she turned to me60 ,carl lifted his head1 caught his mother's hands1 and kissed them joyfully1 then stood up before her with an air as triumphant as ,dick ,rowan's own4 8,the time had come1 and she was mine60 he exclaimed4 8,edith belongs to me1 mother60 ,for the moment1 everything else was forgotten2 and the mother forgot1 too1 till she saw his face cloud over4 8,poor fellow60 said ,carl1 and knelt on the hassock again4 8,my heart aches for him4 ,when he saw ,edith look at me1 he fainted4 ,it seems cruel to be so happy at such a cost4 ,i went up to ,hester's1 last night1 to see him1 but he was not there1 and it was too late to go to the ship4 ,i would have borne any reproach from him4 ,i would have been patient1 and have explained everything to him4 ,i think1 mother1 that ,i could even have made a friend of him4 ,he is generous4 ,but it is too late now40 8,you must go away at once1 ,carl10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said presently4 8,it is the only proper thing to do4 ,the family are pledged to ,mr4 ,rowan1 and1 till all is settled between him and ,edith1 you must have no intercourse with her here4 ,my position is one of great delicacy4 ,i cannot even #eic advise ,edith40 ,while they talked1 ,edith had risen1 and written two letters1 one to ,dick ,rowan1 the other to ,father ,rasle4 ,both were short1 the former only a line4 8,you have no right to treat me so10 she wrote4 8,if you go away without seeing me1 never call yourself my friend again60 ,it seemed hard2 but she had said to herself3 8,if he leaves me here with ,carl1 ,i shall not be able to be true to him40 ,she dressed herself to go out and post these letters1 and had just come down-stairs1 when she met ,carl in the entry4 ,she stopped abruptly at sight of him1 and a deep crimson mantled her face as she waited for him to let her pass4 ,it was a new blush for ,edith1 for she knew why she blushed4 ,but the ,spartan spirit he had admired in the child was not dead1 and she was herself the next moment4 ,she bade him a quiet 8,good-morning1 ,carl60 and was passing on1 when he asked to see her in the parlor4 8,certainly60 she said1 too proud to shrink4 ,carl smiled as he held the door open for her to pass1 and closed it after them4 ,he was pleased with her dignity4 8,i have been talking with my mother10 he said1 8and she tells me that ,i must go away immediately4 ,do you agree with her80 ,possibly she had seen1 and misunderstood his smile1 for she chose to be very high with him4 8,i do not know why you should go10 she said coldly4 8,shall ,i tell you why it seemed to us that ,i should80 he asked4 ,her look changed at the tone of his voice1 which seemed reproachful4 ,why should she assume with him what was not true8 ,when had he ever shown himself unworthy of her confidence8 8,no1 ,carl10 she said1 8you need not tell me1 and you must say nothing to me that you would not say to a married woman4 ,i trust you1 ,carl4 ,you have always been honorable4 ,you are very dear to me1 and ,i trust you perfectly4 ,it is best that you should go40 ,the last words were spoken rather faintly1 and she had turned from him1 and opened the door4 8,i shall go to ,boston10 he said1 8and stay there4 ,in a few weeks you will all come up1 and ,i shall see you40 ,she stood in the door now1 with her face half turned1 and her forehead resting against the door-frame1 so that he saw only her profile4 ,and1 so leaning1 as though from faintness1 she put her hand back1 and held out her letters to him1 and he took them4 8,read them both10 she said1 8and mail them for me4 ,and1 ,carl1 ,i shall not see you again before you go4 ,and0--she stopped1 as though her voice had failed her4 8,i will not ask you to10 he said4 8,and1 afterward10 she went on1 8,i shall not see you in ,boston4 ,if you are at home1 ,i shall go to stay with ,dick's mother40 ,she did not look round again1 but went up-stairs quickly1 and shut herself into her room4 ,it is not for us to intrude in that privacy wherein a young heart fought its first battle4 ,no one saw her that day2 but the next morning she came out1 and went about her usual employments1 much in her usual manner4 ,whether1 like that ,russian empress1 she was 8too proud to be unhappy10 or she had been soothed by that trust in ,god which makes every yoke easy and every #eid burden light1 or the elasticity of youth made continued pain seem impossible1 we do not pretend to say4 ,human motives are not always easy to be read by human eyes4 ,everybody tried to act as though nothing were the matter1 and there was enough for all to do4 ,many things had to be planned and arranged in preparation for their leaving ,seaton1 and ,edith had her own business to attend to4 ,there were the ,pattens needing double care since they were so soon to lose her2 and the ,catholic school to visit1 that being permitted now2 and a great deal of shopping to be done for her little flock of pensioners4 ,within a fortnight came a letter from ,carl to his mother1 taken up chiefly with business details4 ,but he wrote3 8,i called yesterday on ,mrs4 ,williams to ask for her son4 ,he was not at home1 and ,i have not seen him yet4 ,he has given up his ship1 for this voyage1 to ,captain ,cary40 ,carl could have added1 but did not1 that the call had not been a pleasant one4 ,mrs4 ,williams had just seen ,captain ,cary1 and gleaned from him all that he had thought best to tell1 which was1 merely1 that there seemed to be a slight misunderstanding between ,dick and ,edith4 ,her suspicions pointed at once to ,carl1 and she had not scrupled to express them to him when he came to her house4 8,i am sorry not to see ,mr4 ,rowan10 he had said1 when he got a chance1 ignoring her accusations and reproaches2 and1 with that1 had taken a ceremonious leave4 8,a pretty mother-in-law for ,edith60 was his conclusion4 ,a few days after came a letter from ,mrs4 ,williams to ,edith4 ,it was what might have been expected from her4 ,dick had not been to see his mother2 was stopping with a priest1 and had refused to see her4 ,what had ,edith and those proud ,yorkes done to her son1 that he gave up everything and everybody1 and went to hide himself in a ,catholic priest's house1 instead of coming to his own home8 ,poor ,dick6 could he have foreseen that such a letter would be written1 he would have sacrificed himself a good deal in order to prevent it4 ,edith dropped the letter at her feet after reading it1 and said1 not for the first time since ,carl went away1 8,oh6 that ,father ,rasle would come60 ,as she said it1 and for a moment let slip the leash that held her hidden feelings1 one could see that1 however calm she might have been outwardly1 there had been an inward gnawing all the time4 ,a smile and bright words can mask a good deal4 ,when she dropped them1 there was visible a whiteness about the mouth1 shadows under the eyes1 and even a thinning of the cheeks--the work of that short time4 ,hearing her aunt's voice at the chamber-door asking admittance1 ,edith caught the letter up again1 and her self-control with it4 ,mrs4 ,yorke came in with an air of quiet decision1 and took a seat by her niece4 8,i saw the outside of your letter1 my dear girl1 and know whom it was from10 she said2 8and ,i have no intention of allowing you to be killed by others1 or to kill yourself4 ,i understand and respect a mother's feelings1 ,edith1 and ,i respect the obligation of a promise4 ,but there are common sense and justice to be taken into account4 ,feelings1 and1 especially1 the feelings of a young person who has scarcely learned to know herself1 are not to be weighed and measured1 #eie like iron and lumber1 and stored away1 and left unchanged1 till called for4 ,you know1 my dear1 that ,i have a great affection for ,mr4 ,rowan1 and would do him no unkindness nor injustice1 do you not80 8,you were very kind to him1 aunt10 ,edith replied quietly4 8,i am not afraid of anything that you will say or do40 8,you need not be10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said4 8,i will not ask you if you have learned to think that promise of yours a hasty one2 but there are certain points which ,i wish to insist upon4 ,they are of general application4 ,honor does not require that one should keep a bad promise4 ,the fault1 if fault there be1 is in the making1 not the breaking4 ,also1 a woman cannot make a worse promise than one to marry a man whom she does not love4 ,many very good and pious people will tell you that esteem is enough1 and that you will grow to love your husband after a time4 ,that is false4 ,you may learn to endure him1 but it will be after all the bloom is wiped from your feelings1 and love and delicacy both are dead in you4 ,let no one make you believe that your feelings are romantic folly4 ,believe1 rather1 that your adviser is coarse1 though honest4 ,one other dictum3 there is no favor1 nor obligation1 nor affection which a man can confer on you1 for which your hand is not too high a price to pay4 ,give gratitude1 affection1 even service1 but not yourself4 ,do not sell your hand for any price3 it should be a free gift4 ,this is all that ,i can pronounce positively upon4 ,for the rest1 do not act hastily and without advice2 for1 aside from the question of your personal good1 you might bitterly wrong some one else4 ,if you have been hasty1 it is a pity2 but that cannot be helped now1 and should not be too deeply mourned4 ,there must have been some doubt in ,mr4 ,rowan's mind that you did not know what you were promising1 for his first word to you was1 #8,are you willing1 ,edith8' ,your answer was1 #8,i am more than willing4' ,if you deceived him then1 unconsciously1 from a loving and generous feeling1 it was pardonable4 ,but do not deceive him nor yourself again4 ,he deserves from you a perfect frankness1 and he has too fine a nature to take your hand if it is reluctant40 8,but1 ,aunt ,amy10 ,edith said1 after a moment's thought1 8if a woman1 out of gratitude1 and from an utter impossibility of allowing herself to give such pain to a friend1 should promise never to marry any one else1 would that be right80 8,a man worthy of inspiring such a resolution would not accept the promise10 was the reply2 8and the woman has no right to make it4 ,but if she should offer to wait till he is reconciled1 that might be soothing to both4 ,is there anything else you wish to say80 8,nothing now1 thank you1 aunt4 ,you are very kind40 ,this conversation soothed ,edith2 but1 still1 she returned to her wishing for ,father ,rasle2 not entirely for his own sake1 though that was much1 but because her need of confession and communion had become a great longing4 ,her wish was destined to be speedily gratified2 for the very next day1 when ,mr4 ,yorke came home to dinner1 he brought his niece a letter from the priest4 ,she read it immediately1 in presence of the family1 and her face brightened4 8,how delightful60 she exclaimed4 8,he will say ,mass here next ,sunday4 ,he is to come ,saturday1 that is1 the day after to-morrow ,he sends his regards to you all4 ,let no one know that he is coming1 he #eif writes1 but ,miss ,churchill1 and ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,kent1 at whose house he will stop4 ,there will be time enough to notify the people when he has arrived4 ,how glad they will be6 ,that was a letter worth bringing1 ,uncle ,charles60 ,looking up with her smile of thanks1 she saw his face clouded4 8,is there any trouble80 she asked anxiously4 8,if he had come while ,carl1 and ,rowan1 and ,captain ,cary were here1 ,i should have been better pleased10 ,mr4 ,yorke replied evasively4 8,he has1 however1 the right to come whenever he chooses4 ,answer his letter to-day1 ,edith1 and invite him to stop with us40 8,dear ,uncle ,charles60 murmured ,edith1 and glanced enquiringly at her aunt4 8,tell him1 for me1 that we should all be very happy to have him as a guest10 said ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,a smiling nod from ,melicent and from ,clara confirmed this assertion4 8,dear me60 ,edith sighed out1 wiping her eyes1 8,i do think that you are the most beautiful people ,i ever knew40 ,they all laughed at her way of saying it1 and the little cloud disappeared4 ,mr4 ,yorke did not think it best to tell them that the ,know-,nothings had called a public meeting for the next evening4 ,there had been no such meeting for several months1 and this might not be of any consequence4 ,the invitation was written1 and sent1 and on ,saturday morning the answer came1 only a few hours preceding ,father ,rasle4 ,he thanked them for their kindness1 but found it necessary to decline their invitation4 ,he must be where all the ,catholics could come to him1 bringing their infants to be baptized1 and going to confession themselves4 ,besides the distance1 he could not think of subjecting their house to such a visitation1 which was likely to continue till late in the evening4 ,his flock needed every moment of his time4 ,but1 meanwhile1 between the letter and its answer1 the public meeting had taken place1 and it had been of consequence4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- ,,the ,,new 8,,outspoken ,,style40 ,we looked for dewy flower1 and sunny fruit3-- ,he serves us up the dirt that feeds the root4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ---------- ,,popular ,,objections ,,to ,,papal ,,infallibility4 #eig ,i have read carefully1 my dear ,philo1 your very welcome letter1 and cordially reciprocate the kind feelings it expresses4 ,it has recalled our early friendship1 which1 with me1 at least1 has never been forgotten or diminished4 ,i see1 from your observations on the recent definition of the ,papal ,infallibility by the ,council of the ,vatican1 that you still think as we both thought in our school-boy days1 when we wondered what sort of people ,catholics must be to believe that a man could be infallible1 to take their faith from a man called the ,pope1 and to obey and even worship him1 as we were told1 as ,god4 ,we were then in some measure excusable for supposing that they must be exceedingly stupid and destitute of reason and of every grain of common sense2 for neither of us had then ever seen a ,catholic1 and knew nothing of their faith or worship except what our ,protestant masters1 who held them to be no better than the heathen1 told us2 but are you1 my dear ,philo1 equally excusable for thinking now as you did then8 ,have you had no opportunity of correcting the error into which we were both led8 ,you say1 8,the ,council1 by its decree defining the ,pope when teaching the universal church to be infallible or exempt from error in all matters pertaining to faith and morals1 makes the ,pope ,god1 clothes him with the incommunicable attributes of the ,divinity1 and consequently requires us to reverence and worship him as ,god40 ,are you not a little hasty in this conclusion8 ,you tell me that you believe in the plenary inspiration and consequent infallible authority of the ,scriptures of the ,old and ,new ,testaments2 you then1 of course1 believe in ,god and the supernatural order1 or that ,christian faith is supernaturally revealed to man1 and recorded in a book called the ,bible4 ,but through what medium was the revelation made and recorded8 ,certainly through men who spoke or wrote as they were moved by the ,holy ,ghost1 or what they were taught by our ,lord himself1 and enabled by the ,spirit to commit truthfully and without error to writing4 ,all this1 you tell me1 you believe and hold4 ,now1 were these inspired penmen1 prophets1 apostles1 and evangelists each ,god1 or clothed with the incommunicable attributes of the ,divinity8 ,you do not believe it4 ,why1 then1 does the declaration of the ,pope's infallibility declare him to be ,god8 ,the sacred penmen1 you believe1 were infallible in what they wrote1 and yet without becoming ,god1 or ceasing to be men2 why may not the ,pope1 then1 be infallible without being ,god1 or ceasing to be a man like you and me8 ,do you say the sacred writers were infallible by the inspiration of the ,holy ,ghost1 not by nature8 ,well1 do ,catholics pretend that the ,pope is infallible by nature1 or otherwise than through the supernatural assistance of the ,holy ,ghost protecting him from error in teaching the faith taught by the prophets and apostles8 ,i am not aware that they do4 ,catholics1 ,i am told1 make a distinction between divine inspiration and divine assistance4 ,the prophets and apostles were divinely #eih inspired to reveal truth2 the ,pope1 according to ,catholics1 is divinely assisted to teach infallibly the truth revealed through the prophets and apostles1 or as taught to the apostles by our ,lord himself while he was yet with them4 ,now1 if the inspiration which rendered the prophets and apostles infallible in revealing the truth which was hitherto hidden did not clothe them with the incommunicable attributes of ,god1 how can you pretend that the assistance of the ,spirit to teach infallibly what ,god revealed through them1 which is far less1 makes the ,pope ,god1 or clothes his nature with the attributes of ,god8 ,if more did not do it in their case1 how can less do it in his8 ,you say1 8,all men are fallible1 and no man can teach infallibly40 ,all men are fallible1 it is true1 in their own nature2 but that no man by supernatural inspiration and assistance can teach infallibly1 neither you nor ,i believe4 ,we both hold1 for instance1 that ,st4 ,peter was a man1 and yet that he was an infallible teacher of the word of ,god4 ,we hold the same of ,st4 ,paul1 of ,st4 ,john1 of ,st4 ,matthew1 of ,st4 ,mark1 and of ,st4 ,luke4 ,say you they were infallible not by their natural endowments1 but only through the supernatural external assistance of the ,holy ,ghost8 ,but ,catholics1 if ,i understand them1 hold the ,pope to be infallible not by nature or by his own natural powers1 but only by the supernatural assistance of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,grant the supernatural assistance of the ,holy ,ghost1 and there is no more difficulty in believing the ,pope is infallible in his teachings than in believing1 as you and ,i do1 that ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul were infallible in teaching the revelation of ,god1 whether by word or letter4 ,do you not1 my dear ,philo1 confound1 in the case of the ,popes1 infallibility with omniscience1 and assume that the ,vatican ,council1 in declaring the ,pope infallible in matters pertaining to faith and morals1 has actually declared him to be omniscient1 and therefore ,god8 ,this is a mistake3 first1 because the infallibility declared is not universal2 and1 second1 because the infallibility declared is supernatural and by divine assistance and protection4 ,the ,pope is declared to be infallible only when he is teaching the universal church faith and morals1 and in condemning the errors repugnant thereto1 and even then only by supernatural assistance and protection of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the ,pope1 as a man1 is no more infallible than other men3 he is infallible only in exercising his function of universal doctor1 or teacher of the whole church1 and1 as this is by the ,holy ,ghost1 the infallibility1 like omniscience itself1 pertains to ,god1 not to him as a man1 and is attached to his function1 not to his person4 ,if our ,lord1 who is perfect ,god as well as perfect man1 has appointed him to the office of universal teacher1 and promised him the assistance and protection of the ,spirit1 there is no difficulty in believing him infallible1 even if his personal knowledge should turn out to be no greater than yours or mine4 ,the ,pope is simply guided by the ,spirit to the truth already revealed and deposited with the church1 and1 for the most part1 at least1 contained in the ,holy ,scriptures1 and is simply protected from error in declaring it4 ,indeed1 my dear ,philo1 ,catholics claim no more for the ,pope than our old ,presbyterian parson claimed for himself and for each and every individual of the regenerate or true people of ,god4 ,he taught us1 as you well know1 that the regenerate soul is guided by the ,spirit into #eii all truth1 and protected from all error1 at least as to essentials4 ,some1 perhaps most ,protestants1 go farther than this1 and claim to have an infallible authority for their faith in the ,bible interpreted by private judgment1 and therefore claim for private judgment pretty much the same infallibility that the ,council of the ,vatican claims for the ,pope4 ,either1 then1 all regenerate souls1 nay1 all men1 if ,protestants are right1 are each ,god1 or else the declaration of the ,council does not1 actually or virtually1 declare the ,pope to be ,god1 or anything more or less than a man supernaturally assisted by the ,holy ,ghost to perform the duties of the office to which the ,council holds he is supernaturally appointed by ,him who has all power in heaven and earth1 and is ,king of kings and ,lord of lords4 ,you say1 8,the supposition of an infallible ,pope is repugnant to the rights and activity of the mind40 ,i do not see it4 ,the human mind can hardly be said to have any rights in presence of its ,creator4 ,if any right it has1 it is the right to be governed by the word of ,god alone1 and not to be held subject to any human authority or opinions of men4 ,my mind is outraged when it is subjected to the fallible opinions of men1 and obliged to hold them as truth1 when ,i have no adequate authority for believing that they are not erroneous4 ,how then its rights can be denied by its being furnished with an infallible guide to the truth1 to the word of ,god1 its supreme law1 instead of the words of man1 is what ,i do not exactly comprehend1 and ,i do not believe you can comprehend any better than ,i4 ,an infallible authority lessens the activity of the mind in groping after truth1 if you will2 but truth being the element of the mind1 that for which it was created1 and without which it can neither live nor operate at all1 cannot very well destroy its activity by being possessed4 ,does the possession of truth leave no scope for mental activity8 ,if so1 what is to constitute the beatitude of the blest in heaven8 ,your objection strikes me as absurd2 for the real activity of the mind is in knowing1 appropriating1 and using the truth to fulfil the purpose of our existence and to gain the end for which ,god has made us4 ,you say1 again1 that 8an infallible authority destroys man's free agency and takes away his moral responsibility40 ,the intellect1 you are aware1 my dear ,philo1 if prescinded from the will1 is not free4 ,i am not free in regard to pure intellections4 ,i cannot1 if ,i would1 believe that two concretes are five1 or only three2 and ,i am obliged to admit that the three angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles4 ,i may refuse to turn my attention to one or another class of subjects1 but ,i see and judge as ,i must1 not as ,i will or choose4 ,free agency and moral responsibility1 therefore1 attach to the will1 not to the intellect1 and are enhanced in proportion to my knowledge or understanding of the truth4 ,the authority teaching me infallibly the truth1 ,i am bound by the law of ,god to accept and obey4 ,so far from destroying free agency1 it manifestly confirms it1 and1 instead of taking away moral responsibility1 raises it to the highest possible pitch2 for it leaves the mind without the shadow of an excuse for not believing4 ,you forget1 my dear ,philo1 that infallible authority presenting infallible truth is not only a command to the will1 but the highest possible reason to the understanding4 ,but at any rate1 the objection is as valid against the infallibility of the ,bible1 asserted #fjj by ,protestants1 as against the infallibility of the ,pope1 asserted by ,catholics4 ,you say1 furthermore1 8,the claim of infallibility for the ,pope is incompatible with civil and religious liberty4 ,if the ,pope is infallible in all questions touching faith and morals1 his authority is supreme1 overrides all other powers1 and subjects to him our whole life1 religious1 moral1 domestic1 social1 and political40 ,but if so1 what1 then1 if he is infallible8 ,you forget that this is no more than ,protestants themselves claim for the ,bible4 ,do you admit that any state1 sovereign prince1 head of a family1 or individual has the right1 in thought1 word1 or deed1 to contradict or go counter to the law of ,god as contained in the infallible ,bible8 ,do you not hold that every one is subject in all things whatsoever to the infallible authority of the ,holy ,scriptures8 ,well1 how can the subjection of our whole life--religious1 moral1 domestic1 social1 and political--to the authority of an infallible book be less incompatible with civil and religious liberty than its subjection to an infallible ,pope8 ,if the ,pope is really infallible1 he can enjoin nothing in faith or morals not enjoined by the law of ,god4 ,do you pretend that subjection to the law of ,god is incompatible with civil and religious liberty8 ,if so1 you must say with ,proudhon1 8,god is a tyrant1 and you must either abolish ,god or give up the defence of liberty4 ,once admit ,god1 and you must admit the ,catholic ,church1 ,pope1 and all40 ,now1 ,i am not in the habit1 any more than ,catholics are1 of regarding ,god and liberty as antagonistic1 the one to the other4 ,i have always been accustomed to regard liberty not as freedom from all restraint1 but as simply freedom from all unjust restraint1 or restraint not imposed by the law of ,god1 which is the law of right and justice4 ,his law is the basis1 and obedience to it and it alone is the necessary condition1 of all true liberty in any and every department of life4 ,why1 then1 should the assertion of the infallible authority of the ,pope to declare the law of ,god1 which you and ,i both hold binds all men and nations1 be incompatible with liberty8 ,the law of ,god is just1 and the measure or standard of justice1 and justice is the foundation and guarantee of liberty4 ,your objection is not well taken4 ,what you really object to1 my dear ,philo1 is not1 it strikes me1 an infallible1 but a fallible ,pope claiming to be infallible4 ,but suppose the ,pope to be infallible in the sense defined by the ,council1 it is absurd to object to him as dangerous to liberty1 civil or religious1 because the ,holy ,ghost prevents him from declaring anything to be the law of ,god which is not so1 and because1 being assisted by the same ,holy ,ghost1 he is always able to decide infallibly what that law does or does not require2 and as long as the law as he declares it is observed1 no one can be subjected to an unjust authority1 oppressed1 or deprived of any of his rights4 8,you concede10 you say1 8the supremacy of the law of ,god1 and that all laws which contravene it1 or are not transcripts of it1 are violences1 not laws1 and are null and void from the beginning2 but this is something very different from subjecting all individuals and the whole secular order to the authority of an infallible ,pope upheld by the whole hierarchy1 and backed by a huge corporation that extends over the whole world40 ,but where is the difference1 if the ,pope1 by divine assistance and protection1 is really infallible8 ,the ,pope1 if infallible1 can be so only from the supernatural appointment and #fja assistance of ,god as his vicar1 and1 if infallible1 he can declare and apply only what is the law of ,god or authorized by the law of ,god4 ,you are wrong1 then1 old friend1 in objecting to the infallible authority2 for that is what is needed to establish the divine order in human affairs1 and to make the church really the kingdom of ,god on earth4 ,your objection and your reasoning are misdirected1 and should be directed to prove that ,catholics assert infallibility for a ,pope who1 in fact1 is not infallible1 but fallible4 ,you and all ,protestants claim infallible authority for the ,bible read and interpreted by each individual for himself1 or1 rather1 by each sect for itself4 ,unless this interpretation is by an infallible authority1 which it confessedly is not1 you have in the ,bible practically only a fallible authority1 yet claim to have an infallible authority2 and hence you claim and seek to enforce in the name of the ,bible your own very fallible and contradictory opinions or theories4 ,you are guilty1 then1 of precisely the offence you charge against ,catholics1 that of claiming infallibility for a fallible authority1 and of which it is possible ,catholics are not guilty1 and1 if the ,pope be infallible1 not only are not1 but cannot be guilty4 ,you have1 as ,i have said--even conceding1 as ,i do1 the ,bible in its true meaning to be infallible--practically no infallible authority4 ,you have no infallible authority to determine and declare the law of ,god contained in the ,bible4 ,you have not the law itself1 but only your view of it1 which is only a human view1 and therefore fallible4 ,to subject men to a mere human view or to a mere human authority1 ,i need not say1 is intolerable despotism2 and hence your ,protestantism is incompatible either with civil or religious liberty1 for all men are born equal1 and no man or body of men has1 except by divine appointment or delegation1 any dominion over another4 ,hence1 as you and ,i both know1 there is no solid basis or security for liberty under ,protestantism4 ,if ,protestants grow indifferent and do not attempt to govern in the name of the ,bible1 there may be license1 anarchy1 a moral and political chaos2 but if they are in earnest1 and attempt to enforce the authority of the ,bible as they understand it1 they only enforce their own view of it1 and1 consequently1 can establish only a spiritual despotism either in church or state4 ,in ,geneva1 ,scotland1 in every state in ,europe that became ,protestant1 in ,virginia1 in ,massachusetts1 in ,connecticut1 the dominant sect1 you know1 in early times established an odious tyranny1 and would tolerate no opinion hostile to its own4 ,owing to certain reminiscences of principles inculcated in pre-,reformation times1 and to the growing indifference of ,protestants to their religion at the time our republic was instituted1 and still more to the dissensions among ,protestants themselves1 civil and religious liberty were recognized here in the ,united ,states1 but it had and has no basis and no guarantee1 except in parchment constitutions1 not worth the parchment on which they are engrossed1 and which the people may alter at will2 and even now the ,evangelical sects are trying to unite their forces to abolish religious liberty1 without which civil liberty is an empty name4 ,the founder of ,methodism was no friend to civil liberty1 and he proved himself the bitter enemy of religious liberty by creating1 or doing more than any other man to create1 the shameful ,gordon riots in ,england in #aghj4 ,let the ,methodists become1 as they bid fair to become1 the dominant sect in the country1 and able to command a #fjb majority of the votes of the ,american people1 and both civil and spiritual despotism will be fastened on the country1 for ,methodism has only a human authority4 ,the sort of security ,protestantism gives to religious liberty may be seen in the proceedings of the general government against the ,mormons4 ,it does not interfere with their religion3 it pretends it only enforces against them the laws of the ,union--laws1 by the way1 made expressly against them4 ,all the government needs to suppress any religion or religious denomination it does not like is to pass laws prohibiting some of its practices on the plea that they are contrary to morality or the public good1 and then take care to execute them4 ,queen ,elizabeth held religious liberty sacred1 and abhorred the very thought of persecuting ,catholics4 ,she only executed the laws against them4 ,she enacted a law enjoining an oath of supremacy1 and making it high treason to refuse to take it1 and which she knew every ,catholic was obliged in conscience to refuse to take2 and then she could hang1 draw1 and quarter them1 not as ,catholics1 but as traitors4 ,her judges only executed the laws of the realm against them4 ,i have1 as you well know1 no sympathy with the ,mormons1 and ,i detest their peculiar doctrines and practices1 but the principle on which the government proceeds against them would justify it1 or any sect that could control it1 in suppressing the church1 and all ,protestant sects even but itself4 ,laws in favor of liberty amount to nothing1 for all laws may be repealed4 ,the ,bible is no safeguard4 ,under it and by its supposed authority1 ,catholics have suffered the most cruel persecutions2 even when not deprived of life1 they have been deprived of the common rights of men by ,protestant governments led on by ,protestant ministers4 ,thus the ,bible commands the extirpation of idolaters4 ,but ,protestants1 by their private judgment1 declared ,catholics to be idolaters1 and hence in the name of the ,bible took from them their churches1 their schools1 colleges1 and universities1 confiscated their goods1 and imprisoned them1 exiled them1 or cut their throats4 ,the pretence of legislating only in regard to morality avails nothing for religious liberty2 for morality depends on dogma1 and is only the practical application of the great principles of religion to individual1 domestic1 social1 and political life4 ,you cannot touch a moral question without touching a religious question1 for religion and morality are inseparable2 your only possible security for liberty is in having a divinely instituted authority that is infallible in faith and morals1 competent to tell the state as well as individuals how far it may go1 and where it must stop4 ,you object1 finally1 my dear ,philo1 that the assertion of the infallibility of the ,pope is incompatible with the assertion of the sovereignty of the people and the independence of secular government4 ,the people and all secular governments1 you have conceded1 are subject to the law of ,god4 ,neither the people nor secular governments are independent of the divine law1 and have only the authority it gives them1 and the freedom and independence it allows them4 ,how can they lose any right or authority they have or can have by having the divine law1 under which they hold1 infallibly declared and applied8 ,it is singular1 my old schoolfellow1 that so acute1 subtle1 and so able a lawyer as ,i know you to be1 should have the misfortune1 as a theologian1 to object to the very thing you really wish to maintain1 #fjc and which can alone save you from the evils you seek to avoid4 ,now1 what it is necessary to know in order to determine the rights and powers of government1 is to know precisely what in relation to government the law of ,god--including both the natural law and the revealed law1 which are really only two parts of one and the same divine law--ordains1 what it prescribes1 and what it forbids4 ,this knowledge can only in part be derived through natural reason1 because the law is in part supernatural1 and can be known only by faith3 it cannot be derived with certainty from the ,scriptures interpreted by our own fallible judgment or by any human authority3 it can be obtained infallibly from the teaching and decisions of an infallible ,pope1 if really infallible4 ,the infallible ,pope will give to the people all the sovereignty they have under the law of ,god1 and maintain for civil government all the rights and powers1 all the freedom and independence of action1 the law of ,god gives it4 ,what more do you want8 ,what more dare you assert for civil government or for popular sovereignty8 ,would you put the people in the place of ,god1 and raise the secular order above the spiritual1 man above ,god8 ,certainly not1 at least not avowedly either to yourself or to others4 ,then1 how can you pretend the ,papal infallibility is incompatible with the sovereignty of the people and the independence of civil government8 ,do you want the line unsettled1 and the law of ,god left undefined1 and remitted1 as you remit the ,bible1 to the private judgment of each people or each government1 to be interpreted by each for itself1 and as it sees proper8 ,but that were to make the divine law practically of no effect1 and to leave each people and each government without any law but what it chooses to be to itself4 ,it practically emancipates the secular order from the law of ,god1 and asserts complete civil absolutism4 ,the fact is1 my dear ,philo1 you and many others in your own minds regard liberty and authority as mutually hostile powers4 ,it is the error of the age1 and hence we see the nations alternating between the mob and the despot1 each hostile alike to liberty and authority4 ,both liberty and authority are founded in the divine order1 and without recognizing and conforming to that order neither can be maintained4 ,to restrain liberty by an authority that rests on a human basis alone is to destroy it2 as to restrain authority by liberty not defined by the law of ,god1 or by popular sovereignty to be defined by popular sovereignty1 is to lose all authority1 and to rush into anarchy and universal license4 ,there is no true liberty and no legitimate government independent of the divine order2 consequently1 none without an infallible authority to present and maintain it4 ,the question is1 ,has ,god1 or has he not1 established an infallible authority to declare his law8 ,yours affectionately1 ,,damian4 ---------- ,,the ,,foxvilles ,,of ,,foxville4 #fjd ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,period4 ,i4 ,at a huge country-house1 not many years ago1 some few days after the close of the ,christmas and ,new ,year's festivities1 the usual family circle1 with one exception1 met at the breakfast-table4 ,a man on horseback had just pulled up at the house-door with the family letter-bag from the nearest town4 ,the letters and papers were handed to the head of the family1 who glanced over the addresses with the quick eye of a practised man of business1 and placed one of the letters on an empty plate reserved for the absent member of the party4 8,oh6 ,for ,susy60 exclaimed a young lady1 who seemed put to her wits' end to make herself still younger1 for she was the elder daughter of the house1 past twenty-six1 and disengaged4 8,i should like to know whom that's from6 ,a gentleman's hand1 ,i declare60 ,and she eyed the characters with a searching scrutiny1 but they would tell no more tales4 8,don't be so curious1 ,matilda4 ,i shall recommend ,susy to keep her letter a secret10 said an obnoxious brother1 by name ,augustus1 one year the junior of the first speaker4 8,yes6 you would encourage her in every kind of deception1 you would6 ,she is quite artful enough10 answered ,matilda4 8,if ,i were papa1 ,i would soon see who sends the letter4 ,what can make ,susy late1 this morning8 ,she is invariably so regular40 8,no1 child60 said a white-headed old gentleman1 ,mr4 ,foxville1 the happy father of ,matilda1 ,augustus1 and ,susan1 his stock of direct descendants1 and all told1 8,i never meddle with other people's business4 ,susy is a good girl1 and she will let me have any news that may interest me40 8,you are quite right2 but she has a duty to her mamma10 said ,mrs4 ,foxville1 with a grand matronly air4 8,papa allows me to open all his letters1 though he never opens mine3 and that's as it should be4 ,if ,susy does not come down soon1 as ,i am privileged1 ,i will open the letter4 ,it is a genteel hand1 ,i perceive4 8,well1 well10 observed ,mr4 ,foxville1 8patience1 patience6 ,we can wait40 8,she is my child1 ,mr4 ,foxville10 replied the matron4 8,shall ,i fetch ,susy down80 asked ,matilda1 with curiosity fermenting within her4 8,do1 my dear10 said ,mrs4 ,foxville1 laboring under the same complaint1 but affecting more indifference4 ,with much nimbleness the sprightly ,matilda dashed out of the room1 having first made an attempt to carry off the letter4 8,stop60 cried ,augustus1 putting his hand on it4 8,suppose you bring #fje ,susy to the letter1 and not the letter to ,susy6 ,fair is fair10 he added1 with something like distrust in the fair letter-carrier4 ,in a few seconds ,matilda and ,susy entered the room1 the arm of the elder affectionately wound round the waist of the younger sister4 8,are you not well1 ,susy80 asked ,mr4 ,foxville kindly4 8,perfectly60 replied ,susy1 giving her papa his morning kiss4 8,there is a letter for you10 said the enviable father4 8,thank you10 answered ,susy1 and she slipt the letter unopened into a little dress pocket1 coloring and tremulous as she did so4 8,i could not wait like you for the news1 ,susy10 said her mother frankly1 as she watched her daughter closely4 8,i would not be so rude as to read letters before others10 answered ,susy4 8,not at all rude60 observed ,mrs4 ,foxville1 with one of her grand airs4 8,there is nobody here but the family3 that makes all the difference4 ,i would wish to make you sensible of that1 my child4 ,etiquette should not be pushed too far when we are en famille40 ,the last words were delivered with a deal of self-importance1 as if she had just solved a new problem of politeness and was vain of her discovery4 8,of course60 cried ,matilda4 8,do not hesitate1 ,susy4 ,i should not4 ,i could not take matters so coolly4 ,the letter may be from some dear1 dear friend60 8,take my advice1 ,susy10 said that horrible ,augustus4 8,breakfast first1 and dessert afterwards40 8,dessert indeed6 ,it may be some dreadful intelligence4 ,so none of your interference1 ,gussy60 rejoined ,matilda4 8,then ,i would not spoil my appetite2 and my recommendation holds good10 pursued that provoking brother4 8,ay6 ay10 said ,foxville senior2 8your breakfast first1 girl40 ,and this put an end to the dispute1 for the old gentleman saw that ,susy was pained at the discussion4 ,,ii4 ,it was true1 as ,miss ,matilda ,foxville had observed1 that her sister ,susy was the most regular in that exemplary household whenever there was a demand on her energies in domestic affairs1 or on her good nature in diffusing happiness and cheerfulness around her4 ,the fact that she had deviated from her usual course into the exceptional irregularity referred to1 naturally called for comment such as any strange occurrence would provoke2 and the uninitiated as naturally puzzled themselves with unsatisfactory conjectures4 ,but the plain truth was this3 ,susy's absence was caused by nothing less than a consciousness that a particular letter would arrive for her that morning4 ,she imagined that she should betray less concern about the letter1 and keep her nerves more under control1 by an apparently accidental absence of a few minutes from the breakfast-table1 than if she ran the risk of being present at the opening of the post-bag1 and of manifesting her expectation and her too probable excitement at its realization4 ,susy had1 as we have seen1 only partially succeeded2 but1 under shelter of the timely command of her father1 she managed to conceal a great deal of her uneasiness at the expense of a charge of indifference toward her correspondents--a charge she was disposed to invite rather #fjf than disprove4 ,this little ruse1 however1 she was unable to carry very much further2 for ,matilda1 more and more perplexed1 and proportionably more curious1 than ever1 became1 after the morning meal1 more endearing in both manner and speech towards her sister than was customary with one who generally adopted the language of admonition or complaint4 ,it was very clear that these famous time-honored weapons for eliciting obedience and respect would fail in the present instance2 and ,matilda had not spent twenty-six years of her valuable existence without acquiring an amount of knowledge that led her to that certain conclusion4 ,but wheedling and an implied solicitude for her sister's welfare were more insidious and keener instruments to open the confidence-chest of the unsuspecting ,susy4 8,i hope you will have good news10 began ,matilda when the sisters were alone4 ,then she added1 as if some sudden idea struck her1 8,but ,i forgot6 ,i will leave you and come again presently1 ,susy dear2 you would like to read and answer your letter80 ,what it was that ,miss ,matilda professed to have forgotten would puzzle most men2 but it was a phrase habitual to her1 and coming from a person of her experience1 it probably conveyed all she intended to those of her own sex who enjoyed her familiarity4 ,susy1 whether she understood the form of expression or not1 was attracted by her sister's winning ways and most unusual condescension1 and was quite prepared to open her heart to her4 8,don't go1 ,till10 she said1 blushing4 8,i have something to say to you40 8,to me60 exclaimed the delighted ,matilda with well-feigned surprise4 8,pray tell me what it is60 8,it is the letter10 said ,susy4 8,oh6 that's quite private10 pursued ,matilda1 8if ,i might judge by your putting it aside unopened40 8,but there is confidence between sisters80 8,most undoubtedly4 ,would ,i not unbosom myself to you80 8,you shall1 then1 be the first to learn the news1 but it must soon be family property10 said ,susy1 opening the letter1 and reading it as ,matilda looked over her shoulder4 8,i ought1 perhaps1 to show it to papa first10 she added1 as a glow diffused itself over her face and neck4 8,yes2 it is indeed matter for papa's consideration3 it is meant for him4 ,but whom is it from80 said ,matilda1 in a fever to see the name on the last page1 which ,susy had not yet turned to4 8,nathaniel ,wodehouse60 said ,susy1 in trembling accents1 as she sank down on a chair to support herself in her novel situation4 8,that trumpery fellow6 faugh60 exclaimed ,matilda boldly4 8,i would soon settle his business4 ,let me pen you a reply1 will you80 8,matilda6 sister ,till60 cried ,susy in amazement1 and recalled to herself4 8,how often have ,i heard you say what a charming1 handsome man he is60 8,i6 ,i60 said ,matilda1 ascending the gamut in her ejaculations4 8,i call him charming and handsome60 ,then1 with tremendous emphasis inspired by rage1 she added1 8,never60 8,well1 then10 followed up her merciless witness1 roused by her sister's vain denial1 8he is charming and handsome6 ,and you know it40 ,,iii4 #fjg ,mr4 ,foxville was a retired butcher who had made a fortune1 and still did a little business on #8,change to keep his hand in1 and preserve his mental faculties from rusting4 ,besides the newspaper1 which many will contend was his 8best public instructor10 he had not many intellectual resources2 and as he allowed himself little recreation1 he devoted a great deal of time to journal-reading and the study of stocks and the share-list4 ,here was a fair amount of work for a busy mind2 and very busy was ,mr4 ,foxville in keeping a sharp eye on his investments4 ,being fond of a country life1 he bought several acres of land when he gave up business2 and he had built himself an unwieldy mansion1 and was erecting smaller houses and cottages at a respectful distance from his own4 ,this cluster of dwellings he proposed to call ,foxville1 while his own big1 special habitation he called ,foxville ,house4 ,the name was not adopted without reflection1 and more than one debate between himself and wife4 ,foxville's patronymic was simply ,fox4 ,that did very well for business1 but it was deemed unsuited for higher exigencies4 ,foxtown was invented and discussed1 but it gave no satisfaction4 ,was there anything distinguished in ,foxtown8 ,nothing6 ,husband and wife were one on that point4 ,at length1 ,mrs4 ,fox bethought her of a ,french tutor to her girls1 and that excellent gentleman bore the name of ,portville4 ,monsieur ,portville was a very agreeable man1 to ladies especially2 and that circumstance associated something pleasant with his name to the ear of ,mrs4 ,fox4 ,it was a habit with ,mr4 ,fox1 who could not remember names1 to put the cart before the horse in endeavoring to call names to his recollection1 and he always spoke of the ,frenchman as ,villeport4 ,in facetious moments he would reduce this again to ,vile ,port1 maintaining that this was the original name4 ,although it was by no means a complimentary cognomen1 ,mr4 ,fox had no intention of showing disrespect1 for he had a rough kind of regard for the tutor1 and only vented a poor joke at his expense1 deriving his inspiration perhaps from the remembrance of a compound beverage familiar to ,fox in his younger days in the country which had the honor of his birth4 ,if ,portville was euphonious1 why not ,foxville8 ,such was the argument of ,mrs4 ,fox1 and that settled the question4 ,mrs4 ,foxville was the daughter of a grocer1 who had so many daughters that all he could do for them was to make them a home and allow them a limited portion for their wardrobe--totally insufficient1 according to their unanimous opinion1 for their position6 ,mrs4 ,foxville was the oldest1 and was the first to enter into wedlock4 ,she would have scorned an alliance with a butcher1 so superior did she think her father's calling1 though on what grounds she never clearly stated2 but the prosperity of young ,fox proved a compensation strong enough to convert a woman's uprising negative into a positive affirmative4 ,the correctness of the lady's judgment could not be questioned in the days that lengthened ,fox into ,foxville4 ,she continued1 however1 to regard herself as more than the equal of her husband2 and she always spoke of my house1 my family1 my children ,matilda1 ,augustus1 and ,susy1 as if poor ,foxville had no concern or partnership in the property4 #fjh ,sometimes he would slip in #8our' in place of #8my1' and he always spoke in this manner himself1 but both the correction or amendment and the example had no effect on the #8singular' appropriation1 which seemed1 it may be supposed1 to convey higher origin and standing than if lowered by a joint ownership4 ,miss ,matilda ,foxville's characteristics have sufficiently developed themselves1 and ,augustus1 beyond being a plague to his elder sister1 had no character at all4 ,he was an existence1 and little more2 still1 he was not without importance as the heir of a goodly estate4 ,foxville ,house never failed to throw open its hospitable portals during ,christmas week1 and1 not many days before the receipt of ,susy's letter1 a large number of guests had found a warm welcome within them4 ,nathaniel ,wodehouse was invariably the life of these social gatherings1 and in the estimation of the ,misses ,foxville evidently he possessed qualifications for the prominent part he took4 ,he stood high in favor with ,miss ,matilda1 there is no denying the fact4 ,for him more than for any other male thing1 she chignoned1 and painted1 and got herself up in the best style of fashion4 ,she nearly succeeded in reducing twenty-six to twenty by other than arithmetical rules4 ,but what1 after all1 are twenty-six summers8 ,no great span in the life of a really handsome woman2 yet1 in ,miss ,matilda1 so unpliable was her disposition1 and so set was her general deportment1 that candor must admit that the six years beyond twenty had produced a perceptible difference4 ,she made the best of them1 however1 for ,nathaniel ,wodehouse4 ,can it be wondered at1 therefore1 that she thought he had some appreciative taste8 ,he was charming and good-looking most certainly2 and he was very gallant1 as he ought to have been1 to ,miss ,foxville4 ,no one invited him with more empressement than ,matilda did to revisit ,foxville ,house4 ,susy was shy and reserved2 ,matilda had outlived all that1 and safely pronounced ,nathaniel excellent company3 so did ,mrs4 ,foxville--so did ,mr4 ,foxville4 ,augustus had no settled conviction on this head2 and ,susy was silent4 ,even when ,matilda spoke to her under sisterly secrecy1 and used the epithets which she subsequently wished to revoke1 ,susy committed herself no further than by an exclamation of 8,do you think so80 accompanied by a smile of doubtful acquiescence4 ,when1 however1 ,matilda1 repenting of her admission1 boldly denied it1 ,susy1 as we have seen2 held her to it unflinchingly4 ,it is sometimes good to come after others1 and ,scripture1 politeness1 and good sense forbid our presumptuously taking the best places4 ,susy enjoyed in this respect an advantage which nature had given her4 ,she had all the benefit of being eight years younger than her sister1 for she was at once the youngest1 the prettiest1 and the most amiable of the ,foxvilles4 ,nathaniel would have been blind indeed if he had not made that discovery2 and what that discovery led to1 the intimated tenor of his letter has abundantly proved4 ,one result1 however1 he had not foreseen1 and that was the burning jealousy it excited in the bosom of ,matilda ,foxville1 although he was prepared to incur her displeasure4 ,,iv4 ,foxville ,house always was in commotion when ,matilda had a hand in it4 #fji ,when she was agitated1 her agitation vibrated in every part of that spacious dwelling2 and now she was stung to madness in such a way by ,susy's taunt that she rushed about like a maniac on fire4 ,it was her worst policy1 but she had lost the rudder of her discretion1 and she cast herself adrift on the surging waves of her own fury4 ,from one apartment to another she flew in a whirlwind of passion in search of her mother1 whom she would have found very near to ,susy's room if she had not darted downstairs with headlong precipitation4 ,up-stairs she flew again1 and at length flounced into the room in which ,mrs4 ,foxville was eagerly awaiting the issue of the consultation between her daughters4 8,what has happened1 ,matilda80 asked ,mrs4 ,foxville4 8,your look startles me40 8,you will be startled60 gasped ,matilda4 8,calm yourself1 my child1 and tell at your leisure what is amiss10 replied the mother1 her words being at variance with her feverish anxiety for the news4 8,what do you think1 mamma8 ,nathaniel ,wodehouse has had the audacity to propose to ,susy60 8,nathaniel ,wodehouse6 ,without means6 ,a beggar6 ,i shall put a stop to that4 ,no genteel poverty for me or either of my girls60 8,i was sure that you would save poor ,susy6 ,what is the use of his gentility with nothing to support it80 8,you always were sensible1 ,matilda2 and no doubt ,susy is wise enough to see the matter in the same light40 8,there you mistake1 mamma2 ,susy is such a weak fool6 ,the silly thing is over head and ears in love with him4 ,she idolizes him6 ,it is positively awful--wicked60 8,oh6 that's it1 is it8 ,and without asking my opinion8 ,deliberate disobedience6 ,let me see her this moment4 ,i must talk to her60 ,forthwith the mother and elder daughter sought out the unfortunate ,susy1 and joined in giving her one of those #8talkings to1' as they termed them1 which only ladies can inflict on one another4 ,susy let fall a tear or two1 made very short replies1 for she could scarcely squeeze a word in1 and bore her rebukes with exemplary patience1 contenting herself with asserting that she would comply with the request of the letter and lay it before her father4 8,let me catch you showing the letter to your father this day60 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,foxville indignantly4 8,to-morrow will do10 replied ,susy4 8,papa must see it40 ,it was then agreed that ,susy should reserve the letter for her father's perusal next day1 on ,mrs4 ,foxville consenting to take the blame for delay on her own shoulders2 and it was finally stipulated that both the elder ,foxville and ,augustus should be kept in the dark for the next twenty-four hours4 ,mrs4 ,foxville did not1 however1 consider herself bound by this contract1 though not the least important of the high contracting parties4 ,in fact1 she intended to turn the interval to what she deemed the best account4 ,accordingly1 she seized the opportunity which ,mrs4 ,caudle1 as depicted by ,douglas ,jerrold1 devoted to curtain lectures1 and plainly gave ,mr4 ,foxville to understand that 8she wouldn't have it10 meaning the match in question1 for she stated she knew that ,wodehouse was as poor as a church mouse4 8,he was all outside show10 she said--8all flimsy1 with no backbone40 ,she added that 8that #faj wouldn't do for her girls10 and1 having warned her husband at great length and with great force1 she concluded her lecture by observing1 8,and now you know your duty to my child1 and ,i shall expect you to perform it40 8,our child1 my dear--our dear ,susy is entitled to the best counsel ,i can give her40 8,i knew you would take her part60 cried ,mrs4 ,foxville4 8,dear ,susy1 indeed6 ,she is a very bad ,susy4 ,i would have you1 ,mr4 ,foxville1 respect a mother's feelings60 8,well1 well2 yes1 yes1 to be sure ,i will10 replied the husband1 who was as valiant as an ox and nearly as strong in muscle1 but was now in dread of a second lecture4 8,i will1 you may depend upon it40 ,with this promise on his lips he composed himself to sleep1 after having first noticed its soothing effect--for which he took credit to himself--on his partner4 ,the next day1 ,mr4 ,foxville had some conversation alone with ,susy4 ,a little kindness soon reassured her1 and1 like a true-hearted daughter1 she did not attempt to conceal her attachment to ,nathaniel from her father4 ,she opened her mind to him1 and promised to abide by his advice2 and on the question of questions--that of fortune--she professed her belief that ,nathaniel ,wodehouse would not be found in the forlorn condition in which her mamma and sister1 in spite of her1 had insisted4 ,she acknowledged that she had no proof of this but her lover's word1 which1 she said1 ,matilda had derided4 ,her lover's word6 that was all--sufficient for ,susy6 ,but she approved of her father's fully satisfying himself on this point1 as a duty to his family and to her4 ,there are several ways of giving advice4 ,it is a favorite plan with some to administer it as they would physic1 and the more nauseous it is1 the more they seem to like administering it2 and they would quarrel with their best friend for not taking it4 ,even among the more considerate1 not every one has the modesty not to have his equanimity disturbed by having his advice asked and then disregarded4 ,mr4 ,foxville was not one of either of these classes4 ,he might allowably be a little more positive in counselling his own daughter1 but practically he followed in her regard his usual method1 heedless of all the admonitions of his better half4 ,that method was to pile up all the pros and cons which occurred to him on both sides of a question1 and leave his client very much to his own decision4 ,in effect1 this was to offer no advice at all1 but the course of proceedings looked grave and offended no one1 while it enabled him to remain true to his maxim of never meddling in other people's business4 ,the only stumbling-block with ,mr4 ,foxville1 in the present instance1 was a suitable position for his daughter1 and that he would look into as a matter of imperative necessity4 ,the rest he would leave to those most vitally interested1 after his usual formal statement of all the disadvantages1 which always came first1 and then the advantages of the case under consideration4 ,susy was accordingly much comforted by her father's good sense and feeling1 instead of being cowed and heart-broken as ,mrs4 ,foxville and ,matilda had expected to see her4 8,you are a perfect fool60 said ,mrs4 ,foxville to her husband on observing ,susy's cheerful face after the tte--tte4 8,you have not the nerve to manage my child6 ,i must take her in hand1 poor noodle #faa that she is4 ,ha6 she is just like you4 ,there's a nice pair for you60 ,mr4 ,foxville attached little importance to these disparaging remarks1 with the like of which he was familiar2 but he invariably did things his own way1 and left consequences to take care of themselves4 ,he responded1 therefore1 good-humoredly3 8,not too hasty1 my dear6 ,i shall see ,nathaniel ,wodehouse1 whether you approve of it or not4 ,that is all ,i have to say40 ,and ,foxville kept his word1 for he resolutely refrained from opening his lips to renew the discussion4 ,not so ,mrs4 ,foxville4 ,she had a very great deal to say1 but eventually wound up by the following menace3 8,beware how you ruin my child6 ,you shall answer for it4 ,i'll let you know whether ,i am to be nobody in my own house60 ,the tremendous ferment which shook the ,foxvilles at length began to act upon ,augustus4 ,that young man had his own view of ,susy's conduct4 8,i tell you what1 ,susy10 said he1 8,wodehouse is no gentleman4 ,he is a sneak4 ,didn't he get the better of me in an examination before old ,dr4 ,playfair1 and when ,i challenged him to fight it out1 and prove who was the better man1 didn't he decline8 ,a pretty thing to marry a man like that4 ,marry him1 ,susy1 and see what ,i will do60 ,poor ,susy was now regarded by all her family1 with the exception of her father1 who remained silent1 as a reprobate and outcast4 ,when she sat down to her meals1 she was treated as if she were supported by charity4 ,at other times she was watched like a criminal4 ,her fortitude and good conscience1 nevertheless1 sustained her under her unmerited wrongs4 ,in the meantime1 the two gentlemen1 ,foxville and ,wodehouse1 conferred together4 ,mrs4 ,foxville at first insisted on being present2 but it was to no purpose4 ,mr4 ,foxville's hardihood gave him the victory4 ,he was declared to be the most obstinate of men2 he bore the imputation and triumphed4 8,what good have you done80 sneered ,mrs4 ,foxville1 when the meeting was over4 8,our ,susy and ,nathaniel will be man and wife60 replied the imperturbable ,foxville4 8,oh60 was the sole response1 in a tone that boded little harmony if the baffled ,mrs4 ,foxville could have her way4 8,ay1 ay10 continued ,foxville4 8,nat's the richest man within a dozen miles of this place4 ,i tell you1 ,i have proof of it4 ,look1 there's a little present1 as he called it1 for you60 ,foxville pulled out of his pocket a magnificent set of jewels in the neatest of morocco cases1 and handed the gift to his wife4 ,what a transformation on the countenance and in the manner of ,mrs4 ,foxville6 ,who could have suggested such a happy idea to ,nathaniel as the magical present which turned out to be such a talisman of power8 ,that secret was never known but to ,susy and ,nathaniel1 and it cannot be divulged4 ,as ,mrs4 ,foxville gazed with rapture on the jewels1 her eyes vied in sparkling with the diamonds4 8,well1 ,i cannot help forgiving him60 exclaimed the pacified lady4 8,who would have thought this of ,nathaniel ,wodehouse8 ,twelve months ago ,i know he was scarcely worth a penny4 ,but are you quite sure that you have not been taken in80 8,trust old ,foxville for that1 eh8 ,i have seen how he came by his #fab money4 ,old ,simpson1 his uncle1 died last ,march1 and left him sole heir40 8,simpson his uncle6 ,a good family6 ,my father knew him well40 ,mrs4 ,foxville's was not altogether a vain boast3 the late ,mr4 ,simpson had been the best customer at her father's grocery4 ,augustus now joined his parents unexpectedly4 8,gussy1 my boy10 cried his father1 8,nat is the happy man1 after all6 ,he could buy up all of ,foxville if he chose4 ,he wants you to dine with him at his club to-morrow4 ,do as you like4 ,i meddle in no man's business60 8,of course ,i will6 ,he is a better fellow than ,i took him to be10 said the sensible ,augustus4 8,and here comes ,susy10 he added1 seeing his sister approaching4 8,susy1 we congratulate you10 exclaimed the overjoyed father4 8,the course of true love runs smoothly a little too soon1 eh80 ,susy blushed scarlet4 8,kiss me1 my darling girl10 said ,mrs4 ,foxville4 8,bravo60 sang out ,augustus4 8,but ,till must hear the news6 ,let me fetch ,matilda60 ,and he ran off with all speed1 and soon returned with his sister4 8,i told you ,i had something to show you10 said he1 addressing ,matilda4 8,look at that picture6 ,we only want ,nat to make us thoroughly jolly4 ,you will make a superb bridesmaid1 ,till1 though ,i say it60 8,not ,i indeed60 replied ,matilda1 with a grand toss of her head4 8,you won't for ,susy80 the terrible ,augustus went on4 8,that's cruel of you2 but ,i'll give you a chance4 ,so don't despair2 it's often a first step to matrimony60 ,matilda bit her lip till it nearly bled1 but she suffered not a word to escape her4 8,for shame1 ,gussy60 cried ,susy1 as she flung herself1 half-smiling1 half-crying1 on her sister's neck4 99 99 99 99 99 ,with great adroitness ,nathaniel eventually made his peace with ,matilda1 though it was rather a truce than a peace2 but sufficient harmony was in a little time restored to ,foxville ,house to make ,susy's wedding go off with clat4 ---------- ,,the ,,martyrs ,,of ,,arcueil4 #fac ,the following narrative of the imprisonment and execution of certain ,dominicans1 by the ,paris ,commune1 in ,may of last year1 is translated from an account drawn up in ,french1 under the eyes and1 in a measure1 at the dictation of witnesses who shared the captivity of the martyrs1 and survived their fate only by a providential interposition which seems little less than miraculous4 ,it was written merely to preserve1 in the archives of the order1 an authentic record of the circumstances which it1 commemorates2 but it glows with examples of ,christian heroism and charity which ought not to be lost to the world at large4 ,the branch of the ,dominicans which gives this company of martyrs to the church was founded by ,father ,lacordaire shortly after the passing of the law of #ahej1 which1 by abridging the exclusive privileges of the university of ,paris1 conferred upon the religious orders in ,france the right of opening schools and colleges1 a right for which ,lacordaire and ,montalembert had battled for twenty years4 ,father ,captier was one of the original company of four novices with whom ,father ,lacordaire founded1 in #aheb1 the new order of ,teaching ,dominicans4 ,in the spring of #ahfc1 eighteen months after the death of ,father ,lacordaire1 certain religious of the ,third 7,teaching7 ,order of ,dominicans1 having as their head the ,rev4 ,father ,captier1 were sent to establish1 in the house formerly belonging to ,berthollet1 a college under the name of the ,blessed ,albertus ,magnus4 ,it was a difficult task1 and from the outset was met by the government with an opposition equally obstinate and hypocritical4 ,in order to prevent the virtual abrogation of the law of #ahej1 to which ,france is now indebted for such a gallant multitude of faithful instructors1 the contest opened by ,father ,lacordaire1 in #ahca1 in the matter of the free schools1 had to be commenced anew4 ,deprived of their religious habit1 and harassed by incessant and discreditable vexations1 ,father ,captier and his companions nevertheless stood bravely at their post of honor4 ,at last1 after two years of labor and experiment1 they were permitted to enjoy in peace the protection of the law1 and to speak freely to their pupils according to the inspiration of their hearts and their faith4 ,the establishment at ,arcueil1 founded in trouble1 thenceforward prospered without interruption1 and grew apace under the watchful and affectionate care of ,father ,captier4 ,he seemed to know every member of the community to his inmost heart4 ,he cared for every one with a religious and at the same time manly tenderness4 ,there was not one to whom he failed to do good4 ,with the performance of these duties he combined an active interest in all questions relating to the education of youth1 and opposed with all his might the encroachment of the system of godless schools which has since been so audaciously imposed upon ,parisian families4 ,appointed a member of the ,commission d',enseignement ,suprieur1 as the most thorough representative of the #fad free schools1 he brought to the service of that board the experience of twenty years1 the devout aspirations of his holy community1 and the enthusiasm of a spirit earnest in the cause of enlightenment and holy liberty4 ,when he returned to his cell1 he resumed the cares of a soul which aimed to be wholly and profoundly immersed in the religious life4 ,he concerned himself about the progress of all his brethren and pupils in observing the rules of the community1 well knowing that the best means of doing good to souls is to draw from ,god the courage and the light which one needs in order to serve them4 ,such was the state of affairs at ,arcueil when the war broke out4 ,the school then contained nearly three hundred pupils4 ,in an establishment where religion and patriotism were both so warmly cherished1 the first thought of every one was to do his utmost to aid ,france in her struggle against the foreigner4 ,the pupils raised a large contribution for the relief of the victims of the coming campaigns4 ,the religious gave their persons4 ,three of them joined the ambulances and passed the winter on the fields of battle1 while the others devoted themselves in the college premises to taking care of the wounded victims of the siege of ,paris4 ,about fifteen hundred sick and wounded soldiers were thus treated in the college ambulance2 and it was a devotion all the more meritorious because ,arcueil1 situated on the ,french outposts1 was constantly under the fire of the ,german artillery4 ,after the siege1 the school of ,arcueil reopened its doors to pupils1 and in ,march resumed its classes and its regular life4 ,then came the civil war4 ,placed between ,fort ,montrouge1 ,fort ,bictre1 and the redoubt of ,hautes ,bruyres1 the school found itself within the lines of the ,paris ,commune4 ,instead of abandoning their house1 the fathers resolved to continue their services to the wounded4 ,they displayed on the front of the building the flag of the ,geneva ,convention1 and1 with the aid of the assistant masters whom the peace had collected around them1 they began to traverse the battlefields on the south of ,paris1 gathering up the wounded and burying the dead4 ,within the college1 the poor soldiers1 whether regulars or federals1 were tended by the charitable hands of the ,sisters of ,st4 ,martha4 ,at first the communists respected this self-sacrifice4 ,the less violent of them were pleased to be so well cared for by the ,dominicans of ,arcueil4 ,many requisitions1 nevertheless1 were made upon the institution1 and the house was ransacked from top to bottom1 but nothing was found in it except the evidence of a charity which no rebuffs could discourage4 ,the religious continued with unremitting zeal to relieve the wounded on the field of battle1 and awaited patiently the triumph of justice and liberty4 ,a number of battalions of the ,national ,guard were thus brought into contact with the school4 ,several of them showed gratitude and even a sort of sympathy1 but so far as that went everything depended upon the officers4 ,thus1 the #ajast ,battalion1 commanded by one ,cerisier1 a convict 8who had been three times sentenced to death1 and believed neither in ,god nor in man10 far from showing any good-will1 seemed hardly willing to forgive the religious for their charitable labors in its behalf4 ,on the #agth of ,may1 several events happened which greatly excited and alarmed the insurgents4 ,a cartridge factory exploded in the ,avenue ,rapp1 that is to say1 within the enceinte of ,paris1 and at least six kilometres from ,arcueil4 ,several posts in the valley of the ,bivre #fae were surprised and overpowered at the point of the bayonet4 ,finally1 a few paces from the school1 the chteau of the ,marquis de ,laplace1 occupied by the federals as a barrack1 was burned4 ,it was determined that the communists of ,arcueil should be held to an accountability for these wholly unconnected occurrences1 and the federals required nothing more to justify them in ordering an arrest4 ,on ,friday1 the #aith of ,may1 between four and five o'clock in the afternoon1 the school of ,arcueil1 which then contained twenty wounded brought in the night before from the field of battle1 received a visit from ,citizens ,leo ,meillet and ,lucy ,pyat1 envoys from the ,commune of ,paris1 and wearing the red scarf2 ,thaler1 a ,prussian1 sub-governor of the ,fort of ,bictre2 and ,cerisier1 commander of the #ajast ,battalion of the ,paris ,national ,guard4 ,while these gentlemen were entering at the main door1 the #ajast and #abjth ,battalions surrounded the premises1 broke down the enclosure1 and forced their way in at every entrance1 leaving sentinels here and there with orders to shoot anybody who attempted to go out4 ,at the demand of ,leo ,meillet1 ,father ,captier presented himself4 ,an order from the ,commune was shown him1 setting forth no complaint or legal excuse1 but commanding all the members of the community1 from the prior down to the last of the kitchen servants1 to submit themselves to the commands of the delegates4 ,half an hour was granted them for the necessary preparations4 ,the bell was rung to call the household together1 and ,lucy ,pyat1 taking this for a suspicious signal1 threatened to shoot the child who had committed such a crime4 ,one by one1 the religious1 the assistant teachers1 the sisters1 the domestics1 and the seven or eight pupils remaining in the house gathered around ,father ,captier4 ,when the word was given to depart1 they all fell down upon their knees1 and with tears in their eyes asked his blessing4 8,my children10 he said to them1 8you see what has happened4 ,no doubt you are going to be questioned2 be frank and sincere1 as if you were speaking to your parents4 ,remember the counsel they gave you when they trusted you to our care2 and whatever happens1 bear in mind that you must be men who can live and can die like ,frenchmen and like ,christians4 ,adieu6 ,may the blessing of the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost descend upon you1 and remain with you always1 always60 ,then the fatal journey was arranged4 ,the horses and wagons of the school were seized1 and the vehicles were first filled with the sisters and female domestics4 ,they were forbidden any communication with each other by word or gesture1 or any signal of farewell1 under penalty of being shot4 ,they were taken first to the ,conciergerie and afterwards to ,saint ,lazare 7the prison for abandoned women71 whence they were released on the ,tuesday following by the arrival of the ,versailles troops1 before the miscreants of the ,commune could execute the horrid threats of which they were the objects during these four days4 ,the pupils were also to have been carried off1 but1 thanks to a misunderstanding on the part of the federal chiefs1 their arrest was suspended4 ,later it was proposed to convey them to the ,htel de ,ville1 and even to the barricades1 but nothing was done1 and they remained tolerably at ease in a remote part of the house1 under the signally intelligent and devoted care of the young ,jacques de ,la ,perrire1 whose conduct in these trying days was above all praise4 #faf ,when all the others were gone1 the fathers1 the professors1 and the male servants were brought down into the first court1 and surrounded by the men of the #ajast and #abjth ,battalions4 ,the door opened1 and the sad cortge began its march towards the ,fort of ,bictre1 situated three kilometres from the school4 ,they first passed through the streets of ,arcueil4 ,the inhabitants looked on in silence1 though their sympathies were all with the prisoners4 8,when they passed our door10 said a poor woman1 8and ,i saw ,father ,captier and all these messieurs1 who had done us so much good1 marching in the midst of the muskets1 ,i imagined it was ,jesus ,christ with his disciples going to ,jerusalem to be crucified40 ,at ,gentilly1 which they were next obliged to traverse1 the popular feeling was very different1 and the most outrageous language was used towards the prisoners4 ,it was seven o'clock in the evening when the column arrived at the fort4 ,the captives were first locked up in a small room where1 insulted in the grossest manner1 they were forced to wait their turn to appear before the governor of the fort1 and go through the formality of registering on the books of the prison4 ,these formalities lasted a long time1 the number was so large4 ,each man was submitted to the pretence of an examination1 though there was no question of any crime or misdemeanor1 nor any indictment whatever4 ,then they were searched1 and stripped of everything they carried 7even the breviaries were taken away71 and conducted to ,casemate ,no4 #aj1 which faces the entrance to the fort4#abj ,it was nearly midnight when ,father ,captier and the other religious were placed here4 ,their companions followed in small parties1 and about two o'clock the door closed upon the last of them4 ,it was never to open for them again till they went out to their death4 ,this first night was very severe4 ,the casemate contained only a few remnants of damp straw1 already spoiled and broken up by some ,bavarian soldiers1 and each man had to grope for a clean spot on the bare floor4 ,when morning came1 they sought for some alleviation of their wretched condition4 ,by dint of earnest representation1 they got some bundles of fresh straw1 and after a few days the breviaries were restored to the religious4 ,father ,captier succeeded in obtaining paper and pencil1 and addressed a communication to the governor of the fort4 ,he thus secured the liberation of two lads1 ,emile ,delaitre and ,paul ,lair1 who had been imprisoned with the other servants of the school4 ,he had more difficulty in obtaining the favor of a serious examination1 for thus far the twenty-five prisoners were absolutely ignorant of the cause of their arrest4 ,something1 at any rate1 was granted3 on ,sunday afternoon1 ,fathers ,captier and ,cotrault were led before ,citizen ,lucy ,pyat1 who1 after a long conversation1 informed #fag them that they were to be considered neither as condemned nor accused1 nor even prisoners1 but they were merely held as witnesses4 ,he was a prophet1 though he did not know it2 for ,god had chosen them to bear witness1 with their blood1 to the glory of his holy name4 ,it was hoped that the examinations would be resumed on the following day 7,monday71 but this was not done4 ,on the contrary1 the officers in command at the fort held no further communication with the prisoners4 ,it is probable that in thus keeping away they yielded to the wishes of their men2 for1 while the officers preserved an appearance of civility in the presence of the fathers1 their subordinates constantly redoubled their outrages1 and took all pains to render them more and more gross4 ,drunken and infamous creatures showed themselves every few minutes before the windows of the casemate1 jeering at the prisoners1 loading them with unmentionable epithets1 or reading aloud1 with infinite gusto1 the most shameless articles from the ,communist newspapers4 ,one day1 they saw the sub-governor of the fort1 cap in hand1 ushering ,father ,captier into his prison after some sort of an examination4 ,this mark of respect so exasperated the federal soldiers that they raised a great disturbance at the door of the casemate1 and thenceforth the provisions for the prisoners were regularly plundered or intercepted on the way2 for two days the captives were denied even a cup of water4 ,on ,wednesday1 the #bdth1 an execution took place in the courtyard of the fort1 directly under their eyes4 ,it was made the occasion of redoubled menaces and heartless allusions4 ,the same day1 the ,abb ,fron1 chaplain of the ,hospital of ,bictre1 went in search of the governor of the fort1 and asked to be entrusted with the custody of the members of the ,arcueil community1 offering to answer for them with his life until they could be judged4 ,this generous effort was unavailing4 ,the ,commune had already settled everything4 ,the school was to be pillaged and burned4#aba ,as for the prisoners1 they belonged to the #ajast ,battalion and its commander1 who would dispose of them according to circumstances4 ,what were the thoughts of the victims during this long week of agony8 ,their companions in captivity tell us that a gentle cheerfulness never ceased to prevail in that wretched dungeon4 ,with the exception of some of the servants1 married men and fathers of families1 whose attitude and manner were somewhat gloomy and dejected1 every one pursued his ordinary way of life--not that they forgot or despised death1 but because they had offered to ,god the sacrifice of their lives for ,france4 ,the religious redoubled their usual devotion1 encouraged each other and exhorted their companions4 ,every evening they said the rosary together1 adding the usual mementos for their absent brethren4 ,from time to time1 ,father ,captier1 though completely broken down by fatigue and privation1 roused himself to give a pious reading1 or to address the words of life and salvation to those who looked up to him as their chief4 ,outside1 the federals gathered around to mock at their prayers4 ,one morning1 when the horizon was red with flames in the direction of ,paris1 ,father ,captier was pacing to and fro1 saying his office1 and some one cried to him through the window1 8,oh1 yes6 you had better pray ,god not to let the torpedoes that the city is full of explode60 8,i am doing it10 answered the good father sadly and quietly2 and then1 finishing his breviary1 he asked his companions to pray with #fah him4 ,on ,thursday1 the #beth1 at daybreak1 an extraordinary activity was observed inside the fortress4 ,guns were removed and spiked1 and the bugles blew the assembly4 ,at one time1 the prisoners believed that the fort had been wholly evacuated1 and they had only to wait the arrival of the ,versailles troops to secure' their liberty4 ,but this hope was of short duration4 ,a body of armed men appeared at the door of the casemate in considerable confusion4 ,as they had not the keys1 they forced an entrance with blows from the butt-ends of their muskets1 and ordered the captives to start immediately with the column1 which was retiring into ,paris4 8,you are free10 said they1 8only we must not leave you in the hands of the ,versaillists4 ,you must follow us to the mairie of the ,gobelins1 and then you will go to ,paris1 or wherever you like40 ,the march was long and painful4 ,every instant the prisoners were threatened with death4 ,the women showed themselves especially furious1 and eager to witness the death of these men who wore a sacred garb4 ,they moved down towards the gate of ,ivry1 and on the road a few rifle-shots from ,bictre caused a little disturbance1 of which ,father ,rousselin took advantage to slip away and return to ,arcueil4 ,the others continued their journey towards ,paris4 ,arriving at the mairie of the ,gobelins1 in the midst of cries of 8death60 from the crowd maddened at the approach of the regular army1 it was in vain that they reminded their guard of the liberty promised them4 ,they were told1 8,the streets are not safe2 you will be killed by the people2 remain here40 ,they were taken into the court of the mairie1 and made to sit on the ground1 exposed to the falling shells4 ,here the federals brought the corpses of their victims1 to show 8ces canailles0 how the ,commune served its enemies4 ,at the end of half an hour an officer appeared1 and took them to the prison disciplinaire of the #ith secteur1 ,no4 #ch ,avenue d',italie4 ,as soon as they entered1 the captives of ,arcueil recognized the #ajast ,battalion and its chief1 ,citizen ,cerisier1 that is1 the same who had made their arrest4 ,it was then ten o'clock in the morning4 ,about half-past two1 a man in a red shirt threw open the door of the hall1 and cried out1 8,get up1 soutanes2 they are going to take you to the barricade40 ,the fathers went out1 and1 with the ,abb ,grancolas and the others1 were conducted towards the barricade thrown up in front of the mairie of the ,gobelins4 ,there they were offered muskets to fight with4 8,we are priests10 said they1 8and1 besides1 we are non-combatants in virtue of our service in the ambulance4 ,we shall not take arms4 ,all that we can do is to relieve your wounded and bear away the dead40 8,is this your fixed purpose80 asked the officer of the ,commune4 8,it is40 ,then they were taken back to the prison1 with an escort of federals and women armed with muskets4 ,once locked up1 they thought of nothing but preparations for the last journey4 ,they all knelt1 made a final offering of the sacrifice of their lives1 confessed1 and received absolution4 ,they were not to have the dying ,christian's last consolation1 the divine viaticum4 ,god did not judge this grace necessary for them2 and1 besides1 from the prison to heaven the journey was to be so short6 ,about half-past four1 a new order came from ,citizen ,cerisier4 ,all the prisoners filed out into the lane which leads up to the prison1 while the federals of the #ajast ,battalion loaded their muskets with #fai significant noise4 ,already every man was at his place4 ,platoons were stationed at the corners of all the neighboring streets4 ,it is said that ,citizen ,cerisier sat in a carriage on the avenue1 with a woman by his side4 ,this is the manner in which he presided over executions under the ,commune of ,paris4 ,then the word of command was heard3 8,go out into the street1 one by one60 ,father ,captier turned half round towards his companions1 and said1 8,come1 my friends2 it is for the good ,god60 ,the massacre began at once4 ,father ,cotrault went out first1 and fell mortally wounded4 ,father ,captier was hit by a ball which broke his leg1 and was struck down by another ball at a distance of more than a hundred metres1 near the spot where the insurgents of ,june1 #ahdh1 massacred ,general ,bra4 ,father ,bourard1 also1 after receiving one wound1 was able to go a few steps in the same direction before he fell under a second discharge4 ,fathers ,delhorme and ,chatagneret were shot down instantly4 ,m4 ,gauquelin fell with them4 ,m4 ,voland and five of the servants 7,aim ,gros1 ,marce1 ,cheminal1 ,dintroz1 and ,cathala7 went out of the lane behind the fathers1 and had time to cross the ,avenue d',italie1 but were killed before they could find shelter4 ,the other prisoners managed to escape4#abb ,the ,abb ,grancolas1 barely touched by a bullet1 got into a house1 where a woman disguised him in her husband's clothes4 ,m4 ,rzillot was only slightly wounded4 ,,mm4 ,edouard ,bertrand1 ,gauvin1 ,delaitre1 ,brouho1 and ,duch found shelter in some of the houses or neighboring caves1 and afterwards in the ranks of the national army4 ,how impenetrable are the designs of ,god6 ,if he had permitted our soldiers to arrive only one hour sooner1 all the martyrs of ,arcueil would have been saved4 ,the fury of the assassins was not sated by the massacre4 ,they fell upon the bodies of the dead1 tore off their clothing1 pierced them with bayonets1 and with their axes broke their limbs and crushed their bleeding heads4 ,the soldiers of the #aacth ,regiment1 who passed this spot in triumph after surmounting the barricades1 comprehended the glorious fate of the martyrs1 and1 bending over them1 took the rosaries from their girdles1 and divided them1 bead by bead1 as sacred relics4 ,but after they had gone their way1 the work of profanation was resumed1 and for more than fifteen hours the bodies remained exposed to every imaginable outrage4 ,the next morning the ,abb ,guillemette1 a priest of that quarter1 came across the corpses1 and1 noticing that they wore a religious habit1 made inquiry into the circumstances of the assassination4 ,he caused the sacred remains to be immediately collected1 and taken to the house of the brethren in the ,rue du ,moulin-des-,prs4 ,there a professor from ,arcueil1 ,m4 d',arsac1 identified the bodies1 indicated the name of each1 and claimed for them the respect due to martyrs in a holy cause4 ,at the same time1 ,m4 ,durand1 cur of ,arcueil1 and ,m4 ,eugne ,lavenant1 the ,mayor1 were informed of the death of the ,dominicans1 their friends and their companions in the hour of danger4 ,they both came together to ask for the remains of the victims1 and removed them to ,arcueil4 ,it was desired to bury them within the enclosure of the school1 where ,father ,rousselin awaited them1 with ,jacques de ,la ,perrire1 and the #fbj pupils who had remained faithful to the house4 ,but it would have been necessary to submit to long formalities1 and the bodies were so dreadfully bruised that there was no time even to make them coffins4 ,the hearse1 followed by a great crowd of people deeply agitated with grief and anger1 was driven to the common cemetery4 ,there the martyrs lie side by side in one grave1 with no shroud but their blood-stained vestments4 ,this undistinguished tomb ought not to be the last resting-place of the martyrs of ,arcueil4 ,father ,captier and his companions will sleep in the shadow of the school which their labor founded and their blood renders henceforth illustrious4 ,not only the religious who were the brethren of the victims1 and the pupils who were their children1 but all who care for religion and country1 will come to pray at their sepulchre1 and meditate upon the lessons of their death4 #abj ,the following is a list of the prisoners3 ,in the ,fort of ,bictre4--,father ,captier1 prior of the school of ,arcueil2 ,bourard1 chaplain2 ,delhorme1 regent of studies2 ,cotrault1 procurator2 ,rousselin1 censor2 ,chatagneret1 professor--all professed religious of the ,third 7,teaching7 ,order of ,st4 ,dominic1 except ,f4 ,bourard1 who belonged to the ,order of ,preaching ,friars2 ,,mm4 ,voland1 ,gauquelin1 ,l',abb ,grancolas1 ,edouard ,bertrand1 ,rzillot1 ,petit1 and ,gauvin1 assistant masters2 ,,mm4 ,aim ,gros1 ,marce1 ,cathala1 ,joseph ,cheminal1 ,dintroz1 ,simon ,brouho1 ,duch1 ,bussi1 ,schepens1 ,delaitre 7father and son71 and ,paul ,lair1 servants of the school4 ,in the ,prison of ,saint ,lazare4--,mother ,aloysia ,ducos1 superior of the ,sisters of ,st4 ,martha2 ,sisters ,elisabeth ,poirier1 ,louise ,marie ,carriquiry1 ,louis de ,gonzague ,dorfin1 and ,mlanie ,gatineaud2 ,mmes4 ,angle ,marce1 ,marguerite ,cathala1 ,clara ,delaitre1 and the widow ,gugon2 ,miles1 ,gertrude ,faas1 ,catherine ,morvan1 and ,louise ,cathala 7aged #h years74 #aba ,in point of fact1 the school was plundered on the #beth of ,may4 ,there was no time to burn it4 #abb ,to this day the fate of ,m4 ,petit is not positively known4 ,there is reason to believe that he escaped the first fusillade1 but was recaptured by the federals and shot by them at one of the barricades4 ,it is apparently of him that the ,abb ,lesmayoux speaks in a letter to the ,univers4 ---------- ,,veiled4 8,dilectus meus mihi1 et ego illi40#abc--;,,cant4 ii4 #af4 ,no bridegroom mine of change and death3 ,my orange-flowers shall never fade3 ,immortal dews shall gem the wreath ,when crowns of earth have all decayed4 ,no bride am ,i that plights her troth ,with touch of doubt1 or trust too fond2 ,and risks the present1 wisely loath ,to search too far the veiled beyond4 ,to me #8tis but the past is veiled3 ,the world that mocks with joys that fleet2 ,the 8,egypt0 that so long has failed ,to make its 8troubled waters0#abd sweet3 ,the world with all its sins and cares1 ,its sorrows gained and graces lost2 ,the garden of a thousand snares1 ,the barren field of blight and frost4 ,but shines the future clear as truth3 ,a few swift years of prayer and peace1 ,where hearts may know perennial youth1 ,and virtues evermore increase3 ,and then my ,lord1 my only love1 ,shall come1 and lift the veil1 and say3 8,arise1 all fair1 my spouse1 my dove6 ,the rain is over--haste1 away6#abe 8,the rain is o'er1 the winter gone1 ,that sun and summer seemed to thee4 ,if sweet the toilsome journey done1 ,how sweeter now thy rest shall be60 #abc 8,my ,beloved is mine1 and ,i am his40 #abd ,jer4 ii4 #ah4 #abe ,cant4 ii4 #aj1 #aa4 ---------- ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,mammoth ,,cave4 #fba ,a sleepy and forlorn bachelor1 about to set forth on this expedition solus1 some special providence sent to our relief a party of gay young friends1 whom we found already assembled in the ,louisville depot of the ,louisville and ,nashville ,railroad4 ,upon this pleasant rencontre we did not cease to congratulate ourself1 having been previously warned that the cave is seen to greater advantage by a large party2 the number of lights carried1 extra guides1 etc41 all tending to enhance picturesque effects1 and promote the comfort of the sight-seers4 ,leaving ,louisville at the early hour of seven ,a4,m41 a very enjoyable ride lay before us2 at first through the celebrated blue grass region of ,kentucky1 and afterward skirting the wilder1 more picturesque country1 famous1 or infamous1 as the scene of guerilla warfare during the war and after4 ,here these desperadoes1 entrenched in some of nature's impregnable fortresses1 sallied forth at will1 cutting the railroads1 stopping trains at all hours of the day and night1 and plundering farms for miles in every direction4 ,but we have changed all that6 ,the road boasts a tunnel of some extent4 ,here the young men of our party perpetrated the time-honored joke of kissing their hands with a resounding smack1 bringing out the roses on the cheeks of our pretty girls2 when we emerge from darkness1 each one of them being fully conscious that she is suspected as the guilty recipient of that kiss4 ,at noon we reach a station bearing the imposing name of ,cave ,city2 a close corporation1 consisting of one establishment1 for the refreshment of man and beast destined for the ,mammoth ,cave4 ,a poor dinner1 after the manner of such wayside inns1 awaits us1 and at two ,p4,m4 we hear the welcome sound1 8,all aboard stage for the cave60 ,two vehicles1 filled inside with ladies1 and outside with the adequate complement of gentlemen and baggage--a nice point1 by the way1 in these days of woman's rights and ,saratoga trunks6 ,but1 ladies1 we warn you not to undertake the cave without at least one man whom you own or have a lien on--there are points in the explorations before you when one man1 and perhaps several others1 will be convenient to lean on4 ,with a mighty creaking1 a few preliminary false starts1 resulting in some new and jerky experiences to those unaccustomed to the old-fashioned stages1 at last we are fairly off1 beginning almost immediately a winding and gradual ascent4 ,we are told by our sanguine driver that there had been an attempt to macadamize the road--then certainly it has been an attempt1 and nothing more2 on several occasions we rode over smooth stones so large that it was quite a relief from the deep ruts which seamed the road on every side4 ,high hills surround us1 luxuriant in the foliage of ,june2 at rare intervals a farm-house is seen in some distant valley1 but there are few evidences of cultivating the soil1 which is doubtless of too cavernous a nature to repay the farmer his toil4 ,after riding a distance of three or four miles1 the wildness of the #fbb scene is increased by huge formations of rocks2 many streams murmur in the distance1 and near the only house we approach on the route1 a little maid1 hurrying barefoot from the spring1 presents a pail of water for the benefit of the thirsty stagers4 ,there have been sundry flasks of eau de vie on top1 and the gentlemen evince no desire for the milder fluid1 quaffed by the ladies with such avidity4 ,the half-way point is a platform for shade built across the road1 and here those who wish to explore ,osceola1 or ,indian ,cave1 take a short walk down the hill4 ,not caring to receive any subterra impressions before the great cavern dawned upon us1 we joined the ladies in picking wild flowers1 which are of great beauty and variety in this region4 ,the exploring party on their return reported ,osceola to be mainly a dugout cave1 having some interest1 but1 like its illustrious namesake1 very dirty6 ,nearly an hour having been devoted to resting the horses1 we resume the stages1 and1 the road improving1 proceed with accelerated speed1 when a sudden halt causes us to look back--the second stage has broken down6 ,what is to be done8 ,nothing but to squeeze two more ladies in our coach1 while we gentlemen resign our places on top to the rest of the feminines1 who really make the alarming ascent with grace2 but after a short walk our gallantry oozes out at the very tips of our boots1 and1 one by one1 we jump on the steps to talk1 thence clamber to the roof to find seats as best we may4 ,after a nine miles' drive1 we approach a long1 low frame-building4 ,an air of quiet and rustic simplicity pervades the spot6 ,this is the 8,cave ,house40 ,the apartments to which we are conducted have lost none of the rusticity of the exterior surroundings1 but everything is scrupulously neat1 and there are excellent negro servants in attendance--desirable features in a hotel4 ,not less so is savory broiled chicken1 to which we were speedily introduced4 ,being all impressed with the idea that about nine extra hours of sleep were requisite to fit us for the labors of the morrow1 we denied ourselves the pleasures of the large ball-room1 whence issued the strains1 evoked by some black musicians1 wooing to the giddy mazes of the dance6 ,loose flannel suits are kept at the hotel for those who come unprepared for the cool climate and rough climbing of the cave2 but we found our baseball toggery to be the very thing we wanted1 and1 arrayed therein1 immediately after an early breakfast assembled on the wide veranda1 which surrounds the house and makes a pleasant promenade4 ,the ladies look charming in their picturesque costumes of bright colors4 ,being a modest man1 we merely mention that our stalwart frame does credit to the uniform of the 8,yellow ,garters10 of which glorious nine we boast ourself a member4 ,all in high spirits1 we descend a thickly wooded ravine to the right of the house3 beautiful ferns and mosses carpet the sides of the funnel-shaped opening surrounding the mouth of the cave1 to the bottom of which our winding path is gradually leading us1 a descent of forty or fifty feet4 ,around and above1 tall trees stand sentinel on the only approach to this secret underworld4 ,our guide remarks that the present is not the original mouth of the cave1 which is distant a quarter of a mile on the south bank of ,green ,river4 ,many1 many years ago1 the upper crust must have given way1 #fbc forming this opening into which we are now descending1 and filling with earth and stones that first part of the cavern1 now called 8,dickson's0 and rarely visited4 ,the present entrance was discovered1 in #ahji1 by a hunter running a bear into it4 ,so little was the extent or value of the cave known1 that it was soon afterward sold1 with two hundred acres of land1 for forty dollars4 ,a short1 sharp turn in the path brings us facing an archway of rock1 over which a silver thread of water is falling4 ,a cold wind rushes from a dark opening1 above which the condensed atmosphere floats like a veil4 ,with a sort of awe we descend some rough stone steps1 and enter the cave4 ,already darkness is becoming visible3 our party1 numbering twenty-five1 are furnished with lamps1 and all with our 8pilgrim staves0 set forth on the 8short route40 ,to give some general idea of the outlines of the cave1 we cannot do better than quote the simile of a scientific gentleman who1 in writing on this subject1 asks the reader to 8imagine the channel of a large and winndig river1 with tributaries at intervals1 some of them the size of the main stream1 emptying into the chief river1 as1 for instance1 the ,missouri and ,ohio joining the ,mississippi2 these tributaries also receiving their support from creeks and rivulets1 some of them quite small and extending but a short distance1 while others are much longer1 larger1 and more beautiful4 ,now1 it is easy to imagine these rivers as being under ground1 or having a surface covering of earth and rocks1 and that their rugged channels and banks have long ceased from some cause to be bathed with the waters which in ages long past flowed so freely along them2 in fact1 that they are quite dry1 except in a few of the avenues40 ,from this illustration it will be seen that we cannot 8cut across country0 from one point to another1 but must explore each avenue1 and then retrace our steps to the point where we left the main cave4 ,necessarily there are many avenues well known to the guides rarely seen by visitors1 because too much time would be consumed in visiting any but the most interesting4 ,to see the cave at all satisfactorily1 one day should be devoted to the 8,short10 another to the 8,long ,route40 ,and from our own experience1 we would suggest that these two tramps should not be made one immediately after the other1 but let an intervening day be devoted to some other of the many minor expeditions of this region2 then you are rested1 and fresh for all the day in the cave of the 8,long ,route40 ,while indulging in these practical and retrospective reflections1 we have left our party in the narrow archway1 about seven feet high1 which is just within the mouth1 and called the ,narrows4 ,here there was a slight detention caused by the lamps blowing out3 ,mat1 our black guide1 explains this by saying1 8,the cave's breathin' out40 ,to explain which still further means that1 the atmosphere of the cave being at #ei1 when the exterior air at the mouth is of a higher temperature1 a strong current sets outward2 in winter1 of course1 the current sets inward3 thus the cave breathes once a year4 ,this action is felt a short distance4 ,soon we leave behind everything reminding us of the upper world4 ,before the eye has become accustomed to the darkness1 a great sense of disappointment is felt in groping through scenes of such interest with insufficient light4 ,this feeling1 however1 gradually wears off1 and the guides burn oiled paper1 blue-lights1 etc41 when we stop to inspect #fbd some special marvel4 ,after leaving the ,narrows1 we soon enter the ,rotunda1 the ceiling of which is one hundred feet high1 and its greatest diameter seventy-five feet4 ,this chamber is said to be immediately under the dining-room of the hotel4 ,the floor is strewn with the remains of vats1 water-pipes1 etc41 used by the saltpetre miners in #ahab4 ,from the entrance to this point1 wheel-tracks and the impressions made by the feet of oxen used to cart the saltpetre more than fifty years ago may still be seen4 ,at the time these indentations were made by the cleft foot of the ox and the cartwheels1 the earth was moist from the recent process of lixiviation in the saltpetre manufacture1 and upon drying had attained the stony solidity of petrifaction2 and the indentations aforesaid are yet distinct1 though they have been walked over by thousands of visitors for many years4 ,leaving the ,rotunda1 we pass huge overhanging rocks1 called ,kentucky ,river ,cliffs1 and enter the ,methodist ,church1 where services have been frequently held4 ,the pulpit is formed by a ledge of rock twenty-five feet high3 the logs used as benches were placed in the church fifty years ago1 and are still in a good state of preservation4 ,in this part of the cave1 and in all the avenues near the entrance1 millions of bats make their winter quarters4 ,we saw only a few flitting about1 but were told they returned in the autumn by hundreds4 ,what wonderful instinct wakens these creatures from a winter's sleep1 with tidings that the glorious summer is at hand8 ,various objects of minor interest are noted1 and we pass on to ,giant's ,coffin1 an immense rock1 forty feet long1 twenty wide1 eight in depth--fit sarcophagus for one of the giants of old2 but ,kentucky has herself of late years produced an individual who will nearly fill it4 ,in many parts of the cave1 and more particularly in this region1 some striking effects are produced by the efflorescence of black gypsum upon a surface of white limestone4 ,on the ceiling and walls these black figures thus produced stand out in bold relief4 ,quite startling is a gigantic family group--man1 wife1 and infant4 ,another is a very perfect representation of an ant-eater4 ,soon we notice several enclosures1 formerly occupied by invalids1 who vainly imagined that this pure and unchanging atmosphere would restore them to health4 ,up to this point walking has been an easy matter1 the way quite level1 a path winding among loose stones of some size1 and in many places a smooth1 broad avenue offering no obstruction2 but when1 one by one1 we climb a steep ladder placed against the wall to the right of ,giant's ,coffin1 there is a realizing sense of 8rocks ahead40 ,the ,gothic ,arcade1 which we have now entered1 has a flat ceiling1 smooth and white as if it had received a coat of plaster1 and leads to ,gothic ,chapel--a very beautiful room1 yet not purely ,gothic in its style of architecture1 the roof being quite flat1 supported by gigantic stalactites1 extending so nearly to the floor that they present the effect of fluted columns and graceful arches4 ,here was once performed a marriage ceremony under romantic circumstances4 ,a young lady1 having promised her mother that she would never marry ,snooks 8on the face of the earth10 evaded the letter of her contract by marrying the same in the bowels thereof4 ,two of the stalactites in this chapel1 called the ,pillars of ,hercules1 are said to be thirty feet in circumference4 ,these stalactites being peculiar to caves1 it may interest the general reader to note their formation4 ,if water1 #fbe holding bicarbonate of lime in solution1 drop slowly from the ceiling1 exposure to the air allows one part of carbonic acid gas to escape1 the lime is then deposited in the form of proto-carbonate of lime1 and the stalactite1 similar to an icicle1 is slowly formed2 if the deposit accumulate from below upward1 it is termed a stalagmite2 sometimes1 meeting in the centre1 they become cemented and form a solid column4 ,an instance of this is given in the illustration of the ,devil's ,arm-,chair4 ,these forms are made more interesting from their variety of color3 if the limestone is pure1 the stalactite will be white1 or semi-transparent2 if it contain oxide of iron1 the result will be a red or yellow color2 black stalactites containing a large proportion of oxide of iron4 ,many other things of interest1 but too numerous to mention1 are pointed out before we reach ,lake ,purity1 a pool of shallow water1 so perfectly transparent that stalactites are seen at the bottom4 ,gothic ,arcade terminating a short distance beyond the lake1 we retraced our steps to the ladder by which we had reached this upper and older portion of the cave1 and found ourselves again in the main cave near the ,giant's ,coffin1 passing behind which we enter a narrow crevice1 where1 half crawling and stooping1 a descent is made to ,deserted ,chamber4 ,at this point1 the water1 after it had ceased to flow out of the mouth into ,green ,river1 left the main cave to descend to the lower regions and ,echo ,river4 ,here we again leave the regular route to visit ,gorin's ,dome1 to us far the most beautiful of the many so-called domes4 ,passing over a small bridge1 and ascending a steep ladder1 we are1 one by one1 assisted by the guide to a point where it is not easy to retain a foothold2 but here is nothing to be seen--we seem to be against a black wall4 8,why1 ,mat1 what did you bring us here for80 ,but not so fast4 ,mat has been preparing blue-lights for an illumination1 and now he directs us to grasp the rock1 and1 one at a time1 peer through a small opening4 ,what wondrous vision is this6 ,a hundred feet above is the arched dome1 from which depend stalactitic formations and shafts1 of varying size and shape2 facing us hangs a curtain-like mass1 terminating abruptly in mid-air4 ,in it you seem to trace the folds and involutions of drapery veiling this mysterious place from vision4 ,far below1 more than two hundred feet1 unfathomable depths are revealed by blue-lights thrown down1 while shafts1 curtain1 and dome are frescoed in colors of pale blue1 fawn1 rose1 and white4 ,this dome is three hundred feet high1 and sixty feet across its widest part2 but1 alas6 the 8lights departed1 the vision fled10 and we are forced to descend from our eyrie4 ,leaving this sublime spectacle1 we return to the main cave1 and1 following it around ,great ,bend1 are soon in the famous ,star ,chamber4 ,this is an apartment sixty feet in height1 seventy in width1 and about five hundred in length1 the ceiling composed of black gypsum1 studded with numberless white points1 caused by the efflorescence of ,glauber's salts4 ,this is what we learned of this remarkable spot after leaving the cave4 ,we now will tell you what we saw4 ,we were first seated on a narrow ledge of rock forming a bench on one side of the chamber1 the guide taking away our lamps to a distant mass of rocks1 behind which he leaves them1 to shed a 8dim1 religious light0 on the scene4 ,as our eyes become accustomed to the change1 we discover ourselves to be in a deep valley with gray1 rugged sides1 of course outside of the cave1 else why is the sky above so #fbf deeply1 darkly blue8 those countless stars shining8--shining1 did we say8 ,we vow they twinkled4 ,the ,milky ,way is there2 we will not vouch for the ,dipper1 but other constellations are visible1 even a comet blazes across the heavens4 ,the guide retires with his lamp to some mysterious lower region to produce shadows1 and suddenly clouds sweep across the horizon1 a storm is brewing1 the stars are almost hidden1 now they are out1 utter darkness prevails1 until we hear ,mat stumbling about1 a faint light is in the east1 and a fine artificial sunrise1 as he appears with his lamp4 ,all this may read like child's play1 yet so complete is the optical delusion that1 when the lamps were all returned to us1 the mystery dispelled1 we drew a long breath of relief that we were not really shut up in that lonely defile1 looking up longingly to the stars1 but actually several miles underground1 and merely under the influence of ,glauber's salts6 ,beyond is ,proctor's ,arcade1 a natural tunnel1 nearly a mile long1 a hundred feet wide1 forty in height2 the ceilings and sides are smooth and shining1 chiselled out of the solid rock4 ,this tunnel leads past several points not specially interesting1 to ,wright's ,rotunda1 which is four hundred feet in diameter4 ,it is astonishing that the ceiling has strength to sustain itself1 being only fifty feet below the surface of the earth2 but no change need be anticipated1 for at this point the cave is perfectly dry4 ,a short distance beyond1 several avenues branch off from the main cave1 none worthy of note1 except that which leads to ,fairy ,grotto1 a marvellous collection of stalactites1 resembling a grove of white coral4 ,here indeed might the fairies have held high revelry1 with glow-worm lamps suspended from each pillar1 and fire-flies flitting from branch to branch4 ,the ,chief ,city or ,temple1 situated in the main cave beyond the ,rocky ,pass1 is rarely visited by strangers now1 yet1 before the discovery of the rivers and the wilderness of beauty beyond1 it was considered one of the great features4 ,it is an immense chamber1 excelling in size the cave of ,staffa4 ,the floor at different points is covered with piles of rocks1 presenting the appearance of an ancient city in ruins4 ,three miles beyond ,chief ,city1 the main cave is terminated abruptly by rocks fallen from above1 which1 if they could be removed1 would no doubt open communication with a cavern similar to the one we have been exploring4 ,so many wonders1 viewed in a few hours1 leave the mind in a chaotic state1 and the weary explorer is now ready to return to the creature comforts of the hotel1 there to ruminate1 and1 if he can1 arrange in some sort of order1 in his 8memory's mansion10 sights and sensations so new and strange4 ,in returning to the upper world1 the appearance of the mouth is very beautiful4 ,to eyes so long accustomed to darkness1 the light is a subdued radiance1 a fairy land in the distance1 until we emerge from the cave into the outer world1 which seems1 since we left it1 to have been dyed in millions of rainbow hues2 everything1 the leaves1 the trees1 shone and sparkled in the blessed light6 ,but--the air6 the pure atmosphere we have been breathing all the morning1 renders the senses painfully conscious of the decomposition of vegetable matter1 causing such a feeling of oppression that fainting may be the consequence if issuing from the entrance is not made a matter of easy stages4 ,as a result of the wise maxim1 8,early to bed and early to rise10 we #fbg find ourselves on the following morning breakfasting in our cave dress1 and prepared before nine o'clock for the 8,long ,route40 ,we now feel quite at home in the under-world1 and1 should any stranger join our party1 he would doubtless be much impressed by our manner of going over the familiar ground2 evidently we know all about this2 nothing can impress us now but 8fresh fields and pastures new40 ,on this day we are to realize something of the geography of the cave1 therefore a word on the subject of its formation4 ,green ,river1 only a few hundred yards from the entrance of the cave1 has evidently cut out the channel through which it runs4 ,on either side1 its rugged banks tower above the water three hundred feet1 and this the only valley of the plain1 proving conclusively that the river has excavated its bed to the present level by the chemical and mechanical agency of water4 ,the avenues of the cave1 no doubt1 were cut through in the same manner1 the lowest and last formed being ,echo and ,roaring rivers1 which are now on a level with ,green ,river1 and with which they have subterraneous communication4#abf ,as ,green ,river deepens the valley through which it passes1 the rivers in the cave will also continue to descend1 until the avenues through which they now flow shall become as dry as ,marion ,avenue1 which1 in ages past1 must have been the most beautiful of subterranean rivers4 ,limestone1 or carbonate of lime1 which constitutes the strata of rocks through which the cave runs1 is soluble in