----------------------------------------
-    ,transcrib]'s note3      ,hi]oglyph
 scripts are %[n z ,h &    ,old ,engli% 
text is surr\nd$ by  sign4              
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-    ,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptian ,,doctr9e  
,,( ,,immortality4    ,illu/ration3 ,see
 p4 #fd4            ,,!    ,,anci5t     
,,egyptian ,,doctr9e    ,,( ,,!         
,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l      ,,by   
,,alfr$ ,,wi$emann1 ,d4,,ph4            
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,languages    
,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,bonn         
,,au?or ,,(    8,,gyptis*e ,,ges*i*te10 
8,,die ,,religion ,,d] ,,alt5 ,,gypt]10 
8,,h]odot',s ,,zweites ,,bu*0      ,)   
,tw5ty-"o ,illu/rations      ,,london   
,h4 ,,grevel  ,,co4    #cc1 ,,k+        
,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,w4,c4    #ahie
      ,pr9t$ by ,hazell ,watson1 4      
,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury4      
,,preface4    ,9 writ+ ?is treatise my  
object has be5 to give a cle> exposition
  ( ! mo/ important %ape :i* ! doctr9e (
 immortality assum$  9 ,egypt4 ,?is     

p>ticul> =m ( ! doctr9e 0 only "o ( _m  
diff]5t ones t 7 held4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 
7 b occasional  manife/ations1 :]eas !  
sy/em "h treat$ ( 0 ! popul>  belief    
among all classes ( ! ,egyptian p1 f    
e>ly to ,coptic  times4 ,by f> ! great] 
"p ( ! religi\s papyri & tomb texts  & (
 ! inscriptions ( fun]>y /el are devot$ 
to x2 !  symbolism ( ne>ly all ! amulets
 is connect$ ) x2 x 0 b\nd  up ) !      
practice ( mummify+ ! dead2 & x c5tr$ 9 
!  p]son ( ,osiris1 ! mo/ popul> ( all !
 gods ( ,egypt4    ,ev5 9 ,pyramid times
 ,osiris _h already atta9$ pre-em95ce2  
he  ma9ta9$ ?is position ?r\gh\t ! :ole 
duration ( ,egyptian  national life1 &  
ev5 surviv$ its fall4 ,f ! f\r? c5tury  
,b4,c4  he1 toge!r ) 8 companion        
deities1 ent]$ into ! religi\s  life ( !
 ,greeks2 & homage 0 paid to him by     
imp]ial ,rome4  ,?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread?
 ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ev5 to !  remote/  
prov9ces ( ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e1 alt>s 7 
rais$ to  him1 to 8 wife ,isis1 & to 8  
son ,h>pocrates2 & :]ev] 8  wor%ip      

spread1 x c>ri$ ) x t doctr9e (         
immortality :i*  0 associat$ ) 8 "n4    
,?is ,osirian doctr9e influ5c$ !  sy/ems
 ( ,greek philosoph]s2 x made itself    
felt 9 ! tea*+s  ( ! ,gno/ics2 we f9d   
traces ( x 9 ! writ+s ( ,*ri/ian        
apologi/s & ! old] fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 &   
?r\gh _!  ag5cy x has affect$ ! ?\ghts &
 op9ions ( our own "t4    ,! cause ( ?is
 f>-rea*+ influ5ce lies bo? 9 ! doctr9e 
itself1 :i* 0 at once ! mo/ pr(\nd & !  
mo/ attractive (  all ! tea*+s ( !      
,egyptian religion2 & also 9 ! com=t  & 
consolation to be d]iv$ f ! pa!tically  
human /ory ( its  f\nd]1 ,osiris4 ,he1 !
 son ( ! gods1 _h soj\rn$ ^u e>? &      
be/[$ ^u m5 ! bless+s ( civilisation4   
,at l5g? he fell a  prey to ! devices ( 
! ,wick$ ,"o1 & 0 sla94 ,b ! triumph  ( 
evil & ( dea? 0 only app>5t3 ! "w (     
,osiris endur$1 &  8 son foll[$ 9 8     
foot/eps & broke ! p[] ( evil4 ,nei!r   
_h 8 be+ end$ ) dea?1 = on dy+ he _h    
pass$ into !  _w to come1 h5ce=? to     
reign ov] ! dead z 8,! ,good ,be+40     

,ev5 z ,osiris1 s mu/ ea* man die1 no   
matt] h[ noble & h[ godly  8 life2      
nev]!less 8 de$s %\ld be e/abli%$ = ev]1
 8  "n %\ld endure1 & ! life :i* is     
et]nal await$ him beyond  ! tomb4 ,to ! 
,egyptian1 nature on e h& pres5t$ images
 (  ! life ( ,osiris4 ,to him t life 0  
reflect$ 9 ! /ruggle  betwe5 good &     
evil1 9 ! conte/ betwe5 ! f]tilis+ ,nile
 &  ! encroa*+ des]t1 no less ?an 9 !   
daily & ye>ly c\rses  ( ! sun4 ,9 e>li] 
times ,osiris 0 occasionally conf\nd$ ) 
! ,sun god2 lat]1 ! two deities 7       
habitually m]g$ 9 "o  ano!r4 ,! dea? &  
resurrection ( ,osiris occurr$ at ! end 
(  ! mon? ,khoiak-t is to say1 at ! w9t]
 sol/ice1 concurr5tly  ) ! dy+ ( ! ,sun 
( ! ,old ,ye> & ! ris+ ( ! ,sun (  !    
,new4 ,! new pho5ix 0 suppos$ to make 8 
appe>ance 9 ,m>*2  & ?is bird1 al?\gh   
usually associat$ ) ! ,sun1 0 (t5       
repres5tative ( ,osiris4 ,& ! epi!ts &  
titles ( ! ,sun god  7 simil>ly be/[$ ^u
 ,osiris4    ,all ! ,osirian doctr9es 7 
readily appreh5d$ 9 spite ( _!  deep    

import1 & !y /eadily t5d$ t[>ds !       
evolution ( a high  =m ( mono!i/ic      
belief4 ,to no close /ud5t ( ^! doctr9es
 c  ! fact seem /range t ,egypt %\ld h  
be5 ! fir/ c\ntry 9  :i* ,*ri/ianity    
p]meat$ ! :ole body ( ! p4 ,! ,egyptian 
c\ld recognise 8 old beliefs 9 _m a     
,*ri/ian !me1 & s mu*  did ! figure (   
,*ri/ rem9d him ( ,osiris & 8 son       
,horus1 t  to him ,*ri/ became a h]o :o 
trav]s$ ! ,nile valley ev5 z ,horus  _h 
done1 ov]com+ ,8 enemies1 ! evil demons 
& ! wick$4 ,9  ,egypt ! ,osirian fai? & 
dogma 7 ! precursors ( ,*ri/ianity1  !  
f\ndations ^u :i* x 0 able to build2 &1 
altoge!r ap>t  f _! intr9sic wor? &     
f>-rea*+ influ5ce1 x is ?is :i*         
con/itutes _! significance 9 ! hi/ory ( 
! _w4    ,= ! *oice ( ! illu/rations1 z 
well z = ! ,engli%  v]sion1 ,i am       
gratefully indebt$ to my translator4    
,,alfr$ ,,wi$emann4    ,bonn1 ,m>*      
#ahie4            ,,!    ,,anci5t       
,,egyptian ,,doctr9e    ,,( ,,!         
,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4    ,little 

z we "k ( ! anci5t ,egyptian religion 9 
its entirety1  & ( its motley mixture ( 
*ildi%ly crude feti*ism & deep          
philosophic ?\ght1 ( sup]/ition & true  
religi\s wor%ip1 (  poly!ism1 h5o!ism1 &
 pan!ism1 "o dogma /&s out cle>ly  f ?is
 confusion1 "o article ( belief to :i* !
 ,egyptian  religion owes its unique    
position among all o!r religions (      
antiquity-! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! 
human s\l4 ,x is  true t o!r anci5t     
religions atta9$ to a simil> dogma1 = ! 
belief 0 e>ly develop$ among ,semites1  
,indo-,g]manians1 ,turanians1  &        
,mongolians2 b 9 all ^! cases x appe>s z
 ! outcome ( a  high] conception ( man &
 ,god & ( _! reciprocal relation%ip1  &1
 :5 atta9$ to1 br\ght ab\t ! ab&onm5t ( 
grossly  mat]ial =ms ( ?\ght4 ,b 9      
,egypt we h ! unique spectacle  ( "o ( !
 mo/ elaborat$ =ms ( ! doctr9e (        
immortality  side by side ) ! mo/       
elem5t>y conception ( high] be+s  ev]   
=mulat$ by any p4 ,we d n "k :e!r !     
belief 9  immortality :i* prevail$ 9 !  

valley ( ! ,nile is z old z !  ,egyptian
 religion 9 g5]al1 al?\gh at fir/ sight 
x appe>s to be  s4 ,! olde/ ( ! long]   
religi\s texts :i* h come d[n to u  are 
f\nd 9 ! wall inscriptions ( pyramids ( 
k+s ( ! ,fif?  & ,six? ,dyna/ies        
7accord+ to ,mane?o's s*eme ( !         
dyna/ies71  & mu/ be dat$ to at lea/    
#cjjj ,b4,c4 ,9 ^! texts ! doctr9e  (   
immortality appe>s z a complet$ sy/em ) 
a long hi/ory (  developm5t beh9d x4    
,9 t sy/em1 all ! /ages ?r\gh :i* ?is   
doctr9e ( !  ,egyptian religion _h      
successively pass$ are pres]v$2 = !     
,egyptians 7 s immod]ately cons]vative 9
 ev]y?+ t !y  c\ld n make up _! m9ds to 
give up _! old ideas ( deity1  ev5 aft] 
hav+ advanc$ to high] & pur] ones4 ,!   
old] ideas  7 all c>efully reta9$1 & we 
f9d v>i\s sy/ems ( religion  :i* 9 po9t 
( "t _h foll[$ ea* o!r on ,egyptian soil
  aft]w>ds exi/+ side by side4 ,!re is  
no trace ( any /ruggle =  ! victory     
betwe5 ^! sy/ems2 ea* new ord] ( ?\ght 0
 tak5  z x arose into ! circle ( ! old] 

ones1 h[ev] het]og5e\s x  might be to ! 
re/4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t 9 ,egypt !re 0 no
  religi\s progress 9 our s5se ( ! t]m4 
,) u x is ess5tial  t old & outworn =ms 
( belief %\ld be ca/ (f2 ) !m a  new    
doctr9e c\ld a*ieve no great] success   
?an to w9 a place among  ! old]         
conceptions ( ! ,egyptian ,pan!on4      
,ea* s+le div9ity1 ea* religi\s belief1 
ea* amulet1 has 9 itself  a cle> &      
intelligible significance2 & :]e ?is is 
app>5tly  o!rwise x is n because ! po9t 
0 obscure to ! ,egyptian  m9d1 b because
 we h n yet succe$$ 9 mak+ x cle> to    
ourselves4 ,:5 we ab&on ! consid]ation (
 s+le po9ts & try  to imag9e h[ !       
diff]5t deta*$ notions 7 comb9$ by !  p 
into "o belief1 & :at picture !y _h     
really =m$ (  _! ,heav5 & ,pan!on--!n we
 h set ourselves an impossible  task4   
,_m div9ities h precisely ! same "* &   
p]=m !  same functions2 :ole circles (  
ideas are mutually exclusive2 yet all   
exi/$ toge!r & 7 accept$ & believ$ 9 at 
"o & ! same  "t4    ,9 ^! circum/ances  

any discussion ( ,egyptian religi\s     
ideas mu/  beg9 by deal+ ) isolat$      
facts2 ea* div9ity1 ea* idea1 ea*       
smalle/ amulet mu/ be c>efully exam9$ by
 itself & treat$ (  9 ! light ( ! texts 
specially ref]r+ to x4 ,g5]ations (     
,egyptians pond]$ on ea* s+le po9t seek+
 to elucidate x4 ,)  anxi\s fe> prie/s &
 laym5 /rove to acquire ! use ( all !   
=mul by ! help ( :i* man hop$ to appease
 ! gods1 ov]come  demons1 & atta9 to    
bliss1 & all s\ght to provide !mselves )
  e amulet possess+ efficacy = ! _w to  
come & import =  man's et]nal welf>e4 ,b
 great z mu/ h be5 ! exp5diture (  ?\ght
 :i* produc$ & develop$ _! v>i\s        
religi\s doctr9es1  ! ,egyptians nev]   
succe$$ 9 weld+ _! diff]5t beliefs &    
practices into "o consi/5t :ole4    ,9  
mo/ religions ! gods ( life are di/9ct f
 ! gods (  dea?1 b su* a di/9ction      
sc>cely exi/$ at all 9 ,egypt1 ,!re  !  
same be+s :o 7 suppos$ to det]m9e ! fate
 ( man 9 ?is  _w 7 suppos$ to det]m9e x 
also 9 ! _w to come2 only 9  ! case (   

