,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ! five gr\ps consid]$ 9 ! book ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p ( ,ext9ct ,animals4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,creation4 ,,by ,,eli%a ,,noyce4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,boy',s ,,book ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,in=mation4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,f\r ,,hundr$ ,,engrav+s1 ,,by ,,! ,,bro!rs ,,dalziel4 ,,london3 ,,w>d ,,lock1 #aeh1 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 #aheh4 7,! "r ( ,translation is res]v$47 ,dalziel1 ,bro!rs1 ,camd5 ,press1 ,london4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,! ,,sky4 ,,page ,sky1 def9ition ( #a ,/>s1 :at !y are #a ,sun1 probable planets ( #b ,nebul #b ,sol> sy/em #c ,planets1 li/ ( #c ,sun1 ! s\rce ( light #c size1 diamet]1 c4 #c spots on #c comp>$ ) size ( planets #d ,orbits1 elliptical #e ,ellipse1 def9ition ( #e ,e>?'s orbit1 =m ( #f ,m]cury #f ,v5us #g ,planets1 inf]ior & sup]ior #g conjunction & opposition ( #h ,! ,e>? #h =m (1 demon/rat$ #i diurnal motion ( #aj rate ( motion ( #aj ,equ9oxes & sol/ices #ab ,! ,moon #ab phases ( #ac ,m>s #ad ,jupit] #af satellites ( #ah ,saturn #ah r+s ( #ai ,uranus #ba ,neptune #bb ,! planetoids #bb suppos$ orig9 ( #bc ,! /ell> sy/em #bd ,/>s1 numb] ( #bd ,! ,milky ,way #bd ,nebul #bd ,con/ellations #be ,/>s1 d\ble #bf v>iable #bg ,comets #bg ,,! ,,air4 ,air1 h[ p]ceiv$ #bi composition ( #bi weight ( #cj ,b>omet]1 pr9ciple ( #cj ,w9ds1 c\rse ( #ca ,vap\r1 cond5sation ( #ca ,sn[1 hail1 & fro/ #cb r$ & gre5 #cb ,air1 temp]ature ( #cb ,dew1 cause ( #cc artificial =mation ( #cd ,cl\ds & fogs #ce ,lightn+ #cf conductors #cg ,?und]-/orms #ch ,ra9b[ #ci ,air1 ! s\rce ( n\ri%m5t #dj c>bonic acid ( #da ! s\rce ( coal #da ,,! ,,e>?4 ,elem5ts1 li/ ( #de ,e>?s1 li/ ( #df ,silica #df ,alum9a1 ,lime1 ,potassa #dg ,soda #dh ,! ,e>?1 surface ( #di ,/rata #di diagram ( #ej v>i\s positions ( #ea ,faults or dykes #eb ,granite #ec ,gneiss #ed ,/rata1 prim>y #ed ,e>?1 prim>y p]iod ( #ee ,/alagmites1 =mation ( #eh ,t]ebratula #eh ,second>y sy/em #ei ,trilobites #ei ,m\nta9s1 =mation ( #fa ,e>?1 section ( "p ( #fb ,volcanoes1 =mation ( #fb ,coral polypi #fd ,encr9ites #fe ,m\nta9 lime/one #fe ,basalt #ff ,tree-f]ns1 ,p9es1 c4 #ff ,air1 purification ( #fg ,coal1 =mation ( #fg consumption ( #fh ,coal %ales1 f]ns f\nd 9 #fi ,e>?'s surface1 alt]ations ( #fi ,labyr9?odon #gj ,r$ ,s&/one1 impressions 9 #gj ,salif]\s sy/em #ga ,lias & oolite #ga ,ammonites & p5tacr9ites #gb ,cretace\s sy/em 7*alk7 #gb ,i*?yosaurus & plesiosaurus #gc ,coprolites #gd ,*alk1 organic rema9s 9 #ge fl9ts ( #gf ,/rata1 t]ti>y #gh ,alluvium & diluvium #gh quadrup$s ( #gh ,d9o!rium #gi ,mammo?1 c4 #hj ,iri% elk1 paleo!rium #ha ,b\ld] =mation #hb ,fossil leaves #hc ,man1 z yet un=m$ #hc 8 rema9s only 9 upp] /rata #hc ,sculptures f ,n9eveh #hd ,e>?'s surface1 always *ang+ #hd z x is #hf ,e>?1 temp]ature ( #hf ,europe #hg ,asia & ,africa #hh ,am]ica #hh ,au/ralia #hi ,! ,great ,des]t #hi ,oceans #ij ,,! ,,wat]s4 ,! wat]s #ia ,sea-we$s1 c4 #ib ,! horizon #ic ,! cliffs #ic ,! wat]s1 _! divisions #ic ,! sea1 always ! same level #id wat]s p\r$ into x #id ,ra91 h[ produc$ #ie ,riv]s & /reams #if causes ( _! ov]fl[+ #ig ,lakes #ig ,*alk d[ns1 c41 once a sea bottom #ih ,sea1 its encroa*m5ts #ih waves ( #ii ,s>gasso #aja ,gulf /ream #aja ,s&1 =mation ( #ajb none 9 deep seas #ajb ,diatomace #ajc ,=am9if] #ajd ,salt1 ! s\rce ( #ajd ,sea-wat]1 composition ( #aje ,tides #aje ,wat]s1 b5eficially arrang$ #ajg ,/eam navigation #ajh ,introduction to organic k+doms #aaj ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+dom4 ,quantity1 di/ribution1 c4 #aab ,=e/s ( ,russia & ,am]ica #aac ,s>gasso sea1 sea-we$ #aad ,diatomace #aad ,fungi1 m\ld1 mildew1 c4 #aaf ,coral reef1 f]tilisation ( #aah ,vegetables1 composition ( #aah fe$ on ! air #aai ! food ( animals #aai mode ( gr[? #abj action ( light & heat on #aba ,se$s1 g]m9ation ( #abb ,gr[?1 promot$ by ra9 #abc ,endosmose1 exp]im5t on #abc ,c>bonic acid decompos$ by plants #abd ,sap1 c\rse ( #abd ,vegetables1 position !y hold #abe comp>$ ) radiata #abf description ( p>ts ( #abg ,leaves1 =ms ( #acj ,corolla1 =ms ( #acb ,/am5s1 arrangem5t ( #acc ,fruit1 =ms ( #acd ,infloresc5ce1 =ms ( #acf ,vegetable k+dom1 divisions ( #aci ,acrog5 #ada ,alg #ada ,fungi #adc ,li*5s1 f]ns #add ,liv]worts #ade ,mosses1 v>i\s #adf ,horsetails #adg ,endog5 #adg ,bamboo1 applications ( #aeb ,endog51 ord]s ( #aed ,grasses #aed ,s$ges1 ,arums #aee ,bull-ru%1 ,col*icum #aef ,lily1 ,n>cissus #aeg ,crocus1 ,or*ids #aeh ,naiads1 ,fl[]+ ru%es #aei ,wat] ,planta9 #afj ,exog5s #afj wood ( #afa age ( #afb ,baobab #afc ,woods1 v>i\s k9ds ( #afe ,galls1 =mation ( #afg ,wood1 uses ( #afg ,exog5s1 size ( #afh ,well+tonia ,gigantea #afh ,banyan #agj ,exog5s1 sub-classes ( #agj ,?alamiflor1 ord]s ( #aga ,:ite ,wat] ,lily #aga ,poppies1 ,monk%ood #agb ,fumitory1 ,wat]-cress #agc ,helian!mum1 ,b]b]ry #agd ,violet1 ,sun-dew #age ,milkwort1 ,ba*elor's ,buttons #agf ,lime ,tree1 ,/4 ,john's ,wort #agg ,m>% ,mall[1 ,mead[ ,g]anium #agh ,flax1 ,maple ,tree #agi ,rue1 ,wood ,sorrel #ahj ,calyciflor1 ord]s ( #aha ,sp9dle ,tree1 ,buck?orn #aha ,broom1 ,g>d5 ,pea #ahb ,pe> ,tree1 ,rose1 ,/rawb]ry1 ,loose ,/rife #ahc ,fr5* ,will[1 ,myrtle #ahd ,h\se-leek1 ,gooseb]ry #ahe ,london ,pride1 ,f5nel1 ,hemlock #ahf ,corolliflor1 ord]s ( #ahg ,melon1 ,dogwood #ahg ,honeysuckle1 ,gueld] ,rose1 ,cross ,wort #ahh ,val]ian1 ,r$ ,val]ian1 ,teasel #ahi ,coltsfoot1 ,ox-eye ,daisy1 ,h>ebell #aij ,grey ,hea?1 ,g5tian1 ,buck-bean #aia ,pimp]nel1 ,primrose1 ,b9dwe$ #aib ,borage1 ,sage #aic ,tobacco #aid ,spe$well #aie ,butt]wort1 ,planta9 #aif ,?rift1 ,holly #aig ,mono*lamyde1 ord]s ( #aig ,ladies' ,mantle #aig ,beetroot1 ,buck:eat #aih ,olea/]1 ,spurge ,laurel #aii ,sweet ,*e/nut1 ,box #bjj ,hop1 ,:ite ,will[ #bja ,bir*1 ,ald]1 ,elm #bjb ,l>*1 ,yew1 ,bay #bjc ,plants1 li/ ( poison\s #bjd ,monk's-hood1 ,wolf's-bane #bjd ,bryony1 ,gre5 ,hellebore1 ,/9k+ ,hellebore #bje ,mez]ium1 ,mead[ ,saffron #bjf ,foxglove1 ,/aves-acre #bjg ,night%ade #bjh ,hemlock1 ,?orn ,apple #bji ,poppies1 ,h5bane #baj ,cap]1 ,wild ,lettuce #baa ,fungi1 poison\s #bab ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom4 ,animalcul 9 wat] #bae ,man1 creat$1 n develop$ #bag ,animals1 *ief division ( #bag ,animals1 inv]tebrate #bag ,infusoria #bah ,protozoa #bah ,infusoria1 high] k9ds ( #bbj ,entozoa 7inte/9al worms7 #bba ,zoophytes 7,s]tul>ia1 c47 #bba ,sponge #bbb ,gorgonia #bbb ,act9ia #bbc ,corals 7,tubipora musica1 c47 #bbd ,flu/ra 7,sea mats7 #bbe ,e*9od]mata 7,/>-fi%es1 c47 #bbe ,sea ur*9s1 c4 #bbf ,articulata #bbg ,annellata 7,worms1 c47 #bbg ,cirrip$a 7,sea acorns7 #bbh ,cru/acea #bbi ,insects #bca metamorphoses ( #bca p>ts ( #bcb depr$ations by #bcd ord]s ( #bcf ,beetles #bcf ,gras%opp]s1 ,locu/s1 c4 #bcg ,dragon-flies1 ,may-flies1 c4 #bch ,bees1 ,wasps1 c4 #bdj ,ants1 habitations ( #bdj ,:ite ,ants #bde ,/ylops #bdg ,butt]flies1 ,mo?s1 c4 #bdh ,silkworm #bdi ,bugs1 ,aphides1 c4 #bej ,h\se-fly1 ,gnat1 c4 #bej ,flea1 ,*igoe #bea ,spid]s & ,scorpions #beb ,mollusca #beb ,nautilus1 mussel1 c4 #bee ,tunicat$ molluscs #bee ,l+ula1 ,t]ebratula1 c4 #bef ,oy/]1 cockle1 scallop1 c4 #bef ,clio borealis #beg ,snail1 slug1 :elk1 c4 #beg ,cuttle-fi%1 nautilus1 c4 #beh ,v]tebrata #bei ,fi%es1 description ( #bei ,fi%es1 divisions ( #bfj ,p]*1 ,mack]el1 ,gurn>d1 c4 #bfa ,salmon1 ,pil*>d1 ,pike1 c4 #bfb ,turbot1 ,plaice1 ,soles1 c4 #bfe ,eels #bff ,pipe-fi%1 ,sea ,horse #bfg ,sea ,porcup9e1 ,sun-fi% #bfh ,/urgeons1 ,%>ks #bfi ,lamprey #bgj ,reptiles #bga ,frogs & ,toads #bga ,snakes #bgb ,liz>ds1 ,crocodiles1 c4 #bgd ,turtles & ,tortoises #bgf ,birds #bgi divisions ( #bhj ,eagles1 ,falcons1 c4 #bha ,k+-fi%]1 ,woodpeck]1 c4 #bha ,p\ltry1 ,pheasants1 c4 #bhb ,h]ons1 ,cranes1 c4 #bhd ,swans1 ,geese1 c4 #bhe ,mammalia1 ord]s ( #bhf ,kang>oo1 ,opossum1 c4 #bhg ,duckbill #bhh ,rat1 ,beav]1 ,h>e1 c4 #bhi ,anteat]s #bia ,ox1 ,de]1 c4 #bib ,horse1 ,elephant1 ,hog1 c4 #bid ,:ale1 ,n>wal1 c4 #bif ,lion1 ,tig]1 c4 #big ,dogs1 ,wolves & ,jackalls #cjb ,be>s #cjb ,seals & ,walrus #cjc ,mole1 ,h$gehog1 c4 #cjc ,bats #cjd ,monkeys #cje ,man #cjg ,man ! only possessor ( reason #cjh ,skeleton1 diagram ( #cji p>ts ( #caj ,bones1 description ( #caa ,muscles #cab volunt>y & involunt>y #cac ,ligam5ts & c>tilages #cac ,=m1 affect$ by age & sex #cad 9 infancy #cae 9 middle age #cae 9 old age #caf affect$ by sex #caf ,s5ses1 special #cag ,sight #cag ,eye1 /ructure ( #cai ,eyes1 comp\nd #cbj ,he>+1 smell1 ta/e #cba ,t\* #cbb ,dige/ion #cbb ,respiration #cbe ,circulation ( ,blood #cbf ,man1 8 sup]ior faculties #cbg v>ieties ( #cbh ,european race #cbh ,basks #cbi ,skipt>1 ,kelts 7or ,celts71 ,greeks & ,lat9s1 ,s>matians1 ,g]mans #ccj ,abyss9ians #cca ,mongolians #ccb ,hott5tots #ccc ,malays #ccd ,papuans1 ,negrillo #cce ,indians1 or ,tel+ans1 ,e?iopians #ccf ,au/ralians1 ,negro #ccg ,races1 num]ical table ( #cch ,,introduction4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to br+ be=e ! read] a simple & intelligible description ( ! :ole ,creation1 )\t attempt+ to ent] into m9ute p>ticul>s on any ( ! subjects m ?an is suffici5t to pres5t !m 9 a =m cle> en\gh to be bo? compreh5d$1 & recollect$2 ?us aim+ at ! production ( a ta/e = su* k1 & a desire to ent] m m9utely into any or all ( ! subjects ?is "w embraces1 :i* desire c easily be gratifi$ by a /udy ( "s ( ! _m excell5t works devot$ exclusively to ! individual p>ts1 :i* 9 ?is "w are treat$ ( collectively4 ,! want ( a g5]al k ( ^? works ( ! ,great ,creator :i* are con/antly spread out be=e u1 9 ^! days ( easy acquirem5t1 am\nts almo/ to a s91 = x is by ! /udy ( ,nature 9 all h] v>i$ =ms & associations1 t we le>n to look f ,nature up to ,nature's ,god2 = :o c look ^u ! works ( ,god )\t a feel+ ( awe & admiration8 :o c look upw>ds at ! spaci\s firmam5t on high1 )\t a s5se ( 8 own insignificance8 :o c gaze ar\nd ^u ! beauty & v>iety ! e>? displays1 )\t a /rong desire to "k m ( su* a ,great ,creator's works8--& he :o kn[s ! mo/1 be sure x is he :o w wor%ip ,him ) ! true/ & mo/ he>tfelt gratitude & admiration4 ,! works ( ,god 7next to ! ,div9e revelation ( ,8 w7 are ! highe/ /udies to :i* ,man c apply 8 intellect2 x has requir$ ! greate/ /udy ( ! greate/ m9ds to f9d out & record b a few facts to add to ! g5]al /ore1 & surely no "o %\ld consid] 8 "t missp5t :o c read ov] su* records1 & trace _! tru? by comp>ison ) ,nature1 ! m especially z x is by ^! means a love ( inquiry is eng5d]$1 & t ultimately he may be enabl$ by dilig5t p]usal ( ! great ,book ( ,nature1 to add 8 quota to ! /ore ( k already =m$ & record$4 ,x is true t infidels h (t5 br\ght =w>d "s bran* ( ,sci5ce 9 confutation ( ,scripture1 b x is also a fact t 9 ne>ly e su* case1 ! v argum5ts t h be5 us$ by ^! m51 h at la/ become ! /ronge/ argum5ts on ! o!r side4 ,geology 0 at fir/ adduc$ z a pro( t ! _w _h exi/$ f all et]nity1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 creat$ by an ,omnipot5t ,god1 & ! "q _h (t5 be5 ask$1 ,c y produce "o pro( ( ! creation ( any?+8 ,n[ ?is 0 a difficult "q to answ]1 until ,geology made manife/ ! fact t ,man 0 creat$1 by produc+ a cle> & unimpea*able pro( t up to a c]ta9 "t1 he did n exi/ on ! e>?1 & t at a p]iod ( "t1 a little lat]1 he did exi/2 ! space betwe5 ^! epo*s is n kn[n1 b x has no?+ to d ) ! argum5t1 = )9 t p]iod 7:atev] x may h be57 ,man 0 creat$1 & creat$ z p]fect 9 8 physical organisation z he is at pres5t--no long s]ies ( developm5ts f ! high] animals by =tuit\s circum/ances1 z "s pret5d--no gradual addition ( p>ts to suit ! physical *anges ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,!re is und\bt$ pro( f ! olde/ records1 9 ! =m ( ,sculptures1 t ,man's appe>ance has always be5 ! same1 & ! records ( ! ,bible 7! antiquity ( :i*1 at all ev5ts1 _c be disput$7 %[ t ! con/itution ( 8 m9d 0 at t "t j z x is n[--e passion1 e desire ! same--! only advance he has made1 is 9 ! k ( ,god's works2 ! application ( t k to 8 own b5efit1 & ! glorification ( 8 ,mak]4 ,,! ,,sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,telescopic ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,! ,sky is ! famili> "n us$ to express t wond]ful & va/ expanse ( space :i* ext5ds on all sides f> beyond our k or conception1 & 9 :i* ! e>? & millions ( o!r orbs move r\nd suns z _! c5tres4 ,c\ntless millions ( ^! suns exi/ at imm5se di/ances ap>t & ( ! mo/ prodigi\s magnitudes 7_m ?\s& times l>g] ?an ?is e>?71 ^! are ! />s :i* on cle> nights we see tw9kl+ s brightly 9 ! sky2 our sun is "o ( !m1 b be+ v mu* ne>] to u ?an ! o!rs x appe>s proportionately l>g] & bright]1 & is our c5tre ( attraction & circulation4 ,!re is b little d\bt t e /> has its circulat+ worlds or planets1 b ^! are too small to be se5 ev5 ) ! be/ telescopes2 ?is may be und]/ood :5 x is consid]$ t ! />s !mselves1 by ! mo/ p[]ful aids1 appe> b z bright po9ts or specks1 & !y are ?\s&s ( times l>g] ?an ! worlds :i* w\ld circulate r\nd !m4 ,b ?\gh _! planets _c be p]ceiv$ by ! nak$ eye1 yet analogy tea*es u t !y 9 all probability exi/1 = v _m ( ! heav5ly bodies h satellites revolv+ r\nd !m1 ( su* are our moon & ! moons ( ,jupit]1 & 9 ?is s5se ! planets !mselves may be consid]$ z ! satellites ( ! sun1 & z ! sun has its satellites revolv+ r\nd x1 x is fair to conclude t x is n ! only "o ( all ! />s :i* has4 ,all ^! ?\s&s ( suns & planets1 millions ( miles ap>t1 & occupy+ space1 ! ext5t ( :i* we h no t]ms to express1 =m b "o sy/em ( />s out ( _m1 = by comp>ison ) inf9ite space !y occupy b a po9t1 telescopes ( ! greate/ p[] hav+ reveal$ t beyond all ^! />s1 !re is an imm5se space 9 :i* are se5 o!r sy/ems ( />s1 z great & num]\s z our own1 to :i* ! "n ,nebul has be5 giv54 ,! m9d fails to rea* to su* magnitude1 & x is c]ta9 t ! /udy ( ^! great ?+s1 br+s u to reg>d size & space 7l "t7 z no?+2 = x appe>s t ,god has exp&$ or contract$ ,8 works at w to suit ,8 plan ( creation )\t reg>d to limit2 :e!r we look at ! mo/ m9ute %ell or ! greate/ orb1 /ill ,8 m>ks ( design are equally evid5t4 ,if we consid] x wond]ful t ,god %\ld take up hundr$s ( millions ( miles = "o sy/em1 & t ,he %\ld scatt] ?r\gh space millions ( su* sy/ems1 !n let u lay aside ! telescope &1 aft] an exclamation ( adoration1 take up ! microscope1 by :i* we %all le>n t ,god has also plac$ millions ( sy/ems equally wond]ful )9 ! compass ( an in*6 ,we %all at once ackn[l$ge t he is ,"l ( all1 & t size1 space1 quantity1 & "t1 are m]e fictions ( our own imp]fect m9ds1 & t to an ,inf9ite ,god !re is no difficulty f su* s\rces4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 to t collection ( worlds :i*1 ) ! sun z a c5tre1 circulate at diff]5t di/ances f & ar\nd x4 ,!re h at pres5t be5 discov]$ eight l>ge planets & ?irty-f\r small] ones call$ a/]oids or planetoids1 ! l>g] planets revolv+ 9 ! foll[+ ord] f ! sun or c5tre3-- #a4 ,,m]cury4 #b4 ,,v5us4 #c4 ,,! ,,e>?4 #d4 ,,m>s4 #e4 ,,jupit]4 #f4 ,,saturn4 #g4 ,,uranus4 #h4 ,,neptune4 ,! ,sun1 ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 is ! great s\rce ( light & heat to our planet & all o!rs :i* revolve ar\nd x1 z well z ( ano!r ag5t n s well und]/ood1 namely act9ism1 or t p[] :i* produces ! *emical *anges 9 _m sub/ances expos$ to ! sun's rays1 & :i* has be5 ( late turn$ to su* useful & wond]ful acc\nt 9 ! art ( photography4 ,! sun is an imm5se sph]e1 _m ?\s& times l>g] ?an our e>?1 or inde$ all ! planets put toge!r4 ,x turns ^u its axis 9 tw5ty-five days1 &1 l all sph]es :i* rotate1 has a slightly flatt5$ =m2 x is suppos$ t ! sun itself1 c>ry+ its planets ) x1 p]=ms a j\rney r\nd "s o!r c5tre v f> away1 b = all ! purposes ( expla9+ ! sol> sy/em x may be suppos$ to be /ation>y4 ,! diamet] ( ! sun is ab\t #hij1jjj miles1 or ne>ly #aab times ! diamet] ( our e>?1 & z ! bulk ( sph]es is z ! cubes ( _! diamet]s1 x foll[s t ! sun is ab\t #a1djj1jjj times ! bulk ( ! e>?4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! relative size ( ! sun & ! planets :i* rotate r\nd x2 ! specific gravity ( ! sun is ab\t a qu>t] t ( our e>? or "o-&-a-half times t ( wat]4 ,on its surface irregul>ities are se5 7by ! aid ( ! telescope7 :i* give x a wavy appe>ance1 & beside ^!1 black spots or tracts 7macul7 :i* appe> to trav]se f we/ to ea/1 across its face2 ^! h[ev] d n travel on1 b are c>ri$ r\nd by ! sun 9 its rotation1 = by obs]v+ any "o ( !m1 x is se5 to g across & make its appe>ance aga9 at ! o!r side1 & ! "t x takes to arrive at ! place :]e x 0 fir/ se51 det]m9es ! "t ( ! sun's rotation1 :i* 7z be=e /at$7 is tw5ty-five days or ne>ly2 ^! spots alt] 9 size1 =m1 & numb] f "t to "t1 "s ( !m rema9+ p]man5t = mon?s1 o!rs clos+ 9 & disappe>+ 9 a few h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,planets ,,comp>$ ,,) ,a ,,qu>t] ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,^! black spots h a sort ( %ad[y fr+e 7p5umbra7 :i* gives !m ! appe>ance ( be+ op5+s ?r\gh a lum9\s surface1 discov]+ a surface less lum9\s1 ) op5+s 9 x ?r\gh :i* "s /ill d>k] surface is se52 t ?is really is ! case1 & t ^! are n m]ely d>k spots or surfaces1 is %[n by ! =e-%ort5+ ( ! ne>e/ edge z !y arrive at ! v]ge ( ! sun's disc1 & are consequ5tly pres5t$ edgewise to ! eye1 s t a spot may h ! appe>ance ( fig4 #b :5 se5 9 front-view ne> ! c5tre1 & ( fig4 #c :5 se5 =e-%ort5$ ne> ! edge ( ! sun's disc4 ,^! spots 7al?\gh b specks 9 comp>ison ) ! va/ surface ( ! sun7 are yet ( prodigi\s magnitude1 "s hav+ be5 calculat$ to measure #ah1jjj miles across--l>ge en\gh = two su* worlds z ours to pass ?r\gh side by side6 ,f ! rapid motion ( ! p5umbra or edges ( ^! spots1 :i* alt]1 op51 & close up v rapidly1 & f "s ( !m be+ semi-d>k1 o!rs q d>k1 c41 x has be5 conclud$ t ! sun has at lea/ two surr\nd+ atmosph]es1 t ! body ( ! sun is n lum9\s1 nor ! fir/ atmosph]e or t ne>e/ to x1 b t ! out] "o is1 & t ! dusky appe>ance ( ! inn]1 z se5 ?r\gh op5+s ( ! lum9\s out] atmosph]e1 results f its be+ v /rongly illum9at$ by ! out] "o2 ?is lum9osity may be 7& probably is7 only comp>ative1 = ! spots :i* appe> black may be yet v bright1 appe>+ black only 9 comp>ison ) ! extreme brilliancy ( ! out] atmosph]e1 j z a b> ( r$-hot iron appe>s black :5 held up to ! sun4 ,! c\rse :i* ! planets take r\nd ! sun is n exactly circul>1 b deviat+ f x m or less1 nev] be+ q a circle4 ,! orbit ( ea* planet1 if accurately comput$ & laid d[n on pap]1 proves to be t =m ( curv$ l9e call$ an ellipse1 or t =m :i* in/ead ( hav+ "o c5tre1 z 9 ! circle1 f :i* all l9es radiat+ to ! circumf]5ce are equal 9 l5g?1 has a long] & %ort] diamet]1 two c5tres call$ foci1 & ! circumf]5ce or b\nd>y s plac$ t ! sum ( any two l9es1 drawn "o f ea* c5tre1 & meet+ at any "p ( ! circumf]5ce1 %all be equal to any two o!r l9es s drawn & meet+ at any o!r po9t ( ! circumf]5ce1 & to ! major axis or long diamet] ( ! ellipse4 ,9 fig4 #d1 ea* pair ( l9es drawn f ,a ,a & meet+ repectively at ,b are ea* equal4 ,an ellipse may be v mu* elongat$1 or almo/ circul>1 b /ill h ^! prop]ties :i* are ess5tial to x1 & 9 ! case ( ! orbits ( ! planets1 !y are s ne>ly circul>1 t if drawn a few in*es wide1 w\ld h>dly be detect$ to diff] f ! circle4 ,! orbit ( ! e>? is ab\t "o ?irtie? "p long] ?an broad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! rate at :i* ! planets revolve r\nd ! sun is n equable1 t is1 _! progress is n ?r\gh equal di/ances at equal times1 b a l9e drawn f ! planet to ! sun w\ld always pass ov] equal spaces or areas 9 equal times1 = example1 9 fig4 #e1 if ! area ( ! angle includ$ 9 ,a ,b ,c be equal to t includ$ 9 ,a ,d ,e1 !n a planet w\ld pass f ,b to ,c & f ,d to ,e 9 equal times4 ,m]cury is ! smalle/ ( ! great] planets1 & ! ne>e/ to ! sun4 ,its diamet] is ab\t #cjjj miles1 & x is ab\t "o-fifte5? "p ! volume ( ! e>?2 its di/ance f ! sun is #cf1ggj1jjj miles1 & x p]=ms its revolution 9 eighty-eight days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,?is planet is b seldom se5 ) ! nak$ eye2 =1 be+ s 7comp>atively7 ne> to ! sun1 x sets be=e d>k1 & does n rise till ! grey ( morn+ makes x sc>cely visible4 ,no?+ notable has be5 discov]$ on its surface4 ,v5us is ! second 9 rotation f ! sun1 & revolves r\nd x1 at a di/ance ( #fh1gej1jjj miles1 9 #bbd-a_/b days4 ,! diamet] ( ,v5us is ab\t #ggfj miles1 x is !re=e ne>ly ! volume ( ! e>?4 ,?is is ! brighte/ planet se5 9 ! heav5s1 = al?\gh mu* small] ?an _m o!rs1 its comp>ative ne>ness to ! sun & e>? causes x to appe> l>g] & bright] to ! eye4 ,v5us is ! ev5+ & morn+ />2 = :5 to ! we/ ( ! sun1 x rises be=e x1 & is !n call$ ! morn+ /> 7or1 =m]ly1 ,lucif]71 b :5 x is to ! ea/ ( ! sun1 x sets aft] twilight is gone1 & is call$ ! ev5+ />1 or ,hesp]us4 ,^! two planets1 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 h phases 7l ! moon71 or c]ta9 positions 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! side illum9at$ by ! sun is se5 f ! e>?1 & o!r positions 9 :i* x is se5 sideways2 ! planet is !n said to be 9 quadrature1 z may be se5 at ,q ,q1 fig4 #f4 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 be+ betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1 are call$ inf]ior planets1 :ile ^? ^: orbits are outside t ( ! e>? are call$ sup]ior planets4 ,:5 ei!r ( ! inf]ior planets are betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 !y are said to be 9 inf]ior conjunction 7,i ,c1 fig4 #f71 & :5 on ! opposite side1 or beh9d ! sun1 s t a /raight l9e f x to ! e>? w\ld h to pass ?r\gh ! sun1 !n x is call$ be+ 9 sup]ior conjunction 7,s ,c72 at mid-di/ance1 ei!r ea/ or we/1 x is said to be 9 ea/]n or we/]n quadrature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,planets ,,se5 ,,9 ,,quadrature4 ,! ?ird planet f ! sun is ! ,e>?1 di/ant ab\t #ie1jjj1jjj miles1 ) a diamet] ( #gibe miles1 s t ! mo/ l(ty m\nta9s 7five miles high7 be> ab\t ! same proportion to x z w\ld an elevation "o-f\rte5? ( an in* 9 height to a ball ( t5 feet 9 diamet]2 !re=e1 ) all its valleys & high hills1 ! surface ( ! e>? is smoo!r 9 proportion to its bulk ?an ! r9d ( an orange4 ,! e>? is n a p]fect sph]e1 b has a slightly flatt5$ =m1 z ?\gh x _h be5 compress$ at ! poles4 ,! diamet] at ! poles is ! smalle/1 & is #ghii miles1 :ile t at ! equator 7its greate/7 is #gibe miles1 be+ a diff]5ce ( tw5ty-six miles2 b ?is is s small1 :5 comp>$ ) ! size ( ! e>?1 t if an exact model ( x 7 made1 f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 x w\ld require ! mo/ accurate measurem5t to det]m9e t x 0 n a p]fect sph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,! =m ( ! e>? has be5 demon/rat$ by accurate exp]im5ts & calculations1 b !re are _m ?+s we may obs]ve1 conv9c+ u ( its rotundity2 "o ( ! mo/ evid5t ( ^! is ! fact t z a %ip at sea goes f ! l&1 ! hull fir/ disappe>s1 !n ! l[] sails1 & la/ly ! tops1 :ile a %ip approa*+ ! %ore %[s fir/ ! topsails1 & la/ly ! hull2 see fig4 #g1 :]e ,a %[s a %ip on ! horizon1 ,b hull-d[n1 ,c out ( sight4 ,9 ! same way1 ! tops ( di/ant m\nta9s are se5 at sea long be=e ! l[] l&s4 ,ano!r pro( is drawn f ! fact1 t %ips h be5 sail$ q r\nd ! e>?2 by /e]+ z ne>ly z possible 9 "o direction1 !y h arriv$ at ! place f :i* !y />t$4 ,a ?ird pro( ( ! e>?'s rotundity is f\nd 9 ! =m ( its %ad[1 :5 ! moon is eclips$ by x2 ?is %ad[1 z ?r[n by ! e>? ^u ! moon1 is circul>1 9 :atev] position ! e>? may be1 & a sph]e is ! only solid =m :i* c 9 all positions ca/ a circul> %ad[4 ,! e>? turns ^u its axis e #bc h\rs1 #ef m9utes1 & #d seconds1 :i* con/itutes a day1 & makes "o revolution r\nd ! sun 9 e #cfe-a_/d days1 :i* make up a ye>2 b ! e>?'s axis is n at a "r angle to an imag9>y l9e drawn f ! e>? to ! sun1 b at an angle ( #bc deg4 #bh m94 to x1 z %[n at fig4 #h1 :]e ! l9e f ,n to ,s is ! e>?'s axis ( rotation1 ! dott$ l9e lead+ to ,s is ! sun's direction1 & ,e ,q is ! equator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! e>? travels ?r\gh space at a rate ( m ?an a million-&-a-half miles p] day1 besides ! di/ance :i* ea* object ^u x is c>ri$ 9 its diurnal rotation 7#bd1jjj miles74 ,at fir/ ?\ght x w\ld seem impossible t su* a rapid motion %\ld n be felt2 b z ! air & cl\ds1 & e object belong+ to ! e>?1 moves ) x1 & ?is motion is p]fectly smoo?1 x c only be p]ceiv$ by look+ at objects indep5d5t ( ! e>?4 ,if sail+ on ! wat]1 :5 x is q smoo? & ! l& n v ne>1 ! %ip seems to be /ation>y & ! objects on %ore appe> to pass along 9 an opposite direction to t 9 :i* ! %ip is go+4 ,x is ! same ) ! e>?2 ! sun1 :i* appe>s to move1 is /ation>y1 :ile ! e>? is go+ r\nd x2 & ! result is1 :ile ! e>? turns r\nd on its axis ! :ole firmam5t appe>s to move1 we lose sight ( ^? />s :i* are to ! we/w>d1 :i* are !n said to set1 :ile ^? to ! ea/w>d1 con/antly com+ into sight1 are said to rise1 ! :ole appe>+ to pass f ea/ to we/1 :ile 9 reality ! e>?'s surface is pass+ f we/ to ea/4 ,at ! equator1 or t "p ( ! e>? :i* lies midway betwe5 ! poles1 ! sun & />s appe> to rise & set p]p5dicul>ly to ! horizon & at equal times above & bel[ x1 x is !re=e #ab h\rs day & #ab h\rs night2 9 places n situat$ on ! equator1 !y d n rise & set p]p5dicul>ly to ! horizon1 b =m portions ( circles at great] or less altitudes 9 ! heav5s1 & ! ne>] ! obs]v] is to ei!r ( ! poles1 ! small] ! circle1 & ! m ( x is se52 s t1 at ! poles1 any /> situat$ exactly ov]head does n appe> to move at all4 ,?is place is call$ ! nor? pole ( ! heav5s1 & ! ne>e/ /> to x is call$ ! pole/>1 :i* nei!r rises nor sets1 &1 z x always keeps ! same position1 s]ves z a guide to m>9]s4 ,all ?is is ! effect ( ! diurnal motion ( ! e>?1 its annual motion n affect+ ! position ( ! />s1 !y be+ at su* an imm5se di/ance t ! circle :i* ! e>? =ms 9 pass+ r\nd ! sun--al?\gh ne>ly #bjj1jjj1jjj miles across--is z a m]e po9t 9 proportion4 ,b n s ) ! sun3 z be=e /at$1 at ! equator x is twelve h\rs above ! horizon & ! same "t bel[ x2 n[1 z we approa* t[>ds ! poles1 x =ms at ea* rotation an arc above ! horizon1 l[] & l[]1 until at ! poles its daily ris+ & sett+ is lo/ altoge!r1 & !re w\ld nev] be daylight !re1 provid$ t ! e>? 0 only subject to ! diurnal motion 7fig4 #i72 b z ! e>? turns ^u an oblique axis1 ! nor? & s\? poles %>e ! bless+ ( daylight betwe5 !m1 s t ?r\gh "o-half ( ! e>?'s orbit ! nor? pole is t[>ds ! sun1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 & ! s\? pole dur+ ! o!r half4 ,!re is !re=e at ! poles b "o day & "o night 9 ! ye>--! day be+ summ] & ! night w9t]4 ,9 less nor!rn climates1 z ,engl&1 ?is exi/s to a mu* small] ext5t2 = half ! ye> ! sun is long] above ?an bel[ ! horizon1 con/itut+ our summ]1 ! o!r half ( ! ye> ! sun is long] bel[ ! horizon ?an above x1 & ?is is w9t]4 ,h5ce1 9 ea* case1 midway betwe51 ! sun is twelve h\rs above & twelve bel[ ! horizon1 :i* occurs 9 spr+ & autumn1 be+ call$ ! equ9oxes 7equal nights72 ! v]nal or spr+ equ9ox takes place on ! #ba/ ( ,m>*1 ! autumnal on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb]4 ,! times j betwe5 ^!1 :5 ! sun is ! longe/ & %orte/ "t bel[ ! horizon1 are call$ ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices1 & occur on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb] & ! #ba/ ( ,june4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! e>? has a small] sph]e or satellite1 circulat+ r\nd x1 ?is is ! ,moon2 x is plac$ at a di/ance ( ab\t #bch1jjj miles f ! e>?1 is ab\t "o-fiftie? ( its bulk or volume1 & revolves r\nd x e #bg-a_/b days1 keep+ always ! same side t[>ds x1 s t ! o!r side has nev] be5 se54 ,?is is effect$ by rotation on its axis1 :i* takes place once = e circuit r\nd ! e>?2 if x did n rotate1 or kept ! same side always to ! same po9t ( ! heav5s1 !n1 :5 x _h half-way revolv$1 ! o!r side w\ld be turn$ t[>ds ! e>?4 ,!re are good reasons = believ+ t ! moon has no atmosph]e or air ar\nd x1 = ! concave edge 7:5 only a small portion ( ! half illum9at$ by ! sun is se57 in/ead ( be+ gradually %ad$ (f into d>kness1 z w\ld be ! case if !re 7 an atmosph]e1 is well def9$ & unev51 %[+ ! tops ( "s ( ! m\nta9s & _! %ad[s 7fig4 #aj74 ,nor does !re appe> to be any cl\ds1 & z a consequ5ce no wat]2 nei!r has any?+ be5 obs]v$ by ! aid ( ! be/ telescopes :i* c\ld be consid]$ sea1 on ! contr>y1 ! :ole surface seems torn up & r5t into *asms & imm5se jagg$ m\nta9s1 enclos+ circul> portions l gigantic walls4 ,! d>k5$ p>ts :i* are always se5 on ! surface ( ! moon 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be seas1 b ( late1 by ! use ( improv$ in/rum5ts1 !y h be5 se5 to be r\gh l ! o!r p>ts1 & _c !re=e be wat] 7fig4 #aa74 ,z !re appe>s to be no wat]1 x may be confid5tly inf]r$ t !re are no inhabitants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! moon hav+ always "o half illum9at$ by ! sun1 :ile ! o!r half is d>k1 pres5ts diff]5t phases to u on ! e>?1 accord+ to ! position 9 :i* we view x2 ?us1 9 fig4 #ab1 ,e repres5ts ! c5tral position ( ! e>?1 & ,s ! direction f :i* ! light ( ! sun comes1 ! out] circle ( moons repres5ts ! v>i\s real positions ( t lum9>y ) respect to ! e>? & sun1 & ! inn] circle %[s its appe>ance :5 9 ^! v>i\s positions4 ,:5 ! moon is betwe5 ! e>? & sun1 z at a1 x is said to be 9 conjunction1 & z ! d>k5$ side is t[>ds ! e>?1 ( c\rse x is n visible1 ?is is new moon 7a corruption ( no moon72 :5 at b b1 b a small "p ( ! illum9at$ half is se51 & x is !n said to be cresc5tic 7fir/ & la/ qu>t]72 at c c1 half ( ! bright side is se51 ! moon is said to be at quadrature1 & ! appe>ance is t ( a half-moon2 at d d1 ! great] "p ( ! bright side is se51 & x is call$ gibb\s & appe>s z a ?ree-qu>t]-moon1 & at e ! :ole ( ! illum9at$ side is se52 x is !n full-moon1 & is said to be 9 opposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,beyond ! e>? ! planet ,m>s 7fig4 #ac7 moves 9 its orbit r\nd ! sun2 x is ! smalle/1 b "o1 ( ! l>g] planets1 hav+ a diamet] ( b #djhe miles1 & be+ only ab\t "o-sev5? ! magnitude ( ! e>?2 x makes its revolution 9 #fhg days1 at a di/ance ( #add1ghj1jjj miles f ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,ow+ to ! brilliancy & proximity to ! sun ( ,v5us & ,m]cury1 toge!r ) o!r causes1 no rotation has be5 obs]v$ 9 !m1 b z ?is exi/s 9 all ! o!r planets !re is no d\bt !y also rotate1 b ! ne>ness ( ,m>s to ! e>? :5 9 opposition 7t is1 :5 ! e>? is betwe5 x & ! sun71 has caus$ its rotation to be di/9ctly visible2 ! obs]vation ( ?is has be5 f "t to "t greatly fav\r$ by c]ta9 d>k spots :i* h rema9$ /ation>y a suffici5t "t to det]m9e ! "q v accurately4 ,m>s takes #bd h\rs & #cg m9utes to turn on its axis1 or pretty ne>ly ! "t ! e>? does4 ,its resemblance is /ill m increas$ by ! axis ( rotation be+ oblique1 f all :i* x is inf]r$ t !re is a day & night1 w9t] & summ]1 & v>iation ( climate v ne>ly resembl+ t ( our own _w1 & !re are r\nd bright p>ts situat$ at ! poles ( ,m>s1 :i* enl>ge :5 x is w9t] !re & dim9i% :5 summ]1 j z w\ld ! sn[s ( arctic regions1 & ^! are !re=e suppos$ to be portions ( ! surface ( ,m>s :i* are actually cov]$ ) sn[ 7fig4 #ac74 ,z to ! "q ( ! planets be+ inhabit$1 ( c\rse x c nev] be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty1 b x is a great deal m likely t !y are ?an t ! moon is1 :i*1 hav+ nei!r wat] nor atmosph]e1 c h>dly be suppos$ to give habitation to any be+s simil> or analog\s to ^? on e>?1 :ile ,m>s possesses a climate n greatly diff]+ f t ( ! e>?1 & has bo? air & wat]4 ,m>s has1 at c]ta9 positions ( ! e>? ) respect to x1 a p>tially gibb\s =m1 t is1 a small portion ( ! non-illum9at$ "p comes )9 ! l9es ( our vision x is !n ( ! =m se5 9 7fig4 #ad71 b ?is c only occur :5 ! e>? & planet occupy positions some:at ne> to t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ae1 9 :i* ,s is ! sun1 ,e ,e opposite positions ( ! e>?1 & ,m ,m>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,jupit] is by f> ! l>ge/ ( ! planets1 x is #hg1jcj miles 9 diamet]1 & plac$ at ! enorm\s di/ance ( #did1jjj1jjj miles f ! sun4 ,?is great planet takes #ab ye>s & #eb days to p]=m its circuit2 x turns ^u its axis 9 #i h\rs #ee m9utes1 a surpris+ly %ort "t consid]+ ! imm5sity ( its bulk4 ,z a result ( ?is rapid motion ,jupit] is v f> remov$ f ! =m ( a true sph]e1 = ! oblate =m ( heav5ly bodies is caus$ by _! rotatory motion1 & ! c5trifugal =ce set up by x4 ,9 fig4 #af is an outl9e ( ! e>? & ,jupit]1 %[+ _! relative size4 ,x has no phases1 l ^? planets :i* are ne>] to ! sun ?an ! e>?1 its great di/ance prev5t+ ?is1 z may be se5 9 fig4 #ag1 9 :i* ! e>? 7,e ,e7 is plac$ at ! two wide/ lat]al positions ( its orbit1 b ! e>? is too ne> ! sun1 9 proportion to ! great di/ance ( ,jupit]1 to all[ any "p ( ! latt] to come )9 ! range ( vision1 except t :i* is illum9at$ by ! sun4 ,?is planet is high up 9 ! heav5s ! great] numb] ( nights 9 ! ye>1 & is !re=e a v conspicu\s object4 ,x also pres5ts a mo/ beautiful appe>ance ?r\gh a good telescope1 its va/ size caus+ x to look l>g] ?an ^? :i* are mu* ne>]2 x has sev]al %ad[y belts across x1 :i* are suppos$ to be op5+s 9 ! /rata ( cl\ds :i* surr\nd x1 drawn into r+-l =ms by ! rotation ( ! planet1 ^! are %[n 9 fig4 #ah4 ,x be+ probable t ?is great planet is surr\nd$ by /rata ( ! d5se/ cl\ds :i* only op5 9 ! tropical region1 its inhabitants !re=e1 7if !re be any7 get b a glimpse ( ! firman5t & its />s ?r\gh !m1 9 ^? situations at or ne> to ! planet's equator4 ,^! d5se cl\ds s]ve a v useful purpose 9 regions s v f> remov$ f ! s\rce ( heat1 = if radiation 7 p]mitt$ to g on freely f ! surface ( ! planet ! sun's rays w\ld be too feeble to comp5sate = x1 & ! cold w\ld be int5se2 b ! cl\ds reflect back ! heat radiat$ f ! surface & keep 9 :at little heat is receiv$ at t great di/ance4 ,jupit] has f\r satellites or moons1 :i* revolve r\nd x z our moon does r\nd ?is e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,f> beyond ,jupit] rolls ano!r /up5d\s orb call$ ,saturn1 n s l>ge z ,jupit]1 b /ill imm5se1 be+ #hdg times ! bulk ( ! e>?4 ,x is plac$ at ! di/ance ( #ijf millions ( miles f ! sun4 ,an idea ( ?is may be =m$ f ! fact t light1 :i* travels at ! rate ( ne>ly #bjj1jjj miles a second or #ab1jjj1jjj a m9ute1 takes ab\t an h\r & a qu>t] to pass f ! sun to ,saturn4 ,x p]=ms its j\rney r\nd ! sun only 9 #bi-a_/b ye>s1 :i* are !re=e b z "o ye>1 yet all ?is "t x is mov+ at ! rate ( ne>ly #bb1jjj miles an h\r1 s imm5se is ! orbit x has to trav]se1 b x revolves on its axis 9 ab\t #aj-a_/b h\rs1 s t ! nights & days are extremely %ort :ile ! ye>s are prodigi\sly long4 ,!re is e reason to believe t x has *anges ( seasons & v>iation ( climate simil> to ^? 9 our _w1 b1 be+ s f> f ! sun1 !y mu/ be altoge!r m sev]e ?an ours4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y "p ( ?is great globe is its possession ( ?ree 7p]haps m7 great flatt5$ r+s1 :i* surr\nd x1 "o )9 ! o!r2 ^! r+s are ( imm5se size & wid?1 b v ?91 ! great bread? ?r\gh all f ! inn] to ! out] edges be+ ab\t #cj1jjj miles1 :ile _! ?ickness _c exce$ #bej4 ,^! r+s are plac$ at a "r angle to ! planet's axis ( rotation & revolve ) x1 s t :5 ! planet is at ! equ9ox1 ! edge ( ^! r+s is turn$ t[>ds ! sun1 !y c !n be se5 only by ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 =m+ a fa9t /reak on ea* side ( ! orb ( ! planet 7fig4 #ai71 b z !y become incl9$ !y appe> z a v long ellipse1 ! ends ( :i* project 9 loop-l =ms on ei!r side1 giv+ rise to ! notion ( ! planet hav+ two h&les 7fig4 #bj74 ,?is ellipse becomes broad] & broad] z ! plane ( ! r+s =ms a great] angle ) ! l9e ( vision4 ,= a %ort "t be=e & aft] ! equ9oxes ( ,saturn1 ! r+s become invisible1 ow+ to ! e>? & sun be+ on opposite sides ( !m1 z may be se5 9 fig4 #ba1 s t ! d>k5$ side is turn$ t[>ds ! e>? & ! edge1 :i* is ! only "p illum9at$1 is t[>ds ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,! inn] r+ ( ,saturn is suppos$ to be compos$ ( wat]y vap\r1 z x is some:at transp>5t1 b ! out] ones are solid1 :i* is %[n by ! %ad[ !y ca/ ^u ! planet1 & ! %ad[ x ca/s ^u !m 9 diff]5t positions 7figs4 #bb & #bc74 ,besides ^! r+s ,saturn has eight satellites or moons1 :i* revolve 9 a plane ne>ly p>allel to t ( ! r+s & ext]ior to !m4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ,saturn weighs only #ajj times m ?an ! e>?1 al?\gh x is some:]e ab\t #ijj times l>g]1 f :i* x is conclud$ t ! sub/ance ( :i* ,saturn is made mu/ be ab\t "o-n9? ! d5sity ( ?is e>?1 half ! d5sity ( wat]1 or ab\t ! same z cork4 ,saturn is v mu* flatt5$ at ! poles1 s mu* s t ! equatorial diamet] is a t5? m ?an ! axial diamet]1 :i* diff]5ce is di/9ctly visible ?r\gh good glasses4 ,/ill fur!r into space1 at d\ble ! di/ance ( ,saturn1 or ne>ly #ahbb millions ( miles f ! sun1 ano!r great _w or planet revolves r\nd x1 x is call$ ,uranus4 ,?is planet is n s l>ge z ei!r ,jupit] or ,saturn1 b is ( consid]able magnitude1 be+ eighty times t ( ?is _w1 x takes eighty-f\r ( our ye>s to complete its va/ circle r\nd ! sun1 :i* are !re=e equival5t to b "o ye> ( ,uranus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,x has sev]al satellites1 f\r ( :i* h be5 disc]n$ p]fectly1 b x is d\btful :e!r !re h n be5 two m se54 ,?is orb 0 fir/ recognis$ z a planet by ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*ell1 aft] :om x 0 = "s "t nam$4 ,ano!r1 & ! mo/ remote planet 9 our sy/em1 is ,neptune1 revolv+ at ! imm5se di/ance ( #bhej millions ( miles f ! sun1 & tak+ m ?an #afd ye>s to p]=m ! j\rney4 ,?is planet is only to be se5 by ! mo/ p[]ful glasses1 & 0 discov]$ "u v peculi> circum/ances1 n 7l o!r planets7 by *ance2 its exi/5ce 0 recognis$ z necess>y to acc\nt = c]ta9 p]turbations or deviations 9 ! orbit ( ,uranus1 :i* 0 f\nd to take a c\rse diff]+ f :at x %\ld1 accord+ to computation1 & :i* 7 only to be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t ano!r planet exi/$ f> out 9 space1 :i* affect$ ! c\rse ( ,uranus by its attraction4 ,! idea ( f9d+ out :]e ?is orb %\ld be1 occurr$ to ,m4 ,le ,v]ri] & ,mr4 ,adams1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 !y bo? arriv$ at ne>ly simil> conclusions1 = ! positions assign$ to ! suppos$ planet s ne>ly agre$ ) ea* o!r & ) its real position1 t _! calculations h be5 look$ on z ! greate/ feat ( a/ronomical rese>*4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,galle ( ,b]l91 ^u 8 he>+ f ,le ,v]ri] ! position 9 :i* at t "t x %\ld be s\ght =4 ,,! ,,planetoids4 ,^u obs]v+ ! relative di/ances ( ! planets f ea* o!r 9 pass+ outw>ds f ,m]cury1 x w be f\nd t ea* "o is plac$ ab\t d\ble ! di/ance ( ! "o next be=e x 7n exactly1 b suffici5tly ne> to =m a co9cid5ce almo/ am\nt+ to a law71 !y are z foll[s3-- ,m]cury #cf1gjj1jjj ,v5us #fh1ggj1jjj ,! ,e>? #ie1jjj1jjj ,m>s #add1ghj1jjj ,jupit] #did1jjj1jjj ,saturn #ijf1jjj1jjj ,uranus #ahbb1jjj1jjj ,neptune #bhej1jjj1jjj ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is table ( di/ances !re is "o great exception to ! rule1 namely ! di/ance betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 :i* is ne>ly d\ble :at x %\ld be accord+ to ?is rule1 giv+ rise to ! idea t a planet ought to be plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,pr(essor ,bode 0 s conv9c$ t some?+ ( ! k9d 0 necess>y to complete ! h>mony ( ! s]ies1 t he caus$ to be in/itut$ a se>* = ! suppos$ planet1 & accord+ to 8 conjecture "o 0 discov]$ z ne>ly z possible 9 ! situation indicat$1 b ^u m accurate in=mation be+ obta9$1 ?is planet 0 f\nd to be s small 7sc>cely #aej miles diamet]7 t x c\ld h>dly be consid]$ z a planet rang+ ) ! o!rs1 & hav+ s l>ge a space ( ! heav5s to itself2 %ortly aft]w>ds ano!r small planet 0 discov]$1 hav+ ne>ly ! same orbit4 ,f "t to "t o!rs h be5 discov]$1 to ! numb] ( =ty-two1 up to ! pres5t date4 ,dr4 ,olb]s ^u discov]+ ! second ( ^! small bodies1 :]e "o great "o 0 anticipat$1 put =? ! curi\s hypo!sis1 t "o l>ge planet _h really exi/$ !re at "s =m] "t1 t x _h be5 %att]$ into pieces by "s accid5t1 su* z an int]nal explosion1 & t m ( ^! pieces w\ld be f\nd2 x is curi\s h[ accurately ?is pr$iction has be5 v]ifi$4 ,if we suppose ! orig9al planet to h be5 liquid :5 %att]$ to pieces1 x w\ld fully acc\nt = ! fragm5ts be+ sph]ical1 j z globules ( m]cury assume ?is =m f _! own attraction ( gravitation1 & t ! planets1 our own e>? among/ !m1 are liquid1 is v ne>ly prov$ by _! =ms1 :i* are exactly su* z fluid masses rotat+ on an axis w\ld assume1 moreov] ! specific gravity ( "s ( ! planets is b little m ?an t ( wat]1 & ) respect to our e>?1 ! evid5ce ( int]nal heat1 increas+ z we desc5d bel[ ! surface1 c41 %[ almo/ beyond d\bt t at ! pres5t "t x is 9 a liquid /ate 7molt57 cov]$ ov] by a few miles' ?ickness ( h>d5$ cru/1 :i* be>s su* a small proportion to ! bulk ( ! globe1 t ! :ole may be consid]$ z liquid4 ,,! ,,/ell> ,,sy/em4 ,! ?\s&s ( />s :i* spangle ! heav5s are all "p ( "o sy/em2 b x has be5 f\nd by ! aid ( ! telescope t ?is sy/em is b "o out ( _m4 ,our sy/em ( />s occupies a space some:at 9 ! =m ( a ?ick l5s or mu*-flatt5$ sph]e1 b o!rs are ( v diff]5t =ms1 & "s h b little regul>ity ( =m at all2 our sun is "o ( ! />s ( ?is sy/em4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r !re are planets revolv+ r\nd ! o!r />s1 ! di/ance be+ f> too great = any telescope to r5d] !m visible4 ,our sun occupies a some:at c5tral position 9 ! sy/em4 ,! />s are class$ into sizes1 z fir/ magnitude1 second magnitude1 c41 on to ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? magnitude1 b all beyond ! fif? magnitude 7by f> ! great] numb]7 are only visible by ! aid ( ! telescope4 ,!re are ab\t #ejjj />s visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,b f\rte5 />s ( ! fir/ magnitude are 9 our hemisph]e ( ! heav5s1 & ab\t fifty ( ! second1 b ! numb] ( />s ( ea* magnitude increases prodigi\sly 9 ! high] numb]s1 s t ^? />s capable only ( be+ se5 by ! aid ( p[]ful telescopes1 am\nt to _m millions2 ^! are *iefly situat$ 9 a great belt :i* encircles ! heav5s1 call$ ! ,milky ,way1 :i* is caus$ by ! l9e ( vision pass+ ?r\gh ! bread? ( our />ry sy/em1 & consequ5tly meet+ ) a great] numb] ( />s ?an 9 o!r directions1 :]e x only crosses its ?ickness4 ,! o!r sy/ems ( />s1 call$ nebul1 f _! resemblance to little cl\ds1 7 suppos$ to consi/ ( lum9\s matt] ( b little d5sity1 & :i* might at "s future p]iod be cond5s$ into />s2 b ! improv$ p[] & con/ruction ( telescopes h enabl$ a/ronom]s to resolve _m ( ^! nebul into clu/]s ( />s1 & !re is b little d\bt t all c\ld be ?us resolv$1 7 ! telescope ( suffici5t p[]2 & ?us x appe>s t 9 ! inf9ity ( space collections ( sy/ems are plac$1 ea* "o too di/ant f ! o!rs to be calculat$ or writt5 9 numb]s1 b ea* consi/+ ( ?\s&s ( suns _m hundr$ times great] ?an ?is e>?1 & _m millions ( miles f ea* o!r4 ,:at an idea ( space does ?is af=d1 & h[ soon d all our n>r[ notions ( possibility & impossibility vani% be=e su* facts accompli%$ by ! h&s ( ,god6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,among/ ! />s compos+ our sy/em !re are c]ta9 conspicu\s gr\ps or con/ellations1 :i* 7 nam$ by ! e>lie/ a/ronom]s1 & compose a li/ ( ! mo/ ridicul\s imag9>y figures1 z useless to ! casual obs]v] ( ! />s z to ! a/ronom]1 & h n ! mo/ di/ant resemblance to ! figures aft] :i* !y are nam$1 z = in/ance ! ,great ,be> 7,ursa ,major7 fig4 #bd4 ,! gr\p+ ( />s into con/ellations s]ves1 h[ev]1 to f9d any "o requir$ 7provid$ ! gr\ps on ! *>t c be id5tifi$ ) ^? 9 ! heav5s71 z = in/ance ! ?ree conspicu\s />s =m+ ,orion's belt 7fig4 #be71 f :i* a l9e produc$ ea/w>d w po9t to ,sirius1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! heav5s1 & ano!r l9e produc$ we/w>d w s]ve to po9t out ,aldeb>an1 also a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude1 c42 also a l9e drawn f a to b 9 ! ,great ,be> w ne>ly po9t to ! pole-/>--! /> situat$ ne>ly 7al?\gh n exactly7 at ! pole1 or t "p ( ! heav5s :i* w\ld be indicat$ by a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! e>? at its axis ( rotation4 ,among/ ! />s scatt]$ ov] ! vault ( heav5 !re are _m :i* to ! nak$ eye appe> s+le1 b :i* :5 se5 ?r\gh ! telescope prove to be two />s closely approa*+ ea* o!r4 ,^! d\ble />s are ( two k9ds1 optical & physical2 optical d\ble />s are ^? :i* appe> to be ne> ea* o!r m]ely f ! accid5t ( "o be+ plac$ beh9d ! o!r1 ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e1 al?\gh 9 reality at an imm5se di/ance & 9 no way connect$4 ,physical d\ble />s 7usually call$ b9>y sy/ems7 consi/ ( two suns comp>atively ne> ea* o!r & revolv+ ab\t _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*ell fir/ discov]$ _! physical connection1 & !reby prov$ t ! great law ( gravitation 0 n conf9$ to our sy/em1 b 0 ! rul+ p[] :i* controll$ & regulat$ o!r sy/ems4 ,a/ronom]s h calculat$ ! orbits ( only f\rte5 su* b9>y sy/ems at pres5t ) any degree ( c]ta9ty2 ab\t a ?\s& d\ble />s are kn[n1 b only ab\t "o hundr$ b9>y sy/ems4 ,9 "s b9>y sy/ems ! two suns are ( diff]5t col\rs2 :ite & purple1 r$ & gre51 or yell[ & blue4 ,if any planets revolve ab\t su* suns1 :5 situat$ betwe5 ! two1 :at /range ph5om5a mu/ occur6 ,imag9e a day dur+ :i* a r$ sun _h t9t$ ev]y?+ crimson1 be+ succe$$ at sunset 7n1 z ) u1 by d>kness7 by ! ris+ ( a gre5 sun1 *ang+ ! col\r ( e object f r$ to gre51 & h[ curi\s & beautiful mu/ be ! %ades ( light & col\r dur+ ! transition f "o day to ! o!r4 ,c any?+ be conceiv$ m gorge\s8--no %ad[1 b e object t9t$ ) a comb9ation ( col\rs ( ! mo/ brilliant hues6 ,triple1 quadruple1 & multiple />s are kn[n 9 abundance1 b all probably optically s1 & n 9 any way connect$ ) ea* o!r by attraction4 ,o!rs ( ! />s are call$ v>iable1 !y are ^? ^: light gradually dim9i%es & aft] a "t rega9s its =m] brightness2 "s ( !m n only v>y 9 brilliancy b 9 col\r2 ! cause ( ^! ph5om5a is totally unkn[n1 & =tunate w he be :o discov]s x2 x w be a great /ride 9 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 = at pres5t ev]y?+ propos$ has be5 q inadequate to acc\nt = su* ph5om5a4 ,ab\t #fj ( ^! v>iable />s are at pres5t kn[n1 b o!rs are con/antly be+ add$ to ! li/4 ,h9d has discov]$ tw5ty-"o1 ,pogson sev51 & o!r a/ronom]s h tak5 _! %>e 9 disc]n+ !m4 ,b1 ( all ! heav5ly bodies1 none h excit$ s mu* wond]1 & 9 =m] times s mu* fe>1 z ! ,comets4 ,! orbits ( ^! are = ! mo/ "p 9 v ecc5tric ellipses1 "s ( !m compris$ )9 ! limits ( our sol> sy/em1 :ile ^? ( o!rs ext5d millions ( miles beyond x1 s t !y only reappe> to u aft] hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! matt] ( :i* ^! bodies is compos$ is c]ta9ly n solid1 z ! smalle/ telescopic />s may be se5 ?r\gh ! v middle ( x1 al?\gh _m ?\s& miles 9 ?ickness4 ,:5 comets approa* ! sun1 _! sub/ance appe>s to become m cond5s$1 & !re=e to possess a great] p[] ( reflect+ light4 ,! cause ( ! tails :i* appe> app5d$ to comets :5 !y approa* ! sun is n kn[n1 b ?is tail ext5ds always 9 a direction f ! sun1 & passes ov] _m degrees ( ! heav5s' space4 ,z comets obey /rictly ! law ( gravitation1 !y mu/ possess "s am\nt ( weight or mass1 h[ev] small x may be1 & t x is inconceivably small is prov$ by ! fact ( comets hav+ pass$ close to ,jupit]1 "r among/ 8 f\r moons1 )\t 9 any way affect+ or di/urb+ _! well-kn[n motions2 ! comets h1 h[ev]1 be5 t]ribly toss$ ab\t on su* occasions1 "o hav+ be5 totally lo/ to u by su* an occurr5ce4 ,?us x is se5 h[ ! same laws ( gravity exi/ ?r\gh\t all ! inf9ity ( space4 ,! comets trav]se our sy/em ( suns1 & pass+ onw>ds ) incr$ible rapidity1 = ye>s ^u ye>s1 ?r\gh t great space beyond x1 at la/ visit "s o!r sy/em--p]haps to be z mu* an object ( reg>d & wond]m5t !re z !y 7 "h4 ,! same ray ( light :i* emanat$ f "o ( ! di/ant />s ( "s "o ( ! clu/]s situat$ f> out 9 space1 & :i* has travell$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s at ! rate ( #bjj1jjj miles = e second ( "t1 s]ves u "h on ?is globe to di/+ui% x--x ent]s ! tube ( our telescope & affects our optic n]ve2 & ! ,creator :o caus$ x !re to be giv5 (f1 has "h made our s5ses capable ( p]ceiv+ x4 ,is n ?is a cle> demon/ration ( ! fact1 t "o h& has design$ ! :ole2 & "o ,creator provid$ = all8 ,,! ,,air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,/orm1 ,,) ,,heavy ,,ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! e>? is surr\nd$ 9 all directions by a cov]+ ( air ab\t =ty miles 9 ?ickness1 :i* be>s ab\t ! proportion to ! e>? itself t a coat+ "o in* ?ick w\ld to a ball sev5te5 feet ?r\gh1 be+ ab\t #a_/bjj? ( its diamet]4 ,?is air1 ?\gh invisible1 may at all times be felt :ile 9 motion 7su* is ! w9d71 & by rapidly pass+ ! h& backw>ds & =w>ds x may be p]ceiv$ to press aga9/ & slightly ob/ruct x2 ?is air is compos$ ( ab\t tw5ty p>ts oxyg5 & eighty p>ts nitrog51 toge!r ) ab\t "o "p 9 e ?\s& ( c>bonic acid 7consi/+ ( c>bon & oxyg5 9 union7 & a small proportion ( vap\r ( c>bonate ( ammonia 7ammonia 9 union ) c>bonic acid74 ,x is ! oxyg5 :i* enables animals to live 9 ! air1 z x is tak5 into _! sy/ems at e brea?1 x is ?us con/antly be+ consum$ & w\ld ultimately be s f> dim9i%$1 t !y c\ld live no long] = want ( x2 b ,provid5ce has s arrang$1 t ! necess>y quantity is always be+ suppli$ by vegetables 7:i* give out oxyg57 to meet ! defici5cy4 ,! air1 al?\gh a gas1 is yet capable ( be+ weigh$1 ( great compressibility1 & ( expansion to an unlimit$ ext5t1 ?is causes ! l[] "p 7ne> ! surface ( ! e>?7 to be mu* m d5se ?an ! upp] regions1 & ^? :o h asc5d$ to ! tops ( high m\nta9s1 h describ$ ! difficulty ( respiration z be+ v great1 ow+ to ! r>efaction or lightness ( ! air4 ,at ! surface ( ! e>? x presses ) a weight ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds ^u e squ>e in*1 b z ?is pressure is equal 9 e direction1 x is n felt by u1 nor does x cru% ! mo/ fragile fl[] or insect2 b1 remove ! pressure f "o side ( any?+1 & x w be f\nd to press ) viol5ce ^u ! o!r4 ,if ! air 7 remov$ f ! inside ( a drum1 ! weight ( ! surr\nd+ air w\ld bur/ 9 ! p>*m5t & fill x4 ,by way ( exp]im5t1 fill a l>ge bas9 ) wat]1 take a tumbl] 9 ! left h& & a piece ( light$ pap] 9 ! "r1 hold ! light$ pap] = a mom5t "u ! inv]t$ tumbl] & imm$iately apply its op5 m\? to ! surface ( ! wat]1 lett+ x dip 9 ab\t half an in*1 ! heat exp&s & consequ5tly gets rid ( "s ( ! air 9 ! tumbl]1 & z ?is cools aga9 x resumes its orig9al bulk2 ! pressure ( ! air on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! bas9 w =ce x up into ! tumbl] & ne>ly fill x 7fig4 #a74 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! b>omet]1 :i* is a tube entirely exhau/$ ( air & ! weight ( ! atmosph]e =ces a column ( m]cury 7:i* is _m times heavi] ?an wat]7 up to ! height ( ab\t tw5ty-n9e in*es1 accord+ to ! weight ( ! air at any p>ticul> "t2 ?is weight v>ies accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 :e!r wet or dry2 b ! av]age weight ( air is f\nd to be p]fectly /ation>y1 & dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s f #ahaf to #ahcf1 x 0 f\nd at ,p>is n to h v>i$ #a_/abjj? ( an in*4 ,w9ds or curr5ts ( air proce$ f sev]al causes2 :5 ! sun %9es on a l>ge surface ( ! e>?1 x becomes heat$ & a column ( hot air is press$ upw>ds1 = hot air is light] ?an cold1 & ! cold air all ar\nd1 by its weight1 =ces x up & ru%es 9 to fill ! space2 ?is space may p]haps be _m hundr$ squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 s t a curr5t ( w9d is caus$ to bl[ t[>ds ?is spot f all ! regions r\nd4 ,?is is ! g5]al /ate ( ?+s at ! equatorial p>ts ( ! e>? & causes ! trade w9ds1 :i* uni=mly bl[ 7! great] "p ( ! ye>7 f bo? nor? & s\? t[>ds ! equator4 ,ano!r cause ( local w9ds1 is ! cond5sation ( vap\rs into wat]2 :5 ! air ov] a l>ge region is saturat$ ) moi/ure x is greatly exp&$ by x1 & :5 ! vap\r is cond5s$ & falls z ra91 ! air f ! surr\nd+ p>ts =ces itself 9 to fill ! space occupi$ by ! ra9 :ile 9 a /ate ( vap\r1 :i* is ne>ly "o hundr$ ?\s& times great] ?an x occupies :5 9 ! =m ( wat]4 ,!re are _m causes to det]m9e ! cond5sation ( ! vap\r1 :i* ! atmosph]e always holds 9 l>g] or small] quantities1 b cold is ! *ief ag5t1 = :5 a curr5t ( air passes ov] seas or riv]s1 or ! damp surface ( ! e>?1 x becomes load$ ) moi/ure1 & be+ capable ( hold+ only a c]ta9 quantity 7less :5 cold ?an hot71 x foll[s t w>m air :5 saturat$ ) moi/ure mu/ let "s ( x fall :5 x becomes cool$4 ,?is may occur f ent]+ a cold] region1 or unit+ ) ano!r curr5t ( air cold] ?an itself4 ,9 tropical regions ! air is s w>m t x takes up a v l>ge quantity ( wat]y vap\r & ^u ! com+ ( cold] wea!r1 ! ra9y season beg9s & ! air empties itself ( its sup]flu\s moi/ure1 caus+ ! mo/ trem5d\s falls ( ra9 9 consequ5ce 7fig4 #b74 ,:5 ! cl\ds are ov]*>g$ ) moi/ure 9 cold climates or 9 cold wea!r1 ! vap\r freezes z x cond5ses & =ms sn[1 :i* "u ! microscope pres5ts a s]ies ( ! mo/ beautiful />-l cry/als 7fig4 #c72 ! same result is produc$ by ! freez+ ( ! vap\r or fog ne> to ! e>?'s surface1 ?is is call$ ho>-fro/1 :i* is 7l dew7 deposit$ on ^? p>ts ( ! surface mo/ cool$ by radiation4 ,hail is caus$ 9 all probability by ! drops ( ra9 pass+ ?r\gh a cold /ratum ( air & becom+ froz5 z !y fall4 ,!re are _m wond]ful acc\nts on record ( great masses ( ice fall+ f ! cl\ds1 "s ( !m sev]al feet ?ick2 ! cause ( ^! ph5om5a 7if !y ev] did occur7 is n kn[n4 ,! curi\s occurr5ce ( r$ or gre5 sn[1 :i* has sometimes be5 kn[n to fall1 is ow+ to ! sn[ be+ mix$ ) myriads ( m9ute cellul> plants call$ ! ,protococcus pluvialis1 :i* 9 "o /ate ( its exi/5ce is gre5 & 9 ano!r r$1 & !y col\r ! sn[ accord+ly4 ,! cause ( _! sudd5 accumulation 9 su* va/ quantities is n kn[n1 b may be s\ght = 9 "s peculi> /ate ( ! atmosph]e fav\rable to _! gr[?1 :i* 9 _m places is prodigi\sly rapid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air diff]s v greatly 9 diff]5t situations at ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! extreme diff]5ce be+ ab\t #ahj degrees2 ?us 9 w9t]1 at ! poles1 ! !rmomet] frequ5tly /&s at #fj degrees bel[ z]o1 & at ! equator1 9 summ]1 #abj degrees above1 b1 9 ! high] regions ( ! air1 x is ev5 cold] ?an at ! poles1 = ! sun %9+ on ! e>? heats x1 & ! air is heat$ by contact ) x2 ?is is its only s\rce ( heat1 ( :i* x receives less & less ! fur!r x is f ! e>?1 s t at a di/ance 7dep5d+ ^u ! situation & climate7 rang+ f #c1ejj to #ag1jjj feet f ! surface1 ! air is s cold t x is call$ ! region ( p]petual sn[1 & all m\nta9s ^: tops rea* above ?is altitude are cov]$ ) sn[ 7=m$ by ! freez+ ( ! ra9 & vap\r7 f ?is po9t to _! summits 7fig4 #d71 & ! sun 7al?