water when it combines with an additional proportion of carbonic acid1 and is changed into the bicarbonate of lime4 ,in this way the process of excavation continued until communication with running water was established1 and the mechanical agency made to assist the chemical4 ,another disintegrating power is the crystallization of sulphate of lime1 known also under the names of gypsum1 plaster-of-,paris1 alabaster1 etc4 ,the force of gypsum in the act of crystallizing is equal to that of water in freezing1 and1 when it occurs between ledges of rock1 they are fractured in every direction4 ,many instances of this may be seen4 ,as to the mechanical agencies in the excavation of the cave1 they are instanced in the transportation of gravel1 clay1 and sand from one part to another4 ,by observing the points at which they are deposited1 and the order in which they come1 it is possible to tell the direction in which the water formerly ran in many of the avenues1 and the rapidity of its motion4 ,but enough of technicalities--the entrance to the 8,long ,route0 is before us in the crevice before mentioned1 situated behind ,giant's ,coffin4 ,the first new name which strikes upon the ear is that of ,wooden ,bowl--an apartment deriving its name from the fact of a bowl being found here1 such a one as was used by the ,indians4 ,various traditions of this race meet the explorer in other parts of the cave2 among others1 that of a mummified female and child found in ,gothic ,avenue1 in #ahae1 said to have been sent to the ,antiquarian ,society of ,worcester1 ,massachusetts1 and to be still there in a dilapidated condition2 another still more remarkable mummy is said to have been #fbh exhumed in one of the neighboring small caves1 and sent to ,cincinnati1 where it was burnt in the museum many years ago4 ,if such discoveries were really made1 it is a matter of profound regret that these relics of an unknown past should have been removed from their resting-places1 where they were secure from the ravages of time1 and would1 at the present day1 greatly enhance the interest of ,mammoth ,cave4 ,we descend the ,steps of ,time1 which is an unpleasant reminder to those of us who already feel stiff in the joints1 and enter ,martha's ,palace1 not so palatial as its name implies1 but near by is a spring of clear water1 which all hail with pleasure4 ,side-,saddle ,pit and ,minerva's ,dome are soon passed1 and we reach ,bottomless ,pit4 ,do not shudder6 there is no necessity of descending1 and there is bottom at the distance of one hundred and seventy-five feet4 ,it was not until the year #ahch that it was supposed possible to bridge this fearful chasm2 it was then crossed by ,stephen1 the celebrated black guide1 who is identified with most of the discoveries4 ,we now cross on a substantial wooden structure1 known as the ,bridge of ,sighs4 ,this leads to the ,revellers' ,hall1 and1 judging from the number of empty and broken bottles on the floor of this wild-looking room1 all visitors have done their part to perpetuate the name4 ,a low archway1 the ,valley of ,humility1 leads to ,scotchman's ,trap1 a circular opening1 through which you descend a flight of stone steps4 ,directly over the opening hangs a huge flat rock1 which would1 should it fall1 completely close the avenue to the river4 ,the number of slight1 slippery ladders we have descended gives a very realizing sense that we are getting down1 down1 deep into the bowels of the earth4 ,we now enter a narrow avenue serpentining through the solid rock for fifty yards1 varying in width from eighteen inches to three feet1 in height from four to eight feet4 ,this passage has evidently been cut through by the mechanical agency of water4 ,any lady or gentleman weighing three hundred pounds had better not attempt ,fat ,man's ,misery1 for he may sigh in vain for 8this too solid flesh to melt10 and this remarkably solid rock will not yield a hair's-breadth to anything less than water charged with carbonic acid4 ,such squeezing and groaning1 broken backs1 etc46 but these are forgotten when we emerge in ,great ,relief4 ,the avenue which leads thence to ,river ,styx is ,river ,hall1 but we leave this for the present1 and on our right enter ,bacon ,chamber1 where may be seen a fine collection of limestone hams depending from the ceiling4 ,after walking three-fourths of a mile in ,sparks' ,avenue1 we reach ,mammoth ,dome1 the largest in the cave2 it is two hundred and fifty feet in height4 ,climbing over immense shelving rocks1 whose jagged sides and yawning crevices offer slight foothold and a very unpleasant prospect in case of a fall1 we reach the top of a terrace forty feet from the base1 where the view is taken4 ,a grand1 solemn spectacle it is6 ,at the left extremity are five large pillars1 called ,corinthian ,columns4 ,a vast1 solitary waste stretches out before the eye on every side2 gloomy recesses and yawning abysses1 illuminated by the weird blue-lights1 form a sublime picture4 ,one can only fancy it to be the primal state of chaos4 ,the descent from the terrace of rocks is even more perilous than the ascent1 but1 once in the avenue1 we return quickly to ,river ,hall4 ,our attention is now drawn to a body of water forty feet below1 called ,dead ,sea1 a gloomy #fbi spot1 deserving its name4 ,passing on1 the distant roar of invisible waterfalls strikes the ear1 and at the foot of the slope we are descending lies the ,river ,styx3 8,where the dark rock o'erhangs the infernal lake1 ,and mingling streams eternal murmurs make40 ,this river is one hundred and fifty yards long1 from fifteen to forty in width1 and in depth varies from thirty to forty feet4 ,it has a subterranean communication with other rivers of the cave1 and1 when they rise to a great height1 an open communication with all of them4 ,the ,natural ,bridge spans ,river ,styx about thirty feet above it4 ,the next body of water we approach is quite peaceful1 and1 the ceiling being ninety feet above the surface1 one loses the cavernous sensation of the gloomy overhanging rocks4 ,lake ,lethe is one hundred and fifty yards long1 and1 being crossed in boats not large enough to convey all of the party at once1 some of our number embark1 with ,charon himself at the helm4 ,all are hushed by the solemnity of the scene1 the lamps shed a dim light upon the rippling water and phantom boat1 which silently glides outward and on around a projecting angle of rock1 when it is lost to vision4 ,for those who wait upon the shore the return of the boat1 this is a solemn moment2 we felt ourself a ghost1 doomed to wander a hundred years ere ,charon would ferry us over ,avernus6 ,after a brief interval of this musing1 a faint light appears from behind the rock which before intercepted our view4 ,charon with his solitary lamp in the prow of the boat is returning2 soon we also embark1 but not before we had drunk of the waters of ,lethe1 that all experience of the upper world might be forgotten1 for now we enter into dream life4 ,our friends who had preceded us formed a picturesque group waiting as we neared the shore4 ,the bright dresses1 the lights throwing fitful gleam and shadow into the darkness beyond1 and our own gliding motion1 form a picture not soon forgotten4 ,upon disembarking we enter ,great ,walk1 extending from the ,lake to ,echo ,river1 the floor of which is covered with yellow sand4 ,reaching the river1 we all embark in a large boat1 and soon find ourselves in a very contracted space1 the rocks overhead being only three feet above the surface of the water4 ,stooping under the narrow archway for fifteen or twenty feet1 we finally emerge into the open river1 with the ceiling about fifteen feet above4 ,at some points the river is two hundred feet wide1 in depth it varies from ten to thirty feet4 ,the water is now transparently clear1 rocks can be seen twenty feet below1 and the boat seems passing through the air4 ,the illusion is heightened by the fact of our guide using no oars here1 propelling the boat by a staff applied at intervals to the ceiling or side walls4 ,we avoided looking at him1 that we might still fancy ourself wafted over these mysterious waters by some invisible agency4 ,here is no feeling of danger1 only a dreamy1 delicious content to float on thus for ever into the 8,silent ,land40 ,an occasional song to wake the far-famed echoes is the only sound to disturb the stillness and the unutterable thoughts which fill the soul4 ,echo ,river is an idyl6 ,alas6 that it should be so short--yet three-quarters of a mile of bliss should compensate poor human nature for many ills4 ,some of the gentlemen1 in the adventurous spirit of youth1 made their passage through a rugged avenue called ,purgatory2 from their description of which we prefer journeying to paradise by the river4 ,landing on the farther banks1 we enter ,silliman's ,avenue1 #fcj extending a mile and a half to the ,pass of ,el ,ghor1 the walls and ceilings of which1 being of recent formation1 are rugged and water-worn4 ,here is ,cascade ,hall1 a circular chamber with vaulted ceiling1 from which falls a stream of sparkling water1 disappearing through a pit in the floor4 ,the avenue leading to ,roaring ,river takes its rise in this hall4 ,the ,infernal ,region is an irregular down-hill passage1 the floor covered with wet clay4 ,such essentially and persistently sticky mud was probably never known above ground4 ,the scrambling1 slipping1 miring1 ejaculating crowd made an amusing scene4 ,our black guide1 ,mat1 is a character1 rarely relaxing into a smile1 but displays a grim humor by saying 8,sot her up10 when some heavier slush than usual reveals the fact that somebody is down4 ,now1 sotting her up is not nearly as easy as sotting her down4 ,in some places the water is ankle-deep4 ,here the gentlemen pick up the ladies1 and carry the fair creatures to dry ground4 ,several laughable incidents were the consequence of this manuvre4 ,one gentleman1 feeling the mud slipping under his feet1 fancied himself in a quicksand1 and hurriedly set his wife down in the water to rescue himself4 ,another1 a bashful young swain1 felt a delicacy about the manner of picking up his young lady1 so carried her under one arm1 her heels on a line with her head4 ,what a funny picture those little dangling boots presented6 ,alas6 for the uncertainty of human events4 ,when we started out fresh in the morning1 we had observed the secret pride with which that young woman contemplated her jaunty tasselled boots1 the neatest fit in the party1 and amply displayed by her short dress4 ,we are now quite willing to climb the ,hill of ,fatigue1 leading to dry ground4 ,among many names and objects of interest we shall only mention ,ole ,bull's ,concert-,room1 where the great violinist performed1 on his first tour through the ,united ,states4 ,the ,pass of ,el ,ghor1 two miles in length1 is one of the most picturesque avenues in the cave1 its narrow and lofty sides changing into every variety of uncouth1 fantastic shapes2 again1 the hanging rocks overhead suggest the idea of imminent danger1 but we are assured by the guide that no rocks have fallen during his time1 a period of thirty years4#abg ,this pass finally communicates with a large body of water1 the 8,mystic ,river10 which has not been explored by visitors4 ,ascending a very high1 steep ladder1 we enter ,martha's ,vineyard1 twenty feet above the ,pass of ,el ,ghor4 ,here a stalagmite1 extending from the floor to the ceiling1 forms the stem of a grapevine1 from which all over the walls and ceiling depend bunches of black grapes--nodules of carbonate of lime1 colored with the black oxide of iron--and here the vintage never fails1 for is there not sulphur at hand8 ,an avenue directly over ,martha's ,vineyard1 which we did not explore1 is said to contain a miniature chapel of stalactites1 in a dark room adjoining which1 without ornament of any kind1 is a grave hewn out of the rock4 ,this was considered so suggestive by a ,catholic priest that he named it the ,holy ,sepulchre4 ,the next place of great and general interest is ,washington ,hall1 where were unpacked the hampers carried by the extra guide1 detailed for that purpose4 ,keen appetites were brought to bear upon the liberal luncheon #fca supplied by the proprietor of the hotel4 ,some of the party had added champagne1 so we filled generous bumpers to the genii of the cave4 ,after an hour spent in rest and refreshment1 we leave ,washington ,hall1 and1 passing through ,snow-,ball ,room1 covered with nodules of white gypsum1 enter ,cleveland ,cabinet1 an avenue two miles in length1 and so beautiful that the sight of it alone would fully repay for the fatigue and time devoted to the cave4 ,it is a perfect arch of fifty feet span1 averaging the height of ten feet in the centre4 ,thus every part may be viewed with ease4 ,from summit to base is a dazzling expanse of alabaster bloom--a grand conservatory where the ,snow ,flora moulds her flowers ere she transports them to the upper world and endows them with a soul4 ,here are clusters of pale white roses sprinkled with diamond dew1 waiting only the enchantress' wand to convert them into a coronal for some fair bride2 again1 a perfect cross of flowers1 which may yet be the only companion of a rare soul entombed4 ,stately lilies1 nodding tulips1 graceful fern shapes1 are showered in endless profusion on these fairy walls4 ,here and there are little niches lined with flowers1 a feathery veil of rock bloom hanging over the entrance4 ,we peep in curiously1 but no ,peri is there4 ,this seems truly the 8,enchanted ,palace of ,sleep10 but the princess is too deeply hidden for mortal eyes to discover4 ,lingeringly we leave this wondrous scene4 ,at the very end is pointed out the last rose of summer1 resting against the ceiling2 it is of snowy whiteness1 about eight inches in diameter1 and is really the last to be seen in the avenue4 ,a short distance beyond is ,rocky ,mountain1 one hundred feet high1 composed of large rocks which have evidently fallen from above4 ,on top of the mountain is a stalagmite called ,cleopatra's ,needle--why a needle1 and wherefore ,cleopatra's1 ,i am unable to explain4 ,we are now nearing the end of the cave1 and to the weary of our band the mountain seems an insurmountable obstacle1 therefore only the more adventurous scale the heights1 and1 passing ,dismal ,hollow1 a gorge seventy feet deep and one hundred wide1 enter ,crogan ,hall1 which constitutes the end of the 8,long ,route40 ,it is covered with stalactites1 very hard and white1 fragments of which are worked into ornaments4 ,this part of the cave is evidently near the surface of the earth1 and from the comparative abundance of animal life it is probable there is an open communication at some point not far distant4 ,the rat found here differs from its ,norway brother in that it is a size larger2 the head and eyes1 which are black and lustrous1 resemble those of a rabbit1 while its soft fur is of a bluish gray and white4 ,crickets and lizards are numerous2 they are sluggish in their movements1 and the cricket never chirps4 ,why should he1 indeed1 having neither hearth nor tea-kettle to inspire him8 ,all these animals1 although provided with large eyes1 seem quite blind when first caught4 ,the fish found in the various rivers are of the class known as viviparous2 they have rudiments of eyes1 but no optic nerve4 ,there are also eyeless crawfish2 both these and the eyeless fish are nearly white4 ,at certain seasons ordinary fish1 crawfish1 and frogs are washed into the rivers of the cave from ,green ,river1 the inference being that they also in due course of time lose the power of vision4 ,at the end of ,crogan ,hall we are said to be nine miles from the mouth of the cave1 and somewhere under ground near ,cave ,city4 ,here is the #fcb ,maelstrom1 a frightful pit1 one hundred and seventy-five feet deep1 and twenty wide4 ,it has been explored by two or three adventurous spirits1 the first of whom was a son of the late ,george ,d4 ,prentice4 ,it is needless to describe our return1 which was over the ground already explored2 devoting less time1 of course1 to the examination of wonders1 and not at all tired1 for exercise in this exhilarating atmosphere is unlike that of the upper world4 ,we finally reach the entrance1 and emerge--into darkness again--for it is nine ,p4,m41 and only a few twinkling stars remind us that we are not still underground4 ,i shall not do more than mention ,proctor and ,diamond ,caves1 which we explored on the following day1 but they excel in stalactitic formation and well repay a visit4 ,they are on the direct route to ,glasgow1 a station three miles nearer than that of ,cave ,city1 and where there has been recently built a comfortable hotel on the site of the ancient 8,bell's ,tavern10 well known to ,kentuckians in former days4 ,those who have never visited ,mammoth ,cave will scarcely credit the assertion of the guides that two hundred and fifty miles of travel are necessary to see all of the known avenues of the cave4 ,when we add to this the statement that new discoveries are constantly being made which reveal the fact that there is still a wilderness of cave untrodden by the foot of man1 speculation passes all bounds4 ,none but a soul absolutely impervious to the impressions of the sublime and beautiful handiwork of the world's great ,architect1 can fail to realize the highest expectations in an exploration of this greatest of caves now known4 #abf ,the cave should be visited in summer and early fall months2 at other seasons1 the waters of the cave being influenced by all the movements of ,green ,river1 a sudden rise in the latter will1 in a few hours1 cut off communication with the largest and by far the most interesting portion of the cave4 #abg 8,old ,mat0 is now off duty1 but may still be seen about the hotel4 ,he thinks he knows more about the cave than any man living1 and still better qualified than the younger guides to exhibit its wonders6 ---------- ,,our ,,epiphany4 ,what though we cannot1 with the star-led kings1 ,adore the swaddled ,babe of ,bethlehem6 ,behold1 as sweet a ,benediction#abh brings ,a new ,epiphany denied to them4 ,the ,mary ,mystical #8tis ours to see ,still from his crib the little ,jesus take1 ,and show him to us on her altar-knee1 ,and sing to him to bless us for her sake4 ,shall we the while be kneeling giftless there8 ,in loving faith a richer gold shall please1 ,a costlier incense in the humblest prayer1 ,nor less the myrrh of penitence than these3 ,and there between us holy ,priesthood stands1 ,our own ,saint ,joseph1 with the chosen hands4 #abh ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ---------- ,,the ,,cosmic ,,philosophy4#abi #fcc ,herbert ,spencer has often been alluded to in our pages1 and one of his works1 that on ,biology1 has been specially noticed by us4 ,he is usually classed with the positivists1 and we have ourselves so classed him2 but he protests against this classification1 and1 after studying carefully1 or as carefully as our patience would permit1 the volume before us1 we confess the classification appears to be inexact1 and even unjust to the positivists4 ,there are considerable differences between his philosophy and the ,philosophie ,positive as we find it set forth by ,m4 ,e4 ,littr1 its greatest living chief2 for1 as set forth by its founder1 ,m4 ,auguste ,comte1 in his own works1 we would rather not speak1 for1 to confess the truth1 we have never had the patience to read them so as to master their doctrines4 ,yet1 as far as we do know the system1 it differs on several points1 and much to its advantage1 from the cosmic philosophy set forth in ,mr4 ,spencer's ,first ,principles1 especially as to the relativity of knowledge and the theory of evolution4 ,it is the product of a higher order of mind than ,mr4 ,spencer can boast1 and of a mind originally trained in a better school4 ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer is a man of considerable native ability1 of respectable attainments in what is called modern science1 and a fair representative of contemporary ,english thought and mental tendencies2 but he has made a sad mistake in attempting to be a philosopher1 for he lacks entirely the ingegno filosofico1 and we have not discovered a single trace of a philosophic principle1 thought1 or conception in any or all of his several works4 ,he is or might be a physicist1 or what old ,ralph ,cudworth terms a physiologer1 perhaps not much inferior to old ,leucippus or ,democritus1 but he has not in him the makings of a philosopher1 and his cosmic theories are not even plausible to a philosophic mind4 8,in the kingdom of the blind1 the one-eyed is king40 ,the not inconsiderable reputation ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer seems to have acquired is probably due not to his merits so much as to the low state into which philosophical studies have fallen in the ,anglo-,saxon world1 and the tendency to anti-,christian and anti-religious theories and speculations which ,protestantism1 when it begins to examine its own foundation and to account for itself1 everywhere encourages4 ,the party we meet here and in ,england1 with 8advanced views0 as they are called1 and which every day grows in numbers and strength1 welcomes with enthusiasm any and every writer who helps or promises to help them to explain the problem of the universe on physical principles1 without recurring to the supernatural or the fact of creation4 ,the party1 profoundly ignorant of ,christian theology and philosophy1 and devoted to the study of physical facts and phenomena alone1 have persuaded themselves that ,christianity is unscientific1 and that it tends to degrade men1 to enfeeble reason1 and to prevent the free expansion of #fcd thought2 and they regard as their benefactor whoever is able to strengthen their cosmic or atheistic tendency4 ,such a man they esteem ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer4 ,he is apparently just the man to be accepted as the chief of the sect1 or the philosopher of negation4 ,its adherents wish not for their leader an avowed atheist or pantheist1 for the world is not just yet advanced enough for that1 but they do wish one who is skilful in disguising his atheism or pantheism in the forms and terms of science2 and who can do this more successfully than ,herbert ,spencer8 ,mr4 ,spencer divides his book into two parts4 ,in ,part ,i4 he treats of what he calls 8,the ,unknowable02 in ,part ,,ii4 he treats of what he calls 8,the ,knowable40 ,under the head of 8,the ,unknowable0 he seeks the relation of science and religion1 to ascertain the ultimate verity or ideas of each1 and to show the ground on which they meet and are reconciled4 ,he asserts that all knowledge is relative1 is knowledge of phenomena alone1 which are nothing outside of their relation to consciousness1 itself phenomenal1 and to a ,something underlying them1 and of which they are the appearances or which they manifest4 ,we are compelled to admit1 he says1 this ,something1 because the phenomena cannot be thought without it2 and as we can assign no limit to these manifestations1 we are compelled to assert this ,something1 ,power1 ,being1 or ,reality is infinite4 ,but this ,infinite ,something which is the reality of the cosmos is absolutely unknowable and even unthinkable4 ,how1 then1 can it be asserted8 ,every religion seeks the solution of the problem of the universe1 the explanation of the great cosmic mystery that surrounds us on all sides1 and all religions agree that the solution is in this infinite ,reality or ,something1 which is absolutely unknowable1 absolutely inscrutable4 ,the ultimate religious ideas or highest and most comprehensive generalizations of religious conceptions are1 first1 the assertion of this incognizable and incogitable ,something2 and1 second1 that the solution of the problem exceeds all human powers4 ,science deals with the same cosmic problem1 and1 rising by generalization to generalization of the cosmic phenomena up to the higher and broadest possible1 is compelled to admit the same ,infinite ,something1 and to admit that it is not cognizable nor cogitable4 ,consequently1 the ultimate scientific ideas are identical with the ultimate religious ideas4 ,both religion and science are fused together1 and reconciled without any compromise1 and the old feud between them extinguished1 in the bosom of the ,infinite ,unknowable4 8,he makes a solitude1 and calls it peace40 ,as we have no predisposition to accept the new system of philosophy1 we cannot find this conclusion perfectly satisfactory4 ,the cosmists object to the ,comteans or positivists that they absorb the cosmos in man and society2 the cosmists1 on the other hand1 seem to us to absorb man and society in the cosmos1 and subject them to the same physical law ,mr4 ,emerson does when he asserts the identity of gratitude and gravitation4 ,by asserting that only phenomena are cognizable1 and subjecting man to the common cosmic law1 they include him in the cosmic phenomena1 and make him simply an appearance or manifestation of the unknowable1 without any real or substantive existence of his own4 ,we thus lose in the infinite variety of the cosmic phenomena both the thinking subject and the object thought4 ,the soul is a cosmic #fce appearance4 ,furthermore1 by declaring the phenomenal cannot be thought in and by itself without the ,infinite ,something that underlies it as its ground or reality1 and then declaring that something to be unknowable1 unthinkable even1 the new system declares that there is no knowable1 and consequently no science or knowledge at all4 ,the new system of philosophy1 then1 reconciles science and religion only in a universal negation1 that is1 by really denying both4 ,this can hardly satisfy either a scientist or a ,christian4 ,in the second part1 ,mr4 ,spencer defines philosophy to us1 as near as we can come at his sense1 to be the unification of the several religions and several sciences in their respective or special generalizations in a generalization that comprehends them all4 ,generalization with him means the elimination of the differentia1 or abstraction4 ,he therefore1 in making philosophy a generalization1 makes it an abstraction1 and1 so to speak1 the abstraction of all particular abstractions4 ,but abstractions in themselves are nullities1 and consequently philosophy is a nullity1 and science and religion are nullities4 ,mr4 ,spencer maintains that we have 8symbolic conceptions10 in which nothing is conceived--symbols which symbolize nothing4 ,is his 8new system of philosophy0 anything but a generalization and unification of these 8symbolic conceptions08 ,mr4 ,spencer starts with the assumption that all religions1 including atheism1 have a verity in common as well as an error4 ,the verity must be that in which they all agree2 the error1 in their differences1 or in the matters in which they do not agree4 ,eliminate the differences and take what is common to them all1 and you will have the universal verity which they all assert4 ,but what verity is common to truth and falsehood1 to theism and atheism8 ,the verity common to religion and science1 that the solution of the cosmic mystery is unknowable8 ,but that is not a verity2 it is a mere negation1 and all truth is affirmative4 ,atheism is not a religion1 but the negation of all religion4 ,exclude that1 take all religions from fetichism to ,christianity inclusive2 eliminate the differentia1 and take what they all agree in asserting4 ,be it so4 ,all religions1 without a single exception1 however rude or however polished1 agree in asserting the supernatural1 and that1 if the cosmic mystery is inexplicable by human means1 it is explicable by supernatural means4 ,a true application of ,mr4 ,spencer's rule1 the consensus hominum1 would assert as the common verity the supernatural1 that is1 the supercosmic1 which is precisely what the cosmic philosophy denies and is invented to deny4 ,mr4 ,spencer does not appear to be master of his own tools4 ,all religions concede that the cosmic mystery is inexplicable by our unassisted powers1 by secondary causes1 or by physical laws2 but none of them admits that it is absolutely inexplicable1 for each religion professes to be its explanation4 ,mr4 ,spencer is wrong in asserting that all are seeking to solve the cosmic mystery2 for each proposes itself as its solution1 and it is only as such that it claims to be or can be called a religion4 ,the question for the philosopher is1 ,do any of these religions give us a solution which reason1 in the freest and fullest exercise of its powers1 can accept1 and1 if so1 which one is it8 ,mr4 ,spencer tells us1 p4 #cb3 8,respecting the origin of the universe1 three verbally intelligible suppositions may be made4 ,we may assert that it is self-existent1 or that it is self-created1 or that it is #fcf created by an external agency40 ,the second supposition he rejects as the pantheistic hypothesis1 which is a mistake1 for no pantheist or anybody else asserts that the universe creates itself4 ,the pantheist denies that it is created at all2 and the philosopher denies that it creates itself2 for1 since to create is to act1 self-creation would require the universe to act before it existed4 ,the third supposition1 which the author calls 8the theistical hypothesis10 he denies1 because it explains nothing1 and is useless4 ,he explains it to mean that the universe is produced by an artificer1 after the manner of a human artificer in producing a piece of furniture from materials furnished to his hand4 8,but whence come the materials80 ,the question might be pertinent if asked of ,plato or ,aristotle1 neither of whom was a theist2 but not when asked of a ,christian theologian1 who holds that ,god creates or created all things from nothing1 that is1 without pre-existing materials1 by 8the sole word of his power40 ,the first supposition1 the self-existence of the universe1 the author denies1 not because the universe is manifestly contingent and must have had a beginning1 and therefore a cause or creator2 but because self-existence is absolutely inconceivable1 an impossible idea4 ,he says1 p4 #ce3 8,the hypothesis of the creation of the universe by an external agency is quite useless2 it commits us to an infinite series of such agencies1 and then leaves us where it found us40 8,those who cannot conceive of the self-existence of the universe1 and therefore assume a creator as the source of the universe1 take it for granted that they can conceive a self-existent creator4 ,the mystery of the great fact surrounding them on every side they transfer to an alleged source of this great fact1 and then suppose they have solved the mystery4 ,but they delude themselves1 as was proved in the outset of the argument4 ,self-existence is rigorously inconceivable1 and this holds true whatever be the nature of the object subject of which it is predicated4 ,whoever argues that the atheistical hypothesis is untenable because it involves the impossible idea of self-existence1 must perforce admit that the theistical hypothesis is untenable if it contains the same impossible idea40 ,but who ever argued that the atheistical hypothesis is untenable because it involves the idea of self-existence8 ,atheism is denied because it asserts the self-existence of that which cannot be1 and is known not to be1 self-existent4 ,but it is evident that the author rejects alike self-existence and creation2 that the cosmos is self-existent1 or that it is created by an independent1 self-existent1 and supercosmic creator4 ,how1 then1 can he assert the existence of the cosmos1 real or phenomenal1 at all8 ,the cosmos either exists or it does not4 ,if it does not1 that ends the matter4 ,if it does1 it must be either created or self-existent2 for the author rejects an infinite series as absurd1 and self-creation as only an absurd form of expressing self-existence4 ,but as the author denies self-existence1 whatever the subject of which it is predicated1 and also the fact of creation1 it follows rigorously1 if he is right1 that the cosmos does not exist4 ,the author cannot take refuge in his favorite nescio1 or say we do not know the origin of the cosmos1 for he has positively denied it every possible origin1 and therefore has by implication denied it all existence4 ,a moment ago1 we showed that he denied by implication all science or knowledge1 and now we see #fcg that1 if held rigorously to his system as he explains it1 he denies all existence1 and1 by implication at least1 asserts absolute nihilism4 ,surely there is no occasion to apply to his new system of philosophy the reductio ad absurdum4 ,the author is necessarily led to the assertion that at least nothing is knowable by his doctrine1 that all knowledge is relative4 ,the ,comtists restrict1 in theory1 all knowledge to sensible things1 their mutual relations1 dependencies1 and the conditions and laws of their development and progress2 but they at least admit that these may be objects of science and positively known4 ,but our cosmic philosopher denies this1 and asserts the relativity of all knowledge4 ,we know and can know only the relative that is1 only what is relative to the absolute1 and relative to our own consciousness4 ,in this he follows ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,j4 ,stuart ,mill1 and the late ,dr4 ,mansel1 ,anglican ,dean of ,st4 ,paul's4 ,but relative knowledge is simply no knowledge1 because in it nothing is known4 ,the relative is not cognizable nor cogitable in and by itself1 because it in and by itself1 or prescinded from that to which it is relative1 does not exist1 and is simply nothing4 ,what neither is nor exists is not cognizable nor cogitable4 ,the relativity of all knowledge1 then1 is simply the denial of all knowledge4 ,it is idle1 then1 for ,mr4 ,spencer to talk of science4 ,his science is only a laborious ignorance4 ,mr4 ,spencer labors hard to prove the relativity of all knowledge4 ,he either proves it or he does not4 ,if he does not1 he has no right to assert it2 if he does1 he disproves it at the same time4 ,if the proof is not absolute1 it does not prove it2 if it is absolute1 then it is not true that all knowledge is relative2 for the proof must be absolutely known1 or it cannot be alleged4 ,we either know that all knowledge is relative1 or we do not4 ,if we do not1 no more need be said2 if we do know it1 then it is false1 because the knowledge of the relativity of knowledge is itself not relative4 ,the assertion of the relativity of all knowledge1 therefore1 contradicts and refutes itself4 ,no man can doubt that he doubts1 or that doubt is doubt1 and therefore universal doubt or universal scepticism is impossible1 and not even assertable4 ,the same argument applies to the pretence that all knowledge is relative4 ,the relativists are misled by their dealing with the abstract and not the concrete4 ,they regard all that is or exists either as relative or absolute4 ,but both absolute and relative are abstract conceptions1 and formed by abstraction from the concrete intuitively presented or apprehended4 ,they exist1 as ,st4 ,thomas tells us1 only in mente1 cum fundamento in re4 ,there are no abstractions in nature or the cosmos1 and there is and can be neither abstract science nor science of abstractions1 for abstractions1 prescinded from their concretes1 are simply nullities4 ,the absolute is1 we grant1 unknowable1 and so also is the relative1 for neither has any existence in nature1 or a parte rei4 ,they are both generalizations1 and nature never generalizes4 ,whatever exists1 exists in concreto1 not in genere4 ,hence1 the ens in genere of ,rosmini is no ens reale1 but simply ens possibile1 like the reine ,seyn of ,hegel1 which is the equivalent of das ,nichtseyn2 for the possible is only the ability of the real4 ,now1 because the abstract absolute is unknowable1 unthinkable even1 it by no means follows that the concrete1 real and necessary being1 cannot be both thought and known1 or that things cannot be both thought #fch and known in their relations to it1 without reducing it to the category of the relative4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton says the absolute is the unconditioned1 and is incogitable1 because our thought necessarily conditions it4 ,this would be true if the absolute is an abstraction or mental conception1 but is false and absurd if applied to real1 necessary1 infinite1 and self-existent being1 which1 as independent of us and all relation1 is and must be the same whether we think it or not4 ,the thought does not impose its own conditions and limitations on the object2 certainly not when the object is real and necessary being1 and in every respect independent of it4 ,we cannot1 of course1 think infinite being infinitely or adequately1 but it does not follow that we cannot think it1 though finitely and inadequately4 ,the human mind1 being finite1 cannot comprehend infinite being2 but1 nevertheless1 it may and does apprehend it1 or else ,mr4 ,spencer could not assert the ,infinite ,something1 which he says we are compelled to admit underlies the cosmic phenomena and is manifested in them4 ,the human mind can apprehend more than it can comprehend1 and nothing that is apprehensible1 though incomprehensible1 is unthinkable or unknowable1 except in ,mr4 ,spencer's ,new ,system of ,philosophy4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton says1 in defending the relativity of all knowledge3 8,only relations are cogitable4 ,relation is cogitable only in correlation1 and the relation between correlatives is reciprocal1 each is relative to the other4 ,thought is dual1 and embraces at once subject and object in their mutual opposition and limitation40 ,this merely begs the question4 ,besides1 it is not true4 ,relations are themselves cogitable only in the related2 correlatives connote each other1 so that the one cannot be thought without thinking the other2 but not therefore are all relations reciprocal1 as the relation between phenomenon and noumenon1 cause and effect1 creator and creation4 ,here are two terms and a relation between them1 but no reciprocity4 ,when we think cause and effect1 we do not think them as mutually opposing and limiting each other4 ,the effect cannot oppose or limit the cause1 or the creature the creator1 for the creature depends on the creator and is nothing without his creative act1 and the effect is nothing without the cause which produces and sustains it4 ,the creature depends on the creator1 but not the creator on the creature2 the effect depends on the cause1 but not the cause on the effect4 ,there may1 then1 be relation without reciprocity4 ,it is true1 ,mr4 ,spencer denies creation1 and relegates all causative power to the dark region of the unknowable1 and calls the origin of the universe in the creative act of being or ,god 8an hypothesis10 and rejects it with ill-concealed scorn2 yet creation is not 8an hypothesis10 but a scientific fact1 and a necessary principle of all science4 ,without it the cosmos would not be cognizable1 for it would have no dialectic constitution4 ,it could not even be thought1 for every thought is a judgment1 and no judgment is possible where there is no copula that joins the predicate to the subject4 ,rejecting creation1 the author cannot assert the relation of cause and effect2 rejecting cause and effect1 he cannot assert even the cosmic phenomena4 ,they are not able to stand on their own bottom1 and therefore not at all1 unless the ,something of which they are1 as he says1 manifestations1 is a cause producing and sustaining them4 ,we submit1 then1 that ,mr4 ,spencer's doctrine of the unknowable1 and the #fci relativity of all knowledge1 estops him from asserting anything as knowable1 for it really denies all the knowable and all the real--omne scibile et omne reale4 ,the second part of ,mr4 ,spencer's work on 8,the ,knowable0 we might well omit1 but as it is that in which he claims to be original1 and in which he supposes he has made most valuable contributions to the philosophy of the cosmos1 an omission to examine it might seem ungracious4 ,besides1 the inventors of new systems of philosophy must not be held too rigidly to the logical consequences of their own doctrines1 non omnia possumus4 ,it is impossible for the founder to foresee all that his doctrine involves1 and it is but fair1 if he really has said anything new that is true1 that it should be recognized1 and he receive due credit for it1 even if it is an anomaly in his general system of philosophy4 ,we proceed1 therefore1 to consider ,part ,,ii4 ,in this second part1 the author professes to treat the knowable1 not indeed in its several details1 but in its first principles1 or ultimate generalizations4 ,the generalization of a group of phenomena is science2 the generalization of the several groups of phenomena observable in the cosmos constitutes the several special sciences2 and the combination of these special sciences into one higher and more comprehensive generalization1 which embraces them all1 is philosophy4 ,in constructing philosophy1 the author1 be it observed1 like the coral insect1 begins below and works upward1 and bases the universal on the particular4 ,the great point1 or novelty1 in this second part1 however1 is unquestionably1 as the author claims1 the doctrine of ,evolution4 ,by evolution1 the author does not understand evolving or unfolding1 as do ordinary mortals2 but the aggregation or contraction and diffusion1 according to certain laws which he has determined1 of matter1 motion1 and force4 ,evolution consists1 therefore1 of two processes1 contraction and diffusion1 and is either simple or compound4 ,simple evolution is where concentration and diffusion follow each other alternately2 compound evolution is where the two processes go on simultaneously in the same subject1 which may be said to be growing and decaying1 or living and dying1 at one and the same time4 ,minerals1 plants1 and animals1 including man1 are all formed by the evolution of matter1 motion1 and force4 ,the elimination or loss of motion1 mechanical1 chemical1 or electrical1 is followed by the concentration of matter and force1 which may assume the form of a pebble1 a diamond1 a nettle1 a rose1 an oak1 a jelly-fish1 a tadpole1 a monkey1 a man4 ,life is simply the product of 8the mechanical1 chemical1 and electrical arrangement of particles of matter40 ,the concentration of motion is followed by a diffusion or dispersion of matter and force1 and the disappearance of the several groups of phenomena we have just named2 but as matter is indestructible1 and as there is always the same quantity of motion and force1 they disappear only to reappear in new groups or transformations4 ,the diffusion of the mineral may be the birth of the plant2 of the plant1 the birth of the animal2 of the ape1 may be a new concentration which gives birth to man4 ,nothing is lost4 ,the cosmos is a ceaseless evolution2 is1 so to speak1 in a state of perpetual flux and reflux1 in which diffusion of one group of phenomena is followed by the birth of another1 in endless rotation1 or life from death1 and death from life4 ,dissolution #fdj follows concentration 8in eternal alternation10 or both go on together4 ,this is not a new doctrine1 but substantially the doctrine of a school of ,greek philosophers1 warred against both by ,plato and ,aristotle1 that all things are in a state of ceaseless motion1 of growth and decay1 in which corruption proceeds from generation1 and generation from corruption1 in which death is born of life1 and life is born of death4 ,our cosmic philosophers only repeat the long since exploded errors of the old cosmists4 ,but pass over this4 ,the author is treating of the knowable4 ,we ask him1 then1 how he contrives to know that there is any such evolution as he asserts8 ,he assumes that matter1 motion1 and force are the constituent elements of the cosmos2 but he can neither know it nor prove it1 since he maintains that what matter is1 or what motion is1 or what force is1 is unknown and unknowable4 ,he denies the relation of cause and effect1 or at least that it is cognizable2 how1 then1 can he assert the cosmic phenomena are only concentrations and diffusions of matter1 motion1 and force8 ,a certain elimination of motion and a corresponding concentration of matter and force produces the rose1 another produces an ape1 another produces a man1 says the author of this new system of philosophy4 ,does he know that he is only a certain concentration of matter and force1 resulting from a certain diffusion or loss of motion8 ,can he not only think1 but prove it8 ,but all proof1 all demonstration1 as all reasoning1 nay1 sensible intuition itself1 depends on the principle of cause and effect2 for1 unless we can assert that the sensation within is caused by some object without that affects the sensible organism1 we can assert nothing outside of us1 not even a phenomenon or external appearance4 ,how does the author know1 or can he know1 that he differs from the ape only in the different combination of matter1 motion1 and force8 ,mr4 ,spencer1 in his work on ,biology1 asserts that life results from the mechanical1 chemical1 and electrical arrangement of the particles of matter4 ,if this were so1 it would1 on the author's own principles1 explain nothing4 ,it would be only saying that a certain group of phenomena is accompanied by another group1 which we call life1 but not that there is any causal relation between them4 ,that the supposed arrangement of the particles of matter originates the life ,mr4 ,spencer cannot assert without the intuition of cause and causes he either denies or banishes to the unknowable4 ,analytical chemistry resolves1 we are told1 the diamond into certain gases2 but is synthetic chemistry able to recombine the gases so as to produce a diamond8 ,professor ,huxley finds1 he thinks1 the physical basis of life in protoplasm4 ,protoplasm is not itself life1 according to him1 but its basis4 ,how does he know1 since he denies causality1 that life is or can be developed from protoplasm8 ,protoplasm1 chemically analyzed1 is resolved into certain well-known gases2 but it is admitted that synthetic chemistry is unable to recombine them and reproduce protoplasm4 ,evidently1 as in the case of the diamond1 there is in the production of protoplasm some element which even analytic chemistry fails to detect4 ,no synthetic chemistry can obtain the protoplasm from protein1 and there is no instance in which life1 feeling1 thought and reason1 are known1 or can be proved1 to result from dead matter1 or from any possible combinations of matter1 motion1 and force4 ,if it could so result1 the fact could not be proved1 and would remain for #fda ever in the unknowable4 ,the new philosophy resolves all the cosmic phenomena into the concentration and diffusion of the unknowable elements called matter1 motion1 and force4 ,the quantities of these elements remain always the same1 but they are in a state of constant evolution1 and all the cosmic phenomena result from this evolution1 and are simply changes or transformations of the same force4 ,now1 the evolution either has had a beginning or it has not4 ,if it has not1 we must assume an infinite series of evolutions1 or concentrations and diffusions2 but an infinite series is absurd1 and the author himself denies it4 ,then it must have had a beginning2 but no phenomenon can begin to exist without a cause independent of the phenomenon1 or the causatum4 ,but the author denies the cause in denying the origin of the cosmos in creation1 or its production by a supercosmic creator4 ,we are sadly at loss1 then1 to conceive how he contrives1 consistently with his new system1 to assert either the law of evolution1 or even evolution itself4 ,will he tell us how he does it8 ,we need not follow the author through the alleged facts and illustrations by which he seeks to explain and sustain his system of evolution2 because evolution is not assertable on his own principles1 nor is it provable aliunde by any possible deductions or inductions of science4 ,so far from being science1 it is not even an admissible hypothesis2 because it contradicts and refutes itself4 ,mr4 ,spencer has attempted to construct a system of philosophy or explication of the cosmic phenomena1 and the law of their production or transformation1 without recurrence to any metaphysical principles1 and from physical principles alone1 or by the generalization of the physical phenomena as they appear to the human consciousness in space and time1 and has necessarily failed2 because the physical principles themselves1 and consequently the physical phenomena1 are inexplicable and inconceivable even1 without the principles discarded as metaphysical4 ,the author's whole theory of evolution depends on the assumed fact of the indestructibility of matter1 the continuity of motion1 and the persistence of force1 not one of which can be asserted without the ideal intuition of being1 substance1 and cause1 all three metaphysical principles1 and as such relegated by the author to the region of the unknowable4 ,the indestructibility of matter can be deduced or induced from no possible observation of sensible phenomena4 ,the continuity of motion or the persistence of force is no fact of consciousness4 ,mr4 ,spencer himself says1 to science or the explication of phenomena1 the present must be linked with the past and with the future1 and hence he argues the indestructibility of matter1 the continuity of motion1 and the persistence of force2 but not one of them is a fact of consciousness4 ,consciousness is the recognition of one's self as subject in the present act of thought1 and looks neither before nor after1 takes cognizance neither of the past nor of the future1 and consequently of no link connecting them with the present4 ,indestructibility1 continuity1 persistence1 all of which imply cognitions of the past and future1 are not and cannot be facts of consciousness1 which is cognition only of the present4 ,matter and motion1 the author says1 are derivative1 derived from force1 which alone is primitive4 ,the indestructibility of matter and the continuity of motion depend1 then1 solely on the persistence of force1 and are apprehensible1 therefore1 only in apprehending that persistence2 but #fdb that persistence is not a fact of consciousness4 ,how1 then1 can it be asserted1 unless force is1 and is apprehended as1 a persistent substance8 ,but substance is unknowable4 ,the author adopts the method of the physicists1 the so-called inductive method1 and proceeds from particular phenomena to induce by generalization their law2 but no induction is valid that is not made by virtue of a general principle1 which is not itself inferable from the phenomenal1 and must be given and held by the mind before any induction is possible4 ,this is the condemnation of the method of the physicists1 for1 from phenomena alone1 only phenomena can be obtained4 ,a method without principles is null1 and leads only to nullity4 ,the author does not understand that the reason why the cosmic phenomena are not cogitable without the assumption of the cosmic reality underlying them1 is because the mind intuitively apprehends them as dependent on something which they are not1 and at the same time1 and in the same intellectual act1 intuitively apprehends a reality beyond them1 which by its causative act produces and sustains them4 ,he is wrong in declaring that the something real is unknowable2 it may be incomprehensible1 but1 as we have seen1 it must be cognizable1 or nothing is cognizable4 ,that the men who follow in the physical sciences the physical or1 as they say1 the inductive method1 inducing general conclusions from particular facts or phenomena1 have really advanced those sciences1 and by their untiring labors and exhaustless patience achieved all but miracles in the application of science to the mechanical and productive arts from which trade and industry have so largely profited1 we by no means deny2 but they have done so because the mind1 in their investigations and inductions1 has all along had the intuition of the ideal principle which legitimates their generalizations1 that of being or substance1 and its creative or causative act1 but of which they take no heed1 or to which they do not advert2 as ,st4 ,augustine says1 the mind really has cognition of ,god in the idea of the perfect1 but does not ordinarily advert to the fact4 ,they suppose they obtain the law they assert by logical inference from the phenomena1 because they do not observe that the mind has intuition of the causative or creative act1 which is the ideal principle of the induction4 ,the mind is superior to their philosophy1 and they reason far better than they explain their reasoning4 ,we may apply to them the advice ,lord ,mansfield gave to a man of good sense and sound judgment1 but of little legal knowledge1 who had been recently appointed a judge in one of the ,british colonies3 8,give your decisions10 said his lordship1 8without fear or hesitation2 but don't attempt to give your reasons40 ,so long as they confine themselves to the proper field of scientific investigation1 they are safe enough2 but let them come out of that field and attempt to explain the philosophy or the principles of their physical science1 and they are pretty sure to make sad work of it4 ,ne sutor ultra crepidam4 ,mr4 ,spencer protests against being regarded as an atheist1 for he denies the self-existence of the universe1 and neither affirms nor denies the existence of ,god4 ,but atheist means simply no-theist1 and1 if he does not assert that ,god is1 he certainly is an atheist4 ,it is not necessary1 in order to be an atheist1 to make a positive denial of ,god4 ,his disciple1 ,professor ,john ,fiske1 who has been lecturing on the cosmic philosophy before ,harvard ,college1 contends that the cosmic #fdc philosophy is not atheistical1 because it asserts in the unknowable an infinite power1 being1 or reality1 that underlies the cosmic phenomena1 of which they are the sensible manifestations2 yet this does not relieve it1 because what is asserted is not ,god1 and is not pretended to be the ,god of theism1 but the reality or substance of the cosmos and indistinguishable from it4 ,it is the real1 as the phenomena are the apparent1 cosmos4 ,the author denies that he is a pantheist1 for he denies the hypothesis of self-creation2 but1 if he is not a pantheist1 it is only because he does not call the unknowable infinite power or being he asserts as the reality of the cosmos1 that is1 the real cosmos1 by the name of ,god1 ,deus1 or ,theos4 ,but asserting that power as the reality or substance of the cosmic phenomena is precisely what is meant by pantheism4 ,pantheism1 in its modern form1 is the assertion of one only substance1 which is the reality of the cosmic phenomena1 and the denial of the creation of finite substances1 which are the real subject of the cosmic manifestations4 ,pantheism denies the creation of substances or second causes1 and asserts that all phenomena are simply the appearances of the one infinite and only substance2 and this is precisely what ,mr4 ,spencer undeniably does4 ,the only difference between atheism and pantheism is purely verbal4 ,the atheist calls the reality asserted cosmos or nature1 and the pantheist calls it ,god1 but both assert one and the same thing4 ,the power ,mr4 ,spencer asserts is simply the natura naturans of ,spinoza1 and that is nothing the atheist himself does not accept1 and1 indeed1 assert4 ,neither asserts1 nor does ,mr4 ,spencer assert1 any supercosmic being1 or power on which the cosmos depends1 and the power they do assert is as much cosmic as the phenomena themselves4 ,mr4 ,spencer's protest betrays rare theological and philosophical ignorance1 or is a mere verbal quibble1 unworthy a man who even pretends to be a philosopher4 ,mr4 ,spencer hardly once refers to ,christian theology1 and1 without ever having studied it1 evidently would have us think that he considers it beneath his attention4 ,yet he1 as evidently1 has constructed his system for the purpose of undermining and disposing of it once for all4 ,this may be seen in the fact that1 when he refers to religion at all1 it is always to some heathen superstition1 which he assumes to be the type or germ of all religion1 carefully ignoring the patriarchal1 ,hebrew1 or ,christian religion4 ,he tells us 8the earliest traditions represent rulers as gods or demigods40 ,this is not true even of heathenism1 which is in fact an apostasy from the patriarchal or primitive religion1 or its corruption4 ,the apotheosis of ,romulus1 according to tradition1 took place only after his death1 and it is only at a later period that the pagan emperors were held to be gods during their lifetime4 ,mr4 ,spencer's real or affected ignorance of the whole order of religious thought is marvellous1 and we cannot forbear saying3 8,there are more things in heaven and earth1 ,horatio1 ,than are dreamt of in your philosophy40 ,there is no philosophy or science1 if ,god and his creative act are excluded or ignored1 because there is no cosmos left1 and neither a subject to know nor an object to be known4 ,mr4 ,spencer misapprehends the relations of religion and science1 and consequently the conditions of their reconciliation4 ,he says they are the two opposite poles of one and the same globe4 ,this is a mistake4 #fdd ,religion and science are indeed parts of one whole2 but religion1 while it includes science1 supplements it by the analogical knowledge called faith4 ,the truths of faith and of science are always in dialectic harmony1 and between the ,christian faith and real science there is no quarrel1 and can be none2 for religion only supplies the defect of science1 and puts the mind in possession of the solution of the problem of man and the universe1 not attainable by science4 ,there is a quarrel only when the scientists1 in the name of science1 deny or impugn the supplementary truths of revelation1 and which are at least as certain as any scientific truths or facts are or can be2 or when they reject the great principles of reason itself1 which are the basis of all science4 ,let the scientists confine themselves1 as we have said1 to the study and classification of facts1 or the development and application to them of the undoubted principles of the intuitive reason1 and not attempt to go beyond their province or the proper field of scientific investigation1 and there will be no quarrel between them and the theologians4 ,the quarrel arises when men like ,spencer1 ,darwin1 ,huxley1 and others1 profoundly ignorant both of philosophy and of theology1 or the teachings of revelation1 ignoring them1 despising them1 or regarding them with sovereign contempt1 put forth baseless theories and hypotheses incompatible with the truths alike of reason and faith2 and it will continue till they learn that an unproved and unprovable theory or hypothesis is not science1 nor a scientific explanation of the facts either of the soul or of the cosmos1 and is quite insufficient to warrant a denial of the belief of the great bulk of mankind from the first man down to our own day4 ,then there may be peace between the theologians and the scientists1 but not till then4 ,we said1 or intended to say1 that a philosopher is known by his principles4 ,we add that he is also known by his method4 ,the physical method is unscientific and illogical2 for it seeks through phenomena to arrive at being1 and from particulars to obtain general or universal conclusions4 ,induction that is not based on a universal principle can never attain to anything but the particular4 ,generalizations of particulars are only abstractions1 and abstractions1 prescinded from their concretes1 are nullities1 as the possible1 without the real to actualize it1 is nothing4 ,there is no rising from particulars to the universal unless we start with a universal principle intuitively given4 ,it is impossible to conclude1 by logical inference1 substance or being from phenomena4 ,the reality which ,mr4 ,spencer says we are compelled to assert1 though itself unknowable1 as underlying the cosmic phenomena1 is no deduction nor induction from these1 but is given intuitively as the ideal or intelligible in the very act in which the phenomena themselves are apprehended4 ,mr4 ,spencer is wrong in asserting it1 as we have said1 to be unknowable1 and still more so in asserting it as the subject of the cosmic phenomena1 which is simply pantheism4 ,these phenomena are not the appearances or manifestations of the ,infinite ,power or ,being which ,mr4 ,spencer asserts as unknowable1 but of the finite and dependent substances which ,god1 the ,infinite ,being1 creates and upholds as second causes4 ,the universal is not contained in the particular1 the infinite in the finite1 the identical in the diverse1 the immutable in the mutable1 the persistent in the transitory1 unity in plurality1 or the actual in the possible1 and therefore cannot be concluded from it4 ,the two #fde categories are not obtainable1 either from the other1 by any possible logical inference1 and therefore must be given intuitively or neither is cognizable2 for1 though not reciprocal1 they connote1 as all correlatives1 each the other1 since neither is knowable without the other4 ,this is the condemnation of the physical or inductive method1 when followed as a method of obtaining the first principles either of the real or of the knowable4 ,we say only what ,bacon himself said4 ,he said and proved that the inductive method is inapplicable in philosophy1 or out of the sphere of the physical sciences4 ,the great error has been in attempting to follow it in philosophy1 or the science of the sciences1 where it is inapplicable1 for no science can start without first principles4 ,we feel that some apology is due our readers for soliciting their attention to anything so absurd as ,herbert ,spencer's ,new ,system of ,philosophy2 but they must bear in mind that ,mr4 ,spencer is a representative man1 and has only attempted to bring together and combine into a systematic whole the anti-,christian1 anti-theistical1 and anti-rational theories1 hypotheses1 and unscientific speculations which1 under the name and forms of science1 govern the thought of the modern non-,catholic world4 ,mr4 ,spencer's book1 which is a laborious effort to give the philosophy or science of nothing1 and ends only in a system of 8symbolic conceptions10 in which nothing1 according to the author1 is conceived1 has1 after all1 a certain value1 as showing that there is no medium or middle ground between ,catholicity and atheism1 as there is none between atheism and nihilism4 ,mr4 ,spencer1 we should think1 is a man who has read comparatively little1 and knows less of ,christian theology or philosophy2 he seems to us to be profoundly ignorant of his own ignorance1 as well as of the knowledge other men have4 ,he is only carrying out the system of ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,dr4 ,mansel1 and providing a philosophy for the ,darwins1 the ,huxleys1 the ,galtons1 the ,lubbocks1 the ,tyndalls1 et id omne genus1 and has succeeded in proving that no advance has been made by the non-,catholic world on the system of old ,epicurus1 which is rapidly becoming the philosophy of the whole world outside of the church1 and against which the ,bascoms1 the ,hodges1 and the ,mc,coshes1 with honorable intentions and a few fragments of ,catholic theology and philosophy1 protest in vain4 ,this is our apology for devoting so much space to ,herbert ,spencer's inanities4 #abi ,first ,principles of a ,new ,system of ,philosophy4 ,by ,herbert ,spencer4 ,second ,edition4 ,new ,york3 ,appleton ,co4 #ahga4 #abmo1 pp4 #eei4 ---------- ,,st4 ,,cecilia's ,,day ,,in ,,rome4 #fdf ,st4 ,cecilia is one of the few figures among the representative throng of virgin-martyrs that strike us at once as the most familiar1 the most lovable1 and the most to be exalted4 ,every one knows the legend of her life1 and the conversion of her husband and his brother1 brought about by her prayers1 as also by the miracles she obtained for their further confirmation in the faith4 ,her death1 in itself a miracle1 needs no retelling1 neither does the history of her wondrously preserved remains1 that are now laid in the shrine beneath the altar of ,santa ,cecilia in ,trastevere1 a church erected1 by her own wish and behest1 on the spot where her palace stood4 ,this church is a basilica1 and has its altar raised many steps above the level of the mosaic floor of the nave1 and the front of the altar turned away from the people so that the celebrant at ,mass stands facing the congregation1 as in many other ancient ,roman churches4 ,under the altar1 on the lower level of the nave1 is the shrine of the saint1 and there lies her marble image1 small and frail1 though it is said to be life-sized1 and reverently and truly copied from the sleeping body1 whose form remained entire and uncorrupted1 at least until the last time it was solemnly uncovered4 ,to the right of the church is a dark side-chapel1 floored with rare mosaic1 once the bath-room of the young and wealthy patrician1 and the consecrated spot where heathen cruelty twice endeavored to put an end to the sweet singer's life4 ,the actual bath is said to be within the railings that divide a narrow portion of the chapel from the rest4 ,there was the first miracle performed1 of her preservation from the boiling water2 there also the second1 of the prolongation of her life after the three deadly yet ineffectual strokes of the unskilful executioner's sword4 ,one can fancy the young matron1 so childlike in years1 so experienced in holiness1 lying in meek and chaste expectation of the embraces of her heavenly ,bridegroom1 and of the purified reunion with her earthly and virgin spouse--while1 all the time the wondrous1 angel-sustained life lasted1 the ,christians1 her brethren in the faith1 her children through charity1 would be coming and going1 silently as to an altar1 rejoicingly as to a saint1 and learning1 from lips on whom the kiss of peace of the glorified ,jesus was already laid1 lessons of fortitude and love most precious to their faithful souls4 ,we are told1 also1 that ,urban1 the pope1 visited her on her glorious death-bed1 and1 no doubt1 he learnt from her entranced soul more than he could teach it in its passing hour2 learnt1 perhaps1 things whose sweetness became strength to him in the hour of his own not far distant martyrdom4 ,cecilia1 in her short and heavenly life1 seems a fitting model for all women1 and especially for young maidens and wives4 ,she was of those who know well how to put religion before men in its most beautiful garb and most enthralling form2 purity with her was no ice-cold stream and repellent rocky fastness3 it was beauty1 it was reward1 it was glory4 ,crowns of lilies and roses1 heavenly perfume1 and angelic companionship were to be its lovely guerdon2 and not otherwise should #fdg it ever be preached1 nor otherwise surrounded1 when its precepts are presented to man4 ,had we more ,cecilias among our ,christian women of to-day1 there would be more ,valeriani and ,tiburtii among our men1 and virtue would be more readily deemed an honor than a yoke2 home would be more of a temple1 rather than a mere resting-place2 home-life more of a prayer1 rather than a simple idyl4 ,for blamelessness is not ,christian purity2 righteousness is not ,christian faith4 ,we want the visible blessings of the church on our daily lives1 even as ,cecilia brought into the circle of home the visible1 angelic gifts of flowers2 and we know that to those who seek them where ,valerian and his brother sought the heavenly apparition--that is1 through faith and prayer--these blessings1 these gifts1 these blossoms1 these safeguards1 are never denied4 ,and to pass from these aspirations after a more ,christian ideal of home to the impressions made on an eye-witness by the feast of ,st4 ,cecilia in ,rome1 we will merely say that this feast had been eagerly looked forward to1 and had always held a special charm over the mind of the writer of these pages4 ,on this day1 the #bb;d of ,november1 ,mass is said from dawn till noon in the catacomb chapel1 where the martyr was first buried4 ,this chapel is one of the largest and most interesting in the ,catacomb of ,st4 ,callixtus4 ,the distance from the ,eternal ,city to this shrine is not long1 but the old ,appian ,way that leads from the one to the other is crowded with memories and monuments1 each a history in itself4 ,the most noticeable of these is very near the catacomb1 and is none other than the mausoleum of ,cecilia ,metella1 the mysterious and oft-sung pile that ,byron has made strangely familiar to us4 ,one cannot help being struck by the familiarity of the two names1 and the proximity of the two shrines1 of the ,cecilias of ,rome4 ,the proud mausoleum1 stately as a palace1 strong as a fortress1 built by some ostentatious patrician1 or by some sorrowing husband1 for the merely worldly end of perpetuating the memory of an illustrious house1 or of the domestic virtues of a spouse a little above the common run of licentious ,roman matrons1 stands now deserted and unvisited1 its real history lost and forgotten1 and a fictitious one attached to it through the imaginative efforts of a foreign poet4 ,the lonely sepulchre in an earthen wall1 the hidden recess in an underground chapel--dug out by silent1 persecuted men for the proscribed body of a so-called criminal--remains to this day the pilgrimage of thousands1 the well-remembered and well-loved spot where devout followers of the faith ,cecilia followed come to beg her intercession as they kneel before the same sacrament1 and assist at the same sacrifice1 whose blessings were ,cecilia's only strength4 ,cecilia ,metella1 the rich ,roman lady1 is unknown save to antiquaries2 ,cecilia1 the virgin-martyr1 is honored all over the world1 by all races and all nations4 ,the wealth of the first has rusted away and is heard of no more1 because its last emblem was a palatial tomb2 the riches of the second have increased a hundred-fold1 and have been sown broadcast over the earth1 because their abiding symbol lies in a church built over her former dwelling2 and the harvest her prayers have reaped is gathered year after year in the riches untold1 of virgins crowned with miraculous flowers1 of wives laden with the conversions of those dear to them1 of women of all ages1 all ranks1 all nations1 bearing in #fdh their hands the charity born of ,cecilia's death-bed generosity1 and in their hearts the faith of her death-bed professions4 ,and so1 past the stately tomb worthy of ,egypt's solemn magnificence1 the road leads to a small door in a wall1 which opens on to a field4 ,a path fringed with red and purple flowers1 the last-born children of a southern autumn1 winds through the field1 to the head of a steep but wide flight of stairs1 at the foot of which is the entrance to ,st4 ,callixtus' ,catacomb4 ,the pure air1 just mist-veiled in the morning coolness1 shows the landscape around to its utmost advantage2 the omnipresent dome of ,st4 ,peter's basilica clears the line of the blue horizon2 the wide purple plain is crossed here and there by dust-whitened roads and arched aqueducts1 as by the gigantic bones of a decayed and now powerless monster2 the distant hills1 darkened at their base by chestnut woods1 and dotted with white villas1 as with the loosened beads of a string of pearls1 throw bluer shadows on the dusky1 olive-spotted expanse3 and we pause1 and wonder whether1 after all1 things looked so very unlike this on the dawning day when the ,christians bore the happy ,cecilia to her first resting-place4 ,their hearts surely must have felt as ours do now1 full of joy and thanksgiving1 and1 above all1 full of peace4 ,there would have been a silent throng1 a quiet gradual gathering of the future martyrs around the narrow grave of their blessed-forerunner2 for in those days no one knew how soon he or she might be called from the altar to the stake1 and summoned to carry the unconsumed sacrament within his bosom to the tribunal of an unjust and ignorant judge4 ,the avenues of the perplexing labyrinth of the catacomb are all guarded by the government on this day of ,st4 ,cecilia's1 so that no one may stray from the one chapel where service is going on4 ,close to the entrance is the small recess where the saint was laid in her first sleep4 ,it is low and reaches far back into the damp earth-wall2 myrtle and bay-leaves are strewn over its floor1 and flowers and little oil-lamps are spread about like stars4 ,as each person leaves the chapel1 he takes away a leaf or flower as a holy remembrance4 ,two altars are erected1 one close to the martyr's grave1 just beneath a ,byzantine fresco head of our divine ,lord1 the other on the opposite side of the chapel4 ,the space1 small enough for a modern congregation1 though large for a catacomb chapel1 is so crowded that it is difficult for the priests to pass in and out from the altars to the temporary sacristy1 and the worshippers almost lean upon them when they stand to say the 8,judica me1 ,deus40 ,no noise is heard1 save the murmured words of the ,mass and the tinkling of the elevation-bell4 ,foreigners are there with fair-haired boys serving the ,mass of some favorite friend and accompanying chaplain2 ,romans are there with their intense1 if not deep1 southern devotion2 rich and poor1 prince and beggar1 student and peasant1 are alike crowding the virgin-martyr's shrine4 ,a few hundred years ago1 this was the church's cradle1 and patrician and slave came to be baptized together and wear for one day the white robes that to-morrow twilight would see red with blood on the deserted sand of the gladiator's amphitheatre4 ,the priest who said ,mass in those days hardly knew1 when he came to the consecration1 whether the hand of the pagan soldiery might not be upon him before the communion2 the mother #fdi who knelt in tears1 half of natural sorrow1 half of heavenly joy1 and thought of the fair young boy she had but yesterday given back to ,god on the scaffold1 did not know whether tomorrow's dawn might not find her herself prostrate and headless on the same place of execution4 ,partings then were seldom for long1 and1 even when the ,christians parted with our ,lord on the hidden altars1 they knew they would meet him soon again at the right hand of his ,father4 ,not unfrequently1 the ,blessed ,sacrament was kept in a silver vessel made in the shape of a dove1 and one cannot help thinking how sweet a union must have existed between this custom and the idea of the protection and the teaching the ,holy ,spirit was to afford to his spouse1 the church4 8,when the ,spirit of truth cometh10 ,jesus had said1 8he shall teach you all things40 ,and so the ,dove of heaven taught the church the hidden beauties of the ineffable sacrament1 and protected this greatest treasure of the ,bride in its integrity of doctrine and its continuity of love4 ,may we not so interpret1 lovingly and reverentially1 the olden custom of the dove-shaped tabernacle8 ,beautiful as the day was1 it was a sore trial to leave the darksome1 silent chapel1 where generations of older and braver ,christians than ourselves had spent their triumphant vigils and been brought back to sleep their peaceful hero-slumbers--it was a trial1 ,i say1 to return to the carelessly beautiful earth1 the unheeding theatre of such wondrous mysteries4 ,to leave the catacombs in ,cecilia's times was to go forth to almost certain death2 to leave prayer and solitude1 the catacombs of the heart in our day1 is to encounter certain sorrow and possible sin4 ,it is hard to leave ,god's temple and mingle with the chattering throng2 it is hard to lift the curtain of silence and mix with the wrangling world4 ,yet it is our duty4 ,few are privileged to be hermits1 and those few not until the privilege is turned into a trial1 and the apparent retreat is no other than a hard-won stronghold4 ,in the battle1 we must fight1 and fight manfully1 in the foremost rank2 it is only the generals and the chiefs among us that watch from afar1 and feel1 like wearied ,moses1 the weight of victory or defeat hanging on the issue of their prayers4 ,our part seems the harder1 but it is only because our nature is so little that dissatisfaction with our present lot is the very air we breathe4 ,after all1 if we could look around us1 we should see many beautiful things2 if we are bound in fetters of duty1 they are golden fetters1 with the word of ,god carved all over their sunlike sheen2 if we are led in one way and forced to wear the harness of unalterable circumstances1 the reins are broidered with fair work that tells the story of how the angel led the ass of ,balaam1 and how palms were strewn on the path of ,jesus2 the way is emblazoned with rarest flowers and sweetest fruits1 the heraldry of grace2 if we bear a yoke and a burden1 they are but spices and ointments1 wine and oil1 and milk and honey1 all fair and gracious merchandise from the great mart of heaven1 to be borne over the world1 as the clouds bear the rain1 in fertilizing charity and fruit-bearing meekness4 ,so let us leave the dear catacomb1 where even ,music hushed her sighs1 and come forth across the ,roman ,campagna1 with the mist-veils rolled off it1 and the noonday sun1 with its reminiscences of summer1 gilding its fringe of distant mountains1 and its strange rifts of sudden1 unsuspected valleys4 ,here and there1 an aqueduct or a proud stone pyre1 a mound of stones1 each of which bears an imperial #fej inscription1 a rude shepherd's fence1 or irregular stone wall1 that is all you see4 ,not far from here1 in a cornfield whose waves of brown and gold a few months ago kissed the foot of an ilex-crowned hillock1 is the fountain of ,egeria1 a grotto1 fern-clothed1 with a broken goddess of mouldering stone4 ,the water and the 8maiden-hair0 fern are there still1 as beautiful as when the king of ,rome is said to have wandered here in search of wisdom2 the sage himself and the problematic nymph of tradition are dead and gone1 forgotten by the owner of the corn-field1 ignored by the peasant who drinks at the fountain1 unknown to the brown1 barefooted child who gathers the feathery fern4 ,of what use is it to say any more8 ,facts are more cruel commentaries on the past than any words4 ,yet we have just seen children and peasants1 women from northern lands1 men from eastern climes1 bearing away as a relic a leaf of bay or a starry flower from the once filled recess where ,cecilia lay in peace-sealed slumber4 ,where is the difference1 and why8 ,a little child can tell1 but the philosopher will not listen4 ,the feast of ,st4 ,cecilia1 though to the writer of these pages it ended on the threshold of the catacomb1 is not completed here4 ,at her church in the ,trastevere1 the church already mentioned1 takes place the ceremony of solemn vespers1 in which the artists of ,rome assist and take part gratuitously1 out of homage to the queen of music4 ,the antiphon 8,cantantibus ,organis0 is magnificent in art1 but unresponsive in devotion4 ,the phantom of the unhappy ,renaissance breathes in these strains1 religious only in so far as they are a fabric built on sacred words4 ,the simple solemnity of the church's service dwells not in them1 and the touching silence of the catacomb recalls the saint to our mind far more sweetly than these outbursts of paganized minstrelsy within the halls she once called her own4 ,still1 if honor to ,god be meant by this concourse of the artist fraternity1 let us be simple of intention1 and see in it1 as ,god does1 the first-fruits of what they have offered to the ,god of all4 ,reader1 if you ever pray before the early shrine of the virgin-martyr in ,st4 ,callixtus' chapel1 remember the writer of these few words1 and let our prayers go up to ,god together1 8as a morning sacrifice0 and 8as incense in his sight40 ---------- ,,fleurange4 #fea ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,mrs4 ,,craven1 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,sister's ,,story40 ,,part ,,first4 ,,the ,,old ,,mansion4 ,i4 8,young1 beautiful1 poor1 and alone in ,paris1 what will become of her80 ,it was the third time ,dr4 ,leblanc had repeated these words in the presence of his sister1 ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 who remained so mute that she might have been thought deaf1 had not the irregular click of her knitting-needles1 and two or three indistinct exclamations as she paused in her work1 testified to a preoccupation quite equal to that of her brother4 ,the latter at first manifested his by swiftly striding up and down the apartment in which they were1 but now he resumed his usual place in the chimney-corner opposite his sister1 opened and shut his snuff-box noisily1 taking a useless profusion of pinches1 which he forgot to convey to their destination1 and tapping the floor with his foot in a manner that expressed great agitation or extreme perplexity4 ,mademoiselle ,josephine continued to knit without replying1 and seemed no less absorbed than her brother4 ,at length she said3 8,at least1 if she were not1 as you say1 so young and so beautiful60 8,and so poor and alone in the world1 you should add4 ,a sensible remark1 indeed6 ,it is evident if she were old1 ugly1 rich1 and surrounded by friends1 her situation would be very different4 ,i am indebted to you1 ,josephine1 for the discovery40 8,do not be impatient1 brother4 ,i am only repeating what you have just said4 ,to continue the subject3 if she only had a different air--0 8,well1 go on60 8,and another name--0 8,another name6 ,why so8 ,what has her name to do with the matter80 8,a name which was not ridiculous40 8,ridiculous6 ,the name of her father8 ,poor ,gerard d',yves' name was very respectable1 and even noble1 ,i believe4 ,he committed a thousand extravagances and ruined himself4 ,he then became an artist1 and displayed talent enough to have repaired his fortunes had he been wise4 ,besides1 he was of a good family1 and his name--0 8,i am not alluding to his name1 but to his daughter's40 8,well80 8,well1 brother1 do you think this young girl's name bears any resemblance to a ,christian name80 8,fleurange8 ,i acknowledge it is perhaps an odd name4 ,her father had a taste for odd things1 and hearing the name of ,fior ,angela in ,italy1 he translated it40 8,her mother should have had more sense40 8,her poor mother died when she was born1 so she had nothing to do with #feb it40 8,did you not say her mother had a brother who was a professor in some city in ,germany80 8,yes1 at ,leipsic2 but who knows where to find him now8 ,her whole family disapproved of her marriage1 which was finally effected without her father's consent4 ,poor ,margaret lived only a year1 and ,gerard1 who remained a widower1 declined all intercourse with his wife's relatives4 ,he remained many years in ,italy1 and placed his daughter1 as soon as she was five years old1 in some convent near ,perugia4 ,he took her away only two months before he came here1 already ill1 to linger and die three days ago in this poor child's arms1 leaving her entirely alone in the world40 8,but was it not very injurious to his daughter's interests to withhold her thus from all intercourse with her maternal relatives80 8,he began to realize it himself1 but only when it was too late4 ,during his illness1 finding his case daily growing more serious1 he made some efforts to ascertain what had become of ,ludwig ,dornthal1 of whom we have just spoken1 who was ,margaret's favorite brother1 and never faltered in his affection for her4 ,but he could ascertain nothing respecting him4 ,ludwig had married1 and1 long before1 left ,leipsic to settle in some other part of ,germany1 he could not find out what1 and this fruitless effort was a source of pain1 which was not the least he suffered during his last hours4 ,he reproached himself1 and not without reason1 for the frightful loneliness in which he was about to leave his daughter4 ,the poor1 unhappy man bitterly expiated the imprudent and thoughtless act of alienating himself from those whose pardon he should rather have implored1 or at least accepted4 ,but it was the consequence of his disposition1 which was affectionate1 enthusiastic1 and fascinating1 ,i imagine1 when he was young1 but weak1 violent1 and thoughtless4 ,he was born neither to be happy himself1 nor to make others happy1 and his daughter would have been almost as great an object of pity1 had he lived1 as she is now40 8,poor child60 said ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 raising her small black eyes1 with an expression almost celestial lighting up her pale and wrinkled face4 ,after a moment's silence1 she added3 8,god tempers the wind to the shorn lamb6 ,you will see1 brother1 that some good luck will befall her1 or we shall have some fortunate inspiration40 8,well1 the sooner the better1 for ,i have none4 ,your confidence truly excites my admiration40 8,i trust in ,god10 simply replied ,mademoiselle ,josephine4 8,parbleu6 and ,i too10 said the doctor4 8,i truly believe in his goodness2 ,i hope in his mercy2 but in this case--0 8,you would prefer to have the affair in your own hands80 8,come1 come1 ,josephine1 let us stick to the point this time4 ,it is eight o'clock1 and we must positively go for that poor child4 ,she is more lonely than ever to-day1 for the sister who nursed her father1 and remained with her after his death1 left this morning4 ,she must not1 after so sad a day1 pass this first night all alone up there40 8,certainly not10 said the other4 ,the doctor continued3 8,she has not left that little room in the fourth story for a fortnight1 with the exception of this morning1 when she followed her father to the grave1 and since her return how do you imagine she has been occupied8 ,here1 look at this40 ,mademoiselle ,josephine took the paper her brother held out1 and #fec glanced over it4 ,it was a list of the poor artist's debts4 8,the whole amounts to five hundred francs1 which are here4 ,she asked me to settle the bills and procure the receipts40 8,i see that1 according to her calculation1 one-fourth of this sum is intended for the physician who attended her father10 said ,mademoiselle ,josephine slowly4 8,who1 in such a case1 will not accept it1 of course40 8,of course not10 said his sister4 8,out of this sum one hundred and twenty-five francs will be returned to her1 then80 8,yes1 sister1 and that will be the amount of her fortune40 8,while we are talking1 then1 she has absolutely nothing80 8,nothing at all40 ,their conversation at this point was interrupted by a low knock at the door1 and almost immediately the girl of whom they had been talking appeared before them4 ,she stopped and leaned against the wall4 ,the doctor sprang toward her4 8,poor child60 he exclaimed4 8,while we were idly talking1 she was faint from exhaustion and fatigue40 ,she had1 in truth1 fallen into a chair against the wall1 and seemed losing consciousness4 ,mademoiselle ,josephine hastened to support her head1 and bathe her pale brow and colorless cheeks with cold water4 ,every movement of the doctor's elderly sister had become prompt and decided4 ,at a sign from her brother1 she disappeared an instant1 but returned almost immediately with a vial and a glass of water in her hand4 8,that is it10 said the doctor4 ,he let fall a few drops into the glass1 which he then held to the young girl's lips4 ,two or three swallows seemed to revive her4 8,excuse me10 she said1 raising her head1 and forcing herself to rise4 8,excuse me1 both of you4 ,i did not think myself so weak1 and did not intend to give you so much trouble when ,i came to see you40 8,do not talk now1 but drink the remainder of this40 ,fleurange put the glass to her lips1 but returned it to the doctor without tasting it4 8,i cannot10 she said1 8,i feel dizzy4 ,i do not know what ails me--perhaps it is the surprise ,i have just had4 ,here1 monsieur1 read this4 ,it was to show you this letter ,i came down40 ,the doctor took the letter1 but1 before reading it1 led ,fleurange to the fire1 while the active ,josephine1 divining her brother's wishes1 placed on the table a bowl of soup and some bread and wine4 ,fleurange took ,mademoiselle ,josephine's hand between her own3 8,thank you10 she said in a low tone4 8,yes1 ,i think it was that3 ,i am generally strong1 but--but--0 8,i dare say you have not eaten anything since yesterday80 8,no2 and ,i am hungry40 ,the doctor briskly rubbed his spectacles1 and abruptly opened his snuffbox1 while the young girl hastily took the slight repast1 which brought a lively and unusual color to her cheeks4 ,her face was generally very pale4 ,her large eyes1 calm and mild1 gray rather than blue1 shaded by lashes black as her hair1 gave her a peculiar and striking appearance4 ,but notwithstanding this peculiarity1 notwithstanding her paleness1 the delicacy of her features1 and the pliancy of her form1 which swayed like a reed at every movement1 if obliged to characterize in two words the general impression produced by the appearance of ,fleurange d',yves1 those words would be3 simplicity and energy4 ,doctor ,leblanc was doubtless right in thinking #fed that one so young1 beautiful1 and destitute needed protection1 and yet it required only a glance to see that she1 better than any else1 could protect herself4 ,the doctor still held in his hand the letter she had given him4 ,it was dated at ,frankfort4 8,,my ,,dear ,,niece3 ,it was only yesterday1 and by the most unforeseen chance1 we at last learned the state of your father's health and where he lives4 ,none of us have seen him since his marriage with my poor sister ,margaret twenty years ago4 ,you know there was at that time a profound hatred against ,france throughout our country1 and my father would never consent to receive a ,frenchman as his son-in-law4 ,then my poor sister 7,god forgive her67 left the paternal roof to marry the man of her choice4 ,my father was exceedingly grieved1 very angry1 and at first implacable1 but before his death he forgave her4 ,she was past knowing it4 ,from that time we lost all trace of your father4 ,we only learned he had left ,pisa with his child1 and1 for a long time1 had given up all hope of ever seeing him again1 or knowing my poor sister's daughter1 when yesterday a stranger1 passing through this city1 accidentally showed me a picture he had just purchased at ,paris--the work1 he said1 of a dying artist4 ,this painting represented ,cordelia kneeling beside her father1 and the canvas bore the name of ,gerard d',yves4 ,the painter's address was given us by the owner of the picture1 and ,i hasten to profit by it to tell you1 my dear child1 that your mother's relatives have not forgotten the tie that binds them to you4 ,if you ever need a shelter1 you can find one beneath our roof4 ,my wife and children already regard poor ,margaret's daughter with affection4 ,the latter have thought of her from infancy as an absent sister whose return they awaited4 ,if ,god restores your father's health1 bring him among us4 ,if otherwise ordered1 come yourself1 my dear child4 ,the stranger who put us on your track told us the artist's daughter was the original of his ,cordelia4 ,if the resemblance is correct1 it does not diminish our desire to see you4 ,come soon1 then1 my dear niece4 ,at all events1 answer this letter promptly1 and be assured of the affectionate regard of your uncle1 8,,ludwig ,,dornthal40 8,josephine6 ,josephine60 exclaimed the doctor4 8,here1 read this3 but1 first1 embrace me4 ,yes1 you were right4 ,your trust was better than my wisdom6 ,yes1 yes1 ,god tempers the wind to the shorn lamb4 ,poor child1 embrace me also40 ,fleurange rose3 8,oh6 very willingly10 said she as she threw herself sobbing into the doctor's arms4 ,fatigue1 grief1 and the emotion caused by the unforeseen and unhoped-for offer of a refuge at the very moment of extreme need1 all combined to agitate her mind1 excite her nerves1 and exhaust her strength4 ,her heart swelled with the emotion she could not repress1 and tears unrestrained came to her eyes1 rolled down her cheeks1 and fell like rain on her clasped and icy hands1 while a convulsive movement agitated her breast1 and her trembling lips gave utterance to a feeble cry4 ,the doctor allowed her to weep a long time in silence1 not uttering a word to increase her agitation1 and yet saying nothing to repress it4 ,at length the paroxysm subsided1 and ,fleurange rose quite confused4 8,excuse me once more10 said she2 8,i am distressing you1 instead of showing my gratitude as ,i ought4 ,i could not restrain myself1 but ,i think ,i can safely promise it will not happen again4 ,i seldom give way #fee to tears40 ,she uttered these words in a firm tone1 drying her tears1 and throwing back her hair with her two hands as if to cool her brow1 then she rose4 8,where are you going1 pray80 asked ,mademoiselle ,josephine in an abrupt tone of authority4 8,why10 stammered ,fleurange1 8,i am going up-stairs4 ,i--0 8,perhaps you are thinking to spend the night all alone in the cabinet next the chamber--the chamber--0 ,she stopped4 ,fleurange turned pale1 and her lips trembled as she replied3 8,what can ,i do8 ,it is sad1 it is painful1 ,i know well2 but it must be done4 ,besides1 ,i am not afraid3 ,i feel ,i am under your roof40 8,well1 for the present you shall also be under the protection of our lock and key10 said the kind ,josephine3 and1 taking ,fleurange by the arm1 she led her into a little chamber next her own1 where a small bed surrounded by white curtains was in readiness for the young girl4 ,this little chamber1 with its walls covered with blue paper1 and lit up with a good fire1 had a most cheering aspect4 8,here1 child1 is your chamber and your bed10 said she4 8,come1 come1 no thanks1 and1 above all1 no tears6 ,go to bed at once without giving yourself the time to think1 still less to say a word4 ,you think you are not going to sleep1 but you are mistaken4 ,on your knees8 ,well1 ,i consent to that1 but let it be a short prayer4 ,that is right4 ,now stop till ,i gather up your thick hair4 ,is your head easy on that pillow8 ,well1 ,i am glad4 ,may ,god1 and all good angels1 watch over you6 ,allow me to kiss your forehead4 ,good-night60 ,mademoiselle ,josephine lowered the curtains of the bed1 and softly left the chamber1 while the poor orphan1 in fact1 lost all remembrance of the sorrows and joys of the day in a profound and beneficent sleep4 ,the chamber to which ,mademoiselle ,josephine had taken ,fleurange rightfully belonged to the doctor's niece1 now at school in one of the convents at ,paris1 but which she occupied during her vacation4 ,however1 it was far from being vacant the remainder of the year4 ,mademoiselle ,leblanc was one of those persons who are devoted to the searching out of the unfortunate1 and the alleviation of their woes4 ,in such cases1 he who seeks finds1 and that without difficulty1 consequently a week seldom passed without offering a good reason for opening the blue chamber for a few days' shelter to some poor girl out of work and destitute of a home1 or to a poor abandoned child1 or some one recovering from illness but too feeble to resume work4 ,the doctor heartily approved of this4 ,he would gladly have added to his dwelling a veritable succursale for the accommodation of his poor patients1 and if he was not yet rich enough for that1 though he reaped the benefit of his skill and celebrity1 it was partly because he gave away with one hand what he received in the other1 and that with a generosity not always in conformity with prudence4 ,when there was a question of benevolence between the brother and sister1 one was not more disposed than the other to count the cost4 ,they had invented a proverb1 worthy of the ,gospel1 which they made use of in reply to the remonstrances of their friends3 8,he who gives alms1 grows rich10 they said2 and they continued to enrich themselves in this way by giving themselves up1 both of them1 to a noble excess of charity4 ,fortune1 in fact1 had not been unfavorable to them1 and thus far had remained #fef unfulfilled the sinister prophecies of those who take as a devise quite a different proverb1 respecting charity1 too well known and too often acted upon in the world4 ,doctor ,leblanc and his sister knew nothing1 it is true1 of the luxury of elegant quarters and fine equipages4 ,they still lived in a street of the ,latin quarter where they were born2 an old servant was the sole assistant of the cook2 and ,mademoiselle ,josephine continued to preserve order and neatness around her with her own hands4 ,but at all times they were magnificent in their own way2 and the artists they encouraged1 the scholars befriended1 and the sick gratuitously attended and generously aided1 added to the renown of the distinguished physician and gave to his name a reputation he did not seek4 ,simple and learned1 healing the body and respecting the soul1 he loved his profession as a mission from heaven1 and practised it as a sacred ministry with respect and with love4 ,,ii4 ,when ,fleurange opened her eyes on the following morning1 it was late1 for it was broad daylight and in the month of ,december4 ,she must have slept very profoundly1 for she had not heard any one kindle the fire already blazing in the chimney4 ,her slumbers must have been such as in youth succeed great fatigue or prolonged efforts to endure anxiety and grief in silence4 ,the fit of weeping the evening before and the long repose of the night had brought double refreshment to the exhausted strength of the young girl1 and her first sensation was one of delicious comfort4 ,but her remembrances soon became more distinct1 and the anguish of the first awakening after a great misfortune made her heart sink within her4 ,she had1 it is true1 known her father but little4 ,the convent where she had been reared was not even in the town where he dwelt1 and she saw him but seldom during her childhood4 ,but the days when he appeared at the convent were to both great festivals4 ,it was difficult to understand how a father so glad to see his child could voluntarily have allowed her to grow up away from him4 ,but the time of reunion came at last1 and for several weeks they rambled around ,italy together4 ,in unveiling all its wonders to a mind naturally capable of appreciating them1 the artist felt all the enthusiasm of his youth revive4 ,but it was a flame only rekindled to be extinguished4 ,soon came symptoms of illness1 the sad return to ,paris1 the fluctuations of disease1 which enfeeble the mind as well as the body1 and separated the child from her father while he was yet alive1 and she night and day at his bedside4 ,his look that gave back no answering glance1 the words she murmured in his ear without making him understand1 convinced her of her loss before the separation by death which soon followed4 8,o father6 father scarcely known and so soon lost60 ,such was ,fleurange's cry1 and perhaps an involuntary reproach mingled with her accents of grief4 ,she did not suspect it was a sublime and paternal instinct that had influenced the poor artist in separating from his child4 ,he wished her to be self-reliant2 he wished her to be pious and pure2 he wished her rare mental gifts only to be developed when order1 an immutable and divine order1 was established in her soul2 finally1 #feg he desired her to be all that he himself lacked1 and ,god blessed this desire4 ,in a beautiful spot near ,perugia1 he found at the head of a charity school one of those women whom the world itself would honor and venerate if it comprehended them4 ,by the world1 ,i mean the mass of light and scoffing people who are hostile to every sentiment in which they have no share1 and1 above all others1 to religious sentiments4 ,yet this world is1 on the whole1 suspicious rather than unjust1 and incredulous than false3 if it sees the semblance of evil1 it immediately supposes it real2 if it sees the appearance of goodness1 it at once imagines this appearance deceitful2 but when virtue is unquestionably manifest1 irrecusable in its simplicity and truth1 and succeeds in being regarded in a true light1 the world--even the world of which we have been speaking--generally bows down before it4 ,the thing is rare1 it is true1 more so than it should be1 because the most perfect natures aim not at displaying themselves1 but at concealment2 and the world to which ,i refer seeks not to discover1 but to deny1 their existence4 ,madre ,maddalena was one of these great hidden souls4 ,no one ever spoke of her1 or of her little monastery1 intended for the education of poor children1 but where a limited number of girls of a more elevated class were also admitted4 ,like so many other monasteries in ,italy1 this one was in a poetic and charming situation1 but not one of those visible afar off on the lofty summits that command views which ravish the eye and transport the soul--views that kindle a desire in the most indifferent heart to keel before them1 and that have inspired ,christians to perpetuate prayer amid them in permanent sanctuaries4 ,the ,convent of ,santa ,maria al ,prato was1 on the contrary1 in a deep valley1 and surrounded by a landscape like those in which ,perugino and ,raphael placed their divine creations or their sacred representations4 ,afar off were mountains whose outlines were clearly defined on the horizon in soft and harmonious colors2 a stream wound through olive groves1 now and then encircling rustic dwellings--the evident handiwork of a people with an instinctive taste for the arts2 the sombre verdure of a knot of pines or cypresses contrasted here and there with the azure of the morning sky or the purple tints of evening3 such were the principal features of the landscape4 ,the beauty of such a scene subdues and reposes1 as that of sublime summits transports and exalts1 and seems designed for meditation and labor1 as the other for contemplation and ecstasy4 ,it was to this retreat ,fleurange's father was providentially led--perhaps guided by the protective inspiration we love to attribute to mothers who are fond of their children4 ,it was in the hands of ,madre ,maddalena that he left his daughter as soon as she was five years old1 and1 until the day she was eighteen1 he only saw her twice a year4 ,but from year to year he felt more sure of having realized the aim he had proposed respecting her4 ,fleurange had1 nevertheless1 no proof to give him of her progress under the form of prizes obtained or crowns conferred4 ,the solemn occasions when such trophies are distributed were unknown at ,santa ,maria al ,prato1 as well as the examinations for which the memory is burdened for a day with facts that are often remembered no longer4 ,in fact1 they did not aim at giving her varied instruction1 but they taught her how to learn1 and #feh gave her a taste for study1 work1 and silence4 ,she was naturally sincere and courageous2 she also became skilful and active4 ,madre ,maddalena seemed to have foreseen that this young person1 so sheltered in her early years1 would one day be unusually exposed to the rough combat of life4 ,she probably did not foresee that ,fleurange would soon be left alone2 but what she had read of her father's nature1 what she knew of his history1 made her comprehend that prudence and a certain premature experience would serve as a safeguard to his daughter4 ,what would have been true had her father lived1 was no less so now his death left her entirely to herself4 ,fleurange resisted the temptation of remaining in bed absorbed in sad thoughts4 ,she hastily rose1 and was quite ready when ,mademoiselle ,josephine entered her chamber for the third time4 ,a smile enlivened the features of the elderly maiden when she saw the effect of a good night's rest on the countenance of her protge4 ,the latter1 affected and grateful1 and retaining the ,italian habits of her childhood1 bent to kiss the hand of her benefactress4 8,do not kiss my old hand10 said ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 8but my cheek1 if you like2 now1 let us not keep my brother waiting4 ,it is nine o'clock1 our breakfast-hour which never varies40 ,fleurange followed her hostess to the breakfast-room1 which was next the parlor4 ,the furniture of these two rooms had not been renewed for more than fifty years1 but nothing seemed dilapidated1 thanks to the exquisite neatness that everywhere reigned4 ,the doctor was already seated at the table4 ,his sister took her place opposite1 giving ,fleurange a seat between them4 8,you have quite recovered10 said the doctor1 extending his hand to the young girl4 8,i am very glad to see it2 but1 for fear of relapse1 you must remain under my eye for some days to come4 ,everything has been arranged1 and from this time till your departure you will return no more to the fourth story40 8,what can ,i say1 monsieur8 ,you are both so kind1 and ,i love you so much that ,i accept alms from your hands without shame and almost without pain40 8,i forbid you making use of so shocking a word10 said ,mademoiselle ,josephine4 8,yet it is really alms10 said ,fleurange in a sad but firm tone1 8for ,i have nothing of my own1 and if in want of a piece of bread to-day1 ,i should have to extend the hand of a beggar40 8,come1 come6 you are not reduced to that yet1 thank ,god6 ,but let us drop this1 and speak of something more important4 ,you must answer your uncle's letter without delay40 8,yes1 indeed10 said ,fleurange4 ,and after a short silence1 she added3 8,i am going to ask him to be kind enough to receive me for a month40 8,but from his letter1 he seems disposed to offer you a much more extended hospitality than that40 8,perhaps so1 but ,i am only willing to accept it till ,i have found the means of living without being a burden on him40 8,what is your intention1 then80 8,i do not know10 said ,fleurange2 8but there are many means of gaining a1 livelihood1 are there not8 ,well1 ,i shall endeavor to find one not beyond my strength40 ,the doctor looked at her1 and then said3 8,there are certainly many things not beyond your strength1 but yet unsuitable for you40 #fei 8,why80 asked ,fleurange4 8,they would be unsuitable for one of your age and condition40 8,why so80 repeated she4 8,i will explain myself after you tell me what you think of doing40 8,come60 said ,mademoiselle ,josephine impatiently4 8,there is no need of so much circumlocution in telling her that1 when one is young and pretty1 caution is needful4 ,if the child does not know that1 the sooner she is warned1 the better it will be for her40 8,young and pretty10 repeated ,fleurange quietly without the slightest embarrassment4 8,yes1 ,i know that will be a great obstacle to me in my position4 ,it would be much better to be homely and ten years older4 ,i had already thought of that4 ,it is very unfortunate2 but what can be done80 ,the doctor smiled4 ,he had never heard any woman admit her own beauty with so little vanity4 ,fleurange's simplicity1 the childlike candor of her large eyes1 the expression of which was yet grave and thoughtful1 struck him1 and he felt an increase of the interest which up to this moment had been excited by the young girl's destitute condition1 rather than herself4 ,he resumed1 still smiling3 8,as to this misfortune1 you must resign yourself to it1 at least for twenty years to come40 ,but seeing that ,fleurange did not smile in return1 but1 on the contrary1 became more and more thoughtful1 he continued3 8,besides1 if you ever come to that1 we will find a means for surmounting the difficulty40 ,fleurange's face expanded4 8,oh6 thank you1 monsieur2 if you could realize how much courage ,i have4 ,and then10 she added1 8,i assure you there are a great many things ,i know how to do40 8,for instance80 said the doctor4 8,first1 the instruction of children1 to which ,i think myself adapted4 ,i love them1 and they are generally fond of me also1 and readily obey me40 8,what else80 8,i know ,italian and ,german 7for ,i have made it a special point to understand my mother's native language thoroughly74 ,my father thought me also a good reader1 and preferred my voice and accent to those of any of the numerous readers and speakers he had heard4 ,his fondness perhaps blinded him to my defects2 yet he might have been right1 and ,i could try40 8,hem60 said the doctor4 8,there is much to be said for and against that talent40 8,finally1 monsieur1 ,i can do all kinds of work4 ,i know how to sew well--to wash1 iron1 and sweep4 ,i could even cook a little40 ,the doctor again regarded the noble countenance of the young girl while she thus complacently enumerated the humble and laborious employments she thought herself capable of4 ,she was evidently sincere4 ,her ability and willingness to do all she said could not be doubted4 ,he was affected1 and remained silent4 ,but ,mademoiselle ,josephine exclaimed with enthusiasm3 8,that is what ,i call an education6 ,and who1 my dear child1 taught you so many reasonable and useful things80 ,tears of emotion filled ,fleurange's eyes4 8,it was my dear ,madre ,maddalena10 she replied4 ,this answer elicited fresh inquiries1 to which ,fleurange replied by minutely relating the way in which her childhood had passed4 ,the doctor's satisfaction increased with every word of her account1 which1 nevertheless1 made a breach in two of his prejudices4 #ffj ,without any antipathy to pretty faces1 they inspired him with a kind of mistrust1 or at least of solicitude1 which his long experience had doubtless very often warranted4 ,but in regarding this young girl1 so self-reliant and so modest1 so courageous and so delicate1 and who seemed ready to struggle so bravely against the difficulties of life1 how could he be angry with her for being beautiful1 and how help overlooking it in one sense8 ,the doctor had also a singular and1 considering his belief as a whole1 an inconsistent prejudice against convents4 ,he seemed to have retained this point of agreement with those whom he habitually opposed on every other subject4 ,and here was an education which accorded not only with all his ideas1 but with all his whims--a conventual education4 ,he would be obliged to somewhat modify his opinions on this subject1 as well as on some others1 and he resigned himself to it with a good grace4 ,they finally resumed the subject of the letter to ,frankfort4 ,the doctor and his sister already began to look forward with sorrow to the departure of their young protge1 but they felt it was for her interest not to delay joining the relatives who had invited her at so opportune a moment4 ,by their advice1 ,fleurange immediately began her letter4 ,short and to the point1 it was soon completed1 and she gave it to ,mademoiselle ,josephine4 ,the latter began to read it with an air of satisfaction1 but when she came to the signature1 a cloud suddenly appeared on her face4 8,what is it80 said ,fleurange4 8,i have made some mistake or blunder80 8,no1 you have not3 the letter is very well1 it could not be better1 but1 but--0 8,what1 then8 ,tell me frankly1 ,i beg of you40 8,well1 it is--indeed1 ,i dare not tell you40 8,pray tell me10 said ,fleurange1 8what has displeased you8 ,there is nothing in the letter ,i am not willing to correct according to your advice40 8,it is--but you cannot change that40 ,but what is it1 then1 dear mademoiselle8 ,you really frighten me10 insisted ,fleurange with a disturbed air4 8,you cannot change your baptismal name10 said the other1 at length4 8,my baptismal name80 exclaimed ,fleurange with surprise4 8,does my name displease you to such a degree8 ,i am sorry1 for ,madre ,maddalena liked it so much6 ,she said it signified the flower of the angels--the fairest of all the angels--the angel ,gabriel1 whom she considered my patron4 ,and she called me ,gabrielle as often as ,fleurange40 8,gabrielle60 cried ,mademoiselle ,josephine eagerly4 8,gabrielle6 ,ah6 that is a name everybody can understand4 ,so that is the meaning of ,fleurange1 according to your ,madre ,maddalena8 ,then ,i beseech1 ,i conjure you1 to assume that name and give up the other60 ,the doctor had for some minutes been occupied in reperusing ,professor ,dornthal's letter1 which he kept the evening before2 he now raised his eyes1 and attended to the conversation4 ,while ,fleurange was still hesitating what reply to make to ,mademoiselle ,josephine's singular request1 he said3 8,i do not understand my sister's persistency on this point4 ,as to my own opinion1 it is opposed to hers4 ,but it may be that the simpler of the two names will be more in conformity with the tastes of the good #ffa ,german family that awaits you1 and perhaps ,gabrielle would have a better reception than ,fleurange4 ,besides10 he continued1 smiling1 8your young cousins beyond the ,rhine would doubtless pronounce the name in a way to diminish its charm and deprive it of all meaning according to the pious and poetical interpretation you have just given it40 8,that might be10 said ,fleurange1 smiling in return4 8,anyhow1 ,i will do as you advise respecting it40 8,we will take it into consideration10 said the doctor4 ,then1 glancing once more over the professor's letter1 he continued3 8,do you know the name of the stranger who1 by buying the last picture your father painted1 has unwittingly rendered you so great a service80 8,i do not4 ,that picture was sold with the remainder when1 at the beginning of his fatal relapse1 my father saw his finances diminishing1 and lost the hope of ever repairing them4 ,my poor father60 she continued with a trembling voice1 8he was very ill the day he made me sit in order to finish that picture--0 ,fleurange suddenly stopped and blushed4 ,the doctor's look seemed to demand an explanation1 and she continued artlessly1 but not without confusion3 8,the owner of the picture is perhaps the stranger who visited the studio that day4 ,at least1 ,i acknowledge the idea has repeatedly occurred to me40 8,for what reason80 8,because he was so delighted with ,cordelia1 and begged permission to