c]ta9 deities sometimes ! "o & sometimes
 ! o!r  side ( ! div9e activity 0 br\ght
 into special prom95ce4 ,!  ex]cise ( _!
 diff]5t functions by ! gods 0 n 9      
accordance  ) any fix$ und]ly+ pr9ciple1
 0 n any ess5tial outcome (  _! *>act]s1
 b r a matt] ( _! caprice & incl9ation4 
,9 c\rse ( "t ! ,egyptian idea ( ^!     
functions *ang$1 &  0 v>i\sly appreh5d$ 
9 diff]5t places4 ,x seems to u at fir/ 
z ?\gh ! relation ( ! gods to ! life    
beyond _h ne>ly  ev]y:]e be5 reg>d$ z m 
important ?an _! relation to ?is  life4 
,b ?is impression is ow+ to ! fact t our
 mat]ial =  ! /udy ( ! ,egyptian        
religion is almo/ exclusively d]iv$ f   
tombs & fun]>y temples1 :ile ! numb] (  
,egyptian monum5ts  unconnect$ ) ! cult 
( ! dead is comp>atively small4    ,on  
?is acc\nt x has be5 suppos$ t bo? 9 _! 
religion &  9 _! public life !          
,egyptians turn$ all _! ?\ghts t[>ds    
dea? & :at lay beyond x4 ,b a close     
exam9ation ( ! monum5ts  has prov$ t !y 
_h z full an enjoym5t ( ! life "h z o!r 

nations ( antiquity1 & t !y are n to be 
reg>d$ z a /iff  & spiritless race ( m5 
^: ?\ghts 7 p$antically turn$  t[>ds !  
contemplation ( ! next _w4    ,_h ?is   
be5 ! case1 ! ,egyptians w\ld h come to 
hold a  pessimi/ic view ( ! life "h &   
h]eaft] some?+ l t  prevail+ 9 ,india1 &
 h /riv5 to escape f ! monotony &       
dulness ( exi/5ce by seek+ "s means to  
end x4 ,b ?is is !  rev]se ( :at happ5$ 
9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! mo/ ard5t  wi% 
( its inhabitants 0 to rema9 on e>? z   
long z possible1  to atta9 to ! age ( "o
 hundr$ & t5 ye>s1 & to cont9ue to  lead
 aft] dea? ! same life :i* !y _h be5    
wont to lead :ile  "h4 ,!y pictur$ !    
aft]-life 9 ! mo/ mat]ial fa%ion2 !y    
c\ld imag9e no fair] exi/5ce ?an t :i*  
!y l$ on ! banks  ( ! ,nile4 ,h[ simple 
& at ! same "t h[ complicat$ 7  _!      
conceptions c be/ be %[n by "s acc\nt ( 
_! ideas on  ! immortality ( ! s\l & its
 con/itution z a comb9ation (  sep>ate  
p>ts set =? 9 anci5t ,egyptian docum5ts4
    ,:5 once a man 0 dead1 :5 8 he>t _h 

ceas$ to beat &  w>m? _h left 8 body1 a 
lifeless hull 0 all t rema9$ (  him ^u  
e>?4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! survivors 0 to    
pres]ve ?is  f de/ruction1 & to t end x 
0 h&$ ov] to a guild ^:  duty x 0 to    
c>ry out its embalmm5t "u prie/ly       
sup]vision4  ,?is 0 done accord+ to old 
& /rictly e/abli%$ rules4 ,!  int]nal & 
m corruptible p>ts 7 tak5 away1 & ! re/ 
(  ! body--i4e41 ! bony framework & its 
cov]+--0 soak$ 9  natron & asphalt1     
sme>$ ) sweet-smell+ ungu5ts1 & made    
incorruptible4 ,! inside ( ! body 0     
fill$ ) l95 b&ag+  & asphalt1 among :i* 
7 plac$ all k9ds ( amulets symbolis+    
immortality-he>t-%ap$ vases1 snake-heads
 9 c>nelian1 sc>abi1  & little glaz$-w>e
 figures ( div9ities4 ,by _! my/ic p[]  
^! amulets 7 int5d$ to fur!r & assi/ !  
pres]vation  ( ! corpse1 = :i* physical 
provision _h already be5 made by        
embalmm5t4 ,9 ab\t sev5ty days1 :5 ! "w 
( embalmm5t 0  complet$1 ! body 0 wrapp$
 9 l95 b&ages1 plac$ 9 a c(f91  & s     
return$ to ! family4    ,! fri5ds &     

relatives ( ! deceas$ !n c>ri$ ! dead 9 
solemn procession across ! riv] to 8 la/
 re/+-place1 :i*  he _h provid$ =       
himself 9 ! hills =m+ ! we/]n b\nd>y  ( 
! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,m\rn+-wom5         
accompani$ ! procession  ) _! wail+2    
prie/s burnt inc5se & inton$ pray]s1 &  
o!r prie/s made (f]+s & p]=m$ my/]i\s   
c]emonies bo?  dur+ ! procession & at ! 
entrance to ! tomb4#a ,! mummy 0  !n    
l[]$ into ! vault1 :i* 0 clos$ & wall$  
up1 fur!r  (f]+s 7 made1 & aft]w>ds !   
m\rn]s p>took ( ! fun]al  fea/ 9 !      
ante-*amb] ( ! tomb4 ,h>p]s 7 !re :o    
sang (  ! dead man & ( 8 wor?1 & exhort$
 8 relations to =get  _! grief & aga9 to
 rejoice 9 life1 s long z x %\ld be     
grant$ unto !m to enjoy ! light ( ! sun2
 = :5 life is  pa/ man kn[s n :at %all  
foll[ x2 beyond ! grave is d>kness  &   
long sleep4 ,gay] & gay] grew ! banquet1
 (t5 deg5]at+  into an orgy2 :5 at l5g? 
all ! gue/s _h )drawn1 ! tomb  0 clos$1 
& ! dead 0 left alone4 ,aft]w>ds x 0    
only on  c]ta9 fea/ days t ! relatives  

made pilgrimages to ! city (  ! dead1   
sometimes alone & sometimes accompani$  
by prie/s4 ,on  ^! occasions !y aga9    
ent]$ ! ante-*amb] ( ! tomb1 &  !re (f]$
 pray]s to ! dead1 or br\ght him (f]+s1 
ei!r 9  ! %ape ( real foods & dr9ks1 or 
else "u ! symbolic =ms  ( little clay   
models ( ox51 geese1 cakes ( bread1 & ! 
l4  ,o!rwise ! tomb rema9$ unvisit$4 ,h[
 x !re f>$ ) ! dead  c\ld only be le>n$ 
f ! doctr9es & my/]ies ( religion2 to   
desc5d into ! vault & di/urb ! peace ( !
 mummy 0 acc\nt$  a heavy crime aga9/   
bo? gods & m54    ,& yet h[ mu* an      
,egyptian c\ld h wi%$ to look beh9d !   
seal$ walls ( ! sepul*ral *amb] & see   
:at secret &  my/]i\s ?+s !re befell !  
dead6 ,= _! exi/5ce _h n  t]m9at$ )     
dea?2 _! e>?ly be+ only _h come to an   
end1  b !y !mselves _h ent]$ on a new1 a
 high] & an et]nal  life4 ,! con/itu5t  
p>ts1 ^: union 9 ! man _h made a human  
life possible1 sep>at$ at ! mom5t ( 8   
dea? into ^? :i*  7 immortal & ^? :i* 7 
mortal4 ,b :ile ! latt] =m$  a unity1 & 

con/itut$ ! corruptible body only       
7,illu/ration3  ,h ,,kha71 on :i* !     
above-m5tion$ rites ( embalmm5t 7       
practis$1 ea* ( ! =m] 7 di/9ct ev5 :5 9 
comb9ation4  ,^! 8liv+1 inde/ructible0  
p>ts ( a man1 :i* toge!r almo/          
correspond to our idea ( ! s\l1 _h f\nd 
_! common home 9  8 liv+ body2 b on     
leav+ x at 8 dea? ea* set out alone to  
f9d its own way to ! gods4 ,if all      
succe$$ 9 do+ s1 & x 0  fur!r prov$ t ! 
deceas$ _h be5 good & upright1 !y aga9  
became "o ) him1 & s ent]$ into !       
company ( ! bless$1 or  ev5 ( ! gods4   
,! mo/ important ( all ^! compon5t      
p>ts#b 0 ! s-call$  ,illu/ration3 ,h1   
,,ka1 ! div9e c\nt]p>t ( ! deceas$1     
hold+ ! same relation to him z a ^w to !
 conception :i* x  expresses1 or a /atue
 to ! liv+ man4 ,x 0 8 individuality  z 
embodi$ 9 ! man's "n2 ! picture ( him   
:i* 01 or  might h be51 call$ up 9 !    
m9ds ( ^? :o knew him at !  m5tion ( t  
"n4#c ,among o!r races simil> ?\ghts h  
giv5  rise to high] ideas1 & l$ to a    

philosophic explanation ( !  di/9ction  
betwe5 p]sonalities & p]sons1 su* z t   
conta9$  9 ! ,platonic ,ideas4 ,b !     
,egyptian 0 incapable ( ab/ract  ?\ght1 
& 0 r$uc$ to =m+ a purely concrete      
conception (  ?is individuality1 :i* is 
/rangely impressive by reason ( its     
?or\gh s5su\sness4 ,he end[$ x ) a      
mat]ial =m completely  correspond+ to t 
( ! man1 exactly resembl+ him1 8 second 
self1 8 ,d\ble1 8 ,doppelgng]4#d        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,hat%eps1     
accompani$ by h] ,,ka1 mak+             
p]fume-(f]+s4 7,f ! temple ( ,dr el     
,bahri47#e    ,_m sc5es1 dat+ f !       
eighte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 & onw>ds1        
repres5t diff]5t k+s appe>+ be=e        
div9ities1 :ile beh9d  ! k+ /&s 8 ,,ka1 
z a little man ) ! k+'s features  7fig4 
#a71 or z a /aff ) two h&s 7fig4 #b71f &
 surm\nt$ by  c]ta9 symbols ( royalty1  
or by ! k+'s head4 ,9 ^! sc5es !        
,p]sonality accompanies ! ,p]son1 foll[+
 him z a %ad[ foll[s a  man4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,! ,,ka (      

,rameses ,,ii41 repres5t$ by !  two-h&$ 
/aff1 /&+ beh9d ! k+ :ile he slays 8    
enemies  be=e ,r ,h>makhis4 7,f ,ab     
,simbel47#g    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#c4--;,am5ophis ,,iii4 mak+ (f]+s to 8  
,,ka4  7,f 8 temple at ,soleb47#h    ,b 
ev5 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,am5ophis ,,iii41   
ab\t #aejj ,b4,c41  ! ,egyptians _h     
c>ri$ ! idea /ill fur!r1 & _h completely
  dissev]$ ! ,p]sonality f ! ,p]son1 !  
k+ be+ frequ5tly  repres5t$ z appe>+    
be=e 8 own ,p]sonality1 :i* be>s !      
insignia ( div9ity1 ! /aff ( comm&1 & ! 
symbol ( life1  ! ,illu/ration3 ,h nkh  
7fig4 #c74 ,to x ! k+ pres5ts  (f]+s ( e
 k9d & pref]s 8 petition = gifts ( !    
gods  9 ex*ange ,8 ,p]sonality replies3 
8,i give unto !e all ,life1 all         
,/ability1 all ,p[]1 all ,heal?1 & all  
,joy 7enl>gem5t ( he>t72  ,i subdue = !e
 ! peoples ( ,nubia 7,kh5t71 s t ?\     
maye/  cut (f _! heads40 ,9 bas-reliefs 
( ! same p]iod :i* repres5t  ! bir? (   
,am5ophis ,,iii41#i 8 ,,ka is born at ! 
same "t z !  k+1 & bo? are pres5t$ to   

,am5 ,r1 z two boys exactly alike  7fig4
 #d71 & bless$ by him4 ,ab\t ?is "t !   
k+s began to build  temples to _! own   
,p]sonalities1 & appo9t$ prie/s to !m2  
& f "t to "t ! sov]eign w\ld visit 8    
temple to implore  f himself 8 own      
protection1 & /ill great] gifts4 ,s long
  z ! k+ walk$ ! e>?1 s long 8 8liv+    
,,ka1 "l ( ,upp]  & ,l[] ,egypt1 t>ri$ 9
 8 dwell+1 9 ! ,abode ( ,spl5d\r        
7,illu/ration3 ,h ,pa ,dat702#aj = 8    
,,ka 0 himself1 indep5d5t  ( him1       
sup]ior to him1 & yet 8 c\nt]p>t & b\nd 
up ) him4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,!
 infant k+1 ,am5ophis ,,iii4 & 8 ,,ka1  
pres5t$ to ,am5 ,r1 ! god ( ,!bes1 by   
two ,nile gods1 & by  ,horus4 7,f !     
temple ( ,am5ophis ,,iii41 at           
,luxor47#aa    ,! disjunction ( !       
,p]sonality f ! ,p]son 0 n1 h[ev]1      
rigor\sly & sy/ematically insi/$ ^u2 !  
two 7 inde$  sep>ate1 b 7 s f> "o z to  
come into be+ only ?r\gh &  ) ea* o!r4  
,a man liv$ no long] ?an 8 ,,ka rema9$ )
  him1 & x nev] left him until ! mom5t (