\gh x ne>ly always %9es !re1 ^! regions be+ above mo/ ( ! cl\ds7 is n able to melt x1 = ! radiation ( heat f its surface is great] ?an its absorption f ! sun's rays1 :ite sub/ances absorb+ b v sl[ly1 & r\gh surfaces 7z ! sn[7 radiat+ v rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,dew is caus$ by cond5sation ( ! wat]y vap\r held 9 ! air2 :5 ! sun goes d[n ! radiation cont9ues f ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ^? surfaces :i* radiate mo/ rapidly1 su* z fields ( grass1 get cool$ d[n bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air1 & !re=e cause a cond5sation ( its wat]y vap\r4 ,?is may be imitat$ by fill+ a l>ge glass goblet ) v cold wat]1 & br++ x into a v w>m room1 ! outside ( ! glass vessel w become cov]$ ) dew1 al?\gh previ\sly q dry2 ! same may be %[n by fill+ a simil> glass ) wat] at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 tak+ c>e t ! outside is dry1 !n /irr+ 9 an ounce or s ( nitre or ,ro*elle salt1 :i* w cause ! wat] to become cold1 & ! outside ( ! glass to be cov]$1 z be=e1 ) dew4 ,dew falls fa/e/ :5 !re are no cl\ds 9 ! sky1 z radiation !n takes place f ! e>? into space1 & is n comp5sat$ = by a return ( radiation f ! cl\ds to ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,cl\ds are =m$ by ! p>tial cond5sation ( vap\r1 & are borne along by ! w9d1 in/ead ( fall+ z ra92 ! reason ( _! n fall+ is ?is1 :5 ! air bel[ ! cl\ds is saturat$ ) moi/ure x w absorb no m & ! ra9 falls1 b :5 x is w>m & dry1 & pass$ 9 a con/antly r5ew$ curr5t1 !n ! vap\r is absorb$ be=e x rea*es ! e>?1 & is c>ri$ (f by ! w9d4 ,cl\ds1 !re=e1 al?\gh !y (t5 appe> /ation>y1 are con/antly alt]+ _! =m & size1 portions be+ absorb$ :ile o!rs are be+ =m$4 ,fogs are ! same z cl\ds1 ! vap\r aris+ f wet grass1 riv]s1 c41 be+ cond5s$ z x asc5ds1 by a curr5t ( cold air pass+ ov] !m4 ,! fogs 9 ,london h a br[n col\r1 f admixture ( smoke1 du/1 c41 ) :i* ! air is contam9at$ 7fig4 #e74 ,cl\ds are ( v>i\s =ms & sizes1 & inde$ ( almo/ e v>iety1 b c]ta9 k9ds :i* are frequ5tly se51 h receiv$ diff]5t names4 ,! cirrhus comprises all ! fea!ry :ite cl\ds :i* float high up 9 ! air 9 f9e wea!r2 ! cumulus consi/s ( ! l>ge m\nta9-l cl\ds :i* are g5]ally se5 9 summ]2 ! /ratus1 ^? horizontal lay]s ( cl\ds l[ d[n 9 ! horizon1 s (t5 se5 at sunset2 & ! nimbus is ! ra9-cl\d1 ( a d>k grey or lead5 hue1 ) %>p well-m>k$ edges 7fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,cl\ds are among/ ! mo/ beautiful z well z useful ?+s 9 nature1 & x is "o ( ! greate/ pro(s ( ! active b5evol5ce ( ,god1 t all ^? ?+s :i* s]ve man ! mo/1 are ! mo/ beautiful to contemplate4 ,)\t cl\ds !re w\ld be no ra91 & )\t ?is no vegetation4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! tropical regions !re is little or no ra91 & 9 su* p>ts des]t places ab\nd4 ,cl\ds are (t5 ( diff]5t /ates ( electricity1 & :5 !y come ne> en\gh to ea* o!r1 a transf] ( ! fluid takes place1 accompani$ ) a fla% ( lightn+ 7fig4 #g7 & a report1 al?\gh ?is is n always he>d at ! same "t t ! lightn+ is se51 z s\nd does n travel ne>ly s fa/ z light2 !re is no dang] f ?is k9d ( lightn+4 ,b x sometimes happ5s t a cl\d 9 an opposite /ate ( electricity to ! surface ( ! e>? is ne> en\gh to produce a fla% ( lightn+ betwe5 !m1 9 ?is case x is extremely dang]\s to be ne>2 b :5 ! ?und] is n he>d till "s "t aft] ! fla% is se51 !re c be no dang]1 z x is !n f> away4 ,s\nd travels at ab\t elev5 hundr$ feet p] second1 !re=e 79 r\nd numb]s7 x may be kn[n t ! lightn+ is "o mile di/ant = e five seconds t elapse betwe5 ! fla% & ! ?und]4 ,! notion :i* prevails t iron & /eel attract lightn+ is entirely errone\s1 !y d n ev5 conduct x s well z copp] & _m o!r metals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,lightn+ conductors 7fig4 #h7 are wires ( iron or copp]1 made to project above ! highe/ p>ts ( build+s & c>ri$ d[n to ! e>?2 !y h ! p[] ( conduct+ ! lightn+ d[n )\t injury to ! build+1 = electricity 7:i* lightn+ is7 travels ?r\gh metallic wires = any di/ance )\t di/urbance or noise 7z 9 ! electric telegraph71 b bad conductors are apt to be bur/ & r5t by x if x be /rong en\gh1 creat+ fla%es ( light & reports4 ,lightn+ /rikes mo/ readily any project+ sub/ance or po9t1 ! highe/ po9t is !re=e select$ = ! protrusion ( ! upp] "p ( conductors4 ,9 a pla9 or op5 space1 trees & animals are (t5 /ruck1 z !y =m conductors 7al?\gh v bad ones7 to ! lightn+2 be+ bad conductors1 in/ead ( all[+ x to pass quietly to ! e>? z d ! wires1 !y are g5]ally de/roy$ by x4 ,x has be5 (t5 /at$ t we %\ld select an op5 space 9 a ?und]-/orm1 b ?is w\ld r5d] "o liable to be /ruck1 especially if !re 7 no object ne> ( l>g] dim5sions1 ! be/ plan is to /& ne> to any trees or h\ses )\t t\*+ !m1 ! dang] w\ld n !n be s great1 ! trees or build+s be+ tall]1 w\ld be mo/ liable to conduct ! lightn+ to ! e>?4 ,! dang] ( t\*+ or lean+ aga9/ a tree 9 a ?und]-/orm1 arises f ! p]son ?us mak+ himself 7z x 77 "p ( x & incurr+ ! same risk4 ,?und]-/orms1 :i* w\ld at fir/ ?\ght appe> to be ( no utility to man1 are inde$ ( great s]vice2 x is a common say+ t ?und] cle>s ! air1 ?is is ! result ( feel+ & exp]i5ce1 b *emi/s h demon/rat$ ! fact t a sub/ance call$ ozone 7a peculi> /ate ( ! elem5t oxyg57 is produc$ by ?und]-/orms2 ?is ozone possesses ! wond]ful p[] ( correct+ 7decompos+7 putrid & un:olesome gases & exhalations :i* might o!rwise produce fev]1 *ol]a1 c41 x moreov] de/roys ! ova or g]ms ( _m animals & vegetables :i* might o!rwise be injuri\s to vegetation ( m importance1 ! slight injury :i* ^! /orms inflict "h & !re %\ld weigh z no?+ 9 ! balance ( utility ) su* univ]sal good4 ,?us x is t ! works ( ,god h all ! /amps ( goodness1 & ?is ought to inspire u ) s mu* ?ankfulness z to ov]come e fe> = p]sonal safety4 ,7 ^! gr& ph5om5a ( nature1 7z mat]iali/s w\ld make u believe7 ! result ( laws dep5d+ solely ^u ! physical co-op]ation ( m]e matt]1 good w\ld be ! exception in/ead ( ! rule1 & mo/ ( !m w\ld produce effects1 if n injuri\s at lea/ n b5eficial1 b su* is n ! case1 & ?r\gh\t all ! wond]ful op]ations ( nature !re is n "o b t5ds to good1 = ,god (t5 inflicts a small injury t a great good may result2 we say a small injury1 b x is que/ionable if ! injury is n (t5 a b5efit1 :i* appe>s to u injuri\s only because we d n und]/& x fully1 e di/urb+ cause t5ds to produce "s app>5t disord]1 su* z /orms1 hurricanes1 c41 "s inde$ s t]rific z to de/roy %ips & h\ses1 b :at w\ld be ! result if ! atmosph]e 7 nev] di/urb$ f any cause8 ,:y ! l[] /ratum w\ld become s load$ ) impurities t x w\ld be unfit to brea!1 miasms & noxi\s gases w\ld = ev] rema9 a curse to ! races ( m5 & animals :o might be doom$ to inhabit su* regions1 b ! v regions :]e ^! miasms are mo/ likely to =m are ^? ab\t ! tropics1 & "h x is t ! greate/ /orms occur to remove !m4 ,ev5 ! great des]ts1 :i* appe> s useless to man1 & :i* are un9habitable to a great ext5t1 h _! (fice1 & an important "o too2 !y are to ! e>? :at v5tilators are to build+s1 draw+ ! cold air f ! poles to cool ! regions t are too hot1 & s5d+ a curr5t ( heat$ air ?r\gh ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e 7:]e x c d no injury to any?+7 to w>m ! cold] p>ts ( ! e>?1 ano!r in/ance ( ! wond]ful c>e & goodness on ! "p ( ! ,creator4 ,! v>i\s & beautiful col\rs ( ! cl\ds1 p>ticul>ly at ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 are caus$ by refraction sep>at+ ! :ite light into its primitive con/itu5ts1 blue1 r$1 & yell[ light & _! comb9ations1 purple1 orange1 gre51 c41 & ! m obliquely ! rays imp+e ^u ! e>? ! great] w be ?is refraction1 ?is acc\nts = col\rs seldom appe>+ 9 ! cl\ds at midday4 ,b ( all ! beautiful effects ( ! refraction ( light1 ! ,ra9b[ 7fig4 #i7 is ! mo/ glori\s1 x has be5 celebrat$ 9 all ages = its transi5t beauty4 ,x is only se5 :5 ra9 is fall+ 9 front ( a brightly illum9at$ cl\d1 ! sun be+ beh9d ! spectator2 x is a reflection ( ! sun by ! cl\d transmitt$ ?r\gh millions ( drops ( ra91 ea* ( :i* acts z a prism1 & produces r+s ( col\r2 = ea* ( ! rays ( light 7r$1 blue1 & yell[7 are refract$ 9 unequal degrees1 & !re=e take sep>ate places1 =m+ ! r+s ( col\r se5 9 ! ra9b[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! air is ! great s\rce f :i* all ! n\ri%m5t ( ! organic creation1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 is d]iv$2 its c>bonic acid is decompos$ by ! vegetables1 :i* appropriate ! c>bon1 turn+ ov] ! oxyg5 to _! companions1 ! animals2 ! ammonia ( ! air furni%es all ! nitrog5 ( se$s & o!r nutriti\s p>ts ( vegetables1 :i* are eat5 by animals2 & wat]1 ! *ief s\rce ( all nutrim5t1 passes fir/ f ! air be=e x ent]s ! soil1 br++ bo? c>bonic acid & ammonia to f]tilise x4 ,t all ?is n\ri%m5t is d]iv$ f ! air is evid5tly %[n by ! =mation & increase ( m\ld 9 =e/s :i* h gr[n = c5turies2 ?is black m\ld is ne>ly all decay$ vegetable matt]1 =m$ by ! cont9u\s fall & decay ( leaves & trees1 b :i*1 in/ead ( dim9i%+1 increases4 ,n[1 :]e does all ?is come f8 c]ta9ly n out ( ! e>?1 = x does n conta9 ! necess>y elem5ts4 ,expose ! surface ( ! b>e e>? = sev]al c5turies1 & fir/ small plants1 !n l>g] ones1 w gr[ ^u x1 until ! /ate ( ?+s describ$ above takes place1 ! e>? be+ j z ri* 9 organic matt] n[ z at ! beg9n+1 & mu* ri*] on ! surface1 :]e a ?ick /ratum ( black m\ld =ms f ! repeat$ fall & decay ( leaves & wood2 all ! sub/ance :i* ! =e/ %all h drawn f ! e>? 7) ! exception ( c]ta9 salts & e>?y matt]s7 mu/ !re=e h be5 d]iv$ f ! air1 :i* conta9s e +r$i5t necess>y = its =mation1 :ile 9 ! e>? itself no k9d ( organic matt] is ev] f\nd4 ,!re 0 =m]ly a "t :5 ! c>bonic acid ( ! air 0 9 mu* great] abundance1 & fav\r$ ! gr[? ( ^? plants :i* ?rive :]e !re is pl5ty ( wat]1 z 9 swamps & m>%es4 ,!y grew & decay$ = a va/ p]iod ( "t1 till a ?ick /ratum ( c>bonace\s matt] 0 deposit$1 :i*1 aft] be+ buri$ 7by "s convulsion ( nature7 at a great dep?1 & press$ by ! enorm\s weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t e>? into a h>d solid sub/ance1 is n[ be+ dug up by man1 & =ms t mo/ valuable ( all products ( ! m9e1 coal 7fig4 #aj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,t coal is d]iv$ f decay$ & alt]$ vegetable matt]s1 is pretty well prov$2 = _m pieces ( coal1 if gr\nd ?9 & subject$ to ! microscope1 pres5t a texture exactly su* z c be se5 9 wood ( ! pres5t date1 & n only ! ord9>y /ructure1 b 9 v _m cases c]ta9 dott$ fibres1 indicat+ t ! wood belong$ to ! ord] ( cone-be>+ trees 7,conif]71 & !re is b little d\bt t ! con/ant deposit ( su* wood & its sl[ & gradual decay 0 ! real s\rce ( all our coal4 ,h[ wond]ful1 & h[ good1 is ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god6 ,j at a "t :5 ! great =e/s ( ! e>? are fa/ disappe>+1 & ) !m ! only o!r s\rce ( fuel = fires1 ?is res]ve ( ! old =e/s1 :i* 0 !n useless1 s]ves man z a mo/ excell5t fri5d--m useful ?an gold or silv]1 m preci\s ?an diamonds or rubies6 ,b ?is _w is "o ( p]petual *ange1 & ! coal ?us br\ght =? f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 is by man be+ rapidly re/or$ to ! air f :5ce--?\s&s ( ye>s ago--x 0 d]iv$2 & x is n coal alone :i* is ?us be+ re/or$1 b e organic be+ 9 ! :ole creation1 = at _! decay !y all ent] ?is va/ mausoleum ( ! dead6 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,e>?4 ,illu/ration ,! ,e>?1 consid]$ z "o ( ^? sph]es :i* circulate r\nd ! sun amid/ ! wide expanse ( ! firman5t1 holds b an insignificant position among !m1 especially :5 comp>$ ) ^? great & magnific5t orbs1 ,jupit] & ,saturn2 b1 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 z ! dwell+-place ( all ! animat$ be+s1 vegetables1 & m9]als1 ) :i* we h any practical k1 x holds to u a position 9 creation f> above all ! o!rs4 ,x is ^u ! surface ( ?is our e>? t we behold 9 detail ^? wond]s ( ! ,great ,creator's h&s1 :i* mu/ fill all :o contemplate & /udy !m ) enl>g$ ideas ( ,8 wisdom1 goodness1 & p[]4 ,we see ! millions ( />s sp>kl+ 9 ! abyss ( space1 & our m9ds are s =m$ t we c measure & gauge _! di/ances & rates ( travell+1 _! orbits & _! sizes1 _! weights1 & ! p[]s ) :i* !y attract & influ5ce ea* o!r2 b we only contemplate a /> z "o bright & beautiful object wor?y to be "o ( ! gems :i* ! ,almighty has set 9 ,8 cr[n ( glory1 or a lamp to light ! halls ( ,8 inf9ite habitation1 b we /ill contemplate x z a s+le object2 :ile on ! surface ( ! e>? our ,mak] has p]mitt$ u to roam & se>* out by :at b5evol5t contrivances ,he has suit$ all ?+s to ! com=t & welf>e ( ,8 creatures4 ,h[ ,8 m]cy & goodness are ext5d$ amply to ! mo/ m9ute animalcule z well z to man1 & h[ ,8 p[]s ( con/ruction are to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ m9ute objects :i* ! microscope c display1 z p]fect z 9 ! l>ge/ creature we behold4 ,x is "h ^u our e>? t we p]ceive h[ ! /ructure & functions ( all creatures are regulat$ & controll$ by ! un]r+ laws :i* ,he has creat$1 ov] :i* laws ! creatures h no control1 & :i* if duly reg>d$ & us$ accord+ to ! faculties ea* has be5 gift$ )1 w return ! greate/ joy & happ9ess _! sev]al natures are capable (1 & secure all t p]fection ( op]ation :i* _! me*anical frames are suit$ to p]=m2 b be=e any description ( ! organis$ be+s :i* dwell on ! e>? c be giv51 x w be prop] to ent] into a description ( ! e>? itself1 to see :at sort ( place ,god has provid$ = !m1 & h[ ?r\gh succe$+ cycles ( "t ,he has gradually p]fect$ & prep>$ x = ! reception ( ,8 la/ great "w1 ,man4 ,x is only a few miles bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? t man has be5 able to p5etrate & exam9e1 b reason comes to assi/ him :]e exam9ation fails1 & x w\ld h be5 b a few hundr$ y>ds only t 8 lab\rs c\ld h ext5d$ _h x n be5 t p>ts1 :i* are g5]ally situat$ miles bel[ ! surface1 are occasionally f\nd at or ev5 rais$ above x1 by "s di/urb+ cause :i* op]at$ 9 times f> back2 s t man is able to exam9e on ! surface p>ts :i* he c\ld sc>cely dig d[n to4 ,! :ole ( ! e>?1 its inhabitants1 ! air :i* surr\nds x1 ! wat]s ^u its surface1 & its vegetable products1 are compos$ ( c]ta9 sub/ances call$ elem5ts1 comb9$ & unit$ 9 c]ta9 numb]s & proportions4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( all kn[n3-- ,,metallic ,,elem5ts4 ,alum9ium #ac4g ,antimony #ab4i ,ars5ic #ge ,b>ium #fh4e ,bismu? #ba4c ,cadmium #ef ,calcium #bj ,c]ium #dg ,*romium #bf4g ,cobalt #bi4e ,copp] #ca4g ,didymium 99 ,don>ium 99 ,erbium 99 ,gluc9ium 99 ,gold #aig ,ilm5ium 99 ,iridium #ii ,iron #bh ,lan?anium 99 ,lead #ajc4g ,li?ium #f4e ,magnesium #ab4b ,manganese #bg4f ,m]cury #ajj ,molybd5um #df ,nickel #bi4f ,niobium 99 ,norium 99 ,osmium #ii4f ,palladium #ec4c ,pelopium 99 ,plat9um #ih4g ,potassium #ci4b ,rhodium #eb4b ,ru!nium #eb4b ,silicon #ba4c ,silv] #ajh4a ,sodium #bc ,/rontium #dc4h ,tantalium #ahd ,tellurium #fd4b ,t]b9um 99 ,?orium #ei4f ,t9 #ei ,titanium #be ,tung/5 #ie ,uranium #fj ,vanadium #fh4f ,yttrium #cb4b ,z9c #cb4f ,zirconium #bb4d ,,non-,,metallic ,,elem5ts4 ,boron #aj4i ,brom9e #hj ,c>bon #f ,*lor9e #ce ,fluor9e #ah4i ,hydrog5 #a ,iod9e #abg4a ,nitrog5 #ad ,oxyg5 #h ,phosphorus #cb ,sulphur #af ,sel5ium #ci4e ,by ?is li/ x w be p]ceiv$ t ! greate/ numb] ( ! elem5ts are metals1 b mo/ ( ^! are v r>e & met ) b 9 c]ta9 localities1 mak+ up b a v insignificant "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 :ile o!rs 7nev] f\nd 9 nature1 z metals7 9 comb9ation ) oxyg5 =m+ e>?s compose ! great] "p ( its bulk4 ,b ( all ! elem5ts1 oxyg5 7a gas7 is ! mo/ widely diffus$1 & con/itutes r m ?an "o half ( ! :ole e>?1 ?us x =ms #a_/e? ( ! air1 #i_/aj?s ( ! wat]1 ( ! v>i\s e>?s & rocks ab\t #a_/b1 & 9 all organis$ be+s ab\t #c_/d4 ,( ! metallic elem5ts1 ^? :i* =m ! great] bulk ( ! e>? are-- ,silicon4 ,alum9ium4 ,calcium4 ,magnesium4 ,potassium4 ,sodium4 ,^! nev] exi/ 9 nature z metals1 b comb9$ ) oxyg5 =m+ ! foll[+ e>?s & alkalies3-- ,silica ,alum9a ,,e>?s4 ,lime ,magnesia ,potassa ,,alkalies4 ,soda ,^! f\r e>?s =m ab\t eighty-five p] c5t4 ( ! :ole bulk ( ?is globe1 ! rema9d] be+ made up ( wat] 7compos$ ( eight p>ts oxyg5 & "o "p hydrog571 ( salt1 bo? z rock or cry/al-salt1 & dissolv$ 9 ! wat] ( ! sea1 ( ! ores ( diff]5t metals 7metals 9 union ) oxyg51 sulphur1 c471 & ( ! rema9s ( =m] vegetation1 exi/+ z coal4 ,silica is compos$ ( #ba4c p>ts ( silicon ) #bd ( oxyg51 x is t e>? :i* con/itutes a great "p ( almo/ e soil1 & =ms s&1 s&/one1 & fl9t1 x ent]s l>gely also into ! =mation ( granite & ! o!r primitive rocks2 :5 pure x is call$ qu>tz or rock-cry/al & is (t5 f\nd 9 l>ge & beautiful masses4 ,silica1 9 diff]5t =ms1 contam9at$ & col\r$ by diff]5t metallic oxides1 c41 =ms t class ( /ones kn[n z agate1 ,scot* pebble1 c>nelian1 c41 & 9 ! =m ( fl9t is f\nd ne>ly pure1 =m+ nodules or r\nd$ masses ly+ 9 lay]s 9 ! *alk cliffs on our coa/s1 ! orig9 ( ^! nodules ( fl9t is v obscure1 b !y are by _m attribut$ to ! petrifaction ( sponges1 c41 ! g5]al =m ( :i* !y (t5 reta9 z well z _! int]nal /ructure1 :i* may be se5 :5 view$ 9 ?9 slices by means ( ! microscope4 ,pure silica is a :ite insoluble p[d]1 & is mu* us$ by ! mak]s ( porcela9 to mix ) _! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,alum9a consi/s ( #da4a p>ts ( alum9ium 9 comb9ation ) #bd p>ts ( oxyg51 x is ! e>? :i* =ms ! basis ( all clays1 loams1 & slates1 x is 9 its pure /ate p]fectly :ite b 9 mo/ clays is col\r$ br[n or bluei% by oxide ( iron1 _m ( our mo/ beautiful gems1 z ! ruby1 sapphire1 & em]ald1 consi/ *iefly ( cry/allis$ alum9a col\r$ by oxide ( iron1 *romium1 c41 ?is e>? l silica ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( ! primitive rocks4 ,lime is ano!r ( ! e>?s :i* =m a great "p ( all soils2 x consi/s ( #bj p>ts calcium ) #h ( oxyg54 ,unlike ! two prec$+ e>?s1 x exi/s only 9 union ) "s acid4 ,:5 unit$ to c>bonic acid x =ms lime/one1 *alk1 m>ble1 c41 & :5 9 a cry/allis$ /ate ,icel& sp>4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( lime/one are l>gely us$ z build+-/ones1 & any ( !m :5 burnt yields lime or quick-lime z x is g5]ally call$1 :i* is capable ( unit+ ) a c]ta9 portion ( wat]1 giv+ out a consid]able am\nt ( heat dur+ ! comb9ation4 ,lime is (t5 f\nd 9 union ) sulphuric acid1 =m+ gypsum or ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 9 comb9ation ) phosphoric acid x =ms ! basis or e>?y "p ( ! bones ( animals1 & is f\nd 9 "s ( ! tissues ( plants4 ,potassa consi/s ( #ci4b p>ts potassium 9 union ) #h oxyg51 x con/itutes ab\t #ab p] c5t4 ( ! granites & basalts 7primitive rocks7 9 union ) silica & alum9a1 x is also f\nd 9 ! fluids ( _m vegetables 9 union ) c>bonic1 oxalic1 & o!r acids4 ,soda consi/s ( tw5ty-?ree p>ts sodium ) eight oxyg51 x h[ev] does n exi/ 9 ?is =m 9 nature1 b 9 union ) *lor9e in/ead ( oxyg51 con/itut+ *loride ( sodium or common salt1 ?is sub/ance =ms /rata ( consid]able ext5t 9 "s localities & be+ soluble has no d\bt be5 wa%$ out by ! ra9s f _m o!r places & has ?us communicat$ saltness to ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,! o!r metallic elem5ts exi/ *iefly 9 ^? =ms ( e>? call$ ores be+ metals 9 union ) oxyg51 sulphur1 c41 or are f\nd 9 ! metallic /ate1 z gold1 plat9um1 c41 x is f ^! ores t mo/ ( our useful metals are procur$ by ! process call$ smelt+1 z 9 ! case ( iron1 copp]1 lead1 t91 c4 ,all ! sub/ances kn[n result f ! comb9ations ( ! elem5ts1 b ^! elem5ts d n *emically comb9e 9 all proportions1 b 9 c]ta9 def9ite quantities only2 ^! quantities or proportions are signifi$ by ! numb]s atta*$ to ea* elem5t 9 ! li/ giv51#a & ! union ( ^! sub/ances mu/ be 9 ! proportion ( ^! numb]s 7or multiples ( !m7 only1 all sup]fluity ( ! sub/ances comb9$ rema9+ 9 a /ate ( m]e me*anical mixture4 ,= example1 if six p>ts ( c>bon 7*>coal7 made r$-hot be plung$ into a j> conta9+ tw5ty p>ts ( oxyg51 x w unite ) sixte5 p>ts only ( ! oxyg5 7a multiple ( eight71 & =m tw5ty-two p>ts ( c>bonic acid1 ! extra f\r p>ts ( oxyg5 /ill rema9+ z oxyg5 mix$ ) ! c>bonic acid2 & if into ?is c>bonic acid tw5ty p>ts ( lime be put1 x w unite ) ! tw5ty-two ( c>bonic acid1 =m+ =ty-two ( c>bonate ( lime1 /ill leav+ ! f\r p>ts ( oxyg5 unt\*$4 ,_h =ty p>ts ( lime be5 put into ! mixture1 in/ead ( tw5ty1 /ill only =ty-two ( c>bonate ( lime w\ld h be5 =m$1 & ! o!r tw5ty p>ts 7l ! f\r ( oxyg57 be+ sup]flu\s1 w\ld /ill h rema9$ z lime1 mix$ ) ! c>bonate ( lime4 ,^! comb9+ quantities are call$ ! equival5ts ( ! sub/ances4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ! li/ ( ! elem5ts at page #de2 ^? :i* are di/+ui%$ by an a/]isk1 are elem5ts ( :i* ! equival5ts are n kn[n4 ,^u exam9+ v>i\s portions ( ! e>?'s surface1 !y w be f\nd to diff] 9 "* f ea* o!r2 9 "o place p]haps s&y soil w be f\nd1 9 ano!r1 h>d rock1 9 a ?ird1 clay1 9 a f\r?1 *alk1 & s on4 ,n[1 if ?is exam9ation 7 c>ri$ no fur!r1 x might well be presum$ t ea* ( ^! k9ds ( soil 7 cont9u$ d[nw>ds into ! e>? = an indef9ite di/ance1 b ^u digg+ 7z 9 s9k+ a %aft or well7 x is f\nd t ! /ratum ( soil ^u ! surface is soon pass$ ?r\gh1 t o!rs 9 succession pres5t !mselves & t ?is succession ( /rata is n a matt] ( *ance1 b 7) c]ta9 re/rictions7 foll[s 9 inv>iable ord]4 ,x is true "s /rata are occasionally n pres5t1 & t o!rs replace !m2 b yet 7tak5 altoge!r7 !re is ! same ord] ( succession ev]y:]e f\nd4 ,! foll[+ diagram 7fig4 #a7 gives ! section ( ^! /rata f ! e>?'s surface to ! granite :i* is ! l[e/ ( all =mations & ?r\gh :i* no "o has ev] p5etrat$4 ,! figures give an approximation to _! av]age ?ickness 9 feet4 ,^! /rata d n all run 9 a direction p>allel to ! surface ( ! e>?1 or else x w\ld result t ! surface w\ld ev]y:]e be made up ( ! highe/1 b !y h be5 contort$ & heav$ up into m\nds or depress$2 & ! granite has (t5 be5 pu%$ upw>ds1 c>ry+ ) x all ! upp] /rata to a c]ta9 ext5t1 at la/ ?ru/+ q ?r\gh !m all & pres5t+ itself above ! surface1 =m+ 9 ?is way ! tops ( _m v high m\nta9s1 ,mont ,blanc = in/ance4 ,su* a m\nta9 if cleft f ! summit to ! base w\ld pres5t a section simil> to t %[n 9 fig4 #b1 & ?us x occurs 7contr>y to :at w\ld at fir/ ?\ght be suppos$7 t ! highe/ gr\nd is g5]ally =m$ ( ! l[e/ /rata1 :ile ! valleys are ne>ly always cov]$ ) ! late/ =mations1 :i* is p>tly ow+ to ! elevat+ process be=e allud$ to1 & p>tly to ! w9ds1 ra9s1 c41 t5d+ to c>ry away & wa% d[n e k9d ( soil f ! upp] gr\nd & deposit x 9 ! l[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,positions ,,& ,,relative ,,?icknesses ,,( ,,! ,,/rata4 ,illu/ration3 ,granite ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts /rata 9 a /ate call$ by geologi/s con=mable1 :i* "n is appli$ :5 ! /rata foll[ _! natural or regul> succession1 :e!r ?is reta9s its horizontal position1 or1 z 9 fig4 #d1 assumes a position m or less v]tical1 :i* frequ5tly happ5s f ! subsid5ce ( "o "p or ! elevation ( ano!r2 b !y are sometimes f\nd 9 ! /ate repres5t$ 9 fig4 #e1 & 9 :i* !y are said to be uncon=mable4 ,su* /rata aft] hav+ be5 tilt$ out ( ! horizontal h _h o!r /rata deposit$ ^u !m1 :i* aga9 may be m or less contort$ f ! same causes4 ,! regul>ity ( /rata is (t5 int]rupt$ by :at are call$ faults or dykes1 :i* h aris5 f "s "p ( ! e>? s9k+ d[n or ano!r "p be+ rais$ up1 produc+ a fracture ?r\gh all ! /rata & caus+ ^? on ei!r side ( ?is fault or fracture to occupy a situation n correspond+ to ^? on ! opposite1 z 9 fig4 #f1 b yet to be f\nd at a high] or l[] elevation1 & x is ne>ly always f\nd t ^! /rata are rais$ on t side to :i* ! l9e ( fracture incl9es1 z 9 ! figure4 ,^! faults are (t5 s\rces ( great annoyance to ! m9]1 :o f9ds a sudd5 t]m9ation to ! seam ( coal or ore t he is work+4 ,! cracks are g5]ally fill$ ) "s primitive rock1 z basalt1 ris+ f b5ea? :ile 9 a liquid /ate & fill+ up ! int]/ices2 x w (t5 happ5 t ! faults ?us fill$ w h ve9s ( ! same rock bran*+ out & n only fill+ up cracks b =c+ its way betwe5 ! v>i\s /rata1 ?us int]pos+ a /ratum ( basalt q out ( its prop] position & alt]+1 by ! effects ( ! heat communicat$1 ! "* ( ! /rata 9 juxtaposition2 ?is is %[n 9 fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,^u a close exam9ation ( ! v>i\s /rata :i* =m ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 x is f\nd t ea* has its own peculi> "*2 "s h result$ f ! accumulation ( matt]s deposit$ at ! bottom ( anci5t seas1 o!rs 9 ! b$s ( riv]s or fre%-wat] lakes1 or aga9 o!rs 7z ! coal =mation7 f ! accumulation ( vegetable matt]s2 fur!r1 ^! /rata d n only diff] 9 /ructure & composition1 b also 9 ! rema9s ( animals & plants f\nd 9 !m2 = !re is sc>cely any k9d ( soil 7above ! prim>y rocks7 9 :i* abundant rema9s ( ^! h n be5 f\nd4 ,x w n[ be prop] to give a description ( !m 9 succession1 beg9n+ at ! l[e/ or prim>y1 granite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,?is appe>s to be ! result ( ! cool+ & cry/allisation ( t molt5 mass :i* _m circum/ances 7h]eaft] to be m5tion$7 po9t out z mak+ up ! great body ( ! e>?4 ,granite diff]s1 9 v>i\s places1 9 col\r & quality 7! v>ieties are kn[n z si5ite1 porphyry1 gre5/one1 c471 b /ill reta9s its own di/9ctive *>act]s2 x is a h>d1 cry/all9e rock1 consi/+ ( felsp>1 mica1 & qu>tz1 9 sep>ate cry/als1 b me*anically bl5d$2 its *emical composition z a :ole is silica1 alum9a1 & potassa1 ) small quantities ( lime & oxide ( iron4 ,?is granite is met ) ev]y:]e1 if ! out] cru/ ( ! e>? be p5etrat$ to a suffici5t dep?2 x h[ev] frequ5tly exi/s on ! surface1 hav+ no /rata bel[ x1 & 9 "s places ov]lies o!r /rata--?is1 & ! fact t cracks & crevices ( "s ( ! l[] /rata are fill$ up ) granite1 :i* c\ld only h tak5 place :ile x 0 9 a liquid /ate1 z 9 fig4 #h1 toge!r ) evid5ces ( ! effects ( calc9ation1 & o!r *anges producible only by extreme heat1 all ar\nd ^? p>ts & 9 ! /rata imm$iately ov]lay+ ! granite1 po9t out t x 0 once 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,above ! granite =mation1 9 _m places1 especially 9 ,norway & ,sw$51 !re is a /ratum ( rock call$ gneiss1 :i* consi/s ( ! same +r$i5ts z granite 9 a slightly alt]$ =m4 ,granite w (t5 pass into gneiss gradually1 & ?is aga9 into ^? slaty =mations :i* re/ ^u x & come next 9 ! s]ies4 ,^! consi/ ( mica-slate1 hornbl5d-slate1 & *lorite-slate or s*i/1 a "n giv5 to all ^? rocks ( a slaty /ructure :i* h a cleavage or capability ( be+ cleft into ?9 lam9 or slices 7h5ce _! applicability to ! purposes ( build+1 =m+ excell5t ro(+ mat]ials1 c474 ,illu/ration3 ,granite ,,fig4 #h4 ,all ^! rocks h receiv$ ! "n ( prim>y1 !y h no appe>ance ( be+ /ratifi$ or deposit$ 9 lay]s1 :i* appe>ance seems to be 9 all cases ! result ( hav+ at "s "t be5 susp5d$ 9 wat] & !nce deposit$ gradually z mud1 s&1 c41 "t1 pressure1 & heat hav+ aft]w>ds alt]$ _! consi/5ce4 ,all ^! consi/ ( ! e>?s describ$ z compos+ granite1 b comb9$ 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,above ^! rocks !re is a =mation ( a totally diff]5t composition1 namely cry/all9e lime/one1 commonly kn[n z m>ble2 ?is consi/s :olly ( c>bonate ( lime or lime 9 union ) c>bonic acid1 & its cry/all9e /ate appe>s to h be5 produc$ by long-cont9u$ heat & pressure4 ,?is lime/one is by _m rank$ among/ ! prim>y rocks1 al?\gh x diff]s s entirely 9 its composition :i* exactly resembles a =mation pres5tly to be describ$ 7! *alk72 h[ev]1 if ?is be class$ ) ! prim>y rocks1 !n x may be fairly said t all above h result$ f _! dis9tegration & reunion 9 diff]5t =ms1 by ! action ( wat] & vital =ces ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,! /ate ( ! e>? at ! close ( ?is ! prim>y p]iod may n[ be consid]$4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( our globe =ms "o ( ! great problems ( geology1 b !re is evid5ce en\gh ^u :i* to =m conclusions & %[ t ! e>? _h und]gone "s great & v>i$ *anges embrac+ imm5se p]iods ( "t1 & if ! sci5ces ( a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 ma!matics1 c41 be br\ght 9 to assi/ ! inquiry1 "s pla9 facts become evid5t4 ,a/ronomy %[s u orbs circulat+ r\nd ! sun 7! planets71 /rictly analog\s to our e>?1 & furni%es u ) _! d5sities2 ^! are f\nd to be v>i\s1 rang+ f ab\t six times ! d5sity ( wat] to half its d5sity4 ,! planets appe> to be at diff]5t /ages ( cond5sation1 & x is n unreasonable to suppose t our e>? 0 once ( no great] d5sity ?an ! lighte/ ( !m4 ,! inn] r+ ( ,saturn is probably 9 a liquid /ate1 = x is transp>5t4 ,! sub/ance ( :i* comets are compos$ is a vap\r1 s r>e & ?9 t x _c be comp>$ 9 d5sity to our atmosph]e ev51 & yet ^! comets pres]ve _! id5tity1 circulat+ ?r\gh imm5se realms ( space ) prodigi\s rapidity4 ,?us a/ronomy pres5ts analogies 9 fav\r ( ! supposition t ! e>? 0 once gase\s1 or at all ev5ts ( mu* less d5sity ?an at pres5t2 b ma!matical inquiries g mu* fur!r1 & furni% almo/ pro( t ! e>? 0 once 7if n n[7 9 a liquid /ate1 = ! exact =m :i* a liquid ball w\ld assume ^u rotat+ at ! rate :i* ! e>? does1 is exactly t :i* ! globe is f\nd by measurem5t to possess4 ,*emi/ry has asc]ta9$ t ! heat ( ! e>? is f> great] ?an any tract ( ! heav5s ?r\gh :i* x passes2 t ?is heat c\ld n h be5 communicat$ by ! sun's rays1 = _h x be5 s ! surface w\ld be hott] ?an ! int]ior1 ! v rev]se ( :i* is f\nd to be ! fact1 & ! deep] we g d[n ! high] ! temp]ature is4 ,*emi/ry %[s fur!r t ?is heat c be completely acc\nt$ = by ! cond5sation & solidification ( ! e>? itself2 = ! cond5sation ( all gases into liquids1 & ( liquids into solids1 causes a v l>ge portion ( lat5t caloric to become s5sible1 = example1 any quantity ( a gas at #fj deg4 sudd5ly r$uc$ to a small] bulk1 w\ld h a temp]ature high] ?an #fj deg4 ,a little contrivance has long be5 9 use = obta9+ fire by ?is process1 consi/+ ( a cyl9d] & pi/on1 ! rod ( :i* if /ruck d[n sets fire to a piece ( ,g]man-t9d]4 ,x is probable t all fire1 & e alt]ation ( temp]ature1 are due to ?is "o cause alone4 ,n[ assum+ x z a fact t ! e>? 0 once 9 a gase\s /ate1 & t ! atoms ( ?is gas or vap\r ex]t$ 7z !y mu/ h done7 an attraction t[>ds ea* o!r1 ! result w\ld be t !y w\ld press imm5sely ^u ^? p>ts t[>ds ! c5tre & cause !m to solidify4 ,?is act ( solidification w\ld produce su* an int5se heat t ! solid w\ld be exp&$ & fus$ into a liquid1 ?is cont9u+ until all ! m cond5sible matt]s _h become liquid1 ! e>? w\ld assume its sph]oidal =m f its rotation1 be surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( ! lea/ easily cond5sible sub/ance1 nitrog51 toge!r ) all ! oxyg5 n want$ to comb9e ) ! metallic vap\r & =m e>?4 ,?is globe ) its atmosph]e cont9u+ to roll ?r\gh ! cold regions ( space1 w\ld gradually lose ! heat f its out] "p by radiation4 ,a film ( cool$ & cond5s$ e>?y matt] w\ld beg9 to =m on ! surface by cry/allisation1 & !n w\ld comm5ce all ^? gr& ph5om5a :i* x is ! prov9ce ( ! geologi/ to /udy & expla94 ,?is cru/ consi/$ ( ! fir/-=m$ granite :i* 7f inequality ( contraction 9 ! bulk ( ! e>?7 0 brok5 up into fragm5ts & p]haps p>tly re-dissolv$ aga9 & aga9 9 "s places1 z x *anc$ t ^! contractions 7 m or less irregul>4 ,! result ( ?is cru%+ & crumbl+-up is se5 9 ! co>s] p>ts ( ! gneiss1 call$ ,grauwacke1 :i* consi/ ( angul> fragm5ts ( granite m or less imb$d$ 9 a cem5t ( ! same sub/ance4 ,?is c\ld n h be5 produc$ by wat]1 z ! surface mu/ h be5 too hot = x to h exi/$ on ! e>? 9 any o!r =m ?an ! mo/ highly r>efi$ /eam comb9$ ) ! atmosph]e1 & 9 all probability p>tly cond5s$ 9 ! upp] regions1 =m+ a cont9u\s /rata ( cl\ds1 or r wat]1 ?r\gh :i* ! sun c\ld h>dly be se5 or its light p5etrate1 & su* a /ate ( ?+s exi/s at ?is pres5t "t 9 ! planet ,jupit]4 ,h[ beautifully does ?is co9cide ) ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 ,! e>? 0 )\t =m & void1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! surface ( ! e>? at ?is "t c be well und]/ood by any "o :o w take ! pa9s to evaporate any sal9e solution 9 a capsule till x is ab\t to cry/allise1 & obs]ve att5tively ! pellicle ( salt z x =ms on ! surface2 fir/ a p>tial film w %[ itself 9 a few places1 float+ ab\t & jo9+ ) o!rs1 !n :5 ne>ly ! :ole surface is coat$1 x w break up 9 "s places & s9k into ! liquid b5ea?1 ano!r pellicle w =m & jo9 ) ! rema9s ( ! fir/1 & z ?is ?ick5s x w pu% up ridges & inequalities ( ! surface f op5+s & fissures 9 :i* little jets ( /eam & fluid w escape2 ^! little ridges are *a9s ( m\nta9s1 ! little jets ( /eam ^? volcanic eruptions :i* 7 at t p]iod s frequ5t2 ! surface ( ! capsule is ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! five m9utes :i* ! obs]v] has contemplat$ x1 a million ye>s4 ,! next effect ( ! cool+ ( ! e>? w\ld be ! gradual cond5sation ( ! vap\r ( wat] ) :i* x 0 surr\nd$2 ?is fall+ ^u ! e>? =m$ seas & oceans1 leav+ only ! high] portions expos$ above its level4 ,! cle>+-up ( ! d5se d>k cl\ds = ! fir/ "t let 9 to ! e>?'s surface ! glori\s & vivify+ rays ( ! sun1 & ?is great effect possibly accords ) ! e>lie/ record 9 ! ,bible ( ! acts ( creation--,& ,god said1 let !re be light1 & !re 0 light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i--,,/alagmite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,t]ebratula4 ,! e>? be+ *iefly cov]$ ) wat]1 & ! air p>tly fre$ f wat]y vap\r1 !n comm5c$ ! great creation ( organis$ be+s4 ,! air1 al?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t1 free f vap\r1 mu/ yet h conta9$ an enorm\s am\nt ( c>bonic acid2 ?is1 be+ less easily cond5s$ ?an any ( ! matt]s :i* _h gone ?r\gh t process1 w\ld /ill rema9 !re z a gas1 & ! effect ( ?is sup]abundance w\ld be to saturate all ! wat] cov]+ ! e>? ) x2 ?is solution ( c>bonic acid1 be+ capable ( dissolv+ lime1 w\ld 7z x p]colat$ & ru%$ 9 curr5ts ?r\gh ! rocks & inequalities ( ! surface7 become conv]t$ into a solution ( p]c>bonate ( lime1 tak+ up a l>ge quantity ( ?is e>? f ! brok5-up granite1 c41 !n ?is c>bonate ( lime w\ld be deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! wat] 9 "o ( two ways--ei!r f pressure1 dim9ution ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air1 & heat ( ! surface1 x cry/allis$ at ! bottom 9 ! =m ( m>ble 7t ! wat] does ?us become saturat$ ) c>bonic acid & take up lime1 is con/antly %[n by ! /alagmites :i* =m on ! floors ( cav]ns1 :]e ! wat] ?us load$ ) p]c>bonate ( lime1 evaporat+1 deposits gradually ! c>bonate 9 all sorts ( fanta/ic %apes1 z 9 fig4 #i71 or ! myriads ( cr9oidians & bra*iopod\s molluscs 7fig4 #aj7 :i* 7 ab\t ?is "t creat$1 absorb$ x into _! sy/ems & at _! dea? deposit$ _! %ells1 :i* are made ( ?is e>?1 at ! bottom ( ! sea2 ^! %ells1 accumulat+ ?r\gh ages into /rata1 became h>d5$ & p>tly cry/allis$ by heat1 ?us =m+ ! lime/ones1 :i* 7 ! fir/ conta9+ c>bonate ( lime4 ,t su* a collection1 f su* causes1 is q possible1 w be pres5tly %[n 9 describ+ ! *alk =mation4 ,ages ( comp>ative quiet n[ appe> to h succe$$ ! fir/ great contraction ( ! e>?'s cru/1 probably millions ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ! tides & curr5ts ( ! ocean _h to wa% & we> d[n all ! ?\s&s ( project+ rocks or inequalities & dissolve 7z be=e describ$7 all ! lime1 deposit+ ! s& & clay 9 ^? imm5se /rata :i* =m ! transition s]ies2 ?is appe>s to h tak5 place ov] ne>ly ! :ole _w at t "t1 & ages ^u ages mu/ h elaps$ to =m su* deposits z ! s&/one1 clay/one1 & lime/one1 9 alt]nation1 =m+ ! ,ll&ilo1 ,c>adoc1 & ,w5lock /rata1 m ?an a mile 9 ?ickness2 ^! are by "s geologi/s reckon$ among ! prim>y s]ies 7by "s call$ ! transition rocks71 & 9 ,engl& =m ! ,cambrian & ,silurian sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa--,,trilobite4 ,9 ^! /rata ! rema9s ( organis$ be+s are fir/ f\nd1 consi/+ ( zoophytes1 cru/acea 7*iefly ,trilobites1 fig4 #aa71 nautili1 cr9oidii 7/one lilies71 & a few ganoid 7plate-cov]$7 fi%es2 ^! l[] =ms ( animal life 9 "s p>ts ab\nd 9 ! mo/ prodigi\s numb]s4 ,!re mu/1 ( c\rse1 h be5 vegetables ( "s k9d previ\sly =m$ to con/itute n\ri%m5t = ^! animals1 b sc>cely any rema9s ( su* exi/1 except 9 a few localities4 ,! ,trilobites 7 among/ ! fir/ creatures inhabit+ our globe1 & x is a curi\s fact to contemplate1 t _! eyes 7fig4 #ab7 %\ld h be5 pres]v$ p]fect2 !y pres5t "o ( ^? wond]ful objects :i* c>ry "o's ?\ghts backw>ds to ! e>ly ages ( ! _w1 probably _m millions ( ye>s1 & yet x is f\nd by ! peculi> /ructure ( ! eyes ( ^! ,trilobites t !y 7 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! sea ) p]fect p[] to look upw>ds at ! light ( ! sun ?r\gh ! transp>5t wat]s4 ,! same h& & ! same p[] _h !n ,div9e c>e & solicitude = ! well-be+ ( ,8 creatures1 z great z ,he has = ^? ( lat] ages1 & ^! fir/-=m$ be+s exactly correspond ) ! acc\nt ( ! creation ( animals giv5 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 ,& ,god said1 let ! wat]s br+ =? abundantly ! mov+ creature t ha? life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,eye ,,( ,,trilobite4 ,at ! end ( ! transition p]iod--aft] ages ( long-cont9u$ dis9tegration ( ! r\gh surface ( ! e>?1 & its deposition 9 /rata--aft] ?\s&s ( g5]ations ( cru/aceans1 molluscs1 & zoophytes _h liv$ & di$1 deposit+ _! %ells at ! bottom ( ! seas1 s z to =m /rata ( ! c>bonate ( lime--a great & t]rific convulsion ( nature put a /op to all ?is quiet & sy/ematic ord] ( ?+s2 = ?r\gh ^! long rea*es ( "t1 ! physical laws ( nature _h cont9u$ to ex]t _! influ5ce1 ! bulk ( ! _w _h gone on radiat+ its heat into space1 &1 z a necess>y result1 _h gradually contract$ 9 size4 ,n[1 ?is radiation _h d\btless be5 mu* ret>d$ by ! badly-conduct+ surface ( solid matt] :i* _h ev]y:]e cov]$ x1 b1 al?\gh ret>d$1 x c\ld n be prev5t$1 & al?\gh ! cru/ ( solid matt] may already h be5 sev]al miles 9 ?ickness1 yet ?is 9 relation to ! bulk ( ! e>? w\ld hold b ! proportion ( ! pap] on ! surface ( a twelve-in* globe4 ,z ! fluid mass ( ! e>? cont9u$ to contract1 !re w\ld ( c\rse be a great /ress or cru%+-p[] ex]t$ on ! cru/1 bo? by its own gravity & t ( ! air :i* surr\nd$ x1 & ab\t ?is p]iod x appe>s to h giv5 way ov] ! greate/ portion ( ! globe1 produc+ enorm\s r5ts & fractures1 se5 9 e c\ntry 9 ! faults & dislocations ( ^! primitive & transition /rata1 "s ( :i* 7 driv5 up by ! d[nw>d =ce ( o!rs1 & left 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 "s ov]lapp+ ea* o!r1 c42 b ! greate/ effect ( ?is convulsion appe>s to h be5 produc$ by ! rock+ or roll+ surface ( ! sub-exi/+ fluid _w1 =m+ gigantic waves1 :i*1 by meet+ 9 opposite directions & ?ru/+ upw>ds ! /rata to a great height1 =m$ ! mighty m\nta9-*a9s ( ! n[-exi/+ e>?1 :i* raise _! l(ty p9nacles above ! cl\ds4 ,n[1 ^! m\nta9s may at fir/ ?\ght appe> too pond]\s & ext5sive to be ?r[n up 9 ?is way2 b by inspect+ ! engrav$ section ( a "p ( ! globe 7fig4 #ac71 x w be se5 h[ v insignificant a m\nta9 is :5 comp>$ ) ! :ole _w4 ,?is section is ?r\gh ,asia f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! ,yell[ ,sea1 & embraces ! highe/ l& on ! :ole face ( ! e>?1 & is drawn on a scale 9 :i* ! e>? is repres5t$ by a globe sixte5 in*es diamet]4 ,! rugg$ & peak$ tops ( ^! m\nta9s w\ld be =m$ by ! great fractur$ masses ( ! brok5 /rata be+ ?ru/ upw>ds & !re re/+ aga9/ ea* o!r2 b :o c describe ! *asms & holl[s :i* mu/ h result$ :5 ! great wave ( melt$ e>? _h subsid$ to its level "u "o ( ^! huge m\nta9 masses8 or ! dreadful abyss into :i* at "s future "t x & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry may fall1 if !y h n already be5 fill$ up by ! s9k+ ( ! surr\nd+ /rata4 ,"s ( ^! great waves1 :5 ?ru/ upw>ds1 =c$ _! way "r ?r\gh ! po9t ( ! m\nta9 & came p\r+ d[n 9 torr5ts ( liquid e>? 7lava71 delug+ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry & fill+ up ! b$s ( ! adjac5t seas1 ca/+ out c9d]s & ores ( metals--z iron1 :i* appe>s to h fir/ made its appe>ance at t "t1 m+l+ ) ! deposits & t++ !m ( a r$ col\r4 ,^! great volcanoes1 ^u ! subsid5ce ( ! rock-waves1 /ill 7m or less7 reta9$ _! communication ) ! int]ior fi]y e>?1 & are n[ ! greate/ safegu>ds aga9/ su* a g5]al cru%+-up ( ! /rata1 = !y act z safety-valves aga9/ any unequal expansion ( ! int]ior 7fig4 #ad74 ,! greate/ eruptions ( volcanoes or ! mo/ t]rific e>?quakes ( mod]n times1 are z ! mo/ insignificant trifles comp>$ ) :at mu/ h tak5 place to =m ! inequalities ( surface f\nd to exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac--,,section ,,( #dj ,,deg4 ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,surface1 ,,be+ ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,"p ,,( ,,asia1 ,,& ,,includ+ ,,! ,,highe/ ,,l& ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,! out] unev5 l9e repres5ts ! m\nta9s & table-l&s f ! sea's level1 & ! l[] l9e %[s ! dep? to :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>?'s surface has be5 exam9$--ab\t five miles4 ,a to ,b4--,level ( sea4 ,b to second ,c4--,h9du/an4 ,c to ,d4--,?ibet4 ,d to ,e4--,great ,des]t ( ,gobi4 ,f4--#ejj miles ( ,e>?'s radius4 ,c to ,c4--,! ,himalayas1 9 :i* occurs ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! _w1 ,dhawalagiri1 :i* is #bh1agd feet high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,burn+ ,,m\nta94 ,b ! contraction ( ! int]ior mass ( ! e>? /ill cont9ues1 & ! cavities left by ! expulsion ( volcanic matt]s1 & ! pu%+-up ( ! m\nta9s1 may n all h be5 comp5sat$ = by ! s9k+-9 ( ! /rata1 s x rema9s a matt] ( d\bt :e!r ! cru/ ( ! e>? is suffici5tly /rong to be> ! pressure ( its own & ! air's gravity1 or :e!r at "s future day ano!r contraction w break x up & de/roy ! :ole exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,! %ocks ( e>?quakes are /rictly analog\s to su* cata/rophes1 b on an imm5sely inf]ior scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,lime/one ,,made ,,up ,,( ,,encr9ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,lime/one ,,made ,,up ,,( ,,corals 7,favosites polymorpha74 ,! effects ( ! la/ great contraction hav+ subsid$ ! surface ( ! e>? assum$ a new arrangem5t ( its matt]1 & ! ord] ( ?+s :i* caus$ ! deposition ( ! second>y /rata comm5c$4 ,s$im5t>y s&/ones 7 deposit$ f ! wa%+s ( ! surface by ! wat]s :i* _h n yet absorb$ all ! sup]flu\s c>bonic acid ( ! air1 b cont9u$ to d s1 & z fa/ z x became absorb$ & saturat$ ) ! calc>e\s matt] ( ! soil1 sw>ms ( coral-polypi1 :i* 7 !n =m$1 began to build _! habitations 9 ! w>m wat]s ( ! ocean & rob !m ( ! c>bonate ( lime :i* !y conta9$1 leav+ !m capable ( absorb+ m f ! atmosph]e4 ,^! little creatures =m$ imm5se masses ( coral1 & toge!r ) ! ,encr9ites 7hav+ /ony frameworks1 figs4 #ae & #af71 7 ! *ief artific]s ( t age1 & well did !y %[ :at p]sev]ance 0 able to accompli%1 = ?r\gh ! ?\s&s ( ye>s ( quiet :i* n[ succe$$1 !y mu/ h fill$ up ne>ly all ! exi/+ oceans ) _! /ructures1 caus+ ! wat] gradually to fl[ f its =m] b$s into o!r situations1 & ?us f "t to "t 0 *ang$ ! position ( bo? sea & l&4 ,! /rata ( m\nta9 lime/one :i* n[ exi/ are ! rema9s ( :at ^! little polypi !n produc$1 = !re is sc>cely a portion ( ?is k9d ( rock1 b %[s evid5ces ( hav+ be51 once1 coral1 madrapore1 or "s analog\s /ructure 7fig4 #ag74 ,?is m\nta9 lime/one sometimes occurs ?\s&s ( feet ?ick1 & ext5ds ov] va/ di/ricts bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,encr9itic ,,lime/one4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 al?\gh !re 7 no great di/urbances1 capable ( displac+ ! /rata1 yet !re appe>s to h be5 frequ5t small eruptions ( volcanic matt] ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! l[] /rata1 fill+ up all _! cracks & vacuities1 & 9 _m cases ris+ to ! surface1 ov]fl[+ ) basalt1 toad/one1 & o!r volcanic =mations2 9 o!r cases ris+ 9 enorm\s quantities ?r\gh op5+s at ! bottom ( ! seas1 p>tly fill+ ^! up1 driv+ (f ! wat]s1 & ?us cov]+ _m ( ! coral =mations ) coat+s ( s& to a great ?ickness1 rais+ up o!rs into consid]able elevations1 & =m+ hills & fre% tracts ( e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,fossil ,,tree ,,f]ns4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod ( comp>ative quiet mo/ ( ! irregul>ities on ! surface ( ! e>? became worn d[n1 & ext5sive swamps 7 produc$ by p>tial evaporation ( ! inl& lakes4 ,^! swamps 7 subject to occasional inroads ( ! sea1 & at times =m$ %all[ lakes or lagoons2 9 ^! grew ! mo/ luxuriant vegetation1 gigantic p9es1 tree-f]ns 7fig4 #ah71 equisetac1 c4 ,^! plants1 nurtur$ by a hot & moi/ climate1 acquir$ a great luxuriance ( gr[?1 & mu/ h =m$ =e/s ( su* great d5sity1 t !re is no?+ exi/+ at ! pres5t "t wor?y to be comp>$ ) !m1 ev5 9 ! hotte/ climates4 ,su* f]tility appe>s to h be5 dep5d5t ^u ! conditions ( ! air & e>?1 ! =m] conta9+ m c>bonic acid 7! food ( vegetables7 & ! latt] a great] am\nt ( w>m?1 ?an at pres5t2 ^! two circum/ances1 s fav\rable to ! gr[? ( plants1 7 equally unfav\rable to ! exi/5ce ( air-brea?+ animals1 to :om ! c>bonic acid w\ld be fatal poison4 ,?us1 9 ! mighty h&s ( ,god1 ! air 0 und]go+ a gradual purification1 to fit x = ! animals ,he int5d$ to create2 ! polypi 7 extract+ f ! wat] all ! c>bonate ( lime x 0 absorb+ f ! air & e>?1 & fix+ x 9 ! soil1 to be ( use 9 a hundr$ ways at "s future "t1 :ile ! vegetation gr[+ 9 abundance extract$ x f ! air1 & fix$ its c>bon 9 _! leaves & sub/ance g5]ally2 ^! vegetables1 decay+ & fall+ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 accumulat$ !re = ages1 & =m$ a c>bonace\s matt] :i* 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ by "t & pressure into coal4 ,! same ?+ 7on a v mu* small] scale7 is tak+ place 9 ! tropical =e/s ( ! pres5t age2 !re ! surface-soil is q black1 & consi/s ( no?+ b decay$ leaves & wood = sev]al feet 9 dep?1 b 9 ! pres5t "t !re are ho/s ( insects1 e "o ( :i* fe$s ^u ?is vegetable matt]1 prev5t+ to a great ext5t its accumulation1 :ile 9 ! =m] age !re 0 no?+ to de/roy x :5 once deposit$ on ! gr\nd2 s t ! c>bon ( ^! =e/s ( ! second>y p]iod1 exi/+ ?r\gh p]haps t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 extract$ f ! air a suffici5t quantity ( vegetable c>bonace\s matt] to produce ?ick seams ( coal1 ev5 :5 compress$ by ! sup]9cumb5t /rata4 ,^! =e/s 7 subject f "t to "t to inroads ( ! sea produc$ by ! be=e-m5tion$ causes1 & ?us x is f\nd t ! seams ( coal are (t5 buri$ by sev]al hundr$ feet ( s&1 clay1 %ale1 c41 above :i* ! same gr[? recomm5c$ to =m a second /rata ( coal1 & ages mu/ h elaps$ :il/ ea* ( ! num]\s seams :i* int]/ratify ! coal measures 7 =m+4 ,?is coal1 pres]v$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 n[ =ms ! greate/ treasure ( ! m9e1 & iron/one 7f :i* iron is procur$7 w\ld be almo/ useless b = ! occurr5ce ( ^! two m9]als toge!r ) lime/one 7us$ z a flux7 9 ! same locality1 & x is ?is =tunate circum/ance :i* enables ,engl& to produce su* va/ quantities ( iron at su* a *eap rate4 ,! quantity ( coal consum$ 9 ! iron-smelt+ works & = fuel g5]ally1 is beyond :at c\ld h be5 imag9$ a g5]ation or two back1 be+ some:]e ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj tons annually1 ! coal br\ght to ,london alone 9 #ahef be+ #a1bga1hjj tons1 yet !re is su* a pl5tiful supply ( ?is valuable fuel 9 ,great ,brita9 alone t1 suppos+ ! annual consumption to rise to #gj1jjj1jjj1 x w\ld s]ve 7accord+ to computation7 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,:o %all say f :5ce fuel w !n be obta9$8 probably f "s o!r s\rce provid$ by ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 z 0 %[n 9 ! =mation ( ! coal itself2 = :o c\ld h imag9$1 a ?\s& ye>s ago1 :5 ,engl& possess$ su* imm5se =e/s1 & wood 0 ! univ]sal fuel1 t ?is v wood w\ld become too sc>ce & valuable to be us$1 & t a sub/itute w\ld be dug out ( ! e>?6 ,! coal-%ales 7?9 lay]s ( clay/one f\nd 9 ! coal seams7 furni% beautiful specim5s ( f]ns & o!r plants turn$ into coal 7fig4 #ai71 or leav+ _! p]fect impressions 9 ! clay4 ,! coal =mation occurr$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( "o ( ^? long eras ( tranquillity :i* sup]v5$ ^u ! contraction & break+-up ( ! old] /rata2 b ! laws ( nature are immutable1 & ^! days ( comp>ative quiet aga9 came to a close4 ,! same ph5om5a be=e describ$ aga9 occurr$1 & !re is h>dly a squ>e mile ( ^! /rata b %[s evid5ces ( ! t]rible convulsion :i* desolat$ ! e>?4 ,"s ( ! /rata 7 rais$1 o!rs depress$1 & "s lo/ altoge!r1 ! cracks & flaws be+ fill$ ) liquid lava or basalt1 :i* 9 _m cases rose upw>ds ?r\gh !m & ov]fl[$ ! surface4 ,_m ( ! cracks ( ?is1 ! c>bonif]\s sy/em1 are fill$ ) sulphuret ( lead call$ gal5a1 ! ore f :i* all ! lead ( comm]ce is obta9$2 x is n well kn[n h[ ! ve9s ( ?is & simil> sub/ances got into ^! crevices1 b x is probable !y 7 inject$ 9 a fluid /ate by "s unequal pressure on ! liquid b5ea?1 or deposit$ by electrical action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,f]n 7,pecopt]is ligata7 ,,f ,,upp] ,,%ale1 ,,sc>bor\gh4 ,! great _w ( vegetation 0 ?us de/roy$1 giv+ place to new =ms ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! temp]ature1 all ?is :ile s9k+1 _h rea*$ a degree some:at resembl+ ! hotte/ regions ( ! e>? at ! pres5t day4 ,! wat]s _h *ang$ _! localities1 new m\nta9s & new cont95ts _h made _! appe>ance1 & aga9 did ! ev]-active wat]s beg9 to demoli% & we> d[n ! asp]ities ( ! surface & deposit ! results ^u ! /rata bel[ 9 ! =m ( ! new r$ s&/one & magnesian lime/one1 ! =m] conta9+ iron 9 great abundance1 & ! latt] magnesia 7an e>? n met ) be=e71 bo? ( :i* sub/ances 7 probably eject$ z volcanic products & aft]w>ds comb9$ ) ! c>bonic acid ( ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,labyr9?odon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,impressions ,,( ,,feet ,,9 ,,new ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,dur+ ! =mation ( ^! /rata !re appe>s to h be5 bo? birds & quadrup$s ( _m k9ds1 toge!r ) a reptile mu* resembl+ a frog1 b ( great size1 be+ five or six feet long1 call$ ! ,labyr9?odon 7fig4 #bj74 ,! oxide ( iron1 or "s o!r ag5t appe>s to h prev5t$ ! fossilisation ( ! inhabitants ( ^! /rata1 = b few ( _! organic rema9s h be5 pres]v$2 b v curi\s evid5ces ( _! exi/5ce nev]!less rema91 9 ! impressions ( _! feet ^u ! gr\nd !y trod 7fig4 #ba71 :i* appe>s to h be5 a moi/ clay or mud peculi>ly adapt$ to receive impressions1 & :i* hav+ be5 9 _m places cov]$ ov] ) a /ratum ( f9e s&1 & !n ab&on$ by ! sea1 ! :ole h h>d5$ into /one1 & be+ n[ sep>at$1 ! "o conta9s _! footpr9ts & ! o!r p]fect ca/s ( !m6 ,nor are ^! foot-m>ks all t ^! s&/ones h to tell u ( _! day2 = ! ripples ( ! waves1 & ev5 ! little pits made by drops ( ra9 z !y fell1 are 9 ?is mo/ m>vell\s mann] pres]v$1 =m+ objects ( wond] & admiration = u mortals to contemplate1 & !mes :]eon ! dev\t m9d may p\r out its tribute ( praise to _! ,great ,au?or4 ,h[ evid5t x is t ! ,creator design$ be=eh& t we %\ld se>* = ^! hidd5 evid5ces ( ,8 h&iwork1 or = :at purpose 7 !y ?us /or$ up & pres]v$8 ,seek1 & ye %all f9d1 knock1 & x %all be op5$ unto y1 are ! words ( ,god1 & !y apply z fully to ! mat]ial wond]s ( ,8 works z to ! my/]ies ( ,8 reveal$ ,^w4 ,z ! /rata bel[ ! new s&/one =mation 0 call$ ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 f its conta9+ mu* c>bon 9 ! =m bo? ( coal & c>bonic acid1 s ?is has be5 call$ ! ,salif]\s sy/em1 f ! occurr5ce 9 _m places ( /rata ( rock-salt or cry/allis$ *loride ( sodium1 & 7:]e ! ra9 f9ds its way d[n & dissolves x7 ( br9e spr+s2 ^! 79 ,engl&7 exi/ *iefly 9 ,*e%ire & ,w>wick%ire1 b 9 ,pol& & ,hung>y !y exi/ on a mu* l>g] scale1 ! rock-salt be+ ne>ly a ?\s& feet ?ick4 ,x has be5 said t ^! /rata ( salt 7 =m$ by ! evaporation ( salt lakes1 b x is mu* m probable t salt is "o ( ! natural mat]ials ( ! e>?1 & t bo? salt lakes & oceans h become salt f dissolv+ out ^! /rata :]ev] !y h come into contact4 ,! next s$im5t deposit$ ov] ! new r$ s&/one is call$ ! ,lias1 a sort ( lime/one mix$ ) clay ( a bluei%-grey col\r1 & ^u ?is has is aga9 deposit$ ! v>i\s /rata kn[n z ! ,oolite 7,roe-/one7 sy/em1 f its appe>ance resembl+ ! roe ( a fi%1 x consi/s ( small r\nd$ p>ticles ( lime/one set 9 a cem5t ( ! same sub/ance worn d[n f9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,ammonite 7,h5lyi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,p5tacr9ite4 ,^! /rata furni% a great _m organic rema9s1 especially ! %ells ( ! con*if]\s mollusca & cephalopods1 z ,ammonites 7fig4 #bb71 ,belemnites1 ,nautili1 & ,p5tacr9ites 7fig4 #bc71 ( :i* a great _m v>ieties are f\nd1 also ! rema9s ( gigantic reptiles1 z ! ,i*?yosaurus 7fig4 #bd71 ,plesiosaurus 7fig4 #be71 & o!rs4 ,new =ms ( animal exi/5ce seem to h be5 creat$ 9 ?is p]iod 9 great abundance1 & ! wat]s ( ! e>? once aga9 became ! !atre ( deposition = ! %ells & polypidomes ( zoophytes & molluscs1 :i* sw>m$ !m 9 myriads1 & ano!r great gr\p ( rocks began to be =m$1 namely1 ! *alk or ,cretace\s sy/em1 :i* =m ! cliffs & d[ns ( our s\? coa/s1 & /rata ( great ext5t 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! _w2 x diff]s f lime/one only 9 n be+ s h>d1 :i* is suppos$ to arise f its n hav+ und]gone ! *anges caus$ by heat & pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,i*?yosaurus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,plesiosaurus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,nautilus ,,inequalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,organisms ,,f ,,*alk4 ,! *alk is int]/ratifed ) l9es ( s&1 & ! l[] "p is almo/ entirely s&y1 =m+ ! gault & gre5s& deposits2 ^! ea* conta9 organic rema9s1 & mu/ h be5 ! orig9al s& ( ! sea-bottom be=e ! *alk 0 deposit$ on x4 ,^! seas mu/ h be5 ! resid5ce ( a va/ numb] ( reptiles1 = ! gault conta9s an enorm\s numb] ( nodules ( :at appe>s to be /one1 b :i* ^u clos] exam9ation1 prove to be coprolites1 or portions ( ! excrem5t ( ^? creatures p>tly fossilis$1 b /ill reta9+ phosphate ( lime en\gh to r5d] !m valuable manure1 & ^!