see it after its completion4 ,but my father1 from that day1 was obliged to give up the use of the brush1 and the picture was sold as he left it1 with the others40 8,was this amateur a ,german80 8,i do not know4 ,he spoke ,french very well1 but with a slight accent1 ,i know not what40 8,was he some great lord80 8,i do not know--,i have never seen a great lord40 8,but what kind of an air had this visitor--,god bless him60 interrupted ,mademoiselle ,josephine4 8,a lofty and noble air1 a remarkable physiognomy1 and a grave and sonorous voice10 replied ,fleurange4 8,but1 in spite of the gratitude ,i perhaps owe him1 the remembrance of his visit always troubles and depresses me40 8,why so80 said ,josephine4 8,because it was the cause of the last and fatal crisis of my father's malady1 who at that time even could not bear the slightest agitation4 ,i do not know the words the stranger murmured as he glanced at me1 but they greatly excited my father1 who requested me in a tremulous voice to leave the studio4 ,as a general thing1 he never allowed me to enter it at the hour for visitors4 ,the evening of that day he spoke to me in an agitated manner of the lone condition in which ,i should soon be left1 and gave me some incoherent counsels1 which were his last words4 ,he never recovered his full mind after that40 8,poor man60 said the doctor2 but he did not pursue the subject that led to this account4 ,fleurange's fleeting blush disappeared1 and she was again pale and calm as before1 her pen in hand ready to correct her letter according to the doctor's advice4 ,after a final deliberation between the young girl and her elderly friends1 it was decided that the letter should be sent after it was signed ,gabrielle d',yves4 ,,iii4 #ffb ,the day ,margaret married ,gerard d',yves1 the aged ,sigismund ,dornthal blotted out his daughter's name from his will1 and gave orders that it should never be uttered in his presence4 ,notwithstanding this1 softened by illness1 and urged by his second son ,ludwig1 ,margaret's favorite brother1 he soon consented to send her his forgiveness and blessing1 but when they reached ,pisa poor ,margaret had just expired6 ,in the fury of his despair1 which increased the impetuosity and thoughtlessness of his character1 ,gerard tore up the letter containing the long-delayed pardon1 and only replied in these two words3 8,too late60 ,it was thus the aged ,dornthal was informed of his daughter's death4 ,he himself died shortly after1 ignorant of the existence of the child to whom she had given birth4 ,his property was divided between his two sons1 but ,ludwig1 devoted to study1 and already in possession of a professor's chair at ,leipsic1 entirely abandoned to his elder brother the administration of their common fortune1 and ,heinrich ,dornthal became the sole head of the commercial and banking houses founded by ,sigismund4 ,he thenceforth made use of his brother's capital as well as his own1 paying him regularly his income1 without any interference in his business on ,ludwig's part4 ,the latter was at the same time pursuing so brilliant a career as to attract the attention of all the learned men of ,germany to his labors4 ,one of these1 a resident of ,frankfort1 invited him to pass at his house the annual vacations of the numerous students who attended his lectures4 ,the result of these visits was that this professor's daughter became ,ludwig ,dornthal's wife1 and1 in the course of time1 the mother of his five children4 ,the professor1 when he married1 resigned his position at ,leipsic to settle in his wife's native place4 ,there1 free from a professor's duties1 he had leisure to write books that constantly added to his reputation and increased his income1 which the flourishing business of the commercial house alone made sufficient4 ,such was1 in a few words1 the condition of the new home that awaited ,fleurange4 ,a second letter came promptly in reply to hers4 ,her uncle expressed the liveliest joy at having found her1 and invited her very particularly to arrive at ,frankfort in time for ,christmas1 so dear to the ,germans as the time of family reunions4 ,to do this she would have to leave ,paris1 at the very latest1 on the twenty-first of ,december1 for at that time it took three days and nights for the journey to ,frankfort4 ,the doctor and his sister1 though sorry to part with their young protge1 hastened the preparations for her departure4 ,they were touched by the cordial tone of this unknown uncle's letters1 and predicted a happy life for her in his family1 which they did not wish to defer4 ,but every day added to their attachment to ,fleurange and to her tender gratitude to them4 8,if this continued a week longer10 said the doctor1 8,i could not part with that child40 8,then she must start soon10 replied ,mademoiselle ,josephine2 8it is for her good1 and we should do wrong to keep her with us40 ,fleurange said nothing1 but her eyes turned sadly from one of her old friends to the other4 ,at length came the last day she was to pass with them4 ,she made an effort to repress her tears1 that she might not distress them1 and quietly put up her modest packages1 actively aided #ffc by the doctor and his sister4 8,an ,english proverb which ,i think very reasonable10 said the doctor1 8places the hospitality which speeds the parting guest on a level with that which welcomes his coming3 it is that which ,i am now showing you1 my dear ,fleurange40 ,fleurange had just hastily finished the repast always so sad before a journey4 ,the doctor perceived her courage failing4 ,he was himself greatly affected by her pale and youthful countenance1 and in thinking of the long and lonely journey she was about to undertake1 at the end of which she would be received by people1 perhaps kind1 but wholly unknown4 ,nevertheless1 he resumed with an encouraging voice3 8,come1 come1 child1 everything looks favorable yonder2 show your courage1 and do not allow yourself to be cast down40 8,you are right10 said ,fleurange1 rising4 8,i feel ,i have reason to bless ,god1 and ,i only desire to be grateful4 ,be sure1 at all events1 that ,i shall be courageous40 ,it was eight o'clock in the evening3 the fiacre was waiting at the door to take her to the diligence4 ,she went out1 accompanied by the doctor and his sister1 who entered the carriage with her4 ,the night was dark1 and the snow falling in great flakes1 which the young girl1 reared beneath the sky of ,italy1 now saw for the first time in her life4 ,the spectacle excited curiosity mingled with fear4 ,the new and the unknown seemed to surround her on every side1 and these two things1 generally so attractive to those of her age1 bore now an aspect more calculated to depress her young heart than to expand it4 ,she involuntarily shivered1 and drew around her slender form the thick cloak that felt too thin to protect her from the severity of the weather1 to which she was so unaccustomed4 ,they all remained silent for some moments4 ,fleurange pressed ,mademoiselle ,josephine's hand1 and carried it from time to time to her lips1 in spite of the efforts of the latter to prevent it4 ,mademoiselle ,josephine1 on her side1 with a faltering voice renewed a multitude of counsels1 which had already been repeated a thousand times--among others1 to write to them often and regularly4 ,then she slipped on her arm a small basket which her provident kindness had filled with everything that could be useful to her on the way1 as well as more than one souvenir which1 when far distant1 would recall her old friends4 ,they arrived too quickly at their destination4 8,i have bespoken a place for you in the coup10 said the doctor1 getting out of the carriage4 8,you will be in company with one of my patients1 still very feeble1 but who will absolutely go to ,germany to rejoin her husband4 ,she has two children with her1 and they will be your only travelling companions40 8,thank you10 said ,fleurange4 8,the prayers of the orphan are said to draw down blessings3 may you both experience the effect of mine60 ,she could not utter another word4 ,she threw her arms for the last time around ,mademoiselle ,josephine's neck1 and the next instant1 leaning on the doctor's arm1 she was crossing with some difficulty the littered court at the end of which they found the diligence4 ,the snow had delayed them on the way1 and now rendered every step difficult4 ,the other passengers had taken their places1 and they were only waiting for ,fleurange4 ,the horses were harnessed1 and to the noise of their stamping the driver added his impatient exclamations4 8,come1 come6 ,we #ffd are off60 he repeated in a rough voice4 ,fleurange1 hurried1 pushed about1 stunned1 and frightened1 had only time to press the doctor's hand once more and spring into the coup4 ,the door was instantly shut4 ,a fearful clashing of irons1 mingled with cries1 blows of the whip1 and vociferations1 above which could be heard3 8,adieu6 revoir6 bientt60 with other exclamations much less harmonious1 and the heavy diligence was in motion4 ,fleurange1 now free from the necessity of any restraint1 allowed herself the solace of giving vent to her feelings and letting her tears flow freely and abundantly4 ,she continued to weep for a long time without the least attempt at repressing her emotion4 ,why should she8 ,she was alone1 entirely alone now4 ,she had never been so to such a degree before4 ,all the events of the past faded away in the distance1 and the future offered nothing to replace them4 ,she was separated from all whom she had loved from her infancy1 either by death or indefinite absence4 ,would it be so always8 ,was that to be her lot on earth8 ,would she never be permitted to love with assurance1 trust1 and a sense of repose8 ,was she to be always thus torn from places and persons at the very moment her heart began to cling to them8--her heart1 so tender and ardent1 which she had so often felt beating with tenderness and joy1 with admiration and enthusiasm8 ,and while her eyes peered out through the darkness of night at objects that seemed in the obscurity like pale phantoms1 her imagination set before her1 as in a magic mirror1 all the different scenes of her past life3 the beautiful cloister of ,santa ,maria al ,prato1 with the terrace at the top1 where the eye could wander so far1 and the sweet and noble features of ,madre ,maddalena2 then came the varied remembrances connected with her father2 first1 the rapid vision of ,italy in all its splendor1 then the terrible and dismal days at ,paris1 and finally1 at the darkest hour of all2 the beneficent forms of her old friends1 whom she never wished to leave1 but whom she had just bidden farewell--perhaps farewell for ever6 ,it was impossible for ,fleurange1 at this moment1 to control her sad thoughts4 ,but1 now and then1 her reason recalled those who awaited her1 the welcome she had a right to expect1 and the goodness of ,divine ,providence in opening such a refuge2 but in vain--consolation seemed unable to find an entrance into her soul1 and1 in spite of her nature1 despondency obtained the mastery4 8,if they are kind1 and ,i love them10 she said to herself bitterly1 8,i shall soon have to leave them4 ,if1 on the contrary1 they --0 ,here her imagination had free course and depicted the future in the darkest colors4 ,but this new reverie had not the clearness of the first1 and before long her anticipations began to mingle in vague confusion with her remembrances4 ,little by little1 fatigue1 the motion of the vehicle1 and the influence of night lulled the young girl asleep1 and transformed into uneasy and indistinct dreams all the thoughts that had successively assailed her4 ,fifteen minutes after1 she was suddenly awakened4 ,something quite heavy had fallen against her shoulder and thence into her lap4 ,she sat up1 and1 groping in the obscurity1 her hand came in contact with the long silky hair of a child4 ,from the first1 she had rather supposed than seen a pale1 sick young woman in the opposite corner of the coup1 with her arm thrown around a child beside her1 against whom slept another still smaller4 ,it was the latter who had just suddenly #ffe changed his position4 ,fleurange began to comprehend the case1 and bent down to raise him softly to a more comfortable seat in her lap4 ,then she drew his little sleepy head against her1 and kissed the sweet face now near her own4 ,this trifling incident had the sudden and unforeseen effect of putting to flight all the phantoms her imagination had been conjuring up to increase her sorrows4 ,she recalled her interior murmuring with remorse4 8,o my ,god60 she cried1 pressing the child in her arms1 8if ,i love this poor little one1 whose features ,i have not yet seen1 if ,i am ready to watch the night long over his slumbers1 what wilt not thou1 who art my ,father1 do for thy child80 ,she raised her eyes a moment in prayer1 not with her lips1 but in her heart4 ,the snow had ceased falling4 ,the clouds passing away1 the heavens appeared brilliant with stars4 ,the cloud had also passed away from ,fleurange's soul1 and a mysterious light from on high was infused therein4 ,she gazed at the starry sky with delight1 then closed her eyes1 and again slept sweetly1 the child in her arms sleeping as profoundly as herself4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- ,,several ,,calumnies ,,refuted2 ,,or1 ,,executive ,,document ,no4 #cg4acj ,in addition to the secular press1 which seldom misses an opportunity of saying something ungracious of the ,catholic ,church1 we have published in the ,united ,states over a hundred so-called religious newspapers1 the principal stock-in-trade of which seems to be unlimited abuse of everything ,catholic1 and unqualified misrepresentation of all who profess or teach the doctrines of our faith4 ,no dogma or point of discipline of ,catholicity ever finds favor in the eyes of the individuals who fill the columns of those publications1 and no man or woman who may see fit to devote his or her life to the dissemination of the ,gospel is safe from the malice or scurrility of their pens4 ,for the honor of the ,american character we are sorry to say that we have daily evidence of this blind prejudice and reckless disregard of truth on the part of this class of editors1 many of whom arrogate to themselves the title of 8reverend02 but we have some consolation in knowing that the more intelligent members of the sects are fast growing tired and ashamed of such senseless appeals to their passions and ill-founded traditions and that the time is not far distant when such efforts to sustain a sinking and indefensible cause will be encouraged only by the ignorant and wilfully blind4 ,these repeated and continuous attacks on the church are not the work of any one sect or confined to any particular locality1 but are general with all ,protestants1 and extended over the whole country4 ,as long as #fff they are confined to newspapers1 and afford employment and remuneration to a number of persons who probably could not gain a livelihood in any other manner1 we scarcely consider them worthy of serious attention2 but we have had recently placed before us an official document1 printed at the public expense for the edification of the ,united ,states ,senate--and no doubt widely circulated throughout the ,union under the convenient frank of many pious members of ,congress--in which are reproduced calumnies so gross1 and falsehoods so glaring1 that we consider it our duty not only to call public attention to it1 but to demand from our rulers in ,washington by what right and authority they print and circulate under official form a tissue of fabrications1 misrepresentations1 and even forgeries1 against the religion1 and the ministers of that religion1 which is professed by five or six millions of free ,american citizens4 ,this document1 known as ,executive ,document ,no4 #cg1 ,,xlist ,congress1 ,,iiid ,session1 was furnished by ,mr4 ,delano1 ,secretary of the ,interior1 in compliance with a resolution of the ,senate1 passed ,february #b1 #ahga1 and is composed exclusively of information supplied by ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,spaulding to ,a4 ,b4 ,meacham1 ,superintendent of ,indian ,affairs1 who in his letter of transmittal says3 8,i am respectfully requested by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,spaulding1 the oldest living ,protestant missionary in ,oregon1 to place on file in your department the accompanying documents1 giving a history of the early missionary work and labors of ,dr4 ,marcus ,whitman1 himself1 and others2 the progress and civilization of the ,indians under their charge1 without aid from the government2 also1 a history of the massacre of ,dr4 ,whitman and others2 also1 resolutions of ,christian associations in answer to ,executive ,document ,no4 #ch1 ,house of ,representatives1 and a variety of historical information1 which it would seem proper to have on file1 or placed in some more permanent form for future history40 ,it may be remarked that the letter from which the above is an extract is dated on the #bhth of ,january1 just five days before the passage of the ,senate resolution1 and evidently in anticipation of such action on the part of that body4 8,no one10 says a distinguished senator1 8except the few in the secret1 knew anything of the matter until the document was printed4 ,all the previous proceedings were as of course40 ,the documents that were thus to be 8placed in a more permanent form for future history10 apart from their uniformly infamous character1 are perhaps the strangest in origin and composition that have ever been presented for the information of any deliberative body1 much less one of the gravity and importance of the ,senate of the republic4 ,they consist mainly of extracts from the religious press1 so-called2 inflammatory letters from jealous and disappointed preachers1 including the ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,spaulding himself2 depositions written out by that indefatigable hater with his own hand1 and changed in many essential points after having been sworn to and removed from the control of the deponents2 false quotations from ,the ,account of the ,murder of ,dr4 ,whitman1 by the ,very ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,a4 ,brouillet1 ,v4,g41 and others' statements of the massacre2 an address from the professors of that advanced educational institution called ,oberlin ,college1 ,ohio2 answers to leading queries addressed to ,oregon officials1 based on a false and supposititious statement of facts2 and1 lastly1 a report adopted and endorsed by eight associations1 including the ,old ,school1 ,new ,school1 ,cumberland1 and ,united ,presbyterians1 ,methodists1 ,baptists1 #ffg ,congregationalists1 and the 8,christian ,church of ,oregon10 and claiming to represent thirty thousand brother members1 all of whom1 though differing radically in other respects1 are suspiciously unanimous in denouncing the 8,jesuits10 and equally positive in affirming a previous condition of affairs1 their knowledge of which must of necessity have depended solely on the statements of the veracious ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,spaulding4 ,in style1 the documents are unique1 and have a very strong family resemblance4 ,it is a judicious mixture of sanctimonious cant seldom heard outside of a camp-meeting1 with a dash here and there of ,shakespeare and the modern poets1 to give it variety1 we suppose4 ,now1 whence this solemn assembly of presbyteries and conferences1 this pile of affidavits and newspaper extracts1 and the desire of the ,senate to be enlightened as 8to the early labors of the missionaries of the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions in ,oregon1 commencing in #ahcf08 ,simply this4 ,on the week commencing on the #bith of ,november1 #ahdg1 more than twenty-four years ago1 a certain missionary to the ,cayuse ,indians1 named ,dr4 ,whitman1 who had resided among them for several years1 was1 with his wife and twelve other ,americans1 brutally murdered by the savages2 and it is now attempted by ,spaulding1 who was his friend1 and missionary to the ,nez ,perces1 a neighboring tribe1 to fix the guilt of this foul outrage on the missionary priests who in that year accompanied the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,a4 ,m4 ,a4 ,blanchet1 ,bishop of ,nesqualy1 to ,oregon1 and who1 it is alleged1 instigated the ,indians to commit the deed in order to get rid of the ,protestant missions4 ,at the time of the slaughter1 there was with others under ,dr4 ,whitman's roof a young woman named ,bewley1 whom one of the chiefs desired to have for his wife2 and it is also asserted that not only did the priests encourage her to yield to the ,indian's wishes1 but forced her from the shelter of their home and refused her any protection whatever4 ,other charges growing out of this sad calamity1 such as baptizing children with the innocent blood of their victims on their hands1 inhumanity to the prisoners left unharmed1 attempting the precious life of ,spaulding1 supplying the ,cayuses with guns and ammunition1 etc41 are likewise alleged1 but the first two are the principal counts in this clerical indictment4 ,the slaughter of so many persons naturally created a great sensation in ,oregon at the time1 but for months after no one thought of attributing it to the interference of the ,catholic missioners4 ,however1 ,spaulding1 whose mind had become disturbed by the contemplation of the dangers he had escaped1 and having to abandon his mission among the ,nez ,perces1 and finding himself unemployed1 gradually began to give a new version of the affair1 and in conversation1 preaching1 and writing at first hinted1 and next broadly asserted1 that the 8,jesuits0 were at the bottom of the whole matter4 ,considering that the shock to his nervous system was so great that he never entirely recovered from it1 and that the repetition of the falsehoods was so persistent1 it is charitable to suppose that he eventually came to believe them as truths2 for no man in his right senses would persist in forcing on the world such a compilation of improbable statements and downright falsehoods as are contained in ,pub4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg4 ,as there are always many persons1 made credulous by ignorance or prejudice1 willing to credit any anti-,catholic slander1 the ,rev4 #ffh ,father ,brouillet1 the only priest near the scene of the crime1 wrote and published1 in #ahec1 a full and authentic account of the whole transaction1 which was so clear and circumstantial that even the greatest opponents of the ,catholic priesthood were silenced4 ,in #aheg1 a special agent of the ,treasury ,department1 ,j4 ,ross ,browne1 made a tour in the far ,west1 and in reporting on the condition of the aborigines1 and the potent causes of war between them and the white settlers1 embodied in his statement ,father ,brouillet's pamphlet1 which together formed ,pub4 ,doc4 ,no4 #ch1 against which all the powers of the presbyteries and conferences of ,oregon1 under the fitting leadership of a crazy preacher1 are now directed1 after a silence of more than ten years4 ,is it any wonder that it is so often remarked that the only bond of union1 the sole vitalizing principles1 of the sects are their hatred to ,catholicity8 ,a glance at the history of the early ,indian mission in ,oregon is necessary to a clear understanding of the subject4 ,it is well known that for many years that portion of our common country was debatable ground1 and1 while our government claimed the sovereignty and appointed officials to administer its affairs1 the ,hudson ,bay ,company held possession and virtually controlled the inhabitants1 nearly all of whom were ,indians or half-breeds4 ,under the direction of the company1 the natives were honest1 peaceable1 and well disposed4 ,captain ,bonneville1 who visited the ,nez ,perces in #ahcb1 says of them3 8,simply to call these people religious would convey but a faint idea of the deep hue of piety and devotion which pervades their whole conduct4 ,their honesty is immaculate1 and their purity of purpose1 and the observance of the rites of their religion1 are most uniform and remarkable4 ,they are certainly more like a nation of saints than a horde of savages40 8,this was a very enthusiastic view to take of the ,nez ,perces' character10 says a ,protestant authority1 ,mrs4 ,victor1 8which appeared all the brighter to the captain by contrast with the savage life which he had witnessed in other places1 and even by contrast with the conduct of the white trappers4 ,but the ,nez ,perces were intellectually and morally an exception to all the ,indian tribes west of the ,missouri ,river4 ,lewis and ,clarke found them different from any others2 the fur-traders and the missionaries found them the same4 ,to account for this superiority is indeed difficult4 ,the only clue to the cause is the following statement of ,bonneville4 #8,it would appear1' he says1 #8that they had imbibed some notions of the ,christian faith from ,catholic missionaries and traders who have been among them4 ,they even had a rude calendar of the fasts and festivals of the ,romish ,church1 and some traces of its ceremonial4 ,these have become blended with their own wild rites1 and present a strange medley1 civilized and barbarous4'0#aca ,it was in this happy and quiet condition that the first ,protestant missionaries from the ,united ,states found the ,indians4 ,they were ,methodist1 and arrived in #ahcd1 remaining for ten years4 8,no missionary undertaking10 says ,rev4 ,stephen ,olin1 himself one of the laborers1 8has been prosecuted by the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church with higher hopes and more ardent zeal4444 ,this particular mission1 involved an expenditure of forty-two thousand dollars in a single year4 ,at the end of six years1 there were sixty-eight persons #ffi connected with this mission1 men1 women1 and children1 all supported by this society40#acb ,and the same writer adds3 8,how such a number of missionaries found employment in such a field it is not easy to conjecture1 especially as the great body of the ,indians never came under the influence of their labors40 ,dr4 ,e4 ,white1 ,sub-,indian ,agent1 writes1 in #ahdc3 8,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,lee and associates are doing but little for the ,indians4444 ,with all that has been expended1 without doubting the correctness of the intention1 it is most manifest to every observer that the ,indians of this lower country1 as a whole1 have been very little benefited40#acc ,the two ,methodist stations established1 at ,clatsop's ,plains and ,nesqualy were speedily abandoned1 and that at the ,dalles is described1 in ,traits of ,american ,indian ,life1 as being in a most fearful condition4 8,the occurrence10 the author says1 alluding to a murder by a converted ,indian which he had witnessed1 8is but the type of a thousand atrocities daily occurring among these supposed converts40 ,and we have the authority of ,mr4 ,gray for saying that 8the giving of a few presents of any description to them induces them to make professions corresponding to the wish of the donor40 ,the success of the missionaries at ,willamette was1 if possible1 still more disheartening4 ,mr4 ,olin says that of those who held relations with them none remained in #ahdb2 and ,alexander ,simpson1 who visited the valley about the same time1 found the mission to consist of but four families1 those of a clergyman1 surgeon1 a schoolmaster1 and an agricultural overseer4 ,it is not strange1 then1 that two years afterwards the missions were entirely abandoned1 and have never been attempted to be re-established4 8,had they met vice with a spotless life10 says ,gray1 8and an earnest determination to maintain their integrity as representatives of religion and a ,christian people1 the fruits of their labor would have been greater40 ,we are forced1 therefore1 to conclude that the author of ,the ,river of the ,west is justified in saying on this and other indisputable authority1 8so far from benefiting the ,indians1 the ,methodist mission became an actual injury to them0--the ,indians4 ,thus ended the first chapter in the history of the progress and civilization of the ,indians in ,oregon1 to which we desire to call the respectful attention of the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,we have the testimony of ,captain ,bonneville1 endorsed by ,mrs4 ,victor1 regarding the honesty and piety of the natives in #ahcb1 before the arrival of the ,methodists4 ,after nine years of missionary labor1 we have the following grave statement from no less an authority than one of their own clergymen3 8,the ,indians want pay for being whipped into compliance with ,dr4 ,white's laws1 the same as they did for praying to please the missionaries during the great ,indian revival of #ahci0 7p4 #aeg74 8,as a matter of course1 lying has much to do in their system of trade1 and he is the best fellow who can tell the biggest lie--make men believe and practise the greatest deception0 7p4 #aeh74acd ,the ,methodists having selected ,lower ,oregon as the field of their labors1 the ,presbyterians chose the upper or eastern portion of the territory4 ,they arrived in #ahcf1 three in number1 afterwards increased to twelve1 and backed up by the ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions4 ,dr4 ,marius ,whitman settled at ,wailatpu among the ,cayuses #fgj and ,walla ,wallas1 and ,messrs4 ,h4 ,h4 ,spaulding and ,w4 ,h4 ,gray at ,lapwai1 with the ,nez ,perces4 ,in #ahch1 the ,spokane mission was established by ,messrs4 ,walker and ,ellis4 ,their prospects of success were at first most brilliant4 ,the savages received them kindly and listened to them attentively4 8,there was no want of ardor in the ,presbyterian missionaries10 says ,the ,river of the ,west4 8,they applied themselves in earnest to the work they had undertaken4 ,they were diligent in their efforts to civilize and christianize their ,indians40 ,but they made a fatal mistake at the very beginning1 which not only reflects on their personal honesty1 but shows that they knew nothing of the character of the people they came to instruct4 ,mr4 ,john ,toupin1 who was for many years interpreter at ,fort ,walla ,walla1 gave1 in #ahdh1 the following account of the establishment of those missions3 8,i was there when ,mr4 ,parker1 in #ahce1 came to select places for ,presbyterian missions among the ,cayuses and ,nez ,perces1 and to ask lands for these missions4 ,he employed me as interpreter in his negotiations with the ,indians on that occasion4 ,mr4 ,pombrun1 the gentleman then in charge of the fort1 accompanied him to the ,cayuses and the ,nez ,perces4 ,mr4 ,parker1 in company with ,mr4 ,pombrun1 an ,american1 and myself1 went first to the ,cayuses upon the lands called ,wailatpu1 that belonged to the three chiefs--,splitted ,lip1 or ,yomtipi2 ,red ,cloak1 or ,waptachtakamal2 and ,tilankaikt4 ,having met them at that place1 he told them that he was coming to select a place to build a preaching-house1 to teach them how to live1 and to teach school to their children2 that he would not come himself to establish the mission1 but a doctor or a medicine-man would come in his place2 that the doctor would be the chief of the mission1 and would come in the following spring4 #8,i come to select a place for a mission1' said he1 #8but ,i do not intend to take your lands for nothing4 ,after the doctor is come1 there will come every year a big ship loaded with goods to be divided among the ,indians4 ,these goods will not be sold1 but given to you4 ,the missionaries will bring you ploughs and hoes to teach you how to cultivate the land1 and they will not sell1 but give them to you4' 8,from the ,cayuses ,mr4 ,parker went to the ,nez ,perces1 about one hundred and twenty-five miles distant1 on the lands of ,old ,button1 on a small creek which empties into the ,clearwater1 seven or eight miles from the actual mission1 and there he made the same promises to the ,indians as at ,wailatpu4 #8,next spring there will come a missionary to establish himself here and take a piece of land2 but he will not take it for nothing2 you shall be paid for it every year3 this is the ,american fashion4' ,in the following year1 #ahcf1 ,dr4 ,whitman arrived among the ,cayuses and began to build4 ,the ,indians did not stop him1 as they expected to be paid as they said4 8,in the summer of the year #ahcg1 ,splitted ,lip asked him where the goods which he had promised him were2 whether he would pay him1 or whether he wanted to steal his lands4 ,he told him that1 if he did not want to pay him1 he had better go off immediately1 for he did not want to give his lands for nothing40#ace ,but the doctor and his co-laborers did not pay for the lands1 nor indeed fulfil any of the promises of ,mr4 ,parker1 and thus the expected neophytes received their first lesson in duplicity1 which eventually destroyed all confidence in the honesty and truthfulness of their teachers1 and led directly to the massacre of ,whitman and some of his companions1 and to the total destruction of the ,presbyterian missions4 ,this latter event occurred late in #ahdg4 ,let us see what had been done in the eleven previous years by the agents of the ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions4 ,in #ahdb1 they had but three stations4 8,at each of these10 says ,the ,river of the ,west1 8there was a small body of land under cultivation1 a few cattle and #fga hogs1 a flouring and saw mill1 and a blacksmith's shop40 ,in #ahdc1 ,mr4 ,spaulding writes to ,dr4 ,white1 the ,sub-,indian ,agent3 8,but two natives have as yet been admitted into the church4 ,some ten or twelve others give pleasing evidence of having been born again40#acf ,it seems1 then1 that it took twelve missionaries seven years to convert two savages1 at an expense of over forty thousand dollars for one year at least6 ,can the ,english ,protestant mission for converting the ,hebrews in ,jerusalem show any return more preposterous than this8 ,but the years intervening between this time and their entire discontinuance show no converts at all4 ,business was entirely suspended1 as far as spiritual affairs were concerned4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,mc,kay1 an intimate friend of ,whitman1 under date ,september #aa1 #ahdh1 says1 8,the doctor often told me that for a couple of years he had ceased to teach the ,indians1 because they would not listen to him02 and ,john ,baptist ,gervais about the same time assures us that 8,mr4 ,spaulding told me himself1 last fall1 that for three or four years back he had ceased entirely to teach the ,indians because they refused to hear him0--a fact which that unscrupulous apostle corroborated in a conversation with ,dr4 ,ponjade1 in the preceding ,august4 8,the ,indians10 he said1 8are getting worse every day for two or three years back2 they are threatening to turn us out of the missions4 ,a few days ago1 they tore down my fences1 and ,i do not know what the ,missionary ,board of ,new ,york means to do4 ,it is a fact that we are doing no good3 when the emigration passes1 the ,indians run off to trade1 and return worse than when we came among them40#acg ,even as early as #ahci1 a missionary of the ,spokanes1 writing to ,dr4 ,whitman1 said that the failure of that mission was so strongly impressed on his mind1 he felt it necessary 8to have cane in hand1 and as much as one shoe on1 ready for a move40 8,i see10 he adds1 8nothing but the power of ,god that can save us40 ,when we consider this condition of affairs in connection with the brutal massacre at ,wailatpu by ,dr4 ,whitman's immediate neighbors and even some members of his household and congregation1 at a time of profound peace1 we can form some adequate idea of the benefits of the 8progress and civilization of the ,indians under their ,presbyterian charge40 ,will the ,united ,states ,senate1 in its laudable search after information1 consult some of the authorities1 who are with one exception ,protestant1 which we have quoted8 ,the ,catholic missions may be said to have commenced in #ahch4 ,in that year1 two ,catholic priests passed ,walla ,walla on their way from ,canada to ,fort ,vancouver4 ,in #ahci and #ahdj1 one of them1 ,father ,demers1 occasionally visited ,walla ,walla1 for a short time1 to give instruction to the ,indians1 many of whom were in the habit of visiting him1 particularly the ,cayuses and ,nez ,perces at the fort4 ,this presence excited the wrath of ,dr4 ,whitman1 and he presumed so far as to reprimand in severe language the gentleman in charge of the post4 8,from the time the ,jesuits arrived10 says ,gray1 8his own ,h4 ,h4 ,spaulding's pet ,indians had turned ,catholics1 and commenced a quarrel with him4 ,these facts seemed to annoy him1 and led him to adopt a course opposed by ,smith1 ,gray1 and ,rodgers40 ,the visits of the ,catholic missionaries were1 however1 few and far between1 till the #eth of ,september1 #ahdg1 when the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop ,a4 ,m4 ,a4 ,blanchet arrived #fgb at ,fort ,walla ,walla1 accompanied by the ,superior of the ,oblates and two other clergymen1 to establish permanent missions in ,eastern ,oregon4 ,it was the design of the bishop to locate a mission on the lands of ,towatowe 7,young ,chief71 a ,catholic ,indian1 who had offered him his own house for that purpose4 ,the ,young ,chief1 however1 being absent hunting1 ,dr4 ,blanchet was delayed at the fort1 longer than he anticipated1 and while there was visited by ,protestant missionaries and ,indian chiefs alike4 ,the former treated him with great incivility and disrespect4 ,dr4 ,whitman1 we are told by an eye-witness1 8made a furious charge against the ,catholics1 accusing them of having persecuted ,protestants1 and even of having shed their blood wherever they had prevailed4 ,he said he did not like ,catholics2 444 that he should oppose the missionaries to the extent of his power4444 ,he spoke against the ,catholic ,ladder 7a picture explaining the principal points of ,catholic faith71 and said that he would cover it with blood to show the persecution of ,protestants by ,catholics4 ,he refused to sell provisions to the bishop1 and protested that he would not assist the missionaries unless he saw them in starvation40#ach ,the temper of the savages was milder than their would-be evangelizers4 ,on the #bfth of ,october1 ,young ,chief came to the fort1 and asked for a priest to be sent to teach his young people4 ,he repeated the offer of his house1 but suggested as a substitute the lands of his relative ,tilokaikt1 upon which ,dr4 ,whitman was settled4 ,on ,november #d1 the four chiefs of the ,cayuses assembled at ,walla ,walla1 and after a long 8talk0 agreed to let the bishop have a site for a mission and as much ground to cultivate as was necessary to support the priests4 ,the bishop 8told them10 says ,father ,brouillet1 8that he would not make presents to the ,indians2 that he would give them nothing for the land he asked2 that in case they worked for him he would pay them for their work and no more40 ,the author just quoted was sent among the ,cayuses to select a proper site1 but1 not finding one suitable1 accepted ,young ,chief's offer1 a camp fully twenty-five miles from ,dr4 ,whitman's residence1 in the midst of another tribe altogether4 ,as one of the many traits of ,christian charity which distinguishes the ,catholic missionaries in every part of the world1 it may be mentioned that1 during the conference at the fort1 one of the chiefs spoke of ,dr4 ,whitman in very harsh terms1 accusing him of dishonesty and mercenary motives4 ,bishop ,blanchet reproved him instantly1 sternly telling him that the doctor was a good man1 and that he1 the chief1 had a bad heart to say so2 and when ,father ,brouillet was offered1 by ,tilokaikt1 ,whitman's own mission for ,catholic purposes for nothing1 he positively and peremptorily declined it4 ,and yet ,pub4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg would have us believe that the ,catholics coveted ,whitman's ,station1 and were resolved to have it at any cost4 ,on ,november #bg1 the bishop1 with his secretary and ,father ,brouillet1 proceeded to the new station at ,umatilla4 ,on the day following1 ,sunday1 they were visited by ,whitman1 and on ,monday by ,spaulding1 who remained for supper1 both these gentleman1 it seems1 having modified their views during the previous two months' intercourse with the missionaries4 ,it was on this latter day1 between two and three o'clock in the afternoon1 that ,whitman and his companions were murdered4 ,the account of that horrible event1 as #fgc related by ,father ,brouillet1 who was on the ground two days after1 is still highly interesting4 ,in a letter to ,colonel ,gilliam1 three months later1 when the facts were fresh in his memory1 and every resident of the neighborhood was in a position to disprove anything he might say that was false1 he writes3 8,before leaving ,fort ,walla ,walla1 it had been decided that1 after visiting the sick people of my mission on the ,umatilla1 ,i should go and visit those of ,tilokaikt's camp1 for the purpose of baptizing the infants1 and such dying adults as might desire this favor2 and the doctor and ,mr4 ,spaulding having informed me that there were many sick persons at their missions1 ,i was confirmed in the resolution1 and made preparations to go as soon as possible4 8,after having finished in baptizing the infants and dying adults of my mission1 ,i left on ,tuesday1 the #cjth of ,november1 late in the afternoon1 for ,tilokaikt's camp1 where ,i arrived between seven and eight o'clock in the evening4 ,it is impossible to conceive my surprise and consternation when1 upon my arrival1 ,i learned that the ,indians the day before had massacred the doctor and his wife1 with the greater part of the ,americans at the mission4 ,i passed the night without scarcely closing my eyes4 ,early next morning ,i baptized three sick children1 two of whom died soon after1 and then hastened to the scene of death to offer to the widows and orphans all the assistance in my power4 ,i found five or six women and over thirty children in a condition deplorable beyond description4 ,some had lost their husbands1 and others their fathers1 whom they had seen massacred before their eyes1 and were expecting every moment to share the same fate4 ,the sight of those persons caused me to shed tears1 which1 however1 ,i was obliged to conceal1 for ,i was1 the greater part of the day1 in the presence of the murderers1 and closely watched by them1 and1 if ,i had shown too marked an interest in behalf of the sufferers1 it would only have endangered their lives and mine2 these1 therefore1 entreated me to be on my guard4 ,after the first few words that could be exchanged under the circumstances1 ,i inquired after the victims1 and was told that they were yet unburied4 ,joseph ,stainfield1 a ,frenchman1 who was in the service of ,dr4 ,whitman1 and had been spared by the ,indians1 was engaged in washing the corpses1 but1 being alone1 he was unable to bury them4 ,i resolved to go and assist him1 so as to render to those unfortunate victims the last service in my power to offer them40 ,the reverend father then goes on to relate how1 after comforting the women and children as well as he could1 and having been told by the chief 8to say to them that they need fear nothing1 they shall be taken care of and well treated10 he set out toward his mission1 in order to intercept ,spaulding and warn him of his danger4 ,he was accompanied by his interpreter1 and closely followed by a son of the chief1 who1 it afterward appeared1 was going to his uncle ,camastilo to acquaint him of the slaughter4 ,his meeting with ,spaulding is graphic1 and1 if not for the hideous surroundings1 would be amusing4 ,he says3 8,in a few minutes after1 while they were thus engaged in smoking1 ,i saw ,mr4 ,spaulding coming toward me4 ,in a moment he was at my side1 taking me by the hand and asking for news4 #8,have you been to the doctor's8' he inquired4 #8,yes1' ,i replied4 #8,what news8' #8,sad news4' #8,is any person dead8' #8,yes1 sir4' #8,who is dead--is it one of the doctor's children8' 7,he had left two of them very sick47 #8,no1' ,i replied4 #8,who1 then1 is dead8' ,i hesitated to tell4 #8,wait a moment1' ,i said1 #8,i cannot tell you now4' ,while ,mr4 ,spaulding was asking me those questions1 ,i had spoken to my interpreter1 telling him to entreat the ,indian in my name not to kill ,mr4 ,spaulding1 which ,i begged of him as a special favor1 and hoped that he would not refuse it to me4 ,i was waiting for his answer1 and did not wish to relate the disaster to ,mr4 ,spaulding before getting it1 for fear he might by his manner discover to the ,indian what ,i had told him1 for the least motion like flight #fgd would have cost him his life1 and probably exposed mine also4 ,the son of ,tilokaikt1 after hesitating some moments1 replied that he could not take it upon himself to save ,mr4 ,spaulding1 but that he would go back and consult the other ,indians1 and so he started back immediately to his camp4 ,i then availed myself of this absence to satisfy the anxiety of ,mr4 ,spaulding4 ,i related to him what had passed4 #8,the doctor is dead1' said ,i2 #8the ,indians have killed him1 together with his wife and eight other ,americans1 on ,monday last1 the #bith1 and ,i have buried them before leaving to-day4' #8,the ,indians have killed the doctor--they will kill me also if ,i go to the camp6' #8,i fear it very much1' said ,i4 #8,what1 then1 shall ,i do8' #8,i know not4 ,i have told you what has happened4 ,decide now for yourself what you had best do4 ,i have no advice to give you in regard to that4' #8,why has that ,indian started back8' he inquired4 #8,i begged him to spare your life1' said ,i1 #8and he answered me that he could not take it upon himself to do so1 but that he would go and take the advice of the other ,indians about it2 that is the reason why he started back4' ,mr4 ,spaulding seemed frightened and discouraged4 #8,is it possible6 is it possible6' he exclaimed several times4 #8,they will certainly kill me4' ,and he was unable to come to any decision4 #8,but what could have prompted the ,indians to this8' he inquired4 #8,i know not1' said ,i2 #8but be quick and decide1 you have no time to lose4 ,if the ,indians should resolve not to spare your life1 they will be here very soon1 as we are only about three miles from their camp4 #8,but where shall ,i go8' #8,i know not2 you know the country better than ,i4 ,all ,i know is that the ,indians say the order to kill all ,americans has been sent in all directions4' ,mr4 ,spaulding then resolved to fly4 ,his asked me if ,i were willing to take charge of some loose horses he was driving before him4 ,i told him ,i could not1 for fear of becoming suspicious to the ,indians4 ,i told him1 however1 that if the interpreter was willing to take them under his charge at his own risk1 he was perfectly at liberty to do so4 ,to this the interpreter agreed4 ,i gave ,mr4 ,spaulding what provisions ,i had left1 and hastened to take leave of him1 wishing him with all my heart a happy escape1 and promising to pray for him4444 ,the interpreter had not left ,mr4 ,spaulding 7after pointing out a byroad7 more than twenty minutes1 when he saw three armed ,cayuses riding hastily toward him in pursuit of ,mr4 ,spaulding4 ,upon coming up to the interpreter1 they seemed much displeased that ,i had warned ,mr4 ,spaulding of their intentions1 and thereby furnished him an opportunity to escape4' ,the priest ought to have minded his own business1 and not to have interfered with ours1' they said in an angry tone1 and started immediately in pursuit of him40#aci ,this ,spaulding escaped to tell the tale1 and to traduce the character of the priest that saved his life at the risk of his own4 ,at first1 he was inclined to acknowledge the obligation1 for in a letter to his 8reverend and dear friend10 as he styles ,bishop ,blanchet1 eight days after1 he writes3 8,the hand of the merciful ,god brought me to my family after six days and nights from the time my dear friend furnished me with provisions and ,i escaped from the ,indians40 ,this effort of gratitude was1 however1 too much for him to sustain1 and1 accordingly1 we find published in ,the ,oregon ,american 7p4 #ac7 the following choice specimen of bigotry and base ingratitude1 8worse than the sin of witchcraft40 ,he says3 8,it has been said by some of my friends in this country that they felt greatly mortified to see me in the dust at the bishop's feet begging for my life4444 ,this is not the first time that ,protestants 7that is1 heretics7 have lain prostrate at the feet of the ,pope of ,rome4 ,i saw my life1 under ,god1 in the hands of the bishop and the priests4 ,i had a right to ask it again4 ,i seemed to see the hands of these priests wet with the blood of our associates4444 ,i stopped not to ask whose hands placed the bishop's foot upon my neck1 the lives of so many human beings were worth the struggle40 ,can the force of prejudice and deception go further than this8 ,here is a man1 who1 if not an open enemy of the missionaries1 was certainly a #fge violent opponent1 whose life was saved by one of them at a most critical moment at imminent danger to his own1 who was shown the pathway by which he might escape the fury of the savages whose hatred he had awakened by long years of injustice1 and who was even supplied with food from the poor priest's scrip1 turning round on his benefactors when he attained a place of safety1 and vilifying the church and religion to whose lesson of charity he owed his miserable existence4 ,this is the man1 too1 upon whose authority the 8,christian ,associations of ,oregon0 have undertaken to brand the heroic priests of that section as instigators of murder2 and who has undertaken to inform the ,senate1 and provide ,mr4 ,delano with matters for history 8in a more permanent form40 ,and here it may be well to dispose of some of the minor charges4 ,pub4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg1 at page #cj1 says of the scenes of the ,whitman massacre3 8,they the ,indian children leaped and screamed for joy1 throwing handfuls of blood around1 drinking down the dying agonies of their victims as a precious draught4 ,these blood-stained little savages were to receive the sacred ordinance of baptism a few hours after1 at the hands of the priest of ,god--the mangled bodies yet lying unburied around1 the food of dogs and wolves by night1 and of hogs and vultures by day1 seeming to pay down to the ,indians for what they had done40 ,we are not aware that in the whole course of ,protestant history there is to be found a more deliberate1 cool1 and atrocious tissue of falsehoods than the above4 ,two days1 not a few hours1 after the murder1 three sick children were baptized1 of whom two were so ill that they died the same day4 ,are those some of the children who leaped and screamed for joy8 ,the baptism took place two miles from ,whitman's ,station1 so that the bodies of the slain could not well have been lying around4 ,the dogs and wolves1 hogs and vultures1 are purely the creation of the ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,spaulding's imagination1 and would1 in vulgar parlance1 be styled 8piling on the agony40 ,before the arrival of ,father ,brouillet1 ,joseph ,stainfield had already washed the corpses1 and1 with the assistance of the good priest1 they were buried4 ,the insinuation in the last line is worthy of ,spaulding1 and shows to what extremes a man will go whose sense of truth and even decency has become completely blunted4 ,another charge against the missionaries is that they acted inhumanly with the captives1 and that ,father ,brouillet1 who promised to return to them1 neglected to do so4 ,it is true he did not do so1 and the prisoners may thank ,mr4 ,spaulding for his not returning4 ,had he not been as solicitous about saving that individual's life1 and thereby enable him to go down to the grave at an old age with a load of falsehood and forgeries on his soul1 he would never have incurred the ill-feeling of the ,indians of ,wailatpu1 or be himself kept a prisoner in ,young ,chief's tent for two or three weeks4 ,but his thoughts and those of his fellow-missionaries were with the unfortunates1 and his every effort was used1 and successfully too1 for their liberation4 ,while ,spaulding1 from his mission with the ,nez ,perces1 was writing lying letters to his 8reverend and dear friend10 ,bishop ,blanchet1 soliciting his good offices with the ,indians with regard to the captives1 amongst whom was his own daughter1 that ecclesiastic was calling around him the chiefs of the ,cayuses1 admonishing them to treat their captives kindly1 promising to write to the ,american governor for terms of peace1 and attending a council at ,fort ,walla #fgf ,walla1 at which the ,indians consented and actually did liberate the prisoners1 the ransom being paid by the agents of the much abused ,hudson ,bay ,company4 ,spaulding himself was then virtually a prisoner among the ,nez ,perces1 with whom he lived eleven years1 and 8was very much beloved10 if we may believe his own statement4 ,we now come to what we may be permitted to call the first grand falsehood1 as set forth in ,pub4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg1 for the information of the ,senate and the benefit of history1 namely1 that the ,whitman murderers were instigated by the 8,jesuits40 ,this calumny is repeated in several places and in many forms in this extraordinary public document1 and may be supposed to be crystallized in the two following paragraphs3 8,when the ,jesuits and ,english had1 by means of ,indian runners1 excited the surrounding tribes to butcher the ,protestant missionaries and ,american emigrants at ,wailatpu1 and to exterminate the ,american settlements on the ,pacific1 the ,nez ,perces refused to join them1 and rushed at once to the defence of their beloved teacher1 ,mrs4 ,spaulding1 and rescued her and her infants from a band of forty of the murderers2 then1 second1 fled to the scene of the eight days' carnage1 and by their influence stopped the bloody work of the ,jesuits40 7,resolutions adopted by the ,pleasant ,butte ,baptist ,church of ,linn ,co41 ,oregon1 ,oct4 #bb1 #ahfi47 8,this ,brouilette ,brouillet1 it is proved in part by his own testimony1 was present at the massacre1 doing nothing to save the victims1 but baptizing the children of the murdering ,indians1 and otherwise stimulating them to their work of death40 7,report of the ,committee of the ,presbytery of ,steuben1 adopted by the ,christian ,associations of ,oregon1 #ahfi47 ,surely this is history run mad4 ,in fact1 so gross are the misstatements that we are inclined to think that ,spaulding either forged the signatures or interpolated the resolutions of the associations--a proceeding which1 it will appear further on1 he was perfectly capable of doing4 ,now1 it is well known1 and stated even by ,spaulding 7,pub4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg71 that the so-called 8,jesuits10 namely1 ,bishop ,blanchet and his priests1 had only been in that part of the country a short time--,father ,brouillet says two months1 but ,spaulding reduces it to six weeks2 that no ,catholic mission had been established within hundreds of miles of ,whitman's ,station till two days previous to the mission1 when one was commenced at ,umatilla1 twenty-five miles distant1 among a tribe of the ,cayuses1 who had no act or part in the crime2 that there never was a ,catholic missionary1 ,jesuit or otherwise1 in the camps of ,tilokaikt1 where ,whitman resided till two days after the massacre1 but once1 and that for a short time when ,father ,brouillet was invited by the chief to go and procure a site for a mission1 in which he failed2 and1 finally1 that the ,indians who did the bloody deed were near neighbors of the doctor1 the worst being a member of his household2 and that every one of them were ,protestants1 as ,spaulding himself partly admits#adj 7,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg74 ,even the ,rev4 ,gustavus ,hines1 who is named as one of the assistants in the #fgg compilation of this document1 says in his ,history of ,oregon1 in describing a council of chiefs in #ahdc3 8,tilokaikt1 a ,cayuse chief1 rose and said1 #8,what do you read the laws for before we take them8 ,we do not take the laws because ,tanitan says so4 ,he is a ,catholic1 and as a people we do not follow his worship60 ,the story of ,father ,brouillet having been on the scene of massacre stimulating the ,indians in their work of death is a poor fabrication1 for the doctor visited the bishop and his two priests at ,umatilla1 twenty-five miles distant1 late on ,sunday1 the #bhth1 and on the #bith1 the day of the slaughter1 ,spaulding himself supped with them at the same place4 ,the ridiculous reference to the ,nez ,perces1 under the supposition that they were ,protestants1 is simply absurd4 ,the fact is that ,spaulding says1 in his letter to his 8reverend and dear friend0 the bishop1 the ,nez ,perces only promised to protect him and the ,american settlers if troops were not sent against the ,cayuses1 and that they demanded and received from ,mr4 ,ogden1 of ,walla ,walla1 clothing1 ammunition1 and tobacco before they would release their 8beloved teacher10 her husband and infants4 ,the only ,nez ,perces who fled to the scene to stop 8the bloody work of the ,jesuits0 were two messengers of that tribe who bore his treacherous letter to the bishop1 begging him to assure the ,cayuses that he would use every effort to prevent the troops from being sent against them1 and which he afterwards declared was meant to deceive both the bishop and the ,indians4#ada ,no sooner1 however1 was he out of danger than he used his best efforts to bring on a war4 8,i recollect distinctly10 says ,major ,magone1 8that he was not in favor of killing all the ,cayuses1 for he gave me the names of four or five that he knew to be friendly1 and another whom ,i marked as questionable3 the balance1 if ,i am not very much mistaken1 he would have to share one fate40 ,truly1 this was strange advice from a minister of the ,gospel of peace1 and from one who wished the bishop to assure the ,indians 8that we do not wish ,americans to come from below to avenge our wrongs10 etc4 ,but apart from the credibility of the witness ,spaulding1 and the impossibility of the ,catholic missionaries stirring up the ,protestant ,indians to the work of death1 even if they so desired1 not to speak of their early1 continuous1 and indignant denials of every statement and assertion put forth by the ,oregon fanatics1 we have the evidence of several persons1 all ,protestants we are inclined to believe1 who were either in the neighborhood at the time1 or arrived soon after4 ,r4 ,t4 ,lockwood1 an old resident of ,oregon and a prominent contributor to the press1 relates the following conversation which he had in #ahea with one of the ,indians who was a spectator of the murder3 8,q4 ,do the ,indians generally want the ,catholic priests among them1 and1 if so1 why do they prefer them to such men as ,dr4 ,whitman8 8,a4 ,no1 not generally2 yet a considerable number do1 and prefer them because they do not try to get our land away from us4 8,q4 ,did the priests that came among you1 a little before the massacre1 encourage the killing of ,dr4 ,whitman and the others8 8,a4 ,no4 ,the killing of ,dr4 ,whitman was resolved on before the priests came4 8,q4 ,are you a ,catholic ,indian8 8,a4 ,no1 sir40 ,some time after1 ,mr4 ,lockwood met a ,mrs4 ,foster1 one of the survivors4 8,i asked her10 he says1 8if she thought the priest had anything to do #fgh with the massacre1 and she said she did not think he did1 as he appeared very much pained1 and was very kind and tender towards the survivors4 ,i asked her1 also1 if she thought that the priest did all he safely could1 and she answered1 #8,i do4'0 ,this impartial and well-informed gentleman winds up his letter thus3 8,suffice it to say that1 in all ,i ever heard said in regard to this lamentable massacre 7and it has been much7 prior to the last two years1 there was not the slightest intimation of you or any other ,catholic priest being implicated1 or in any way responsible therefor40#adb 8,why is the ,catholic exempt from danger8 ,why can the ,hudson ,bay ,company employee remain amid these scenes of blood and ,indian vengeance against the white race1 at peace1 undisturbed1 and1 what is more loathsome1 neutral in such a conflict80 asks the ,hon4 ,elwood ,evans of ,spaulding1 in #ahfh4 ,the answer is simple4 ,because the ,catholic priests treat the ,indians with uniform kindness and justice2 because they neither deceive them with false promises nor appropriate their lands and labor without payment1 and because1 being ministers of peace1 they are opposed to strife2 all of which ,whitman1 ,spaulding1 and his missionary companions did not and were not4 ,and this brings us to the real cause of the massacre4 ,for the sake of the ,senate which desires information1 and for ,mr4 ,delano's future history1 we will give a few extracts from authorities which1 if at all prejudiced1 would be on the side of the ,protestant view3 8#8,i came to select a place for a mission1' said he1 #8but ,i do not intend to take your lands for nothing4 ,after the doctor is come1 there will come every year a big ship1 loaded with goods to be divided among the ,indians4 ,these goods will not be sold1 but given to you4 ,the missionaries will bring you ploughs and hoes1 to teach you to cultivate the land1 and they will not sell but give them to you4'444 ,and there among the ,nez ,perces he made the same promises to the ,indians as at ,wailatpu40 7,mr4 ,john ,toupin's ,statement1 in #ahdh1 of the ,foundation of the ,presbyterian ,missions by ,mr4 ,parker1 in #ahce47 8,two years ago4 #ahdf1 a ,cayuse came to my house in the ,willamette settlement1 and stopped with me over two weeks4 ,during that time he often spoke of ,dr4 ,whitman1 complaining that he possessed the lands of the ,indians1 on which he was raising a great deal of wheat1 which he was selling to the ,americans1 without giving them anything2 that he had a mill upon their lands1 and that they had to pay him for grinding their wheat1 a big horse for twenty sacks4 ,he said they told him to leave1 but that he would not listen to them40 7,ib47 8,a man of easy1 don't-care habits1 that could become all things to all men1 and yet a sincere and earnest man1 speaking his mind before he thought the second time1 giving his views on all subjects without much consideration1 correcting them when good reasons were presented1 yet1 when fixed in the pursuit of an object1 adhering to it with unflinching tenacity4 ,a stranger would consider him fickle and stubborn40 7,character of ,dr4 ,whitman by a brother missionary1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,gray47 8,the ,americans had done them much harm4 ,years before1 had not one of their missionaries suffered several of their people1 and the son of their chiefs1 to be slain in his company1 yet himself escaped8 ,had not the son of another chief 7,elijah71 who had gone to ,california to buy cattle1 been killed by ,americans for no fault of his own8444 ,so far as regarded the missionaries1 ,dr4 ,whitman and his associates1 they were divided1 yet so many looked on the doctor as an agent in promoting the settlement of the country with whites1 it was thought best to drive him from the country1 together with all the missionaries1 several years before4 ,dr4 ,whitman had known that the ,indians were displeased with his settlement among them4 ,they had told him of it2 they had #fgi treated him with violence1 they had attempted to outrage his wife1 had burned his property1 and had several times warned him to leave their country1 or they should kill him40 7,river of the ,west1 p4 #djj47 8,the fulfilment of the laws which the agent recommended for their adoption1 444 occasioned suspicions in the minds of the ,indians generally that the whites designed the ultimate subjugation of their tribes4 ,they saw in the laws they had adopted a deep-laid scheme of the whites to destroy them and take possession of their country4 ,the arrival of a large party of emigrants about this time1 and the sudden departure of ,dr4 ,whitman to the ,united ,states1 with the avowed intention of bringing back with him as many as he could enlist for ,oregon1 served to hasten them to the above conclusions4444 ,the great complaint of the ,indians was that the ,boston people ,americans designed to take away their lands1 and reduce them to slavery40 7,rev4 ,gustavus ,hines1 ,d4,d41 assistant of ,spaulding1 in ,pub4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg1 on the ,nez ,perces in #ahdc1 ,history of ,oregon1 p4 #adc47 8,they the ,indians were demanding unreasonable pay for their lands upon which the stations were erected1 and paying but little or no attention to their ,american teachers40 7,gray's ,history of ,oregon1 p4 #cfe47 8,the fact is also shown that1 as far back as #ahce1 the ,indians west of the ,rocky ,mountains protested against the taking away of their lands by the white races1 and this was one of the alleged causes of the murder of ,dr4 ,whitman40 7,j4 ,ross ,browne1 ,special ,agent of the ,treasury1 ,report to the ,com4 of ,indian ,affairs1 ,dec4 #d1 #aheg47 ,thus we find that1 whatever credit may be claimed for ,dr4 ,whitman as a colonist1 his course toward the people whom he was sent to evangelize was anything but just or ,christian2 for he not only did not pay for his own land1 but helped others to steal also1 and he admits himself that for some years he had utterly neglected the spiritual and mental duties of his mission4 ,but there were other and not less potent causes at work4 ,of his 8esteemed friend ,dr4 ,whitman10 ,sir ,james ,douglass1 chief factor of the ,hudson ,bay ,company1 writes on ,december #i1 ten days after the massacre3 8,he hoped that time and instruction would produce a change of mind--a better state of feeling toward the mission1 and he might have lived to have seen his hopes realized1 had not the measles and dysentery1 following in the train of immigrants from the ,united ,states1 made frightful ravages this year in the upper country4 ,many ,indians have been carried off through the violence of the disease1 and others through their own imprudence4 ,the ,cayuse ,indians of ,wailatpu1 being sufferers in this general calamity1 were incensed against ,dr4 ,whitman for not exerting his supposed supernatural power in saving their lives4 ,they carried this absurdity beyond the point of folly4 ,their superstitious minds became possessed of the horrible suspicion that he was giving poison to the sick instead of wholesome medicine1 with the view of working the destruction of the tribe1 his former cruelty probably adding strength to their suspicions4 ,still1 some of the reflecting had confidence in ,dr4 ,whitman's integrity1 and it was agreed to test the effects of the medicine he had furnished on three of their people1 one of whom was said to be in perfect health4 ,they unfortunately died1 and from that moment it was resolved to destroy the mission4 ,it was immediately after burying the remains of these three persons that they repaired to the mission and murdered every man found there40 ,several other contemporary writers confirm this calm statement of events1 which in themselves were enough to drive ignorant and desperate savages 7for it must be borne in mind that ,dr4 ,whitman had given up instructing them for some years to attend to his wheat and horses7 to commit any act of murder or rapine4 ,to show that the 8horrible suspicion0 of having been poisoned was not a mere groundless suspicion on the part of the ,indians1 we present the following testimony3 8,i spent the winter of #ahdf in ,dr4 ,whitman's employment4 ,i #fhj generally worked at the saw-mill4 ,during the time ,i was there1 ,i observed that ,dr4 ,whitman was in the habit of poisoning wolves4 ,i did not see him put the poison in the baits for the wolves2 but two of his young men of the house1 by his order1 were poisoning pieces of meat1 and distributing them in the places where the wolves were in the habit of coming1 at a short distance around the establishment of the doctor4 ,the doctor once gave me some arsenic to poison the wolves that were around the saw-mill4444 ,some ,indians who happened to pass there took the meat and ate it2 three of them were very sick1 and were near dying4444 ,mr4 ,gray1 who was then #ahdj living with the doctor1 offered us as many melons to eat as we liked1 but he warned us at the same time not to eat them indiscriminately1 as some of them were poisoned4 #8,the ,indians1' said he1 #8are continually stealing our melons4 ,to stop them1 we have put a little poison on the bigger ones1 in order that the ,indians who will eat them might be a little sick4'0 7,statement of ,john ,young1 corroborated by ,augustine ,raymond47 ,in addition to these acts of imprudence1 the doctor1 it seems1 had earned for himself an unenviable unpopularity4 ,he was constantly extorting overpay in horses from them1 and threatening them with soldiers and emigrants if they refused it4 ,after having a quarrel with them on one occasion1 8during which they insulted him1 covered him with mud10 and even attempted his life1 8he started for the ,united ,states1 telling the ,indians that he was going to see the great chief of the ,americans1 and that when he would return he would bring with him many people to chastise them2 the ,indians had been looking to his return with great fear and anxiety40#adc ,at another time1 in the fall of #ahdg1 he said to the ,indians at ,walla ,walla in the presence of several white men1 8,since you are so wicked1 such robbers1 we shall send for troops to chastise you1 and next fall we will see here five hundred dragoons1 who will take care of you40 ,but even ,doctor ,whitman1 8fickle and obstinate0 as he was1 could not entirely overlook the dangers that beset him for so many years1 and at the solicitation of his friend had been preparing to leave his station long before the arrival of the ,catholic missionaries4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,mc,kay1 whom the doctor had invited to stop the winter of #ahdg-h with him for protection1 says1 8,he told me repeatedly1 during the last two years especially1 that he wished to leave1 as he knew the ,indians were ill-disposed toward him1 and that it was dangerous for him to stay there2 but that he wished all the chiefs to tell him to go away1 in order to excuse himself to the ,board of ,foreign ,missions40 ,dangerous and fatal mistake1 which cost the lives of thirteen innocent people1 and closed the unfortunate man's earthly career6 ,now for the affair of the young woman ,miss ,bewley1 who is described in ,pub4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg1 p4 #ce1 indifferently as an 8amiable young saint10 a 8dear girl10 and 8an angel40 ,it is charged that1 when ,five ,crows demanded her for his wife1 and she refusing to go with him1 the bishops and priests urged her to go1 and even thrust her out-of-doors when she refused4 ,so little credence was given this specific calumny1 for many years after the alleged occurrence1 that the only mention we find made of it in ,the ,murder of ,dr4 ,whitman is the following paragraph3 8,before taking leave of the chiefs1 the bishop said to them all publicly1 as he had also done several times privately1 that those who had taken ,american girls should give them up immediately4 ,and then all entreated ,five ,crows to give up the one he had taken1 but to no purpose40 ,now let us hear ,father ,brouillet's account of the affair in #fha contradiction to ,miss ,bewley's deposition3 8,we did10 says the reverend gentleman1 8all that charity could claim1 and even more than prudence seemed to permit4 ,we kept her for seventeen days in our house1 provided for all her wants1 and treated her well1 and if she had minded us1 and heeded our advice and entreaties1 she would never have been subjected to that ,indian4 ,when she came first to our house1 and told us that ,five ,crows had sent for her to be his wife1 we asked her what she wanted to do4 ,did she want to go with him1 or not8 ,she said she did not want to go with him4 #8,stay with us1 then1 if you like2 we will do for you what we can1' was our offer4 ,when the evening came1 the ,indian chief called for her4 ,the writer then requested his interpreter to tell him that she did not want to be his wife1 and that1 therefore1 he did not want her to go with him4 ,the interpreter1 who was an ,indian1 allied by marriage to the ,cayuses1 and knew the chiefs disposition well1 would not provoke his anger1 and refused to interpret4 ,the writer1 then making use of a few ,indian words he had picked up during the few days he had been there1 and with the aid of signs1 spoke to the ,indian himself1 and succeeded in making him understand what he meant4 ,the ,indian rose furiously and without uttering a word went away4 ,the young woman then got frightened1 and wanted to go for fear he might come back and do us all an injury4 ,the writer tried to quiet her1 and insisted that she should remain at our house1 but to no avail2 she must go1 and off she went4 ,the ,indian1 still in his fit of anger1 refused to receive her1 and sent her back4 ,she remained with us three or four days undisturbed2 until one evening1 without any violence on the part of the ,indian1 or without advising with us1 she went with him to his lodge4 ,she came back the next morning1 went off again in the evening1 and continued so1 without being forced by the ,indian1 and part of the time going by herself1 until at last she was told to select between the ,indian's lodge and our house1 as such a loose way of acting could not be suffered any longer4 ,that was the first and only time that she offered any resistance to the will of the ,indian2 but1 indeed1 her resistance was very slight1 if we can believe her own statement40 ,this is a very different account from that sworn to by ,miss ,bewley1 but written by ,spaulding1 as he says himself1 ,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg1 p4 #bg3 8,i would go to an individual1 and take down in writing what he or she knew1 and then go before a magistrate1 and the individual would make an oath to the statement1 the officer certifying40 ,there is no mention that the parties were permitted to read what their amanuensis took down1 and all who are acquainted with such ex-parte depositions know how easily it would be to alter their sense and meaning by an unscrupulous person--which we are about to show ,spaulding to be4 ,in this very statement there are two interpolations1 one of eight lines on page #ce of ,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg1 beginning with the words 8,i arose10 and one of six on the following page1 at 8,the next day10 which materially alter the whole meaning of the document4 ,this alteration of a sworn statement by any but the affiant is at common law forgery1 and ought to entitle the person who makes it to the delicate attention of the prosecuting attorney of his county4 ,whether the saint and angel1 ,miss ,bewley1 is now aware of the forgery connected with her name we know not1 but we trust that the ,senate will make a note of it for the benefit of future historians4 ,but ,spaulding1 who is described by his co-missionary ,gray as 8quite impulsive and bitter in his denunciations of a real or supposed enemy10 in endeavoring to make out a case1 is not content with altering one affidavit4 ,that of ,mr4 ,osborne 7,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg1 p4 #cb7 is also materially changed in several places from the original1 and the official reports of ,mr4 ,mc,lane 7,ex4 ,doc4 p4 #cc7 and of ,dr4 ,white are doctored in a manner #fhb that we venture to say would render it difficult for the writers themselves to recognize them4 ,even the plain statements of ,the ,murder of ,dr4 ,whitman are garbled in a most palpable and scandalous manner4 ,as to the other auxiliary charges against the ,catholic missionaries1 and the answers of ,abernethy and a few others to questions propounded by ,spaulding1 we do not consider them worthy of serious attention4 ,they are all directly or indirectly the creatures of ,spaulding's fertile imagination1 who1 if not crazy as ,colonel ,gilliam said1 has allowed his hatred of ,catholicity to carry him down to fearful depths of crime1 to calumny1 falsehood1 and forgery4 ,his motives are apparent1 the gratification of his lust for revenge1 and his hatred of our faith2 that of the associations who have signed his outrageous statements is the present flourishing existence of the ,catholic missions in every part of ,oregon2 and the end proposed is to compass their destruction by appealing to the religious prejudices of the authorities at ,washington4 ,we have too much confidence in the wisdom and good sense of the ,executive and ,congress to suppose that they will be influenced by such inflammatory appeals--bearing on their face the palpable impress of dishonesty and prejudice--and attempts to disturb the good fathers in their labor of love1 as well as of hardships and suffering2 and we expect soon to hear of those fanatics receiving a fitting rebuke in our ,senate for attempting to make that august body the vehicle of perpetuating the vilest sort of falsehoods and slanders against the ,catholics of this country4 #acj ,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #cg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,senate1 ,x,l,ist ,cong41 ,i,i,id ,session4 #ahgj-a4 #aca ,victor's ,the ,river of the ,west1 p4 #djj4 #acb ,works of ,stephen ,olin1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dbg1 #dbh4 #acc ,gray's ,hist4 of ,oregon1 pp4 #bca1 #bdf4 #acd ,history of ,oregon4 ,by ,g4 ,hines4 #ace ,murder of ,dr4 ,whitman1 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 #acf ,gray's ,history of ,oregon1 p4 #bce4 #acg ,murder of ,dr4 ,whitman1 p4 #hi4 #ach ,murder of ,dr4 ,whitman1 p4 #df4 #aci ,murder of ,dr4 ,whitman1 pp4 #ec-ee4 #adj ,the five ,cayuses who were hung in ,oregon ,city1 ,june #c1 #ahej1 as accomplices in the massacre1 were all ,protestants1 and remained so till they received their death sentence4 ,all the others who are known as murderers1 among whom were ,lumsuky1 ,tamahas1 and the two sons of ,tilokaikt1 were also ,protestants4 ,joseph ,stainfield1 ,jo ,davis1 and the other half-breed1 who1 it is said1 plundered the dead1 if anything1 were certainly not ,catholics4 ,three of the condemned on the morning of the execution solemnly declared that the ,catholic missionaries had nothing whatever to do with the murder4 ,the following letter to the ,bishop of ,walla ,walla1 from the ,archbishop of ,oregon ,city1 will be found interesting3 ,,oregon ,,city1 ,june #b1 #ahej4 ,the supposed ,cayuse murderers will be executed to-morrow4 ,they have abandoned ,dr4 ,whitman's religion and have become ,catholics4 ,i am preparing them for baptism and for death4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,blanchet1 ,archbishop of ,oregon ,city4 #ada ,oregon ,american4 #adb ,letter of ,r4 ,t4 ,lockwood to ,very ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,a4 ,brouillet1 ,v4,g41 ,sept4 #bi1 #ahga4 #adc ,toupin's statement4 ---------- ,,affirmations4 8,why does man go about organizing systems1 when he himself must be reorganized80 8,the thing to be done will not unite the doers40 8,when man forgets what he is1 he soon is put into a state of uneasiness1 and made to suffer in pain what was designed for him to be pleasure40 8,we are always learning the way that heaven acts1 but are very shy to invite it to act upon us1 and are very unwilling to submit to the preparatory process40 8,self-improvement by the selfish spirit is the most deceitful of all deceits40 8,while you persevere in washing a man's face with dirty water1 it will never be clean2 you must get pure water to wash with40 8,a child is a religious being prior to its being an intellectual being2 and must not be turned away from the divine order40 ---------- ,,an ,,afternoon ,,at ,,st4 ,,lazare4 #fhc ,we paid a visit yesterday 7,sunday7 to ,st4 ,lazare1 and all that we saw and heard there struck us as so interesting1 and so entirely different from our preconceived notions concerning that ill-famed centre of crime and punishment1 that we cannot but think our readers will likewise be interested in hearing a detailed and accurate account of it4 ,we had been told that the famous ptroleuse1 charged with the murder of ,monseigneur ,surat1 was still there1 and we could not resist the opportunity offered us by a friend of going to see this extraordinary type of female ferocity--the woman who put a pistol to the prelate's head1 and1 when he mildly asked her what he had done to her that she should hate him so1 replied3 8,you are a priest60 and shot him on the spot4 ,on arriving1 however1 we found that she had left for ,versailles the night before4 ,there were still fourteen of her terrible compeers remaining out of the four hundred and thirty that had been taken on the barricades and in the general saturnalia of the ,commune and locked up in ,st4 ,lazare4 ,we visited the prison from beginning to end4 ,nothing surprised us so much as the gentleness of the rgime1 and the absence of all mystery or personal restraint in the management of the prisoners4 ,the jail had nothing of the repulsive paraphernalia of a prison about it1 and but for its massive walls1 its vast proportions1 and a certain indescribable gloom in the atmosphere1 inseparable1 we suppose1 from the mere presence of such a population1 one might very well have mistaken it for an orphanage or any ordinary asylum conducted by a religious community4 ,the salles are magnificently spacious and lofty1 with broad1 high windows opening on courts2 there are four courts--praux they are called--one after another1 within the precincts of the prison2 the beds are like hospital beds2 and there was nothing in the dress of the women1 or the manner of the nuns toward them1 to tell an uninitiated visitor that they were not patients rather than prisoners and malefactors of the worst kind4 ,there was the same silence brooding over the place1 the same quiet regularity in all the arrangements1 the same supernatural sort of cleanliness that one never sees anywhere but in convents4 ,the population of the prison varies from #a1bjj to #a1hjj1 and the government of these dangerous and desperate subjects is committed to the sole charge of a community of religious called ,surs de ,marie-,joseph4 ,they are fifty in all4 ,their dress is black serge1 with a black veil lined with a light-blue one4 ,they were founded at the close of the last century by a ,lyonnese lady1 whose name the superioress told us1 but we forgot it4 ,it was just two o'clock when we arrived1 and the superioress and another nun gave up assisting at vespers in order to show us over the house1 which from its immense size takes two hours to visit in detail4 ,the prisoners are divided into several categories1 and are kept distinctly separate from each other4 ,there are first the ,prvenues1 who are put in on an accusation which has not been #fhd investigated2 then the ,dtenues1 against whom proof is forthcoming1 and who are awaiting their trial2 then there are the ,juges1 of whom the categories are various1 as will be seen4 ,these classes are never allowed to come in contact1 even accidentally1 with each other2 they do not even meet at meals4 ,those who are condemned to one year's imprisonment remain at ,st4 ,lazare1 but if the sentence extends to a year and a day1 they are sent off to one of the ,succursales4 ,when their term is expired 7those who are sentenced to a year only71 they may continue at ,st4 ,lazare if they choose4 ,many of them1 touched with grace1 and sincerely converted from their evil courses1 dread going back to old scenes and temptations that have proved so fatal to them1 and beg to be kept as filles de service for the work of the house1 or in the workshops1 etc41 and they are never refused4 ,the superioress said they made very active official servants1 and it is very seldom they fall away from their good resolves1 and have to be expelled or punished4 ,we were passing through one of the passages when a sudden noise of voices from the court made us go to the window and look out4 ,we saw a troop of prisoners pouring out into the yard2 they were running about1 laughing and chatting1 and apparently enjoying their momentary liberty with the zest of school-boys4 8,who are these1 ma mre80 we inquired4 8,hlas60 ,the exclamation was accompanied by a sufficiently expressive gesture4 8,they are generally a very numerous class here10 she explained2 8but just now there are but some two hundred of them2 the ptroleuses were largely recruited from their ranks1 and great numbers of them have been sent on to ,versailles40 ,some one asked if these unfortunates were more refractory than the other prisoners1 thieves1 etc4 8,as a rule1 they are less so10 replied the nun2 8we hardly ever are obliged to have recourse to the gardiens with them1 and we have more frequent conversions amongst them than any other class of prisoners4 ,there comes a time to many of them1 especially if they have had any seeds of religious belief sowed in their minds in childhood1 when the future both of this world and the next comes on them with a sense of horror1 and then grace has an easy task with them4 ,i could tell you of miracles wrought in the souls of these poor sinners that would sound like tales out of the lives of the saints1 and we have had deathbeds among them little short of saintly4 ,but1 again1 we too often see all our efforts fail1 and they reject grace with a sort of demoniacal obduracy1 and go back to their old lives without a moment's passing compunction3 nothing seems to touch them or frighten them40 ,we asked if the nuns were not afraid of them1 if they never threatened or insulted them4 8,oh6 never60 replied the superioress emphatically2 8the command we have over them1 and the way they yield obedience and respect to us1 is almost miraculous4 ,you see these poor outcasts down there2 ,i suppose there is nothing in the world more lost or degraded than they are2 they are the lowest specimens of the lowest stratum of vice and every species of depravity4 ,well1 the youngest nun in the community is as safe in the middle of them as if they were all honest mres de famille4 ,i have been a religious twenty-two years1 and out of that ten years at ,st4 ,lazare1 and ,i have never known them use an expression to any of #fhe us that called for reprimand40 ,we may add that she said the great majority of these offenders were girls from the provinces1 young and inexperienced for the most part1 and who come to ,paris expecting to make their fortune1 and unprepared for the temptations awaiting them in this great trap for souls4 ,we saw the words ,oratoire ,israelite1 ,oratoire ,protestant1 painted over two doors1 and the latter suggested the inquiry whether there were occasionally any ,english women amongst the inmates of ,st4 ,lazare4 8,oh6 yes1 ,i am sorry to say we have a good many ,english10 said the mother2 and then1 shaking her head and smiling1 she added3 8,and ,i am sorry to tell you that they are the most unmanageable of all1 for they are generally given to drink1 and when this is the case they are like mad-women and we can do nothing with them4 ,a little while ago we had one who got into such a fearful fit of fury that it was necessary to put her in the lock-up2 her shrieks were so loud that they were heard half over the place1 and terrified the young dtenues2 toward evening she grew so outrageous that the gardiens were sent to put her into the strait-waistcoat--they are powerful men with strong hands and iron nerves1 and trained to the work--but she baffled four of them for two hours2 they were not able to seize or hold her2 at last they gave it up in despair1 and said3 ,it is no use1 we must go for les surs6 ,one of them came to fetch me1 and beg me to come or send some one to help them4 ,he was trembling in every limb1 and the perspiration was pouring from his face as if he had been wrestling with a wild animal4 ,i took one of the nuns with me1 and we went down to the prison1 where we were obliged to spend the whole night with the prisoner1 coaxing and caressing her1 before we got her to calm down and cease shrieking40 ,we asked to what class in life the ,english culprits generally belonged--if they were exclusively of the lowest8 ,the superioress said1 on the contrary1 they were often persons very comme il faut in their manners1 and evidently had had an education far above the class of domestic servants--some of them were in fact quite like ladies2 she believed they were mostly governesses1 or teachers who come over to ,paris in search of situations or lessons1 and1 not finding either1 are driven by hunger and despair to steal1 or do worse2 but theft is generally the offence of the ,english prisoners4 8,sometimes1 indeed10 said the superioress1 8it makes us laugh to hear the account of the thefts they commit1 there is often something so comical in the way they do it1 and the cunning and dexterity they display are beyond belief2 the most accomplished ,french filou cannot hold a candle to them40 ,sad as this testimony was1 it could not be quite a surprise to any one living in ,paris who had seen much of the class of ,english alluded to1 but it will come probably as a new and terrible revelation to many in ,england2 and if this paper should fall into the hands of any lone1 friendless ,english girl hesitating about coming to ,paris to earn her bread1 the writer prays ,god she may ponder on the foregoing statement1 and think twice before embarking on so perilous a venture4 ,several salles are filled with a class of prisoners called jeunes insoumises2 they are all very young1 some merely children of the day2 they are not always actual criminals1 sometimes they are only subjects with dangerous propensities beyond the control of parents1 and they are sent here to be trained to better ways2 especial pains are directed #fhf to these juvenile offenders1 and the result is often very consoling4 ,the superioress said they had lately had a baby of six years old brought in for stealing4 8,it was only a cake that tempted the poor little mite10 said the mother deprecatingly1 8but she was very naughty and unmanageable otherwise1 and the parents were glad of a pretext to get rid of her for a time40 ,it was not only of such innocent culprits as this that the superioress spoke with indulgence1 her large-hearted charity took in all the lost inhabitants of the dismal abode in which she dwelt and toiled2 and there was something unspeakably touching in the way she every now and then seemed to try as it were to excuse the worst among them1 to plead for them indirectly by showing up any remnant of good in them4 ,we met the women we mentioned our seeing out at recreation on their way along a corridor2 they walked singly1 with their arms crossed2 we were quite close to them as they passed us2 and anything more ignoble than their features it would be difficult to conceive--the expression of the faces was scarcely human2 they resembled vicious animals in human shape rather than women4 ,this struck us all so forcibly that we could not help making the remark to the superioress4 ,she seemed positively hurt1 as if we had said something personally unkind to her1 and1 on my expressing some pagan surprise at it1 she broke out into such a tender pleading for 8those dear souls whom our ,lord longs for and that cost him so dear0 that1 though ,i felt thoroughly rebuked1 ,i could not be sorry for having called out her protest4 ,it was like having laid one's hand roughly and unawares on a vibrating instrument that sent out a strain of heavenly music4 8,oh60 she continued1 with such a look as ,i shall never forget1 8if we only knew what the value of a soul is1 how precious it is in the eyes of ,god1 we would never look with disgust at the poor wretched body that holds it2 but ,i assure you when one comes near to those poor sinners the disgust soon wears off1 and we think of nothing but their souls1 their precious1 immortal souls1 that were bought at such a price60 ,the more we listened to her and observed her1 the less surprised we were at the universal respect1 worship ,i might almost call it1 that greeted her presence everywhere--it was so spontaneous and so free from anything like fear or servility4 ,as soon as she appeared at the door of a work-room1 or a class1 or a dormitory1 the prisoners rose immediately to salute her2 and several times ,i noticed some of them make signs to others who were not looking1 or touch them on the shoulder1 to stand up and welcome the mother4 ,she generally said a word to them en passant3 8,good-morning1 my children6 ,are you behaving well80 etc41 and then there was a ripple of curtsies and a perfect clamor of 8,yes1 mother1 thank you60 and the hard1 bad faces would brighten for one moment with a smile4 ,the influence of the nuns with the prisoners is indeed little less than a permanent miracle1 ,among other instances of it1 the superioress told us the following3 8,a desperate woman1 charged with misdemeanors of the worst kind1 was brought to the prison4 ,she was the daughter of a butcher1 and10 added the superioress1 laughing1 8,i beg you to believe that her manners were just what might have been expected40 ,a few days after her arrival she broke out into a fit of mad fury1 and the gardiens had to be sent for to take her to the cachot2 but as soon as she saw them enter the salle1 she drew a huge pair of scissors #fhg from her pocket--how she came by it we never discovered--and1 holding it open and pointed at them with one hand1 she beckoned them with the other to come on1 yelling all the while like a raging lioness4 ,the men tried to terrify her1 to dodge her1 but it was all useless1 she baffled every attempt to seize her4 ,they gave it up as hopeless1 and came for me4 ,she no sooner saw me than she cried out3 #8,send them away1 and ,i will go with you2 but ,i will never move a foot with these men6' ,i sent them away1 and told her to give me the scissors2 she gave it at once1 and then ,i took her by the hand and led her off without a word4 8,on another occasion1 one section of prisoners got up a scheme for killing the gardiens4 ,they were to tie their wooden sabots into clusters of eight together1 and when the gardiens came to convey some refractory subject to the cachot1 the others were to fling several batches of these formidable missiles at their heads4 ,the effect must have been fatal1 but fortunately there was some delay in the appearance of the gardiens1 and the prisoners1 having all ready1 grew impatient1 and at last1 losing all control1 they began to yell and call out for them and brandish their sabots furiously4 ,the nun who was in waiting ran down to warn the gardiens not to come up1 and then came to tell me what had happened1 and to consult about sending for the soldiers1 who are always ready at the poste outside the prison2 the gardiens were frightened1 and advised this being done4 ,i thought1 however1 the storm would subside without having recourse to such an extreme measure4 ,i was not the least afraid of the women personally2 ,i knew they would never lay a finger on one of us1 whatever their fury might be1 so ,i walked into the midst of them4 8#8,what is this row about8' ,i said4 #8,i am ashamed of you2 let me hear no more of it4' ,then taking the ringleader--we always know the one to pitch upon--,i told her ,i must put her in prison2 she made no resistance1 only stipulating that the gardiens were not to touch her40 8,are the gardiens cruel to them that they hate them so much80 ,i asked4 8,no1 never10 she answered2 8they have no opportunity for it if they felt so inclined2 but they represent strength and justice1 whereas the nuns represent only weakness and pity2 the prisoners resent the one1 but not the other40 ,some one asked the superioress if she had ever known a conspiracy attempted to kill or hurt any of the sisters4 ,she replied never1 on which we related to her an episode of the ,roman prisons1 told us recently by the ,papal ,nuncio4 ,the female prisons in ,rome are1 like ,st4 ,lazare1 conducted entirely by nuns1 without even the moral support of a poste at the gates to enforce their authority4 ,one day a plot was organized for doing away with the nuns and making their own escape from the prison4 ,the prisoners were sixty in number and the nuns twelve1 so the scheme offered little serious difficulty4 ,it was agreed that on a certain day when all the community were assembled with the prisoners in the workroom1 the latter were to seize the nuns and fling them out of the windows into the yard4 ,the signal agreed upon was the close of the work-hour1 when the superioress clapped her hands for them to put aside their work4 ,the secret was so well kept that not a hint transpired1 but the superioress felt instinctively there was something abnormal brewing4 ,she had no apprehension at the moment1 #fhh however1 and gave the signal as usual when the clock struck the hour4 ,no one moved4 ,she repeated it4 ,still no one stirred4 ,she gave it a third time more emphatically1 and then the leader of the band walked straight up to her and struck her a blow on the face4 ,the meek disciple of ,jesus quietly knelt down1 turned the other cheek1 and said3 8,if ,i have done you any harm1 tell me so1 but if not1 why do you strike me80 ,the woman fell upon her knees1 burst into tears1 and confessed everything4 ,when the superioress had heard her to the end1 she said3 8,now1 my daughter1 ,i must take you to the dungeon2 you know this is my duty40 8,yes1 mother1 ,i know it is10 and she gave her hand1 and let herself be led away as meekly as a lamb4 ,how omnipotent is the power of love1 and how lovely this world would be if love were allowed to rule over it everywhere6 ,before we had finished our inspection of the house1 we went to benediction in the prison chapel4 ,there was a short sermon first on the gospel of the day4 ,about eight hundred of the prisoners were present4 ,some were yawning1 and evidently only there because they could not help themselves1 others assisted with edifying devotion1 but all were respectful in their attitude and demeanor4 ,the organ was played by one of the nuns1 and the choir1 was formed of prisoners from the class already alluded to4 ,the singing was not very scientific1 but it struck us all as peculiarly touching1 the more so1 no doubt1 from the associations connected unconsciously with the choristers4 ,the superioress said it was looked upon as a great privilege to sing in the choir1 and it is held out as a reward for sustained efforts and good conduct4 ,as we saw the little altar lighted up1 and the golden rays of the monstrance shining down upon the singular congregation1 one could not but think what a grand and beautiful manifestation of redeeming love it was1 this presence of the ,god of holiness1 a willing prisoner in such a temple4 ,there were the ,sisters of ,marie-,joseph1 women of the purest1 most unblemished lives1 self-devoted victims to the ,god who died on ,calvary for outcasts and sinners1 kneeling side by side in unloathing sisterhood with the vilest offscourings of this great ,babylon4 ,a sight wonderful beyond all human understanding if the mystery were not explained to us by the voice from out the little crystal prison-house3 8,i came to seek sinners1 and to dwell with them4444 ,and whatsoever you do to the least of these1 you do likewise to me4444 ,and there is more joy in heaven for the return of one sinner than for ninety-nine of the just40 ,and many are the joys given to him and his saints by the inmates of this great emporium of sinners4 ,last ,all ,saints' day five hundred of the prisoners approached the sacraments1 some in the most admirably penitent spirit1 but all of their own free will1 and for the moment at least with hearts touched by grace and turned away from evil4 ,they were prepared for the feast by a retreat of eight days1 preached by a ,marist father4 ,after benediction we resumed our inspection1 and came finally to the ptroleuses4 ,there was nothing in the room where they were1 or their surroundings1 to distinguish them from the other prisoners1 and if the superioress had not whispered to us as we were entering the dormitory that these were the women1 we should never have suspected the bright1 orderly room to be the den of wild beasts it was4 ,an ,american lady who #fhi was of our party amused the nuns by asking repeatedly3 8,but where are the wicked ones80 ,she could not persuade herself--and indeed it was difficult--that the hundreds of women we saw so gently ruled1 and held as it were with silken cords1 were the most dangerous and abandoned characters of the metropolis4 ,the fourteen ptroleuses were not dressed in the prison livery1 but wore their own clothes3 some of them were very spruce and comfortable1 but all were tidy and clean--none of them had a poverty-stricken look4 ,they were nearly all of them standing in sullen silence beside their beds2 one woman was dandling a baby1 a white-faced1 shrivelled little object1 tricked out in a fine blue frock with little flounces4 ,we think we said there had been four hundred and thirty of these ptroleuses in the prison4 ,the superioress said they had behaved very well there1 and never once obliged the soldiers to interfere4 ,they were cold-blooded1 defiant creatures1 but this was not their sphere of action2 they bore no ill-will to the sisters2 quite the contrary1 many shed tears on going away4 ,they fell into the discipline of the prison with great docility as to hours and rules1 and seldom broke silence4 ,on one point only they were intractable--they would not work4 8,it's bad enough to be conquered and butchered by ,versailles10 they would answer1 8but we are not going to work for them40 ,and neither threats nor entreaties could induce them to take a needle in their hand1 or to sit down to a sewing-machine4 ,it was no use explaining to them that they would not be working for ,versailles1 that they would work for themselves1 and might buy extra food at the cantine with their day's earnings2 no1 they got it into their heads that ,versailles would in some way or other be the better for their working1 and nothing could get it out of them4 ,the very name of ,versailles used to rouse them to fury2 it was like a red rag to a bull4 ,they boasted of their exploits during the ,commune as things to glory in4 ,one swore she had set fire to five buildings1 and her only regret was that she had been too late to set fire to ,st4 ,lazare4 ,many of her companions expressed the same regret with quiet effrontery1 that would have been amusing if it had not been so appalling4 ,every one of them declared that if it were to begin over again1 they would do just the same1 only better1 because now they had more experience4 8,and what is your opinion1 ma mre80 we said2 8do you think it will begin again1 and that the ptroleuses are still in existence1 or was it a type born with the ,commune1 and passed away with it80 ,she replied unhesitatingly that she believed it would begin again1 and that the ptroleuses would come out in greater force than ever2 that they were neither daunted nor disarmed by the failure of the ,commune1 but rather infuriated by defeat1 and more resolute and reckless than before--reckless to a degree that only bad women can be1 and ready to stake body and soul on their revenge4 ,she said that the conduct of ,versailles was weak and ill-judged beyond her comprehension2 that they had far better have left these women free at once on the plea that they were women1 if they did not mean to deal out their deserts to them2 but now these desperate creatures were exasperated by incarceration1 and by a mockery of a trial that either liberated them or sentenced them to a punishment they knew perfectly well the #fij government did not mean to carry out4 ,it was like letting loose so many bloodhounds on ,france to set these women at large again4 8,we have seen them de prs10 continued the superioress1 8and we are one and all convinced that the next attempt will be worse than the first2 we have terrible days in store--the ptroleuses have not said their last word40 ,speaking of the ,commune led to our asking about her own experiences under it4 ,it appears that the employees at ,st4 ,lazare1 the director1 inspector-general1 and their assistants1 were among the first turned out1 and agents of the ,htel de ,ville installed in their places4 ,the first thing these guardians of public justice did was to set free one-half of the population1 such as were available for the public services2 and able servants they proved themselves on the barricades and as incendiaries4 ,to account for and in some measure palliate the superhuman ferocity displayed by the women of the ,commune1 we may as well mention here a fact not generally known1 and which was told to us by a distinguished medical man1 who was here all through that terrible saturnalia1 and by a ,sister of ,charity1 who could also speak from personal knowledge4 ,it would seem that the snuff dealt out to the people from the government manufactories was mixed in large proportions with gunpowder4 ,the effect of this ingredient1 taken in very small quantities1 is to excite the brain abnormally1 but taken in large ones it brings on a kind of savage delirium tremens4 ,the wine distributed to the ptroleuses on the barricades and elsewhere was also heavily charged with some such element of madness4 ,it seems to us that it is rather a consolation to hear this1 for though it reveals a diabolical instinct of soul-hatred in the few1 it explains1 on the other hand1 how it was that occasionally we saw young and hitherto mild1 inoffensive women suddenly transformed into demons4 ,the superioress said that for the first three weeks that the nuns did duty for the ,commune1 nothing could exceed the respect and consideration they received from them4 8,they were as docile as little girls to us10 she said1 8and never did anything without coming to consult us4 ,the inspecteur-general named by the ,commune happened to have formerly been a clerk at the prison4 ,my surprise when ,i saw him in his new character1 and with such credentials1 was great2 but he seemed himself very much ashamed1 and when ,i asked him what had induced him to join the ,commune1 he replied that it was really devotion to the nuns2 he had accepted the office because he knew we would want a protector1 and he preferred being on the spot to watch over us4 ,it was not laughing matter1 or ,i could have laughed at his audacity4 ,and he actually pleaded this argument on his trial at ,versailles1 and was acquitted on it6 ,he had always been a well-conducted1 honest man1 and ,i am not sure but in the bottom of his heart this good intention toward us may not have been mixed up with a great many other less worthy ones4 ,during all the time he was in constant communication with me1 he never had the courage once to raise his eyes to my face4 ,he told us a good deal about what was going on outside1 and especially what the women were doing4 ,he spoke in enthusiastic praise of their spirit and courage4 ,he said the fort of ,montrouge was lost one day but for a girl of seventeen1 who1 seeing the soldiers demoralized1 and the gunners abandoning their guns and turning to fly1 rushed up to one of them1 and seized a light and put #fia it to the cannon1 and so mocked the cowards1 and taunted them all with cowardice and want of mettle1 that she rallied every man of them and saved the place4 ,but for this ,versailles would have taken it4 ,ten minutes later1 and the defence was abandoned4 #8,had it not been for this plucky little diablesse1 we were lost6' he exclaimed4 ,such traits as this prepared us for the ptroleuses of a few weeks later1 but he only saw patriotism and valor in them40 ,things went on very amicably between the gentlemen of the ,commune and the sisters for three weeks4 ,then a change came over them4 ,they were not openly rude1 but there was what the superioress described as restrained fury in their manner toward the nuns1 and the latter felt that the blood-fever was rising in them1 and that they would soon break out into open mutiny4 ,the superioress felt this more strongly than the rest1 and she was sorely perplexed how to get her flock out of the way of the wolves while it was yet time4 ,it was no easy matter1 for1 as she quaintly said1 8,one cannot send off fifty religious like fifty pins1 in a box by mail10 and in the present state of mind of the ,communists1 to awake suspicion was to have the whole community seized and locked up forthwith4 ,the first thing to be done was to procure permission from the ,htel de ,ville4 ,she had been obliged to go of late several times to the prefecture on one business or another connected with her functions in the prison1 so the authorities there knew her1 and had always treated her with marked civility4 ,she said that the first time she went there the faces of the so-called officials struck her as demoniacal1 they were all of them half-drunk--men taken from the gutters of ,belleville and ,villette to fill offices of whose commonest outward forms they had no idea1 yet they were as deferential to herself and the nun who accompanied her as so many priests might have been4 ,this did not prevent her saying to her companion as soon as they were alone3 8,well1 if we did not believe in hell1 the faces we have seen to-day would have revealed it to us40 ,she applied for a permission to leave1 and got it without any difficulty4 ,she kept it in her pocket all that day1 and the next morning she seemed to hear a voice saying to her interiorly3 ,now is the moment2 send them off6 ,the exodus was planned well1 and carried out so discreetly1 the nuns going in threes and fours at a time1 that not a shadow of suspicion dawned on the employees--their jailers as they now considered them4 ,all that day the superioress kept constantly with them1 never letting them lose sight of her for a quarter of an hour at a time1 coming and going perpetually1 and making future arrangements for one thing or another1 so as to put them more completely off the scent4 ,it was only when evening came and there were but eight nuns in the house besides herself1 that the flight was discovered4 ,the rage of the director was undisguised4 ,but if he could not catch the fugitives1 he could revenge himself on the devoted ones who had shielded their flight at the peril of their own lives4 ,the superioress was at work in the midst of the little remnant of her flock1 when he rushed into the room1 pistol in hand4 ,a few words passed between them1 angry on his part1 calm and resolute on hers1 then with an oath he left the room abruptly4 8,i knew as well as if he had told me10 she said1 8that he was gone to see if there was a vacant cell to put me in4 ,i did not feel terrified--,god gives such strong graces in moments like that6--but ,i #fib felt the same kind of internal voice saying to me3 ,now is your time2 take the others and fly6 8,we hurried down the stairs just as we were and went out4 ,we turned to the left1 and walked on as fast as we could1 without running1 toward the ,gare du ,nord4 ,we could hardly have turned the corner of the street when the director was in pursuit of us4 ,les ,dtenues1 who saw us leave the house and take to the left1 called out to him3 ,to the right1 citoyen6 ,they are not forty yards ahead6 ,he followed the direction1 and this saved us4 ,we reached the station just as the train was about to move4 ,the guards saw us coming1 and cried out to us to make haste and jump in4 #8,but our tickets6 ,we have not taken them6' ,i said4 8#8,never mind1 jump in6 ,you will pay at the other end1' and they hustled us into the nearest carriage4 ,we had not seated ourselves when the director appeared on the platform pistol in hand1 and crying out frantically to the train to stop4 ,but it moved on1 and landed us safely at ,argenteuil40 ,a few days after the ,surs ,marie-,joseph had cleared out from ,st4 ,lazare1 the nuns of ,picpus were taken there4 ,this the superioress thought was one reason why the officials were anxious to get them out of their way2 they meant to put the others there1 and they did not want any inconvenient witnesses of their own proceedings4 ,when we had seen all that was to be seen in the vast building1 the superioress took us to the private chapel of the community4 ,it was formerly the cell of ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul1 that is to say1 the space occupied by the sanctuary2 the altar stands where his little bed used to be1 and the window step is worn away by the pressure of his feet1 when his increasing infirmities obliged him to have recourse to the solace of a footstool4 ,the prison itself was formerly a ,lazarist monastery2 the refectory is exactly as it was in the time of ,st4 ,vincent1 unchanged in all except its occupants2 and the great1 sombre corridors echoed for twenty years to the footsteps of the sweet apostle of charity4 ,his memory is held in great veneration throughout the prison1 and the population speak of him with a sort of rough1 filial affectionateness that1 the nuns told us1 is often very touching2 they seem to look on him as a friend who ought to stand by them4 ,i had nearly forgotten one incident in our visit that had a peculiar beauty of its own4 ,we were passing by the open door of what seemed an infirmary2 all the beds were occupied1 and there were several nuns sitting in the room1 when one of them ran out and said3 8,oh6 ma mre1 you will not pass without coming to say bonjour to our old women4 ,ever since they heard you were