 8 dea?4 ,b !re  0 ?is diff]5ce 9 _!    
reciprocal relations3 ! ,,ka c\ld live  
)\t ! body1 b ! body c\ld n live )\t !  
,,ka4 ,yet ?is  does n imply t ! ,,ka 0 
a high]1 a spiritual be+2 x 0  mat]ial 9
 j ! same way z ! body itself1 ne$+ food
 &  dr9k = its well-be+1 & suff]+ hung] 
& ?ir/ if ^! 7  d5i$ x4 ,9 ?is respect  
its lot 0 ! common lot ( ,egyptian gods2
  !y also requir$ bodily su/5ance1 & 7  
sorely put to x if  (f]+s fail$ !m & _! 
food & dr9k 7 unsuppli$4    ,aft] a     
man's dea? 8 ,,ka became 8 ,p]sonality  
prop]2 pray]s  & (f]+s 7 made to ! gods 
t !y might grant bread &  w9e1 meat &   
milk1 & all good ?+s ne$ful = ! su/5ance
  ( a god to ! ,,ka ( ! deceas$4#ab     
,(f]+s 7 also made to  ! ,,ka itself1 & 
x 0 believ$ t f "t to "t x visit$  !    
tomb 9 ord] to accept ! food !re provid$
 = x4 ,on su*  occasions x became       
incorporate 9 ! mummy1 :i* began to live
 &  gr[ 7,illu/ration3 ,h rd71 or r5ew  
itself z d plants & trees               
7,illu/ration3 ,h r5p71 & became1 z !   

texts occasionally  express x1 8! liv+  
,,ka 9 its c(f940 ,! ri* f\nd$ end[m5ts 
^: rev5ues 7 to be exp5d$ to all "t 9   
provid+ _! ,,kas  ) food (f]+s1 &       
bequea!d c]ta9 sums = ! ma9t5ance (     
prie/s to att5d to ?is2 l>ge /affs (    
(ficials 7 kept up to  provide !        
necess>ies ( life = ! ,p]sonalities ( ! 
dead4#ac  ,! ,,ka 0 repres5t$ by /atues 
( ! dead man :i* 7 plac$  )9 8 tomb1 &  
sometimes 9 temples also by graci\s     
p]mission  ( ! sov]eign4#ad ,:]ev] "o ( 
^! /atues /ood1 !re might  ! ,,ka soj\rn
 & take "p 9 ,fea/s ( ,(f]+s & !        
pleasures  ( e>?ly life2 !re ev5 seems  
to h be5 a belief t x might  be         
imprison$ 9 a /atue by means ( c]ta9    
magic =mul4 ,royal  /atues 9 ! temples 7
 de/9$ to ! use ( ! royal ,,kas1  ! _m  
/atues ( ! same k+ 9 "o temple be+      
app>5tly all  int5d$ = 8 own ,ka        
s]vice4#ae    ,! ,egyptians1 hold+ !    
belief t ! /atue ( a human be+          
repres5t$ & embodi$ a human ,,ka1       
conclud$ t ! /atues (  ! gods repres5t$ 

& embodi$ div9e ,,kas1 & 7 inde$ nei!r  
m nor less ?an ! ,,kas ( ! gods4 ,?us ! 
idea ( div9ity  became entirely         
an?ropomorphic1 &1 j z ! k+ built 8     
temple n to himself b to 8 ,p]sonality1 
s also sanctu>ies 7  sometimes d$icat$ n
 to a god himself b to 8 ,p]sonality4   
,= example1 ! *ief temple ( ,memphis 0 n
 = ! s]vice (  ! god ,ptah1--! mak] ( ! 
_w1 :om ! ,greeks comp>$ to             
,heph/os1--b r = t ( 8 ,,ka4 ,ptah 0 n  
alone among  ! gods 9 ?is respect4 ,!   
pyramid texts %[ t ev5 9 ! times  ( !   
,fif? & ,six? ,dyna/ies ,?ot1 ,set1     
,horus1 & o!r gods 7  recognis$ z hav+  
,,kas2 t is to say1 ea* 0 suppos$ to be 
possess$ ( 8 own ,p]sonality 9 addition 
to himself4#af ,x 0  believ$ t ! div9e  
,,ka1 ?is image :i* _h ! great] lik5ess 
to man1 /ood ne>] to man ?an ! god      
himself1 & h5ce 9 ! case  ( votive /el  
d$icat$ to ! inc>nation ( ,ptah 9 !     
sacr$  ,apis-bull ( ,memphis1 pray] = ! 
div9e fav\r & bless+s is n  z a rule    
address$ to ! ,apis1 b to its ,ka4 ,x is

 a v rem>kable  fact t 9 sev]al         
inscriptions#ag ! god ,r is cr$it$ ) no 
less ?an sev5 ,,bas & f\rte5 ,,kas1     
correspond+ to ! v>i\s  qualities or    
attributes p]ta9+ to 8 own be+1 & :i* he
 c\ld  communicate to ! p]son ( ! k+2   
su* z3 weal?1 /ability1  maje/y1 glory1 
might1 victory1 creative p[]1 etc4#ah   
,?us ! appreh5sion ( ! ,,ka1 ( a man's  
,p]sonality1 z 8  ,doppelgng]1 or       
,d\ble1 f\nd ev5 9 "s ( ! olde/ texts1  
acquir$ a f>-rea*+ significance :i*     
ext5d$ n only to !  doctr9e ( human     
immortality b also to ! conception ( !  
relations ( gods to m54    ,z we h      
already /at$1 ea* man _h a ,,ka s long z
 he 0 alive1  b at 8 dea? x left him &  
l$ an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,only  aft]    
long w&]+s did he meet x aga9 9 ! _w to 
come1 & we  /ill possess ! pray] ) :i*  
he 0 to greet x1 beg9n+ )  ! words1     
8,hail to !e :o wa/ my ,,ka dur+ life6  
,i come unto !e10  etc4#ai              
,illu/ration3 ,fig43 #e4--,,set ,,(     
8,,canopic0 ,,vases4#ba      mset4      

,damtef4    ,hpi4    ,qebhs5f4    #ba ,!
 illu/ration repres5ts ! set ( ,canopic 
vases dat+ f  ! ,?irtie? ,dyna/y1 made =
 ! prie/ ,t'et-ba/-auf-nkh1 &  f\nd by  
,pr(4 ,petrie at ,haw>a 7,haw>a1        
,biahmu1 & ,ars9o1 p4 #i74  ,!y are n[ 9
 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d4    ,! lids 
( su* vases repres5t ! f\r g5ii ( !     
dead3    mset1 ,illu/ration3 ,h1        
man-head$2  ,damtef1 ,illu/ration3 ,h1  
jackal-head$2  ,hpi1 ,illu/ration3 ,h1  
cynocephal\s2  ,qebhs5f1 ,illu/ration3  
,h1 hawk-head$4    ,! second immortal "p
 ( man 0 8 he>t 7,illu/ration3,h  b74#bj
 ,! he>t 0 remov$ f ! body by !         
embalm]s1  & ! texts give no def9ite    
explanation z to :at became ( x4  ,dur+ 
c]ta9 p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 b /ill 
comp>atively  r>ely1 x 0 enclos$1 z 7 ! 
re/ ( ! visc]a1 9 special  alaba/]1     
lime/one1 or wood5 vases1 ( :i* f\r 7   
plac$ )  ! mummy 9 its grave4 ,^! vases 
are g5]ally b mo/ errone\sly  call$     
8,canopic0 vases4 ,!y usually date f !  
times ( ! ,new  ,empire1 b we h "s few  

dat+ f ! ,anci5t ,empire4 ,9 o!r  cases 
! visc]a 7 replac$ )9 ! body aft] its   
embalmm5t1  & ) !m wax5 images ( ! f\r  
g5ii ( ! dead z _!  gu>dian div9ities4  
,b = ! mo/ "p docum5ts d n af=d  u any  
in=mation z to :at 0 done ) ! mat]ial   
he>t4  ,p]haps ! prie/s took measures = 
its disappe>ance 9 ord] to  furni% "s   
tangible f\ndation = _! doctr9e conc]n+ 
!  he>t4 ,c]ta9 /atem5ts ( ,greek writ]s
 seem to imply "s su*  proce$+4 ,accord+
 to ^! au?orities ! visc]a1 :i* mu/  h  
includ$ ! he>t1 7 ca/ into ! ,nile1     
because !y 7  designat$ z ! s\rce ( all 
human error4 ,porphyry gives u ev5  ! =m
 ( ! pray] :i* 0 repeat$ :5 ! *e/       
conta9+  ! inte/9es 0 pres5t$ be=e !    
,sun2 & if ! text ( ?is  pray] has n    
hi!rto be5 confirm$ f orig9al docum5ts x
 is  yet s ?or\ghly ,egyptian 9 "* t its
 au!nticity _c be  d\bt$4#bb    ,b !    
immortal he>t ( a man1 :i* /ood 9 a     
simil> relation%ip  to 8 mat]ial he>t z 
8 ,,ka to ! :ole body1 left him at dea? 
& j\rney$ on alone ?r\gh ! regions ( !  

o!r _w till x  rea*$ ! 8,abode (        
,he>ts40 ,its fir/ meet+ ) ! deceas$  to
 :om x _h belong$ 0 9 ! ,hall (         
,judgm5t1 :]e x /ood  =? z 8 accus]2 = 9
 x all 8 good & evil ?\ghts _h  f\nd    
expression dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,!y _h n    
orig9at$ !re1  = ! he>t 0 ess5tially    
div9e & pure1 b x _h ( necessity  h>b\r$
 & kn[n !m1#bc & !re=e x 0 call$ ^u to  
te/ify conc]n+ ! man's =m] ?\ghts & de$s
 be=e ,osiris1  judge ( ! dead4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,a he>t       
sc>ab4#bd    ,9 ! meantime ! mummy 0 )\t
 he>t1 & _h become lifeless  & dead2 =  
to pi]ce ! he>t ( any?+ 0 equival5t to  
utt]ly  de/roy+ x4 ,! ,,osiris1 too 7to 
:i* we %all pres5tly return71  w\ld h   
%>$ ! fate ( ! mummy _h ! device n be5  
conceiv$ ( provid+ ! latt] ) an         
artificial he>t 9 place (  its own      
orig9al "o1 :i* _h return$ to ! gods4 ,!
 provisional  he>t 0 repres5t$ by an    
artificial sc>abu1 g5]ally made (  h>d  
gre5i% /one 9 ! image ( ! beetle1 :i* 0 
a symbol (  g5esis & resurrection 7fig4 

#f74 ,und]nea? x 0 made flat1 &         
inscrib$ ) magic =mul1#be t x might be !
 sub/itute =  ! dead man's he>t1 & also 
ensure 8 resurrection by virtue (  its  
=m4 ,b :5 8 own he>t 0 re/or$ to him !  
sc>abu lo/  its significance4 ,l all !  
re/ ( ! amulets :i* ! ,egyptians  gave  
to _! dead1 its efficacy only avail$ = !
 space ( "t  int]v5+ betwe5 dea? & !    
reunion ( ^? elem5ts :i* dea?  _h       
sep>at$4 ,:5 once ! resurrection _h tak5
 place !re 0 no  fur!r ne$ ( amulets1   
nor any hurt ?r\gh lack ( !m4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,! ,ba z a     
bird4    ,ano!r immortal "p ( man 0 !   
,illu/ration3 ,h1  ,illu/ration3 ,h1    
,illu/ration3 ,h1 ,,ba4 ,?is conception 
mo/  ne>ly corresponds to our 8s\l10 = x
 0 a be+ :i*1 on !  dea? ( ! man 9 :om x
 _h dwelt1 left him 9 ord] to fly to !  
gods1 to :om x 0 closely ak91 & ) :om x 
abode :5 n  unit$ to ! man4 ,b1         
nev]!less1 ! ,,ba 0 nei!r immat]ial  nor
 able to disp5se ) food & dr9k4#bf ,x   
bore ! =m ( a  human-head$ bird 7fig4   