--l ! coal--aft] be+ buri$ 9 ! e>? = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 are n[ be+ br\ght into use4 ,9 ^! coprolites may be con/antly se5 ! tee? & bones ( fi%es1 toge!r ) portions ( e*9i & cru/aceans1 :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh ! inte/9es ( ^! saurian reptiles4 ,fig4 #bf is ! %ell ( a small nautilus 7,nautilus inequalis7 ?us f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,ammonite ,,f ,,! ,,*alk4 ,?is *alk is ( a :ite col\r1 v light & por\s2 "u ! high] p[]s ( ! microscope1 x appe>s to be made up ( organic =ms1 z ,=am9if]a1 & portions ( v>i\s k9ds ( %ells1 cru%$ & brok5 into m9ute fragm5ts 7fig4 #bg74 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 9 8 "w on ! microscope1 says3 ,_m p>ts ( x 7! *alk7 consi/ 9 a great measure ( ! m9ut] p>ts ( ! small] k9ds ( ,=am9if]a1 ^: %ells are imb$d$ 9 a mass ( app>5tly amorph\s p>ticles1 _m ( :i* nev]!less pres5t indications ( be+ ! worn fragm5ts ( simil> %ells1 or ( l>g] calc>e\s organisms4 ,9 ! *alk ( "s localities1 ,=am9if]a con/itute ! pr9cipal "p ( ! m9ute organisms :i* c be recognis$ ) ! microscope2 9 o!r in/ances ! dis9tegrat$ prisms ( ,p9n1 or o!r l>ge %ells ( ! l /ructure 7z ,inoc]amus71 con/itute ! great bulk4 ,! fossil rema9s 9 ! *alk are v num]\s & are all ( a m>9e "*1 ! ammonites 7fig4 #bh71 belemnites1 & o!r cephalopods1 7 v preval5t1 z 7 ! v>i\s ,e*9od]mata1 z ! ,hemicid>us int]m$ia 7fig4 #bi71 toge!r ) num]\s univalve & bivalve mollusca1 v>i\s cru/acea1 fi% & reptiles4 ,!re 0 "s consid]able wond]m5t a few ye>s ago express$ at ! skeletons ( m5 be+ f\nd 9 ! *alk at ,guadal\pe2 b x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ?is *alk is a mod]n =mation1 be+ produc$ by ! sea wa%+ & dis9tegrat+ ! adjac5t coral reefs1 & deposit+ a f9e :ite s$im5t ( brok5 coral on ! %ore :i* c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f anci5t *alk2 ! same process is tak+ place at ! ,b]mudas & o!r isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,,e*9us 7,hemicid>us int]m$ia1 ,*alk74 ,9 _m places ! *alk /rata conta9 s+le l9es ( fl9ts1 runn+ = miles p>allel to ! lay]s ( *alk2 ^! fl9ts consi/ ( almo/ pure silica1 & x has be51 matt] ( wond] h[ !y got !re1 b on consid]+ h[ sl[ly ! deposition ( *alk mu/ h tak5 place1 f ! =mation & dea? ( millions ( m9ute creatures1 & t x 0 once ! bottom ( a deep sea1 ! disposition ( ! fl9ts 9 l9es w\ld be acc\nt$ =1 suppos+ !m to h be5 =m$ on t sea-bottom1 & ! s\rce f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$ is d\btless ! petrifaction ( sponges1 madrapores1 c41 !re =m$4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] 79 ! "w be=e ref]r$ to7 says3 ,x may be /at$1 z a fact beyond all "q1 t nodul> fl9t & o!r analog\s concretions 7su* z agates7 may g5]ally be consid]$ z fossilis$ sponges or alcyonian zoophytes1 s9ce n only are _! ext]nal =ms & _! sup]ficial m>k+s (t5 highly *>act]i/ic ( ^? organisms1 b :5 sections ( !m are made suffici5tly ?9 to be transp>5t1 a spongy texture may be mo/ di/9ctly recognis$ 9 _! int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,t]ti>y ,,=mation4 ,dur+ ! deposition ( ^! second>y /rata 9 ! holl[s ( ! surface1 b little alt]ation ( ! relative situations ( sea & l& c\ld h tak5 place1 z ! deposits = ! mo/ "p lie con=mably to ! same holl[s or bas9s 7fig4 #cj w illu/rate ?is72 b aft] ! deposition ( ^! /rata1 !re appe>s to h be5 a v great di/urbance1 _m *a9s ( m\nta9s 7 ca/ up 7z ! ,ap5n9es71 c>ry+ upw>ds ) !m ^! deposits2 "s ( ! /rata 7 s displac$ t !y 7 left 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 z may be se5 9 sev]al places at ! s\? side ( ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,^! di/urbances1 h[ev]1 did n am\nt to s g5]al a convulsion z ^? be=e describ$1 nor is x kn[n :e!r all ! effects produc$ on ^! /rata took place at or ne> ! same p]iod ( "t2 !y nev]!less appe> to h produc$ an almo/ total *ange 9 ! situation ( ! l& & sea1 = ! d[ns ( *alk 7on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,engl&1 = example7 71 be=e ^! *anges1 ! b$s ( seas4 ,?is is ! la/ ( ! great convulsions :i* ! e>? has und]gone1 = ! t]ti>y /rata :i* aft]w>ds began to be deposit$ re/ 9 ! holl[s or bas9s 7*iefly 9 ! *alk7 !n left2 ! alt]ations 9 & s9ce ^! deposits appe> to consi/ *iefly ( ! upheaval ( c]ta9 localities1 ! depression ( o!rs1 ! evaporation ( inl& lakes1 & ! we> & te> ( ! l& f ^! causes1 :i* are /ill 9 cont9u\s action 7z f ! wa%+ d[n ( cliffs by ! sea1 & ! =mation ( mud deposits at ! m\?s ( riv]s71 or ! volcanic ag5cies :i* 9 "s places 7z 9 ,irel&7 h ca/ up basalt ov] ! *alk4 ,! t]ti>y /rata conta9 rema9s ( mo/ ( ! classes ( animals n[ 9 exi/5ce1 b yet diff]+ greatly 9 species1 & z ! /rata approa* ! surface ^? species become m & m g5]al2 ! plants also approa* m ne>ly to ^? ( ! pres5t "t1 b /ill mo/ p>ts ( ,europe possess$ a climate almo/ tropical4 ,! t]ti>y /rata consi/ *iefly ( m>9e & fre% wat] deposits 9 ! =m ( s&s & clays1 z ! ,london clay1 :i* ext5ds "u ,london1 re/+ ^u a bas9 ( *alk4 ,! la/ deposits1 =m+ ! sup]ficial lay] ( e>?1 & ! =mation la/ deposit$ be=e ! creation ( man1 are call$ ! ,diluvium & ,alluvium1 & conta9 num]\s rema9s ( mammalia1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y animals ( ?is p]iod 0 ! ,d9o!rium1 a sort ( walrus1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 ! l>ge/ ( quadrup$s1 if inde$ x 0 "o 7fig4 #ca74 ,! quadrup$s ( ?is1 ! ,plioc5e =mation1 are ?us describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,fossil ,mammals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,d9o!rium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,mammo?1 ,,teleosaurus1 ,,& ,,glyptodon4 ,at ! p]iod indicat$ by ^! sup]ficial /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ deposits ! ,ma/odon _h probably disappe>$ f ,engl&1 b gigantic elephants 7fig4 #cb71 ne>ly twice ! bulk ( ! l>ge/ individuals t n[ exi/ 9 ,ceylon & ,africa1 roam$ "h 9 h]ds1 if "o may judge f ! abundance ( _! rema9s4 ,two horn$ rh9oc]os1 ( at lea/ two species1 =c$ _! way ?r\gh ! anci5t =e/s or wall[$ 9 ! swamps4 ,! lakes & riv]s 7 t5ant$ by hippopotami1 z bulky & ) z =midable tusks z ^? ( ,africa4 ,?ree k9ds ( wild ox51 two ( :i* 7 ( colossal size & /r5g?1 & "o ( !m man$ & vill\s l ! bonassus1 f\nd subsi/5ce on ! pla9s4 ,de] z gigantic1 9 proportion to exi/+ species1 7 ! contempor>ies ( ! old ,uri & ,bisontes1 & may h disput$ ) !m ! pa/urage ( t anci5t l&4 ,"o ( ^! ext9ct de] is well kn[n z ! ,iri% elk1 by ! enorm\s expanse ( its broad-palm$ antl]s 7fig4 #cc74 ,ano!r h]d proves m l ^? ( ! wapiti1 b surpass$ t great ,canadian de] 9 bulk4 ,a ?ird ext9ct species m resembl$ ! ,indian ,hippelaphus1 & ) ^! 7 associat$ ! r$-de]1 ! re9-de]1 ! roebuck1 & ! goat4 ,a wild horse1 a wild ass or quagga1 & ! wild bo>1 ent]$ also into ! s]ies ( ,briti% plioc5e ho($ animals4 ,! c>nivora1 organis$ to enjoy a life ( rap9e at ! exp5se ( ! vegetable fe$]s1 to re/ra9 _! undue increase & abridge ! pangs ( ! maim$ & sickly1 7 duly adju/$ 9 size & f]ocity to ! fell task assign$ !m 9 ! organic economy ( ! pre-adamite _w4 ,besides a ,briti% tig]1 ( l>g] size & ) proportionately long] paws ?an t ( ,b5gal1 !re exi/$ a /rong] fel9e animal 7,ma*airodus7 ( equal size1 :i* f ! great l5g? & %>pness ( its sabre-%ap$ can9es1 0 probably ! mo/ f]oci\s & de/ructive ( its peculi>ly c>nivor\s family4 ,( ! small] fel9es1 we recognise ! rema9s ( a leop>d1 a l>ge lynx1 & ( a wild cat4 ,troops ( hy5as1 l>g] ?an ! ,crocuta ( ,s\? ,africa1 :i* !y mo/ resembl$1 craun*$ ! bones ( ! c>cases rel9qui%$ by ! nobl] bea/s ( prey1 & d\btless (t5 !mselves wag$ ! w> ( de/ruction on ! feebl] quadrup$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,,iri% ,,elk4 ,,! ,,paleo!rium4 ,a savage be>1 surpass+ ! ,ursus f]ox ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 f\nd its hid+-place1 l ! hyna1 9 _m ( ! exi/+ lime/one cav]ns ( ,engl&4 ,) ! ,ursus spoelus 0 associat$ ano!r be>1 m l ! common ,european species1 b l>g] ?an ! pres5t individuals ( ! ,ursus ,arctas4 ,wolves & foxes1 ! badg]1 ! ott]1 ! f\m>t1 & ! /oat1 complete ! category ( kn[n plioc5e c>nivora ( ,brita94 ,9 ! "t ( ^! ! la/ ( ! t]ti>y /rata1 !re appe> evid5ces ( a degree ( cold mu* great] ?an at pres5t exi/s2 ?is seems to be pretty well prov$ by ! b\ld] =mation1 or preval5ce ( erratic blocks ( /one1 ! progress ( :i* h be5 trac$ f _! s\rces ( orig9 to hundr$s ( miles di/ant1 & !re is no conceivable p[] :i* c\ld h c>ri$ !m b ! float+ fields ( ice or glaci]s2 bo? ( ^! s\rces are capable ( ?is removal1 = x is n uncommon to f9d l>ge pieces ( rock & lay]s ( gravel float+ on masses ( ice4 ,glaci]s are =m$ by ! sn[ on ! sides ( m\nta9s becom+ h>d5$ by be+ p>tially melt$ & aga9 froz51 & at e melt+ ! fluid t5ds to desc5d1 :5 x aga9 becomes froz51 always add+ to ! l[] "p & c>ry+ away f ! upp]4 ,9 ?is way :ole glaci]s ( _m miles ext5t become unfix$1 & z fre% sn[s are add$ to _! upp] p>ts1 !y desc5d sl[ly1 entangl+ ) !m & te>+ away ! rocks 9 _! vic9ity4 ,:5 !y arrive at ! sea & float =?1 ^! rocks are borne ) !m4 ,b !re are z yet no traces ( man1 n "o small fragm5t ( 8 skeleton1 n "o m9ute relic ( 8 con/ructive p[]s1 al?\gh ! bones ( man are z capable ( pres]vation z ^? ( any o!r animal1 be+ ! same 9 /ructure & composition2 ! rema9s ( hundr$s ( fragile insects1 se$s1 leaves1 & all sorts ( organic /ructures1 are f\nd p]fectly pres]v$ 7fig4 #cd74 ,! only way1 !re=e1 ( acc\nt+ = ! abs5ce ( any organic rema9s ( man1 is ! assumption t he 0 n !n creat$2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! fact t 9 ! v upp]mo/ lay]s ( ! e>?'s surface 8 bones & ! works ( 8 h&s are f\nd 9 great abundance2 x is !re=e ) good reason t we come to ! conclusion1 t he 0 ! la/ creature =m$ by 8 ,mak]4 ,t ! creation ( man 0 pre-int5d$ by ,god1 seems also almo/ prov$ by ! num]\s objects be=e creat$1 capable ( m9i/]+ to 8 use & happ9ess--capable ( ex]cis+ 8 con/ructive & inquir+ capabilities--suitable to 8 imag9ation & ta/es1 & 8 only1 & :i* w\ld s]ve no purpose ( utility to ! m]e brutes4 ,( :at use1 to any creature b man1 is coal--( :at use ! metals8 ,( :at avail is x to any ( ! l[] animals1 t ,god has caus$ glass & o!r transp>5t sub/ances to h ! p[] ( refract+ ! rays ( light8 b )\t :i* n "o-half ( our k ( ,8 wondr\s works w\ld ev] h be5 obta9$1 = x is ^u ?is prop]ty alone t ! p[]s ( ! telescope & microscope dep5d4 ,( :at use to any b man are fire1 artificial light1 & galvanism8 & yet all ^! 7 creat$ long be=e man 04 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd--;,,fossil ,,leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,sculpture ,,f ,,n9eveh4 ,x has (t5 be5 ask$1 ,:at does man ga9 by ! /udy ( ! sci5ces8 ,besides ! enl>g$ views :i* !y give him ( 8 ,creator's goodness & p[]1 !y at ?is "t are fa/ rea*+ t[>ds ! demon/ration ( _m obscure passages ( ,8 ,holy ,^w z reveal$ to u 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! /udy ( tru? c moreov] nev] lead "o into error1 & a habit ( draw+ correct conclusions f ! facts pres5t$ is useful to e "o4 ,geology has confirm$ "o great tru? 9 ,scripture1 & ov]?r[n ! greate/ gr\ndwork ( ,deism1 = x _h be5 ass]t$ by _m t man 7& inde$ all o!r creatures7 _h ris5 to 8 pres5t /ate by sl[ developm5ts1 & no pro( to ! contr>y _h ev] be5 giv54 ,b geology has %[n t at a c]ta9 era man 0 creat$1 t 7z is /at$ 9 ,scripture7 he 0 ! la/ ( ,god's works1 & t nei!r be=e t "t _h he exi/$ 9 an undevelop$ =m1 nor s9ce has he alt]$ "o jot f 8 orig9al configuration2 & ! same may be said ( all o!r creatures1 :atev] may be pret5d$ to ! contr>y1 = f ! sculptures br\ght f ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh 7at lea/ #cjjj ye>s old71 !re appe>s ! same ext]nal =m 7fig4 #ce71 bo? ( man & :at animals are !re depict$1 & 8 & _! habits 7 describ$ by ! v e>lie/ writ]s to be !n z n[4 ,b ) respect to ! =m ( ! e>?'s surface x is o!rwise1 !re be+ a sl[ b cont9u\s *ange4 ,^? p>ts ( ! l& expos$ to ! tides & action ( ! waves1 are wa%$ away1 & ! riv]s are con/antly br++ d[n soil to deposit x at _! m\?s1 =m+ ^? tracts ( l& kn[n z deltas2 e w9d t bl[s takes away "s du/ f ! high] & deposits x on ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 s t1 to use ! words ( ! ,prophet ,isaiah1 e valley %all be exalt$ & e m\nta9 & hill %all be made l[4 ,b ?is alt]ation is s sl[ t x takes hundr$s ( ye>s to make b a small diff]5ce1 yet a diff]5ce !re und\bt$ly is1 & a "t mu/ come :5 ! alt]ation w be su* z has be5 %[n to h tak5 place 9 f>-back times & record$ 9 ! /rata 9 evid5t language1 = ?\gh ! *anges are sl[ ! result is inevitable4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! nor!rn "p ( ,sw$5 has be5 /eadily ris+ & ! s\!rn "p s9k+ to a correspond+ degree = _m c5turies pa/1 & t ! we/ coa/ ( ,italy has be5 elevat$ = ages pa/1 at ! rate ( n q an in* ye>ly4 ,volcanic actions are rais+ "s l&s & depress+ o!rs 79 ! e>?quakes ( #ahbb & #ahce1 ! :ole ( ,*ili f ! ,&es to ! sea1 & probably ! b$ ( ! sea to an unkn[n ext5t1 0 elevat$ consid]ably71 ra9 & ! riv]s c>ry away l& into ! sea1 ! b$s ( _m seas are be+ fill$ up by coral polypes & protophytes1 s t ! b$s ( ^! seas mu/ ultimately be ! l& :il/ ! l[] p>ts ( ! l& w become sea4 ,aft] ^! v>i\s *anges ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 f a climate hot beyond any?+ n[ exi/+1 f a surface rocky & full ( fissures & inequalities1 /udd$ ) isl&s & cont95ts1 ab\nd+ 9 m>%es & swamps--f a /ate ( atmosph]e 9 :i* ! high] animals c\ld n live--to ! pres5t division & sep>ation ( l& & wat]1 ( oceans & seas1 ( isl&s & cont95ts1 well suppli$ ) riv]s to dra9 (f ! sup]flu\s fluid & supply highways easy to trav]se 9 boat or canoe1 ! _w rema9s1 a fitt+ habitation = ! creatures ,god has plac$ ^u x on e h&4 ,=e/s to %elt] ! wild animals f ! ra9s & heat ( ! sun2 wat]s = ^? :o dwell or delight 9 !m2 metals1 /one1 e>?1 & wood = man to ex]cise 8 +5uity ^u1 & o!r innum]able ?+s contribut+ to 8 com=t or luxury--all freely giv5 by ! h& ( 8 ,heav5ly ,fa!r = 8 well-be+ & delight1 t he may lack no excuse to wor%ip & adore ,him1 & ?is delightful e>?1 z ,milton says3-- ,br\ght =? ! t5d] grass1 ^: v]dure clad ,h] univ]sal face ) pleasant gre51 ,!n h]bs ( e leaf1 t sudd5 fl[]'d ,op5+ _! v>i\s col\rs1 & made gay ,h] bosom smell+ sweet3 & ^! sc>ce bl[n1 ,=? fl\ri%'d ?ick ! clu/]+ v9e1 =? crept ,! swell+ g\rd1 up /ood ! corny re$ ,embattl$ 9 h] field1 & ! humble %rub1 ,& bu% ) frizzl$ hair implicit3 la/ ,rose z 9 dance ! /ately trees1 & spread ,_! bran*es hung ) copi\s fruit1 or gemm$ ,_! blossoms2 ) high woods ! hills 7 cr[n$4 ,) tufts ! valleys1 & ea* f\nta9 side1 ,) bord]s1 long ! riv]s3 t e>? n[ ,seem'd l to heav51 a seat :]e gods might dwell ,or w&] ) delight1 & love to haunt ,h] sacr$ %ades4 ,aft] all ^! v>i\s elevations & depressions1 ! l& rema9s at ?is pres5t "t 9 ! =m ( l>ge tracts occupy+ ab\t a ?ird ( ! sup]ficial area ( our globe4 ,! l>ge/ tract is made up ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 :i* con/itute "o cont9u\s area1 ,africa be+ almo/ sev]$ f ! o!rs1 b /ill unit$ by ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez2 ! tract next 9 size to ?is is made up ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ^! aga9 are ne>ly sev]$1 b /ill unit$ by ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama or ,d>i52 next come ,au/ralia & ,gre5l&1 b ^!1 al?\gh v l>ge1 are yet n to be comp>$ 9 size ) ! =m] two2 !re are num]\s o!r l>ge isl&s1 z ,borneo1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,madagasc>1 ,icel&1 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 c41 & scores ( small] ones4 ,! temp]ature ( ! e>? 7z a g5]al rule7 is greate/ on ! equator & dim9i%es gradually t[>ds ea* pole1 b ?is is by no means inv>iable1 = two places ( ! same latitude may be v diff]5t 9 climate1 & a sy/em ( l9es pass+ r\nd ! e>? f ea/ to we/1 w\ld ea* pass ?r\gh regions ( v>i\s temp]atures1 or :at is ! same ?+1 l9es made to foll[ ! same temp]ature w\ld h to make v>i\s curves & contortions2 su* l9es h be5 con/ruct$ & are call$ iso!rmal l9es4 ,! causes ( ?is are to be f\nd 9 ! v>i\s curr5ts ( ! ocean1 ! tides & w9ds1 & 9 ! proximity to ! ocean ( sn[-clad m\nta9s & arid pla9s4 ,! v>iation ( latitude 9 ^! l9es sometimes rea*es z mu* z sev5 degrees4 ,europe conta9s ab\t #c1ijj1jjj squ>e miles ( surface1 & is sep>at$ f ,asia by ! ,caucasus1 ,caspian ,sea1 ,riv] ,ural1 & ,uralian ,m\nta9s4 ,x is ab\t #cjjj miles long & #bdjj broad1 ab\t two-?irds be+ pla9 & table-l& & "o-?ird m\nta9 l&4 ,! *ief m\nta9 ranges are ^? :i* run ?r\gh ,norway & ,sw$5 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction1 & ! m\nta9 sy/em along ! s\? "p f ,portugal to ,turkey4 ,?is la/ includes ! ,pyr5ees1 :i* runs f ! ,bay ( ,biscay to ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! highe/ peak ( :i* is ,mont ,maladeta 7#aa1ejj feet72 ! ,alps1 ! highe/ po9t ( :i* is ,mont ,blanc 7#ae1gdh feet72 ! ,ap5n9es1 ! highe/ po9t ( :i* is ,mont ,viso 7#ab1ehf feet72 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 ext5d+ f ,presburg 9 ,hung>y t[>ds ! s\rces ( ! ,waag & ,m>*1 ! highe/ po9t be+ ,mont ,lemnitz 7#gifb feet72 & ! ,balkan range1 :i* may be consid]$ a cont9uation ( ! ,alps ea/w>d1 runs z f> z ! ,black ,sea1 toge!r ) _m inf]ior ranges & bran*es4 ,! climate ( ,europe embraces a range f ! temp]ate to extreme cold4 ,x is b\nd$ by ! ,arctic ,ocean on ! nor?1 ,asia ea/w>d1 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea s\?w>d1 & ! ,atlantic ,ocean to ! we/w>d2 x conta9s two great inl& seas1 ! ,black ,sea & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,!re are ?ree great volcanoes 9 ,europe1 ,hecla1 ,vesuvius1 & ,etna1 b ! pla9s ( ,auv]gne conta9 _m :i* are ext9ct4 ,asia conta9s ! highe/ m\nta9s & ! mo/ ext5sive table-l&s 9 ! _w4 ,x is some:at squ>e1 be+ b\nd$ nor?w>ds by ! ,arctic ,ocean1 we/w>d by ,europe1 s\?w>d by ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ea/w>d by ! ,nor? ,pacific1 & conta9s ab\t #ag1ejj1jjj squ>e miles2 ! great] "p is made up ( two ext5sive tracts ( elevat$ l& call$ table-l&s1 al?\gh ^! are (t5 v>i$ by valleys & m\nta9 *a9s ( great ext5t1 yet z a :ole1 !y are f #ejjj to #aj1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! ea/]n table-l& is t ( ,?ibet & ! ,great ,des]t ,gobi1 & ! we/]n t ( ,p]sia4 ,asia conta9s _m great m\nta9 *a9s1 ! *ief ( :i* are ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 :i* run along ! c5tre ( its s\!rn "p & conta9 "s ( ! highe/ peaks 9 ! _w2 ! ,dhawalagiri is #bh1jgb feet high1 b !re are "s o!rs suppos$ to be z high4 ,! ,altai or ,gold ,m\nta9s1 =m+ a b\nd>y to ! l[l&s ( ,sib]ia1 ! highe/ peak ( :i* is call$ ! ,katunia ,pill>s1 & is #aa1jjj feet high4 ,! ,?a9-s*an or ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s1 ! ,ku5 ,lun1 & ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 all ( :i* run pretty ne>ly ea/ & we/1 :ile ! ranges call$ ,uralian1 ,bolor1 ,kh+an1 & ,*9ese *a9s run ne>ly nor? & s\?4 ,africa is some:at triangul>1 ) its base t[>ds ,asia & its apex po9t+ s\?w>d4 ,x is b\nd$ nor?w>ds by ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & at its ea/ side by ! ,r$ ,sea & ,indian ,ocean1 :ile ! ,atlantic fl[s on its s\?-we/ side4 ,9 ,africa is ! l>ge/ des]t 9 ! _w1 ! ,great ,des]t ( ,sah>a2 x occupies ne>ly all ! nor!rn "p1 ! s\!rn has b few m\nta9s ( great ext5t1 b f _! elevation & ! am\nt ( wat]s br\ght d[n by riv]s1 x is suppos$ t ! c5tre has v high table l&s4 ,at ! nor?-we/]n "p is an ext5sive m\nta9 sy/em 7! ,atlas7 cov]+ ) its bran*es ne>ly #ejj1jjj squ>e miles1 & s5d+ its slopes to b\nd ! great ,des]t nor?w>ds4 ,! great tract ( l& compris+ ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica ext5ds 9 a longitud9al direction pretty ne>ly nor? & s\? ?r\gh #acj degrees ( latitude1 or ne>ly #hjjj miles4 ,?is great tract is divid$ by a n>r[ neck ( l& 7! ,i/hmus ( ,panama7 into two pretty equal portions2 ! nor!rn "p is peculi>1 f conta9+ a numb] ( lakes ( imm5se ext5t1 des]v+ well ! "n ( inl& seas1 & bo? nor!rn & s\!rn divisions = ! great numb] & ext5t ( _! wat]-c\rses4 ,! :ole ( ?is great tract ( l& is trav]s$ f end to end by an ext5sive *a9 ( m\nta9s1 ! longe/ 9 ! _w2 at its s\!rn "p x =ms ! ,&es1 f :i* a range is cont9u$ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus1 & onw>ds to =m ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ! s\!rn division ?is imm5se *a9 passes on ! we/ side ( ! l& close to ! sea1 is ( great elevation 9 "s p>ts1 has "s ( ! highe/ m\nta9 peaks 9 ! _w1 & volcanoes also1 ! highe/ be+ 9 ! ,&es 7,popocatapetl is ab\t #af1jjj feet high72 b f ! we/]n side ( ! cont95t ! l& desc5ds gradually to ! ea/]n4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica are "s ( ! highe/ table-l&s kn[n1 great elevat$ tracts 9 connection ) ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,au/ralia 9 its int]ior is b little kn[n1 b ! :ole aspect ( ! isl& appe>s to be flat1 & to h b little elevation1 :ile ,gre5l& & ! great tracts ( ! nor!rn regions beyond1 des]ve m ! "n ( glaci]s1 be+ almo/ entirely a mass ( b>r5 rocks & sn[4 ,! wat]-c\rses ( ^! v>i\s great tracts ( l& are all det]m9$ by ! =mation ( ! surface1 b ! am\nt ( wat] :i* is c>ri$ into ! oceans by ! riv]s ( any di/rict is always 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( vegetation 9 t di/rict2 ?us 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 ! numb] & ext5t ( ^! correspond ) ! great f]tility ( ! soil1 :ile ! nor!rn & we/]n "p ( ,africa--! ,great ,des]t--give (f sc>cely any ( adequate ext5t1 ! ,nile appe>+ to receive its supply f ! c5tral p>ts fur!r s\?4 ,! reason ( x is ?is3 :]ev] !re is vegetation1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( grassy prairies or =e/s1 !re is also a great r$uction ( temp]ature f ! radiation & evaporation1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( ra91 dew1 or sn[1 :i* fall+ on ! gr\nd produces /reams1 c4 ,except+ ! great tracts ( l& nam$1 & isl&s too num]\s to be m5tion$1 ! :ole surface ( ! e>? is cov]$ ) wat]1 ! great divisions ( :i* 7call$ ,oceans7 are1 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 to ! nor? ( ,europe1 ! ,atlantic1 betwe5 ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & ,africa1 ! ,pacific betwe5 ,asia & ,am]ica1 & ! ,indian ,ocean betwe5 ,africa & ,au/ralia4 ,! =ego+ is a v b>e outl9e ( ! l& & wat] cov]+ ! surface2 x may suffice1 h[ev]1 to call to m9d ! ma9 features ( ! e>? z x is n[ dispos$4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! great v>iety ( climate1 :e!r hot or cold1 moi/ or dry1 is "o ( ! greate/ s\rces ( happ9ess t c be well imag9$2 x /imulates to rese>*1 travel1 & inquiry into ! works ( ,god2 e *ange exp]i5c$ t5ds to make man se>* = fur!r *ange1 e new sc5e makes him comp>e x ) o!rs2 & ! acquirem5t ( a k ( places1 & a g5]al idea ( ! :ole _w1 exp&s 8 m9d enables him to appreciate ! good gifts he has receiv$1 & af=ds a s\rce ( satisfaction beyond almo/ any o!r k9d ( enjoym5t4 ,,! ,,wat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sea-,,coa/4 ,h[ gr& is ! ev]-mov+ ocean6 h[ maje/ic its voice1 h[ t]rible its ang]6 h[ beautiful e col\r t is reflect$ f its danc+ spray1 & h[ balmy ! air :i* is waft$ f its bosom to refre% ! heat$ e>?1 :i*1 "u ! gl>e ( a summ]'s sun1 seems p>*$ ) ?ir/4 ,h[ refre%+ to ! s5ses is ! *ange f ! dry heat$ grass on a midsumm] day--f ! du/y roads--f ! smoke begrim$ t[n1 smell+ ( dirt1 & heat$ by ! reflection ( ! sun's rays f bricks & /ones till x becomes a furnace--f ! close d>k habitations ( ! city--f ! rattle1 excitem5t1 & cont9ual noise ( vehicles & human voices--f ! corrod+ c>es & depress+ influ5ces att5d+ ! fi]ce battle ( life--to ! cool & g5tle breeze1 ! wide o'er-ar*+ canopy ( heav51 ! murmur & ripple ( ! sea1 to ! cle> & exhil>at+ air1 free f soot & lad5 ) ! od\r ( ! ocean--,oh :at a desirable *ange6 all human nature seems to own x1 & ha/5 to ! %ores ( ! great wat]y _w1 t !y may contemplate "o ( ! greate/ & gr&e/ ( ,god's works ) admiration & ?ankfulness1 & be re-animat$ by its heal?-giv+ p[]s4 ,x is a wond]ful sight1 & "o :i* fills our m9ds ) reflection2 "h we see _m ( ! laws ( nature exemplifi$ on a great scale4 ,! laws ( gravity keep ! surface ( ! ocean p]fectly sph]ical z a :ole1 :ile ^? ( equilibrium keep x 9 con/ant & ev]-v>y+ motion1 ! laws ( attraction produce ! tides1 & ^? ( reflection & refraction cause its surface to assume all sorts ( col\rs & t9ts4 ,great art ?\1 ,ocean1 & unkn[n ,! creatures spr++ into life f !e1 ,e>?'s f>!/ %ores full pr\dly ?\ do/ own1 ,! cradle ( ?y wave f ic$ to torrid zone4 ,! ocean is full ( life1 bo? vegetative & animal2 myriads ( bo? classes h _! natural habitation 9 ! sea1 & ! %ore is (t51 aft] a gale1 /rew$ ) curiosities well wor? ! contemplation ( ^? :o devote _! m9ds to ?\ght4 ,h[ _m v>ieties ( sea-we$ h y ga!r$8 p]haps tw5ty2 n ?ree ( !m are sea-we$ at all6 !y are liv+ animals1 ei!r zoophytes or molluscs1 e bran* ( t flu/ra conta9s a ?\s& liv+ be+s1 e spray ( s]tul>ia z _m m1 t o!r piece is ! bugula n]et9a & also owns a colony ( animals3 ! next is inde$ a memb] ( ! vegetable k+dom1 its beautiful crimson col\r makes x a conspicu\s object1 & !re are _m specim5s ( ! same plant1 b ( all %ades ( r$1 crimson1 & purple1 x is ! plocamium cocc9eum4 ,& ?us x is ) e object we view1 a k ( x br+s u to respect & admire x m & m z t k increases1 & none m s ?an "s ( ! productions ( ! sea4 ,x is "h we f9d specim5s ( ! />-fi%1 ! sea-ur*91 & o!r radiata4 ,%ells ( all k9ds--bo? liv+ & dead--belong+ to ! v>i\s tribes ( mollusca2 crabs1 %rimps1 & o!r cru/aceans1 besides ! endless v>ieties ( pebbles & o!r specim5s ( worn-d[n rock1 ! effects ( con/ant attrition4 ,if we turn f ! %ore & gaze ^u ! horizon1 :at a m>vell\s object x is--ev] rec$+ z we rec$e1 ev] ris+ z we rise1 & nev] ne>] nor f>!r away4 ,?is ris+ ( ! horizon1 s z to be always opposite to our eyes1 is because ! high] we are up ! m we see4 ,on look+ at ! horizon we d n look on a p]fect level1 7if we did1 be+ above x1 ( c\rse we c\ld n see x at all7 b ! depression ( ! l9e ( vision is s slight z to be q unable to be appreciat$2 yet1 small z x is1 x enables u to see a consid]able space ( ! ocean1 & ! high] we rise--at ! same angle--! m we see4 ,! edge ( ! horizon also appe>s curv$1 be+ high] 9 front ( u ?an on ei!r side4 ,?is is only s 9 appe>ance1 = if any "o 7 to place a piece ( /r+ 7/ret*$ tightly betwe5 ! h&s7 be=e 8 eyes1 & br+ x up till x is on a level ) ! horizon1 he w\ld soon see t ! /r+ & ! horizon 7 bo? p]fectly /raight & exactly correspond+ ) ea* o!r4 ,f ! horizon we turn r\nd & look at ! *alk cliffs1 ^? :ite walls f :i* our native isle has receiv$ ! "n ( ,albion4 ,h[ 7 !y produc$8 by ! con/ant la%+ ( ! re/less wat]s1 :i* are con/antly we>+ !m away2 b !y are beautiful objects1 full ( m>vels & records ( bygone ages1 :5 _! tops 7 at ! bottom ( ! deep seas4 ,! sea is a g5]al "n giv5 to all ! great] collections ( wat] ?r\gh\t ! _w1 al?\gh1 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 x is appli$ to ^? tracts ( wat] ( a second>y size1 z ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,baltic1 & ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! t]m ocean be+ appli$ to ! l>g] tracts ( wat]1 z ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 c4 ,all ! great oceans & seas unite1 &1 9 reality1 =m "o great _w ( wat]s1 spread out & cov]+ all ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>?1 ! t]m lake be+ appli$ to collections ( wat] surr\nd$ by l&1 al?\gh ! ,caspian ,sea reta9s ! "n ( sea1 & "s ( ! great lakes ( ,am]ica may well des]ve su* a "n4 ,! wat]s ( ! sea fill up all ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>?1 s t1 almo/ )\t exception1 ! l& is high] ?an ! wat]1 & z ! l& 9 "s places rises b a few feet1 & 9 o!rs z _m ?\s&s1 s1 b5ea? ! sea1 ! l& s9ks 9 _m places b a few feet1 & 9 o!rs p]haps z _m ?\s&s z x is kn[n to rise above x4 ,! sea always ma9ta9s ! same g5]al level1 al?\gh 9 pa/ ages ! l& has ris5 & fall51 sometimes 9 "o place & sometimes 9 ano!r2 inde$1 ! same process is tak+ place e day1 b 9 s sl[ a mann] t c5turies are requir$ to make any great alt]ation2 :ile "s tracts ( l& are be+ encroa*$ on by ! action ( ! waves1 o!rs are be+ add$ to & elevat$ by accumulations ( mud & s&1 or rais$ by ! action ( e>?quakes & volcanoes1 :i* ?r[ up "u ! sea1 z well z on ! l&1 va/ quantities ( melt$ e>? or lava1 =m+ /rata kn[n to geologi/s z basalt1 tufa1 c41 or eject %[]s ( a%es & du/ 9 su* prodigi\s quantities z to cov] _m hundr$ squ>e miles ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,x 0 by "o ( ^! %[]s ( a%es f ,vesuvius t ! cities ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii 7 buri$4 ,s t1 z a :ole1 al?\gh ! sea is cont9ually alt]+ sl[ly its position1 yet x pretty equally ma9ta9s ! same elevation4 ,at fir/ ?\ght x may be suppos$ t ! riv]s con/antly fl[+ into ! sea w\ld alt] its level1 = "s are s l>ge t millions ( tons ( wat] are br\ght by !m into ! sea e h\r1 & !re are ?\s&s ( riv]s & rills :i*1 night & day1 p\r 9 _! tribute ( wat]s2 b ,god has wisely & k9dly arrang$ ^! ?+s 7l all o!rs7 s t !y %all af=d u innum]able com=ts1 & yet n raise up ! sea s t x %all cov] ! l&1 = x requires b a mom5t's consid]ation to be conv9c$ t all ?is wat] :i* fl[s into ! sea mu/ fir/ h be5 ab/ract$ f x1 & x is 9 ?is way--:5 ! w9ds bl[ ov] ! sea1 !y absorb or take up a c]ta9 quantity ( ! vap\r :i* cont9ually rises f x2 = air absorbs a c]ta9 quantity1 & a c]ta9 quantity only1 ( ! vap\r ( wat]2 b ?is quantity is det]m9$ by c]ta9 circum/ances1 = in/ance1 ! w>m] ! air1 ! m x w absorb1 ! less ! pressure on ! air1 ! m x w absorb1 & ! dri] ! air1 ! m x w absorb1 t is1 ! less moi/ure x has already got1 ! m w be requir$ to make up t quantity :i* ! o!r circum/ances p]mit x to conta94 ,n[1 :at takes place if a w>m1 dry1 light curr5t ( w9d bl[s ov] ! sea1 l&w>d8 ,:y1 all ! vap\r giv5 (f by ! sea1 to ! am\nt ( millions ( gallons1 is absorb$ & c>ri$ inl& by ! w9d or curr5t ( ! air1 & ?is cont9ues onw>d1 lad5 ) moi/ure1 until x meets ) "o ( ! sev]al circum/ances :i* %all cause x to be incapable ( hold+ ! quantity ( moi/ure :i* x has already got2 = in/ance1 x meets ) ano!r curr5t ( air cold] ?an itself1 ^! m+le1 ! vap\r ( wat] is cond5s$ by ! cold1 & a cl\d is =m$4 ,?is consi/s ( m9ute p>ticles ( wat] susp5d$ 9--n absorb$ by--air2 ^! p>ticles gradually collect1 & d[n falls ! ra9 on to ! e>?4 ,?is dra9s (f f ! surface1 =m+ rills1 :i* collect z !y desc5d1 by _! own weight1 into ! l[e/ *annels ( ! gr\nd1 & =m into /reams & riv]s1 & back into ! sea comes ! wat] :i* ! air _h tak5 away1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t x is free f salt & fit = ! _m uses to :i* fre% wat] alone c be appli$2 :5 ! vap\r rises f ! sea1 none ( ! sal9e matt]s rise ) x1 =1 al?\gh ! wat] is volatile1 yet !y are n1 & ?is is ! :ole s\rce ( fre% wat]4 ,x is di/ill$ 9 ! great laboratory ( ,nature1 & gives n\ri%m5t to all ! liv+ be+s :o dwell on ! l& & 9 ! riv]s & lakes2 or ! ra9 may s9k into ! e>? & be c>ri$ = miles & miles "u gr\nd1 runn+ ?r\gh "s por\s /ratum1 su* z gravel1 until x fl[s out 9 ! =m ( a spr+1 bubbl+ up among/ fl[]s & we$s1 & =m+ ! s\rce ( "s riv]1 :i* receiv+ ! ra9 & all ! spr+s 9 ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x fl[s1 f9ds its way back into ! ocean at la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\nta9 ,,/ream4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* all riv]s & /reams are =m$4 ,an enorm\s ext5t ( l& ?us dra9$ gives rise to ?\s&s ( rills1 :i* collect into /reams ( goodly size1 me&]+ ?r\gh valleys & p\r+ _! tribute ( wat]s into a ma9 /ream1 :i* at la/ accumulates by additions to its c\rse1 & becomes "o ( ^? great wat]-c\rses :i* =m ! highway ?r\gh a cont95t4 ,! ,amazon1 ,hoang-,ho1 ,ganges1 ,nile1 ,danube1 & ,volga1 may be cit$ z "s ( ! greate/ wat]-c\rses & highways ( civilisation4 ,^! great riv]s are navigable = l>ge %ips1 ev5 = _m hundr$s ( miles1 & x is mo/ =tunate t ?is navigation is s seldom imp$$ by falls2 = ^!1 al?\gh among ! gr&e/ & mo/ beautiful objects ( nature1 yet put a /op to ! navigation ( a riv] :i* w\ld o!rwise be passable = hundr$s ( miles fur!r4 ,riv]s :i* run ?r\gh di/ricts subject to p]iodical ra9s1 or ^? ^: s\rces lead f m\nta9 slopes :]e va/ quantities ( sn[ are deposit$ 9 w9t] :i* melts on ! approa* ( summ]1 are at su* seasons ( ! ye> sudd5ly augm5t$1 & g5]ally ov]fl[ ! banks & inundate ! c\ntry = miles4 ,?is is 9 _m cases a v great mis=tune1 z x spoils ! l&1 r$uc+ x to a swamp1 b n 9 e case2 ! ov]fl[+ ( ! ,nile br+s d[n ) x a great quantity ( f]tilis+ vegetable matt]1 & s]ves to manure ! :ole di/rict1 = ! soil be+ extremely por\s & ! heat great1 ! moi/ure is soon got rid (1 & h5ce x 0 a cu/om ( ! ,egyptians to celebrate ! ris+ ( ! ,nile by fea/s & c]emonies4 ,lakes are =m$ 9 ! same way z riv]s1 b1 be+ surr\nd$ by high l&1 h no outlet = ! wat]s s t !y may fl[ back into ! sea4 ,if a lake 7 ab\t to be =m$ x w\ld be 9 ?is way--! ra9 desc5d+ on ! surr\nd+ high l&s w\ld run 9 rills to ! l[e/ "p1 & !re collect1 =m+ a pool :i* w\ld gradually increase 9 size z ! wat] fl[$ into x1 ?is increase cont9u+ until ! surface became s l>ge t ! evaporation f x exactly equall$ ! supply1 x w\ld !n ext5d no fur!r1 b rema9 a p]man5t lake or inl& sea1 giv+ (f vap\r to refre% ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & aga9 receiv+ x back by /reams & riv]s1 z does ! ocean4 ,!re is sc>cely a spot kn[n on ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* does n %[ /rong evid5ce ( hav+1 at "s =m] p]iod1 be5 ! b$ or bottom ( "s sea or lake4 ,"s ( ^! evid5ces may be se5 9 ! /rata or lay]s ( e>? =m+ ! sides ( ! cliffs :i* abut on ! sea-%ore1 & :i* c\ld n h be5 produc$ by any o!r ag5cy2 ^! /rata conta9 s _m m>9e %ells & o!r matt]s peculi> to ! sea1 t ! fact does n admit ( d\bt t !y 7 !re produc$4 ,^! same /rata are met ) ?r\gh\t ! l&2 9 s9k+ wells & m9es1 ! same /rata are cut ?r\gh1 & h a kn[n & uni=m succession1 ) b few exceptions2 ! cliffs1 h[ev]1 are ! mo/ conv5i5t places to see ^! /rata4 ,t ! same process ( alt]ation 9 ! position ( ! wat] & l& is /ill go+ =w>d1 is %[n by _m evid5ces1 su* z t[ns :i* 7 once on ! sea-%ore1 be+ n[ "s di/ance f x1 z ! ,city ( ,norwi*1 & 9 o!r cases ! rev]se4 ,! *alk cliffs at ,dov]1 ,ramsgate1 c41 %[ ! action ( ! sea 9 ! corrod$ /ate !y pres5t1 & slips or falls ( great masses :i* h be5 und]m9$ by ! sea1 are frequ5tly occurr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cliffs1 ,,%[+ ,,/rata4 ,! anci5t t[n ( ,rav5spurn1 at :i* ,h5ry ,,iv4 l&$1 has entirely disappe>$1 & o!rs1 record$ to h be5 situat$ on ! %ore1 h n[ only _! names left4 ,! p>ts ( ! %ore mo/ rapidly corrod$ by ! sea1 are ^? compos$ ( s&1 *alk1 & clay1 :ile ^? compos$ ( ! h>d] k9ds ( s&/one or ( granite1 h be5 b little wa/$ away1 s t !y project & =m ! headl&s1 :ile 9 _m cases deposits ( mud h ext5d$ !m4 ,!re are _m o!r causes :i* det]m9e ! elevation or depression ( ! l&1 besides ! action ( ! sea & e>?quakes1 su* z w9ds1 fro/s1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*alk ,,cliffs1 ,,dov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,waves ,,at ,,sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dead ,,calm4 ,! slighte/ movem5t ( ! air communicates motion to ! surface ( su* a great %eet ( wat] z ! sea1 & ?is motion is gradually increas$ till "o ripple meets ano!r1 & ! p[] ( bo? goes to =m ! next1 s t !y acquire a v consid]able size2 :5 a gale ( w9d bl[s1 ! roll+ ( ! waves f> out at sea becomes t]rific1 & !y rise l m\nta9s1 *as+ "o ano!r ov] ! wide ocean4 ,b sailors r l a sm>t breeze1 & m especially did !y a few ye>s ago1 :5 ! w9d 0 all !y _h to dep5d ^u = onw>d progress4 ,9 ^? days a calm :i* w\ld sometimes la/ = weeks toge!r 0 to !m mo/ fe>ful1 = x 0 (t5 a s\rce ( great di/ress & privation1 especially if %ort ( provisions2 ! sea w\ld !n look l a great pool ( /agnant wat] cov]$ on ! surface ) sea-we$ & animalcul1 & fe>ful x mu/ h be5 :5 food 0 fail+1 & no hope ( progress+ b ! spr++-up ( a w9d4 ,b1 9 ^! days1 ) ! assi/ance ( /eam1 a calm is ! v "t 9 :i* mo/ progress is made1 & !re is no d\bt b a "t w come :5 x w be matt] ( wond] t m5 c\ld ev] h tru/$ to s unc]ta9 an elem5t z ! w9d2 yet1 if x 7 n = ! w9ds1 curr5ts1 & tides1 ! sea c\ld n ma9ta9 its /ate ( purity1 = its saltness is n suffici5t to prev5t ! gr[? ( fungi & all sorts ( animalcul1 :i*1 f _! decay1 w\ld produce noxi\s gases & be mo/ injuri\s to animal life4 ,its con/ant motion alone prev5ts ?is1 & ! spores & g]ms are toss$ ab\t until de/roy$ & eat5 up by ! inhabitants ( ! deep :o dev\r e k9d ( organic matt] :i* is deposit$ 9 ! sea1 & ?us x is t ! wat]s ( ! ocean are s bright & cle> t an object c be se5 at a consid]able dep?4 ,t ! con/ant curr5ts ( ! sea prev5t ! =mation & gr[? ( sea-we$1 is cle>ly %[n by ! great ,s>gasso ,sea1 or tract ( we$ 7,fucus natans71 call$ ! ,gulf-we$4 ,?is great tract embraces ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 & is situat$ 9 ! v middle ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 :]e !re are b few curr5ts2 b surr\nd+ x is ! ,gulf-,/ream1 an enorm\s curr5t ( wat] runn+ at a regul> rate ( f\r or five miles an h\r4 ,?is ,gulf-,/ream is suppos$ to be caus$ by ! same laws & influ5ces :i* det]m9e ! trade-w9ds1 namely1 a con/ant r>efaction ( ! wat] at ! tropical p>ts ( ! e>?1 & a correspond+ cond5sation at ! ,arctic portions1 = w>m wat] is mu* light] ?an cold1 & :5 ! wat]s ( ! tropical regions become light] ! heavi] wat]s ( ! cold regions press+ d[n m =cibly t5d to raise !m above _! prop] level2 !y !re=e fl[ t[>ds ^? v p>ts :i* h sunk d[n by _! contraction1 & a con/ant curr5t takes place--?is curr5t is ! ,gulf-,/ream4 ,x runs f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico nor?w>ds t[>ds ,newf\ndl&1 turn+ by ,icel& t[>ds ! ,briti% ,isles1 by ,france & ,spa91 onw>ds to ! coa/s ( ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & aga9 to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 al?\gh ! return curr5t does n g by ! "n ( ,gulf-,/ream4 ,?is great /ream ( wat] w>m$ by ! tropical sun s]ves ! same two purposes describ$ "u ! section ,air z be+ fulfill$ by ! trade-w9ds1 namely1 a circulation & di/ribution ( ! sup]flu\s heat ( ! equatorial regions1 w>m+ ! nor!rn c\ntries & cool+ by ! return ( "u-curr5ts ^? 9 ! tropics4 ,! fogs ( ,newf\ndl& are caus$ by ! great curr5t ( w>m wat] ent]+ ! cold region & c>ry+ ) !m surface-curr5ts ( moi/ air1 :i* ! cold cond5ses into fog1 j z ! brea? is visible 9 a cold atmosph]e4 ,engl& owes its moi/ & mild climate to ! same cause4 ,! s& :i* lies ^u ! sea-%ore is produc$ by ! action ( ! waves con/antly da%+ aga9/ ! e>? & rocks ( ! coa/1 & is mo/ly compos$ ( :at *emi/s call silex1 or silica1 :i* is a *ief con/itu5t ( mo/ rocks & e>?s2 ^!1 be+ worn d[n by ! action ( ! wat]s1 =m s&4 ,! fragm5ts ( ^! rocks 7especially granite7 & ^? :i* conta9 silica 9 ! =m ( m9ute cry/als1 are soon roll$ & rubb$ toge!r until !y are gr\nd to p[d]1 b x is d\btful :e!r any s& exi/s at ! bottom ( ! deep seas f> f %ore1 z ! wat]s !re lie--& mu/ h laid--p]fectly quiet ev] s9ce !y 7 seas1 = ! greate/ /orm t ev] rages does n affect ! tranquility ( ! sea m ?an a few fa?oms b5ea? its surface1 s t a /one dropp$ 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 c\ld be pick$ up aft] a hundr$ ye>s exactly :]e x fell1 7 x possible = any to f9d out ! spot & desc5d2 b ! bottom ( "s deep seas1 z 9 ! ant>ctic regions & ! nor? ,atlantic ,ocean 7z ! s\nd+s betwe5 ,irel& & ,am]ica h lately %[n71 is cov]$ to an unkn[n dep? ) :at _h be5 suppos$ to be s&1 b :i* is n s& at all1 b a wond]ful collection ( m9ute %ells & coral9es1 :i* to ! unassi/$ eye h ! appe>ance ( s&4 ,!y are ! silici\s %ells & cov]+s ( m9ute vegetables & animals1 ^! creatures1 be+ coat$ ) silica 7a sub/ance inde/ructible by age & ! action ( wat]71 fall to ! bottom ( ! sea & !re accumulate 9 su* c\ntless myriads t !y =m ?is f9e sub/ance1 long mi/ak5 = s&1 b betwe5 :i*1 9 reality1 !re is a m>k$ di/9ction1 ! "o be+ =m$ by ! dis9tegration & gr9d+-up ( rocks1 ! o!r ! product ( organic life2 ?is1 :5 x has accumulat$ = ages1 w1 9 all probability1 =m "s isl& or "p ( a cont95t1 & be ! site p]haps ( "s magnific5t city1 re>$ ^u a f\ndation ( ^! m9ute wond]s ( ! deep1 ^: skeletons w h become consolidat$ into a h>d & compact /one1 ( :i* its h\ses & *ur*es w1 9 all probability1 be built4 ,?is is n imag9ation1 z su* occurr5ces h really tak5 place--all our *alk cliffs & d[ns con/itute "p ( an imm5se /ratum4 ,n[1 e gra9 ( ?is *alk conta9s & is made up ( ?\s&s ( m9ute %ells & corals4 ,^! *alk d[ns 7 once ! b$ ( "s ocean :i*1 9 all probability1 0 fill$ up by _! rema9s4 ,:at are ! railroads & works ( m5's h&s comp>$ ) ?is8 ,( ?is *alk 7h>d5$ by pressure into lime/one7 mo/ ( our public build+s are con/ruct$1 or 7*ang$ by pressure & heat into m>ble7 our /atues ( great m5 h be5 c>v$4 ,:at a mock]y to *oose m>ble z ! m$ium ( r5d]+ our h]oes immortal--itself ! v type ( mortality1 be+ =m$ by ! dea? ( millions ( creatures4 ,9 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s "w on ! microscope occurs ! foll[+3-- ,?us1 :5 we meet ) an ext5sive /ratum ( fossilis$ ,diatomace1 9 :at is n[ dry l&1 we c ent]ta9 no d\bt t ?is silici\s deposit orig9ally accumulat$ ei!r at ! bottom ( a fre%-wat] lake or b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 j z "s deposits are =m$ at ! pres5t "t1 by ! production & dea? ( successive g5]ations ( ^! bodies1 ^: inde/ructible cas+s accumulate 9 ! lapse ( ages1 s z to =m lay]s1 ^: ?ickness is only limit$ by ! "t dur+ :i* ?is process has be5 9 action4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 we meet ) a lime/one rock entirely compos$ ( ! calc>e\s %ells ( ,=am9if]a--"s ( !m entire1 o!rs brok5 up into m9ute p>ticles--we int]pret ! ph5om5on by ! fact t ! dr$g+s obta9$ f c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ocean-bottom1 consi/ almo/ entirely ( rema9s ( exi/+ ,=am9if]a1 9 :i* entire %ells--! animals ( :i* may be yet alive--are m+l$ ) ! debris ( o!rs t h be5 r$uc$ by ! action ( ! waves to a fragm5t>y /ate4 ,n[1 9 ! f9e :ite mud :i* is br\ght up f almo/ e "p ( ! sea-bottom ( ! ,levant1 :]e x =ms a /ratum t is cont9ually und]go+ a sl[ b /eady increase 9 ?ickness1 ! microscopic rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,williamson h %[n t n only are !re multitudes ( m9ute rema9s ( liv+ organisms1 bo? animal & vegetable1 b t x is entirely or almo/ :olly compos$ ( su* rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,organisms ,,f ,,mud4 ,! wat] ( ! sea is ev]y:]e salt1 except at ! m\?s ( great riv]s1 :]e ! quantity ( fre% wat] displaces t :i* prop]ly belongs to ! sea4 ,! cause ( its saltness is ! solution ( a natural m9]al 7*loride ( sodium7 :i* exi/s 9 ! e>? 9 great abundance 9 lay]s ( a cry/all9e /ructure1 & z ?is *loride ( sodium 7common salt7 is soluble 9 wat]1 ( c\rse x is all dissolv$ by ! wat] 9 :atev] situation !y may come into contact ) ea* o!r4 ,! composition ( sea-wat] diff]s slightly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 ! s\!rn seas be+ slightly m salt ?an ! nor!rn4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ab\t five p] c5t4 ( solid matt] is conta9$ 9 sea-wat]1 ( ?is r m ?an half 7#e4g7 is *loride ( sodium2 ! great] "p ( ! o!r half consi/s ( diff]5t salts ( magnesia1 & ?is is ! :ole s\rce ( ! m$ic9es kn[n z ,epsom salts & magnesia1 ! =m] be+ ! sulphate & ! latt] ! c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,iod9e1 ano!r article us$ 9 m$ic9e & photography1 is also extract$ f sea-wat]1 :i* h[ev] conta9s b a v m9ute portion1 too small to be detect$ z a g5]al rule1 b extract$ by burn+ c]ta9 sea-we$s1 9 ! a%es ( :i* x is f\nd 9 suffici5t quantity to be sep>at$4 ,al?\gh ! sea z a :ole keeps its level1 yet 9 v>i\s p>ts x is con/antly ris+ & s9k+1 sometimes at "o place & sometimes at ano!r2 ^! ris+s & fall+s are call$ tides1 & are caus$ by ! jo9t action ( ! sun & moon1 t is1 by _! attraction1 act+ at diff]5t di/ances4 ,fir/ x mu/ be obs]v$ 7z is well kn[n7 attraction v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 t is1 if ! moon 7 twice z f> (f1 h] attraction ( ! e>? w\ld be "o-f\r? ( :at x n[ is1 if ?ree times z f> (f1 "o-n9?1 & s on4 ,! moon's av]age di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>? 7,a to ,c1 9 ! diagram7 is ab\t #bdj1jjj miles1 or ab\t #fj times ! e>?'s radius 7,b ,c71 :i* is a little "u #djjj miles1 consequ5tly if ! di/ance f ! moon to ! c5tre ( ! e>? 7,a ,c7 be express$ by #fj1 ! di/ance to ! ne>e/ surface 7,a ,b7 w be #ei1 & ! f>!/ surface 7,a ,d7 #fa4 ,! moon w attract ! po9t ,b ) a =ce ( #a_/eib or #a_/cdha1 ! po9t ,c ) ! =ce ( #a_/fjb or #a_/cfjj1 & ! po9t ,d ) ! =ce ( #a_/fab or #a_/cgba4 ,n[ z ! =ce at ,c is great] ?an at ,d1 ! e>? itself w be pull$ away f ! wat] at ,d1 & leav+ x a little beh9d1 w produce a high tide !re1 ?is tide is kn[n z ! inf]ior tide 7#b74 ,aga9 z ! =ce at ,b is great] ?an at ,c1 ! wat] at ,b w be pull$ away f ! e>? & produce a /ill high] tide1 call$ ! sup]ior tide 7#a71 or t :i* takes place :5 ! moon is due s\?4 ,?is heap+-up ( ! wat]s by ! moon1 to ! height ( #d-a_/b feet 7on an av]age7 causes correspond+ depressions to ! same dep? 9 ^? p>ts ( ! e>? :i* are situat$ betwe5 ! rais$ p>ts1 mak+ a diff]5ce betwe5 high & l[-wat] ( n9e feet due to ! moon2 precisely ! same effects are produc$ by ! sun1 b ?\gh 8 attractive p[] is s mu* great] ?an ! moon's1 8 di/ance is also s mu* great]1 t ! heap ( wat] he c raise is some:at less ?an #b feet1 & makes !re=e less ?an #d feet diff]5ce betwe5 high & l[-wat]1 due to ! sun4 ,:5 ! sun & moon are bo? on ! same side1 or on opposite sides ( ! e>? 7z at new or full moon71 !n ! attraction ( bo? act toge!r & produce spr+ tides1 ) a diff]5ce ( #ac feet2 at fir/ & la/ qu>t] ! sun & moon oppose ea* o!r1 act+ 9 cross directions1 & ! diff]5ce is !n only #e feet4 ,b ^! effects c\ld only take place 9 ! wide op5 space ( an ocean1 & :5 o!r =ces d n int]f]e1 su* z ob/ruction to ! tide-waves by l&1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,tides4 ,inl& seas 7z l>ge z ! ,m$it]ranean ev57 h b v little tide1 :ile p9*$-up riv]s may h a great ru% ( tide1 z at ,bri/ol1 :]e x rises to #de feet sometimes1 & at ,anapolis 9 ,nova ,scotia1 to s mu* z #abj feet6 ,w9d w also accel]ate or ret>d bo? ! spe$ & height ( ! tides4 ,london receives a mu* great] tide ?an its due1 = ! tidal-wave be+ int]rupt$ by ,irel& & ,engl&1 rolls up ! we/]n coa/ 7tak+ a nor!rly direction7 ) su* =ce z to sw+ r\nd ! ,%etl&s & all d[n ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,great ,brita94 ,! direct ,atlantic wave also1 :5 split by our isl&1 rolls along ! s\? coa/ f ,l&'s-,end to ,dov]1 ru%es ?r\gh ! ,/raits1 & meets ! backw>d wave :i* has be5 travell+ r\nd by ,scotl& 7z be=e m5tion$71 ! two !n p\r into ! ,?ames & give an o!rwise quiet riv] a high & useful tide2 s t ,london receives two tides1 ! s\!rn "o ne>ly #aj h\rs aft] ,cornwall1 & ! r\ndab\t "o n till ne>ly #bc h\rs aft] x fir/ rea*es ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,riv] ,,?ames4 ,! wat]s are ! great highway ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 & :at an easy transit x has =m$ to ^? nations suffici5tly civilis$ to require a fur!r k ( ! _w1 & !nce procure = !mselves luxuries n obta9able at home--at ! same "t1 spread+ civilisation :]ev] !y g6 ,if ! oceans1 in/ead ( =m+ "o great conc\rse ( wat]s1 _h exi/$ 9 ! =m ( inl& seas or great lakes1 ! great *a9s ( m\nta9s1 des]ts1 & un9habit$ tracts ( e>?1 w\ld1 9 "s cases1 h =m$ impassable b>ri]s1 :il/ 9 o!r p>ts civilisation w\ld h be5 imp$$ f ! easy access ( ! m savage tribes1 :o w\ld h despoil$ ! m =tunate by inroads among/ !m1 m+l+ ) or ext]m9at+ !m1 & *eck+ ! onw>d progress ( civilisation4 ,& ?is has always exi/$ :]e great tracts ( l& are1 :i* are ! la/ p>ts ( ! _w to be civilis$1 & 9 _m p>ts rema9 z rude z !y 7 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,all ?is is ow+ to ! good & wise arrangem5t ( wat] & l&1 & is an in/ance ( ! c>e & =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 :o has provid$ = ! onw>d progress ( t creature to :om alone su* a progress has be5 allott$2 b z !y n[ exi/ ! oceans =m imp5etrable b>ri]s to ! savage1 s z to re/rict 8 brute =ce & uncultivat$ habits spread+1 :ile !y =m easily-trav]s$ highways to ! m civilis$ nations1 enabl+ !m to spread _! civilisation )\t contam9ation to !mselves1 b to ! advancem5t ( o!rs4 ,! oceans are n[ navigat$ by ?\s&s ( vessels engag$ 9 m]cantile objects1 & x is p]fectly a/oni%+ ) :at rapidity & safety ^! great tracts ( wat] are cross$4 ,9 "o ( ,*amb]s's ,pap]s = ! ,p1 call$ ,ocean ,r\tes1 is ! foll[+1 speak+ ( ! p]fect+ ( ! /eam-vessel3-- ,! regul>ity1 spe$1 & safety ) :i* ! voyages ( ^! vessels 7 made1 soon po9t$ !m out z ! be/ conveyance bo? = pass5g]s & ! mails4 ,9 #ahba !y 7 employ$ on ! latt] s]vice betwe5 ,dubl9 & ,holyhead1 & betwe5 ,calais & ,dov]2 & n[1 ) few exceptions1 all ! *annel & ocean-"w ( ! ,po/-,(fice is done by /eam]s1 & all ! pass5g]s & mu* ( ! goods' traffic betwe5 ! p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 h be5 )9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury transf]r$ to !m4 ,aft] ! /eamboat _h ?us pass$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( infancy & *ildhood--_h tri$ its /r5g? on ,engli% riv]s1 9 ! ,iri% ,sea1 & 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel--m5 began to ask1 0 x n /rong en\gh & old en\gh to d m8 ,c\ld x n cross an ocean z well z a *annel--take lett]s & m51 & m]*&ise to ,am]ica1 ,india1 & ,au/ralia1 z well z to ,irel& & ,france8 ,9 ?is "q 7 involv$ consid]ations ( ! highe/ importance to all ! _w1 b p>ticul>ly to ?is c\ntry1 = no o!r c\ntry has su* ext5sive =eign possessions z ,great ,brita91 or c>ries on su* an ext5sive trade4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all ! colonies plant$ by ! ,briti% rema9 p>ts ( ! empire1 :ile ,spa9 & ,portugal h lo/ ne>ly all ^? ri* t]ritories1 ext5d+ ov] ! faire/ portion ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 t at "o "t ackn[l$g$ ! sway ( ! h\ses ( ,b\rbon & ,braganza4 ,! =eign possessions ( ,france are insignificant1 &1 ( ! o!r nations ( ,europe1 ! ,dut* alone possess a t]ritory abroad great] ?an !y h at home4444 ,! pr\d position ( ,brita9 among ! nations1 ! necessities ( h] =eign trade1 & ! wants ( h] colonies & dep5d5cies1 ap>t f all o!r consid]ations1 r5d]$ x fitt+ & natural t %e %\ld lead ! way 9 m>itime ent]prise1 & tea* ! nations h[ to navigate ! ocean by /eam4 ,nor has %e fail$ 9 ?is high task2 =1 )9 ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s1 s9ce ! "q 0 fir/ propos$1 %e has e/abli%$ l9es ( gigantic /eam-vessels t are n[ trav]s+ ) regul>ity & safety e ocean1 /eam+ altoge!r m ?an a million & a qu>t] miles e ye>1 & di/ribut+ lett]s & newspap]s all ov] ! _w1 at a co/ to ! c\ntry ( ab\t #fej1jjj p] annum4 ,! rapidity & ease ) :i* ?\s&s ( troops 7 lately convey$ to ! ,crimea & ,india1 toge!r ) all _! /ores1 horses1 c41 =m "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful feats ( ocean navigation ev] p]=m$1 & po9t out ! beauty ( ^? arrangem5ts :i* enable man to trav]se ! :ole e>?1 :e!r by l& or by wat]1 s t x may fairly be said t ! civilisation ( ! _w dep5d$ & /ill dep5ds ^u ! wat]s4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,organic ,,k+doms ,,( ,,nature4 ,! =ego+ descriptions ref] to ! great works ( ,god z se5 9 ^? creations :i* possess n t mo/ wond]ful attribute--life4 ,!re is no limit 9 ext5t1 9 quality1 or 9 numb]1 to ^! works2 _! ext5sion appe>s to be inf9ite2 _! magnitudes are l>ge or small1 j z we comp>e !m "o ) ! o!r4 ,?is e>? is an enorm\s mass1 contemplat$ 9 comp>ison ) ourselves1 b an insignificant speck :5 comp>$ ) ! sun1 & !re are c]ta9 laws1 *emical & me*anical1 :i* gov]n !m all--heat1 light1 & electricity p]meate all ! inf9ity ( space--attraction exi/s ev]y:]e4 ,!re are no individual exi/5ces among !m2 all are made up ( matt] comb9$ accord+ to c]ta9 def9ite *emical laws1 & always ob$i5t to !m "u ! same conditions--mov+ accord+ to c]ta9 me*anical laws1 & always ob$i5t to !m4 ,! ,creator :o made ^! lifeless masses made also ! laws to regulate !m2 b1 besides ^!1 x has pleas$ ,him to =m c]ta9 o!r creatures n = an in/ant to be comp>$ 9 size or quantity ) ! =m]1 & made up also ( c]ta9 *emical comp\nds ob$i5t to ! me*anical & *emical laws1 ) "o m addition1 t unkn[n1 inexplicable attribute--life4 ,?is wond]ful quality exi/s 9 all organic be+s2 !y obta9 by x individual id5tity2 !y are :ole creatures--imp]fect ) any "p tak5 away1 also imp]fect ) any addition4 ,clay is clay1 9 any quality or =m2 iron is iron1 :e!r a gra9 or a ton2 b a tree is only a tree :5 x is complete4 ,we _c say "s tree1 z we w\ld "s clay1 x mu/ be a tree1 or sev]al trees1 ea* a sep>ate & complete exi/5ce--p]fect 9 itself--made up ( solids & fluids1 & possess+ c]ta9 attributes1 namely1 a con/ant circulation ( its fluid p>ts1 a con/ant appropriation ( food & rejection ( wa/e matt]s--gr[? !reby to a c]ta9 def9ite =m1 & 9 _m a def9ite size1 toge!r ) ! production ( g]ms1 capable1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ( produc+ be+s exactly simil> to !mselves4 ,?is con/itutes organic life1 & is possess$ by all vegetables4 ,animal life is exactly ! same1 ) ! sup]-addition ( w or m9d 9 its mo/ p]fect /ate1 ( in/9ct or "s analog\s function 9 its l[] /ates1 or 9 q ! l[e/--a *emical & me*anical diff]5ce only1 su* z %all det]m9e ! *oice ( food & mode ( assimilat+ x4 ,?is diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! vegetable fe$+ ^u inorganic food1 & ! animal on food :i* has receiv$ ! /amp ( organisation4 ,creatures possess+ life1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 are call$ organisms4 ,x is f\nd t ^! organisms are made up ( c]ta9 atoms unit$ 9 l>g] multiples ?an 9 inorganic sub/ances1 :i* are ei!r simple or comp\nd$ ( b few atoms2 ?us wat] is compos$ 7e atom ( x7 ( "o atom oxyg51 unit$ to two ( hydrog54 ,common salt 7e atom ( x7 is compos$ ( "o atom ( ! metal sodium ) "o atom ( *lor9e4 ,*alk is comp\nd$ ( "o atom ( calcium 9 union ) "o ( oxyg51 & ?is unit$ to "o atom ( c>bonic acid1 itself compos$ ( "o atom ( c>bon ) two ( oxyg54 ,b organic comp\nds are (t5 made up ( f\r or six elem5ts1 unit$ 9 multiples ( _! usual comb9+ quantities4 ,?us1 grape-sug> is made up 7e atom ( x7 ( #bd atoms ( c>bon1 #bh ( hydrog5 & #bh ( oxyg52 ^! #gh atoms unite & =m "o comp\nd atom1 ( :i* ! sug> is :olly comp\nd$1 & ?us1 f su* a complex nature1 x happ5s t mo/ organic comp\nds are decompos$ by ev5 a mod]ate degree ( heat--all by a heat equal to r$-hot iron4 ,f ^! facts1 x may be !re=e /at$1 t all organisms are complete 9 !mselves1 h def9ite lives or exi/5ces1 appropriate c]ta9 matt]s to !mselves1 gr[ !reby1 & are comp\nd$ ( organic atoms4 ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+dom4 ,illu/ration ,,quantity1 ,,di/ribution1 ,,& ,,(fices ,,( ,,! ,,vegetable4 ,9 contemplat+ nature !re are few ?+s :i* give m delight ?an ! beauty & v>iety ( ! vegetation :i* clo!s ! surface ( ! e>?1 :e!r x be t we contemplate ! grassy cov]+ ( ! pla9s ( ! ,old ,_w1 or ! imm5se prairies ( ! ,new1 spread+ out z x 7 into seas ( grass1 & giv+ food & %elt] to ?\s&s ( wild animals2 or gaze ^u ! rocky height ( "s va/ m\nta9 range1 & see ! gigantic oak or p9e1 =m+ by _! wide-spread %ades ! solemn =e/ :i* ext5ds = miles b5ea? u1 & :i* =ms a %elt] = ! v>i\s tribes ( birds1 monkeys1 & o!r animals1 to :om x is a home ( happ9ess & pl5ty--"u e aspect ! contemplation ( nature's clo?