showing the house1 they have been watching for you40 ,the superioress said it was late1 and she really had not time just now1 but the nuns begged harder1 and said that the old women knew she was going into retreat that evening1 so they would not see her for eight days1 and the old women1 seeing they were in danger of being refused1 began to cry out so piteously that the mother1 asking us if we would not mind walking down the ward1 yielded1 and we went in4 ,these old women are all infirm and incurable1 and have been sent as such from one hospital or another to ,st4 ,lazare4 ,their delight when the superioress came in and spoke a word to each was almost rapturous4 ,i stood to speak to one old soul1 but instead of detailing her own aches and pains after the usual manner of those dear1 blessed1 garrulous poor people1 she burst out confidentially into ecstatic #fic praises of notre mre--how sweet and kind she was1 and how she loved them all1 and what she did for them1 and what an angel she was altogether1 8as indeed all the good sisters were10 the good soul made haste to assure us4 ,we found1 on comparing notes with our friends1 that those to whom they spoke had improved the opportunity in the same way4 ,it seemed quite a treat to them to find an audience for their grateful praises of the ,surs4 ,indeed1 as far as our view of them went1 the ,sisters of ,marie-,joseph fully justify the love they receive so plentifully4 ,the superioress is what the ,french would call une matresse femme1 a combination of energy and gentleness1 with a certain frank brightness of manner that is very winning to a stranger1 and must be a great help1 independent of stronger agencies1 in enabling her to win the confidence and disarm the rebellious spirit of the women she has to deal with4 ,it was wonderful to watch her as she passed on from salle to salle1 saying just the right little word to all of them1 and bringing a smile on all the faces1 old and young1 good and bad4 ,her manner1 while it was perfectly simple and familiar1 never lost its dignity2 but there was not the faintest shadow of that spirit which too often hinders the salutary influence of virtue over vice--keep off2 for ,i am holier than you6 ,with these infirm old women she was affectionate and caressing as a mother1 petting them like children1 and encouraging their fearless familiarity toward herself4 ,they had been here all through the ,commune1 they told us1 and witnessed from their windows--the infirmary is on the ground floor--all the scenes enacted in the court by ces dames1 as they mockingly styled them1 who had come to replace the ,surs4 ,but the worst of that terrible interval to them was the terror they were in of being burnt to death4 ,they saw the flames rising on all sides from the conflagrations in the neighborhood of ,st4 ,lazare1 and they were in momentary expectation of seeing the prison itself fired4 ,the doors were opened for them to fly1 but 8 quoi bon1 puisque nous n'avions pas de jambes pour fuir80 they observed jocosely4 ,this was the last salle we saw4 ,before the superioress took leave of the incurables1 she asked them to pray for the nuns during their retreat1 which was to begin that evening4 ,they promised in chorus that they would1 and one said3 8,we will offer up all our suffering this week for the good sisters10 and all the others pledged themselves to do the same4 ,so ended our visit to ,st4 ,lazare4 ,it was a sad and yet an unutterably consoling one4 ,we hear a great deal about the atheism and immorality and wickedness of ,paris--and ,god knows there is plenty of them--but there is much also that is bright and pure and beautiful mixed up with the bad1 if only we looked for it and proclaimed it4 ,we would find the pearls of purity1 and the rubies of charity1 and the emeralds of hope1 and the salt of the ,holy ,spirit1 scattered everywhere amidst the general corruption1 healing and redeeming it4 ---------- ,,the ,,international ,,association #add #fid ,the ,labor ,question has become one of the most formidable questions--perhaps the most formidable question--of the day2 and the worst feature of the question is that1 though it has been looming up in the distance for nearly a century1 and constantly coming nearer and nearer1 and more and more pressing for a solution1 the statesmen1 reformers1 and philanthropists of no country seem to know what answer to give it1 or how to treat it4 ,there is no lack of nostrums1 and every petty politician is ready with his 8,morrison pill02 but no one gives a satisfactory diagnosis of the case1 and the remedies offered or applied have served thus far only to aggravate the symptoms of the disease4 ,there is a very general conviction among the workingmen themselves that1 in the distribution of the joint products of capital and labor1 capital gets the lion's share4 ,capitalists1 or they who can command capital or its substitute1 credit1 grow rich1 become millionaires1 from the profits of the labor they employ1 while the laborer himself1 with the most rigid economy and frugality1 can barely keep soul and body together1 and not always even that4 ,yet1 if we look at the millions deposited by the laboring classes in our savings-banks1 and the large sums collected from them for eleemosynary and other purposes not necessarily included in the expenses of living1 this statement seems exaggerated4 ,then1 too1 the majority of the millionaires with us1 and1 perhaps1 in ,england and ,france1 began life as workmen1 or1 at least1 without capital and with very little credit4 ,it is not easy to say precisely what the special grievances of the workingmen are1 at least in our country1 since comparatively few of the wealthy or easy classes of to-day inherited their wealth1 or had to start with any appreciable advantages1 pecuniary1 educational1 or social1 over their compeers who have remained in the proletarian class4 ,the ,international ,association of ,workingmen do not tell us very distinctly what their special grievances are1 nor can we gather them from the eloquent lecture of their mouthpiece1 ,mr4 ,wendell ,phillips1 the candidate of the labor unions of ,massachusetts for governor of that state4 ,the evils he complains of1 if evils1 grow out of what is called 8modern civilization10 and seem to us to be inseparable from it4 ,this is also clearly his opinion1 and ,the ,dublin ,review shows that it is the view taken by the ,internationals in ,england and ,france4 ,mr4 ,phillips says3 8,modern civilization is grand in seeming large and generous in some of its results1 but1 at the same time1 hidden within are ulcers that confront social science and leave it aghast4 ,the students of social science1 in every meeting that gathers itself1 in every debate and discussion1 confess themselves at their wits' end in dealing with the great social evils of the day4 ,nobody that looks into the subject but recognizes the fact that the disease is very grave and deep2 the superficial observer does not know the leak in the very body of the ship1 but the captain and #fie crew are suffering the anticipation of approaching ruin4 ,gentlemen1 ,i am not here with the vain dream that we shall ever abolish poverty4 ,my creed of human nature is too bitter for that4 ,there will always be men that drink1 and as long as there are such1 there will always be poor men--shiftless men4 ,there are always half-made men--nobody knows why they were born4 8,is civilization a failure8 ,stretch out your gaze over all the civilized world4 ,there are1 perhaps1 in ,christendom two or three hundred millions of people1 and one-half of them never have enough to eat4 ,and even in this country one-half of the people have never had enough of mental food4 ,all over the world one-half of ,christendom starves either bodily or mentally4 ,that is no exaggeration4 ,you may go to ,france or ,england1 and find a million of men that never saw meat once a year4 ,take your city1 and go down into the very slums of existence1 where human beings by the thousands live year in and year out in dwellings which no man in ,fifth ,avenue would trust his horses in for twelve hours4 ,i will take the great social spectre that confronts social science the world over--prostitution1 the social ulcer that eats into the nineteenth century4 ,and everybody who studies the subject will confess that the great root from which it grows is that the poverty of one class makes it the victim of the wealth of another4 ,give woman her fair chance in her own fields of enterprise1 and ninety-nine out of a hundred will disdain to buy diamonds and velvets with the wages of shame4 ,give man his fair chance in the world of labor and enterprise1 and ninety-nine out of a hundred men will disdain to steal4 ,the grog-shops of the great cities have always appointed the municipalities as their own standing1 committees4 ,and this is at once the cause and effect of the poverty of the masses4 ,i have known men who were intemperate in ,boston cured by being sent to ,paris4 ,why8 ,because in the brighter life1 the more generous stimulant1 the great variety of interest in the ,european capital1 he found something that called out his nobler nature1 starved out his appetites4 ,so it is with the intemperance of a nation2 and to cure it1 you must supplement their life with the stimulus of the soul4 ,why is it that three-fourths of the criminals are of the poorer classes8 ,why do the students of crime tell you that when you have taken out about fifteen per cent4 of the criminals1 consisting of the enterprising1 energetic1 and intelligent1 the rest are below par bodily and mentally8 ,because they are the children1 grandchildren1 or great-grandchildren of persons who were bodily and mentally weak4 ,out of these weak ones the devil selects his best tools4 ,feed that class better1 and you will empty your prisons40 ,this plainly enough attributes the evils the workingmen seek to remedy to modern civilization1 which enables the few to become rich and leaves the many poor1 destitute1 festering in ignorance and vice4 ,m4 ,desmoulins1 in his ,apology for the ,internationals1 as quoted by ,the ,dublin ,review1 says3 8,the ,parisian ,red1 far from being out of the pale of human nature1 is only a spontaneous product of what is pompously styled modern civilization--a civilization that1 resting to this hour on war between nation and nation1 town and town1 farm and farm1 men and men1 is still in many respects sheer barbarism40 ,as far as we are able to collect the views of the ,association1 it attributes the undefined grievances of the proletarian class to no one specific cause1 but to modern civilization in general4 ,in this1 if the workingmen confine their objection to material civilization--the only civilization the age boasts or recognizes--we are not disposed to quarrel with them4 ,yet we all remember the outcry raised in all classes of society and from all quarters against the ,holy ,father1 because he refused to form an alliance of the church with modern civilization1 and for his supposed condemnation of it in the ,syllabus4 ,the ,international ,association of ,workingmen1 whose members are spread over nearly the whole world1 and are numbered by millions1 is a vast #fif organized revolt against this boasted civilization of this nineteenth century4 ,and so far it is not wholly without excuse1 and even much may be said in its defence1 though their proposed substitute for it may be utterly indefensible4 ,modern material civilization1 dating from the ,peace of ,utrecht in #agac1 and more especially from the accession of the ,house of ,hanover to the ,english throne1 and the accession to power in ,england of what in the time of ,swift and ,addison was called the ,urban party--money-changers1 bankers1 traders1 merchants1 and manufacturers--has been based on capital employed in trade and industry1 in opposition to capital invested in land and agriculture4 ,it is a shopkeeping and manufacturing and maritime civilization1 essentially and eminently a burgher civilization1 and resulting especially in the burgher class1 or1 as the ,french say1 the bourgeoisie4 ,a civilization based on material interests1 and proposing the multiplication and amassing of material goods1 necessarily produces the state of things which excites the opposition of ,mr4 ,phillips and the ,internationals4 ,it creates necessarily an antagonism between the interests of capital and labor1 and therefore between the employers1 as representatives of capital1 and the employed1 or workmen4 ,the interest of capital is to get labor at as low a rate of wages as possible2 the interest of labor is to get as high a rate of wages as possible4 ,this antagonism is inevitable4 ,employers in vain pretend that the interests of capital and labor are the same4 ,they are not so under a civilization based on ,mammon1 or under a civilization that seeks only the advancement of material interests1 and invests capital only for the sake of material profit4 ,in the struggle1 the stronger party1 under a material system1 is always sure to succeed4 ,and this is always the party of capital2 for labor seeks employment to live--capital1 for profit or gain2 and the capitalist can forego profit more easily than labor can forego employment1 since to live is more urgent than to gain4 ,this secures the advantage always to the capitalist4 ,the inequality which necessarily results cannot be overcome by equality of suffrage1 or the extension of suffrage to the proletarian class1 as politicians pretend2 for1 though numbers may triumph at the polls1 the stronger interest1 as our ,american experience proves1 is sure to carry the victory in the halls of legislation4 8,the stronger interest in a country10 said ,mr4 ,calhoun to the writer1 8always in the long run wields the power of the country40 ,universal suffrage1 which was defended on the ground that it would tend to protect labor against capital1 has in fact a contrary tendency1 and in practice almost invariably favors capital4 ,the whole of our legislation--which so favors capital or its substitute1 credit1 or which mortgages the future for the present1 and makes debt supply the place of capital1 covers the towns with money or business corporations1 and builds up huge monopolies--has grown up under a system of universal suffrage4 ,in an age and country where material interests predominate1 what the people1 capitalists or proletarians1 ask of government is1 laws that facilitate the acquisition of wealth2 but when such laws are enacted1 not more than one man in a hundred can avail himself of the facilities they afford4 ,the great scientific discoveries of which we boast1 and which have wrought such marvellous changes in our modern industrial world1 were1 as to their principles1 made in a less material age than the present1 #fig before the modern burgher civilization was fairly inaugurated2 but their application to the mechanic arts1 to production and transportation1 whether by sea or land1 has been made since1 and chiefly within the last one hundred years4 ,the introduction of labor-saving machinery has1 to an extent not easily estimated1 superseded human labor1 broken up the small domestic industries1 as carding1 spinning1 and weaving1 carried on in the bosom of the family1 and securing it a modest independence1 and small farming1 carried on chiefly by the father and his sons1 and built up in their place large industries and large farming1 beyond the reach of people of no means or small means but their labor1 and in which human labor is employed only in the form of labor at wages4 ,the introduction of machinery1 or the working of mills or farms by machinery driven by steam or by horse-power1 requires capital1 or an outlay possible only to large capital or combinations of small capital4 ,take1 for instance1 the steam carder1 spinner1 and weaver2 the mule1 jenny1 and power-loom2 the patent mower1 reaper1 and horse-rake2 threshing and winnowing machines--hardly any of them heard of or only beginning to be heard of in our own boyhood1 at least in this country2 take the railway and the locomotive--and you can easily see that modern industry1 and in a measure even agriculture1 fall necessarily into the hands of large capitalists1 individual or corporate1 and cannot be prosecuted on a small scale1 at least profitably4 ,we have corporations for condensing milk and making butter and cheese1 regardless of our youthful friend the dairymaid1 and for supplying us with ice4 ,perhaps nothing has tended so much to enlarge the inequality between capital and labor as the introduction of labor-saving machinery in nearly all branches of industry4 ,we do not make war on labor-saving machinery1 which1 we have heard it said1 increases the power of capital six hundred million fold1 though that seems to us hardly credible4 ,we could not now do well without it4 ,we could not well dispense with our cotton and woollen factories1 and go back to the hand-cards1 and spinning-wheel1 and hand-loom which1 in our own boyhood1 were in every farmer's house2 but we cannot forget that the independence of the laborer--now a laborer at wages1 and obliged to make cash payments for what he consumes--has gone with them to the advantage of the capitalist4 ,we could not well dispense with railways1 and yet there is no denying that they are monopolies1 that labor cannot compete with them1 and that they impose a heavy tax on labor4 ,they also tend to convert the independent laborer into a workman at wages1 and the freeman into the slave of machinery1 to enrich a few railway presidents and directors1 and stock-jobbers4 ,then1 those great corporations1 without souls1 are not only stronger than the laborer1 but stronger than the government4 ,no great feudal lords in ,france or ,england were ever more formidable to the crown than such corporations as the ,pennsylvania ,central1 the ,new ,york ,central1 the ,union ,pacific1 with our ,national ,bank system1 are to the government1 state or general4 ,neither state legislatures nor ,congress can control them1 and they have already made both simply their factor or agent4 ,there is a truth which cannot be denied expressed in the following paragraph from ,mr4 ,phillips' lecture3 8,now1 look at it4 ,you say1 why do you find fault with #fih civilization8 ,tonight is a cold night1 and you will go home to parlors and chambers warmed with the coal of ,pennsylvania4 ,why don't you have it here for #c and #d a ton8 ,why don't you have it here at an advance of #a or #b over what it is sold for at the mouth of the pit8 ,because of the gigantic corporations and vast organizations of wealth4 ,the capitalists gather three or four millions of tons in your city--sell it when they please1 at such rates as they please1 and the poor man struggling for his bread is the sufferer4 ,a rich man is careful2 he won't put his foot in any further than allows of its being pulled back4 ,if he heard a groan coming from the people at something he did1 he would withdraw his investment1 for nothing is more timid than wealth4 ,but let that man take #ajj1jjj or so and put it in with nine others1 and make a capital of #a1jjj1jjj2 then he is as bold as ,julius ,csar4 ,he will starve out #ac1jjj coal miners4 ,the ,london ,spectator says that the colossal strength of ,britain has reason to dread the jointure of #def1jjj1jjj of railroad capital4 ,how much more should ,america have reason to dread such combinations1 when ,britain has more than ten times our wealth60 ,yet is there not some compensation to the proletarian class in the very system which tends so fearfully to increase their numbers and dependence8 ,grant that coal might be delivered from the mines in ,pennsylvania in this city at #c a ton2 but suppose there were no railroads and no railway monopolies1 could or would coal from the same mines be delivered in this city as cheap as it now is8 ,suppose there were no railways between this city and the great ,west1 would wheat1 flour1 beef1 pork1 and the other necessaries of life be cheaper for the laboring class in this city than they now are8 ,railway companies may charge exorbitant rates of freight1 and yet the laboring classes get the chief necessaries of life cheaper than they would1 other things being equal or unchanged1 without them4 ,those things might be cheaper in the localities where they are produced1 but not elsewhere4 ,the evil of these monopolies and corporations is not so much in the enhanced cost of living chargeable to them1 as their multiplication of the class dependent on capital for employment2 and in their power to shape the action of the government to their special interests4 ,it is far better for the workman to depend on a single wealthy individual who is likely to have a soul than on a soulless corporation4 ,the combination of capital in corporations for industrial or trading purposes founds an aristocracy1 or ruling class1 far more humiliating and crushing to the class below them than aristocracies founded on land and birth1 education and manners4 ,this is the view taken by the ,internationals4 ,they war specially against the rule of the burgher class1 which is now supreme in society1 as formerly were the church1 kings1 and nobilities4 ,in this opposition to the rule of the burgher class1 supposing the means and methods of their warfare just and honorable1 we confess we might sympathize with the ,internationals1 as we have always sympathized with the working-classes4 ,we never have been able to get up much liking for an aristocracy based on ,mammon1 who1 ,milton tells us1 was the meanest of all the angels that fell1 and who1 even in heaven1 went about head down1 and his eyes fixed on the gold of heaven's pavement4 ,it is well for no country when its ruling class are the moneyed or business class4 ,yet it would be difficult to say1 as to our country at least1 what class can be better trusted with the government1 or what class has more virtue1 more nobility of sentiment1 chivalric feeling1 nobler aims1 or higher purpose4 ,nothing better from the proletarian class #fii could be expected1 and1 judging from the ,paris ,commune1 nothing so good4 ,the workingmen have all the love of money1 all the sordid passions1 low views1 and degrading vices that can be charged to the burgher class1 and1 perhaps1 fewer redeeming qualities4 ,civilization has descended to the burgher4 ,what would it gain by descending to the proletary8 ,but let us listen once more to ,mr4 ,phillips3 8,i think our civilization is better than anywhere in the world4 ,now1 gentlemen1 you say to me1 ,what do you intend to do8 ,every man has a different theory1 and ,i have no panacea4 ,my theory is only this3 ,i know that a wrong system exists1 and that the only method in these states of turning the brains of the country on one side is to bring it into conflict1 and organize a party4 ,if ,i should ask one of your editors to-night to let me indite an article on labor and capital1 very likely he would refuse me1 or if he granted it1 it might be because a fanatic like me would sell a copy or two4 ,but if you will give me #ej1jjj votes on one side1 and the balance impartially divided between your ,fentons and ,conklings and ,seymours1 ,i will show you every journal in the city of ,new ,york discussing the question with me4 ,labor is too poor to edit a column in a ,new ,york journal1 but when it comes in the shape of votes1 then those same journals cannot afford to disregard it4 ,now1 let us organize it4 ,the ultimate view which we aim at is co-operation1 where there is no labor as such1 and no capital as such--where every man is interested proportionately in the results4 ,how will you reach it8 ,only by grappling with the present organizations of power in the nation4 ,it is money that rivets the chains of labor4 ,if ,i could1 ,i would abolish every moneyed corporation in the thirty states4 ,yet ,i am not certain that that would be a wise measure1 because it seems probable that the business of the nineteenth century can hardly be carried on without corporations2 but if it be true that facility and cheapness of production are solely to be reached by the machinery of corporations1 then ,i say1 gentlemen1 that the statesmanship of this generation is called upon to devise some method by which wealth may be incorporated and liberty saved4 ,pennsylvania has got to find out some method by which ,harrisburg may exist without being the tail to the kite of the ,pennsylvania ,central4 8,i think1 in the first place1 we ought to graduate taxes4 ,if a man has a thousand dollars a year and pays a hundred1 the man that has five thousand a year ought to pay five hundred4 ,i would have a millionaire with forty millions of dollars taxed so highly that he would only have enough to live comfortably upon40 ,that our civilization is the best in the world1 it is patriotic to believe1 and under several aspects it no doubt is so1 or at least was so1 a few years ago2 but the burgher influence1 which decides the action of government1 is fast preventing this from continuing to be so4 ,we were intended by nature to be a great agricultural people1 and we have labored with all the force of the government and artificial contrivances to become1 spite of nature1 a great manufacturing and commercial people1 like the people of ,great ,britain1 as if our territory were as limited as that of the ,british ,isles4 ,whatever advantages we possessed over the nations of the ,old ,world in the beginning1 we owed to the extent1 cheapness1 and fertility of our vast tracts of unoccupied lands1 which enabled the working-man1 after a few years of labor at wages1 to become a land-owner1 and to become the cultivator of his own ,sabine farm4 ,but the influence of the ruling classes1 with its chief seats in ,massachusetts and ,pennsylvania1 has been steadily exerted since #ahbd to deprive the country of these advantages1 and to create as large a proletarian class as possible1 so that no doubt1 if1 aside from the vast public works1 or rather1 the so-called internal improvements undertaken by private corporations1 #gjj and which give for the time employment to large numbers of workmen1 skilled and unskilled1 we now offer any advantages to the laborer over those he has abroad--at any rate1 if we do1 those advantages are fast disappearing4 ,we are no more favorable to the system of corporations than is ,mr4 ,phillips2 and the writer of this for years opposed with whatever abilities he had their creation and multiplication4 ,he did so till he saw opposition could avail nothing to check their growth4 ,no opposition can avail anything now1 since the abolition of slavery has1 in a great measure1 identified the great planting interests of the ,south with the burgher interests of the ,north1 as it was intended to do4 ,for this ,mr4 ,phillips is himself in no small degree responsible1 and as an ,international1 or a leader in the labor movement1 he is only trying to undo what he hoped to do as an abolitionist4 ,philanthropy is an excellent sentiment when directed by practical wisdom and knowledge2 but1 when blindly followed1 it creates a hundredfold more evil than it can cure1 even if successful in its special aims4 ,even ,mr4 ,phillips doubts if the corporation system can be safely abolished4 ,we tell him there is no power in the country that can abolish it1 because it governs the general government and nearly all the state governments4 ,give ,mr4 ,phillips the fifty thousand votes he asks for1 and the party he wishes to organize1 he would1 no doubt1 become a power in elections1 and could command an important place in the government for himself1 and places also for his friends2 but1 however important the place to which he might be elected or appointed1 he would find himself impotent to effect anything against the system he opposes1 or in favor of the system he approves4 ,mr4 ,phillips tells us that his main reliance is on the 8education of the masses40 ,so do we1 only we protest against calling the people who have rational souls 8the masses10 as if they were piles or heaps of brute matter4 ,but education given by the burgher civilization as educator1 or suffered to be freely given by it1 will tend to perpetuate that civilization1 or the very system1 social and industrial1 which ,mr4 ,phillips and the ,internationals war against1 not to displace or reform it4 ,let the education of all the children of the land be entrusted to a society whose principles were so admirably summed up and approved by a former governor of ,massachusetts1 namely1 8,let the government take care of the rich1 and the rich will take care of the poor10 how much would the education given do to elevate or meliorate that society8 ,no order of civilization or society ever does or ever can educate in reference to a higher ideal than its own4 ,hence the reason why the state or secular society cannot be a fit educator of children and youth1 and why all education can be safely entrusted only to the spiritual society whose ideal is the ,god-man1 perfect1 and the highest conceivable4 ,purely secular education proceeds on the assumption that men and nations always act as well as they know1 or that all individuals and nations will act uniformly in reference to their own interests so far as they know them--an assumption disproved by every one's daily experience1 as well as by the universal experience of mankind4 ,mr4 ,phillips ought to know that men who ought to know better are often carried away by their lusts1 their passions1 the force of events1 and social and other influences1 to act in direct opposition to their #gja better judgment4 ,there are comparatively few of us who cannot say with the heathen poet3 8,video meliora1 proboque1 ,deteriora sequor40 ,men do wrong or fail to follow the right less from ignorance than from passion and infirmity of will4 ,society could not subsist if founded on what the philosophers in the last century called enlightened self-interest1 or what ,jeremy ,bentham called 8utility10 or 8the greatest happiness0 principle4 ,what is wanted is something stronger than interest1 something stronger than passion1 which1 while it enlightens the intellect1 gives invincible firmness to the will4 ,the only power that can control this system1 the evils of which ,mr4 ,phillips points out1 while its social and industrial tendencies he deplores1 and adjust the various conflicting interests of society on the principles of justice and equity1 is and must be supernatural4 ,the ,english system of checks and balances1 of restraining or balancing one interest by another1 is a delusion1 as the failure of the experiment fully proves4 ,it restrains the weaker interests1 but strengthens the stronger1 makes the rich richer1 and the poor poorer1 and hence in no country do you find larger accumulations of wealth1 and side by side with them a deeper or more widespread poverty or more squalid wretchedness4 ,there are no resources in the order of nature for a people that adopts the burgher system1 and makes material interests the great aim of life1 from which power can be drawn adequate to overcome the evils of the system against which the ,internationals wage their relentless war4 ,we can find no deliverance in the natural order1 and must seek it1 if anywhere1 in the supernatural1 that is1 in religion--and in a religion that speak with a supernatural authority1 infuses into the soul a supernatural energy1 and lifts it above the world and its systems or civilizations1 above all earthly goods1 and fixes its affections on the ,unseen and the ,eternal--a religion that gives light to the intellect and firmness to the will4 ,it is only education in and by this religion that can avail anything4 ,but religion is precisely what the ,internationals reject1 hate1 or despise--what the great body of the workmen in our towns1 cities1 and manufacturing villages have ceased to believe1 and even with those of the so-called proletarian class generally who do not formally reject religion1 it has ceased to be a power1 to have any hold on the conscience1 and has become a vague tradition or a lifeless form4 ,it is pretty much the same with the burgher class1 and was so with them before it was so with the proletarian class4 ,modern civilization itself is based on atheism1 or the purely material order4 ,hence the evils the ,internationals seek to remedy are the natural and inevitable result of the new order of civilization1 not yet two centuries old4 ,the ,internationals see it1 and make war on the existing civilization for that very reason4 ,but on what principles1 and in what interest8 ,on the principles and in the interests of that very civilization itself4 ,their success would simply oust the burgher and put the proletary in his place4 ,they introduce or propose not a higher and a nobler civilization1 but1 so far as there is any difference1 a still lower and more degrading civilization4 ,the revolution that has been going on in society since the close of the fourteenth century has had several phases4 ,the first phase was the union of the burghers and the sovereigns against the ,pope and the feudal nobility1 and resulted in the triumph of absolute monarchy #gjb in the sixteenth century and the seventeenth4 ,the second phase was the union of the burghers1 or the tiers tat1 and the people or a portion of them against monarchy and the church1 which issued in establishing the supremacy of the burghers4 ,the third phase is that in the midst of which we now are1 and is--monarchy and the church gone or assumed to be gone--that of the proletaries against burghers4 ,neither of the preceding phases of the revolution effected the good hoped for1 or satisfied the revolutionary appetite1 but really aggravated the social evils it was sought to remedy4 ,the friends of the revolution said it did not go far enough1 and stopped short of the mark4 ,it has now descended to the bottom1 to the lowest stratum1 or to the lowest deep1 and proposes to wrest the power from the burgher class and rest it in the proletarian class4 ,it is some consolation to know that we at length have reached the last phase of the revolution1 and that after its failure1 as fail it will1 nothing worse is to be feared4 8,when things are at worst1 they sometimes mend40 ,the principal objection to the ,internationals is not that they oppose what is called modern civilization1 or that they seek to remedy undeniable social evils2 but that they seek to do it on false principles1 by inadequate means1 and unlawful and even horrible methods1 and can only lose even by success4 ,the ,international has absorbed all the other labor unions1 and may be said to represent the whole proletarian class in ,europe and ,america1 and its leaders are avowed atheists2 they reject the entire supernatural order1 disdain or contemn all forms of religion1 and seek to redress the material by the material4 ,this alone is sufficient in itself to condemn them4 ,they reject not only religion1 but also government1 or the entire political and civil order4 ,they will have no ,god1 no king1 no aristocracy1 no democracy1 no law1 no court1 no judges1 but simply--we can hardly say what4 ,practically1 they will fall under the authority of irresponsible and despotic leaders1 governing in the name of nobody1 and by their own passions or interests alone4 ,they may aim at positive results1 but at present their means are only adequate to the work of destruction4 ,thus an organized and secret1 and1 when practicable1 open war on all religion1 on ,god1 on all authority1 all law1 and especially on capital or individual property4 ,what positive result is to follow1 ,mr4 ,phillips confesses his inability to tell4 ,from ,mr4 ,phillips we learn that they aim at the destruction of the whole modern industrial system1 and propose that the workmen shall take possession of the establishments created by capitalists1 incorporated or not1 and run them on their own account1 and share the profits among themselves1 without any indemnification to the owners4 ,as to land1 no individual is to own it or any portion of it--it is to be made common1 and open1 as to the usufruct1 to any one who chooses to occupy it4 ,mr4 ,phillips says3 8,i have another proposition4 ,i think when a man has passed five years in the service of a corporation1 though he may not have bought a dollar of its stock1 he is in a certain sense a stockholder4 ,he has put his labor and persistency there1 and ,i think every man who has been employed in a corporation for a year or two should have a voice in its financial management4 ,in ,japan1 when a man dies1 his land is left to the state4 ,do you not think that is a wiser plan than ours8 ,the land becomes more valuable through the labor of the whole country1 and not by that of the man who eats off of it4 ,our great hope in the future is in the #gjc education of the masses1 for they will yet be our rulers4 ,new ,york stood aghast at the defalcation of millions of dollars1 but will you submit to be robbed of hundreds of millions by monopolists8 ,fifth ,avenue cannot afford to let the ,five ,points exist4 ,you cannot get wealth enough to fortify you against discontented ignorance within your reach4 ,the lesson taught by ,chicago is that wealth cannot afford to neglect poverty40 ,how the matter would be adjusted if two or more men should happen to insist on occupying the same house and lot we do not know4 ,they would all have an equal right1 or one would have as good a right to it as another1 and1 there being no authority1 no law1 and none of them having any moral or religious principle1 they would most likely1 all having the pride and obstinacy natural to the human heart1 be obliged to settle the question by fighting it out1 and leaving the house and lot as the prize to the victor4 ,might or craft would then settle the right4 ,society and mankind would fall back into a state of war1 in which might is the only rule of right1 and which ,hobbes contends was their natural state1 out of which they were happy to get by the surrender of all their natural rights or natural liberty to any one who would consent to be their king1 and in return would maintain them in a state of peace4 ,the ,paris ,commune1 endorsed by ,mr4 ,phillips1 and which was led on and approved by the ,internationals1 tells us not only the principles of the ,association1 but its method of carrying them out and reducing them to practice4 ,we cite here a passage from ,the ,dublin ,review on the principles and spirit of the ,commune3 8,m4 ,auguste ,desmoulins is one of those fanatical believers in the infallibility of the unknown1 to whom the past is all superstition1 the present all corruption1 and the future the one reality of life4 ,he is inaccessible to conviction either in the way of holy water or the way of petroleum2 and with him1 as with all those of his school1 the mind has become so far softened that the terminology which has hitherto served not merely among ,christians and ,jews1 but among such heathens as the ,greeks and ,romans1 the ,turks1 the ,indians1 the ,red ,indians1 to distinguish between right and wrong1 has ceased to convey a meaning4 ,the world is not a mere ,babel of tongues nowadays3 it is1 outside the church1 a far worse ,babel of thought4 ,in the following passage1 which really sums up the argument of his paper in a sufficiently trenchant and complete form1 ,m4 ,desmoulins does not hesitate to convey his opinion that the coveting of one's neighbor's goods is suggested by1 or at least connected with1 a sentiment of justice2 that the daily bread earned by labor is much more keenly enjoyed by a man who does not believe in ,god1 or heaven1 or hell2 and that as neither the ,french workman nor his master believes in a future state1 it is only natural and quite right that the workman should heal the difference between them here by robbery3 8#8,the ,parisian workman is often obliged to visit the handsome quarters of the town1 while new buildings are ever thrusting him further away beyond the old barriers into vile habitations4 ,in this condition1 which is made for him4 anything helps to irritate him4 ,how can he find content in a home that is narrow1 ill-lighted1 foul1 nearly without air1 when he compares this wretched hole1 for which he pays so dear1 with the sumptuous chambers that he has either built or decorated in the rich quarters8 ,it is easy to denounce in eloquent homilies the spirit of envy that devours the lower classes4 ,we should recognize that a true notion of justice mixes with the feeling4 8#8,the desire to enjoy the fruits of his labor is especially likely to spring up in the mind of the ,french workman1 who does not believe1 any more than his master1 in the reparations of a future life2 who does not perceive for the right of the master any other sanction than the material fact of possession2 and whom1 besides1 universal suffrage invests with a share of sovereignty equal to that of the capitalist4 ,whatever may be said by those who have been justly called mammonite writers1 we can easily understand that the proletary who has just given his vote finds it hard to resign himself to social serfage at the very moment when he feels himself politically sovereign4 ,this striking contrast between his rights as citizen and his condition of pariah in society1 accompanies him everywhere1 reproduces itself in every act of his life1 and adds a perpetual gloom to exhausting labor and never-abating privations4' 8,this passage contains the essence of ,m4 ,desmoulins' apology for #gjd the ,commune2 and it supplies1 we submit1 matter for reflection in its every line4 ,the statesmen and the classes in society who delight in seeing the influence of religion weakened or destroyed1 never seem to realize until it is too late that they are sure to be the especial victims of their own success4 ,the great truths of life hang together and sustain each other3 #8,all is contained in each3 ,dodona's forest in an acorn's cup4' ,the man who scorns to love ,god1 how shall he continue to love his neighbor8 ,the man who has said1 #8,there is no ,god1' is he not on the point of also saying1 #8,lust is lawful1' #8,property is robbery'80 ,we copy also from the same ,review a letter from ,general ,cluseret from this city to a member of the ,society3 8,,new ,,york1 #agth ,february4 8,,my ,,dear ,,varlin3 ,i have just received your welcome letter of the #b;d4 ,it explains the delay in replying to my application4 ,need ,i say that ,i accept1 and will set to work at once in endeavoring to be useful to my brethren in poverty and toil8 ,the newspaper which ,i told you of is not yet established4 ,i think it better not to renew my attempts in that direction1 considering the late events in ,france1 and the numerous letters ,i have received from my friends1 who are unanimous in recalling me to ,europe4 8,in all probability1 ,i shall be there next summer1 but1 in the interval1 ,i shall have arranged international relations between the different ,french and ,american groups1 and selected one person or several persons 7at the discretion of the ,french committee7 of proved zeal and capability1 to replace me4 ,as you say1 we shall surely1 infallibly triumph if we persist in demanding success from our organization4 ,but we must remember that the aim of our ,association is to associate 7solidariser7 the greatest number for action4 ,let us1 then1 be liberal2 let us round off our angles2 let us be really brethren1 not in words1 but in deeds2 let not such mere terms as doctrine and individuality separate those whom common suffering1 which means a common interest1 has united3 we are all and all1 we must acknowledge that2 if we are beaten1 it is our own fault4 ,i have not been able to picture our people to myself during the late troubles4 ,what has been the attitude of the workmen's societies1 and what are their present dispositions8 ,certainly1 we must not sacrifice our ideas to politics1 but we must not detach ourselves from them1 even momentarily4 ,in my mind1 the meaning of all that is going on is simply this1 that the ,orleans are slipping little by little close to power1 and paring his nails for ,l4 ,n41 so that one fine morning they will merely have to substitute themselves for him4 8,now1 we ought to be ready1 physically and morally1 for that day4 ,on that day1 we1 or nothing4 ,until then ,i shall probably remain quiet1 but on that day1 ,i affirm--and you know my #8,nay' never means #8,yea'--,paris shall be ours1 or ,paris shall exist no longer4 ,this will be the decisive moment for the accession of the people4--,yours ever1 ,,cluseret4 8,you are mistaken in believing1 for a moment1 that ,i am neglecting the socialist in favor of the political movement4 ,no2 it is only from a purely socialistic point of view ,i am pursuing the revolutionary work2 but you must thoroughly know we can do nothing in the direction of social reform if the old political system be not annihilated4 ,let us not forget that at this moment the ,empire exists merely in name1 and that government consists in party abuse4 ,if1 under these grave circumstances1 the socialist party permits itself to be lulled to sleep by the abstract theory of sociological science1 we may wake up one fine morning to find ourselves under new masters1 more dangerous for us than those we have at present1 because they would be younger1 and consequently more vigorous and more powerful40 ,we have personally known ,general 787 ,cluseret1 and we know him to be a man who acts from deliberation1 not impulse1 who means what he says1 and who can be restrained from going straight to his end by no religious principle1 moral scruple1 or sentiment of mercy1 pity1 or compassion4 ,his disposition is as stern and inexorable as a physical #gje law of nature4 ,when he threatened to burn ,paris rather than surrender it1 he meant it1 and he was the man to do it or to see that it was done if within the limits of the possible4 ,mr4 ,phillips seems also to appear1 at least1 to threaten incendiarism as a means of accomplishing his purpose4 ,what means this1 the closing sentence of his lecture3 8,the lesson taught by ,chicago is that wealth cannot afford to neglect poverty08 ,does this mean that the ,internationals burnt ,chicago8 or does it simply mean that other cities may be burnt as well as ,chicago1 and will be1 if wealth continues to neglect poverty or refuses to yield to the demands of the ,international ,association of ,workingmen8 ,this gives the question a startling aspect4 ,certain it is that the ,association holds itself free to introduce its socialism or communism by murder1 assassination1 robbery1 plunder1 and conflagration at the pleasure or dictation of its chiefs4 ,take the following letter1 read and endorsed by ,mr4 ,phillips before a ,new ,york audience3 8,before proceeding to speak of it1 you will allow me to read a notice which has been placed in my hand1 and in the object of which ,i sympathize cordially1 because the great foreign movement can be commemorated by it4 ,the ,french ,commune has always seemed to me to deserve the cordial respect of every lover of the progress of the masses throughout the world4 ,i have no doubt that in due time its good name will be vindicated1 and its leaders lifted to the unqualified respect of the civilized world4 ,the notice ,i hold in my hand is as follows3 8#8,to the ,workingmen of ,new ,york1 friends of humanity1 enemies of bloodshed1 and lovers of justice3 ,citizens6 ,the recent barbarous executions in ,france1 in cold blood1 six months after all struggles are over1 and the ferocity with which the conquerors pursue their victims1 are a disgrace and shame to humanity4 ,we must not allow the human race to be stained by the shedding of its own blood without a protest4 ,you1 workingmen1 would you let your friends the workingmen be murdered because they have defended our rights in any part of the world8 ,no6 certainly not without raising your voice and making it heard across the ocean4 ,to give effect to these purposes1 a grand funeral procession will take place in ,new ,york on ,sunday1 the #ajth of ,december1 at #a o'clock1 forming opposite the ,cooper ,institute4 ,all men1 without distinction of party1 of race1 of nationality1 friends of justice and freedom1 are invited to join4 ,by order of the ,committee of ,arrangements of the ,federal ,council4' 8,i hope every man who loves his fellow will show himself there4 ,there was never nobler blood shed1 never more high-minded and disinterested effort made in the long history of ,freedom's struggle1 than in ,paris1 when1 in defiance of all the oligarchies of ,europe1 that city stood up for the individual and for liberty in the nineteenth century40 ,the impudence of the writers of this letter is sublime1 and only surpassed by that of the lecturer in endorsing it4 ,why1 these fellows would persuade us that they are 8enemies of bloodshed and lovers of justice10 meek as lambs1 timid as sheep1 and harmless as doves--they who1 without a shadow of justice or excuse1 made the streets of ,paris run with the blood of the innocent1 the noble1 and the saintly4 8,enemies of bloodshed06--they whose hands are reeking with blood6 ,yes1 to having their own blood shed1 but not to the shedding of the blood of others4 8,enemies of bloodshed and lovers of justice06 ,good ,god6 can hypocrisy or self-delusion go so far8 ,let the assassination of ,generals ,le ,comte and ,clement ,thomas1 the horrible murders1 when it was known that the cause of the ,commune was lost1 of the holy and unoffending ,archbishop of ,paris1 of ,jesuit fathers1 and a dozen ,dominican friars and lay brothers1 to say nothing of other murders hardly less horrible1 reply to that false pretence4 ,it would seem that these miscreants count for nothing the blood they shed without authority1 in violation of law1 religion1 morality1 and every principle of justice1 and every sentiment of humanity2 it is only when #gjf justice overtakes them1 and1 after trial and conviction by legitimate authority1 orders them and their fellow-criminals to be shot or sends them to the guillotine in punishment for their crimes1 that they have a horror of bloodshed6 ,then1 and only then1 they ring out their dastard cry against injustice and for the sympathy of that humanity they have so greatly outraged6 ,the men who have been executed by the government at ,versailles deserved their fate--men without a single virtue or noble quality except personal bravery in face of death4 ,deluded were they8 ,yes1 as every great criminal1 murderer1 or assassin is deluded4 ,what most excites our indignation is to find an educated and refined ,american gentleman1 of no mean ability and rare eloquence1 and past middle age1 coming forward before an ,american audience to express in a written lecture deep and unreserved sympathy with1 and approval of1 these horrors and abominations1 equal to those of #8#ic1 and applauded by his auditors for such an outrage on common morality and decency4 ,yet it is no more than we might have been prepared for1 since ,mr4 ,phillips only gave a logical expression to the principles he had always defended as an abolitionist2 and while there are fools enough among us who imagine that the issues of the war have endorsed them and they have been sanctioned by the ,god of battles4 ,we love our country1 and have been proud of our countrymen2 but1 if they have fallen so low as to applaud the ,paris ,commune and its horrid butcheries and profanations1 we can only say1 ,alas for them6 ,it may have become unsafe to oppose the ,internationals1 since the police has taken them under its protection1 and granted them their impudent demands4 ,we are surrounded by ,internationals--our city is at the mercy of men who are restrained by no law1 by no religion1 by no morality1 by no sentiment of humanity1 from using any means or methods they judge likely to serve their ends1 and ,new ,york is hardly less wealthy and more combustible than ,paris4 ,herein is there a grave danger4 ,at its head are men who are in dead earnest1 desperate men1 who shrink from nothing likely to further their ends4 ,we are not surprised that ,prussia and ,austria have taken the alarm--consulted together as to the means of protecting themselves and society against their machinations4 ,france keeps them in check only by her army1 and knows not how soon even the army may fraternize with them--and fraternize with them it certainly will if it loses all hope of restoring the ,empire or the monarchy4 ,great ,britain is now using them1 but will soon find herself obliged to suppress them1 as she did or as she attempted to suppress the ,thugs in ,india1 if she means to preserve her institutions4 ,here they will make trouble1 for each party will bid for their votes1 and fear to offend them for fear of losing an election2 but they can acquire less power out of our cities here than elsewhere1 unless they enroll in their ranks the recently emancipated negroes1 and rouse their savage instincts to dispossess the planters and to take possession of their plantations2 for the passion for individual property is too strong in our agricultural laborers1 and the facilities for individuals to rise from proletaries to capitalists1 or to the ownership of land1 are too great to afford them1 when it comes to the test1 any appropriate support4 ,yet they will confuse our politics1 corrupt still more the morals of our community1 and defeat any wise and salutary action of the government4 ,they will strengthen the burgher class and corporations in towns by #gjg compelling many who are not favorable to these classes and interests to support them1 as the only means left of saving society from lapsing into complete barbarism4 ,we shall probably return at an early day to this subject1 for it is really the great question of the hour4 #add #a4 ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,article ,,ix43 ,the ,international ,society4 ,london4 ,october1 #ahga4 #b4 ,the ,labor ,movement4 ,lecture of ,wendell ,phillips4 ,steinway ,hall4 ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,dec4 #g1 #ahga4 ---------- ,,on ,,catholic ,,libraries4 ,it must be confessed that the ,catholics of this country1 in proportion to their numerical strength and untiring zeal for the interests of religion1 do not present that proportionately large class of readers which we find among the ,protestant sects4 ,their exertions in building churches1 schools1 and charitable institutions have been beyond all praise1 and have constantly elicited the admiration and astonishment of their opponents2 but as yet very little organized effort has been made by the influential portion of the laity to place within easy reach of their humbler co-religionists the means of cheap and instructive reading4 ,the more intelligent and wealthy are too often content to purchase a few standard ,catholic works1 and after perusing them with more or less attention place them with their other books on the shelves of their libraries1 there to remain secluded from public view1 and of comparatively little value to any person but their owners4 ,the less favored class1 who for obvious reasons are unable to indulge in this luxury1 are still practically cut off from one of the chief sources of knowledge and amusement--good books--and are necessarily compelled from uncontrollable circumstances to go through life with their minds and tastes undeveloped1 and their time dissipated in idleness1 or wasted over the trashy and deleterious contents of the many cheap story newspapers and novels which the ,american press is constantly scattering broadcast over the land4 ,this melancholy fact is most observable in the ranks of our adult immigrant population1 who1 coming from countries where education was almost unattainable1 money scarce1 and books dear1 have not generally acquired either ability or taste for reading1 though it has been remarked that even among them1 when an opportunity is at all presented1 the desire for information is excited in a remarkable degree1 and only requires a reasonable impetus to develop it still more4 ,still1 from the fact of their usually limited means and comparatively unsettled modes of life1 they are as yet unable to purchase or retain any appreciable collection of desirable publications4 ,the remedy for this defect in our growing ,catholic society lies1 in our opinion1 in the formation of local libraries1 suitable in variety and extent to the wants and capacity of particular localities4 ,there are at least twenty-five hundred centres of ,catholic population in ,america where very respectable collections of books could be purchased and placed in some safe and accessible place1 say in the school-rooms or church basements1 and half as many more1 particularly in our ,western settlements1 where at least a few good books would be of great #gjh advantage to the hardy tillers of the soil1 and where1 even if there be no public place to deposit them1 there is always some prominent settler who would willingly assume the honorary office of librarian4 ,experiments of both plans have been tried in many of our large city parishes1 and in a few isolated instances in the country1 with marked success4 ,the advantages of libraries conducted on this system are numerous1 and ought to be apparent to every one1 not the least of which would be cheapness4 ,let us suppose1 for instance1 that1 in any given locality1 fifty persons would each subscribe two dollars4 ,this would create a capital of one hundred dollars1 or sufficient to purchase1 on an average1 one hundred and fifty volumes1 great and small1 of readable books1 from any of our large publishing-houses in ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 or ,baltimore4 ,thus1 for two dollars1 a subscriber would have1 for reading or reference1 the practical ownership of works at least fifty times the value of his contribution1 and1 by charging new members a small fee for the use of each volume1 a fund might be created to purchase new books as they appeared from time to time4 ,in this manner1 and with proper attention1 a library of dimension commensurate with the growing wants of the neighborhood would be brought into existence without much expense to any particular class of the community4 ,but the moral effect of the establishment of such small centres of intelligence would be incomparably greater4 ,for the adults1 it would at once be an attraction and a source of occupation1 tending powerfully to withdraw them from those pursuits1 not always edifying1 in which unoccupied minds too often indulge1 to the detriment of their health and morals4 ,it would be the means of generating a taste for mental improvement1 and of making them more confident among their companions1 and more proficient and reflective in their various pursuits2 for it is a well-recognized truth1 that as a man1 be he artisan1 trader1 or farmer1 acquires those habits of thought which can only be derived from study1 he becomes more skilful and methodical in his peculiar calling4 ,the youth of both sexes1 however1 would reap the greatest advantages4 ,there are hundreds of thousands of children of ,catholic parents among us who can read1 and1 what is more1 will read4 ,the young ,american mind1 no matter of what parentage1 is a hungry and an investigating mind1 and must have some sort of food1 do or say what we will4 ,if it cannot have good literary food1 it will have what is poisonous1 and in this lies the secret of the success of the sensational story papers1 and the no less deleterious tales that1 in a few years1 have made fortunes for their publishers4 ,it is well known that one of the former class1 published in this city1 boasts of a weekly circulation of three hundred thousand copies1 and another of nearly as great a number4 ,if we go into the large workshops of the principal cities1 or the factories of ,new ,england1 where so many young persons are engaged1 at the hour allotted for dinner we will see every second boy and girl devouring with more eagerness than their food the contents of some flashy journal or specimen of what is generally known as 8yellow-covered literature10 in which vice is hidden under a thin veil of romance only to make it the more seductive4 ,now1 the way to check this insidious and widespread evil is not by complaining of or railing at it1 but by placing within easy reach1 and in accessible #gji places sound and attractive ,catholic works4 ,the impetuous mind of youth may be compared to a rapid stream1 which1 dammed up or checked in its career1 is sure sooner or later to overflow its boundaries to the destruction of its surroundings1 but which1 if its course is directed by skilful and experienced hands1 not only ceases to be dangerous1 but becomes a source of usefulness and power4 ,to give this direction to the expanding intellect of the rising generation1 and to turn to good use what might by neglect or repression become an evil and a curse1 is one of the first and plainest duties of parents1 for the proper performance of which they will be held to a strict accountability4 ,it is not enough for them to see that their offspring attend church on ,sundays and holy-days1 that they go to ,sunday-school regularly1 and say their prayers night and morning1 if they allow them afterwards to ponder from hour to hour over sickly romances2 nor will it serve to send their children to school to learn to spell and read1 if the knowledge thus gained be turned to the enervation of their minds and the corruption of their morals4 ,education is not in itself an end1 it is only the means to an end1 and that end is the knowledge of ,god's law1 and the best way of conforming one's conduct to its requirements so as to secure our eternal salvation4 ,there is no excuse for a ,catholic parent for not putting into the hands of his children entertaining and moral books1 nor is there any palliation for any one professing our holy faith1 and who has arrived at the years of discretion1 for encouraging or reading the thousand-and-one works of fiction which we see every day exposed on news-stands and in cheap book-stores1 and which are not only immoral in tone and spirit1 but in effect positively anti-,christian4 ,besides books of a serious and practical character1 we have numerous works of fiction1 published in this country and easily obtained1 of the highest order of talent united to rare dramatic force and interest1 which are detrimental neither to morals nor religion4 ,the writings of ,griffin1 ,banim1 ,huntington1 ,julia ,kavanagh1 ,mrs4 ,sadlier1 ,mrs4 ,anna ,dorsey1 ,lady ,fullerton1 ,lady ,herbert1 and many others that we could name1 are of this character1 and are worthy to be read by the highest as well as the lowest in society4 ,of works treating on history1 science in its various departments1 biography1 travels1 etc41 ,catholic in tone1 and elaborate or elementary in arrangement1 we have a large and varied supply2 and new productions under these heads are constantly appearing1 more fascinating to the cultivated taste than even the productions of our best novelists4 ,but it has been objected that these publications are too dear2 that poor people cannot afford to spend ten or fifteen dollars on a few books4 ,granted2 but1 if they can have the use of four or five score for a couple of dollars by subscribing to a parochial library1 is not the objection removed8 ,this is what local libraries1 and they alone1 can do4 ,now1 what would be the effect of this system of libraries on the general tone of public opinion8 ,decidedly most salutary4 ,in addition to driving from circulation many of the demoralizing newspapers1 periodicals1 and books which even non-,catholics denounce as immoral1 and for the suppression of some of which the aid of legislative action has been invoked1 it would create and foster a pure literary taste among no inconsiderable portion of our diverse population1 and1 apart from its direct moral effect1 would render it more valuable and more #gaj reproductive in a material point of view4 ,many of the most important political1 social1 and commercial problems of the day1 on the true solution of which depends the future welfare of our republic1 can only be properly comprehended by reference to the history of the past1 and to the biographies of the great statesmen who succeeded or failed in founding or destroying nations and empires4 ,and even in the discussion of minor questions affecting our interests or liberties1 some acquaintance with the antecedents of our country is absolutely necessary to enable us to form proper opinions of their merits4 ,in individual cases1 one of the compensations for declining years and one of the highest claims to respect is experience2 but to the reader of history1 no matter what his age1 the accumulated experience of at least thirty centuries is accessible1 and not only controls his judgment and enlarges his knowledge1 but vastly enhances his social and political status4 ,but this experience1 to be of any value1 must be based on truth and undoubted facts4 ,it must arise from the just appreciation of unbiassed statements and philosophical deductions1 stripped of all that false assertion and unlimited prejudice which have characterized so many ,european and ,american writers for the last three centuries4 ,hence the need of ,catholic books and ,catholic readers--for1 in this as in commercial matters1 the demand regulates the supply--and the creation of new facilities for the spread of reliable information4 ,take the case of the ,history of ,england by ,lingard4 ,before the appearance of that excellent work1 we venture to say that seven-eighths of the reading population in every part of the world believed more or less in the falsehoods and forgeries with which the pages of the ,english historians of the post-,reformation period were crowded4 ,many more such instances of recent successful vindication of the truth of history might be cited1 not the least valuable and complete being the production of our own countrymen1 such as that very able and learned refutation of ,d',aubign's ,history of the ,reformation#ade and the ,life of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1#adf which has lately appeared1 and in which the slanders and aspersions so repeatedly heaped on the memory and character of that beautiful but ill-starred sovereign are condemned1 exposed1 and1 it is to be hoped1 finally disposed of4 ,the first of these works is the most elaborate and reliable book we have on that important epoch1 when every throne in ,europe was shaken to its base1 and when men's passions1 let loose by the preaching of the heresiarchs of ,england and the ,continent1 threatened to destroy every vestige of temporal and spiritual authority4 ,there is no period in the history of ,christendom about which so many falsehoods and such mendacious calumnies have been invented and circulated by prejudiced writers2 and it was only on the appearance of the book in question that we have had1 at least in ,english1 any comprehensive and truthful account of the origin and progress of that rebellion against ,god's church and laws4 ,this country1 from its settlement to the present1 the origin and growth of its institutions from their inception in the early part of the seventeenth century till their fruition in our present constitution1 though full of incident and fraught with lessons of the highest political wisdom1 is yet imperfectly known and but little understood4 #gaa ,is it not1 then1 worth a little sacrifice on the part of parents to place before their children1 who ere long are to become the rulers of the state1 a correct and impartial account of the birth of religious liberty on this continent1 of the dangers1 trials1 and struggles our forefathers endured in order to build up and transmit to posterity the blessings of a free government8 ,yet such knowledge can only be obtained through books1 and books1 so far as the majority of ,catholics are concerned1 are almost unattainable1 except through co-operation4 ,then1 again1 we are often taunted by such hackneyed phrases as the darkness of the middle ages1 the ignorance of the monks1 the corruption of the ,papacy1 the horrors of the ,spanish ,inquisition1 and such other fabrications of ,protestant authors4 ,are we to allow our children to go forth in the midst of a reading and1 in a religious sense at least1 a hostile people1 unprepared to intelligently refute such calumnies1 and unable to account for the various agencies by which the ,catholic ,church at all times sought to eliminate civilization from barbarism1 light from darkness1 and ,christianity from paganism at first1 and from heresy and infidelity subsequently8 ,they must have great--too great1 perhaps--confidence in the faith of their children thus to submit them to so severe a test2 and yet how few reliable books dealing with those subjects do we find provided for young ,catholics by those whose duty it is to direct their conduct and shield them from the temptations and snares of the world6 ,how many parents1 intent on rewarding their children by presents1 ever think of presenting them with good books1 which would not only gratify their tastes and improve their minds1 but would be1 at least to them1 a perpetual source of consolation8 ,far different are the tactics of our opponents1 who are never tired of devising measures to instil into the minds of the youth of their own faith all the errors of ,protestantism under the most attractive guise possible1 and at the same time to weaken the faith and pervert the judgment of our children4 ,it is perhaps not generally known that every school district in this state1 outside the large cities1 is supplied with a library of select works1 under the charge of the school trustees1 and every child in the district is allowed free access to it1 with the privilege of borrowing one volume at a time4 ,these libraries were originally supplied at the expense of the public1 and are annually increased by new purchases1 the funds being derived from the state library fund4 ,when we state that those libraries were furnished by a publishing-house in this city the first success of which in business was due to the production of ,maria ,monk1 the works of ,eugene ,sue1 and others of a kindred character1 and that the compilers and abridgers1 who claim the authorship of them1 have been remarkable for bigotry even in this age of ,protestant intolerance1 it is scarcely necessary to point out the danger to our young ,catholics of the free circulation of such books among them4 ,in country places1 the absence of the noise1 excitement1 and attractions of city life naturally leads to a desire for reading and a remarkable tendency to discussion1 and it is there that good ,catholic books are most required4 ,our children must mix with those of the sects1 and will be compelled to listen to a repetition of the fabrications and falsehoods against their religion which are weekly dealt out in the ,protestant churches1 daily commented on in the household1 and which fill the pages of the books of the district libraries and local newspapers4 ,this is the poison that is carrying off so many of our juvenile #gab co-religionists1 more dangerous to their souls than the deadly upas would be to their bodies1 and against which we must provide some antidote4 ,if one of our boys is confronted with quotations from ,hume or ,macaulay1 he must be prepared to answer them on the undoubted authority of ,lingard2 if he be taunted with the poverty or ignorance of the ,catholics of ,ireland1 he can show whence came this penury and destitution by reference to ,mc,gee's1 ,cusack's1 or any of the numerous histories of that country2 he ought to be prepared to oppose ,archbishop ,spalding to ,d',aubign1 ,meline to ,froude1 the history of the ,maryland settlers 7the founders of religious liberty on this continent7 to the eulogiums on the intolerant ,puritans1 the 8,irish ,settlers0 to the ,know-,nothing organs--in fact1 truth and light wherever falsehood and darkness are to be found4 ,the truth has nothing to lose1 but everything to gain1 by full and free discussion4 ,it is only error that shrinks from thorough investigation4 ,but we must take care that our sons and daughters are well supplied with plain and useful facts regarding their faith and religion before they are subjected to the ordeal through which all young ,catholics must pass who mingle freely in ,protestant society1 lest through their ignorance the cause they espouse should be weakened by their imperfect advocacy4 ,neither ought we to hesitate in learning lessons from our adversaries when it is possible to do so4 ,if the children of darkness are wiser than the children of light in their generation1 it is no reason why we should be guilty of folly4 ,apart from the falsity of their teachings1 we have often had occasion to admire the systematic perseverance with which the ,protestant sects have endeavored to disseminate their peculiar views throught the medium of cheap and attractive publications4 ,all that art and skill can do has been done to render them pleasing to the eye and agreeable to the mind4 ,the highest literary talent is employed and well rewarded1 because the result of their labors is extensively circulated1 and1 even when persons are unable or unwilling to purchase1 the purse of the wealthy is always open to enable them to obtain books free of cost1 while our children are too often allowed to begin life but half-instructed1 and to continue in it illiterate and untaught4 ,were our schools as efficient and as numerous as we wish and as we hope one day to see them1 we might assure ourselves that all this might be taught in them2 but they are not1 nor can they be for some years1 and we cannot ignore the fact or wait for the slow operation of time to perfect and extend their influence4 ,we must endeavor by some means or other to supply the deficiency1 so far1 at least1 as this generation is concerned4 ,besides1 there will always be a large number of children of the working-classes who cannot remain long at any school1 but must go into the world to earn their bread4 ,with these the most critical period of their lives is from the time they pass from the control of the teacher till they reach manhood or womanhood1 for then their characters for good or evil are formed4 ,for this class of toilers1 good books are not only a recreation and a solace1 but an absolute necessity2 but1 being limited in means1 we hold that it is only through the means of local libraries that they can gratify their wishes and find opportunities for mental improvement4 ,literature itself would also gain much by the establishment of these libraries4 ,how often has it been remarked that1 out of the large number #gac of ,catholic young men of brains and education which our colleges and academies turn out annually1 there are so few writers4 ,the explanation is that for them authorship is neither a remunerative nor an appreciated employment4 ,the professions of law and medicine and the attractions of commerce and trade are constantly drawing into their vortices the best energies and talent of our young graduates1 many of whom with proper encouragement and patronage might1 as authors1 render incalculable service to the cause of truth and morality4 ,what is required to utilize this large amount of natural gifts and acquired knowledge is simply the more extensive circulation of works already published2 the increase in the number of new books on subjects of general interest1 in style and treatment more in accordance with modern forms than those published years ago2 but1 above all1 the cultivation of a correct standard of literary excellence among the people1 and the creation of a widespread class of readers and thinkers4 ,the objection to the dearness of ,catholic publications would also be removed by this means4 ,it is well known to those conversant with the publishing business that1 in proportion to the increase of the circulation of a given book1 the expense of its production per copy is diminished in an inverse ratio4 ,a book of which three thousand copies are sold at two dollars each would be more remunerative to both publisher and author at even one dollar if twenty thousand copies were disposed of4 ,the publisher1 also1 in his contract with the author and in view of the uncertainty of his sales1 naturally adds to the cost of production and to his fair percentage of profit a certain amount for probable losses by having a portion of his edition left on his shelves unsold4 ,the establishment of local libraries would obviate the necessity of this additional cost4 ,with1 say1 twenty-five hundred of these institutions1 each ready and willing to subscribe for one or more copies of any really meritorious book that might appear1 its success would be assured beyond doubt1 the outlay of the publisher would be nearly reimbursed1 and his risk1 for which all book-buyers have now to pay1 would be sensibly and materially diminished if not altogether done away with4 ,thus even individual purchasers as well as subscribers to libraries would be benefited in the reduction of price2 and1 while the bookseller would not suffer in the profits of his sales1 the general public as well as the author would be sensibly the gainers4 ,as to what ought to constitute the necleus of a small library1 some difficulty may be experienced in diverse tastes and opinions4 ,in view of the multiplicity of good books constantly being imported or published in this country1 it is nearly impossible to make a list of such as would be most desirable and useful without leaving out others perhaps as equally deserving of attention4 ,of works of fiction we have enough and more than enough in the productions of the authors above named and others of a less pretentious order1 but1 as this sort of reading is simply a matter of choice1 each one must judge for himself in the selection4 ,devotional and controversial works are numerous1 and a few at least1 such as the writings of ,st4 ,liguori1 ,father ,faber1 ,dr4 ,manning1 and ,cardinal ,wiseman1 the ,guide for ,catholic ,young ,women1 ,following of ,christ1 ,catholic ,christian ,instructed1 ,lenten ,monitor1 as well as several others1 should be always found in ,catholic libraries4 ,in history1 as far as the ,english language is concerned1 we are not so #gad rich4 ,we have1 it is true1 four or five histories of ,ireland1 possessing peculiar merits1 and exhibiting more or less defects1 but all full of useful information4 ,lingard's ,england1 entire or abridged1 is decidedly the best of that country4 ,shea's ,history of the ,catholic ,missions in the ,united ,states1 ,mc,sherry's ,maryland1 ,bishop ,bayley's ,church in ,new ,york1 ,mc,gee's ,irish ,letters and ,catholic ,history1 ,de ,courcey's and ,shea's ,catholic ,church in ,america1 go far to supply the defect1 at least in part4 ,then there are the ,works of ,archbishop ,hughes1 one of the great prelates of the church in ,america1 and the writings of ,dr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,brownson1 particularly his ,essays and ,american ,republic1 than whom no man of our day1 it is safe to say1 writes with more vigor or with a clearer understanding of his subject4 ,the works of ,bishop ,england are1 we regret to say1 too little known1 and1 being for some time out of print1 are now almost unattainable4 ,darras's ,church ,history1 the only complete history of the church yet published in our language1 should1 if possible1 be read by every ,catholic1 and find a conspicuous place in all our libraries4 ,the ,lives of ,deceased ,prelates of the ,united ,states1 by ,clarke1 which has just been published1 is a very valuable book1 containing a great deal of remote and contemporary history2 and if ,mr4 ,shea could be induced by proper encouragement to further develop the subjects he has selected for his books1 as we feel certain of his ability to do so1 a great deal of additional matter connected with the struggles and sufferings of the early pioneers of religion1 now almost forgotten or unknown1 would be placed before the public4 ,in biography1 which maybe called history in detail1 our resources are abundant4 ,we have1 besides numerous lives of ,christ1 a complete ,lives of the ,popes1 ,butler's ,lives of the ,saints1 several of ,st4 ,patrick1 ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 ,cur of ,ars1 and some two hundred separate lives of the holy men and women who in every age of the church were conspicuous for their sanctity1 wisdom1 and devotion to the faith1 a list of which may be chosen from the catalogue of any of our principal publishers2 and last1 though not least1 is ,montalembert's great work1 ,the ,monks of the ,west1 an ,american edition of which is just published4 ,so far as materials are concerned1 we have a plenitude of them of every variety and in all departments of literature1 and we have endeavored to show that very little money is required to purchase them4 ,what is wanted is organization and action4 ,for these we must depend to a great extent on the local pastors1 and on the half a dozen leading laymen who are most generally to be found in every congregation4 ,there is a homely proverb1 but nevertheless true1 that 8what is everybody's business is nobody's business40 ,let one or two influential men in each parish think seriously over the matter1 call their associates together1 and explain to them the advantages to be derived by themselves and their children from cheap and good reading1 collect the subscriptions1 put themselves in communication with any of our ,catholic booksellers1 and the work is done4 ,the first and most important step thus taken1 the future welfare of the library is assured4 ,it is unnecessary to say that such a movement ought to and would receive the warmest encouragement from their spiritual superiors4 ,apart from the benefits arising from the reading of moral books to the cause of religion1 the spirit of mutual intercourse1 interchange of thought1 and friendly co-operation engendered by reading #gae the same book1 and meeting at stated times for a common object1 would lead insensibly to the formation of a compact and efficient organization1 exceedingly useful when the interests of charity1 education1 or the church are to be subserved4 ,not only this1 but1 knowing how overtaxed are the attention and time of so many of our missionary priests in providing the means of building churches and schools1 as well as attending to the spiritual wants of their scattered flocks1 we consider that an intelligent body of young people1 such as we would naturally expect to see connected with a library society1 would form a valuable lay staff of workers whose pleasure it would be to aid their pastor in all his material transactions4 ,the more intelligent ,catholics become1 the less trouble1 in two ways1 they entail on their spiritual guide4 ,they become aware easily of his wants1 or rather the wants of the church of which he is to them the representative1 and need little inducement to contribute their means freely for the benefit of charity or religion1 while1 at the same time1 they make the most efficient agents in influencing the actions of others with whom they are daily brought in contact4 ,firmly believing that the spread of these societies throughout this country would have a most marked and beneficent effect1 morally and mentally1 on our rapidly growing ,catholic population1 we submit these remarks to the serious consideration of the reverend clergy1 and of those laymen who have been favored with more wealth and a better education than the majority of their fellow-,catholics4 ,we must not forget that we live in an age of great mental activity and progress1 so-called4 ,let us keep pace with our neighbors in everything that leads to the acquisition of true knowledge1 but let our progress be in the right direction1 and worthy of the name we bear1 and of the religion we profess4 #ade ,history of the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,by the ,most ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d4 ,baltimore4 #adf ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots4 ,by ,james ,f4 ,meline4 ,new ,york4 #ahga4 ---------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,philip ,,thomas ,,howard1 ,o4,p41 ,,cardinal ,,of ,,norfolk1 ,,etc4 ,by ,father ,c4 ,f4 ,raymond ,palmer1 ,o4,p4 ,london3 ,thomas ,richardson ,son4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,it affords us sincere pleasure to be able to speak of this book in terms of unqualified praise1 without in the least being subjected to the charge of flattery4 ,the subject chosen by ,father ,palmer is the career of an ecclesiastic who not only filled a prominent part in the history of his times in his native country1 ,england1 but of the church throughout ,europe2 and whose private virtues were even more edifying than his mental capacity was remarkable4 ,the scion of one of the noblest houses in ,great ,britain1 and living at a time when every lure was held out to genius and rank to join the so-called ,reformers1 he not only remained true to the ,catholic traditions of his family1 but1 forsaking the world altogether1 he became1 in spite of all opposition1 an humble friar and a follower of the illustrious ,st4 ,dominic4 ,his labors for the good of his order on the ,continent as well as in ,england were incessant1 and so successful that in a few years he was #gaf raised to the dignity of a prince of the church4 ,several times he was entrusted with important diplomatic missions by his sovereign1 ,charles ,,ii41 and for many years occupied the position of grand almoner to ,catharine of ,braganza1 the queen-consort4 ,in addition to the biography of ,cardinal ,howard1 we have a very full and interesting sketch of the history of the ,dominican order1 that glorious corporation of friar-preachers1 whose labors extended to every part of the known world1 and whose blood may be said to have been shed in the cause of ,christ wherever the foot of man has trod4 ,father ,palmer's treatment of the subject is in every way worthy of so great a theme4 ,he does not1 as too many biographers are apt to do1 fall in love with his hero1 and lose himself in senseless rhapsody and panegyric1 but lets deeds and their results speak for themselves4 ,neither does he assume for the order1 of which he himself is a worthy member1 too much credit for its long-continued and extensive propagandism of the faith2 but1 keeping his praise within just bounds1 makes the amplest acknowledgment to other missionaries when an opportunity offers4 ,the author's style1 also1 is admirable4 ,it is plain1 bold1 and exceedingly clear1 and reminds us a good deal of the old days of classic ,english1 which1 we are sometimes tempted to fear1 have departed for ever4 ,,sermons ,,by ,,the ,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,congregation ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul ,,the ,,apostle4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgb4 #abmo1 pp4 #cca4 ,this1 the sixth volume of sermons1 twenty-two in number1 delivered by the ,paulist ,fathers of this city1 has just been published1 and in point of variety1 ability1 and adaptability to the everyday wants of ,catholic congregations1 may fairly be said to be equal1 at least1 to any of the preceding volumes from the same source4 ,on first reading this valuable collection of sermons1 the impression most likely to be produced on a layman is surprise at the remarkable simplicity of style1 earnestness of argument1 and1 above all1 the practical application to the present condition of society1 of the inspired texts upon which the sermons are based4 ,men of the most ordinary comprehension can understand them1 and we can imagine few minds so contracted or hearts so callous as to be proof against their unadorned logic and impressive appeals4 ,it has sometimes been our good fortune to have heard1 as we have often read1 exhortations of more brilliancy1 pathos1 and even intellectual power1 but we are not aware that1 compressed within the limits of an ordinary-sized book1 there is to be found in the ,english language a greater amount of wholesome truths1 well and clearly stated1 or better calculated to go directly to the heart and conscience of the reader4 ,of this character pre-eminently are the sermons on 8,how to ,pass a ,good ,lent10 8,humility in ,prayer10 and 8,the ,sins and ,miseries of the ,dram-,seller40 ,in some respects the latter differs from all others in the collection--in its forcibleness of rhetoric1 and vividness1 almost painful1 of description4 ,reading it in the silence of our library1 we almost shudder at the1 alas6 too truthful picture drawn therein of the drunkard's fate in this world1 and the not less certain retribution which awaits his mercenary tempter1 here or hereafter4 ,it is one of the most powerful arguments against the use and sale of intoxicating liquors we have read since the days of ,father ,mathew1 and ought to be in the hands of every advocate of temperance1 clerical and lay1 in the land4 ,the three sermons treating of the temporal and spiritual authority of the ,sovereign ,pontiff are clear1 distinct1 and well-timed1 and1 besides being historically accurate1 are replete with logical deductions1 one following and hinging on the other so harmoniously that conviction1 #gag even to a biassed mind1 seems to follow as a matter of course4 ,but on a second and more critical perusal of this book1 we are certain to discover new and equally commendable features4 ,we feel as if we were in the presence of ,catholic priests speaking to their spiritual children4 ,there is an absence of all harshness or terrorism1 and of that bitterness which too often accompanies the discussion of controversial subjects4 ,while our errors are reproved and our sins denounced1 hope and mercy are not denied us2 the path of duty is plainly pointed out1 but we are encouraged to tread its thorny ways1 and we rise from the study of the ,sermons conscious of our faults and weaknesses1 without despairing1 and with a renewed purpose of amendment4 ,no one can read attentively the first and last of this series1 on 8,remembrance of ,mercies0 and 8,fraternal ,charity10 without feeling softened and chastened in spirit4 ,it is not1 however1 the mere contents of the sermons that we most admire4 ,it is their suggestiveness4 ,to a reflective mind there is matter enough in them to form the groundwork of a hundred discourses1 and still the subjects would not be exhausted4 ,this feature alone will extend their good influence far beyond the limits of one book or one pulpit4 ,as we have come to a grand truth boldly stated1 or a deduction logically and lucidly drawn1 we have frequently found ourselves closing the book1 and1 following the drift of the reverend preacher's argument1 preaching sermons to ourselves4 ,if such be its effects on ordinary minds1 how much more valuable will be the uses of this book to the younger members of the priesthood in the performance of the duties of their holy calling8 ,and it is for them especially1 we presume1 it is intended4 ,besides1 as we are all aware1 there are many persons with the best dispositions who1 from family or other reasons1 are frequently unable to hear a sermon on every ,sunday and holyday of obligation1 not only in country parishes1 but even in our crowded cities4 ,to this class the present volume ought to be of great value1 affording them1 as it does1 an opportunity of reading in the seclusion of their homes1 what they are debarred from hearing delivered orally4 ,it is one of the rules of the faithful to consecrate a portion of each ,sunday to hearing sermons1 but1 when this cannot be done1 the reading of pious books is substituted1 and we know of none recently published better calculated to edify and instruct a devout ,catholic1 or one so practical in its application to the wants and necessities of the present generation1 as this collection of sermons2 and it is for this reason that we heartily commend it to the laity of the ,united ,states4 ,,macaronic ,,poetry4 ,collected1 with an ,introduction1 by ,james ,appleton ,morgan1 ,a4,m4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahgb4 ,of the many excellent specimens of the typography of the ,riverside ,press1 the above-named work is one of the handsomest2 and this merit is enhanced by the fact that the great variety of languages and characters1 ancient and modern1 used in its pages called for the best efforts of typographical skill and resources4 ,the title of the work gives but a modest idea of the wealth and diversity of its contents1 which are creditable to the taste and industry of the author4 ,we find in it not only all the most celebrated macaronic masterpieces1 from the 8,pugna ,porcorum10 of about three hundred lines1 every word of which begins with the letter ,p1 thus3 8,plaudite1 ,porcelli1 ,porcorum pigra propago ,progreditur1 plures ,porci pinguedine pleni4 ,pugnantes pergunt1 pecudum pars prodigiosa10 etc41 etc41 down to ,dr4 ,maginn's 8,second ,ode to ,horace10 commencing1 8,blest man1 who far from busy hum1 #gah ,ut prisca gens mortalium40 ,then there are the literary trifles of the dipogrammatists and the pangrammatists1 and curiosities in acrostics1 telestics1 anagrams1 palindromes1 sidonians1 rhymed bagatelles1 cento verses1 chain verses1 alliterative verses1 and epitaphs4 ,there are also some specimens of queer prescriptions1 the whole family of which are but imitations of the celebrated recipe pasted on the door of the pharmacy in the ,convent of the ,capuchin ,friars at ,messina3 8,pro presenti corporis et terna anim salute4 ,,recipe4 8,radicum fidei ,florum spei ,rosarum charitatis ,liliorum puritatis ,absynth contritionis ,violarum humilitatis ,agarici satisfactionis ,ano quantum potes3 ,misceatur omnia cum syrupe confessionis2 ,terentur in mortario conscienti2 ,solvantur in aqua lacrymarum2 ,coquantur in igne tribulationis1 et fiat potus4 ,recipe de hoc mane et sera40 ,any one may find much literary amusement in the volume1 and to the ,latin scholar in particular it affords material for many an hour of pleasant relaxation4 ,,the ,,taking ,,of ,,rome ,,by ,,the ,,italian ,,army1 considered in its ,causes and ,effects4 ,by ,c4 ,m4 ,curci1 ,s4,j4 ,translated from the ,italian by the ,duke ,della ,torre4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahga4 ,it is a matter of congratulation that we have among us at least one ,italian gentleman of high rank1 character1 and education1 who is a thoroughly loyal and devoted adherent of the ,holy ,see4 ,we are greatly indebted to the ,duke ,della ,torre for translating ,f4 ,curci's brochure1 prefixing to it a most sensible and excellent preface1 and getting it published by our most eminent ,new ,york firm4 ,the pamphlet itself is an able production of an able and celebrated writer4 ,the only great fault in it is the discouraging tone it takes regarding the prospects of the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope in the future--a point which has been strongly animadverted upon already in ,europe4 ,in so far as past facts are concerned1 it is a thorough and unanswerable exposure of the fraud1 violence1 and perfidy of the ,sub-,alpine government1 and of the treachery and timidity of the policy of other ,european cabinets in their relations with the ,pontifical ,states4 ,,florence ,o',,neil2 or1 ,the ,siege of ,limerick4 ,by ,agnes ,m4 ,stewart4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,the eventful life and troublous times of ,james ,,ii4 of ,england must always be a period of history mournfully interesting to every ,catholic heart--those days of persecution1 when throughout ,england a price was set upon the head of any priest who dared labor for the salvation of souls1 all the penal laws against ,catholics 7some of them but lately repealed7 being in full force4 ,the touching story of ,florence ,o',neil1 who is represented as living in very constant intimacy with the royal exiles1 carries us through those dark days1 and gives us pictures of the court of the reprobate1 hard-hearted daughter of ,james1 where ,florence was kept an unwilling captive for many months4 ,her journal during that time is written with charming simplicity1 and the whole story has sufficient mingling of truth with the narrative to fill us with pity even for those crowned heads who lived harassed with anxious fears lest the sceptre so hastily and unjustly assumed should be as hastily snatched from their grasp2 trusting nobody1 never at rest from plottings and replottings even in their own household4 ,in contrast with this1 we have the devoted domestic life at the ,chteau ,st4 ,germaine1 sketched with a delicate and refined touch1 giving us a lovely picture of wedded bliss in the union of ,james with his beautiful and tenderly attached wife--more perfect than usually falls to the lot of common mortals1 #gai not to speak of royalty4 ,it is cheering to know that these good hearts1 to whom life brought so much disappointment and trouble1 found rest and peace and hope in the bosom of the church1 which offers to her faithful children the kingdom of heaven and an imperishable crown4 ,florence ,o',neil appears in a beautiful dress1 and is well worthy of careful perusal4 ,,the ,,rise ,,and ,,fall ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,franciscan ,,monasteries1 ,,and ,,memoirs ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,hierarchy ,,in ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,p4 ,meehan1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,a ,,memoir ,,of ,,ireland1 ,,native ,,and ,,saxon4 ,by ,daniel ,o',connell1 ,m4,p4 ,dublin3 ,james ,duffy4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,the second edition of these two small works1 which have attained a well-deserved popularity in ,ireland and ,england1 will doubtless be equally appreciated in this country1 particularly by our adopted citizens1 who1 claiming the former nation as their birthplace1 love to look back on her past glories and her continuous struggles for civil and religious freedom4 ,father ,meehan's book1 though ostensibly confined to the history of the ,franciscan establishments and the ,irish hierarchy1 contains also a brief but lucid and well-arranged account of the principal events of the seventeenth century in ,ireland1 embracing the wars of the ,parliamentarians and ,cromwell against the ,nationalists1 and the inception of the contest between the partisans of ,william and ,james4 ,on such subjects ,mr4 ,meehan is a reliable and judicious authority1 for he has made them the study of a life-time4 ,we remember him fully a quarter of a century ago1 when curate of ,,ss4 ,michael and ,john's ,church1 ,dublin1 and when every moment that he could spare legitimately from the duties of his calling was devoted to his loved studies--the history and archology of his native land2 and we are happy to find that time has neither quenched the fire of his patriotism nor weakened that mental activity which characterized his earlier works4 ,o',connell's memoir1 like everything that fell from the pen or lips of that great agitator1 is full of vigor and sound logic4 ,a portion of the book is devoted to a general summary of the wrongs and struggles of the ,irish race from the invasion in #aagb down to our day1 but the greater part is occupied by historical quotations and running commentaries1 illustrating that long1 dreary period of war1 desolation1 and persecution4 ,though in fact contained in a comparatively small compass1 it is a masterly indictment against ,england1 prepared with all the system and acumen of an able jurist1 and is invaluable as a historical document from the number of references it contains4 ,it was only issued towards the close of the great author's career1 and may be supposed to be an epitome of his varied readings and long personal experience4 ,,the ,,pearl ,,of ,,antioch3 ,a ,picture of the ,east at the ,end of the ,fourth ,century4 ,by the ,abb ,bayle4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahga4 ,in the preface to this interesting story of the early times1 we have a bright and truthful comment on the different claims of works of fiction that have been written to make religion attractive3 giving to ,cardinal ,wiseman 7what rightfully belongs to him7 the glory of having been the author of the truly ,christian romance in the fascinating narrative of ,fabiola4 ,the writer of ,the ,pearl of ,antioch professes to follow at a modest distance that illustrious dignitary of the church4 ,he gives us in the story of ,pelagia a graphic description of life in ,antioch1 ,alexandria1 and ,constantinople at the close of the fourth century1 when the church1 resting from the fierce persecutions that had marked her earlier years1 was surrounded with master-minds who committed themselves to no religion1 condemning none formally1 #gbj endeavoring to possess at the same time the esteem of both ,christians and pagans4 ,the delineation of the vacillating spirit of many of the finest intellects among the ,greeks1 their proud1 patronizing ways towards ,god's church1 cannot but remind the careful reader of the position of many of the so-called intellectual giants of to-day4 ,the multiplicity of characters introduced1 and the demand for mythological research which is necessary to make the story clear in all its parts1 are rather detrimental to the unity of the tale2 nevertheless1 the story of ,pelagia herself1 and ,nicephorus her lover1 with their remarkable conversion and subsequent abandonment of the world1 is very touching1 and wrought out with simplicity and earnestness--the wonderful faith of ,pelagia contrasting with the criticisms and doubts1 and the ingenious hypotheses of ,hypatia1 whose strange life and fearful death have been the comment of historian and novelist4 ,the book contains many pages full of interest concerning ,simon ,stylites and the wonders of his life1 besides several chapters devoted to charming descriptions of the monks who flocked in those times to monasteries in the deserts of ,nitria and ,tabenna1 along the borders of the ,nile1 and even to ,mount ,sinai4 ,one of the most attractive features of the volume will be found in the delightful conversations of these monks1 enlivened with legends of those olden times1 and pervaded throughout with a lovely1 ,christ-like spirit1 which makes their religion an object of admiration even to the wise pagans around them4 ,,japan ,,in ,,our ,,day4 ,compiled and arranged by ,bayard ,taylor4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahgb4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,this is the first volume of the ,illustrated ,library of ,travel1 ,exploration1 and ,adventure1 now in course of publication by ,messrs4 ,scribner1 ,co4 and edited by ,bayard ,taylor4 ,to those who take an interest in ,japanese affairs the volume will prove interesting1 as containing the latest information with regard to that country so long almost unknown4 ,,sadliers' ,,catholic ,,directory1 ,,almanac1 ,,and ,,ordo ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahgb4 ,with full ,report of the various ,dioceses in the ,united ,states and ,british ,north ,america1 and a ,list of the ,archbishops1 ,bishops1 and ,priests in ,ireland4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co41 #ca ,barclay ,street4 ,the ,almanac for this year has appeared4 ,the sewing1 type1 and paper are much better than in former years4 ,there are not so many mistakes in this as we noticed in the previous volume4 ,we are aware there are many difficulties connected with the publication of a statistical work which nothing but the utmost patience and perseverance will overcome1 and are therefore pleased to notice even slight improvements4 ,,the ,,american ,,home ,,book ,,of ,,in-,,door ,,games1 ,,amusements1 ,,and ,,occupations4 ,by ,mrs4 ,caroline ,l4 ,smith 7,aunt ,carrie74 ,illustrated4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,new ,york3 ,lee1 ,shepard ,dillingham4 #ahgb4 ,this book is one of the best of its kind4 ,the selection of games1 amusements1 etc41 is very good1 and the directions given in regard to them are short1 simple1 and clear4 ,it cannot fail to add to the happiness of any home it may enter4 ,,the ,,wonders ,,of ,,water4 ,from the ,french of ,gaston ,tissandier4 ,edited1 with numerous ,additions1 by ,schele ,de ,vere1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahgb4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,a most interesting and useful little volume1 containing valuable information in regard to the uses of water1 the history of artesian wells1 ancient and modern water-works1 etc41 etc4 ,the book is elegantly got up and well illustrated4 ---------- ,,the #gba ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiv41 ,no4 #hd4--,,march1 #ahgb4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgb1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,an ,,uncivil ,,journal4 ,the activity and universality of the ,american press are proverbial4 ,leaving out of sight the innumerable political organs which dabble in everything1 there is not a department of human knowledge1 not a recognized theological creed1 not a leading foreign nationality1 not a prominent ism of the day1 that has not its daily or weekly to represent it4 ,and they all speak and investigate with unlimited freedom4 ,the race of ,robert ,burns's 8chiel0 who was 8takin' notes0 has been multiplied until they here outnumber the sands on the sea-shore4 ,nothing escapes them4 ,all shortcomings of whatever origin are certain of detection by some of them1 and they are not restrained by any false modesty from instant proclamation thereof4 ,everybody is held accountable to everybody else4 ,republicans and ,democrats keep up permanent mutual inquisition1 ,protection and ,free-trade spy out each other's defects1 and rival sects seem firmly to believe in the chastening influence of announcement of their neighbors' faults4 ,more than any of these1 more than all put together1 is ,catholicity in the ,united ,states subjected to the most ceaseless and penetrating surveillance4 ,the curiosity prompting this surveillance is sometimes friendly1 but generally the reverse4 ,english literature1 essentially anti-,catholic and bigoted1 has made its mark upon ,american education1 and with many people the intolerant falsehood of much ,english history still passes for truth4 ,so-called religious 7,protestant7 papers are never at a loss for a leader topic--8,abuse the ,catholics40 ,protestant ministers find heads of discourse always ready in anti-,popery admonitions4 ,we personally know many excellent men among them who conscientiously strive to do their duty as they understand it1 and are above such wrong2 but there are large numbers of ,poundtexts and ,brandlighters1 obscure in position1 of uncertain education and wretchedly paid1 who make of 8,popery0 a stalking-horse1 and seek to fill their empty pews and depleted pockets with the fruits of anti-,popery excitement4 ,added to such editors and such preachers as we describe1 there is a small army of literary and theological stragglers1 #gbb bummers1 and disgraced deserters hovering on the rear of these regular forces1 always in the field with lectures1 pamphlets1 keys to ,popery1 horrible disclosures1 and all the pestilent riff-raff of anti-,catholic literature4 ,one would think the ,protestant army of observation on such a footing sufficiently well-organized1 active1 and effective to guard the walls of the ,american ,zion and sound a timely alarm4 ,but the publishing firm of ,messrs4 ,harper ,brothers is not of that opinion1 and they appear to have discovered that it is their duty to take under their special protection and keeping the public schools1 the ,bible1 the ,protestant religion1 and the liberties of ,america2--thus demonstrating the wretched incapacity and utter failure of our civil authorities1 our religious press1 and the ,protestant ministry to do their plainest duty4 ,the gentlemen in question publish1 here in ,new ,york1 ,harper's ,monthly ,magazine1 and a hebdomadal called ,harper's ,weekly3 ,a ,journal of ,civilization4 ,these periodicals contain a variety of light literature1 papers on current topics1 poetry1 anecdotes1 and highly-flavored anti-,popery articles4 ,besides these last1 the ,weekly generally has one or more caricatures calculated to disseminate the worst falsehoods1 and to excite hatred towards ,catholics and contempt for their religion4 ,for years past1 a constantly recurring subject of its most offensive form of caricature has been the person of the venerable ,pontiff ,pius ,,ix4 ,it is difficult to conceive how any man of even ordinary instincts of propriety--we care not what his religious prejudices might be--could have for this revered personage any feeling but one of profound respect4 ,an aged bishop1 fourscore years of age1 whose purity of character is without speck or stain1 whose long life has been one of labor and usefulness1 piety and virtue1 beginning his sacerdotal career as a missionary in a foreign land1 then serving faithfully as the director of charitable institutions and hospitals1 whose first acts of power were those of benevolence and universal amnesty1 toward whom1 on the part of the tens of thousands of ,protestants who have seen and spoken with him1 no sentiments but those of profound admiration and veneration are ever expressed--such a character as this is selected by the ,journal of ,civilization as the favorite butt of its indecent ribaldry4 ,we here leave entirely out of sight all consideration of the question of outrage upon the religious sensibilities of millions of ,catholics in the ,united ,states1 and place the judgment of the offence upon the broad ground of civilized propriety4 ,the men who perpetrate this outrage seek to justify themselves on the plea that it is as king or temporal sovereign of ,rome they caricature him4 ,their offence is aggravated by so flimsy and paltry a pretext4 ,the merits of the disputes among the monarchs of ,europe do not concern us here in ,america to that extent1 and if they did1 as a question of monarchical right and precedence of seniority1 the kings and emperors of ,europe are all new-comers and upstarts by the side of the ,roman ,pontiff4 ,while these caricatures are essentially addressed to a sentiment of religious bigotry1 their authors seek1 by the false association of some political idea1 not only to excuse them on that ground1 but to reinforce that bigotry with all the strength of political hatred4 ,take1 for instance1 the filthy crocodile picture4 ,there is an appeal whose falsity is only exceeded by its beastliness4 ,then the 8,roman #gbc ,catholic mission from ,england to the heathens of ,america0 7,weekly1 ,dec4 #cj1 #ahga71 in which the pure ,christian1 the devoted philanthropist1 the perfect gentleman--,most ,rev4 ,archbishop ,manning--is portrayed with iron shackles in his hand1 which he holds concealed behind him1 striving to entice the negroes to come to him2 to whom a negro replies 7so naturally673 8,no1 thank you4 ,we have just been emancipated1 and1 if ,england is responsible for slavery in the ,united ,states1 ,i don't care to jump from the ,english frying-pan into the ,english fire40 ,the favorite device of the ,weekly gentlemen is to represent the perpetrators of offences against law and order1 and the participators in municipal robbery and corruption1 as ,catholics1 and1 in their persons1 to hold the ,catholic ,church responsible for such offences4 ,it is not necessary to dwell on the absurdity of such a charge1 nor on the hardship and injustice of such a responsibility4 ,there are thousands of men in this city1 supposed to be ,catholics--nay1 who1 if asked the question1 will say that they are--who have not been inside of a ,catholic ,church nor spoken to a priest for long years1 men whose lives are scandalous in their irregularities and crimes4 ,such as these bring disgrace upon the church whose precepts they trample under foot4 ,if arrested for violation of the laws of the land1 we sincerely trust they may have legally meted out to them the fullest measure of punishment4 ,the properly constituted authorities will have our thanks for so doing4 ,the ,weekly writers are ignorant of much that touches ,catholic faith and practice1 but they are not ignorant of the fact that the custom among ,protestant churches of considering as members those only who make avowed profession1 and live up to the requirements of strict church membership1 does not prevail in the ,catholic ,church4 ,the difference with us is between practical ,catholics and those who1 neglecting their religious duties1 live in sin2 and we state with profound regret that the number of this latter class is very much larger than any one who loves his church cares to see4 ,but it is all the same thing to the ,harper scribes1 and the indifferent ,catholic1 the bad ,catholic1 the ,catholic who is a scandal to his church1 is a 8good enough ,morgan0 for our ,weekly1 which constantly represents him as an active and devout member of the church1 in direct communication with the ,holy ,see4 ,how if a similar rule were to be applied generally1 and we should in every case of moral dereliction seek out the sect with which the sinner has some real or supposed affiliation1 and charge the crime upon the religious teachings of that sect8 ,is the ,presbyterian ,church to be made responsible for ,new ,york municipal defalcations because connection with them is charged on the ,presbyterian1 ,mayor ,hall8 ,is the ,methodist ,church answerable for ,tammany frauds because ,tweed is a ,methodist8 ,let us suppose for a moment a man so devoid of all sense and decency as to compile a narrative of crimes and outrages perpetrated by people known to be ,methodists1 beginning years back with the well-known 7,avery-,cornell7 seduction and murder case in which a ,methodist minister was the criminal1 and coming down past the scandalous publication by ,methodist printers of the infamous book of ,maria ,monk1 to the late horrible story1 in a ,western city1 of torture through long years of an unoffending child by its unnatural ,methodist parents1 to the shameful #gbd malversations