#g71 sometimes ) h&s 7figs4 #aj1 #ad72  
or (  a ram-head$ sc>abu 7fig1 #h74 ,f !
 fifte5? to ! elev5?  c5tury ,b4,c4 x 0 
pref]ably repres5t$ "u ! second =m :i*  
is really no?+ m ?an its hi]oglyphic    
symbol4 ,! phonetic  value ( ! ram1     
,illu/ration3 ,h1 is ba1 & ( ! sc>abu1  
,illu/ration3 ,h1 khep]1 :i* latt] means
 to be1 to become2  & ! composite figure
 ( ! ram-head$ sc>abu signifies1  !re=e1
 some?+ l 8he :o has become a s\l40     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,ram-head$     
sc>abu4#bg    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#i4--,! ,ba visit+ ! mummy on its fun]al
 c\*4  7,f 8,! ,book ( ! ,dead107       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,! ,ba fly+   
d[n ! %aft ( ! tomb &  br++ (f]+s to !  
mummy4    7,f 8,! ,book ( ! ,dead407    
,x is o!rwise ) ! fir/ image1 :i* really
 repres5ts ! s\l  z x 0 imag9$ by !     
,egyptians4 ,we h sculptur$ figures &   
draw+s 7fig4 #i7 %[+ ! little s\l p]*$  
by ! s>cophagus1  t\*+ ! mummy1 & bidd+ 
x f>ewell be=e ris+ to !  gods4#bh ,9   
o!r sc5es ! s\l is depict$ z x comes    

fly+ f  heav5 ) ! sign ( life 9 its h&1 
& approa*+ ! grave to  visit ! mummy2 or
 z fly+ d[n into ! vault ) ! (f]+s  :i* 
x _h f\nd at ! door ( ! tomb1 br++ bread
 9 "o h&  & a j> ( wat] 9 ! o!r1 z food 
& dr9k = ! body :i*  once inve/$ x 7fig4
 #aj74    ,?is conception ( ! s\l z a   
k9d ( bird is notewor?y :5  comp>$ ) !  
ideas :i* o!r nations h =m$ ( x4 ,!     
,greeks sometimes repres5t$ ! 1 or s\l1 
z a small w+$  human figure 7fig4 #aa72 
9 ,roman times x 0 imag9$ z a butt]fly  
7fig4 #ab72 & 9 m$ival reliefs &        
pictures we see x leav+ !  m\? ( ! dead 
man z a *ild 7fig4 #ac71 or a little    
nak$ man4#bi  ,! latt] =m recalls t ( ! 
,egyptian ,,ka1 al?\gh ! idea  :i* x    
embodies rem9ds "o r ( ! ,,ba4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,! plac+ ( !  
dead 9 ! tomb by  ,?anatos 7,dea?7 &    
,hypnos 7,sleep74 ,! small w+$ figure   
repres5ts  ! dead man's s\l4 7,f a      
leky?os publi%$ by ,m4 ,c4 ,,potti] 9  8
 tude sur les ,lecy!s ,blancs ,attiques4
 ,!  0 usually  pa9t$ black47           

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,sc5e f a     
sculptur$ s>cophagus ( !  ?ird c5tury   
a4d41 9 ! ,capitol9e ,museum1 ,rome4 ,to
 ! left1 bel[  ! *>iot ( ,sel5e & !     
drap$ figure ( ,night1 lies ! dead  body
 ( ! man1 ^: s\l hov]s above him z a    
butt]fly beside !  inv]t$ tor* ( !      
p5sive w+$ boy repres5t+ ei!r ,sleep or 
,dea?4 ,fate sits ) op5 scroll at ! dead
 man's head1 & above  h] 8 s\l is aga9  
repres5t$ z a ,psy*e1 c>ri$ away by     
,h]mes4  7,see ,,bott>i1 ,muse          
,capitol9e1 vol4 iv41 pl4 xxv4 ,cf4 also
 _m  repres5tations ( ,amor & ,psy*e 9  
anci5t art1 %[+ ,psy*e--!               
s\l--sometimes z a w+$ figure &         
sometimes z a butt]fly47                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,! s\l ( a man
 leav+ him at 8 dea? 9  ! =m ( a nak$   
*ild1 & receiv$ by an angel4 7,f ! por* 
( ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,/4 ,trophimus1 at   
,arles47    ,! ,illu/ration3 ,h1 ,s,h1  
also 0 consid]$ z immortal4 ,?is  is    
inv>iably depict$ z a swa!d mummy1 &    
repres5t$ ! =m  :i* ! man wore ^u e>?4  

,orig9ally x 0 relat$ to ! ,,ka1 b      
:]eas ! latt] 0 a complete ,p]sonality1 
! ,s,h 0 no?+  b a hull1--a =m )\t      
cont5ts4 ,yet ?is also 0 ( ! gods  &    
imp]i%able1 return+ to its heav5ly home 
:5 dea? _h set x  free4 ,s9ce ! body1 or
 ,,kha#cj _h also ! same =m1 x naturally
  came ab\t t :5 ! mummy 0 m5tion$ 9    
religi\s texts z  reanimat$ by ! ,,ka x 
0 frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) ! ,s,h4 ,9  ?is  
s5se x is said t 8! ,s,h lives 9 !      
,s>cophagus 7or 9  ! und]world71 x gr[s 
7rd71 x r5ews itself 7r5p740#ca ,b  9 m 
precise texts ! two ?+s are kept di/9ct1
 z1 e4g41  8! ,,ba 7s\l7 sees its ,,kha1
 x re/s ^u its ,s,h40#cb ,at su* times  
! ,,ba _h p[] ov] ! ,s,h1 &1 z is said  
on ! ,s>cophagus (  ,panehemisis1 8!    
,s,h lives at ! comm& ( ! ,,ba40#cc     
,9 close connection ) ! ,sh 0 !         
,illu/ration3 ,h1 ,,kha,b1  ! %ad[1     
repres5t$ z a fan1 or sun%ade 7fig4     
#ad71 9 sc5es  pr(ess+ to portray ! next
 _w4#cd    ,z all e>?ly =ms mu/ ne$s h  
_! %ad[s1 su* 0 also  ! case ) ?+s 9 !  

_w to come2 !re1 too1 ! sun  %one & all 
! optical ph5om5a ( e>? 7 repeat$4 ,b1  
n cont5t to accept ?is z a simple fact1 
! ,egyptians ascrib$  sep>ate exi/5ces  
bo? to ! %ad[s ( ! dead & to ^? (  gods 
& g5ii4 ,accord+ to ,egyptian belief a  
%ad[ might live on  indep5d5tly1 ap>t f 
its own]1 & ?is 0 exactly :at x 0       
suppos$ to d at ! mom5t :5 dea? _h tak5 
place2 !n ! ,,kha,b  w5t =? alone to    
appe> 9 ! realm ( ! gods4 ,?is ,anci5t  
,egyptian idea ( ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( a
 man's %ad[ recalls to  our m9ds        
,*amisso's /ory ( ,pet] ,s*lemihl1      
publi%$ 9 #ahbc4ce    ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #ad4--;,,ba & ,,kha,b4 7,f 8,!    
,book ( ! ,dead407    ,! ,,ka1 ! ,b1 !  
,,ba1 ! ,s,h1 & ! ,,kha,b con/itut$ !   
*ief elem5ts ( t :i* 0 immortal 9 man1 b
 o!rs 7  also occasionally includ$1     
especially "o :i* 0 call$ ! ,kh1        
,illu/ration3 ,h1 i4e4 ! ,lum9\s4#cf ,to
 ^!1 h[ev]1 !re  is less frequ5t        
ref]5ce2 !y 7 ( importance 9 local cults
  only1 & 7 ei!r includ$ among ! p>ts   

already m5tion$ or  7 s vaguely def9$ t 
!y may be safely left out ( acc\nt 9    
treat+ ( ! s\l z conceiv$ by !          
,egyptians )\t dang] (  our conception  
be+ falsifi$ by ! omission4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,:5 ! immortal 0 ?us resolv$ into its   
compon5t p>ts at dea?1  :at !n became ( 
! human individuality :i* _h result$ f  
_! comb9$ action1 & h[ c\ld its diff]5t 
p>ts f9d ea*  o!r aga9 9 ! next _w1 9   
ord] to =m ! new man ( !  resurrection8 
,! ,egyptians _h evolv$ a v simple      
solution ( ?is  problem1 al?\gh "o :i*1 
accord+ to our mode ( ?\ght1 /&s  9     
direct contradiction to _! doctr9e ( !  
s\l4 ,x 0 assum$  t 9 addition to 8     
immortal elem5ts ! man z a p]son ( a    
p>ticul> appe>ance & "* 0 also end[$ ) a
 k9d (  dea?lessness1 :i* seems to h    
held good only = a "t1 & n  = ev]4 ,to  
?is conception ( a dead man1 9 :om s\l &
 life 7  lack+ b :o 9 ! int]im /ill     
possess$ exi/5ce1 feel+1 &  ?\ght1 !    
,egyptians gave ! "n ( ,,osiris4        

,osiris 0 ! fir/ div9e ,k+ ( ,egypt :o  
reign$ 9 true human  lik5ess2 he        
civilis$ ! ,egyptians1 in/ruct$ !m 9    
agriculture1  gave !m laws1 & taught !m 
true religion4 ,aft] a long & bless$    
reign he fell a prey to ! ma*9ations ( 8
 bro!r ,set 7,typhon71  & hav+ be5 sla9 
0 con/ra9$ to desc5d into ! und]world1  
:]e he ev]more liv$ & reign$ z judge &  
k+ ( ! dead4 ,8  fate ( dea? 0 ! fate ( 
all m54 ,e "o1 :5 8 e>?ly  pilgrimage 0 
end$1 mu/ desc5d into ! und]world by !  
gates (  dea?2 b ea* man hop$ to rise   
aga91 ev5 z ,osiris _h ris51 to  lead   
h5ce=? ! life ( ! bless$4 ,9 ?is hope m5
 call$ _!  dead ,,osiris1 j z ,g]mans   
speak ( _! dead z 8bless$10--hop+  t    
bless$ness may inde$ be _! lot4 ,dea? _h
 n *ang$ ,osiris2  z he _h be5 k+ on    
e>?1 s he 0 k+ 9 ! _w beyond dea?4  ,9 !
 same way man1 too1 rema9$ t :i* he _h  
be5 "h2 dea?  m]ely made a break 9 8    
life1 )\t alt]+ any ( 8 conditions  (   
exi/5ce4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#ae4--;,hypocephalus1 f a draw+ by ,dr4 

,w4 ,h1  ,ryl&s4    ,! relation subsi/+ 
betwe5 a man's ,,osiris & 8 mummy 0 n   
cle>ly appreh5d$1 ev5 by ! ,egyptians   
!mselves4 ,id5tical !y  7 n--t fact is  
obvi\sly impli$ by ! texts1 :i* nev]    
once sub/itute ! mummy = ! ,osiris2 m5  
knew also f exp]i5ce  t no mummy _h ev] 
left its place ( embalmm5t1 or ! tomb1  
to  j\rney on into ! next _w4 ,yet mummy
 & ,,osiris 7 nev]!less  n entirely     
diff]5t & di/9ct2 bo? _h ! same         
appe>ance  & ! same "*4 ,moreov]1 !     
texts describe ! ,,osiris z  resembl+ ! 
mummy 9 appe>ance :ile really diff]+ f  
x1 &  ! embalm]s equipp$ ! mummy z ?\gh 
x 7 call$ ^u to  j\rney =? z ! ,,osiris4
 ,! inh]5t contradiction 9 all ?is      
arose pr9cipally f ! fact t ! ,egyptian 
hop$ & believ$  t %ortly aft] dea? he   
w\ld arise aga91 complete 9 fle% &      
blood z he _h liv$ ^u e>?2 :]eas        
exp]i5ce contradict$ 8  cre$1 = x %[$   
him t ! mummy nev] did & nev] c\ld      
leave ! e>?4 ,he extricat$ himself f !  
dilemma by provid+  ! mummy ) a         

,doppelgng]3 its own p]fect c\nt]p>t1   
yet n  itself4 ,:5 once we h famili>is$ 
ourselves ) ?is s+ul>  idea we f9d 9 x a
 simple key to all ! riddles ( !        
,,osiris4    ,! mummy 0 provid$ ) an    
artificial he>t 9 ! %ape ( a  sc>abu1#cg
 because ! ,osiris c\ld n live )\t "o1 &
  also ) v>i\s amulets1 by virtue ( e "o
 ( :i* demons (  ! next _w c\ld be      
ov]come4 ,a /ucco$ disc ( papyrus1 l951 
or bronze1 :i*1 by ! figures & =mul     
inscrib$ ^u x1 _h  my/ic p[] to pres]ve 
! ne$ful w>m? ( life to ! ,osiris 7fig4 
#ae71 0 plac$ "u ! head ( ! mummy4#ch ,!
 soles ( !  feet :i* _h trodd5 ! mire ( 
e>? 7 remov$ 9 ord] t  ! ,,osiris might 
tread ! ,hall ( ,judgm5t ) pure feet2 & 
!  gods 7 pray$ to grant milk to !      
,osiris t he might ba! 8  feet 9 x & s  
assuage ! pa9 :i* ! removal ( ! soles   
mu/  ne$s h caus$ him4 ,&1 f9ally1 !    
soles :i* _h be5 excis$  7 plac$ )9 !   
mummy 9 ord] t ! ,,osiris might f9d !m  
to h& = ! completion ( 8 ,p]sonality4#ci
 ,t no?+ might  be want+ to ?is         