+ fills ! m9d ) awe & admiration4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ m refre%+ to ! m9d ?an ! contemplation ( trees & %rubs congregat$ into a wood1 ! floor ( :i* is c>pet$ ) mosses & fl[]s1 :]e ! gigantic & gn>l$ trunks ( ! =e/ trees cov]$ ) _m-col\r$ li*5s />t+ up all r\nd1 circumscribe ! view1 :ile ! wide-spread+ b\ghs & ! leafy canopy ov]head exclude ! sun's rays4 ,x is "h t "o views nature 9 h] pure/ =ms & col\rs1 unt\*$ by ! de/roy+ h& ( artificial arrangem5t4 ,! imm5se prepond]ance ( ! vegetable ov] ! animal _w 9 quantity comp5sates some:at = ! sup]ior organisation & ! intellig5ce ( ! latt]1 :i* mu/ be /udi$ 9 ! individual1 :ile ! vegetable _w1 :i* c be contemplat$ 9 ! mass1 almo/ ov]:elms ! imag9ation ) its va/ness4 ,x is inde$ impossible to compute ! am\nt ( vegetation 9 ! great =e/s ( ,am]ica & ,russia 79 :i* latt] c\ntry are ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w71 cov]+ hundr$s1 nay ?\s&s1 ( squ>e miles ) "o cont9u\s gr[? ( timb]4 ,t =e/ 9 ,russia ?r\gh :i* ! riv] ,pe*ora fl[s1 ext5ds ov] a space ( #aej1jjj squ>e miles6 ,! :ole mass ( animat$ exi/5ce s9ks into insignificance :5 comp>$ 9 quantity ) ?is2 & :5 to ^! =e/-tracts are add$ ! ?\s&s ( squ>e miles ( grass & hea?s :i* gr[ 9 "s climates ) wond]ful luxuriance1 ! am\nt ( ! vegetable k+dom is at once plac$ beyond all comp>ison ) ! animal k+dom 9 po9t ( quantity4 ,coop]1 9 8 ,am]ican novels1 describes ! prairies z great seas ( grass ext5d+ z f> z ! eye c rea*1 & ris+ to a height ( #h or #aj feet2 & ,humboldt describes "s ( ! grasses on ! pla9s ( ! ,oronoco1 z be+ s gigantic t !y measure #ah feet f knot to knot1 & says ! ,indians use !m = bl[-pipes to %oot _! poison$ arr[s f4 ,&--z ?\gh x 7 n suffici5t t ! e>? %\ld br+ =? ev]y:]e all k9ds ( trees1 %rubs1 & grasses--! wat]s ( ! ocean itself are (t5 fill$ ) vegetable life2 9 "s tracks ! tangl$ sea-we$ 7,fucus ,natans7 is s d5se z to imp$e ! onw>d progress ( %ips = hundr$s ( miles toge!r4 ,humboldt1 9 8 ,views ( ,nature1 describ+ ! two great banks ( sea-we$1 says3 ,! two banks ( sea-we$1 toge!r ) ! transv]se b& unit+ !m1 con/itute ! ,s>gasso ,sea ( ! old] writ]s1 & collectively occupy an area equal to six or sev5 times t ( ,g]many4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,diatoma ,,vulg>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,v>i\s ,,diatomace4 ,nor is ?is ! only vegetation :i* ! great _w ( wat]s conta9s1 = if we desc5d f ! contemplation ( its l>g] memb]s we f9d !m ev5 surpass$ 9 quantity by o!rs ( su* extreme smallness1 t !y c only be se5 individually by means ( ! microscope1 b :i* exi/ 9 su* prodigi\s quantities t ! m9d c h>dly realise ! fact4 ,^! vegetable atoms h be5 s increas+ & deposit+ _! m9ute cov]+s at ! bottom ( mo/ p>ts ( ! ocean1 t = hundr$s ( miles _! b$s are compos$ ( no?+ else1 & x has be5 f\nd t mo/ ( ! great *anges on ! surface ( ! e>? h be5 effect$ by ^! m9ute creatures & _! companions ( ! animal _w2 = z we f9d *alk-d[ns & coral-reefs =m$ by ! rema9s ( microscopic animals1 s productions ( equal ext5t h be5 =m$ by ! smalle/ memb]s ( ! vegetable k+dom1 *iefly ! ,diatomace1 a race ( m9ute vegetable productions :i* propagate by sub-division & h ! p[] ( )draw+ e>?y matt]s f ! wat]s 9 :i* !y live1 :i* =ms a sort ( %ell or cov]+2 ?is %ell at _! dea? rema9s inde/ructible & gradually accumulates 9 ! b$ ( ! sea 7fig4 #a74 ,exam9ation ( ! v>i\s /rata ( ! e>? %[s t *a9s ( hills1 b$s ( m>l1 & almo/ e k9d ( soil1 :e!r sup]ficial or rais$ f a dep?1 consi/ 9 a great proportion ( ! e>?y rema9s ( ^! m9ute plants4 ,^! tracts ( l& 7 once ! b$s ( oceans :i* 7 ?us gradually fill$ up4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean are (t5 opaque & q br[n f ! multiplicity ( ^! creatures1 ! lead us$ on %ipbo>d = s\nd+ com+ up f ! bottom cov]$ ) :at appe>s to be mud1 b :i* on a microscopic exam9ation proves to be no?+ else ?an ! %ells ( ^! & alli$ species 7fig4 #b74 ,?us we f9d ! l& & ! wat]s are ev]y:]e full ( vegetable life2 ! air itself moreov] is s fill$ ) ! g]ms ( vegetable & animal creations1 t x is q impossible to exclude a portion s small t x %all n conta9 any2 9 pro( ( :i*1 any organic sub/ance set by = a few days 9 a vessel ev] s c>efully clos$1 is %ortly cov]$ ) a gr[? ( m\ld consi/+ ( fungi1 :i* "u ! microscope pres5t mo/ beautiful =ms & col\rs 7fig4 #c74 ,! cause ( ?is is a deposit f ! air ( ! spores or g]ms ( ^! creatures1 & ! nature ( ! decompos+ sub/ance into :i* !y fall (t5 det]m9es ! race or tribe :i* %all come to life & inhabit x1 %[+ pla9ly t b a few ( ^! only among _m come to maturity1 j z :5 a v>iety ( se$s are ?r[n on any p>ticul> k9d ( soil1 only ^? to :i* ! soil may be suitable come to p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;a a1 ,,m\ld ,,f ,,an ,,old ,,bone--b1 ,,m\ld ,,f ,,jam4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] 9 8 "w on ! microscope says3--,!re are sc>cely any microscopic objects m beautiful ?an "s ( ^? =ms ( m\ld or mildew :i* are s commonly f\nd gr[+ ^u ! surface ( jams & pres]ves1 especially :5 !y are view$ ) a l[ magnify+ p[] & by reflect$ light2 = !y pres5t !mselves z a =e/ ( /ems & bran*es ( extremely v>i$ & elegant =ms1 load$ ) fruit ( s+ul> delicacy ( con=mation1 all gli/5+ brightly on a d>k gr\nd4 ,! univ]sality ( ! appe>ance ( ^! simple =ms ( fungi ^u all spots fav\rable to _! developm5t1 has giv5 rise to ! belief t !y are spontane\sly produc$ by decay+ sub/ances1 b !re is no occasion = ?is mode ( acc\nt+ = x1 s9ce ! extraord9>y means adopt$ by nature = ! production & diffusion ( ! g]ms ( ^! plants adequately suffices to expla9 ! facts ( ! case4 ,! numb] ( sporules :i* any "o fungus may develope is almo/ incalculable2 a s+le individual ( ! puff-ball tribe1 has be5 comput$ to s5d =? no few] ?an t5 millions4 ,& _! m9ut5ess is su* t !y are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! air 9 ! f9e/ possible du/1 s t x is difficult to conceive ( a place f :i* !y %\ld be exclud$4 ,pure wat] expos$ to ! air does n af=d n\ri%m5t to ! g]ms :i* fall into x till a suffici5t numb] ( !m %all h be5 deposit$ to =m a food = ^? :i* come aft] !m2 b if we mix ) ! wat] any soluble vegetable or animal matt]1 9 a %ort "t ! microscope w detect ! gr[? ( ! g]ms t are be+ deposit$1 = :]e n\ri%m5t is1 !re only c !y be develop$4 ,^! g]ms are capable ( exi/+ = an indef9ite p]iod1 ei!r float+ 9 ! wat]1 or bl[n ab\t by ! air1 & h be5 detect$ hundr$s ( miles f l&1 ! rigg+ & sails ( %ips f> away f %ore are (t5 cov]$ ) :at sailors suppose to be s& bl[n f ! l&1 b :i* are organic sub/ances1 ei!r vegetable or animal4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt1 ! ,r$ ,sea has d]iv$ its "n f ! fact t at c]ta9 seasons ! surface ( ! wat] has a r$di% appe>ance1 & ?is 7z he says7 he 0 =tunate en\gh to obs]ve1 :i* col\r he f\nd to be due to myriads ( r$ fungi :i* _h =m$ on ! surface4 ,! se$s ( "s plants are furni%$ ) m9ute w+s or plumes :i* cause !m to be borne on ! air or float$ on ! wat] 7fig4 #d71 to f]tilise "s b>r5 spot1 p]haps a coral reef :i* has at l5g? rea*$ ! surface ( ! wat] & :i* asc5ds no high]1 = ! little creatures :i* built x are aquatic & _c live expos$ to ! air2 ?is coral reef n[ becomes a receptacle = sea-we$ & fungi1 :i* float on ! surface ( ! ocean1 are wa%$ on to ! reef1 die1 decay1 & leave beh9d a ?9 lay] ( m\ld1 :i* process be+ repeat$ aga9 & aga91 =ms an elevat$ edge to ! reef1 enclos+ a lake or lagoon z x is call$1 ! wat]s ( :i* evaporate & ! space is fill$ up 9 ! same way z ! edge 0 =m$1 toge!r ) ! excrem5ts ( birds1 c41 =m+ lay] aft] lay] ( m\ld1 & ! surface becomes fit = ! gr[? ( l>g] se$s1 z ! cocoa-nut1 banana1 c41 :i* are drift$ on to x by ! waves2 9 ?is way a coral reef becomes an isl& fit to be inhabit$ by man & o!r animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,se$s ,,) ,,pappi4 ,! vegetable k+dom =ms a my/]i\s l9k betwe5 ! m9]al & animal k+doms1 & b9ds all creation into "o gr& & unspeakably beautiful :ole4 ,!re are c]ta9 sub/ances f :i* ! vegetable d]ives its n\ri%m5t1 namely wat]1 c>bonic acid1 & ammonia1 :i*1 ?\gh /rictly inorganic1 are yet n simple or elem5t>y sub/ances1 b consi/ ( pairs ( elem5ts comb9$4 ,?us wat] consi/s ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 c>bonic acid ( oxyg5 & c>bon1 & ammonia ( hydrog5 & nitrog54 ,all ^! alim5ts ( ! vegetable k+dom exi/ 9 ! air1 & 9 suffici5t quantities to supply all ! requirem5ts ( vegetation2 s t ! air1 toge!r ) a few metallic oxides 7salts7 d]iv$ f ! e>?1 furni%es food = ! :ole vegetable tribe1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 & ^! vegetables 9 _! turn supply all ! food :i* ! animal tribes consume1 = al?\gh "o animal fe$s ^u o!rs1 yet ^! mu/ previ\sly h d]iv$ _! n\ri%m5t f vegetable matt]4 ,vegetables n only supply food prop]ly s call$1 b likewise t :i* is ess5tial to respiration1 = besides sep>at+ all noxi\s excess ( c>bonic acid f ! air1 !y are an inexhau/ible s\rce ( oxyg51 ! elem5t ess5tial to respiration1 & consequ5tly animal life4 ,?is supply ( oxyg5 by vegetables comp5sates = t :i* is consum$ 9 respiration by animals1 & !reby ma9ta9s ! atmosph]e 9 a /ate prop] to be brea!d4 ,t plants d ?us absorb c>bonic acid & give out oxyg51 c be prov$ 9 ! mo/ c]ta9 mann]1 if ! gre5 p>ts ( a plant be plac$ 9 wat] hold+ c>bonic acid 9 solution1 & expos$ to sun%9e2 ! c>bonic acid w %ortly be f\nd to h disappe>$ f ! wat]1 :ile oxyg5 gas is evolv$ & c be collect$1 its quantity be+ exactly equal to ! c>bonic acid :i* ! wat] conta9$4 ,besides furni%+ food & oxyg5 = ! n\ri%m5t ( animals1 vegetables af=d a %elt] f ! burn+ rays ( ! sun 9 hot climates1 n only to man1 b to ^? hundr$s ( wild animals ^: prop] home is 9 ! =e/4 ,humboldt says he f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica =e/s compos$ ( su* close gr[?1 t x 0 q impossible ev5 = ! wild animals to p5etrate into !m1 except at a few places1 & t ! jagu> (t5 lives = weeks 9 ! trees )\t desc5d+ to ! gr\nd1 prey+ ^u ! monkey tribes & o!r animals1 :i* are f\nd 9 almo/ incr$ible numb]s !re2 & ,dr4 ,liv+/one ?us describes ! =e/s ( ,africa3--,! =e/s became m d5se z we w5t nor?4 ,we travell$ mu* m 9 ! deep gloom ( ! =e/ ?an 9 op5 sunlight4 ,no passage exi/$ on ei!r side ( ! n>r[ pa? made by ! axe4 ,l>ge climb+ plants entw9$ !mselves r\nd ! trunks & bran*es ( gigantic trees1 l boa-con/rictors1 & !y (t5 d con/rict ! trees by :i* !y rise1 &1 kill+ !m1 /& erect !mselves4 ,^! woods1 z well z ! grass & h]bage ( ! pla9s1 af=d an enorm\sly ext5d$ evaporat+ surface1 & act1 9 ! he>t ( hot c\ntries1 z inl& seas1 giv+ out cl\ds ( vap\r1 :i* asc5d & are cond5s$ 9 ! =m ( ra92 9 ?is way ! surface ( ! e>? is cool$1 ! fluid 7f> away f its prop] s\rce1 ! ocean7 is economis$ & f]tilises a great] space ( surface4 ,vegetation also acts 9 pres]v+ ! surface ( ! e>? f ^? ravages :i* bo? w9d & ra9 w\ld o!rwise effect2 ! great des]ts h be5 levell$ by ^! causes1 ! e>? n be+ ( a quality to support vegetation4 ,cattl9 says1 t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica he frequ5tly met ) great conical-%ap$ m\nds ( e>? devoid ( vegetation1 & :i* 7 fa/ be+ levell$ by ! ra9s1 at e fall ( :i* gullies 7 =m$ on _! sides1 d[n :i* ! mud p\r$ 9 /reams2 n[1 _h ^! be5 ( a quality to support a cov]+ ( grass1 _! size & =m w\ld h rema9$ un*ang$ = c5turies4 ,railway embankm5ts are (t5 s[n ) grass se$s1 to prev5t injury to !m1 especially :]e ?is cov]+ is n likely to come soon1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns4 ,?us x is se5 t ! vegetable k+dom f> exce$s ! animal 9 quantity1 t x is ev]y:]e di/ribut$1 t x af=ds n\ri%m5t & %elt] to animals1 pres]ves ! air fit = respiration1 keeps d[n ! excess ( heat1 & pres]ves ! =m ( ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,,mode ,,( ,,gr[?--,,ag5ts ,,affect+--,,con/itution ,,& ,,position ,,9 ,,creation4 ,! gre5 col\r ( plants is due to ! =mation & deposition 9 _! cells ( a peculi> comp\nd call$ *lorophyll1 & x is asc]ta9$ t ?is comp\nd is produc$ 9 ! plant 9 consequ5ce ( its exposure to light1 = no plant gr[n 9 ! d>k is gre51 b w become s :5 light is admitt$4 ,?is is %[n 9 _m cultivat$ vegetables1 z cel]y1 lettuces1 c41 9 :i* by bank+ up ! cel]y1 or ty+ toge!r ! lettuce1 ! light is exclud$1 & ! /alks ( ! "o & ! he>t-leaves ( ! o!r become mild & :ite1 :]eas ! same gr[n 9 a /ate ( nature are s gre5 & rank z to be almo/ poison\s4 ,! effects ( light & heat 9 fav\r+ vegetation be+ ne>ly always f\nd 9 union1 causes t :i* is really due to light (t5 to be attribut$ to heat1 z 9 ! gr[? ( tropical plants2 :]e bo? are comb9$1 !re w be ! greate/ p[]s ( vegetative gr[?4 ,! abs5ce ( light & air (t5 causes ! upw>d gr[? ( a plant to seek !m2 a curi\s in/ance ( ?is1 alt]+ ! habits ( a tree1 is m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,liv+/one1 :o says3-- ,z we trav]se a succession ( lawns & op5 =e/s1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve some?+ l in/9ct develop$ ev5 9 trees4 ,"o1 :i* :5 cut emits a milky juice1 & if met ) on ! op5 lawns gr[s z an ord9>y umbrage\s tree1 & %[s no disposition to be a climb]1 :5 gr[+ 9 a =e/ /ill takes ! same =m1 !n s5ds out a climb+ bran* :i* tw9es r\nd ano!r tree until x rises #cj or #dj feet1 or to ! level ( ! o!r trees1 & !re x spreads out a second cr[n1 :]e x c enjoy a fair %>e ( ! sun's rays4 ,9 p>ts ( ! =e/ /ill m d5se ?an ?is1 x assumes ! =m ( a climb] only1 & at once avails itself ( ! assi/ance ( a tall neighb\r1 by w9d+ vigor\sly r\nd x1 )\t attempt+ to =m a l[] head4 ,x does n succe$ s well z p>asites prop]1 b :5 =c$ to /ruggle = space1 x may be mi/ak5 = "o :i* is inv>iably a climb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,p9e ,,trees ,,on ,,m\nta9 ,,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,se$ ,,beg9n+ ,,to ,,gr[4 ,! abs5ce ( heat ) pl5ty ( light is %[n 9 ! vegetation ( m\nta9\s di/ricts1 :]e !re is great size1 b ! abs5ce ( leafy expansion1 z 9 ! p9e tribe 7fig4 #e74 ,:]e bo? light & heat are defici5t1 no?+ b fungi1 mosses1 & li*5s ( ! mo/ /unt$ nature w gr[4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ho?\ses prove t al?\gh tropical plants be suppli$ ) _! prop] am\nt ( heat1 yet )\t ! v greate/ supply ( light t c be obta9$1 !y d n come to any degree ( p]fection4 ,! influ5ce ( light is *iefly ^u ! leaves1 t ( heat ^u ! e>? & root1 :i* becomes m fully develop$4 ,:5 a se$ is plac$ 9 ! e>?1 moi/ure is absorb$ by x f ! e>?1 & a developm5t ( ! cells ( ! cellul> tissue ( :i* ! se$ is compos$ takes place1 & f ! peculi> nature ( ^! cells !y divide into two sets1 "o ( :i* passes upw>ds t[>ds ! light1 ! o!r passes d[nw>ds into ! e>?2 ^! la/ 7:i* pass d[nw>ds7 =m a fibre call$ ! radicle 7fig4 #f71 ^? :i* pass upw>ds =m also a /alk or fibre call$ ! plumule1 :i* c>ries up ) x a "p ( ! se$ call$ ! cotyl$on1 :i* 7l a leaf7 has ! p[] ( decompos+ ! c>bonic acid ( ! air & fix+ its c>bon 9 ! =m ( wood4 ,?is beg9s z soon z ! cotyl$on has rea*$ ! light1 & ?us ! =mation ( fibres ( woody matt] takes place1 :i* fibres desc5d f ! cotyl$on to ! radicle4 ,mean:ile ! =mation ( o!r cells ( ! plumule takes place1 until ! fir/ leaf is =m$1 :5 o!r fibres ( wood are s5t d[n1 & s on = e leaf1 s t ! numb] ( woody fibres :i* =m ! trunk ( a tree is 9 proportion to ! numb] ( leaves :i* t tree has borne1 f :i* we come to ! conclusion t ! size ( ! trunk ( a tree is ! sum ( all its bran*es4 ,:ile all ?is is go+ on1 ! cellul> tissue ( ! d[nw>d "p or radicle also becomes develop$ & divides out into roots1 on ! surface & at ! extremities ( :i* are m9ute cellul> bodies call$ spongioles 7f _! p[] ( absorb+ moi/ure71 :i* take up ! fluid ( ! e>? :i* surr\nds !m2 ?is moi/ure asc5ds ?r\gh ! vessels ( ! plant till x arrives at ! surface ( ! leaves1 :]e x is expos$ to ! action ( light & sun%9e4 ,! asc5t ( ! moi/ure ( ! e>? 0 fir/ correctly expla9$ by ,du ,tro*et1 & is ow+ to a peculi> p[] :i* he discov]$1 & :i* is call$ ,endosmose2 ?is consi/s 9 ! t5d5cy :i* a fluid has to p5etrate a membrane on ! o!r side ( :i* is a fluid ( great] d5sity ?an itself4 ,?is may be se5 by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 obta9 a piece ( glass tub+ ab\t a foot long1 hav+ ! end bl[n out into ! =m ( a bell1 z 9 fig4 #g1 tie a piece ( bladd] ov] ! exp&$ end & fill x p>tly ) syrup or gum-wat]1 s t ?is %all rise 9 ! /alk ab\t an in*2 place ?is 9 a glass ( wat] ) ! bladd] d[nw>ds1 & ! fluid w be se5 sl[ly to rise 9 ! /alk1 s t 9 p]haps an h\r x w rise to ! top4 ,?is app>atus resembles "o ( ! spongioles at ! extremity ( ! fibre ( a root4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,endosmose4 ,! ra9 fall+ ?r\gh ! air c>ries ) x a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>bonic acid & ammonia1 :i* ! air always conta9s1 & ?is is ! :ole s\rce ( ! nitrog5 :i* =ms a v important "p ( ! bodies ( plants & animals4 ,:5 ! ra9 arrives at ! surface ( ! e>?1 x s9ks d[n into x & c>ries ) x all soluble vegetable or animal matt] :i* x meets )1 toge!r ) any soluble e>?y matt] :i* may exi/ 9 ! soil2 ?is =ms ! sap ( ! tree4 ,:5 x arrives at ! surface ( ! leaf1 ! wat]y "p ( x comb9es ) ! c>bonic acid ( ! air 7?r\gh ! influ5ce ( light7 & appropriat+ its c>bon1 gives out ! oxyg52 ?is is ! true respiration ( plants1 & is exactly ! rev]se ( :at takes place dur+ ! respiration ( animals1 9 :i* case oxyg5 is absorb$ & c>bonic acid giv5 (f4 ,! c>bon ?us reta9$ by ! plant comb9es ) ! elem5ts ( ! wat] to =m ! solid gre5 sub/ance call$ *lorophyll1 :i* is ! basis ( all ! tissues ( ! plant1 ! ammonia is also decompos$1 & its nitrog5 comb9+ ) ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 ( ! wat]1 & ! c>bon ( ! c>bonic acid =ms ^? comp\nds :i* con/itute ! mo/ n\ri%+ p>ts ( vegetables1 su* z album51 glut51 c41 & ( :i* all ! animal tissues are built up1 = ! production ( ^! organic sub/ances takes place 9 ! vegetable only1 animals simply appropriat+ !m f _! food4 ,! sap :i* rea*es ! leaf is n all conv]t$ into *lorophyll1 b also into ^? peculi> juices :i* are f\nd 9 plants1 "s ( :i* conta9 sug>1 "s gum1 o!rs 7z ! p9e tribe7 turp5t9e1 & 9 ! laurel tribe camphor1 all ( :i* are sub/ances conta9+ mu* c>bon2 moreov] ! solid wood & b>k are deposit$ f ^! juices z !y desc5d f ! leaf aft] hav+ be5 act$ on by light 7or ! act9ic p[] associat$ ) x74 ,n[1 z ! wat]1 ammonia1 & c>bonic acid :i* desc5d ) ! ra9 are f ! air1 & z ! vegetable is =m$ :olly by _! absorption1 x may be fairly said t ! vegetable k+dom 7& !re=e ! animal7 fe$s ^u ! air1 & t ! trees d n gr[ out ( ! e>? b into x4 ,) respect to ! position :i* ! vegetable k+dom occupies 9 creation1 !re c be no d\bt t x is subord9ate to ! animal k+dom1 & takes a place betwe5 x & ! m9]al _w1 inasmu* z x prep>es food f ! "o k+dom & transf]s x to ! high]4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! vegetable & animal k+doms aid & support ea* o!r equally & mutually2 ?is is true ) respect to respiration1 b n z reg>ds nutrition1 = al?\gh 9 ! decomposition ( animal matt]s1 food is giv5 (f = ! vegetable1 yet !y are q indep5d5t ( ?is s\rce ( n\ri%m5t4 ,a =e/ ( trees w\ld be q z well n\ri%$ if !re 7 no animals1 b on ! o!r h& ! animal k+dom w\ld %ortly cease to exi/ if !re 7 no vegetables4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t ! l[e/ grades ( ! animal k+dom 7 high] ?an ! highe/ ( ! vegetable k+dom2 ?is is n /rictly true1 ! be/ way ( view+ ! connection betwe5 ! two k+doms is to approximate ! l[e/ ( ea*1 :5 x w be f\nd t our mo/ acute physiologi/s are only j beg9n+ to det]m9e _! di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] says3--,9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce x w\ld be v difficult1 & is p]haps impossible1 to lay d[n any def9ite l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two k+doms1 s9ce !re is no s+le "* by :i* ! animal or vegetable nature ( any organism c be te/$4 ,probably ! "o :i* is mo/ g5]ally applicable1 among ^? l[e/ organisms :i* mo/ closely approximate to "o ano!r1 is n1 z =m]ly suppos$1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( spontane\s motion1 b ! dep5d5ce ( ! be+ = n\ri%m5t ^u organic comp\nds already =m$1 :i* x takes 79 "s way or o!r7 into ! int]ior ( its body1 or its possession ( ! p[] ( obta9+ its own alim5t>y matt] by absorption f ! inorganic elem5ts on its ext]ior4 ,! =m] is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! animal k+dom z a :ole1 ! latt] is ! attribute ( ! vegetable4 ,bo? vegetables & animals beg9 ) a simple nucleat$ cell1 hav+ c]ta9 vital prop]ties1 a d\ble *a9 asc5ds f ?is simple type1 "o bran* ( :i* is develop$ m & m till x arrives at a p]fect vegetable1 & ! o!r bran* is develop$ till x arrives at a p]fect animal4 ,?us1 by ! addition ( di/9ctive & *>act]i/ic app5dages1 "o be+ acquires prop]ties reg>d$ z vegetable1 :ile by ! addition ( o!r app5dages equally *>act]i/ic1 ! o!r be+ obta9s ^? prop]ties :i* cause x to rank z an animal2 b x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ?is t all organic =ms h be5 a simple cell at "s =m] p]iod1 b t !re are two classes ( organic be+s1 ! vegetable & ! animal1 & t ea* embraces =ms1 rang+ f a simple cell to ! highe/1 & t ea* ( ^! =ms 7f ! l[e/ to ! highe/7 is & always 01 f _! fir/ creation1 ! same z !y n[ are1 9 individual %ape & size4 ,"s ( ! l[] memb]s ( ! animal k+dom resemble ! high] memb]s ( ! vegetable k+dom1 bo? 9 outw>d appe>ance & 9 intimate /ructure2 ,dr4 ,d>w91 :o wrote sc>ce half-a-c5tury ago1 says t a tree %\ld no m be consid]$ z "o plant ?an a bran* ( coral z "o animal1 = z x is f\nd t 9 ! coral hundr$s ( sep>ate be+s exi/ associat$ 9 "o habitation1 s 7he says7 %\ld e bud on a tree be consid]$ z a sep>ate be+4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 "o ( our mo/ em95t physiologi/s1 seems 9 a great measure to fav\r ?is idea4 ,he says3 ,! radiata possess _m po9ts ( aff9ity ) ! vegetable k+dom1 & ( ^! ! circul> arrangem5t ( _! p>ts is "o ( ! mo/ evid5t4 ,_m species ( sea-anemones1 = in/ance1 pres5t an appe>ance s mu* resembl+ t ( v>i\s composite fl[]s1 z to h be5 commonly t]m$ animal-fl[]s1 a designation to :i* !y seem fur!r entitl$ f ! small am\nt ( s5sibility !y manife/1 & ! evid5t influ5ce ( light ^u _! op5+ & clos+4 ,b x is 9 ! t5d5cy to ! production ( comp\nd fabrics1 ea* conta9+ a numb] ( individuals1 :i* h ! p[] ( exi/+ indep5d5tly1 b :i* are to a c]ta9 degree connect$ ) "o ano!r1 t we recognise ! greate/ aff9ity 9 /ructure betwe5 ?is gr\p & ! vegetable k+dom4 ,e tree is made up ( a l>ge numb] ( buds compos$ ( leaves arrang$ r\nd a common axis2 ea* bud has ! p[] ( pres]v+ its own life & reproduc+ ! orig9al /ructure :5 remov$ f ! p>5t /em1 if plac$ 9 circum/ances fav\rable to its gr[?1 & yet all are connect$ 9 ! gr[+ tree by a sy/em ( vessels :i* =m a communication betwe5 !m4 ,?is is precisely ! nature ( ^? /ructures :i* are =m$ by ! animals ( ! class t may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! gr\p4 ,e mass ( coral is ! skeleton ( a comp\nd animal1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( polypes1 connect$ toge!r by a s(t fle% 9 :i* vessels are *annell$ out2 ! polypes are capable ( exi/+ sep>ately1 s9ce ea* "o1 :5 remov$ f ! re/1 c 9 "t produce a massive comp\nd fabric l t ( its p>5t1 b !y all contribute to ! ma9t5ance ( ! composite /ructure s long z !y are 9 connection ) x4 ,9 "s in/ances ! skeleton is /ony1 & is =m$ by ! deposition ( calc>e\s matt] ei!r 9 ! c5tre ( ea* fle%y column1 s z to =m a solid /em1 or on its ext]ior s z to =m a tube4 ,9 o!r cases x is horny1 & !n x may be a flexible axis 9 a delicate tube4 ,bo? ! /ony & horny corals (t5 possess ! =m ( plants or trees1 & z _! skeletons are (t5 f\nd ) no obvi\s traces ( ! animals to :i* !y belong1 !y h be5 acc\nt$ vegetable gr[?s4 ,,description ,,( ,a ,,vegetable ,,& ,,its ,,p>ts4 ,z has be5 said be=e1 x is extremely difficult to make any di/9ction betwe5 ! l[] tribes ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 & physiologi/s are n yet agre$1 ) respect to "s memb]s1 z to :i* k+dom !y belong4 ,_! :ole sub/ance is made up ( cellul> tissue1 & !re are b few di/9ctions ( p>ts1 =m+ g5]ally a broad foliace\s expansion call$ ! ?allus1 z 9 li*5s & sea-we$s1 or a sort ( root compos$ ( fibres & call$ ! mycelium1 z 9 ! fungi4 ,b1 a v few /eps high]1 ! di/9ctive *>act]s become s evid5t t !y are impossible to be mi/ak51 ! foll[+ description w !re=e apply to vegetables ( ! m elevat$ "*1 su* z trees or fl[]+ plants4 ,plants are fix$ to ! e>?1 & receive n\ri%m5t f x by imbib+ its liquids1 :i* circulat+ upw>ds ?r\gh ! por\s /ructure ( ! plant itself1 & becom+ expos$ to ! air 9 ! leaves1 attract to !mselves n\ri%m5t f t s\rce also4 ,! "p ( a plant :i* gr[s into ! e>? is call$ ! root2 ?is has a v>iety ( =ms1 9 "s x is bran*$ l ! upp] "p1 & ^! bran*es divide into rootlets or fibres p5etrat+ deep into ! gr\nd1 & absorb+ n\ri%m5t 9 all directions1 b ?is absorption does n take place f ! :ole surface ( ! root b f spots cov]+ x1 & f ! slightly exp&$ ends ( ! fibres1 ^! portions are =m$ ( new & por\s cellul> tissue1 & are call$ spongioles4 ,! "p ( plants :i* spr+s upw>ds f ! e>? is call$ ! /em1 if l>ge ! trunk1 ?is divides into bran*es & twigs2 /ems 9 "s cases cont9ue = a di/ance m or less und]gr\nd4 ,! "p ( a potato plant1 usually call$ ! root1 & f :i* ! tub]s or potatoes gr[1 is 9 reality an und]gr\nd /em1 & ! fibres :i* spr+ f x are ! roots2 ! und]gr\nd suck]s ( m9t are also portions ( /em1 & 9 "s cases ^! are greatly exp&$1 !y !n obta9 ! names ( tub]s 7z ! potato71 or corm1 z 9 ! crocus & mead[ saffron2 :5 ! /em is ?9 & runs along ! gr\nd1 s5d+ 9 roots at int]vals 7z 9 ! /rawb]ry71 x is call$ a runn]1 :5 ?ick] & runn+ horizontally "u ! gr\nd1 x is call$ a rhizome4 ,! /em consi/s ( a c5tral portion1 ei!r made up ( long bundles ( woody fibre runn+ side by side1 z 9 ! endog51 or deposit$ 9 r+s & hav+ a c5tral cyl9d] ( pi?1 z 9 ! exog54 ,9 ^! ! wood at ! c5tral "p 7or ! olde/7 is call$ duram51 or he>t-wood1 :ile t at ! out] "p or ne>e/ to ! b>k 7! newe/71 is call$ alburnum or sap-wood4 ,! =m] is ! h>d] & ! latt] ! s(t] portion4 ,f ! pi? 9 ! c5tre1 ?r\gh ! woody "p1 rays or lam9 ( cellul> tissue simil> to t :i* con/itutes ! pi? itself1 are s5t outw>ds ?r\gh ! woody r+s to ! inn] "p ( ! b>k1 :i* !y =m2 ^! are call$ m$ull>y rays1 & may be se5 9 wood :i* has be5 cut across ! gra91 !y are (t5 call$ ! silv] gra91 & are v evid5t 9 oak1 bee*1 & elm1 ! inn] "p ( ! b>k is call$ ! lib]4 ,! b>k itself is made ( cellul> tissue dri$ & h>d5$ by age2 ! out] portion 7call$ ! epid]mis7 is 9 _m cases %$1 & may be con/antly se5 hang+ loosely f ! b>k ( ! bir* & o!r trees 9 loose :ite silv]y portions4 ,! out] "p ( ! b>k ( "s trees is s l>gely develop$ z to be ( consid]able ?ickness1 ?is is especially ! case 9 ! ,cork oak 7,qu]cus sub]71 :i* is ! cork ( comm]ce4 ,! b>k _c /ret* z ! circumf]5ce ( ! tree increases1 x is !re=e split up & crack$1 :i* acc\nts = ! r\gh /ate ( x on ^? trees :i* d n %$ ! out] "p4 ,! *ief app5dage ( ! bran*es1 is call$ a leaf1 x gr[s f a small projection call$ a leaf-bud1 :i* conta9s ! leaf roll$ up4 ,! me?od 9 :i* ?is occurs is diff]5t 9 diff]5t plants1 9 "s x is fold$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 9 o!rs d\bl$ up ) ! opposite leaf alt]nately1 & 9 v>i\s =ms 9 o!r plants4 ,! leaf consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! /alk 7petiole7 & ! blade 7lam9a72 ! blade is ( diff]5t =ms1 & has ribs & ve9s cov]+ x1 9 "s ( a reticulat$ or network patt]n1 ^! belong to ! exog51 & 9 o!rs runn+ p>allel1 :i* is ! k9d ( v5ation f\nd 9 ! leaves ( ! endog54 ,:5 leaves are plac$ on a /alk1 !y are said to be petiolate1 :5 )\t "o1 sessile4 ,:5 leaves are n sep>at$ into diff]5t portions 7al?\gh !y may be mu* not*$7 !y are said to be simple1 z 9 ! oak or will[1 b :5 divid$ into sep>ate portions1 z 9 ! a%1 !y are said to be comp\nd4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief =ms ( leaves1 nam$ accord+ to v>iations ( _! sev]al p>ts3 ,illu/ration3 ,,dep5d+ ,,on ,,=m4 ,lanceolate 7,privet74 ,ovate 7,fu*sia fulg5s74 ,oblong 7,primrose74 ,cordate 7,:ite ,bryony74 ,palmate 7,v9e74 ,illu/ration3 ,,dep5d+ ,,on ,,m>g9 ,,& ,,arrangem5t4 ,s]rate 7,rose74 ,bis]rate 7,elm74 ,cr5ate 7,betony74 ,entire 7,lilac74 ,digitate 7,lup974 ,p9nate 7,vet*74 ,bip9nate 7,acacia74 ,p9natifid 7,crepis74 ,t]nate 7,clov]74 ,bit]nate 7,columb9e74 ,illu/ration3 ,,dep5d+ ,,on ,,po9t4 ,obtuse 7,dock74 ,mucronate 7,holly74 ,retuce 7,sn[ball74 ,em>g9ate 7,bladd] ,s5na74 ,at ! base ( _m leaves are a pair ( scales call$ /ipules2 ! petiole or leaf-/alk is g5]ally cyl9drical1 b frequ5tly triangul>1 & 9 grasses x is flat & surr\nds ! /em1 ?is is call$ a %ea?2 :5 leaves are n>r[ & n exp&$ into a lam9a1 z 9 ! p9e tribe1 !y are said to be acicul>4 ,! /alks :i* be> ! fl[]s are call$ p$icels1 at ! base ( :i* are a pair ( scales call$ bracts2 :5 ^! are l>ge & exp&$1 s z to enclose ! fl[]s1 !y are call$ spa!s 7?is is se5 9 ! arum71 & :5 !re are a numb] ( fl[]-/alks aris+ f "o po9t ! bracts !re collect$ are call$ an involucre4 ,a fl[] consi/s ( sev]al p>ts1 ! out]mo/ gre5 scales1 compos+ a set1 are call$ ! calyx1 & ea* "p ( x1 is call$ a sepal1 )9 ?is is ! corolla or t col\r$ "p :i* =ms ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! fl[]1 ea* "p ( ! corolla is call$ a petal2 :5 ! corolla consi/s ( b "o piece1 x is call$ monopetal\s1 & :5 ( _m1 polypetal\s4 ,! =ms ( corolla v>y accord+ to ! =m & ! mode 9 :i* ! petals are plac$1 :e!r unit$ or sep>at$1 & to :at ext5t1 :e!r regul> or irregul>2 ! mo/ usual =ms are ! foll[+3-- ,illu/ration3 ,campanulate 7,bell-%ap$71 ,cant]bury ,bell4 ,rotate 7,:eel-%ap$71 ,woody ,night%ade4 ,hypocrat]i=m 7,salv]-%ap$71 ,phlox4 ,infundibuli=m 7,funnel-%ap$71 ,tobacco4 ,labiate 7,hav+ ,lips71 ,bugle4 ,r+5t 7,gr9n+71 ,sage4 ,galeate 7,helmet-%ap$71 ,monk's-hood4 ,pappilonace\s 7,l a ,butt]fly71 ,sweet ,pea4 ,cruciate 7,l a ,cross71 ,cuckoo-fl[]4 ,)9 ! corolla are plac$ ! /am5s 7male reproductive organs7 ^! consi/ g5]ally ( two p>ts1 ! head & /alk1 ! =m] call$ ! an!r & ! latt] ! filam5t1 :i* la/ is sometimes abs5t1 & ! an!r is said to be sessile2 on ! surface ( ! an!r is ! poll5 or f]tilis+ du/4 ,)9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[] is ! pi/il 7female reproductive organ71 ?is consi/s ( "o or sev]al cells call$ ov>ies1 f ! pi/il a tube rises1 hav+ an exp&$ end call$ ! /igma1 x is by ! application ( ! poll5 du/ to ?is /igma t ! ov>ies are f]tilis$1 & ! v>i\s insects1 especially bees1 :o seek = honey1 %ake (f by _! movem5ts ! poll5 f ! an!rs & cause x to be appli$ to ! /igma1 ?us unconsci\sly p]=m+ a necess>y (fice = ! plant :ile !y rob x ( t only :i* is n requir$4 ,! /am5s are sometimes sep>ate1 sometimes b\nd up into "o or m bundles1 & are plac$ 9 v>i\s situations1 names are giv5 to describe su* arrangem5ts z foll[s3-- ,/am5s 9 "o bundle1 ,monadelph\s4 ,/am5s 9 two bundles1 ,diadelph\s4 ,/am5s 9 m ?an two bundles1 ,polyadelph\s4 ,filam5ts plac$ directly bel[ ! pi/il1 ,hypogyn\s4 ,plac$ ^u ! sides ( ! calyx1 ,p]igyn\s4 ,on ! sides ( ! corolla1 ,epipetal\s4 ,on ! top ( ! ov>y1 ,epigyn\s4 ,:5 ! ov>ies are f]tilis$ ! fl[] dies & !y beg9 to enl>ge & rip5 to =m ! fruit1 :i* is ! pi/il enl>g$1 & conta9s ! ovules rip5$ into se$s4 ,! fruits ( diff]5t plants are kn[n by v>i\s names accord+ to ! /ate ( developm5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts compos+ !m4 ,if ! ripe fruit split op5 s z to let out ! se$s 7z 9 ! common pea7 x is call$ dehisc5t1 if x d n s split 7z 9 ! apple7 x is said to be indehisc5t2 ! out] "p ( fruit is call$ ! p]ic>p1 & ?is may be s(t & fle%y z 9 ! apple or *]ry1 or h>d z 9 ! filb]t4 ,! foll[+ are ! names ( ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( fruit3-- ,illu/ration3 ,pome 7,apple74 ,gl& 7,acorn74 ,legume 7,pea74 ,/obule 7,hop74 ,drupe 7,plum74 ,b]ry 7,currant74 ,capsule 7,poppy74 ,siliqua 7,%eph]d's ,purse1 ,wallfl[]74 ,et]io 7,/rawb]ry74 ,nut 7,hazel-nut74 ,c>yopsis 7,:eat74 ,! se$ is ! ovule rip5$1 x conta9s ! g]m ( ! future plant1 call$ ! embryo1 ! out] "p ( ! se$ is call$ ! te/a1 & ! space betwe5 ?is & ! embryo is g5]ally fill$ ) />*y matt] call$ ! album54 ,! embryo consi/s ( ! plumule or /em1 ! radicle or root1 & ! cotyl$ons or leaves ( ! future plant2 :5 ! se$ has b "o cotyl$on x is call$ monocotyl$on\s & :5 x has two dicotyl$on\s4 ,fl[]s are arrang$ 9 v>i\s ways ^u ! plants :i* produce !m1 & receive names accord+ly2 ! :ole arrangem5t ( fl[]s is call$ ! infloresc5ce4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal =ms ( infloresc5ce3-- ,illu/ration3 ,hemlock4 ,! ,,umbel1 9 :i* all ! fl[]-/alks 7p$icels7 radiate f "o po9t1 z 9 ! c>rot 7daucus c>ota74 ,umbels are sometimes comp\nd1 t is1 ! fl[]s are plac$ 9 umbels at ! end ( /alks !mselves radiat+ f a po9t & s =m+ an umbel1 z 9 ! ,hemlock 7,conium maculatum74 ,illu/ration3 ,planta94 ,! ,,spike1 is t k9d ( inflores5ce 9 :i* all ! fl[]s are seat$ )\t /alks ^u a g5]al p$uncle or axis1 z 9 ! ,planta9 7,plantago m$ia71 9 :i* ! spike is entire1 or z ! ,lav5d] 7,lav&ula ,v]a71 9 :i* ! spike is int]rupt$1 t is1 ! infloresc5ce is n cont9u\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,hazel ,,catk91 or ,,am5tum1 is ! same z a spike1 b 9 :i* ! fl[]s are imp]fectly develop$1 z 9 ! ,hazel 7,corylus71 ,will[ 7,salix71 ,:ite ,popl> 7,populus ,alba71 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat]-cress ,! ,,raceme has ! infloresc5ce plac$ along a common axis or c5tre1 ! same z a spike1 b ) ! fl[]s plac$ ^u /alks in/ead ( be+ sessile1 z 9 ,wat]-cress 7,na/urtium (fic9ale7 & ,r$ ,currant 7,ribes rubrum74 ,illu/ration3,c&y-tuft ,! ,,corymb is a =m ( infloresc5ce pretty mu* ! same z raceme1 b ! fl[]s ( :i* proce$ upw>ds till !y are all on a level1 z 9 ,c&y-tuft 7,ib]is74 ,illu/ration3 ,creep+ ,s(t ,grass4 ,! ,,panicle1 ! same z ! raceme1 b hav+ ! fl[] /alks !mselves divid$ into bran*es1 z 9 ,creep+ ,s(t ,grass 7,holcus mollis74 ,?is & ! spike are ! mo/ usual =m ( infloresc5ce f\nd among grasses1 9 _m ( :i* ! panicle1 h[ev]1 is (t5 contract$ almo/ to a spike4 ,illu/ration3 ,eld]4 ,! ,,cyme1 ?is resembles ! panicle %ort5$ 9 su* a mann] z to become flatt5$ or almo/ corymbose1 z 9 ! ,eld] ,tree 7,sambucus nigra71 9 :i* !re are five pr9cipal /alks ( infloresc5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,*amomile4 ,,capitulum1 9 :i* ! fl[]s arise f a broad r\nd head or receptacle z 9 ! composite fl[]s1 su* z ,*amomile 7,an!mis nobilis72 9 su* fl[]s ! />-l ray ( florets are call$ ! florets ( ! ray1 & ^? compos+ ! c5tre ! florets ( ! disc4 ,illu/ration3 ,arum4 ,! ,,spadix is t =m ( infloresc5ce 9 :i* ! exp&$ bract1 call$ a spa!1 =ms a sort ( %ea? inclos+ ! fl[]s4 ,?is spa! is :ite 9 ! example giv51 & is (t5 mi/ak5 = "p ( ! fl[] itself1 z 9 ! ,wake-rob9 or ,arum 7,arum maculatum74 ,! vegetable k+dom is divid$ into ?ree great natural families1 ! ,acrog51 ! ,endog51 & ! ,exog54 ,! acrog5\s plants are ^? :i* z a g5]al rule h nei!r bran*es1 leaves1 nor fl[]s2 !y are almo/ :olly made up ( cellul> tissue1 & are _m ( !m s m9ute t !y are q invisible individually to ! unassi/$ eye1 & are among ! mo/ wond]ful works ( ! ,creator1 hav+ an am\nt ( beauty 9 =m & elaboration ( ornam5t be/[$ on !m1 q equal to any?+ among ! high] & l>g] creations1 & yet "s ( ^! are s small t t5s ( millions may be plac$ 9 ! space ( a cubic in*1 ( su* are ! ,diatomace & ,desmidiace4 ,! acrog5s take an imm5se range 9 ! scale ( organisation1 f ! f]ns 7:i* appe> b little inf]ior to ! exog5 or endog51 h /ems & leaves1 & 9 "s cases1 z 9 hot & moi/ climates1 assume ! size & =m ( a tree71 to ! v l[e/ /ate ( vegetable exi/5ce1 consi/+ ( simple cells unit+ into /r+s or =m+ simple ?reads1 su* z ! gre5 alg :i* =m on /agnant wat]s & damp gr\nd or wood-"w1 & ! m\ld or mildew :i* =ms on all decompos+ sub/ances4 ,! g5]al "n = ^! acrog5s1 cryptogamia1 :i* has be5 9 use = a long "t & is commonly /ill us$1 indicates t ! reproductive organs are invisible1 h5ce ! expression us$ by "o ( ,%akespe>e's *>act]s1 ,we h ! secret ( f]n se$1 we walk invisible2 b ?is is n really ! case1 = ! sorri at ! back ( f]n-leaves1 are vessels fill$ ) spore cases ea* hav+ a numb] ( angul> se$s )9 x2 ! l[] tribes ( ! acrog5s d n commonly gr[ f se$ b by an ext5sion ( _! sev]al p>ts by ! developm5t ( ! cells ( :i* !y are compos$1 & by _! sep>ation into portions4 ,few ( ?is tribe h any?+ l true woody texture1 except _! highe/ ord]1 ! f]ns1 :i* =m "s ( ! mo/ beautiful objects 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,few ( ! family ( acrog5s are ( mu* direct use to man1 ! mu%room tribes are v g5]ally eat5 :]e !y ab\nd1 ! li*5s ( ! arctic regions =m ! food ( ! re9de] 7! greate/ fri5d ( man 9 ^! cold climes7 z well z1 9 "p1 ! food ( man himself2 b al?\gh ^! l[ly plants s]ve man b little1 directly1 !re is n a %ad[ ( d\bt t !y h z important an (fice to fulfil z any o!r family or tribe ( organis$ creatures1 ^: purpose may meet ! eye m pla9ly4 ,= all ! memb]s ( creation =m1 z x 71 ! l9ks ( "o great *a91 & 7 b "o remov$1 ?\gh x might p]*ance be only "s poor we$ or l[ly moss1 yet might x cause ! :ole to be annihilat$2 = c]ta9 e>?y matt]s ent] into ! /ructure ( all plants1 & x appe>s to be ! wond]ful (fice ( "s ( ^! l[e/ tribes ( plants to prep>e ?is e>?y matt] = its reception into ! sy/ems ( high] organisms1 = z silica is "o ( ! primitive rocks ( ! e>? & is only f\nd 9 fragm5ts1 f ! l>ge/ to ! s& on ! sea-%ore1 :i* is no?+ b a collection ( m9ute fragm5ts ( qu>tz worn small by attrition1 yet a gra9 ( s& is a gigantic mass ( rock 9 comp>ison ) ! ?9 por\s holl[ %ells ( ! ,diatomace1 c41 & by f> too l>ge to be absorb$ or dissolv$ s z to be tak5 into ! sy/ems ( o!r plants t may require x1 :i* plants w\ld cease to exi/ if ?is e>? 7 n ?us prep>$ = !m2 n[ ^! are ! corn-be>+ plants1 ! mo/ useful to ! animal _w1 & ^u :i* x 9 reality dep5ds = exi/5ce4 ,moreov] ! :ole ( ! m\ld 9 :i* ! high] ord]s ( plants gr[1 is =m$ by ! decomposition ( ! m humble grades1 especially ! li*5s1 :i* fir/ take possession ( ! surface ( b>e rocks & /ones1 & furni% by _! dea? food fit = ! su/5ance ( ^? :i* foll[ !m4 ,l ! high] ord]s ( vegetation1 ^! m9ute plants excrete oxyg51 & ?us 9 ! ocean may supply ?is vital elem5t = ! respiration ( ! v>i\s correspond+ m9ute animal organisms :i* inhabit ! dep?s ( ! sea & :i* _c come to ! surface to get x1 s t ! two ?us support+ ea* o!r1 =m food = all ! high] m>9e animals1 :i* are f9ally eat5 by man4 ,s t ^u "s ( ^! m9ute & app>5tly useless creatures hang ! lives & well-be+ ( _m ( ! mo/ important vegetables & animals4 ,dr4 ,l9dley divides ! acrog5s into ! foll[+ ord]s3-- #a4 ,,alg 7,algals71 includ+ ,sea-we$s1 c4 ,! ,alg include ! l[e/ ( all ! vegetative organisms1 ! ,protophytes 7fir/ plants74 ,^! h no individual p>ts1 b consi/ ( liv+ cells1 propagat+ by sub-division or by ! union ( two cells into "o1 caus+ ! =mation ( nuclei or small] cells )9 !m1 ea* ( :i* becomes a p>5t cell aft] ! rupture ( ! cell-membrane :i* conta9$ !m4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,microscope1 says3--,! life-hi/ory ( "o ( ^! uni-cellul> plants 9 its mo/ simple =m1 c sc>cely be bett] exemplifi$ ?an 9 ! ,palmogloea macrococca1 "o ( ^? humble =ms ( vegetation :i* spreads itself z a gre5 slime ov] damp /ones1 walls1 c4 ,:5 ?is slime is exam9$ ) ! microscope1 x is f\nd to consi/ ( a multitude ( gre5 cells1 ea* surr\nd$ by a gelat9\s envelope2 ! cell1 :i* does n seem to h any di/9ct membran\s wall1 is fill$ ) granul> p>ticles ( a gre5 col\r1 & a 'nucleus' may sometimes be di/+ui%$ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ^!4 ,:5 treat$ ) t9cture ( iod9e1 h[ev]1 ! gre5 cont5ts ( ! cell are turn$ to a br[ni% hue1 & a d>k-br[n nucleus is di/9ctly %[n4 ,o!r cells are se51 :i* are consid]ably elongat$1 "s ( !m beg9n+ to pres5t a sort ( h\r-glass contraction across ! middle2 9 ^! is comm5c+ t curi\s multiplication by duplicative subdivision :i* is ! mode 9 :i* increase ne>ly always takes place ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fucus ,vesiculosus4 ,! high] tribes ( ,alg embrace ! sea-we$s2 ^! are = ! mo/ "p broad1 leaf-l expansions ( ?allus1 compos$ ( cellul> tissue1 !y sometimes gr[ to an enorm\s l5g?4 ,humboldt m5tions ! sea-grass z ext5d+ = miles1 & =m+ cont9u\s ext5sions ( two or ?ree hundr$ feet1 & ! ,macrocy/is pyrif]a atta9s to ! l5g? ( m ?an a ?\s&4 ,! common ,bladd]-wrack 7,fucus vesiculosus7 0 =m]ly mu* us$ to procure soda f1 its a%es conta9+ a consid]able quantity1 x is also us$ = manure2 ! ,lam9>ia digitata is eat5 "u ! "n ( tangle1 & a nutriti\s jelly is made f ! ,c>ige5 moss 7,*ondrus crispus74 #b4 ,,*>ace 7,*>as74 ,^! are a k9d ( fre%-wat] ,alg1 compos$ ( tubes ( cellul> tissue2 !y are peculi>1 f ! fact t ! spores ( ! plant h cilia1 giv+ to !m ! p[]s ( motion & enabl+ !m to swim away & spread ! plant af> (f4 ,x is 9 ! ,*>as t ! peculi> circulation ( ! granules ( endo*rome call$ cyclosis is be/ se54 ,illu/ration3 ,*>as4 #c4 ,,fungi 7,fungals71 includ+ ,mu%rooms1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,eatable ,mu%room 7,ag>icus campe/ris74 ,! ,fungi comprise a great v>iety ( vegetable gr[?s1 f ! m\ld :i* gr[s on any animal or vegetable sub/ance1 to ! mu%room4 ,"s ( ! m\lds or mildews f\nd on v>i\s decay+ sub/ances are peculi> to !m1 & 9 _m cases exce$+ly de/ructive4 ,! microscopic fungus ,pucc9ea gram9is1 is ! p>asite :i* fixes itself to corn & produces ! disease kn[n z mildew1 & ! ,ur$o segetum 7ano!r microscopic fungus7 causes ! smut2 ! bunt is caus$ by ! ,ur$o foetida1 & ! spur1 or ergot1 :i* attacks rye1 is caus$ by ! ,ac9ula clavis4 ,^! fungi completely de/roy ! gra9 ( corn1 9 :i* !y =m1 & propagate 9 ! mo/ rapid mann]2 ! ergot is moreov] a dang]\s poison to ^? :o eat ! bread made ( rye infect$ by x4 ,! ,truffle 7,tub] cib>ium7 is a k9d ( und]gr\nd fungus1 & is e/eem$ a da9ty4 ,mu%rooms are also fungi1 & sev]al species are suffici5tly :olesome2 ^! are ! ,field ,mu%room 7,ag>icus campe/ris7 & ! ,fairy-r+ ,mu%room 7,ag>icus prat5sis74 #d4 ,,li*5es 7,li*5s71 ,are ^? dry scaly gr[?s =m+ grey1 gre51 or yell[ spots on ! b>ks ( trees & 9 v>i\s o!r places1 & !y gr[ 9 a sort ( leaf or scale call$ a ?allus4 ,!y are us$ z articles ( food & z dye-/uffs2 ! ,cetr>ia ,icel&ica is ! ,icel& ,moss us$ "h = mak+ a sort ( nutriti\s dr9k or jelly1 ! natives ( ,icel&1 h[ev]1 use x z common food2 ! ,cladonia rangif>9a1 or ,re9de] ,moss1 is ! *ief food ( t useful creature :i* =ms ! :ole prop]ty ( ! ,lapl&]2 & ! ,roccella t9ctoria is ! sub/ance f :i* ! dye call$ ar*il is procur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,li*54 #e4 ,,filices 7,f]ns74 ,! ,f]ns are a v num]\s ord] ( acrog5\s plants1 gr[+ 9 ! temp]ate regions f a rhizome or und]gr\nd /alk 7commonly call$ its root71 :i* ?r[s up fronds or leaves ) a /rong midrib2 ?is midrib is commonly call$ its /alk1 b 9 tropical c\ntries ! f]n /alk rises above gr\nd to ! height ( #cj or #dj feet1 & !n x is se5 t ! ord9>y /alks are b ! midribs ( ! fronds4 ,!re are betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& species ( f]n4 ,! fronds op5 9 a peculi> mann]1 unw9d+ z x 7 f a r\nd ball4 ,! sorri or se$-cases are situat$ at ! back ( ! fronds 9 little br[n spots1 ea* ( :i* is f\nd to consi/ ( a heap or collection ( r\nd capsules1 & if ^! be plac$ "u ! microscope !y h ! appe>ance ( little membrane\s cases cov]$ ) net-l m>k+s1 & at ! upp] "p a /riat$ b& ( a br[n col\r1 :i* aft] a "t /ret*es out into a ne>ly /raight l9e1 te>+ op5 ! bag or capsule1 & a numb] ( se$s escape4 ,f]ns gr[ be/ 9 damp & %ady situations1 & w ?rive well 9 damp m\ld "u a glass case4 ,illu/ration3 ,f]n4 #f4 ,,m>*antiace 7,liv]-worts74 ,illu/ration3 ,liv]-worts4 ,^! ,liv]-worts are mu* l ,li*5s1 gr[+ betwe5 & ^u /ones ne> spr+s & moi/ places1 & =m+ a broad ?allus or root f :i* gr[ cup-%ap$ sporangia or se$-cases4 ,! ,m>*anta polymorpha is "o ( its *ief memb]s4 #g4 ,,jung]manniace 7,scale-mosses74 ,illu/ration3 ,scale-moss4 ,! ,scale-mosses gr[ 9 moi/ places & "u ! /ems ( trees & plants4 ,_! appe>ance is scaly1 & !y h a sort ( /alk4 #h4 ,,bryace 7,urn-mosses74 ,illu/ration3 ,urn-moss4 ,urn-mosses comprise ! mo/ ord9>y ( ! mosses1 ! ,brium1 :i* gr[s on ! gr\nd ev]y:]e1 =m+ tufts2 its fructification resembles an urn1 & h5ce its "n4 #i4 ,,lycopodiace 7,club-mosses74 ,illu/ration3 ,club-moss4 ,^! are v beautiful mosses1 ( a bright gre5 col\r1 gr[+ 9 moi/ places4 ,!re are ab\t #bjj species ( club-mosses kn[n4 ,! common ,lycopodium is its mo/ *>act]i/ic memb]4 ,x gr[s well ) f]ns "u a glass case4 #aj4 ,,equisetace 7,horsetails74 ,! ,equisetace are ! highe/ ( ! ,acrog5s1 & ne>ly resemble ! ,endog5s2 !y gr[ 9 dit*es & pools1 h a holl[ /em ) jo9ts at regul> int]vals f ea* ( :i* a :orl ( gre5 modifi$ leaves arises2 !y are v full ( e>?y matt] 7silica71 & "o k9d 7,equisetum ,hyemale71 call$ ,dut* ,ru%1 is s r\gh ) x t x is us$ = poli%+ & scrap+ _m articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,horsetail4 ,! second division ( ! vegetable k+dom are ! ,endog51 :i* are ^? plants gr[+ f a c5tral bud only1 z ! palms1 bamboos1 & canes ( all k9ds1 ! grasses & all gram9if]\s or gra9-be>+ plants1 z :eat1 b>ley1 c4 ,!y h b "o cotyl$on 9 ! se$ & h no b>k1 b 9 place !re( a k9d ( natural v>ni% or ?9 coat+ ( silica2 ?is v>ni% or ext]nal poli% is se5 9 ! /alks ( corn & on canes4 ,_! leaves are (t5 ( great size1 ! ve9s run p>allel to ea* o!r 7fig4 #h71 !y (t5 gr[ f an exp&$ base :i* surr\nds ! /alk z 9 corn1 & bran* (f at regul> int]vals mak+ knobs or jo9ts1 z may be se5 9 ! bamboo cane 7figs4 #i & #aj71 9 o!r cases !y bran* (f spirally1 & :5 fall5 =m a sort ( trellis-"w on ! /em 7z 9 "s ( ! palms7 b always 9 a regul> mann]4 ,! wood ( ?is family ( vegetables has ! same por\s /ructure z cane 7figs4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1ad71 & is (t5 holl[ 9 ! c5tre1 becom+ m & m solid accord+ to ! age ( ! tree4 ,! /ems ( ^! plants are limit$ 9 gr[? & soon acquire _! full size1 :i* nev] exce$s eighte5 or tw5ty in*es 9 diamet] al?\gh "s ( ! palms are ne>ly #aej feet high4 ,:5 ! /em has acquir$ its full size1 ! cont9ual production ( m woody fibres makes x impossible t ^! 7l ! exog57 c h a v ext5d$ p]iod ( exi/5ce1 = :5 e "p ( ! /em is full ( woody matt]1 ! plant ceases to gr[ f ob/ruction to ! circulation ( ! juices4 ,! /ems ( "s ( ?is family are always holl[ l ! /alks ( corn2 ?is arrangem5t all[s ( great elevations )\t b5d+1 & is f\nd to be ! =m :i* gives ! greate/ /r5g? f a giv5 quantity ( mat]ial--"o ( ^? beautiful me*anical p]fections ( nature :i* man fir/ admir$ & !n endeav\r$ to imitate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,endog5\s ,,leaf1 ,,%[+ ,,p>allel ,,v5ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,bamboo ,,cane1 ,,%[+ ,,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,bamboo ,,cane1 ,,split ,,op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,p]p5dicul> ,,section ,,( ,,endog5\s ,,wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,same1 ,,magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,transv]se ,,section ,,( ,,endog5\s ,,wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,same1 ,,magnifi$4 ,"s ( ! palms & o!r endog5 are ( a mo/ beautiful =m1 & are moreov] q z useful z beautiful1 furni%+ food to ! inhabitants ( _m regions1 especially ! ,arabs ( ! ,des]t1 :o c>ry ! dri$ fruit ( ! ,date-palm ) !m1 on cross+ ^! va/ pla9s ( s&1 z _! *ief food4 ,! ,planta9 7,musa sapi5tum7 =ms a mo/ beautiful & graceful object1 ) its enorm\s leaves spr++ up f ! gr\nd by _! midrib 9 clu/]s1 & ext5d+ upw>ds = #bj or m feet 9 graceful curves1 af=d+ a %ady & cool retreat b5ea? !m f ! burn+ rays ( ! sun2 ! fruit is also "o ( ! necess>ies ( life 9 ! regions :]e !y ab\nd4 ,! ,fan-palm is ano!r beautiful specim51 f ! fan-l leaves ( :i* ! punkahs or ,indian fans are made4 ,! ,palmyra palm furni%es leaves :i* are us$ to ?at* h\ses1 ! sap is drunk z a refre%+ bev]age1 & :5 evaporat$ yields a k9d ( sug> call$ jugg]y1 f :i* palm-w9e is made4 ,! palms 7 among/ ! fir/ trees creat$1 _! fossil /ems be+ con/antly f\nd2 !y 7 ev5 !n associat$ ) ! elephant & rh9oc]os1 & al?\gh ^! are f\nd *iefly 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 yet x is mu* m reasonable to suppose t ! climate ( ^! p>ts has *ang$1 ?an t ^! two fav\rites ( ! sunny regions %\ld h _h _! natures *ang$4 ,among ! useful memb]s ( ! endog5 may be m5tion$ ! ,m>anta ,arund9ace1 or ,arr[-root plant1 :i* is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,baird3--,x is a g5us ( monocotyl$on\s plants1 belong+ to ! natural ord] ,cannace or ,m>antace1 & compos$ ( h]bs :i* h a well-develop$ rhizome or tub]\s root conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( fecula or />*4 ,! species are natives = ! mo/ "p1 ( tropical ,am]ica1 a few be+ also f\nd 9 ,india4 ,! /ructure ( ! fl[]s is rem>kable1 & ! fruit fle%y4 ,! mo/ important species is ! ,m>anta ,arund9ace1 a plant :i* is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ! ,isle ( ,france1 = ! sake ( its root1 :i* af=ds ! sub/ance s well-kn[n z ,arr[-root4 ,?is root consi/s ( a tub] ( a peculi> =m1 & conta9s a l>ge proportion ( fecula2 ! /em is upw>ds ( ?ree feet high1 & ! fl[]s are :ite1 delicate1 & small4 ,9 ,cay5ne ! tub]s are eat5 by ! natives1 roa/$1 z a cure = int]mitt5t fev]s1 & :5 bruis$1 are appli$ by !m to w\nds1 & consid]$ m especially z a specific aga9/ ^? caus$ by poison$ arr[s1 h5ce ! "n ( ,arr[-root4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,liv+/one1 ! inhabitants ( ,angola live almo/ exclusively ^u ! ,tapioca plant4 ,he ?us describes ! mode ( prep>+ x1 c43--,!y 7speak+ ( ! half-ca/e ,portuguese7 subsi/ *iefly on ! ,manioc1 & z t c be eat5 ei!r raw1 roa/$1 or boil$1 z x comes f ! gr\nd1 or f]m5t$ 9 wat] & !n roa/$ or dri$ aft] f]m5tation & bak$1 or p\nd$ or rasp$ into meal & cook$ z f>9a1 or made into confection]y ) butt] & sug>1 x does n s soon pall ^u ! palate z "o might imag9e :5 told t x con/itutes _! pr9cipal food4 ,! leaves1 boil$1 make an excell5t vegetable = ! table1 & :5 eat5 by goats1 _! milk is mu* increas$4 ,! wood is a good fuel1 & yields a l>ge quantity ( pota%4444 ,! root1 rasp$ :ile raw1 plac$ ^u a clo?1 & rubb$ ) ! h&s :ile wat] is p\r$ ^u x1 p>ts ) its />*y glut9\s matt]1 & ?is1 :5 x settles at ! bottom ( ! vessel & ! wat] is p\r$ (f1 is plac$ 9 ! sun till ne>ly dry to =m tapioca1 ! process ( dry+ is complet$ on an iron plate ov] a sl[ fire1 ! mass be+ /irr$ mean:ile ) a /ick2 :5 dry1 x appe>s agglut9at$ into little globules1 & is 9 ! =m we see 9 ! tapioca ( comm]ce4 ,al?\gh none ( ?is family ( plants produce build+ timb] 7accord+ to our notions ( t article71 yet x is que/ionable :e!r we h a great] numb] ( uses = our exog5\s woods ?an are f\nd by ! natives ( ^? c\ntries :]e ! ,endog5 ab\nd = palm /ems & bamboo canes2 z ! ,grecian /yles ( ar*itecture arose f ! imitation ( /ructures ( timb]1 s ! ,h9doo & ,*9ese /yles h aris5 f imitation ( bamboo build+s4 ,!re is sc>cely a con/ructive use t c be imag9$ to :i* ?is conv5i5t mat]ial is n appli$4 ,9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia 7article ,bambusa7 is ! foll[+3-- ,! purposes to :i* diff]5t species ( bamboo are appli$1 are s num]\s t x w\ld be difficult to po9t out an object 9 :i* /r5g? & ela/icity are requisite1 & = :i* lightness is no objection1 to :i* ! /ems are n adapt$ 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y gr[4 ,! "y %oots ( "s species are cut :5 t5d]1 & eat5 l asp>agus4 ,! full-gr[n /ems1 :ile gre51 =m elegant cases1 exhal+ a p]petual moi/ure1 & capable ( transport+ fre% fl[]s = hundr$s ( miles2 :5 ripe & h>d1 !y are conv]t$ into b[s1 arr[s1 & quiv]s1 lance-%afts1 ! ma/s ( vessels1 b$-po/s1 walk+-/icks1 ! poles ( palanqu9s1 ! floors & support]s ( ru/ic bridges1 & a v>iety ( simil> purposes4 ,9 a gr[+ /ate ! sp9y k9ds are =m$ into /ockades1 :i* are imp5etrable to any b regul> infantry aid$ by artill]y4 ,by not*+ _! sides ! ,malays make wond]fully light scal+-ladd]s1 :i* c be convey$ ) facility :]e heavi] ma*9es c\ld n be transport$4 ,bruis$ & cru%$ 9 wat]1 ! leaves & /ems =m ,*9ese pap]1 ! f9] qualities ( :i* only are improv$ by a mixture ( raw cotton1 & by m c>eful p\nd+4 ,! leaves ( a small species are ! mat]ial us$ by ! ,*9ese = ! l9+ ( _! tea-*e/s4 ,cut into l5g?s & ! p>titions knock$ out1 !y =m durable wat]-pipes1 or by a little contrivance are made into excell5t cases = hold+ rolls ( pap]s2 slit into /rips !y af=d a mo/ durable mat]ial = weav+ into mats1 baskets1 w9d[-bl9ds1 & ev5 ! sails ( boats4 ,f9ally1 ! l>g] & ?ick] trun*eons are exquisitely c>v$ by ! ,*9ese into beautiful ornam5ts4 ,x is h[ev] m especially = build+ purposes t ! bamboo is important 7fig4 #ae74 ,accord+ to ,m>sd51 9 ,sumatra ! framework ( ! h\ses ( ! natives is *iefly compos$ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,9 ! floor+s1 :ole /ems f\r or five in*es 9 diamet] are laid close to ea* o!r1 & across ^! la?s ( split bamboo ab\t an in* wide are fa/5$ d[n ) filam5ts ( rattan-cane4 ,! sides ( ! h\ses are clos$ 9 ) ! bamboo op5$ & r5d]$ flat by splitt+ or not*+ ! circul> jo9ts on ! outside1 clipp+ away ! correspond+ divisions )9 & lay+ 9 ! sun to dry press$ d[n ) weights4 ,:ole bamboos (t5 =m ! upright timb]s1 & ! h\se is g5]ally ro($ 9 ) a ?at* ( n>r[ split bamboos six feet long1 plac$ 9 regul> lay]s1 ea* rea*+ )9 two feet ( ! extremity ( t b5ea? x1 by :i* a treble cov]+ is =m$4 ,ano!r & mo/ +5i\s ro( is also =m$1 by cutt+ l>ge /raight bamboos ( suffici5t l5g? to rea* f ! ridge to ! eaves1 !n splitt+ !m exactly 9 two1 knock+ out ! p>titions & arrang+ !m 9 close ord]1 ) ! holl[ or inn] sides upp]mo/2 aft] :i* a second lay] ) ! out] or convex sides up1 is plac$ ^u ! o!r 9 su* a mann] t ea* ( ! convex falls into ! two contigu\s concave pieces1 cov]+ _! edges1 ! latt] s]v+ z gutt]s to c>ry (f ! ra9 t falls ^u ! upp] or convex lay]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,hut ,,( ,,bamboo4 ,! ,endog5 are divid$ into twelve ord]s1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,,gram9ac 7,grasses74 ,illu/ration3 ,:eat1 ,b>ley1 ,mead[-grass4 ,! ,gram9ac comprise ! great bulk ( ^? plants :i* supply man & ! l[] animals ) food1 = x conta9s all ! grasses & corn-be>+ plants1 includ+ rice1 maize1 :eat1 oats1 b>ley1 & rye4 ,^u ^! all ! ,rum9ants ( ! e>? fe$1 & millions ( human be+s ta/e no o!r k9d ( food4 ,!re are ne>ly #djjj species ( gram9ace\s plants1 rice & maize be+ ! mo/ broadly ext5d$1 =m+ ! *ief food ( ! ,*9ese1 ,h9doos1 & o!r nations2 :eat is "h ! mo/ valuable gra91 & is n[ gr[n 9 all p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,humboldt1 9 8 ,views ( ,nature1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! fir/ :eat gr[n 9 ,new ,spa94 ,he says3-- ,a negro slave ( ! great ,cortes 0 ! fir/ :o cultivat$ :eat 9 ,new ,spa91 f ?ree se$s :i* he f\nd 9 "s rice br\ght f ,spa9 = ! use ( ! troops4 ,9 ! ,franciscan conv5t ( ,quito ,i saw1 pres]v$ z a relic1 ! e>!n vessel :i* _h conta9$ ! fir/ :eat s[n 9 ,quito by ! ,franciscan monk ,fra ,jodoco ,rixi de ,gante1 a native ( ,gh5t 9 ,fl&]s4 ,! fir/ crop 0 rais$ 9 front ( ! conv5t1 on ! ,plazuela di ,san ,francisco1 aft] ! wood :i* !n ext5d$ f ! foot ( ! volcano ( ,p9*9*a _h be5 cle>$4 ,! monks1 :om ,i frequ5tly visit$ at ,quito1 begg$ me to expla9 ! inscription1 :i*1 accord+ to _! conjecture1 conta9$ "s hidd5 allusion to :eat4 ,on exam9+ ! vessel1 ,i read 9 old ,g]man ! words1 ',let him :o dr9ks f me ne'er =get 8 ,god4' ,?is old ,g]man dr9k+-cup excit$ 9 me feel+s ( v5]ation4 ,w\ld t ev]y:]e on ! ,new ,cont95t ! names ( ^? 