of a religious ,book ,concern1 to the gigantic thefts in our city administration1 to the ,drew complication of the ,erie abomination1 which shines by its absence in all the late ,harper chronicles2 and1 having completed his catalogue1 to present and denounce these crimes as the legitimate result of the teachings of the ,methodist ,church4 ,it would be waste of words to point out the false reasoning1 the injustice1 the malice of such a performance4 ,for1 however ,christian sects may differ on doctrinal points1 and whatever may be alleged as to the extent of their theological errors1 none of them deliberately teach immorality1 and all inculcate the precepts of the decalogue4 ,what1 then1 shall be thought of a journal which1 week after week1 loudly and persistently1 not only accuses the ,catholic ,church in the persons of her ministers of teaching the most flagrant immorality1 but seeks--coupling with this grave charge the imputation of striving to create civil discord--by every artifice of rhetoric1 by every device of exaggeration1 by every appeal of gross caricature1 to arouse the wildest passions and the fiercest bigotry8 ,the journal in question labors to stir up1 and it does stir up1 bad blood and hot strife among hitherto peaceful neighbors4 ,the charge is a serious one1 and we make it knowingly4 ,instances and illustrations in its support may be found in nearly all the numbers of the ,weekly for years past4 ,for its anti-,catholic operations1 the ,journal is used as a sort of tender to the heavy transport1 the ,monthly1 which frequently gives its readers long1 elaborate1 and malicious articles1 made up mainly of exploded calumnies1 threadbare anti-,popery rhetoric of the school of ,brownlee and the early ,know-,nothings1 and the extraordinary lucubrations of a contributor whom we can only describe as ,harper's comic historian4 ,this singular writer undertakes to demonstrate1 for instance1 that the ,apostle of ,ireland was not a ,catholic missionary at all1 but in religious faith a sort of ,old-,school ,presbyterian1 who went about distributing ,bibles among the 8savage ,irish10 making strong 8anti-,popery0 speeches1 and delivering lectures on popular education to the serfs of his day6 ,absurd as these articles are from a literary point of view1 they are yet full of inflammable material1 and play as recklessly with fire as the more brutal incentives of the ,weekly4 ,for it must be borne in mind that most of these direct appeals to religious bigotry are intended not so much for home consumption as for their effect upon the general rural mind1 and that their evident purpose is to arouse another ,know-,nothing revival throughout the country4 ,there are1 unfortunately1 too many people thoughtless enough1 or1 perhaps1 wicked enough1 to respond to these incentives--people so far forgetting themselves as to imagine that their own religion1 or something which they imagine stands for it1 must be the state church in ,america1 and that it is free to them to persecute and outlaw the professors of a faith which1 in their ignorance1 they despise and hate4 ,but we are satisfied that1 on the other hand1 there is too much intelligence1 moderation1 forbearance1 and patriotism among ,american citizens to permit the success of schemes aimed at once against liberty of conscience1 the peace of society1 and the true freedom of our institutions4 ,and among these citizens we rank--by no means the last--the ,,catholics ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 #gbe ,we can only qualify as impertinent the coolness with which these scribes of the ,messrs4 ,harper talk about 8receiving0 ,catholics 8hospitably into this free ,protestant land40 ,when and how were these gentlemen constituted the dispensers of the hospitalities of this free country8 ,when and how did this country become a 8,protestant land08 ,at what period of the history of ,america were ,catholics strangers here8 ,under somewhat similar provocation1 the great ,montalembert1 from the tribune in the ,chamber of ,peers1 told certain ,frenchmen3 8,we are the sons of the ,crusaders1 and we fear not the progeny of ,voltaire40 ,and we1 ,catholics of the ,united ,states1 say to these gentlemen who seek to inaugurate another ,know-,nothing campaign1 that here in ,america we are neither strangers nor new-comers of yesterday4 ,we came in the caravels of ,columbus1 we came with the ,cartiers and the ,la ,salles1 the ,brbufs and the ,jogues1 the ,joliets and the ,marquettes1 with the men whose blood of martyrdom moistened the soil of ,new ,york1 with the men whose bones had mingled with the savannas of the ,south and the prairies of the ,west long before ,plymouth ,rock was heard of4 ,we came--not with the ,hessians of ,george--but with the army of ,rochambeau and the fleet of ,de ,grasse1 with the arms of ,catholic ,france and the gold of ,catholic ,spain1 to aid our ,american struggle for liberty4 ,the largest fortune risked in signing our ,declaration of ,independence was a ,catholic fortune4 ,as ,catholics1 we have proved our devotion to our country in three wars4 ,the ranks of our army and the ships of our navy are full of our people1 and if1 at this moment1 you undertake to blot the names of ,catholic officers from naval and army registers1 you will be compelled to deface entire pages4 ,we are of all the walks of life1 from the humblest to the highest1 pursuing our legitimate business1 and fulfilling our duties as citizens1 fathers1 husbands1 sons1 and brothers4 ,we have schools1 seminaries1 and colleges successfully active1 increasing in number and usefulness1 and only not entirely filled with ,catholic pupils because of the great number of youths sent to them by non-,catholic parents4 ,we are merchants1 bankers1 editors1 clerks1 mechanics1 artists1 farmers1 lawyers1 physicians1 legislators1 and laborers4 ,we fill professors' chairs and seats on the judicial bench4 ,we have among us thousands of cultivated men and refined and elegant women1 the peers of any in the land4 ,we are1 as a body1 good and law-abiding citizens4 ,we respect ourselves4 ,we mean to be respected4 ,and we protest against the bigoted and senseless denunciation and caricature of our faith in the pretended exposure of fictitious plots against the institutions and liberties of our country4 ,there exists evidently1 among the ,know-,nothing writers referred to1 some faint appreciation of these facts1 and1 with labored display of politeness1 they seek to turn the difficulty by reference to 8respectable citizens10 appeals to 8intelligent ,romanists0 7thus designating us1 in their clumsy courtesy1 by a nickname71 and such declarations as 8we do not in any just sense accuse all adherents of that church of hostility to our institutions0 78our institutions607 ,we distinctly decline to accept any such qualification or apology4 ,so far as our religion is concerned1 we are all1 lettered and unlettered1 rich and poor1 on a footing of perfect equality4 ,the lady in the #gbf parlor and the servant in her kitchen abide by the same religious observances1 the rich banker and his poorest clerk hold precisely the same faith1 and the wealthy merchant and his drayman out there in the street1 kneel at the same altar4 ,we are aware that all this is 8horridly ungenteel10 but it is an old habit of our people4 ,eighteen hundred years ago and more1 we were assured that the poor we have always4 ,and we have them4 ,they never leave us1 and are not likely to4 ,poor-houses came in with the ,reformation1 and then poverty first became disgraceful4 ,for poverty1 and1 yet more1 for the shame of poverty1 the needy and wretched cannot enter elegant ,protestant conventicles4 ,and now that we have seen the nature and complexion of the attempted revival of ,know-,nothing violence1 it may be asked1 ,who are the men who promote it1 creating prejudice1 fostering bigotry1 inflaming religious rancor1 arraying neighbor against neighbor1 and endangering the peace of the community8 ,have they a special mission from on high8 ,are their scribes inspired writers8 ,or1 perchance1 are the antecedents of those publishers and proprietors such as to have established a character for pure patriotism and disinterested virtue so pre-eminently superior as to authorize them to set themselves up the self-constituted guardians of ,american liberty and evangelical ,christianity8 ,we propose to examine these questions in the light of the printed record of the responsible proprietors of the ,journal of ,civilization4 ,to that printed record we shall strictly confine ourselves4 ,and in taking the first step toward the fulfilment of our duty1 we regret that circumstances will compel the revelation of some ,,awful ,,disclosures4 ,the excitement and violent denunciation of ,catholicity produced many years ago by the publication of an infamous book said to have been written by one ,maria ,monk are still remembered among us1 as well as the thorough exposure of its utter falsehood1 made by ,colonel ,stone of ,new ,york1 and other ,protestant gentlemen4 ,the book was entitled ,the ,awful ,disclosures of ,maria ,monk1 and from its title-page purported to be published by ,howe and ,bates4 ,howe and ,bates6 ,who were ,howe and ,bates8 ,there was none to make reply4 ,for neither to the book trade nor in the flesh were 8,howe and ,bates0 ever known of mortal man4 ,as to the character of the book in question1 we are further enlightened by the author of a work entitled 8,protestant ,jesuitism1 by a ,protestant10 published by the ,harpers in #ahch4 ,at page #cd of the book1 ,maria ,monk's work is described as 8one of the most arrant fictions that was ever palmed upon the community10 and the author adds3 8,the people of this land--and it is the common attribute of human nature--love excitement1 and unfortunately there are those who know how to produce it1 and profit by it40 ,unfortunate1 indeed1 it is that there are those who stand ready to profit by foul slander and malignant falsehood concerning their neighbor4 ,unfortunate1 indeed1 that men can be found who1 for the sake of a few dollars1 could consent to spread1 broadcast upon the world1 printed vilification and outrage of noble1 pure-minded women1 who1 solely for the love of ,god and out of their own abundant charity1 devote their lives to alleviating the sufferings of the needy1 the afflicted1 and the sick4 ,who are they who profited by it8 ,if we can obtain a satisfactory #gbg answer to that question1 we may probably be far on the way toward solving the mystery which hovers over the existence of 8,howe and ,bates40 ,maria ,monk's disclosures were not all made in the book published by that somewhat nebulous firm4 ,the most 8awful0 of all her 8awful disclosures0 were made in the dignified form of a bill in equity which she filed against her publishers1 who1 by their own admissions and declarations1 turn out to be not 8,howe and ,bates10 who from this moment for ever disappear from view1 but ,messrs4 ,james1 ,john1 ,joseph ,w41 and ,fletcher ,harper4 ,the bill filed for discovery and account against the defendants as booksellers and publishers by ,maria ,monk1 a minor1 through her next friend1 shows that complainant was authoress of a work which she had copyrighted and stereotyped1 and that said stereotype plates were paid for by her with money belonging to her1 and that she was liable for any balance unpaid2 that after the copyright had been so taken out1 the said plates got into the possession of the defendants1 and that they had published the work under the title of 8,awful ,disclosures of ,maria ,monk1 as exhibited in a narrative of her sufferings during a residence of five years as a novice1 and two years as a black nun1 in the ,htel ,dieu at ,montreal40 ,further1 that she was a minor1 was entirely unacquainted with the modes of doing business1 that she believed that persons professing to be her friends had made some bargains for her in relation to said work1 that this was known to the defendants1 and yet they pretended to take out another copyright of the same work in the ,district of ,massachusetts1 and published a large number of impressions from the plates1 and issued the book2 and that they had large profits in their hands which belonged to the complainant4 ,prayer that the said ,james1 ,john1 ,joseph ,w41 and ,fletcher ,harper make full statement1 etc41 and deliver over all sums of money and property1 with account of sales and amount received for same4 ,we have had occasion to see that the proprietors of the ,journal of ,civilization are fiercely patriotic4 ,and they were so1 long before that civilizing journal was founded4 ,their first impulse on receiving a copy of this latest 8awful disclosure0 by ,maria ,monk was an impulse of patriotism1 of indignation that a foreigner should presume to expect copyright protection in the ,united ,states4 ,thrice is he armed who has statutory law1 patriotism1 and an act of ,congress upon which to fall back1 and the defendants1 in such panoply as that1 straightway filed a demurrer4#adg ,maria ,monk's copyright was first issued and had precedence of seniority1 but respondents demurred1 first and principally1 on the ground that 8the complainant did not show herself to be a citizen entitled to take out a copyright40 ,the demurrer also set up other matters in avoidance4 ,in deciding the case1 the ,vice-,chancellor closed the delivery of his opinion by saying3 8,it the bill does not show any privity of contract or dealing between the parties2 no agreement expressed or implied by which the defendants can be held to account to the complainant for the profits of the work4 ,it rather shows that1 by fraud #gbh or wrong1 the defendants obtained possession of the stereotype plates1 and1 altering the title of the book to that of ,awful ,disclosures1 etc41 published it in defiance of her rights4 ,if she has sustained loss by such conduct of the defendants1 she must persuade a jury to give her compensation in a verdict of damages against them1 when1 perhaps1 the merits of her ,awful ,disclosures and ,nunnery ,unveiled1 and the motives of those who have promoted and prompted the publication1 will duly be considered40 ,demurrer sustained1 and bill dismissed at costs of complainant4 ,all of which1 and more1 may be found in ,edwards's ,chancery ,reports1 vol4 iii41 p4 #aji4 ,,past ,,and ,,present4 ,within the past twelve years1 a new generation of readers has grown up in the ,united ,states--a generation far outnumbering its predecessor1 and the circulation of the journal published by the ,harper ,brothers has increased immensely4 ,the great body of its readers of to-day are profoundly impressed with a sense of its unvarying and undying patriotism1 and it probably never occurs to the soldier who1 when a mere boy1 shouldered his musket in defence of the ,union1 that his now furiously patriotic ,harper's ,weekly was originally1 and as long as it was found to pay1 the advocate of secession and the apologist of slavery4 ,how sadly true this is1 we propose to show by presenting the results of our examination into ,,the ,,journal ,,in ,,the ,,hour ,,of ,,trial4 ,on opening the volume of the ,weekly for the year #ahfa1 we felt quite confident of finding an admirably executed full-length picture of the then ,president-elect of the ,united ,states1 and confess to some disappointment when1 instead thereof1 occupying the entire first page1 we discover portraits of 8,the ,georgia ,delegation in ,congress10 followed by sketches highly laudatory of the seven gentlemen composing the delegation4 ,the same number makes calm and commentless record of 8,the ,south ,carolina ,proclamation of ,independence10 and the spread of secession through the ,south4 ,january #ab1 #ahfa4--,under the heading 8,the ,great ,southern ,movement10 the publishers 8beg to draw attention to the following list of illustrations of the ,pending ,revolution10 such unseemly words as rebellion and treachery being left to the unprincipled ,abolition papers of that day4 ,in the same number we have 8,the ,revolution at ,charleston0 in cuts of 8,anderson at ,sumter0 and 8,the ,charleston ,militia taking ,fort ,pickens0--thus making a nice balance4 ,doubtless the ,lincoln portrait will come in our next number4 ,why1 what are these8 ,portraits and laudatory notices of ,governor ,pickens1 ,honorable ,judge ,mc,grath1 and 8,rev4 ,dr4 ,bachman1 who asked a blessing on the ,secession ,ordinance10 the signing of which1 according to the fervid account cited from a ,charleston paper1 was a scene 8profoundly grand and impressive02 there were 8patriarchs in age--the dignitaries of the land--the high-priests of the church of ,christ--reverend statesmen--and wise judges of the law0--in the midst of whom 8the ,president advanced with the consecrated parchment0--which holy document was the ordinance of secession4 ,we continue turning leaf after leaf with but slight edification--,skating ,park--,old ,fashions--,humors of the ,day--,rarey the ,horse ,tamer--,love ,story--etc4 #gbi ,pleasant reading for people sitting over a volcano4 ,january #bf gives us 8,the ,prayer at ,sumter10 a drop of mournful comfort4 ,then an editorial1 8,,wanted1 ,a ,,capital40 ,it opens impressively3 8,some practical people1 viewing the dissolution of the ,union as a fixed fact1#adh and assuming that all or nearly all the ,border ,states will go with their ,southern slave sisters1 are already casting about in search of a new capital40 ,the vigorous patriotism of this idea is strengthened by a sweet allegory1 in a column of small type1 entitled 8,john ,ardens and ,james ,placens40 ,you see the delicate joke in the mild ,latin8 ,ardens is a fiery fellow1 who absurdly insists on having what he is entitled to4 ,placens is a gentleman1 a practical philosopher1 who very sensibly submits to any imposition on pocket or principle for the sake of peace4 ,the placid moral is1 8,in things indifferent yield rather than quarrel40 ,logically enough1 two pages further on we have 8,the ,firing on the ,star of the ,west10 as a mere passing incident of the day4 ,meantime ,fort ,sumter does heavy duty on the illustrated pages1 and is served up without intermission1 from sea1 from land1 by day1 by night1 en barbette1 en ctelette1 and in every other conceivable way4 ,february #b1 #ahfa4--;,another grand page of portraits--not of ,lincoln and ,seward1 but of 8,the ,seceding ,mississippi ,delegation in ,congress10 followed by a page in small type of fulsome praise of the seven members--,jefferson ,davis1 ,brown1 ,barksdale1 ,lamar1 ,r4 ,davis1 ,singleton1 and ,mc,rae4 ,with the praise we also have copious and labored arguments for slavery and secession1 thus3 8,personally1 ,senator ,davis is the ,bayard of ,congress1 sans peur et sans reproche2 a finished scholar2 a high-minded gentleman2 a devoted father2 a true friend4 ,he is emphatically one of those #8born to command1' and is doubtless destined to occupy a high position either in the ,southern ,confederacy or in the ,united ,states40 ,on which we would merely remark that as to the non-fulfilment of this prophecy there has been some disappointment in the first-named country1 and great dissatisfaction in the second4 ,this ,mississippi article closes with the assurance from one of the seven that slavery is not only national1 but 8a universal institution of ,god and man1 nature and ,christianity1 earth and heaven--having its origin in the law of ,god1 sustained by the ,bible1 sustained by ,christianity10 etc41 etc4 ,we continue turning the leaves4 ,and now that we have had quite enough of 8the ,seceding ,delegations10 we naturally hope that room may be found for a portrait of the ,president-elect4 ,at page #gf we come to 8,portrait of the ,south ,carolina ,minister of ,war10 which is not the object of our search4 ,february #i4--,what1 again8 8,,the ,,seceding ,,alabama ,,delegation ,,in ,,congress40 ,a full-page of portraits of nine gentlemen who do not look at all amiable4 ,following this comes the regulation two and a half columns of praise in small type1 interspersed with extracts from their speeches4 ,of one of these delegates--a party by the name of ,curry--we are assured that 8,nature has endowed him with a mind so active that he can apparently discover1 by a glance so rapid as to seem intuition1 those truths which common capacities struggle hard to comprehend1 while his genius enables him to enforce by argument1 and his accomplishments to illustrate1 those topics upon which he #gcj addresses the ,house40 ,naturally enough follows1 on page #hh1 a ,view of the ,city of ,montgomery1 showing the state-house where 8,,the ,,congress ,,of ,,the ,,southern ,,confederacy ,,meets40 ,february #af1 #ahfa4--;,concerning so-called stay-laws passed in the ,south1 which were at the time generally understood to mean practical repudiation of mercantile debts due to the ,north1 hark how sweetly sings the ,northern secession siren with elaborate ,harp accompaniment3 8,we trust that our ,southern friends will believe that we have no partisan purpose in view if we direct their attention to the fatal consequences of the stay-laws1 etc41 etc4 ,for many years our ,southern ,states have enjoyed first-rate credit1 both at the ,north and abroad4 ,southern obligations have always been preferred in ,new ,york to obligations from the ,east or ,west4444 ,southern men have been considered here as good under all circumstances4 ,their honor has been relied on to any extent4 ,houses which would not trust ,western or ,eastern dealers a hundred dollars have been delighted to give credits of thousands to ,southerners4 ,the simple reason was that people have had an undying faith in the honor of the ,southern people--a firm conviction that under no circumstances would they seek to evade payment of their debts40 ,and here the siren's song is broken by a gush of tears--8,is this faith1 is this conviction to be demolished now by the passage of stay-laws80 ,then follow the perennial 8,view of ,sumter10 double-page ,paris fashions1 etc41 until we reach 7p4 #aji7 ,views of the 8,mint and the ,new ,custom ,house10 ,new ,orleans1 8of which the ,united ,states have had only a brief occupancy0--8both of which have been seized by the state authorities40 ,there is no comment on this 8seizure0 by the state authorities1 but more than three months afterward we shall find 8civilization0 waking up in wrath and fulminating thus3 8,all that the rebels of ,new ,orleans wanted when they stole the mint was to be let alone40 ,in this same number 7p4 #aab7 we have the sneering caricature of the calamity of the country which at the time afforded the enemies of the ,american ,union exquisite delight and 8prolonged shouts of laughter40 ,it is entitled 8,the ,crippled ,american ,eagle1 the ,cock1 and the ,lion40 ,to the eagle1 dilapidated1 lame1 and on crutches3 8,,lion4--,why1 ,brother ,jonathan1 you don't look so fierce as you used4 ,how about the ,monroe ,doctrine now8 ,,cock4--,yes1 my good ,jonathan1 what you tink of ,,privateering under de present circumstance80 ,at last1 in the number of ,february #bc1 we reach portraits of 8,president and ,vice-,president0--what8 surely we must be mistaken6 ,no--the print is very clear in its large capitals--8,of the ,southern ,confederacy40 ,and very good portraits they are1 too1 but not of the ,president and ,vice-,president we were expecting to see4 ,the number of ,march #b gives us a full-page woodcut of 8,the ,president-elect ,addressing the ,people40 ,the 8people0 are represented by twenty-six hats and the scanty outlines of eleven men1 but in compensation we have a thrilling view of two gigantic lamp-posts1 and1 in exaggerated disproportion1 the pillars of the balcony over the centre of whose summit appears the upper half of a small1 lean figure supposed to be that of ,a4 ,lincoln4 ,this is somewhat disappointing1 but1 by way of consolation1 the next page enlightens us on the subject of patriotism3 8,this subject of patriotism is in a fair way of being more thoroughly #gca ventilated than it ever was before4 ,everybody appears to admit that patriotism is a virtue1 and that a man should love his country4 ,but the question arises at every corner1 ,what is our country80 ,the topic is illustrated by watery hypotheses from ,smith1 ,jones1 and ,thomson1 and the editor adds some strong milk to the water with--8,can he claim the title of patriot if he loves his state only1 and confesses no obligation to the rest of the confederacy80 ,for men who have progressed far enough in constitutional law and patriotism to call the ,union a confederacy we have strong hopes4 ,further on1 under heading1 8,the ,southern ,confederacy10 we are advised that 8the ,president has nominated0--so and so--8to his cabinet40 ,then follows 8,president ,davis's ,inaugural0--not the ,president we are looking for4 ,then come 8,snake ,stories10 8,aunt ,maria10 8,the ,mazed ,fiddler10 8,romance by ,lever0--pleasant reading for perilous times--until1 at last1 our search is ended1 our patience rewarded1 and at page #add1 in the number of ,march #b1 #ahfa1 we have a full-length portrait of ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,president-elect of the ,united ,states4 ,it is ,a ,,remarkable ,,picture4 ,it is indeed a picture so remarkable that we would advise every ,american who voted for ,mr4 ,lincoln1 every ,american who1 whether he voted for or against him1 yet credited him with the reputation of being at least a decent person1 and every man1 of whatever nationality1 who considered him not positively a degraded loafer--we would advise all such1 if they can find a copy of ,harper's ,weekly3 ,a ,journal of ,civilization1 of ,march #b1 #ahfa1 to contemplate and study that picture1 and then form their opinion of the ,christianity and the patriotism of the men who1 at that crisis of the country's fate1 and in that dangerous hour of feverish excitement and political passion1 could1 in cold blood1 spread such a firebrand sketch broadcast through the land4 ,we further commend this counsel more especially to those present readers and approvers of the ,journal of ,civilization who cherish the memory of a murdered ,president whom they remember as at least blameless in life1 pure in character1 kind of heart1 charitable in impulse1 and noble in patriotism4 ,we will endeavor to describe the drawing4 ,mr4 ,lincoln is represented1 in a room at the ,astor ,house1 standing1 or rather staggering1 under the influence of liquor1 with a just emptied glass in his hand4 ,he is surrounded by four boon companions1 two of them with drunken leer and ,bardolphian noses2 a third in the background looks vacantly on with expression of maudlin stupidity2 while the fourth1 like the rest1 glass in hand1 stands at the open window1 and--partially sobered by the shock--gazes at a passing funeral procession4 ,on the moving hearse1 accompanied by mourners and decked with solemn black plumes1 are inscribed the words3 ,,union1 ,,constitution4 ,under this work of art--a wretched1 scratchy woodcut--we read3 ,,our ,,presidential ,,merryman4 8,the ,presidential party was engaged in a lively exchange of wit and humor4 ,the ,president-elect was the merriest among the merry and kept those around him in a continual roar40--,daily ,paper4 ,now1 let it be borne in mind that this very suggestive piece of malice #gcb was published just on the eve of ,mr4 ,lincoln's inauguration at ,washington1 whose atmosphere was black with lowering clouds of rebellion1 where threats were rife that he would never take his seat in the ,presidential chair1 and where men's minds were already warped and inflamed by misrepresentations and falsehoods concerning him1 the belief in which by a large portion of the community would seriously blunt any sharp opprobrium of murder1 and soften down assassination to the meritorious taking off of an unworthy drunken demagogue4 ,if the conductors of this organ of 8civilization0 are capable of giving the greatest publicity to a horrible caricature on such a subject1 and at a moment fraught with such dreadful contingencies1 need there be any room for surprise that they do not stickle at far worse when the subjects of their defamation are 8only ,catholics08 ,,another ,,picture4 ,but we have not yet done with this number of ,march #b4 ,it was the strongest bid of the journal for ,southern favor and patronage4 ,on the same page with the cut we have described is another1 a more elaborate1 more artistic1 and better executed picture4 ,scene3 ,interior of a church--pews full of worshippers--minister officiating--administration of the sacrament4 ,at the chancel railing kneels ,george ,washington4 ,with one hand1 the clergyman standing in the sanctuary holds away the cup from the would-be communicant1 and with the other contemptuously waves him off4 ,the ,father of his ,country makes a gesture of indignant remonstrance1 while the minister's assistant with a long stick points to a tablet in the wall1 on which are engraved the words3 ,,the ,,higher ,,law4 ,,no ,,communion ,,with ,,slaveholders4 ,is the reader edified8 ,there is more to come4 ,the officiating minister is ,henry ,ward ,beecher--an unmistakable portrait4 ,his assistant is ,john ,brown--an excellent likeness--and the pointer he uses is one of the well-known 8,harper's ,ferry ,pikes40 ,under the engraving we read3 ,,no ,,communion ,,with ,,slaveholders4 8,stand aside1 you ,old ,sinner6 ,we are holier than thou40 ,will the members of ,plymouth ,church in ,brooklyn1 who now see the efforts of the journal to misrepresent ,catholics in doctrine and in morals1 please read these efforts by the light of this ,george ,washington picture8 ,we also commend careful examination1 of this picture to the friends and admirers of ,mr4 ,beecher4 ,let them ask themselves this question3 ,would the men who1 for the sake of a little larger circulation1 do not hesitate to caricature their own ,protestant co-religionists--would these men1 we say1 be reasonably expected to be very scrupulous in the vilification of those whose ,catholic faith they detest8 ,and for similar reasons1 we commend consideration of both these pictures to all readers of a ,journal of ,civilization which1 week after week1 by innuendo1 assertion1 falsehood1 and caricature1 strives to awaken the lowest prejudices of religious intolerance1 the vilest #gcc passions of religious bigotry1 and the sweeping persecution of ,american citizens who choose to worship ,god according to the dictates of their conscience4 ,we see that1 in #ahfa1 the proprietors of the ,journal of ,civilization held sentiments looked upon in this latitude as rebel and pro-slavery4 ,we freely admit that they had a perfect right so to do1 accepting1 of course1 the legal and social consequences flowing from such holding4 ,open to them to assume the social and moral superiority of ,southern gentlemen over ,northern traders4 ,free to them to vaunt ,southern honor at the expense of ,northern honesty4 ,but surely they might advocate1 as they did1 with all the eloquence of their editorials and all the influence of their wide circulation1 the dissolution of the ,union and the strong reprobation of anti-slavery sentiment1 without insinuating that ,eastern and ,western merchants are swindlers1 without calumniating ,mr4 ,lincoln1 and without vilifying ,mr4 ,beecher8 ,the journal's proprietors were perfectly well aware how grossly ,mr4 ,lincoln was misrepresented1 and how utterly he was misunderstood in the ,south4 ,to what extent sectional bitterness was intensified against him was shown by the free application of the epithet 8gorilla40 ,under these circumstances1 was it--we will not say considerate--but was it honest1 was it fair1 to picture him as a drunken clown to men who did not know him1 and were all too ready to believe it8 ,was it respectful1 was it decent1 to caricature the ,president-elect to those who did know him1 as celebrating in drunken orgies the death of the ,constitution and the funeral of the ,union8 ,henry ,ward ,beecher was looked upon in the ,south as the ardent apostle of an ,abolition evangel which taught servile insurrection and midnight murder--not an enviable reputation surely4 ,but was it fair1 was it honest1 to give shape1 body1 and unnatural proportions to this belief by picturing him as insulting the ,father of his ,country1 aided by ,john ,brown as his henchman1 armed with a ,harper's ,ferry spear8 ,and so we reach the journal's issue of ,march #i1 #ahfa1 but have thus far found no portrait of ,president either elect or de facto1 except as a drunken clown 7,mr4 ,merryman74 ,we learn1 however1 by way of explanation1 that he is a sectional ,president6 ,a long editorial of this number is headed ,,reconstruction1 and contains such vigorous ,union sentiment as this3 8,granted--if you will1 for the sake of argument--that the ,southern rebellion against the election of a sectional ,president is treason1 and liable to punishment--is it wise1 is it prudent1 is it possible to punish it80 ,again3 8,it would undoubtedly be a very mischievous undertaking to keep half a dozen states in the ,union against the deliberate wishes of their people4 ,whatever popular feeling--roused to frenzy by the seizure of forts1 arsenals1 revenue cutters1 and mints--might prompt on the spur of the moment1 there can be no question but the enterprise of holding the ,union together by force would ultimately prove futile4 ,,it ,,would ,,be ,,in ,,violation ,,of ,,the ,,principle ,,of ,,our ,,institutions60 ,an interesting number1 this of ,march #i1 with a fine portrait of 8,general ,david ,e4 ,twiggs1 late of the ,united ,states ,army10 a whole-page view of 8,inauguration of ,president ,jefferson ,davis of the ,southern ,confederacy10 and an article explanatory of the same4 ,no 8sectional ,president here10 and the inauguration is described as #gcd 8solemn and impressive40 ,at page #afj 7,march #i7 we have a cartoon of four vulgar caricatures1 entitled collectively 8,the ,flight of ,abraham0 7as reported by a ,modern ,daily ,paper71 and separately3 7#a47 ,,the ,,alarm4--,a gaunt figure sits upright in bed with nightcap on4 ,a lantern is held in at the open door1 from which come the words3 8,run1 ,abe1 for your life1 the ,blood ,tubs are after you6660 7#b47 ,,the ,,council4--,general ,sumner1 with a pair of large cavalry boots in one hand1 and in the other a handkerchief which he holds to his eyes1 weeping vociferously--boo-o-o1 stands near 8,abe02 on the other side is ,mrs4 ,lincoln in dowdy dishabille1 crying bitterly1 8,do go60 7#c47 ,,the ,,special ,,train4--0 ,he wore a ,scotch plaid cap and a very long military cloak1 so that he was entirely unrecognizable0--an ignoble picture4 7#d47 ,,the ,,old ,,complaint4--,lincoln presents himself to the astonished ,buchanan dissolved with fright1 while ,seward whispers to ,buchanan1 8,only a little attack of ager1 your excellency40 ,editorial correspondence at page #afb gives us the valuable information that 8,senator ,wigfall is a finished orator--probably the most charming in the senate10 and that he is 8the exact opposite of ,chandler and ,wilkinson0--8very unpleasant speakers to listen to40 ,senator ,mason1 we are told1 8with all his faults is perhaps the nearest approach in the present senate to the beau ideal of a senator40 ,at page #afh 7,march #af7 we have a large cut representing 8,the ,inauguration of ,abraham ,lincoln as ,president of the ,united ,states10 and we cannot help contrasting the phraseology of this announcement with a previous one3 8,inauguration of ,president ,jefferson ,davis of the ,southern ,confederacy40 ,and so we progress to ,april #bg1 #ahfa1 page #beh1 where we find ,president ,lincoln's ,proclamation of ,april #ae thus announced3 8,war is declared4 ,president ,lincoln's proclamation1 which we publish above1 is an absolute proclamation of war against the ,gulf ,states40 ,better late than never1 we at last1 after long1 weary waiting1 find in this number1 page #bfh1 the long-looked-for 8,portrait of the ,president10 accompanied by a biographical sketch of ,mr4 ,lincoln4 ,it was really high time that the readers of the ,civilization should be told something of their ,president nearly two months after he had assumed the reins of government4 ,to make everything pleasant and impartial1 however1 the opposite page gives us the copy of a full-length photograph of ,general ,beauregard4 ,having paid your money1 choice is optional4 ,we have thus seen with what persistence and industry the ,journal1 during the long1 critical months of the beginning of that eventful year #ahfa1 was the ardent panegyrist of everything ,southern1 the stern rebuker and enemy of anti-slavery1 the mocker and caricaturist of ,northern ,union sentiment1 and the contemptuous sneerer at ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,but all this fine talk about principle and lofty assumption of stern virtue was a mere question of circulation1 and the sympathy of the ,journal went with its pecuniary benefit1 so far and no farther4 ,the immutability of its principles was subject to be disturbed by just such considerations as those which carried conviction to the understanding of ,hans ,breitman1 and which he so admirably explained in his great political speech3 8,dese ish de brinciples ,i holts1 ,and dose in vitch ,i run3 ,dey ish fixed firm and immutaple ,ash te course of de #8ternal sun3 ,boot if you ton't abbrove of dem-- #gce ,blease nodice vot ,i say-- ,i shall only be too happy ,to alder dem right afay40#adi ,from an editorial leader of ,may #be1 we hear that the ,weekly is in receipt of abusive and threatening letters from various persons in the ,southern ,states1 the cause assigned for which rude conduct is 8the statement in our editorial of ,march #d1 to the effect that civil war between the ,free ,states on one side and the ,slave ,states on the other will inevitably1 sooner or later1 become a war of emancipation10 etc41 etc4 ,the reader may notice here that the expression1 8,free ,states on one side and the ,slave ,states on the other10 just as clearly and forcibly puts forth the doctrine of state sovereignty and the right of secession1 as does the title of ,alexander ,stephens's late work1 which1 in the smallest of nut-shells1 gives the same doctrine in the few words1 ,the ,war between the ,states4 ,but what is of as great importance is that the contingent danger of emancipation was not presented by the journal at so early a date as ,march #d4 ,there is no such editorial of ,march #d1 there is no editorial of any kind of ,march #d1 and1 moreover1 there was no number of ,harper's ,weekly published on that date4 ,the editorial referred to appeared ,may #d4 ,and here we would frankly say that we are quite willing to accept this ,march #d for ,may #d as the result of mistake1 oversight1 or careless proof-reading4 ,with the abusive and threatening letters came advices that 8,in ,tennessee vigilance committees forbid its 7,harper's7 being sold40 8,in ,louisiana1 the governor prohibits its distribution through the post-office40 ,and now1 the ,harpers1 like ,macbeth1 have heard enough1 and1 seized with the frenzy of patriotism1 thunder after this fashion3 8,as for ,harper's ,weekly1 it will continue1 as heretofore1 to support the government of the ,united ,states1#aej the stars and stripes1#aea and the indivisible union#aeb of thirty-four states4 8,we know no other course#aec consistent with the duty of citizens1 ,christians1 and honest men4 ,if any subscriber to this journal expects us to give our aid or countenance to rebellion#aed against the government1 he will be disappointed4 ,if any man buys this journal expecting to find us apologize for treason1#aee robbery1 rebellion1 piracy1 or murder1 he will be disappointed4 ,that is not our line of business4 ,the proprietors of ,harper's ,weekly would rather stop this journal to-morrow than publish a line in it which would hereafter cause their children to blush for the patriotism or the manhood of their parents40 ,this sharp change of sentiment1 this sudden right-about face1 may be #gcf best illustrated by the notes we have appended and by the utterances of the ,journal before and after certain occurrences4 ,,before4 ,,after4 ,editorial 7leader7 ,march ,editorial 7leader7 ,may #ah1 #cj1 #ahfa1 entitled 8,the ,two #ahfa4 ,constitutions40 8,mr4 ,jefferson ,davis1 8,the ,constitution of the ,ex-,senator from ,mississippi1 ,southern ,confederacy has has transmitted to the been published4 ,it is a copy select council of rebels at of the original ,constitution ,montgomery a document which of the ,united ,states1 with he calls #8,a ,message4' ,it is some variations4 ,the a most ingenious and principal variations plausible statement of their are0--nineteen of these are case4 ,mr4 ,jefferson ,davis is then described1 and the renowned for having made the article concludes3 8,we have most specious argument on thus enumerated the record in justification of principal alterations in the ,mississippi repudiation4 ,he ,constitution effected by the has not forgotten his ,congress at ,montgomery4 cunning4 ,his #8,message' would ,most of them would receive almost persuade us--if we the hearty support of the would forget facts and people of the ,north4 ,but law--that rebellion is comment is superfluous40 right1 and the maintenance of government and the enforcement of law a barefaced usurpation40 ,editorial 7leader7 ,april ,editorial 7leader7 ,june #h1 #bj1 #ahfa4 #ahfa4 ,it begins by stating that 8,the rebellion in this country ,virginia affirms 8the right has not half the excuse that of a state to secede from the ,sepoys had4 ,the ,indian the ,union at will10 and that soldiers were at least ,missouri and ,kentucky standing upon their own soil 8declare that1 in the event and opposing a foreign race of forcible measures by the which had vanquished them by general government to resist arms4 ,it was a blind stroke the dismemberment of the for the independence of their ,union1 they will take sides nationality4 ,but the ,davis with the seceded states40 rebellion is the resistance of a faction of citizens against 8,it seems questionable10 the government of all2 and the continues the ,weekly1 liberty for which they claim 8whether the continued that they are fighting means alliance of these states1 on baldly and only the liberty of these conditions1 is an holding other people in unmixed gain4 ,if this ,union slavery40#aef of ours is a confederacy of states which is liable to be dissolved at the will of any of the states1 and if no power rests with the general government to enforce its laws1 it would seem that we have been laboring under a delusion these eighty years in supposing that we were a nation1 and the fact would appear to be that10 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,editorial 8,better than ,editorial ,may #ah1 #ahfa1 ,dollars10 ,april #bj1 #ahfa4 headed 8,in ,memoriam40 ,portrait of the typical 8,they have led us by the nose1 ,northern man in contrast and kicked us1 and laughed at with the typical ,southern us1 and scorned us in their man1 in which the first is very souls as cravens and described as mean1 tuppeny tinkers4 ,they have avaricious1 and swelled1 and swaggered1 and unprincipled4 8,cotton ,pork sworn1 and lorded it in is a ,northern man1 mostly ,washington and at the ,north1 from ,new ,england1 though as if they were peculiarly often transplanted to ,new gentlemen#aeg because they ,york1 and doing well in our have lived by the labor of climate4 ,some varieties of wretched men and women whom his genius have been tried they did not pay--whom they at the ,south1 but they don't sell to pay their debts1 and thrive there4 ,they can't stand whipped and maimed savagely at #gcg so much sun40 their pleasure4 ,they have snorted superciliously about 8,at the ,south--an odd their rights1 while they region--dollars are well deprived four millions of thought of1 to be sure1 but human beings of all rights still they don't govern4444 ,it whatsoever1 and have sought to seems ridiculous1 but people gain such control of the talk and think much more about general government that they honor at the ,south than about might override altogether the dollars40 state laws which protect the equal rights of men4 ,they have ,cotton ,pork1 we are told1 8is aimed to destroy the for his country if dollars beneficent1 popular system are on his country's side1 which peacefully and patiently otherwise he crawls on his and lawfully was working out belly to lick the feet of the the great problem of enemy who offers him civilization2 and while they dollars40 have been digging about the foundations of the temple to 8,strange how differently they make sure of its downfall1 talk down ,south6 ,they spend no they have loftily replied to energy in denouncing civil our inquiries1 #8,we only want war4 ,they do not want to to be let alone4'0 fight4 ,they seek peace4 ,but if it comes1 they will make no wry faces4 ,it will cost them much1 but they utter no such philanthropic shrieks as proceed from the mouth of ,cotton ,pork4 ,they seem to think that there are things worse than fighting in this world1 and better than dollars4 ,an odd people1 surely40 ,we trust that the ,southern gentleman and ,cotton ,pork1 ,esq41 8a ,northern man10 are pleased with their respective portraits4 ,we have long and patiently borne with the insults and aspersions upon our faith and conduct as ,catholics persisted in for years by ,harper's ,weekly4 ,trusting that better counsels would prevail1 and unwilling to add by controversy a single spark to the fire already kindled1 we have deferred from day to day1 and from month to month1 saying what we might at any time have said4 ,fully aware of the by no means reputable 8anti-,popery0 antecedents of its proprietors1 of their palpably governing motive1 and of the speculation they saw at the bottom of the movement1 we might1 so far as we were personally concerned1 have looked upon the malicious movement as not meriting serious attention4 ,but we are also aware to how great an extent the prestige of the wealth and commercial standing of a large publishing-house1 the widespread circulation of their periodicals1 and most especially their noisy and incessant proclamation of a patriotism claimed as at once unvarying1 inflexible1 unselfish1 and devoted1 had misled or blinded the general public1 ignorant of their real precedents1 and we have1 therefore1 found it our duty to enlighten as well our own readers as those of the ,weekly as to the real state of the case4 ,in so doing1 we wish to call attention to the fact that we have here confined ourselves to the information furnished by public judicial decisions1 and to their own record as published by themselves4 ,finally1 we most earnestly1 and in the spirit of charity1 urge these gentlemen to devote themselves to their plain1 and what they may make their noble1 duty as journalists4 ,let them be advised for their own good to cease fanning the flame of a hateful bigotry1 and to pursue in the future such a course as may induce right-minded men to look upon their title-page illustration as indeed the flambeau of civilization1 and not the torch of the incendiary4 #adg ,demurrer is thus defined3 8,a stop or pause by a party to an action for the judgment of the court on the question1 whether1 assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party1 it is sufficient in law to sustain the action1 and hence whether the party resting is bound to answer or proceed further40 #adh ,in passages here quoted from ,harper's ,weekly1 the italics are ours4 #adi ,we give this passage not only because we think it apt1 but also to vindicate the witty ,hans from the inept aspersions of the ,harper's critic1 who deliberately reaches the solemn opinion that 8in ,hans ,breitman there is nothing funny but the grotesque dress4 ,translate his poetry into ,english1 and it is1 with here and there a solitary exception1 the baldest of all commonplaces40 #aej 8,wanted1 a ,capital40 #aea 8,the ,crippled ,american ,eagle40 #aeb 8,there can be no question but the enterprise of holding the ,union together by force would ultimately prove futile4 ,it would be in violation of the principle of our institutions40--,harper's ,weekly1 editorial leader of ,march #i1 #ahfa4 8,if the ,union is really injurious to them 7our ,southern friends71 heaven forbid that we should insist on preserving it40--,harper's ,weekly1 #ahfa1 p4 #adf4 #aec 8,most of them0 78alterations in the ,constitution effected by the ,congress at ,montgomery07 8would receive the hearty support of the people of the ,north40--,harper's ,weekly1 ,march #cj1 #ahfa4 8,some practical people1 viewing the dissolution of the ,union as a fixed fact40--,weekly1 ,jan4 #bf1 #ahfa4 #aed 8,is it wise1 is it prudent1 is it possible to punish it80--,harper's ,weekly1 p4 #adf1 #ahfa4 #aee 8,he ,jeff4 ,davis is emphatically one of those #8born to command1' and is doubtless destined to occupy a high position1 either in the ,southern ,confederacy or in the ,united ,states40--,weekly1 ,feb4 #b1 #ahfa4 #aef 8,stand aside1 you ,old ,sinner6 ,we are holier than thou60--,,our ,,comment4 #aeg ,so italicized in the article4 ---------- ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 #gch ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,town-,,meeting4 ,before allowing her husband to go to the town-meeting1 ,mrs4 ,yorke had given him a word of admonition1 not the usual wifely charge to keep himself out of danger1 but an exhortation to justice and reason4 8,justice and reason60 he exclaimed4 8,why1 for what else have ,i been contending1 ,mrs4 ,yorke80 8,true60 she answered gently4 8,but may it not be possible that there is more cause than you will allow for this upheaval1 and that it is not a superficial excitement which can be easily soothed or beaten down8 ,these sailor friends of ours have told me that1 when the water is dimpled and green1 it has a sand bottom1 and1 when it is black and easily fretted into foam1 there are rocks underneath4 ,now1 this anti-,catholic excitement is dark and bitter enough to show that there is some fixed obstacle1 which breath1 though it be ever so wisely syllabled1 will not remove40 8,so there is10 ,mr4 ,yorke replied promptly4 8,the devil is there40 8,charles1 the devil1 or human weakness1 lurks under the surface of every side of every question10 his wife said with earnestness4 8,good men are not entirely good1 nor bad men utterly bad4 ,there are men1 and not ignorant ones1 either1 who have engaged in this movement from an honest conviction that there is need of it4 ,they may be prejudiced and short-sighted1 but they are0 worthy of a patient1 if not a respectful1 hearing4 ,my wish is that to-night you would be in no haste to speak1 and that1 when you do speak1 you would address the real meaning of the trouble1 and not the miserable froth on the surface40 ,what man likes to be told that he is not reason personified1 especially by his wife8 ,not ,mr4 ,charles ,yorke1 certainly4 ,but the little lady was not one to be scouted1 even by her liege lord1 and he heard her respectfully to the end4 ,manhood must be asserted1 however1 and he compensated himself for the mortification after a manner that is often adopted by both men and women3 he first absurdly exaggerated the charge made against him1 and then answered to that exaggeration4 8,i am much obliged to you1 my dear1 for explaining the matter to me10 he said with an air of meekness4 8,i am afraid that ,i cannot stop to hear more1 for it is time to go4 ,but ,i will remember your warning1 and try not to make a fool of myself40 ,nine women out of ten would have made the reply which such a pretence is calculated to call forth--a shocked and distressed denial of having had any such meaning1 a senseless begging pardon for having been so misunderstood1 and a final giving up of the point1 and temporary utter humiliation and grief1 followed later1 on thinking the matter over1 by a mental recurrence to their abandoned position1 and a disenchanting conviction that men are sometimes artful creatures1 after all1 and #gci only to be pleased by flattery4 ,mrs4 ,yorke was not to be so entrapped4 ,she accepted her husband's submission with perfect tranquillity1 as though she believed it both proper and sincere1 and laughed a little as he went away4 8,my poor ,charles60 she said1 looking after him with tender indulgence4 ,those little faults are so endearing6 ,the hall where the meeting was held was filled in every part2 a dense mass of people struggled up or down the two flights of stairs leading to it1 and a throng of men obstructed the street outside4 ,edith ,yorke had been in the lane to see a sick woman1 and1 hearing that ,miss ,churchill also was in the neighborhood1 had lingered longer than was prudent1 hoping for her company home4 ,starting off alone1 at last1 she soon found herself in the midst of this crowd4 ,they surged about her1 muttering insults and maledictions on 8that ,catholic ,rowan girl10 and seemed every moment on the point of stopping her4 ,not far in advance was ,miss ,churchill4 ,an enthusiastic boy threw a stone at her1 and the teacher wiped from her cheek a stain of blood where it struck4 ,edith held her head up1 and walked straight on1 looking neither to the right nor left1 and1 whatever ruffianly intention any one may have had1 those who looked in her face stood aside1 and kept silence while she passed4 ,if the spirit that hardened her brow to the likeness of marble1 shone in her eyes1 and curved her red lips with a still scorn1 was less ,christian humility than natural loftiness1 it was at least no petty pride1 and it needed but the sense of actual personal danger to change it to supernatural lowliness4 ,her conviction1 8,they dare not touch me60 prevented the advent of that martyr-spirit which brings with it every virtue4 ,humility is a flower that grows on the mountain-tops of the soul1 and is reached only by striving and endeavor4 ,that is not true humility which the mean heart plucks in the lowlands1 calling on ,god #8twixt swamp and slough2 nor does the child's hand bear it1 nor yet does it shadow the untried maiden's brow1 over her lowered eyelids4 ,we must come out above the belt of pines and the gentian meadows1 we must scale the dizzy track where to look down is destruction1 and face the bitter cold of the glacier1 and1 over all1 we shall find that exquisite blossom1 its pure blue drooped earthward under the infinite blue of heaven4 ,therefore we claim not humility for ,edith1 for she was not wise enough for that1 and she was too true and brave for its counterfeit2 but she had that scorn for meanness and tyranny which is one of the first milestones on the road to humility4 ,while his niece was walking unprotected through the crowd without1 ,mr4 ,yorke was in the hall1 seated near the platform1 on which were all the ministers1 and the prominent ,know-,nothings1 several of the latter town-officers4 ,one after another spoke1 and was loudly applauded4 ,the excitement and enthusiasm were immense4 ,mindful of his wife's charge1 ,mr4 ,yorke restrained his indignation1 and listened attentively1 sifting out what was essential in this commotion and common to all its participants4 ,as he listened1 the vision of a possible future of his country appeared before him1 and made the hair rise on his head4 ,he saw the anarchy and bloodshed of a religious war more terrible than any war the world had seen--a massacre of innocents1 a war of extermination4 ,this was possible1 was probable1 was inevitable1 unless #gdj men would listen to reason4 ,and why would they not8 ,he weighed all that was said1 carefully attending to the most revolting and worthless arguments1 and under all that foam and roar saw the one rock4 ,however different might be the principles and feelings of those anti-,catholic speakers1 they all converged1 consolidated1 and struck fire on that one point4 ,it was not that they were fanatic1 for fanaticism cannot exist without some strong religious conviction1 and by far the largest number of them had no religious belief2 while many interpreted religious freedom to mean freedom from religion4 ,it was not that they were intolerant of any man's simple belief4 ,the majority were more likely to laugh at faith than to be angry with it4 ,indeed1 their scepticism made them incapable of practising real religious toleration1 for that is to bear1 without any manifestation of resentment1 that your neighbor shall tacitly scorn what you hold sacred2 a virtue most difficult to the faithful1 but comparatively easy to the sceptic4 ,it was not that they cared for its own sake whether the ,bible was read in school or not1 for the larger number of them never read it at home1 many quoted it only in mockery1 and every one denied the truth of some of its most plainly uttered tests4 ,in short1 the rock on which this tempest rose and dashed was a deadly fear and hatred1 not of the ,catholic ,church1 but of the ,catholic clergy4 ,the only question which interested these men in connection with any ,catholic dogma was1 ,how much temporal influence will it give to the priest8 ,the supernatural side they cared not a fig for4 ,to their minds it was impossible that a ,catholic priest should be a truthful1 plain-dealing1 straightforward man4 ,he shuffled1 evaded1 intrigued4 ,his aim was less to christianize the world than to govern it1 less to enlighten than to direct4 ,let us give the ,know-,nothings and their sympathizers their due4 ,bad as they were1 slanderers and law-breakers1 and absolutely irreligious for the most part1 the worst fault of many of them was that they knowingly used bad means to what they believed to be a good end4 ,there was some sincerity in the movement1 though it was1 at its best1 irrational1 inconsistent1 and un-,american1 as alien1 indeed1 to our republic as it charged the church with being4 ,they believed that the ,catholic clergy acquire power by insidious means1 and that1 once in power1 they will destroy all that makes our dear country the abode of freedom and equal rights1 and the bountiful home where all the starving1 shivering exiles of other lands may feed and warm themselves4 ,once prove that the church is friendly to the republic1 and the vertebra of their opposition is broken4 ,mr4 ,griffeth was the only one of these speakers who cleared the question from the dbris of personal slander and misrepresentation of doctrine4 8,you mistake1 gentlemen10 he said1 8if you think that the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church are either ridiculous or bad4 ,such an opinion would show you ill-informed or incapable of comprehension4 ,on the contrary1 they are glorious4 ,but they are such as can be safely preached and enforced only by saints and angels1 or by men of such exalted holiness as the world seldom sees4 ,in the hands of weak men1 they may be1 and have been1 perverted to base uses4 ,the dogma of the ,infallibility of the church is a crown of living gold on the head of the mystical ,spouse1 and a mantle of cloth of gold about her form2 but #gda the priest has drawn the shining folds about his own human shoulders1 and made it a sin to criticise him4 ,confession1 which ,i proclaim to be1 in its essence1 one of the most comforting and saving institutions that ever existed1 they can and do use to learn the secret workings of society and obtain power over individuals4 ,i need not detain you to go over the list1 for all are the same4 ,it is ,st4 ,michael's sword in the hands of ,satan4 8,no1 gentlemen1 it is not because their theology is bad that ,i say1 ,down with the church6 ,it is because its fair niches and shrines harbor thieves1 and robbers1 and tyrants--because1 though the pope can sit there enthroned1 with his lofty tiara1 and the bishops stand with mitres1 and the priests lift their haughty foreheads1 the people cannot walk erect as ,god made them to walk1 but must crawl on the pavement like worms4 ,and therefore1 though the walls of the temple were of jasper1 its pillars of malachite1 its ceiling of sapphires1 its pavements of beaten gold1 and its gates like the gates of the ,new ,jerusalem1 ,i still would cry1 ,down with the temple6 8,from the time when peoples first began to crystallize upon the face of the earth1 ,god has looked out from heaven1 and asked each in turn1 #8,where shall my children find peace1 and freedom1 and room to grow8' and each in turn has answered1 #8,here1 ,lord6' lying to his face4 ,and in his own time1 after patient waiting1 the ,almighty has stretched forth his hand1 and has effaced the boundaries of that perjured nation1 and touched her people with blight4 ,the kingdoms of old lied to the ,lord1 and they have perished2 and in our own day there is a wavering and tottering in the battlements that wall the nations in4 8,one hundred years ago1 ,america rose up and made the covenant3 ,here1 ,lord1 shall thy children find peace and freedom1 and here shall they grow to the stature of the perfect man and woman6 ,it is for us1 brethren1 to see that the pact is kept4 ,it is for us to watch that the oppressor gains no foothold here1 lest we perish for ever4 ,for there is no ,phnix among the kingdoms of earth1 from whatever cause they die4 ,when a nation lies in the dust1 it rises no more1 save to walk1 a ghost1 in the dreams of its orphaned children4 ,ireland1 ,poland1 ,hungary1--they sleep the sleep that knows no waking4 ,they are in the past1 with ,greece and ,rome1 with ,babylon and ,nineveh3 #8,youthful nation of the ,west1 ,rise1 with truer greatness blest6 ,sainted bands from realms of rest1 ,watch thy bright'ning fame6' 8,brethren1 when we in turn shall join that company of silent watchers1 ,god forbid that we should hear rising from our beloved land such a lamentation as went up for that ruined city of the ,east3 #8,nineveh is laid waste6 who will bemoan her8 ,she is empty1 and void1 and waste2 her nobles dwell in the dust2 her people are scattered upon the mountains1 and no man gathereth them4' ,for the sake of humanity1 may ,god forbid6 8,there is now but one name written in living characters on the future1 and that name is ,america4 ,it was writ in blood by our fathers1 and accepted in fire by the ,god of nations4 ,palsied be the hand that would quench one letter of that sacred legend60 ,during the loud applause that followed1 ,mr4 ,yorke mounted the platform4 ,had they not known that he was soon to leave them1 and had not his manner been quite unlike what he had shown on former occasions of this #gdb sort1 they might have refused to hear him4 ,as it was1 a reluctant and impatient silence was accorded4 ,some listened1 doubtless because they wished to be exasperated1 and hoped for another pretext for outbreak4 ,but he looked like one who fully appreciates the strength of his opponent1 and does not hope for a speedy victory4 8,gentlemen10 he said1 with a certain grim emphasis on the word1 8after ,mr4 ,griffeth's pyrotechnic display of eloquence1 ,i cannot hope that my words will not fall with a dull sound on your ears4 ,he has gone up like the rocket1 and ,i must come down like the stick4 ,i promise1 however1 to be brief1 and to speak to the point4 ,first1 ,i thank him for having spoken like a gentleman1 and left the subject clear enough for a gentleman to touch4 ,on all that preceded him1 ,i have but two comments to make4 ,concerning the attacks on the personal character of the ,catholic clergy1 ,i will only say1 #8,set a thief to catch a thief6' ,to the misrepresentations of their creed1 ,i would say1 theologians should be better educated than to make them sincerely1 and honest men should not fear to tell the truth1 even of a foe4 8,i come1 then1 to ,mr4 ,griffeth's argument3 that these men1 simply from human weakness1 not from personal depravity1 have always abused their power1 and1 being men1 always will abuse it1 and that1 therefore1 we must1 in self-defence1 either banish them from the country1 or deny them the rights of citizenship2 their doctrines all the time being perfect1 or1 at least1 tolerable4 8,i am not here to defend the character of the ,catholic clergy4 ,i know well that your deep-rooted prejudice will not yield to any word of mine or theirs4 ,they must live down your enmity with what patience they may2 and the day will come1 believe me6 when the still1 small voice of those lives that have been consecrated to ,god will silence and put to shame the blatant accusation and pseudo-patriotism which now overwhelm it4 ,whatever may have been proved against some1 the whole world knows that that clergy has given for its admiration many a model of ,christian behavior1 and that among its missionaries have been1 and are1 men worthy to stand beside ,peter1 and ,paul1 and ,john--men enamored of the things of ,god1 and dead to the attractions of earth4 ,if it be true that you can find ,judases in their company1 it is equally true that apostolical laborers are not found outside of their fold4 ,it may still be the apostolical church1 though one in twelve were a ,judas4 8,this part of the question is1 however1 irrelevant4 ,we stand here1 if we are worthy to speak1 for principle1 and not for men4 ,if the faults of partisans are to be used as an argument against an institution1 no institution on earth can stand1 and ,protestantism and freedom must shake to their foundations4 8,assuming1 though1 that his assertion is true1 and that the clergy have always been the enemies of freedom and enlightenment1 though that would be strong circumstantial evidence against their future trustworthiness1 still the conviction which he invokes is too grave and arbitrary for so just and enlightened a judge as our country promises to be4 ,but ,i deny the truth of his premises1 and1 since proof is out of the question in this place1 set my bare denial against his bare assertion4 8,but if his assumption and conclusion were both true1 if these men were untrustworthy1 and if we had therefore the right to refuse them #gdc equality1 we are still bound to give that refusal1 not with the howling of wild beasts1 not with mobs and threatenings1 but decently1 and according to law1 or we are ourselves unfit to be trusted with that freedom which we deny to them4 8,no1 ,i am not here to prove that the clergy of the ,catholic ,church are all saints1 or even all good men2 but ,i am here to say that1 hate them as you may1 you cannot1 in these ,united ,states1 under the constitution1 you cannot with impunity persecute them1 nor deprive them of any of the privileges which that constitution guarantees to them as rights4 #8,work in secret1' do they8 #8,undermine1' do they8 ,and from whom does this accusation come8 ,what of that society in which this movement takes its rise8--that society which now dominates the land1 stirring up riots from ,maine to ,louisiana1 making laws and changing laws1 and setting the off-scouring of the earth in our high places8 ,what of those lodges where men assemble to concert measures for governing the country1 yet where no citizen can enter without the pass-word and oath of secrecy8 ,josiah ,quincy1 ,senior1 of ,boston1 a man whose name carries as much weight as any name here in this hall1 has said of these same societies1 #8,the liberties of a people are never more certain in the path of destruction than when they trust themselves to the guidance of secret societies4 ,birds of the night are never birds of wisdom4444 ,they are for the most part birds of prey4 ,the fate of a republic is sealed when the bats take the lead of the eagles4' ,our atmosphere is black with these same bats6 8,to ,mr4 ,griffeth's parting anathema1 ,i respond1 ay and amen6 ,palsied be the hand that would quench one letter of that sacred legend6 ,but whose is the hand that threatens it in this town8 ,is it ,father ,rasle1 who asked a right of you1 and1 when you refused it1 asked it of the law--in a neighboring town1 mark1 there being no law here6--and when the law refused it1 submitted in silence8 ,is it the few hundreds of harmless ,catholics among you1 not one of whom has raised a hand in violence8 ,or is it your brutal mobs1 who have insulted both priest and people1 destroyed their property1 and threatened their lives8 ,think of this1 citizens6 ,if the laws are dear to you1 keep them6 ,if you love freedom1 do not practise tyranny6 ,if you claim to be an intelligent people1 think for yourselves1 and do not let demagogues do it for you6 ,who is he who truly loves and honors his country8 ,not that man who holds its constitution to be a pretty myth1 fine to quote1 but impossible to act upon2 but he who demands that its most generous promise shall be fulfilled1 and is not afraid that in sincerity will be its destruction4 8,mr4 ,griffeth has uttered his war-cry1 #8,down with the church6' and you have applauded it with enthusiasm4 ,while ,i have listened to-night1 there has risen before my vision the possible demolition of another edifice--a demolition which is inevitable1 if such counsels are to prevail4 ,our fathers raised in this land a temple to civil and religious liberty1 and pledged to its support their lives1 their fortunes1 and their sacred honor4 ,that was no empty pledge1 for the structure was cemented with their blood from corner-stone to pinnacle4 ,and the genius whom they enthroned in the centre was no idol of wood and stone1 to be used as a puppet by the designing1 but a living creature4 ,she was strong1 and pure1 and generous1 and she had eagle's eyes4 ,she opened her arms to the world4 ,she feared no alien foe1 for #gdd her strength could be shorn and her limbs manacled only by her own renegade children4 ,it is you are her foes4 ,these narrow and violent counsels which pretend to protect1 do contradict her2 the manacles which you forge for others1 will fetter her2 with the violence which you do to others1 will her strength be shorn2 and the spirit which you obey under her name will dethrone her4 ,but do not fancy that you can blind and make sport of her with impunity4 ,the time may come when that insulted spirit will take in her mighty arms the pillars of the nation1 and pull it down in ruin on your heads4 ,no1 the foe is not the orphan she has cherished1 nor the stranger within her gates1 but the children she has nourished at her bosom4 8,who is here so vile that will not love his country8 ,if any1 speak2 for him have ,i offended40 ,when ,mr4 ,yorke went home that night1 though it was late1 he found his wife and ,betsey waiting for him at a turn of the road4 ,he expressed no surprise nor disapprobation1 but walked slowly homeward with them4 8,what have they done80 ,mrs4 ,yorke asked4 ,she perceived that her husband's arm trembled4 8,nothing can stop their running but themselves10 he answered4 8,they must fall by their own speed40 8,they listened to you80 she asked4 8,yes1 they were civil1 and even applauded a little4 ,but what of that8 ,in spite of all that ,i could do1 they have passed a resolve1 passed it unanimously1 that1 if ,father ,rasle comes here again1 they will give him a suit that is not to be bought at the tailor's40 8,what does that mean80 was ,mrs4 ,yorke's wondering question4 8,you little goose6 it means tar and feathers6 ,well1 don't let us talk any more about it4 ,i am done with words40 8,edith got into the crowd to-night10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said1 8and they were impudent4 ,she took it very quietly then1 ,i think1 but after she got home she was quite hysterical4 ,i thought the child would sob herself to death40 8,she had no business to be out10 her uncle exclaimed4 8,neither had you and ,betsey4 ,how do you know what they may do80 8,you are right1 dear10 she said soothingly4 8,in future1 we will stay in the house1 and you will stay with us40 ,,chapter ,,xxiv 8,,celui-,,la ,,fait ,,le ,,crime ,a ,,qui ,,le ,,crime ,,sert40 ,mr4 ,yorke was at the ,seaton ,house when the ,western mail-coach came in ,saturday morning1 but ,father ,rasle was not a passenger4 ,the mail brought a letter from him to ,edith1 however1 and her uncle took it home to her immediately4 ,she read aloud to the family his thanks for their invitation1 and his reasons for declining it4 ,he would drive over in his own buggy1 he wrote1 and would probably reach ,seaton before ten o'clock in the forenoon4 ,edith had better come to see him in the morning1 as he would then be more at leisure4 8,why1 he must be here now60 ,edith exclaimed1 and ran up-stairs to prepare herself for the visit4 ,if ,mrs4 ,yorke and her daughters felt any sense of relief on learning #gde that they had escaped the danger which would have threatened them had the priest been their guest1 they did not express that feeling4 ,they were quite ready1 in spite of the danger1 to repeat the invitation4 ,mr4 ,yorke alone sincerely regretted ,father ,rasle's decision4 ,even ,edith1 who knew nothing of the action of the town-meeting1 perceived that the priest's place was with his own people4 8,i have seen the sheriff and ,dr4 ,willis1 this morning10 ,mr4 ,yorke said1 after his niece had left the room1 8and they both agree in thinking that ,father ,rasle will not be molested for coming here to stay over one ,sunday4 ,they are probably right4 ,the great objection is to his settling here4 ,besides1 he comes so quietly1 his being here will not be widely known4 ,half of his own people do not know that he is coming40 ,the two gentlemen named by ,mr4 ,yorke were among the few who secretly condemned the conduct of the town1 but did not publicly avow their sentiments1 possibly because they knew that such a proclamation would harm themselves without doing any good to ,catholics4 ,aside from the risk of violence to person or property1 the physician would be accused of bartering his principles for an increase of practice1 the politician of intriguing for the ,irish vote4 ,that any one could speak a good word for the church or the ,irish from a disinterested motive1 was not for a moment admitted4 ,the day was overcast1 threatening rain2 but to ,edith ,yorke it was as though spring and sunshine were at the door2 for ,mother ,church1 long exiled1 bent once more toward her bereaved children4 8,what ,i do not tell him voluntarily1 he will ask10 she said to herself1 thinking of ,father ,rasle4 8,he will point out what has been wrong in me1 and reprove me once for all1 and have done with it2 and the fault that is not mine1 he will lift off my shoulders4 ,it is very heavy60 she whispered tremulously1 and for a little while could say no more4 ,edith was not breaking under her burden1 but she was bending wearily1 and the constant weight of it had taken away all her elasticity1 not of spirits alone1 but of body4 ,while making her last examen of conscience1 she felt too weak to kneel1 and sank into an arm-chair instead1 dropping her head back against the cushion1 and closing her eyes4 ,so seen1 the change in her face was startlingly evident4 ,her manner was always so fresh1 and her eyes and teeth lighted up her smile so brilliantly1 whether she spoke or listened1 or only looked1 that one could not see that she was pale and thin4 ,but the face that lay against the chair-back was very pallid1 and even the hands stretched out on the arms of the chair looked sick4 8,there are six sins that ,i am sure of1 besides all the doubtful ones10 she said presently1 sitting up4 8,that takes all my right hand1 and the forefinger of my left hand4 ,and now it is time to go40 ,the shortest way to the house where ,father ,rasle was to stop led through the wood-path that ,edith and ,dick had taken when he left her after his first visit to ,seaton4 ,she recollected that walk as she passed again through the forest1 and murmured a tearful 8,poor ,dick6 where are you now80 ,the trees were not1 as then1 bright with a prodigal splendor of color1 and steeped in mellow sunshine4 ,the gold was tarnished1 the reds looked dark and angry1 and the lowering sky seemed to press on the branches4 ,that silence which1 in the glory of autumn1 expresses #gdf contentment with finished work and wishes fulfilled1 seemed now to mean only suspense or endurance4 ,no leaf came floating trustfully down to give its earth to earth1 and free the imprisoned gold into its native air2 no gray squirrel was discovered gathering its store of beech-nuts for the coming winter2 no bird flitted about to take one more look at its summer haunts4 ,all was silent and deserted4 8,you poor old woods6 ,i know just how to pity you10 ,edith said1 looking about4 8,but cheer up6 ,these are the days in which ,nature tells over the sorrowful mysteries in her long rosary4 ,your garments are rent away1 and the thorns are on your head2 but after all is ended1 then comes the glorious mystery of the spring resurrection4 ,there6 now ,i have exhorted you1 you may exhort me4 ,if you have anything to say1 please to say it60 ,and then the woods answered3 8,child1 ,i know my rosary all by heart1 for ,i have said it six thousand times--six thousand times1 child1 and yet man will not listen4 ,i tell of resignation and hope1 and still his ears are dull4 ,i tell him that in obedience is wisdom1 and in wisdom contentment1 and he does not cease to rebel4 ,that is a sorrowful mystery over which ,i grew sad many a time before the cross became the sign of salvation4 ,my very birds are wiser than the children of men2 my beasts less cruel4 ,do not blush1 little one6 ,it was your ignorance that spoke1 and not presumption4 ,no fairer flower has bloomed in my shadow than your loving thought4 ,cheer up6 ,hearts will find the way when heads cannot2 for when true love is blind1 then an angel leads it40 8,i thank you60 ,edith said after having listened4 8,it is very true1 our teachers have a hard time with us4 ,there is you1 ,mother ,nature1 with your book full of pictures1 to catch our eyes2 and the church1 speaking our own language1 to catch our ears2 and conscience1 with its two words only1 yes and no1 to catch our thoughts1 and we fight against you all4 ,i am very1 very blind6 ,will some good angel lead me80 ,she came out into ,east ,street1 and stood a moment on the spot where she and ,dick had stood to look at that exquisite bit of meadow4 ,the violet mist that had hung over it1 like a parting soul over its body1 had long since dissolved1 and the little incarnate song that had floated there1 yellow-winged and feathered1 had been loosed into the heavenly orchestra4 ,half-way down the hill1 a footpath led off to the left of the street1 passed a few back-doors of houses on ,high ,street1 and ended at the door of the house where ,father ,rasle was4 ,she knew by the buggy standing in the yard that he had come4 ,if it had not been there1 the smiling face of the woman who stood in the door would have told the story4 ,the woman stepped out to make way1 and ,edith ran in through the narrow entry to the square room that was both kitchen and parlor4 8,o father1 father6 ,a hundred thousand welcomes60 ,and then1 between grief and gladness1 her voice was stopped4 8,dear child60 he said affectionately4 8,so you needed me very much80 ,several women were in the room4 ,some of them had arrived before the priest came1 nearly all of them had made their confession1 but not one could persuade herself to go away while she was allowed to remain4 ,they meant to stay till he should bid them go1 and even then wait for a second telling4 ,to see their beloved pastor1 to hear him speak1 to #gdg repeat over and over their demonstrative welcome1 was a happiness which they would fain prolong4 ,the host and hostess were in their best attire4 ,they had given up all other occupation to the supreme one of entertaining their priest4 ,their faces shone with a proud delight1 their poor house was scrupulously clean1 and1 though ,father ,rasle was known to be abstemious1 they had gone to the extent of their means for his entertainment4 ,the priest talked jestingly to the women to cheer them4 8,what is it that you cry about8 ,but you need not tell me1 for ,i know4 ,it is because you have had nothing but hard words and the absence of your priest to bear4 ,you cry because you were not blown up in the schoolhouse1 or did not have your heads broken in the church4 ,or perhaps you were in hopes that ,i should come1 and find you all strung up to the branches of trees4 ,that is the finest fruit that a tree can bear--a martyr4 ,the ,bread of ,life grew on the tree of the cross4 ,courage6 ,they have not done with you yet4 ,make a good communion to-morrow1 and afterward keep yourselves free from sin1 and then1 when ,i come again4 ,i may have the happiness of finding all your bodies hung to trees1 and all your souls in ,paradise4 8,now1 you two who have not been to confession will confess at once4 ,then ,i want every one of you to go home4 ,i have to talk to that little girl40 8,that little girl0 seated herself in the midst of these poor women1 who smilingly made room for her--they were not jealous of her--and all turned their faces away from ,father ,rasle1 and sat silently looking into the fire while the confessions were finished4 ,and at last ,edith found herself free to tell all her story to the priest4 ,the ,catholics of ,seaton could not1 if they would1 have concealed from their enemies that ,father ,rasle had come4 ,their joyful faces would have betrayed the secret if their lips had remained silent4 ,all who could do so laid their work aside1 and gathered in knots in the lane1 or visited each other's houses1 to talk the matter over4 ,they smiled and nodded to each other in the street with a significance which every one understood4 ,poor souls6 to the cruel eyes that watched them their pathetic and sacred delight was a crime2 their silence1 treachery4 ,toward evening the scattering visitors who had taken their way during the day to the house under the hill became a steady stream4 ,it looked as though every ,catholic in ,seaton was going to confession4 ,it looked1 too1 as though every ,protestant in ,seaton was willing that they should1 for no one molested them1 and the town was perfectly quiet4 ,those who had been anxious ascribed this quietude to the weather1 and congratulated themselves that the threatening rain prevented any gathering of their persecutors4 ,at nine o'clock the crowd around the house where the priest was began to thin off4 ,the road by which they sought their homes that night was a via sacra2 for1 newly shriven1 and moved to the depths of their hearts1 they carried with them1 every one1 the memory of an earnest exhortation to humility and forgiveness1 and resignation to the will of ,god4 ,at half-past ten only three or four women were left in the house1 and the rain was beginning to fall outside4 ,the confessions were over1 ,mrs4 ,kent had set out a late supper for ,father ,rasle1 since he would have to fast till noon of the next day1 and he was standing #gdh to say good-night to the last of his visitors1 who even now seemed unwilling to leave him4 ,while he spoke to them1 some one was heard running toward the house1 and the next minute a man burst into the room1 breathless1 and bespattered with mud4 8,they are coming60 he gasped out4 8,run for your life1 father60 ,in the midst of the outcry that rose from those present1 ,father ,rasle stood fixed and silent4 ,perhaps he was startled at the sudden and unexpected announcement2 perhaps his color had changed2 but there was no other sign of excitement4 ,he calmly questioned the man1 and learned that a mob of fifty or more masked men were rapidly approaching the house4 8,and they will kill you1 father10 the messenger concluded4 8,they don't put on masks and come at night to break windows4 ,they can do that in broad daylight4 ,for ,god's sake1 save yourself60 8,they shall take me where ,i am10 the priest said firmly4 8,it is the will of ,god4 ,i will not resist1 and ,i have nowhere to fly to40 8,here is hot water4 ,put on more60 cried one of the women4 ,we'll scald them60 ,and instantly they took the boiling tea-kettle from the fire1 and put cold water to heat4 8,run over to the lane1 and rouse the people60 cried another4 8,they'll kill everybody in the town in your defence1 father1 if you say the word40 8,my children1 ,i command you to use no violence1 and make no resistance10 the priest said with authority4 8,if the people rise1 it will be to their own destruction4 ,pray6 ,it is all that you can do40 ,they fell on their knees1 weeping loudly as they heard the muffled tramp of many feet outside4 ,but one said1 8,the cellar6 the cellar60 and ,mr4 ,kent1 catching the priest's arm1 almost forced him toward the cellar-door4 ,it was a pitiful hiding-place2 but ,father ,rasle had no time for any thought except that1 if there were a chance of escape1 it was his duty to take advantage of it4 ,scarcely had he disappeared1 before the outer door was thrust open1 and the room was filled with men wearing crape masks4 ,they came in silently and swiftly1 and as swiftly their companions outside surrounded the house1 and stationed themselves at each window to bar all egress4 ,it was not in the hearts of these poor people to utter no word of reproach to the perpetrators of such an outrage1 even though the priest had commanded their silence4 ,mrs4 ,kent pointed to one man after another1 calling him by name4 8,i know you under your mask60 she cried4 8,and the ,almighty would find you if ,i didn't40 ,no one replied to her4 ,the only one of the mob who spoke was he who seemed to be their leader4 8,where is the priest80 he asked4 ,of course no one told him4 ,the lower rooms and the attic were searched1 and there remained but one place4 ,the hearts of the ,christians died within them as the leader of the mob took a candle from the table1 and went toward the cellar-door4 ,a girl who was near the door caught up a chair to defend the passage1 but another took it from her1 and pulled her down to her knees4 ,the next moment ,father ,rasle was led out amid the sobs and prayers of his children4 ,he was very pale1 but perfectly calm1 and1 like his divine ,master1 he uttered not a word4 ,but as the mob surrounded and led him away1 he cast one glance on those who knelt and stretched their clasped hands toward him1 and raised his hand in silent benediction4 ,that he was being led to death1 neither he nor #gdi they doubted4 ,and they had no reason to doubt it4 ,what violence1 short of murder1 had these men any reason to fear to do in open daylight8 ,and might they not well believe that even the murderer could escape if he had only the law against him8 ,this was not true only of ,seaton4 ,many a ,catholic priest in the ,united ,states1 at that time1 owed the preservation of his life1 not to a fear of the law1 but to a fear of ,catholic vengeance4 ,they did not take their victim through the lane which ,edith had followed1 but through a shorter one leading to ,high ,street4 ,the family living in the house at the corner of this street were well-bred people1 and1 though ,protestants1 friends to ,father ,rasle4 ,he had been received in that house as a guest2 and now1 seeing a light in one of the rooms1 the instinct of preservation rose1 and forced a cry from him4 8,save me60 he cried out1 calling the man by name4 ,those nearest immediately silenced him with threats4 ,if he spoke again1 they said1 they would kill him on the spot4 ,his voice had not been heard1 and the faint hope faded as quickly as it had risen4 ,they avoided the thickly-settled part of the town1 and took their way down one of the back streets leading to the river4 ,half-way down they met a man on horseback1 carrying a lantern4 ,he held the light up1 and asked whom they had there4 8,no one10 they replied1 making haste to conceal their prisoner4 8,we have no one with us40 ,not till too late did ,father ,rasle know that he had missed another chance of escape1 and that it was the sheriff who had met them4 ,the mob1 feeling now secure of their prey1 could indulge in revilings4 8,so they persecuted ,jesus of old10 said one1 with a laugh4 8,will the ,virgin save you80 asked another4 ,but enough4 ,one does not repeat the talk of those through whose lips the arch-fiend speaks without disguise4 ,they reviling1 and he praying1 disappeared in the darkness and the storm4 ,edith ,yorke had passed that evening in her own room4 ,it had been her custom to keep the eve of her communions in retirement1 and to-night she had more than ordinary food for reflection4 ,it was almost eleven o'clock when she began to prepare herself for bed1 but she still heard her aunt and ,clara up downstairs4 ,mrs4 ,yorke had not been well1 and1 unwilling that her husband should lose his rest1 had sent him upstairs to sleep1 and kept ,clara with her4 ,edith was just thinking that she had a mind to go down and see how her aunt was1 when she heard the small gate of the avenue open1 and shut again instantly1 as if some one had run through4 ,her window was partly raised4 ,she threw it up1 and stepped out on to the top of the portico4 ,her heart divined the danger at once4 ,already the messenger was half-way up the avenue1 and1 before she could see that it was a woman1 she heard her panting breath and half-exhausted voice3 8,help6 ,they are killing ,father ,rasle60 ,a faintness as of death swept over ,edith4 ,she would have spoken1 but could only sink on her knees and lean over the railing4 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 too1 had heard the click of the gate1 and had opened the sitting-room window1 and ,edith heard her voice and ,clara's4 ,to them the woman told her story4 8,do not speak loudly10 ,mrs4 ,yorke said4 8,mr4 ,yorke and ,edith must not #gej know4 ,they can do no good1 and would only make trouble4 ,clara1 go and wake ,patrick1 and do it quietly4 ,i tell you1 my poor woman1 my husband could do nothing1 and ,i shall not allow him to be called40 ,edith grew strong the moment she knew the truth4 ,the woman had left the house before ,father ,rasle did1 and a rescue might still be possible4 ,she opened her door noiselessly1 stepped out1 and closed it after her2 then fled down the back-stairs1 out through the back-door1 and down the avenue to the upper gate4 ,reaching the road1 she flew over it with winged feet4 ,at ,north ,street1 instead of going down toward the centre of the town1 she crossed to a lumber-road leading to the river4 ,the bridge was far below1 but one who dared could go over here on the boom that kept the logs4 ,edith dared1 considering the peril not worth a thought4 ,when some bugle-toned reveille of the soul wakes up our slumbering faith1 then miracles become possible4 ,the bank was high on the eastern side1 and the descent was by two immense timbers1 or masts1 chained together and chained to the shore at the upper end1 and to the boom at the lower4 ,the inclination was steep1 and those who walked through the air on that slippery bridge stepped warily even by day1 timing their steps to the heavy vibrations of the timber4 ,but ,edith ran fleetly down1 and sprang on to the swaying boom ankle-deep in water4 ,lumber-mills above and below sent out their long lines of red light through the misty darkness1 and the noise of their saws was like the grinding of teeth4 ,the logs knocked against each other with a dull thump as the river flowed1 and here and there little spaces of water glistened4 ,to slip into one of those black holes was death4 ,you miss the boom1 and step on a log instead1 and1 unless you are a practised log-walker--possibly1 too1 if you are--the log rolls1 you go under1 and there is an end of you4 ,you cannot scream when you are under water2 you cannot rise to the surface1 for the logs keep you down1 or close together and crush you1 and no one can see you4 ,the boom did not reach straight but zigzagged across the river1 the lengths chained together1 but not closely1 and hidden under water4 ,in those spaces1 the logs1 trying to get through1 pushed their bobbing ends up1 and tempted the foot4 ,more than once ,edith's foot was in that trap1 but she did not sink till just as she reached the western bank4 ,then1 as she went down1 she caught an overhanging sapling1 and drew herself to land1 wet to the waist4 ,irish ,lane did not reach so far up1 by about a quarter of a mile1 and there was no road1 the way being pasture and ledge4 ,as ,edith reached the upper end of the lane1 some one else came into it from the lower end1 next the bridge1 and she heard a woman's voice lamenting4 ,she did not stop for lamentation1 but ran from house to house1 bidding them come out and save ,father ,rasle4 ,they gathered immediately1 asking questions all in confusion1 knowing not which way to go1 but ready to follow her lead4 ,had they no rifles nor pistols8 ,no2 why should they have them8 ,an ,irishman's weapon was his fist and a cudgel1 and whatever he could catch by the way4 ,an ,irishman1 indeed1 usually goes into battle first1 and arms himself afterward4 ,but the enthusiasm which ,edith's words had kindled the other messenger soon quenched4 ,it was too late to save him1 she said4 ,he had been #gea carried away1 they knew not whither4 ,of course he must be dead long before that time4 ,and he had bid them farewell1 and commanded them to use no violence--to do nothing but pray4 ,edith heard no more4 ,the hand that1 in her earnestness1 she had laid on some one's arm1 slipped off1 and she dropped to the ground without a word4 ,it was more than half-past eleven o'clock1 and raining quite hard1 and the wind had begun to rise4 ,broken and dispirited1 the ,catholics went into their houses again1 but not to sleep4 ,in one of these houses ,edith opened her eyes1 and saw about twenty persons gathered1 some bending over her1 others praying1 others walking about and wringing their hands4 ,she got up4 8,i wish that you would all kneel down1 and say the litany of our ,lord ,jesus10 she said4 8,i am going to find ,father ,rasle40 ,it needed only that something should be proposed for them to do4 ,the man of the house took his prayer-book1 and they all knelt4 ,others came in and filled the room1 frightened children cowering close to their elders1 and watching the door1 as if they expected to see a foe enter4 ,edith went slowly out4 ,one of the women had kindly put a shawl over her shoulders1 but she was quite unconscious of the storm4 ,the town clock was striking twelve1 and as she stopped to count its strokes1 the chorus of praying voices reached her through the open door3 8,jesus1 ,king of ,glory1 have mercy on us6 ,jesus1 the ,sun of ,justice1 have mercy on us60 8,o ,sun of ,justice60 she repeated1 and lifted her clasped hands4 ,she went on1 but heard again1 in a pause of the storm3 8,jesus1 most patient1 have mercy on us6 ,jesus1 most obedient1 have mercy on us60 8,ah6 yes1 patience6 ,it is not for us to invoke justice10 she thought4 8#8,enter not into judgment with thy servant1 ,o ,lord6 for in thy sight shall no man living be justified4'0 ,the road was heavy with mud1 and in the darkness she scarcely could find her way4 ,only the occasional twinkle of a lighted window told where it did not lie4 ,she went wearily1 for the spirit that had sustained her while there was hope failed now1 and the storm grew every minute worse4 ,in another lull there came again1 more faintly3 8,jesus1 the good ,shepherd1 have mercy on us6 ,jesus1 the true ,light1 have mercy on us60 ,at that tender petition the tears started forth1 and she walked on weeping4 ,they were indeed as sheep among wolves4 ,the blast almost swept her off her feet1 and in some sudden current snatched the sound of prayer1 and brought it to her once more1 clearly as if it had been cried in her very ears3 8,jesus1 the ,strength of martyrs1 have mercy on us60 ,the wind went sighing off to right and left1 and opened a pathway of calm before her1 in which she walked firmly1 wiping her tears away1 and taking courage again4 ,at the entrance to the lane1 near the bridge1 she paused and looked back4 ,all was darkness there1 but out of the dakness came faintly1 8,lamb of ,god--0 ,it was all she heard1 and it was all6 ,it meant patience1 humility1 immolation1 and final triumph4 ,the cottage where ,father ,rasle had been was all alight when ,edith came in sight of it1 and as she approached the door a man came out and almost ran against her4 8,where is he80 she asked4 #geb 8,why1 ,miss ,edith60 exclaimed ,patrick ,chester4 ,she only repeated her question4 8,he has come back10 ,patrick answered1 8and ,dr4 ,willis is with him40 8,will he die80 she whispered4 8,no1 ,miss ,edith2 but he has been vilely used4 ,he was out two hours in this storm4 ,he found his way back more dead than alive4 ,he has been tarred and feathered40 ,she cried out in disgust3 8,the brutes6 ,they were1 then1 too base for murder60 8,you may say that10 ,patrick answered4 8,but now come home4 ,you can't see him1 you know40 ,but she would not go till she had heard his voice1 and ,patrick was obliged to go back to the entry with her4 ,the entry was filled with men and women1 all listening for any news that might reach them4 ,the door was ajar into the kitchen1 where two or three men were admitted4 ,the priest was with the doctor in an inner room4 8,you had better drink this10 they heard ,dr4 ,willis say2 and ,father ,rasle's voice replied3 8,no1 doctor4 ,it is after twelve o'clock1 and ,i must say ,mass to-morrow40 8,but1 if you do not take it1 you may be very sick10 the doctor persisted4 8,i cannot take it10 ,father ,rasle said again4 8,my people must not be disappointed40 8,thank ,god1 it is really he60 ,edith exclaimed4 8,come1 ,patrick1 we will go home now40 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 fearing to alarm her husband1 had put out the lights1 and ,edith1 seeing the house all dark1 took no precaution to conceal herself in approaching it4 ,the first notice she had1 therefore1 that any of the family were awake1 was her aunt's frightened voice calling from the open window of the sitting-room1 8,is it ,edith8 ,has ,edith been out80 8,yes1 but ,i am safe back1 auntie10 she made haste to say2 8and everything is right40 ,clara1 ,melicent1 and ,betsey were there4 ,no one in the house slept but ,mr4 ,yorke and the two ,pattens1 and1 since the worst was probably over1 it was not so much matter now if they waked4 ,so a large fire was kindled1 and ,edith's dripping garments taken off1 while ,patrick told his story4 ,then she also told where she had been1 and smiled at their terror4 8,but to cross the river on the logs and boom60 her aunt cried4 8,why1 child1 your escape is a miracle6 ,if you had fallen in1 you would surely have been drowned40 8,i could not have drowned tonight10 ,edith answered4 8,if ,i had fallen in1 ,i should have set the river on fire40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- ,,the ,,duties ,,of ,,the ,,rich ,,in ,,christian ,,society4 #gec ,,no4 ,,ii4 ,,political ,,duties4 ,in order to discuss clearly and profitably the various duties of the rich in ,christian society1 it is necessary to distinguish and divide them into distinct classes1 and under the classes to separate particular duties from each other4 ,we shall make our division on the principle of proceeding from the most general1 or those which relate to society in its most extensive sense1 to those which are less general1 relating to society in its more specific and determinate sense1 and finally to those which are the most particular1 relating to separate portions and members of society1 to the family and to the individual4 ,society1 in the most extensive sense with which we are concerned in these essays1 is political society as organized in our own republic by federal1 state1 and municipal constitutions and laws4 ,we venture to assume that it may be called a ,christian society4 ,it is so1 however1 in a wider1 more general1 and less determinate sense than the church1 or than a purely ,catholic state4 ,we call it a ,christian society1 in this sense1 that its fundamental moral principles have been derived from the ,christian law2 that its organic life is an outcome from ,christian civilization4 ,it does not1 however1 exclude from itself those who are not ,christians1 provided they conform to its moral principles and to the laws founded upon them4 ,a ,catholic citizen has duties to a state which is pagan4 ,he has duties to a state which professes to be ,christian1 but adopts a schismatical or heretical perversion of ,christianity as the religion of the state4 ,but he has many more duties1 because he stands in a much closer and more honorable relation to a state which is based on the moral principles of ,christianity1 and not identified with any ecclesiastical form which is hostile to his conscience4 ,all ,catholic citizens of our republic have political duties1 modified1 multiplied1 and intensified by the extent and quality of the rights which they possess1 and the greatness of the interests which they have at stake in the welfare of the commonwealth4 ,the wealthy class have in common with their fellow-citizens all these duties1 and additional ones peculiar to themselves4 ,the general reasons which prove this last proposition apply with equal force to all who belong to the wealthy class1 even though they do not profess to be1 in any sense of the term1 ,christians4 ,the first of these reasons is1 that the rich have succeeded in great measure to the advantages formerly possessed by the class of nobles4 ,even in those countries where the noble class still subsists1 it is chiefly as a wealthy and educated class1 and by the personal superiority of individuals belonging to it in the professions of arms and statesmanship1 that it wields actual power4 ,moreover1 the wealthy bourgeoisie has gained ground upon it and invaded its formerly exclusive sphere1 winning for itself1 as in ,england1 for instance1 a #ged place in the real aristocracy4 ,in our own country1 where hereditary rank does not exist1 it has a clear field4 ,it has no special rights in the political order1 and is not1 therefore1 strictly and completely the successor of the noble class in our ancestral ,british constitution4 ,yet1 by the very fact of being a wealthy class1 it does possess1 and ought to possess1 a certain pre-eminence1 influence1 and real though indirect power in public affairs4 ,men of superior intellectual ability1 men of learning and letters1 those who fill the higher professional positions1 and office-holders1 belong to the same class2 partly because their position in many instances gives them at least a moderate share of wealth1 but chiefly because they have power by their very position1 and are able to influence and direct the disposition of wealth even when they do not personally possess it4 ,by this very fact1 they have duties to the commonwealth--they are not mere private persons1 but public persons4 ,they are important and distinguished members of the community1 and1 as such1 have a greater responsibility to society and the state than others4 ,this will not be disputed as a general statement4 ,we do not intend to go into a minute and detailed exposition of all the particulars which it includes and comprehends4 ,we confine ourselves1 for the present1 to certain specific duties of those who are rich in the literal and technical sense4 ,and what we have to say of them is1 that they ought to fulfil the duties which were annexed to the privileges of the class to which they succeeded1 in so far as they have inherited those privileges4 ,however grossly feudal barons may have in a multitude of instances abused their privileges and their powers1 the ,christian idea of their state was always that their privileges and powers were entrusted to them for the common good4 ,sound political philosophy and common sense accord with the higher teaching of ,christianity4 ,it would be1 therefore1 a great change for the worse1 a miserable regression in civilization1 if a mere moneyed aristocracy1 possessing privileges without corresponding duties1 took the place of an aristocracy of birth1 obliged by its nobility to render the most important services to the state4 ,a mere caste existing for itself1 having no end but the selfish exaltation and enjoyment of its members1 with no purpose except to live in fine houses1 wear fine clothes1 drink choice wines1 drive about in sumptuous equipages1 and finally get buried in great pomp under stately monuments1 would be the most anti-,christian1 the most despicable1 the most odious of constitutions--and would be succeeded by ,communism4 ,the rich have political duties3 they are bound to be a bulwark and a tower of strength to the state1 an ornament to the commonwealth not only bright1 but useful2 as a quaint epitaph of the seventeenth century designates a certain eminent citizen1 8of ,hartford ,town the ,silver ,ornament40 ,we presuppose in those men of wealth of whom we speak1 as a matter of course1 honesty and probity4 ,swindlers1 gamblers1 dishonest speculators1 bribe-takers1 and the whole set of vampires swollen with the blood of the state and of individuals1 are excluded4 ,it is those who have inherited or acquired their wealth honestly who are able to serve the state4 ,it is not necessary to go more into detail regarding the ways and methods in which they can do so4 ,we are content merely to indicate their ability and obligation to do it in general terms1 and pass on to other topics4 ,one of these other topics relates to a duty of ,catholic citizens which #gee is properly classed under the head of political duties1 but which we do not consider precisely as a duty to the state as such1 but as one which ,catholics owe to themselves1 to their own personal rights of conscience1 and to religion4 ,we call it1 nevertheless1 a political duty1 because it has to be performed by them as citizens1 and in the exercise of their political rights4 ,this is the duty of guarding and defending their liberty of conscience against any encroachment which may be attempted by any political party1 or any legislation contrary to the letter or spirit of our fundamental law4 ,this duty1 which is one of all ,catholic citizens indiscriminately1 devolves especially on those whose wealth1 education1 intellectual power1 or social and political position gives them a special opportunity and ability to fulfil it4 ,such persons are the natural chiefs and leaders of the ,catholic laity2 they are in the front rank2 and they are bound to give the example1 encouragement1 and direction to the great body which they need and justly look for4 ,what can be more base and cowardly than for those who have a higher place in society than their fellows1 and who have ordinarily risen from the ranks of the poor1 laboring class of our ,catholic people1 to desert or regard with apathy that sacred cause for which their ancestors suffered and died1 and for the sake of which they have sought an asylum in this free country1 where they have found success and prosperity8 ,here they have found that inestimable boon1 liberty of conscience1 freedom to profess and practise their religion1 and to provide for their posterity the means of doing the same4 ,they are bound to use all the power and influence which ,god has given them to preserve and perpetuate these rights1 and to protect the more helpless classes of their fellow-,catholics1 the poor1 the orphans1 the sick1 the outcasts of society1 in the enjoyment of their religious rights4 ,this includes a great deal4 ,first and foremost at the present moment is liberty of education4 ,besides this1 there are the rights of religious instruction and sacraments for those who are in the army and navy1 in hospitals1 asylums1 and prisons1 and in those institutions where children are justly or unjustly placed by the civil authority as vagrants4 ,in short1 everywhere1 where the state takes hold of the individual1 or exercises a right of control over any lesser corporation which takes hold of him1 in such a way that there is a chance for tyranny over his conscience1 and the violation or abridgment of his religious rights and liberty in the interest of sectarianism or secularism1 it is the duty of the most eminent ,catholic laymen to become1 together with their bishops and priests1 the champions of the oppressed4 ,does any one say that there is no need of vigilance or action1 because there is no danger that our rights will be disregarded or infringed8 ,we think he is in error4 8,eternal vigilance is the price of liberty40 ,and as one proof that ,catholics in this republic have need to exercise this vigilance1 we will cite an example of the disastrous consequences which have followed from the neglect of it in another republic4 ,the ,confederation of the ,swiss ,cantons established and guaranteed in the most solemn and explicit manner the liberty of religion for ,catholics and ,protestants alike4 ,nevertheless1 the liberty of the ,catholic ,church has been taken away in the most flagrant manner1 even in the ,catholic ,cantons1 by tyrannical federal and cantonal #gef legislation4 ,fifty religious establishments were suppressed at one blow4 ,since that time1--that is1 since #ahdh--religious houses and schools have been forcibly suppressed at ,ascona1 ,lugano1 ,mendrisio1 and ,bellinzona1 and the diocesan seminaries at ,pollegio and ,aargau4 ,nearly all the ,catholic schools in most of the mixed cantons have been changed into mixed schools1 and in ,thurgau they have been all suppressed4 ,no priest can be admitted to the exercise of his functions who has studied at any ,jesuit college4 ,the catechism of the bishop in whose diocese ,aargau is situated1 the ,bible ,history of ,schuster1 and the ,moral ,theologies of ,gury and ,kenrick1 have been interdicted by the civil authority4 ,prohibitions have been issued against missions1 retreats1 the publication of the ,jubilee1 and the devotions of the ,month of ,mary4 ,in ,aargau1 no youth can embrace the ecclesiastical state without the leave of the cantonal assembly1 before which august and holy tribunal he must pass two examinations4 ,in the ,catholic canton of ,ticino1 the cantonal assembly arrogates to itself the right of changing the destination of religious foundations1 fixing and regulating the election1 installation in benefices1 and official functions of beneficiaries1 erecting new parishes and abolishing existing ones4 ,the placet of the civil authority is requisite for all ecclesiastical decrees of the bishops and the ,pope under penalty of fines varying from five to five thousand francs4 ,in several cantons civil marriage is obligatory4 ,in short1 the ,catholics of ,switzerland are in an enslaved and insupportable condition1 as is proved by a memorial of the whole body of the ,swiss ,episcopate1 in which these and many other particulars are given4#aeh ,the profession of liberalism affords no guarantee to ,catholics against the most flagrant and cruel oppression4 ,neither is there any security in the mere fact that the form of government is democratic or republican4 ,everywhere1 as well in countries called ,catholic as in those which are not1 under republican as well as under monarchical constitutions1 the price of liberty is unceasing vigilance and activity4 ,catholics must rely entirely on themselves1 and not delegate the office of protecting them to any party or ruling power4 ,this is necessary in the ,united ,states as well as in ,switzerland4 ,we do not ascribe to the majority of the non-,catholic citizens of our federal republic or of any state a disposition to abridge our liberty4 ,but it is not the majority which really governs4 ,principles1 maxims1 arguments1 watch-words1 measures1 are initiated by a few persons4 ,majorities are carried along by leaders1 orators1 writers for the press1 they know not why1 how1 or toward what end4 ,there is danger1 therefore1 though not from the ,american people1 from the masters of state-craft1 but from restless1 revolutionary spirits1 from violent sectarian leaders1 from ambitious demagogues1 from parties which may start up and be violently impelled by sudden excitements4 ,the conclusion of all this is1 that the lite of the ,catholic laity are bound to understand the sound ,catholic principles of public law and right which are involved in the relation of liberty of conscience and religion to the sovereignty of the state1 under our ,american republican institutions4 ,they are bound to instruct those who are uneducated in their rights and obligations as citizens4 ,they are bound to set before the public the grounds and reasons of ,catholic rights1 #geg as based on the natural and divine law1 and the ,american constitution4 ,and they are bound to exclude unprincipled1 ignorant demagogues from the leadership of the ,catholic people by taking it themselves1 and in that position opposing with all their might every political scheme for giving the state a usurped power over conscience and religion4 ,those who are incapable of doing anything else in this direction can at least aid by their wealth the ,catholic press in diffusing true and just ideas1 and advocating ,catholic rights4 #aeh ,see ,dublin ,review for ,october1 #ahga4 ---------- ,,travels ,,in ,,the ,,air4 ,about ninety years ago1 on the memorable #bast of ,november1 #aghc1 the ,parisian world had a sensation which can never be repeated4 ,on that day1 men for the first time dared to trust themselves in a balloon1 which was to be freed entirely from the earth1 and take1 as we may say1 its chance as to the time and manner in which it was to return to it4 ,one can easily imagine the intense excitement and admiration which must have filled the hearts of the spectators1 and the feelings of triumph1 though mingled1 it must needs have been1 with some apprehension1 on the part of the occupants of the car1 the ,marquis d',arlandes and ,m4 ,piltre de ,rozier1 when they for the first time1 trusting themselves to the care of their new machine1 invented only a few months previously1 were carried by it into the unknown region of the clouds4 ,fortunately1 this first free ascent was a success2 if it had not been1 who knows how long further experiments in aeronautics might have been postponed by prohibitory laws or by the fears of men1 both of which would certainly have been quite justifiable8 ,as it was1 this first excursion served as a stimulus to other attempts1 and the number which have been made since then is beyond all estimate4 ,it is certain1 