,p]sonality1 ! gods 7 bes\ght t ! mummy 
%\ld n suff] e>?ly corruption1 & x 0    
held to be ( supreme  importance t fle% 
& bones1 muscles & limbs %\ld all rema9 
9 place4 ,) ! mummy 7 also plac$ ,!     
,book ( ! ,dead1 z  well z o!r religi\s 
& my/ic texts ne$$ by ! ,,osiris =  8   
guidance ?r\gh ! regions beyond ! grave1
 & f :i* he  might le>n ! pray]s :i* _h 
to be spok5 9 due ord] & place  accord+ 
to /rict prescriptions4 ,9 %ort1 ! mummy
 0 treat$  precisely z ?\gh x 7 an      
,,osiris4 ,b ! diff]5ce 0 great3  !     
mummy rema9$ )9 ! s>cophagus 9 !        
sepul*ral *amb]1  :ile ! ,,osiris       
proce$$ on 8 way4    ,! j\rney ( !      
,,osiris1 treat$ at we>isome l5g?1 =ms !
  fav\rite subject ( ,egyptian texts1 & 
to ?is is devot$ ! l>ge/  & be/ kn[n "w 
9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! nation3 !    
compilation call$ by u ,! ,book ( !     
,dead4 ,?is book conta9s  no sy/ematic  
acc\nt ( ! j\rney1 su* z ! analogy (    
simil>  lit]atures might lead u to      
expect1 b exhibits x 9 a s]ies  (       

disconnect$ /ages by giv+ ! pray]s :i* !
 ,,osiris mu/  repeat :5 pass+ ?r\gh    
diff]5t p>ts ( ! und]world1 or  on      
enc\nt]+ c]ta9 g5ii !re4 ,a *apt] is    
devot$ to ea*  pray]1 b ! *apt]s d n    
foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! ord] 9  :i* ! pray]s 7
 to be us$4 ,! ,egyptians nev] atta9$ to
  any cle> idea ( ! ,osirian und]world2 
! same confusion &  obscurity reign$ ov]
 x z ov] _! :ole conception ( ! unse5   
_w & ( deity4 ,!y pond]$ deeply ov] a   
s]ies ( sep>ate  problems )\t be+ able  
to unite ! results into "o consi/5t     
:ole1 :i* %\ld comm& acceptance1 or to  
=m any def9ite &  p]man5t topography ( !
 regions beyond ! tomb4 ,h5ce !re is  no
 fix$ sequ5ce = ! *apt]s ( ,! ,book ( ! 
,dead2 !  ord] v>ies mat]ially 9 !      
diff]5t manuscripts to :i* we are       
indebt$ = our k ( ! "w4 ,! numb] (      
*apt]s 9 !  diff]5t copies also v>ies2  
:ile 9 "s x is small1 9 o!rs1  z 9 !    
,ptolemaic copy = a c]ta9 ,afnkh1       
publi%$ by ,lepsius1  x rea*es to "o    
hundr$ & sixty-five4 ,s9ce !re 0 no fix$

  rule z to ord] or numb]1 prie/ or     
scribe might make a selection (  su*    
*apt]s z he or ! family ( ! deceas$ held
 to be ! mo/  ess5tial1 & ea* 0 at      
lib]ty to =m = himself a m or less      
modifi$ conception ( ! *>act]i/ics ( !  
und]world4    ,we _c "h foll[ ! ,,osiris
 ?r\gh all ! details ( 8  j\rney1 b mu/ 
be cont5t to "k t accord+ to ! acc\nt  9
 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead he issu$ victori\s f
 all 8 trials1  ov]came all enemies :om 
he enc\nt]$1 & 0 u%]$ at l5g?  into !   
,hall ( ! ,d\ble ,tru?1 & receiv$ by !  
goddess (  ,tru?4 ,"h also he f\nd !    
*ief gods ( ! ,osirian cycle ga!r$      
toge!r1 & ! =ty-two assessors ( ,div9e  
,ju/ice ne> !  canopy "u :i* ! god      
,osiris 0 en?ron$4 ,!n ! deceas$  spoke1
 & proce$$ to recite ! 8,negative       
,confession0--a d5ial (  s9s (          
commission--decl>+ t he _h n be5 guilty 
( c]ta9  def9ite s9s1 & d5y+ "o or ano!r
 p>ticul> =m ( guilt  to ea* ( !        
assessors4 ,he _h n done evil1 _h n     
robb$1 nor  murd]$1 nor li$1 n caus$ any

 to weep1 n injur$ ! prop]ty (  ! gods1 
& s on4#dj ,! judges he>d all 9 sil5ce1 
giv+ no  sign ei!r ( approval or        
disapproval2 b :5 ! confession 0  end$ !
 he>t ( ! deceas$ 0 br\ght =w>d & laid 9
 !  scales aga9/ ! image or symbol (    
,tru?4 ,! weigh+ 0  sup]9t5d$ by ! gods 
,anubis & ,horus1 :ile ,?ot1 ! scribe ( 
! gods1 /ood by ready to record ! result
 7fig4 #af74da    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#af4--,! weigh+ ( ! dead man's he>t     
aga9/  ! fea!r symbolic ( ,mat1 !       
goddess ( ,tru?4 7,f 8,! ,book (  !     
,dead07    ,?is 0 ! "t = ! deceas$      
anxi\sly to call ^u 8 he>t 9  !         
prescrib$ =mula f ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1#db
 n to be>  witness aga9/ him1 = 8! he>t 
( a man is 8 own god10#dc &  mu/ n[     
det]m9e 8 ev]la/+ fate4 ,if 8 he>t 7    
cont5t )  him1 & ! scales turn$ 9 8     
fav\r1 !n ! god ,?ot comm&$  t 8 he>t   
%\ld be re/or$ to him to be set aga9 9  
its place4  ,?is 0 done1 & =?) !        
immortal elem5ts :i* dea? _h  sep>at$   
began to reunite4 ,8 ,,ka1 & all !      

rema9+ p>ts (  himself1 7 n[ re/or$ to !
 ju/ifi$ ,,osiris1 :o 0 ?us built  up   
into ! complete man :o _h once walk$ !  
e>?1 & :o n[  ent]$ ^u a new life1 !    
ev]la/+ life ( ! righte\s & !  bless$4  
,he 0 joyfully admitt$ by ! gods into _!
 circle1 &  0 h5ce=? z "o ( !m4    ,!   
,book ( ! ,dead & cognate religi\s      
texts1 always assume t  judgm5t goes 9  
fav\r ( ! deceas$1 t 8 he>t approves    
him1  & t he becomes "o ( ! bless$4     
,n[h]e are we cle>ly in=m$  z to ! fate 
( ! condemn$ :o c\ld n /& be=e ! god    
,osiris4 ,we are told t ! enemies ( !   
gods p]i%1 t !y are  de/roy$ or ov]?r[n2
 b su* vague expressions af=d no c]ta9ty
  z to h[ f> ! ,egyptians 9 g5]al       
believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a  hell z a place 
( puni%m5t or purification = ! wick$2#dd
 or  :e!r1 z seems m probable1 !y held  
"s g5]al belief t  :5 judgm5t 0 pron\nc$
 aga9/ a man 8 he>t & o!r immortal  p>ts
 7 n re/or$ to him4 ,= su* a man no     
re-edification & no  resurrection 0     
possible4 ,! immortal elem5ts 7 div9e1 &

 by  nature pure & imp]i%able2 b !y c\ld
 be pres]v$ f  ent]+ ! ,,osiris1 f      
re-ent]+ ! hull ( ! man :o _h  prov$    
himself unwor?y ( !m4 ,! s\l1 inde$1 z  
su* did n die1  al?\gh p]sonal          
annihilation 0 ! lot ( ! evil-do] 9 :om 
x  _h dwelt4 ,b x 0 ! hope ( cont9u$    
individuality :i* _!  doctr9e held out  
to ! ,egyptians2 ?is x 0 :i* !y promis$ 
to  ! good & 9 all probability d5i$ to !
 wick$4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,! 
,bless$ ,dead pl\gh+ & s[+ by !  wat]s (
 ! cele/ial ,nile4 7,f 8,! ,book ( !    
,dead407    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,!
 bless$ ,dead reap+ & tread+ out !  corn
 9 ! fields ( ,aal4 7,f 8,! ,book ( !   
,dead407    ,aft] judgm5t ! righte\s    
ent]$ into bless$ness1 un*ang$  9       
appe>ance z 9 nature2 ! only diff]5ce   
be+ t1 :ile  ! exi/5ce :i* !y _h l$ ^u  
e>? _h be5 limit$ 9 its  duration1 !    
life ( ! _w to come 0 et]nal4 ,b !      
future  bless$ness = :i* ! ,egyptian    
hop$ 0 f> f be+ a passive  /ate ( bliss 
su* z is promis$ by mo/ ( ! high]       

religions1  an absorption into ! ,all or
 into ! ,godhead1 a dreamy /ate (       
float+ 9 ev]la/+ repose1 cont5t1 &      
unimpassion$ joy4 ,!  av]age ,egyptian  
expect$ to lead z active a life 9 ! _w  
to  come z he _h l$ "h4 ,al?\gh ) !     
,godhead1 he c\nt$ on  reta9+ 8         
indep5d5t individuality 9 all respects &
 on work+  & enjoy+ himself ev5 z he _h 
done on e>?4 ,he expect$ 8  *ief        
employm5t to be agriculture1 !          
occupation :i* mu/ h  seem$ mo/ natural 
to a p almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u !      
produce ( ! fields4 ,a vignette belong+ 
to *ap4 cx4 ( ,! ,book  ( ! ,dead       
repres5ts ! dead at "w 9 ! fields ( !   
,bless$1#de pl\gh+ ) ox51 ca/+ !        
se$-corn into !  furr[s 7fig4 #ag71     
cutt+ ! ripe e>s ) sickles1 driv+ ox5 to
  tread out ! gra9 f ! /raw 7fig4 #ah71 
& f9ally pil+ up !  corn 9 heaps aga9/ x
 0 requir$ to s]ve = ! mak+ ( bread4  ,=
 *ange & recreation !y sail$ ^u ! canals
 ( ! next _w  9 _! boats 7fig4 #ai71    
play$ at draughts ) _! own s\ls1 or     

made (f]+s to ! gods1 especially to !   
cele/ial ,nile1 :i*  gave wat] to _!    
fields & f]tility to _! se$ 7fig4 #bj74 
,all  w5t on exactly z "h1 except+ t !  
"w ( ! bless$ 0  inv>iably cr[n$ )      
success4 ,! ,nile always ov]fl[$ !      
fields  to be/ advantage1 ! corn grew   
five ells high & its e>s 7  two ells    
long1 ! h>ve/ nev] fail$ to be abundant1
 ! wea!r  0 always fav\rable1 ! fre% &  
pleasant nor? w9d 0 always  bl[+1 ! foe 
0 always conqu]$1 & ! gods graci\sly    
accept$  all (f]+s & requit$ ! giv]s )  
ri* gifts ( all k9ds4 ,9  %ort1 ! life (
 ! dead 9 ! k+dom ( ! gods 0 an idealis$
  e>?ly life1 al?\gh n always a v moral 
life accord+ to our  /&>ds4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,"o ( !       
,osirian dead sail+ 9 8 papyrus  b>k    
along ! heav5ly canals4 7,f 8,! ,book ( 
! ,dead407    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#bj4---,! ,bless$ ,dead mak+ (f]+s to ! 
cele/ial ,nile-god4 7,f 8,! ,book ( !   
,dead407    ,b ?is belief 9 ! life ( !  
next _w z ! exact c\nt]p>t  ( ?is impli$

 a dang] :i* involv$ ! ,egyptian 9 heavy
 c>es4  ,! dead liv$1 !re=e !y mu/ (    
necessity eat & dr9k1 =  )\t ^!         
processes ! cont9uation ( life 0        
inconceivable2  if ! dead 7 )\t food !y 
w\ld be />v$4 ,! inscription  ( !       
sepul*ral pyramid ( nas1 an ,egyptian k+
 ( ! ,fif?  ,dyna/y1 gives expression to
 ?is fe>4 8,evil is x = nas10 says  t   
text1 8to be hungry & h no?+ to eat2    
evil is x = nas  to be ?ir/y & h no?+ to
 dr9k40 ,! necessities ( life  71 inde$1
 p>tly ensur$ to ! dead by means ( !    
(f]+s  made to !m by _! sur-vivors on   
recurr5t fea/-days1 & p>tly  my/]i\sly  
creat$ = _! use 9 ! next _w by !        
repetition  ( magic =mul 9 ?is4#df ,b if
 ! (f]+s ceas$1 or if no "o  took !     
tr\ble to repeat ! =mul1 ! dead 7 left  
to _! own  res\rces1 & mu/ "w1 & till ! 
l&1 & e>n _! own liv+4    ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #ba4--;,anci5t k+dom ,,ka-/atues (
 s]vantspott]s  & bread-mak]s4          
7,orig9als 9 ! ,ghizeh ,museum47    ,su*
 en=c$ lab\r c\ld h>dly h appe>$ v      

attractive to  ,egyptians ( ! upp]      
classes1 & s an exp$i5t sugge/$ by !    
conditions ( _! e>?ly life 0 devis$ =   
evad+ x on _!  behalf4 ,! ri* man :o _h 
s]vants to "w = him 9 ?is _w 0  desir\s 
( secur+ l s]vice = himself 9 ! _w to   
come4 ,9  ! "t ( ! ,anci5t ,empire x    
seems to h be5 tak5 = grant$  t ^? :o 7 
s]vants 9 ?is life w\ld be s]vants also 
9  ! life beyond4 ,) ?is selfi% end 9   
view ! ri* ( ^? times  _h plac$ )9 _!   
own sepul*ral *amb]s ,,ka-/atues ( _!   
s]vants 9 ord] to ensure immortal life  
to !m also 7fig4 #ba74 ,z  ! old ,g]mans
 7 foll[$ into ! next _w by _! slaves & 
horses2 z o!r uncivilis$ nations s5t !  
s]vants ( ! dead to  ! realm ( dea? aft]
 _! ma/]s1#dg s 9 ,anci5t ,egypt a      
c]ta9 portion ( mank9d 0 set ap>t to    
s]ve ! re/ ?r\gh all  et]nity4 ,b z     
,egyptian civilisation advanc$ & a m    
humane /ate  ( feel+ dawn$1 ^! views 7  
modifi$1 & ! ?\ght ga9$  gr\nd t all    
,egyptians 7 equal 9 ! pres5ce ( dea? & 
(  ! gods4 ,s ! ri* man 0 oblig$ to     