7 pres]v$ :o1 in/ead ( deva/at+ ! soil by bloody conque/s1 confid$ to x ! fir/ fruits ( ,c]es4 #b4 ,,cyp]ace 7,s$ges74 ,^! plants mu* resemble ! ,grasses1 !y af=d b little n\ri%m5t1 h[ev]1 to cattle1 hav+ b little />*y matt] 9 !m1 & be+ b little succul5t4 ,! ,cyp]us ,papyrus is ! plant f :i* ! anci5t papyrus 0 made1 & is probably 7accord+ to ,dr4 ,baird7 ! plant t]m$ 9 ,scripture ! ,bull-ru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,s$ges4 #c4 ,,arace 7,arum tribe74 ,! ,arace include ! ,arum maculatum1 or ,cuckoo-p9t1 peculi> 9 hav+ ! fl[]s enclos$ by a k9d ( %ea? =m$ l a leaf1 & call$ a spa!4 ,! ,portl& ,sago is obta9$ f ! ,rhizome ( ?is plant1 b "s ( ! species ( ?is ord] are poison\s4 ,! ,dumb-cane 7,caladium ,segn9um7 p>alyses ! tongue1 if *ew$4 ,illu/ration3 ,arum4 #d4 ,,typhace 7,bull-ru% k9d74 ,! ,typhace are ! ,bull-ru% tribe1 hav+ ! ,typha latifolia or great ,re$-mace = its *>act]i/ic memb]4 ,x gr[s 9 dit*es & m>%y places4 ,! "y %oots ( ! ,bull-ru%1 :i* resemble asp>agus1 are eat5 by ! ,cossacks z food4 ,illu/ration3 ,bull-ru%4 #e4 ,,melan?ace 7,col*icum k9d74 ,?is includes _m plants :i* h bulb\s roots1 "s ( !m be+ poison\s4 ,! ,col*icum autumnale1 or ,mead[ ,saffron1 is ! type ( ?is ord]2 x gr[s 9 moi/ mead[s1 produc+ a purple fl[] :i* appe>s be=e ! leaves4 ,! root or bulb1 & ! se$s1 are us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,mead[ ,saffron4 #f4 ,,liliace 7,lily k9d74 ,! ,liliace are a v num]\s tribe1 includ+ ! ,lilies1 ,hyac9?s1 & ,tulips1 ! ,onion1 ,g>lic1 ,asp>agus1 ! ,cape ,aloe1 ,yucca1 & _m o!rs2 !y are = ! mo/ "p bulb\s plants1 hav+ simple leaves enclos+ ! /em4 ,! ,palms are includ$ 9 ?is ord]2 !y are among ! talle/ & mo/ graceful ( ! vegetable tribes1 & 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y ab\nd are appli$ to almo/ e purpose t c be enum]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lily4 #g4 ,,am>yllidace 7,n>cissus k9d74 ,! ,am>yllidace are ! ,n>cissus tribe1 includ+ also ! ,agave1 or ,am]ican ,aloe1 & ! ,sn[-drop4 ,! great] numb] ( species belong+ to ?is ord] are natives ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 "s ( ^! are poison\s2 ! juice ( ! ,cape ,blood-fl[] 7,hman?us ,toxic>ius7 is us$ by ! ,hott5tots to poison _! arr[s )4 ,illu/ration3 ,n>cissus4 #h4 ,,iridace 7,crocus tribe74 ,! ,iridace include ! ,crocus 7,crocus sativa71 ! ,corn-flag 7,gladeolus communis71 & ! ,blue-flag 7,iris ,g]manica72 ! bulb ( ! ,iris ,flor5t9a1 is dri$ & us$ = v>i\s purposes1 x has a sc5t resembl+ violets & is sold at druggi/s' %ops by ! "n ( orris-root1 a corruption ( iris-root4 ,illu/ration3 ,crocus4 #i4 ,,or*idace 7,or*ids74 ,illu/ration3 ,butt]fly ,or*is4 ,! family ( ! ,or*is4 ,dr4 ,baird1 9 describ+ !m1 says3--,!y are almo/ all h]bace\s1 a v few only be+ some:at %rubby 9 _! gr[?2 "s live 9 ! gr\nd1 & besides ! ord9>y roots h bulbs or />*-be>+ tub]cles2 o!rs are :at may be call$ pseudo-p>asites1 liv+ atta*$ to ! b>k ( trees4 ,^! plants ab\nd 9 ! =e/s ( tropical c\ntries1 :]e ! climate is moi/1 & are g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ,epiphytes4 ,! fl[]s v>y v mu* 9 %ape1 =m1 & col\r1 & 9 _m in/ances h a /rik+ resemblance to insects1 v>i\s birds1 & animals1 z ,oncidium1 9 :i* ! resemblance is to butt]flies1 c42 ,cy*no*es1 9 :i* 79 "o species7 ! lik5ess is /rik+ly simil> to a swan2 ,p]i/]ia1 "o species ( :i* is call$ ! ,sprito-,santo plant1 ( ,panama1 & 9 ^: fl[] !re is ! lik5ess ( a dove desc5d+ ^u ! lip1 c4 ,a curi\s fact 9 ?is "p ( _! hi/ory is1 t 9 ! same plant1 on ! same /em1 & ev5 on ! same head ( fl[]s1 we f9d fl[]s s diff]5t 9 appe>ance t we might place !m 9 diff]5t g5]a4 #aj4 ,,naiadace 7,naiads74 ,wat]-plants1 call$ pond-we$s1 & gr[ on bo? fre% & salt wat]4 ,! m>9e species1 ,zo/]a m>9a1 is dri$ & us$ = /uff+ mattresses4 ,illu/ration3 ,pond ,we$4 #aa4 ,,butomace 7,fl[]+ ,ru%es74 ,( ?is ord] ! ,butomas umbellatus1 a sort ( ru%1 produc+ v h&some p9k fl[]s 9 umbels1 gr[+ 9 dit*es & by ! sides ( riv]s1 is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic memb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fl[]+ ,ru%4 #ab4 ,,alismace 7,wat] ,planta974 ,! two *ief memb]s ( ?is ord] are ! ,alisma ,plantago or ,wat] ,planta91 :i* gr[s 9 dit*es1 hav+ its fl[]s 9 ! =m ( panicles1 & ! ,sagitt>ia sagittfolia or ,arr[head4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat] ,planta94 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird great natural family ( plants are ! ,exog54 ,!y comprise all ! trees & %rubs ( ! temp]ate & cold] regions1 toge!r ) _m ( ! fl[]+ plants4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by c]ta9 peculi>ities :i* c be at once recognis$1 su* z ! twi/$ & bran*$ =m ( ! /em1 ! possession ( b>k1 leaves hav+ ! ve9s cov]+ !m runn+ 9 all directions & =m+ a network1 & ! se$s conta9+ two cotyl$ons2 ! wood1 moreov]1 is deposit$ 9 r+s 7figs4 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai71 "o ( :i* is =m$ e ye>1 by ! new wood be+ produc$ on ! outside ( ! old1 & betwe5 x & ! b>k4 ,?is deposition takes place z foll[s3 aft] ! ra9s ( w9t] & e>ly spr+ h well saturat$ ! e>? ) moi/ure1 & ! w>m? ( spr+ has begun to p5etrate to ! roots ( ! plants1 a developm5t ( ! po9ts ( ea* fibrile or radicle takes place1 =m+ new spongioles2 ^!1 be+ =m$ ( new por\s cellul> tissue1 beg9 to absorb 7by endosmose7 ! moi/ure ( ! e>?1 :i* ent]+ at all ^! ?\s&s ( m9ute spongioles at once1 collects & rises 9 ! vessels ( ! trunk & bran*es1 & arriv+ at ! vessels =m+ a plexis on ! surface ( e leaf1 beg9s to be *ang$ by ! action ( ! sun's rays1 absorb+ c>bon & giv+ out oxyg5 f ! c>bonic acid always conta9$ 9 ! air4 ,! sap :i* has ?us ris5 is ! juice ( ! e>? 9 :i* ! plant gr[s1 conta9+ sev]al e>?y salts & vegetable extract drawn f ! manure or decay+ vegetation conta9$ 9 ! m\ld1 toge!r ) c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 ! fluid2 ?is c>bonic acid is *ang$ by ! sun's rays z well z t :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! air1 & ! c>bon unit+ ) ! wat]y "p ( ! sap1 =ms ! gre5 sub/ance be=e allud$ to1 call$ *lorophyll1 :i* is ! gre5 col\r+ matt] ( all plants1 & is ! basis ( ! wood4 ,! alt]$ sap desc5ds betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k1 & =ms a deposit gradually1 :i* at ! end ( ! ye> is a complete r+ ( wood surr\nd+ ! wood ( =m] ye>s4 ,?is circulation ( juices cont9ues ?r\gh ! summ]1 until1 ! cold wea!r com+ on & ! light be+ dim9i%$1 ! sap nei!r rises nor is ! leaf n\ri%$ by x1 :5 x decays & falls (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,p]p5dicul> ,,section ,,( ,,exog5\s ,,wood 7,,elm71 ,a1 ! pi?1 ,b ,b1 ! woody r+s1 ,c ,c1 ! b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,p]p5dicul> ,,section ,,( ,,exog5\s ,,wood 7,,c$>71 ,,magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,transv]se ,,section ,,( ,,exog5\s ,,wood 7,,elm71 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,n9e ,,ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,transv]se ,,section ,,( ,,exog5\s ,,wood 7,,c$>7 ,,magnifi$1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,five ,,ye>s4 ,! age ( exog5\s wood c be asc]ta9$--:]e ! c5tre has n decay$--by c\nt+ ! r+s1 "o only be+ deposit$ e ye>2 & x is truly a/oni%+ to f9d t "s trees w cont9ue to live & fl\ri% = sev]al ?\s& ye>s6 ,!re does n1 9 tru?1 appe> to be any limit assign$ to ! life ( an exog5\s tree if x escape accid5ts2 =1 al?\gh decay inevitably attacks ! he>twood1 & a cavity is ! result1 yet1 ! new wood cont9u+ to be deposit$ on ! out] "p1 ! vitality ( ! tree is kept up1 & its size cont9ues to increase4 ,! ,baobab or ,monkey ,bread-fruit trees1 gr[+ at ! m\?s ( ! ,s5egal1 h be5 e/imat$ by ,ad9son to be upw>ds ( six ?\s& ye>s old1 & are1 9 all probability1 ! olde/ relics ( organic life exi/+ at ! pres5t "t4 ,! c$>s ( ,lebanon are suppos$ to h exi/$ long] ?an ! records ( hi/ory4 ,! ,yew at ,braburn1 9 ,k5t1 is at lea/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s old2 & t ( ,=t+al ne>ly z mu*4 ,dr4 ,liv+/one1 describ+ ! ,m[ana or ,baobab tree 7fig4 #bj71 ?us comm5ts ^u its p[] ( )/&+ injury3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,! ,,baobab ,,tree4 ,no ext]nal injury1 n ev5 a fire1 c de/roy ?is tree f )\t1 nor c any injury be done f )91 z x is q common to f9d x holl[1 & ,i h se5 "o 9 :i* tw5ty or ?irty m5 c\ld lie d[n & sleep z 9 a hut4 ,nor does cutt+ d[n ext]m9ate x1 = ,i saw in/ances 9 ,angola 9 :i* x cont9u$ to gr[ 9 l5g?1 aft] x 0 ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,^? trees1 call$ exog5\s1 gr[ by means ( successive lay]s on ! outside2 ! inside may be dead1 or ev5 remov$ altoge!r1 )\t affect+ ! life ( ! tree2 ?is is ! case ) mo/ ( ! trees ( our climate4 ,! o!r class is call$ endog5\s1 & increases by lay]s appli$ to ! inside1 & :5 ! holl[ ( ! tree is full1 ! gr[? is /opp$1 & ! tree mu/ die4 ,any injury is felt mo/ sev]ely by ! fir/ class on ! b>k1 by ! second on ! inside1 :ile ! inside ( ! exog5\s may be remov$1 or ! outside ( ! endog5\s may be cut1 )\t /opp+ ! gr[? 9 ! lea/4 ,! ,m[ana possesses ! p[] ( bo?4 ,! reason is1 t ea* ( ! lam9 possesses its own indep5d5t vitality2 9 fact1 ! ,baobab is r a gigantic bulb run up to se$ ?an a tree4 ,! roots1 :i* may (t5 be obs]v$ ext5d+ along ! surface ( ! gr\nd =ty or fifty y>ds f ! trunk1 also reta9 _! vitality aft] ! tree is laid l[1 & ! ,portuguese n[ "k t ! be/ way to treat !m is to let !m alone1 = !y occupy mu* m room :5 cut d[n ?an :5 gr[+4 ,on exam9+ ! wood ( ! exog51 x w be f\nd t 9 ! v c5tre is a small column ( cellul> tissue1 call$ ! pi?1 & t f ?is1 f9e lay]s ( ! same sub/ance radiate t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,^! are call$ ! m$ull>y rays1 or silv]-gra92 !y =m an ext]ior lay] or r+ ( cellul> sub/ance on ! outside ( ! wood1 :i* is call$ ! cambium4 ,! lightness ( wood is ow+ to its porosity1 &1 on exam9+ a transv]se section "u ! microscope 7figs4 #ag & #ai71 x w be se5 h[ little ( real space is occupi$ 9 wood by solid sub/ance4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! wall-"w ( woody matt] 9 ! tree are all fill$ ) sap1 & h5ce x is t gre5 wood is s mu* heavi] ?an t :i* is well season$4 ,x is its lightness & /r5g?1 toge!r ) ! ease ) :i* x c be cut & fa%ion$1 :i* r5d]s wood s exce$+ly useful2 b its inflammability & liability to decay are great b>ri]s to its m g5]al use4 ,! leaves ( ! exog5 h _! ve9s always 9 ! =m ( a network1 & n runn+ p>allel ) ea* o!r1 z 9 ! endog5 7fig4 #ba74 ,( ! ?ree divisions ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ! exog5 alone furni% build+ timb]1 prop]ly s call$1 & x is d\btful :e!r nature has suppli$ a m g5]ally applicable sub/ance ?an wood2 be+ a bad conductor1 x c be h&l$ 9 ! colde/ wea!r1 :i* metal _c1 &1 be+ easily cut or split1 c be fa%ion$ into almo/ any =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba--;,,exog5\s ,,leaf1 ,,%[+ ,,reticulat$ ,,v5ation4 ,! woods mo/ly 9 use = g5]al purposes are ! diff]5t k9ds ( p9e1 z ,am]ican ,p9e1 ,norway ,p9e1 yell[ & :ite ,deal1 ,mahogany1 ,oak1 ,bee*1 ,elm1 ,a%1 & ,maple4 ,9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 "u ! article ,wood1 is ! foll[+ description ( ! diff]5t k9ds us$ by cab9et-mak]s1 c43-- ,! woods t are us$ by ! cab9et-mak] = furniture ( a m delicate k9d are call$ 'fancy woods4' ,! use ( ^! has become mu* m g5]al s9ce ! introduction ( ! art ( v5e]+1 & n[ t ?is is done by ma*9]y in/ead ( by h&1 a numb] ( woods are us$ = furniture & o!r purposes1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! sc>city1 c\ld h be5 =m]ly us$ only to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,! mo/ common ( ! fancy woods1 & t :i* is mo/ us$ by cab9et-mak]s1 is ,mahogany4 ,?is wood is ! produce ( ! ',swi5t]ia ,mahogani4' ,next 9 po9t ( importance & use to ,mahogany1 is ,rosewood4 ,?is wood obta9s its "n f its fragrance1 & is ! produce ( a mimosa f ! =e/s ( ,brazil2 9 v5e]+ x af=ds ab\t eight plates to ! in*4 ,k+-wood is a beautiful wood mu* 9 use1 br\ght f ,brazil 9 logs f\r feet long & ab\t five in*es wide1 & is us$ only = delicate articles2 x is said to be ! produce ( a species ( ,baphia1 a g5us ( ,legum9\s plants4 ,beef-wood is a v heavy wood ( a pale r$ col\r1 & is br\ght f ,new ,holl& 9 logs n9e feet long & ?irte5 or f\rte5 in*es wide2 ! tree f :i* ?is is obta9$ is unkn[n to botani/s1 z well z mo/ ( ^? produc+ ! fancy woods ( comm]ce4 ,tulip-wood is br\ght into ! m>ket 9 v small pieces1 n m ?an f\r feet long & five in*es 9 diamet]1 s t probably x is ! production ( a %rub2 x is cl\d$ ) r$ & yell[ col\rs1 & is us$ = bord]+ & = mak+ small articles1 su* z caddies & "w-boxes4 ,zebra-wood is probably ! production ( a l>ge tree1 z x is *eap en\gh to be made into tables1 pian(ortes1 c42 x is col\r$ br[n on a :ite gr\nd & cl\d$ ) black4 ,sat9-wood is ( a brilliant yell[ col\r ) delicate gl[+ %ades4 ,x is ! produce ( a plant call$ ,*loroxylon ,swi5t]ia1 a native ( ,india2 x is "o ( ! trees t yield ! wood-oil ( ,india1 & belongs to ! natural ord] ,c$relace1 ! same ord] 9 :i* ! mahogany is plac$2 x is f\nd 9 ! m>ket 9 logs two feet wide & sev5 or eight feet long4 ,s&al-wood is ! produce ( a species ( ,s&oricum belong+ to ! family ,meliace2 ! wood is ( a light br[n col\r ) gold5-col\r$ waves4 ,ebony & ,iron-wood are ! names giv5 to "s v h>d woods1 ! produce ( ! natural ord] ,eb5ace4 ,^! woods are mo/ly br\ght f ,india1 al?\gh "s ( ! species are f\nd 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!re are sev]al o!r woods occasionally us$ among/ cab9et-mak]s1 ( :i* little is kn[n1 ei!r ) reg>d to ! places !y come f1 or ! trees to :i* !y belong4 ,can>y-wood has a yell[ col\r2 ,purple-wood has a purple col\r1 )\t ve9s2 ,snake-wood is ( a deep col\r ) black %ades2 ,cal&]-wood is a h&some *eap wood tak+ a high poli%1 & is br\ght f ,ceylon4 ,o!r woods are nam$ aft] ! places !y come f1 z ,corom&el-wood1 ,amboyna-wood1 c4 ,woods are l>gely us$ z dye-/uffs2 ! *ief ( ^! is log-wood1 :i* has a deep r$ col\r1 is v heavy & solid1 & yields a great deal ( r$ col\r+ matt]4 ,x is v a/r+5t1 & conta9s tannic & gallic acids1 f :i* prop]ties x produces a deep black col\r :5 mix$ ) any ( ! salts ( iron2 f ?is peculi>ity x is v valuable z a black dye1 b ! black dye s ext5sively us$ = dye+ clo?1 is1 = ! mo/ "p1 made f galls1 or nut-galls1 z !y are sometimes call$4 ,^! are h>d r\nd sub/ances f\nd gr[+ on _m species ( oak1 *iefly ! ,qu]cus infectoria1 & ! be/ are br\ght f ,aleppo2 !y are diseas$ gr[?s produc$ by a little insect1 call$ ! ,cynips ,qu]cus1 :i* deposits its eggs "u ! epid]mis ( ! leaf1 & ! juice collects & =ms ! gall 7fig4 #bb71 f ! int]ior ( :i* ! l>va eats its way out2 ?us x w be f\nd t e gall mu/ h a little r\nd hole 9 x1 :5ce ! l>va ( ! cynips has issu$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb--;,,aleppo ,,gall4 ,! root ( ! ,madd] plant 7,rubia t9ctorum7 produces ! mo/ beautiful & p]man5t ( our r$ dyes1 & ! co*9eal insect 7,coccus cacti7 obta9s its col\r f fe$+ ^u ! cactus4 ,a useful & v p]man5t blue dye is obta9$ f ,indigo1 a k9d ( extract f ! plant ,indig(]a1 gr[+ 9 ,india & o!r places1 & _m o!r memb]s ( ! vegetable k+dom yield dyes & col\rs us$ 9 ! arts4 ,among/ ! v>i\s & almo/ endless purposes to :i* wood is appli$1 t ( s]v+ z a mat]ial to engrave on & pr9t f mu/ n be omitt$4 ,! wood us$ = ?is purpose is t ( ! box-tree 7,buxus semp]vir5s71 :i* furni%es a close1 ev5-gra9$1 h>d wood1 admirably suit$ to ! purpose2 & ! cultivation & p]fect+ ( ?is mo/ admirable art1 has produc$ an improvem5t 9 book-illu/rat+ :i* c h>dly be suffici5tly appreciat$4 ,wood mu/ h suppli$ "o ( ! e>lie/ mat]ials ) :i* to erect build+s2 ! ,grecian /yles ( ar*itecture1 beyond d\bt1 7 d]iv$ f imitat+ 9 /one ^? /ructures fir/ made ( wood4 ,all ! l>ge/ memb]s ( ! vegetable k+dom belong to ?is division2 & inde$ ! same may be said ( size :i* has be5 said ( age1 namely1 t !re is no limit except f accid5tal circum/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,well+tonia ,,gigantea4 ,9 ! ,cry/al ,palace at ,syd5ham is a mo/ wond]ful & gigantic specim5 ( ! ,well+tonia ,gigantea 7fig4 #bc71 "o ( ! class ( trees call$ conif]\s1 & belong+ to ! exog5s1 ! b>k ( :i* has be5 /ripp$ (f 9 portions at ! place :]e x grew1 ea* ( :i* be+ numb]$1 has enabl$ !m to be re-adju/$ 9 _! orig9al places1 ! result ( :i* is1 ! :ole b>k ( ?is mo/ magnific5t tree appe>s z if gr[+ on ! timb]4 ,x measures #ca feet across at ! base1 & #ic feet 9 circumf]5ce2 ! orig9al tree 0 #cfc feet 9 height1 its pres5t height is #aaf feet1 & ! b>k is #ah in*es ?ick4 ,! ,norfolk ,isl& ,p9e 7,arauc>ia excelsa7 sometimes gr[s to #cjj feet 9 height1 & ,humboldt1 describ+ a specim5 ( ! ,p9us ,trigona1 says1 ,?is gigantic fir 0 measur$ ) great c>e2 ! gir? ( ! /em at #f-a_/d feet above ! gr\nd 0 (t5 #ch to #de feet2 "o /em 0 #cjj feet high1 & )\t bran*es = ! fir/ #aib feet4 ,z ! exog5s gr[ by ! addition ( woody matt] to _! circumf]5ce1 ( c\rse ! old] ! tree 7o!r conditions be+ equal7 ! l>g] w be ! trunk1 b z ! new wood is add$ to ! outside1 ! c5tre loses its vitality & is liable to ! attacks ( bo? animal & vegetable p>asites1 & is !re=e con/antly f\nd ei!r decay$ or totally de/oy$2 ?is is n1 h[ev]1 inv>iably ! case1 & _m in/ances are f\nd ( wood ( a great age rema9+ s\nd 9 ! c5tre4 ,at ,/4 ,ni*olas 9 ,lorra9e is exhibit$ a plank ( walnut wood made into a d9+-table :i* is tw5ty-five feet wide4 ,besides timb] = v>i\s useful purposes1 ?is division ( ! vegetable k+dom furni%es u ) bo? cotton & l95 = clo?+1 & _m ( ! dye-/uffs = ornam5t+ su* clo?+1 also ) _m articles ( food 7al?\gh n s prolific 9 ?is respect z ! ,endog571 ! potato1 mo/ gre5 vegetables1 z cabbages1 lettuces1 are exog5\s1 toge!r ) su* roots z c>rots1 p>snips1 c4 ,to ?is class ( plants belong _m ( ! mo/ beautiful fl[]s1 & all our fruit-trees1 n ! lea/ important ( :i* is ! fig-tree1 al?\gh ! fig c h>dly be call$ a fruit 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 be+ a consolidat$ mass ( fl[]s )9 a receptacle4 ,! figs ( comm]ce are produc$ f ! ,ficus c>ica1 ! fruit be+ dri$ 9 ! sun2 !y =m a consid]able article ( comm]ce4 ,! celebrat$ ,banyan tree 7,ficus indica1 fig4 #bd7 is "o ( ! fig tribe1 x ?r[s d[n bran*es 7z d _m o!rs ( ?is tribe7 :i* take root 9 ! e>? & =m fre% /ems1 s t "o ( ! banyan trees ) its (f-%oots w cov] a space ( gr\nd suffici5t to %elt] a regim5t ( cavalry1 & _m ( ! fig tribe1 especially ! sycamore 7,ficus sycamorus71 are plant$ = ! sake ( ! %elt] !y supply by _! broad cr[ns ( leaves2 ano!r ( ! fig trees 7,ficus ela/ica7 supplies a great "p ( ! ,india-rubb] ( comm]ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd--,,! ,,banyan ,,tree4 ,de ,c&olle divides ! class ( exog5s into f\r sub-classes accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( _! fl[]s c42 !y are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,,?alamiflor1 ! fl[]s ( :i* are furni%$ ) bo? calyx & corolla1 ! corolla hav+ di/9ct petals1 & ! /am5s hypogyn\s1 t is1 gr[+ imm$iately f bel[ ! pi/il4 #b4 ,,calyciflor1 hav+ fl[]s ) bo? calyx & corolla1 ! corolla divid$ into di/9ct petals1 b ! /am5s always ,p]igyn\s1 t is1 gr[+ ^u ! sides ( ! calyx4 #c4 ,,corolliflor1 hav+ fl[]s ) bo? corolla & calyx1 ! =m] hav+ its petals unit$4 #d4 ,,mono*lamyde1 fl[]s )\t corolla & (t5 )\t a calyx4 ,^! f\r sub-classes h be5 divid$ into ord]s z foll[s3-- ,,ord]s ,,( ,,?alamiflor4 #a4 ,,nymphace 7,nympha alba7 ,:ite ,wat]-,lily4 7,nuph> luteum7 ,yell[ ,wat]-,lily4 ,?is ord] conta9s wat] plants ( great beauty1 !y gr[ 9 ! mud at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 s5d+ up long fl[]- & leaf-/alks s t ! fl[]s may blossom 9 ! air & ! leaves float on ! surface2 ! leaves are g5]ally r\nd & turn$ up slightly at ! edges4 ,! ,victoria ,regia is a magnific5t specim5 ( ?is ord]2 x orig9ally came f ,brazil1 & has fl[]s a foot wide1 leaves f\r or five feet across1 & is suffici5tly buoyant1 x is said1 to be> ! weight ( a *ild4 ,! ,lotus ( ! ,nile1 ! blossom ( :i* s frequ5tly occurs on ! c>v+s ( ! ,egyptians z an (f]+ to ,isis1 is ano!r memb] ( ?is ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,wat]-,lily4 #b4 ,,papav]ace 7,papav] somnif]um7 ,:ite ,poppy4 7,papav] ,rhoeas7 ,r$ ,poppy4 ,opium is prep>$ f ! unripe capsules ( ! ,:ite ,poppy1 x is *iefly cultivat$ = ?is purpose 9 ,india & ,turkey4 ,! ,*9ese are ! great consum]s ( opium1 x be+ a common habit ) !m bo? to eat & smoke x4 ,opium is made by collect+ ! juice 9 ! morn+ :i* has exud$ f incisions made 9 ! capsules ov] night2 ^? employ$ = ?is purpose use a small knife ) sev]al blades & g r\nd ! plantations sc>ify+ ! capsules 9 ! ev5+1 & ! juice :i* issues & =ms a ?ick concrete matt]1 is scrap$ (f1 beat5 up1 & dri$ 9 r\nd lumps4 ,ab\t #b1jjj1jjj wor? are export$ f ,india annually4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,poppy4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ ,poppy4 #c4 ,,ranunculace 7,anemone coron>ia7 ,g>d5 ,anemone4 7,aconitum ,napellus7 ,monk's-hood4 7,ranunculus acris7 ,butt]-cup4 ,besides ! above examples1 !re are _m beautiful fl[]s belong+ to ?is ord]1 z ! ,clematis & ,peony4 ,memb]s ( ?is ord] are = ! mo/ "p poison\s1 & "s ( !m1 z ,monk's-hood & ,hellebore1 are viol5tly s1 :ile ev5 ! ,butt]-cup is to a c]ta9 ext5t acrid4 ,illu/ration3 ,g>d5 ,anemone4 ,illu/ration3 ,monk's-hood4 #d4 ,,fum>iace 7,fum>ia (fic9alis7 ,fumitory4 ,?is ord] conta9s no plant ( any importance4 ,! common ,fumitory d]ives its "n f ! suppos$ resemblance ( ! od\r ( its fl[]s to smoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,fumitory4 #e4 ,,brassicace 7,s9apis alba7 ,:ite ,mu/>d4 7,na/urtium (fic9alis7 ,wat] ,cress4 7,brassica ol]acea7 ,cabbage4 ,9 ?is ord] are conta9$ _m ( ! useful occupants ( our kit*5 g>d5s1 ! ,cabbage1 ,turnip1 ,caulifl[]1 ,radi%1 & _m m2 !y h ne>ly all a pung5t ta/e1 & "s1 z ! ,rape1 yield se$ produc+ mu* oil4 ,! ,wat] ,cress is gr[n ne> ,london 9 squ>e pools1 into :i* "s neighb\r+ /ream is turn$4 ,^! pools are arrang$ side by side1 & ^? :o ga!r ! plants lie d[n on a plank ( wood plac$ across4 ,enorm\s quantities are ?us suppli$ to ! ,london m>kets4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat] ,cress4 #f4 ,,ci/ace 7,helian!mum ,vulg>e7 ,helian!mum4 ,^! plants are = ! mo/ "p ev]gre5s2 ! ,yell[ ,ci/us is our mo/ famili> example ( ! ord]4 ,9 ,turkey ! ,rock-roses are mu* cultivat$1 !y exhale a gum hav+ a highly aromatic od\r1 :i* is !re us$ z a p]fume4 ,illu/ration3 ,helian!mum4 #g4 ,,b]b]idace 7,b]b]is vulg>is7 ,common ,b]b]ry4 ,! ,b]b]ry is commonly f\nd 9 our h$g][s1 & its fruit is sometimes eat52 9 ,italy x gr[s to a good-siz$ tree4 ,x is rem>kable z furni%+ an example ( vegetable motion1 f ! irritability ( its /am5s1 :i* if t\*$ w b5d =w>d 9 a curv$ position1 & t\* ! /igma ) ! an!r1 & aft] rema9+ a %ort "t 9 t position ! /am5s recov] _! natural =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,common ,b]b]ry4 #h4 ,,violace 7,viola odorata7 ,sweet ,violet4 7,viola tricolor7 ,he>t's-ease4 ,! well kn[n ,sweet-smell+ ,violet belongs to ?is ord]1 :i* o!rwise conta9s no plants ( importance1 except "o1 ! ,cephaelis ,ipecacuanha1 :i* produces ! well-kn[n emetic be>+ t "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,sweet ,violet4 #i4 ,,dros]ace 7,dros]a rotundifolia7 ,sun-dew4 ,! ,sun-dew is s call$ f ! globules ( a sort ( viscid liquid excret$ by ! hairs ( ?is plant :ile 9 sun%9e1 & look+ l dew2 "s species ( ?is ord] h _! leaves s irritable t an insect alight+ on !m causes !m to %ut up & cat* x1 h5ce ! "n ,v5us's ,fly ,trap 7,dionea muscipula7 :i* is giv5 to an ,am]ican species4 ,illu/ration3 ,sun-dew4 #aj4 ,,polygalace 7,polygala vulg>is7 ,milk-wort4 ,! ,polygala ,s5ega1 or ,virg9ian ,snake-root1 is a memb] ( ?is ord]2 x is celebrat$ 9 ,am]ica = ! cure ( ! bite ( snakes1 & is us$ "h z an expectorant4 ,! ,rhatany1 a v p[]ful a/r+5t1 is also ( ?is ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,milk-wort4 #aa4 ,,c>yophyllace 7,ly*nis dioica7 ,ba*elor's ,buttons4 7,dian?us c>yophyllus7 ,common ,p9k4 7,/ell>ia m$ia7 ,*ickwe$4 ,!re are upw>ds ( a ?\s& species ( ?is ord]1 b none are ( mu* importance2 !y =m h[ev] _m ( our mo/ beautiful ornam5tal g>d5 fl[]s1 ( :i* ! ,c>nation1 ,sweet ,william1 & sev]al o!rs1 are famili> to all4 ,illu/ration3 ,ba*elor's ,buttons4 ,illu/ration3 ,p9k4 #ab4 ,,tiliac 7,tilia ,europa7 ,lime ,tree4 ,! ,lime ,tree gr[s (t5 to a great size1 is a f9e h&some tree1 commonly f\nd 9 our plantations1 has he>t %ap$ leaves1 & fl[]s g5]ally 9 corymbs2 x is v g5]al 9 tropical climates1 & produces a f9e close gra9$ wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,lime ,tree4 #ac4 ,,hyp]icace 7,hyp]icum p]=atum7 ,p]=at$ ,hyp]icum4 ,_m species ( ,hyp]icum are cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s1 & =m h&some fl[]s2 ! well kn[n plant call$ ,a>on's ,be>d 7,hyp]icum calyc9um7 is a memb] ( ?is ord]1 & is rem>kable = ! long runn]s :i* x ?r[s out =m+ fre% plants at int]vals4 ,x is (t5 susp5d$ 9 pots1 f :i* ^! runn]s desc5d 9 a v graceful mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/4 ,john's ,wort4 #ad4 ,,malvace 7,malva sylve/ris7 ,common ,mall[4 7,al?a (fic9alis7 ,m>% ,mall[4 ,! ,m>% ,mall[ has be5 mu* e/eem$ z a demulc5t m$ic9e1 & an o9tm5t is made f x = ext]nal use2 b "o species ( ?is ord]1 ! ,gossypium1 is "o ( ! mo/ important plants 9 ! :ole _w1 produc+ t mo/ useful article1 cotton1 s l>gely gr[n 9 ,am]ica1 & = :i* ! slave population are *iefly employ$4 ,! f9e :ite hairs surr\nd+ ! se$s & fill+ up ! pod is ! "p pick$ out & pres]v$1 x =ms ! cotton-wool ( comm]ce1 ( :i* "s eight hundr$ millions ( p\nds' weight are us$ annually6 employ+ a million & a half p1 9 ,engl& alone1 & furni%+ clo?+ to hundr$s ( millions4 ,x is gr[n 9 ,india1 :i* is suppos$ to be its native place1 & w probably be gr[n to a mu* great] ext5t :5 railways & canals %all h made a m easy communication f ! int]ior ( t c\ntry to ! sea-bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>% ,mall[4 #ae4 ,,g]aniace 7,g]anium pyr5iacum7 ,mead[ ,g]anium4 ,_m species ( ?is ord] are indig5\s1 & :5 cultivat$ produce "s ( our mo/ beautiful g>d5 fl[]s1 z ! ,g]aniums1 ,pel>goniums1 & ,erodiums4 ,! ,g]aniums are ^? species :i* h five irregul> petals & t5 /am5s2 !y are ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,mead[ ,g]anium4 #af4 ,,l9ace 7,l9um usitatissimum7 ,common ,flax4 ,! ,flax plant is ano!r ( ^? insignificant plants :i*1 f c]ta9 prop]ties !y possess1 h become ! greate/ boons to mank9d2 ! /alks ( ! ,l9um usitatissimum1 soak$1 bruis$1 & prep>$ by comb+1 c41 =m ! flax ( comm]ce1 f :i* all our l95 fabrics are made4 ,! manufacture ( flax is "o ( ! olde/ arts kn[n1 ! anci5t ,egyptians =m$ _! mummy-clo?s f ?is article1 & a piece ( "o ( ^! clo?s1 blea*$ & plac$ side by side ) "s ( ! pres5t date1 w\ld h>dly suff] by ! comp>ison1 b ! rapidity ( its manufacture1 & ! price at :i* suppli$1 are d\btless v diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,flax ,plant4 ,! value ( ! l95 manufacture ( ,great ,brita9 is betwe5 sev5 & eight millions ye>ly4 ,! se$s ( ! flax plant 7,l9se$7 are us$ to cru% & produce ! l9se$ oil ( comm]ce s ext5sively us$ 9 ! production ( pa9ts & v>ni%es1 & ! cake is us$ z food = cattle4 #ag4 ,,ac]ace 7,ac] campe/re7 ,maple ,tree4 7,ac] pseudoplatanus7 ,sycamore ,tree4 ,?is ord] conta9s ! ,maple & ,sycamore1 f9e trees1 n only ornam5tal1 b produc+ wood mu* 9 reque/1 moreov] ! ,ac] sac*>9um or ,sug> ,maple ( ,nor? ,am]ica is us$ to produce sug>1 :i* is obta9$ f its sap4 ,illu/ration3 ,maple ,tree4 #ah4 ,,rutace 7,ruta graveol5s7 ,rue4 ,rue is a well-kn[n %rub ) small p9nate leaves1 & possess+ a /rong & v disagreeable od\r2 ?is dep5ds ^u ! volatile oil :i* is conta9$ 9 ! gl&s ) :i* ! leaves are dott$4 ,x has be51 f "t immemorial1 us$ z a m$ic9e4 ,ano!r memb] ( ?is ord]1 ! ,bu*u 7,diosmia cr5ata71 is also us$ m$ic9ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,rue4 #ai4 ,,oxalidace 7,oxalis acetosella7 ,wood ,sorrel4 ,! ,wood ,sorrel is v acid1 & f its juice is made ! salt ( sorrel 7:i* is b9-oxalate ( pota%71 us$ to get out ink & iron /a9s f l951 c4 ,?is is suppos$ to be ! true ,%amrock4 ,illu/ration3 ,wood ,sorrel4 ,?is completes ! ord]s ( ,?alamiflor1 :i*1 ) ! foll[+ sub-class1 ,calyciflor1 conta9 all our />-l fl[]s1 or ^? 9 :i* ! corolla =ms a :orl or op5 r+ ( petals4 ,! ?ird sub-class conta9s ^? *iefly 9 :i* ! fl[]s =m cups or bells4 ,,ord]s ,,( ,,calyciflor4 #a4 ,,cela/race 7,euonymus ,europz7 ,sp9dle ,tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,sp9dle ,tree4 ,?is ord] consi/s ( %rubs or small trees gr[+ 9 ! temp]ate regions ( mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1 & "s ( ! species1 z ,cela/rus v5atus1 are said to be poison\s2 ! se$s ( ! ,s\? ,african species are us$ to express oil f4 #b4 ,,rhamnace 7,rhamnus ca?>ticus7 ,buck?orn4 7,rhamnus frangula7 ,black ,ald]4 ,illu/ration3 ,buck?orn4 ,buck?orn b]ries af=d a juice :i*1 :5 made into syrup ) sug>1 is a popul> purgative m$ic9e2 ! juice precipitat$ ) lime produces ! gre5 pigm5t kn[n to arti/s z sap gre54 ,! ,fr5* ,b]ries us$ z a yell[ dye-/uff are procur$ f a species ( ,rhamnus4 #c4 ,,fabace1 or 7,cytisus scop>ius7 ,broom4 ,,legum9os 7,pisum sativum7 ,g>d5 ,pea4 7,faba vulg>is7 ,g>d5 ,bean4 ,illu/ration3 ,broom4 ,illu/ration3 ,g>d5 ,pea4 ,! plants produc+ pods or legumes are among ! mo/ important ( ! ord]s ( ?is class1 giv+ u v _m useful & nutriti\s plants1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are climb]s1 z ,peas1 ,beans1 c4 ,! ,tam>9d & ,cassia trees belong to ?is ord]1 also ^? :i* produce gum-arabic1 cate*u1 logwood1 & indigo4 ,!re are betwe5 six & sev5 ?\s& species ( ! ,legum9os4 #d4 ,,rosace 7,rosa c5tifolia7 ,hundr$-leav$ ,rose4 7,frag>ia vesca7 ,wood ,/rawb]ry4 7,rubus fruticosus7 ,bramble4 7,pyrus communis7 ,pe> ,tree4 ,?is important ord] yields u our mo/ beautiful fl[]1 ! ,rose1 ( :i* !re are a great _m v>ieties1 among :i* ! ,dog-rose--t beautiful ornam5t to our h$ges--des]ves to hold a conspicu\s place1 also ! ,sweetbri> or ,eglant9e4 ,! rose is us$ 9 ,turkey & ,p]sia = obta9+ t mo/ valuable & delici\s p]fume1 ,otto ( ,roses4 ,x is made by di/ill+ a portion ( wat] f sev]al quantities ( fre% roses1 until x becomes saturat$ ) ! volatile oil4 ,?is wat] is !n expos$ to ! op5 air1 &1 9 ! cool night "t1 drops ( ! otto collect on ! top1 f :i* x is c>efully ga!r$1 & ! same wat] aga9 di/ill$ f a fre% quantity ( roses4 ,besides ! ,rose tribe1 ?is ord] conta9s "s ( our mo/ valu$ fruits4 ,! ,apple1 ,pe>1 & ,/rawb]ry belong to x1 also ! ,almond4 ,illu/ration3 ,pe> ,tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,rose4 ,illu/ration3 ,/rawb]ry4 #e4 ,,ly?race 7,ly?rum salic>ia7 ,purple ,loose-/rife4 ,illu/ration3 ,loose-,/rife4 ,! ,purple ,loose-/rife is indig5\s to ,engl&1 be>+ a purple fl[]1 & is also f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ?is plant2 an ,indian species1 ,ly?rum ,hunt]i1 be>+ a r$ fl[]1 has be5 us$ by ! natives z a r$ dye4 #f4 ,,onagrace 7,epilobium angu/ifolium7 ,fr5* ,will[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fr5* ,will[4 ,?is ord] conta9s "s v beautiful fl[]+ plants1 z ! ,ev5+-primrose 7,eno!ra bi5nis71 ,fu*sia1 c4 ( :i* !re are a great _m v>ieties2 !y ab\nd pl5tifully 9 ,am]ica1 ( :i* c\ntry ! ,ev5+-primrose is said to be a native4 #g4 ,,myrtace 7,myrtus communis7 ,myrtle4 ,illu/ration3 ,myrtle4 ,! ,myrtles are1 = ! mo/ "p1 inhabitants ( ! w>m] climates4 ,!y are %rubs or trees1 & sometimes ( great size & beauty2 ! fl[]s & leaves ( _m species are odor\s4 ,!re are upw>ds ( fifty species ( ,myrtle1 & !y are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,old & ,new ,worlds4 #h4 ,,crassulace 7,semp]vivum tect>um7 ,h\se-leek4 7,s$um ,acre7 ,/one-crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,h\se-leek4 ,! species ( ?is ord] h1 mo/ ( !m1 ?ick succul5t leaves4 ,! ,s$ums1 ,/one-crop1 & ,h\se-leek1 are among ! mo/ common1 gr[+ 9 dry1 e>?y matt]1 on walls or h\setops2 !y1 nev]!less1 are full ( a milky juice4 ,! juice ( ,h\seleek mix$ ) cream has be5 a long "t a popul> rem$y = v>i\s ext]nal compla9ts1 b1 l mo/ popul> rem$ies1 does nei!r good nor h>m4 #i4 ,,grassul>iace 7,ribes rubrum7 ,r$ ,currant4 7,ribes grassul>ia7 ,gooseb]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,gooseb]ry4 ,! ,gooseb]ry & ,currant are memb]s ( ?is ord]4 ,!y are useful plants = ! kit*5-g>d51 & af=d a grateful & :olesome fruit1 al?\gh unripe gooseb]ries 7eat5 raw7 are extremely un:olesome1 z ! acid !y conta9 is ! oxalic4 #aj4 ,,saxifragace 7,rob]tsonia umbrosa7 ,london ,pride4 ,illu/ration3 ,london ,pride4 ,^! are plants gr[+1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 m\nta9\s regions1 & 9 ! crevices ( rocks4 ,! ,london ,pride & ,hydrangea are ! be/ kn[n1 ! latt] produc+ v l>ge corymbs ( fl[]s4 ,!y occur 9 temp]ate climates 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w4 #aa4 ,,apiace1 or 7,fo5iculum (fic9ale7 ,f5nel4 ,,umbellif] 7,conium maculatum7 ,hemlock4 7,apium graveol5s7 ,cel]y4 7,petrosel9um sativum7 ,p>sley4 ,illu/ration3 ,f5nel4 ,illu/ration3 ,hemlock4 ,conta9s _m ( our useful vegetables1 z ! ,c>rot 7,daucus ,c>ota71 ,p>snip 7,pa/9aca71 c4 ,! ,cel]y also1 & _m ( our aromatic se$s1 are produc$ by ! ,umbellif]1 z ,anise1 ,c>raway1 ,dill1 ,cori&]1 & ,f5nel4 ,"s memb]s1 h[ev]1 are poison\s1 z ,hemlock 7,conium ,maculatum71 & ,c[-bane or ,wat] ,hemlock 7,cicuta ,virosa74 ,,ord]s ,,( ,,corolliflor4 #a4 ,,cucurbitace 7,cucurmis melo7 ,! ,melon4 7,elat]ium agre/e7 ,spirt+ ,cucumb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,melon4 ,! ,cucumb] 7,cucurmis ,sativa71 ! ,melon 7,cucurmis ,melo71 bo? e/eem$ z delicacies1 are ( ?is ord]4 ,also ! num]\s tribe ( ,g\rds 7,cucurbita71 z ! ,pumpk91 ,l>ge ,g\rd1 ,bottle ,g\rd1 ,squa%1 c41 also ! ,vegetable ,m>r[4 ,g\rd-%ells =m ! mo/ common vessels = hold+ liquids1 9 _m p>ts ( ,asia4 #b4 ,,cornace 7,cornus ,sangu9ea7 ,dogwood4 ,illu/ration3 ,dogwood4 ,^! plants are *iefly %rubs or trees1 gr[+ 9 mo/ temp]ate regions1 & especially 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,cornelian ,*]ry 7,cornus muscula7 produces a b]ry some:at resembl+ a *]ry4 ,"s species are us$ 9 ,am]ica z a tonic m$ic9e4 #c4 ,,caprifoliace 7,sambucus nigra7 ,eld] ,tree4 7,viburnum t9us7 ,lauru/9a4 7,caprifolium p]foliatum7 ,honeysuckle4 ,illu/ration3 ,honeysuckle4 ,gueld] ,rose4 ,?is ord] conta9s few plants ( any importance4 ,! ,honeysuckle is a v fav\rite ornam5tal plant1 & ! fruit ( ! ,eld] produces ! ,eld]b]ry-w9e s mu* us$ on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 ) toa/$ bread1 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 #d4 ,,galiace 7,galium cruciatum7 ,cross ,wort4 7,rubia t9ctorum7 ,madd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-wort4 ,! root ( ! ,madd] is "o ( our mo/ important dye-/uffs1 produc+ ! mo/ p]man5t r$s & br[ns us$ 9 dye+4 ,x is a native ( ! s\? ( ,europe & ( ,asia4 ,animals f$ ^u madd] are f\nd to h _! bones t+$ ( a r$ col\r4 #e4 ,,val]ianace 7,val]iana (fic9alis7 ,val]ian4 7,cetran?us rub]7 ,r$ ,val]ian4 ,illu/ration3 ,val]ian4 ,r$ ,val]ian4 ,val]ian is indig5\s1 gr[+ by dit*es1 & be>+ a p9k fl[]2 ! root is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & has a mo/ disagreeable od\r4 ,sev]al species are cultivat$ z ornam5tal g>d5 fl[]s2 !re are ab\t #abe species4 #f4 ,,dipsacace 7,dipsacus fullonum7 ,teasel4 ,illu/ration3 ,teasel4 ,! heads ( ! ,teasel 7 =m]ly us$1 to an enorm\s ext5t1 = c>d+ clo?1 & 7 cultivat$ l>gely 9 "s p>ts = t purpose--wagon-loads ( !m 7 br\ght to ! clo?-dress]s--b _! use is n[1 to "s ext5t1 sup]s$$1 ! process call$ teasell+ be+ frequ5tly p]=m$ by ma*9]y4 #g4 ,,a/]ace 7,tussilago ,f>f>a7 ,coltsfoot4 7,helian?us annuus7 ,sunfl[]4 7,*rysan!mum ,leucan!mum74 ,ox-eye ,daisy4 ,illu/ration3 ,coltsfoot4 ,illu/ration3 ,ox-eye ,daisy4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family h a />-l infloresc5ce1 z ! ,sunfl[]1 ,*9a ,a/]1 c42 ! c5tre "p or eye1 be+ compos$ ( undevelop$ florets1 is frequ5tly1 by cultivation1 almo/ lo/1 =m+ florets :i* are add$ to ! ray4 #h4 ,,campanulace 7,campanula rotundifolia7 ,h>e-bell4 7,campanula m$ia7 ,cant]bury-bell4 ,illu/ration3 ,h>ebell4 ,comprise ! v>i\s ,bells1 :i* =m ( infloresc5ce is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,corolliflor4 ,!re are ab\t #ejj species ( ?is ord]1 ! fl[]s ( :i* are = ! mo/ "p ( a blue or purple col\r2 ! ,h>e-bell is also kn[n z ! ,bluebell ( ,scotl&4 #i4 ,,ericace 7,calluna vulg>is7 ,hea!r4 7,erica c9]ea7 ,grey ,hea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,grey ,hea?4 ,! ,hea?s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 social plants1 gr[+ 9 great numb]s on wa/e gr\nd1 & giv+ great beauty to sc5]y4 ,! ,hea!r gives a peculi> aspect to ! hills ( ,scotl&4 ,humboldt obs]ves1 ,x is curi\s t1 out ( m ?an #cjj species ( ,erica1 "o only %\ld be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,am]ican cont95t4 #aj4 ,,g5tianace 7,g5tiana campe/ris7 ,field ,g5tian4 7,m5yan!s trifoliata7 ,buck ,bean4 ,illu/ration3 ,field ,g5tian4 ,illu/ration3 ,buck ,bean4 ,?is ord] conta9s no memb] ( great importance2 ! ,g5tian-root1 mu* us$ z a tonic1 is ! product ( ! ,g5tiana ,lutea4 #aa4 ,,primulace 7,anagallis arv5sis7 ,pimp]nel4 7,primula v]is7 ,c[slip4 7,primula acaulis7 ,primrose4 ,illu/ration3 ,pimp]nel4 ,illu/ration3 ,primrose4 ,^! well-kn[n & beautiful fl[]s =m ornam5ts to our mead[s1 h$g][s1 & g>d5s2 ! ,oxlip1 ,polyan?us1 & ,auricula belong to ?is ord]1 ( :i* _m v>ieties are produc$ by cultivation4 #ab4 ,,convolvulace 7,caly/egia sepium7 ,b9dwe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,b9dwe$4 ,! ,b9dwe$s are gay & beautiful fl[]s1 & besides be+ us$ = ornam5tal purposes1 _m ( ?is ord] h m$ic9al prop]ties ( great importance4 ,! ,jalap root is f ! ,convolvulus ,jalap1 :i* comes f ,xalapa1 9 ,mexico1 ( :i* "n ,jalap is a corruption4 ,scammony1 ano!r m$ic9e mu* us$1 is a res9 procur$ f a species ( ?is ord]4 #ac4 ,,borag9ace 7,borago (fic9alis7 ,borage4 ,illu/ration3 ,borage4 ,! memb]s ( ?is ord] h mo/ ( !m r\gh hairy leaves1 !y conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( nitrate ( pota% 9 _! juices1 & x is ?is :i* gives !m ! peculi> ta/e :i* has ga9$ = !m ! "n ( ,oy/] plants2 ! common ,borage has be5 us$ z a rem$y = c\ghs4 #ad4 ,,l9iace1 or 7,salvia (fic9alis7 ,sage4 ,,labiates 7,?ymus vulg>is7 ,?yme4 7,m5?a viridis7 ,spe> ,m9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,sage4 ,! "n ,labiates has be5 giv5 f ! =m ( _! inflores5ce1 :i* is g5]ally ,labiate 7hav+ lips72 !y frequ5tly possess aromatic prop]ties1 & are mo/ly ( a /rong smell4 ,al?\gh n commonly us$ z food1 yet mo/ ( !m are employ$ to flav\r x1 z ,m9t1 ,?yme1 ,sage1 & _m m4 #ae4 ,,solanace 7,atropa belladonna7 ,deadly ,night%ade4 7,solanum tub]osum7 ,potato4 7,capsicum annuum7 ,capsicum4 7,hyoscyamus nig]7 ,h5bane4 7,nicotiana ,tabacum7 ,tobacco4 ,illu/ration3 ,tobacco4 ,a great _m memb]s ( ?is ord] are poison\s1 among :i* ! ,deadly ,night%ade 7,atropa ,belladonna7 is ! mo/ virul5t1 !re are also ,h5bane & ,tobacco1 bo? /rong poisons2 b1 to comp5sate = ?is bad "*1 ! ord] conta9s "o ( ! mo/ useful vegetables us$ 9 ,europe--! ,potato4 ,?is is ! tub] ( ! ,solanum tub]osum4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ! ,potato into ,engl& is f ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia3-- ,que5 ,elizabe?1 9 #aehd1 grant$ a pat5t '= plant+ & discov]+ 9 new c\ntries1 n possess$ by ,*ri/ians1' &1 "u ?is sanction1 "s %ips1 pr9cipally equipp$ by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 sail$ ) him to ,am]ica4 ,?omas ,h>riott 7aft]w>ds kn[n z a ma!matician7 :o accompani$ ! adv5tur\s squadron1 transmitt$ to ,engl& ! description ( a plant1 call$ ,op5awk by ! natives ( t "p ( ,am]ica1 :i* ! c\rti]-l gallantry ( ,raleigh _h nam$ ',virg9ia4' ,h>riott describ$ ! ,op5awk z hav+ ! roots r\nd1 & 'hang+ toge!r z if fix$ on ropes1 & good = food ei!r boil$ or roa/$4' ,gir>de 9 8 ,h]bal a few ye>s subsequ5tly1 di/+ui%$ ! plant by a plate1 & n only confirm$ ! ass]tion t x 0 an indig5\s production ( ,virg9ia1 :5ce he himself _h obta9$ x1 b suppli$ "s curi\s details ( its qualities1 & ( ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* x might be dress$ = ! table4 ,b ! ,potatoe _h be5 kn[n 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal at an e>li] p]iod1 & x is f ! latt] c\ntry t we mo/ directly d]ive ! "n by :i* we "k x4 ,?is is easily %[n2 al?\gh ! natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica call$ ! plant by ! "n ',op5awk1' ^? ( ! ,s\?1 m p>ticul>ly ! inhabitants ( ! m\nta9s ( ,quito1 call$ x ',papas1' :i* ! ,spani>ds corrupt$ into ',battata1' ?is aga9 _! neighb\rs 9 ,portugal s(t5$ into ',ba-ta-ta' 7da t]ra71 to :i* 'potato' is a v close approximation4 ,?is plant1 ! tub]s ( :i* = a long "t 7 a luxury obta9able by ! ri* only1 n[ yields ! support ( ! poor1 & furni%es ! *eape/ food kn[n2 ! peasantry ( ,irel& almo/ subsi/ ^u ,potatoes1 & ! poor ( mo/ p>ts ( ,europe f9d x indisp5sable to _! liv+4 #af4 ,,scrophul>iace 7,digitalis purpurea7 ,foxglove4 7,v]onica (fic9alis7 ,spe$well4 ,illu/ration3 ,spe$well4 ,"s ( ! memb]s ( ?is ord] 7 =m]ly consid]$ useful 9 scr(ul\s compla9ts1 especially ! ,scrophul>ia nodosa1 a common plant gr[+ by ! sides ( dit*es1 & ^: tub]culat$ roots 7 consid]$ to resemble scr(ul\s tum\rs1 & !re=e to be ! natural rem$y = !m4 ,! ,foxglove is us$ z a m$ic9e & is highly poison\s4 #ag4 ,,l5tibul>iace 7,p+uicula vulg>is7 ,butt]wort4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt]wort4 ,?is ord] includes ! ,butt]worts1 :i* are h]bace\s indig5\s plants1 gr[+ 9 dit*es & wet places2 !y are divid$ into ! ,p+uicula & ! ,urticul>ia4 ,! example giv5 is ! mo/ common & *>act]i/ic ( ! ord]4 #ah4 ,,plantag9ace 7,plantago lanceolata7 ,planta94 ,illu/ration3 ,planta94 ,! common ,planta9 or ,way-br$ is f\nd by roadsides1 ! leaves =m a sort ( /> on ! gr\nd1 f ! c5tre ( :i* a tall /alk arises1 =m+ a spike ( fl[]s4 ,! se$s ( planta9 are mu* 9 reque/ by bird fanci]s1 cage-birds be+ fond ( !m4 ,! leaves 7 once 9 great repute z a /yptic1 or application = /opp+ ! ble$+ ( w\nds4 #ai4 ,,plumbag9ace 7,arm]ia m>atima7 ,?rift4 7,ilex aquifolium7 ,holly4 ,illu/ration3 ,?rift4 ,illu/ration3 ,holly4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ?is ord] are ! two examples giv51 especially ! ,holly1 :i* is univ]sally kn[n & admir$ = ! decorative uses to :i* x is appli$ 9 our *ur*es & h\ses at ,*ri/mas "t4 ,,ord]s ,,( ,,mono*lamyde4 #a4 ,,sanguisorbe 7,al*emilla vulg>is7 ,ladies' ,mantle4 ,illu/ration3 ,ladies' ,mantle4 ,"s species ( ?is ord]1 especially ! ,great] ,burnet 7,sanguisorba (fic9alis71 7 once mu* cultivat$ z food = cattle1 b x is n[ sup]s$$ by o!r plants1 especially ,sa9fo94 #b4 ,,*5opodiace 7,beta vulg>is7 ,beet4 7,sp9acia ol]acea7 ,sp9a*4 ,illu/ration3 ,beetroot ,! mo/ important species ( ?is ord] is ! ,beetroot1 employ$ 9 ,france = ! production ( sug>4 ,its v>iety1 ,mangold-wurzel 7,beta altissima71 is also ext5sively us$ z food = cattle4 #c4 ,,polygonace 7,polygonum ,fagopyrum7 ,buck:eat4 7,rumex obtusifolius7 ,dock4 ,illu/ration3 ,buck:eat4 ,buck:eat is us$ z food 9 ,am]ica & o!r places1 & ! root ( ! ,rheum palmatum furni%es ! ,rhub>b ( comm]ce4 ,x is br\ght f ,turkey2 b is gr[n 9 ,*9a1 & !nce passes ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,russians to ,turkey4 ,o!r species ( ,rhub>b1 z ,rheum compactum1 are cultivat$ "h = ! sake ( ! leaf-/alk1 :i* has an agreeable acid ta/e1 & is mu* us$ = mak+ t>ts & pudd+s4 #d4 ,,el,,agnace 7,elagnus angu/ifolia7 ,olea/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,olea/]4 ,"s =eign species ( ! ,olea/] are extremely fragrant1 & o!rs1 especially ^? ( ,india1 produce a fruit ( a pleasant ta/e & is !re eat54 ,! ,sea ,buck?orn 7,hippoph ,rhamnoides7 is ! only ,engli% species4 #e4 ,,?ymelace 7,daphne pontica7 ,spurge ,laurel4 ,illu/ration3 ,spurge-,laurel4 ,"s species ( ?is ord] are cultivat$ 9 g>d5s & are v fragrant1 o!rs p>take ( a poison\s quality2 ! ,daphne mez]ium1 ! b>k ( :i* is v acrid1 is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & =ms "o ( ! +r$i5ts 9 ! celebrat$ comp\nd decoction ( ,s>sap>illa4 #f4 ,,corylace 7,ca/anea vesca7 ,sweet ,*e/nut4 7,qu]cus p$unculata7 ,oak4 7,corylus avellana7 ,hazel ,nut4 ,?is ord] conta9s "s ( our f9e/ trees2 ! ,oak1 t pr9ce ( trees1 is ( ?is ord]4 ,x atta9s a great age & size1 & !re are "s celebrat$ specim5s exi/+ :i* h /ood _m c5turies4 ,oaks con/itute ! great] "p ( ! =e/ trees1 bo? on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,engl&2 great numb]s are cut 9 ,france = fire-wood1 & 9 bo? c\ntries = %ip-build+4 ,! ro(-timb]s ( our old *ur*es & halls are ne>ly all oak4 ,! b>k ( ! oak is l>gely us$ = tann+ lea!r4 ,ab\t #cj1jjj tons are import$ into ?is c\ntry ye>ly = ?is purpose1 besides ! product ( our own trees4 ,! b>k ( ! ,cork-oak 7,qu]cus sub]7 is us$ = mak+ corks1 "s #b1jjj tons ( ?is are import$ annually4 ,moreov]1 ! ,gall-nut us$ 9 tann+1 & also to make black dye1 is ! product ( an oak4 ,! ,*e/nut is a f9e tree1 ! nuts ( :i* are commonly eat5 by ! peasantry ( ,spa9 & ,italy z food2 ! tree gr[s to a great age & to an enorm\s size4 ,illu/ration3 ,sweet ,*e/nut4 #g4 ,,euphorbiace 7,buxus semp]vir5s7 ,box4 ,illu/ration3 ,box4 ,_m species ( ?is ord] are acrid & poison\s1 & h be5 us$ = poison+ arr[s4 ,! ,ca/or-oil plant 7,ric9us palma-*ri/i71 & ! plant t yields t mo/ viol5t purgative1 ,croton-oil 7,croton tiglium71 are ( ?is species2 also ! ,box-tree1 f :i* t useful wood1 kn[n z box-wood1 is obta9$4 #h4 ,,urticace 7,urtica ur5s7 ,/++ ,nettle4 7,humulus lupulus7 ,hops4 ,illu/ration3 ,hop4 ,! ,nettle 9 ,au/ralia gr[s to ! size ( a tree2 ! ,hop also belongs to ?is ord]1 & is l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,k5t & ,sussex = ! use ( brew]s1 z x communicates an agreeable bitt] to be] :i* no o!r plant seems to be able to sub/itute4 #i4 ,,salicace 7,salix alba7 ,:ite ,will[4 7,populus nigra7 ,black ,popl>4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,will[4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ?is ord] are ! examples giv52 ! ,will[s are well-kn[n trees1 gr[+ by ! m>g9s ( wat] & 9 damp places4 ,! ,popl> is "o ( our talle/ trees1 specim5s be+ kn[n #ajj feet high2 its peculi> tall =m di/+ui%es x f all o!r trees4 #aj4 ,,betulace 7,betula alba7 ,bir*4 7,alnus glut9osa7 ,ald]4 ,illu/ration3 ,bir*4 ,illu/ration3 ,ald]4 ,! ,bir* & ,ald] are bo? well kn[n trees 9 our plantations1 ! ,ald] is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! ,eld]4 ,! b>k ( ! ,bir* tree conta9s tann92 x is us$ to tan sk9s 9 ,russia1 & gives to ,russian lea!r its peculi> qualities4 #aa4 ,,ulmace 7,ulnus campe/ris7 ,elm4 ,illu/ration3 ,elm4 ,! ,elm is "o ( our l>ge/ & noble/ trees1 gr[+ to #hj or #ij feet high1 x has (t5 a gir? ( #aj to #aa feet1 & =ms a v f9e tree ) a broad cr[n2 ! wood is mu* us$ = mak+ c(f9s4 #ab4 ,,p9ace 7,taxus baccata7 ,yew4 7,abies l>ix7 ,l>*4 7,laurus nobilis7 ,bay4 7,p9us sylve/ris7 ,scot* ,fir4 ,illu/ration3 ,l>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,yew4 ,illu/ration3 ,bay4 ,?is ord] conta9s ! v>i\s ,p9es & ,firs1 toge!r ) ! ,yew & ,bay trees1 & is sometimes call$ ! ,conif]1 z !y all be> cones4 ,9 _! g5]al aspect _m ( ^! some:at resemble endog5\s trees1 gr[+ p]fectly /raight 9 ! /em1 & giv+ (f bran*es 9 :orls at regul> di/ances2 "s1 z ! ,norfolk ,isl& ,p9e1 =m p]fectly regul> figures by ! int]lacem5t ( _! bran*es4 ,! ,firs h _! ?9 n>r[ leaves />t+ (f s+ly f ! bran*1 & always on ! upp] side1 l ! tee? ( a comb1 :ile ! ,p9es h _! leaves gr\p$ toge!r1 />t+ (f 9 f\rs or fives f ! same spot4 ,! ,conif]a furni% ! longe/ & /raighte/ timb] ( all trees1 !y commonly gr[ to #ajj feet high1 & 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,cali=nia to m ?an #cjj4 ,! ,well+tonia ,gigantea is ! talle/ species kn[n1 & ! ,arauc>ia ,excelsa 7,norfolk ,isl& ,p9e71 p]haps1 ! next4 ,! trees ( ?is ord] are among/ ! mo/ useful to man1 supply+ a numb] ( useful articles1 su* z turp5t9e1 res91 c41 besides ! mo/ valuable timb]4 ,p9es1 l ! ,palms1 s]ve z a scre5 aga9/ ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r1 b1 :ile ! palms keep (f ! burn+ rays ( ! sun1 ! p9es def5d u f ! cold ( ! m\nta9 bla/s2 !y are inde$ us$ z nurses1 & z su*1 9 our oak plantations1 s]ve to scre5 ! "y sapl+s :i* are plant$ among !m f ! effects ( cold until /rong en\gh to be> exposure2 :5 ! p9es are cut d[n1 & :at be=e appe>$ to be a p9e-wood1 appe>s z a plantation ( oaks4 ,! p9e-trees furni% ^? /raight /ems l>gely us$ by build]s "u ! "n ( scaffold poles4 ,!y also make ! be/ wood = r5d+ into la?s = build+ purposes1 _! /raight & op5 gra9 all[+ ( _! be+ easily split4 ,x is f ! vegetable k+dom t mo/ ( ! m$ic9es 9 use are d]iv$1 b _m ( ^!1 9 improp] doses1 act z viol5t poisons2 inde$1 ! mo/ rapidly fatal ( all poisons1 prussic acid1 0 orig9ally di/ill$ f ! ,laurel-*]ry1 & /ry*n9e1 :i* is h>dly less rapid1 is ! produce ( ! ,nux vomica 7,/ry*nos nux vomica74 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! pr9cipal poison\s plants f\nd gr[+ wild 9 ,engl&3-- 99 #a4 ,,monk',s-,,hood 7,aconitum ,napellus74 ,,wolf',s-,,bane 7,aconitum lycactonum74 ,illu/ration3 ,monk's-hood4 ,illu/ration3 ,horse-radi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,wolf's-bane4 ,all p>ts ( ,monk's-hood & ,wolf's-bane are extremely poison\s2 ! root ( ,monk's-hood has (t5 be5 mi/ak5 = t ( ,horse-radi%1 ( :i* an example is !re=e giv51 to %[ t x is impossible = ?is mi/ake to be made1 if ! lea/ att5tion be paid to ! leaves1 z !y are totally dissimil>4 99 ,,bryony 7,bryonia dioica74 ,! :ole ( ?is plant is poison\s1 &1 z ! b]ries are r$ & tempt+1 x is dang]\s to tru/ *ildr5 ) !m4 ,! root is l>ge & succul5t1 & is kn[n by ! "n ( ,m&rake2 x is v purgative & acrid4 ,illu/ration3 ,bryony4 99 ,,gre5 ,,hellebore 7,heleborus viridus74 99 ,,/9k+ ,,hellebore 7,heleborus foetidus74 ,illu/ration3 ,gre5 ,hellebore4 ,illu/ration3 ,/9k+ ,hellebore4 ,bo? poison\s 9 e "p ( ! plants4 99 ,,mez]ium 7,daphne mez]ium74 ,! b>k ( ?is plant is acrid & poison\s1 produc+ a burn+ s5sation 9 ! ?roat if *ew$1 & bli/]+ ! sk9 if appli$1 = :i* purpose x 0 (t5 =m]ly us$ m$ic9ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,mez]ium4 99 ,,mead[ ,,saffron 7,col*icum autumnale74 ,! corm 7root7 & se$s ( ?is plant are poison\s4 ,mead[ ,saffron is also call$ ,col*icum1 x is mu* us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & al?\gh a good & useful "o 9 small doses = g\ty affections1 yet 9 ov]-doses x produces viol5t purg+ & vomit+4 ,illu/ration3 ,mead[ ,saffron4 ,,foxglove 7,digitalis purpurea74 ,?is plant is v poison\s & dang]\s1 ! leaves are ! mo/ active "p4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ m$ic9ally1 b requires great c>e1 z x l[]s ! action ( ! he>t1 ! effect ( _m small doses accumulat+ & at la/ act+ l "o l>ge "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,foxglove4 99 ,,/aves-,,acre 7,delph9ium ,/aphisagria74 ,! ,ranunculace are1 mo/ ( !m1 poison\s1 & ?is ord] includes ! ,l>kspurs1 ( :i* ! ,/aves-,acre is a species4 ,! se$s are to a c]ta9 ext5t poison\s1 & :5 gr\nd into meal & mix$ ) fl\r h be5 (t5 us$ by f>m]s to de/roy v]m9 ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z rats1 mice1 beetles1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,/aves-,acre4 ,,deadly ,,night%ade 7,atropa ,belladonna74 ,! ,deadly ,night%ade is also call$ ,belladonna4 ,bo? leaves & b]ries are a deadly poison4 ,! b]ries h be5 mi/ak5 = black currants by *ildr51 z !y mu* resemble !m4 ,!re are sev]al species1 ( :i* ! ,solanum nigrum1 or ,common ,night%ade1 v mu* resembles ! ,deadly4 ,illu/ration3 ,deadly ,night%ade4 ,,woody ,,night%ade 7,solanum ,dulcam>a74 ,?is plant1 also call$ ,bitt]-sweet1 f its ta/e1 produces ! bright r$ b]ries s (t5 se5 9 h$ges1 & :i* f _! pretty appe>ance frequ5tly tempt *ildr5 to eat !m4 ,!y are poison\s1 b n s mu* s z ! twigs ( ! plant1 :i* are v acrid & n>cotic4 ,illu/ration3 ,woody ,night%ade4 ,,hemlock 7,conium maculatum74 ,! ,hemlock is an umbellif]\s plant gr[+ by road-sides & "u h$ges1 & fl[]s 9 ,june & ,july2 x has be5 mi/ak5 = ,p>sley1 b may be kn[n by ! /ems be+ spott$ ) black2 ! leaves are ( a d>k gre5 col\r1 ! upp] ones bi-p9nate & ! l[] ones l>ge & /&+ on long *annell$ foot-/alks4 ,illu/ration3 ,hemlock4 ,,?orn-,,apple 7,datura /rammonium74 ,! ,?orn-,apple is a native ( ,am]ica1 b has become almo/ indig5\s1 & is frequ5tly f\nd gr[+ 9 wa/e places4 ,! :ole ( ! plant is poison\s1 & is n>cotic :5 smok$1 l tobacco4 ,x is an annual1 be>+ a funnel-%ap$ :ite fl[]1 ! fruit is a f\r-cell$ capsule cov]$ ) %>p sp9es or ?orns1 h5ce its "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,?orn-,apple4 ,,poppy1 ,r$ 7,papav] ,rhoeas74 ,,poppy1 ,:ite 7,papav] somnif]um74 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,poppy4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ ,poppy4 ,! unripe capsules ( bo? ( ^! species ( ,poppy are n>cotic & poison\s1 b *iefly ^? ( ! ,:ite ,poppy1 f :i*1 ! opium ( comm]ce is procur$4 ,! leaves are b v slightly n>cotic1 & ! se$s n at all4 ,,h5bane 7,hyoscyamus ,nig]74 ,illu/ration3 ,h5bane4 ,?is plant is an indig5\s annual gr[+ 9 wa/e places1 especially 9 *alky soil1 be>+ fl[]s 9 ,july1 :i* are ( a yell[i% gre5 col\r & nause\s od\r2 ! /alk1 leaves1 & inde$ ! :ole ( ! plant is cov]$ ) hairs4 ,x is v n>cotic1 & is mu* us$ m$ic9e2 9 ov]-doses x is poison\s4 ,,cap] 7,euphorbia ,la?yris74 ,! ,cap] is a bi5nial (t5 f\nd 9 g>d5s2 ! se$s are v purgative1 & to "s p]sons poison\s4 ,?is plant be>+ ! "n ( ,cap]1 _m p]sons h errone\sly ?