however1 that the immense majority of them have been every way as successful as this first one was1 and many1 of course1 very much more so4 ,the danger of balloon ascents is really very trifling2 accidents occur hardly once in a hundred times1 and very seldom1 when they do occur1 involve the loss of life4 ,it is hardly more dangerous to travel by balloon than by railway or steamer1 and certainly very much more agreeable4 ,if our reader desires a most convincing proof of this last statement1 we cannot do better than to refer him to a book bearing the title which stands at the head of this article1 and imported by ,lippincott ,co4 ,we must confess to having become somewhat enthusiastic on the subject of balloons since reading this book1 and hardly think any one else who even looks at it can fail to have something of the same feeling4 ,by a mere glance at it one is introduced to quite a new world1 and to read it is the next best thing to going up above the clouds one's self4 ,it is illustrated by six beautiful chromo-lithographs1 and has a hundred and twenty other illustrations4 ,mr4 ,glaisher1 the editor1 is a thoroughly scientific man1 possessed of #geh remarkable steadiness and coolness1 as his name would imply1 and as the accounts of his voyages sufficiently demonstrate4 ,he is one of the best meteorologists in the world1 and it is in the interests of science that his ascents have been made4 ,but1 together with the accounts of his own excursions1 he gives others by three ,french gentlemen1 also accomplished aeronauts1 and whose enthusiasm on the subject almost equals our own1 and practically perhaps surpasses it1 for we find that ,m4 ,tissandier seems to have had no objection to starting from ,calais when the wind was blowing straight out toward the ,german ,ocean4 ,these gentlemen1 ,,mm4 ,flammarion1 ,de ,fonvielle1 and ,tissandier1 just named1 often made long journeys1 landing at a point quite remote from that of starting--a thing almost out of the question for ,mr4 ,glaisher1 for1 as he pathetically remarks1 8whatever part of ,england we start from1 in one hour we may be over the sea40 ,his endeavor rather was1 in the short time allotted him1 to rush for the upper regions of the atmosphere1 in order that he might there1 as well as on the way up and down1 make observations on temperature1 electricity1 magnetism1 sound1 solar radiation1 the spectrum1 ozone1 direction of wind 7for this1 as before remarked1 his opportunity was limited71 actinic effects of the sun1 density of the clouds1 etc41 and he consequently went up quite beleaguered with instruments1 as the illustration 8,mr4 ,glaisher in the car0 clearly shows4 ,the effects of great elevation on the human constitution naturally did not escape his attention1 nor that of his companion and aeronaut1 ,mr4 ,coxwell2 he says that1 on one occasion1 8at the height of three miles and a half1 ,mr4 ,coxwell said my face was of a glowing purple1 and higher still1 both our faces were blue4 ,truly a pleasing state of things60 ,but three miles and a half was a small elevation for ,mr4 ,glaisher4 ,in several of his ascents1 he rose to the height of about five miles1 on one occasion meeting with dense clouds all the way up4 ,certainly such clouds are not common1 except in 8our old home02 but such a day as that must have been even an ,englishman could hardly have called 8fine40 ,his third ascent1 on ,september #e1 #ahfb1 was the most interesting of all2 in this he rose to the astonishing height of seven miles1 or #cg1jjj feet4 ,probably our readers have generally been accustomed to see in their atlases1 by the side of the enormous congeries of mountains which usually forms the frontispiece1 a small picture of a balloon1 with 8highest point ever reached by man10 or words to that effect1 appended to it1 at the elevation of #bc1jjj feet2 with a reference to the name of ,gay-,lussac4 ,but this ascent1 made on ,september #ae1 #ahjd1 is entirely insignificant now1 compared with this stupendous one1 to a point a mile and a half above the summit of the ,himalaya ,mountains1 into regions where only one-quarter of the atmosphere lay above the aeronauts1 and where it was rarefied about in the same proportion4 ,if their faces were blue at four miles1 what were they now8 ,the account of this ascent is very exciting1 and at the same time places ,mr4 ,glaisher's qualities as an observer in the most favorable light4 ,in company with ,mr4 ,coxwell1 who was his pilot as usual1 he left ,wolverhampton at about one o'clock1 and attained the height of five miles in about fifty minutes4 ,think of that1 compared with the trouble of ascending an ,alpine peak1 where1 after many hours of most #gei exhausting labor1 one can only get three miles above the sea6 ,and ,mr4 ,glaisher1 instead of having to strain every muscle in his body1 was able to sit quiet1 and calmly observe the barometer1 thermometer1 etc4 ,the balloon was1 however1 revolving so rapidly that he failed in taking photographic views4 ,mr4 ,coxwell had more exhausting work in the management of the balloon1 and was panting for breath when they were three miles high4 ,for two miles more1 however1 ,mr4 ,glaisher 8took observations with comfort40 ,but1 8about #a;h4 #ebm41 or later10 he made his last reading2 after this he could not see the divisions of the instruments1 and asked ,mr4 ,coxwell to help read them4 ,they probably were beginning to think it was time to see about coming down2 but in order to do so1 the valve-rope had to be pulled1 and it was caught in the rigging above1 owing to the rotatory motion of the balloon4 ,the thermometer was about ten degrees below zero2 ,mr4 ,glaisher was fast becoming insensible1 and ,mr4 ,coxwell's hands were almost useless from numbness4 ,still1 something had to be done1 for they were rising a thousand feet every minute2 and accordingly1 ,mr4 ,coxwell climbed into the ring of the balloon1 and pulled the rope with his teeth4 ,he has the proud distinction of having been five or six feet higher above the earth than any other man1 for of course they immediately began to descend4 ,on coming back to the car1 he found his companion quite insensible2 after a few minutes1 ,mr4 ,glaisher came to himself1 as they sank from that terrible elevation1 to which it is probably impossible for man safely to ascend4 ,but1 like a thoroughly scientific man1 as he is1 he had observed his sensations to the last4 ,first1 his arms and legs gave out2 and his neck became weak1 so that his head fell over to one side2 he shook himself1 and noticed that he 8had power over the muscles of his back1 and considerably so over those of the neck40 ,this suddenly left him1 however1 and the sense of sight immediately afterward2 as for hearing1 he could not tell1 as there was probably nothing to hear at that height4 ,he fell back helpless1 resting his shoulder on the edge of the car4 ,the next words he heard were 8temperature0 and 8observation02 it can hardly be supposed that these were the first words ,mr4 ,coxwell employed to rouse him1 though they were probably the best4 ,then 8the instruments became dimly visible40 ,immediately on recovering1 he says3 8,i drew up my legs1 which had been extended1 and took a pencil in my hand to begin observations40 ,is not this characteristic8 ,perhaps it may not be clear how it can be proved that the height of seven miles was attained on this occasion4 ,it is1 of course1 well known that the elevation of a balloon is determined1 as that of a mountain-peak usually is1 by the barometer2 and this method is very accurate1 though1 if there be a rapid motion upward or downward1 the barometer may lag a little4 ,still1 it gives the absolute height1 and also the rate of ascent or descent1 with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes4 ,by this instrument ,mr4 ,glaisher had found that1 just before he became insensible1 they were #bi1jjj feet high1 and ascending at the rate of #a1jjj feet a minute2 when he recovered after the lapse of thirteen minutes1 they were #bf1jjj feet high1 and descending #b1jjj feet a minute4 ,these data are sufficient to determine the greatest height attained2 but ,mr4 ,coxwell also1 on coming down from the ring1 happened to glance at the aneroid barometer1 and #gfj afterward remembered pretty nearly the direction of its hand2 its reading confirms the conclusion got by the other method4 ,a minimum thermometer agreed in the same result4 ,they landed safely at about twenty minutes to three1 the whole excursion having taken only a little over an hour and a half4 ,the illustration called 8,mr4 ,glaisher insensible at the height of seven miles0 is one of the most remarkable in the book1 and most readers will probable turn to it repeatedly4 ,it represents the supreme and critical moment2 ,mr4 ,coxwell is in the ring1 and is just loosening the valve-rope4 ,his hands1 his companion tells us1 were black when he came down2 and ,mr4 ,glaisher generally means what he says4 ,it is not every one who will care to compete with these gentlemen in making lofty ascents2 and it is not probable that they had any merely ambitious motives in undertaking to soar so high4 ,mr4 ,glaisher's enthusiasm for and interest in science are perfectly genuine2 and his results1 which are of course only hinted at in these popular accounts which he gives of his excursions1 are very valuable4 ,it is not likely that any one else could have accomplished so much as he did4 ,still1 though they were not led on by ambition1 their achievement on the occasion just mentioned is one which must discourage others who may be2 for it would be very difficult and dangerous to attempt to do purposely what they did only as it were accidentally1 and which they would not have done had they known its peril4 ,there are1 it is true1 some remarkable effects1 such as the blackening of the sky 7as well as of the hands of the aeronauts71 which cannot be so well attained at lower altitudes2 but still1 substantially the same can be enjoyed at heights of four or five miles1 and really the most beautiful ones are presented as soon as we rise above the clouds4 ,the effect seems to us1 judging from the illustrations1 to be especially magical when the canopy 7or carpet1 as it may more properly be called from our new point of view7 is complete1 so as to reach to the horizon1 and shut out all view or idea of the earth completely4 ,many of the pictures illustrate this well4 ,one would seem to lose all sense of height or of being in a dangerous position2 the quiet sea of clouds beneath can never seem very distant1 owing to the impossibility of judging of the real dimensions of its rolling waves2 and these waves seem1 by their apparent solidity yet softness1 almost to invite a fall4 ,and one seems to be entirely in a new state of existence2 the change is more complete than could be obtained by travelling to the other side of the globe2 and yet it can be realized in the space of five or ten minutes on any ordinary cloudy day4 ,there above1 with the dark-blue sky overhead1 with the glorious bright sun in it lighting up the masses of white vapor below1 far from all the dust1 noise1 and confusion of the lower sphere1 what an exhilaration must the aeronaut feel1 if indeed his eye is not entirely employed on the divisions of his barometer and the pages of his note-book6 ,the idea of such a vision is almost enough to make one's enthusiasm for ballooning equal that of ,m4 de ,fonvielle1 who1 however1 was willing to put up even with lower elevations2 for he says that in his younger days he 8was ready to be shut up in a sky-rocket1 provided that its projectile power were carefully calculated1 and that it were provided with a parachute06 ,if the sky-rocket could only be sent above the clouds--but1 on the whole1 one would probably be calmer1 enjoy the view more thoroughly1 and take in #gfa its various features better1 in the car of our present beautiful and majestic1 though somewhat unmanageable1 vehicle4 ,and yet in all respects the balloon is not unmanageable4 ,its rise and fall can be regulated with great exactness2 and by means of the pretty invention of the guide-rope1 due to the celebrated ,english aeronaut1 ,mr4 ,green1 its final fall to the earth1 if a violent wind is not blowing1 can be made very easy4 ,this rope hangs down three or four hundred feet below the car1 and as it touches the ground1 and then coils up upon it1 the weight and the descending power of the balloon are continually and gradually lessened4 ,and by parting with gas or ballast1 the ascent and descent can always be most carefully adjusted2 so much so1 indeed1 that one has to be somewhat careful4 ,once ,m4 ,tissandier1 on making a second ascent with no more ascending power at his disposal1 was obliged to regret that he had not gone without his breakfast2 the least little alteration of weight affects the equilibrium so much that the loss of a chicken-bone which he thoughtlessly once threw out1 he says1 8certainly caused us to rise from twenty to thirty yards40 ,one can certainly rise or fall without much difficulty2 the only danger is that too much gas may escape after the ballast is exhausted1 or when there is only a small supply on hand1 and that the descent may be too rapid4 ,mr4 ,glaisher twice at least came down so hard as to break nearly all his instruments2 but once this was in a manner intentional1 for the wind had been drifting him out toward the sea1 and on discovering through an opening in the clouds that it was almost directly under him1 he had only the alternative of coming down with a rush or being drowned4 ,on another occasion1 ,m4 de ,fonvielle descended with a party in the ,giant balloon in a rapid and inevitable manner1 owing to the escape of gas2 but records1 besides the breaking of the instruments1 only that 8one of the travellers had his face covered with blood1 another was wounded by a thermometer1 and a third complained of a pain in his leg40 ,one curious danger there is1 however1 about even a quiet descent which is worth noticing4 ,the last-named gentleman had just made a very successful excursion without an aeronaut2 and1 on coming down1 his grapnel had caught in a tree near the edge of a forest4 ,the sequel shall be in his own words3 8,at this moment1 ,i was deceived by an optical illusion which might have had dangerous results1 and ,i call the attention of my readers to it in case they may ever be tempted to undertake the management of an aerostat4 ,let them never get out of the car till it is fairly landed upon the soil4 ,let them be perfectly sure that no solution of continuity exists between the car and the earth before they think of stepping out of it1 for their eyes1 accustomed to the immense proportions of things above the clouds1 have lost their power of appreciating dimensions4 ,objects appear so small on the earth's surface during a descent that great trees look like mere blades of grass4 ,at this moment ,i believed we had descended upon heath bushes1 and we were at the top of the high trees4 ,i had actually got one leg out of the car1 and was preparing to leap down60 ,if a strong wind is blowing1 it is not so easy to descend4 ,the horizontal motion of the balloon is beyond the control of gas or ballast4 ,,mm4 de ,fonvielle and ,tissandier set out once in a high wind2 they came down on a plain1 were dragged across it1 and over the tops of some trees1 which broke and crashed as they passed2 again they rushed over some ploughed ground1 where they were finally rescued by #gfb some peasants4 ,what was their velocity during this remarkable trip8 ,on consulting maps and watches1 they found they had come forty-eight miles from ,paris in thirty-five minutes1 or the rate of eighty miles an hour2 in the air1 however1 they probably travelled faster1 and in the last five minutes of 8dragging0 not so fast4 ,but 8dragging0 is not the worst thing that can happen when there is a high wind4 ,let aeronauts beware how they attempt to anchor in such circumstances before coming tolerably near to the ground4 ,the grapnel was once let out at the height of about sixty yards when they were skimming along with great velocity1 and at first took no hold1 but finally caught in the edge of a small pond4 ,the wind1 however1 took revenge on the balloon1 which now suddenly refused to obey its impulse3 8,i was busily engaged10 says ,m4 ,tissandier1 8in stowing away the loose bottles1 that might have injured us seriously in case of bumping1 when ,i heard a sharp cracking sound1 and ,duruof their pilot immediately cried out1 #8,the balloon has burst6' ,it was too true2 the ,neptune's side was torn open1 and transformed suddenly into a bundle of shreds1 flattening down upon the opposite half4 ,its appearance was now that of a disc surrounded with a fringe4 ,we came to the ground immediately4 ,the shock was awful4 ,duruof disappeared1 ,i leaped into the hoop1 which at that instant fell upon me1 together with the remains of the balloon and all the contents of the car4 ,all was darkness2 ,i felt myself rolled along the ground1 and wondered if ,i had lost my sight1 or if we were buried in some hole or cavern4 ,an instant of quiet ensued1 and then the loud voice of ,duruof was heard exclaiming3 #8,now come from under there1 you fellows6' ,we hastened to obey the voice of the commander1 and found that the car had turned over upon us1 and shut us up like mice in a trap60 ,what next8 ,they had fallen from a height of about two hundred feet1 and yet were not much bruised3 but the very wind that had caused their disaster helped them out of it2 in fact1 their balloon was transformed into a kind of gigantic kite1 and let them down pretty easily4 ,but let us get up above the clouds again4 ,that is the place really to enjoy life4 ,once there1 one hardly thinks about coming down or its difficulties2 the earth is out of sight1 and almost out of mind4 ,we are sailing along1 perhaps at a quicker rate than that of an express train2 but the motion is as imperceptible as that immensely more rapid one of the magnificent planetary projectile on which we are whirling through space4 ,for the clouds are moving with us1 and1 though they are breaking up and changing their forms1 we cannot see that they move as a mass4 ,occasionally1 through a break1 we may see the earth1 or be saluted from it1 as ,m4 ,flammarion once was to his great surprise1 by cries of 8,a balloon6 a balloon60 when he was quite unaware of there being any hole through which the balloon could be seen4 ,sounds1 by the way1 will go up much better than they will come down2 the reason of this is the lesser density of the air above4 ,of course we feel no wind1 for the wind is taking us with it3 so that even the cold at any ordinary height and at any season usual for ballooning is not troublesome4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 it is warmer aloft than below2 on the occasion of the eighty-mile-per-hour voyage1 just mentioned1 the thermometer was actually at eighty-two degrees at the height of a little over half a mile1 while below it stood at fifty-five4 ,the balloon is as steady as the ,rock of ,gibraltar2 ,m4 ,flammarion assures us that he once filled a tumbler with water till it was brimming over1 so that not another drop could be added2 but not a drop was spilled #gfc by the movement of their vehicle1 though it was travelling with the speed of a locomotive1 and alternately rising and falling to the extent of several hundred yards4 ,his account of a journey from ,paris into ,prussia1 made in a beautiful moonlight summer night1 gives a most delightful idea of this most agreeable of all modes of travelling4 ,they left ,paris about two hours before sunset1 and had a fine afternoon sail4 ,the weather was cloudy1 and rain came on at half-past nine2 but what of that8 ,one is quite superior to rain in a balloon1 or1 if not1 may easily become so4 ,they throw out a little ballast1 and rise above the rain-cloud4 ,the cloud soon breaks away1 finding that it cannot embarrass their movements1 and the country beneath becomes visible4 ,they see a bright light in a house1 and hear the sound of dance music played by an orchestra4 ,it is a ball4 ,they cross the frontier at ,rocroi4 ,the lines of its fortifications are dimly seen in the moonlight4 ,no examination of passports or luggage for them4 7,on another excursion1 however1 we are told1 when they were sailing along near the ground1 two gendarmes rode up in hot haste1 calling out1 8,vos passe-ports1 messieurs60 but were dismissed with a polite request to step up and verify them1 accompanied by a shower of ballast47 ,the moon comes out brightly as they enter ,belgium4 ,they sail over the ,meuse1 and ,m4 ,flammarion greets enthusiastically the home of his youth3 8,beautiful river1 ,i welcome thee6 ,near thy banks1 on the old mountain which overlooks thy fertile plain1 ,i was born4 ,little did ,i think1 whilst playing some childish game within sound of the murmur of thy ripple1 that ,i should some day cross over thy stream suspended to this light1 aerial globe6 ,thy peaceful waters flow towards the ,rhine and the ,north ,sea1 into which they fall1 and are lost for ever4 ,thus is it with our own brief existence1 flowing towards the regions of cold and mystery1 to vanish some day in that unknown ocean into which we must all descend40 ,certainly1 it is a pity that he takes such a gloomy view of life4 ,the pilot1 ,m4 ,godard1 rouses him from his reverie4 8,see1 mon ami1 how beautiful this is6 ,do not dream of days gone by4 ,are not those the lights of ,namur1 some six or eight leagues distant8 ,and see1 there is ,huy1 and beyond it again ,lige6 ,here we are right over ,belgium1 and we may cross a corner of ,holland1 perhaps1 before we enter ,prussia60 ,the ,belgian blast-furnaces soon light up the landscape beneath them1 and the noises of the workshops1 mingled with the deep sound of the river1 rise to their ears4 ,the dawn begins to break4 ,in fact1 through the whole night a faint gleam of twilight has been seen in the north2 but now it begins to take effect on the clouds and air around them4 ,the light increases4 8,although the air above is more or less veiled by light mists1 we can distinguish the country before three o'clock as clearly as at mid-day4 ,our course follows the edge of some considerable forests situated on our right hand4 ,these plains 7are they plains87 have a very different aspect from those on ,french territory4 ,in place of the regular patches of fields which lie upon the surface in parallel lines1 the country here is composed of fields of every size and form1 like the various provinces on a colored map2 most of which are surrounded by hedges as they are in ,england40 ,they are wafted along into ,prussia4 ,on the right1 ,luxemburg and ,trves are visible2 on the left1 ,holland1 even to the shore of the ,north ,sea4 8,the ,rhine flows along with its silver ripple in the distance4444 #gfd ,all nature is silent1 save from time to time the timid chirping of some little bird2 when1 suddenly1 a vast golden streak of light breaks forth from the east1 and caresses the highest clouds of the atmosphere1 clothing them in rosy and golden tints40 ,the illustration representing this sunrise is magnificent1 as the sight must have been in the highest degree4 ,what could be more inspiring than to be borne along amid the glorious clouds of morning toward the rising sun--the cheering influence of whose beams the balloon itself seems to feel1 as1 dried and expanded by their heat1 it rises proudly into the sky--with the ,rhine glistening before us1 and the green plains and forests of ,germany inviting us to continue our voyage8 ,they hear the sound of church-bells1 and1 soon after1 that of cannon4 8,from minute to minute the voice of this gracious apparatus of civilization and progress growled among the clouds4 ,it was the artillery of ,mlheim preparing itself for the next war4 8,the ancient city of ,cologne forms beneath us a regular semicircle soldered to the left bank of the ,rhine4 ,unless one examined it attentively1 it might be taken for a moderate-sized snail sticking to the thin branch of a tree40 ,poor ,m4 ,flammarion thought he was going to enjoy his sail some time longer1 perhaps all day4 ,but his inexorable aeronaut thought differently4 ,there was very little ballast and no breakfast2 it was probable that the wind would rise1 and that they would come to grief4 ,his word was law2 so the valve-rope was pulled1 the ,french flag run up1 and down they came at ,solingen1 near ,dsseldorf1 #ccj miles from ,paris1 which distance had been accomplished in twelve hours and a half4 ,the good-natured ,germans rushed up to help them2 the greatest difficulty was to prevent them from smoking near the balloon4 ,this journey is a fair example of what balloon travelling may be in skilful hands4 ,of course it has its disadvantages4 ,the principal one is obvious2 that you can only go just where the wind will take you2 but there is an advantage corresponding to this in the quietness and steadiness of the motion1 and it is not at all improbable that1 with the rapid advances which are being made continually in the science of meteorology1 the laws of winds will be ascertained sufficiently to enable the aeronaut to find one which will carry him in the general direction in which he wants to go1 on most occasions1 by choosing a proper elevation4 ,certainly this can often be done1 as in the case of ,m4 ,tissandier's trip from ,calais over the ,german ,ocean4 ,a lower breeze brought them back to land4 ,the difficulty remaining is that of changing our elevation4 ,on the present system1 this requires a loss of gas or ballast1 which cannot be kept up indefinitely4 ,an ingenious plan has been proposed by ,gen4 ,meusnier--to have a double balloon1 one outside the other3 the inner one is filled with gas1 the space between the two with air2 into the outer one more air is forced by an air-pump when we wish to descend1 and allowed to escape when we wish to rise4 ,the compressed air is itself heavier than the air surrounding1 and the compressed gas in the inner balloon is also less buoyant than before4 ,this is applying the principle of the bladder of the fish to aerostatics4 ,the ,giant was constructed on this plan1 but it does not appear that the practicability of using it in this way was ever tested4 8,still1 notwithstanding the great utility and advantages of the balloon pure and simple1 we certainly shall never be able to lay out our #gfe course with it with all the accuracy that could be desired1 and it is probable that we shall never be able to bring it down precisely at the point we wish to reach4 ,to accomplish this1 we must have something that will go against the wind2 we must have something which takes hold on the air2 we must1 in short1 be able to fly4 ,it should be noticed1 however1 that a flying machine1 when invented1 will not necessarily supersede the balloon2 it will have its advantages1 and the balloon will have its own2 probably1 for mere pleasure travelling1 the latter will always be preferable1 or certainly would be except for the inconveniences attending its landing1 especially when the wind is high4 ,it may be said1 perhaps1 as above1 8a flying machine1 when invented02 for it really seems as if some practical invention of this kind must before long be realized4 ,it can hardly be doubted that the bird must be the model1 to some extent1 of its construction2 and it would seem to be worth while to take instantaneous photographs of birds in flight1 in order to discover what really are the positions which the wing successively assumes4 ,the photographs of this kind1 of men walking1 which have been taken1 told us a great deal which we did not know before about a movement which seems so very familiar and easy4 ,it seems probable1 with regard to flying1 as ,m4 ,flammarion intimates1 that the impulse is a very sudden one1 at least during a part of the stroke2 so that the thin resisting medium has1 as it were1 a certain kind of solidity and firmness4 ,various machines for flying have been made1 and a tolerable success attained4 ,one is lately reported in ,philadelphia4 ,there seems to be no impossibility in taking up enough force1 at least by the aid of balloon power1 to give a considerable velocity in a calm to our air-ship2 but it may as yet be doubted whether it would be able to contend against the ordinary velocity which winds have even a short distance above the surface of the earth4 ,in ,mr4 ,glaisher's ascents1 the wind was blowing1 on the average1 four times as fast above as below4 ,this could generally be avoided by keeping near the ground4 ,but after all1 what aspiring man really longs for is not to have a flying machine to carry him1 but to have his own wings1 and some power strong enough to move them4 ,with the motive powers known at present1 this seems to be beyond our reach2 but who knows8 ,heat and motion are now understood to be convertible1 and perhaps the sun's rays may yet be found powerful enough to raise us into the air4 ,but then--look out for clouds4 ,the sun melted the wings of ,icarus2 the shade would melt ours4 ,flying may yet be realized2 and it is well enough to look forward to what may be in store in the future2 but let us also not undervalue what we already have4 ,the beauty of the form of the balloon necessarily implies a certain perfection in it1 as the majesty of a full-rigged line-of-battle ship clearly shows a perfection which no actual results gained by cheese-box ,monitors can ever gainsay4 ,our present air-ship is a noble product of human genius1 and its resources are by no means yet exhausted4 ,even a captive balloon is not a bad affair1 and may be used for travelling purposes1 though it may seem a contradiction to say so4 ,a 8captive0 is simply one which is fastened by a rope so that it cannot ascend above a certain height4 ,if fastened to a fixed object1 it serves only as a means to take people up for a view or to make #gff scientific observations3 but if attached to a moving body1 it is a very pleasant vehicle to ride in1 or could easily be made so4 ,our ,french aeronauts were once pulled in this way through the streets of a town1 and at another time were towed for some distance at the height of five hundred feet by a number of their excitable countrymen4 ,but it must be acknowledged that on the whole a captive is not so pleasant to ride in as a free balloon4 ,besides the feeling of exultation accompanying a free ascent1 it also has the advantage of being really a great deal more comfortable4 ,the captive1 being restrained by the rope1 feels the full force of whatever wind there is1 and is moreover apt to be tipped over considerably when the breeze is strong4 ,nevertheless1 going up in one is a tolerably popular amusement when the opportunity is offered1 though hardly enough so to make it profitable for the proprietors4 ,this is one of the miserable difficulties about the pursuit of science1 that experiments cost something1 and often it is very troublesome to raise the necessary funds4 ,free ascensions have1 however1 been common enough for a good deal more to have been accomplished in the way of experiment and observation than has usually been the case1 and ,mr4 ,glaisher's example deserves to be generally followed4 ,the balloon itself may do a good deal towards the investigation of the laws of the atmospheric currents1 the knowledge of which would be so useful for its own guidance1 as well as in answering questions concerning storms and climate4 ,mr4 ,glaisher1 on ,january #ab1 #ahfd1 met with a warm current of air from the southwest1 more than half a mile in depth2 and he considers that this may1 perhaps1 be an aerial ,gulf ,stream1 and increase the warming effect which that celebrated current no doubt produces on the western and northern coasts of ,europe4 ,but we must not dwell longer on his scientific results1 or those of his friends on the other side of the ,channel4 ,in fact1 it is time that we should come down from the clouds1 and occupy ourselves with the affairs of this base and grovelling lower world4 ,we should like to do it gradually1 but1 as is the case with the balloon itself1 our descent must needs be accompanied by something of a shock4 ,it is with difficulty that we can persuade ourselves to quit1 even in imagination1 those magnificent regions so near to us and yet practically so far away2 which all of us could see even now in ten minutes if our balloon was ready--would that it were6--and which1 if the art of flying progresses with due rapidity1 we may yet see some time before we die4 ---------- ,,the ,,leper ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,aosta4 #gfg ,,by ,,the ,,count ,,xavier ,,de ,,maistre4 8,le ,lpreux de la cit d',aosta est une larme1 mais une larme qui coule toujours60--,,lamartine4 8,ah6 little think the gay1 licentious proud ,whom pleasure1 power1 and affluence surround3-- ,ah6 little think they1 while they dance along1 ,how many pine6--how many drink the cup ,of baleful grief6--how many shake ,with all the fiercer tortures of the mind60--,,thomson4 ,the southern part of the city of ,aosta is now nearly deserted1 and appears to have been never very thickly peopled4 ,cultivated fields and meadows may be seen1 hedged in on one side by the ancient bulwarks which the ,romans raised as a wall1 and on the other by garden fences4 ,this solitary spot1 however1 affords wherewithal to interest the traveller4 ,near the gate of the city are the ruins of an old castle1 in which1 if popular tradition is to be relied on1 ,count ,ren de ,chalans1 infuriated by jealousy1 left his wife1 the ,princess ,marie de ,braganza1 to die of hunger1 in the fifteenth century4 ,hence the name of ,bramafan1 which signifies the cry of hunger1 given to this castle by the people around4 ,this tradition1 which may be disputed1 gives an interest to the ruins in the eyes of people of sensibility4 ,a hundred steps further on is a square tower1 built of the marble that once covered the antique walls beside it4 ,it is called the ,hold of ,terror1 because it is commonly believed to be haunted4 ,the ancient dames of ,aosta can still remember seeing a tall woman robed in white1 with a lamp in her hand1 issue from the tower on dark nights4 ,about fifteen years ago1 this tower was repaired by the order of the government1 and surrounded by an enclosure1 for the purpose of lodging a leper1 through fear of contagion if left at large1 and at the same time affording him every comfort his sad condition allowed4 ,the ,hospital of ,st4 ,maurice was ordered to supply his wants4 ,it furnished him with some articles of furniture and the implements for cultivating a garden4 ,here he lived for a long time1 left completely to himself1 and never seeing any one1 except the priest who came from time to time to administer the consolations of religion1 and the man who1 every week1 brought him his provisions from the hospital4 ,during the war in the ,alps in the year #agig1 a soldier1 who was in the city of ,aosta1 happened to pass by the leper's garden4 ,the gate was ajar1 and he had the curiosity to enter4 ,he saw a man in a simple garb1 leaning against a tree1 as if lost in profound meditation4 ,at the sound of the officer's steps1 the recluse1 without turning around or looking up1 cried in a sad tone3 8,who is there8 and what do you wish80 8,excuse a stranger10 replied the soldier1 8whom the attractive appearance of your garden has induced to commit an indiscretion1 but who by no means wishes to disturb you40 #gfh 8,do not come any nearer10 replied the inmate of the tower1 motioning him back with his hand4 8,come no nearer3 you are in the presence of an unfortunate being afflicted with leprosy40 8,whatever may be your misfortune10 replied the traveller1 8,i shall not go away4 ,i have never shunned the unfortunate4 ,but1 if my presence annoys you1 ,i am ready to withdraw40 8,you are welcome10 replied the leper1 suddenly turning around4 8,remain1 if you have the courage after looking at me40 ,the officer remained for some time motionless with astonishment at the frightful aspect of the unfortunate man so completely disfigured by leprosy4 8,i willingly remain10 said he1 8if you will accept the visit of a man led here by chance1 but detained by a lively interest40 8,interest6--,i have never excited anything but pity40 8,i should be happy to offer you any consolation40 8,it is a great one to behold a human face and hear the sound of a human voice1 for every one flies from me40 8,allow me1 then1 to converse with you awhile and to visit your house40 8,very willingly1 if it can afford you any pleasure40 ,saying which1 the leper put on a large felt hat1 the flattened brim of which covered his face4 8,go to the south10 added he4 8,the few flowers ,i cultivate may please you4 ,there are some rather rare4 ,i have procured the seeds of every kind that grow among the ,alps1 and try to make them grow double and more beautiful by cultivation40 8,you have flowers which are indeed entirely new to me40 8,look at this little rose-bush4 ,it is a rose without thorns1 which only grows on the higher ,alps1 but it is already losing its peculiarity1 and putting forth thorns in proportion to its cultivation and growth40 8,it should be considered the emblem of ingratitude40 8,if any of these flowers please you1 you can take them without any fear3 you will incur no danger by gathering them4 ,i sowed the seed4 ,i take pleasure in watering them and looking at them1 but ,i never touch them40 8,why not80 8,i fear ,i might infect them1 and should no longer dare give them to any one40 8,for whom do you raise them80 8,the people who bring me food from the hospital are not afraid to gather them4 ,and sometimes children from the city stop before my garden-gate4 ,i immediately ascend the tower1 for fear of frightening or infecting them4 ,they look up as they go away1 and say with a smile3 #8,good-by1 ,leper1' and that gives me a little pleasure40 8,you have succeeded in collecting quite a variety of plants2 and you have vines yonder1 and several kinds of fruit-trees40 8,the trees are still young4 ,i set them out myself1 as well as that grape-vine1 which ,i have trained to the top of the old wall1 you see3 it is thick enough for me to walk on1 and is my favorite resort4--,go up on these stones4 ,i am the architect of this staircase4 ,hold on to the wall40 8,a charming nook6 the very place for a hermit to meditate in60 8,it suits me1 too4 ,i can see the country around1 the laborers in the fields1 and all that is going on in the meadow1 and no one can see me40 #gfi 8,it is a delightfully quiet and secluded place4 ,you are in the city1 and yet might fancy yourself in a desert40 8,forests and cliffs are not the only resorts of the solitary4 ,the unfortunate are alone everywhere40 8,what succession of events brought you to this retreat8 ,are you a native of this country80 8,i was born on the sea-coast in the principality of ,oneglia1 and have only lived here fifteen years4 ,as to my history1 it is only one long succession of calamities40 8,have you always lived alone80 8,i lost my parents in my infancy1 and do not remember them4 ,i had one sister who died two years ago4 ,i never had a friend40 8,poor man60 8,it was the will of ,god40 8,what is your name1 pray80 8,ah6 my name is a terrible one6 ,i call myself ,the ,leper6 ,no one in the wide world knows the name ,i derived from my family1 or that which ,i received on the day of my baptism4 ,i am ,the ,leper1 and this is the only title ,i have to human kindness4 ,may it remain for ever unknown who ,i am60 8,did the sister you lost live with you80 8,she remained five years with me in my present habitation4 ,as unfortunate as ,i1 she participated in my sorrows1 and ,i endeavored to alleviate hers40 8,how do you employ yourself in such utter solitude80 8,the details of my lonely life would only be very monotonous to a man of the world who seeks happiness in the activity of social life40 8,ah6 you little know the world--it has never made me happy4 ,i am often solitary from choice1 and there may be more similarity in our ideas than you suppose4 ,and yet1 ,i acknowledge1 perpetual solitude frightens me4 ,i can hardly conceive it endurable40 8#8,the cell continually dwelt in groweth sweet1' says ,the ,following of ,christ4 ,i am beginning to realize the truth of these consoling words4 ,loneliness is also relieved by labor4 ,a laborious man is never absolutely unhappy1 as ,i know by experience4 ,during the pleasant season1 the cultivation of my flowers and vegetables is a sufficient occupation4 ,in the winter ,i make baskets and mats4 ,i try to make my clothes4 ,i daily prepare my own food from the supplies brought me from the hospital1 and prayer fills up the vacant hours4 ,thus the year passes1 and1 when gone1 it seems short40 8,i should think it would seem a century40 8,affliction and sorrow make the hours appear long1 but the years always fly with the same rapidity4 ,besides1 there is one enjoyment left in the lowest depths of misfortune which but few can understand1 and may seem strange to you--that of living and breathing4 ,in warm weather1 ,i pass whole days motionless on the ramparts1 enjoying the air and the beauties of nature3 my thoughts are vague and fluctuating2 sadness dwells in my heart without oppressing it2 my eyes wander around the country1 and linger on the rocks that surround us2 all these objects are so imprinted on my memory that they form1 as it were1 a part of myself3 each site is a friend ,i greet with pleasure every day40 8,i have often experienced something of this kind4 ,when trouble depresses me1 and ,i do not find in the hearts of others what my own craves1 the aspect of nature and inanimate objects consoles me4 ,i become attached to the very rocks and trees1 and it seems to me that #ggj all created things are friends whom ,god has given me40 8,you encourage me to explain1 in my turn1 what passes within me4 ,i have a genuine affection for the objects that are1 so to speak1 my daily companions1 and every night1 before going to my tower1 ,i come here to take leave of the glaciers of ,ruitorts1 the dense woods of ,mont ,st4 ,bernard1 and the fantastic peaks that overlook the valley of the ,rhine4 ,though the power of ,god is as evident in the creation of an ant as in that of the whole universe1 the grand spectacle of yonder mountains fills me with greater awe4 ,i cannot look at those lofty elevations1 covered with eternal glaciers1 without being filled with solemn wonder4 ,but in the vast landscape spread out before me1 ,i have favorite views to which ,i turn with special pleasure4 ,among these is the hermitage you see yonder on the top of ,mount ,charvensod4 ,alone in the woods1 near a deserted pasture1 it catches the last rays of the setting sun4 ,though ,i have never been there1 ,i feel a peculiar pleasure in looking at it4 ,when the daylight is fading away1 seated in my garden1 ,i turn my eyes toward that lonely hermitage1 to seek rest for my imagination4 ,i have learned to look upon it as a kind of property4 ,it seems as if ,i had some confused reminiscence of once living there in happier days which ,i cannot fully recall4 ,i love especially to gaze at the distant mountains1 which look like a cloud on the horizon4 ,distance1 like the future1 inspires me with hope4 ,my overburdened heart imagines there may be a far-off land where1 at some future time1 ,i may at length taste the happiness for which ,i sigh1 and which a secret instinct is constantly assuring me is possible40 8,with such an ardent soul as yours1 you must have passed through many struggles in resigning yourself to your lot1 instead of yielding to despair40 8,i should deceive you in allowing you to think ,i have always been resigned to my lot4 ,i have not attained that self-abnegation to which some anchorites have arrived4 ,the entire sacrifice of all human affection has not yet been accomplished4 ,my life has been one continual combat1 and the powerful influences of religion itself are not always able to repress the flights of my imagination4 ,it often draws me1 in spite of myself1 into a whirlpool of vain desires1 which tend toward a world ,i have no knowledge of1 but strange visions of which are ever present to torment me40 8,if you could read my soul and learn my opinion of the world1 all your desires and your regrets would instantly vanish40 8,books have vainly taught me the perversity of mankind1 and the misfortunes inseparable from humanity3 my heart refuses to believe them4 ,i am continually representing to myself circles of sincere and virtuous friends2 suitable marriages full of the happiness resulting from health1 youth1 and fortune4 ,i imagine them wandering together through groves greener and fresher than the trees above me1 with a sun more dazzling than that which brightens my world1 and their lot seems worthy of envy in proportion to the misery of mine4 ,at the beginning of spring1 when the wind from ,piedmont blows through our valley1 ,i feel its vivifying warmth penetrating me1 and a thrill passes over me in spite of myself4 ,i have an inexplicable desire1 and a confused notion of a boundless happiness that ,i am capable of enjoying1 but which is denied me4 ,then ,i fly from my cell1 and wander in the fields1 that ,i may breathe more freely4 ,i avoid the very sight of the men whom #gga my heart longs to embrace1 and from the top of the hill1 concealed among the bushes like a wild beast1 ,i gaze towards the city of ,aosta4 ,with envious eyes ,i see afar off its happy inhabitants1 to whom ,i am scarcely known4 ,i stretch forth my hands towards them1 and1 with groans1 ask for my share of happiness4 ,in my agony--shall ,i acknowledge it8--,i have sometimes thrown my arms around the trees of the forest1 imploring ,almighty ,god to infuse life into them that ,i may have a friend6 ,but the trees make no response1 their coldness repels me1 they have nothing in common with my throbbing heart1 which is aflame4 ,overcome by fatigue1 weary of life1 ,i drag myself back again to my asylum1 ,i lay my torments before ,god1 and prayer restores somewhat of calmness to my soul40 8,so1 poor1 unfortunate man1 you suffer at once all the ills of soul and body80 8,the latter are not the most severe60 8,then you are sometimes freed from them80 8,every month they increase and diminish with the moon4 ,i generally suffer most at its first appearance4 ,my disease then abates and seems to change its symptoms3 my skin grows dry and white1 and ,i feel nearly well4 ,but my malady would be endurable but for the terrible wakefulness it produces40 8,what6 does even sleep abandon you80 8,ah6 sir1 the sleepless1 sleepless nights6 ,you have no idea how long and sad they are when ,i cannot get a moment's sleep1 and my mind dwells on my frightful situation--with no hope for the future4 ,no6 no one could realize it4 ,my restlessness increases as the night advances1 and1 when nearly at an end1 my nervousness is almost unendurable3 my mind is confused4 ,i experience an extraordinary sensation that never comes over me but at such sad moments4 ,sometimes it seems as if an irresistible power was drawing me down into a bottomless gulf3 sometimes ,i see black clouds before my eyes1 but while ,i am examining them they cross each other with the quickness of lightning1 they grow larger as they approach1 and then look like mountains ready to overwhelm me with their weight4 ,at other times1 ,i behold clouds issuing from the earth beneath me like swelling waves1 which rise one above the other and threaten to engulf me2 and1 when ,i wish to rise in order to throw off these sensations1 ,i feel chained down by some invisible force that renders me powerless4 ,you will perhaps think these are dreams2 but you are mistaken4 ,i am really awake4 ,i see all this again and again1 and with a sensation of horror that surpasses all my other sufferings40 8,it is possible you are feverish during these long1 sleepless nights1 and this1 perhaps1 causes a kind of delirium40 8,you think this may be the result of fever8 ,ah6 ,i wish it might be true4 ,until now ,i have feared these visions were symptoms of madness1 and ,i acknowledge this greatly worried me4 ,would to ,god they were the effects of fever60 8,your case inspires me with a lively interest4 ,i acknowledge that ,i had never imagined anything like your situation4 ,i suppose1 however1 it was less sad when your sister was living40 8,god alone knows what a loss her death was to me4 ,but are you not afraid to come so near me8 ,sit down there on that rock1 and ,i will conceal myself beneath the vines1 so we can talk without seeing each #ggb other40 8,why so8 ,no1 you shall not leave me4 ,come nearer40 ,in saying these words the traveller involuntarily put out his hand to take the ,leper's1 but the latter hastily withdrew his4 8,imprudent man6 ,you were going to take hold of my hand60 8,well1 ,i would have pressed it heartily40 8,it would have been the first time such a happiness was granted me3 my hand was never pressed by any one40 8,what6 ,have you never formed any ties1 except the sister of whom you have spoken--never been loved by any of your own condition80 8,happily for the human race1 there is not another in my condition on the earth40 8,you make me shudder40 8,pardon me1 compassionate stranger6 ,you know the unhappy love to speak of their misfortunes40 8,go on1 go on3 you interest me4 ,you said your sister lived with you1 and aided you in bearing your sufferings40 8,she was the only tie that bound me to the rest of mankind6 ,it pleased ,god to break it1 and thus leave me isolated and alone in the midst of the world4 ,her soul was ripe for the heaven where she now is1 and her example sustained me under the discouragement which has often overwhelmed me since her death4 ,but we did not live in that delightful intimacy which ,i so often imagine1 and which should bind together the unfortunate4 ,the nature of our disease deprived us of this consolation4 ,when we came together to pray1 we avoided looking at one another1 for fear the sad spectacle might disturb our meditations3 our souls alone were united before ,god4 ,after prayer1 my sister generally retired to her cell or beneath the nut-trees at the end of the garden1 and we lived almost constantly apart40 8,but why did you impose so cruel a restraint upon yourselves80 8,when my sister was attacked with the contagious disease to which all our family were victims1 and came to share my asylum1 we had never seen one another4 ,her fright was extreme when she beheld me for the first time4 ,the fear of afflicting her1 and still more of increasing her malady by approaching her1 made me resolve on this sad kind of a life4 ,the leprosy had only attacked her breast1 and ,i had still some hopes of her being cured4 ,you see the remains of a neglected trellis3 it was then covered with a hop-vine that ,i trained with care1 and divided the garden into two parts4 ,on each side of this1 ,i made a little path where we could walk and converse together without seeing or coming too near each other40 8,it would almost seem as if heaven wished to embitter the sad pleasures it still left you40 8,but at least ,i was not then alone4 ,my sister's presence gave some cheerfulness to my asylum4 ,i could hear the sounds of her steps4 ,when ,i returned1 at dawn1 to pray beneath these trees1 the door of the tower would softly open1 and my sister's voice would imperceptibly mingle with mine4 ,in the evening1 when ,i watered my garden1 she sometimes walked here at sunset1 in the same place where we now are1 and ,i could see her shadow pass and repass over my flowers4 ,even when ,i did not see her1 there were everywhere traces of her presence4 ,sometimes it was only a withered flower in the path1 or some branch of a shrub she had dropped1 but now ,i am alone1 there is neither movement #ggc nor life around me1 and the path that led to her favorite grove is already overgrown with grass4 ,without appearing to observe me1 she was constantly studying what could afford me pleasure4 ,when ,i returned to my chamber1 ,i was sometimes surprised to find vases of fresh flowers1 or some fine fruit she had taken care of herself4 ,i did not dare render her similar services1 and had even begged her never to enter my chamber1 but who can place a limit to a sister's affection8 ,one incident alone will give you an idea of her love for me4 ,i was walking rapidly up and down my cell one night1 tormented with fearful sufferings4 ,in the middle of the night1 as ,i was sitting down a moment to rest1 ,i heard a slight noise at the door4 ,i approached--listened--imagine my astonishment6 it was my sister who was praying on the outside of my door4 ,she had heard my groans4 ,she was afraid of annoying me1 but wished to be at hand if ,i needed any assistance4 ,i heard her repeating the ,miserere in a low tone4 ,i knelt down by the door1 and1 without interrupting her1 mentally followed her words4 ,my eyes were full of tears3 who would not have been touched by so much affection8 ,when her prayer was ended1 ,i said in a low tone3 #8,good-night1 sister1 good-night3 go to bed1 ,i feel a little better4 ,may ,god bless and reward you for your piety6' ,she retired in silence1 and her prayer was surely answered1 for ,i at last enjoyed several hours of quiet sleep40 8,how sad must have been the first days after your beloved sister's death60 8,i remained for a long time in a kind of stupor that deprived me of the faculty of realizing the extent of my misfortune4 ,when at length ,i came to myself1 and was able to comprehend my situation1 my reason almost left me4 ,it was a season doubly sad for me1 for it recalls the greatest of my misfortunes1 and the crime that came near resulting from it40 8,crime6 ,i cannot believe you capable of one40 8,it is only too true1 and1 in giving you an account of that period of my life1 ,i feel too sensibly ,i shall fall in your estimation2 but ,i do not wish to appear better than ,i am1 and perhaps you will pity while condemning me4 ,the idea of voluntarily leaving this world had already occurred to me in several fits of melancholy1 but the fear of ,god had hitherto made me repel the thought4 ,the simplest circumstance1 and apparently the least calculated to trouble me1 came near causing my eternal loss4 ,i had just experienced a new affliction4 ,a little dog had been given us some years previous4 ,my sister was fond of him1 and after her death the poor animal was1 ,i acknowledge1 a real comfort to me4 ,we were1 ,i suppose1 indebted to his ugliness for his making our house his refuge4 ,he had been rejected by everybody else1 but was a treasure in the asylum of a leper4 ,in gratitude to ,god for the favor of such a friend1 my sister called him ,miracle1 and his name--such a contrast to his ugliness--and his constant friskiness often dispelled our sorrows4 ,in spite of my care1 he sometimes got out1 and it never occurred to me it might injure any one4 ,but some of the inhabitants of the town became alarmed1 thinking he might bring among them the germ of my disease4 ,they sent a complaint to the commander1 who ordered the dog to be killed immediately4 ,some soldiers followed by several civilians came here at once to execute this cruel order4 ,they put a cord around his neck in my presence1 and dragged him away4 #ggd ,i could not help looking at him once more as he was going out of the gate2 his eyes were turned towards me1 as if to beg the assistance which it was not in my power to give4 ,they wished to drown him in the ,doire1 but the crowd waiting on the outside stoned him to death4 ,i heard his cries1 and took refuge in my tower more dead than alive2 my trembling knees refused to support me2 ,i threw myself on my bed in a state impossible to describe4 ,my grief made me regard the just though severe order only as a cruelty as atrocious as it was needless1 and1 though ,i am now ashamed of the feeling that then excited me1 ,i cannot yet think of it with coolness4 ,i passed the whole day in the greatest agitation4 ,i had been deprived of the only living thing ,i had1 and this new blow reopened all the wounds of my heart4 8,such was my condition when1 that same day1 towards sunset1 ,i came here1 and seated myself on the very rock where you are now sitting4 ,i had been meditating awhile on my sad lot1 when ,i saw a newly-married couple appear yonder1 near the two birches at the end of the hedge4 ,they came along the foot-path through the meadow1 and passed by me4 ,the sweet peace that an assured happiness confers was imprinted on their handsome faces4 ,they were walking slowly arm-in-arm4 ,all at once they stopped2 the young woman leaned her head upon her husband's breast1 who clasped her in his arms with joy4 ,shall ,i confess it8 ,envy for the first time penetrated my heart4 ,such a picture of happiness had never struck me before4 ,i followed them with my eyes to the end of the meadow4 ,they were nearly hidden by the trees when ,i heard a joyful cry4 ,it came from the united families who were coming to meet them4 ,old men1 women1 and children surrounded them4 ,i heard a confused murmur of joy4 ,i saw among the trees the bright colors of their dresses1 and the whole group seemed enveloped in a cloud of happiness4 ,i could not endure the sight3 the torments of hell seized hold of my heart4 ,i turned away my eyes1 and fled to my cell4 ,o ,god6 how frightfully lonely and gloomy it seemed4 #8,it is here1 then1' ,i said to myself--#8,i am to live for ever here4 ,after dragging out a wretched existence1 ,i must await the long-delayed end of my life6 ,the ,almighty has diffused happiness1 and in torrents1 among all living creatures1 and ,i--,i alone6--am without support1 without friends1 without a companion4--,what a terrible destiny6' 8,full of these sad thoughts1 ,i forgot there is one ,being who is the ,comforter4 ,i was beside myself4 #8,why1' ,i said to myself1 #8was ,i permitted to behold the light8 ,why has ,nature been so cruel a step-mother to me8' ,like a disinherited child1 ,i saw before me the rich patrimony of the human race1 of my share of which heaven had defrauded me4 #8,no1 no1' ,i cried in my fury1 #8there is no happiness for thee on earth4 ,cease1 then1 to live1 poor wretch6 ,thou hast disgraced the earth long enough with thy presence3 would it might swallow thee up and leave no trace of thy miserable existence6' ,my fury continuing to increase1 a mad desire to destroy myself took possession of my mind4 ,i resolved at last to set fire to my dwelling1 and allow myself to be burned up in it with everything else that might recall my memory4 ,excited and enraged1 ,i went forth into the fields4 ,i wandered for some time in the darkness around my dwelling4 ,i gave vent to my overburdened heart in involuntary shrieks1 and frightened myself in the #gge silence of the night4 ,i reentered full of rage1 crying3 #8,woe to thee1 ,leper6 ,woe to thee6' ,and1 as if everything conspired for my destruction1 ,i heard the echo from the ruins of the ,chteau de ,bramafan repeating distinctly3 #8,woe to thee6' ,i stopped1 seized with horror1 at the door of the tower1 and a faint echo from the mountains repeated a long time after1 #8,woe to thee6' 8,i took a lamp1 and1 resolved to set fire to my dwelling1 went into the lowest room1 carrying with me some twigs and dry branches4 ,it was the room my sister occupied1 and ,i had not entered it since her death4 ,her arm-chair was in the same spot where ,i moved it for the last time4 ,i shivered with fear at the sight of her veil and some of her clothing scattered around4 ,the last words she uttered before her departure came back to my mind3 #8,i shall not forsake you when ,i die3 remember1 ,i shall always be with you in your sufferings4' ,placing the lamp on the table1 ,i perceived the cord which held the cross she wore on her neck4 ,she had placed it herself within her ,bible4 ,i drew back1 filled with awe at the sight4 ,the depths of the abyss into which ,i was about to plunge were at once revealed to my unsealed eyes4 ,trembling1 ,i approached the sacred volume4 #8,here1 here1' ,i cried1 #8is the aid she promised me6' ,drawing the cross from the book1 ,i found a sealed note which my dear sister had left for me4 ,my tears1 which grief had not hitherto allowed me to shed1 now escaped in torrents3 all my detestable projects vanished at once4 ,i pressed the precious letter to my heart a long time before ,i could read it3 then1 falling on my knees to implore the divine mercy1 ,i sobbingly read the words that will be for ever graven on my heart3 #8,brother1 ,i shall soon leave you1 but not forsake you4 ,from heaven1 which ,i hope to enter1 ,i will watch over you1 praying ,god to give you the courage to endure life with resignation till it pleases him to reunite us in another world4 ,then ,i shall be able to show you how much ,i loved you4 ,nothing will prevent me any longer from approaching you3 nothing can separate us4 ,i leave you the little cross ,i have worn all my life4 ,it has often consoled me in my sorrows and been the only witness of my tears4 ,remember1 when you look upon it1 that my last prayer was that you might live and die a good ,christian4' 8,cherished letter6 it shall never leave me4 ,i will carry it with me to the grave4 ,it will open to me the gates of heaven which my crime would have closed for ever4 ,when ,i had finished reading it1 ,i felt faint1 exhausted by all ,i had undergone4 ,my sight grew dim1 and1 for some time1 ,i lost both the remembrance of my misfortunes and the consciousness of existence4 ,when ,i came to myself1 the night was far advanced4 ,in proportion to the clearness of my mind1 ,i experienced a feeling of profound peace4 ,all that had taken place the evening before seemed like a dream4 ,my first impulse was to raise my eyes heavenward in thanksgiving for having been preserved from the greatest of misfortunes4 ,the heavens had never appeared so serene and glorious3 one star before my window outshone the rest4 ,i gazed at it a long time with inexpressible delight1 thanking ,god for granting me the pleasure of beholding it1 and felt interiorly consoled at the thought that some of its rays were permitted to cheer the gloomy home of the ,leper4 8,i went up to my cell in a calmer frame4 ,i spent the remainder of the night in reading the ,book of ,job1 and the sublimity of his thoughts at #ggf length entirely dispelled the gloomy ideas that had beset me4 ,i never experienced such fearful moments during my sister's life4 ,to feel her near me made me at once calmer1 and the very thought of the affection she had for me afforded me consolation1 and inspired me with courage4 8,compassionate stranger6 may ,god preserve you from ever being obliged to live alone6 ,my sister and my companion is no more4 ,but heaven will grant me the strength to endure life courageously2 it will grant it1 ,i trust1 for ,i pray for it with all the earnestness of my heart40 8,how old was your sister when she died80 8,she was barely twenty-five1 but her sufferings made her look much older4 ,in spite of her fatal disease1 which changed her features1 she would have been handsome1 had it not been for her frightful pallor1 the result of a living death which made me groan whenever ,i looked at her40 8,she died quite young80 8,her delicate and feeble constitution could not resist so many sufferings combined3 for some time ,i had perceived her loss inevitable4 ,her lot was so sad that ,i could not desire her to live4 ,seeing her daily languishing and wasting away1 ,i felt1 with a fearful kind of joy1 that the end of her sufferings was approaching4 ,for a month she had been growing weaker2 frequent swoons were constantly threatening her life4 ,one evening 7it was about the first of ,august7 ,i saw her so weak that ,i was unwilling to leave her4 ,she was in her arm-chair1 not having been able to lie down for several days4 ,i seated myself near her1 and in the profound darkness we held our last conversation4 ,i could not restrain my tears4 ,a sad presentiment agitated me4 #8,why do you weep8' she said4 #8,why distress yourself8 ,i shall not forsake you when ,i die4 ,i shall always be with you in your sufferings4' 8,a few moments after1 she expressed a desire to be carried out of the tower1 that she might offer her prayers in the grove of nut-trees where she passed the greater part of the pleasant season4 #8,i wish1' she said1 #8to die looking at the heavens4' ,but ,i did not imagine her end so near4 ,i was about to take her in my arms1 when she said1 #8,only support me4 ,i am1 perhaps1 strong enough to walk4' ,i led her slowly to the nut-trees4 ,i made a cushion of the dry leaves she herself had gathered together1 and1 covering her head with a veil to screen her from the dampness of the night1 ,i seated myself near her4 ,but she desired to be left alone during her last meditation1 and ,i went to a distance1 but without losing sight of her4 ,from time to time1 ,i could see the flutter of her veil and her white hands raised to heaven4 ,when ,i drew near the grove1 she asked for some water4 ,i carried her some in a cup4 ,she wet her lips1 but could not swallow4 #8,i feel the end has come1' said she1 turning her head4 #8,my thirst will soon be assuaged for ever4 ,support me1 brother3 aid me in crossing this gulf--so long desired1 but so terrible4 ,support me1 and say the prayers for the dying4' ,these were her last words4 ,i drew her head against my breast1 and said the prayer for the departing soul3 #8,go forth from this world1 my beloved sister1 and leave thy mortal remains in my arms6' ,i held her in this way for three hours1 during the last throes of nature4 ,at length1 she quietly passed away1 and her soul left the earth without a struggle40 ,at the end of this account1 the ,leper covered his face with his hands4 #ggg ,sympathy deprived the traveller of the power of speaking4 ,after a moment's silence1 the ,leper rose4 8,stranger10 said he1 8when grief or dejection comes over you1 think of the ,leper of the city of ,aosta1 and your visit will not have been a useless one40 ,they walked towards the garden-gate4 ,as the officer was about to go out1 he put his glove on his right hand4 8,you have never pressed any one's hand10 said he4 8,do me the favor to press mine4 ,it is the hand of a friend who is deeply interested in your lot40 ,the ,leper drew back some steps with a kind of terror1 and1 raising his eyes and hands towards heaven1 he cried3 8,o ,god of goodness6 pour down thy blessings on this compassionate man60 8,grant me another favor1 then10 resumed the traveller4 8,i am going away4 ,we may not see each other again for a long time4 ,can we not write one another sometimes1 with the necessary precautions8 ,such a correspondence might divert you1 and it would afford me great pleasure40 ,the ,leper reflected for some time4 ,at length he said1 8,why should ,i cherish any delusion8 ,i ought to have no other society but myself1 no friend but ,god4 ,we shall meet in his presence4 ,farewell1 kind stranger1 may you be happy6 ,farewell for ever60 ,the traveller went out--the ,leper closed the door and drew the bolts4 ---------- ,,on ,,the ,,present ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,father4 ,,from ,,la ,,civilta ,,cattolica4 ,some fourteen months ago1 a breach was made in the ,porta ,pia1 and an entry effected into ,rome in the name of ,italy4 ,the machinations of those who effected that entry in order to subvert the authority of the ,pope are still at work1 and most assiduously1 in endeavoring to convey the impression that this act of theirs now stands before the world simply as an accomplished fact1 and as such is1 if not approved1 at least tolerated by those most interested in contesting it4 ,thus they endeavor to delude the world and lull to sleep the misgivings of ,catholics2 for in order to confirm and strengthen this impression there is scarcely a stratagem or subterfuge to which the government 7itself the author of the fact7 does not resort1 through the journalism notoriously in its pay1 not only throughout the ,peninsula1 but elsewhere4 ,this government1 which sprang from accomplished facts and falsehoods1 hopes by means of these same accomplished facts and falsehoods to place on a firm foundation its sway in the ,campidoglio1 which now rests on a very insecure footing2 therefore it endeavors to persuade the world1 and especially ,catholics1 that the ,supreme ,pontiff1 while in its hands and under the law of its ,guarantees1 is actually more at #ggh liberty1 more independent in action1 and more useful to the church1 than he was when he reigned as a sovereign prince and was bona-fide ruler in his own state4 ,the absurdity of this claim is manifest2 but what absurdity is there of which the government of the ,subalpinists in ,italy does not avail itself1 in order to attach credit to itself1 by means of the arts learned in the school of its great father and master1 ,bonaparte8 ,it is important1 therefore1 or rather we should say it is absolutely necessary1 that an honest and ,christian journalism should perseveringly oppose manifest truths to this interminable repetition of falsehoods1 paid for by the ,subalpine rulers1 respecting the present condition of the ,holy ,father2 and thus1 by ventilating fraud1 undeceive simple and credulous minds4 ,with this intention1 we shall in few but veracious strokes of the pen describe the undisguised reality of the state in which the head of the church1 the ,supreme ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 finds himself at the present moment in ,rome1 six months after the solemn publication of the laws of the ,guarantees4 ,,ii4 ,we assert1 then1 that the ,pope endures imprisonment in ,rome at the hands of the ,subalpinists1 and that his captivity1 instead of being mitigated1 is every day aggravated4 ,this is proved by the following facts3 #a4 ,he is in the hands of an inimical power1 or1 as he himself has defined it1 he is sub hostili dominatione constitutus4 ,now1 he who is in the hands of an enemy1 however much that enemy may affect humanity and regard towards him1 is beyond all contradiction his prisoner4 #b4 ,the ,holy ,father fell into the hands of this inimical power through sheer force4 ,this is rendered evident by the formal declaration made by the ,subalpine ministers before taking up arms against him1 in which they affirmed that to invade or take ,rome with bomb-shells and cannons would be an act contrary to the rights of nations1 an act so iniquitous that it would be unworthy even of a barbarian government3 yet in the very face of these declarations they did take ,rome with the argument of bomb-shells and cannons1 and with the same argument they continue to occupy it4 #c4 ,the ,holy ,father1 being in the hands of an inimical power1 which has dispossessed him by violence of all sovereignty1 and substituted its own in lieu of his1 is now by this same power subjected to every kind of ridicule in his double majesty as pontiff and as king3 burlesque honors are proposed to him1 which would by preference be offered to him publicly1 in order to induce the idea that the ,holy ,father1 by accepting them1 is reconciled to the government1 and has basely ceded to it the inalienable rights of ,god1 of the church1 and of the ,catholic world4 ,moreover1 the obligation resting on the ,sovereign ,pontiff of preserving his own dignity keeps him shut up in the ,vatican3 the outer doors of which are guarded by a guard of honor formed of the self-same wretched soldiery who1 led on by ,subalpine leaders1 made the breach in the ,porta ,pia1 and struck to the earth his own sovereign banner in ,rome4 #d4 ,finally3 ,the inimical power in whose hands the ,holy ,father now finds himself is1 either from weakness or malice1 incapable of protecting his august person from any kind of insult4 ,so that1 supposing it to be morally possible for him without compromising his dignity to leave the cloisters of the ,vatican1 yet would a #ggi material obstacle present itself in the outrages and dangers1 threatening life itself1 to which he would be exposed amid the crowds of cut-throats1 atheists1 and the lowest rabble of every country1 which this power has congregated together and maintains in ,rome1 to represent in that city the people of the plbiscite2 that is1 a people hostile to the ,papacy and rebellious to its throne4 ,these are the principal facts which most clearly demonstrate the state of imprisonment into which the ,sovereign ,pontiff was thrown1 by the events of the #bjth ,september1 #ahgj1 in his own city of ,rome3 and we defy all the sophistry of all the journalists1 politicians1 and diplomatists of the government1 seated as it is in the metropolis of the ,catholic world1 to deny it1 without denying the light of the sun at mid-day4 ,besides this1 that the captivity of the ,holy ,father has been aggravated during these fourteen months is seen and felt by every one who is not under the influence of the ,subalpinists1 those men who have carried their effrontery to the length of placing the centre of their government in the city of ,rome itself1 and with one of their laws of guaranty for the independence of the ,pope have arrogated to themselves the right of imposing the future conditions of his existence in the ,vatican1 as if they were the rulers of the ,holy ,see4 ,whoever considers the forces of moral and material hostility that these ,subalpinists have accumulated in ,rome against his prerogatives1 cannot fail to perceive that the rights which in this city are most readily trodden under foot1 are1 after those of ,god1 those of the ,pope3 and the person who is the most insulted therein is1 after that of ,christ1 precisely the person of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 decreed sovereign and inviolable1 by the law1 as the person of the king himself4 ,from this it follows that the ,holy ,father is at the present moment the legal prisoner1 in ,rome1 of the ,subalpine government1 since by the aforenamed laws1 termed those of the ,guarantees1 not only has that government confirmed the violent spoliation of himself1 but1 in spite of the opinion of the world1 has dared to justify the act by defining in those laws the limits of the liberty it intends to concede to him4 ,this is neither more nor less than the usage commonly observed towards a prisoner of state or of war4 ,by this means1 the present condition of the ,pontiff in his own ,rome is in truth that of the strictest imprisonment by the anti-,christian sect1 headed by the government of the ,subalpinists now lording it over ,italy4 ,,iii4 ,neither is the ,holy ,father1 ,pius ,,ix41 the prisoner of an inimical power solely on account of his civil prerogatives3 it is his ecclesiastical jurisdiction that is aimed at more than anything else3 while usurping the regal crown1 it seeks equally to abolish the ,papal tiara2 and1 if1 after having barbarously dispossessed him of his kingdom1 it does not also make a barbarous assault on the majesty of his ,pontificate1 this reserve arises only from the hindrance occasioned by very strong and extrinsic causes1 and not from good-will or any other than a reprobate sentiment4 ,this profound enmity of the ,subalpine rulers to the ,pope as the supreme pastor of the ,catholic ,church is so well-known as to need no demonstration4 ,yet for superabundance of proof1 we will say that it is #ghj shown3 #a4 ,by all that has been previously done against ,catholicity for twenty-two years past in ,piedmont1 and for half that time throughout the rest of ,italy1 by the faction to which these rulers belong--a faction whose politics are expressed by an obstinate war1 sometimes of a ,julianistic character1 sometimes of that of a ,nero--a war which attacks directly or indirectly the church itself1 and all connected with it1 and this in such a manner as to render it palpable that not even the ,unity of ,italy is desired for its own sake1 but rather as a means by which to work the destruction of ,catholicity and the overthrow of the ,papacy4 #b4 ,it is shown by the special mandate which the ,subalpine faction superintending the ,masonic government of the ,peninsula have received from the ,general ,masonic ,order--a mandate bidding them become the immediate 7because proximate7 instruments of the downfall of ,papal ,rome1 the centre of the ,catholic ,church2 and which then bids them proceed to the utter spoliation of the ,sovereign ,pontiff himself--two events which it hopes will lead 7if that were possible7 to the annihilation of ,catholicity1 that being the ultimate end of all the conspiracies of the order4 #c4 ,it is shown by the open confessions made in ,rome1 throughout ,italy1 and in all ,europe1 by journalists united by the bonds of faction to our ,subalpine patrons2 and even more by the discovery1 lately made1 that persecution is already well established in ,rome against everything ecclesiastical or ,catholic--whether in things or persons4 ,from these facts1 it is demonstrated that the ,holy ,father is now the prisoner in ,rome of a government which in his person hates above everything1 and as far as it dare makes war against1 his prerogatives as ,pontiff1 and as ,head of the ,catholic ,apostolic and ,roman religion4 ,pius ,,ix4 is in the hands of ,turks embittered to the last degree4 ,against him and his tiara every tool is made use of1 and with equal skill--whether it be cannons or sophistry1 buffoonery or the judgment-hall1 the pick-axe or calumny4 ,,iv4 ,the war of ,nero carried on against the ,holy ,father and the church is at the present moment tempered by the war of ,julian4 ,it was for this purpose that our ,subalpinists devised the law of the ,guarantees1 behind which they know how to mask the ugliness of their rascalities1 at least for a time4 8,do you see80 they exclaim in every tone1 and have had written in every language3 8,we have surrounded the ,pope with so many privileges that the like was never seen4 ,of what do you complain1 ,o you insatiable ,catholics8 ,have we not constituted the ,pope inviolable as is the king8 ,what more would you have80 ,we would have--simply that the ,pope should be inviolable1 because he is a king in earnest truth1 and not a mere semblance of one4 ,but to this question of to-day concerning the sovereign and personal inviolability of the ,pope1 facts are the best reply4 ,these show that practically he is as inviolable as the first article of the statute1 and has been inviolable throughout the kingdom4 ,this privilege of inviolability implies that the person sovereignly inviolable can1 in no manner whatsoever1 be publicly insulted without the offenders being repressed by force and punished according to law4 ,meantime1 first1 it is a notorious fact that every day the sheets #gha belonging to this faction1 not excepting those of the government throughout the kingdom1 and particularly in ,rome1 insult1 hold up to derision1 and vilify the inviolable person of the ,pope3 and that he is exposed to ridicule by means of most infamous caricatures2 and all this with impunity4 ,for it is notorious that newspapers are very rarely sequestrated on account of this continuous and general contravention of the laws of the ,guarantees2 and up to this period not a single sentence has been issued from the tribunals against the insulters of his ,pontifical ,majesty4 ,on the other hand1 the exchequer is most rigorous against any one suspected of insulting the royal majesty through the press2 chiefly1 however1 against the ,catholic journalists who defend the inviolable ,pontiff4 ,thus 7a fitting commentary71 of ten law-suits against offenders by means of the press1 eight are commonly to the prejudice of ,catholics accused of offences against the king or of illicit voting4 ,the inviolability of the ,holy ,father1 therefore1 practically resolves itself into the fact that every miscreant may insult him with impunity1 while it is dangerous for an honest ,catholic to defend him through the press4 ,it is a notorious fact1 and of very frequent occurrence1 that groups of ribald men1 escaped from every ,italian galley1 stroll along the avenues1 singing shameful verses1 nay1 even menacing ones1 in regard to the ,supreme ,pontiff1 and it is no rare thing for a rabble to provoke and utter cries of a character most outraging to his name and honor4 ,and yet the police1 ever ready to hinder similar outrages in regard to the king1 become deaf or soften down the words when they hear the ,holy ,father vituperated in this fashion4 ,no one has ever been arrested for such a crime1 and no one has ever been cited before the tribunals4 ,the inviolability of the ,holy ,father1 we repeat it1 consists practically in the freedom with which every vagabond is permitted publicly to insult him4 #c4 ,it is a notorious fact that large bands of these miscreants have often gathered together beneath the walls of the ,papal palace to load the guard stationed inside with foul language1 that guard being placed there by the consent of the laws of the ,guarantees to the ,pope4 ,yet here they hurl their blasphemies and imprecations against the sanctity of the ,pope1 in the very hearing of the guard of honor placed there by the government1 and these have never been known to discompose themselves on this account even to the extent of a gesture of disapprobation toward the rogues thus possessed by the devil4 ,yet woe to the wretch who should commit any such atrocity at the portals of the ,quirinal1 when inhabited by certain other inviolable persons in the kingdom of the ,subalpinists6 ,therefore1 once more3 the inviolability of the ,pontiff is practically converted into a tacit license for the lowest rabble to insult his person beneath the very portals and under the windows of the ,vatican4 ,we might enumerate many other facts1 equally well known1 to demonstrate how little is the practical value of the sovereign inviolability decreed to the captive ,pope2 but let those already brought forward suffice4 ,these being admitted1 it will be understood that his ,holiness1 thanks to the distinguished privilege conferred on him by our ,subalpine gentlemen1 not only could not make his appearance in the streets of his own ,rome without manifest risk of life1 but he could not even descend to the basilica of the ,vatican to perform a #ghb sacred function1 without exposing himself to contumely and insult by the very side of ,st4 ,peter's tomb1 and even on the altar itself4 ,the occurrences of the #hth ,december1 #ahgj1 in the vestibule of the ,pontifical residence2 of the #ajth ,march1 #ahga1 within the ,ges2 and of the #bcrd1 #bdth1 #beth ,august1 close to the ,lateran and the ,church of ,maria sopr ,minerva1 confirm what we assert4 ,this1 then1 in its veritable reality1 is the present condition of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 in ,rome1 after the oft-repeated promulgation of the law declaring him an inviolable sovereign like to the king4 ,nor may the salaried apologists of our patrons treat these matters as a jest in order to exculpate themselves from so horrible an abomination4 ,facts are facts1 while words are but breath4 ,the most irrefutable facts prove that if our ,holy ,father were to show himself publicly in the ,rome of to-day1 uncivilized as it is by these ,subalpine rulers1 the treatment he would receive would be no other than such as is given alike to the clergy as to the most holy things1 nay1 to ,christ himself1 in the blessed sacrament of the altar4 ,now1 it cannot be denied1 for the ,roman journals attest it1 citing days1 time1 places1 names and surnames1 that every day priests or religious1 bishops or prelates1 are attacked or ill-used in the most populous districts of ,rome2 that almost every day sacred images are stoned or profaned at the corners of the streets2 and not unfrequently the adorable eucharist1 when borne as a viaticum to the sick1 is exposed to mockery in the public square1 even by those who wear military badges2 and all this occurs with the tacit consent of the officers charged with keeping order in the city1 no one of whom has ever imprisoned a single person guilty of such misdeeds4 ,and after that they would have us believe that ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 would be safe either in the city or in the ,vatican from the outrages or even from the blow of these most civilized gentlemen who form the new ,roman people6 ,be silent1 as long as we live1 ,o whited sepulchres6--race fit only to patronize assassins6 ,v4 ,moreover1 the ,holy ,father1 by the noble munificence of his jailers1 is reduced to that degree of poverty that1 were it not for the oblations of the faithful1 he must either pine in misery or suffer the degradation of his majesty4 ,the glorious conquerors of ,rome have taken everything from him1 excepting the ,vatican4 ,and if1 up to this time1 they have refrained from sacking this edifice1 it is owing to that veto of potentates which1 as yet1 has forbidden them access to it4 ,jugglers are in possession of the ,quirinal2 and they drew near to the public treasury of the ,pontificate with the sword of guardianship4 ,in one flash of lightning1 the ,pope saw himself deprived of everything4 ,with a simple substitution of voters1 the ,pontifical estate is become the ,subalpine estate--a magnificent example6 since then magnificently imitated by the ,commune of ,paris6 ,is is true that1 in their law of the ,guarantees1 they have deigned to assign to him a species of civil list amounting to several millions of lire4 ,but this was done for the sake of appearance alone2 for well they knew that1 in practice1 this article would have precisely the same effect as that other article prescribing the famous inviolability4 ,how in fact could these persons1 who for five-and-twenty years have known the magnanimous firmness of character of ,pius ,,ix41 #ghc persuade themselves that he would lower his dignity to accept an obolus from their criminal and sacrilegious hands1 in compensation for the kingdom they have taken from him8 ,they understood beforehand that this would be impossible1 because1 even admitting that the ,holy ,father had been willing to admit their civil list1 under the title of restitution1 a thing not unlawful in itself if done without prejudice to his rights1 they perceived only too clearly that he could not have done so in view of the malignant interpretations which would have followed the act1 occasioning an immense scandal and clamor2 as if the ,pope by receiving a modicum of that property the whole of which belongs to him by right had conceded the rest1 over which he has immemorial claims4 ,the matter1 however1 took such a shape that these brave gentlemen had an ample field in which to display large figures1 and even to acquire the name of prodigality in offering round numbers to their victim4 ,yes1 indeed1 they were prodigals1 like unto those who offered vinegar to the crucified ,saviour4 ,god1 ever adorable in his providence1 has so disposed events that the hearts of ,catholics throughout the world have been moved to compassionate their father in chains1 and the gold of their filial charity has abounded so wonderfully in his hands1 that he has been able to succor most plentifully those of his faithful servants who have fallen into straits for conscience' sake1 together with many indigent persons who have no other resource for a livelihood than the heart of the imprisoned ,pontiff4 ,the glory of this munificence is due to ,god alone1 and the merit of it is to be ascribed to the faith of good ,christians4 ,on the other hand1 the infamy of having embittered the captivity of the ,holy ,father1 by reducing him1 with the ,sacred ,college and his whole court1 to a state of absolute want1 if he would not wear the appearance of dishonor1 this belongs exclusively to the ,subalpine rulers1 who at the foot of the ,campidoglio are enjoying the spoils of the ,pontificate1 as the crucifiers on ,mount ,calvary enjoyed the spoils obtained by rending the garments of ,christ4 ,,vi4 ,the jailers1 and the friends and servants of the jailers of the ,holy ,father1 boast very much of the ample liberty he enjoys1 which he can use during his imprisonment for the regulation of the church and for performing his office as ,pope4 ,let us examine a little in what this charming liberty consists4 ,this at the very first glance resolves itself into the following very clear formula3 ,the ,pope is at liberty to do that--and that alone--which the inimical power whose prisoner he is permits him to do4 ,and1 in point of fact1 the ,holy ,father is under this power1 which holds him in its hands1 being sub hostilem potestatem redactus1 as he himself lately expressed it again in the ,encyclical of ,may #ae1 #ahga1 in which he formally repudiates the ,guarantees offered him in exchange for his principality4 ,he who is under is dependent1 and can do only that to which he who is above consents4 ,thus the liberty of the ,pope is subject to the limits which the inimical power1 his oppressor1 pleases to impose on him4 ,and this same law of the ,guarantees is the proof of the fact1 inasmuch as it contains only a concession of hypothetical privileges4 ,but he who concedes accounts #ghd himself superior to him to whom the concession is granted4 ,whence the true measure of the liberty of ,pius ,,ix4 as ,pope1 is now simply the arbitrary will of ,italian ,masonry1 governed by the ,subalpinists4 ,this is a certain fact as to matters in general4 ,with regard to particulars1 the ,holy ,father uses such liberty as he owes to his own courage and diligence1 and the inimical power1 his jailer1 cannot hinder him1 though it would willingly do so1 because a power stronger than itself1 or certain human respects1 forbid such opposition4 ,as1 for example1 the ,subalpine patrons would gladly hinder his ,holiness from publishing bulls or encyclicals1 in condemnation of their lofty enterprises against ,god1 religion1 and the ,apostolic ,see4 ,his ,holiness1 not being at liberty to publish them in ,rome under their very nose1 sends them out of ,italy to be printed1 and in this way publishes them4 ,now1 what can these very liberal gentlemen do in a case like this8 ,drag the ,pope before the courts1 and imprison him in the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo8 ,most willingly would they do this2 but the rulers of ,europe would oppose it4 ,there is1 then1 no course left to them except to interdict the publication of them within the state by sequestrating the papers which reprint these acts of the ,pope2 and this they did with the ,encyclical of ,november #a1 #ahgj4 ,if for others of later appearance they have shut their eyes and left them to their course1 it has been because they have at last been obliged to pay some regard to public opinion1 and have found their account in putting on a semblance of toleration4 ,in a similar manner1 the ,holy ,father1 finding that the ,subalpine masters trumpeted forth loudly to the world that he was left at liberty in the creation of bishops throughout ,italy1 embraced the opportunity to exercise his right and to fulfil his duty4 ,with prudence certainly1 but yet with boldness1 he addressed himself to the work4 ,the matter was very displeasing to our gentlemen4 ,but how were they to hinder it8 ,they wanted to give the ,christian world to understand that they are honorable men1 not only in the modern sense of the word1 but also somewhat in the ancient sense3 they wanted to prove that they knew how to keep their word without being compelled by cannons so to do4 ,so for this time it does not appear that they will refuse entrance into their dioceses to the new pastors4 ,but thieves and loyalists as they are1 they have taken advantage of this act of the ,holy ,father1 turning it to their own interest by cowardly proclaiming in every direction that the ,holy ,father1 by thus using the privileges comprised in the law of the ,guarantees respecting the induction of bishops into their sees1 has1 ipso facto1 accepted their law1 and thus retracted his refusal of the #aeth of ,may1 #ahga1 and thus 7according to them7 the conciliation between themselves and the ,holy ,see is in good progress2 and it will not be long before the august ,pontiff will give up his kingly crown into the hands of ,john ,lanza3 and in this manner the ,italy of the ,subalpinists will enjoy the distinguished honor of having the supreme head of the church for the court-chaplain1 and most humble servant of his ministers3 an honor certainly due to their merits as against faith1 morality1 and ,catholic worship4 ,this attempt at imposition is the more senseless in that it supposes that the ,holy ,father had no other right to nominate the bishops than as a state privilege2 while the contrary is the case3 the insertion of #ghe the state in these nominations is merely a privilege granted by the ,pope3 and the fact that the ,pope has not thus recognized the ,subalpine gentlemen outside of their own territory proves that he1 far from accepting their ,guarantees1 does not even recognize them as juridically masters of the district in which they compiled the documents4 ,but the senselessness of the attempted imposition serves to prove how determined they are to prevent the ,holy ,father from exercising any true liberty4 ,,vii4 ,excepting the above-named use of his liberty1 which the ,holy ,father courageously exercises in spite of the useless repugnance of his jailers1 he in everything else remains in all the bonds and perplexities with which they think fit to surround him4 ,and thus3 #a4 ,pius ,,ix4 is not at liberty to have a journal in ,rome1 in which he may contradict the infinite number of falsities which the inimical power1 through its officious and official oracles1 utters against his person1 against his acts1 those of his court1 or those of the ministers of the ,holy ,see4 ,should he do so1 the executive would subject him to all those rigorous measures and sequestrations to which all the ,catholics sheets of ,rome have been subjected which have endeavored to defend his honor or his cause4 #b4 ,pius ,,ix41 as we have already pointed out1 is no longer at liberty to publish his bulls1 encyclicals1 or allocutions in ,rome3 the fact being that the inimical power1 in this same law of the ,guarantees1 has reserved to itself the faculty of judging them2 and hence1 either by way of legal or illegal confiscations1 has full and absolute power to suppress their publication by main force4 ,this obliges the head of the church to make public his acts regarding the universal government of ,catholicism1 by despatching them to be divulged outside the dominion of his jailers2 as he has done up to this date1 and will continue to do donec transeat iniquitas4 #c4 ,pius ,,ix4 in ,rome is not at liberty to contradict publicly by telegraph the inventions concerning himself and his ,pontifical acts which the inimical power1 his jailer1 diffuses through the world by this said telegraph2 because the telegraph is under the express authority of said power1 and the use of it can be denied or rendered difficult at its pleasure4 ,thus1 last ,march the world received through the telegraph fabulous accounts of a consistory held by the ,pope1 of an allocution and other particular acts1 all invented on the spur of the moment2 and before the world can detect the disgraceful imposture1 it may expect that for many days the falsehoods will be printed even in ,catholic journals1 because our ,subalpine gentlemen have it in their power to mislead by means of the telegraph the ,catholic community with any kind of misrepresentation concerning the words and deeds of the ,pope1 without the possibility of the ,pope's being able immediately to undeceive them4 ,whence the necessity that no reliance at all should be placed on any telegram that the agency of the ,subalpine government transmits from ,rome respecting the words or affairs of the ,supreme ,pontiff4 #d4 ,pius ,,ix4 in ,rome is not at liberty to carry on a private correspondence securely with the bishops and faithful of the world by #ghf means of letters or telegrams2 because both mails and telegraphs belong to the inimical power which holds him captive4 ,as an inimical power1 precisely because it is inimical1 believes itself licensed to take every precaution regarding its imprisoned enemy1 so no one can ever feel certain that the secrecy of the letters interchanged has not been violated1 or that the telegrams have not been altered or refused4 ,all this is a question of trust4 ,but meanwhile1 setting aside the case of telegrams directed to the ,pope1 and refused by the telegraph officials1 it is a fact that the ,holy ,father is obliged to keep his missives away from the mail-bags of ,italy when he has any important correspondence to carry on1 as also other persons are obliged to do when they wish to communicate with the ,holy ,see4 ,we repeat it3 it is a question of trust3 and how much those who now command in ,rome may be trusted is attested by the honesty they have thus far exhibited4 #e4 ,pius ,,ix4 in ,rome and in the ,vatican is not at liberty to receive every one who wishes to visit him1 or whom it may be necessary he should see4 ,all the approaches to the ,pontifical palace are guarded by bailiffs of the inimical power4 ,and these men1 though they may often allow the goers and comers to be insulted by the rabble1 never1 however1 omit to play the spy4 ,this office they perform so well that certain journals written by those who are doubly linked with the police of the ,subalpine gentry would be able to furnish1 if needed1 the daily list of all those admitted to the vestibule of the apostolic residence4 ,it is clear from these circumstances that it depends solely on the arbitrary will of the inimical power to forbid any one the power of ingress1 or1 if it prefer1 to expel the individual from the city1 and thus save him the trouble of the journey to the ,vatican4 ,in addition to these facts1 the stonings1 menaces1 hootings1 and similar acts of urbanity practised in the streets of ,rome and in the neighborhood of ,st4 ,peter's toward the numerous ,catholic deputations which came this year to pay their homage to the august prisoner1 by the rabble introduced through the breach of the ,porta ,pia--these attest how great is that beautiful liberty enjoyed by the ,pope in receiving visitors1 whether they come of their own accord or that he sends for them4 #f4 ,pius ,,ix4 in ,rome will not long be at liberty to regulate the religious institutions1 and to employ them in the service of the churches1 as is right and proper he should do2 because the inimical power is already on the alert to deprive the ,holy ,see of this strong spiritual garrison3 it is abolishing the orders1 and depriving them of their property4 ,the superiors-general of these orders1 which are immediately subject to the ,pontiff1 will in a short time have no bread to eat1 no room to shelter them2 they will wander homeless over the earth1 and lose their subjects on all sides4 ,in this way1 one of the instruments of the ,pontiff1 most useful to him in the administration of the church1 will be1 as it were1 broken in his hand1 and in the city in which the ,head of the ,catholic ,church has his seat the profession of the evangelical state will be prohibited2 and the ,pope will not be even able to give shelter to the various missionaries who are toiling in the cause of ,christianity among the heathen of ,asia and ,america1 when they come to render an account of their newly founded missions2 for in all ,rome he will no longer have a religious house of #ghg hospitality at his disposal4 ,we will not lengthen details in order to enumerate the various other particular modes of liberty which the ,holy ,father can no longer exercise in the fulfilment of his supreme office4 ,the exposition we have already given suffices to prove that he has no liberty1 save such as the author of his affliction permits1 either from his own authority or from other causes2 the permission being compulsory on the part of the enemy1 and most unwillingly given4 ,and this is the marvellous liberty now enjoyed by the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 thanks to the ,subalpinists1 who have dethroned him and uncrowned him in ,rome itself1 out of love1 as they say1 for the holy church6 ,,viii4 ,let us be just4 ,our ,holy ,father might be in a much worse condition than the present one4 ,his jailers as yet do not do him all the wrong they would wish1 but are not able to do him4 ,this is true enough4 ,they have not as yet assailed the ,vatican1 and dragged ,pius ,,ix4 to the ,fortress of ,ancona1 as they have done to the illustrious ,cardinal ,morichini1 ,bishop of ,jesi2 or to a convent of ,turin1 as they have done to the imperturbable ,cardinal de ,angelis4 ,we repeat it3 they would like to do this1 but are not able2 they would like to do this and worse1 but the governments of ,europe have absolutely forbidden them to set foot in the ,vatican1 or to lay hands on the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,this and nothing else restrains them in the frenzy of their hatred from beheading him at once4 ,this and nothing else constrains them to moderate the impetuosity of their hatred in carrying on their persecutions against the ,papacy4 ,fear compels these little ,neros to don the mantle of ,julian2 for1 while under the eyes of two diplomatic bodies in ,rome1 they dare not carry their outrages on the ,pope and his dignity beyond a certain limit4 ,from this we may infer that the only and ultimate safeguard remaining at the present moment to the ,holy ,father in the ,vatican is not the law called the law of the ,guarantees1 nor is it trust in the governors1 but the corps of diplomatists who have received from their various governments instructions to maintain inviolate the asylum of the octogenarian ,pontiff1 and to protect his august person4 ,were it not for this only and ultimate safeguard1 ,catholics throughout the world would now be weeping over their ,father exiled from ,rome1 and perhaps as having already expired from the bullets or sword of the enemy4 ,,ix4 ,but how long will this only and ultimate safeguard endure8--this protection which renders the life and person of the ,holy ,father secure in ,rome8 ,as long as the ,subalpinists hold the reins of government in ,italy1 there seems no reason to fear that the security will become less4 ,these men know too well that1 were they to lose ,rome1 they would lose everything2 and the only mode of keeping possession of ,rome a little longer is not to violate the ,vatican4 ,but on that day on which the ,italian faction shall get tired of being led by these ten or twelve ,piedmontese who form the perpetual ,zodiac of the ministry2 on that day when this faction is weary of seeing all the master-machinery of the state1 the army1 finance1 bureaucracy1 and diplomacy regulated by ,piedmontese2 on that day when it takes it into its head to render the government of this factious ,italy ,italian in its manner of rebellion1 #ghh rather than provincial--on that day the danger will arise that even this said only and ultimate safeguard may lose its force4 ,for in such a case1 the mobocracy would come to the surface1 and a scene of destruction would be inaugurated varying little from that carried out by the ,commune of ,paris4 ,the dilemma is this3 either the ,subalpinists or the ,socialists must prove fatal to our poor ,italy1 prepared as it is for revolution4 ,god alone knows what is to happen in the proximate future4 ,but it is certain that the present condition of the ,holy ,father in ,rome cannot endure much longer3 it is certain that any agreement between him and his spoilers is utterly out of the question4 ,it is also certain that ,europe could not tolerate for a series of years that the ,head of the ,catholic ,church should be held as a prisoner by the men who at the present day hold dominion throughout the ,peninsula2 and1 finally1 it is certain that in his own time ,god will interfere1 and his intervention will not be to reward the persecutors of his ,vicar on earth4 ,these four certainties keep the world in suspense1 and the authors and approvers of the transitory triumph of the ,porta ,pia in uneasiness4 ,but in this extremity of affairs and in this intense trepidation of mind1 what is the duty of ,catholics8 ,is it to wish for an agreement between the ,pope and the inimical power which oppresses him8 ,this is but to assume the office of members of the faction1 under the disguise of zealous ,catholics4 ,he only who hath his part in the leaven of the ,pharisees can believe it possible for the successor of ,st4 ,peter to sacrifice the eternal rights of ,christ to the interests of ,belial4 ,is it to recommend the ,holy ,father to abandon his own state and seek compensation in some ,catholic country outside of ,italy8 ,this is the advice of the imprudent4 ,the ,holy ,father has received from ,god the grace of office to determine what is the best for the ,apostolic ,see and for the church4 ,no one need trouble himself to give advice unasked4 ,he has his natural counsellors1 and above all he has the ,spirit of the ,lord1 with whom he is in daily and fervent communion4 ,if ,pius ,,ix4 remains in ,rome1 notwithstanding the satanic tempest which howls so wildly and so furiously against him1 it is a sign that he knows such to be the will of ,god1 and therefore makes it his duty to remain4 ,in the course of events1 we shall see that1 if the ,pope has remained in ,rome1 it is because it was best that he should remain there4 ,the real duty of ,catholics is1 on the other hand 7besides assiduous prayer1 conformably to the example of the primitive ,christians when ,st4 ,peter was in vinculis71 to unite and so work as to hasten the liberation of our common ,father4 ,the ,italian factionists reproach us ,catholics of ,italy with being parricides because we implore from ,god and men this sighed-for liberation4 ,but it seems to us that it is they who commit parricide who1 having imprisoned the ,pope after officially declaring such an act to be contrary to the laws of nations and more than barbarous1 have brought injury and evil upon the country which we are ever praying ,god to diminish4 ,as for the rest1 we ,italian ,catholics do not understand how the independence1 glory1 and prosperity of our country can be made properly to consist in the spoliation and captivity of the ,supreme ,pontiff1 and in being trod under foot by the ,subalpinists4 ,we1 imploring the liberation of our ,holy ,father1 have not the remotest #ghi idea that that liberation will cost any part of ,italy its independence4 ,the honor of calling foreigners into ,italy1 to subject it to personal advantage1 and to pay for such power by presenting these foreigners with ,italian provinces1 nay1 with the keys of ,italy itself--we ,catholics leave this to the idol of the ,subalpinists1 to their ,cavour1 and to their sheep of every color4 ,we ,italian ,catholics1 we say it again1 do not desire that the domination of our ,father should bring with it any foreign domination1 not even over a hand's-breadth of ,italian territory4 ,the shameful traffic in people and in ,italian territory could not be for us a means of liberating the ,pope1 as for the ,subalpinists it has been a means of the so-called liberation of ,italy4 ,in this we are all agreed2 we wish for the independence of justice1 because justice alone ensures the happiness of nations4 ,but we ,italian ,catholics can of ourselves do little1 because the dominant inimical power1 being the enemy of the ,pope1 is naturally our enemy also1 although we are the immense national majority4 ,we are the deplorable victims of modern liberty1 which wholly consists in the oppression of the many1 who are honest but weak1 beneath the feet of the few1 who are crafty and strong4 ,besides this1 very serious and insuperable difficulties of conscience oblige us to abstain from using the most powerful of legal arms which liberalism says it has left in the hands of that majority which is trodden under foot by the minority4 ,so that1 if we may from this take occasion to cherish more solid hopes that ,god will at length assist us in effecting means of safety1 yet in actual combat we now find ourselves unequal to the contest4 ,this is not the case with the ,catholics of the other countries of ,europe4 ,it is their peculiar privilege so to address themselves to the work that their governments may not only preserve and strengthen the only and ultimate safeguard of the life and person of the ,holy ,father in ,rome2 but that they may use their power for his liberation2 that thus with his full liberty the true liberty of the people may again flourish--that liberty which is now enchained with ,pius ,,ix4 in the ,vatican4 ---------- ,,elinor',s ,,trial4 #gij 8,i do think ,john ,lloyd is very weak in giving in to his wife so much6 ,to think now of his letting her send ,elinor to a convent school6 ,such a risk for a ,protestant6 ,ten chances to one that ,elinor comes back a ,papist4 ,and then her reasons are so absurd1 that ,protestant boarding-schools cultivate too much of folly and fashion1 etc46 ,i have no patience with ,elizabeth4 ,if she were a ,catholic herself1 there might be some excuse for her wanting her daughter educated among them1 but as she is a ,protestant1 ,i think ,protestant schools might serve her purpose40 ,thus speaks ,mrs4 ,robert ,lennox of her husband's sister4 ,she is talking to her husband while they are going home from a fashionable church in ,new ,york4 ,she is a stately1 handsome lady1 to whom her rich attire seems well adapted4 ,just now she appears displeased and somewhat more haughty than usual1 but the face is refined and the bearing polished4 ,more gentle than his wife in the treatment of the question in hand is ,mr4 ,lennox4 8,well1 ,i cannot say ,elizabeth is so very far out of the way4 ,you know ,john's means are very limited1 and these convent schools are cheaper than ours4 ,besides1 ,elizabeth knows ,elly cannot compete in dress and all the furbelows1 as our ,lizzie does4 ,so she prefers not to have her exposed to the uncomfortableness of being the subject of derogatory comparisons4 ,you know young folks are keenly sensitive on such points40 8,but1 ,robert1 must such reasons weigh against the risk of perverting the girl's faith1 the undermining of her religion8 ,would you trust those sly1 insinuating sisters with our daughter80 ,mr4 ,lennox smiles significantly as he replies3 8,i would not object to ,lizzie's receiving some of that peculiar1 modest1 quiet air which those sisters have and so often impart to their pupils4 ,there is some nameless charm1 ,i cannot describe it better than by saying it is the opposite of that which the young ladies of the present day cultivate for their deportment1 and which seems to belong almost exclusively to this training40 8,pshaw6 ,mere affectation of meekness4 ,the girls are all the same at heart4 ,why should not they be8 ,i tell you it isn't worth the risk6 ,mark my words1 you'll see the effect on ,elly's religion40 8,well1 you know ,elizabeth said that even that change of religion was better than the irreligion or isms of the day40 8,now1 ,robert1 it is just to oppose me that you so persistently uphold ,elizabeth in this4 ,is it to be supposed that girls of sixteen are going to take to isms in ,protestant schools or irreligion either8 ,why1 they don't know enough for that1 at their age60 8,i do not dispute you4 ,i only think that ,elizabeth has preferred for ,elly this risk rather than have her of ,john's state of mind4 ,and that is why ,john is so easy in the matter4 ,being of no faith himself1 he prides himself on being also of no prejudice4 #8,the greater the faith1 the greater the bigotry1' he says40 8,and ,i think you are just about as bad as ,john10 says the lady4 8,i #gia don't believe you listened to the sermon at all to-day40 ,this last charge passes unanswered1 because they have arrived at their own door1 where we leave them4 ,,ii4 ,two years after this1 the cousins1 ,lizzie ,lennox and ,elinor ,lloyd1 have returned from their respective schools3 ,lizzie from her fashionable seminary1 where she has received every advantage that money could purchase1 and where she has associated with the daughters of the wealthiest1 if not the most refined1 families in the land4 ,and if wealth will not purchase the means and open the way for refinement1 pray what will8 ,does it not free the path from the thorns of toil1 give time and means for culture and for travel1 and to surround ourselves with the ennobling influences of art8 ,and1 above all1 does it not grant us the free indulgence of generous impulses8 ,do not all the mortal ills of flesh which bear upon the rich bear also on the poor1 with more added to stand in the way of their refinement8 ,it would seem so4 ,lizzie ,lennox has all these advantages of wealth in her case1 but her cousin ,elinor ,lloyd is the daughter of a poor man4 ,poorer now than he was two years ago1 when he let his prudent wife have her way in the choice of a convent school for her daughter4 ,elinor has been very happy with the sisters1 to whom she has become sincerely attached4 ,their good example has not been lost upon her1 but she denies indignantly that any under-handed means have been used to warp her religious feelings4 ,they have simply and honestly acted out the dictates of their own faith1 exacting from her only such general compliance as would be required in the schools of any denomination among ,protestants4 ,if her affections have been won1 and her young heart drawn toward the religion of these gentle teachers1 that was the risk her mother took when she sent her willingly among the ,sisters of ,charity4 ,the cousins are nearly of an age4 ,lizzie is named after her father's sister1 ,mrs4 ,lloyd1 and ,elinor after her aunt1 ,mrs4 ,lennox4 ,these cousins are strikingly alike1 and yet singularly unlike in their appearance4 ,their faces seem to have been cast in almost the same mould1 so exactly does every feature correspond1 but the coloring is so different that they present opposite types of beauty4 ,for they are very beautiful4 ,lizzie is exceedingly fair1 