r5\nce 8 hope ( f9d+  8 s]vants aga9 at 
8 s]vice beyond ! tomb1 & 0 face to face
  ) ! old fe> ( be+ r$uc$ to heavy toil 
?r\gh ! possible  neglig5ce ( 8         
successors4    ,a mo/ s+ul> exp$i5t 0   
adopt$ to av]t ?is dang]3 little  images
 ( clay1 or wood1 or /one1 or ev5 (     
bronze1 7 made 9  human lik5ess1        
inscrib$ ) a c]ta9 =mula1#dh & plac$  )9
 ! tomb1 9 ! hope t !y w\ld !re atta9 to
 life &  become ! useful s]vants ( !    
bless$ dead2 !y are ! s-call$  ,,%abti  
7or ,respond5ts71 ( :i* hundr$s & ?\s&s 
( specim5s  may be f\nd 9 collections ( 
,egyptian antiquities 7see              
,frontispiece#di74 ,^! 8s]vants = !     
und]world10 or 8s]vants  to ! ,,osiris10
 z ! texts call !m1 ow$ _! v be+ & life 
to ! dead1 & /ood to him 9 ! same       
relation z man to ,god4 ,&  z m5 seek to
 te/ify _! gratitude to ! ,creator by   
do+ ,him  s]vice1 s x 0 hop$ t ^! little
 figures w\ld %[ _!  ?ankfulness by _!  
dilig5ce1 & sp>e _! ma/] & mak] all     
toil4    ,_m o!r cu/oms arose out (     

simil> ideas to ^? :i* gave rise  to !  
in/itution ( ,,%abti4 ,articles (       
p]sonal adornm5t & =  toilet use1       
wrea?s1 weapons1 c>riages1 play?+s1 &   
tools 7  giv5 to ! dead1 & a :ole set ( 
h\sehold furniture 0 (t5  laid away 9 ! 
grave 9 ord] t ! ,,osiris %\ld n be     
oblig$  to set to "w at once to make or 
collect ^! ?+s = himself on  8 entrance 
into ! next _w2 = ?is purpose *oice 0   
(t5  made ( su* objects z ! man _h us$ &
 valu$ 9 8 lifetime4  ,all ?is c>e1     
h[ev]1 0 be/[$ n simply 9 ! int]e/ (  ^?
 :o _h ent]$ ^u ! life ev]la/+ b also 9 
t (  ^? :o 7 left beh9d4 ,among o!r p[]s
 possess$ by ! dead  0 t ( go+ to & fro 
^u e>?2 &1 to prev5t _! ex]cise  ( x1   
all ?+s ^: lack might impel !m to       
revisit ! sc5es  ( _! e>?ly lives 7     
plac$ )9 ! tombs1 = _! visits  might n  
be altoge!r pleasant = survivors )hold+ 
any "p (  ! goods :i* belong$ to ! dead4
 ,b ^! facts mu/ n lead  u to conclude t
 ! tomb 0 ! p]man5t dwell+ ( ! dead1  & 
t ! objects plac$ )9 x 7 really int5d$ =

 8 use  !re1 & = all "t4    ,z ! amulets
 laid 9 & ab\t ! mummy 7 = ! use ( !    
,,osiris1 s ! furniture & implem5ts     
plac$ ne> ! c(f9 7  int5d$ n s mu* = !  
mummy ly+ 9 its tomb z = !  ,osiris     
dwell+ ) ! gods4 ,ea* ( ^! objects _h   
its heav5ly  c\nt]p>t1 ev5 z ! mummy 0  
repres5t$ by ! ,,osiris4#ej    ,x 0 ?us 
t ! ,egyptians s\ght to make !mselves   
homes 9 !  next _w1 & to secure all !   
com=ts & pleasures ( _!  e>?ly life 9 ! 
life :i* 0 to come4 ,nev]!less1 ! pi\s  
,egyptian did n expect to rema9 = ev] z 
an ,osiris1 or z a god  9 human lik5ess3
 he r hop$ = ev]-increas+ fre$om1 =  !  
p[] ( tak+ o!r %apes & trans=m+ himself 
at w into  quadrup$s2 or into birds--su*
 z ! swall[ or ! h]on2 or into          
plants--m especially ! lotus2 or ev5    
into gods4#ea    ,?is is no doctr9e (   
compulsory transmigration su* z us$ to  
be  freely ascrib$ to ! ,egyptians on ! 
/r5g? ( ! /atem5ts made  by             
,h]odotus#eb2 !re is no "q "h ( s\ls be+
 =c$ to  assume fre% =ms 9 :i* _!       

purification is gradually work$ out  &  
_! p]fection a*iev$4 ,to ! ,egyptian    
transmigration 0 n  ! doom ( imp]fect   
s\ls1 b a privilege res]v$ = su* z _h   
already atta9$ p]fection4 ,aga9 & aga9 !
 texts ass]t t !  bless$ may assume any 
=m & visit any place at w2 body & place 
c no long] en?ral him4 ,he may travel   
r\nd ! heav5s ) !  ,sun-god ,r1 or arise
 f ! %ades ) ,osiris 9 ! 8div9e night0  
( ! #bf? ( ! mon? ,khoiak 7i4e4 at !    
w9t] sol/ice72 he is  ev5 z a god1 nay1 
he is himself a god1 able to live 9 & by
 ,tru?1  actually tak+ x1 inde$1 z food 
& dr9k4    ,! p[] ( ! s\l to inc>nate   
itself at pleasure became "o ( !  *ief  
reasons = embalm+ ! body4 ,z we h se51 !
 pres]vation  ( ! body 0 held to be     
necess>y because ! mummy 0 suppos$  to  
be ! mat]ial =m ( :i* ! ,osiris 0 !     
ess5tial reality4  ,b ?is tempor>y ne$  
might h be5 met 9 simpl] fa%ion1 s9ce  !
 j\rney ( ! ,s\l to ! ,hall ( ,judgm5t 0
 accompli%$ 9 a  comp>atively %ort "t4  
,!re 01 h[ev]1 a fur!r ne$ = :i*        

provision _h to be made4 ,! s\l might   
sometimes visit ! mummy1  aga9 take up  
its abode 9 its =m] body1 &1 animat+ x  
anew1  return to e>? "u t =m & ?us      
revisit ! spots :]e once  x _h dwelt4   
,to ?is end x requir$ an e>?ly &        
tangible body1 &  ?is 0 suppli$ by !    
mummy4 ,if ! mummy 7 de/roy$1 !n !  s\l 
n only lo/ "o ( ! =ms 9 :i* x might     
inc>nate itself1  b t "o ) :i* its      
int]e/s 7 naturally mo/ closely         
connect$--t "o :i* l9k$ x to e>? & be/  
enabl$ x to  exhort ! survivors to      
rememb] ! fun]>y (f]+s1 & to see  h[ x  
f>$ ) ^? :om x _h be5 oblig$ to leave   
beh9d4 ,!  de/ruction ( ! mummy did n   
involve ! de/ruction ( ! s\l1  b x n>r[$
 ! s\l's circle ( activity & limit$ its 
means (  transmigration4    ,?is doctr9e
 gave rise to ! necromantic !ory t a s\l
 might be  compell$ by means ( magic    
=mul to re-ent] its body1 & to speak    
?r\gh ! dead lips4 ,! magician :o _h    
br\ght ?is ab\t c\ld  !n /ipulate = all 
k9ds ( fav\rs be=e re/or+ ! s\l to      

fre$om4 ,x is true t su* an attempt 0   
reckon$ highly dang]\s2  &1 accord+ to a
 tale dat+ f ,ptolemaic times1 a royal  
pr9ce  nam$ ,setna1#ec :o _h succe$$ 9 !
 und]tak+1 paid heavily =  hav+ s\ght to
 make ! spirits ( ! dead subject to him1
 :51  ?r\gh 8 own imprud5ce1 he 0       
ov]p[]$ by ^? :om he _h  invok$4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,! above sket* ( ! es*atology ( !       
,anci5t ,egyptians is drawn  f _! own   
religi\s texts4 ,z to ! orig9 ( t sy/em 
&  ! trans=mations :i* x _h und]gone    
be=e rea*+ ! =m  "u :i* x is kn[n to u  
we are z yet entirely ignorant2 b x  is 
obvi\s t x mu/ h develop$ gradually &   
assimilat$ _m  orig9ally het]og5e\s     
doctr9es4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,ka & ! ,osiris 
mu/ surely once h _h ! same             
significance1 & n h be5  consid]$ z two 
diff]5t factors ( ! dead man's be+ until
  "t _h br\ght ab\t ! fusion ( two      
!ological sy/ems--9 "o  ( :i* ! ,,ka 0  
reg>d$ z ! spiritual ,doppelgng]1 or    
,d\ble1 :ile 9 ! o!r x 0 nam$ !         

,,osiris4 ,all attempts at  solv+ ^! &  
simil> problems connect$ ) ?is subject  
are1  z yet1 m]e hypo!ses4 ,z f> back z 
,egyptian hi/ory has be5  trac$ ! p     
appe> to h be5 9 possession n only (    
writt5  *>act]s1 national art &         
in/itutions1 b also ( a complete  sy/em 
( religion4 ,z 9 all o!r dep>tm5ts (    
,egyptian life &  ?\ght1 s ) ! ,egyptian
 religion--we _c trace its beg9n+s4  ,9 
! e>lie/ glimpse ( x af=d$ by !         
,egyptian texts x appe>s  z p]fect 9 all
 its ess5tial p>ts2 nor 7 aft]-times    
able to  effect mu* *ange 9 x by !      
addition ( new features4 ,:at greatly   
int5sifies ! deep hi/orical int]e/ (    
,egyptian es*atology is  t x te/ifies n 
only to ! fact t a :ole nation believ$ 9
  ! immortality ( ! s\l f\r ?\s& ye>s   
be=e ! bir? (  ,*ri/1 b also t ?is      
nation _h ev5 !n succe$$ 9 cle>ly       
pictur+ ! future life to !mselves aft] a
 fa%ion :i* may  inde$ (t5 seem /range &
 incompreh5sible to mod]n m9ds b  to :i*
 we _c d5y a c]ta9 consi/5cy & a deep   

spiritual  connotation4    ,we %all n "h
 discuss ! _m analogies subsi/+ betwe5  
,egyptian belief & ! religi\s sy/ems (  
o!r nations & times1  nor yet its great 
diff]5ces f !m2 & x is = ! sci5ces (    
an?ropology & comp>ative religion to    
det]m9e to :at ext5t !  ,egyptian       
doctr9e ( immortality orig9at$ 9 ,egypt 
itself1 & h[  mu* 0 br\ght !re by !     
,egyptians f ! common home :i* !y  _h   
%>$ ) ! ,semites & ,indo-europeans4     
,,footnotes3    #a ,! :ole process (    
embalmm5t is briefly describ$ 9 ! ,rh9d 
,papyrus1 edit$ by ,bir*1 ,london1      
#ahfc1 & by ,,brugs*1 ,leipzig1  #ahfe4 
,! proc$ure ( ! t>i*euts is describ$ 9 a
 ,vi5na  papyrus1 edit$ by ,,b]gmann1   
,vi5na1 #ahhg1 & ! conclusion ( _!      
op]ations 9 a ,p>is papyrus & a ,blaq   
papyrus1 edit$ by ,,masp]o1  ,pap4 du   
,l\vre1 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,= ! transport ( !
 mummy1 see  ,d,,mi*51 ,kal4 ,ins*41 pl4
 #ce sqq4 ,! m9utely ord]$ ritual =  !  
c]emonies at ! door ( ! tomb 0 publi%$ &
 inve/igat$  9 ,,s*iap>elli',s admirable

 "w1 ,il ,libro dei ,fun]ali1 ,tur91    
#ahha--ahij4    #b ,on ^! compon5t p>ts 
cf4 ,,wi$emann 9 ! ,proce$+s ( !        
,ori5tali/ ,congress at ,/4 ,eti5ne1    
,,ii4 7#ahgh71 p4 #aei et seq4  ,_m     
p>allel texts to ! additional *apt] ( ,!
 ,book ( !  ,dead1 !re ref]r$ to1 may be
 f\nd 9 ,,von ,,b]gmann',s ,s>kophag des
  ,panehemisis1 ,i41 p4 #bb2 ,,ii41 p4  
#gd et seq4    #c ,on ?is acc\nt ,,ka 0 
sometimes us$ z int]*angeable ) ,,r5    
,illu/ration3 ,h--"n4    #d ,!re is no  
mod]n ^w :i* exactly expresses !        
,egyptian idea  ( ! ,,ka2 ,masp]o's     
translation ( 8,,d\ble1 ,doppelgng]0 is 
!  be/ hi!rto propos$2 ,mey]'s          
translation ( 8,gho/0 7,ges*4 g41  p4   
#hc7 is altoge!r mislead+4    #e ,!     
illu/ration is tak5 f ,,lepsius1        
,d5kml]1 ,,iii4 #ba4  ,"h ! sol> c>t\*e1
 or ?rone-"n1 ( ,?o?mes ,,ii41 & 8      
,horus-3 or ,ka-"n1 are palimpse/s      
effac+ ! names ( ,que5  ,hat%eps ,rmaka1
 ! build] ( ! temple4 ,! figures 9 ?is  
sc5e  orig9ally repres5t$ ! ,que5 & h]  