\ght ! se$s to be ! ord9>y ,cap]s sold at %ops = mak+ ,cap]-sauce4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are ! fl[]-buds ( q ano!r plant1 kn[n z ,capp>is sp9osa4 ,illu/ration3 ,cap]4 ,,wild ,,lettuce 7,lactuca virosa74 ,! ,wild ,lettuce is a bi5nial plant fl[]+ 9 ,july & ,augu/2 x is f\nd gr[+ on ! banks ( dit*es1 & is suffici5tly n>cotic to be call$ poison\s4 ,! dri$ juice has be5 us$ z a sub/itute = opium1 b by cultivation ! n>cotic prop]ty is ne>ly or altoge!r lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,wild ,lettuce4 ,,mu%rooms1 ,,toad/ools1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,fungi4 ,! only k9ds ( ,mu%room :i* c be eat5 ) safety are ! common ,mu%room 7,ag>icus campe/ris71 ! ,*ampignon 7,ag>icus oreades71 & ! ,morell 7,m>*ella escul5ta74 ,^? :i* are ( v bright col\rs1 or h spots on ! cap1 ^? ) ?9 caps1 or ^? :i* are moi/--h a film l a cobweb ab\t ! /alk1 or h ! /alk com+ f "o side ( ! cap--are poison\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,common ,mu%room4 ,illu/ration3 ,*ampignon4 ,illu/ration3 ,morell4 ,illu/ration3 ,poison\s ,fungi4 ,^? m>k$ 7997 9 ! =ego+ li/ are acrid poisons1 & ! rema9d] are n>cotic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,oaks4 ,out ( ^! ?ree great families ( plants1 9 _! almo/ endless v>iety ( size1 =m1 & col\r1 x has pleas$ ! ,great ,au?or ( ,nature to =m all ! vegetation :i* beautifies ?is e>?1 f ! l(ty ,palm--:i*1 f its grateful fre%ness & ! beauty ( its /ructure1 seems almo/ z if possess$ ( m ?an vegetative life1 to ! ,alg1 :i* =m ! pool's gre5 mantle--f ! gigantic & /orm-defy+ ,oak1 ) its gre5 foliage spread+ out f> above1 & ?r[+ its welcome %ade ar\nd1 to def5d f ! sun's rays ! g5tle de] :o pa/ure on ! h]bage b5ea?--to ! grass & clov]1 & ! sweet-smell+ wild fl[]s at _! feet-- ,daffodils ,t come be=e ! swall[ d>es1 & take ,! w9ds ( ,m>* ) beauty2 violets dim ,b sweet] ?an ! lids ( ,juno's eyes1 ,or ,cy!rea's brea?1--pale primroses ,t die unm>ri$1 ere !y c behold ,bright ,phoebus 9 8 /r5g?-- =m inexhau/ible !mes on :i* to ex]cise our faculties ( admiration1 & :i* s]ve admirably to m9i/] to ^? wants :i*1 )\t d\bt1 7 giv5 to u t we might d]ive pleasure f _! be+ ?us beautifully gratifi$--!mes = ! p5cil ( ! arti/1 :o holds1 z x 71 ! mirror up to nature1 & ! ar*itect1 :5 he design$ 8 vi/as ( sl5d] columns spread+ out into & support+ ro(s ( trac]y1 might well be suppos$ to h _h 9 8 m9d's eye "s beautiful recollection ( ! arcades ( ,nature's palaces 9 ! sombre =e/s1 :]e ! twi/$ trunks ( ! trees1 ! fretwork ( _! bran*es1 & ! leafy cov]+ =m$ by _! leaves1 supply all ! requisites ( a gr& & l(ty temple1 fit = ! wor%ip ( t great ,fir/ ,cause :o =m$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=e/ ,,sc5e4 ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,animalcul ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,/agnant ,,wat]4 ,a1 ,cyclops ,quadracornis4 ,b1 ,anguillula4 ,fluviatilis4 ,c1 ,act9ophrys4 ,sol4 ,d1 ,coleps ,hirtus4 ,e1 ,vorticella4 ,f1 ,amboeba pr9ceps4 ,g1 ,ac9eta my/ac9a4 ,h1 ,oxytry*a4 ,i1 ,trioph?alamus dorsalis4 ,j1 ,poly>?ra4 ,aft] consid]+ ! beautiful cov]+ :i* a k9d ,provid5ce has giv5 to ! e>? 9 ! =m ( all sorts ( vegetation1 x w be necess>y n[ to consid] = :at k9d ( creatures ?is mo/ delightful g>d5 0 prep>$1 :e!r !y seek _! food 9 ! air1 wat]1 or e>?1 = all ^! places are abodes ( ! vegetable tribes1 & :]e !re is vegetation !re are animat$ be+s2 = !re is n an animal 9 exi/5ce1 b directly or indirectly fe$s ^u ! vegetable k+dom1 f ! elephant & rh9oc]os :i* dev\r :ole plantations1 to ! m9ute animalcul :i* float 9 ! air or dwell 9 e drop ( /agnant wat]1 :]e food 9 ! =m ( equally m9ute alg is f\nd--ea* possess$ ( wond]ful organs & p[]s suitable to ! k9d ( exi/5ce !y lead1 = ,god has (t5 plac$ life 9 ! mo/ simple z well z complicat$ =ms4 ,dr4 ,mantell says3-- ,we h be5 accu/om$ to associate ! pres5ce ( vitality ) bodies possess+ v>i\s complicat$ organs = ! elaboration & ma9t5ance ( ! en]gies ( exi/5ce1 b "h we see p]fect & di/9ct creations 9 ! condition ( globules & cells1 :i* live & move & h _! be+1 & increase 9 numb]s ) a rapidity s prodigi\s1 & 9 modes s peculi>1 z to />tle all our preconceiv$ notions ( animal organisation4 ,& x is 9 ^! ,protozoa1 ! l[e/ ( ! animal creation1 t a p]fect simil>ity ( condition exi/s to ^? ( ! vegetable k+dom1 !y are "h ^u a level2 b aris+ out ( ^! simple =ms1 ,god has creat$ two sets ( types or portraits1 ! memb]s ( ea* resembl+ ^? bel[ x 9 "s p>ticul>1 b hav+ organs :i* are sup]ior to x2 & above ^! are f\nd memb]s ^: organs are ( a /ill high] ord]1 & s on till ! "o set comprises ! highe/ ord]s ( ! vegetable1 & ! o!r ^? ( ! animal k+dom1 9 its ranks4 ,b ^! simple organisms are nev] develop$ s z to resemble ^? plac$ above !m2 !y ea*1 :e!r high or l[1 cont9ue to produce _! l1 = ea* grade 0 a creation ( itself & a sep>ate "o f ,god's h&s4 ,!re h be5 writ]s1 :o w\ld endeav\r to make x appe> t ,god only creat$ ! l[e/ & mo/ simple g]ms1 & ! circum/ances :i* 7 necess>y to develop !m1 & !n all[$ ^! to act & re-act until a man or an oak tree at la/ became ! result6 ,7 ?is ! case1 geology w\ld long be=e ?is h %[n ! small beg9n+s ( man2 b no6 z soon z traces ( man's creation are p]ceiv$1 he is f\nd z p]fectly =m$ & organis$ z he is n[1 !re are no transition /ages ( man's exi/5ce1 nor ( any o!r animal4 ,x is true t ! simpl] =ms ( bo? animal & vegetable exi/5ce 7 creat$ fir/1 b ?is 0 9 accordance ) ! /ate ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* 0 n at fir/ suitable to ! requirem5ts ( ! high] animals1 :i* 7 only creat$ :5 ! e>? 0 9 a /ate suitable to receive !m4 ,b :5 ! surface ( ! e>? 0 /ill m develop$ ,god creat$ man4 ,8 la/ & greate/ "w2 & !re c be no d\bt t ,god 9 ,8 wisdom caus$ all ^! *anges to prec$e ! creation ( man1 t he might lack no?+ to conf] happ9ess on him1 nor objects to ex]cise 8 faculties ^u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,animals are divid$ into two great natural families1 ! ,inv]tebrate & ! ,v]tebrate1 ! =m] hav+ nei!r sp9e nor int]nal skeleton1 ! latt] hav+ bo?4 ,! ,inv]tebrate animals are divid$ into ! foll[+ sub-families1 classes1 & ord]s by ,dr4 ,william ,c>p5t]4 ,sub-family #a4--,,radiata1 hav+ ,f\r classes4 #a4 ,infusoria4 #b4 ,entozoa4 ,hydroida #c4 ,zoophyta4 ,a/]oida #d ,ord]s4 ,helian?oida ,ascidioda #d4 ,radi>ia4 ,acaleph #b ,ord]s4 ,e*9od]mata ,sub-family #b4--;,,articulata1 hav+ ,five classes4 #a4 ,annellata4 #b4 ,c]rip$a4 #c4 ,cru/acea4 ,coleopt]a ,or?opt]a ,neuropt]a ,hym5opt]a #d4 ,insecta4 ,/repsipt]a #i ,ord]s4 ,lepidopt]a ,hemipt]a ,dipt]a ,apt]a #e4 ,ara*nida4 ,sub-family #c4--,,mollusca1 hav+ ,six classes4 ,,acephala1 or ,headless4 #a4 ,tunicata4 #b4 ,bra*iopoda4 #c4 ,lamellibran*iata4 ,,encephala1 ,hav+ a ,head4 #d4 ,pt]opoda4 #e4 ,ga/]opoda4 #f4 ,cephalopoda4 ,! ,infusoria1 ! fir/ class ( ! ,radiata1 comprise all ^? microscopic organisms call$ ,protozoa2 !y consi/ ( a membran\s cell ) fluid cont5ts1 & are v ne>ly alli$ to ! ,protophytes or l[e/ vegetable exi/5ces4 ,x is /ill a matt] ( discussion among/ physiologi/s & microscopi/s z to :i* k+dom %all claim c]ta9 ( !m1 b1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 x appe>s t ! vegetable cell-be+s h two envelopes1 ! inn] "o album9\s & ! out] "o cellulose or />*y1 & ! foll[+ passage occurs 9 8 treatise on ! ,microscope 7:i* %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all enquir+ m9ds73-- ,! animal cell1 9 its mo/ complete =m1 is comp>able 9 mo/ p>ts ( its /ructure to t ( ! plant1 b diff]s f x 9 ! entire abs5ce ( ! 'cellulose wall' or ( any?+ t repres5ts x1 ! cell-cont5ts be+ enclos$ 9 only a s+le limit>y membrane1 ! *emical composition ( :i*1 be+ album9\s1 indicates its correspond5ce ) ! primordial utricle4 ,9 its "y /ate x seems always to conta9 a semi-fluid plasma1 :i* is ess5tially ! same z ! protoplasm ( ! plant1 save t x does n include *lorophyll granules1 & ?is may ei!r cont9ue to occupy its cavity 7:i* is ! case 9 cells ^: entire en]gy is direct$ to gr[? & multiplication7 or may give place1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 to ! special product :i* x may be ! function ( ! cell to prep>e4 ,l ! vegetable cell1 t ( animals v commonly multiplies by duplicative sub-division1 x also 7especially among ,protozoa7 may give orig9 to new cells by ! break+ up ( its cont5ts into sev]al p>ticles4 ,"s ( ^! creatures are s exce$+ly m9ute t hundr$s ( millions may be conta9$ 9 a drop ( wat]4 ,!y h no organs ( any k9d1 b consi/ ( s+le cells ( a s(t sub/ance call$ sorcode2 !re is no di/9ction ( sexes1 & g5]ation takes place by sub-division1 ea* cell sep>at+ into two1 & ^! aga9 into two m1 & s on ) m>vell\s rapidity2 ?is is ! usual me?od ( increase1 b occasionally an act ( conjugation takes place1 two cells bl5d+ into "o at ! po9ts ( contact1 ! result ( :i* is a nucleus or cell )9 ! orig9al "o4 ,^! animat$ cells are ( all =ms1 hav+ prolongations :i* appe> to be ?r[n out to absorb any p>ticle ( organic matt] )9 rea*1 :i* !n ent]s )9 ! s(t sub/ance ( ! animalcule & is dige/$ or dissolv$1 su* are ! ,amboeba1 ! ,act9ophrys1 c4 7see fig4 #a72 a /ep or two high] f ^!1 ! v l[e/1 infusoria are f\nd to possess ! fir/ rudim5ts ( organs 9 ! =m ( cilia1 :i* consi/ ( m9ute elongations hav+ a con/ant vibratory motion1 = ! purpose ( caus+ a curr5t 9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y live & br++ food into _! vic9ity4 ,"s v curi\s & complicat$ *anges take place 9 ! l[e/ ( ! animals1 v simil> to ^? 9 ! l[e/ vegetables2 & :at has be5 call$ ! life-hi/ory ( ^! be+s1 (t5 embraces a great numb] ( =ms be=e ! circle ( _! metamorphoses comes r\nd to ! />t+-po9t4 ,"s ( ^! phases ( exi/5ce are q diff]5t f ^? go+ be=e & aft] !m1 & z ! vegetable free-cell at "o "t is capable ( motion1 x has long be5 mi/ak5 = an active liv+ animalcule 7! ,protococcus pluvialis1 c471 & !re c be no d\bt b t x w be f\nd t _m ( ! l[] =ms ( animat$ life describ$ by ,ehr5b]g & o!rs1 & /ill consid]$ z su*1 w prove to be m]ely diff]5t /ages ( ! metamorphosis ( ! same protozoon2 or x may be n an animal at all1 b a simple vegetable or protophyte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,volvox ,,globator4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] says1 ,x is q c]ta9 t ! ,desmidiace1 l ! conf]void plants 9 g5]al1 gr[ at ! exp5se ( ! inorganic elem5ts :i* surr\nd !m1 in/ead ( dep5d+ ^u o!r liv+ be+s = _! subsi/5ce1 & t !y decompose c>bonic acid & give (f oxyg5 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,!y h ! p[] ( g5]at+ f ^! mat]ials ! organic comp\nds :i* !y require = _! own developm5t1 & ^! are su* z are =m$ by o!r und\bt$ protophytes1 z is prov$ by ! application ( ! appropriate te/s4 ,^! ,desmidiace 7 long consid]$ to belong to ! animalcul1 z 7 ! ,diatomace1 ,volvox globator 7fig4 #b71 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,:eel ,,animalcule 7,rotif] vulg>is74 ,"s ( ! ,infusoria1 h[ev]1 h a f> high] organisation1 su* z ! ,rotif]1 & especially ! :eel animalcule 7fig4 #c71 :i* at "o "t 0 suppos$1 absurdly en\gh1 to possess a liv+ :eel turn+ r\nd rapidly on its head6 ,?is :eel1 h[ev]1 prov$ to be no?+ else ?an a vortex ( wat] produc$ by rotatory cilia4 ,?is & _m o!r mi/akes 7 ow+ to ! imp]fect con/ruction ( ! microscopes ( t date4 ,^! & _! fell[ animalcules possess sev]al organs1 z a /oma*1 c4 ,! protozoa at "o "t 7 suppos$ to possess a numb] ( /oma*s1 & 7 !nce call$ poly-ga/ric infusoria1 b x has n[ be5 demon/rat$ t ^! be+s m]ely absorb or entangle portions ( organic matt] into _! sub/ance1 & t !re are no cy/s or /oma*s = _! reception4 ,"s ( ! ,infusoria are able to )/& enorm\s *anges ( temp]ature1 )\t los+ _! vitality2 cold f> bel[ freez+ po9t1 & heat equal to boil+ wat] does n de/roy !m1 & !y may be dri$ 9 ! mo/ complete mann] :i* *emi/s c devise1 & kept 9 ?is dry /ate = ye>s1 & yet1 on ! application ( moi/ure1 return to life4 ,!re is no d\bt b e in* ( air conta9s ! g]ms ( "s ( ! ,infusoria 9 a dry /ate or _! ova1 & make up a portion ( t f9e halo ( du/ :i* always appe>s 9 ! air :5 a gleam ( sun%9e is let into a d>k place4 ,! second class ( ! ,radiata1 ! ,entozoa1 are ^? be+s :i* inhabit1 z p>asites1 ! inte/9es & o!r p>ts ( animals4 ,_! hi/ory is v obscure1 b !re seems to be ab\t tw5ty v>ieties ( ^! creatures1 & a great numb] ( animals h _! peculi> ,entozoa4 ,! be/ kn[n 9 ! human subject are ! ,asc>is or ?read-worm1 ! ,lumbricus ,t]es or long-worm1 & ! ,tnia or tape-worm2 ?is la/ is jo9t$1 & gr[s to sev]al y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,s]tul>ia ,,op]culata 7a1 ,natural size1 b1 magnifi$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,fragm5t ,,( ,,sponge1 ,,magnifi$4 ,! ?ird class1 ! ,zoophyta1 includes f\r ord]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ! ,hydroida1 comprise ! ,tubul>ia1 ,s]tul>ia 7fig4 #d71 & ,sponges 7fig4 #e72 ^! are m9ute gelat9\s creatures1 secret+ a sort ( tube 9 :i* !y dwell4 ,^! tubes are congregat$ into masses ( diff]5t =ms & col\rs1 &1 ) o!r /ructures totally diff]5t1 are errone\sly kn[n by ! g5]al "n ( sea-we$4 ,! ,zoophyte :i* dwells 9 ^! tubes is furni%$ ) a set ( cilia =m+ a sort ( plume4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,hydroida are phosphoresc5t1 su* are ^? :i*1 scatt]$ ab\t on ! surface ( ! sea1 contribute to t lum9osity s frequ5tly se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,gorgonia ,,guttata 7,natural size74 ,! second ord] ( ! ,zoophyta1 ,a/]oida1 are ^? :i* h a />-l %ape2 !y are congregat$ into comp\nd /ructures1 =m+ :at are call$ sea-fans 7,gorgonia1 fig4 #f74 ,^! ,gorgonia are ( all col\rs1 & v beautiful2 ! animals or polypes are gelat9\s1 & h a gelat9\s mass or /alk ) bran*es1 /r5g!n$ & support$ by a horny c5tre4 ,?is gelat9\s mass =ms ! animal itself1 z well z a sort ( common integum5t connect+ ! :ole family ( _m ?\s&s4 ,! ,gorgonia or sea-fans usually pres]v$1 are dry & h>d1 z ! gelat9\s cov]+ has s little sub/ance t1 :5 dri$1 x =ms a r\gh p[d]y cov]+ only to ! horny support4 ,?is p[d]y surface1 if wa%$ (f ) a little wat] & plac$ "u ! microscope1 is f\nd to conta9 & be made up ( spicul or cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime1 ( v>i\s col\rs & beautiful =ms 7fig4 #g72 ^!1 :5 ! animal is alive1 help to support its gelat9\s frame2 ! ,tubipor also belong to ?is class4 ,fig4 #h repres5ts ! ,organ-coral 7,tubipora musica72 x is ( a bright r$ col\r1 &1 :5 ! polypes are liv+1 is a v beautiful object4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,spicules ,,( ,,gorgonia1 ,,magnifi$4 ,! ?ird ord] ( ,zoophytes is ! ,helian?oida1 :i* include ! ,act9ia4 ,^! ,zoophytes are entirely gelat9\s1 & h beautiful v>iations ( col\r4 ,!y ?r[ out t5tacles l ! petals ( a fl[]1 & =m v beautiful objects2 !y may be se5 9 ! aquatic viv>ia ( ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,to ?is ord] ( ,zoophytes belong ! corals or ,zoan?oid polypes1 :i* produce ! coral reefs1 ext5d+ 9 "s cases hundr$s ( miles4 ,dr4 ,baird gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( !m3-- ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! ,zoan?oid polypes1 z !y gr[1 deposit 9 ! cellul> sub/ance ( ! fle% ( _! back an imm5se quantity ( calc>e\s matt] :i* enl>ges z ! animal increases 9 size1 &1 9 fact1 fills up ^? portions ( ! sub/ance ( ! animal1 :i* by ! gr[? ( new p>ts are no long] want$ = its n\ri%m5t1 & 9 ?is mann] !y =m a h>d & /rong case1 among/ ! folds ( :i* !y contract !mselves s z to be protect$ f ext]nal injury1 & by ! same means !y =m = !mselves a p]man5t atta*m5t :i* prev5ts _! be+ toss$ ab\t by e wave ( ! elem5t 9 :i* !y live4 ,! /ony sub/ances s =m$ are call$ corals1 & _! mode ( =mation causes !m exactly to repres5t ! animal :i* secretes !m4 ,! upp] surface is always furni%$ ) radiat+ plates1 ! rema9s ( ! calc>e\s p>ticles :i* are deposit$ 9 ! longitud9al folds ( ! /oma*4 ,^!1 9 all probability 7 ! con/ructors ( all ! /rata ( lime/one rocks1 :i* =m "s ( our l>ge/ m\nta9s--!y 7 once ! b$s ( seas1 & 7 up-heav$ by int]nal =ces4 ,! ,madrepores 7fig4 #i7 are also ( ?is ord]1 & =m ! /ony matt] 9 ! same way4 ,^! are ( v>i\s patt]ns1 & ! beautiful bra9-/ones 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are ( _! con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,tubipora ,,musica4 ,! f\r? ord] ( ,zoophytes are ! ,ascidioida1 includ+ =m]ly ! ,flu/r 7fig4 #aj71 b ( late ^! h be5 %[n to be closely alli$1 if n id5tical )1 ! ,tunicat$ ,mollusca1 & h receiv$ ! "n ( ,polyzoa1 !y w !re=e be notic$ "u t head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,coral 7,madrepora bra*iata74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,sea ,,mat 7,flu/ra foliacea71 7,a1 magnifi$1 ,b1 natural size74 ,! f\r? class ( ! ,radiata1 are ! ,radi>ia1 includ+ two ord]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! are ! ,acaleph2 ! ,m$us or ,jelly-fi%es belong to ?is ord]2 ^! creatures float ab\t sometimes 9 great numb]s1 !y are transp>5t & gelat9\s1 ( a hemisph]ical =m1 ! flat surface be+ fr+$ r\nd ) fibres1 "s ( :i* /+ l nettles if br\ght into contact ) ! sk94 ,! second ord] ( ! ,radi>ia include ! ,e*9od]mata or ,sea-h$gehogs1 ,/>-fi%es1 c41 ^! are _m ( !m furni%$ ) a pr(usion ( sp9es1 & h5ce _! "n2 !y are also call$ ,sea-eggs or ,sea-ur*9s 7fig4 #aa71 & are mo/ly ( a conical or sph]ical %ape1 divid$ into five segm5ts cov]$ ) m9ute holes1 f :i* project t5tacul s]v+ z organs ( locomotion1 t\*1 c41 & ! surface ( ! body is cov]$ ) %elly sp9es ( v>i\s =ms & ?icknesses2 ! m\? is 9 ! c5tre1 & !y fe$ ^u m>9e productions4 ,! sp9es1 if cut across & gr\nd ?9 s z to be transp>5t1 %[ a mo/ complicat$ & beautiful /ructure :5 "u ! microscope 7fig4 #ab74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,sea-,,ur*9 7,e*9us71 ,,) ,,& ,,)\t ,,sp9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,sp9e ,,( ,,e*9us 7,a1 natural size1 ,b1 a section magnifi$74 ,! ,/>-fi%es are inhabitants ( ! sea1 & h g5]ally five arms cov]$ b5ea? ) t5tacul hav+ small suck]s at ! po9t1 x is by means ( ^! t !y move f place to place2 ! m\? is 9 ! c5tre4 ,!y live ^u small m>9e animals1 & h ! p[] ( reproduc+ any ( ! rays :i* happ5 to be brok5 (f2 & if cut into two or m pieces1 ea* w produce a fre% animal4 ,!re is a species ( ,/>-fi%1 s brittle1 t x is q impossible to t\* x )\t break+ x1 or r x breaks itself1 = x seems to h ! p[] ( ca/+ (f its arms at pleasure4 ,^! =ms complete ! ,radiate s]ies ( animals1 !y h ne>ly all a some:at regul> radiat$ =m1 & "s ( !m are v beautiful1 su* z ,s]tul>ia1 :i* gr[ 9 communities & =m _m beautiful bran*$ objects1 mu* resembl+ sea-we$s & fl[]s1 h5ce ! "n ,zoophyte1 :i* means animal fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,e>? ,,worm 7,lumbricus t]re/ris71 lee* 7,hirudo m$ic9ale74 ,! ,articulata =m ! second division ( ! ,inv]tebrata4 ,x has five classes1 ! fir/ ( :i* is ! ,annellata2 9 ?is ord] are includ$ ! ,worms & ,lee*es 7fig4 #ac71 ^! h no h>d cov]+ b are s(t ?r\gh\t1 !y are made up ( a numb] ( s(t r+s :i* encircle _! bodies f "o end to ! o!r1 & are capable ( be+ %ort5$ or elongat$ by ! muscles :i* draw toge!r ! r+s 7^! are plac$ longitud9ally71 or by ^? :i* contract & wid5 !m1 plac$ circul>ly2 ?is enables !m to move along1 & 9 s peculi> a mann] t x has receiv$ ! "n ( v]micul>1 or worm-l4 ,! mo/ famili> example ( ?is class is ! ,e>?-worm 7,lumbricus t]re/ris71 ?is l[ly creature lives 9 s(t mud & clay & bores its way into ! gr\nd1 9 do+ s x is assi/$ by a slimy secretion :i* cov]s x1 its food consi/s ( e>? conta9+ organic matt]1 ?is x swall[s con/antly & extracts :at is fit = its n\ri%m5t eject+ ! rema9d] app>5tly unalt]$2 ! curi\s little heaps ( s(t dirt :i* are s (t5 se5 9 wet wea!r on ! g>d5-pa?s1 c41 are =m$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,lee* is ano!r famili> example ( ! ,annellata or ,annelid1 ?is little useful creature lives 9 ponds & /agnant wat]s1 & fe$s by suck+ ! fluids ( o!r animals 7*iefly frogs & fi%7 ) :i* x w gorge itself till x is d\ble its orig9al size1 x w !n rema9 7(t5 = mon?s7 )\t food till x is all appropriat$1 ! process go+ on v sl[ly2 a full-gr[n ,lee* is p]haps tw5ty ye>s old1 !y gr[ s sl[ly1 7h5ce x is1 t ,lee*es may be kept = mon?s aft] be+ gorg$ ) blood )\t any food1 & !y w live & be heal?y74 ,!y are furni%$ ) two suck]s1 "o at ea* end1 & a m\? ) num]\s f9e tee? plac$ 9 a tri-radiate mann]1 ) :i* !y pi]ce ! sk9 :5 ab\t to fe$4 ,!y move 9 ! wat] ) great rapidity by a wavy motion ( _! bodies1 b on solid sub/ances _! mode ( progression is t ( adh]+ by ! suck] 9 front1 !n draw+ ! o!r "o close up & ext5d+ ! body to its full l5g?1 tak+ hold aga9 by ! front suck] & aga9 br++ up ! h9d]mo/4 ,! ,cirrip$a con/itute ! second class ( ! ,articulata1 :i* comprise ! ,acorn %ells & ,b>nacles 7fig4 #ad72 ^! little creatures 7 =m]ly describ$ z ,molluscs1 b are n[ consid]$ to be articulate animals1 & by "s z ,cru/aceans4 ,dr4 ,baird gives ! foll[+ description ( !m3--,! ,cirrip$s are articulat$ animals conta9$ )9 a h>d cov]+ compos$ ( sev]al pieces & consi/+ ( calcifi$ *it9e4 ,! body ( ! animal is enclos$ 9 a sac l9$ ) ! mo/ delicate membrane ( *it9e1 :i* 9 "o gr\p is prolong$ into a p$uncle & conta9s ! ova2 ! body is di/9ctly articulat$ & plac$ ) ! back d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,a1 ,,sea-,,acorns2 ,b1 ,,b>nacles 7,cirrip$es74 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] describes ! "y ( ! ,cirrip$es z n fix$ l ! adult creatures1 b mov+ ab\t freely1 & only becom+ fix$ 9 ! =m ( ! usual acorn %ell aft] und]go+ sev]al /range metamorphoses1 dur+ :i* /ages !y m resemble ! ord9>y ,cru/aceans ?an !y d 9 _! fix$ /ate4 ,! ,cru/acea =m ! ?ird class ( ! ,articulata1 !y comprise animals cov]$ ) a h>d %ell or c>apace1 l a case made up ( r+s1 ) jo9ts all[+ ! pieces to move ^u ea* o!r1 except :]e sev]al ( !m are consolidat$ to =m ! pr9cipal cov]+4 ,^! r+s g5]ally am\nt to tw5ty-"o 9 numb]1 "s compos+ ! claws1 o!rs ! legs1 c4 ,! %ell is *iefly made ( c>bonate ( lime 7*alk7 held toge!r by animal matt]4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,cru/acea inhabit ! wat]s1 & !y ca/ _! %ells f "t to "t z !y gr[2 ! ,lob/] 7,a/acus m>9us71 is a famili> example1 x is f\nd 9 ! sea ne> rocky %ores1 & is capable ( rapid motion "u ! wat]1 d>t+ along 7tail =emo/7 ) great rapidity1 x has p[]ful claws1 ) "o ( :i* 7! blunt "o7 x holds its food & ) ! o!r 7! %>p "o7 cuts x up into pieces2 !y h ! p[] ( ca/+ (f ^! claws & reproduc+ !m2 !y fe$ ^u small] ,cru/acea & fi%1 or any animal matt] !y c f9d4 ,! ,cray-fi% is ano!r example1 x is a sort ( fre%-wat] ,lob/]1 liv+ 9 holes 7frequ5tly des]t$ rat holes7 9 ! banks ( riv]s2 its %ell is v r\gh1 b o!rwise some:at resembles ! ,lob/]4 ,crabs1 ,%rimps1 & ,prawns1 are memb]s ( ?is class 7fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,cru/acea4 #a4 ,lob/] 7,a/acus m>9us74 #b4 ,cray-fi% 7,a/acus fluviatilis74 #c4 ,crab 7,canc] pagurus74 #d4 ,%rimp 7,crang\ vulg>is74 #e4 ,prawn 7,palmon s]ratus74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,insects4 #a4 ,dragon-fly 7,libellul9a depressa74 #b4 ,gras%opp] 7,gryllus74 #c4 ,bee 7,apis mellifica74 #d4 ,fly 7,musca dome/ica74 #e4 ,butt]fly 7,pontia brassic74 #f4 ,musk-beetle 7,c]ambyx mos*atus74 ,! ,insects =m ! f\r? class ( ?is division1 & by f> ! mo/ important & num]\s4 ,!y come to maturity only aft] und]go+ successive *anges f ! egg to ! p]fect animal2 ^! trans=mations are among/ ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s connect$ ) !m4 ,! eggs 7"s ( :i* are v beautiful7 are fir/ deposit$ 9 "s safe place1 ei!r atta*$ to a leaf or ti$ up 9 a small bundle by silk5 ?reads spun by ! p>5t insect1 & 9 "s nutriti\s sub/ance1 s t :5 x comes to life x may at once h food2 ?is is sometimes 9 manure1 sometimes 9 fle%1 & sometimes "u ! sk9 ( a liv+ animal 7few are exempt f ?is infliction71 :]e !y rema9 = a "t & !n come =? z maggots1 cat]pill>s1 c42 9 ?is /ate !y are call$ l>v1 ^! are g5]ally active creatures & eat mo/ voraci\sly1 :i* seems to be ! pr9cipal act ( ?is /ate ( _! exi/5ce4 ,^! l>v frequ5tly *ange _! sk9s z !y gr[1 & at la/ !y assume ! next /age ( _! life1 ! pupa or *rysalis /ate1 :i* is "o g5]ally ( complete inactivity2 _m ( ^! l>v1 weave !mselves a cov]+ ( a sort ( silk1 to def5d !m :ile 9 ! pupa /ate--su* z ! ,silkworm1 ^: cov]+ 7cocoon7 is ! s\rce ( all ! silk ( comm]ce--o!rs m]ely place !mselves 9 a situation ( security4 ,! pupa rema9s dormant = a c]ta9 "t1 & !n becomes ! imago or p]fect insect 7! la/ /ate ( its exi/5ce71 su* z a ,mo?1 a ,butt]fly1 a ,beetle1 c4 ,^! are ( diff]5t sexes1 & 9 due "t produce a bat* ( eggs & !n die2 ^! eggs are (t5 incr$ible 9 numb]s1 am\nt+ to _m ?\s&s--=tunately b few escape ! wat*ful eyes ( o!r insects & ( birds :o fe$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,ant5na ,,( ,,cock-,,*aff] 7,melolon?a vulg>is74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,foot ,,( ,,fly1 ,,magnifi$4 ,insects h six jo9t$ legs1 a pair ( ant5n or horns 7z !y are call$7 & g5]ally "o or two pairs ( w+s4 ,! head is jo9$ to ! body by a con/rict$ neck1 ! "p ( ! body to :i* x is jo9$ is call$ ! ?orax1 & to ?is is add$ ! po/]ior "p or abdom52 ?is "p is extremely v>i\s 9 =m 9 diff]5t insects1 9 "s x is r\nd & full1 9 o!rs long & ext5d$4 ,! ant5n arise f ! head1 & are g5]ally compos$ ( elev5 pieces v>i\sly dispos$2 ^! wond]ful organs are possess$ ( great s5sibility1 & !y c]ta9ly s]ve to convey in=mation to ! insect1 ( ! nature ( "o ( ! special s5ses2 x 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be simply t ( t\* v mu* ref9$1 or ( smell1 b x is n[ g5]ally consid]$ to be t ( he>+1 or a modification ( x4 ,! =ms ( ! ant5n are v v>i\s1 fig4 #ag repres5ts t ( ! ,cock*aff] 7,melolon?a vulg>is74 ,! legs proce$ f ! ?orax1 z d ! w+s1 ! abdom5 giv+ rise to none ( ! extremities2 ! feet ( insects are all pretty mu* ^u ! same model1 "s be+ m develop$ ?an o!rs1 !y h a pair ( hooks or claws = cat*+ & cl++ to r\gh surfaces1 & a pair ( cu%ions or pads1 cov]$ 9 "s cases ) suck]s4 ,! foot ( ! ,fly 7fig4 #ah7 is well develop$ 9 ?is p>ticul>1 enabl+ x to walk ) p]fect ease ev5 on glass or ! smoo!/ surface1 & 9 any position4 ,insects d n brea! by lungs or gills1 b by means ( bran*$ tubes call$ tra*e1 :i* convey ! air to ! int]ior ( ! animal4 ,on ! surface ( ^!1 ! blood vessels ramify1 giv+ out ! c>bonic acid ( ! blood & receiv+ oxyg52 ! op5+s to ^! air-tubes are arrang$ along ! sides ( ! body1 & are call$ spiracles 7fig4 #ai74 ,!y are curi\s objects "u ! microscope1 "s ( !m be+ clos$ by a p]=at$ membrane1 o!rs h a sort ( sieve or network ( fibres1 & mo/ ( !m a contrivance to cat* & exclude m9ute p>ticles ( matt] float+ 9 ! air1 & ?us prev5t _! entry into ! tra*e4 ,insects h two eyes1 "o on ea* side ( ! head1 :i* are ( great size1 (t5 =m+ complete hemisph]es2 ea* eye is made up ( sev]al ?\s& sep>ate eyes or ocelli1 h5ce !y are call$ comp\nd eyes2 ^! ocelli are plac$ closely toge!r1 s z to =m a sort ( honeycomb arrangem5t2 ! appe>ance ( a "p ( "o ( ^! eyes is %[n 9 fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,spiracle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,comp\nd ,,eye4 7#a1 p]p5dicul> section2 #b1 surface47 ,insects are among/ ! mo/ active ( creatures1 :e!r = good or = evil1 & ! prodigi\s rapidity ) :i* !y increase "u fav\rable circum/ances w\ld soon cause !m to ov]run ! :ole e>?1 to ! ext9ction ( almo/ e o!r creature1 7 ^! circum/ances n controll$ by an all-wise ,provid5ce1 :o keeps a con/ant *eck ^u _! progress by caus+ "o insect to fe$ ^u ano!r1 & :o has =m$ almo/ innum]able o!r creatures 7includ+ birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es7 ) in/9cts :i* lead !m to fe$ ^u insects 9 e /age ( _! developm5t 7fi% dev\r ! l>v ( _m insects :i* inhabit ! wat]s dur+ ! fir/ /age ( _! exi/5ce72 b x occasionally happ5s1 :5 "s ( ^! salut>y *ecks ^u _! increase are )drawn1 t !y multiply ) su* fe>ful rapidity z to produce a complete fam9e1 = !y eat up ev]y?+ be=e !m4 ,:o has n he>d ( ! plagues ( ,locu/s & ! depr$ations ( ! ,:ite ,ants8 ,! sw>ms ( ,locu/s 9 ,africa w sometimes cov] _m hundr$ squ>e miles ( surface1 & 9 ?is space n a ve/ige ( any vegetation w\ld rema9 aft] _! visit4 ,! description ( ! prophet ,joel is sublime3 ,! l& is z ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 be=e !m1 & beh9d !m a desolate wild]ness3 yea1 & no?+ %all escape !m4444 ,! e>? %all quake be=e !m1 ! heav5s %all tremble3 ! sun & ! moon %all be d>k1 & ! />s %all )draw _! %9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,locu/ 7,locu/a ,migratoria74 ,b x is k9dly orda9$ t ^! visitations %all only occasionally take place1 & ev5 :5 !y d1 t]rible z is ! infliction1 a b5efit 9 reality outweigh+ ! injury (t5 succe$s2 = ! l& 9 ^! c\ntries is (t5 made almo/ b>r5 by ! quantities ( tangl$ roots & /ubble on ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* by ! de/ructive p[]s ( ^! insects is completely remov$1 & _! manure left 9 its place1 s t ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd is mu* increas$ 7(t5 t5fold7 aft] _! visits4 ,! ?\s&s ( species ( insects :i* exi/1 r5d] x impossible 9 a "w l ?is1 ev5 to "n !m1 b "u ! sep>ate ord]s w be giv5 a slight outl9e ( ! m important4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,! ,,/ag ,,beetle 7,lucanus c]vus74 ,insects are divid$1 accord+ to ! "* ( _! w+s1 into n9e ord]s4 #a4 ,,coleopt]a 7,black-w+$74 ,! ,coleopt]a are ^? insects g5]ally d5om9at$ ,beetles1 !y h f\r w+s1 ! two out] ( :i* are n us$ to fly )1 b z cases to cov] & protect ! o!r two2 !y are call$ elytra1 are horny & firm 9 texture1 & 9 "s cases1 z ! ,diamond ,beetle & ,musk ,beetle1 beautifully ornam5t$2 ! "u pair ( w+s fold transv]sely s z to pack up "u ! out] ones1 :i* are %ort]4 ,all ,beetles live b "o season1 bo? sexes die be=e w9t]1 leav+ no?+ b _! eggs to cont9ue ! species1 ! l>v :i* come f ^! are v de/ructive1 eat+ mo/ voraci\sly2 = ! mo/ "p1 ,beetles fe$ on decay+ sub/ances su* z dung1 c41 & are !re=e useful creatures2 !re are betwe5 #dj1jjj & #ej1jjj species ( !m4 ,beetles h be5 call$ ! scav5g]s ( nature1 & truly !y are s1 = !y 7) o!r insects7 cle> (f all dead matt]1 :e!r animal or vegetable2 ! ,geotrupes /]cor>ius1 & o!rs1 dig holes 9 ! gr\nd & bury ! excrem5t :i* is deposit$ on ! surface1 ?us do+ a great s]vice to vegetation1 tak+ x d[n to n\ri% ! roots ( ! grass & o!r plants in/ead ( all[+ x to h>d5 & decompose on ! surface4 ,all dead animals are at once attack$ & dev\r$ by insects1 & ! ,beetles play _! full %>e 9 ?is necess>y op]ation4 ,!re are c]ta9 ,beetles1 call$ ,bury+ ,beetles 7,necrophorus vespillo71 :i* remove ! e>? f "u ! dead bodies ( small animals1 su* z birds or mice1 till !y are b5ea? ! level ( ! gr\nd1 :5 !y cov] !m up & deposit _! eggs 9 !m2 ^! bodies =m /ores ( food = ! future l>v4 ,! ,/ag ,beetle 7,lucanus c]vus1 fig4 #bb71 ! ,dor ,beetle 7,geotrupes /]cor>ius71 ! ,cock*aff] 7,melolon?a vulg>is71 ! ,musk ,beetle 7,c]ambyx mos*atus1 fig4 #af71 & ! ,lady-bird 7,cocc9ella71 are well-kn[n memb]s ( ?is ord]4 #b4 ,,or?opt]a 7,/raight-w+$74 ,! ,or?opt]a are ^? insects ^: w+s fold longitud9ally2 !y h two pairs1 b ! ant]ior pair are horny & s]ve z w+-cases to ! po/]ior pair2 _! food is *iefly vegetable1 b to _m ( _! species any k9d is acceptable1 z _! m\?s are suitable = gr9d+-up h>d sub/ances4 ,! ,locu/s 7,locu/id1 fig4 #ba71 ,gras%opp]s 7,gryllid71 ,crickets 7,a*etid1 fig4 #af71 & ,cockroa*es 7,blattid71 or ,black-beetles1 z !y are sometimes incorrectly call$1 belong to ?is tribe4 ,_! metamorphoses are n s complete z 9 _m o!r insects1 = !y nev] entirely *ange _! =m2 ! l>va z x leaves ! egg has no w+s1 b o!rwise is mu* l ! p>5t2 x *anges its sk9 sev]al times1 :i* /age is analog\s to ! pupa /ate1 aft] ca/+ x five times & obta9+ w+s1 x becomes ! imago or p]fect insect4 ,! ravages ( ! ,locu/s are s well kn[n t little ne$ be said2 ! foll[+ is f ,kirby & ,sp5ce's ,entomology3-- ,al?\gh ?is animal be n v trem5d\s = its size1 nor v t]rific 9 its appe>ance1 x is ! v same ^: ravages h be5 ! !me ( naturali/s & hi/orians 9 all ages1 & ^u a close exam9ation y w f9d x to be peculi>ly fitt$ & furni%$ = ! execution ( its (fice4 ,x is arm$ ) two pairs ( v /rong jaws1 ! upp] t]m9at+ 9 %ort1 & ! l[] 9 long tee?1 by :i* x c bo? lac]ate & gr9d its food2 its /oma* is ( extraord9>y capacity & p[]s2 its h9d legs enable x to leap to a consid]able di/ance1 & its ample vans are calculat$ to cat* ! w9d z sails1 & s to c>ry x sometimes ov] ! sea2 & al?\gh a s+le individual c effect b little evil1 yet :5 ! entire surface ( a c\ntry is cov]$ by !m1 & e "o makes b>e ! spot on :i* x /&s1 ! mis*ief produc$ may be z inf9ite z _! numb]s4 ,s well d ! ,arabians "k _! p[]1 t !y make a ,locu/ say to ,mahomet1 ',we are ! army ( ! ,great ,god2 we produce n9ety-n9e eggs2 if ! hundr$ 7 complet$1 we %\ld consume ! :ole e>? & all t is 9 x4' #c4 ,,neuropt]a 7,n]ve-w+$74 ,! ,neuropt]a comprise ! ,dragon-fly 7,libellul9a1 fig4 #af71 ,ant-lion 7,myrmelion71 ,caddis-flies 7,phryganid71 & ! ,may-flies 7,ephem]a72 ^! insects h w+s ( a beautiful network /ructure1 z may be se5 9 ! ,dragon-fly1 !y make _! appe>ance ab\t ! middle ( ,june 9 ! locality ( dit*es & ponds4 ,! ,caddis-fly is not$ = ! peculi> case :i* ! l>va makes = itself2 ! l>va inhabits ! wat] & ! ease is made ( little fragm5ts ( wood1 %ell1 & s&1 agglut9at$ toge!r s z to float2 ! p]fect insect is n aquatic1 & flies away :5 =m$4 ,! ,may-flies are not$ = ! %ortness ( _! exi/5ce1 ! l>v live 9 ! wat]1 & _m ( !m are eat5 by fi%es :o are v fond ( !m1 b suffici5t numb]s come to ! p]fect /ate1 to =m complete cl\ds 9 ! air :]e ! l>v 71 ^! creatures live b a day1 & "s ( _! species b an h\r or two1 9 ! p]fect /ate1 !y deposit _! eggs 9 ! wat]1 :i* come to life 9 ! mud at ! bottom4 ,! flight ( ^! fragile be+s & _! %ort-liv$ holiday fe/ivities are well describ$ by ,kirby & ,sp5ce3-- ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 = two successive ye>s1 ,i 0 s =tunate z to witness a spectacle ( ?is k9d1 :i* af=d$ me a m sublime gratification ?an any "w or exhibition ( art has p[] to communicate4 ,! fir/ 0 9 #ahaa4 ,tak+ an ev5+ walk ne> my h\se1 :5 ! sun1 decl9+ fa/ t[>ds ! horizon1 %one =? )\t a cl\d1 ! :ole atmosph]e ov] & ne> ! /ream sw>m$ ) inf9ite myriads ( ,ephem] & little gnats ( ! g5us *ironomus1 :i* 9 ! sun-beam appe>$ z num]\s & m lucid ?an ! drops ( ra91 z if ! heav5s 7 %[]+ d[n brilliant gems4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 "o ,sunday1 a little be=e sunset1 ,i 0 enjoy+ a /roll ) a fri5d at a great] di/ance f ! riv]1 :5 9 a field by ! road-side ! same pleas+ sc5e 0 r5ew$1 b 9 a /yle ( /ill great] magnific5ce2 =1 f "s cause 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! insects at a di/ance look$ mu* l>g] ?an !y really 74 ,! *oral dances consi/$ pr9cipally ( ,ephem]1 b !re 7 also "s *ironomi1 ! =m]1 h[ev]1 be+ mo/ conspicu\s1 attract$ our *ief att5tion4 ,alt]nately ris+ & fall+1 9 ! full beam !y appe>$ s transp>5t & glori\s1 t !y sc>cely resembl$ any?+ mat]ial2 !y rem9d$ u ( angels & glorifi$ spirits dr9k+ life & joy 9 ! effulg5ce ( ! ,div9e fav\r4 ,! ,b>d ( ,twick5ham1 f ! t]ms 9 :i* 8 beautiful description ( 8 sylphs is conceiv$ 9 ! ',rape ( ! ,lock' seems to h witness$ ! pleas+ sc5e "h describ$3-- ',"s to ! sun _! insect w+s unfold1 ,waft on ! breeze1 or s9k 9 cl\ds ( gold2 ,transp>5t =ms1 too f9e = mortal sight1 ,_! fluid bodies half dissolv$ 9 light2 ,loose to ! w9d _! airy g>m5ts flew1 ,?9 glitt]+ textures ( ! filmy dew1 ,dipt 9 ! ri*e/ t9cture ( ! skies1 ,:]e light disports 9 ev] m+l+ dyes1 ,:ile e beam new transi5t col\rs fl+s1 ,col\rs t *ange :5e'er !y wave _! w+s4' #d4 ,,hym5opt]a 7,membrane-w+$74 ,! ,hym5opt]a are ^? insects :i* h f\r membrane\s w+s4 ,! ,bees 7,apid1 fig4 #af71 ,wasps 7,vespid71 ! ,ants 7,=micid71 & ! ,i*neumon ,flies 7,i*neumonid71 are ! *ief tribes ( ?is ord]4 ,! ,bees1 ,wasps1 & ,ants are celebrat$ = =m+ societies1 m p]fectly arrang$ & gov]n$ ?an 9 any o!r creatures b man4 ,x is curi\s t ! mo/ p]fect in/9cts 7su* z approa* s ne>ly to reason t !y almo/ defy u to make a di/9ction7 %\ld h be5 giv5 by ! ,creator to creatures s f> remov$ f man 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce1 & s little resembl+ him 9 any o!r p>ticul>4 ,?is is "o ( ! /umbl+-blocks 9 ! way ( ^? :o wi% to h x believ$ t all animals are progressive f c]ta9 types1 :i* _c be got ov]2 if su* 7 ! case1 man w\ld be mo/ ne>ly imitat$ by ! ,apes1 & ^! aga9 by ^? mo/ ne>ly alli$ to !m1 & s on d[nw>ds1 b "h we f9d a gov]nm5t almo/ z p]fect z t ( ! human species--an arrangem5t ( "w1 a division ( lab\r1 build+s1 /oreh\ses1 c4--%[+ ne>ly all ! social habits & feel+s ( man1 9 creatures :o 9 =m & size h no resemblance to him4 ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 9 describ+ ! societies ( insects1 say3--,b :5 we consid] ! object ( ^! societies1 ! pres]vation & multiplication ( ! species1 & ! means by :i* t object is atta9$ 7! unit$ lab\rs & co-op]ation ( p]haps millions ( individuals71 x seems z if !y 7 impell$ by passions v simil> to ^? ma9-spr+s ( human associations :i* ,i h j enum]at$4 ,desire appe>s to /imulate !m1 love to allure !m1 fe> to al>m !m4 ,!y want a habitation to reside 9 & food = _! subsi/5ce4 ,does n ?is look z if desire 7 ! op]at+ cause :i* induces !m to unite _! lab\rs to con/ruct ! "o & provide ! o!r8 ,_! ne/ conta9s a num]\s family ( helpless brood4 ,does n love "h seem to urge !m to exempl>y & fond att5tion1 & ^? unremitt$ & indefatigable ex]tions manife/$ by ! :ole community = ! b5efit ( ^! de> objects8 ,is x n also evid5t by _! g5]al & s+ul> atta*m5t to _! families1 by _! mutual c>esses1 by _! fe$+ ea* o!r1 by _! sympa?y ) suff]+ individuals & endeav\rs to relieve !m1 by _! read9ess to help ^? t are 9 difficulty1 & f9ally by _! sports & assemblies = relaxation8 ,t fe> produces its influ5ces ^u !m seems no less evid5t1 :5 we see !m agitat$ by ! approa* ( enemies1 endeav\r to repel _! attacks1 & to con/ruct works ( def5ce4 ,!y appe> to h besides a common language1 = !y possess ! faculty1 by significative ge/ures & s\nds1 ( communicat+ _! wants & ideas to ea* o!r4 ,num]\s works h be5 entirely devot$ to ! habits & in/9cts ( ,bees & ,ants1 & v int]e/+ !y are1 b x w\ld be impossible to give an intelligible acc\nt ( !m 9 ! small space allott$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! wax ( :i* ,bees build _! beautiful six-sid$ cells1 & :i* is ! :ole s\rce ( all ! wax us$ by m5 = a v>iety ( purposes1 is secret$ 9 little scales or flakes1 betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! abdom51 f :5ce ! wax-mak+ ,bees take x to build ! comb2 ! cells ( ! comb are fill$ ) honey1 :i* is obta9$ by ! ,bees 7by means ( ! app>atus %[n at fig4 #bc71 f ! nect>ies ( fl[]s 9 ! =m ( nect>1 & is conv]t$ into honey 9 ! honey-bag ( ! ,bee1 f :5ce x is dis*>g$ into ! cells4 ,bees also collect ! poll5 f ! fl[]s !y visit1 ?is adh]es to ! hairs on ! ,bee1 & is scrap$ & bru%$ (f1 & collect$ into two little lots1 :i* ! ,bee c>ries on ea* h9d leg1 ?is poll5 is made into bee-bread4 ,by scatt]+ ! poll51 fl[]s are (t5 fecundat$1 = !re are _m plants1 ! female fl[]s ( :i* are sep>ate f ! males1 & x is only by insects & ! w9d1 t ! females are fecundat$1 = ! ,bee1 ) ! poll5 adh]+ to e "p1 fir/ visits "o fl[] & !n ano!r 9 se>* ( nect>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,honey-,,lapp+ ,,app>atus ,,( ,,wild ,,sea-,,bee 7,halictus71 7a1 magnifi$2 a b1 m highly magnifi$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,:ite ,,ants 7#a1 ,w+$ ,female2 #b1 ,female1 di/5d$ ) eggs74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be--,,ne/s ,,( ,,:ite ,,ants4 ,) respect to ! ,ants1 ,kirby & ,sp5ce give ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! build+ ( _! habitations1 ,! ne/ ( ,=mica brunnea is compos$ :olly ( e>?1 & consi/s ( a great numb] ( /ories1 sometimes n few] ?an =ty1 tw5ty bel[ ! level ( ! soil1 & z _m above1 :i* la/1 foll[+ ! slope ( ! ant-hill1 are conc5tric4 ,ea* /ory1 sep>ately exam9$1 exhibits cavities 9 ! %ape ( saloons1 n>r[] ap>tm5ts1 & long gall]ies :i* pres]ve ! communication betwe5 bo?4 ,! ar*$ ro(s ( ! mo/ spaci\s rooms are support$ by v ?9 walls1 or occasionally by small pill>s & true buttresses2 "s hav+ only "o entrance f above1 o!rs a second1 communicat+ ) ! l[] /ory2 ! ma9 gall]ies1 ( :i*1 9 "s places1 sev]al meet 9 "o l>ge saloon1 communicate ) o!r subt]ranean passages1 :i* are (t5 c>ri$ to ! di/ance ( sev]al feet f ! hill4 ,^! insects "w *iefly aft] sunset4 ,9 build+ _! ne/ !y employ s(t clay only1 scrap$ f its bottom :5 suffici5tly moi/5$ by a %[]1 :i*1 f> f injur+1 consolidates & /r5g!ns _! ar*itecture4 ,diff]5t lab\r]s convey small masses ( ?is ductile mat]ial betwe5 _! m&ibles1 & ) ! same in/rum5t !y spread & m\ld x to _! w1 ! ant5n accompany+ e movem5t4 ,!y r5d] all firm by press+ ! surface lightly ) _! =e feet2 & h[ev] num]\s ! di/9ct masses ( clay compos+ ^! walls1 & ?\gh connect$ by no glut9\s mat]ial1 !y appe> :5 f9i%$1 "o s+le lay]1 well unit$1 consolidat$ & smoo!d4 ,hav+ trac$ ! plan ( _! /ructure1 by plac+ "h & !re ! f\ndations ( ! pill>s & p>tition-walls1 !y add successively new portions2 & :5 ! walls ( a gall]y or ap>tm5t1 :i* are half a l9e ?ick1 are elevat$ ab\t half an in* 9 height1 !y jo9 !m by spr++ a flatti% ar* or ro( f "o side to ! o!r4 ,no?+ c be a m int]e/+ spectacle ?an "o ( ^! cities :ile build+4 ,9 "o place v]tical walls =m ! outl9e1 :i* communicate ) diff]5t corridors by op5+s made 9 ! masonry2 9 ano!r we see a true saloon1 ^: vaults are support$ by num]\s pill>s2 & fur!r on are ! cross-ways or squ>es :]e sev]al /reets meet1 & ^: ro(s1 ?\gh (t5 m ?an two in*es across1 ! ,ants are "u no difficulty 9 con/ruct+1 beg9n+ ! sides ( ! ar* 9 ! angle =m$ by two walls1 & ext5d+ !m by successive lay]s ( clay till !y meet2 :ile cr[ds ( masons arrive f all p>ts ) _! p>ticles ( mort>1 & "w ) a regul>ity1 h>mony1 & activity1 :i* c nev] en\gh be admir$4 ,s assidu\s are !y 9 _! op]ations1 t !y w complete a /ory ) all its saloons1 vault$ ro(s1 p>titions & gall]ies1 9 sev5 or eight h\rs4 ,if !y beg9 a /ory1 & = want ( moi/ure are unable to f9i% x1 !y pull d[n aga9 all ! crumbl+ ap>tm5ts t are n cov]$ 94 ,e "o has he>d ( ! de/ructive z well z con/ructive qualities ( ! ,:ite ,ant2 ano!r quotation f ,kirby & ,sp5ce w illu/rate bo?4 ,:5 !y f9d _! way into h\ses or w>eh\ses no?+ less h>d ?an metal or glass escapes _! ravages2 _! fav\rite food1 h[ev]1 is wood ( all k9ds1 except ! ,teak1 & ,ironwood1 :i* are ! only sorts kn[n1 t !y w n t\*2 & s inf9ite are ! multitudes ( ! assailants1 & su* is ! excell5ce ( _! tools1 t all ! timb]-"w ( a spaci\s ap>tm5t is (t5 de/roy$ by !m 9 a few nights4 ,ext]iorly1 h[ev]1 ev]y?+ appe>s z if unt\*$2 = ^! w>y depr$ators 7& ?is is :at con/itutes ! greate/ s+ul>ity ( _! hi/ory7 c>ry on all _! op]ations by sap & m9e1 de/roy+ utt]ly ! inside ( solid sub/ances1 & sc>cely ev] attack+ _! outside until !y h fir/ conceal$ x & _! op]ations ) a coat+ ( clay4 ,a g5]al simil>ity runs ?r\gh ! proce$+s ( ! :ole tribe1 b ! l>ge ,african species1 call$ by ,smea?man ,t]mes bellicosus1 is ! mo/ =midable4 ,^! insects live 9 l>ge clay ne/s1 f :5ce !y excavate tunnels all r\nd1 (t5 to ! ext5t ( sev]al hundr$ feet2 f ^! !y w desc5d a consid]able dep? bel[ ! f\ndation ( a h\se1 & rise aga9 ?r\gh ! floors2 or1 bor+ ?r\gh ! po/s & supports ( ! build+1 ent] ! ro( & con/ruct _! gall]ies 9 v>i\s directions4 ,if a po/ be a conv5i5t pa? to ! ro(1 or has any weight to support1 7h[ !y discov] x is n easily conjectur$71 !y w fill x ) _! mort>1 leav+ only a track-way = !mselves1 & ?us1 z x 71 conv]t x f wood into /one z h>d z _m k9ds ( free/one4 ,9 ?is mann] !y soon de/roy h\ses1 & sometimes :ole villages1 :5 des]t$ by _! inhabitants1 s t 9 two or ?ree ye>s n a ve/ige ( !m w rema94 ,^! insidi\s insects are n less exp$iti\s 9 de/roy+ ! wa9scoat+1 %elves1 & o!r fixtures ( a h\se1 ?an ! h\se itself2 ) ! mo/ consummate art & skill !y eat away ! inside ( :at !y attack1 except a few fibres "h & !re1 :i* exactly suffice to keep ! two sides1 or top & bottom1 connect$1 s z to reta9 ! appe>ance ( solidity aft] ! reality is gone2 & all ! :ile !y c>efully avoid p]=at+ ! surface1 unless a book or any o!r ?+ t tempts !m %\ld be /&+ ^u x4 ,koempf]1 speak+ ( ! ,:ite ,ants ( ,japan1 gives a rem>kable in/ance ( ! rapidity ) :i* ^! m9]s proce$4 ,^u ris+ "o morn+ he obs]v$ t "o ( _! gall]ies ( ! ?ickness ( 8 little f+] _h be5 =m$ across 8 table2 & ^u a fur!r exam9ation he f\nd t !y _h bor$ a passage ( t ?ickness up "o foot ( ! table1 =m$ a gall]y across x1 & !n pi]c$ d[n ano!r foot into ! floor2 all ?is 0 done 9 ! few h\rs t int]v5$ betwe5 8 retir+ to re/ & 8 ris+4 ,mo/ ( ?is ord] are arm$ ) "s weapon ( def5ce4 ,! ,bee & ,wasp h ea* a mo/ =midable /+1 ) :i* !y are able to inflict a w\nd fatal to mo/ insects4 ,! ,ants h a peculi> secretion1 consi/+ ( =mic acid1 :i* !y eject ) great =ce1 & :i* has a v disagreeable smell4 ,! eggs ( ,ants :5 hat*$ produce a small grub1 :i* sp9s itself a sort ( cocoon1 & 9 ?is /ate x s mu* resembles a gra9 ( corn1 t x has be5 mi/ak5 = x2 ?is error has giv5 rise to ! supposition t ,ants /ore up corn = w9t]1 :]eas !y nev] eat corn1 b ! c>e !y take ( ^! l>v1 remov+ !m f place to place1 tak+ !m up 9 _! m&ibles & runn+ along ) !m1 has be5 mi/ak5 = ! act ( /or+ away gra9s ( corn4 #e4 ,,/repsipt]a 7,twi/$-w+$74 ,?is ord] includes b a few species2 ,dr4 ,baird 9 8 ,cyclopdia1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( !m3-- ,c]ta9 insects 7 discov]$ by ,kirby1 liv+ p>asitic 9 ! abdom5 ( "s ,&r51 :i* at t "t 7 nondescript1 & c\ld n be ref]r$ to any exi/+ ord]4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds plac$ 9 an ord] by !mselves1 :i* he call$ ,/repsipt]a4 ,! l>v live 9 ! bodies ( ,bees1 ,wasps c41 & ! males only und]go a p]fect metamorphosis2 ! females1 ev5 :5 adult1 h nei!r legs1 w+s1 nor eyes1 b resemble l>v1 & cont9ue to live p>asitic 9 ! bodies ( ! ,hym5opt]\s insects )9 :i* !y 7 born4 ,! *>act]s are ?us tak5 f ! male & consi/ *iefly 9 ! /ructure ( ! w+s4 ,! ant]ior pair are q rudim5t>y1 be+ trans=m$ into a pair ( %ort1 sl5d]1 contort$ app5dages resembl+ n>r[ balanc]s or halt]s4 ,! po/]ior pair are l>ge & membrane\s1 _! n]vures are only longitud9al1 s t !y are able to fold !m l a fan4 ,!y h l>ge globul> eyes1 ) ! facets few1 b ( comp>atively l>ge size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,/ylops ,,&r54 ,ab\t t5 or twelve species are kn[n1 =m+ a small family1 ,/ylopid4 ,! g5us ,/ylops may be tak5 z ! type1 & conta9 su* species z h ! t>si ) f\r po9ts & ! ant5n ) six4 #f4 ,,lepidopt]a 7,scaly-w+$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,scales ,,f ,,mo?',s ,,w+ 7,magnifi$74 ,?is ord] includes ! ,butt]flies & ,mo?s1 !y h f\r w+s1 :i* are l>ge & cov]$ ) m9ute scales1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p ( a he>t or battl$ore %ape1 z 9 fig4 #bg4 ,! w+s ( ^! insects are _m ( !m beautifully m>k$ & t+$4 ,!re are ab\t #ab1jjj species1 by "s divid$ into diurnal 7or ^? :i* fly by day71 crepuscul> 7or ^? :i* fly 9 ! ev5+71 & nocturnal 7or ^? fly+ by night74 ,! ,mo?s are mo/ly crepuscul> & nocturnal1 :ile ! ,butt]flies are *iefly diurnal1 b ! mo/ usual di/9ction betwe5 ! ,mo? & ,butt]fly consi/s 9 ! =m ( ! ant5n1 ^? ( ! ,mo? be+ fea!r-%ap$1 :ile ^? ( ! ,butt]fly h a small knob at ! end1 or1 z x is call$1 club-%ap$4 ,! ,lepidopt]a fe$ ^u ! nect> ( fl[]s1 = :i* purpose !y are furni%$ ) a long proboscis or ,hau/ellium1 :i* is curl$ up "u ! head1 x consi/s ( two semi-cyl9drical pieces :i* :5 plac$ side by side =m a tube1 up :i* ! nect> is drawn by capill>y attraction4 ,! metamorphosis ( ^! insects is complete4 ,! ,silkworm 7,bombyx mori7 belongs to ?is ord]4 ,x is ! mo/ important ( all insects to man1 z f x alone all ! silk ( comm]ce is obta9$4 ,its cocoon is ( a beautiful yell[ col\r1 v>y+ 9 %ade f orange to pale /raw-col\r2 ! silk ( "o cocoon weighs some:]e ab\t ?ree gra9s2 x w\ld !re=e1 at ?is calculation1 take #aibj worms to sp9 "o p\nd4 ,! annual import ( silk into ?is c\ntry alone is ab\t #g1jjj1jjj p\nds1 x mu/ !re=e take #ac1ddj1jjj1jjj ,silkworms to supply u ) silk ye>ly6 ,! ,silkworm fe$s almo/ exclusively on ! leaves ( ! mulb]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,! ,,silkworm 7,bombyx mori74 #a1 ! ,eggs2 #b1 ! "y ,silkworms2 #c1 ! full-gr[n ,silkworm2 #d1 ! ,cocoon2 #e1 ! ,*rysalis2 #f1 ! ,mo?4 #g4 ,,hemipt]a 7,half-w+$74 ,! ,hemipt]a h two pairs ( w+s1 ! h9d]mo/ small1 & ! =emo/ pair half horny & half membrane\s1 ! base be+ horny1 & ! apex membrane\s4 ,!y include ! ,bugs1 "s ( :i* are aquatic1 z ! ,wat] ,scorpion 7,nepa71 & ! ,wat] ,boatman 7,natonecta71 :i* swims on its back1 r[+ itself by means ( a pair ( long legs1 :i* look l o>s2 ! common b$ ,bug is also ( ?is ord]1 al?\gh w+less1 z are also ! ,plant ,lice 7,aphides71 :i*1 h[ev]1 obta9 w+s 9 _! p]fect /ate4 #h4 ,,dipt]a 7,two-w+$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,"p ,,( ,,gnat',s ,,w+1 ,,magnifi$4 ,! ,dipt]a include ! common ,h\se ,fly 7fig4 #af71 ,bluebottle ,fly1 ,gnat1 & _m o!rs2 _! w+s are l ! ,neuropt]a1 b !y h b "o pair1 ! o!r pair be+ undevelop$1 =m little knobs call$ balanc]s4 ,! w+s ( ,flies are g5]ally cov]$ ) %ort /\t hairs1 z se5 9 fig4 #bi2 ! common ,fly fe$s ^u almo/ any?+1 b "s ( ! ,dipt]a fe$ exclusively on ! blood ( o!r animals2 ! ,gnat 7,culex pipi5s71 ( :i* ! ,mosquito is a v>iety1 deposits its egg 9 ! wat] on any float+ sub/ance1 ! l>va :i* comes f ! egg is aquatic1 liv+ ) its head d[nw>ds1 ! end ( ! abdom5 only be+ above ! wat]1 9 ?is !re is a spiracle or brea?+ orifice1 :i* enables x to take 9 ! air2 ! ,gnat1 :5 x comes f ?is l>va1 /&s on its %ell = a mom5t1 & !n flies (f1 = x is n suit$ to live 9 ! wat]2 ?is hi/ory ( ! e>ly /ages ( its life1 acc\nts = ,gnats be+ always f\nd 9 su* numb]s ne> pools ( wat]4 ,! ,tsetse1 :i* ,dr4 ,liv+/one describes z be+ s fatal to cattle1 is ( ?is ord]2 he says1 ,x is well kn[n t ! bite ( ?is poison\s insect is c]ta9 dea? to ox1 horse1 or dog4444 ,a mo/ rem>kable feature 9 ! bite ( ! ,tsetse is its p]fect h>mlessness to man & wild animals1 & ev5 calves1 s long z !y cont9ue to suck ! c[s4 #i4 ,,apt]a 7,w+less74 ,to ?is ord] belongs ! ,flea 7,pulex irritans71 :i* is furni%$ ) lancet-%ap$ weapons1 ?r\gh :i* x sucks ! blood ( o!r animals1 = x is entirely p>asitic1 & also ! ,*igeo 7,pulex p5etrans71 :i* is a tr\blesome & ev5 dang]\s pe/ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies2 x p5etrates ! sk9 ( ! feet1 & deposits its "y b5ea? x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,flea 7,pulex irritans7 ,,magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,ara*nida4#a1 ,spid] 7,epeira ,diadema72 #b1 ,scorpion 7,scorpio74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb--,,long-,,legg$ ,,h\se-,,spid] 7,aran dome/ica74 ,! la/ class ( ! ,articulata1 ! ,ara*nida1 includes ! ,spid]s1 ,scorpions1 ,c5tip$es1 & ,millip$es4 ,! ,ara*nida diff] f insects1 9 hav+ eight or m legs1 m ?an two eyes1 no w+s1 & no head2 ! ,spid]s h f\r pairs ( legs1 & six1 eight1 or m1 simple eyes1 :i* appe> z m9ute spots on ! upp] "p ( ! ?orax4 ,spid]s ne>ly all live by prey+ ^u small insects1 :i* !y cat* 9 sev]al ways1 b by f> ! mo/ g5]al mode is by con/ruct+ a web or net to entangle !m2 ! ?reads ( ?is web are made ( a fluid glut9\s sub/ance1 :i* is secret$ )9 ! abdom51 & :i* !y project f extremely m9ute orifices1 sev]al ( :i* exi/ on ! po9t ( little projections call$ sp9n>ets1 ?is liquid dries into a solid ?read imm$iately x comes into contact ) ! air2 x is extremely /rong1 & s f9e t sev]al ?\s& ( ! s+le fibres w only make ! size ( a human hair4 ,! ,g>d5 ,spid] 7,epeira diadema7 is (t5 call$ ! ,geometrical ,spid]1 f ! regul>ity ( its web4 ,^! ,spid]s w (t5 place a ?read f "o spot to ano!r1 :]e x w\ld seem impossible t !y c\ld atta* x1 su* z f ! bran* ( a tree to ! corn] ( a h\se tw5ty feet or m f ! gr\nd2 x has nev] be5 accurately det]m9$ h[ ! ,spid] does ?is1 & x is ! m difficult to obs]ve1 z x is always done 9 ! night1 b x has be5 suppos$ t a f9e ?read is spun1 & t ! w9d c>ries x across1 :5 x is /r5g!n$ & aft]w>ds made tight4 ,! ,spid] 7,arane dome/ica7 t makes cobwebs 9 ! corn]s ( rooms1 is call$ ! ,weav+ ,spid]4 ,"s ,spid]s are call$ ,hunt+ ,spid]s1 !y d n con/ruct webs1 b p\nce ^u _! prey ) a leap2 ! ,mygale avicul>is ( ,s\? ,am]ica is "o ( ?is k9d2 x is said t "s gr[ s l>ge t _! feet spread out a foot wide4 ,! ,long-legg$ ,spid]1 (t5 f\nd 9 our h\ses1 & ( :i* fig4 #cb is an exact copy1 measures #c #a_/b in*es1 & is ! l>ge/ species we h4 ,!re are also aquatic ,spid]s1 :i* fe$ ^u insects 9 ! wat] & dive d[n = !m2 _! surface be+ hairy & unctu\s1 reta9s suffici5t air to br+ !m up & prev5t !m be+ wett$4 ,! eyes ( ,spid]s are diff]5t f ^? ( o!r insects2 !y appe> z simple1 %9+ spots1 or ocelli1 & n comp\nd eyes1 hav+ a great _m ocelli comp\nd$ into "o4 ,^! ocelli are arrang$ 9 a gr\p ( eight or m1 & plac$ on ! upp] "p ( ! ?orax1 = ,spid]s h no head1 al?\gh g5]ally repres5t$ ) "o4 ,! eggs ( ,spid]s are g5]ally deposit$ 9 "s %elt]$ place1 fa/5$ toge!r & p>tly cov]$ ) a net-"w ( a sort ( yell[ silk1 v mu* resembl+ ! cocoon ( ! ,silkworm4 ,! ,scorpion1 s t]rible 9 appe>ance1 & 9 its /+ s deadly1 & :i* is sometimes a foot 9 l5g?1 belongs to ?is ord]4 ,x has eight legs1 & a pair ( claws l a lob/]1 ! body is l5g!n$ into a sort ( tail1 at ! end ( :i* is a claw or /+1 l ! poison fang ( a s]p5t1 ) a poison bag at its root2 its effects are (t5 fatal to man1 & always s to ! insects & o!r small animals ^u :i* ! ,scorpion fe$s1 its usual mode ( kill+ :i*1 is to cat* !m ) its claws & !n to /+ !m to dea?4 ,! ,c5tip$e is a sc>cely less frightful creature2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies x is sometimes f\nd to gr[ to eight or t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 x is ( a long jo9t$ =m1 ) g5]ally tw5ty-"o pairs ( legs1 al?