with light auburn hair and hazel eyes2 the same reddish tint seeming to lurk in the eyes and lashes as in the hair1 which peculiarity any close observer of faces may often see in this type4 ,but ,elinor's eyes are a dark brown1 and her hair is very dark4 ,she is too fair and pale for a brunette1 and her eyes are not black enough4 ,despite this difference in color1 they are very like her cousin ,lizzie's light orbs in expression4 ,it is as if a painter should take two sketches of the same face1 and simply change his colors for the touching of them4 ,indeed1 a cast of each might pass for the same person1 so like are they1 even to the carriage of the head1 the turn of the throat1 the curve of the shoulders4 ,i am thus exact in my description1 because out of this wonderful likeness and difference of face and form came ,elinor's trial4 ,but now1 at eighteen1 ,elinor's face is softer and sweeter than that of her blonde cousin4 ,this difference is seen as they are listening or talking1 more than while their faces are in repose4 ,shall we say that it is the #gib result of training and education that ,elinor seems the more refined and modest8 ,or is it only a matter of inheritance1 or a trick of manner betokening nothing8 ,i present them thus to the reader1 who may guess somewhat of their respective characters1 as they sit chatting their cousinly talk in ,lizzie's room4 ,lizzie is dressing to go out with ,elinor1 and talking while she proceeds with her toilet4 8,but1 ,elly1 where is the harm of flirting a little1 so long as you do nothing serious1 and never commit yourself80 8,i think you do commit yourself1 ,lizzie1 when you put pen to paper to answer a stranger's letter1 and when you cannot tell whether he is true or false4 ,more likely he is the latter1 from the very fact of his trying to draw you on4 ,how do you know how he may use your letter80 8,but ,i haven't signed my name1 only my own initials4 ,i use ,e4 ,l41 not ,l4 ,l4 ,and you know ,i am known rather as ,lizzie ,lennox than ,elizabeth ,lennox4 ,no one ever thinks of me as ,elizabeth--,i don't seem to be that to myself4 ,now1 you are either ,elinor or ,elly1 but ,i am just ,lizzie4 ,so you see ,i can hide under my own honest initials40 8,ah ,lizzie6 why hide at all8 ,give it up4 ,i don't like this kind of thing4 ,i don't believe the men who write to girls in this way care one bit for them1 except to make them contribute to their own amusement1 and feed their conceit4 ,what good does it do when you don't even see each other80 8,but we may1 after1 if we want to1 you know40 8,i shouldn't want to see him1 ,lizzie2 ,i hope you will never meet40 8,now1 ,elly1 it is just being with those sisters that makes you talk so4 ,why1 all the girls do so4 ,it is only for fun1 and the young men know we don't mean wrong4 ,i could say #8,evil he who evil thinks1' only ,i know you are not evil1 only sisterified in this matter40 8,but1 ,lizzie1 sisterified or not1 you know ,i like fun as much as other girls1 only ,i don't think this is fun3 ,i think it isn't just right4 ,it is making yourself too cheap4 ,i don't like men well enough to do so much for their amusement4 ,i may be peculiar1 but ,i certainly hate a covert thing1 and personals in the newspapers are very covert and very cowardly4 ,mamma says a respectable paper will not publish them4 ,besides1 you dare not let your father and mother know this1 dare you80 8,oh6 of course they would get a great scare1 and think ,i was going to do something much worse than ,i mean4 ,but that doesn't prove ,i would do wrong40 8,no2 but1 ,lizzie1 don't you hate to deceive them when they trust you so freely8 ,is this stranger to be trusted and they not80 8,well1 ,i don't want to give pain to either papa or mamma2 and so if they don't know it1 they will be spared all pain and fuss in the matter1 and nobody hurt4 ,now ,i'm ready4 ,let's go40 ,and the two leaving the house1 the subject is dropped for the time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,only one month has passed since the cousins have had this morning's talk together1 but it has brought a great change in their feelings and relations to each other4 ,first1 ,elinor has quietly but courageously avowed herself a ,catholic4 ,alone and unsupported she has made the great step--alone she goes to ,mass and ,vespers--and without sympathy from her family she practises faithfully all the observances of her church4 ,in all this1 she has #gic shown her aunt ,lennox a wise prophet1 but that lady is no less indignant on that account4 ,she enlarges upon her favorite text1 and congratulates herself that she has taken no such risk for her own daughter's falling into ,popish pitfalls1 and traps set for the young and innocent4 ,lizzie chooses to consider herself called upon to give up the intimacy and nearly all intercourse with her cousin4 ,in this she is secretly governed by a sense of annoyance at ,elinor's persistent discountenancing of her clandestine correspondences1 but she makes a show of setting herself against 8,popish influences40 ,the parents of ,elinor have taken the matter with seeming indifference4 ,she loses none of their love in consequence of the change in her faith1 and they are sure she is quite as good a daughter as ever4 ,but a greater trouble1 if this is a trouble1 now absorbs their minds4 ,john ,lloyd has failed in business and failed in health4 ,he is a broken-down man4 ,in this emergency1 ,elinor has determined to accept a situation as musical governess in a wealthy family4 ,she has felt the tug at her heartstrings1 no less from her wounded pride in the matter of her changed social position1 than in the hard necessity to leave her home and parents4 ,she is no saint1 only a good1 pure-minded girl1 who is scrupulously conscientious in all things4 ,she battles against a bitter feeling of almost envy toward the better luck and easier life of her cousin4 ,she does not really wish ,lizzie to be as poor as herself1 and she is sure she would rather be herself than ,lizzie1 but she does wish her father and mother were in the same comfortable ease that her uncle and aunt enjoy4 ,her uncle is disposed to be very kind to her1 but he is hampered by his wife and daughter in their bitter opposition to her4 ,he has sent her a check to defray all necessary expenses in her wardrobe4 ,so she goes to her new home so nicely clad that at least no air of shabbiness clings to her4 ,brave as she may be1 this feminine sensitiveness to her appearance is very acute in her4 ,foolish vanity concerning dress she may not have1 but1 being young1 she is only natural in liking to look well1 to pass criticism which she cannot ignore at least creditably4 ,if a young woman has not this much of feeling concerning her toilet1 she is probably slovenly1 or else she affects an eccentricity which is more disagreeable than a love for finery4 ,elinor is refined in her nature1 and she is not strong-minded1 so she likes the good opinion of others4 ,elinor soon settles into the new and changed relations of her life1 the more easily because her employer proves exceedingly kind4 ,as her forte is music1 she is of course1 in the exercise of that accomplishment1 brought into more constant contact and intercourse with the guests at the house than the mere instruction and supervision of her pupils would demand4 ,her seat at the piano calls to her the attention and brings upon her the criticism of many who otherwise might never notice her4 ,and so it has happened that young ,mr4 ,schuyler1 the brother of her hostess1 has more frequently than any other turned the leaves of her music1 sang to her accompaniment1 and gazed admiringly upon the pretty hands moving over the keys and upon the charming face turned to the pages before it4 ,mr4 ,schuyler is an agreeable young gentleman1 good-looking enough1 graceful enough1 and flattering enough in his address to ladies to win their pleased recognition of his attentions4 ,but buzzing in his admiration around #gid each sweet flower like the veriest male coquette of a bee1 he is just unstable enough also to tantalize the fair recipients of his attentions4 ,elinor likes him1 but with a little reserve4 ,she is not of a distrustful nature1 but she does not quite like ,mr4 ,schuyler's manner to her4 ,he has been very unreserved in his admiration4 ,he has attempted some sentimental love-making1 but there has always been a sort of holding back--a non-committal manner1 which has not seemed to her straightforward and manly4 ,it has appeared to her that he has been attempting to gain her regard without making any actual avowal himself1 and that he is trying to amuse himself or feed his own vanity at her expense4 ,yet she is so afraid of being unjust to him1 knowing that her position in the family may make her unduly sensitive1 that she strives against this feeling4 ,he really is very kind in a great many little ways which she would be ashamed not to acknowledge1 and she thinks1 if she were not a governess for his sister1 she might receive his attentions in a less cavilling spirit4 ,in the meantime1 ,mr4 ,schuyler studies ,elinor from quite a different point of view from any she imagines4 ,he has found by repeated experiment that he cannot make her understand or respond to various little devices which he has been in the habit of using to flirt with certain school-girls whom he has met often in his daily walks and rides4 ,all these signals pass unnoticed upon the convent girl4 ,but in fluttering thus around this innocent1 cold light1 the gay moth has got his wings singed4 ,he does really love ,elinor as much as such a nature is capable of loving4 ,just because she has not responded to any of his advances1 he has become more seriously interested in her4 ,but just when an honorable feeling of choosing her from all others is dawning as a possibility on his mind1 a wonderful discovery bursts upon him4 ,he has been amusing himself by conducting a correspondence with some unknown lady who has signed herself 8,e4 ,l40 ,this incognita has at last yielded to an oft-urged request to send her picture1 and a fine photograph of a beautiful girl has come to him4 ,whose face does he see8 8,by all that is astounding10 he says1 8,miss ,lloyd60 ,he cannot be mistaken4 ,the very same4 ,it is a ,rembrandt shadow picture1 by which he studies every line of the profile1 while it shows also the contour of the full face4 ,there is the dark hair waving from the same fair forehead4 ,the eyes are the same dark orbs with the long lashes1 only he has never seen just this bright1 coquettish1 laughing look in them before4 ,it is wonderfully charming in the picture1 but he really does not like it as well as the other thoughtful1 intent gaze he has lately come to love so well4 8,the demure little cheat60 he says4 8,well1 she is very versatile1 it must be confessed4 ,who would have thought it8 ,but stop4 ,this may be a cheat4 ,the whole thing is so unlike her4 ,i do believe the writer has sent ,miss ,lloyd's picture instead of her own4 #8,e4 ,l4' ,l for ,lloyd certainly1 and ,i saw ,elinor ,lloyd written on her music1 and1 by ,jove6 ,i think it was the very writing4 ,i'll look again0--which he does1 and finds it to be just the very same ,e and ,l2 and no wonder1 for ,lizzie ,lennox wrote it in other days1 when she gave that music to her cousin4 ,then he observes1 what careless ,lizzie has never once thought of1 the name of the photographer1 to whom he goes at once1 and by no very adroit means discovers the name of the fair original4 ,and here he is #gie again astonished4 ,he finds he has the photograph of ,miss ,lizzie ,lennox4 8,l4 ,l410 he says to himself1 8and not ,e4 ,l41 after all10 and in his bewilderment it is actually some days before it occurs to him that ,lizzie is the pet name for ,elizabeth4 ,now1 having arrived thus far in his pursuit of information under difficulties1 he is unable to decide whether she is ,miss ,lennox or ,miss ,lloyd4 ,in this dilemma he questions his sister1 ,mrs4 ,wood1 and determines that she can scarcely be any other than the ,miss ,lloyd she professes herself4 ,so the false name has been given the photographer1 he thinks2 and he makes up his mind that ,miss ,lloyd1 though unquestionably very charming1 is about as profound a coquette as he is ever likely to meet4 ,and so believing1 his manner toward ,elinor takes on a new phase1 which pleases her so little that it has the effect of making her more reserved than heretofore4 ,she now avoids him as much as possible1 and yet she is conscious of a sharp pain in thus being driven to an attitude of defence4 ,she is young and frank1 and would be light-hearted if in her true position4 ,she has really liked ,frederick ,schuyler because she found him companionable in a house where all are either older or younger than herself except him4 ,their tastes are similar in many things1 and of late he had seemed to her more honest4 ,but now he treats her with a certain familiarity of look and tone which offends her nice sense of propriety4 ,she cannot guess at the false position in which she is placed4 ,she has been very reticent concerning herself and her relatives4 ,true pride and dignity have made her forbear to allude to her wealthy relations1 the ,lennoxes1 now that she is supporting herself4 ,she does not wish to seem to make any claim for consideration outside of her own individual merits4 ,this is not vanity1 but proper self-respect2 and this feeling is increased by the utter silence which ,lizzie has preserved toward her4 ,but as she withdraws from even the slight friendship which she had allowed to spring up between herself and ,mr4 ,schuyler1 she feels more lonely4 ,her religion separates her also from a closer confidence with ,mrs4 ,wood1 who goes to a fashionable ,unitarian church4 ,but ,frederick ,schuyler does not give up his interest in this baffling coquette1 for so he firmly believes ,elinor to be4 ,does he not hold the proof8 ,he has sent his own picture to ,e4 ,l4 at the usual address1 and he firmly believes that ,elinor ,lloyd has that picture in her possession4 ,he waits until he receives an acknowledgment from ,e4 ,l42 and then he watches ,elinor4 ,he is prepared to see her betray her overwhelming confusion at discovering who her unknown correspondent is4 ,what1 then1 is his amazement1 his disappointment1 at seeing no ripple of disturbance in her composed demeanor6 ,he is exasperated at this assurance4 ,he determines to shake her composure by direct means4 ,the opportunity offers only too soon4 ,as the last music lesson for the day is finished and the pupil bounds from the room1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,schuyler presents himself with a peculiar and1 to ,elinor1 an offensive smile on his face4 8,miss ,lloyd10 he says blandly1 8do you not think it is time to drop this masking80 ,elinor looks at him with wondering and offended eyes4 ,they are not the eyes of either the picture1 or the soft brown ones he has known hitherto as hers4 ,they flash up to him in angry brilliancy as she #gif replies3 8,i do not understand you1 sir60 ,so sure is he1 and so amazed at this stubbornness1 that he almost as indignantly replies3 8,and ,i am sure ,i cannot understand you60 8,i do not desire that you should10 she retorts3 8but ,i think it due to myself to demand why you presume to thus address me1 ,mr4 ,schuyler40 ,the offended tone remains1 but blended with it is a little faint touch of grieved feeling1 which his nice ear detects4 8,can you pretend to still treat me as if you did not recognize me8 ,is my picture so unlike me that you do not know the original80 8,your picture60 and such a world of wonderment is expressed in her voice that he thinks she ought to be on the stage for consummate acting4 8,perhaps you do not recognize this10 and he holds before her a picture so like herself that she is confounded4 ,for the moment1 she really does not see her cousin ,lizzie as plainly as herself4 ,the photograph1 like one of those libellous stories which are true in detail1 but false in implication1 has given the reddish tint in ,lizzie's hair1 brows1 and lashes dark as her own1 and there is the blonde cousin presented1 the very counterpart of the brunette1 one4 ,the light hazel eyes are in the photograph1 dark as ,elinor's own4 ,elinor gazes speechless for a moment4 ,then she recognizes the dress of her cousin1 and the expression not her own which she knows so well4 ,it all rushes upon her perception at once--the cruel mistake--,lizzie's clandestine correspondence1 of which she disapproved so much--the well-known resemblance between them--the picture more like herself than ,lizzie--she sees it all1 and she sees ,mr4 ,schuyler's triumph in her discomfiture4 ,guilty ,lizzie would not look so guilty as innocent ,elinor looks now4 8,checkmate60 says ,mr4 ,schuyler4 ,his tone stings her4 8,mr4 ,schuyler1 this is not my picture4 ,i never sat for it40 8,miss ,lloyd60 8,i repeat1 sir6 ,this is not my picture1 and ,i wear no mask40 8,but you are #8,e4 ,l41'0 he says1 showing her his last missive with that signature1 8and you acknowledge receiving one like this10 and he confronts her with a duplicate of his own picture4 8,my name is ,elinor ,lloyd1 and ,i have never written to you1 and this is the first time ,i have seen either of these pictures10 she replies1 glancing disdainfully at each of them4 8,do you know whose this is80 he asks4 ,at this point-blank question1 ,elinor bursts into tears4 ,the cruelty of the position in which she finds herself is too much for her4 ,she will not betray her cousin1 and she knows that on her own denial alone1 against overwhelming evidence1 rests her defence of herself4 ,and in tears1 distressed beyond measure1 she rushes from the room4 ,mr4 ,schuyler gives a long1 low whistle4 ,he is inclined to believe she has told him the truth1 in spite of all he knows and has seen4 ,for why does she wish to deny it8 ,what girl who could do this thing would so spurn the accusation8 ,her proud assertion1 8,my name is ,elinor ,lloyd1 and ,i have never written to you10 rings in his ears4 ,he believes it1 as we will all of us sometimes believe1 apparently against reason4 ,he knows that he wishes to believe in her truth1 despite his vanity4 ,a little book lies near a roll of music on the piano1 with her gloves and hat4 ,he takes up this book and examines it1 for no reason except #gig that it appears to belong to her4 ,a copy of ,dickens' ,barnaby ,rudge1 with a mark at the description of the ,lord ,george ,gordon ,riots1 and pencil marks on the margin4 ,he turns idly to the fly-leaf1 and sees written1 8,elizabeth ,lennox1 from her brother ,robert40 ,o cruel evidence6 8,circumstance1 that unspiritual god and miscreator10 again shows ,elinor as a liar4 ,what can he do now but doubt her word8 ,elinor meanwhile is pacing her room in a tumult of agitation4 ,her first impulse is to abandon her engagement with ,mrs4 ,wood at once1 and go to her parents4 ,but poverty among other hard impositions forbids us acting on the dictates of pride1 be it ever so honorable4 ,elinor shrinks from staying1 but also shrinks from giving her reasons for leaving to her parents or to ,mrs4 ,wood4 ,to give false ones1 covering her real one1 never for one moment occurs to her4 ,she feels keenly the cruelty1 the injustice of the false position in which ,lizzie's folly has placed her4 ,yet she is too generous at heart to betray ,lizzie even to her mother4 ,she knows that when ,lizzie told her of this 8bit of fun0 it was in confidence1 and troublesome as the trust has proved1 she will keep it until she is released4 ,but she feels how hard it is to know how to act rightly1 unaided1 uncounselled4 ,one refuge1 however1 she has--one counsellor who never betrays his trust1 and who does not require her cousin's name or identity4 ,o blessed privilege of a ,catholic6 ,the safe1 sure refuge of the confessional is ,elinor's4 ,what better human guide and comforter than her pastor can she seek8 ,no fears of a betrayed trust is here4 ,so to him she goes1 and from him she receives the needed strength to bear her heavy trial--for heavy trial it is on such a young heart1 all the more so because she cannot suppose her silence has put a stop to this disgraceful affair4 ,she has written to ,lizzie explaining what has happened1 and begging her to lift this weight from her1 and at least free her from this blame4 ,and ,lizzie has indignantly replied that she will not interfere1 and that she believes ,elinor to be the betrayer of her name to ,fred ,schuyler1 and moreover hints that it has been done to win him to herself4 ,this rouses ,elinor to such a degree that she nearly forgets her counsel to 8return good for evil40 ,prayer and meditation1 however1 those best of medicines for disturbed souls1 work their good effect for her1 and she is able still to bear in silence1 trusting that time will lift the stigma off her4 ,so she shuns as best she can all intercourse with ,mr4 ,schuyler4 ,and thus about three unhappy weeks pass4 ,mr4 ,schuyler gives up trying to enlist ,elinor's attention1 and he leaves the last communication of ,e4 ,l4 unanswered4 ,he receives no more of those interesting missives4 ,lizzie1 thoroughly frightened1 stops this amusement for herself4 ,but at last the ,nemesis1 circumstance1 overtakes her--the circumstance of meeting ,mr4 ,frederick ,schuyler at a party4 ,a very small circumstance apparently1 but pregnant with much for three individuals4 ,he sees her standing not far off from him1 in all the blaze of gas-light and full dress4 ,he has never seen ,elinor at this advantage1 but the perfect profile and the proud carriage of the head impress him at once4 ,yet those blonde locks and the light laughing eyes--these are neither like ,elinor's nor the picture4 ,lovely this face certainly is1 but he remembers the darker one as pleasing him more4 ,the remarkable #gih resemblance1 however1 has so startled him1 that he actually trembles as he asks a friend who has been talking with her to tell him her name4 8,miss ,lennox40 8,do you know her first name80 he says1 with forced composure4 8,oh6 yes4 ,lizzie ,lennox and ,i are old friends2 let me introduce you40 ,and in the brief interval before he is presented1 he only remembers that it is ,l4 ,l4 and not ,e4 ,l41 the lady of the photograph but not of the correspondence4 ,lizzie passes this ordeal with a frightened1 throbbing heart1 but a polite1 calm exterior1 thankful to be very soon claimed for the next dance1 and to leave ,mr4 ,schuyler for the present at least4 ,she is a foolish coquette1 but not an evil-minded girl4 ,weak1 vain1 selfish1 but not bad-hearted--she has really felt troubled by the mean way in which she has refused to clear her cousin of the suspicion which she has brought upon her1 but her selfishness has prevailed in the matter4 ,to protect herself has seemed to her of more consequence than to clear ,elinor4 ,and the possible consequence of her parents knowing all about this little escapade has not seemed to her at all pleasant to contemplate4 ,and so she has been vacillating between the desire to do right and the fear of exposure ever since she has received ,elinor's letter4 ,she is equally ignorant of how much she may be known to ,mr4 ,schuyler1 or how far she may be protected by her cousin's magnanimity4 ,she moreover finds ,mr4 ,schuyler better than his photograph on inspection1 as a handsome face generally is better than a photograph of it4 ,meanwhile1 that gentleman has recollected that ,elizabeth and ,lizzie are the same name4 ,he has been watching this airy1 graceful dancer1 and he has seen that she has been observing him4 ,elinor is absolved from all blame in his mind4 ,the only shred of mystery left is the name in that book of hers4 ,lizzie1 resting after her last round dance1 sees him approach with both dread and pleasure4 ,he wastes no time in prefatory remarks1 but says1 8,miss ,lennox1 are you related to a ,miss ,elinor ,lloyd80 ,lizzie has the command of this situation better than ,mr4 ,schuyler4 ,she knows the full purport of the question1 but being asked by ,elinor in a letter to speak the truth while she can yet hide it1 and by handsome ,fred ,schuyler looking into her eyes1 and knowing her for the girl he has been flirting with1 are two very different matters4 ,here she may make a virtue of necessity1 and perhaps a conquest at the same time4 ,ah6 if our good deeds are viewed by the light of our motives1 how very much the virtue in them seems to pale4 ,lizzie says with charming candor1 8,oh6 yes1 she is my cousin2 do you know her80 8,yes1 ,miss ,lennox1 and ,i saw your name in a book she had--,barnaby ,rudge--and it appeared to have been quite attentively read1 from the marginal notes ,i saw40 ,lizzie shows a momentary astonishment4 8,why1 ,mr4 ,schuyler1 the only copy of ,dickens' ,barnaby ,rudge ,i have is at home in the ,new ,riverside set papa gave me only lately--since0--she pauses a little confused--8since ,i have seen ,elly last4 ,besides1 ,i don't make notes on the margins of my books1 and ,i am quite sure ,elly would not in mine4 ,i think it could not have been my name you saw40 8,indeed1 ,i saw it1 #8,elizabeth ,lennox1' and from your #8brother ,robert4'0 ,lizzie laughs merrily1 and she looks the very image of innocent fun as #gii she responds to this triumphant assertion4 8,oh6 that's a good joke6 ,my brother ,robert6 ,why1 that's papa6 ,and the name is his sister's4 ,she is ,elinor's mother4 ,why didn't she tell you6 ,i hate such mysteries40 ,and she shoots such a glance as would once have been a challenge irresistible4 ,he keeps up the badinage1 but he is answering that question1 8,why did she not tell you80 in a manner not flattering to ,miss ,lennox1 but very much so to ,miss ,lloyd4 ,the former young lady is not quite pleased with his abstracted manner4 ,true1 he dances with her1 chats with her1 compliments her1 but she is not satisfied4 ,she is wishing that this was the first intercourse she has had with ,mr4 ,schuyler1 and that he had nothing to remember of ,lizzie ,lennox1 and no previous knowledge of her--she has an intuitive sense that she does not stand as well as her cousin in his estimation1 and that her chance would have been better if she had never written to him4 ,he1 however1 generously makes no allusion to that correspondence4 ,he is ashamed of it for her1 and heartily wishes it had never been4 ,he is thinking how he can make his peace with her cousin1 of whom he feels glad to think so well1 when he is startled by the words4 8,elinor and ,i are not friends now as we were once--before she became a ,catholic40 8,miss ,lloyd a ,catholic60 8,yes1 ,mr4 ,schuyler1 did you not know that8 ,all of the family are ,protestants except her4 ,her mother was so very liberal as to allow her to be educated at a convent of those ,sisters of ,charity1 and this is the result4 ,i have never been intimate with her since40 ,mr4 ,schuyler is very uncomfortably astonished by this information4 ,he has had pleasant thoughts of the possible consequence of his reconciliation with ,elinor4 ,she has so much risen in his estimation by this solution of the picture mystery and her generous1 honorable forbearance toward ,lizzie1 that he is thinking how very pleasant it would be to pass his life with such a companion4 ,she certainly has proved herself very trustworthy4 ,but a ,catholic6 ,that changes the aspect of affairs4 ,does he want a wife of that faith8 ,would not the coquettish blonde beauty be more desirable8 ,and yet he cannot say that the ways of ,miss ,lennox altogether please him4 ,he has been willing to amuse himself by a clandestine correspondence with the unknown beauty1 but the known writer of those entertaining epistles does not seem to him just the one to trust with his life's chance of domestic bliss4 ,the trust is not for just such as she4 ,he really believes no harm of ,lizzie1 but he knows a worse man might think worse of her than she deserves4 ,he wishes she were the ,catholic and ,elinor the ,protestant4 ,why now1 for the upholding of all his cherished beliefs and prejudices1 could not the result of the two different systems of education have been reversed8 ,surely1 he thinks1 8,popery would1 as a rule1 have made such a girl as ,lizzie rather than one like ,elinor4 ,after all10 he concludes1 8the difference is in their own natures1 and would have shown itself had they both had the same training10 and in this we cannot dispute him4 ,but possibly1 although ,elinor might never have condescended to such a course1 ,lizzie might with better teaching have been saved from it also4 ,the girl is not evil1 only young1 weak1 vain1 and she has needed just that which ,elinor has had to sustain and strengthen her4 ,lizzie relies on herself1 on her own crude knowledge #hjj of the world1 and on just as much advice as she chooses to accept4 ,she never bares her conscience and her soul1 as ,elinor does1 to any one4 ,therefore1 she not only robs herself of the counsel of wiser heads1 but she never brings upon herself that searching self-examination necessary to the seeing of herself rightly4 ,had she done that1 had she been forced to look with this introverted gaze upon herself1 she would have shrunk from placing herself in this doubtful position4 ,she will remember this in after years with a sense of annoyance1 if not of any deeper sentiment4 ,and yet her present feeling toward ,elinor is one of irritation4 ,she knows that ,elinor was right in her advice to her1 and that she can look down upon her from a more exalted height4 ,the fact that she has not taken airs of superiority on herself has not lessened ,lizzie's resentment4 ,the feeling that she is on a lower moral plane than that of her ,catholic1 convent-educated cousin1 is a sufficient grievance of itself1 and admits to her unregulated mind of no extenuation in ,elinor's behalf4 ,it is not very easy for ,mr4 ,schuyler to find an opportunity to explain to ,elinor his enlightenment and change of views4 ,she shuns him so sedulously that he begins to think he will have to tell her at the table1 in the presence of the family1 that he has met her cousin4 ,true1 he could do this without any indelicacy1 but he has planned a little programme of a tte--tte1 which he thinks more pleasant1 to himself at least1 than leaving her to draw her own conclusions from such meagre information as he can give her in the presence of others4 ,moreover1 he does not wish to startle her before others by mentioning ,lizzie's name--a sore subject to her1 he suspects4 ,so he bides his time1 although impatiently4 ,if ,elinor were like her cousin1 he thinks he would not wait so long for opportunity to speak4 ,his man's nature is aroused by the necessity of pursuing4 ,but ,mr4 ,schuyler has not made up his mind that he is willing to take a ,catholic wife4 ,he is at present only desirous of establishing the old pleasant1 friendly footing between ,elinor and himself--possibly a more tender one2 but he will not yet commit himself4 ,not until he has seen how deeply rooted is her ,catholicism--only an ism1 it seems to him4 ,he is getting impatient1 however1 at her continued indifference toward him4 ,he sees that he must make his opportunity2 and1 being a young gentleman fertile in expedients1 he resorts to waylaying her at the hour when her last music lesson is ended for the day4 ,elinor's face flushes and her brow contracts--a little indignant flash is in her brown eyes as he confronts her4 ,she remembers the last scene between them at that hour by the piano1 and it does not tend to soften her manner4 ,evidently he has got all the work to do1 unhelped by her4 ,so he starts off1 as is his usual manner1 with an abrupt introduction of the subject4 8,miss ,lloyd1 ,i owe you an apology for declaring that ,i had your picture in my possession4 ,i know now whose picture it is40 8,you should have known it was not mine1 sir1 when ,i told you so10 and she blushes again at the thought of ,lizzie's being known4 ,even when the blame is lifted from herself1 she does not rejoice in her cousin's exposure4 8,i did know it1 ,miss ,lloyd2 ,i did believe you1 on my soul1 against all the wonderful evidence of the remarkable likeness to you4 ,i did believe that picture was not yours1 or that at least you did not send me it1 #hja or know of my having it4 ,but how could ,i know that it was your mother's name in your book80 ,he stops confused4 ,elinor has never yet known of that added testimony against her4 ,had she known it1 she would at once have told him it was her mother's name4 ,there was no reason for any mystery concerning that1 it being no part of ,lizzie's confidences to her4 ,if he had had that clue1 perhaps he might have come to some imperfect glimpse of the truth4 ,in answer to her wondering inquiry1 8,what book80 he says now humbly3 8,you left a book you appeared to own on the piano4 ,i took the liberty of looking at it1 and read a name in it which ,i knew belonged to her whose picture ,i mistook for yours4 ,your cousin1 ,miss ,lloyd1 is very like and very unlike yourself4 ,i met her a short time since at a party2 and even seeing her before me1 the original of that picture1 ,i could scarcely believe it was those fair locks which the sun made so dark in her picture4 ,i may certainly be excused for not remembering this trick of photography1 especially when you two are in features so very similar40 ,he says this last pleadingly1 because the displeased look is not gone from her face4 8,mr4 ,schuyler10 she says1 8your mistake concerning that picture was more natural and more excusable than your supposing me the writer of that letter1 or the giver of that picture4 ,i think1 whatever the evidence you may have supposed yourself to possess1 my uniform bearing and manner toward you should have freed me from any such supposition on your part4 ,i could not tell you whose picture you had1 but ,i was free to tell you whose name was in my book40 8,but1 ,miss ,lloyd1 even if you had given me the chance to ask you1 ,i could scarcely take upon myself the liberty of seeming to make you accountable to myself for any name written in your book4 ,the very asking of that would have seemed an accusation40 ,elinor's quick sense of justice sees this readily1 and her brow clears4 ,hard as it has been against herself1 she admits that it was an entanglement for him4 ,so she says more graciously3 8,we will let it pass1 ,mr4 ,schuyler4 ,i wish the whole matter for all parties could be disposed of as easily as ,i can pass out of it40 ,and she endeavors to leave him1 with a provoking air of taking no further interest in him or his changed footing toward herself4 ,he gently makes a motion of barring her way4 ,she stands waiting to hear what he has further to say to her1 but there is no evidence of any desire to remain4 8,it is so long since we have spoken together in this friendly fashion1 that ,i think you need not be in such haste to shorten our conversation40 ,he says this in such a flattering way1 implying that to talk with her is the one great delight for him1 that her girl's sense of pleasing and being pleased is quickened1 but she only toys with the tassel of the curtain near which she is standing1 and says nothing4 ,again ,mr4 ,frederick finds he has all the advances to make toward conversation1 unaided by her4 8,miss ,lennox tells me you were educated at a convent4 ,is that the reason you are so shy of me1 or is it because ,i am a ,protestant1 ,miss ,lloyd80 8,my parents are ,protestants1 and all my relatives4 ,it would be strange for me to be afraid of a ,protestant40 8,and yet you can be of so very different a faith4 ,may ,i ask1 is it a #hjb matter of conscience with you1 or only one of taste80 8,i do not understand religion being a matter of only taste1 ,mr4 ,schuyler10 she says simply4 8,why1 don't you think it is taste1 preference only for the gorgeous and ceremonial1 which makes the ,ritualists of ,st4 ,alban's and ,st4 ,mary's do as they do80 8,i cannot decide upon their motives1 ,mr4 ,schuyler4 ,i only know that if my conscience were not in this1 ,i should not separate myself in my faith from that of my family40 ,she says this with a firm bearing and a lofty look at him which abashes him4 ,he begins to suspect that this young convert will not swerve from her path from any regard for him4 ,he has a full share of conceit1 fed by his success with the girls of his acquaintance4 ,he has won their smiles so readily heretofore1 and he has pleased and flattered them so easily1 that he is piqued at making no better impression now when he really tries4 ,again ,elinor moves to the door4 ,he lets her pass with the words1 8,we are friends now1 are we not80 8,friends1 oh6 certainly10 she says1 but her tone does not seem so delighted at this change in their relations as he thinks it should be4 ,the truth is1 ,elinor has thought much over ,mr4 ,schuyler's little flirtation with her cousin1 and he has not come out from that inspection of his conduct with any great credit1 in her way of looking at it4 ,she thinks that although he may pass unscathed by such indulgence1 it is not honorable in him to tempt one younger and weaker than himself into such practices4 ,she thinks if ,lizzie could find no one like him to entice her into this folly1 she must perforce amuse herself in some other way4 ,it seems to her that his motives were bad4 ,and she suspects that if she would have lent herself to this sort of thing1 he would have been just as ready to conduct an affair of the kind with herself4 ,her native good sense shows her this1 and she is thankful for the different example and teaching which has hedged her in from ever giving a chance for such a thing4 ,the amount of all this is1 that the little inclination to like ,mr4 ,fred ,schuyler which she had once is now gone1 she has no trust in him1 and without1 trust there can be no abiding love4 ,therefore1 when1 some days after that gentleman overcomes his dislike of her religion so far as to absolutely offer his heart1 hand1 and fortune to her1 this disdainful ,catholic astonishes him with these words3 8,i think1 ,mr4 ,schuyler1 that these protestations are more due to my cousin ,lizzie than to me4 ,if you speak truth to me1 you have spoken false to her4 ,if it is truth to her1 what am ,i to believe8 ,mr4 ,schuyler1 #8,i must trust all in all1' or not at all40 ---------- ,,owen ,,on ,,spiritism4#aei #hjc ,mr4 ,owen1 though he has since been a member of ,congress1 and an ,american minister at ,naples1 was formerly well known in this city as associated with ,frances ,wright in editing the ,free ,enquirer1 as the author of an infamous work on moral physiology1 and as an avowed atheist4 ,he now claims to be a believer in the existence of ,god1 and in the truth of the ,christian religion2 but his ,god has no freedom of action1 being hedged in and bound hand and foot by the laws of nature1 and his ,christianity is a ,christianity without ,christ1 and indistinguishable from unmitigated heathenism4 ,how much he has gained by his conversion1 through the intervention of the spirits1 from atheism to demonism and gross superstition1 it is not easy to say1 though it is better to believe in the devil1 if one does not mistake him for ,god1 than it is to believe in nothing4 ,mr4 ,owen makes1 as do hundreds of others1 a mistake in using the word spiritualism for spiritism1 and spiritual for spirital or spiritalistic4 ,spiritualism is appropriated to designate a system of philosophy opposed to sensism or materialism1 and spiritual stands opposed to sensual or carnal1 and is too holy a term to be applied to spirit-rapping1 table-tipping1 and other antics of the spirits4 ,mr4 ,owen is unhappy in naming his books4 ,he holds that the universe is governed by inflexible1 immutable1 and imperishable physical laws2 that all events or manifestations take place by the agency of these laws2 that the future is only the continuation and development of the present2 and that death is only the throwing off of one's overcoat1 and the life after death is the identical life1 without any interruption1 that we now live4 ,we see not well how he can assert another world1 or a debatable land between this world and the next4 ,if all things and all events are produced by the agency of natural laws1 and those laws are universal and unchangeable1 we are unable to conceive any world above or beyond nature1 or any world in any sense distinguishable from the present natural world4 ,his books are therefore decidedly misnamed1 and so named as to imply the existence of another world and a world after this1 which cannot on his principles be true4 ,mr4 ,owen's first book was mainly intended to establish the fact and to show the character of the spirit-manifestations2 in his last work1 his design is to show that these manifestations take place by virtue of the physical law of the universe1 that they are of the same nature and origin with the ,christian miracles1 inspiration1 and revelation1 and are simply supplementary to them1 or designed to continue1 augment1 and develop them2 and to show1 especially to ,protestants1 that1 if they mean to make theology a progressive science1 and win the victory over their enemy the ,catholic ,church1 they must call in the spirits to #hjd their aid1 and accept and profit by their inspirations and revelations4 ,this shows that the author leans to ,protestantism1 and seeks its triumph over ,catholicity2 or that he regards ,protestantism as offering a more congenial soil for the seed he would sow than the old church with her hierarchy and infallibility4 ,certainly1 he holds that1 as it is1 ,protestantism is losing ground4 ,in #aehj it held the vast majority of the people of ,europe1 but is now only a feeble minority4 ,even in this country1 he says1 if ,catholics continue to increase for a third of a century to come in the same ratio that they have for the last three-fourths of a century1 they will have a decided majority4 ,as things now go1 the whole world will become ,catholic1 and the only way to prevent it1 he thinks1 is to accept the aid of the spirits4 ,we are not so sure that this aid would suffice1 for ,satan1 their chief1 has been the fast friend of ,protestants ever since he persuaded ,luther to give up private ,masses1 and has done his best for them1 and it is difficult to see what more he can do for them than he has hitherto done4 ,mr4 ,owen1 since he holds the spirit-manifestations take place by a natural law1 always operative1 and always producing the same effects in the same or like favorable circumstances1 of course cannot recognize in them anything miraculous or supernatural2 and1 as he holds the alleged ,christian miracles1 the wonderful things recorded in the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 are of the same order1 and produced by the same agency1 he1 while freely admitting them as facts1 denies their miraculous or supernatural character4 ,he thinks that the circumstances when these extraordinary events occurred were favorable to spirit-manifestations2 the age was exceedingly ignorant1 superstitious1 and semi-barbarous1 and needed new accessions of light and truth1 and the spirits1 through our ,lord and his apostles as medium--,god forgive us for repeating the blasphemy--made such revelations as that age most needed or could bear or assimilate4 ,this age also needs further revelations of truth1 especially to enable it to throw off the incubus of a fixed1 permanent1 non-progressive1 infallible church1 and secure an open field1 and a final victory for the rational religion and progressive theology implied in the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,so the spirits once more kindly come to our assistance1 and reveal to us such further portions of truth as man is prepared for and especially needs4 ,very generous in them4 ,this is the doctrine1 briefly and faithfully stated1 of ,mr4 ,owen's ,debatable ,land1 which he sets forth with a charming navet1 and a self-complacency little short of the sublime4 ,there is this to be said in his favor--the devil speaks better ,english through him than through the majority of the mediums he seems compelled to use2 yet not much better sense4 ,but what new light have the spirits shed over the great problems of life and death1 time and eternity1 good and evil1 or what new revelations of truth have they made8 ,here is the author's summary of their teaching3 8#a4 ,this is a world governed by a ,god of love and mercy1 in which all things work together for good to those who reverently conform to his eternal laws4 8#b4 ,in strictness there is no death4 ,life continues from the life which now is into that which is to come1 even as it continues from one day to another2 the sleep which goes by the name of death being but a brief transition-slumber1 from which1 for the good1 the awakening is immeasurably more glorious than is the dawn of earthly morning1 the brightest that ever shone4 ,in all #hje cases in which life is well-spent1 the change which men are wont to call death is ,god's last and best gift to his creatures here4 8#c4 ,the earth-phase of life is an essential preparation for the life which is to come4 ,its appropriate duties and callings cannot be neglected without injury to human welfare and development1 both in this world and in the next4 ,even its enjoyments1 temperately accepted1 are fit preludes to the happiness of a higher state4 8#d4 ,the phase of life which follows the death-change is1 in strictest sense1 the supplement of that which precedes it4 ,it has the same variety of avocations1 duties1 enjoyments1 corresponding1 in a measure1 to those of earth1 but far more elevated2 and its denizens have the same variety of character and of intelligence2 existing1 too1 as men do here1 in a state of progress4 ,released from bodily earth-clog1 their periscope is wider1 their perceptions more acute1 their spiritual knowledge much greater1 their judgment clearer1 their progress more rapid1 than ours4 ,vastly wiser and more dispassionate than we1 they are still1 however1 fallible2 and they are governed by the same general laws of being1 modified only by corporal disenthralment1 to which they were subjected here4 8#e4 ,our state here determines our initial state there4 ,the habitual promptings1 the pervading impulses1 the lifelong yearnings1 in a word the moving spirit1 or what ,swedenborg calls the #8ruling loves' of man--these decide his condition on entering the next world3 not the written articles of his creed1 nor yet the incidental errors of his life4 8#f4 ,we do not1 either by faith or works1 earn heaven1 nor are we sentenced1 on any day of wrath1 to hell4 ,in the next world we simply gravitate to the position for which1 by life on earth1 we have fitted ourselves2 and we occupy that position because we are fitted for it4 8#g4 ,there is no instantaneous change of character when we pass from the present phase of life4 ,our virtues1 our vices2 our intelligence1 our ignorance2 our aspirations1 our grovellings2 our habits1 propensities1 prejudices even--all pass over with us3 modified1 doubtless 7but to what extent we know not71 when the spiritual body emerges1 divested of its fleshly encumbrance2 yet essentially the same as when the death slumber came over us4 8#h4 ,the sufferings there1 natural sequents of evil-doing and evil-thinking here1 are as various in character and in degree as the enjoyments2 but they are mental1 not bodily4 ,there is no escape from them1 except only1 as on earth1 by the door of repentance4 ,there as here1 sorrow for sin committed and desire for an amended life are the in dispensable conditions-precedent of advancement to a better state of being4 8#i4 ,in the next world love ranks higher than what we call wisdom2 being itself the highest wisdom4 ,there deeds of benevolence far outweigh professions of faith4 ,there simple goodness rates above intellectual power4 ,there the humble are exalted4 ,there the meek find their heritage4 ,there the merciful obtain mercy4 ,the better denizens of that world are charitable to frailty1 and compassionate to sin far beyond the dwellers in this3 they forgive the erring brethren they have left behind them1 even to seventy times seven4 ,there1 is no respect of persons4 ,there1 too1 self-righteousness is rebuked and pride brought low4 8#aj4 ,a trustful1 childlike spirit is the state of mind in which men are most receptive of beneficent spiritual impressions2 and such a spirit is the best preparation for entrance into the next world4 8#aa4 ,there have always existed intermundane laws1 according to which men may occasionally obtain1 under certain conditions1 revealings from those who have passed to the next world before them4 ,a certain proportion of human beings are more sensitive to spiritual perceptions and influences than their fellows2 and it is usually in the presence1 or through the medium1 of one or more of these1 that ultramundane intercourse occurs4 8#ab4 ,when the conditions are favorable1 and the sensitive through whom the manifestations come is highly gifted1 these may supply important materials for thought and valuable rules of conduct4 ,but spiritual phenomena sometimes do much more than this4 ,in their highest phases they furnish proof1 strong as that which ,christ's disciples enjoyed--proof addressed to the reason and tangible to the senses--of the reality of another life1 better and happier than this1 and of which our earthly pilgrimage is but the novitiate4 ,they bring immortality to light under a blaze #hjf of evidence which outshines1 as the sun the stars1 all traditional or historical testimonies4 ,for surmise they give us conviction1 and assured knowledge for wavering belief4 8#ac4 ,the chief motives which induce spirits to communicate with men appear to be--a benevolent desire to convince us1 past doubt or denial1 that there is a world to come2 now and then1 the attraction of unpleasant memories1 such as murder or suicide2 sometimes 7in the worldly-minded7 the earth-binding influence of cumber and trouble3 but1 far more frequently1 the divine impulse of human affections1 seeking the good of the loved ones it has left behind1 and1 at times1 drawn down1 perhaps1 by their yearning cries4 8#ad4 ,under unfavorable or imperfect conditions1 spiritual communications1 how honestly reported soever1 often prove vapid and valueless2 and this chiefly happens when communications are too assiduously sought or continuously persisted in3 brief volunteered messages being the most trustworthy4 ,imprudence1 inexperience1 supineness1 or the idiosyncrasy of the recipient may occasionally result in arbitrary control by spirits of a low order2 as men here sometimes yield to the infatuation exerted by evil associates4 ,or1 again1 there may be exerted by the inquirer1 especially if dogmatic and self-willed1 a dominating influence over the medium1 so strong as to produce effects that might be readily mistaken for what has been called possession4 ,as a general rule1 however1 any person of common intelligence and ordinary will can1 in either case1 cast off such mischievous control3 or1 if the weak or incautious give way1 one who may not improperly be called an exorcist--if possessed of strong magnetic will1 moved by benevolence1 and it may be aided by prayer1 can usually rid1 or at least assist to rid1 the sensitive from such abnormal influence40--7,debatable ,land1 pp4 #aga-agf47 ,we have no intention of criticising this creed of the spirits as set forth by their learned medium4 ,it is heathen1 not ,christian1 and we have discovered in it nothing new1 true or false4 ,it denies the essential points of the ,christian faith1 and what few things it affirms that ,christianity denies are affirmed on no trustworthy or sufficient authority4 ,a man must have little knowledge of human nature1 and have felt little of the needs1 desires1 and aspirations of the human soul1 who can be satisfied with this spirits-creed4 ,in it all is vague1 indefinite1 and as empty as the shades the heathen imagined to be wandering up and down on this side the ,styx4 ,but in it we find a statement that dispenses us from the necessity of examining and refuting it4 ,in ,article #d we find it said3 8,vastly wiser and more dispassionate than we1 they the spirits are still1 however1 fallible40 ,whether the spirits are wiser and more dispassionate than we or not may be questioned2 they do not seem to be so in the author's illustrative narrations1 and the fact that they have undergone no essential change by throwing off their overcoat of flesh1 and living the same life they lived here1 and are in the sphere for which they were fitted before entering the spirit-land1 renders the matter somewhat doubtful1 to say the least4 ,but it is conceded that they are fallible4 ,who or what1 then1 vouches for the fact that they are not themselves deceived1 or that they do not seek to deceive us8 ,by acknowledging the fallibility of the spirits1 ,mr4 ,owen acknowledges that their testimony1 in all cases1 when we can have nothing else on which to rely1 is perfectly worthless4 ,we can bring it to no crucial test1 and we have no vouchers either for their knowledge or their honesty4 ,even supposing them to be what they profess to be1 which we by no means concede1 it were sheer credulity to take their word for anything not otherwise verifiable4 ,mr4 ,owen and all the spiritists tell us that the spirit-manifestations prove undeniably the immortality of the soul2 but they prove nothing #hjg of the sort4 ,we need1 in the first place1 no ghost from hell to assure us that the immortality of the soul follows necessarily from the immateriality of the soul2 for that is demonstrable from reason1 and was generally believed by the heathen4 ,what was not believed by the heathen1 and is not provable by reason1 is the ,christian doctrine of the resurrection2 and this1 and supernatural life and immortality1 the spirits do not even pretend to teach4 ,look through ,mr4 ,owen's statement of their teaching1 and you will find no hint of the 8resurrectionem carnis0 or 8vitam ternam0 of the apostolic symbol4 ,are we to reject the doctrine of the resurrection of the body1 and the life and immortality brought to light through the ,gospel--which is something far different from a simple continuation of the soul's physical existence--a doctrine so necessary to virtue1 and so dear and consoling to the afflicted1 on the authority of fallible spirits1 whose knowledge or veracity nothing vouches for1 and who prove themselves not seldom to be lying spirits8 ,in the second place1 what proof have we that those rapping or table-tipping spirits are the spirits of men and women once in the flesh8 ,mr4 ,owen undertakes to establish their identity1 but he does not do it and cannot do it2 for no proof in the case is possible except by a miracle1 and miracles the author rejects1 and declares the argument from them in all cases a non-sequitur4 ,the spirit-manifestations of which the spiritists make so much1 and in which they fancy they have a new inspiration and revelation1 are nothing new in history1 and are not more frequent now than they have been at various other epochs4 ,they were more common amongst the polished pagan ,greeks and ,romans than they are in any real or nominally ,christian nation now4 ,they are nothing new or peculiar to our times4 ,tertullian speaks of them1 the author of the ,clementine ,recognitions was acquainted with them1 and so was ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the trance was one of the five faculties or states of the soul recognized by the ,neo-,platonists1 and was the principle of the ,alexandrine theurgy4 ,the church has in every age encountered them1 been obliged to deal with them1 and she has uniformly ascribed them to ,satan and his angels4 ,she has had from the first1 and still has1 her forms of exorcism against them1 to cast them out1 and relieve those who are troubled by them4 ,every day she in some locality even now exorcises them1 compels them to acknowledge the power of the name of ,jesus1 and sends them back discomfited to hell4 ,the spiritists cannot say the doctrine of the church is impossible or prove that it is not true4 ,it certainly is a possible hypothesis1 if nothing more4 ,then spiritists cannot say that ,satan does not personify the spirits of the departed1 or that it is not ,satan or some one of his angels that speaks in those pretending to be the spirit of ,washington1 of ,jefferson1 of ,franklin1 of ,shakespeare1 of ,milton1 of ,byron1 or of some near and dear deceased relative8 ,you must prove that it is not so1 before you can affirm the identity claimed4 ,the great ,tichborne case now before the ,english courts proves that it is no easy matter to establish one's own identity even while in the flesh1 and it must be much more difficult for a ghost1 which is not even visible4 ,the spiritists admit that the spirits are fallible2 that there are among them lying1 malevolent spirits4 ,a gentleman with whom we were well acquainted1 a firm believer in the spirits1 and himself a medium1 holding frequent communications with them1 assured us that he held #hjh them to be evil spirits1 and knew them to be lying spirits4 8,i asked them10 he said1 8at an interview with them1 if they could tell me where my sister then was4 #8,your sister1' ,i was answered1 #8has some time since entered the spirit-world1 and is now in the third circle4' ,it was false3 my sister was alive and well1 and ,i knew it4 ,i told them so1 and that they lied2 and they laughed at me3 and then ,i asked whose spirit was speaking with me4 ,i was answered1 #8,voltaire4' #8,that is a lie1 too1 is it not8' ,another laugh1 or chuckle rather4 8,i assure you10 said our friend1 8one can place no confidence in what they say4 ,in my intercourse with them1 ,i have found them a pack of liars40 ,this pretension of the spiritists that the spirits that manifest themselves through nervous1 sickly1 half-crazy mediums1 or mediums confessedly in an abnormal or exceptional state1 are really spirits who once lived in the flesh1 is not sustainable2 for they cannot be relied on1 and nothing hinders us from holding them to be devils or evil demons1 personating the spirits of deceased persons1 as the church has always taught us4 ,this1 certainly1 is very possible1 and the character of the manifestations themselves favors such an interpretation2 for only devils1 and very silly devils too1 dealing with very ignorant1 superstitious1 and credulous people1 would mingle so much of the ludicrous and ridiculous in their manifestations1 as the thumping1 knocking1 rollicking spirits1 tipping over chairs and tables1 and creating a sort of universal hubbub wherever they come4 ,the spirits of the dead1 if permitted at all to communicate with the living for any good purpose1 we may well believe1 would be permitted to do it more quietly1 more gravely1 and in a more open and direct way2 it is only the devil or his subjects that would turn all their grave communications into ridicule by their antics or comic accompaniments4 ,these considerations1 added to the fact that the spirits communicate nothing not otherwise known or knowable1 that is not demonstrably false1 and that they tell us nothing very clear or definite about the condition of departed souls1 nothing but what their consultors are predisposed to believe1 convince us that1 if they prove the existence of powers in some sense superhuman1 they prove nothing for or against the reality of a life after this life4 ,they leave the question of life and immortality1 of good and evil1 rewards and punishments1 heaven and hell1 where they were4 ,mr4 ,owen places the spirit manifestations1 and the ,biblical miracles1 and ,christian inspiration and revelation1 in the same category1 attributes them all alike to the agency of the spirits1 and thinks he has discovered a way in which one may accept the extraordinary events and doings recorded in the ,old and ,new ,testaments as historical facts1 without being obliged to recognize them as miracles4 ,this is absurd4 ,the resemblance between the two classes of facts is far less than honest ,fluellen's resemblance of ,harry of ,monmouth to ,alexander of ,macedon1 8,there is a river in ,macedon1 so is there a river also in ,wales40 ,the man who can detect any relation between the two classes of facts1 but that of dissimilarity and contrast1 is the very man to believe in the spirit-revelations1 to mistake evil for good1 darkness for light1 and the devil for ,god4 ,we find both classes of facts in the ,new ,testament4 ,the ,christian miracles are all marked by an air of quiet power4 ,there is no bluster1 no rage1 no foaming at the mouth1 no fierceness of look or gesture1 no falling1 or rending1 as in the #hji case of the demoniacs2 and no rapping1 no table-tipping1 no antics1 no stammering1 no half-utterances1 no convulsions1 no disturbance1 as in the case of the spirit-manifestations described by ,mr4 ,owen in his books4 ,in the one case1 all is calm and serene1 pure and holy2 there is no effort1 no straining1 but a simple1 normal exercise of power4 ,our ,lord rebukes the winds and the waves1 and there comes a great calm2 he speaks1 the leper is cleansed1 the blind see1 the deaf hear1 the lame walk1 the dead live4 ,what like this is there in ,mr4 ,owen's ghostly or ghastly narratives of trances1 thundering noises1 and haunted houses8 ,every one of his narratives shows1 so far as it shows anything not explicable by simple psychical states and powers1 the marks which the church has always regarded as signs of the presence of the devil4 ,some of the cases he describes are clearly cases of possession1 and others are as clearly cases of obsession4 ,unhappily1 ,mr4 ,owen1 who formerly believed in no ,god1 now takes1 knowingly or not1 the devil to be ,god4 ,mr4 ,owen has hardly improved on the heathen ,celsus1 who was refuted by ,origen4 ,celsus charged the miracles of our ,lord to magic4 ,mr4 ,owen ascribes them to necromancy1 and regards the apostles and saints each as a person with a familiar spirit1 or1 in the language of the spiritists1 a medium4 ,the ,jews also ascribed the miracles of our ,lord to the agency of the devil1 and charged that it was by ,beelzebub1 the prince of devils1 that he did his wonderful works4 ,but there is a striking difference between the ,jews and ,celsus and our late minister to ,naples4 ,they sought to prove the satanic origin of the miracles of our ,lord as a reason for rejecting him and his teaching2 he attempts to do it as a reason for believing him and reverencing his doctrine and character4 ,but they lived in an age of darkness1 superstition1 and semi-barbarism1 and he in an age of light1 reason1 and civilization1 and the distance between him and them is the measure of the progress the world has made since their time--a mighty progress indeed1 but a progress backward4 ,the ,bible tells us all the gods of the heathen were devils1 and ,mr4 ,owen agrees and takes the devil for ,god1 and demon worship as true divine worship4 ,what the ,jews and ,celsus falsely alleged against our ,lord as an objection1 he reasserts as a recommendation4 ,he has discovered that evil is good4 ,the class of facts which the spiritists call spirit-manifestations are recognized in the ,bible from beginning to end1 but always as the works of the devil or evil spirits1 always as works to be condemned and to be avoided2 and any communication with those who do them is forbidden4 ,necromancers1 or those who consult the spirits of the dead1 are mentioned and condemned in the ,book of ,genesis4 ,the ,mosaic law ordained that a witch or a woman with a familiar spirit--that is1 a medium1 whether a rapping or a clear-seeing1 a talking or a writing medium--should not be suffered to live4 ,the church has always condemned everything of the sort1 and requires a candidate for baptism to renounce the devil and his works1 and expels the devil from him by her exorcisms1 before receiving the postulant to her communion4 ,and yet ,mr4 ,owen would have us believe that the ,bible and the church sanction his doctrine1 that the ,christian miracles and the spirit-manifestations are produced by one and the same agency6 ,verily1 ,mr4 ,owen throws a strong light on the origin of the great ,gentile apostasy1 and shows us how easily men who break from the unity of #haj divine tradition1 and set up for themselves1 can lose sight of ,god1 and come step by step to worship the devil in his place4 ,the thing seemed incredible1 and we had some difficulty in taking the assertion of the ,holy ,scriptures literally1 8,all the gods of the gentiles are devils02 but since we see apostasy from the church running the same career1 and actually inaugurating the worship of demons1 actually exalting the devil above our ,lord1 the ,mystery of ,iniquity is explained1 and the matter becomes plain and credible4 ,it is curious to see what has been the course of thought in the ,protestant apostasy in regard to the class of facts in question4 ,having lost the power of exorcism with their loss of the true faith1 the ,protestant nations had no resource against the invasions of the spirits but to carry out the injunction of the ,mosaic law1 8,thou shalt not suffer a witch0--that is1 a medium--8to live40 ,hence we find their annals in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries blackened with accounts of the trials and cruel punishments of persons suspected of witchcraft1 sorcery1 or dealings with the devil1 especially in ,england1 ,scotland1 and the ,anglo-,american colonies4 ,having no well-defined and certain criteria1 as the church has1 by which to determine the presence of ,satan1 many persons1 no doubt1 were put to death who were innocent of the offences of which they were accused4 ,this produced a reaction in the public mind against the laws and against the execution of persons for witchcraft or dealing with the devil4 ,this reaction was followed by a denial of witchcraft1 or that the devil had anything to do with matters and things on earth1 and a shower of ridicule fell on all who believed in anything of the sort4 ,then came the general doubt1 and then the denial of the existence of the devil and all infernal spirits1 save in human nature itself4 ,finally came the spirit-manifestations1 in which ,satan is no longer regarded as ,satan1 but is held to be divine1 and worshipped as ,god1 by thousands and millions4 ,we must be excused from entering into any elaborate refutation of ,mr4 ,owen's blasphemous attempt to bring the ,christian miracles under the general law1 as he regards it1 of spirit-manifestations4 ,he has proved the reality of no such law1 and if he had1 the spirit-manifestations themselves would prove nothing more than a gale of wind1 a shower of rain1 a flash of lightning1 or the growth of a spire of grass4 ,could we prove the ,christian miracles to be facts in the order of nature1 or show them as taking place by a general law1 and not by the immediate act of ,god1 and therefore no miracles at all1 we should deprive them of all their importance4 ,the value of the facts is not in their being facts1 but in their being miraculous facts1 which none but ,god can work4 ,the author does not understand this1 but supposes that he has won a victory for ,christianity when he has proved the miracles as facts1 but at the same time that they are no miracles4 ,it is clear from his pages that the author does not know what ,christians understand by a miracle4 ,he cites ,st4 ,augustine to prove that a miracle is something that may take place by some law of nature to us unknown1 but ,st4 ,augustine1 in the passage he cites1 is not speaking of miracles at all2 he is speaking of portents1 prodigies1 or extraordinary events1 which the ignorant1 and the superstitious ascribe to a supernatural agency2 but which may1 after all1 however wonderful1 be produced by a natural cause1 as in our days not a few #haa believe to be the case with the spirit-manifestations themselves1 and no doubt is the case with most of the wonders the spiritists relate4 ,the devil may work portents or prodigies1 but not miracles1 because he has no creative power1 and can work only with materials created to his hand4 ,it is necessary also to distinguish between what is simply superhuman and what is supernatural4 ,whatever is creature is in the order of nature4 ,nature embraces the entire creation--whatever exists that is not ,god or distinguishable from him4 ,whether the created powers are above man or below him in the scale of existence1 they are equally natural1 and so is whatever they are capable1 as second causes1 of doing4 ,the angels in heaven1 the very highest as the lowest1 are ,god's creatures1 distinguishable from him1 and therefore included in nature4 ,the same must be said of the devils in hell1 or the ghosts1 if the spirits of the departed1 and hence whatever they do is within the natural order4 ,the devil is superior1 if you will1 by nature to man--for man is made little lower than the angels1 and the devil is an angel fallen2 he may know many things beyond human intelligence1 and do many things beyond the power of man2 but what the devil does1 is1 if superhuman1 not in any sense supernatural1 but as natural as what man himself does4 ,we agree with ,mr4 ,owen1 though not for the same reason1 that there is nothing miraculous in the spirit-manifestations1 even supposing them to be facts1 and therefore are of no value in relation to the truth or falsehood of ,christianity as a revelation of and by the supernatural4 ,god alone1 and what he does immediately by his direct act and immediate act1 is supernatural4 ,god alone can work a miracle1 which is a supernatural effect wrought without any natural medium1 law1 or agency1 in or on nature1 and is1 as far as it goes1 a manifestation of creative power4 ,miracles do what portents1 prodigies1 spirit-rappings1 etc41 do not--they manifest the supernatural1 or the existence of a real order above nature4 ,they do not indeed directly prove the truth of the ,christian mysteries1 but they do accredit our ,lord as a teacher sent from ,god4 ,as ,nicodemus said when he came by night to ,jesus1 8,rabbi1 we know that thou art come a teacher from ,god1 for no man can do the miracles thou doest1 unless ,god were with him10 ,god in the miracles accredits the teacher1 and vouches for the truth of what he in whose favor they are wrought teaches4 ,what our ,lord teaches1 then1 is true4 ,if he teaches that he is perfect ,god and perfect man in hypostatic union1 then he is so1 and then is to be believed1 on his own word1 whatever he teaches1 for 8it is impossible for ,god to lie40 ,the facts1 then1 are of no importance if not miracles4 ,hence the 8natural-supernaturalism0 of the ,sartor ,resartus is not only a contradiction in terms1 but utterly worthless1 as are most of the admired utterances of its author1 and aid us not in solving a single problem for which revelation is needed4 ,deprive us of the prophecies under the ,old ,law and the miracles under the ,new1 and we should be deprived of all means of proving ,christianity as a supernatural religion1 as supernaturally inspired and revealed1 and should be reduced1 as ,mr4 ,owen is1 to naked rationalism1 or downright demonism4 ,the prodigies of the devil do not carry us above nature4 ,they are indeed ,satan's efforts to counterfeit genuine miracles1 but at best they only give us the superhuman for the #hab supernatural4 ,if the author could prove the ,christian miracles are not miracles1 though credible as facts1 or if he could bring them into the category of the spirit-manifestations1 he would in effect divest ,christianity of its supernatural character1 and render it all as worthless as any man-constructed system of ethics or philosophy4 ,his ,christianity1 as set forth in his pages1 has not a trace of the ,christianity of ,christ1 and is as little worthy of being called ,christian as the bald ,unitarianism of ,channing1 or the ,deism of ,rousseau1 ,tom ,paine1 or ,voltaire1 or the ,free ,religion of ,emerson1 ,higginson1 and ,julia ,ward ,howe4 ,what ,mr4 ,owen regards as a highly important fact1 and which he urges ,protestants to accept as the means of triumphing over the ,catholic ,church1 namely1 that the ,christian miracles and the spirit-manifestations are worthy of precisely the same respect and confidence in a ,christian point of view1 is far less important than he in his profound ignorance of ,christianity imagines4 ,how far he will be successful with ,protestants we know not2 but his success1 we imagine1 will be greatest among people of his own class1 who1 having no settled belief in any religion1 who know little of the principles of ,christianity1 are1 as all such people are1 exceedingly credulous and superstitious4 ,these people hover on the borders of ,protestantism1 have certain sympathies with the ,reformation1 but it would be hardly just to call them in the ordinary sense of the term ,protestants4 ,yet ,protestantism1 being substantially a revival in principle of the ancient ,gentile apostasy which led to the worship of the devil in the place of ,god before our ,lord's advent1 there can be no doubt that ,protestants are peculiarly exposed to ,satanic invasions1 and there is no certainty that they may not follow ,mr4 ,owen back to the devil-worship from which ,christianity rescued the nations that embraced it4 ,but we have said enough for the present4 ,perhaps we may say more hereafter4 #aei #a4 ,the ,debatable ,land between this ,world and the ,next4 ,with ,illustrative ,narratives4 ,by ,robert ,dale ,owen4 ,new ,york3 ,carleton ,co4 #ahgb4 #afmo1 pp4 #edb4 #b4 ,footfalls on the ,boundary of ,another ,world4 ,with ,narrative ,illustrations4 ,by ,robert ,dale ,owen4 ,philadelphia3 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahfj4 #afmo1 pp4 #ebh4 ---------- ,,the ,,annunciation4 ,,march #bg,,th4 ,she kneels in prayer--a childlike1 virgin form2 ,what purity is mirrored in her eyes6 ,her dove-like glances1 with devotion warm1 ,are raised in worship1 to the midnight skies-- ,but look6 a heavenly radiance bright has shone ,around the virgin chosen of the ,lord2 ,in her rapt prayer she hears the angel's tone1 8,hail6 full of grace6 for lo6 upon the word ,of thy consent waits now the heavenly dove1 ,whose wings o'ershadowing thee shall lightly rest ,one moment on thy pure and humble breast1 ,and make thee by that awful seal of love ,the mother of thy ,god60 ,she bows her head1 ,while fiat mihi in meek tones is said4 ---------- ,,fleurange4 #hac ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,craven1 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,sister's ,,story40 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french1 ,,with ,,permission4 ,,part ,,first4 ,,the ,,old ,,mansion4 ,,iv4 ,when daylight appeared1 ,fleurange awoke first1 but in a few minutes1 while she was admiring the child still sleeping in her arms1 his large eyes opened in their turn4 ,their first expression was one of extreme surprise1 somewhat mingled with fear1 but ,fleurange's look and voice soon had a reassuring effect4 ,his eyes grew smiling1 his mouth half opened1 his little arms stretched towards her and were soon clasped around her neck1 and the acquaintance was made4 ,during this time the pale and languid young mother was endeavoring to shake off a heaviness more difficult to overcome than sleep4 ,she slightly blushed and murmured some words of excuse when she perceived her child in the arms of the beautiful stranger4 ,but ,fleurange protested with an accent of indubitable truth that the child did not trouble her in the least4 ,she soon perceived she could be of some service to the poor convalescent4 ,the children1 aroused from a long night's sleep1 were now wholly awake4 ,every one knows that children awake1 and1 confined within a narrow space1 soon arrive at a degree of turbulence whose only advantage is to produce lassitude and then sleep4 ,during the first of these two phases1 the poor mother made a vain and feeble effort to restrain them4 ,after a few minutes she fell back1 not only exhausted1 but faint4 ,fleurange drew near1 and began to improvise a pillow for her head out of the shawls scattered around4 ,then she opened the small basket ,mademoiselle ,josephine had given her1 and took out a flask1 the contents of which1 poured on a handkerchief and applied to the sick woman's pale face and temples1 soon revived her4 8,thank you10 she said2 8you have done me a great deal of good4 ,i am feeble1 that is all1 but ,i did not suppose myself so much so40 8,do not exert yourself10 replied ,fleurange4 8,i will take care of the children40 ,the mother smiled1 and touched her head1 showing by this gesture how fatiguing she found the noise she had not succeeded in quieting4 ,at that very moment1 the younger of the two children was standing on the seat1 trying to reach the net1 of painful memory1 suspended like the sword of ,damocles over the travellers' heads1 and which served as a receptacle for everything that could not be stowed away elsewhere4 #had ,the child was not climbing without a motive4 ,his brother had already successfully preceded him1 and found means of seizing1 through the meshes of the net1 a small hunting-horn1 on which he was now executing a flourish4 ,why could not he also get his drum1 almost within reach8 ,if he could only stretch a little farther--and he looked at ,fleurange with a supplicating air2 but the latter1 instead of heeding his mute appeal1 laughingly laid hold of him and drew him on her lap2 then skilfully bearing off the hunting-horn from the other1 she promised to relate them the most charming of stories if they would be quiet4 ,in an instant they were both leaning beside her1 and then1 in a low tone1 she related one story after another1 keeping them silent and attentive till the hour of sleep returned4 ,by the end of the second day the travellers had made great progress in their acquaintance4 8,how can ,i thank you sufficiently80 said the young mother4 8,how fortunate ,i was to meet you60 8,do not thank me3 your children have done me more good than ,i can return40 ,this reply1 of course1 did not at all diminish the gratitude mingled with admiration with which she had inspired her companion1 and as there is only a step from attraction to confidence1 the latter soon related the whole story of her uneventful life to ,fleurange4 ,she had met with a severe fall three months before1 and her life was despaired of2 then her husband took her to ,paris to consult ,dr4 ,leblanc1 who effected a cure4 ,fleurange's eyes brightened4 ,it was such a gratification to be able to talk about her dear old friends6 8,he is so skilful and kind10 she said4 8,oh6 yes1 indeed6 he is more than a physician3 he is a benefactor1 and yet ,i disobeyed him in starting so soon6 ,he said ,i was still too feeble1 which ,i denied2 but ,i see he was right40 8,why did you do so80 8,because my poor ,wilhelm is alone and impatiently awaiting me40 8,your husband80 8,yes40 8,could he not have come for you80 8,no2 he is ,m4 ,dornthal's head clerk1 and it is very difficult for him to leave his post40 ,fleurange's heart gave a leap at this name4 8,are you alluding to ,m4 ,ludwig ,dornthal80 said she4 8,no2 to his brother1 the rich banker40 8,and the other--the professor--do you know him80 8,i have never seen him1 but ,wilhelm is well acquainted with him1 and is sometimes invited to the soires he gives4 ,they are not balls--they are not fond of dancing there--but runions for conversation1 reading1 music1 and looking at engravings4 ,wilhelm says they are all learned1 the girls as well as the boys1 and madame as much so as her husband40 ,fleurange slightly shuddered at this brief communication respecting her uncle's family4 ,she was very fond of study1 still more so of the arts2 she had a taste for reading she was often obliged to repress1 but this word 8learned0 she did not find attractive4 8,learned60 she said to herself4 8,that means pedantic1 grave1 and tiresome4 ,well1 ,i must make the best of it4 ,perhaps that does not prevent them from being good1 which is the essential point1 and ,i certainly should not aim at amusement in this short life40 ,another night--another long day now drawing to a close--when lights #hae more frequent and bright1 and more numerous dwellings1 announced the vicinity of a large city4 ,as each moment brought them nearer their destination1 the joy of the mother and her children became more expansive4 8,he will be waiting for us1 will he not80 said the elder of the children4 8,yes1 yes1 we shall see him as soon as the carriage stops1 but that will not be for an hour40 ,soon the cry was3 8,in half an hour1 now60 and at last3 8,here we are60 ,poor ,fleurange listened to her travelling companions1 and envied them the certainty of being greeted at their journey's end by a dear and well-known face4 ,sadness and a fearful timidity came over her4 ,at last1 the carriage stopped4 ,as at their departure1 there was a great uproar1 a variety of cries1 and vacillating lights1 which illuminated everything1 but nothing distinctly4 ,fleurange sought in vain among all the persons who crowded around the carriage1 for a face that might be her uncle's4 ,the door opened4 ,a tall man with flowing hair and a long blonde beard presented himself4 8,was it he80 ,no1 the joyful cries of the children at once informed ,fleurange it was their father4 8,bertha1 ,bertha60 he exclaimed1 and1 even before embracing his children1 he pressed both her hands and looked anxiously in her face4 8,you are very pale1 dear ,bertha40 8,it is only with joy1 ,wilhelm10 replied she1 weeping4 8,i am cured1 and ,i behold you once more60 ,he then stretched out his arms to his children1 but before leaving the carriage they both cried 8,adieu6 adieu60 in childlike tones and threw their arms around ,fleurange's neck4 8,wilhelm10 said his wife in a low tone1 8thank this kind young lady1 who has been an angel of goodness to them and to me on the way40 ,he turned with a soft and grateful look toward ,fleurange3 8,may ,god reward you1 fair and gentle maiden10 said he1 taking off his hat4 ,then he added hesitatingly3 8,doubtless some one is waiting for you here1 and ,i cannot have the pleasure of rendering you any service80 8,i thank you10 said ,fleurange quickly4 8,i am1 indeed1 expected by my relatives40 ,while speaking she anxiously cast her eyes around4 ,no one seemed to be seeking her in the crowd of unknown faces that surrounded her4 ,was there any mistake8 ,had they forgotten her8 ,what should she do8 ,meanwhile her travelling companions left the carriage1 and the happy group was already at a distance4 ,she followed them with her eyes1 her heart sinking within her4 ,at that instant a small open carriage1 drawn by a fine horse1 drove swiftly up4 ,in it was a youth of eighteen or nineteen years4 ,he threw the reins to some one standing near and sprang out4 ,seeing him1 ,bertha's husband took off his hat1 and a cap is hastily raised in return1 displaying an abundance of light hair of rather a warm shade4 ,but the new-comer did not stop4 ,he was in a great hurry and out of breath4 ,he ran up to the diligence and said inquiringly3 8,mademoiselle ,gabrielle60 8,that is my name10 said ,fleurange1 at first struck dumb at hearing herself so-called1 and especially at the sight of him who had come to meet her4 8,very well10 said he1 8let me help you descend40 ,fleurange silently prepared to obey1 but after another glance at him as he held out a firm hand1 she said3 8,there is no mistake1 is there8 ,it is my uncle1 ,m4 ,ludwig ,dornthal1 who has sent for me80 ,the only reply she received was an affirmative nod of the head2 a #haf moment after1 a concise order1 promptly obeyed1 brought down from the heights of the imperial the modest luggage belonging to ,fleurange4 ,in an instant it was fastened behind the light carriage which he afterward assisted her in entering1 then1 carefully and silently wrapping around her a large fur cloak which he had brought1 he took his seat1 and the horse set off1 as he came1 at a fast trot4 ,fleurange at first felt giddy with the rapid motion of the carriage1 but it soon became agreeable1 contrasted with the heavy movements and violent jolting of the diligence4 ,the weather was sharp1 but the warm cloak that covered her prevented her from feeling it1 and1 thus protected1 the keen air1 so far from being unpleasant1 gave her1 on the contrary1 an unaccustomed animation which was like a fresh infusion of youth and life4 ,the sky above was sparkling with stars4 ,it was one of those brilliant winter nights which we love to imagine like that which witnessed the coming of ,christ1 and saw angels hovering over the heights that surround ,bethlehem1 to convey the glad tidings to the shepherds1 and sing on earth their divine hymn4 ,in about twenty minutes the horse slackened his pace a little1 and the young coachman turned around and seemed to make some attempt at an explanation which ,fleurange tried her best to comprehend1 but the rattling over the pavements rendered this nearly impossible1 and she only seized the words 8,my father0 and 8,christ ,kindchen60 after which his head1 turned around for an instant1 resumed its former position1 and the horse his usual pace4 ,but ,fleurange gathered from this that the youth was one of ,m4 ,dornthal's sons1 and her uncle had not been able to meet her for some reason connected with the festival of the following day4 ,her first impression was that her cousin's manners were rather abrupt1 and his face somewhat peculiar1 but on the whole he had shown himself very efficient and attentive4 ,as for his skill in driving it was unrivalled1 the reins could not have been in better hands4 ,after this short interruption1 they kept on their way without slackening an instant1 notwithstanding more than one turn through the winding streets1 and at length arrived at a place planted with trees1 where the carriage stopped before a flight of steps leading to an oaken door adorned with a massive brass knocker4 ,some one was evidently watching for them1 for the door instantly flew open4 ,fleurange caught the glimpse of a bright light and many forms6 ,her cousin hastened to aid her in alighting4 ,confused voices were audible1 all having a cordial accent of welcome4 ,a strong hand supported ,fleurange as she ascended the six stone steps and entered the passage4 ,a tall woman dressed in gray1 and wearing a cap trimmed with flowers1 approached and embraced her4 8,it is my turn now60 said a deep and sonorous voice1 8for ,i am her uncle40 ,fleurange raised her eyes toward a noble countenance which had too young a look to be crowned with such white hair1 and her uncle embraced her1 murmuring in a softened tone the name of ,margaret4 ,beside him stood a lovely young girl1 grave and blonde1 while another1 fair as her sister but younger1 divested ,fleurange of the heavy fur cloak and untied her bonnet4 ,a boy of seven years ran out into the street to aid his brother1 and a little girl of four or five clung to her mother's skirts1 looking curiously1 but with delight1 at the strange visitor4 ,fleurange1 dazzled by the lights1 and confused by the very cordiality #hag of her reception1 was incapable of uttering a word1 but her large eyes1 full of tears1 were more expressive than any words1 and the unusual brilliancy of her complexion1 owing to the keen night air1 and her long tresses falling over her shoulders when her bonnet was removed1 gave her an unusually striking appearance which would have conciliated the most malevolent4 ,how1 then1 must she have been regarded by those so ready to welcome her heartily8 ,they led her1 triumphantly1 as it were1 into a spacious drawing-room which was still more dazzling4 ,in the centre of the apartment stood a tree brilliantly illuminated and hung with toys1 flowers1 jewels1 and fruit of all kinds4 ,two chandeliers added their light to that of the illuminated tree1 under one of which half a dozen children were gathered around a table loaded with cakes4 ,several young ladies1 as well as others who were older1 were grouped here and there4 ,in short1 ,fleurange suddenly found herself1 and for the first time in her life1 in the midst of what seemed to her a very brilliant reunion1 in which all the faces1 even those of her hosts1 were strange4 ,the least timid would have been disconcerted1 and ,fleurange was completely abashed4 ,the lady in gray with a cap trimmed with flowers1 whom she supposed to be her aunt1 took her by the hand1 and hastily led her back into the passage1 and thence into a small parlor lighted by a single lamp4 ,in crossing the hall1 they met ,fleurange's young guide4 8,is she ill8 ,does she need anything80 he asked in a kind and eager tone4 8,yes1 she needs rest10 and with this reply ,madame ,dornthal shut the door in her son's face4 ,fleurange sat down and breathed more freely4 ,hitherto she had been unable not only to utter a word1 but even to collect her thoughts4 ,now1 thanks to the quiet room1 she at once grew calm1 and in a few minutes felt quite recovered4 ,she was young and vigorous4 ,she had scarcely felt the fatigue of the journey1 and it was not in her nature to yield long to emotion and embarrassment1 especially when in the depths of her heart she felt so happy6 ,had not a single glance1 quick as a flash1 sufficed to dissipate the burden which weighed on her heart1 and to light it up with a transport of joy and hope8 ,her uncle's voice1 the words he murmured as he embraced her1 8,o ,margaret1 is it you80 gave her a thrill2 then the soft glances of those fair young girls1 the sight of the children gathered under the ,christmas-tree1 even the abrupt attentions of her young cousin--all gave her a delicious sensation of safety1 an assurance of protection which in her moments of desolation she had desired more than joy or happiness4 ,she raised her head1 and looked at her aunt1 who stood silently regarding her4 ,the latter was decidedly ugly--astonishingly so1 yet even before she spoke or smiled there was an expression more desirable than beauty visibly imprinted on her face1 otherwise devoid of all charm--an expression of intelligence and kindness4 8,remain here perfectly quiet1 will you80 said ,madame ,dornthal1 tutoyant ,fleurange as if she had known her from childhood4#afj 8,there1 look at the clock2 a quarter of an hour will be sufficient4 ,do not try to talk1 only listen to me4 ,you are at home1 you must #hah understand3 remember that4 ,no thanks are necessary4 ,you are one of our children4 ,we had five3 now we have six4 ,it was ,clement1 my oldest son1 who went to meet you1 because his father could not leave the children this evening4 ,you saw ,hilda and ,clara at your arrival1 as well as the two little ones1 ,fritz and ,frida1 who were also there to receive you4 ,there is ,gabrielle besides3 that is all4 ,your uncle has mourned so much for his poor sister ,margaret6 ,now he has found her again1 it is a happy day for us all60 ,fleurange quietly wiped away her tears without replying4 ,just then some one knocked at the door4 8,who is there80 8,it is ,i40 ,it was ,clement with a cup of coffee1 which1 at her aunt's injunction1 ,fleurange drank with docility4 8,will you now go up to your room for the night1 or will you return to the drawing-room among the others80 ,fleurange replied without any hesitation3 8,i prefer to go back to the drawing-room and see them all1 at once40 ,a pleasant smile lighted up ,madame ,dornthal's face4 8,i like you very much1 ,gabrielle1 not because you are handsome1 that has nothing to do with it2 ,i should love you quite as much were it otherwise2 but because there is so much simplicity about you--which is quite to my taste4 ,now1 let me see3 it is eleven o'clock1 our friends are going to take their children home1 and our youngest are going to bed4 ,as to the rest of us1 we shall presently go to the ,midnight ,mass1 and not sup till our return4 ,make your own choice--to follow the children's example1 or go with us40 8,oh6 with you1 with you60 cried ,fleurange4 8,pray1 take me to church2 ,i am neither feeble nor fatigued40 8,and yet you are fatigued10 replied ,madame ,dornthal1 8only you do not yet feel it4 ,but as it will do you no harm1 you shall do as you wish4 ,so save your strength1 and do not return now to the drawing-room4 ,you can remain here and wait for me40 ,she left the room1 and ,fleurange remained where she was1 happy to obey such kind orders without any resistance4 ,five minutes after1 the door opened4 ,it was ,clement again1 holding his little brother by the hand1 and carrying his young sister in his arms4 8,fritz and ,frida wish to bid you good-night10 he said4 ,the little boy timidly approached4 ,fleurange immediately spoke to him in that language which all children understand1 and which can only be learned and spoken by those who love them3 he was speedily reassured4 ,she then took ,frida1 and kissed her blue eyes1 which1 while looking at her with surprise1 began to close4 ,when she gave the child back to her brother1 she was asleep1 and he bore her away without awakening her1 holding her with an ease that showed how accustomed he was to the care4 ,his little brother followed him out of the room4 ,half an hour of silent repose succeeded this interruption4 ,it was more beneficial to ,fleurange than sleep1 which strong excitement kept her from feeling the need of4 ,at the end of that time1 ,madame ,dornthal reappeared with her two daughters4 ,clement and his father were waiting for them in the passage4 ,they set off by starlight on foot1 for the church was near4 ,they were all silent and thoughtful1 for the children's festival had not made them forgetful of the solemnity of this great night4 ,in church1 once more in church1 ,fleurange felt1 as she knelt down1 #hai that her overburdened heart could now find relief1 and when solemn1 harmonious1 and accordant voices made the magnificent arches resound with unearthly chants1 which seemed to be the spontaneous expression of universal prayer1 the young girl bowed her head still lower3 all the joy and gratitude of her heart overflowed in sweet tears and fervent prayers of thanksgiving4 ,when ,mass was over1 one voice1 which surpassed the rest--a voice sweet and manly--intoned beside her the ,psalm ,laudate ,dominum4 ,she involuntarily joined in the strain1 and the two voices seemed for an instant to form but one4 ,when she turned around1 she saw that this singer was her cousin1 ,clement ,dornthal4 ,v4 ,when a friendly hand aids a shipwrecked traveller in reaching the shore1 his first impulse is to express his boundless gratitude4 ,rest is sweet1 even on the sand1 to him who has just escaped the perils of the ocean2 but if he finds no place of refuge on the shore1 if his only hope of an asylum is the vague glimmer of some distant beacon1 he is tempted to doubt his strength to reach the half-seen light1 and if it will really prove a haven4 ,such had been the mixture of gratitude and apprehension the poor orphan felt the day she accepted from ,mademoiselle ,josephine the hospitality of the blue chamber1 and it did not leave her the whole time of her stay in that first harbor of safety4 ,but to-day1 roused from her slumbers by the merry ,christmas chimes1 her first thought was3 8,thank ,god1 ,i have arrived at port02 and she rose from her spacious couch eager to begin her new life4 ,she began the day by writing to ,mademoiselle ,josephine4 ,her old friend must be informed of her happiness before she could enter upon its enjoyment4 ,it seemed only a debt of gratitude to share with her all her new and pleasing impressions4 ,she also wrote to ,madre ,maddalena3 she must without any delay link all the friends and joys of the past with her present happiness and truly transformed life4 ,her aunt1 in assuring her the previous evening she was among her own--that is1 at home--seemed to have constituted her1 as by magic1 a child of the house4 ,everything around her was new and somewhat strange1 but everything pleased her as if naturally conformed to her tastes2 and yet the walls of her room1 hung with sombre colors1 the old press of carved wood1 which easily contained her limited wardrobe1 the high-backed chairs ranged around1 the antique bureau in one corner1 and in the other a great monumental stove1 the spectral aspect of which alone was surprising--all this might easily have offended an eye accustomed to the smiling magnificence of ,italy1 but not an object in the house seemed capable of imparting any sad impressions4 ,the word welcome appeared inscribed on every side1 as on all faces1 and in this sweet atmosphere she instinctively felt that the material comfort was only a type of the mental freedom much more necessary than the other to the happiness of life4 8,you must not dress in black today1 ,gabrielle10 said her two fair cousins1 as they entered her chamber for the third time since she rose an hour before1 bearing a basket which contained garments similar to #hbj their own4 8,why not80 said ,fleurange1 somewhat astonished4 8,do you not know that1 in ,germany1 mourning is laid aside on great festivals80 replied ,clara1 the younger of the two4 8,you must dress like us to-day1 as you will always do when the time for this sad mourning is over40 ,the elder of the two sisters noticed that her cousin made no reply3 she approached her and said affectionately3 8,excuse ,clara if she has distressed you4 ,she is so gay and happy herself1 that she cannot comprehend misfortune and sadness40 8,i do not wish to remind her of them to-day10 said ,fleurange1 8and will do as she requests4 ,but you1 dear ,hilda10 continued she--looking with admiration at her cousin's golden locks and grave brow1 which a queen's diadem would have suited1 or the aureola of a saint--8are you not as gay and happy as your sister80 8,yes1 as happy10 said ,hilda1 8but not as gay40 ,after some explanations1 ,fleurange conformed to her cousins' wishes4 ,but when1 before dinner1 the beautiful ,hilda1 clothed in white1 brought a garland like that she wore herself and wished to place it on her head1 she objected3 8,as to this garland1 ,hilda1 you must excuse me from wearing it40 8,why so80 8,because ,i have never worn any ornament of the kind3 because1 after all1 ,i cannot and do not wish to forget ,i am a poor orphan1 who should not dream of adorning herself1 or mingling in the world40 8,but1 ,gabrielle1 you must know we only adorn ourselves to celebrate at home the great annual festivals1 and we never mingle in the world40 8,never8 ,but then1 why wear flowers without any reason80 8,it is not without a reason4 ,my father likes us to wear the flowers of the season at every feast4 ,this poor wreath you have refused1 ,gabrielle1 look at it3 it is1 like mine1 of holly1 reflecting the brightness of ,christmas1 with its shining leaves and berries red as coral4 ,there1 see if it is not becoming in your raven hair80 ,as she spoke1 ,hilda held the wreath over her cousin's head3 at that instant ,clara appeared1 and hesitation was no longer possible4 ,she instantly took her sister's place3 the bright leaves and red berries were placed like a crown on ,fleurange's brow1 who laughed and only made a feeble resistance1 while the mirror reflected the forms of the three young girls--as graceful a picture as ever haunted an artist's dreams4 8,there10 cried ,clara1 8you are both beautiful--one fair as the day and the other brilliant as night4 ,and ,i10 continued she1 arranging her long curls1 among which holly leaves were also twined--8let me see what ,i resemble myself40 8,a flower1 a star1 dear ,clara3 everything that is best worth gazing at by day or night10 said ,fleurange affectionately4 ,she preferred the elder of the two sisters1 but there was an irresistible grace about the other1 whom she could not help caressing with her eyes and tones1 as if she were a child4 8,ah6 that is charming1 poetic1 and very applicable6 ,thank you1 ,cousin ,gabrielle4 ,i will presently ask our poet to divine my emblems4 ,we shall see if he agrees with you40 8,if our poet is in a fit of abstraction1 you must ask some one else who certainly will not be10 said ,hilda4 ,clara blushed4 8,come1 come60 said she1 8let us talk no longer about #hba me1 but go down4 ,there is ,frida coming for us4 ,they have doubtless all arrived40 ,and taking her little sister by the hand1 she ran off1 scarcely touching the massive balustrade as she flew down the stairs4 8,you did not tell me you were expecting visitors10 said ,fleurange4 8,only some friends and relatives4 ,since my ,uncle ,heinrich lost his wife1 he and his son have taken their ,christmas dinner with us4 ,the family formerly assembled at his house4 ,you are going to make his acquaintance1 and that of our fine cousin ,felix4 ,the rest are our friends1 and will soon be yours40 ,hilda paused4 8,you doubtless know that ,hansfelt is my father's friend1 and was the companion of his youth80 she continued at length4 8,hansfelt60 exclaimed ,fleurange4 8,what6 ,karl ,hansfelt1 the great poet80 ,we have already remarked that ,fleurange perfectly understood her mother's native tongue4 ,the poems of the person just mentioned were sufficiently celebrated at that time for her to be familiar with them1 and even know some of them by heart4 8,and he is your friend8 ,and shall ,i see him80 8,yes10 replied ,hilda1 8you will see him often4 ,and you will also see10 she added1 as if eager to change the subject1 8a young artist who is beginnings be quite popular4 ,his name is ,julian ,steinberg1 and he is a friend of ,overbeck's4 ,i will leave ,clara to introduce him to you40 ,a significant smile accompanied the last words1 and ,fleurange1 comprehending1 or nearly so1 the state of affairs1 descended with her cousin into the large drawing-room1 which1 as well as the dining-room1 was on the ground floor4 ,the house ,m4 ,ludwig ,dornthal inhabited is probably no longer standing4 ,modern improvements have swept away1 one by one1 those old houses in all our cities to which time had given an aspect too much at variance with the tastes and requirements of a new generation4 ,even at the period in which our story opens--that is1 in #ahbd--the house of which we are speaking already began to be pointed out as the ,old ,mansion--the name1 par excellence1 by which it was known in the city4 ,but1 as it was spacious and commodious1 its situation quiet and retired1 and it had a large garden which all the windows on one side overlooked1 it was admirably adapted to the professor's studious habits4 ,the picturesque color it had acquired with age was also quite to his taste1 and1 above all1 as it was here ,ludwig ,dornthal passed the first years of his married life1 and where his children were born1 nothing in the world would have induced him to leave it1 and on this point they were all agreed4 ,the ,old ,mansion was dear to those who inhabited it1 as well as to all who frequented it1 and every one1 like ,fleurange1 uttered more or less fervently these words1 which are always vainly repeated in this world when our faculties are all for an instant in a state of happy equilibrium3 8,it is good for us to be here3 let us set up our tabernacle1 and here remain40 ,this impression1 it may be supposed1 was not wholly owing to the exterior aspect of the ,old ,mansion4 ,there was a harmony between it and its occupants2 and1 with various results1 this effect is produced almost everywhere4 ,inanimate objects seem to imbibe and communicate something of the life that passes around them1 and this language1 though silent1 is1 to those who heed it1 a source of genuine revelation4 ,when ,fleurange entered the drawing-room1 she perceived her ,uncle #hbb ,ludwig was rather impatiently awaiting her1 for the moment she appeared he advanced1 and1 taking her by the hand1 led her to the other end of the apartment1 where stood a gentleman whose features bore some resemblance to his own2 but with so different an expression1 that the likeness1 which at first was apparent1 grew less and less as the two brothers were better known4 8,this is our sister ,margaret's daughter10 said ,ludwig to the banker4 8,she is doubly your niece now1 for ,i have adopted her as my child40 ,m4 ,heinrich ,dornthal bowed and cordially embraced the young girl1 but he could not resist saying3 8,another daughter1 when you have three already1 is a great addition40 ,this cool and unpleasant remark disconcerted ,fleurange1 and she had not recovered from her painful sensation of embarrassment when a young man of rather a fine figure approached and offered her his arm4 ,fleurange looked at him with an air of astonishment4 ,she had never been to a large dinner-party1 and knew nothing of the usages common to all countries on such an occasion4 ,she slightly retreated1 and1 opening her large eyes1 said3 8,who are you1 monsieur1 and where do you wish to conduct me80 ,this question and movement caused a general smile around her1 in which she saw her ,uncle ,ludwig join1 and with that simplicity which was her greatest charm she began to laugh herself1 and so innocently1 that he who had involuntarily caused this little scene exclaimed half aloud3 8,this is truly the most charming piece of rusticity ,i ever met with20 and then1 bowing to her with mock gravity1 and an air at once gallant and bantering1 he said3 8,mademoiselle1 my name is ,felix ,dornthal3 ,i have the honor of being your cousin1 and ,i offer you my arm to conduct you to the dining-room2 but ,i acknowledge there would have been more propriety in first making us acquainted with each other40 ,fleurange1 blushing and smiling1 accepted the arm offered her1 and1 once seated at table beside this new cousin1 and freed from the embarrassment of this little incident1 she looked around and began to enjoy her novel position4 ,was it really her own self1 who recently felt so isolated8 ,she who had stood face to face with want and abandonment8 ,could she be the same person now1 surrounded by numerous relatives1 a member of a large family1 feeling herself beloved by all1 and loving all in return--yes1 all1 excepting the cousin seated beside her1 who caused her involuntary confusion2 and yet he had just said some words to her in ,italian1 pronounced with so pure an accent that she experienced a lively sensation of surprise and joy1 for ,italy was her native land--her own country almost1 left only a few months previous for the first time4 ,but her cousin's words embodied a compliment to which she did not know how to reply1 and when she raised her eyes toward him she met a look that disconcerted her still more4 ,she therefore only uttered a few words in return1 and then silently resumed her examination of the company1 beginning with her ,uncle ,ludwig4 ,as to him1 she thought she had never seen a nobler and sweeter face4 ,it was impossible not to be struck by the contrast in this respect between him and his wife1 which must have been even more striking in their youth than now4 ,while she was dwelling on this thought1 she met her aunt's eye resting on her for a moment1 and saw her smile4 ,that look #hbc and smile seemed to answer her1 and give a clue to the mystery1 for they revealed the traits that constitute the indestructible bond of genuine sympathy4 ,beauty adds nothing to such characteristics1 or at least only a charm the heart disregards1 and which even the eye soon ceases to dwell on1 for they who are capable of loving a soul soon love the form1 whatever it may be1 in which it is clothed4 ,the only one of the children who had not inherited the beauty of the ,dornthals was ,clement1 who looked more like his mother than the rest4 ,he had the same ugliness and the same smile1 and yet1 as he was tall1 slender1 active1 and robust1 his form1 without being elegant1 was not devoid of grace1 and when his thick hair was thrown back1 the shape of his forehead gave a marked character to his face1 and his look was1 in flashes1 expressive1 decided1 and intelligent4 ,it was astonishing1 therefore1 to find young ,dornthal so apparently incapable of self-assertion3 the more so because he possessed great aptitude for the arts and sciences1 and as a student he stood in the highest rank4 ,but it seemed to be an effort for him to converse1 and he was so absolutely silent in the drawing-room that his friends habitually avoided speaking to him4 ,elsewhere it was different4 ,his father found it difficult to conceal the secret preference he felt for his eldest son1 and the affectionate pride with which he regarded him was manifest in his looks on all occasions1 in spite of himself4 ,and ,clement's mother showed a confidence in him almost strange1 considering his youth1 and often seemed more disposed to consult than direct him4 ,as to his brothers and sisters1 they idolized him and were constantly recurring to him2 he had a remedy for every difficulty1 a means for every end1 and nothing exhausted his patience4 ,in spite of this1 as we have said1 he scarcely attracted any attention in company4 ,we can therefore understand why ,fleurange1 in continuing her inspection1 did not stop long to consider her cousin1 but1 on the contrary1 directed all her attention to a person at his side whose face was singularly remarkable4 ,he was a man about fifty years old1 perhaps older1 for his bald head1 gray beard1 and pale face1 marked by sickness1 showed he was no longer young4 ,but a something indefinable attracted attention1 and induced people to inquire his name1 and the name seemed so much in harmony with his countenance that1 when known1 it was not unusual to hear the exclamation3 8,so had ,i pictured him to myself40 ,such1 in fact1 was that of ,fleurange when1 in reply to her question1 her cousin ,felix told her his name was ,hansfelt4 8,karl ,hansfelt60 she repeated for the second time2 8is it he8--what6 is that he80 8,yes1 my fair cousin1 he himself10 replied ,felix in a mocking tone4 8,in truth1 ,i ought to consider myself fortunate in having at length found a subject of conversation that can interest you1 but ,i did not think of being under obligations to old ,hansfelt60 8,but is it not natural to regard a celebrated man with interest1 and one so justly celebrated as he80 said she1 turning her eyes once more toward her cousin4 ,but she lowered them immediately1 for the look fastened on her was more displeasing than any she had yet met--a look expressing at once impertinent admiration and entire want of kindness4 ,she wished1 nevertheless1 to continue the conversation1 and timidly said3 8,no one can deny that he is a poet whose name is familiar to #hbd every one1 and whose songs are in every memory40 8,as for me10 replied ,felix ,dornthal1 8,i am not fond of rhymsters2 this one is particularly disagreeable to me2 and his approaching departure does not at all afflict me40 8,is he going away80 said ,fleurange4 8,yes1 it seems he has been offered a place at the court of ----1 ,i hardly know what position1 but one that will allow him to fully gratify his taste for old books1 and at the same time--a thing by no means to be disdained1 even by a poet--give him ample means of livelihood4 ,he has suffered sweet violence1 and in a short time we shall be deprived of the honor of receiving him within our walls--for ever deprived1 it seems1 for the kind prince1 who is taking him away1 insists on his not quitting his post40 ,fleurange made no reply3 her glance had just fallen on her cousin ,hilda1 who was sufficiently near to hear the conversation1 but not enough so to be able to take any part in it4 ,she saw her suddenly stoop down to pick up a flower just fallen from her hand1 and when she rose up there was a lively color in her face4 ,this was a natural consequence of the movement she had just made1 but what was less so was the paleness which gradually succeeded1 and the trembling of her hand when she endeavored to raise a glass of water to her lips4 ,fleurange was observing this with a vague uneasiness1 when her attention was suddenly called away by a question her ,uncle ,ludwig addressed to a young man seated at ,clara's side4 ,this question led to a reply which momentarily deprived ,fleurange of the power of thinking of anything else4 8,steinberg10 the professor said1 8look at my niece1 and tell me if you can see the resemblance spoken of40 ,the young artist turned toward ,fleurange1 and looked at her with an attention that1 till now1 had been exclusively absorbed by his fair neighbor4 ,all at once he exclaimed3 8,yes1 certainly2 ,i remember1 and ,i see ,count ,george was right4 ,that is truly ,cordelia herself before us60 ,every eye was turned toward ,fleurange1 and it was her turn to blush4 ,but why did she thus tremble from head to foot8 ,what were the mingled remembrances1 sweet and poignant1 that were suddenly recalled by the name of ,cordelia8 ,of course it was natural that she should be affected by hearing her father's last work mentioned--that picture connected with so many painful associations4 ,on the other hand1 it was that same picture which enabled her uncle to find her1 and now1 appreciating more than ever the extent of this happiness1 it was perhaps natural that the name of her unknown benefactor1 suddenly pronounced in her presence1 should inspire this lively and inexpressible emotion--but was this all8 ,however that might be1 she remained the rest of the evening troubled and absorbed in the same thought4 ,she had not1 then1 been deceived4 ,it was really the stranger she had seen in the studio who now owned the picture1 for he not only knew she served her father as a model1 but said the likeness was perfect4 ,and his name was ,count ,george6 ,count8 ,then he was a man of high rank8 ,what was his other name8 ,where did he reside8 ,and was he still in this city8 ,fleurange wished to give utterance to these questions1 but an invincible embarrassment restrained her1 and the evening passed without #hbe being able to bring the conversation back to this subject4 ,this curiosity aroused1 but only imperfectly satisfied1 left a kind of uneasiness which she reproached herself for as a fault and a want of gratitude1 when1 before falling asleep that night1 she recalled all that had signalized the day when for the first time she celebrated in the midst of