,,ka2 b z %e is always  portray$ 9 male 
attire ?r\gh\t ! temple1 x 0 only       
necess>y  to *ange h] names 9 ord] to   
appropriate h] figure z t ( a  k+4 ,!   
fir/ satisfactory explanation ( !       
,horus-or ,,ka-"n 0  giv5 by ,,petrie 9 
,a ,season 9 ,egypt1 pp4 #ba1 #bb2 cf4  
,,masp]o1  tudes gyptologiques ,,ii41 p4
 #bgc et seq4 ,he %[s t !  rectangul>   
p>allelogram 9 :i* ! ,horus-"n is writt5
 is !  exact equival5t ( ! squ>e panel  
ov] ! false door 9 ! tomb1  by :i* !    
,,ka 0 suppos$ to pass f ! sepul*ral    
vault into !  upp] *amb]1 or tomb-*apel1
 :]e (f]+s 7 provid$ = x4  ,a private   
p]son _h b "o "n1 :i* 0 also ! "n ( 8   
,,ka4  ,b1 on asc5d+ ! ?rone1 ! k+ took 
f\r new names 9 addition  to ! "o :i* he
 _h hi!rto borne1 & among !m a "n = 8   
,,ka4    #f ,we h a crude repres5tation 
( ?is ,,ka sign1 dat+ f !  reign (      
,am5emhat ,i41 ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y2 see 
,,petrie1 ,tanis ,i4  7,second ,memoir (
 ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund71 pl4 ,i41 
,no4 #c4    #g ,,lepsius1 ,d5kml]1      

,,iii4 #ahf4 ,! h&s ( ! ,,ka-/aff h     
d\btless a common orig9 ) ^? ( !        
,,ka-sign--,illu/ration3  ,h4    #h     
,,lepsius1 ,d5kml]1 ,,iii4 #hg4    #i ,9
 ! c\rse ( 8 excavations at ,dr el      
,bahri1 = ! ,egypt  ,exploration ,fund1 
,m4 ,naville discov]$ ! orig9als ( ^!   
sc5es  9 a s]ies ( bas-reliefs repres5t+
 ! bir? ( ,que5 ,hat%eps  :i* 7         
plagi>is$ by ,am5ophis ,,iii4    #aj    
,,lepsius1 ,d5kml]1 ,,iii4 #ba1 #abi4   
#aa ,,lepsius1 ,d5kml]1 ,,iii41 pl4 #ge4
    #ab ,su* pray]s 7 also inscrib$ on  
fun]>y /el 9 ord]  t pass]s-by might    
repeat !m = ! b5efit ( ! dead4 ,^!      
inscriptions v>y b little4 ,! pray] on !
 fun]>y tablet (  ,khemnekht 7n[ 9 !    
,agram ,museum7 dates f ! ,?irte5?      
,dyna/y1  & runs z foll[s3 8,o e scribe1
 e ,kh]heb 7lector1 prie/ly  recit]71   
all ye :o pass by ?is /ele1 :o love &   
hon\r y\r gods1  & w\ld h y\r (fices to 
fl\ri% 7%9e7 = y\r *ildr51  say ye3     
#8,let royal (f]+s be br\ght unto       
,osiris = ! ,ka ( !  prie/ ,khemnekht'03

 ,= an acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! =mul   
on fun]>y /el1 see ,,wi$emann1          
,obs]vations sur quelques /les          
funraires gypti5nes1 ,le ,muson ,x41    
#db1 #aii et seq4    #ac ,! p>ticul>s   
above summ>is$ may be v]ifi$ f contracts
  :i* a pr9ce 7erp-h7 ( ,sit conclud$ ) 
! prie/s (  ,anubis "u ! ,t5? or ,elev5?
 ,dyna/y 7discuss$ by ,,masp]o1         
,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical  
,ar*ology ,,vii41 p4 #f  et seq41 tudes 
de ,my?ologie1 ,i41 p4 #fb et seq41 &   
,,erman1  g4 ,zeits*r41 #ahhb1 p4 #aei  
ff41 ! be/ publication ( ^!             
inscriptions be+ t by ,,griffi?1        
,inscriptions ( ,sit & ,dr  ,rfeh1      
,london1 #ahhi4 ,simil> contracts 7 made
 ev5 9 ! times  ( ! pyramid-build+ k+s3 
cf4 e4g4 ,,lepsius1 ,d5kml]1 ,,ii4      
#c-g2 ,,de ,,r\g1 ,inscriptions         
hiroglyphiques1 pl4 ,i42 ,,m>iette1 ,les
  ,ma/abahs1 p4 #caf et seq47    #ad ,z 
9 ! case ( /atues f\nd 9 ! temple (     
,ptah at ,memphis  7,,m>iette1 ,mon4    
div41 pl4 #bg b71 & 9 t ( ,amon at      

,k>nak  7,,m>iette1 ,k>nak1 pl4 #h f2   
cf4 ,,lepsius1 ,auswahl1 pl4 #aa74      
#ae ,?is /rik+ !ory 0 fir/ broa*$ by    
,,masp]o1 ,rec4 de  ,trav41 ,i41 p4     
#aed2 tudes de ,my?ologie1 ,i41 p4 #hj4 
#af ,we f9d occasional m5tion ( ! ,ka ( 
! ,ea/ & ! ,ka ( !  ,we/ 7,wilk9son1    
,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 #bnd ed41 ,,iii41 pp4
 #bjj1 #bja71  :i* are to be consid]$ z 
be+ ! ,kas ( ! deities ( ! ,ea/  & ( !  
,we/1 & n z ,kas ( ! ab/ract conceptions
 ( ,ea/ &  ,we/4    #ag ,,lepsius1      
,d5kml]1 ,,iii4 #aid1 l4 #ac2 ,d,,mi*51 
,tempel9s*rift51 ,i41 pl4 #bi2 ,,von    
,,b]gmann1 ,hi]ogl4 ,ins*41 pl4  #cc pl4
 #fa1 col4 #b2 ,,r5\f1 ,transactions ( !
 ,society ( ,biblical  ,ar*ology1 ,,vi41
 pp4 #ejd et seq42 ,,brugs*1 ,diction>y1
 ,supplt41  pp4 #iig et seq41 #abcj4    
#ah ,cf4 #a ,*ron4 ,,xxix4 #aa1 #ab2    
,isa4 ,,xi4 #b4    #ai ,?is pray] is    
conta9$ 9 t "p ( ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1    
*ap1 ,,cv41 entitl$ ,*apt] :]eby ! ,,ka 
( a p]son is satisfi$  9 ! ,ne!r _w3    
8,hail to !e :o wa/ my ,,ka dur+ life6  

,lo6 ,i  come unto !e1 ,i arise         
respl5d5t1 ,i lab\r1 ,i am /rong1 ,i am 
hale  7v>41 ,i pass on71 ,i br+ gra9s ( 
inc5se1 ,i am purifi$ !reby1  ,i purify 
!reby t :i* goe? =? f !e4 ,?is          
conjuration  ( evil :i* ,i say2 ?is w>d+
 (f ( evil :i* ,i p]=m2 7?is            
conjuration7 is n made aga9/ me 7870 ,! 
conjuration runs z  foll[s3 8,i am t    
amulet ( gre5 felsp>1 ! necklace ( ! god
  ,r1 :i* is giv5 7v>41 :i* ,i gave7    
unto !m :o are ^u !  horizon4 ,!y       
fl\ri%1 ,i fl\ri%1 my ,,ka fl\ri%es ev5 
z !y1  my duration ( life fl\ri%es ev5 z
 !y1 my ,,ka has abundance (  food ev5 z
 !y4 ,! scale ( ! balance rises1 ,tru?  
rises high to  ! nose ( ! god ,r 9 t day
 on :i* my ,,ka is :]e ,i am 787  ,my   
head & my arm are made 787 to :]e ,i am 
787 ,i am he ^: eye  see?1 ^: e>s he>2  
,i am n a bea/ ( sacrifice4 ,!          
sacrificial  =mul proce$ :]e ,i am1 = ! 
upp] ones0--o!rwise said1 8=  ! upp]    
ones ( heav540 ,! fun]>y papyrus (      
,stimes 7,,naville1  ,todt5bu*1 ,i41 pl4

 #aag7 conta9s ! foll[+ addition at !   
end  ( ?is *apt]3 8,i ent] 787 unto !e  
7to ! ,ka874 ,i am pure1 !  ,osiris is  
ju/ifi$ aga9/ 8 enemies40 ,! accompany+ 
vignette =  ?is *apt] %[s ! deceas$ z   
wor%ipp+ or sacrific+ be=e  ! ,,ka-sign 
on a /&>d4 ,occasionally we f9d ! ,,ka  
sign repres5t$  z enclos+ pictures (    
(f]+s1 a =m expla9$ by ! common  d\ble  
mean+ ( ! ^w ,,ka1 :i* signifies bo?    
8,d\ble0 &  food4    #bj ,9 ! religi\s  
texts ! he>t is call$ bo? ,h b & ,h     
hti4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1
 *ap4 ,,xxvi4 et seq41  ! two 7         
diff]5tiat$2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! two   
t]ms  appe> to h be5 synonym\s4    #bb  
,,plut>*1 ,septem sap4 conviv41 p4 #aei 
,b3 8,we !n1 said ,i0  7,diales71 8r5d] 
^! tributes to ! belly 7 74 ,b if ,solon
  or any "o else has any allegation to  
make we w li/540 8,by all  means10 said 
,solon1 8le/ we %\ld appe> m s5seless   
?an !  ,egyptians1 :o cutt+ up ! dead   
body %[$ ! entrails to !  sun1 !n ca/ !m
 into ! riv]1 b ( ! re/ ( ! body1 z  n[ 

become pure1 !y took c>e4 ,= 9 reality  
?is ! belly is  ! pollution ( our fle%1 
& ! ,hell1 z 9 ,hades1--full ( dire     
/reams1 & ( w9d & fire confus$ toge!r1 &
 ( dead ?+s40    ,,plut>*1 ,de esu      
c>nium orat41 ii41 p4 #iif1 #ch3 8,z !  
,egyptians1  tak+ out f ! dead ! belly 7
 7 & cutt+ x up  be=e ! sun1 ca/ x away1
 z ! cause ( all ! s9s :i* !  man has   
committ$2 9 l mann] t we ourselves1     
cutt+ out  gluttony & blood?ir/9ess1    
%\ld purify ! re/ ( our life40          
,,porphyry1 ,de ab/41 iv41 #aj3 8,:5 !y 
embalm ^? ( ! noble  t h di$1 toge!r )  
_! o!r treatm5t ( ! dead body1  !y take 
out ! belly 7 71 & put x into a c(f]1 & 
hold+ ! c(f] to ! sun !y prote/1 "o ( ! 
embalm]s mak+  a spee* on behalf ( !    
dead4 ,?is spee*1 :i* ,euphantus        
translat$  f 8 native language1 is z    
foll[s3 8,o ,"l1 ! ,sun1 & all ye  gods 
:o give life to m51 receive me & make me
 a companion to !  et]nal gods4 ,= !    
gods1 :om my p>5ts made kn[n to me1 z   
long  "t z ,i h _h my life 9 ?is _w ,i h

 cont9u$ to rev]5ce1  & ^? :o gave bir? 
to my body ,i h ev] hon\r$4 ,& = !  re/ 
( m51 ,i h nei!r sla9 any1 nor defraud$ 
any ( any?+  entru/$ to me1 nor committ$
 any o!r wick$ act1 b if ,i haply  9 my 
life h s9n$ at all13 by ei!r eat+ or    
dr9k+ :at 0  unlawful1 n on my own      
acc\nt did ,i s91 b on acc\nt ( ^!  7%[+
 ! c(f] 9 :i* ! belly   lay740 ,& hav+  
said ^! ?+s he ?r[s x into ! riv]2 b !  
re/ ( !  body1 z pure1 he embalms4 ,?us 
!y ?\ght t !y ne$$ to excuse  !mselves  
to ! ,deity on acc\nt ( :at !y _h eat5 &
 drunk1  & !re=e to reproa* ! belly40   
#bc ,x 0 9 ?is s5se t ! ,egyptians      
reg>d$ ! he>t z !  seat ( ! feel+s1 &   
spoke ( ! he>t z rejoic+1 z m\rn+1  z   
weep+4    #bd ,! illu/ration is tak5 f  
photographs ( a sc>ab 9 !  ,edw>ds      
collection at ,univ]sity ,college1      
,london4    #be ,= ! translation ( *ap1 
xxx b4 ( ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1 :i*  =m$ ! 
usual inscriptions on he>t sc>abs1 see  
p4 #ec4    #bf ,! possession ( ! =mula 9
 *ap1 cxlviii4 ( ,! ,book (  ! ,dead1 f 

l9e #h1 ensur$ abundance 7( food7 to !  
,,ba ( !  dead4    #bg ,illu/rations #g 
& #h are tak5 f photographs ( objects 9 
!  ,edw>ds ,museum at ,univ]sity        
,college4    #bh ,see ,! ,book ( !      
,dead1 ,,naville',s edition1 pls4 #d1   
#ig1 #aja1  #ajd2 ,,lepsius' edition1   
pls4 #cc1 etc41 etc4    #bi ,see1 e4g41 
illu/ration & ,orcagna's fresco ( !     
,triumph (  ,dea?1 9 ! ,campo ,santo (  
,pisa4    #cj ,see p4 #aj4    #ca ,,von 
,,b]gmann1 ,s>kophag des ,panehemisis1  
,i41 pp4 #aa1 #ae1 #bd2  ,,pi]ret1      
,insc4 du ,l\vre1 ,,ii41 p4 #bc2        
,,m>iette1 ,d5drah1 iv41 #fb;a4    #cb  
,! ,book ( ! ,dead1 lxxxix4 #f4    #cc  
,,von ,,b]gmann1 ,s>kophag des          
,panehemisis1 ,i41 p4 #cg1 :]e !        
translation is n q accurately giv54     
#cd ,9 ,transactions ( ! ,society (     
,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,,viii41 p4  #chf  
et seq41 ,bir* has collect$ passages    
be>+ on ?is po9t4    #ce ,on primitive  
beliefs z to a man's %ad[ be+ a vital "p
 (  himself1 see ,,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5     