\gh "s h d\ble ?is numb]2 its bite is mu* to be dread$1 z x is poison\s1 especially ! ,scolop5dr1 :i* h a poison gl&1 l ! snake2 9 ?is c\ntry !y are v small inde$1 & are g5]ally f\nd 9 moi/ places4 ,! ,c5tip$es & ,millip$es are1 by "s1 plac$ 9 ! class ,ara*nida1 b by o!rs 9 a sep>ate class call$ ,myriopoda1 divid$ into two ord]s1 ! ,*ilogna?a1 :i* h r\nd$ cyl9drical bodies1 & g5]ally m ?an "o pair ( legs to ea* segm5t ( ! body1 & ! ,*ilopoda1 :i* h a di/9ct flatt5$ head & b "o pair ( legs to ea* segm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,mollusca4 #a1 ,nautilus 7,argonauta72 #b1 ,clio ,borealis2 #c1 ,mussel 7,mytilus edule74 ,! la/ ( ! ?ree great divisions ( ! ,inv]tebrata is =m$ by ! ,mollusca2 x is divid$ into six classes1 7see page #bah74 ,! ,mollusca are *>act]is$ by hav+ no int]nal skeleton1 nor ext]nal horny case1 z 9 ! ,articulata2 !y are r s(t1 & ei!r void ( solid cov]+1 or possess$ ( %ells compos$ *iefly ( e>?y matt] 7*alk71 & 9 "o or two pieces1 call$ valves1 h5ce ! names1 uni-valve & bi-valve2 all %ells ( ?is description belong to ! ,mollusca1 "s ( :i* h no means ( locomotion1 z ,oy/]s2 o!rs h a foot cov]$ ) a muscul> expansion1 call$ ! mantle1 by :i* !y glide onw>ds1 z ! ,snail4 #a4 ,! ,tunicata h no %ell or h>d cov]+1 b are ( a pretty firm consi/5ce2 !y are ei!r fix$ to rocks & sea-we$s1 or float ab\t freely1 & are ei!r solit>y1 social1 or comp\nd4 ,! ,ascidians are unit$ 9 gr\ps1 & are all connect$ by a common /alk or ,/olon1 f :i* !y gr[ by buds4 #b4 ,! ,bra*iopoda4 ,^! ,molluscs are furni%$ ) a pair ( %ells1 )9 :i* ! animal lives2 "o ( ^! %ells 7! v5tral "o7 has a small hole 9 x1 close to ! h+e1 & ?r\gh ?is a long t5d9\s cord passes1 :i* fixes ! creature to "s /one or rock1 h5ce ! "n ,bra*iopod\s1 :i* means arm-foot$4 ,! "y ( ?is ,mollusc are n fix$1 b float ab\t4 ,! ,l+ula has horny %ells1 & ! foot passes out betwe5 !m2 ^! creatures 7 "s ( ! fir/ creat$1 if n ! v fir/2 ! %ells ( ,t]ebratula are f\nd 9 va/ quantities 9 ! olde/ fossilif]\s /rata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,,cockle 7,c>dium edule74 #c4 ,! ,lamellibran*iata include a great _m ( our mo/ ord9>y ,mollusca1 commonly kn[n z %ell fi%4 ,!y h a pair ( %ells1 & are !nce call$ bivalve4 ,! ,oy/] 7,o/rea edulis71 ,mussel 7,mytilus edulis71 ,cockle 7,c>dium edule71 ,scallop 7,pect571 belong to ?is class4 ,oy/]s =m a consid]able article ( comm]ce1 ?irty or =ty ?\s& bu%els are br\ght ea* season to ,london2 !y are dr$g$ up f b$s1 :]e !y are f\nd 9 great quantities4 ,!y spawn 9 ,may & ,june1 & are n !n good4 ,!re is an old & a well-kn[n say+1 t ,oy/]s are n fit to eat1 unless !re is an ,r 9 ! mon?1 all ! names ( ! mon?s conta9+ an ,r b ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/4 ,! spawn is collect$ & plac$ 9 artificial b$s1 consi/+ ( %all[ places or holl[s 9 ! sea1 :]e ! tide w n wa% !m away1 & :5ce !y c be easily remov$ :5 suffici5tly gr[n1 :i* is 9 five or six ye>s2 ^! creatures h no p[]s ( locomotion1 b rema9 :]e ! tide wa%es !m2 b ,scallops1 ,cockles 7fig4 #cd71 & ,mussels 7fig4 #cc71 h ! p[] ( fix+ !mselves to any sub/ance !y wi%1 by means ( ! byssus or be>d1 :i* is a tuft ( fibres pass+ out f betwe5 ! %ells2 & x is said1 ! ,scallops h ! p[] ( progression1 by sudd5ly op5+ & %utt+ ! %ells4 #d4 ,! ,pt]opoda are ,mollusca :i* h no %ell1 or a v ?9 "o2 ! ,clio borealis 7fig4 #cc71 :i* =ms ! *ief food ( ! ,:ale1 is f\nd 9 great multitudes 9 ! ,arctic seas1 x swims ab\t by means ( two ext5sions1 simil> to w+s4 ,! ,hyaloea has a small r\nd transp>5t %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,snail 7,helix asp]sa71 ,,& ,,slug 7,limax c9]ius74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,w5tle-,,trap ,,%ell 7,scal>ia74 #e4 ,! ,ga/]opoda are extremely num]\s2 mo/ ( !m h univalve %ells1 b _m ( !m h none1 z ! ,g>d5 ,slug 7,limax1 fig4 #ce74 ,! ,:elk 7,bucc9um undatum71 ,p]riw9kle 7,littor9a littoria71 ,g>d5 ,snail 7,helix asp]sa1 fig4 #ce71 & ! ,w5tle-trap 7,scal>ia1 fig4 #cf71 are ! mo/ famili> examples ( ?is class4 ,^! ,mollusca walk by means ( ! mantle1 :i* is muscul>1 & capable ( alt]nate contraction & expansion2 !y brea! by means ( lungs on _! back b5ea? ! %ell1 & to :i* !re is an op5+ 9 _! side4 ,:at are usually call$ ! horns are f\r 9 numb]1 two %ort & two long2 !y are t5tacul1 b :at is peculi> 9 !m is ! circum/ance ( hav+ ! eyes plac$ at _! ends4 ,^! ,mollusca h a sort ( valve1 :i*1 :5 !y retire into ! %ell1 closes x l a lid2 x is call$ ! ,op]culum2 9 "s cases x is horny1 z 9 ! ,p]riw9kle1 & 9 o!rs1 resembles %ell2 ! %ells ( ^! mollusca are coil$ into a spiral1 ?is is caus$ by ! %ell always gr[+ by additions to ! edges ( ! m\?1 & 9 ne>ly e case ?is spiral turns 9 ! same direction t a screw does1 b 9 a v few x turns 9 ! opposite direction1 z 9 ! ,fusus contr>ius4 #f4 ,! ,cephalopoda include ! ,cuttle-,fi%1 & ,nautilus 7fig4 #cc74 ,!y are furni%$ ) eight or t5 t5tacula or arms1 :i* spr+ f ! head1 & :i* are cov]$ ) suck]s2 ! m\? is 9 ! c5tre1 & ^! t5tacula are us$ to lay hold ( _! prey & convey x to ! m\?2 !y h two p]fect eyes1 & !y brea! by gills4 ,! ,nautilus has a univalve %ell1 :i* is ( a v graceful & elegant =m2 its int]ior is divid$ into *amb]s1 ) a syphon runn+ ?r\gh !m1 by :i* ! air is exhau/$ or compress$ s z to cause !m to s9k or swim2 ! animal occupies only ! out] *amb]2 ! ext9ct ,ammonite belong$ to ?is class4 ,x is f ! ,cuttle-,fi% 7,sepi7 t ! beautiful d>k br[n pigm5t1 kn[n z sepia1 is obta9$1 & also ! mat]ial ( :i* ,indian-ink is made4 ,,! ,,v]tebrata4 ,! ,v]tebrate animals are ^? :i* h a bra9 & sp9al cord inclos$ )9 a bony case1 an int]nal skeleton1 to :i* are affix$ ! muscles1 & :i* is mov$ by !m2 !y all possess f\r extremities1 m or less modifi$ 9 =m1 ) ! exception ( ! ,s]p5ts4 ,!y are divid$ into f\r classes1 ,fi%es1 ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals4 ,,fi%es4 ,! ,fi%es live 9 wat]1 & are unable to live 9 ! air2 !y receive oxyg5 f ! wat]1 b ?is is receiv$ mu* m sl[ly ?an by air-brea?+ animals1 & z ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) ! c>bon ( ! sy/em gives ! elevat$ temp]ature ( animals1 s 9 ,fi%es1 ! oxyg5 be+ receiv$ sl[ly1 _! temp]ature rises b little above ! temp]ature ( ! wat] !y inhabit2 !y h !nce receiv$ ! "n ( cold-blood$4 ,fi%es live ^u ! m>9e animals :i* !y capture1 ! v>i\s sea-we$s :i* gr[ 9 ! wat]1 & insects :i* fall into1 or bre$ !re4 ,!y h f9s in/ead ( legs1 b ! two pairs ( f9s kn[n z ,pectoral & ,v5tral are analogues ( !m1 & 9 a pectoral f9 may be f\nd bones analog\s to all ! bones ( ! arm & h& ( ,man1 or ! =e-feet ( ! o!r ,v]tebrata4 ,fi%es urge !mselves ?r\gh ! wat] *iefly by ! action ( ! tail f side to side1 & 9 ^? memb]s :i* h m ext5d$ =ms 7z ,eels71 by a wavey motion ( ! body itself2 & ! rapidity ) :i* !y swim is su*1 t ,%>ks h be5 kn[n to g r\nd ! %ip !y are foll[+ _m times 9 a v %ort space1 al?\gh x may be sail+ at a great spe$ be=e ! w9d4 ,fi%es are cov]$ ) scales1 & ! head is unit$ to ! body )\t any con/riction :i* c be consid]$ z a neck2 !y are mo/ly ( a =m su* z c easily pass ?r\gh ! wat]1 )\t (f]+ mu* resi/ance1 & _! specific gravity is s ne>ly t ( wat]1 t1 by ! compression ( a small vessel fill$ ) air1 call$ ! swimm+ bladd] or s\nd1 !y c rise & s9k ) little ef=t4 ,_m tribes ( ! human family1 su* z ! ,esquimaux & ,polynesians1 almo/ live ^u ,fi%1 & ev5 9 ,great ,brita91 9 fi%+ di/ricts1 x =ms a great "p ( ! food ( ! inhabitants1 & _! capture gives employm5t to ?\s&s4 ,fi% inhabit all k9ds ( wat]1 ! sea1 riv]s1 & ponds1 & _m :i* live habitually 9 ! sea come into riv]s at c]ta9 seasons2 & ) respect to ^? :i* dwell always 9 ! sea1 "s inhabit c]ta9 tracts only1 & conf9e !mselves to !m1 j z quadrup$s d to c]ta9 localities on ! l&4 ,x has be5 a matt] ( wond] h[ ! ,fi% get into ponds =m$ by ! dra9age ( l&s2 b mo/ ponds are suppli$ by spr+s :i* run und]gr\nd f adjac5t lakes or riv]s1 or by rills runn+ on ! surface1 ^! br+ ! ova or eggs1 :i* 9 fav\rable situations become hat*$4 ,fi% are exce$+ly prolific1 ! eggs 9 ! roe ( a ,codfi% 7 e/imat$ by ,lew5hoec1 to be upw>ds ( #i1jjj1jjj1 b n "o 9 a ?\s& comes to maturity2 !re are enemies on all sides to dev\r !m be=e !y are hat*$1 & o!rs to attack !m aft]w>ds4 ,"s ( ! riv]s ( ,france h lately be5 artificially /ock$ ) ,fi% by caus+ ! fecundat$ spawn to be pres]v$ till !y are ( a bulk & /r5g? to protect !mselves4 ,?is 0 effect$ by conf9+ !m 9 tanks float+ 9 ! wat] & p]=at$ ) holes1 & aft]w>ds plac+ !m 9 a "p ( ! riv]1 inclos$ bo? above & bel[ by means ( nets1 s z to keep away _! enemies--! l>g] ,fi%es4 ,fi%es 7 ! fir/ ( ! ,v]tebrat$ animals creat$1 & z a pro( ( ! incorrectness ( ! doctr9e ( developm5t1 ^! fir/-creat$ ,fi% 7 ( a class correspond+ to ! mo/ highly organis$ ,fi%es ( ! pres5t day4 ,fi%es are divid$ into two families3 #a1 ,osse\s ,fi%es 7) a bony skeleton72 #b1 ,c>tilag9\s ,fi%es 7) a c>tilag9i\s skeleton74 ,! ,osse\s ,fi%es are divid$ into six ,ord]s3-- #a4 ,,acan?opt]ygii 7,?orny-f974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--a1 ,,p]* 7,p]ea fluvia ilis74 #b1 ,,mack]el 7,scomb] vulg>is74 #c1 ,,gurn>d 7,trigla ,gurnh>dus74 ,! ,acan?opt]ygii include a great numb] ( our ord9>y useful ,fi%es1 z ,mack]el1 ,p]*1 ,tunny1 ,gurn>d1 c4 7fig4 #cg74 ,! ,p]* is a good example ( ?is ord]1 ! %>p sp9es on its dorsal f9 be+ well develop$1 & dang]\s = angl]s to h&le4 #b4 ,,malacopt]ygii ,,abdom9ales 7,abdom9al s(t-f974 ,! abdom9al ,malacopt]ygii include ! ,pil*>d1 ,h]r+1 ,pike 7fig4 #ch71 ,salmon 7fig4 #ci71 ,an*ovy1 ,tr\t1 ,roa*1 ,*ub1 ,t5*1 & _m m ( ! ,fi% :i* inhabit our /reams & ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,! ,,salmon 7,salmo sal>74 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,salmon1 is extract$ f ,dr4 ,baird's ,cyclopdia ( ! ,natural ,sci5ces3--,! ,salmon is exce$+ly abundant 9 all ! nor!rn oceans4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,bohemia1 ,switz]l&1 ,sc&9avia1 ,icel&1 & ,gre5l&4 ,x exi/s also 9 ,labrador & ,canada1 & d[n ! ,am]ican coa/ to ! ,connecticut riv]1 9 latitude #da-a_/b deg41 & ei!r x1 or a species s closely alli$ z n to be di/+ui%$ except by close comp>ison1 ab\nds 9 ! ,arctic seas wa%+ ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,x does n frequ5t ! riv]s fall+ into ! ,m$it]ranean1 &1 ?\gh x has be5 /at$ to be ! case1 x does n occur 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 or ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,9 ent]+ ! m\?s ( riv]s 9 ord] to spawn1 ! females are always obs]v$ to prec$e ! males1 deposit+ _! ova 9 little pools or sort ( ne/s1 :i* !y =m 9 ! s& at ! bottom1 = ! males to fecundate4 ,! "y gr[ v rapidly1 & at ! pres5t "t1 ! subject ( ! *anges :i* !y und]go 9 _! progress to maturity is "o excit+ mu* int]e/4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$ !y are ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 & dur+ ! fir/ ye> are call$ ,p>r4 ,:5 !y remove to ! sea1 !y receive a m brilliant dress1 & !n become ! ,smolt1 v>y+ f f\r to six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,aft] a resid5ce 9 ! sea ( f two mon?s to t5 weeks1 !y revisit ! fre% wat]s1 & are !n f two-&-a-half to f\r p\nds' weight1 & are call$ 'grilses' or 'gilses4' ,dur+ ! ensu+ w9t] !y spawn1 & are !n kn[n z ,salmon4 ,salmon gr[ to a l>ge size1 full-gr[n specim5s weigh+ ab\t =ty p\nds1 ?\gh individuals are m5tion$ :i* h weigh$ sev5ty or ev5 eighty p\nds4 ,su* are n[ excessively r>e1 ow+ to ! p]fection ( ! means ( captur+ !m at ! m\?s ( our riv]s1 by :i* ! *ances are v greatly aga9/ any fi% escap+ ! v>i\s dang]s by :i* x is environ$ = su* a succession ( ye>s z is likely to admit ( its atta9+ to its full dim5sions4 ,! p[] ^! fi% h 9 ov]com+ ob/acles to _! progress up l>ge riv]s at spawn+ "t is v great2 !y %oot up rapids ) ! velocity ( arr[s1 & cle> consid]able wat]falls1 leap+ a height ( t51 twelve1 & ev5 z mu* z tw5ty feet4 ,! usual "t at :i* ! ,salmon leaves ! sea is ! autumn2 x rema9s 9 ! riv]s dur+ ! w9t]1 & returns to ! sea1 aft] hav+ deposit$ its spawn1 9 ! spr+4 ,! fi%+ ( ?is excell5t & univ]sally admir$ fi% gives employm5t to _m ?\s&s ( p1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,salmon fi%]ies1 x has be5 said1 rank next to agriculture4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! ,scot* riv]s supply by f> ! great] proportion ( ! salmon br\ght to m>ket4 ,! total value ( ! ,scot* fi%]ies has be5 calculat$ at #aej1jjj a ye>4 ,_m salmon are caught by /ake nets1 & also by ! practice ( spe>+2 ?is is a v picturesque sight1 z x is conduct$ by tor*light4 ,! ,h]r+ 7,clupea ,h>5gus7 makes its visit to ?is c\ntry ab\t ,septemb]1 9 enorm\s %oals1 ext5d+ _m miles ea* way2 !y are caught 9 great quantities & salt$ 9 ! boats imm$iately2 :5 br\ght on %ore !y are susp5d$ 9 ! smoke ( wood fires1 & become r$ h]r+s4 ,! ,h]r+ fi%]ies are v important1 & af=d--l ! ,salmon fi%]ies--employm5t to ?\s&s2 ! greate/ quantities are caught (f ! coa/ ( ,norway1 :]e x is calculat$ ab\t #djj1jjj1jjj are tak5 ye>ly4 ,a great _m are caught (f ,l[e/(fe1 & ,wick1 9 ,cai?ness4 ,! ,pil*>d 7,clupea pil*>dus7 is a k9d ( ,h]r+1 & is caught 9 enorm\s quantities (f ! coa/s ( ,cornwall4 ,! ,sprat & ,:itebait are species ( ,clupea4 #c4 ,,malacopt]ygii ,,sub-,,bra*iales 7,sub-bra*ial s(t f974 ,! bra*ial ,malacopt]ygii include mo/ ( ! ,flat ,fi%2 z ! ,turbot1 ,plaice1 ,sole1 c4 7fig4 #dj74 ,! ,turbot1 & ,halibut are caught out 9 ! deep wat]s1 b ! ,plaice & ,fl\nd]s1 *iefly 9 %all[s2 ^! fi% h "o side d>k & ! o!r light1 & bo? eyes are plac$ on ! d>k side2 !y always swim ) ?is side upw>ds2 9 ! ,turbot ?is is ! left1 :ile 9 ,plaice x is ! "r side4 ,! ,cod 7fig4 #dj7 is also includ$ 9 ?is ord]2 x is a l>ge fi%1 (t5 weigh+ =ty or fifty p\nds1 & ?ree or f\r feet long2 x is *iefly caught 9 nor!rn regions1 ! banks ( ,newf\ndl& be+ ! mo/ celebrat$ = its ,cod fi%]ies1 & supply ! ,london m>ket4 ,^! fi% are caught by a long l9e & hook let d[n to a great dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--a1 ,,turbot 7,rhombus maximus74 #b1 ,,sole 7,solea vulg>is74 #c1 ,,plaice 7,platessa communis74 #d1 ,,cod 7,gadus morrhua74 #d4 ,,malacopt]ygii ,,apodes 7,footless s(t f974 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,! ,,eel 7,anguilla acutiro/ris74 ,to ?is ord] belong ! ,eels 7fig4 #da74 ,!y h no abdom9al f9s1 & are !re=e call$ apodial1 or footless2 !y v mu* resemble ! s]p5t 9 _! elongat$ =m2 !y live *iefly 9 riv]s & ponds1 9 ! mud ( :i* !y obta9 worms1 c41 ^u :i* !y fe$1 !y h be5 kn[n to leave ! wat] at night & travel = "s di/ance 9 se>* ( worms1 frogs1 c4 ,^! fi% live a long "t aft] !y are remov$ f ! wat]1 & are extremely t5aci\s ( life2 _! sk9s are cov]$ ) su* f9e small scales t !y appe> q smoo?1 & are extremely slimy4 ,! ,cong] ,eel is mu* ?ick] 9 proportion ?an ! common ,eel1 & has a dorsal f9 l a fr+e all d[n ! back2 x gr[s to ! weight ( n9ety or a hundr$ p\nds sometimes4 ,eels are (t5 caught by ?ru/+ _m-prong$ spe>s 7hav+ ! spe>s b>b$7 into ! mud1 & ! ,eels are br\ght up /ick+ betwe5 ! prongs4 ,! ,electrical ,eel 7,gymnotus electricus7 belongs to ?is section2 x some:at resembles a l>ge ord9>y ,eel f\r or five feet long1 b has a broad v5tral f9 runn+ all along its l[] "p2 x is fam\s = its p[] ( giv+ electrical %ocks :5 t\*$1 & seems to h ! p[] ( us+ ?is influ5ce at pleasure1 b aft] giv+ a c]ta9 numb] ( %ocks its p[] becomes exhau/$1 & x has to rema9 "s "t be=e x c aga9 give out %ocks ( any /r5g?2 ^! %ocks are suffici5tly /rong to prove fatal to small animals1 & ev5 to mules & horses cross+ ! /reams :i* !y frequ5t1 :5 a numb] w attack !m at once4 ,?is creature is a native ( ! riv]s & pools ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,dem]>a1 c42 ! natives kill !m by driv+ 9 a great numb] ( horses1 & :5 ! ,eels h exhau/$ _! electrical p[]s1 !y are !n caught & kill$4 #e4 ,,lophobran*i 7,tuft$ gill74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db--;,,hippocampus 7,f a dri$ specim574 ,to ! ,lophobran*i belongs ! ,pipe-fi% 7,hippocampus1 or ,sea-horse1 fig4 #db74 ,! foll[+ is ,dr4 ,baird's description ( ^! curi\s little creatures3-- ,mo/ ( ^! species are /raight1 b o!rs ( ! family contract aft] dea?1 s z to =m a grotesque resemblance to a horse 9 m9iature4 ,^! =m ! g5us ,hippocampus1 & f _! %ape are g5]ally call$ ,sea-horses4 ,hippocampus breviro/ris 7! %ort-nos$ ,sea-horse7 is occasionally met ) on ! ,briti% coa/4 ,x is f six to t5 in*es long1 ! body mu* compress$1 %ort & deep2 ! :ole l5g? ( ! body & tail divid$ by longitud9al & transv]se ridges1 ) tub]cul> po9ts at ! angles ( ! int]section4 ,! sn\t is sl5d]1 & ! tail long1 quadrangul>1 & t]m9at$ 9 a nak$ or f9less tip4 ,:5 swimm+ ab\t1 ! ,hippocampus ma9ta9s a v]tical position1 b ! tail is ready to grasp :atev] meets x 9 ! wat]2 x quickly entw9es 9 any direction r\nd we$s or o!r objects1 & d>ts at its prey ) great dext]ity4 #f4 ,,plectogna?i 7,plait$ jaw74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,! ,,sun-,,fi% 7,or?agoriscus74 ,! ,sea ,porcup9e 7,diodon hy/rix7 belongs to ?is ord]4 ,^! ,fi% are ( a peculi> ?ick r\nd$ =m1 & occasionally inflate _! /oma*s ) air1 :i* makes !m almo/ sph]ical1 9 :i* /ate !y float ) ! belly upw>ds1 & be+ cov]$ ) sp9es1 pres5t r a =midable object to attack2 ! fle% is un:olesome1 &1 x is said1 ! liv] is viol5tly poison\s2 "s ( ! species ( ?is fi% are phosphoresc5t1 & f ?is appe>ance !y d]ive ! "n ( ,sunfi%1 z !y %9e v brightly 9 ! d>k4 ,! %ort ,sunfi% 7fig4 #dc7 turns r\nd z x swims2 x is v l>ge1 sometimes weigh+ f ?ree to f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,!y yield a consid]able quantity ( oil1 = :i* !y are caught4 ,_! jaws are n divid$ into tee?1 b consi/ ea* ( a s+le piece2 !y live ^u seawe$s & v>i\s cru/aceans4 ,! ,c>tilag9\s ,fi%es are divid$ into ?ree ord]s4 #a4 ,,/uriones 7,/urgeons74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,! ,,/urgeon 7,accip5s] /urio74 ,/urgeons 7fig4 #dd7 are inhabitants ( ! nor!rn seas1 b are occasionally f\nd 9 our riv]s4 ,!y h r[s ( bony plates imb$d$ 9 ! sk92 !y sometimes atta9 ! l5g? ( tw5ty feet1 b are usually f six to eight feet long4 ,is+lass is made ( ! swimm+ bladd] ( ! ,/urgeon1 & ! roe 7dri$ & salt$7 =ms ! ,cavi>e4 #b4 ,,plagio/omi 7,wide-m\!d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,! ,,%>k 7,c>*>ias vulg>is74 ,! ,plagio/omi comprise ! ,%>ks 7fig4 #de7 & ,dog-fi%es1 a mo/ voraci\s tribe2 ! ,:ite ,%>k (t5 atta9s ! l5g? ( tw5ty feet4 ,!y are t]ribly fam\s = _! dreadful p[]s ( de/ruction1 swall[+ all t comes be=e !m2 !y are able to bite 9 two1 ) "o snap ( _! =midable jaws1 ! body ( any "o un=tunate en\gh to fall 9 _! way2 _! m\?s are arm$ ) sev]al r[s ( %ort spe>-%ap$ tee?2 ! m\? is plac$ a consid]able di/ance "u ! head1 s t :5 bit+ !y turn on "o side or q ov]2 !y h no gills1 b ! wat] passes ?r\gh five oblong op5+s on ea* side4 ,sailors hold ?is t]rible inhabitant ( ! deep 9 great dete/ation1 z well !y may1 = !re are few :o h sp5t _m ye>s at sea b c tell ( a fri5d or messmate :o has be5 mutilat$ or dev\r$ by ! ,%>ks4 ,:5 sailors cat* "o1 x is haul$ on deck & kill$ ) great gu/o2 ! /oma* is op5$ & its cont5ts exam9$1 & x g5]ally conta9s "s t]rible mem5toes 9 ! =m ( buttons1 buckles1 c41 ! only relics ( its victims4 #c4 ,,cyclo/omi 7,r\nd-m\!d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,! ,,lamprey 7,petromyzon fluviatilis7 7b1 ! suck]74 ,! ,lamprey or ,lamp]n 7fig4 #df7 inhabits bo? riv]s & lakes1 & "s species1 ! sea2 x has a r\nd m\?1 by :i* x affixes itself to rocks1 c41 & also to o!r fi%1 x is furni%$ ) tee? on ! out] edge1 x has no scales1 b is cov]$ ) a glut9\s sk92 9 =m x mu* resembles an ,eel1 & is f twelve to eighte5 in*es long4 ,! ,lamprey 0 once v pl5tiful 9 ! ,?ames1 & consid]$ a da9ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--a1 ,,frog 7,rana tempor>ia74 #b1 ,,toad 7,bufo vulg>is74 #c1 ,,tadpoles4 ,,reptiles4 ,^! con/itute ! second class ( ! ,v]tebrate animals4 ,!y are divid$ into f\r ord]s4 #a4 ,,amphibia 7d\ble-liv$74 ,by "s naturali/s a sep>ate class is made out ( ! ,amphibia1 includ+ ! ,frog k9d1 ,toads1 & ,newts 7fig4 #dg71 :i* !y call ,batra*ia1 & :i* takes a place betwe5 ,reptiles & ,fi%es1 z ! "y ( ?is class h a totally diff]5t =m f ! adult animal1 & mu* resemble a fi%1 brea?+ by gills & hav+ no legs1 b z !y become mature ! gills are replac$ by lungs1 & ! legs make _! appe>ance4 ,! ,amphibia h s(t sk9s1 :i* appe> to s]ve z lungs or gills :5 !y are "u ! wat]1 extract+ ! air f x1 & enabl+ !m to rema9 a long "t !re )\t com+ up to brea!2 !y are p>tly aquatic1 & fe$ ^u insects & o!r small creatures1 :i* !y capture by d>t+ out ! tongue1 :i* is cov]$ ) a glut9\s secretion1 & draw+ x 9 aga9 in/antly ) ! insect adh]+ to x1 :i* !y swall[ :ole4 ,! ,frogs are furni%$ ) webb$ feet & swim well2 !y progress on l& by leaps1 _! p[]ful h9d legs c>ry+ !m to a great di/ance4 ,! "y ( ! ,amphibia are br\ght =? z eggs1 :i* float on ! wat]1 & :5 !y fir/ come to life =m ! curi\s little creatures call$ ,tadpoles1 hav+ long tails & no feet1 &1 z be=e /at$1 m resembl+ ,fi% ?an ,reptiles4 ,! ,toads are = ! mo/ "p nocturnal 9 _! habits1 liv+ 9 ! daytime 9 g>d5s & holes2 !y fe$ ^u insects1 z d ,frogs1 & lay _! eggs 9 ! wat]4 ,! /ories ( ,toads be+ f\nd alive 9 rock & ! he>t ( trees1 arise f ! foll[+ circum/ances3 ,toads :5 small w (t5 creep into holes 9 rocks & holl[s 9 trees1 & 9 ^! situations !y f9d abundance ( food2 be+ slo?ful 9 _! habits1 & capable ( exi/+ ^u b little food1 & ab/a9+ f x a long "t1 !y are apt to rema9 9 _! snug qu>t]s & cont5t !mselves ) :at insects may come to !m4 ,9 ?is way !y gr[ too l>ge to get out ( ! hole1 & live = a great "t 9 x2 :5 *ance discov]s !m1 by ! rock be+ brok5 op5 or ! wood ( ! tree cleft1 ! op5+ into :i* !y _h crept is ov]look$4 ,! ,wat] ,newt 7,triton cri/atus7 inhabits pools & dit*es1 & 7l ! o!rs ( ?is ord]7 is fir/ =m$ z a ,tadpole2 x is ( a br[n & bright yell[ col\r1 ) a cre/ d[n its back & tail1 & has ! mo/ extraord9>y p[]s ( reproduc+ any "p cut (f or remov$1 su* z a leg or ! tail4 #b4 ,,ophidia 7,snake-l ord]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--a1 ,,rock ,,snake 7,py?on molurus72 #b1 ,,spectacl$ ,,snake 7,cobra de ,capello72 #c1 ,,boa ,,con/rictor4 ,?is includes ! ,s]p5ts1 ,boas1 & ,py?ons4 ,^! creatures are peculi> f _! long & flexible =m1 & ! abs5ce ( legs4 ,!y move by a s9u\s w9d+ action1 & :5 ab\t to seize _! prey1 make a sudd5 d>t ) great rapidity4 ,!y are cov]$ ) regul> scales1 & mottl$ ) diff]5t col\rs2 "s1 z ! ,add] & ,rattle-snake1 are v v5om\s1 ! poison is conta9$ 9 small gl&s connect$ ) ! poison-fangs1 :i* are two long po9t$ tee?1 hav+ a groove or small canal lead+ f ! side ( ! too? to ! poison-bag1 ^u :i*1 :5 !y bite1 !y press1 & inject ! poison into ! w\nd :ile ! too? is 9 ! fle%4 ,^! poison-fangs lie flat d[n :5 ! creature is n excit$1 b are drawn up by muscles1 :5 !y are ab\t to spr+ on any?+4 ,x is a common mi/ake to ?9k t ,s]p5ts h a /+1 aris+ f _! hav+ a ?91 long =k$ tongue1 :i* !y protrude & retract ) great rapidity1 & :i* has be5 mi/ak5 = a /+2 ! great] numb] ( ,snakes are n at all v5om\s4 ,s]p5ts h no tee? fit = eat+ )1 b !y are us$ to hold _! prey1 :ile !y swall[ x1 & !y s]ve admirably = ?is purpose1 z ea* too? turns backw>ds4 ,^! creatures h m\?s & ?roats capable ( enorm\s di/5sion 7! l[] jaw n be+ fix$ to ! upp] "o71 s t !y c swall[ _! food :ole1 :i* !y always d2 a ,frog or ,toad is (t5 swall[$ by ! common ,snake1 :i* is q disfigur$ by x :5 9 its /oma*4 ,! ,py?ons & ,boas 7fig4 #dh7 are ! l>ge/ ( ?is class1 !y kill _! prey by coil+ r\nd x1 & gradually tight5+ _! folds till x is suffocat$ & almo/ cru%$1 :5 x is swall[$2 ^! great creatures w gr[ to ! l5g? ( #cj or #dj feet1 & are capable ( swall[+ consid]able quadrup$s1 z ,h>es1 ,goats1 ,de]1 c42 aft] hav+ _! food1 !y lie torpid = sev]al days4 ,all ,s]p5ts lay eggs1 & ! ,py?ons coil !mselves r\nd ^u _! eggs to protect !m2 ! ,boa-con/rictors are inhabitants ( ,am]ica1 ! ,py?ons ( ! ,old ,_w4 #c4 ,,sauria 7,liz>ds74 ,! ,sauria include ! ,crocodiles1 ,alligators1 ,sk9ks1 ,geckos1 ,iguanas1 & ,liz>ds2 !y are c>nivor\s1 ! small] ones fe$+ on insects1 & ! l>g] memb]s on :atev] !y c cat*4 ,!y h f\r legs1 & are cov]$ ) h>d r\gh scales runn+ 9 ridges on _! backs1 !y h l>ge /rong tails1 & _! jaws are furni%$ ) %>p tee?4 ,! ,alligator is f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! ,mississippi1 & is a mo/ =midable creature1 attack+ any :o may v5ture into ! wat]4 ,9 w9t] !y bury !mselves 9 ! mud & rema9 !re 9 a torpid /ate1 !y are f #ae to #bj feet long4 ,! ,crocodile is a native ( ,africa & ! ,we/ ,indies1 !re are _m f\nd 9 ! ,nile1 x is l>g] ?an ! ,alligator1 rea*+ (t5 to #cj feet4 ,dr ,baird gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,alligators & ,crocodiles3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--a1 ,,crocodile 7,crocodilus vulg>is72 #b1 ,,alligator 7,alligator lucius72 #c1 ,,liz>ds4 ,! ,alligator 7,alligator lucius1 fig4 #di71 a native ( ,nor? ,am]ica & abundant 9 ! ,mississippi1 is a =midable & f]oci\s creature1 prodigi\sly /rong1 & sometimes rea*+ ! l5g? ( #ah feet4 ,x is provid$ ) num]\s %>p tee?1 long t5aci\s claws1 & a p[]ful tail1 a s+le bl[ ( :i* is capable ( ov]turn+ a canoe4 ,x *iefly preys by night1 assembl+ 9 l>ge numb]s1 besett+ ! m\? ( "s retir$ creek1 into :i* !y h previ\sly driv5 ! fi%1 & bell[+ s l\d t !y may be he>d at ! di/ance ( a mile4 ,x is said to attack m5 & quadrup$s :il/ ba?+ or cross+ ! riv]s1 & to be m fi]ce & voraci\s !n ! o!r species ( ?is sub-family4 ,9 ,w9t] x buries itself 9 ! mud at ! bottom ( ! swamps & m>%es :i* x inhabits1 & cont9ues 9 a torpid /ate till ,spr+4 ,! true ,crocodiles are natives ( ,africa1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ,am]ica2 & ! be/ kn[n species is ! ,nilotic ,crocodile 7,crocodilus vulg>is1 fig4 #di74 ,?is animal is a native ( ! ,s5egal riv]1 ( ! ,nig]1 & o!r riv]s ( ,africa1 b m p>ticul>ly ( ! ,nile 9 ,egypt1 :]e x atta9s ! l5g? ( ab\t #cj feet4 ,! ,crocodile 0 held 9 great v5]ation by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 by :om x 0 kn[n "u ! "n ( ',*ampsa4' ,! ,crocodiles are exclusively c>nivor\s1 & are f]oci\s animals4 ,_! numb]s are1 h[ev]1 kept d[n by ! enemies :i* surr\nd !m4 ,= ! adults1 few animals c\ld be _! mat*1 b ! little ,i*neumon or ',mongooz' dev\rs _! eggs 9 great numb]s :ile hat*+ 9 ! s&2 & birds ( prey p\nce ^u _! "y on quitt+ _! %ell1 & be=e !y are able to rea* ! %ore4 #d4 ,,te/ud9ata 7hav+ a %ield74 ,! ,te/ud9ata include ! ,tortoise1 & ,turtle k9d4 ,!y are rem>kable = _! horny cov]+ 7c>apace7 :i* =ms a sort ( %ell1 out ( op5+s 9 :i*1 _! head1 tail1 & legs protrude2 !y h %ort feet1 cov]$ ) scales1 & no tee?1 b ! edges ( ! maxill>y bones are %>p1 l ! edge ( a knife1 & !y bite out pieces f vegetable sub/ances ) ease4 ,"s ( ?is class 7! ,turtles7 are resid5ts ( ! wat]1 & gr[ to a great size1 weigh+ f\rte5 or fifte5 hundr$ p\nds1 & measur+ sev5 or eight feet long4 ,o!rs are mu* e/eem$ z food1 especially ! gre5 ,turtle4 ,dr4 ,baird1 9 8 ,cyclopdia ( ! ,natural ,sci5ces1 "u ! article ,*elonia1 gives a good description ( ^! creatures1 f :i* ! foll[+ is extract$3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,turtle 7,*elonia viridis74 ,! ,gre5 ,turtle 7,*elonia viridis1 or midas1 fig4 #ej7 is five or six feet long1 & weighs f sev5 to eight hundr$ p\nds4 ,x is pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & is (t5 met ) sev5 or eight hundr$ leagues f l&4 ,!y are easily caught :5 asleep on ! surface ( ! wat]1 to :i* !y come to brea!4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 & ! ,isl& ( ,asc5sion1 ! capture ( ,turtles gives employm5t to _m p1 & af=ds food = ?\s&s4 ,! ,hawk's-bill ,turtle 7,c>e?a imbricata7 is a small] species1 sc>cely ev] exce$+ two hundr$ p\nds' weight1 & is a native ( ! ,atlantic & ,indian ,oceans4 ,! fle% is n good1 b ! %ells1 :i* are =m$ ( a consid]able numb] ( scales ov]lapp+ ea* o!r at _! extremities1 9 ! mann] ( tiles on ! ro( ( a build+1 are ( great importance z an article ( comm]ce1 & are mu* sup]ior to t ( any o!r species4 ,x is ext5sively us$ 9 ! manufacture ( combs1 snuff-boxes1 c41 also = inlay+1 & o!r ornam5tal "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,tortoise 7,te/udo sulcata74 ,9 ! family ( l& ,tortoises 7fig4 #ea71 ! feet are club-%ap$1 & _! habits are t]re/rial4 ,! %ell is v solid1 ?ick1 ovate1 & 79 ! adult /ate7 cov]$ ) horny conc5trically-groov$ %ields1 m>k$ ) a p]man5t areola4 ,!y h a %ort ?ick tail1 are v sl[ 9 _! motion1 & live ^u vegetables & roots4 ,mo/ ( ! species are natives ( ! w>m regions ( ! globe1 b ^? t live 9 cold] regions burr[ & sleep dur+ ! w9t]4 ,!y are quiet1 in(f5sive animals1 extremely t5aci\s ( life1 & rem>kable = longevity4 ,individuals are /at$ ^u good au?ority to h liv$ upw>ds ( two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! common ,tortoise1 or ,t>agua 7,te/udo ,grca71 is a native ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 & almo/ all ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean2 x is f\nd 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 ,corsica1 ,s>d9ia1 & 9 ,africa1 b is ?\ght to be m common 9 ,greece ?an else:]e4 ,x is f six to eight in*es long1 & weighs ab\t =ty-eight ounces4 ,?is species is (t5 br\ght to ?is c\ntry & kept 9 g>d5s4 ,"o 0 br\ght to ! ,ar*iepiscopal g>d5 at ,lambe?1 9 ! "t ( ,laud1 9 #afcc1 :]e x liv$ till #agec1 ow+ its dea? !n1 m to neglect ?an ! effects ( age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--a1 ,,condor 7,s>coramphus gryphus72 #b1 ,,o/ri* 7,/ru?io camelus72 #c1 ,,kiwi-,,kiwi 7,apt]yx74 ,,birds4 ,! ?ird class ( ! ,v]tebrata1 comprises ! ,birds1 or ^? ^: "y are n born alive1 b 9 ! =m ( eggs2 :o h w>m blood1 & brea! by lungs1 ! air-cells ( :i* communicate ) ! holl[ %afts ( ! bones1 7^! are full ( air in/ead ( m>r[71 ?is gives !m lightness1 & s]ves z a res]voir ( air :ile fly+2 !y h two ant]ior extremities s modifi$ z to =m w+s1 & a he>t ) f\r cavities2 mo/ ( !m h ! p[] ( fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 & "s to a v great height1 z ! ,condor 7fig4 #eb71 :ile 9 o!rs ! w+s are rudim5t>y & only assi/ !m 9 runn+1 z 9 ! ,o/ri* 7fig4 #eb7 ,cass[>y1 ,p5gu91 c41 :ile 9 ! ,apt]yx 7fig4 #eb7 !y are q abs5t4 ,birds are cov]$ ) a peculi> modification ( hair kn[n z fea!rs2 ^! consi/ ( a c5tral %aft ) closely-set div]g+ bran*es1 "s ( :i* h o!rs bran*+ f !m ) a s]rat$ surface1 giv+ !m t peculi> metallic brilliancy s well %[n 9 ! fea!rs ( ! ,humm+ ,bird4 ,birds are furni%$ ) beaks ( almo/ e =m1 to suit _! me?od ( fe$+1 c41 & likewise feet1 sometimes furni%$ ) %>p & p[]ful talons1 at o!rs1 feet suitable to climb )1 & aga9 9 "s !y are webb$ betwe5 ! toes1 s z to enable !m to swim ) great rapidity4 ,birds are divid$ into five ord]s1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,,raptores 7,prey+7 ,eagle1 ,owl1 c4 #b4 ,,insessores 7,p]*+71 divid$ into #d tribes1 viz3-- #a4 ,d5tiro/res 7,too? bill7 ,?ru%1 ,but*]-bird4 #b4 ,coniro/res 7,cone bill7 ,rav51 ,cr[1 ,f9*4 #c4 ,scansores 7,climb+7 ,p>rot1 ,wood-peck]4 #d4 ,fissiro/res 7,split bill7 ,k+ ,fi%]1 ,goat-suck]4 #c4 ,,rasores 7,scrap+7 ,p\ltry1 ,pheasants1 c4 #d4 ,,grallatores 7,wad+7 ,h]on1 ,crane1 c4 #e4 ,,natatores 7,swimm+7 ,goose1 ,duck1 c4 #a4 ,! ,,raptores1 z ! ,eagles & ,falcons1 are furni%$ ) hook$ beaks & /rong %>p talons 7fig4 #ec71 !y prey ^u all small animals1 z birds ( less /r5g?1 rabbits1 c41 & "s ( !m ^u fi%1 z ! ,osprey1 o!rs fe$ ^u dead fle% & (fal1 z ! ,vultures1 & are v useful creatures 9 hot c\ntries1 :]e !y are g5]ally respect$1 !y hov] ab\t ! t[ns1 fe$+ ^u almo/ ev]y?+ capable ( be+ swall[$2 x is n c]ta9 :e!r ^! birds detect ! pres5ce ( food by smell or sight 7bo? ( ^! s5ses are possess$ by !m 9 p]fection71 b x is c]ta9 t 9 ! des]t1 :5 any animal dies1 ^! birds soon make _! appe>ance1 al?\gh a few m9utes be=e n "o c\ld be se5 = miles ar\nd4 ,! ,owls are nocturnal1 _! plumage is d[ny1 & _! eyes plac$ s t bo? %all look =w>ds1 ! pupils close1 simil>ly to a cat's eye1 & _! vision1 l ! cats 7_! companions among ! ,mammalia7 is extremely s5sitive1 s t ! expression z bl9d z an ,owl1 has no m s5se 9 x ?an z bl9d z a ,cat w\ld h2 !y fe$ ^u rats1 mice1 insects1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,beak ,,& ,,talons ,,( ,,eagle4 #b4 ,! ,,inessores include "s t live by cat*+ insects 9 ! air :ile !y fly1 z ! ,swall[s 7fig4 #ed72 ^! are furni%$ ) great p[]s ( flight & rapidity ( movem5t2 o!rs 7! ,scansores7 :i* climb & hold by ! bran*es ( trees1 fe$+ ^u nuts & fruit1 z ! ,p>rot2 o!rs live ^u insects1 b seek !m 9 ! crevices ( old trees & o!r simil> places1 z ! ,woodpeck]s 7fig4 #ed74 ,"s live entirely ^u fi% 7,k+-fi%]s71 :i* !y cat* f ! /reams on ! banks ( :i* !y live4 ,?is ord] includes all ! s++ birds1 & by f> ! great] numb] ( birds ( passage2 ?is prop5sity to migrate is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( all ! in/9cts ( ,birds1 ! ,swall[ leaves ,engl& 9 ! ,autumn to take up its abode = ! ,w9t] 9 ,africa1 or ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 & returns aga9 9 ! ,spr+1 ye> aft] ye>1 to ! same ne/2 ^! j\rneys are accompli%$ at ! rate ( #dj or #ej miles an h\r4 ,pigeons also h ! wond]ful faculty ( return+ home f almo/ any di/ance1 appe>+ to "k by in/9ct ! "r direction2 z1 aft] a turn or two1 !y take a /raight c\rse to _! de/9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--a1 ,,swall[ 7,hirundo ru/ica72 #b1 ,,woodpeck] 7,picus viridis74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--a1 ,,dork+ ,,f[ls 7,gallus ,dome/icus72 #b1 ,,pheasants 7,phasianus col*icus74 #c4 ,! ,,rasores include ! common ,f[l 7fig4 #ee71 ,pheasant 7fig4 #ee71 ,p>tridge1 ,turkey1 c42 !y fe$ pr9cipally on gra91 b occasionally on insects & worms1 :i* !y scrape up ) _! feet2 !y live *iefly ^u ! gr\nd1 on :i* !y build _! ne/s1 b g5]ally roo/ on trees4 ,mo/ ( ?is ord] supply excell5t food1 ! ,turkey is fam\s z a ,*ri/mas di%1 & is (t5 ( a great size2 ?is bird is v pl5tiful 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica 9 a wild /ate1 & (t5 atta9s a l>ge size1 weigh+ #cj or #dj p\nds2 ! natives h a simple & curi\s me?od ( cat*+ ^! birds1 :i* are extremely %y1 nev] all[+ any "o to approa* ne> to !m4 ,a sort ( cage is built ( twigs1 l>ge en\gh to conta9 _m1 & hav+ holes close to ! gr\nd all r\nd1 ( a size j suffici5t to admit a ,turkey :5 its head is b5t d[n2 lead+ to ea* ( ^! holes a tra9 ( corn is plac$1 b none )91 ! birds com+ to pick ! corn1 foll[ up ! l9e ( corn ) _! heads d[n1 till !y are )9 ! inclosure1 :5 f9d+ no m1 !y raise up _! heads & _c get out1 = !y h n ! s5se to /oop _! heads1 s z to all[ ( _! exit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--a1 ,,h]on 7,ardea c9]ea72 #b1 ,,crane 7,megalornis c9]ea74 #d4 ,! ,,grallatores include ! ,h]ons & ,cranes 7fig4 #ef71 :i* wade into /reams & cat* fi%2 ^! are furni%$ ) long legs1 neck1 & beak1 & :5 !y h gone into ! wat] z f> z _! long legs p]mit1 !y /& /ill & wait ) ! head re/+ on ! %\ld]s & ! eyes fix$ on ! /ream1 till an unlucky fi% approa*es ne> en\gh1 :5 ) a quick /roke !y d>t at x1 & cat* x2 !y are v picturesque objects1 /&+ on "o leg 7z !y commonly d7 9 "s lonely pool or /ream4 #e4 ,! ,,natatores1 a v l>ge class ( ,birds1 live almo/ entirely 9 ! wat]1 !y are web-foot$ & swim beautifully1 z ! ,swans1 ,geese1 ,ducks1 c4 7fig #eg72 ^! fe$ 9 g5]al ^u ! vegetation gr[+ 91 & on ! m>g9 ( ! wat]1 also on worms1 l>v1 c42 !y h a beautiful mode ( ris+ & fly+ 9 a l9e1 :5 di/urb$ f _! haunts1 & ?is l9e is ma9ta9$ = a long di/ance1 & is sometimes d\ble l ! lett] ,v1 "o bird lead+ & ! o!rs foll[+ 9 s+le file4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 #a1 ,,swan 7,cygnus mansuetus72 #b1 ,,geese 7,ans] f]us72 #c & #d1 ,,duck & ,,wild ,,ducks 7,anas ,bos*as74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,mammalia4 #a1 ,leop>d 7,leop>dus v>ius72 #b1 ,be> 7,ursus arctos72 #c1 ,goat 7,hircus aegagrus72 #d1 ,bo> 7,sus scr(a72 #e1 ,beav] 7,ca/or fib]72 #f1 ,armadillo 7,dasypus72 #g4 ,monkeys 7,semnopi!ci72 #h1 ,seal 7,phoca vitul9a72 #i1 ,bat 7,plecotus auritus74 ,,! ,,mammalia4 ,?is class is divid$ into twelve ord]s3-- #a4 ,,m>supiata 7,p\*$7 ,kang>oo4 #b4 ,,monotremata 7,hav+ b "o v5t7 ,platypus4 #c4 ,,rod5tia 7,gnaw+7 ,beav]1 ,rabbit4 #d4 ,,ed5tata 7,too?less7 ,anteat]4 #e4 ,,rum9antia 7,*ew+7 ,ox1 ,de]1 ,%eep4 #f4 ,,pa*yd]mata 7,?ick sk9n$7 ,horse1 ,elephant4 #g4 ,,cetacea 7,:ale-l7 ,:ale1 ,porpoise4 #h4 ,,c>nivora 7,fle%-eat+7 ,lion1 ,tig]4 #i4 ,,insectivora 7,insect-eat+7 ,mole1 ,h$gehog4 #aj4 ,,*eiropt]a 7,h&-w+$7 ,bat4 #aa4 ,,quadrumana 7,f\r-h&$7 ,monkey1 ,ape4 #ab4 ,,bimana 7,two-h&$7 ,man4 ,^! twelve ord]s ( ! class ,mammalia1 ( ! division ,v]tebrata1 7z _! names imply71 h _! peculi>ities1 su* z fit !m to _! modes ( life1 z1 ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live1 ! climate1 ! food !y eat1 & ! mann] ( obta9+ x4 ,!y h all ! five special s5ses1 sight1 he>+1 smell1 ta/e1 & t\*1 b v diff]5tly develop$ 9 respect to p[]4 ,yet1 z a :ole1 !y ma9ta9 a similitude4 ,!y h all int]nal skeletons1 & ea* "p ( ?is skeleton exi/s 9 all1 b modifi$ to suit diff]5t purposes4 ,!y h all ! peculi> attributes ( ! ,mammalia1 su* z suckl+ _! "y1 be+ born alive1 hav+ f\r extremities1 w>m blood1 respiration by lungs1 & a he>t ) two auricles & two v5tricles4 ,a g5]al description ( ! anatomy & "s ( ! functions ( ,man w be giv5 h]eaft]1 & w apply equally to all ! ,mammalia2 always be>+ 9 m9d t ! diff]5ce 9 /ructure ( e animal1 al?\gh mak+ x inf]ior to ,man1 does n d away ) any ( ! ess5tial qualities1 :i* con/itute x "o ( ! memb]s ( ! highe/ gr\p2 =1 al?\gh imm5sely inf]ior to ,man1 yet ! ,mammalia are = ! mo/ "p greatly sup]ior to all ! classes bel[ x1 ! capability ( be+ educat$1 be+ 9 itself a va/ /ep beyond m]e in/9ct1 wond]ful ?\gh ?is may be1 & develop$ to an extraord9>y degree1 z 9 "s ( ! insects2 yet1 9 ^!1 !re is no possibility ( improv+ x1 :ile 9 "s ( ! ,mammalia1 z ! ,dog1 ,horse1 ,elephant1 & ,monkey1 !re is an evid5t t5d5cy to progressive improvem5t :5 aid$ by ! example & tuition ( ,man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 #a1 ,,kang>oo 7,macropas major72 #b1 ,,opossum4 7,didelphus ,virg9iana74 #a4 ,! ,,m>supiata include ! ,kang>oos & ,opossums 7fig4 #ei74 ,!y are *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a p\* at ! l[] "p ( ! abdom51 into :i* ! "y ent] z soon z born1 = !y are born 9 a v imp]fect /ate1 & :5 9 ! p\* !y adh]e to ! teat ( ! "m1 :]e !y rema9 till m fully develop$4 ,9 ^! animals ! h9d legs are greatly develop$1 & ! =e legs b little4 ,!y progress by enorm\s leaps1 re/+ on ! h9d] legs & tail1 bo? ( :i* are v /rong4 ,!y belong exclusively to ,au/ralia1 :i* appe>s to produce _m =ms hav+ peculi>ities n met ) else:]e1 & among ! l[e/ ( _! type2 ?is & ! next ord] appe> some:at to p>take ( ! =m ( ! ,bird1 ! undevelop$ /ate ( ! "y 9 ! ,m>supiata1 be+ an approa* to ! egg ( ! ,ovip>\s animals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,,platypus1 ,,or ,,duck-,,bill 7,orni?oryn*us74 #b4 ,! ,,monotremata includes ! ,duckbill1 call$ also ,platypus1 & ,orni?oryn*us p>adoxus1 7fig4 #fj71 a mo/ s+ul> comb9ation ( ! =ms ( ! mammal & ! bird4 ,x has a m\? resembl+ ! bill ( a ,duck1 & sev]al o!r peculi>ities1 :i* lead to ! consid]ation ( x z "o ( ! connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! =ms ( ! ,mammalia & ,birds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,,beav]s 7,ca/or fib]74 #c4 ,! ,,rod5tia comprise ! ,rat1 ,beav]1 ,rabbit1 ,h>e1 ,m\se1 c4 ,!y live ^u almo/ any k9d ( vegetable matt]2 ! ,rat & ,m\se w eat any?+ !y c get4 ,_! incisor tee? are two 9 front ( ea* jaw1 & are *isel %ap$ & v %>p2 !y are s con/ruct$ t !y %all be kept %>p by be+ us$1 :i* is effect$ by ! h>de/ "p or enamel be+ 9 front 9 a ?9 lay]1 s t x is n s easily worn away z ! bony "p4 ,if ^! animals be f$ on s(t food1 _! tee? cont9ue to gr[ nev]!less1 & protrude f _! m\?s 9 a mo/ s+ul> way4 ,! ,beav] 7fig4 #fa7 is almo/ aquatic 9 its habits1 x gnaws ?r\gh ! /ems ( trees1 & uses !m to dam up ! wat] ( ! /ream !y inhabit1 s z to secure a con/ant supply4 ,!y build h\ses or huts ( wood1 mud1 & /ones1 :i* !y unite 9 con/ruct+4 ,^! h\ses h _! entrances b5ea? ! wat]1 s t ! ,beav]s dive to ent] !m2 !y h two divisions or rooms 9 !m1 & are suffici5tly l>ge to lodge sev]al families4 ,! ,rat is too well-kn[n to ne$ mu* description4 ,! br[n or ,norway ,rat has only be5 an inhabitant ( ?is c\ntry ab\t =ty ye>s1 ! black ,rat be+ be=e t "t ! usual h\se ,rat1 b x is n[ almo/ ext]m9at$1 specim5s be+ v r>e4 ,!re are sev]al o!r species ( ,rats2 ! be/ kn[n is ! ,wat] ,rat1 :o burr[s 9 brooks & dit*es1 & p>tly lives 9 ! wat]4 ,( ! ,m\se !re are also sev]al species4 ,besides ! usual h\se ,m\se1 !re is ! wood ,m\se1 :i* =ms a magaz9e ( gra9 & nuts und]gr\nd = w9t] /ore2 & ! h>ve/ ,m\se1 :i* builds a little r\nd ne/ betwe5 ! /alks ( corn4 ,! ,squirrel is also ( ?is ord]4 ,?is pretty little creature lives 9 ! trees1 *iefly fe$+ ^u nuts2 c leap well1 & run up ! bran*es ( trees ) surpris+ agility4 ,! ,fly+ ,squirrel has a broad expansion ( sk9 betwe5 ! =e & h9d legs on ea* side1 s t :5 /ret*$ out1 !y =m a sort ( p>a*ute2 ?is enables ! creature to leap to a great di/ance f tree to tree1 & supports x 9 ! air z x goes4 ,! ,porcup9e 7,hy/rix cri/ata71 s celebrat$ = its quills1 :i* supply a sort ( def5sive arm\r1 is ( ?is ord]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,anteat] 7,myrmecophaga jubata74 #d4 ,! ,,ed5tata1 or ,anteat]s1 h no tee?1 b a peculi>ly %ap$ tongue1 :i* is cov]$ ) viscid mucus1 & :i* !y project & retract ) great rapidity1 caus+ ! ,ants & ,t]mites1 on :i* !y fe$1 to adh]e to x1 & be c>ri$ into _! m\?s4 ,! ,great ,anteat] 7,myrmecophaga jubata1 fig4 #fb7 is a v extraord9>y animal 9 appe>ance2 x has an enorm\sly prolong$ nose1 & ! back is cov]$ ) a sort ( mane2 ! tail1 also1 is ( prodigi\s size1 & v bu%y2 :5 ?is curi\s animal lies d[n to sleep1 ! long sn\t is ?ru/ "u x1 & ! tail laid across ! back1 ! end ( ! sn\t project+ beh9d4 ,9 ?is position1 x w\ld lead anyone to suppose t ! head 0 :]e ! tail really is1 & t :5 look+ at ! creature's h9d] "p1 !y 7 look+ at its head2 & ! sudd5 rev]sal ( ! position ( ^! p>ts1 :5 x gets up quickly1 is c]ta9ly extremely ridicul\s4 99 99 99 99 99 #e4 ,! ,,rum9antia4--,! ,rum9at+ animals 7fig4 #fc7 are ^? :i* *ew ! cud4 ,!re are a great _m species1 & _! memb]s are also v num]\s4 ,! ,ox1 & its v>ieties1 ! ,buffalo1 ,bison1 ,yak1 c42 ! ,de]1 ,antelopes1 ,gazelles1 c42 ! ,%eep1 ,goat1 ,giraffe1 & ,camel1 all belong to ! ,rum9ants4 ,^! all h ho(s1 clov5 into two p>ts2 h no incisor 7or front7 tee? 9 ! upp] jaw2 & are ess5tially graz+ animals4 ,!y h /oma*s made up ( f\r comp>tm5ts2 into ! fir/ ( ^! 7! ,rum57 ! crude grass ent]s1 & is aft]w>ds return$ to ! m\?1 & aga9 *ew$ at leisure2 ! mol> tee?1 or gr9d]s1 are flat1 & r\gh5$1 s z to effect ?is purpose2 &1 t !y may n become smoo? by we>1 ! enamel 7or h>d "p7 ( ! tee? is s dispos$ 9 v>i\s lay]s1 t x is always project+ above ! bony "p1 :i* we>s d[n fir/4 ,! ,rum9ants are greg>i\s1 associat+ 9 h]ds ( enorm\s numb]s4 ,cumm+1 describes ! h]ds ( ,spr+boks1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 z be+ 9 c\ntless ?\s&s1 cont9u+ to pass = h\rs toge!r2 & cov]+ ! pla9 z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*4 ,cattl91 also1 describes ! ,am]ican ,bison ( ! ,prairies z be+ congregat$ 9 ! mo/ surpris+ numb]s4 ,"s ( ! memb]s ( ?is ord] are v l>ge & heavy animals4 ,! ,cape ,buffalo is ( enorm\s /r5g?1 & v fi]ce :5 attack$4 ,dr4 ,liv+/one1 9 8 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1 speak+ ( ! ,lion1 says3--,he seldom attacks full-gr[n ,buffalos2 b frequ5tly1 :5 a ,buffalo-calf is caught by him1 ! c[ ru%es to ! rescue1 & a toss f h] (t5 kills him4 ,"o we f\nd 0 kill$ ?us1 & on ! ,leambye1 ano!r1 :i* di$ ne> ,se%eke1 _h all ! appe>ance ( hav+ receiv$ 8 dea?-bl[ f a ,buffalo4 ,x is que/ionable if a s+le ,lion ev] attacks a full-gr[n ,buffalo2 ! am\nt ( ro>+ he>d at night1 on occasions :5 a ,buffalo is kill$1 seems to indicate !re are always m ?an "o ,lion engag$ 9 ! onslaught4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc--;,,gr\p ,,( ,,rum9ants4 #a1 ,ox 7,bos taurus72 #b1 ,%eep 7,ovis aries72 #c1 ,r$ ,de] 7,c]vus elaphus72 #d1 ,camel 7,camelus ,arabicus72 #e1 ,llama 7,pacos74 ,! ,rum9ants are ! only memb]s ( ! ,mammalia furni%$ ) horns1 & "s ( ^! are ( enorm\s size2 ! ,elk1 ,buffalo1 & ,/e9bok1 are in/ances4 ,9 ! ,de] tribe !y are %$ ye>ly1 & increase 9 size & 9 ! numb] ( _! bran*es at ea* fre% gr[?4 ,! fle% ( ! ,rum9ants =ms ! *ief animal food ( ,man1 & "s tribes ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es live exclusively on x4 ,! ,camel1 next to ! ,horse1 is ! mo/ useful bea/ ( bur!n4 ,! ,arabs greatly prize ^! creatures1 & f _! p[] ( c>ry+ a supply ( wat] 9 _! /oma*1 !y are v useful 9 cross+ ! des]t2 _! ho(s are also spread out s z to enable !m bett] to walk on ! s(t & yield+ s&2 !re are two k9ds ( ,camel1 ! ,bactrian1 ) two humps1 & ! ,arabian ,camel ) b "o4 ,! ,drom$>y is a small agile bre$ ( ! ,arabian ,camel1 celebrat$ = its swiftness4 99 99 99 99 99 #f4 ,! ,,pa*yd]mata or ?ick-sk9n$ animals 7fig4#fd7 include ! ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,horse1 ,ass1 & its v>ieties2 ,hog1 ,tapir1 ,hippopotamus1 c42 ^! h _m ( !m a s+le solid ho( on ea* foot1 z 9 ! ,horse & ,ass tribe1 o!rs h sep>ate toes clo!d ) a ho(1 z 9 ! ,elephant4 ,9 ne>ly all ! ,pa*yd]mata !re is a prolongation ( ! nose or upp] lip1 ! ,horse ev5 has "s p[] ( preh5sion 9 ?is "p2 ! ,rh9oc]os is able to br+ ! upp] lip into s f9e a po9t z to pick up a crumb1 & 9 ! ,tapir !re is a consid]able prolongation ( ! nose1 :ile ! ,elephant has ?is "p develop$ into a complete preh5sile organ4 ,! ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 & ,hog are fond ( wall[+ 9 ! mud1 ) :i* !y completely besme> !mselves1 & seem to d]ive great satisfaction !refrom4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ,elephants1 ! ,asiatic1 or ,indian1 & ! ,african1 ! *ief di/9ction betwe5 !m is ! size ( ! e>1 t ( ! ,african ,elephant be+ ( v great size2 !re is a v "y specim5 ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b a full-gr[n ,african ,elephant has nev] be5 br\ght to ,engl&4 ,! ,elephant is furni%$ ) a pair ( enorm\s tusks proce$+ f ! upp] jaw1 ^! are compos$ ( solid ivory1 & (t5 weigh ne>ly a hundr$ p\nds ea*2 ) ! trunk1 ! ,elephant is able to ga!r food 9 ! =m ( grass & h]bage1 & put x into its m\?1 x c also draw up a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 & ?is be+ p\r$ d[n its ?roat f ! trunk1 con/itutes its usual mode ( eat+ & dr9k+1 z ! neck is too %ort = ! animal to rea* ! gr\nd except by ! trunk4 ,! ,indian ,elephant is mu* us$ z a bea/ ( bur!n1 & = v>i\s o!r purposes2 !y are v docile & sagaci\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,pa*yd]mata4 #a1 ,elephant 7,elephas ,indicus72 #b1 ,rh9oc]os 7,rh9oc]os unicornis72 #c1 ,hippopotamus 7,hippopotamus amphibius72 #d1 ,wild ,bo> 7,sus scr(a74 ,! ,horse has be5 subject$ to ! s]vice ( ,man f ! e>lie/ records1 inde$ x is n kn[n :5 ?is beautiful animal 0 fir/ tra9$ to be 8 useful s]vant & companion2 he is m5tion$1 9 ! ,scriptures1 z be+ subject$ to ! ,bit1 & 9 ! sculptures br\ght f ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh by ,lay>d2 ! ,horse is con/antly sculptur$1 deck$ 9 ! mo/ gorge\s trapp+s & driv5 by re9s & a bit1 almo/ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! pres5t day1 & ^! sculptures are among ! e>lie/ records ( ,man's h&s4 ,!re are sev]al bre$s ( ,horses2 ! *ief are ! ,arabian 7f :i* /ock proce$ our race horses71 ! ,fl&]s or ,c>t-horse1 & ! ,%eltie or ,%etl& horse4 ,! ,horse is n[h]e f\nd 9 a /ate ( nature1 yet _m wild ,horses graze on ! pla9s ( ,am]ica1 b x is kn[n t ^! are n native1 b proce$ f ^? plac$ !re to graze1 & :i* h br$ & run wild4 ,! ,ass is di/+ui%$ f ! horse by ! tail hav+ %ort hair on x1 except at ! extremity1 & ! mane be+ %ort & upright4 #g4 ,! ,,cetacea1 or ,:ale k9d1 inhabit *iefly ! cold] latitudes1 !y are entirely aquatic1 b brea! air2 ! ,:ale1 ,n>wal1 ,dolph9s1 & ,porpoises are ! *ief memb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,:ale 7,bal5a my/icetus71 ,9 ,:ales 7fig4 #fe7 ! ant]ior extremities are s develop$ z to =m a sort ( f9 call$ a flipp]1 b 9 :i* all ! usual bones ( an extremity exi/2 ! po/]ior extremities are modifi$ s z to completely resemble ! tail ( a fi%2 !y h smoo? sk9s devoid ( hair4 ,all ^! tribes h a consid]able ?ickness ( fat or blubb] 7z x is call$7 b5ea? _! sk92 ?is protects !m f ! cold1 = mo/ ( ^! creatures live 9 ! v colde/ climates1 ! oily matt]s act+ z a non-conductor2 x is = ! oil yield$ by ?is blubb] t !y are *iefly caught4 ,! ,ca*elot or ,sp]m-:ale 7,phycet] macrocephalus7 also yields sp]maceti1 :i* cry/allizes f ! oily matt] conta9$ 9 its head1 & ! ,gre5l&-:ale yields bale5 or :ale-bone1 :i* is a sub/ance =m+ a sort ( sieve 9 ! m\?1 ?r\gh :i* !y draw ! sea wat] & cat* all x may conta9 = food1 ?is consi/s ( all small fi%1 b pr9cipally a small mollusc call$ ! ,clio ,borealis1 :i* inhabits ! nor!rn seas 9 great numb]s2 a :ole %oal ( ^! is tak5 9 by ! ,:ale at a draught4 ,! ,:ale (t5 measures #fj or #gj feet 9 l5g?1 & ! ,razor-back ,:ale sometimes #ajj2 a l>ge ,:ale w yield #bj tuns ( oil4 ,! ,n>wal or ,sea ,unicorn is f #bj to #cj feet long2 x has b "o too?1 :i* is develop$ to a prodigi\s l5g?1 & projects 9 front 9 a /raight l9e l a sort ( horn1 !re are h[ev] sometimes two ( ^!1 "o be+ always mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r2 ?is horn is #h or #aj feet long1 p]fectly /raight & twi/$1 x is us$ by ! animal to break ! ice s t x may brea!1 & also to spe> & capture fi%1 on :i* ! ,n>wal lives4 ,?is horn produces beautiful ivory4 #h4 ,! ,,c>nivora1 or ,fle%-eat]s 7fig4 #fg71 include ! ,fel9e tribe1 z ! ,lion1 ,tig]1 ,jagu> 7fig4 #fh71 ,leop>d1 c42 ! ,can9e1 z ! ,hy5a1 ,wolf1 ,jackal1 ,dog1 ,fox1 c41 ! ,urs9e1 :i* includes ! ,be>s1 & ! ,phoc9e1 includ+ ! ,seal k9d4 ,! ,fel9e tribe are =m$ to spr+ ^u1 hold1 & r5d o!r animals :i* !y kill = food1 & h tee? & claws suitable to ?is purpose1 & great activity & /r5g? to enable !m to cont5d )1 & ov]come _! prey4 ,!y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 nocturnal 9 _! habits1 seldom seek+ _! prey b 9 ! night1 & !n mo/ly frequ5t+ ! dr9k+-places :]e o!r animals come = wat]4 ,!y attack by gradually /alk+ aft] ! animal1 gett+ ne>] & ne>]1 till at la/ a well-direct$ spr+ br+s !m on to x at once4 ,t ^! animals may bett] surprise _! prey1 !y h eyes s extremely s5sitive to light t !y c see well :5 x w\ld appe> to ,man to be q d>k1 h5ce ! say+1 cats c see 9 ! d>k4 ,! ,iris 7or col\r$ "p ( ! eyes7 9 ?is tribe is made s z to close up into a slit 7#a1 fig4 #ff71 & ?us exclude ! light ( ! day to a great ext5t1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be too p[]ful1 & injure ! extreme s5sibility ( _! vision4 ,_! claws 7#b1 fig4 #ff7 are made to retract by a t5don1 s z to keep _! po9ts f be+ worn by walk+4 ,?is acc\nts = ! sil5t1 /eal?y tread ( ! dome/ic cat2 x enables !m to creep quietly ^u _! prey1 & at ! mom5t !y are ab\t to seize !m1 ! claws are ext5d$4 ,! po9t$ or fle%-tee? ( ! ,c>nivora are greatly develop$1 & are v %>p4 ,_! mol>s 7#c1 fig4 #ff7 are po9t$1 & suitable to ! food !y are int5d$ to ma/icate4 ,! tongue ( ! fel9e tribe is v r\gh1 & is us$ to rasp (f ! fle% f bones4 ,:5 closely exam9$1 ! surface ( _! tongues pres5t a s]ies ( horny hooks1 all b5d+ 9 "o direction1 & =m+ a sort ( rasp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--a1 ,,eye ,,( ,,lion4 #b1 ,,claw4 #c1 ,,tee?4 ,! ,lion is usually plac$ at ! head ( ?is race1 b x is que/ionable :e!r he is s p[]ful z ! ,b5gal ,tig]1 & combats betwe5 ! two1 g5]ally give ! ma/]y to ! ,tig]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,c>nivora4 #a1 ,lion 7,leo ,b>b]us72 #b1 ,tig] 7,tigris regalis74 ,dr4 ,liv+/one1 9 8 description ( ! ,lion1 takes (f a good deal ( ! poetical nobility & imag9>y sup]iority ) :i* ! ,lion has be5 commonly inve/$4 ,! foll[+ selections w %[ :at are ,dr4 ,liv+/one's impressions f p]sonal exp]i5ce3--,:5 a ,lion is met 9 ! day-"t1 a circum/ance by no means unfrequ5t to travell]s 9 ^! p>ts1 if preconceiv$ notions d n lead !m to expect some?+ v 'noble' or 'maje/ic1' !y w see m]ely an animal some:at l>g] ?an ! bigge/ ,dog !y ev] saw1 & p>tak+ v /rongly ( ! can9e features4 ,:5 enc\nt]$ 9 ! day-"t ! ,lion /&s a second or two gaz+1 !n turns sl[ly r\nd & walks z sl[ly away = a doz5 paces1 look+ ov] 8 %\ld]1 !n beg9s to trot1 & :5 he ?9ks himself out ( sight b\nds (f l a greyh\nd4 ,by day1 z a rule1 !re is n ! smalle/ dang] ( ,lions :i* are n mole/$ attack+ ,man1 nor ev5 on a cle>1 moonlight night1 except at ! bre$+-"t4 ,s g5]al1 h[ev]1 is ! s5se ( security on moonlight nights t we seldom ti$ up our ,ox51 b let !m lie loose by ! wagons2 :ile1 on a d>k1 ra9y night1 if a ,lion is 9 ! neighb\rhood1 he is almo/ sure to v5ture to kill an ,ox4 ,8 approa* is always /eal?y1 & ! lea/ appe>ance ( a trap is en\gh to cause him to refra9 f mak+ ! la/ spr+4 ,lions nev] g ne> any ,elephants1 except ! calves1 :i*1 :5 "y1 are sometimes torn by !m4 ,e liv+ ?+ retires be=e ! lordly ,elephant1 yet a full-gr[n "o w\ld fall an easi] prey ?an ! ,rh9oc]os4 ,! ,lion ru%es (f at ! m]e sight ( ! latt] bea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,,jagu> 7,leop>dus onca74 ,! ,b5gal or ,royal ,tig] is ! l>ge/ ( ! ,fel9e tribe1 be+ g5]ally #h feet long & #d high4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 f\nd mu* l>g]4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! mo/ correct acc\nts t ! ,lion is h>dly a mat* = ?is =midable creature4 ,! ,tig] is z beautiful z dreadful2 its col\r is ( a bright orange-buff1 ) :ite face & "u p>ts1 ! back & legs be+ beautifully /rip$ ) black4 ,! ,tig] has no mane1 b is ( a sleek1 graceful make1 ?\gh t]ribly p[]ful4 ,x inhabits ,india *iefly1 & w pr[l = hundr$s ( miles by ! sides ( riv]s1 secret+ itself 9 ! jungle & sleep+ by day4 ,sometimes traces ( a ,tig] w be se5 9 ! locality ( villages or t[ns1 & /ray ,%eep or ,bullocks disappe> f "t to "t1 b x w de/roy any human be+ :o unluckily approa*es its haunts1 & hav+ once ta/$ human blood1 appe>s aft]w>ds to pref] ?is k9d ( food to all o!rs1 & w pick out a c[-h]d 9 pref]5ce to ! cattle he is driv+2 9 all probability ?is pref]5ce is really ow+ to ! ease ) :i* ! capture c be made2 & ! small resi/ance ,man is capable ( (f]+2 be ?is z x may1 ! ,tig] hav+ once de/roy$ a man is call$ a man-eat]1 & a rew>d is (f]$ = 8 head2 :5 ?is occurs ne> any ( ! /ations ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ! (fic]s g5]ally make x a po9t to sally =? & endeav\r to capture ?is t]rific bea/2 ?is !y d on foot1 z x is impossible to dep5d on any ,horse1 _! natural fe> ( ! ,tig] be+ s great t all ,horses ei!r %y1 or at once retreat4 ,! (fic]s1 arm$ ) guns1 take ) !m a numb] ( natives1 :o ) long canes beat ! jungle & g5]ally />t out ! mon/]1 at :om !re are a few deadly rifles po9t$1 :i* inv>iably br+ him at once to ! gr\nd4 ,! l>ge/ ( ?is tribe inhabit+ ! ,new ,_w1 is ! ,puma or ,c\g>1 :i* is mu* inf]ior to ! ,lion bo? 9 size & /r5g?1 al?