her own relatives the great and memorable festival of ,christmas4 ,,vi4 ,four months had passed away1 and spring had returned4 ,it was now the eve of ,clara's marriage and ,hansfelt's departure1 and these two events diversely preoccupied all who lived in the ,old ,mansion4 ,fleurange was leaning over her balcony1 allowing her thoughts to wander at will1 but this reverie was by no means melancholy4 ,she felt very happy in spite of the ideas which vaguely crossed her mind at times1 like phantoms she could not grasp4 ,the vernal air caressed her cheeks1 and the sun gaily lighted up the old furniture in her chamber4 ,she looked complacently around1 and gave herself ,up to a sweet and overpowering sensation of comfort4 ,all at once1 without any apparent cause1 without any particular reason for this new impression1 a piercing and bitter thought replaced all these delicious reveries3 8,if ,i had to leave this place for ever1 as ,i have left all the others60 she said to herself with sudden anguish1 and for some moments she could not repress the fearful thought4 ,she covered her eyes with her hand1 and endeavored to shake off the kind of nightmare which had seized her4 ,she was still in this attitude when she heard a voice under her balcony1 the sound of which was more disagreeable to her than any other4 8,if ,i were a poet10 said the voice1 8or if ,i only knew some of their effusions1 it would be a suitable time to quote ,shakespeare3 #8,oh6 that ,i were a glove upon that hand6' and so forth4 ,prompt me1 ,clement3 ,i know ,italian well1 but very little ,english40 ,these words were addressed to her by her cousin ,felix ,dornthal1 who was in the garden with ,clement1 and had stopped beneath her balcony4 ,the latter had his head cast down1 but ,felix1 as usual1 gazed at her with the admiration he had displayed from the very1 first day--which was the only disagreeable and annoying thing she had known beneath her uncle's roof4 ,but then1 she seldom saw ,felix4 ,the company that assembled two or three times a month in the professor's drawing-room was not much to the taste of his nephew1 and if he had come oftener since ,fleurange's arrival1 he seldom had an opportunity of conversing with her1 for she avoided him with a care in proportion to the increasing aversion she felt for him4 ,felix had1 nevertheless1 all the advantage a fine figure and the manners of the world confer1 with sufficient knowledge on various subjects to appear well-informed1 and coolness and assurance enough to direct a conversation so as to shine in it4 ,it might1 therefore1 seem surprising that he inspired such a degree of antipathy1 especially when1 for the first time in his life1 he seriously endeavored to produce the contrary impression4 ,sympathy and antipathy are in part instinctive and uncontrollable1 and sometimes they are wholly inexplicable4 ,they are both experienced without always knowing the cause1 and sometimes1 later1 they are #hbf transformed and modified to such a degree as to efface the first impulse they inspired4 ,perhaps it would not be impossible to prove that upright souls are less rarely deceived in this respect than others4 ,however it may be1 and independent of this instinctive repulsion1 the antipathy ,fleurange felt was owing1 among other good reasons1 to the constant irony which was so strong an ingredient in ,felix's nature1 as to wither every feeling of kindly impulse or flow of reason around him4 ,goodness found no attraction in his nature1 and those who conversed with him almost ceased to believe in it themselves4 ,he had not discernment enough to see that ,fleurange was one of those persons who may be wounded by a compliment as well as by an insult1 and more than one flash of her large eyes was necessary to make him comprehend it4 ,and when he suddenly stopped1 his silence excited anxiety to know the cause of his sudden preoccupation and what sombre cloud enwrapped him4 ,some insinuated with a nod of the head that ,m4 ,heinrich ,dornthal's only son should yield with more reserve to his love for play1 and his father had repeatedly remonstrated with him on this point4 ,but as1 apart from his whims and irregularities1 ,felix had a remarkable capacity for commercial affairs1 the banker was blindly indulgent to him1 and often remarked that being 8perfectly satisfied1 and sure of his son in matters of serious import 7meaning thereby his aptitude for business71 he did not trouble himself much about the rest1 and only patiently awaited the epoch when the marriage of his choice would lead him back to a more regular life40 ,it should be added that1 for several months1 the health of the head of the ,dornthal family had1 without his acknowledging it1 been seriously declining4 ,the greater part of the business formerly done by himself was now transacted by his son1 and his confidence1 or his weakness1 in this respect1 increased to a degree unsuspected by any but him who was its object4 ,the banker occasionally felt1 with a return of his former cautiousness1 some anxiety on this point1 but ,felix knew how to reassure him by a few words1 and he now felt only one desire1 which grew stronger and stronger--to see his son married1 and settled down to a life of greater conformity with the importance of the affairs he could transact so skilfully1 and to which he had only to give his undivided attention4 ,he could have wished him to choose one of his two cousins1 but ,felix did not find them to his taste1 and often declared that it would not be within the walls of the ,old ,mansion he should find her to whom he would sacrifice his independence4 ,but after ,fleurange entered them he suddenly changed his tone1 and his ill-concealed admiration now directed toward her all the banker's matrimonial hopes respecting his son4 ,we left ,felix beneath his cousin's balcony1 his riding-whip in hand3 8,away with poetry1 which is not in my line10 he soon said1 8and deign to listen1 fair cousin1 to the petition ,i am about to address you in humble prose40 ,fleurange1 still leaning on the balcony1 replied3 8,i am listening40 8,see what a lovely spring day6 ,my horse stands yonder3 will you not have yours saddled1 and allow me to ride in your company80 ,fleurange drew herself up with an air of surprise1 and shook her head without otherwise answering4 8,no80 said ,felix4 8,no1 certainly not4 ,how could you think of such a thing8 ,and what claim #hbg have you to become my mentor80 8,your mentor60 repeated ,felix with a frown4 8,i am your cousin1 that is all4 ,clement often has the honor of accompanying you in this way1 and ,i should have a share in his privileges40 8,you are mistaken10 said ,fleurange tranquilly3 8,clement is my brother1 and you are not40 ,the smile habitual to ,felix--a smile at once impertinent and satirical1 hovered on his lips3 8,assuredly not10 he said2 8that is a title ,i am by no means ambitious of1 and am far from claiming of you40 ,fleurange blushed1 and made no reply1 but1 at a sign from her cousins who were in the room1 she almost immediately left the balcony and went down into the garden4 ,clement remained motionless during the preceding dialogue1 with his head bent down1 making flourishes on the sand with the stick in his hand4 8,her brother60 repeated ,felix in a mocking tone1 as soon as ,fleurange disappeared4 8,well1 ,i have no reason to be offended4 ,she looks upon you as a boy1 that is quite clear4 ,it is for you to complain1 if this does not suit you40 8,it does suit me1 on the contrary20 said ,clement in a decided tone4 8,i accept the title she gives me1 and ,i know1 when occasion requires it1 how to fulfil the obligations it imposes1 and when to claim my rights40 8,rights6 ,what rights80 8,the right1 certainly1 of protecting her6 ,you see1 boy as ,i am1 she has conferred it on me4 ,it is one which ,i will never surrender1 and would quite willingly maintain against you1 ,felix1 if necessary40 8,what source of inspiration have you drawn from to-day1 my fine scholar8 ,you are not generally so fluent4 ,indeed1 if you were only a few years older1 ,i should imagine the large gray eyes of our fair1 disdainful cousin had fascinated you in your turn40 ,clement did not look up2 he neither blushed nor was vexed4 8,felix10 said he1 8,i am only nineteen years old1 it is true1 and you are ten years older2 but ,i have one advantage which the younger does not generally possess3 you do not know me4 ,but ,i10 continued he1 looking him full in the face1 8as you are aware1 ,i know you well40 ,at these words a black look came over ,felix's face1 he bit his lips1 and would perhaps have made some angry reply had not the three girls appeared at the end of the alley4 ,at the sight of them ,felix abruptly turned around1 and1 leaping on his horse1 galloped off1 slightly waving his hand to ,julian ,steinberg1 whom he met at the garden gate4 ,fleurange and her two cousins approached to meet ,clara's betrothed4 8,i am late10 said he to ,clara1 8but you must not think it is my fault4 ,i have been detained by an unexpected meeting4 ,count ,george is here40 8,count ,george de ,walden80 said ,clement1 8the same one who visited the gallery about a year ago80 8,the very one10 replied ,julian2 8and it was he who showed us the beautiful ,cordelia that resembles you so much1 mademoiselle10 he added1 turning to ,fleurange4 8,and the source of our good luck in finding her10 said ,hilda4 8,but1 since he has seen you1 ,gabrielle10 said ,clara1 8you must know him40 ,fleurange1 strangely surprised1 moved1 and confused1 nevertheless replied in a tolerably calm tone3 8,i did not know who purchased the picture until ,i came here40 8,but10 persisted ,clara1 8you saw him1 however80 #hbh 8,yes1 once1 but without speaking to him40 8,in that case1 you must remember him1 for ,julian pretends his face is the most remarkable one he ever saw40 8,yes1 his features are not only fine10 said ,julian1 8but there is in his physiognomy and his whole appearance something--something--0 8,striking and noble10 said ,clement4 8,yes1 that is true40 8,assuredly10 replied ,julian2 8but that is not all4 ,there is something extraordinary about him--how shall ,i express it8 heroic--yes1 that is the word1 he looks like a hero40 8,of romance80 said ,clara4 8,no1 of history3 if ,i had to paint a celebrated soldier1 or the leader of some famous exploit1 ,i should choose him for the original40 8,and then1 he is a great lover of art10 said ,clement4 8,yes10 responded ,julian1 8he seems1 indeed1 gifted in every way40 8,and is he going to remain here80 said ,clara4 8,unfortunately he will not1 for in that case he would be at our wedding1 but he is obliged to go to ,st4 ,petersburg without any delay40 8,what6 is he a ,russian80 said ,clara4 8,no1 not wholly40 8,what do you mean by that80 8,i mean he is a ,livonian or a native of ,courland1 ,i do not know exactly which4 ,but he is one of the emperor's subjects1 and cannot trifle with his orders1 which obliged him to leave ,florence suddenly1 where he was1 and now forces him to keep swiftly on his way40 ,the conversation took another turn1 of which ,fleurange did not hear a word4 ,as soon as she had an excuse for leaving her cousins1 she returned to her chamber1 where she took a small note-book from her pocket1 and carefully inscribed therein the name of ,count ,george de ,walden4 #afj ,the use of the second person singular1 indicative of familiarity in most ,european languages1 has not been retained in this translation4 ---------- ,,the ,,martyrdom ,,of ,,st4 ,,agnes4 8,sancta ,agnes6 ora pro nobis40 ,calm she stood1 ,an ivory statue1 yet instinct with life1 ,so stately was that gently breathing form ,of grace and dignity so perfect1 yet ,with all youth's pliant softness4 ,on her brow1 ,white as the ocean pearl when first the waves ,complaining cast their treasure on the shore1 ,was stamped the seal of that creating hand ,whose spirit dwelt within that temple rare1 ,her holy virgin heart2 and from her eyes1 ,soul-lit1 beamed forth the splendor and the depth ,of that informing mind whose lights they were1 ,until you heeded not their violet hues1 ,their lashes long1 or nobly arching brows4 #hbi ,her flossy hair was colored like the sun1 ,her cheeks were opal-tinted1 like the hues ,of rosy sunset mingled with the pure ,soft paly whiteness of the maiden moon4 ,her mouth was a pomegranate-flower1 with all ,its crimson sweetness1 and her rounded chin1 ,love's finger touching1 had impressed therein ,a lovely dimple1 thus completing well ,the virgin beauty of that angel face4 ,a young and princely ,roman knight drew near1 ,and bent upon the noble maid his glance1 ,wherein the fire of earthly passion blazed1 ,yet tempered by a tear of pity born4 8,agnes6 my ,agnes60 in a suppliant voice ,he spake2 8,oh6 dost thou shun my clasping arms1 ,and rather choose this grim and ghastly death1 ,to dower with all thy charms8 ,oh6 let me place ,upon that fairest hand this spousal ring1 ,pledge of our future nuptials2 then shall all ,this dark and bloody pageantry of death1 ,the axe1 the block1 the gloomy lictors1 all ,pass from thy sight for ever4 ,agnes6 speak60 ,the virgin answered not nor seemed to hear1 ,her eyes in raptured trance raised to the skies1 ,till from her parted lips in angel tones ,low murmuring music broke3 8,o thou my ,lord6 ,jesus6 my ,spouse6 my ,all6 my only ,love6 ,am ,i not thine alone8 upon my brow ,hast thou not left thy signet8 on this hand ,hast thou not placed thy ring1 the golden ring1 ,of our divine espousals heavenly pledge8 ,come1 ,o my ,love6 ,i long to view thy face1 ,come1 take thine ,agnes to thine own embrace2 ,for ever with the ,lord60 ,the thrilling tones ,lapsed into silence4 ,on the lictors all1 ,she smiled--a heavenly smile2 and then she knelt1 ,bowing her gentle head upon the block1 ,her golden tresses1 parted for the blow1 ,swept the dry sand so soon to drink her blood4 ,an instant1 and the dazzling gleam of steel ,flashed through the air2 it fell1 and rose again-- ,all--all was o'er2 e'en then the virgin bride ,stood on the sea of glass before her ,lord4 ,the martyred virgin bride1 crowned by his hand ,with palms of triumph1 and the lilies white1 ,meet emblems of her purity and faith4 ---------- ,,catholicity ,,and ,,pantheism4 #hcj ,,no4 ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,cosmos ,,in ,,time ,,and ,,space--,,continued4 ,in the preceding article1 we have seen that1 in consequence of the sacramental extension of the ,theanthropos in time and space1 substantial creation in its highest and noblest element1 which is personality1 has received its last initial and inchoative perfection of being1 by the union of human persons with the ,theanthropos by means of his substantial and sacramental presence1 and through that union the elevation to a higher similitude of and communication with the three persons of the infinite4 ,now1 this last complement of the cosmos1 this union of the ,theanthropos1 with human persons1 through his sacramental extension in time and space1 constitutes the ,catholic ,church1 which may be defined to be3 ,the ,theanthropos present in the cosmos through the sacraments1 and through them incorporating into himself human persons in time and space1 raising them to a higher similitude of and communication with the three personalities of the infinite1 and thus not only realizing the highest initial perfection of the cosmos1 but also unfolding and developing that initial perfection1 and bringing it to its ultimate completion in palingenesia4 ,the ,theanthropos1 therefore1 has placed himself in the very centre of the cosmos by his sacramental and substantial presence1 as became his great office and prerogative of mediator4 ,by those moments of his sacramental presence to which he has only attached his infinite energy and power1 he disposes and fits human persons for the real incorporation into himself in the following manner3 ,by the sacramental moment of order1 through the moral instrument in whom this moment is realized1 he propounds and explains his doctrine1 the gnosis respecting ,god1 and the cosmos which he came to reveal to men4 ,by the sacramental moment of regeneration1 he infuses into human persons the term of the supernatural order in its essence and faculties1 and thus raises them to a higher state of being1 and to a closer communication with the ,trinity1 but all this in an initial and inchoative state4 ,by the sacramental moment1 called confirmation1 he brings that essence and its faculties to a definite and determinate growth4 ,when human persons are thus fitted and prepared1 he by his substantial presence incorporates them into himself1 and enables their supernatural being to live and develop itself by being put in real1 actual communication with all the proper objects of its faculties4 ,thus1 the cosmos of personalities1 perfected in its initial supernatural state1 can act and develop itself--the ,theanthropos himself1 through his moral agents1 organically constituted1 governing and directing its action to the safest and speediest acquirement of its last perfection4 ,from this metaphysical idea of the church1 derived and resulting from #hca its very essence1 it follows3 ,first1 ,that1 next to the ,theanthropos1 the ,catholic ,church is the end of all the exterior works of the infinite4 ,the supreme end of the exterior works was the highest possible communication of the infinite to the finite4 ,this was primarily realized in the hypostatic union which bound all created natures to the infinite1 and is realized next in the union of all personalities with the ,theanthropos1 and through him with the ,trinity4 ,now1 the very essence of the ,catholic ,church consists in this union4 ,consequently1 as such it is the last supreme imperative law of the cosmos4 ,the last1 because with it closes the cycle of the creative act1 and begins the cycle of the return of the terms to their principle and cause4 ,supreme1 because no higher initial perfection of the cosmos can be realized after supposing its existence4 ,imperative1 because it is a necessary complement of the plan of the cosmos4 ,hence1 without the ,catholic ,church the cosmos of personalities would have no aim or object4 ,it would stand alone1 and unconnected with the other parts of the cosmos1 the particular end of each personality could never be attained1 and the whole would present a confused mass of elements1 without order1 harmony1 or completion4 ,it follows1 in the second place1 that the ,catholic ,church is fashioned after the hypostatic moment1 and is its most lively representation4 ,for as that moment implies the bringing together of a human and divine element1 finite and infinite1 absolute and relative1 necessary and contingent1 independent and subject1 visible and invisible1 in the unity of one divine personality1 so the ,catholic ,church is the result of a double element1 one human1 the other divine2 one visible1 the other invisible2 one finite1 the other infinite2 one necessary1 the other contingent2 one immutable1 the other variable2 the one independent and authoritative1 the other subject and dependent1 in the union of the ,theanthropos with the sacramental element4 ,this union of the ,theanthropos with the sacramental element1 both moral and physical1 is1 as we have said1 the very essence of the ,catholic ,church1 and which endows it with that double series of attributes and perfections1 one belonging to ,god1 the other essentially belonging to the finite1 but which are brought together in one being in force of that union2 and all the difficulties brought against the church hinge upon that very thing--the sacramental union of all the divine attributes of the ,theanthropos with the finite attributes of the sacramental element4 ,all those who object to all or some of the ,theanthropic attributes of the church object to the possibility and existence of that union4 ,but that union1 as the last supreme imperative law of the cosmos1 is such a strict consequence of the plan1 is so connected and linked with all the other moments of ,god's action ad extra1 depends so entirely upon the identical principle which originates the others1 that once we deny it we are obliged to yield up all the other truths1 and take refuge in nihilism1 and proclaim the death of our intelligence4 ,for once we admit the impossibility of the union of the attributes or substance of the ,theanthropos with the sacramental element1 on the plea that the attributes of each are opposite and contradictory1 for the self-same reason we must admit the impossibility of the union of the ,word of ,god with the human nature1 and sweep the hypostatic moment clean away2 because1 if it is impossible to bring together opposite #hcb attributes in one sacramental being1 it is much more impossible1 so to speak1 to bring not only attributes but two natures quite opposite together1 into one subsistence and personality1 and entirely exchange attribution and names1 and call man ,god1 and ,god man1 and attribute exclusively divine acts to human nature1 and vice versa4 ,but1 having denied the hypostatic moment in consequence of that pretended impossibility1 we cannot logically stop here4 ,we must generalize the question1 and deny all possible union between the finite and the infinite4 ,for what can there be more opposite and more contradictory than these terms1 absolute and relative1 necessary and contingent1 immense and limited1 eternal and successive1 immutable and changeable1 universal and particular1 self-existing and made1 infinite and finite8 ,and could they possibly be brought together into any kind of union8 ,nay1 we must go further1 and deny the very coexistence of both terms1 because one certainly seems to exclude the other--the universal being1 for instance1 including all possible being1 must necessarily imply the impossibility of the coexistence of any particular1 circumscribed1 limited being4 ,arrived at this1 we must conclude that all finite things which come under our observation1 not being able to coexist with the universal being1 must be only modifications and developments of that same1 and throw ourselves into pantheism4 ,but once pantheism is admitted1 we must1 to be logical1 suppose the existence of a universal something impelled by an interior instinct of nature to unfold and develop itself by a succession of efforts1 one more distinct1 marked1 and perfect than the other4 ,now1 taking this substance at one determinate stage of development1 and going backward1 from a more perfect development to one less perfect1 and from this to one still less perfect1 we must necessarily arrive at the most indeterminate1 indefinite1 abstract something1 at the idea-being of ,hegel--that is1 at nihilism4 ,nihilism is consequently the logical product of the denial of the union of the infinite attributes of the ,theanthropos with the sacramental element1 the very essence of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 therefore--or nihilism4 ,and we beg the reader to observe that this logical conclusion which we have drawn is simply the history of the errors of the last three hundred years1 and consequently our conclusions receive all the support which the gradual unfolding of error for three hundred years is able to afford4 ,the impossibility of the union of the infinite attributes and substantial presence of the ,theanthropos in the sacramental element was proclaimed in the sixteenth century by ,protestantism1 when on one side it denied the authority and infallibility of the church1 and consequently denied the union of these ,theanthropic attributes with the moral instrument1 the hierarchy1 and on the other side denied the real presence1 and thus refused to allow a union of the substance of the ,theanthropos with the sacramental elements of bread and wine4 ,it did not then see the full meaning of its denial1 but yet established the principle of the impossibility of the union of the ,theanthropos in action or substance with the sacramental elements4 ,deism followed1 and1 making the ,protestant principle its own1 added a logical application to it1 and asked3 ,how can the uncreated1 infinite1 and absolute being be united to a nature created1 finite1 and relative8 or1 in other words3 ,how could the finite and the infinite be united so #hcc as to form the ,god-man8 ,and then1 like ,protestantism1 in reference to sacramental union1 not being able to conceive that possibility1 deism denied the hypostatic moment4 ,but the question did not stop here4 ,pantheism followed1 and1 being gifted with as much logical acumen as deism1 generalized the question1 and asked3 ,how can the finite coexist with the infinite1 which comprehends all8 ,and not being able to see the possibility of such coexistence1 it refused all existence to the finite1 and admitted the identity of all things and the unity of substance1 allowing the finite no other existence but one ephemeral and phenomenal4 ,this was the pantheism of ,spinoza and others4 ,but ,hegel1 with more acumen than all the rest1 saw clearly that it was impossible to admit an infinite substance subject to modification and development1 unless it was supposed to be1 previously to any development1 altogether abstract1 and shorn of all determination and concreteness1 among which determinations must be ranked existence also2 because development implies limit1 definiteness1 determination1 circumscription2 hence1 that primitive something could not be supposed infinite1 except it was shorn of everything1 even existence4 ,consequently1 he proclaimed nihilism as the principle of all things4 ,and nihilism1 and along with it the death of the intelligence1 we repeat1 must be admitted1 or the ,catholic ,church--all truth or no truth4 ,we conclude3 ,deny the ,catholic ,church1 or the union of the attributes and substance of the ,theanthropos with the sacramental elements1 because those opposite things cannot be brought together1 and you must deny the union between human nature and the eternal ,word for the same reason4 ,deny the hypostatic moment1 and you must deny every kind of union between the finite and the infinite for the same identical reason1 and you must deny the very coexistence of the finite and the infinite1 and throw yourself into pantheism4 ,we defy any one to find a flaw in the logical connection of these conclusions1 or to prove that we have misstated the genesis and development of error for the last three hundred years4 ,from the essence of the ,catholic ,church1 it follows that she is necessarily divided into two moments--the active moment1 and the passive moment4 ,the first is the ,theanthropos acting through his moral instruments1 proposing and expounding to all human persons1 in time and space1 the gnosis of the whole cosmos1 in its cause1 term1 effect1 and destiny1 actualizing through the same moral instruments all the other sacramental moments in human persons1 and through the same moral instruments governing and directing the whole elevated cosmos4 ,this moment is called in theological language ecclesia docens1 or teaching church4 ,the second are all human persons to whom the doctrine is taught1 and who are the recipients of all the sacraments and the subjects of the government of the church4 ,this moment is called ecclesia audiens1 or hearing church4 ,the first is essentially active1 the other passive2 the one communicates1 the other receives--though some members1 in different relations1 belong to the one or the other4 ,though in demonstrating the essence of the ,catholic ,church1 as we flatter ourselves1 quite in a novel aspect1 we have at the same time demonstrated all the ,theanthropic attributes belonging to and resulting from that essence1 yet1 for the sake of those who cannot see all the #hcd consequences included in a general principle1 we shall dilate at some length upon all the essential attributes of the church1 and those characteristic marks which constitute her what she is1 and point her out from any other body pretending to the same name4 ,the first attribute1 which evidently emanates from the essence of the church1 is its externation1 and capacity of coming under the observation of men4 ,for1 if the essence of the church consists in being the ,theanthropos1 incorporating his power1 as well as his substantial presence1 in physical as well as personal instruments1 and through them incorporating all human persons unto himself1 who can fail to perceive that church must be visible1 outward1 able to come under the observation of men1 in that double relation of sacramental extension of ,christ and of having men as objects of incorporation with him8 ,an invisible church would imply a denial of any sacramental agency1 and would be absolutely unfit for men1 who are incarnate spirits4 ,hence1 those sects which hold that the saints alone belong to the church have not the least idea of its essence4 ,holiness being altogether a spiritual and invisible quality1 the saints could not know each other1 nor1 consequently1 hold any communication with each other2 the sinners could not find out where the saints are to be heard of2 and therefore there could not be any possibility of discovering the church or any moral obligation of joining it4 ,the next attribute essentially belonging to the church is its permanence1 in theological language called indefectibility1 which implies not only duration in time and space1 but also immutability in all its essential elements1 attributes1 and rights4 ,the church must continue to be1 as long as the cosmos lasts1 whole and entire in all time and space1 in the perfect enjoyment of all its attributes1 characteristic marks1 and rights4 ,the reason of this attribute is so evident and palpable that we are at a loss to understand how it could enter men's minds that the church could and did fail or change in its essential elements4 ,when ,protestantism1 to cloak over its rebellion in breaking loose from allegiance to the church of the living ,god1 alleged as reason that it had failed and changed in its essential elements--when ,protestantism repeats daily the same assertion1 it exposed and exposes itself to an absurdity at which the merest tyro in logic would laugh4 ,it is one of the first axioms of ontology that the essences of things are immutable and eternal3 immutable1 inasmuch as they can never change2 eternal1 inasmuch as they must be conceived as possible from eternity1 whether they have any subjective existence or not4 ,essences are like number4 ,add to it1 or subtract from it1 and you can never have the same number2 likewise add to the essence of a thing1 or subtract from it1 and you may have another thing1 but never the same essence4 ,now1 what is the essence of the church8 ,it consists in the ,theanthropos incorporating his infinite power and his substantial presence in physical and personal instruments1 and through them uniting to himself human persons1 elevating them to a supernatural state1 and enabling them to develop and unfold their supernatural faculties until they arrive at their ultimate perfection1 and all this in time and space4 ,now1 how can we suppose the church to fail when its very essence is founded on the union of the ,theanthropos with the sacraments8 ,the only #hce possible failure we can suppose is if the presence of the ,theanthropos were to be withdrawn from the sacraments2 and this could happen either because the ,theanthropos may be supposed powerless to continue that presence or unwilling2 in both cases1 the divinity of the ,theanthropos is denied2 because the first would argue want of power1 the second a senseless change4 ,protestantism would do much better to deny at once the divinity of its founder1 instead of admitting the failure of the church he founded4 ,it would be by far more honest and logical4 ,we can respect error when it is logical and consistent1 but we must despise obstinate nonsense and absurdity4 ,the same attribute is claimed by the end of the church--which is1 to communicate to human persons in time and space the term of the supernatural moment4 ,as long1 then1 as there are men on earth1 so long must the church continue to possess invariable and unchangeable those elements with which it was endowed by its divine founder4 ,should it fail or change1 how could men after the failure be incorporated into the ,theanthropos8 ,should it fail or change1 how could men believe in the possibility of their attaining their end8 ,should it fail once and at one period only1 men would no longer possess any means of knowing when1 and how1 and where it might not fail again1 and therefore they could not but look upon the whole thing with utter contempt4 ,the next attribute is infallibility4 ,certainty objectively considered is the impossibility of error in a given case4 ,infallibility also1 considered in itself1 is the impossibility of error in every case within the sphere to which that infallibility extends4 ,this attribute is essentially necessary to the church1 but before we enter upon its vindication we will say a word about its nature1 the subject in whom it resides1 the object it embraces1 and the mode of exercising it4 ,the nature of the infallibility claimed by the church does not consist in a new inspiration3 because inspiration implies an interior revelation of an idea not previously revealed or known4 ,now1 this does not occur1 and is not necessary1 in order that the church may fulfil its office4 ,the revelation of the whole gnosis respecting ,god1 the cosmos1 and their mutual relations in time and in eternity1 was made by the ,theanthropos in the beginning4 ,the church carries it in her mind1 heart1 and life1 as she traverses centuries and generations4 ,but as all the particular principles constituting that gnosis are not all distinctly and explicitly formulated and set in human language1 so it becomes the office of the church from time to time to formulate one of those principles4 ,in this she is assisted by the ,theanthropos in such a manner that she may infallibly express her mind in the new formula she utters4 ,again1 an error may arise against the revealed gnosis she carries in her mind4 ,then it is her office to proclaim what her mind is upon the subject1 and condemn whatever may be contrary to it4 ,again1 she is assisted by the ,theanthropos in such a manner as to effect both these things infallibly4 ,infallibility in the present case1 therefore1 may be defined a permanent assistance of the ,theanthropos preserving the church from falling into error in the exercise of her office4 ,the object of this attribute is limited to these three3 #a4 ,she is infallible in teaching and defining all theoretical doctrines contained in the revelation1 be it written or not1 but handed down socially from the beginning4 #b4 ,in all doctrines having reference to morality4 #hcf #c4 ,in the choice and determination of the external means of embodying that doctrine1 theoretical or practical2 whether the external means which embodies the doctrine be used by the church1 or1 used by others1 must be judged by the church4 ,this last object of infallibility is so absolutely necessary that without it the other two would become nugatory and fictitious4 ,if1 in propounding a doctrine1 the church could err in fixing upon such objective expressions of language as would infallibly exhibit her mind1 men could never be assured whether the church had expressed herself correctly or not1 and could never1 consequently1 be certain of her meaning4 ,likewise1 if the church could err in teaching whether such and such expression of language1 intended to embody a doctrine1 contains an error or a truth1 men would be left in doubt whether to embrace or reject it1 and could never1 in embracing it1 be absolutely certain whether they were holding a revealed doctrine or a falsehood4 ,from this it follows that3 ,first1 the church is not infallible in things belonging exclusively to natural sciences1 and in no way connected with revelation2 second1 she is not infallible in reference to historical facts1 and much less in reference to personal facts1 unless these are connected with dogma4 ,the subjects in whom this attribute resides are the following3 #a4 ,the ,supreme ,pontiff1 the head of the hierarchy1 who1 independent of the rest1 enjoys this attribute1 in reference to all the objects above explained4 ,because1 by the interior organism of the church1 as we shall see1 he is made the source of all authority in teaching and governing4 #b4 ,the hierarchy1 together with the ,supreme ,pontiff1 either assembled in council or agreeing through other means of communication4 ,we almost blush to have to remark that this1 infallibility1 centred in the ,pope or bishops1 does not render them personally impeccable4 ,the two things are as distant as the poles1 and can only be brought together and confounded in minds who1 according to the expression of ,dante1 have lost the light of the intellect1 and live in a darkness which is little short of death4 ,the modes of exercising this attribute are three3 ,she is infallible as teacher1 as witness1 and as judge4 ,as teacher3 when she proclaims and expounds to the faithful the revelation of the ,theanthropos4 ,as witness3 when she affirms what belongs or does not belong to that revelation4 ,as judge3 when she pronounces final judgment on controversies and disputes which arise in relation to revealed doctrines4 ,having thus given a brief idea of all that belongs to the subject of infallibility1 it seems to us that no one who has understood the nature and essence of the church1 and the object for which it was established1 can fail to perceive not only the entire reasonableness1 but also the absolute necessity of such a doctrine4 ,we have said that the church in its active element is nothing less than the ,theanthropos himself1 communicating the term of the supernatural moment1 which includes teaching1 through the agency of secondary agents1 both physical and personal4 ,the church1 therefore1 under the aspect from which we are now regarding her1 is the ,theanthropos teaching his revelation1 expounding his revelation1 affirming and witnessing to his revelation1 declaring what agrees with it1 and what is contradictory to it1 through the agency of the #hcg ,supreme ,pontiff1 or of the ,pontiff and the rest of the hierarchy4 ,and can anything be more reasonable than the assertion that she is infallible8 ,protestantism has boasted1 and boasts yet1 of having emancipated reason1 of having brought it to the highest possible degree of culture and development4 ,but when will ,protestantism begin to exercise its vaunted reason8 ,is it reasonable to suppose that the ,theanthropos1 the ,god made man1 the infallible wisdom of ,god1 the very intelligibility of the ,father1 who established the church1 that is1 united himself1 either as to action or substance1 with a sacramental element1 be it material or personal1 in order1 among other things1 to teach all men in time and space what was absolutely necessary for them to know to attain their ultimate perfection--is it reasonable to suppose1 we say1 that the ,theanthropos should1 through his personal agents1 teach anything but absolute truth8 ,deny the divinity of the ,theanthropos1 deny that the ,theanthropos ever did or could unite his activity with personal agents1 deny the essence of the church1 and then you would be logical1 then you would be consistent1 then we could understand you4 ,but to admit that the ,theanthropos is ,god1 to admit that he did unite his infinite and divine activity to the sacramental element1 to admit that he did so on purpose to teach all men in time and space1 and then to affirm that the church is not and cannot be infallible--that is1 that the ,theanthropos cannot teach infallibly through his personal agents--is such a logic as only the highly cultivated reason of ,protestantism can understand4 ,it is above the reach of that reason which is satisfied with a moderate share of culture and refinement1 and cannot claim to soar so high4 ,we beg the reader to reflect for an instant on this single question3 ,is it the ,theanthropos1 or is it not1 who teaches through the agency of his personal instruments8 ,to this simple question1 a simple answer should be given4 ,say you answer1 ,it is not4 ,then you deny that the ,theanthropos united his infinite energy to a sacramental element4 ,then you deny the essence of the church1 and1 in denying that1 you must deny every other union between the infinite and the finite1 as we have demonstrated4 ,if you say it is the ,theanthropos who teaches through the agency of his personal instruments1 then what can be more logical or more consistent than to say that he teaches infallibly8 ,what is there more reasonable than to say that a ,god-man should know what is truth1 and should express his mind so1 should embody it in an external means so1 as to represent that mind infallibly8 ,then1 why so much opposition against this plainest attribute of the church8 ,why so much obloquy1 so much sneering1 except that the so boasted ,protestant reason is nothing but a vile1 unmanly prejudice1 except that those who boast so much of exercising their reason resemble those innocent and unconscious animals of which ,dante speaks3 8,as sheep1 that step forth from their fold1 by one ,or pairs1 or three1 at once2 meanwhile1 the rest ,stand fearfully1 bending the eye and nose ,to ground1 and what the foremost does that do ,the others1 gathering round her if she stops1 ,simple and quiet1 nor the cause discern08 --,cary's ,translation4 ,the next attribute of the church is authority4 ,this1 like the rest1 flows from her very essence4 ,that essence consists in being the sacramental extension of ,christ incorporating unto himself all human #hch persons in time and space1 communicating to them the term of the supernatural moment in its essence and faculties1 and aiding them to develop those faculties1 and to bring them to their ultimate completion4 ,the church1 therefore1 as sacramental--that is1 outward and sensible extension of the ,theanthropos intended for men--is a visible1 outward society of human persons with the ,theanthropos4 ,now1 what does a visible society require8 ,that the external relations of the associates should be determined and governed by the authority legitimately constituted in the society4 ,for1 if those relations were not determined and directed by proper authority in a visible society1 it is evident that no order could be expected1 and that all the members could not form one moral body1 by a proper external communication4 ,the church1 therefore1 as a visible society1 must have authority to determine all the external relations of the members1 and to govern and direct them4 ,this authority or power of establishing the external polity in the church is1 of course1 essentially residing in the ,theanthropos1 who communicates it whole and entire to the ,supreme ,pontiff1 and through him to the whole hierarchy and the rest of the active church4 ,having vindicated the essential attributes of the church1 we think it necessary to dilate at some length upon the interior constitution1 the internal organism of the same1 in order to exhibit a fuller and more adequate idea of this masterpiece of the infinite4 ,and in order to do it thoroughly1 we must give a cursory glance at its eternal type1 the supreme exemplar of everything--the ,trinity4 ,the reader will remember that the genesis of ,god's life takes place as follows3 ,there is in the infinite essence and nature a first subsistence1 unborn1 unbegotten1 which terminates in the first person4 ,this is the supreme1 active principle of the second1 and both are the active principle of the third4 ,in this third termination closes the cycle of infinite life4 ,the production of the second person is brought about by intellectual generation4 ,for the primary unbegotten activity1 being infinitely intelligent1 can scan with his glance the whole depth1 breadth1 height1 and length of his infinite nature4 ,now1 to intelligence means to produce an intellectual image of the object which is understood4 ,consequently1 the primary unbegotten principle1 by intelligencing himself1 produces an intellectual image1 absolutely equal to himself1 the act of intelligencing being infinite1 and also distinct from him1 inasmuch as they are opposed as principle and term4 ,the first contemplates himself in his substantial image1 and is attracted toward himself and his image4 ,the second contemplates himself in his principle1 and is attracted toward himself and his principle4 ,this common1 mutual attraction or love1 being also infinite1 is consequently substantial1 and results in a third termination of the infinite essence4 ,from this brief explanation of the genesis of ,god's life1 it follows3 #ast4 ,that the infinite1 though one in nature1 has three distinct terminations or persons4 #b;d4 ,that1 though these three persons are absolutely equal1 because possessed of the same identical nature1 we find in them a necessary subjection of order founded on the law of origin and production1 the second being originated by the first1 and being in this respect subject to him2 the third being originated by both1 and under this respect being subject to both4 #c;d4 ,the three persons1 possessing the same identical nature and #hci substance1 possess1 consequently1 all the perfections and attributes flowing from the substance in the same identical manner4 ,hence they possess in common all the metaphysical attributes of the substance1 such as infinity1 eternity1 immensity1 immutability2 all the intellectual attributes1 such as truth1 wisdom1 etc42 all the moral attributes of the substance1 such as goodness1 etc4 #dth4 ,as nature is the radical principle of action and life1 it follows that1 as the three persons possess the same nature1 they possess one identical action and life4 ,but as the termination is the immediate principle of action1 and the three persons have a distinct termination1 their one identical action receives the impress of the distinct termination of each4 #eth4 ,finally1 the essence being identical in all the three persons1 and the second and third being originated by an immanent action1 and all being essentially relative to each other1 it follows that they all live in each other by a common indwelling4 ,now1 the interior constitution1 the internal organism1 of the church must be modelled1 both in its active and passive moments1 after this supreme type of everything2 always granting the necessary distance of proportion intervening between the infinite and the finite4 ,for1 if the whole cosmos is and must be fashioned after that supreme pattern1 how much more must the church1 which is the inchoative and initial perfection of the whole cosmos1 the cosmos of personalities6 ,consequently1 we must find in its interior organism all the laws of the genesis of ,god's life--laws which in the whole cosmos are reflected in those of unity1 variety1 hierarchy1 communion4 ,and1 first1 as to the active moment of the church4 ,as in the infinite we find one nature and essence1 the abyss of all perfections1 the ,being1 so in the active church we must find one nature and essence1 the reflex of the essence of ,god4 ,and that one nature consists in the fulness of the priesthood of the ,theanthropos1 communicated to the whole active church in the sacrament of order1 and in the fulness of his authority4 ,as in the infinite the divine nature is possessed in common by a multiplicity of persons1 the three terminations constituting the ,trinity1 so in the active church the priesthood of ,christ and his authority must be possessed in common by a multiplicity of persons1 some possessing it in its fulness1 some partially1 because distinction in the finite is by gradation1 and cannot be by perfect equality1 but all having the same identical priesthood as to its nature4 ,as in the ,trinity1 we find the law of hierarchy absolutely necessary in organic and living beings1 which hierarchy consists in this1 that the three divine persons1 though absolutely equal as to nature1 are distinct as to personality--a distinction which arises from opposition of origin4 ,now1 this opposition of origin necessarily gives rise to a hierarchical superiority of order2 the ,father as such being necessarily superior in order to the ,son1 and the ,son as such inferior to him2 both as the aspirants of the third person necessarily superior to him1 and vice versa4 ,now1 this hierarchical law must be found also in the church1 and we must find a superiority of one over the other1 not merely of order1 but of gradation2 the finite1 as we have said1 not being distinct except by gradation of being4 ,hence1 we find the ,theanthropos to have established three distinct elements constituting the hierarchy1 and #hdj organically brought together4 ,the first1 a primary principle of authority from whom all receive1 and he receives from none--the ,supreme ,pontiff1 his own vicar on earth1 the visible head of the church4 ,the second1 who receive from the first in measure and limit--the episcopate1 who receive from the ,supreme ,pontiff their authority and its extent4 ,the third1 also1 receive from both in a more limited manner--the priesthood4#afa ,as in the ,trinity the divine nature1 being the radical principle of action and life1 and the termination1 the proximate principle1 there is one common action and life1 but the same bearing the impress of the constituent of each person2 so in the church the authority being the same as to nature1 the ,pontiff1 the episcopate1 and the priesthood have one common life and action radically1 but each one displaying it according to the degree resulting from his dignity--the ,pontiff in its fulness1 the episcopate within the range of their dioceses1 the priesthood within the limits appointed by the episcopate--the second as holding it from the first1 the third from both4 ,the reader can see by the theory we have just explained1 and which cannot be gainsaid1 how the late definition of the infallibility of the ,supreme ,pontiff is in accordance with and flows from the principles we have laid down4 ,the ,pontiff in the church of ,christ is the first and primary visible principle of all authority1 as in the interior of infinite life the eternal ,father is the first primary principle of authority over the ,son and the ,spirit1 as we have explained above4 ,from the ,pontiff all must receive authority1 and he can receive from none1 as the ,father in the internal organism of the infinite communicates and receives from none4 ,consequently1 the ,supreme ,pontiff being the first1 primary1 supreme1 visible principle of authority in the church of ,christ1 is the first1 primary1 supreme1 visible teacher--the office of teaching being essentially included in the fulness of authority communicated to him by ,christ4 ,and as the office of teaching in the church of ,christ would be of no avail except it were endowed with the attribute of infallibility1 it follows that the ,supreme ,pontiff is the first1 primary1 supreme1 infallible teacher in the church of ,christ4 ,he must teach all1 and can be taught by none4 ,he teaches by himself the whole universal church1 and none has and can have any authority for disputing1 objecting to1 and gainsaying his teaching4 ,we cannot perceive how any persons holding the supremacy and independence of his authority could ever have reconciled with their logic the dependence of his authority with reference to teaching4 ,we come to the interior organism of the passive church1 to which the active church also belongs in different relation1 and we find in it also a reflex of the ,trinity4 ,for as in the infinite there is one nature common to all1 communicated by the first person to the second1 and by both to the third1 so in the passive church we find the same nature1 the term of the supernatural moment1 consisting in a higher similitude of and communication with the ,trinity2 this term communicated by the active church2 primarily by the episcopate1 and secondarily by the priesthood4 #hda ,as in the ,trinity1 the nature being the same1 the three persons partake of all the attributes flowing from the nature1 likewise1 and with due proportion in the church1 the nature of the supernatural moment being the same1 all the members partake of the same attributes and faculties flowing from that nature2 hence they have one common supernatural intelligence1 one common supernatural will4 ,as the ,trinity1 the nature being the radical principle of action1 and the personality the proximate1 all have the same action1 but each acts according to the constituent of his personality2 so in the church1 the term of the supernatural moment1 constituting its nature1 being the same1 all have the same supernatural action and life2 but personally1 some members belonging to the active church1 and some to the passive1 it follows that those who belong to the first display that life in that relation1 and those who belong to the second display it in the second relation4 ,as in the ,trinity we find an indwelling of all the persons in each other1 and a living perpetual communication founded on the identity of nature and on the relation of personalities2 so in the church of ,christ we find a perpetual communication of its members with each other1 founded on the identity of nature1 the term of the supernatural moment1 and on the relation of personalities1 all members of the passive church communicating with and living1 as it were1 in the active church1 because proceeding from it4 ,we see1 therefore1 what is the interior organism of the church4 ,as to the active church1 the fulness of the priesthood of the ,theanthropos is given to the whole active church4 ,the organism is constituted and established by authority4 ,the fulness of his authority is communicated to one1 the ,supreme ,pontiff1 the visible head of the church4 ,from him1 and from him alone1 all others must receive authority4 ,and hence the unity of the whole active church1 unity of authority1 of action and life1 and the proper hierarchical order4 ,the passive church is established upon the bestowal of the supernatural nature and faculties and acts4 ,the two are brought together by the community of the same supernatural nature1 faculties1 and acts2 and1 by the dependence of origin1 the second proceeding and being originated by the first4 ,both have one common life and action1 but hierarchically exercised1 the passive being governed and directed by the one which originates it1 and thus exhibiting a most perfect image of the ,trinity4 ,we have only been commenting upon those words of the ,theanthropos3 8,holy ,father1 keep these in thy name whom thou hast given me1 that they may be one1 as we also are40 ,here we have the necessity of the church being modelled after the ,trinity1 the archetype of everything4 8,as thou hast sent me into the world1 ,i also have sent them into the world40 ,the common nature of the active church1 the mission and authority of the ,theanthropos4 8,and not for these only do ,i pray1 but for all those who1 through their words1 shall believe in me40 ,the continuation of that authority4 8,sanctify them in truth40 ,the common nature of the passive church1 the term of the supernatural moment4 8,that they may be one1 as thou ,father in me and ,i in thee1 that they may be one in us40 ,the completion of the inchoative society1 brought about by the supernatural element of union1 and by the incorporation #hdb with the ,theanthropos4 ,to complete the theory of the church1 we have now to point out the characteristic marks which distinguish it from any counterfeit institution of men4 ,these marks are four3 unity1 holiness1 catholicity1 and apostolicity4 ,unity4 ,what is the church1 viewed in its essence1 attributes1 and interior organism8 ,it is the ,theanthropos annexing his infinite energy and his substantial presence to a sacramental element1 both physical and personal1 and through them first elevating human persons to a supernatural being1 with its essence and faculties of supernatural intelligence and supernatural will in an incipient and inchoative state2 secondly1 through his sacramental1 personal element proposing and expounding his gnosis to their supernatural intelligence2 by a second sacramental moment elevating this supernatural essence and faculties to a determinate and definite growth3 by the sacramental moment of his presence incorporating all elevated persons unto himself1 and thus putting them in immediate contact with himself1 and through him with the ,trinity on one side and with all the cosmos in nature and personality on the other side1 and thus affording their supernatural faculties proper objects on which they may feed1 expand1 be developed1 and arrive at their ultimate perfection4 ,finally1 by the personal sacramental element governing and directing all their exterior relations and communication to one social final end2 and all this not in any particular spot or period of time1 but in all space and in all time4 ,from this it is evident that the church of ,christ is one in force of the unity of the ,theanthropos with the sacramental element2 one in consequence of the interior unity of organism1 both of the active and passive church2 one in consequence of the unity of the supernatural being and faculties1 the end of the church2 one in force of the unity of the object of the supernatural intelligence2 one in consequence of the unity of the object of the supernatural will--,god and his cosmos1 in their relations to each other2 one in consequence of the real communion and intercourse between the members of the church2 one1 finally1 in consequence of the oneness of the visible government of the church1 all emanating from one invisible and one visible head4 ,the second distinctive mark of the church must be holiness4 ,for the end of the church is to impart to human persons in time and space the term of the supernatural moment1 together with its faculties1 and especially the faculty and habit of supernatural intelligence and supernatural will or charity1 in which1 as we have demonstrated in the tenth article1 the very essence of holiness consists4 ,if the church1 therefore1 were deprived of this distinctive mark1 she would fail in that very object for which she was instituted4 ,but it is to be remarked that not any degree of holiness would be sufficient to constitute a distinctive mark of the church1 but a certain fulness of it is required in some of its members1 for a twofold reason4 ,like every moment of ,god's exterior action1 she is subject to the law of variety by hierarchy4 ,this involves the necessity of the church ranging between the lowest degree of sanctity to the very pinnacle of sublimest and loftiest exhibition of it2 otherwise1 those two laws could not be realized4 ,secondly1 an ordinary degree of holiness can easily be counterfeited4 ,but none could for any length of time or any extension of space assume a sanctity which soars far above the ordinary and common level1 and #hdc which exhibits itself as such4 ,nemo personam diu fert could be applied in this case more than in any other4 ,the next distinctive mark is catholicity or universality4 ,she is such not only because she contains all truth2 not only because she embraces all the moments of ,god's action1 as the finishing stroke of them all2 but because she is intended for all time and all space4 ,finally1 the last mark is apostolicity4 ,the first members of the hierarchy chosen by the ,theanthropos to communicate as moral instruments the term of the sublimative moment1 with the power and authority to transmit to others that very same dignity of being moral instruments1 were the apostles4 ,therefore1 that church alone can be the church of the ,theanthropos which to this day and for ever can show that her own hierarchy are the legitimate successors of the apostles1 by an uninterrupted communication4 ,for we have said that the essence of the church is to be the ,theanthropos acting in time and space1 through the agency of the hierarchy and other sacraments4 ,now1 suppose a hierarchy who cannot claim or make good their claim to be the legitimate successors of the first ones who composed it1 who could not claim any communication or union with them1 how could we suppose them to be those very instruments in whom and through whom the ,theanthropos lives and acts8 ,before we draw the consequence which follows from all we have said concerning the church1 it is necessary to recapitulate in a few words all we have written in these articles4 ,we set out with the question of the infinite1 and after refuting the pantheistic idea of the infinite1 and showing that pantheism in its solution of the problem destroys it1 we gave the ,catholic idea of the infinite4 ,here another problem sprang up--multiplicity in the infinite4 ,no being can be conceived endowed with pure1 unalloyed unity4 ,it must be multiple1 under pain of being inconceivable4 ,what is the multiplicity which can be admitted in the infinite8 ,we demonstrated that the pantheistic solution which says that infinite becomes multiple by a necessary interior development1 destroys both terms1 the unity and the multiplicity4 ,we proceeded to lay down the ,catholic answer to the problem1 and explained1 as far as lay in our power1 the mystery of the ever-blessed ,trinity4 ,the question next in order was the finite4 ,and we showed the finite to be the effect of an absolutely free act of infinite power1 free both to its creation at all and also with regard to the amount of perfection to be created2 though we admitted and proved that it was befitting on the part of the ,creator to effect the best possible manifestation of himself4 ,here we found ourselves in face of a duality which claimed reconciliation4 ,how could the finite and the infinite be united together1 so as to preserve whole and entire the two respective natures1 and at the same time to effect the best possible manifestation of the infinite8 ,we answered by laying down the ,catholic dogma of the hypostatic union1 which raised the finite to a hypostatic or personal union with the infinite1 and elevated finite natures to the highest possible dignity4 ,but as the hypostatic moment raised to a personal union only nature1 and left out personality1 another duality arose3 how to unite human persons with the ,theanthropos1 and through him with ,god1 and make them partakers as far as possible of the dignity and elevation of the nature #hdd hypostatically united to the ,word4 ,the sublimative moment answered the question4 ,this moment1 medium between the ,theanthropos and substantial creation1 by bestowing upon human persons a higher nature and faculties1 enabled them to unite in close contact with the ,theanthropos and through him with the ,trinity4 ,but what was the medium chosen to transmit the term of the sublimative moment to human persons in time and space8 ,the ,theanthropos himself1 the essential mediator between ,god and the cosmos2 and to that effect he united his infinite energy and his substantial presence to personal and physical instruments1 and through them imparted to human persons in time and space the term of the sublimative moment2 and thus the cycle of the procession of the cosmos from the infinite was perfected in its being and faculties1 to begin a movement of return to the same infinite as its supreme end4 ,the sacramental extension of the ,theanthropos in time and space we have demonstrated to be the ,catholic ,church1 and from its essence we have drawn her essential attributes of visibility1 indefectibility1 infallibility1 and authority1 and also its intrinsic marks of unity1 holiness1 catholicity1 and apostolicity4 ,after this necessarily imperfect sketch of all our articles1 we submit to the reader this necessary consequence--the ,roman ,catholic ,church is the only true church of ,god4 ,first1 because it is in the teaching of the ,roman ,catholic ,church alone that the life of the intelligence is possible4 ,we have shown throughout our articles that in every question which the human mind raises1 there is no possible alternative--either embrace the ,catholic solution1 so coherent with reason2 or the pantheistic solution1 and the death of the intelligence4 ,now1 when we speak of the ,catholic solution1 we mean of the solution which is given by the church whose head is the ,bishop of ,rome1 for no other pretended ,catholic ,church gives all the true solutions4 ,second1 because it is the ,roman ,catholic ,church alone which knows her own essence and attributes4 ,all others are more or less ignorant of the essence and attributes necessary to the church of the ,theanthropos4 ,thirdly1 it is to the ,roman ,catholic ,church alone to which the essence1 attributes1 and marks which we have shown priori to belong necessarily to the ,church of ,christ apply4 ,consequently1 the ,roman ,catholic ,church is the real cosmos of ,god in its perfection of being and faculties1 and men have no possible alternative but to join it1 to submit to its authority1 under pain of the death of the intelligence1 of being a creature out of joint with the whole system of ,god's works1 of being in the impossibility of attaining their last end in palingenesia4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church or pantheism--all truth or no truth--death or life here and hereafter4 #afa ,we have said authority and not sacerdotal character1 because as to that there is no difference between the ,supreme ,pontiff and the episcopate1 but only between the episcopate and the priesthood4 ---------- ,,the ,,last ,,days ,,of ,,oisin1 ,,the ,,bard4 #hde ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,iii4 ,,oisin',s ,,youth4 8,patrick6 thy priests do ill to jeer1 ,not me1 but ,oscar's self1 and ,fionn3 ,wise are they2 but the dead are dear3 ,this deed is not well done4 8,who dares to say the ,king lies bound ,by angel hosts in bonds abhorred8 ,had these lain bound1 great ,fionn had found ,and freed them with his sword6 8,had ,fionn but heard thine ,eve lament ,the apple stol'n--the curse on men-- ,for eric apples he had sent1 ,shiploads threescore and ten6 8,likewise that serpent slain had he6 ,fionn ever said this way was best1 ,to kill the bad that killed should be1 ,and be loving to the rest4 8,patrick1 a pact with thee ,i make3 ,because my warriors they deride1 ,with thee to heaven my father take1 ,and leave they priests outside6 8,patrick1 this other boon ,i crave1 ,that ,i to thee in heaven may sing ,full loud the glories of the brave1 ,and ,fionn1 my sire and king60-- 8,oisin1 in heaven the praises swell #hdf ,to ,god alone from ,soul and ,saint3--0 8,then1 ,patrick1 ,i their deeds will tell ,in a little whisper faint6 8,who says that ,fionn his sentence waits ,in some dark realm1 the thrall of sin8 ,fionn would have burst that kingdom's gates1 ,or ruled himself therein60 8,old man1 for once thy chiefs forget0 7,thus oft the ,saint his rage beguiled73 8,sing us thine own bright youth1 while yet ,a stripling1 or a child40 8,o ,patrick1 glad that time and dear6 ,it wrought no greatness1 gained no gain1 ,not less those things that thou wouldst hear ,thou shalt not seek in vain4 8,my mother was a princess1 turned ,by magic to a milk-white doe3-- ,such tale1 a wondering child1 ,i learned3 ,true was it8 ,who can know8' 8,i know but this1 that1 yet a boy1 ,i raced beside her like the wind3 ,we heard the hunter's horn with joy ,and left the pack behind4 8,a strength was mine that knew no bound1 ,a witless strength that nothing planned3 ,when came the destined hour1 ,i found ,some great deed in my hand4 8,forth from a cave ,i stept at ,beigh3 ,o'er ivied cliffs the loose clouds rushed3-- ,with them ,i raced1 and reached ere they ,the loud seas sandhill-hushed4 8,by ,brandon's cliff an eagle brown ,o'erhung our wave-borne coracle3 ,i hurled at him my lance1 and down ,like falling stars he fell4 8,on that green shore of ,ardrakese #hdg ,an untamed horse ,i made my slave1 ,and forced him far o'er heaving seas1 ,and reinless rode the wave4 8,methinks my brow ,i might have laid ,against a bull's1 and there and then ,backward have pushed him up the glade1 ,and down the rocky glen6 8,so ran my youth through dark and bright1 ,in deeds half jest4 ,their time is gone3 ,the glorious works of thoughtful might ,for ,oscar were1 and ,fionn4 8,when met the hosts in mirth ,i fought3 ,my war-fields still with revel rang3 ,my sword with such a god was fraught ,that1 while it smote1 it sang4 8,my spear1 unbidden1 to my hand ,leaped1 hawk-wise1 for the battle's sake3 ,forth launched1 it flashed along the land ,with music in its wake4 8,a shield ,i bore so charged and stored ,with rage and yearnings for the fight1 ,when foes drew near it shook1 and roared ,like breakers in the night3 8,then only when the iron feast ,of war its hungry heart had stilled1 ,it murmured1 like a whispering priest ,or frothing pail new-filled40 8,say1 knew'st thou never fear or awe80 ,thus ,patrick1 and the ,bard replied3 8,yea1 once3 for once a man ,i saw ,who--not in battle--died4 8,i sang the things ,i loved--the fight-- ,the chance inspired that all decides-- ,that pause of death1 when ,fate and ,flight ,drag back the battle tides3 8,the swords that blent their lightnings blue-- #hdh ,the midnight march--the city's sack-- ,the advancing ridge of spears that threw ,the levelled sunrise back4 8,and yet my harp could still the storm1 ,redeem the babe from magic blight1 ,restore to human heart and form ,the unhappy spell-bound knight4 8,and some could hear a sobbing hind ,among my chords2 and some would swear ,they heard that kiss of branch and wind ,that lulled the wild-deer's lair6 8,i sang not lies3 where base men thronged1 ,i sat not1 neither harped for gold3 ,my song no generous foeman wronged1 ,no woman's secret told4 8,i sang among the sea-side flocks ,when sunset flushed the bowery spray1 ,or when the white moon scaled the rocks ,and glared upon the bay4 8,my stately music ,i rehearsed ,on shadowing cliffs1 when1 far below1 ,in rolled the moon-necked wave1 and burst1 ,and changed black shores to snow4 8,but now ,i tread a darker brink3 ,far down1 unfriendlier waters moan3 ,and now of vanished times ,i think2 ,now of that bourn unknown4 8,i strike my harp2 ,i make good cheer2 ,yet scarce myself can catch its sound3 ,i see but shadows bending near ,when feasters press around4 8,say1 ,patrick of the mystic lore1 ,shall ,i1 when this old head lies low1 ,my ,oscar see1 and ,fionn1 once more1 ,and run beside that ,doe80 ---------- ,,letter ,,of ,,monseigneur ,,dupanloup1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,orleans1 ,,to ,m4 ,,gambetta4 #hdi ,,from ,l',,univers4 ,sir3 ,after having read the speech which you have recently delivered at ,st4 ,quentin1 ,i waited a few days to see if some one would come forward and do justice to the words you uttered4 ,but since they have been allowed to pass without protest from any one1 ,i will1 albeit ,i have not much taste for it1 say what ,i have to say about them4 ,your speech treats both of politics and religion1 and you deal with these two great matters as if you were bound very shortly to become their lord and master4 ,i shall not say much about your politics1 although their threatening character adds to the already grave anxiety with which our poor country is burdened2 but1 as a bishop1 ,i have a right to call you to account for the war which you declare against the church and against religion4 ,for war1 indeed1 it may be called1 and accompanied with such accusations and such outrageous insults1 that1 if your words were true1 we should deserve to be driven not only out of the school-house1 as you demand1 but out of the church itself4 ,i must admit to have been at first misled by the apparent moderation of your words4 ,taking interest1 as ,i do1 in conversions when they are sincere1 ,i asked myself1 while reading your discourse1 in which you appeared to me so calm1 so insinuating1 and so circumspect1 though at the same time so devoid of modesty--,i asked myself if the time had come when the ,national ,assembly was about to present the spectacle of a reconciliation of parties in the presence of the image of an ideal republic4 ,what abundance of honey flowed from your lips6 ,even at times1 how much toleration in your maxims6 ,in this statement1 this programme1 this message1 the manifesto1 or by whatever name it should be called1 which you addressed to your assembled guests at ,st4 ,quentin1 you proceed in this wise3 ,you call for 8a strong and stable government1 that will vigilantly protect the interests of all1 and be able to regenerate the morals of the ,french family40 ,on this point1 sir1 we certainly all agree4 ,this government1 you go on to say1 will pacify souls1 bring the social classes closer to one another1 and will restore to ,france her rank in ,europe4 ,this is also very fine4 ,but let us see further4 ,to bring about this end1 you appeal even to the disabused voters of the plbiscite2 even to the legitimists1 who1 by their wealth and education1 are to be the ornament of the state2 even to the conservative men1 who are to be as a bridle of restraint on a policy which your friends are to urge forward4 ,and what is to be this policy8 ,the policy of labor1 very different from the policy of conquest1 the triumph of the idea of justice in the fulfilment of social duties4 ,i cannot forbear remarking here that these expressions1 policy of labor1 idea of justice1 are in daily #hej use by the ,internationale1 and not in a sense particularly intended to tranquillize society4 ,but let us go on4 ,but this form of government1 this policy1 how is its establishment to be brought about8 ,why1 by universal suffrage1 that foremost of rights1 that sole and sovereign tribunal1 that army of peace4 ,and how is universal suffrage to be persuaded and drawn to the desired end8 ,by giving to public opinion1 through democratic intermingling1 proofs of the morality1 the political value1 and the adaptation for business of the republican party2 by demonstrating that the republican government is the most liberal of all forms of government1 etc4 ,really1 sir1 all this must have appeared admirable to your audience1 and1 if your republic is of that sort1 many of our most upright conservatives will tell you3 ,let us clasp hands1 for that is the very republic which the ,national ,assembly1 acting with and through ,m4 ,thiers1 is endeavoring to realize at the cost of so much self-denial1 disinterestedness1 and honesty4 ,but let us be frank4 ,you have no right to claim that your republic answers this description4 ,your sweetness is purely oratorical and ,platonic2 for two sentences of your address reveal you and show who you are4 8,no one10 you say1 8must ever give his opinion except as a means of adding to the general good2 and each one must convert his mind into1 as it were1 a memorandum tablet for himself1 in which he puts down1 with a view of obtaining them1 the institutions which the people have a right to expect from the democratic republic40 ,if a priest had uttered these words1 which seem more befitting the lips of an ,italian than of a ,frenchman1 he would be charged with hypocrisy and mental reservation4 ,it would be said that he is playing saint2 that he is concealing his game by not revealing his innermost thoughts4 ,but everything is forbidden to the cleric1 while to the radical any and everything is allowed4 ,this everybody knows4 ,i confine myself to merely quoting this first sentence1 without further dwelling on its merits2 and ,i pass on to a second one1 which gives me a right1 not only to suspect you1 as in the case of the former one1 but to make a direct attack on you2 its tenor is as follows3 8,what ,i have done in the past is the true pledge of what ,i will do in the future1 toward definitively establishing the republic40 ,it is here1 sir1 that ,i must challenge you4 ,in the first place1 ,i have to express my amazement that1 having to account to your country1 under so grave a responsibility1 and for misdeeds for which you might have been rendered far more seriously liable1 you can be so ready to accuse others and to glorify yourself1 that you go so far as to dare to say3 8,what ,i have done in the past is the true pledge of what ,i will do in the future40 ,what have you done in the past8 ,you were a young lawyer1 and were turned all of a sudden1 and in consequence of a tumultuous lawsuit1 into a political character4 ,the audacity of your revolutionary opinions enabled you to become a candidate for the ,corps ,lgislatif1 and in the next place to take your seat as a deputy by the side of your friends ,blanqui1 ,raspail1 and ,rochefort4 ,on the #dth ,september1 you seized upon the governing power1 and1 without consulting with your colleagues1 you assigned to yourself the ,ministry of the ,interior4 ,did you1 as soon as you got into the #hea ministry1 extend to all good citizens those arms which you seem now to be opening so widely8 ,not at all4 ,in the ,htel de ,ville1#afb you installed such men as ,etienne ,arago1 ,ferry1 and ,rochefort2 in the mairie1 such characters as ,delescluze1 ,mottu1 ,bonvalet1 ,clmenceau2 in the prfectures1 such as ,duportal1 ,engelhard1 and ,jacobins of all sorts4 ,you filled these places with your friends--your friends only1 and these of the most excitable kind4 ,afterward1 when your colleagues1 in order to get rid of you1 were so signally weak as to give you the entire realm to operate upon1 when1 through a fortunate contingency1 you had suddenly entrusted to you that magnificent part which1 to a heroic and truly patriotic heart1 would have been unsurpassable1 what did you do8 ,you sought rather to force the republic--your republic--on the country than to save ,france4 ,it is well for you to talk about universal suffrage4 ,you have treated it as naught4 ,by a first decree1 you broke up the conseils-gnraux1 and did not re-establish them4 ,by a second decree1 you adjourned the elections4 ,by a third decree1 you abridged the legal qualifications for election4 ,what have you1 sole ruler everywhere obeyed1 done with the treasure1 the men1 and the blood of her children which the nation lavished upon you8 ,was it not a republican who called your fatal rule the dictatorship of incompetency8 ,though only three months in power1 you had become almost a greater burden upon us than the late ,imperial ,government2 and when you assert that the ,national ,assembly has completed its work1 which was to put an end to the war1 you forget that the ,assembly had received from ,france not one mandate only1 but three4 ,the ,assembly had1 and has still1 given it the charge to rid our country of the ,prussians1 of demagoguism1 and of yourself4 ,after the dreadful catastrophes in which the ,empire sank to ruin1 do you know1 sir1 what proved to be ,france's greatest misfortune8 ,it was that just then1 in that so terrible a crisis1 you stood the absolute master of ,france4 ,i make no reference to the two aged men who were at ,tours with you4 ,it was from you1 a lawyer1 that our generals received their orders2 it was you who dictated plans for campaigns2 it was you who scattered our forces1 and blindly hurled our armies right and left1 multiplying your lying bulletins1 and at the same time and to the same extent as our reverses4--,but ,i must turn away my thoughts from those disasters1 as also from the remembrance of those poor soldiers1 without clothes1 without shoes1 without food1 without ammunition6 ,how great an organizer1 my dear sir1 you proved yourself to be6 ,how fortunate you turned out to have been in the selection of your contractors for supplies6 ,nevertheless1 the nation1 ever generous1 might have measurably accepted1 as an offset to this1 your personal activity1 and your efforts1 although unsuccessful2 it had given you credit for having withdrawn yourself momentarily2 but you reappeared too quickly1 only a short time before the day when the ,commune of ,paris was putting forward your friends1 your lieutenants1 your teachers1 or your disciples1 such as ,delescluze and ,millire1 ,rigault and ,ranc1 ,cavalier and ,mottu1 all those fellows who have made themselves as ignominious #heb and ridiculous as possible1 some of whom are still around you2 in fine1 all that party which you have never1 even to the extent of a single word1 disavowed1 and the members of which you called upon to give evidence of their morality1 their political worth1 and their aptitude for the business of government6 ,that evidence has been given1 and really1 sir1 you rely too much on the frivolity1 the folly1 or the credulity of the public4 ,you preach to it about a debonair republic1 but that public has not forgotten the grotesque1 ruinous republic1 accompanied with bloodshed1 which during six months was fastened on ,france4 ,you have avoided with prudent care to call your republic social as well as democratic2 and why8 ,in order to enjoy the happiness of a fleeting hour of dictatorship1 ,i suppose it is worth your while to run the risk of more calamities4 ,alas6 unfortunate land1 fated to be thus perpetually the dupe and the victim of most guilty ambition6 ,no1 in spite of all that you may say or leave unsaid1 your promises are contradicted by our memories4 ,we need1 in order to be persuaded1 something else than sonorous words4 ,it is true that1 in one point only1 you depart from the vague style of your programme4 ,you declare that you seek1 above all things1 to lay the foundation of the future of democracy on a reform1 to wit1 in education2 and with this idea1 you proclaim that you and your friends are alone capable1 alone worthy1 to bring up youth4 ,you seek to turn out just1 free1 strong-minded and able men4 ,this is very fine4 ,but how8 ,by means of a national education given after a truly modern and truly democratic manner4 ,and here you dare to affirm that the church and preceding governments have done nothing for public instruction1 that they view every person who knows how to read as an enemy1 and you claim to reform the world with your schools4 ,allow me to reply that in this matter you are taking advantage of ignorance instead of combating it4 ,for it argues a singular reliance on the ignorance of an audience to attempt to make it swallow at one and the same time1 and in the same sentence1 calumny and nonsense4 ,the governments that have ruled ,france for the past sixty years have in that period established more than #ej1jjj schools1 and have trebled the appropriations for primary instruction4 ,as to the church1 she is founded on two things3 a book1 the ,gospel1 and a divine command1 to wit3 ,ite et docete1 ,go and teach4 ,this sentence1 which has become commonplace1 8,ignorance is the source of all evils10 was uttered by a pope1 and he added besides1 8particularly among the working-classes40 ,these were the words of ,benedict ,,xiv41 uttered more than a century before you were born4 ,the calumny is consequently shown to be dull-witted1 and the nonsense still more so4 ,it would seem that you also1 ,m4 ,gambetta1 hope1 by means of schools1 to stamp your effigy on future generations1 just as if they were coin4 ,but men versed in the subject know1 and experience shows1 that such a design is absurd1 and may become a horrid tyranny4 ,the instruction1 whether primary or secondary1 even with as much as you can add to it of the higher sciences1 such as algebra1 chemistry1 etc41 will not produce morals2 and the parties who flatter the teachers expect1 after all1 much more from their influence on voters than from their action on their scholars4 ,would you like to know what above all things1 exerts an influence on #hec the family and on society8 ,it is education1 whether it be moral or immoral1 religious or atheistic4 ,and do you know why ,i mistrust your reform8 ,because it will be neither a moral nor a religious one4 ,in sober truth1 what sort of tuition is a really modern1 a really democratic1 one8 ,is there such a thing as modern geometry8 a democratic grammar8 moral teachings of recent growth1 and a geography not yet published8 ,all these big words are but windy oratory1 empty and obscure1 which affords no meaning to the mind when it attempts to analyze it4 ,nevertheless1 after having thrown off these sentences to your hearers1 you go on and recite the mottoes of the party1 the watchword of the day4 ,it is a pity that you left out tithes and forced service under feudal law4 ,you say tuition is to be free of cost--that is equivalent to adding thirty millions to our budget of expenditure2 but what does that signify8 ,you have managed to spend a large sum besides4 ,the poor will pay for the rich2 but the lower classes will delude themselves with the belief that they are not paying at all1 and that they are indebted to you for the benefaction4 ,tuition is besides to be compulsory4 ,well1 let it be so1 if you can devise some adequate sanction for the contemplated enactments1 a reliable protection for the liberty of families1 and1 in particular1 a reliable guarantee for the teachers1 so that you can feel sure enough of them to venture1 without practising the most abominable of all tyranny1 to compel parents to entrust to them1 what they prize most in this world1 their children4 ,but then1 minor details do not stop you4 ,to conclude1 the tuition is to be by laymen--and now the cat is let out of the bag4 ,it is an easy matter to attack and calumniate absent priests1 religious who make no defence4 ,to do so is neither fair nor generous1 but much popularity is to be got in that way in your party1 and the hard flings at the church will offset the sweetness displayed toward other persons4 ,so let us strike hard on this spot4 ,the church is henceforward to be separated from the state--that is not enough1 the church is besides to be separated from the school1 and the school from all religion4 ,you have said1 sir1 that your republic would be a liberal one4 ,if you accordingly begin by excluding from the common right to teach an entire class of citizens and of women1 solely because their religious belief is not the same as yours1 do not call yourself liberal1 and do not charge the church with being intolerant1 or else be logically consistent1 and separate the state from the school4 ,for the state1 in this connection1 means the budget2 that is to say1 the moneys which are got of all of us by taxation4 ,you cannot1 without being tyrannical1 compel families to send their children to the school of the state4 ,lay aside these high-sounding phrases1 and call things by their right names4 ,by the church you mean us4 ,by the state you mean yourself4 ,to deprive us and our doctrines of our money1 in order to bestow it on yourself and your doctrines--that is what is called separating the church from the state4 ,but ,i feel pretty easy as to the choice families will make when ,i learn from you what the programme of this teaching is to be4 ,the programme is this3 8,it is an extensive and varied one1 so that1 instead of mutilated learning1 man will have dealt out to him entire truth1 so that nothing which the human mind can grasp will #hed be concealed from him40 ,de omni re scibili6 ,well1 that is wonderful indeed6 ,no doubt you will have the power to create minds capable of taking in this encyclopdia6 ,you are equal to so many undertakings6 ,so that which you have in view1 gratuitous1 compulsory1 lay tuition1 integral besides for every one and complete to an impossible degree--this is the formula of socialism1 and is also the formula of absurdity4 8,in the schools10 you add1 8children will be taught scientific truth in its rigor and its majestic simplicity10 and by this process 8you will have reared citizens whose principles will rest on the same bases on which our entire society is founded40 ,what do you mean by these big words8 ,what are these principles8 what are these bases8 ,whether it be that those principles rest on these bases1 or that these bases are fast to those principles1 how much of this will you teach to children from the ages of seven to eleven years8 ,i call upon you to give me plainly the text of the programme of science which our worthy village teachers1 who are to seek to instil into children of from seven to eleven years the sense of duty and sacrifice1 will have to substitute for the ,ten ,commandments of ,god1 and for the sublime and popular ,gospel of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,what is it1 pray1 sir1 that renders you so ungrateful towards the voters of ,paris or of ,lyons1 who nearly all have been educated by the ,brothers1 so severe on the priests1 who perhaps have done something for your early education1 and so unjust towards the church8 ,it is my duty to insist on this point1 and to protest against your calumnies4 ,what6 though the clergy of ,france have devoted themselves1 as they have done1 to the service of our soldiers and our prisoners1 and though when1 only four months ago1 our chaplains and our ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools had served and died on the battle-fields1 and though all our female religious have devoted themselves to the care of our ambulances1 you have the heart to come and tell us that we are no longer ,french6 ,and it is immediately after the massacre of the hostages that you repeat these calumnies1 and represent us as constituting for modern society 8the greatest peril40 ,such are your very words1 and you hold us up anew to the blind fury of our enemies4 ,and you direct your calumnies not against us alone1 but1 besides1 against the ,pope4 ,ah6 ,i admit1 the horrors1 treachery1 meanness1 and falsehood by which he has been surrounded during the past twenty-five years have not brought him to look with favor on the charms of that sham liberty which you promise him1 and he may well fail to admire that ,garibaldi for whose sake you1 perhaps1 sacrificed our army of the ,east4 ,but in the ,encyclical which your hearers have never read1 the ,pope has not condemned the various forms of government as they exist in the laws of various nations4 ,he has condemned liberty unrestrained1 rights without countervailing duties1 and societies that know not ,god4 ,as to the family and property1 sir1 is it becoming your friends to style themselves their virtuous defenders8 ,but what is singular in this pell-mell gathering of confused and incoherent ideas1 is your alleged motive for denying to ,french priests the right to teach which belongs to them in common with all their fellow-countrymen3 8,when you have appealed to the energies of men reared by such teachers1 when you seek to arouse in them ideas of #hee sacrifice1 of devotedness1 of patriotism1 you will find that you have to deal with an emasculated1 debilitated class of men40 ,and the reason you assign for the emasculation and debilitation of this class reared under our care is still more singular3 it is because we teach them to believe in ,providence1 and because teachers that believe in ,providence are only fit to emasculate and debilitate the human race4 ,at this point1 sir1 you set 8the doctrine which accustoms the mind to the idea of a ,providence0 in opposition to 8revolution1 which teaches the authority and responsibility of the will of man and free agency40 ,but1 sir1 these things are not incompatible with one another4 ,both are taught by ,christian doctrine1 and1 by setting them in opposition as you do1 you show that you neither understand yourself nor the matters of which you are treating4 ,but you1 who do not believe in ,providence1 and who are consequently neither emasculated nor debilitated1 do you know of any other belief that can better teach mankind to bear with life and brave death8 ,you have this year ordered many men to rush to destruction4 ,would you have dared to recommend our soldiers to go forth to meet death1 mocking ,god8 ,and do you believe that the souls of the ,pontifical ,zouaves1 and of the ,breton francs-tireurs1 were enervated by their faith in ,providence8 ,but be cautious4 ,in order that your reasoning be consistent1 a belief in ,providence appertains not to priests alone1 but to whoever professes the ,christian faith2 consequently1 if priests are to be banished from the schools because they teach that emasculating dogma1 then all ,christians must be kept out as well1 and henceforward you must exact from every teacher and every professor not to believe in ,providence4 ,avow1 sir1 that seldom have calumnies and absurdities been mixed up together with greater facility than you have done in these words of yours4 ,nevertheless1 you manage to go on still further1 and you attempt to create a division between the higher clergy1 whom you traduce1 and those whom you call the lower clergy1 whom you flatter1 by endeavoring to excite them to envy4 ,you labor in vain1 sir2 and1 besides1 ,i do not recognize any lower clergy as such4 ,the rank of the priesthood is the highest to which we can attain2 no bishop1 not even the ,pope himself1 has a sacerdotal character different from that of the most humble priest4 ,all ecclesiastical dignities are1 in one sense1 beneath the title of priest1 which leads to the highest offices and dignities of the church4 ,so that1 in this regard1 it may be said that no institution is so democratic as the church4 ,sprung from the people as we nearly all of us are1 educated together and fed together on the words of him who died for the people1 we will suffer ourselves to be neither divided nor deceived4 ,our fraternity is of the right sort4 ,our ,god is the true ,god1 and you are without any4 ,be sincere1 sir3 come out of this mere talk1 and answer me plainly and without oratorical precaution1 whether1 yes or no1 the free thought in which you are a believer1 and human science1 which1 according to you1 has nothing to equal it1 recognize the existence of a personal and living ,god8 ,candor leaves you no alternative but to reply4 ,either dare to declare to your friends that you do believe1 or dare to proclaim to our land that you do not believe1 in ,god4 ,if indeed your sham science denies ,god1 ,i pity you1 sir2 but you must #hef admit that it hardly becomes you to talk about religion1 and to endeavor to beguile and divide priests who have consecrated their lives to him4 ,you assert that1 if they dared to disclose their convictions1 they would own themselves democrats4 ,do you know what our village priests would tell you if they were to make disclosures to you8 ,they would inform you that in every hamlet is to be found a handful of petty rhetoricians1 tavern orators1 fellows who lead municipal councils1 who drive away the ,christian ,brothers and ,sisters of ,charity1 and do their best to deprive the curate of the small pittance without which he cannot subsist1 who forbid teachers to take children to ,mass1 refuse to have churches repaired that need it most1 recommend mutual-guarantee-association marriages and burials1 and know no better way of serving a republic than by hating priests and by persevering in a low and silly infidelity4 ,now1 in every village these very rhetoricians are your friends4 ,it is with their assistance that you contemplate establishing that education1 8national and truly modern10 in which1 in order to teach children 8their duties as citizens1 to excite in them ideas of sacrifice1 of devotion to country1 to make out of them an unemasculated race10 you will have not only to avoid speaking to them of ,god and of ,providence1 but besides to combat and root out of their minds the idea of ,providence1 and1 in fine1 to force upon ,french youth a teaching without religion1 and a moral instruction without ,god4 ,well1 would you have me tell you what such education will turn out for you8 ,instead of rearing men1 it will give us monsters1 and a learned barbarism1 armed with abundant means of destruction1 barbarism in the heart and in manner--in a word1 just what we have witnessed during the reign of the ,commune2 young men and girls from eighteen to twenty-three years old ruling ,paris and destroying it by incendiarism2 and1 lo1 it is after having witnessed such scenes of horror and the lessons which they teach1 that you have nevertheless ventured to deliver the address to which ,i am replying1 and your audience went so far as to applaud your words6 ,in my view1 this latter fact is an indication of the disorder in which at this very moment we still are4 ,no1 the end of ,france's afflictions is not yet6 ,but ,i have said enough1 sir4 ,i have sought1 as the only reply to your harangue1 to put facts in opposition to words4 ,i have sought1 while replying to you1 to defend the church2 and ,i think ,i have at the same time defended public peace4 ,in theory1 as against this or that government1 neither my faith1 my reason1 nor my patriotism would raise great objections1 were it not that ,i have seen your party at work1 and that my sight is still filled with those sombre scenes1 and my memory with the recollection of your deeds4 ,in vain do you try to cover them over with clever words and honeyed insinuations4 ,my knowledge of the preacher spoils the effect of the sermon on me4 ,and my recollection of the whilom dictator puts me on my guard against the impressiveness of the candidate who is aspiring not to establish liberty1 as he pretends1 but to destroy religion and to get into power4 ,you are not an apostle1 you are a pretender4 ,the republic is ,i6--that is your programme and the sole object of your discourse4 ,well6 depend upon it1 ,france has a republican government now1 the need of a change to another1 even though accompanied with the advantage of having you for its #heg president1 is not at all felt4 ,please accept1 sir1 with the expression of my regret to be compelled to thus combat you1 that of the sentiments of respect which1 as your colleague1 ,i have the honor to offer you4 ,illustration3 ,maltese ,cross ,,felix1 ,bishop of ,orleans1 ,deputy at the ,national ,assembly for the ,department of ,loiret4 #afb ,the ,htel de ,ville is the seat of head municipal authority for the city of ,paris2 the mairies are the subordinate seats of local authority for the arrondissements into which ,paris is divided4--,,translator4 ---------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,arians ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,century4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 formerly ,fellow of ,oriel ,college4 ,third ,edition4 ,london3 ,e4 ,lumley4 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,this work was written in #ahcb1 and saw the light in the following year4 ,the author had already made his mark in ,oxford as a keen and deep thinker1 as a scholar of wide and accurate erudition1 and as a clear and vigorous writer4 ,he was a prominent leader in the ,oxford or ,puseyite movement1 and was1 as we know from his ,apologia1 a stanch ,anglican4 ,the work1 looked for at the time with interest1 was received as fully equal to the high reputation of the author4 ,its singularly lucid treatment of a subject involving the most abstruse questions of ancient theological controversy1 as well as the intricate and shifting phases of a very eventful period of ecclesiastical history1 was a valuable addition to ,english theological literature4 ,the author had evidently thrown his soul into the work4 ,the history he was treating seemed to him to present many points of parallelism to their own living struggle in the ,anglican ,church4 ,the ,anomans and kindred ,arian sects were representatives of the ,socinianism which had reached even the highest dignities1 and the rationalism and humanitarianism which were beginning to spread among the clergy and the laity of its fold4 ,the ,semiarians with their compromises and varying phrases and formulas of faith1 which might mean much or little1 as each one chose to understand them1 were equally good representatives of the modern ,broad ,church compromisers4 ,the ,eusebians1 ever seeking to bask in the imperial favor1 and to guide or to wield the civil power for their own interests1 were the type of the modern ,erastians1 who look for nothing higher than an act of parliament or an exercise of the royal supremacy4 ,and the continual assumption of ecclesiastical authority by the ,arian and ,semiarian emperors in the fourth century1 and their often tyrannical action towards faithful bishops and clergy1 who would not give to ,csar the things that are ,god's1 made the ,puseyites think of the enthralled condition of their 8own branch10 in which the sovereign claims and exercises the exclusive right of appointing the archbishops and bishops1 and of deciding finally all questions of doctrine1 discipline1 or church law1 and without whose sanction convocations cannot meet1 nor synods be held or pass decrees4 ,in the fourth century1 the church1 though long and sorely pressed1 ever struggled on1 and finally succeeded in vindicating her own liberty1 and casting the heresy out of her fold4 ,it was hoped that the example might teach them how their ,english ,church might similarly struggle and eventually triumph4 ,a few years sufficed to convince ,dr4 ,newman that such hopes were futile1 #heh and that his position was false4 ,he and others sought refuge in the fold of the true church4 ,meanwhile1 within the ,anglican ,church1 the successive decisions in the ,gorham case and in several other cases that have since come before the ,privy ,council1 show that the evils he lamented and feared have increased in strength1 while the power of opposing them has grown gradually weaker4 ,the present is a third edition of the work under the care of the author2 we can scarcely say1 revised by him4 ,german professors1 in publishing successive editions of their works on any subject to which they devote continuous study1 have no scruple in retracting1 cancelling1 or directly confuting what they had previously published1 as often as they may be led to change their opinions on material points1 so much so that you must be sure you have the right edition before you can quote it4 ,we turned to this edition to see if ,dr4 ,newman had followed such a course4 ,he has not4 ,with him1 litera scripta manet4 ,the book is the same now as when it first appeared4 ,in a few instances he changes the structure of a sentence1 that his thought may stand out more clearly4 ,he has added a few more references in the foot-notes1 scrupulously indicating such additions by enclosing them in brackets4 ,he has enlarged the table of contents at the beginning and the chronological table at the end of the volume4 ,no change has been made affecting the opinions1 sentiments1 or speculations of the original edition4 ,there are expressions which now1 of course1 displease him as a ,catholic2 but he lets them hold their place4 ,he has cast out only two sentences1 as needlessly put in originally1 and even these he has1 in signal humility1 pilloried1 as it were1 in a page by themselves at the end of the appendix4 ,this appendix1 at the close of the volume1 is mostly made up of extracts from subsequent works of his own1 and are intended to throw further light on several points touched on in the original work4 ,the volume presents an admirable critical1 theological1 and historical summary of the whole ,arian controversy in the fourth century1 and was a turning-point in ,english ,protestant literature on the subject4 ,dr4 ,newman was the first to establish what has since been generally accepted1 that ,arianism was connected1 historically and intellectually1 with the ,judaic ,aristotelic schools of thought prevailing at ,antioch and through ,asia ,minor1 and not1 as had been previously held by many1 with the ,platonic schools of ,alexandria4 ,the work deserves and will amply reward a careful study4 ,the ,catholic reader will1 of course1 find himself in something of a ,protestant atmosphere4 ,the authority and action of the ,roman ,pontiffs is scarcely glanced at4 ,twice or thrice reference is made to the important support which the ,roman ,see gave to ,st4 ,athanasius1 and to the determined resistance which honorably distinguishes the primitive ,roman ,church in its dealing with heresy1 and the ground is taken that the acute and sophistical training of the ,eastern intellects led them to indulge in abstruse distinctions and discussions which the calmer and more practical minds of the ,western ,church entered into with difficulty1 and could scarcely express in their ,latin tongue1 so much less pliable than the ,greek4 ,theologically speaking1 as well as historically1 the controversy in the fourth century was ,eastern1 rather than ,latin4 ,still1 we are sure that1 were ,dr4 ,newman to write afresh this history1 now that he is a ,catholic1 the important part acted by the ,roman ,pontiffs would be more strongly set forth4 ,writing as a ,protestant1 he was sufficiently emphatic on the case of ,liberius--so much so that he has added a footnote to say that there is a difference among writers #hei which was the ,sirmian formula that ,liberius subscribed2 and the appendix further shows that there is also a discrepancy as to the number and the chronological order of the various formulas1 and that in some cases alterations and additions were subsequently made in the original text4 ,it might also be added that there are grave reasons for doubting the fact of any such subscription by ,liberius1 inasmuch as the charge seems to have been first put forth by heated controversialists long after his death1 and is scarcely reconcilable with the undoubted facts of his life after the date of the alleged subscription4 ,here and there the ,catholic will meet phrases implying or stating some special ,anglican view or ,protestant principle4 ,to all these ,dr4 ,newman's present position is a practical and sufficient refutation4 ,in the clear and lucid arrangement of the topics1 in accurate and subtile tracing of the various and varying forms of the ,arian heresy1 and in the vivid portraying of that greatest and most earnest battle in the early life of the church1 the work is worthy of ,dr4 ,newman1 and claims a place in every theological library4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,ulric ,,dahlgren4 ,by his ,father1 ,rear-,admiral ,dahlgren4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahgb4 ,though war1 in whatever light we may view it1 cannot but be considered a national calamity1 it must be admitted that it has a tendency to generate certain mental and social qualities which are unknown or of slow growth in civil life4 ,personal courage1 disinterested friendship1 and patient self-sacrifice1 no mean qualities in themselves1 are doubly valuable when enlisted in the cause of one's country on the side of law and justice1 and hence we consider the soldier1 no matter what may be his rank1 who bravely and intelligently risks and loses his life in defence of his nation's integrity1 deserving of a high meed of praise4 ,young ,dahlgren1 the subject of this memoir1 was one of this character1 and though he had scarcely attained the years of manhood at the time of his death1 in his attempt to liberate the ,union prisoners in ,richmond1 in #ahfd1 he had risen from civil life to the rank of colonel1 and had repeatedly distinguished himself for his skill1 tact1 and heroism4 ,the account of his short but eventful career was written by his father1 the late ,admiral ,dahlgren1 and is now published under the auspices of his stepmother1 the gifted widow of that naval hero4 ,it is very minute in details1 and composed with a richness of coloring and a warmth of affection such as might be anticipated of a fond and gallant father in describing the deeds of a son in every way worthy of him4 ,during his short military career1 ,colonel ,dahlgren made many friends1 some of whom survive him1 who will be glad to be put in possession of the particulars of his brilliant and edifying career4 ,,the ,,internationale--,,communism4 ,a ,lecture by ,rev4 ,f4 ,p4 ,garesche1 ,s4,j41 of ,st4 ,louis ,university4 ,st4 ,louis3 ,p4 ,fox4 #ahgb4 ,this is a lecture both logical and eloquent4 ,the learned ,jesuit traces ,communism to ,protestantism through materialism and false civilization4 ,he shows its horrid and dangerous nature1 and administers a well-merited castigation to that arch-agitator and firebrand of mischief1 ,wendell ,phillips1 who has made himself its apologist4 ,all persons ought to read this1 and especially those who pretend to call themselves ,catholics1 and yet1 by joining ,masonic or other condemned societies1 have renounced their allegiance to the church and become accomplices in the conspiracy against religion and society4 ,every good ,catholic who reads it will have his horror deepened against this conspiracy in all its forms1 and will learn what estimate is to be placed on those who seek to palliate and extenuate doctrines and acts #hfj which have been condemned by the ,holy ,see4 ,,lenten ,,sermons4 ,by ,paul ,segneri1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,vol4 ,i4 #abmo1 pp4 #cfa4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house1 #i ,warren ,st4 ,this is a translation of a portion of the celebrated ,quaresimale1 or course of forty sermons for ,lent1 of ,father ,paul ,segneri1 ,s4,j41 who was one of the most remarkable missionaries that the church has produced1 and also a man of great sanctity and austerity of life4 ,these discourses are models of eloquence1 and lose but little of their original force by the translation1 which is a very good one4 ,they are fourteen in number2 but it is intended that the remaining ones shall be published1 should the present volume meet with sufficient encouragement4 ,they are admirable examples of what sermons for ,lent1 or for a mission1 should be1 and will be of great assistance to clergymen4 ,they are now for the first time made easily accessible to the ,american public4 ,the volume is of a convenient size1 and well printed1 and such as we can in every way commend to the attention of our readers4 ,,the ,,spouse ,,of ,,christ3 ,her ,privileges and ,her ,duties4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,by the author of ,st4 ,francis and the ,franciscans1 etc41 etc4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgb4 ,this is a volume of spiritual conferences or reading1 specially intended for female religious4 ,the piety and talent of its authoress are well known to the ,catholic world4 ,the present work has the imprimatur of the ,bishop of ,kerry1 accompanied by a handsome tribute to the writer4 ,,the ,,vessels ,,of ,,the ,,sanctuary3 ,a ,tale of ,normandy4--,,the ,,inheritance4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgb4 ,two charming little stories1 translated from the ,french4 ,we can heartily recommend them as affording pleasant and instructive reading for children4 8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society0 has just published in ,tract form the ,pastoral ,letter of the ,archbishops and ,bishops of ,ireland on the ,school ,question4 ,the price of this document is #c #jj per #ajj copies4 ,the same ,society will also publish in pamphlet form ,several ,calumnies ,refuted1 or ,executive ,document ,no4 #cg4 ,this will also be sold at #c #jj per #ajj4 ,no less than #ajj copies of either of these pamphlets will be sold at any one time4 8,the ,catholic ,publication ,society0 has just issued a list of new books to be published by the ,society this spring4 ,it comprises fifteen books altogether4 ,these are3 ,lenten ,lectures1 by ,father ,segneri2 ,the ,liquefaction of the ,blood of ,st4 ,januarius2 ,sermons on ,ecclesiastical ,subjects1 ,vols4 ,,ii4 and ,,iii41 by ,archbishop ,manning2 ,french ,eggs1 in an ,english ,basket2 ,little ,pierre1 the ,pedlar of ,alsace1 illustrated by twenty-seven first class woodcuts2 ,maggie's ,rosary2 ,constance ,sherwood1 by ,lady ,fullerton1 illustrated2 ,the ,house of ,yorke1 with illustrations2 ,the ,eighth ,series of ,sunday-,school ,libraries1 illustrated2 ,the ,life and ,letters of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 by ,rev4 ,h4 ,j4 ,coleridge1 ,s4,j42 ,madame de ,chantal and ,her ,family2 ,st4 ,jerome and his ,correspondents2 ,bibliographia ,catholica ,americana1 by ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,finotti--this book is published by subscription2 and ,the ,men and ,women of the ,protestant ,reformation in ,england4 ,all these books1 as soon as ready1 will be announced in our ,literary ,bulletin1 as well as all other new ,catholic books published in this country or in ,england4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,o'shea1 ,new ,york1 announces as in press1 ,lectures on the ,church1 by ,rev4 ,d4 ,w4 ,merrick1 ,s4,j41 of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier's ,church1 ,new ,york4 ,received3 ,landreth's ,rural ,register and ,almanac--#ahgb4 ,published for gratuitious distribution4 ,david ,landreth ,son1 #ba ,south ,sixth ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,volume #ad contains six monthly issues of the publication4 ,at the bottom of the first page of each issue is a notice that it was entered into the ,library of ,congress4 ,this notice was moved to follow the issue number and date4 ,page numbers are displayed in the right margin4 ,footnotes and anchors were renumbered sequentially4 ,the footnotes were moved to the end of the article1 poem1 or item4 ,there are three anchors for ,footnote #aac4 ,words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores1 like this4 ,a column header key was added before the table on page #eac so that the display of the table would fit many e-reader screens4 ,unprinted punctuation and accents1 missing spaces between words1 and missing letters were added where appropriate4 ,duplicate letters and words1 where text continued from one line to the next1 were removed4 ,on page #djd1 #8,pharao' was changed to #8,pharaoh' for consistency with other instances in the article4 ,in the ,contents1 under the entry of #8,catholicity and ,pantheism' the page number was changed from #hbi to #hcj4 ,on page #ejd1 the anchor for ,footnote #aaj is missing2 it was added where it may likely have belonged4 ,on page #ecj1 italic markup was twice added to #8aqua fortis' for consistency with the remaining text4 ,obsolete1 archaic1 and other misspelled words were not changed4