,b\gh1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ada-dd4    #cf   
,see ,,masp]o1 ,recueil de ,travaux     
relatifs  gypt1 ,,iii41 p4 #aje  et     
seq42 & ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples  
de l',ori5t1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4  #aad4 ,9 ,! 
,book ( ! ,dead1 *ap4 lxxxix41 #c1 !    
,,kh is m5tion$  9 connection ) ! ,,ba2 
9 *ap4 cxlix41 #dj1 ) ! ,,kha,b2 & 9    
*ap4 xcii41 #e1 ) bo?4    #cg ,see p4   
#cj4    #ch ,a c]ta9 "p 9 ! religi\s    
life ( our own "t has be5  play$ by a   
simil> 8,hypocephalus10 viz41 ! ,mormon 
,scriptures 7cf43  ,joseph ,smi?1 ,a    
,pe>l ( ,great ,price1 #ahea1 p4 #g74 ,=
 p>ticul>s (  ! ,hypocephalus ( !       
illu/ration see ,proce$+s ( ! ,society (
  ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 p4  
#eb1 & plate4    #ci ,see ,eb]s1 g4     
,zeits*r41 #ahfg1 p4 #ajh2 #ahga1 p4    
#dh2 ,,wi$emann1  ,proce$+s ( !         
,ori5tali/ ,congress at ,/4 ,eti5ne1    
,,ii41 p4 #aee4    #dj ,! 8,negative    
,confession0 =ms *ap4 cxxv4 ( ,! ,book (
 !  ,dead1 & v>ies slightly 9 diff]5t   
copies4 ,! foll[+ is  ,r5\f's           

translation ( ! *apt] z x appe>s 9 a    
,n9ete5?  ,dyna/y papyrus 7see ,!       
,papyrus ( ,ani1 ,london1 #ahij73--8;,i 
am n  a do] ( :at is wrong4 ,i am n a   
plund]]4 ,i am n a robb]4 ,i  am n a    
slay] ( m54 ,i d n /9t ! quantity (     
corn4 ,i am n  a nigg>d4 ,i d n seize ! 
prop]ty ( ! gods4 ,i am n a tell]  (    
lies4 ,i am n a monopolis] ( food4 ,i am
 no extortion]4 ,i am n  un*a/e4 ,i am n
 ! cause ( o!rs' te>s4 ,i am n a        
dissembl]4  ,i am n a do] ( viol5ce4 ,i 
am n ( dom9e]+ "*4 ,i d  n pillage      
cultivat$ l&4 ,i am n an eavesdropp]4 ,i
 am n a  *att]]4 ,i d n dismiss a case  
?r\gh self-int]e/4 ,i am n  un*a/e )    
wom5 or m54 ,i am n obsc5e4 ,i am n an  
excit] (  al>ms4 ,i am n hot 9 spee*4 ,i
 d n turn a deaf e> to ! words  (       
righte\sness4 ,i am n f\l-m\!d4 ,i am n 
a /rik]4 ,i am n  a qu>rell]4 ,i d n    
revoke my purpose1 ,i d n multiply      
clam\r  9 reply to words4 ,i am n       
evil-m9d$ or a do] ( evil4 ,i am n a    
revil] ( ! k+4 ,i put no ob/ruction ^u !

 wat]4 ,i am n a  bawl]4 ,i am n a      
revil] ( ! ,god4 ,i am n fraudul5t4 ,i  
am n  sp>+ 9 (f]+s to ! gods4 ,i d n    
deprive ! dead ( !  fun]al cakes4 ,i d n
 take away ! cakes ( ! *ild1 or pr(ane  
! god ( my locality4 ,i d n kill sacr$  
animals40    #da ,on ! ,egyptian        
,goddess ( ,tru?1 see ,,wi$emann1 ,la   
,desse ,ma1  9 ! ,annales du ,muse      
,guimet1 x41 pp4 #efa et seq4 ,) reg>d  
to  ! mean+ ( ! ,egyptian "n & ^w ,mat1 
:i* is g5]ally  translat$ 8tru?1 or     
ju/ice10 ,r5\f has said3 8,! ,egyptians 
recognis$ a div9ity 9 ^? cases only :]e 
!y p]ceiv$ !  pres5ce ( a fix$ ,law1    
ei!r ( p]man5ce or *ange4 ,! e>?  abides
 = ev]1 & s d ! heav5s4 ,day & night1   
mon?s1  seasons1 & ye>s succe$ ea* o!r )
 unfail+ regul>ity2 !  />s are n less   
con/ant 9 _! c\rse1 "s ( !m ris+ &      
sett+ at fix$ int]vals1 & o!rs et]nally 
circl+ r\nd !  pole 9 an ord] :i* nev]  
is di/urb$4 ,?is regul>ity1 :i*  is !   
con/itutive "* ( ! ,egyptian div9ity1 0 
call$  ,illu/ration3 ,h ,mat4 ,! gods 7 

said to be neb mat1  #8possessors (     
mat4' or n*i em mat1 #8subsi/+ by or    
?r\gh  mat4' ,mat is 9 fact ! ,law &    
,ord] by :i* ! univ]se  exi/s4 ,tru? &  
ju/ice are b =ms ( ,mat z appli$ to     
human  action40--,papyrus ( ,ani1       
,introduction1 p4 #b4    #db ,?is pray] 
is conta9$ 9 *ap4 xxx4 ( ,! ,book ( !   
,dead3--    8,*apt] :]eby ! he>t ( a    
p]son is n kept back f                  
him 9 ! ,ne!rworld4      ,he>t m9e :i*  
is t ( my "m1    ,:ole he>t m9e :i* is t
 ( my bir?1    ,let !re be no e/oppel   
aga9/ me ?r\gh evid5ce1 let no          
h9drance be made to me by ! div9e       
,circle2 fall ?\      n aga9/ me 9      
pres5ce ( him :o is at ! ,balance4      
,?\ art my g5ius 7,,ka71 :o art by me 79
 my ,,kha-,t71 !      ,arti/ :o give/   
s\ndness to my limbs4    ,come =? to !  
bliss t[>ds :i* we are b\nd2    ,let n  
^? ,m9i/rants :o deal ) a man accord+ to
      ! c\rse ( 8 life give a bad od\r  
to my "n4    ,pleasant = u1 pleasant = !
 li/5]1 is ! joy ( !      ,weigh+ ( !   

,words4    ,let n lies be utt]$ 9       
pres5ce ( ! great god1 ,"l (      !     
,am5ti4    ,lo6 h[ great art ?\ 7z !    
triumphant "o740                        
--,r5\f's translation4    #dc ,z /at$ on
 ! mummy case ( ,panehemisis1 ed4 ,,von 
,,b]gmann1 ,i41  p4 #bi4    #dd ,!      
conception ( a k9d ( hell is c]ta9ly    
f\nd 9 ! book  ,am ,dat 7cf4 ,j,,qui]1  
,le livre de ce qu'il y a dans l',_hs1  
,p>is1  #ahid1 p4 #abg72 su* allusions  
are1 h[ev]1 exceptional1 & ,egyptian    
belief 9 a hell appe>s to h exi/$ at    
times only1 & to h  be5 conf9$ to c]ta9 
classes ( society4    #de ,! 8fields (  
,aal02 cf4 ! 8,elysian fields0 ( !      
,greeks4    #df ,see p4 #ai4    #dg ,f  
sc5es 9 ! tomb ( ,m5th]khepe%f at ,!bes1
 dat+ f  ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1 
we h evid5ce t ,egyptian  fun]al        
c]emonies occasionally includ$ human    
sacrifice at ! gate (  ! tomb1 ! object 
( su* sacrifice be+ d\btless t ( s5d+   
s]vants to ! dead4 ,b ! practice w\ld   
seem to h be5 v  exceptional1 at any    

rate aft] ,egypt _h ent]$ ^u h] long    
p]iod  ( greatness4 ,see ,,masp]o1      
,mmoires de la ,mission ,ar*ologique du 
,caire1 ,v41 p4 #deb2 cf4 ,,wi$emann1 9 
,le ,muson1 ,,xiii41 p4 #deg et  seq42  
see also ,,griffi?1 ,! ,tomb ( ,pah]i1  
pp4 #bj1 #ba1 9 !  ,elev5? ,memoir ( !  
,egypt ,exploration ,fund4    #dh ,*apt]
 vi4 ( ,! ,book ( ! ,dead consi/s ( ?is 
=mula1  :i* !re reads3 8,o %abti !re6   
,%\ld ,i be call$ & appo9t$  to d any ( 
! lab\rs t are done 9 ! ,ne!rworld by a 
p]son  accord+ to 8 abilities1 lo6 all  
ob/acles h be5 beat5 d[n =  !e2 be ?\   
c\nt$ = me at e mom5t1 = plant+ !       
fields1  = wat]+ ! soil1 = convey+ ! s&s
 ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 ,"h  am ,i1 :i!rsoev] ?\
 calle/ me60--,r5\f's ,translation4     
#di ,! frontispiece repres5ts "o ( #cii 
,,%abti made = a  prie/ nam$ ,hort'a1 :o
 liv$ dur+ ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y4  ,^!  
,,%abti 7 f\nd at ,haw>a by ,petrie3 see
 ,kahun1 ,gurob1 &  ,haw>a1 pp4 #i1 #ai4
    #ej ,pr(essor ,petrie1 speak+ ( 8   
discov]y t x 0 !  ,egyptian cu/om to    

place masonic deposits ( m9iature model 
tools1  etc41 und]nea? ! f\ndations (   
temples1 & giv+ an acc\nt (  ! f\ndation
 deposits :i* he f\nd b5ea? ! pyramid   
temple (  s]tes5 ,,ii41 at ,illahn1     
says3 8,! reason = bury+ su* objects  is
 yet unexpla9$2 b x seems n unlikely t  
!y 7 int5d$  = ! use ( ! ,,kas ( !      
build]s1 l ! models plac$ 9 tombs  = !  
,,kas ( ! deceas$4 ,:e!r ea* build+ _h a
 ,,ka1 :i*  ne$$ gho/ly repair by !     
build]s' ,,kas1 is also to be consid]$0 
7,kahun1 ,gurob1 & ,haw>a1 p4 #bb74 ,we 
"k t ea* build+ _h its  gu>dian _s 9 !  
=m ( a s]p5t 7cf4 ! repres5tation ( "o  
dat+ f ! "t ( ,am5ophis ,,iii1 9        
,ghizeh1 ,no4 #bag1 publi%$ by          
,,m>iette1 ,mon4 ,div41 pl4 #fc b74     
#ea ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1 *aps4           
lxxvi4-lxxxviii4    #eb 8,! ,egyptians 7
 also ! fir/ to broa* ! op9ion t !  s\l 
( man is immortal1 & t :5 ! body dies x 
ent]s into  an animal :i* is born at !  
same mom5t1 !nce pass+ on 7f  "o animal 
into ano!r7 until x has circl$ ?r\gh all

 creatures (  ! e>?1 ! wat]1 & ! air1   
aft] :i* x ent]s aga9 into  a new-born  
human frame4 ,! :ole p]iod ( !          
transmigration is  7!y say7 ?ree ?\s&   
ye>s4 ,!re are ,greek writ]s1 "s ( an   
e>li]1 "s ( a lat] date1 :o h borr[$ ?is
 doctr9e f !  ,egyptians1 & put x =w>d z
 _! own40--,,h]odotus1 ,,ii41 #abc4 ,see
  ,,wi$emann1 ,h]odots ,zweites ,bu*1 p4
 #deg et seq4    #ec ,= ! 8,/ory (      
,setna0 see ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( ,pr(essor     
,petrie's  ,egyptian ,tales4    ,pr9t$  
by ,hazell1 ,watson1  ,v9ey1 ,ld41      
,london & ,aylesbury4