\gh v fi]ce & dang]\s1 x is ( a pale drab col\r incl9+ to grey2 x climbs trees & /ret*es itself along _! bran*es1 wait+ = "s unlucky animal to pass1 :5 x drops quietly ^u its %\ld]s & quickly de/roys x4 ,! ,leop>d tribe includes sev]al v>ieties1 z ! ,jagu>1 ,pan!r1 ,ounce1 ,ocelot1 c41 !y are all m or less spott$ ) black1 & possess all ! f]ocity & mu* ( ! /r5g? ( ! nobl] species ( _! tribe1 ! smalle/ ( !m be+ m ?an a mat* = a man )\t weapons4 ,! ,can9e tribe ( ! ,c>nivora includes ,dogs1 ,wolves1 ,jackalls1 & ,foxes4 ,! ,dogs are greatly alt]$ f _! wild nature by be+ dome/icat$1 resembl+ 9 _! wild /ate a small ,wolf2 ! ,dog 9 its dome/icat$ /ate is too well kn[n to ne$ any description "h4 ,! ,jackals & ,wolves g5]ally hunt 9 packs1 & dev\r all k9ds ( (fal1 fle% & bones1 :i* _! /rong jaws & tee? appe> to cru% & break up )\t difficulty4 ,! ,be>s =m ! next tribe1 ^! are (t5 v l>ge animals2 ! ,grisly ,be> ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7,damis f]ox7 is ! l>ge/ ( ! ,br[n ,be>s1 x (t5 measures eight feet long & is extremely p[]ful1 ! ,br[n ,be> 7,ursus arctos7 is small]1 b /ill a p[]ful animal1 ! ,pol> ,be> 7,?al>ctos m>atimus7 is :ite & is ! l>ge/ ( all ! ,be>s1 measur+ eight or n9e feet long1 x is coat$ ) long %aggy hair1 & ev5 its feet are clo!d ) hair und]nea?1 t x may n slip on ! ice1 & to def5d x f ! cold2 ?is ,be> is f\nd 9 ! ,arctic ,regions among ! ice1 & fe$s ^u ,fi% & o!r m>9e animals4 ,be>s 9 g5]al are c>nivor\s1 b eat _m o!r k9ds ( food2 !y are v fond ( honey1 & are nev] cont5t$ if !y smell x1 until !y get at x1 = ?is purpose !y w (t5 gnaw a hole 9 a tree & ?ru/ 9 _! head4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ?is pr$ilection to entrap ! animal1 ! natives ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s (t5 bait+ ,be> traps ) honey4 ,! ,seals & ,walrus 7fig4 #fi7 =m ! next1 or ,phoc9e tribe2 !y are amphibi\s1 & fe$ *iefly on ,fi%1 inhabit+ ! cold] regions ( ! ,nor?2 _! h9d] extremities are b little develop$1 & s]ve ! purposes ( a tail4 ,!y are cov]$ ) a close fur1 & ! can9e tee? ( ! ,walrus are s l>gely develop$ 9 ! upp] jaw z to =m tusks1 by means ( :i* !y hook on & atta* !mselves to ! blocks ( ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,walrus 7,tri*icus rosm>us72 ,,seal 7,phoca vitul9a74 #i4 ,! ,,insectivora1 su* z ! ,mole1 ,h$gehog1 & ,%rew-m\se1 7fig4 #gj71 live entirely on insects1 ! ,mole burr[s = !m 9 ! e>?1 & ! =e paws are s made z to dig out & ?r[ ! e>? beh9d x1 & x burr[s 9 ?is way ) ! greate/ rapidity4 ,z x is ne>ly always b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 & consequ5tly 9 ! d>k1 s a s5se ( vision is n requir$1 x is !re=e bl9d1 b ! s5ses ( t\* & smell1 be+ v acute enable x to f9d its food4 ,! ,h$gehog & ,%rew-m\se are furni%$ ) po9t$ noses1 ) :i* !y dig up ! e>? 9 se>* ( insects1 & :5 f\nd !y dev\r !m ) amaz+ rapidity4 ,! ,h$gehog has ! p[] ( roll+ itself up into a ball & defy+ ! attacks ( almo/ any?+1 = its bri/les are s /iff & %>p t !y prick l ?orns1 & make a capital def5sive arm\r2 ! ,h$gehog is eat5 by _m1 especially by ! ,gipsies1 :o e/eem x a da9ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,,insectivora4 #a1 ,h$gehog 7,er9aceus ,europu72 #b1 ,mole 7,talpa ,europu72 #c1 ,%rew-m\se 7,sorex araneus74 #aj4 ,! ,,*eiropt]a 7,bat tribe1 fig4 #ga71 h =e feet s modifi$ z to s]ve z w+s1 ) :i* !y fly ) tol]able swiftness1 produc+ a peculi> flapp+ s\nd4 ,^! w+s are =m$ by a membrane :i* is /ret*$ out betwe5 ! f+]s1 :i* are exce$+ly elongat$1 & :i* rea*es f ! =e feet to ! h9d feet4 ,! ,bat tribe all fe$ ^u insects1 especially mo?s2 !y re/ 9 ! day "t head d[nw>ds1 cl++ to r\gh places by means ( ! claws ( _! h9d feet1 com+ out at night to seek _! food2 _! sight1 :i* is v quick1 enabl+ !m to see _! prey :5 almo/ d>k4 ,"s ( ! l>g] species ( ?is tribe1 inhabit+ ,am]ica1 are call$ ,vampire ,bats1 !y live by suck+ ! blood ( v>i\s animals1 su* z cattle & horses1 !reby inflict+ dang]\s w\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,,bats 7,plecotus auritus74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,,quadrumana4 ,baboons4--#a4 ,m&rill 7,papio maimon72 #b4 ,*acma 7,*acma ,porc>ius74 ,monkeys4--#c4 ,mona 7,c]copi!cus mona72 #d4 ,h[l] 7,mycetes72 #e4 ,spid] 7,ateles74 #aa4 ,! ,,quadrumana 7fig4 #gb71 s call$ f _! h9d & =e feet bo? hav+ ?umbs1 & be+ develop$ into h&s1 includes ! ,monkeys2 !y may be divid$ into two tribes1 ^? inhabit+ ! ,old ,_w 7,simiid71 & ^? inhabit+ ! ,new 7,cebid71 ^! include :at 7 =m]ly call$ ,apes1 ,baboons1 c4 ,^! animals approa* ! mo/ ne>ly to ! =m ( ! human be+1 ! ,*impanzee be+ consid]$ ! ne>e/ 9 =mation to ,man2 !re are1 h[ev]1 _m v broad di/9ctions betwe5 ! two1 especially 9 ! foot & head4 ,! ,quadrumana are v clev]1 b _! actions seem to h m mean+ 9 !m ?an !y 9 reality possess1 ow+ to ! resemblance ( ^! creatures to ! human be+4 ,!re are _m surpris+ acc\nts ( ^! be+s1 su* z _! arm+ !mselves ) /icks & /ones to def5d !mselves2 b no act ( reason has ev] yet be5 p]ceiv$ 9 !m1 nor any t5d5cy t[>ds improvem5t1 except t :i* has be5 giv5 !m by ,man4 ,! ,monkey :o _h se5 ! _w1 & w5t home & taught 8 companions1 is a fable 9 bo? s5ses ( ! ^w4 ,! ,monkey tribe are =m$ to pass _! lives 9 ! trees among ! bran*es1 _! h&s be+ =m$ to suit ?is k9d ( life4 ,none ( !m walk well1 b :5 !y are among ! bran*es1 sw++ !mselves f b\gh to b\gh1 few creatures are m active2 _! food is fruit & nuts ( all k9ds4 ,! ,*impanzee1 c]ta9ly1 is ! ne>e/ approa* to ,man 9 ! l[] animals1 & walks bett] 9 an upright position ?an does ! ,ourang-outang1 ^: :ole life is sp5t 9 ! trees1 :ile ! ,*impanzee (t5 inhabits holes 9 ! e>? & rocks4 ,9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia is ! foll[+ acc\nt ( "o1 by ,capta9 ,payne3-- ,x %ook h&s ) "s ( ! sailors1 b refus$ its h& ) m>ks ( ang] to o!rs1 )\t any app>5t cause4 ,x spe$ily1 h[ev]1 became famili> ) ! crew1 except "o boy1 to :om x 0 nev] reconcil$4 ,:5 ! seam5's mess 0 br\ght on deck x 0 a con/ant att5dant1 w\ld g r\nd & embrace ea* p]son1 :ile x utt]$ l\d yells1 & !n seat itself among !m to %>e ! repa/4 ,"s ( ! ,monkey tribe 7! ,spid]-monkeys7 h ! p[] ( hold+ fa/ ) ! end ( ! tail2 x1 9 fact1 =ms a sort ( h&1 & !y sw+ f ! b\ghs by x1 & x is said t sev]al w atta* !mselves 9 ?is way1 =m+ a long *a91 & sw+ !mselves f ! topmo/ b\gh ( a tree :5 !y wi% to cross a /ream1 ! l[e/ cat*+ hold ( ! b\ghs on ! opposite side1 & ! upp]mo/ ( !m lett+ g 8 hold1 !y are all ?us convey$ across4 #ab4 ,,bimana 7two-h&$74 ,?is ord] includes ,man alone4 ,man has be5 plac$ 9 a sep>ate class1 & n z ! fir/ ord] ( ! ,mammalia1 b1 z w be pres5tly notic$1 al?\gh he has _m attributes :i* no o!r animal has1 yet 9 bodily con/ruction1 & all ! functions ( 8 mat]ial "p1 he s ne>ly resembles ! o!r ord]s ( 8 class t x is deem$ bett] to place him at _! head "u ! designation ( two-h&$2 al?\gh inde$ he is ! only animal :o c be said to possess h&s1 prop]ly s call$1 = ^? ( ! ,monkey tribe are s imp]fectly develop$ t !y h b little claim to ! "n4 ,9 8 circulation1 respiration1 dige/ion1 c41 ,man exactly resembles ! o!r ,mammalia1 also 9 ! organs ( locomotion & special s5se1 modifi$ slightly 9 =m2 b to ^! purely animal attributes1 he has sup]add$ faculties :i* raise him above !m1 & %[ him to be ! la/ & mo/ p]fect ( ,god's creatures1 "o /ep fur!r1 9 fact1 ?an any o!r liv+ be+2 & x is a curi\s circum/ance1 & "o %[+ ! accuracy ( detail1 ) :i* ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ,creation 9 ! ,bible ab\nds1 t ?is v sup]iority is n only m5tion$ 9 _m ways1 b record$ z ! result ( a special act ( ,god ov] & above 8 =mation z an ord9>y animal1 9 :i* /ate he 0 creat$1 = we f9d ! words1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life1 & man became a liv+ s\l1 ?is especial act 0 n p]=m$ = any o!r be+ :i* ,god _h creat$1 ( :i* x is /at$ simply male & female creat$ ,he !m4 ,man is possess$ ( s5tim5ts 7or ^? feel+s :i* prompt him to believe 91 look =w>d to1 & hope = a high] /ate ( exi/5ce1 ?an t :i* he enjoys "h7 :i* none ( ! l[] animals h1 & ( reason 9 place ( in/9ct4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 al?\gh _m w\ld h u believe ! "o is ! same z ! o!r1 b ( a high] ord]2 in/9ct causes its possessor to act f innate impulse )\t consci\sness ( ! result1 :ile reason po9ts out ! :y & ! :]e=e4 ,man is consci\s ( 8 own id5tity1 ?is is also peculi> to him2 moreov]1 all ! p]=mances ( man c be improv$ by practice1 none ( ! in/9cts c1 b are z p]fect at fir/ z at la/2 ! ,bee makes ! comb1 & ! ,bird ! ne/1 z well ! fir/ "t z ! la/1 & al?\gh ! high] animals1 z ! ,dog1 ,horse1 ,elephant1 c41 c be taught to p]=m v>i\s clev] & useful acts1 yet x is by ,man's in/rum5tality & n by _! own p[]s2 9 fact !re is n an animal :i* left to itself has ! slighte/ p[] )9 itself ( deviat+ "o iota f ^? peculi> in/9cts :i* 7 giv5 x by ,god4 ,b ,man at e ef=t rises high] ?an he 0 be=e1 till he arrives at su* a k ( ! great works & designs ( 8 ,creator t he b[s 8 head 9 awe & admiration ( ! wond]s p]mitt$ to appe> to 8 compreh5sion4 ,) respect to 8 bodily /ructure1 ,man und\bt$ly /&s fir/ 9 ! race ( be+s1 al?\gh1 9 "s p>ticul>s1 su* z ! acut5ess ( ! s5ses1 he may be inf]ior to "s4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,skull4 b4 b4 ,v]tebral column or ,sp9e4 c4 ,ribs4 d4 ,/]num or ,*e/ bone4 e4 e4 ,scapulae or ,blade bones4 f4 f4 ,clavicles or ,coll> bones4 g4 g4 ,pelvic or ,hip bones4 h4 h4 ,hum]i or ,arm bones4 i4 ,radius ,bones ( =e-arm4 j4 ,ulna k4 ,femur or ,?igh bone4 l4 ,tibia or ,l>ge bone ( leg4 m4 ,fibula or ,small bone ( leg4 n4 ,calcaneum or ,heel bone4 o4 ,t>sal bones or ,bones ( ! foot4 p4 ,c>pal bones or ,bones ( ! wri/s4 ,,fig4 #gc4--,,! ,,human ,,skeleton4 ,! ,human frame consi/s ( a skeleton 7fig4 #gc7 =m$ ( h>d & unyield+ bone1 hav+ jo9ts to admit ( motion 9 c]ta9 directions2 ?is skeleton p]=ms c]ta9 great & important (fices1 x =ms /rong b\nd>ies or protect+ cases = mo/ ( ! vital p>ts1 s z to %ield !m f ext]nal viol5ce1 su* z ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 ! lungs1 he>t1 c41 x also furni%es a s]ies ( lev]s to be act$ on by ! muscles1 = ! purposes ( motion1 & a firm support = ! s(t p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,! skeleton is divid$ into ! head1 trunk1 & extremities2 ! head is aga9 divid$ into cranium & face2 ! trunk is divid$ into sp9e1 ?orax1 & pelvis2 ! extremities into ! upp] & l[]1 ! upp] consi/+ ( arm1 =e-arm1 & h&2 ! l[] ( ?igh1 leg1 & foot4 ,! bones are divid$ into flat bones 7fig4 #gd7 & long bones 7fig4 #ge71 ! flat bones 7z a g5]al rule7 =m ! b\nd>ies ( ! cavities1 & ! long bones ! lev]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,,flat ,,bone 7,scapula74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,,long ,,bone 7,femur74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,section ,,( ,,bone1 ,,magnifi$4 ,! bones consi/ ( e>?y matt]1 *iefly phosphate ( lime1 held toge!r by a sort ( c>tilage1 & arrang$ 9 f9e scales or plates =m+ int]/ices or cells 7fig4 #gf71 ^! are l>ge 9 ! c5tre ( ! bone s z to make x ne>ly 7& 9 "s in/ances q7 holl[1 & v small at ! surface1 s z to make x !re ne>ly solid2 ?is arrangem5t is f\nd to be ! v be/ to secure /r5g? & lightness1 toge!r ) a v slight degree ( flexibility4 ,! g5]al =m ( a long bone is t ( a %aft1 hav+ an enl>gem5t at ei!r extremity1 ! %aft is g5]ally curv$ slightly s z to give ela/icity1 & is m solid ?an ! ends1 :i* are exp&$ to give size & firmness to ! jo9ts1 & por\s to keep !m light2 ! %aft is small & close 9 its texture1 t !re may be pl5ty ( room = ! muscles :i* lie on & cov] x4 ,! skeleton !n1 consi/s ( bony cases :i* enclose ! visc]a1 a s]ies ( lev]s cov]$ )1 & mov$ by ! muscles1 & ! :ole =m+ a solid framework to support ! s(t p>ts4 ,all ! v>i\s motions ( ! body1 f ! w9k+ ( ! eyelid & ! wond]fully adju/$ motions ( ! eye itself--:i* are s accurate1 t a c]ta9 p]ceptible motion is requir$ to look alt]nately at "o side & ! o!r ( a p9's head--to ! mo/ p[]ful /roke ( ! arm1 are p]=m$ by ! contraction ( ! muscles4 ,b !re are sev]al actions :i* w\ld at fir/ appe> to be produc$ by elongation in/ead ( contraction1 su* z ! protrusion ( ! tongue1 ! w9k+ ( ! eyelids1 & ! closure ( ! lips2 b ! fir/ ( ^! is produc$ by ! contraction ( a muscle :i* is atta*$ at "o extremity to ! "u "p ( ! root ( ! tongue1 & at ! o!r to ! inn] "p ( ! l[] jaw1 :i*1 :5 x contracts1 draws ! :ole tongue =w>ds1 caus+ a "p ( x to protrude2 ! eyelids & lips are clos$ by circul> muscles surr\nd+ !m1 :i*1 by contraction1 draw toge!r ^? p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,fibrils ,,( ,,volunt>y ,,muscle1 ,,magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,! ,,same1 ,,m ,,highly ,,magnifi$4 ,! muscles =m ! fle% ( an animal1 or t "p :i* is ( a r$ col\r1 & :i* is call$ lean 79 contra-di/9ction to fat71 !y are compos$ ( fibres1 ea* fibre made up ( a numb] ( fibrils1 & ! :ole b\nd up toge!r by means ( a f9e membrane1 call$ areol> tissue4 ,ea* ( ^! fibrils consi/s ( a numb] ( cells press$ closely toge!r & hav+ a peculi> be>d$ appe>ance 7figs4 #gg1 #gh74 ,x is by ! sudd5 approximation & flatt5+ ( ^! cells t ! muscle is %ort5$ dur+ contraction1 b ! contraction ( ea* fibril is only = an in/ant1 & !n a relaxation & elongation ( ! cells takes place1 :i* is foll[$ by a second contraction1 & s on4 ,n[1 ! way 9 :i* a muscle keeps 9 a /ate ( p]man5t contraction is ?is3 ! v>i\s fibrils or /r+s ( cells relieve ea* o!r in/ead ( all contract+ & all relax+ toge!r1 & 9 ?is way a "p only ( ! fibrils are 9 a /ate ( contraction at any giv5 "t1 :ile ! o!rs are relax$1 & z "o beg9s to relax ano!r contracts1 & s keeps up a /ate ( contraction 9 ! muscle up to a c]ta9 po9t1 :5 ! contractions become gradually m feeble1 & f9ally cease altoge!r2 ! muscle is !n exhau/$1 b1 if all[$ to re/ a:ile1 x aga9 obta9s its contractile p[]4 ,?is peculi> contractile p[] is a physical "o1 & exi/s = a %ort "t aft] dea?1 t is1 until its p]fect /ructure is alt]$ by ! beg9n+ ( decomposition2 & :at is a curi\s fact1 ! muscles ( a dead body /imulat$ to contraction by prick+ or galvanism1 w tire & aga9 obta9 _! contractility by re/1 j z 9 ! liv+ body4 ,! nature ( ! /imulus :i* causes ! muscles to contract dur+ life is n kn[n2 b1 :atev] x may be1 x is convey$ f ! sp9al cord & bra91 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a set ( n]ves1 call$ ! motor n]ves1 or n]ves ( motion1 to ! muscles1 to e fibre ( :i* !y are di/ribut$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r set ( n]ves :i* h no?+ to d ) motion1 al?\gh exactly simil> 9 appe>ance & g5]ally associat$ & b\nd up 9 ! same %ea? ) !m2 ^! are ! n]ves ( s5sation4 ,!y take _! orig9 f e "p possess$ ( s5sibility or feel+--m especially ! sk9--& convey e impression ( feel+ to ! bra94 ,! muscles are n all "u ! control ( ! w1 = ! muscles ( ! he>t1 b[els1 c4 are q out ( our control4 ,^? :i* are subs]vi5t to our w are call$ volunt>y muscles1 or ! muscles ( animal life1 :ile ^? out ( ! control ( ! w1 are ! involunt>y muscles1 or muscles ( organic life 7fig4 #gi74 ,^! la/ h a /ructure diff]5t to ! volunt>y muscles1 be+ compos$ ( flatt5$ fibres conta9+ granules & ov]lapp+ ea* o!r4 ,! t5dons are ! cord-l extremities ( ! muscles :i* connect !m to ! bones2 !y are fibr\s & slightly ela/ic1 flexible1 & exce$+ly /rong2 :ile moi/ !y h a spl5d5t appe>ance1 some:at l "m-(-pe>l4 ,! ligam5ts are ! /rong fibr\s b&s :i* connect ! bones toge!r4 ,c>tilages are sub/ances ( a :ite col\r1 smoo? 9 _! texture1 & n v flexible2 !y are connect$ to ! bones :i* !y sometimes s]ve to prolong1 & are !mselves (t5 conv]t$ into bone 9 old p1 by ! deposition ( e>?y matt] )9 _! /ructure1 9 fact1 !y may be consid]$ z bone 9 an undevelop$ /ate2 =1 9 ! infant1 _m p>ts are c>tilag9\s1 :i*1 9 ! adult1 are bony2 su* z ! ends ( ! long bones1 ! bones ( ! nose1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,,involunt>y ,,muscul> ,,fibre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,head ,,( ,,an ,,infant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,,head ,,( ,,an ,,adult4 ,) respect to ! developm5t ( ! =m ( ! human body1 !re are two *ief conditions :i* influ5ce x1 namely1 age & sex4 ,) respect to age1 ! proportional magnitudes ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 e>ly & late 9 life1 v>y v consid]ably4 ,9 ! infant 7fig4 #hj7 ! h& is by f> ! mo/ completely develop$ 79 size71 next to ?is ! abdom51 !n ! *e/ & upp] extremities1 &1 f9ally1 ! l[] extremities4 ,9 ! adult 7fig4 #ha71 ! l>ge/ measurem5t is r\nd ! *e/ & %\ld]s1 b 9 ! infant x is r\nd ! head2 9 ! adult ! l[] extremities weigh "o half ( ! :ole body1 b 9 ! infant n "o qu>t]4 ,! infantile face has _m peculi>ities1 s also has ! face ( old age 7fig4 #hb74 ,9 ! infant ! l[] "p ( ! face is b little develop$1 ! l[] jaw is small1 ! *9 sc>cely at all prom95t1 & ! di/ance f ! nose to ! *9 v %ort1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ! tee?1 or 7:5 =m$7 _! smallness4 ,! bones ( ! nose are sc>cely =m$1 & ?is organ has !re=e no bridge1 prop]ly s call$2 ! no/rils are small1 ! l[] "p ( ! =ehead small1 smoo?1 & r\nd$1 & ! ar*es ( ! eyebr[s b little prom95t4 ,! *eek-bones are small1 & s are ! bony ar*es :i* jo9 !m to ! temples2 ! *eeks are full ( fat1 & ! angles ( ! jaws r\nd$4 ,9 middle age ! l[] "p ( ! =ehead becomes m fully develop$1 ! bony edges :i* support ! eyebr[s project & ov]hang ! eyes1 ! bridge ( ! nose & ! no/rils become m fully =m$1 ! space f ! nose to ! *9 is great]1 ! tee? cause ! lips to be pu%$ m =w>d1 ! l[] jaw is l>g]1 & ! *eek-bones %[ m pla9ly4 ,9 old age ! :ole upp] "p ( ! face becomes m m>k$1 ! nose & eyebr[s /ill m prom95t1 ! *eeks holl[ f absorption ( ! fat1 ! space f ! nose to ! *9 7z 9 infancy7 %ort5s f loss ( tee?1 b ! *91 be+ m fully =m$1 projects z ! jaw rises to fill ! space occupi$ by ! tee?4 ,! angles ( ! jaw are also v %>p & squ>e1 ! eyes sunk 9 ! head1 & ! :ole sk9 ( ! face loos5$ & wr9kl$ f loss ( sub/ance b5ea?4 ,) respect to sex1 9 ! ,male ! facial bones are m fully =m$1 ! %\ld]s broad] & high]1 ! coll>-bones long] & m curv$1 ! *e/ wid]1 ! hips n>r[]1 & ! legs long]1 & e bone has its processes or m>k+s m fully develop$1 & is m contort$ f ! action ( ! muscles1 :i* are l>g] & m p[]ful ?an 9 ! ,female4 ,9 ! ,female 7fig4 #hc7 !re is a great] deposition ( fat1 &1 9 _m o!r respects1 a t5d5cy to a *ild-l con=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb--;,,head ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,,head ,,( ,a ,,female4 ,! body is ev]y:]e cov]$ by a common integum5t call$ ! sk91 b5ea? :i* is a lay] ( areol> & adipose tissue1 :i* la/ has its cells fill$ ) fat1 :i* dur+ life is 9 a liquid or oily /ate2 ?is s]ves to protect ! p>ts b5ea? bo? f cold & viol5ce1 fills up ! holl[s & irregul>ities betwe5 ! muscles1 & gives ! body a m r\nd$ & graceful appe>ance4 ,man1 9 common ) all ! high] animals1 is possess$ ( ! five special s5ses1 namely1 sight1 smell1 he>+1 t\*1 & ta/e1 ! organs ( :i* are ! eyes1 nose1 e>s1 sk91 & m\?2 b ^! are develop$ 9 v diff]5t degrees 9 diff]5t animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,,front ,,view ,,( ,,eye4 ,sight is ! s5se by :i* we take cognisance ( ^? ext]nal objects :i* ei!r give out or reflect light4 ,! eye 7fig4 #hd7 is an optical in/rum5t ( great beauty & p]fection1 & by its help an image ( ev]y?+ we look at is produc$ 9 m9iature on ! exp&$ optic n]ve call$ ! ret9a1 z an image is produc$ 9 ! cam]a1 :i* in/rum5t is made 9 imitation ( ! eye2 ?is image by "s unkn[n p[] is p]ceiv$ by ! m9d1 & produces ! s5se ( vision4 ,by ! s5se ( sight we recognise all =ms1 col\rs1 & gradations ( light & %ade1 & also 7assi/$ by ! exp]i5ce ga9$ by ! s5se ( t\*7 ! qualities ( surface1 su* z r\ghness1 smoo?ness1 c42 = in/ance1 we "k by t\* t a piece ( glass is smoo?1 t a piece ( velvet has a diff]5t k9d ( smoo?ness1 c41 & ! mode 9 :i* ^! surfaces reflect ! light1 tea*es u to recognise !m s t we c\ld pr$ict f t\* :at appe>ance an object w\ld h1 or by ! look h[ x w\ld feel4 ,our k ( ! solidity ( bodies is kn[n to ! s5se ( sight by 7unconsci\sly7 look+ at !m ) ea* eye alt]nately1 s z to see to a c]ta9 ext5t r\nd !m1 or some:at on ei!r side alt]nately4 ,by ?is fact ! pr9ciple ( ! /]eoscope is expla9$1 ! pictures look$ at ?r\gh x1 consi/ ( two views ( ! same object1 tak5 at po9ts ( sight a %ort di/ance ap>t 7correspond+ to ! di/ance betwe5 ! eyes7 & !y give u1 :5 /eadily look$ at1 ! same result t real objects d :5 look$ at ) ea* eye1 alt]nately4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 b "o :i* has be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ by optical exp]im5ts1 t ! picture repres5t$ on ! ret9a is inv]t$1 b f habit we ref] ?+s to _! natural position1 & h[ naturally & easily ?is is done1 may be asc]ta9$ by hold+ ! head d[n close to ! floor1 & look+ at objects ?r\gh "o's legs1 9 ?is position !y are all inv]t$2 b we naturally make ourselves satisfi$ t !y are /ill z !y 7 be=e1 s t !y really d n appe> to be inv]t$4 ,! impression =m$ by objects ^u ! ret9a is n imm$iately de/roy$ ^u _! removal1 b rema9s = an in/ant p]man5t2 ?is gives rise to a great _m curi\s ph5om5a1 among :i* ! mo/ famili> is ! circle ( light produc$ by ! rapid evolution ( any lum9\s body1 z ! r$-hot end ( a /ick4 ,?is is also %[n by a toy1 call$ ! ,?aumatrope1 :i* consi/s ( a piece ( c>d hav+ a small wire atta*$ to ! upp] "p by :i* x may be turn$ rapidly r\nd by ! ?umb & f+]4 ,on "o side ( ! c>d is pa9t$ an object1 su* z a p>rot1 & on ! o!r a cage2 :5 ! c>d is turn$ r\nd1 fir/ ! bird & !n ! cage is pres5t$ to ! eye1 b ! image ( ! "o has n left ! eye be=e ! o!r is pres5t$ to x1 & ! result is ! uni=m appe>ance on bo? sides ( a p>rot 9 a cage4 ,! /ructure ( ! eyes 9 ,man & ! high] animals is v ne>ly alike1 s t ! same description w s]ve = bo?1 b ^? ( insects & ! l[] ord]s ( animat$ be+s are v diff]5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,,section ,,( ,,human ,,eye4 ,a4 ,scl]otic4 ,b4 ,*oroid4 ,c4 ,ret9a4 ,d4 ,vitre\s hum\r4 ,e4 ,aque\s hum\r4 ,f4 ,cornea4 ,g4 ,cry/all9e l5s4 ,h4 ,pupil4 ,i4 ,optic n]ve4 ,! eye consi/s ( v>i\s hum\rs ( diff]5t d5sities enclos$ 9 membranes 7fig4 #he72 ! human eye is sph]ical = ! po/]ior f\r-fif?s ( its circumf]5ce1 b ! front "p projects a little1 be+ =m$ ( "p ( a small] sph]e4 ,! globe ( ! eye1 all b ?is front "p1 is enclos$ 9 a firm fibr\s coat call$ ! scl]otic1 )9 :i* is a membrane full ( blood-vessels call$ ! *oroid1 ?is on its inn] side is cov]$ ) a black sub/ance call$ ! black pigm5t1 & )9 ?is 7l9+ ! ball7 is ! n]v\s coat or ret9a1 x is ! optic n]ve s exp&$ z to =m a l9+ to ! membranes ( ! ball ( ! eye = ! great] "p ( its ext5t4 ,! ball ( ! eye is fill$ ) a transp>5t fluid1 some:at glut9\s1 call$ ! vitre\s hum\r2 /ret*$ across ! front "p ( ! ball ( ! eye is a membrane hav+ a r\nd hole 9 its c5tre1 call$ ! iris1 coat$ 7l ! *oroid7 ) black pigm5t on its back surface2 ?is membrane 7! iris7 is ! col\r$ "p ( ! eye1 & its transp>5cy or opacity det]m9es ! col\r ( ! eye4 ,! pupil is ! hole 9 its c5tre1 x looks black because ! black pigm5t :i* cov]s ! inside ( ! ball ( ! eye 7= ! ret9a is transp>5t7 is se5 ?r\gh x2 beh9d ! iris & 9 front ( ! vitre\s hum\r1 is ! cry/all9e l5s1 x is j ! %ape ( a v ?ick l5s1 b is m convex beh9d ?an 9 front1 x is q transp>5t1 & ( a d5sity almo/ approa*+ to solidity4 ,! front fif? ( ! ball ( ! eye is cov]$ 9 by a d5se transp>5t sub/ance call$ ! cornea1 ( ! =m ( a wat*-glass & q transp>5t1 betwe5 ?is & ! cry/all9e l5s !re is a small space call$ ! ant]ior *amb]1 fill$ ) a cle> wat]y fluid call$ ! aque\s hum\r4 ,! eye is mov$ by six muscles1 f\r /raight & two oblique1 ^! turn x 9 e direction ) ! greate/ accuracy2 ! front ( ! eye is def5d$ by ! eyelids1 :i* by w9k+ & be+ moi/5$ by ! te>s1 keep ! eye always moi/ & free f du/4 ,! eyes ( insects & sev]al o!r classes ( animals are call$ comp\nd eyes1 & ! image !y produce mu/ resemble objects depict$ 9 mosaic1 or made up ( small spots ( di/9ct col\rs2 !y consi/ ( hundr$s ( small tubes1 radiat+ & =m+ "p ( a sph]e on ea* side ( ! head1 ea* ( ^! tubes admits ! light f objects at :i* !y po9t4 ,"s ( ! animals /ill l[] 9 ! scale h simple spots ( transp>5t membrane ) an expansion ( optic n]ve b5ea? !m2 9 su* creatures ! p[] ( vision is probably limit$ to di/+ui%+ light f d>kness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,,section ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,e>4 a1 ext]nal op5+2 b1 tympanum2 c1 small bones2 d1 ,eu/a*ian tube2 e1 co*lea2 f1 semicircul> canals4 ,he>+4--,s\nd is convey$ to ! m9d by ! vibration ( air1 & ?is vibration is communicat$ to a membrane )9 ! e>1 call$ ! tympanum2 ?is is 9 connection 7by means ( ?ree m9ute bones7 ) ! exp&$ auditory n]ve1 :i* ramifies )9 ! ve/ibule1 :i* is fill$ ) a fluid1 s t ! vibrations ( ! air are ?us communicat$ to ! n]ve ( he>+ 7fig4 #hf74 ,smell4--,! int]ior ( ! nose is l9$ by a f9e moi/ membrane1 on :i* ! olfactory n]ve is di/ribut$4 ,! cause ( od\r is q unkn[n2 ?\gh1 z mo/ volatile sub/ances are odor\s1 x is suppos$ to be "s volatile matt] :i* comes 9 contact ) ! olfactory n]ve1 or n]ve ( smell+4 ,! quantity giv5 (f 9 "s in/ances mu/ be exce$+ly small1 = "o gra9 ( musk plac$ on a piece ( glass w give out sc5t = mon?s1 & at ! end ( t "t weigh /ill "o gra94 ,"s animals1 z ,dogs & ,birds ( prey1 h ?is s5se s acute t x s]ves !m in/ead ( almo/ e o!r2 ! ,vulture w sc5t c>rion miles away1 & ! ,dog w track 8 ma/] by ! p[] ( sc5t4 ,ta/e4--,! s5se ( ta/e resides *iefly 9 ! tongue1 b to "s ext5t 9 ! palate or ro( ( ! m\?2 x appe>s to be a modifi$ s5se ( smell1 comb9$ ) common s5sation or t\*1 & is mu* dim9i%$ by loss ( smell4 ,t\*1 next to sight1 is ! mo/ important ( ! s5ses4 ,! :ole sk9 possesses ?is s5se1 b 9 "s p>ts f> m ?an o!rs1 ! f+]-ends be+ ! mo/ p]fectly end[$ ) x2 & 9 ! l[] animals ! p>ts :i* are us$ z preh5sile organs1 are 9 !m ! mo/ acutely s5sitive to t\*1 z ! end ( ! proboscis 9 ! ,elephant1 & ! lips ( mo/ o!r quadrup$s4 ,9 ! ,fel9e tribe1 ! smell]s or hairs f ! side ( ! face1 appe> to be true organs ( t\*1 & enable !m to feel _! way 9 ! d>k4 ,by ! s5se ( t\* we are in=m$ ( ! am\nt ( resi/ance ( matt] 7& consequ5tly its weight71 ( h>dness1 smoo?ness1 r\ghness1 & o!r qualities ( surface1 & by ! am\nt ( ext5sion ( ! h& to rea* !m ( _! di/ance f u1 & also ( ! =m & size ( ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,,tig]',s ,,head ,,& ,,elephant',s ,,trunk4 ,! human h& is ! mo/ p]fect organ ( preh5sion possess$ by any animal1 = al?\gh ,monkeys h h&s1 yet ^! are s imp]fect z to s]ve *iefly = cl++ to1 & climb+ among/ ! bran*es1 !y _c take any small sub/ance betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]1 :ile ! human h&1 besides enabl+ its possessor to grasp firmly ) all ! f+]s & ?umb1 ea* c individually be approximat$ to ! ?umb s z to hold ! v smalle/ sub/ance1 & z ,man is s con/itut$ t he c /& firmly on 8 feet1 8 h&s c be solely appropriat$ to ! acts ( preh5sion4 ,x has be5 said t ,man owes mu* ( 8 sup]iority to ! l[] animals1 to ! possession ( h&s :i* c take1 exam9e1 & comp>e ev]y?+ )9 8 rea*2 b x seems m probable t ^! h&s h be5 giv5 him because he1 only1 has ! faculties ( exam9+ & comp>+4 ,! ,lion & ,tig] w\ld be no bett] (f1 _h !y ,man's h&s in/ead ( _! feet ) claws--probably mu* worse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--;,,human ,,h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,,monkey',s ,,h&4 ,animals d n fe$ ^u unorganis$ matt]1 z d vegetables1 b m]ely appropriate to _! own use ^? organic pr9ciples :i* are ready =m$ 9 ! vegetable or animal1 su* z album51 fibr9e1 />*1 gum1 sug>1 c41 & assimilate !m into _! sub/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,,human ,,/oma*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,,lungs1 ,,he>t1 ,,& ,,l>ge ,,vessels4 #a & #b1 ,"r & left ,lungs2 #c1 ,he>t2 #d1 ,aorta2 #e1 ,tra*ea4 ,:5 food ent]s ! m\? ( an animal x !re meets ) a fluid 7! saliva7 :i* is capable ( conv]t+ />*y matt]s into sug>1 ?us r5d]+ ?is alim5t 7:i* is pres5t$ 9 a /ate ( a nature q insoluble at ! heat ( ! /oma*7 n only soluble1 b nutriti\s4 ,?is ensalivation takes place :ile ! food is be+ ma/icat$2 :5 9 ! /oma* 7fig4 #ij7 x meets ) ! ga/ric juice1 a fluid capable ( dissolv+ bo? fibr9e & album5 7! two o!r *ief alim5ts71 ev5 :5 coagulat$2 ?us all k9ds ( food :5 !y h be5 a %ort "t 9 ! /oma* are r$uc$ to a liquid1 & s f> fitt$ to ent] ! sy/em4 ,! /oma* is a membrane\s bag1 communicat+ at ! upp] orifice ) ! m\?1 & at ! l[] ) ! inte/9es2 its int]nal 7muc\s7 coat is smoo?1 & conta9s _m absorb5ts2 its out] coat is muscul>1 & capable ( contraction1 s z to roll toge!r its cont5ts1 ?us br++ e portion into contact ) ! ga/ric juice2 ?is mass ( dissolv$ food has receiv$ ! "n ( *yme4 ,by admixture ) ! bile 7a fluid excret$ by ! liv]7 & o!r juices1 x sep>ates 7l curds & :ey7 into a liquid & p>tially solid matt]2 ! liquid "p is l milk1 & is call$ *yle1 & x is tak5 up by absorb5t vessels1 by endosmose1 a peculi> p[] :i* membranes h ( all[+ liquids to pass ?r\gh !m :5 !re is a m d5se liquid on ! o!r side 7z describ$ 9 ! exp]im5t at page #abc1 ,vegetable ,k+dom171 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! vessels call$ lacteals1 is mix$ !re ) ! impure blood z x is ab\t to be return$ to ! he>t1 & f !nce to ! lungs1 :]e impurities are got rid ( 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid4 ,! lungs 7fig4 #ia71 9 p]=m+ ?is (fice1 expose ! blood 7conta9$ 9 ?\s&s ( m9ute blood-vessels7 to ! air :i* ent]s ! w9dpipe at e inspiration or brea?1 ! w9dpipe divides into two1 & ^! ea* into two m 7! bron*ial tubes71 & s on until !y are no l>g] ?an a hair2 at ! end ( ea* tube is a little air-cell1 on ! membrane\s walls ( :i* ! vessels conta9+ ! blood are di/ribut$ z a network4 ,! blood :5 x ent]s ! lungs is ( a d>k purple or blacki% col\r1 & is load$ ) c>bonic acid2 ?is blood is receiv$ by ! he>t f ! great ve9s1 :i* p\r x into ! "r auricle1 ?is contract+1 s5ds x into ! "r v5tricle1 :i*1 9 turn1 s5ds x ?r\gh ! pulmon>y art]ies into ! lungs2 :ile !re1 x is expos$ 9 ! network ( vessels :i* ramify on ! walls ( ! air-cells2 ano!r process ( endosmose takes place1 & ! c>bonic acid passes ?r\gh ! walls ( ! vessels into ! air-tubes1 & escapes by ! brea?2 at ! same "t t ?is c>bonic acid is ca/ (f1 an equal bulk ( oxyg5 is absorb$ f ! air1 s t ! air :i* ent]s ! lungs1 & t :i* passes out1 are ! same 9 bulk--plus wat]y vap\r--al?\gh :at ent]s is pure air1 & :at is expell$1 is load$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,! blood1 hav+ ex*ang$ c>bonic acid = oxyg51 is n[ alt]$ f a black to a bright sc>let col\r1 & is 9 a condition to be circulat$ ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,on leav+ ! lungs by ! pulmon>y ve9s1 x ent]s ! left auricle ( ! he>t1 & passes f !nce to ! left v5tricle1 :i* is v p[]ful1 & =ces x by compression upw>ds into ! aorta 7! fir/ great art]y71 & !nce ?r\gh ! o!r art]ies1 :i* divide1 & become small] & small] until x arrives at e "p ( ! body1 =m+ a network ( f9e vessels :i* are call$ capill>ies2 s p]fectly are ^! vessels di/ribut$1 t x is almo/ impossible to cut or prick any "p ( ! body )\t w\nd+ "o ( !m1 & !reby draw+ blood4 ,:5 ^! capill>ies h suppli$ ?is pure blood to repair & r5ovate e "p ( ! sy/em1 & receiv$ = ! new mat]ial1 t :i* is worn out or spoil$1 !y urge x onw>ds to :]e !y unite into small ve9s1 &1 z ^! cont9ue to unite1 !y =m l>ge trunks1 & p\r ! blood1 n[ black & impure1 into ! "r auricle ( ! he>t1 toge!r ) ! fre% mat]ial 7*yle7 d]iv$ f ! food1 aga9 to be s5t ?r\gh ! lungs & purifi$ = fre% circulation4 ,?is description applies z well to ! o!r ,mammalia z x does to ,man1 = ^! classes d n diff] f ,man 9 _! physical /ructure1 except 9 =m & size1 & ! alt]ation 9 ! proportion ( ! v>i\s p>ts to adapt ea* to its peculi> purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,european ,,& ,,negro4 ,,man is1 )\t d\bt1 ! only animal possess$ ( reflective & reason+ faculties1 & ! possession ( ^! has rais$ him immeasurably above all ! re/4 ,he has also physical capabilities suitable to a dom9ant be+ ^: race is de/9$ to p ! e>? 9 e "p4 ,7 8 con/itution =m$ l t ( ! ,*impanzee or ! ,ourang1 he c\ld only live 9 ! v hotte/ ( climates2 b x is f\nd t ,man is heal?y & happy ?r\gh ranges ( temp]ature1 :i* w\ld prove fatal to mo/ o!r animals4 ,9 ! frigid regions ( ! nor?1 ! ,lapl&] enjoys _m com=ts :i* he fancies c\ld nev] be obta9$ 9 any o!r latitude1 & ! ,bu%man ( ,africa1 foll[+ ! wild animals ( t region1 & ne$+ no cov]+ to %ield him f ! burn+ rays ( ! sun1 deems 8 lot ! happie/ t c be4 ,! human race are gradually increas+ 9 numb]1 & !re is sc>cely a spot capable ( be+ inhabit$ at all1 b !y are f\nd !re2 &1 :]ev] ,man comes1 ! wild animals ( ! region retire or become entirely ext9ct1 except+ ^? :i* s]ve him z food1 su* z ! ,rum9ants4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! highe/ ( ! l[] animals & ,man1 is s di/9ct1 t no m ne$ be said ab\t x2 b among m5 !mselves1 !re is a great diff]5ce2 betwe5 ! ,european1 & ! ,negro or ! ,hott5tot1 !re is a va/ di/9ction1 b ! mo/ simple w\ld at once say !y are bo? m51 & possess$ ( ! ess5tial qualities ( m52 & !re c be no d\bt t all m5 ( e k9d =m "o species4 ,?is is a po9t pretty well settl$ among all :o h writt5 on ! subject2 & inde$1 great z ! diff]5ce is among m51 x is n half s great z t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ,bull-dog & ,italian ,greyh\nd1 & yet !y are bo? dogs2 or betwe5 ! ,race-horse & ! ,dray-horse1 & yet :o is !re c d\bt ( ^! bo? be+ ( ! same species4 ,blum5ba* made out five v>ieties--namely1 #a1 ,caucasian2 #b1 ,mongolian2 #c1 ,am]ican2 #d1 ,malay2 #e1 ,e?iopian or ,negro4 ,pick]+#b describes elev5 v>ieties1 & arranges !m z foll[s3-- ,,:ite4 #a4 ,arabian4 #b4 ,abyss9ian4 ,,br[n4 #c4 ,mongolian4 #d4 ,hott5tot4 #e4 ,malay4 ,,blacki%-,,br[n4 #f4 ,papuan4 #g4 ,negrillo4 #h4 ,indian or ,tel+an4 #i4 ,e?iopian4 ,,black4 #aj4 ,au/ralian4 #aa4 ,negro4 ,footnote #b3 ,pick]+'s ,races ( ,man4 ,by ,john ,*>les ,hall1 ,m4,d41 p4 #cjj4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! ,arabian corresponds ) ! ,caucasian ( ,blum5ba*2 bo? names are giv5 f ! suppos$ c\ntry ( ! orig9al memb]s ( ! race2 ! appellation ,european1 us$ by ,dr4 ,la?am is1 h[ev]1 a mu* m appropriate "o ?an ei!r1 bo? ! ,caucasian & ,arabian be+ n[ limit$ to ! inhabitants ( ! localities f :i* _! names 7 d]iv$4 ,! ,arabian1 ,caucasian1 or ,european family occupy ! *ief "p ( ,we/]n ,europe1 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & is fa/ spread+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t & 9 ,au/ralia4 ,x is *>act]is$ by a fair complexion1 ar*$ nose1 ruddy *eeks1 ?9 lips1 & ! frequ5cy ( blue eyes & light hair4 ,its memb]s are at ?is pres5t "t ! highe/ & mo/ civilis$ classes 9 ! _w1 be+ fur!r advanc$ 9 religion1 arts1 sci5ces1 & lit]ature2 also _! capacity = ent]prise & speculation1 & _! love ( novelty1 is f> beyond t ( any o!r v>iety ( ! human race2 any?+ new t (f]s ! smalle/ *ance ( be+ b5eficial is at once adopt$ by !m & c>ri$ out4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! great secret ( _! advancem5t1 = ! o!r mo/ num]\s v>iety ( ! human family1 & :i* exce$s ! ,european 9 numb]s 7! ,mongolian71 has b little capacity = *ange ( any k9d1 9 fact1 appe>s to admire & adh]e to ^? matt]s only1 :i* h ! mo/ und\bt$ /amp ( antiquity--su* a mode ( feel+ especially obta9s among ! ,*9ese4 ,dr4 ,la?am divides ! ,european family into-- #a4 ,,! ,,basks4 #b4 ,,! ,,skipt>4 #c4 ,,! ,,kelts4 #d4 ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,lat9s4 #e4 ,,! ,,s>matians4 #f4 ,,! ,,g]mans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,european4 ,! ,,basks appe> to h be5 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 :i* h ab&on$ _! =m] habitation & n[ dwell 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,nav>re & ,gascony1 j z ! ,am]ican ,indians may be suppos$ to dwell at "s future "t 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,,skipt> are ! inhabitants ( ,albania1 mu* resembl+ 9 p]sonal appe>ance ! ,turks & ,sclavonians1 b hav+ a language d]iv$ f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! ,albanian1 f ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia3-- ,! ,albanians are ab\t five feet & a half high1 muscul> & /raight 9 _! p]sons4 ,_! activity1 & ! tight girdles :i* !y we>1 r5d] !m small r\nd ! lo9s2 !y h full broad *e/s1 long necks1 long oval faces ) prom95t *eek bones1 & flat rais$ =eheads1 ar*$ eyebr[s1 blue or hazel 7r>ely q black7 lively eyes1 ?9 /raight noses1 ?9 b op5 no/rils1 & small m\?s furni%$ ) good tee?4 ,_! complexions are :ite 9 y\?1 b become t+$ a dusky hue 9 old age4 ,! ,,kelts 7or ,celts7 7 ! =m] inhabitants ( bo? ,france & ,engl&1 !y are n[ to be f\nd *iefly 9 ,irel& & ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 & are call$ ,gaelic ,celts2 ! ,engli% are a mixture ( ^! ) ,saxon & ,g]man1 b /ill reta9 a good deal ( ! blood ( ! ,celts2 9 ,wales ! ,celts are d]iv$ f ! anci5t ,briti% bran*4 ,! ,engli% reta9 m ( ! ,g]manic language1 :ile ! ,wel% reta9 mo/ ( ! orig9al ,briti%2 ! ,fr5* are ,celtic mix$ ) ,roman1 & h !re=e a great admixture ( ,lat9 9 _! language4 ,! ,kelts appe> to h be5 a race above ! usual height1 ) r$ or light hair1 ruddy complexion1 & ( a fi]ce & impetu\s disposition4 ,! ,,greeks & ,,lat9s4--,( ?is /ock1 ! inhabitants ( ,italy & ,greece are ! pure/ desc5dants1 b x is ext5d$ ) m or less contam9ation to ,spa9 & ! ,danubian ,pr9cipalities4 ,italy 0 probably ! orig9al seat ( bo? races4 ,! ,,s>matians4--,?is /ock inhabits ,russia1 ,pol&1 ,bohemia1 ,hung>y1 & ,s]via1 all speak+ ! ,sclavonic languages4 ,! ,,g]mans4--,?is race inhabits ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,norway1 & its imm$iate bran* ! ,engli%1 =m+ ! ,anglo-,saxon family1 are ext5d$ to ,am]ica1 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 & o!r p>ts ( ! _w by colonisation4 ,dr4 ,pick]+ calls ! ,european race ,arabian1 & makes x ext5d ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe1 ,india1 ,arabia1 & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,africa1 believ+ all ^! to h be5 d]iv$ f ! same /ock1 & =m+ v>iations ( ! same family4 ,! language spok5 by ! ,europeans ( all classes has be5 call$ ,indo-,european1 h5ce ,pick]+ classes ) !m ! ,hebrews1 ,arm5ians1 ,p>sees1 & _m m1 all d]iv$ f a /ock suppos$ to h migrat$ f ,asia into ,europe & ,africa4 ,! ,,abyss9ian4--,?is race inhabits ! table l&s ( ,abyss9ia1 & its ext5sion into ! int]ior4 ,dr4 ,pick]+ ?us describes ! appe>ance ( ?ree individuals ( ?is race :om he met at ,s+apore-- ,illu/ration3 ,,abyss9ian4 ,! hair 0 mu* alike 9 all ?ree1 & 0 crisp$ & f9e1 nei!r co>se en\gh nor 9 suffici5t quantity to =m a resi/+ mass4 ,! be>d ( "o individual 0 9 pellets absolutely l ! close wool ( ! ,negro1 b ! prom95ce ( nose1 great] ev5 ?an usually occurs 9 ! :ite race1 bore suffici5t te/imony to 8 purity ( desc5t4 ,! second individual _h ! face v mu* elongat$1 b ! nose 0 n p>ticul>ly prom95t4 ,! ?ird _h a /raight] be>d1 :i* 0 black & grey 9 regul> /ripes4 ,! complexion 0 ! same 9 all ?ree1 & ?\gh v light1 0 by no means ( a sickly hue1 & inde$ ^! p]sons might readily h be5 pass$ 9 ! /reets z belong+ to ! :ite race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mongolian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,esquimaux4 ,! ,,mongolian race1 accord+ to ,pick]+1 includes ! inhabitants ( "p ( ,*9a & all ! nor?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,asia1 also ! aborig9es ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) ! exception ( a tract ( l& on ! s\?-we/]n coa/1 includ+ :at is n[ ,cali=nia1 & "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is race is probably ! mo/ num]\s 9 ! _w4 ,! complexion ( ! ,mongolian is decid$ly yell[i% br[n1 b r pale )al 7x is well se5 9 ! ,*9ese72 ! head is flatt5$ f be=e to beh9d1 & exp&$ f side to side1 s t 9 "s well-m>k$ cases ! head is z broad z x is long1 ! eyes are drawn upw>ds at ! out] angles1 & appe> wide ap>t1 f ! inn] angle1 be+ b little prolong$ inw>ds1 ! *eek-bones are prom95t2 ! eyes black1 & ! hair black & /raight4 ,! be/ specim5s ( ?is family are ! ,t>t>s & ,*9ese4 ,! ,*9ese are highly skilful 9 mo/ ( ! useful arts1 especially 9 agriculture4 ,_! hi/ory ext5ds v f> back1 & probably ! longe/ s]ies ( record$ ev5ts 9 exi/5ce1 be+ cont9u\s = a p]iod ( ab\t #d1jjj ye>s1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t !y h be5 9 a /ate ( civilisation ne>ly ! same z !y are at ! pres5t "t4 ,! aborig9al tribes ( ,am]ica belong to ?is family4 ,dr4 ,la?am d]ives _! orig9 f ! ,esquimaux 7or ,eskemo71 & _! migration f nor?-ea/]n ,asia1 ,kams*atka1 & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 to ! ea/]n or ,pacific %ores ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,*9ese & ,t>t>s are ( a decid$ly yell[ t9t4 ,! ,am]icans are ( a d>k copp]-col\r$ hue1 h5ce _! designation ,r$ ,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,indian4 ,! ,,hott5tot4 ,?is race inhabits ! s\? ( ,africa1 & p>ts ext5d+ !nce into ! int]ior2 !y are ( a yell[i%-br[n complexion1 small 9 /ature1 ) hair consi/+ ( small black knobs ( a crisp sort ( wool1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 su* a way t ! sk9 ( ! head may be di/9ctly se5 betwe5 !m4 ,!y are /rictly nomadic1 sc>cely ev] rema9+ 9 any fix$ spot1 b foll[+ ! animals !y hunt & kill = food1 ^u ! fle% ( :i*1 ) a few roots1 !y live4 ,dr4 ,liv+/one d5ies t !y are v small 9 /ature2 speak+ ( ! ,bu%m51 a tribe ( ! ,hott5tot family1 he says3--,!y are ! only real nomads 9 ! c\ntry1 !y nev] cultivate ! soil1 nor re> any dome/ic animals1 save wret*$ dogs2 !y are s intimately acqua9t$ ) ! habits ( ! game1 t !y foll[ !m 9 _! migrations f place to place1 & prey ^u !m1 & ?us prove z complete a *eck ^u _! inord9ate increase z ! o!r c>nivora4 ,! *ief subsi/5ce ( ! ,bu%m5 is ! fle% ( game1 b t is ek$ out by :at ! wom5 collect ( roots1 beans1 or fruits ( ! des]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hott5tot ,,female4 ,illu/ration3 ,,malay4 ,! ,,malay family are a coa/-dwell+ p1 delight+ 9 ! wat]1 & nev] f\nd v f> remov$ f x2 !y inhabit ! s\!rnmo/ coa/ ( ,*9a1 f ,siam s\?w>ds1 & all ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,!y are ( a d>k ri* br[n col\r1 ) /raight1 co>se1 black hair & scanty be>d1 :i* 9 "s is q want+4 ,"s ( ! memb]s ( ?is family are above ! usual /&>d ( height1 su* z ! ,polynesians & ,tahitians4 ,! moral "* ( ! ,malays1 g5]ally speak+1 is ( an inf]ior ord]4 ,!y are a race diff]+ mu*1 9 "s respects1 f ! ,negro & ,r$ ,indian1 be+ ( peculi>ly active temp]am5ts2 !y exhibit consid]able intellectual capacity1 & are an +5i\s p4 ,x is extremely probable1 f ! fact ( _! be+ f\nd 9 isl&s surr\nd$ by o!rs 9 ! h&s ( ! ,e?iopic race1 t !y h pu%$ out ! less active v>iety1 &1 9 %ort1 annihilat$ !m2 & x is likely t !y w 9 turn suff] ext9ction at ! h&s ( a sup]ior v>iety1 or a v>iety r5d]$ sup]ior by civilisation4 ,! ,,papuan race inhabit ! ,feejee ,isl&s & ! coa/s ( ,new ,gu9ea2 !y are almo/ black1 ) a r\gh sk9 & ?ick woolly hair1 :i* gr[s mu* long] ?an 9 ! ,negro1 & :i* !y we> curl$ up s z to =m a resi/+ mass1 & no bad protection aga9/ ! bl[ f a club 7_! national weapon74 ,_! height is above ! av]age ( ,europeans4 ,fi% & yams are _! *ief food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,papuan4 ,! ,,negrillo are ne>ly black 9 col\r1 %ort 9 /ature1 ) project+ jaws & ?ick woolly hair1 ! nose n s flat z ! ,negro1 nor ! lips s ?ick2 !y inhabit ! int]ior ( ,new ,gu9ea & a few isl&s 9 its locality1 ( :i* !y appe> to h be5 ! aborig9es1 ! c5tral p>ts only be+ occupi$ by !m2 ! coa/s are inhabit$ by ! ,papuan & ,malay races1 :o h driv5 ! ,negrillo aborig9es f _! =m] abode to ! c5tral m\nta9s4 ,! ,,indian or ,,tel+an race inhabit ! :ole ( ,h9do/an1 & p>ts ( ,p]sia4 ,! complexion is mu* ! same z 9 ! two prec$+ races 7,negrillo & ,papuan71 & is s decid$ly d>k] ?an 9 ! ,malayan1 t by common cons5t x is call$ black1 al?\gh1 on comp>ison1 ! two diff] widely f t ( ! unmix$ ,negro4 ,! great] "p ( ,h9do/an is1 h[ev]1 inhabit$ by a mix$ race1 p>tly ,p]sian1 p>tly ,arabian4 ,pick]+ describes !m z foll[s3--,! features approximat$ v closely to ^? ( ! ,:ite race1 b 9 g5]al ! m\? appe>$ to be wid]1 ! nose r less prom95t1 & ! lips s5sibly ?ick]4 ,! pr(ile 0 less v]tical ?an 9 ! surr\nd+ ,malays1 ! l[] "p ( ! face project+ ) a regul> ar*1 z 9 ! ,mongolian1 & !re 0 a fur!r correspond5ce ) ! latt] race 9 ! frequ5t in/ances ( ! ar*$ nose4 ,! be>d occurr$ m frequ5tly1 & 0 m copi\s ?an 9 ! ,malay race2 ! hair 0 /raight & f9e1 & ,i h nev] se5 x any o!r col\r ?an black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h9doo4 ,! ,,e?iopians inhabit ! c5tral & nor?-ea/ "p ( ,africa1 ,nubia1 & ! upp] di/ricts ( ! ,nile4 ,!y are black1 b _! features are n f> remov$ f ! ,european1 except 9 ! fulness ( ! lips1 & !y are 9 "s cases extremely h&some4 ,! hair is black & crisp1 b n completely woolly1 & gr[s suffici5tly long to be plait$1 :i* is ! usual mode 9 :i* x is worn by ! females ( ?is race4 ,! ,,au/ralians4--,! natives ( ,au/ralia are q black1 & h ! nose & m\? v wide2 ! lips are ?ick1 b n s mu* s z 9 ! ,negro2 ! hair is black & curly1 b n woolly2 ! eyes are v small1 deeply set1 black1 & ke52 ! l[] "p ( ! face does n project l t ( ! ,negro4 ,^! make a wide di/9ction betwe5 ! two races1 al?\gh !y h be5 conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,au/ralian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,negro4 ,! ,,negro4--,?is race appe>s to diff] f ! ,european m ?an any o!r4 ,! sk9 ( ! ,negro is q black & %9+1 ! hair black1 closely crisp$ into a sort ( wool1 & nev] gr[+ to any great l5g?2 !y h b little be>d1 ! nose is flat & broad1 & ! lips v ?ick & protrud+1 z is also ! :ole l[] "p ( ! face2 ! front tee? also project outw>ds1 & ! :ole cont\r ( ! face & head is backw>ds1 =m+ a gradually rec$+ outl9e4 ,!y inhabit ! int]ior & ea/]n p>ts ( ,africa conjo9tly ) ! ,hott5tot4 ,! prec$+ is a slight outl9e ( ! v>i\s races ( m5 :i* inhabit ! e>?2 _! numb]s are 9 ! gross some:]e ab\t a ?\s& millions1 & x has be5 comput$ z foll[s1 be>+ 9 m9d t ^! numb]s are b a rude approximation to tru?3-- ,european #cej1jjj1jjj ,mongolian #djj1jjj1jjj ,malay #ajj1jjj1jjj ,tel+an #hj1jjj1jjj ,negro #ej1jjj1jjj ,e?iopian #aj1jjj1jjj ,abyss9ian #cj1jjj1jjj ,papuan #c1jjj1jjj ,negrillo #c1jjj1jjj ,au/ralian #ejj1jjj ,hott5tot #ejj1jjj ,9 exam9+ ! v>i\s tribes ( animat$ nature1 !re is "o great fact :i* impresses itself irresi/ibly ^u our m9ds1 namely1 t !y all =m ! h&iwork ( "o ,creator1 & ,8 ,autograph is /amp$ ev]y:]e4 ,8 c>e is also %[n 9 ! way 9 :i* animals are made to fe$ on all k9ds ( organic matt]s1 & on ea* o!r2 ?is has be5 ! means ( economis+ all ! nutrim5t :i* exi/s on ! e>?1 =1 al?\gh x may n always be app>5t1 yet !re is n a scrap or crumb ev] wa/$ 9 nature2 n a decay$ leaf or blade ( grass1 n a leg ( a fly1 nor ! w+ ( a gnat1 nor any "p or portion ( organic matt]1 f ! smalle/ animalcule to ! huge c>cass ( ! dead elephant1 or ! trunk ( ! giant p9e tree :i* ! hurricane has uproot$1 b =ms a fea/ = "s ( ! small] tribes ( animat$ be+s !re plac$ by ,provid5ce to eat x4 ,millions ( ^!1 aft] dev\r+ ! wa/e-matt]s ( organic exi/5ce1 :e!r emb$d$ 9 ! soil or else:]e 7n accessible to l>g] creatures71 !mselves =m ! food = creatures ( l>g] gr[?1 z birds1 fi%es1 c42 ^! aga9 =m ! food ( ,man1 s t ,,no?+ ,,is ,,wa/$4 ,,! ,,end4 ,clo?1 ,gilt1 ,price ,five ,%ill+s4 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,outl9es ,,( ,,creation4 ,,! ,,boy',s ,,book ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,in=mation4 ,,by ,,eli%a ,,noyce4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,outl9es ,,( ,,creation4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,?ree ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sixty-,,five ,,engrav+s1 ,,by ,,! ,,bro!rs ,,dalziel4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,exam9]1 ,july #c4 #aheh4 ,?is book conta9s a brief & v cle> summ>y ( in=mation = "y read]s ^u ! natural products us$ 9 ! arts1 & ! arts by :i* !y are conv]t$ to ,man's use4 ,x tells ! ma9 facts t relate to e manufacture1 & describes ! v>i\s k9ds ( app>atus & ma*9]y--*a9s1 cranks1 valves1 :eels1 /eam & o!r eng9es1 fire-arms1 /ills1 !rmomet]s & b>omet]s1 pl\ghs1 ?ra%+-ma*9es1 c41 z well z ! m notable k9ds ( eng9e]+ "w4 ,to make ! brief descriptions z effectual z full ones1 !y are v freely illu/rat$ ) good woodcuts by ! ,bro!rs ,dalziel4 ,:atev] is describ$ is %[n n only by plans & diagrams1 b frequ5tly also by little pictures t are v int]e/+ & effective4 ,! illu/rations1 we %\ld add1 are n copies ( copies1 b new & direct sket*es f ! ?+s !y repres5t4 ,among ef=ts to produce *eap volumes ( useful in=mation = ! "y1 we acc\nt ?is "o ( ! mo/ successful4 ,art ,j\rnal1 ,augu/4 ,?is is j ! book to place 9 ! h&s ( an intellig5t boy or girl--= :y %\ld ! useful in=mation x conta9s be limit$ to sex8--:o desires to "k some?+ ab\t ^? ?+s f :i* s mu* ( 8 com=t & enjoym5t is d]iv$4 ,e y\? 9 ,prussia1 :atev] be 8 condition--! pr9ce & ! peasant alike--is1 we believe1 compell$ by ! laws :i* apply 9 t c\ntry to education1 to le>n "s trade or h&icraft4 ,mr4 ,noyce's book w s]ve to initiate e boy 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom :o reads x1 into ! !oretical art & my/]y ( ! mat]ial & manufactur+ _w4 ,he divides 8 tea*+s into six sections1 "u ! respective heads ( ,natural ,products1 ,manufactur$ ,products1 ,products ( ,skill$ ,lab\r1 ,arts & ,trade ,processes1 ,app>atus & ,ma*9]y1 & ,eng9e]+ ,works1 br++ into notice m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty diff]5t subjects4 ,! explanations & descriptions are1 z !y %\ld be1 simple & unte*nical1 z f> z possible2 concise1 yet suffici5tly demon/rative2 a multum 9 p>vo1 to :i* ,messrs4 ,dalziel's cle> & well-execut$ engrav+s give great additional value4 ,su* a volume is wor? a hundr$ /ory-books z a pres5t to ! juv5iles4 ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 ,july #c4 ,?is "w1 by ,eli%a ,noyce1 ) #cfe illu/rations by ! ,bro!rs ,dalziel1 is calculat$ to d mu* good4 ,! object is n only to please1 b to in/ruct2 &1 al?\gh writt5 o/5sibly = ! "y1 x may be read ) advantage by all :o desire to possess a k ( ?+s 9 ev]yday use4 ,! in=mation ?r\gh\t is convey$ 9 a cle> & und]/&able =m2 ?is1 comb9$ ) its pictures on e page1 is well calculat$ to make ! m9d famili> ) _m objects t z a rule h hi!rto be5 b imp]fectly realis$ to ! "y4 ,! book is admirably adapt$ to assi/ ^? :o are ab\t to make *oice ( an occupation1 & ?is ( itself w\ld make x a welcome addition to ! num]\s works writt5 = ! in=mation & guidance ( ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,! book is publi%$ by ,w>d & ,lock4 ,dispat*1 ,july #d4 ,!re is really a great deal to recomm5d ?is book to ! att5tion ( ! public z "o especially adapt$ = ! ent]ta9m5t & ! in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,! subjects !mselves embrace ! :ole arcana ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 ! m9]al & vegetable products ( ! e>?1 _! prop]ties1 manufacture1 & v>i$ conv]tibility to ! s]vice & uses ( man4 ,?ree hundr$ & sixty-five fir/-class engrav+s1 f ! p5cils ( ! ,bro!rs ,dalziel1 & mo/ ( ^! be+ illu/rative ( ! f9i%$ ma*9]y ( ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 & drawn by p]mission ( ! au?orities1 add to ! value ( ! matt] incorporat$ 9 ^! pages1 :ile 9 almo/ all o!r =ms ! indu/rial arts1 ) _! v>i$ app>atus & ma*9]y1 are ably & fully describ$4 ,x is a true ,boy's ,book1 & m]its ! ample/ circulation possible = x to atta94 ,daily ,telegraph1 ,july #bj4 ,! title ( ,mr4 ,noyce's book suffici5tly expla9s its object1 & we h only to say t x answ]s its purpose4 ,x is cle>ly & amus+ly writt51 & embraces a l>ge v>iety ( useful subjects1 :i* x treats 9 a full1 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 a concise mann]4 ,! book is illu/rat$ ) ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five excell5t engrav+s by ! ,bro!rs ,dalziel4 ,le$s ,times1 ,july #ca4 ,! au?or's object 9 ! elegant-look+ issue be=e u1 z describ$ by himself1 is to convey to ! y\?ful read] a k ( ! mat]ials1 processes1 & app>atus made use ( 9 ! v>i\s examples ( indu/ry & skill con/antly be=e our eyes4 ,no few] ?an #cfe wood-cuts by ! ,bro!rs ,dalziel are appropriately int]sp]s$ ) ! lett]press1 ?us enabl+ ! read] to cle>ly und]/& :at o!rwise w\ld ( necessity1 9 "s cases1 be almo/ incompreh5sible4 ,! "w is cle>ly & ably writt51 & ev5 ! intellig5t adult mu/ possess a l>ge fund ( g5]al k :o c tru?fully affirm t he has d]iv$ no in=mation f its pages4 ,norfolk ,news1 ,aug4 #g4 ,! title ( ,! ,boy's ,book has be5 appli$ to m ?an "o1 two1 or ?ree subjects2 b to none m appropriately ?an to ?is1 :i* is really & truly ,! ,boy's ,book ( ,useful ,k4 ,! au?or has obs]v$ ! happy m$ium ( say+ nei!r too little nor too mu*--( nei!r we>y+ ! pati5ce ( 8 "y read]s by long & ne$less details1 nor ( disappo9t+ _! curiosity by unnecess>ily brief & insuffici5t descriptions4 ,if we are n greatly mi/ak51 ! book w soon become a g5]al favorite ) ! "y1 & we %\ld /rongly recomm5d x z a text-book ( g5]al in=mation to ,educational e/abli%m5ts4 ,x is beautifully got up1 & its value is consid]ably enhanc$ by ! sup]ior wood engrav+s ( ! ,bro!rs ,dalziel1 :i* speak ! language ( explanation z pla9ly to ! eye z does ! lett]press to ! und]/&+4 ,,london3 ,,w>d ,,lock1 #aeh1 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ except 9 obvi\s cases ( typographical errors :i* h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,italics are %[n ?us italic4 ,! repetition ( ! title on ! fir/ two pages has be5 remov$4